United Nations Security Council

The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations (UN), charged with ensuring international peace and security, recommending that the General Assembly accept new members to the United Nations, and approving any changes to its charter. Its powers include the establishment of peacekeeping operations and international sanctions as well as the authorization of military actions through resolutions – it is the only body of the United Nations with the authority to issue binding resolutions to member states. The council held its first session on 17 January 1946.

Like the UN as a whole, the Security Council was created following World War II to address the failings of a previous international organization, the League of Nations, in maintaining world peace. In its early decades, the Security Council was largely paralyzed by the Cold War division between the US and USSR and their respective allies, though it authorized interventions in the Korean War and the Congo Crisis and peacekeeping missions in the Suez Crisis, Cyprus, and West New Guinea. With the collapse of the Soviet Union, UN peacekeeping efforts increased dramatically in scale, and the Security Council authorized major military and peacekeeping missions in Kuwait, Namibia, Cambodia, Bosnia, Rwanda, Somalia, Sudan, and the Democratic Republic of Congo.

The Security Council consists of fifteen members. The great powers that were the victors of World War II – the Soviet Union (now represented by Russia), the United Kingdom, France, the former Republic of China (now represented by the People's Republic of China), and the United States – serve as the body's five permanent members. These can veto any substantive resolution, including those on the admission of new member states or nominees for the office of Secretary-General. In addition, the council has 10 non-permanent members, elected on a regional basis to serve a term of two years. The body's presidency rotates monthly among its members.

Resolutions of the Security Council are typically enforced by UN peacekeepers, military forces voluntarily provided by member states and funded independently of the main UN budget. , 103,510 peacekeepers and 16,471 civilians were deployed on sixteen peacekeeping operations and one special political mission.

History

Background and creation
In the century prior to the UN's creation, several international treaty organizations and conferences had been formed to regulate conflicts between nations, such as the International Committee of the Red Cross and the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907. Following the catastrophic loss of life in World War I, the Paris Peace Conference established the League of Nations to maintain harmony between the nations. This organization successfully resolved some territorial disputes and created international structures for areas such as postal mail, aviation, and opium control, some of which would later be absorbed into the UN. However, the League lacked representation for colonial peoples (then half the world's population) and significant participation from several major powers, including the US, USSR, Germany, and Japan; it failed to act against the 1931 Japanese invasion of Manchuria, the Second Italo-Ethiopian War in 1935, the 1937 Japanese occupation of China, and Nazi expansions under Adolf Hitler that escalated into World War II.

The earliest concrete plan for a new world organization began under the aegis of the US State Department in 1939. US President Roosevelt first coined the term United Nations to describe the Allied countries. "On New Year's Day 1942, President Roosevelt, Prime Minister Churchill, Maxim Litvinov, of the USSR, and T. V. Soong, of China, signed a short document which later came to be known as the United Nations Declaration and the next day the representatives of twenty-two other nations added their signatures." The term United Nations was first officially used when 26 governments signed this Declaration. By 1 March 1945, 21 additional states had signed. "Four Policemen" was coined to refer to the four major Allied countries: the United States, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, and China. and became the foundation of an executive branch of the United Nations, the Security Council.

In mid-1944, the delegations from the Allied "Big Four", the Soviet Union, the UK, the US and China, met for the Dumbarton Oaks Conference in Washington, D.C. to negotiate the UN's structure, and the composition of the UN Security Council quickly became the dominant issue. France, the Republic of China, the Soviet Union, the UK, and US were selected as permanent members of the Security Council; the US attempted to add Brazil as a sixth member, but was opposed by the heads of the Soviet and British delegations. The most contentious issue at Dumbarton and in successive talks proved to be the veto rights of permanent members. The Soviet delegation argued that each nation should have an absolute veto that could block matters from even being discussed, while the British argued that nations should not be able to veto resolutions on disputes to which they were a party. At the Yalta Conference of February 1945, the American, British, and Russian delegations agreed that each of the "Big Five" could veto any action by the council, but not procedural resolutions, meaning that the permanent members could not prevent debate on a resolution.

On 25 April 1945, the UN Conference on International Organization began in San Francisco, attended by 50 governments and a number of non-governmental organizations involved in drafting the United Nations Charter. At the conference, H. V. Evatt of the Australian delegation pushed to further restrict the veto power of Security Council permanent members. Due to the fear that rejecting the strong veto would cause the conference's failure, his proposal was defeated twenty votes to ten.

The UN officially came into existence on 24 October 1945 upon ratification of the Charter by the five then-permanent members of the Security Council and by a majority of the other 46 signatories. On 17 January 1946, the Security Council met for the first time at Church House, Westminster, in London, United Kingdom.

Cold War

The Security Council was largely paralysed in its early decades by the Cold War between the US and USSR and their allies, and the Council generally was only able to intervene in unrelated conflicts. (A notable exception was the 1950 Security Council resolution authorizing a US-led coalition to repel the North Korean invasion of South Korea, passed in the absence of the USSR.) In 1956, the first UN peacekeeping force was established to end the Suez Crisis; however, the UN was unable to intervene against the USSR's simultaneous invasion of Hungary following that country's revolution. Cold War divisions also paralysed the Security Council's Military Staff Committee, which had been formed by Articles 45–47 of the UN Charter to oversee UN forces and create UN military bases. The committee continued to exist on paper but largely abandoned its work in the mid-1950s.

In 1960, the UN deployed the United Nations Operation in the Congo (UNOC), the largest military force of its early decades, to restore order to the breakaway State of Katanga, restoring it to the control of the Democratic Republic of the Congo by 1964. However, the Security Council found itself bypassed in favour of direct negotiations between the superpowers in some of the decade's larger conflicts, such as the Cuban missile crisis or the Vietnam War. Focusing instead on smaller conflicts without an immediate Cold War connection, the Security Council deployed the United Nations Temporary Executive Authority in West New Guinea in 1962 and the United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus in 1964, the latter of which would become one of the UN's longest-running peacekeeping missions.

On 25 October 1971, over US opposition but with the support of many Third World, alongside with People's Albania nations, the mainland, communist People's Republic of China was given the Chinese seat on the Security Council in place of Taiwan; the vote was widely seen as a sign of waning US influence in the organization. With an increasing Third World presence and the failure of UN mediation in conflicts in the Middle East, Vietnam, and Kashmir, the UN increasingly shifted its attention to its ostensibly secondary goals of economic development and cultural exchange. By the 1970s, the UN budget for social and economic development was far greater than its budget for peacekeeping.

Post-Cold War

After the Cold War, the UN saw a radical expansion in its peacekeeping duties, taking on more missions in ten years' time than it had in its previous four decades. Between 1988 and 2000, the number of adopted Security Council resolutions more than doubled, and the peacekeeping budget increased more than tenfold. The UN negotiated an end to the Salvadoran Civil War, launched a successful peacekeeping mission in Namibia, and oversaw democratic elections in post-apartheid South Africa and post-Khmer Rouge Cambodia. In 1991, the Security Council demonstrated its renewed vigor by condemning the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait on the same day of the attack, and later authorizing a US-led coalition that successfully repulsed the Iraqis. Undersecretary-General Brian Urquhart later described the hopes raised by these successes as a "false renaissance" for the organization, given the more troubled missions that followed.

Though the UN Charter had been written primarily to prevent aggression by one nation against another, in the early 1990s, the UN faced a number of simultaneous, serious crises within nations such as Haiti, Mozambique and the former Yugoslavia. The UN mission to Bosnia faced "worldwide ridicule" for its indecisive and confused mission in the face of ethnic cleansing. In 1994, the United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda failed to intervene in the Rwandan genocide in the face of Security Council indecision.

In the late 1990s, UN-authorised international interventions took a wider variety of forms. The UN mission in the 1991–2002 Sierra Leone Civil War was supplemented by British Royal Marines, and the UN-authorised 2001 invasion of Afghanistan was overseen by NATO. In 2003, the US invaded Iraq despite failing to pass a UN Security Council resolution for authorization, prompting a new round of questioning of the organization's effectiveness. In the same decade, the Security Council intervened with peacekeepers in crises including the War in Darfur in Sudan and the Kivu conflict in the Democratic Republic of Congo. In 2013, an internal review of UN actions in the final battles of the Sri Lankan Civil War in 2009 concluded that the organization had suffered "systemic failure".
In November/December 2014, Egypt presented a motion proposing an expansion of the NPT (non-Proliferation Treaty), to include Israel and Iran; this proposal was due to increasing hostilities and destruction in the Middle-East connected to the Syrian Conflict as well as others. All members of the Security Council are signatory to the NPT, and all permanent members are nuclear weapons states.

Role

The UN's role in international collective security is defined by the UN Charter, which authorizes the Security Council to investigate any situation threatening international peace; recommend procedures for peaceful resolution of a dispute; call upon other member nations to completely or partially interrupt economic relations as well as sea, air, postal, and radio communications, or to sever diplomatic relations; and enforce its decisions militarily, or by any means necessary. The Security Council also recommends the new Secretary-General to the General Assembly and recommends new states for admission as member states of the United Nations. The Security Council has traditionally interpreted its mandate as covering only military security, though US Ambassador Richard Holbrooke controversially persuaded the body to pass a resolution on HIV/AIDS in Africa in 2000.

Under Chapter VI of the Charter, "Pacific Settlement of Disputes", the Security Council "may investigate any dispute, or any situation which might lead to international friction or give rise to a dispute". The Council may "recommend appropriate procedures or methods of adjustment" if it determines that the situation might endanger international peace and security. These recommendations are generally considered to not be binding, as they lack an enforcement mechanism. A minority of scholars, such as Stephen Zunes, have argued that resolutions made under Chapter VI are "still directives by the Security Council and differ only in that they do not have the same stringent enforcement options, such as the use of military force".

Under Chapter VII, the Council has broader power to decide what measures are to be taken in situations involving "threats to the peace, breaches of the peace, or acts of aggression". In such situations, the Council is not limited to recommendations but may take action, including the use of armed force "to maintain or restore international peace and security". This was the legal basis for UN armed action in Korea in 1950 during the Korean War and the use of coalition forces in Iraq and Kuwait in 1991 and Libya in 2011. Decisions taken under Chapter VII, such as economic sanctions, are binding on UN members; the Security Council is the only UN body with the authority to issue binding resolutions.

The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court recognizes that the Security Council has authority to refer cases to the Court in which the Court could not otherwise exercise jurisdiction. The Council exercised this power for the first time in March 2005, when it referred to the Court "the situation prevailing in Darfur since 1 July 2002"; since Sudan is not a party to the Rome Statute, the Court could not otherwise have exercised jurisdiction. The Security Council made its second such referral in February 2011 when it asked the ICC to investigate the Libyan government's violent response to the Libyan Civil War.

Security Council Resolution 1674, adopted on 28 April 2006, "reaffirms the provisions of paragraphs 138 and 139 of the 2005 World Summit Outcome Document regarding the responsibility to protect populations from genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity". The Security Council reaffirmed this responsibility to protect in Resolution 1706 on 31 August of that year. These resolutions commit the Security Council to take action to protect civilians in an armed conflict, including taking action against genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing, and crimes against humanity.

Members

Permanent members

The Security Council's five permanent members, below, have the power to veto any substantive resolution; this allows a permanent member to block adoption of a resolution, but not to prevent or end debate.

At the UN's founding in 1945, the five permanent members of the Security Council were the Republic of China, the Provisional Government of the French Republic, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States. There have been two major seat changes since then. China's seat was originally held by Chiang Kai-shek's Nationalist Government, the Republic of China. However, the Nationalists were forced to retreat to the island of Taiwan in 1949, during the Chinese Civil War. The Chinese Communist Party assumed control of mainland China, thenceforth known as the People's Republic of China. In 1971, General Assembly Resolution 2758 recognized the People's Republic as the rightful representative of China in the UN and gave it the seat on the Security Council that had been held by the Republic of China, which was expelled from the UN altogether with no opportunity for membership as a separate nation. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the Russian Federation was recognized as the legal successor state of the Soviet Union and maintained the latter's position on the Security Council. Additionally, France eventually reformed its government into the French Fifth Republic in 1958, under the leadership of Charles de Gaulle. France maintained its seat as there was no change in its international status or recognition, although many of its overseas possessions eventually became independent.

The five permanent members of the Security Council were the victorious powers in World War II and have maintained the world's most powerful military forces ever since. They annually topped the list of countries with the highest military expenditures. In 2013, they spent over US$1 trillion combined on defence, accounting for over 55% of global military expenditures (the US alone accounting for over 35%). They are also among the world's largest arms exporters and are the only nations officially recognized as "nuclear-weapon states" under the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), though there are other states known or believed to be in possession of nuclear weapons.

Veto power

Under Article 27 of the UN Charter, Security Council decisions on all substantive matters require the affirmative votes of nine members. A negative vote or "veto" by a permanent member prevents adoption of a proposal, even if it has received the required votes. Abstention is not regarded as a veto in most cases, though all five permanent members must actively concur to amend the UN Charter or to recommend the admission of a new UN member state. Procedural matters are not subject to a veto, so the veto cannot be used to avoid discussion of an issue. The same holds for certain decisions that directly regard permanent members. A majority of vetoes are used not in critical international security situations, but for purposes such as blocking a candidate for Secretary-General or the admission of a member state.

In the negotiations building up to the creation of the UN, the veto power was resented by many small countries, and in fact was forced on them by the veto nations –  US, UK, China, France and the Soviet Union – through a threat that without the veto there will be no UN. Here is a description by Francis O. Wilcox, an adviser to US delegation to the 1945 conference: "At San Francisco, the issue was made crystal clear by the leaders of the Big Five: it was either the Charter with the veto or no Charter at all. Senator Connally [from the US delegation] dramatically tore up a copy of the Charter during one of his speeches and reminded the small states that they would be guilty of that same act if they opposed the unanimity principle. 'You may, if you wish,' he said, 'go home from this Conference and say that you have defeated the veto. But what will be your answer when you are asked: "Where is the Charter"?

As of 2012, 269 vetoes had been cast since the Security Council's inception. In this period, China (ROC/PRC) used the veto 9 times, France 18, USSR/Russia 128, the UK 32, and the US 89. Roughly two-thirds of Soviet/Russian vetoes were in the first ten years of the Security Council's existence. Between 1996 and 2012, China vetoed 5 resolutions, Russia 7, and the US 13, while France and the UK did not use the veto.

An early veto by Soviet Commissar Andrei Vishinsky blocked a resolution on the withdrawal of French forces from the then-colonies of Syria and Lebanon in February 1946; this veto established the precedent that permanent members could use the veto on matters outside of immediate concerns of war and peace. The USSR went on to veto matters including the admission of Austria, Cambodia, Ceylon, Finland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Laos, Libya, Portugal, South Vietnam, and Transjordan as UN member states, delaying their joining by several years. Britain and France used the veto to avoid Security Council condemnation of their actions in the 1956 Suez Crisis. The first veto by the US came in 1970, blocking General Assembly action in Southern Rhodesia. From 1985 to 1990, the US vetoed 27 resolutions, primarily to block resolutions it perceived as anti-Israel but also to protect its interests in Panama and Korea. The USSR, US, and China have all vetoed candidates for Secretary-General, with the US using the veto to block the re-election of Boutros Boutros-Ghali in 1996.

Non-permanent members

Along with the five permanent members, the Security Council of the United Nations has temporary members that hold their seats on a rotating basis by geographic region. Non-permanent members may be involved in global security briefings. In its first two decades, the Security Council had six non-permanent members, the first of which were Australia, Brazil, Egypt, Mexico, the Netherlands, and Poland. In 1965, the number of non-permanent members was expanded to ten.

These ten non-permanent members are elected by the United Nations General Assembly for two-year terms starting on 1 January, with five replaced each year. To be approved, a candidate must receive at least two-thirds of all votes cast for that seat, which can result in deadlock if there are two roughly evenly matched candidates. In 1979, a standoff between Cuba and Colombia only ended after three months and a record 154 rounds of voting; both eventually withdrew in favour of Mexico as a compromise candidate. A retiring member is not eligible for immediate re-election.

The African Group is represented by three members; the Latin America and the Caribbean, Asia-Pacific, and Western European and Others groups by two apiece; and the Eastern European Group by one. Traditionally, one of the seats assigned to either the Asia-Pacific Group or the African Group is filled by a nation from the Arab world. Currently, elections for terms beginning in even-numbered years select two African members, and one each within Eastern Europe, Asia-Pacific, and Latin America and the Caribbean. Terms beginning in odd-numbered years consist of two Western European and Other members, and one each from Asia-Pacific, Africa, and Latin America and the Caribbean.

During the 2016 United Nations Security Council election, neither Italy nor the Netherlands met the required two-thirds majority for election. They subsequently agreed to split the term of the Western European and Others Group. It was the first time in over five decades that two members agreed to do so. Usually, intractable deadlocks are resolved by the candidate countries withdrawing in favour of a third member state.

The current elected members, with the regions they were elected to represent, are as follows:

President

The role of president of the Security Council involves setting the agenda, presiding at its meetings and overseeing any crisis. The president is authorized to issue both Presidential Statements (subject to consensus among Council members) and notes, which are used to make declarations of intent that the full Security Council can then pursue. The presidency of the Council is held by each of the members in turn for one month, following the English alphabetical order of the Member States names.

The list of nations that will hold the Presidency in 2020 is as follows:

Meeting locations

Unlike the General Assembly, the Security Council meets year-round. Each Security Council member must have a representative available at UN Headquarters at all times in case an emergency meeting becomes necessary.

The Security Council generally meets in a designated chamber in the United Nations Conference Building in New York City. The chamber was designed by the Norwegian architect Arnstein Arneberg and was a gift from Norway. The United Nations Security Council mural by Norwegian artist Per Krohg (1952) depicts a phoenix rising from its ashes, symbolic of the world's rebirth after World War II.

The Security Council has also held meetings in cities including Nairobi, Kenya; Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Panama City, Panama; and Geneva, Switzerland. In March 2010, the Security Council moved into a temporary facility in the General Assembly Building as its chamber underwent renovations as part of the UN Capital Master Plan. The renovations were funded by Norway, the chamber's original donor, for a total cost of 5 million. The chamber reopened on 16 April 2013.

Consultation room

Because meetings in the Security Council Chamber are covered by the international press, proceedings are highly theatrical in nature. Delegates deliver speeches to justify their positions and attack their opponents, playing to the cameras and the audience at home. Delegations also stage walkouts to express their disagreement with actions of the Security Council. Due to the public scrutiny of the Security Council Chamber, all of the real work of the Security Council is conducted behind closed doors in "informal consultations".

In 1978, West Germany funded the construction of a conference room next to the Security Council Chamber. The room was used for "informal consultations", which soon became the primary meeting format for the Security Council. In 1994, the French ambassador complained to the Secretary-General that "informal consultations have become the Council's characteristic working method, while public meetings, originally the norm, are increasingly rare and increasingly devoid of content: everyone knows that when the Council goes into public meeting everything has been decided in advance". When Russia funded the renovation of the consultation room in 2013, the Russian ambassador called it "quite simply, the most fascinating place in the entire diplomatic universe".

Only members of the Security Council are permitted in the conference room for consultations. The press is not admitted, and other members of the United Nations cannot be invited into the consultations. No formal record is kept of the informal consultations. As a result, the delegations can negotiate with each other in secret, striking deals and compromises without having their every word transcribed into the permanent record. The privacy of the conference room also makes it possible for the delegates to deal with each other in a friendly manner. In one early consultation, a new delegate from a Communist nation began a propaganda attack on the United States, only to be told by the Soviet delegate, "We don't talk that way in here."

A permanent member can cast a "pocket veto" during the informal consultation by declaring its opposition to a measure. Since a veto would prevent the resolution from being passed, the sponsor will usually refrain from putting the resolution to a vote. Resolutions are vetoed only if the sponsor feels so strongly about a measure that it wishes to force the permanent member to cast a formal veto. By the time a resolution reaches the Security Council Chamber, it has already been discussed, debated, and amended in the consultations. The open meeting of the Security Council is merely a public ratification of a decision that has already been reached in private. For example, Resolution 1373 was adopted without public debate in a meeting that lasted just five minutes.

The Security Council holds far more consultations than public meetings. In 2012, the Security Council held 160 consultations, 16 private meetings, and 9 public meetings. In times of crisis, the Security Council still meets primarily in consultations, but it also holds more public meetings. After the outbreak of the Ukraine crisis in 2013, the Security Council returned to the patterns of the Cold War, as Russia and the Western countries engaged in verbal duels in front of the television cameras. In 2016, the Security Council held 150 consultations, 19 private meetings, and 68 public meetings.

Subsidiary organs/bodies
Article 29 of the Charter provides that the Security Council can establish subsidiary bodies in order to perform its functions. This authority is also reflected in Rule 28 of the Provisional Rules of Procedure. The subsidiary bodies established by the Security Council are extremely heterogenous. On the one hand, they include bodies such as the Security Council Committee on Admission of New Members. On the other hand, both the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda were also created as subsidiary bodies of the Security Council. The by now numerous Sanctions Committees established in order to oversee implementation of the various sanctions regimes are also subsidiary bodies of the Council.

United Nations peacekeepers

After approval by the Security Council, the UN may send peacekeepers to regions where armed conflict has recently ceased or paused to enforce the terms of peace agreements and to discourage combatants from resuming hostilities. Since the UN does not maintain its own military, peacekeeping forces are voluntarily provided by member states. These soldiers are sometimes nicknamed "Blue Helmets" for their distinctive gear. The peacekeeping force as a whole received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1988.

In September 2013, the UN had 116,837 peacekeeping soldiers and other personnel deployed on 15 missions. The largest was the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO), which included 20,688 uniformed personnel. The smallest, United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP), included 42 uniformed personnel responsible for monitoring the ceasefire in Jammu and Kashmir. Peacekeepers with the United Nations Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO) have been stationed in the Middle East since 1948, the longest-running active peacekeeping mission.

UN peacekeepers have also drawn criticism in several postings. Peacekeepers have been accused of child rape, soliciting prostitutes, or sexual abuse during various peacekeeping missions in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Haiti, Liberia, Sudan and what is now South Sudan, Burundi and Ivory Coast. Scientists cited UN peacekeepers from Nepal as the likely source of the 2010–2013 Haiti cholera outbreak, which killed more than 8,000 Haitians following the 2010 Haiti earthquake.

The budget for peacekeeping is assessed separately from the main UN organisational budget; in the 2013–2014 fiscal year, peacekeeping expenditures totalled $7.54 billion. UN peace operations are funded by assessments, using a formula derived from the regular funding scale, but including a weighted surcharge for the five permanent Security Council members. This surcharge serves to offset discounted peacekeeping assessment rates for less developed countries. In 2013, the top 10 providers of assessed financial contributions to United Nations peacekeeping operations were the US (28.38%), Japan (10.83%), France (7.22%), Germany (7.14%), the United Kingdom (6.68%), China (6.64%), Italy (4.45%), Russian Federation (3.15%), Canada (2.98%), and Spain (2.97%).

Criticism and evaluations

In examining the first sixty years of the Security Council's existence, British historian Paul Kennedy concludes that "glaring failures had not only accompanied the UN's many achievements, they overshadowed them", identifying the lack of will to prevent ethnic massacres in Bosnia and Rwanda as particular failures. Kennedy attributes the failures to the UN's lack of reliable military resources, writing that "above all, one can conclude that the practice of announcing (through a Security Council resolution) a new peacekeeping mission without ensuring that sufficient armed forces will be available has usually proven to be a recipe for humiliation and disaster".

A 2005 RAND Corporation study found the UN to be successful in two out of three peacekeeping efforts. It compared UN nation-building efforts to those of the United States, and found that seven out of eight UN cases are at peace. Also in 2005, the Human Security Report documented a decline in the number of wars, genocides and human rights abuses since the end of the Cold War, and presented evidence, albeit circumstantial, that international activism – mostly spearheaded by the UN – has been the main cause of the decline in armed conflict since the end of the Cold War.

Scholar Sudhir Chella Rajan argued in 2006 that the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council, who are all nuclear powers, have created an exclusive nuclear club that predominately addresses the strategic interests and political motives of the permanent members – for example, protecting the oil-rich Kuwaitis in 1991 but poorly protecting resource-poor Rwandans in 1994. Since three of the five permanent members are also European, and four are predominantly white Western nations, the Security Council has been described as a pillar of global apartheid by Titus Alexander, former Chair of Westminster United Nations Association.

The Security Council's effectiveness and relevance is questioned by some because, in most high-profile cases, there are essentially no consequences for violating a Security Council resolution. During the Darfur crisis, Janjaweed militias, allowed by elements of the Sudanese government, committed violence against an indigenous population, killing thousands of civilians. In the Srebrenica massacre, Serbian troops committed genocide against Bosniaks, although Srebrenica had been declared a UN safe area, protected by 400 armed Dutch peacekeepers.

In his 2009 speech, Muammar Gaddafi criticized the Security Council's veto powers and the wars permanent members of the Security Council engaged in.

The UN Charter gives all three powers of the legislative, executive, and judiciary branches to the Security Council.

In his inaugural speech at the 16th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement in August 2012, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei criticized the United Nations Security Council as having an "illogical, unjust and completely undemocratic structure and mechanism" and called for a complete reform of the body.

The Security Council has been criticized for failure in resolving many conflicts, including Cyprus, Sri Lanka, Syria, Kosovo and the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, reflecting the wider short-comings of the UN.
For example; At the 68th Session of the UN General Assembly, New Zealand Prime Minister John Key heavily criticized the UN's inaction on Syria, more than two years after the Syrian civil war began.

Membership reform

Proposals to reform the Security Council began with the conference that wrote the UN Charter and have continued to the present day. As British historian Paul Kennedy writes, "Everyone agrees that the present structure is flawed. But consensus on how to fix it remains out of reach."

There has been discussion of increasing the number of permanent members. The countries who have made the strongest demands for permanent seats are Brazil, Germany, India, and Japan. Japan and Germany, the main defeated powers in WWII, are now the UN's second- and third-largest funders respectively, while Brazil and India are two of the largest contributors of troops to UN-mandated peace-keeping missions.

Italy, another main defeated power in WWII and now the UN's sixth-largest funder, leads a movement known as the Uniting for Consensus in opposition to the possible expansion of permanent seats. Core members of the group include Canada, South Korea, Spain, Indonesia, Mexico, Pakistan, Turkey, Argentina and Colombia. Their proposal is to create a new category of seats, still non-permanent, but elected for an extended duration (semi-permanent seats). As far as traditional categories of seats are concerned, the UfC proposal does not imply any change, but only the introduction of small and medium size states among groups eligible for regular seats. This proposal includes even the question of veto, giving a range of options that goes from abolition to limitation of the application of the veto only to Chapter VII matters.

Former UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan asked a team of advisers to come up with recommendations for reforming the United Nations by the end of 2004. One proposed measure is to increase the number of permanent members by five, which, in most proposals, would include Brazil, Germany, India, and Japan (known as the G4 nations), one seat from Africa (most likely between Egypt, Nigeria or South Africa), and/or one seat from the Arab League. On 21 September 2004, the G4 nations issued a joint statement mutually backing each other's claim to permanent status, together with two African countries. Currently the proposal has to be accepted by two-thirds of the General Assembly (128 votes).

The permanent members, each holding the right of veto, announced their positions on Security Council reform reluctantly. The United States has unequivocally supported the permanent membership of Japan and lent its support to India and a small number of additional non-permanent members. The United Kingdom and France essentially supported the G4 position, with the expansion of permanent and non-permanent members and the accession of Germany, Brazil, India and Japan to permanent member status, as well as an increase in the presence by African countries on the Council. China has supported the stronger representation of developing countries and firmly opposed Japan's membership.

In 2017, it was reported that the G4 nations were willing temporarily to forgo veto power if granted permanent UNSC seats. In September 2017, U.S. Representatives Ami Bera and Frank Pallone introduced a resolution (H.Res.535) in the US House of Representatives (115th United States Congress), seeking support for India for a permanent membership of the United Nations Security Council.


Five Little Monkeys (book)

Five Little Monkeys is a book by Juliet Kepes, published in 1952, which won her a Caldecott Honor citation in 1953, as well as other “awards  from the Museum of Modern Art, the American Institute of Graphic Artists, and the Society of Illustrators. The New York Times cited her books four times among the ten best children’s books of the year”.

Plot

The book is about five little monkeys named Buzzo, Bibi, Binki, Bulu and Bali that are wild and have a bad reputation among the rest of the animals. They regain the favor of the other animals; because, they were brave and captured the terrible tiger of the story and later becoming heroes.

Critical reception
Five Little Monkeys received good reviews. Kirkus reviews stated "Her pictures are big, splashy, and angular. The monkeys look as though they are made of electric charged pipe cleaners, and the overall effect epitomizes the humorous side of jungle life". The New York Times wrote "they will give a great deal of pleasure to small humans".


Complexo Desportivo da Covilhã

Complexo Desportivo da Covilhã is a multi-use stadium in Covilhã, Portugal.  It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of SC Covilhã who currently play in the Liga de Honra. Complexo Desportivo da Covilhã stadium holds 3,000 seats. The stadium also has an athletics track around it for the clubs sports wither being football or athletics. After the stadium's fantastic facilities.

Portugal national football team
The following national team matches were held in the stadium as preparations for the World Cup 2010.


Non-church movement

The  is an indigenous Japanese Christian movement which was founded by Uchimura Kanzō in 1901. The complete works of Uchimura consist of some 50 volumes: of which, 17 are primarily biblical studies, 25 are volumes of theological works, and 8 are volumes of diaries and correspondence. Many of his disciples have likewise been well-known intellectual figures. Today it is believed that 35,000 people belong to the movement in Japan, Taiwan, and Korea.

About
During the lifetime of Uchimura Kanzō, a graduate of Amherst College, the non-church movement took several organizational forms. His direct disciples were essentially paying members of his private school. As subscribers to his magazine grew, supporters outside Tokyo sought some ongoing relationship with other non-church members. Uchimura organized the Kyōyukai (, or literally, "Meeting of Friends in Faith") in 1905, with 14 branches and 119 members. The purpose of this organization was defined in the following profession of faith:

We who believe in God and his Only Son whom he sent (into the world), uniting together, form the Kyōyukai. With the help of God the Father we shall help our comrades and live lives that are in harmony with His Sovereign Will.

Membership was restricted to individuals who had "endeavored to live the Christian life for at least a year". The guidelines for this association included a commitment to meet monthly, to spend Sunday nurturing faith and morals, and to abstain from tobacco and liquor.

They hold to no liturgy, sacraments, or ordained clergy. While most of the teachers have no formal theological training, some have extensive background in theology and biblical studies and hold academic positions in universities and theological schools. Bible study is performed in small, independent groups led by individual teachers, or "sensei", and the groups often meet on a weekly basis. Each group is normally called shukai (Meeting) or seisho shukai (Bible Meeting). While many sensei hold regular jobs outside of their role as a Bible teacher, a few are called into a full-time ministry as dokuritsu dendosha (independent evangelists). When the teacher dies or retires, the study group normally dissolves, and often new groups branch out from the old group.

With its emphases on Bible studies and social criticism and its general intellectual tendencies among the adherents, the movement produced a number of prominent figures in scholarship. Among them are: Tsukamoto Toraji (biblical scholar), Tadao Yanaihara (economist and president of the University of Tokyo), Nanbara Shigeru (political scientist and also president of the University of Tokyo), Oga Ichiro (botanist), Sekine Masao (Hebrew scholar and Member of the Japan Academy), Nakazawa Koki (biblical scholar), and Takahashi Saburo (theologian and independent evangelist).

In Japan, the Mukyōkai members are perhaps best known for speaking out against social injustices. They were one of the groups to take positions against Japanese nationalism and militarism in the 1930s and '40s, and remain today strong advocates for pacifism. In the United States the group is often mentioned in relation to human rights activist Gordon Hirabayashi, a practicing Quaker who was born into an immigrated Mukyōkai family in the United States.

People of the non-church movement
Tadao Yanaihara
Masato Koizumi
Masao Sekine
Ichiro Ohga


Obturator vessels

Obturator vessels can refer to:
 Obturator artery
 Obturator veins

See also Obturator canal


Ford River Township, Michigan

Ford River Township is a civil township of Delta County in the U.S. state of Michigan.  The population was 2,054 at the 2010 census, down from 2,241 at the 2000 census.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of , of which  is land and  (0.69%) is water.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 2,241 people, 909 households, and 675 families residing in the township.  The population density was 34.6 per square mile (13.4/km²).  There were 1,098 housing units at an average density of 16.9 per square mile (6.5/km²).  The racial makeup of the township was 96.52% White, 0.13% African American, 1.52% Native American, 0.31% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 0.18% from other races, and 1.29% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.36% of the population.

There were 909 households out of which 28.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 65.0% were married couples living together, 5.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.7% were non-families. 21.0% of all households were made up of individuals and 7.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.  The average household size was 2.47 and the average family size was 2.84.

In the township the population was spread out with 21.6% under the age of 18, 7.3% from 18 to 24, 25.4% from 25 to 44, 29.9% from 45 to 64, and 15.8% who were 65 years of age or older.  The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 102.6 males.  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 105.1 males.

The median income for a household in the township was $42,260, and the median income for a family was $47,837. Males had a median income of $39,625 versus $22,298 for females. The per capita income for the township was $25,299.  About 3.2% of families and 5.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.5% of those under age 18 and 9.5% of those age 65 or over.


Nanibah Chacon

Nanibah "Nani" Chacon (b. 1980) is a Diné and Chicana painter, muralist, and art educator. She has had art installed at the IAIA Museum of Contemporary Native Arts in Santa Fe, the Navajo Nation Museum in Window Rock, the ISEA International Arts and Technology Symposium, Old Town Lansing, and in the "Que Chola" Exhibition at the National Hispanic Cultural Center in Albuquerque, among other venues.

Early life
Chacon was born in Gallup, New Mexico and raised in Chinle, Arizona and Albuquerque, New Mexico.

Art practice
Chacon first became involved in street art and mural painting from the age of 15 by doing graffiti for ten years.

Art career

Chacon's mural, She Taught Us to Weave, was commissioned by the City of Albuquerque for the ISEA International Arts and Technology Symposium in 2012. This mural is part of the Wells Park Rail Corridor Mural Project and contains a low-power radio transmitter.

In 2013, her mural, Against The Storm She Gathers Her Thoughts, became the first mural installation in Navajo Nation Museum as a part of the Ch’ikééh Baa Hózhǫ exhibit. In conjunction with this exhibit, her work Na iiz Nah, was selected for inclusion in indigenous art zine, Ziindi. Also in 2013, Chacon's work Manifestations of Glittering World was included in the Stands With A Fist: Contemporary Native Women Artists exhibit at the Museum of Contemporary Native Arts in Santa Fe, New Mexico.

Chacon was included in the 19th Young Latino Artists Exhibition, entitled Y, Que? (And What!), at the Mexic-Arte Museum in Austin, Texas, which presented multimedia artworks from emerging Latinx artists, under the age of 35, that explored themes of race, class, gender, sexuality, and cultural identity. The same year, she was the featured artist speaker at the Northern New Mexico College conference Mapping Geographies of Self: Woman as First Environment.

In 2015, Chacon was the lead artist on the largest mural in Albuquerque, Resilience. For this mural, she partnered with nonprofit youth arts organization, Working Classroom, and collaborated with a number of students from Albuquerque's Washington Middle School. That year, she also completed a mural on a wall of the Municipal Arts Gallery in Izhevsk, Russia.

Chacon's work was featured in the The Code Mixing: From Concrete to Canvas Exhibition at Movimiento de Arte y Cultura Latino Americana (MACLA) in 2016. In 2017, she designed and installed the work Sing Our Rivers Red, an installation honoring over 1,000 Indigenous Canadian women and girls who have been reported missing or killed since 1980, at the CHAC Gallery as a part of Denver, Colorado's Sing Our Rivers Red March.

In the summer of 2017, Chacon and youth from Española completed the mural The River Flows Through It it the Española Valley Fiber Arts Center. The mural represents the rich textile traditions of Northern New Mexico and includes elements that represent Navajo, Pueblo, and Spanish fiber art techniques.

In fall 2018, Chacon was the Michigan State University Womxn of Color Initiative Artist-in-Residence, a program which creates space for students to engage with women of color. As Estrella Torrez, Associate Professor in the Residential College in the Arts and Humanities and one of the organizers of the Womxn of Color Initiative, said, "Nanibah Chacón is one of the most significant muralists working today. In addition to creating exceptionally beautiful works of art, her paintings address complex and poignant topics by foregrounding the stories of Indigenous womxn and Indigenous knowledges."

She has also been a visiting artist at Washington State University, where she created a mural installation.

Personal
Chacon lives in Albuquerque with her son. Her brother, Raven Chacon, is a celebrated sound artist.


John Kipkurgat

John Kipkurgat (born 16 March 1944) is a Kenyan former middle-distance runner who won gold in men's 800 metres at the 1974 British Commonwealth Games.

Career

Kipkurgat won silver in men's 800 metres behind fellow Kenyan Cosmas Silei at the 1973 All-Africa Games in Lagos, Nigeria. At the 1974 Commonwealth Games in Christchurch, New Zealand Kipkurgat won gold, leading the 800 m final from gun to tape; his winning time of 1:43.91 was a new African and Commonwealth record, and only two-tenths off Marcello Fiasconaro's world record of 1:43.7.

Kipkurgat attempted to break Fiasconaro's world record two months later in Pointe-à-Pierre, Trinidad and Tobago. He split 1:13.2 for 600 m, but ran completely out of energy and almost walked to the finish; his 600 m split, however, remains the fastest ever in an 800 m race and one of the fastest 600 m times in any conditions.

Kipkurgat later joined the International Track Association, a professional circuit; at the time, athletics was primarily an amateur sport where most athletes only received under-the-table money, and turning openly professional disqualified him from running in further major international meets.


YAI: Seeing Beyond Disability

Founded in 1957 as the Young Adult Institute, YAI has since grown to be a leader in the field of intellectual and developmental disabilities (I/DD). YAI’s 4,000 employees provide supportive housing, education; medical, dental, and mental health care, job training, community integration, and social enrichment to more than 20,000 people with I/DD throughout downstate New York, eastern New Jersey, and Northern California. YAI offers more than 300 person-centered programs and services that work together to improve independence and quality of life for people of all ages with autism, Down syndrome, and cerebral palsy traumatic brain injuries, and all other types of intellectual and developmental disabilities.

YAI is committed to seeing beyond disability, providing opportunities for people to live, love, work, and learn in their communities. YAI and its network of affiliate agencies uphold this mission by providing a safe and healthy environment in which every person’s rights are respected and upheld, no matter their ability. People who receive support from YAI are empowered to make informed decisions about their own lives, choose and realize their own goals, express themselves, and to lead more independent and self-determined lives. YAI upholds the right of every person, no matter their disability, to be connected to and active within their communities to the degree that he/she/they desire. Throughout its programs, YAI and its network of agencies supports connections to friends, family, and consenting intimate partners.

History
YAI launched as a pilot program at a small school in Brooklyn, New York, in February 1957. The pilot program was run by co-founders Bert MacLeech and Pearl Maze and served seven people with I/DD.

Services
YAI and its network of affiliate agencies offer children and adults with I/DD a comprehensive range of services, providing opportunities for people to live, love, work, and learn in their communities.The YAI Network of affiliate agencies includes Premier HealthCare, The International Academy of HOPE (iHOPE), Manhattan Star Academy (MSA), and the New Jersey National Institute for People with Disabilities (NJ/NIPD).

As of October 2019, YAI provides permanent supportive housing to 789 residents, community habilitation to 1,750 people, medical and dental care to 14,500 patients, comprehensive education to 172 students, family services to 2,500 people, employment training and support to 400 people, and crisis intervention to 250 people.

Partnerships


Thomas Fuller

Thomas Fuller (baptised 19 June 1608 – 16 August 1661) was an English churchman and historian. He is now remembered for his writings, particularly his Worthies of England, published in 1662 after his death. He was a prolific author, and one of the first English writers able to live by his pen (and his many patrons).

Early life
Fuller was the eldest son of Thomas Fuller, rector of Aldwinkle St Peter's, Northamptonshire. He was born at his father's rectory and was baptised on 19 June 1608. Dr John Davenant, bishop of Salisbury, was his uncle and godfather. According to John Aubrey, Fuller was "a boy of pregnant wit". At thirteen he was admitted to Queens' College, Cambridge, then presided over by John Davenant. His cousin, Edward Davenant, was a tutor there. He did well academically; and in Lent 1624–1625 he became B.A. and in July 1628, at only 20 years of age, received his M.A. After being overlooked in an election of fellows of his college, he moved to Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge in November 1628. In 1630 he received from Corpus Christi College the curacy of St Bene't's, Cambridge.

Fuller's oratory soon attracted attention. In June 1631 his uncle gave him a prebend in Salisbury, where his father, who would die in the following year, already held a canonry. The rectory of Broadwindsor, Dorset, then in the diocese of Bristol, was his next preferment (1634); and on 11 June 1635 he achieved the degree of Bachelor of Divinity from Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge. In 1640, he was elected proctor for Bristol in the memorable convocation of Canterbury, which assembled with the Short Parliament. On the sudden dissolution of the latter he joined those who urged that convocation should likewise dissolve. That opinion was overruled; and the assembly continued to sit by royal writ. Fuller wrote a valuable account of the proceedings of this synod in his Church History, although he was fined £200 for remaining.

Civil War period
At Broadwindsor, early in 1641, Thomas Fuller, his curate Henry Sanders, the churchwardens, and five others certified that their parish, represented by 242 adult males, had taken the Protestation ordered by the speaker of the Long Parliament. Fuller was not formally dispossessed of his living and prebend on the triumph of the Presbyterian party, but he relinquished both preferments about this time. For a short time he preached with success at the Inns of Court, and then at the invitation of the master of the Savoy, Walter Balcanqual, and the brotherhood of that foundation, became lecturer at their chapel of St Mary Savoy. Some of the best discourses of the witty preacher were delivered at the Savoy to audiences which extended into the chapel-yard. In one he set forth with searching and truthful minuteness the hindrances to peace, and urged the signing of petitions to the king at Oxford, and to the parliament, to continue their care in advancing an accommodation.

In his Appeal of Injured Innocence Fuller says that he was once deputed to carry a petition to the king at Oxford. This has been identified with a petition entrusted to Sir Edward Wardour, clerk of the pells, Dr Dukeson, "Dr Fuller," and four or five others from the city of Westminster and the parishes contiguous to the Savoy. A pass was granted by the House of Lords, on 2 January 1643, for an equipage of two coaches, four or six horses and eight or ten attendants. On the arrival of the deputation at the Treaty of Uxbridge, on 4 January, officers of the Parliamentary army stopped the coaches and searched the gentlemen; and they found upon the latter "two scandalous books arraigning the proceedings of the House," and letters with ciphers to Lord Viscount Falkland and the Lord Spencer. A joint order of both Houses remanded the party; and Fuller and his friends were briefly imprisoned. The Westminster Petition reached the king's hands; and it was published with the royal reply.

When it was expected, three months later, that a favourable result would attend the negotiations at Oxford, Fuller preached a sermon at Westminster Abbey, on 27 March 1643, on the anniversary of Charles I's accession, on the text, "Yea, let him take all, so my Lord the King return in peace." On Wednesday 26 July, he preached on church reformation, satirising the religious reformers, and maintaining that only the Supreme Power could initiate reforms.

He was now obliged to leave London, and in August 1643 he joined the king at Oxford, where he lodged in a chamber at Lincoln College. Thence he put forth a witty and effective reply to John Saltmarsh, who had attacked his views on ecclesiastical reform. Fuller subsequently published by royal request a sermon preached on 10 May 1644, at St Mary's, Oxford, before the king and Prince Charles, called Jacob's Vow. The spirit of Fuller's preaching, characterised by calmness and moderation, offended the high royalists. To silence unjust censures he became chaplain to the regiment of Sir Ralph Hopton.

For the first five years of the war, he "had little list or leisure to write, fearing to be made a history, and shifting daily for my safety. All that time I could not live to study, who did only study to live." After the defeat of Hopton at Cheriton Down, Fuller retreated to Basing House. He took an active part in its defence, and his life with the troops caused him to be afterwards regarded as one of "the great cavalier parsons." He compiled in 1645 a small volume of prayers and meditations—the Good Thoughts in Bad Times—which, set up and printed in the besieged city of Exeter, where he had retired, was called by himself "the first fruits of Exeter press." It was inscribed to Lady Dalkeith, governess to the infant princess, Henrietta Anne (b. 1644), to whose household he was attached as chaplain. The corporation gave him the Bodleian lectureship on 21 March 1646, and he held it until 17 June following, soon after the surrender of the city to the parliament.

The Fear of losing life Old Light (1646) was his farewell discourse to his Exeter friends. Under the Articles of Surrender Fuller made his composition with the government at London, his "delinquency" being that he had been present in the king's garrisons. In Andronicus, or the Unfortunate Politician (1646), partly authentic and partly fictitious, he satirised the leaders of the Revolution; and for the comfort of sufferers by the war he issued (1647) a second devotional manual, entitled Good Thoughts in Worse Times, abounding in fervent aspirations, and drawing moral lessons in beautiful language out of the events of his life or the circumstances of the time. In grief over his losses, which included his library and manuscripts (his "upper and nether millstone"), and over the calamities of the country, he wrote his work on the Cause and Cure of a Wounded Conscience (1647). It was prepared at Boughton House in his native county, where he and his son were entertained by Edward Lord Montagu, who had been one of his contemporaries at the university and had taken the side of the parliament. For the next few years of his life Fuller was mainly dependent upon his dealings with booksellers, of whom he asserted that none had ever lost by him. He made considerable progress in an English translation from the manuscript of the Annales of his friend Archbishop Ussher.

Under the Commonwealth

Amongst his benefactors was Sir John Danvers of Chelsea, the regicide. Fuller in 1647 began to preach at St Clement's, Eastcheap, and elsewhere in the capacity of lecturer. While at St Clement's he was suspended; but soon recovered his freedom and preached wherever he was invited. At Chelsea, where he also occasionally officiated, he covertly preached a sermon on the death of Charles, but he did not break with his Roundhead patrons. James Hay, 2nd Earl of Carlisle made him his chaplain, and presented him in 1648 or 1649 to the curacy of Waltham Abbey. His possession of the living was in jeopardy on the appointment of Oliver Cromwell's "Tryers"; but he evaded their inquisitorial questions by his ready wit. He was not disturbed at Waltham in 1655, when the Protector's edict prohibited the adherents of the late king from preaching.

There is good reason to suppose that Fuller was at the Hague immediately before the Restoration, in the retinue of Lord Berkeley, one of the commissioners of the House of Lords, whose last service to his friend was to interest himself in obtaining him a bishopric. A Panegyrick to His Majesty on his Happy Return, one of the many contemporary poems celebrating the restoration of Charles II, was the last of Fuller's verse efforts.

After the Restoration
On 2 August 1660, by royal letters, he was admitted Doctor of Divinity at Cambridge. He resumed his lectures at the Savoy, where Samuel Pepys heard him preach; but he preferred his conversation or his books to his sermons. Fuller's last promotion was that of Chaplain Extraordinary to Charles II.

Death
In the summer of 1661 Fuller visited the West in connection with the business of his prebend, which had been restored to him. On Sunday 12 August, while preaching at the Savoy, he was seized with typhus fever, and died at his new lodgings in Covent Garden on 16 August. He was buried in Cranford church, Middlesex (of which he was rector). A mural tablet was afterwards set up on the north side of the chancel, with an epitaph which contains a conceit worthy of his own pen, to the effect that while he was endeavouring (i.e. in the Worthies) to give immortality to others, he himself attained it.

Works

 1631, David's Heinous Sinne, Heartie Repentance, Heavie Punishment, Fuller published a poem on the subject of David and Bathsheba.
 1639, The Historie of the Holy Warre, Broadwindsor, compiled history of the crusades.
 1640, Joseph's party-coloured Coat, his first published volume of sermons.
 1642, The Holy State and the Prophane State. This work describes the holy state as existing in the family and in public life, gives rules of conduct, model "characters" for the various professions and profane biographies. It was perhaps the most popular of all his writings.
 1650, A Pisgah-Sight of Palestine and the confines thereof; with the history of the Old and New Testaments acted thereon. With fac-similes of all the quaint maps and illustrations of the original edition. 750 pp., London, William Tegg 1869 – Lionel Cranfield, 3rd Earl of Middlesex, who lived at Copt Hall, near Waltham, gave him what remained of the books of the lord treasurer his father; and through the good offices of the marchioness of Hertford, part of his own pillaged library was restored to him. Fuller was thus able to prosecute his literary labours, producing successively his descriptive geography of the Holy Land.
 1651, Abel Redevivus or the dead yet speaking; the lives and the deaths of the moderne divines. Written by several able and learned men and now digested into one volume, for the benefit to be faction of all those that desire to be acquainted with the paths of pitty and virtue. London, John Stafford.
 1655, Church-History of Britain, from the birth of Jesus Christ until the year 1648. Church-History was printed with The History of the University of Cambridge since the Conquest and The History of Waltham Abbey. These works were furthered by his connection with Sion College, London, where he had a room. The Church History was angrily attacked from the high-church side by Peter Heylin. At the Oxford Act of 1657, Robert South, who was Terrae filius, lampooned Fuller, whom he described in this Oratio as living in London, ever scribbling and each year bringing forth new folia like a tree. At length, continues South, the Church-History came forth with its 166 dedications to wealthy and noble friends; and with this huge volume under one arm, and his wife (said to be little of stature) on the other, he ran up and down the streets of London, seeking at the houses of his patrons invitations to dinner, to be repaid by his dull jests at table. His last and best patron was George Berkeley, 1st Earl Berkeley (1628–1698), of Cranford House, Middlesex, whose chaplain he was, and who gave him Cranford rectory (1658). Fuller afterwards dedicated The Appeal of Injured Innocence (1659), his reply to Heylyn's Examen Historicum, to Berkeley. In An Alarum to the Counties of England and Wales (1660) Fuller argued for a free and full parliament—free from force, as he expressed it, as well as from abjurations or previous engagements. Mixt Contemplations in Better Times (1660), dedicated to Lady Monk, tendered advice in the spirit of its motto, "Let your moderation be known to all men: the Lord is at hand".
 1657, 'Notes upon Jonah', John Stafford.
 1662, History of the Worthies of England, Fuller's best-known work.
 1868, The Poems and translations in verse, including fifty-nine hitherto unpublished epigrams of Fuller and his much-wished form of prayer for the first time collected and edited with introduction and notes, by rev. Grosart, 257 pp., Liverpool, printed for private circulation 1868.

A Pisgah-Sight of Palestine – Gallery

Reception
Fuller's sense of humour kept him from extremes. "By his particular temper and management", said Laurence Echard in his History of England, "he weathered the late great storm with more success than many other great men". He was known as "a perfect walking library". Antithetic and axiomatic sentences abound in his pages. "Wit," wrote Coleridge after reading the Church History, "was the stuff and substance of Fuller's intellect". Charles Lamb made some selections from Fuller, and admired his "golden works."

Family
In about 1640 Fuller married Eleanor, daughter of Hugh Grove of Chisenbury, Wiltshire. She died in 1641. Their son, John, baptised at Broadwindsor by his father on 6 June 1641, was afterwards of Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, saw his father's Worthies of England through the press in 1662, and became rector of Great Wakering, Essex, where he died in 1687.

About 1652 Fuller married his second wife, Mary Roper, youngest sister of Thomas Roper, 1st Viscount Baltinglass, by whom he had several children.

Notes


Santy Runyon

Clinton "Santy" Runyon (July 4, 1907 – April 4, 2003) was an American saxophonist and flautist as well as a designer and manufacturer of mouthpieces for woodwind instruments.

Runyon's career included, among other things, playing at Al Capone's speakeasy club, The Coliseum, and giving lessons to many musicians, including the likes of Charlie Parker.  Runyon went on to become a significant force in the mouthpiece manufacturing industry.

Early career
He began as a "trap" drummer in the pit of his father's movie house. Runyon would play percussion and supply sound effects for the silent films. He also learned to play the marimba and the vibes and eventually found the instruments that would be the passion of his life: the woodwinds.

Runyon studied music at Oklahoma A&M and the University of Missouri before hitting the road as a traveling musician. He played saxophone with the Benny Maroff, Johnny Green and Henry Busse bands. As a member of the Busse group, at age 25, Runyon created the jazz shuffle beat showcased in Busse's hit recording "Hot Lips".

In 1933, Runyon began an 11-year stint as lead flute player with the Chicago Theater Orchestra. and on Saturday nights, he played The Coliseum, a speakeasy owned by the infamous gangland legend, "Scarface" Al Capone. At the Chicago Theater, he worked with Bob Hope, Bing Crosby, Edgar Bergen, Betty Gable and other show business notables. He even did a running comedy bit with Jack Benny. Between radio, clubs, and the theater, Runyon weathered the Great Depression pretty well, earning $150 a week while many men were taking home $8 or $9 a week.

Teaching
Santy Runyon and Frank Anglund, lead trumpet with the Chicago Theater Orchestra, opened the Runyon Studio. It became an important institution in propagating recent advances in saxophone technique and served as something of a "finishing school" for professional musicians.  Through its doors passed such jazz legends as Charlie "Bird" Parker, Paul Desmond, Harry Carney, Lee Konitz, and Sonny Stitt. Runyon had students in most of the big bands of the era, including those of Benny Goodman, Count Basie, Cab Calloway, and Duke Ellington. When Lawrence Welk began his long-running television show, five of his saxophone players were Runyon alumni.

Mouthpiece and instrument designer and builder
In 1941, Runyon sold his first mouthpiece, a variation of a 1918 curved device he had fabricated with chewing gum. A metal model built for an Army band member resulted in an order for thousands of mouthpieces. A manufacturer refused the order and he began manufacturing mouthpieces in Chicago.  In the late 1940s he was a consultant for the C G Conn company as they sought to build a more modern alto saxophone, released as the 28M "Connstellation" in 1948.  He went on to become one of the most innovative forces in the mouthpiece industry, with pieces like the "Custom" model saxophone mouthpiece that features a removable "spoiler," or baffle, that altered tonal and dynamic characteristics. After 1965, Runyon produced Brilhart model mouthpieces under contract to the H&A Selmer Company who had acquired rights to the brand.  Runyon-produced mouthpieces became widely used among saxophone players who want something suitable for loud, electronic environments.  Runyon moved to Beaumont, Texas in 1960 and to Lafayette, Louisiana in 1970, opening a manufacturing facility on Lewisburg Road in Opelousas.  The Runyon Products company continues to operate.  Runyon's understudy Jody Espinoza produces mouthpieces of Runyon-influenced designs under the brand Jody Jazz.


Hiromasa

Hiromasa (written: 博正, 宏昌, 弘昌, 弘将, 浩正, 大将 or 太将) is a masculine Japanese given name. Notable people with the name include:

, Japanese footballer
, Japanese swimmer
, Japanese composer and music producer
, Japanese footballer
, Japanese noble and musician
, Japanese footballer
, Japanese decathlete
, Japanese footballer
, Japanese footballer
, Japanese animator and director
, Japanese businessman


Willem Nieupoort

Willem Nieupoort (30 January 1607, in Schiedam – 2 May 1678, in The Hague) was a Dutch States Party politician, ambassador to the Commonwealth of England for the Dutch Republic and commissioner in the Dutch delegation that negotiated the Treaty of Westminster (1654) after the First Anglo-Dutch War.

Life
Nieupoort was the son of Willem Nieupoort, town clerk of Schiedam. He studied Literature in France. He married Anna van Loon, daughter of Hans van Loon, a wealthy V.O.C. bewindhebber (director),in 1637 and had issue.

Career
After he completed his studies in France he became secretary of Albert Joachimi, ambassador of the States-General of the Netherlands at the Court of St James's around 1625. Returned to the Netherlands, he became a member of the Schiedam vroedschap in 1629 and a few years later pensionary of that city. As such he represented the city in the States of Holland  and the States-General.

After the death of stadtholder William II, Prince of Orange he played an important role in the States-Party revolution that inaugurated the First Stadtholderless Period in Dutch political history. The States of Holland first sent him to Friesland and Groningen to convince the States of those provinces to take part in the Grote Vergadering (constitutional convention) of 1651 in The Hague. Next they sent him to the States of Zeeland to obtain their support for the proposition of the States of Holland that the office of Captain-General of the States Army had become superfluous. These were both dangerous missions as the three provinces mentioned were still hotbeds of Orangism and as such hostile to the proposals he came to defend.

In 1653, after the First Anglo-Dutch War, he was selected as one of the ambassadors that were sent to the Commonwealth to negotiate peace with Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell, together with his colleague form Holland, Hieronymus van Beverningh, the Zeelander Paulus van de Perre, and the Frisian Allart Pieter van Jongestall. As a confidant of Grand Pensionary Johan de Witt he played a leading role in the Dutch embassy, together with Beverningh. Both acted under secret instructions of De Witt, of which the other two members of the delegation were unaware. They negotiated the secret annex to the Treaty of Westminster (1654) that required the passing of the Act of Seclusion by the States of Holland, that the other negotiators opposed. When the secret became public knowledge after the ratification of the treaty and a political crisis ensued, the States of Friesland instigated a public prosecution against Nieupoort and Beverningh for treason. However, both took an oath on their innocence, and the prosecution came to nothing

After the treaty had been concluded Nieupoort remained behind in England as ambassador to the Commonwealth. His special mission was to negotiate a commercial treaty, a maritime treaty to protect neutral shipping in time of war, and to try and repeal, or at least mitigate, the Navifation Act of 1651. He did not succeed. In the matter of what has become known as the Second Northern War, in which the Dutch Republic tried to maintain the balance of power in the Baltic area, usually siding with Sweden's opponents, especially Denmark, it was Nieupoort's role to manage the Commonwealth, which had a predilection for the Swedish side. He was successful in keeping the Commonwealth out of the war "on the wrong side" for the Dutch.

After the Restoration of king Charles II of England Nieupoort was recalled by the States-General, as he was deemed to be persona non grata with Charles. He took up his political work in the Republic again. He was not employed in the negotiations of the Treaty of Breda (1667) after the Second Anglo-Dutch War (unlike his colleagues Beverningh and Jongestall).

After the murder of Johan and Cornelis de Witt in August 1672, he was attacked by an Orangist mob in Schiedam and imprisoned, because of his States-Party affiliation. Later, the new stadtholder, William III of Orange relieved him of all his political offices in the ensuing political purge.

He  lived his last years as a private citizen. He died on 2 May 1678 in The Hague.

Notes and references


Adolf Rosenzweig

Rabbi Dr. Adolf Rosenzweig (October 20, 1850 – August 16, 1918) was a German moderate liberal rabbi and Biblical and Talmudic scholar. In his publications he dealt with historical and archaeological matters.

Biography
Adolf Aharon Rosenzweig was born in Turdossin, Hungary. He studied at the gymnasium at Pest, later at the Yeshiva of Pressburg. After graduation he went to Berlin, where he studied philosophy and Oriental languages and literatures at the University of Berlin, and theology at the Hochschule für die Wissenschaft des Judentums. Finally he earned his PhD.

On October 20, 1874, he entered upon the rabbinate of Pasewalk, Province of Pomerania, whence he was called to Birnbaum, Posen. In 1879 he went to Teplitz, Bohemia, and in 1887 he accepted a rabbinate at the New Synagogue (Neue Synagoge) in Oranienburger Straße, Berlin, where he remained until his death in 1918. There he came to be known as an outstanding preacher. He was also a prolific author, writing on history and archaeology as well as religious subjects.

Rosenzweig died in 1918, at 68, and was buried in Berlin. On his gravestone was written: "The law of truth was in his mouth, and unrighteousness was not found in his lips" (Malachi 2:6).

Family
Rosenzweig's son, Rabbi Dr. Arthur Rosenzweig (March 27, 1883, Teplitz – 1935, Prague), was a spiritual leader.

His daughter, Hedwig, married Rabbi Juda Bergmann (1874–1956) – Galician-born, studied in the Rabbinical Seminary in Vienna; rabbi in Berlin from 1908; emigrated to Mandate Palestine in 1933. They had 8 children. Their elder son, Ernst David Bergmann (October 18, 1903, Karlsruhe – 1975), was a professor of Organic Chemistry in the Hebrew University of Jerusalem (1954–1975), and often considered the father of the Israeli nuclear program. His brother, Felix Eliezer Bergmann (August 17, 1908, Frankfurt – 2002, Israel), raised in Berlin, PhD in chemistry and MD from the University of Berlin in 1933; chair of Pharmacology in the Hebrew University of Jerusalem (1950–2002). Arthur Bergmann (born 1908) was a lawyer who defended Palestinian prisoners and initiated several humanitarian projects for blind Palestinian children. Theodor Bergmann (born March 7, 1916, in Berlin) is a professor of Agricultural Economy in the University of Hohenheim in Stuttgart since 1981.
Alfred Bergmann :de:Alfred Bergmann (KPD-O)(born 1910) was a member of the German communist opposition (KPD-O) like his younger brothers Theodor and Josef. Alfred was forced to emigrate to Switzerland from where he was handed over to the German Gestapo in 1942 and murdered in prison. Josef Bergmann :de:Josef Bergmann (Gewerkschafter)(born 1913), also a member of the German communist opposition, emigrated with his brother Theodor to Sweden and returned to Germany after WW II.

Works
 Zur Einleitung in die Bücher Esra und Nehemia (Berlin, 1875)
 Zum Hundertsten Geburtstage des Nathan der Weise (Posen, 1878)
 I. Des Schofars Rufe und die drei Bücher des Lebens ; II. Des Wächters Stimmen: zwei Predigten für Rosch Haschana und Jom Hakippurim (Magdeburg, 1879)
 Das Jahrhundert nach dem babylonischen Exile: mit besonderer Rücksicht auf die religiöse Entwicklung des Judentums, (Berlin, 1885)
 Künstler und Jugendbildner: eine pädagogische Parellele (Neuhaus, 1886)
 Der politische und religiöse Charakter des Flavius Josephus (Berlin, 1889).
 Jerusalem und Caesarea: ein historisches Essay mit besonderer Rücksicht auf die Bedeutung Caesarea’s für Judenthum und Christenthum (Berlin, 1890)
 Das Auge in Bibel und Talmud: ein Essay (Berlin, 1892)
 Geselligkeit und Geselligkeits-Freuden in Bibel und Talmud: ein Beitrag zur Culturgeschichte des Alterthums (Berlin, 1895)
 Kohelet’s Welt- und Lebensanschauung / Predigt von A.R. (Berlin, 1903)
 Kleidung und schmuck im biblischen und talmudischen schrifttum (Berlin, 1905)
 Die Al-tikri-Deutungen: ein Beitrag zur talmudischen Schriftdeutung (Breslau, 1911)

Other publications
 Wort des Dankes, gesprochen am 2. Tage des Pessah-Festes (5629): im Locale der Israelitischen Speise-Anstalt in Wien, Wien: Theilnehmern der Speise-Anstalt, 1869.
 Rede, gehalten am 11. August in der Neuen Synagoge bei der Feier von Leopold Zunz’ens hundertjährigem Geburtstage (Berlin, 1894)
 Des Gotteshauses Botschaft und Forderung: Rede gehalten am 4. Sept. 1898 bei der Einweihung der Synagoge des Synagogenvereins Moabit, Berlin: Moabit, 1898.
 Des Gotteshauses Bedeutung und Berechtigung: Weiherede, gehalten am 4. September 1904 bei der Einweihung der Gemeindesynagoge in der Rykestrasse (Berlin, 1904)
 In deinem Blut sollst du leben! Predigt und Gebet beim Trauergottesdienste für die Opfer der Judenverfolgungen in Russland am 10. Dez. 1905, in der Synagoge Ryke-Strasse 53, Berlin: L. Lamm, 1905.

Further reading
 "Rosenzweig, Adolf", in The new Schaff-Herzog encyclopedia of religious knowledge, Vol. 10, p. 96.
 Hermann Simon & Jochen Boberg (eds.), Tuet auf die Pforten: Die Neue Synagoge 1866-1995, Berlin: Stiftung "Neue Synagoge Berlin – Centrum Judaicum", Museumspädagogischer Dienst, 1995.


Marc Roberts (politician)

Marc K. Roberts is an American politician and a Republican member of the Utah House of Representatives representing District 67 since January 1, 2013. He lives in Santaquin, UT with his wife and their four children.

Early life and education
Marc Roberts grew up in Provo and is the oldest of ten children. He attended Brigham Young University where he earned a bachelor's degree in Civil Engineering and played on the BYU basketball team. He has a real estate license and has worked as a consultant for builders and developers. He is an owner in a successful electronic payments company in Spanish Fork called Platinum Payment Systems and an enterprise technology company called Zift, an electronic payments technology platform.

Political career
Roberts was first elected in November 2012. During the 2016 Legislative Session, he served as the Vice Chair on the House Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice Committee along with sitting on the Natural Resources, Agriculture and Environmental Quality Appropriations Subcommittee, and the House Business and Labor Committee.

2016 sponsored legislation

Roberts did not floor sponsor any bills in 2016.

Elections
2014 - Roberts was unopposed at the Republican convention and ran unopposed in the November 4, 2016 general election due to Democratic nominee Scott Parkin being disqualified from the ballot.

2012 - District 67 incumbent Republican Patrick Painter ran for Utah State Senate and left the seat open, Roberts was chosen from five candidates at the Republican convention and won the November 6, 2012 General election with 9,454 votes (82%) against Democratic nominee Scott Parkin, who had run for the seat in 2010.


SM UC-45

SM UC-45 was a German Type UC II minelaying submarine or U-boat in the German Imperial Navy () during World War I. The U-boat was ordered on 20 November 1915 and was launched on 20 October 1916. She was commissioned into the German Imperial Navy on 18 November 1916 as SM UC-45. In five patrols UC-45 was credited with sinking 12 ships, either by torpedo or by mines laid. UC-45 sank in a diving accident on 17 September 1917 in the North Sea. The German salvage vessel  raised the wreck and UC-45 re-entered service on 24 October 1918. She was surrendered on 24 November 1918 and broken up at Preston in 1919–20.

Design
A German Type UC II submarine, UC-45 had a displacement of  when at the surface and  while submerged. She had a length overall of , a beam of , and a draught of . The submarine was powered by two six-cylinder four-stroke diesel engines each producing  (a total of ), two electric motors producing , and two propeller shafts. She had a dive time of 48 seconds and was capable of operating at a depth of .

The submarine had a maximum surface speed of  and a submerged speed of . When submerged, she could operate for  at ; when surfaced, she could travel  at . UC-45 was fitted with six  mine tubes, eighteen UC 200 mines, three  torpedo tubes (one on the stern and two on the bow), seven torpedoes, and one  Uk L/30 deck gun. Her complement was twenty-six crew members.

Summary of raiding history


Masayuki Okano

is a former Japanese football player. He played for Japan national team.

Club career
Okano was born in Yokohama on . After dropped out from Nihon University, he joined Urawa Reds in 1994. In 1990s, he played as forward in many matches from first season. In 2001 season, his opportunity to play decreased and he moved to Vissel Kobe in September. He played as midfielder from then. He returned to Urawa Reds in 2004. The club won the champions 2006 J1 League, 2005 and 2006 Emperor's Cup. In Asia, the club won 2007 AFC Champions League. In 2009, he moved to Hong Kong First Division League club TSW Pegasus. In July 2009, he returned to Japan and joined Japan Football League club Gainare Tottori. The club won the champions in 2010 and was promoted to J2 League. He retired end of 2013 season.

National team career
In January 1995, he was selected by the Japan national team for the 1995 King Fahd Cup, but he did not play. On 20 September 1995, he debuted for the Japan national team against Paraguay. In 1996, he played at the 1996 Asian Cup. During 1998 World Cup qualification, in the final qualifier match for the 1998 World Cup against Iran, he scored the golden goal that took Japan to their first ever World Cup finals. At the 1998 World Cup, he played 29 minutes as a substitute against Croatia. He also played at the 1999 Copa America. This competition was his last game for Japan. He played 25 games and scored 2 goals for Japan until 1999.

Club statistics

National team statistics

National team goals

Awards and honours

Club
Urawa Red Diamonds
AFC Champions League: 1
 2007
J1 League: 1
 2006
Emperor's Cup: 2
 2005, 2006
Japanese Super Cup: 1
 2006
Gainare Tottori
Japan Football League: 1
 2010

Individual
J.League Best XI: 1
 1996
J.League Fair Play Award: 1
 1996


Cydistinae

The Cydistinae are a subfamily of phengodid beetles (Phengodidae). It contains the genera Cydistus and Microcydistus. The Cydistinae were until recently, incertae sedis due to their strange morphological characteristics, however molecular phylogenetics have shown them to be members of the Phengodidae.  Unlike other Phengogidae, which are found exclusively in the Americas, Cydistinae are found in western Asia, including Southern and eastern Turkey, Jordan, Israel, Iraq, Iran, and possibly Syria.

The biology of Cydistinae larva and adult females are not known, as only adult males have been described thus far. But, given that all the known larvae and neotenic larva-like females of the closely related Rhagophthalmidae and Phengodidae are bioluminescent, live in leaf litter and soil, and feed on millipedes, the larva and females of the Cydistinae likely possess similar characteristics.

The Cydistinae represent the earliest diverging lineage of the Phengodidae yet known, and are also sister to the Rhagophthalmidae.


1996 Tejano Music Awards

The 16th Tejano Music Awards were held in 1996. They recognized accomplishments by musicians from the previous year. The Tejano Music Awards is an annual awards ceremony recognizing Tejano music musicians.

Award winners

Vocalists of The Year
Male Vocalist of The Year
Emilio Navaira
Female Vocalist of The Year
Selena

Vocal Duo Of the Year
Emilio & Raul Navaira

Albums of the Year
Orchestra (Solo Para Ti by Mazz)
Progressive (Sound Life by Emilio Navaira)
Traditional (Cruz De Madera by Michael Salgado)
Overall (Dreaming of You by Selena)

Songs of The Year
Song of The Year
Tu Solo Tu by Selena
Tejano Crossover
I Could Fall in Love by Selena
Tejano Country Song of The Year
It’s Not the End of the World by Emilio Navaira
Instrumental of the Year
David Lee’s Favorites by David Lee Garza Y Los Musicales

Entertainers of the Year
Male Entertainer of The Year
Emilio Navaira
Female Entertainer of The Year
Selena

Most Promising Band of The Year
Pete Astudillo


Fifth Avenue Place

Fifth Avenue Place can refer to either:

 Fifth Avenue Place (Calgary), a skyscraper in Calgary, Canada
 Fifth Avenue Place (Pittsburgh) (also known as Highmark Place), a skyscraper in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania


Mithila (moth)

Mithila  is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae, with the species Mithila nepalensis.

It is endemic to Nepal, in the border area of Southern and Northern Nepal, and regionally found in the Janakpur Zone.


Smbat Walls

The Smbat walls were made to the highest standards of mediaeval fortifications and were also a work of elegant architectural style.

Background
The walls were made from smoothly hewn yellow stones, decorated in places with red and black stones, which formed patterns of crosses, swastikas and chessboard motifs.  The towers and walls of the fortress were decorated with many bas-reliefs of a dragon, seizing the heads of a bull or an eagle or holding a lamb in its talons and a tiger in movement.  The architectural design of the “Kars” and “Dvin” gates give the “Smbat” walls a monumental aspect.  These massive gates, found by archaeologists during excavations, were covered in thick iron plates and were held shut by beams, encircled with hoops at the end.

Having completed his construction work on the fortress, king of Armenia Smbat went on to build a number of beautiful buildings and a marvellous palace complex on the acropolis.  The palace, which stood on the top of a hill, was surrounded by a separate system of fortress walls and was the principal residence of the Bagratids.  The king's official rooms and the residential part of the palace were divided off from one another by a wide corridor and the whole palace took up one sixth of the acropolis (4,900 square metres) and consisted of many rooms.  In the North-Western corner of the palace there was a reception room (21 metres x 10.5 metres), which was faced with smoothly hewn stone and decorated with a multi-faceted carved colonnade.  In the next room, figures of animals, framed with plants were moulded in plaster.  In a third room, which was built in the form of a basilica, the walls were decorated with military scenes and covered in gold leaf; the arched wooden ceiling was decorated with carvings.


Belgium in the Eurovision Song Contest 1990

Belgium was represented by Philippe Lafontaine, with the song "Macédomienne", at the 1990 Eurovision Song Contest, which took place in Zagreb on 5 May.  Lafontaine was chosen internally by broadcaster RTBF to be that year's Belgian representative.

Before Eurovision

Internal selection
On the unusually early date of 8 January, Lafontaine's self-penned song "Macédomienne" was presented as the Belgian entry by broadcaster André Vermeulen in a segment of RTBF's evening news programme.  The song was dedicated to Lafontaine's Macedonian wife, and Lafontaine refused to allow the commercial release of the track, going so far as destroying the original master tape to prevent it being copied.  "Macédomienne" remains one of very few Eurovision entries which was never released commercially even in its own country.

At Eurovision
On the night of the final Lafontaine performed 3rd in the running order, following Greece and preceding Turkey.  At the close of the voting "Macédomienne" had received 46 points from ten countries (the highest being 8 from France and Germany), placing Belgium 12th out of 22 entries.  The Belgian jury awarded its 12 points to the United Kingdom.

Points awarded by Belgium


Southwestern Junior-Senior High School

Southwestern High School is a public high school located approximately 7 miles southwest of Shelbyville, Indiana.

Athletics
Southwestern High School's athletic teams are the Spartans and they compete in the Mid-Hoosier Conference. The school offers a wide range of athletics including:

Baseball
Basketball (Men's and Women's)
Cross Country (Men's and Women's)
Golf
Tennis (Men's and Women's)
Track and Field (Men's and Women's)
Soccer
Softball
Volleyball

Basketball
The 2015-2016 Men's basketball team went 14-11 overall and lost to Tindley High School (53-49) in the 2015-16 IHSAA Class 1A Boys Basketball State Tournament.


Batticaloa Tamil dialect

Batticaloa Tamil dialect () is one of the Sri Lankan Tamil dialects, which uses in Eastern provinces Batti - Ampara districts of Sri Lanka. Batticaloa Tamil dialect slightly differs from other Sri Lankan Tamil dialects such as Jaffna Tamil dialect, Negombo Tamil dialect, Estate Tamil dialects, Colombo, Trincomalee & Vanni Tamil dialects.

Batticaloa Tamil dialect has the unique feature. Even though, it has inner different. Commonly, the village dialect slightly differ from urban & suburb dialect, which is amalgamated with significant numbers of English words.

Batticaloa Tamil dialect is shared between Tamils, Moors, Veddhas and Portuguese Burghers in the eastern province. The Tamil dialect used by residents of the Trincomalee district has many similarities with the Jaffna Tamil dialect. According to Kamil Zvelebil a linguist, the Batticaloa Tamil dialect is the most literary like of all spoken dialects of Tamil, and it has preserved several antique features, and has remained more true to the literary norm than any other form of Tamil while developing a few striking innovations. Although Batticaloa Tamil has some very specific features of vocabulary, it is classified with other Sri Lankan Tamil dialects as it is related to them by characteristic traits of its phonology. It also maintains some words that are unique to present day. Also, the dialect has less influence of Sanskrit.


P. Madhavan

Parthasarathy Madhavan P. Madhavan was a Tamil film director and film producer in Tamil cinema in 1960s and 1970s. Madhavan has directed 49 films and produced 39 films under the banner Arun Prasad Movies.

Career
Madhavan started his career as an assistant to director T. R. Ragunath. He also worked as an associate director to C. V. Sridhar before becoming a full-fledged director. His notable films include Dheiva Thaai, Vietnam Veedu, Thanga Pathakkam, Kanne Pappa, and Kuzhanthaikkaga. He was also the first chairman and managing director of the M.G.R Film City and the State Film Development Corporation. He has also served as a chairman of the National Film Awards.

Awards
 1970 – Raman Ethanai Ramanadi – National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil
 1972 – Pattikada Pattanama – National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil
1970- Nilave Nee Satchi - Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Director

Partial filmography

Death
He died on 16 December 2003 at the age of 75 in Chennai.


Ybarra v. Spangard

Ybarra v. Spangard was a leading case in California discussing the exclusive control element of res ipsa loquitur. "where a plaintiff receives unusual injuries while unconscious and in the course of medical treatment, all those defendants who had any control over his body or the instrumentalities which might have caused the injuries may properly be called upon to meet the inference of negligence by giving an explanation of their conduct."

The contrary position would bar the application of res ipsa loquitur when there is no showing that the cause of the injury  was the act of any particular defendant or instrumentality.

Facts
Joseph Ybarra consulted defendant Dr. Tilley, who diagnosed appendicitis and made preparations for surgery. Ybarra entered the hospital, was given a hypodermic injection, slept, and was awakened. He was wheeled into the operating room, where his body was pulled to the head of the table. His back was laid against two hard objects at the top of his shoulders, about an inch from his neck. Prior to the operation, he had never had any pain in his arm or shoulder, but afterward, he felt a sharp pain in his neck near the shoulder and was unable to rotate or lift his arm.

Legal issue
When a plaintiff receives unusual injuries and is unconscious during medical treatment, can res ipsa loquitur establish the negligence of all the defendants who had control over his body and might have caused his injuries?

Holding
Yes, res ipsa loquitur can prove that the instrument causing the injury was under the exclusive control of the defendant, and the injury does not ordinarily happen unless there was negligence. All persons and instrumentalities exercising control over a person are liable for any unnecessary harm that results.

Every defendant who had control over the plaintiff's body, for any period, was bound to exercise ordinary care to see that no unnecessary harm came to him, and all would be liable for failure. The injury was distinctly a part of his body not subject for treatment or even within the area covered by the operation.  Unless the doctors and nurses in attendance voluntarily chose to disclose the identity of the negligent person, liability would be impossible to determine and absolute liability would be the result, irrespective of negligence.


Hermann Vildalen

Hermann Vildalen (born 17 September 1995) is a Norwegian handball player for Drammen HK and the Norwegian national team.

He is a nephew of former international handballer Preben Vildalen.


Joel Cox

Joel Cox (born April 2, 1942) is an American film editor. He is best known for collaborating with Clint Eastwood in over 30 films.

Life and career
Cox has been working in film since appearing as a baby in Random Harvest (1942). He started in the mailroom at Warner Bros. in 1961. Rudi Fehr, a well-known editor and executive at Warner Bros., made Cox an apprentice editor about 3 years later. As was common in the era, Cox worked as an uncredited assistant for several years. His first credit as an assistant editor was for The Rain People, which was directed by Francis Ford Coppola and edited by Barry Malkin. His first credit as the editor was for Farewell, My Lovely (1975), which was directed by Dick Richards and co-edited by the veteran editor Walter A. Thompson. Cox had just finished working as Thompson's assistant on Rafferty and the Gold Dust Twins (1975), which was also directed by Richards. Cox worked on two more of Richards' films, March or Die (1977 - as assistant editor) and Death Valley (1982).

Cox has had a notable collaboration with Clint Eastwood that commenced with the 1976 film The Outlaw Josey Wales, for which Cox was Ferris Webster's assistant. Cox and Webster were co-editors on The Gauntlet (1977) and on several more of Eastwood's subsequent films. Starting with Sudden Impact (1983), Cox became Eastwood's principal editor. Cox has been quoted as saying that, over their 30-year partnership, Eastwood has re-cut only a single scene that Cox put together. Gary D. Roach, who worked as Cox's assistant from the mid-1990s, became Cox's co-editor on Eastwood's films with Letters from Iwo Jima (2006). Cox's long streak editing each of Eastwood's films ended with Sully, which was edited by another of his former assistants, Blu Murray.

In addition to his career in the film industry, since 2000 Cox and his family have owned and managed a vineyard and winery near Paso Robles, California.

Cox won the 1992 Academy Award for Best Film Editing for Unforgiven. He has been elected as a member of the American Cinema Editors. On November 25, 2008, Clint Eastwood presented Cox the first Ignacy Paderewski Lifetime Achievement Award, which is named in honor of the piano virtuoso who called Paso Robles home, at the first Paso Robles Digital Film Festival. He received a nomination for the 2009 BAFTA Award for Best Editing for Changeling and for the 2015 Academy Award for Best Film Editing for American Sniper.

Filmography

The 2008 Paso Robles Digital Film Festival provides a full filmography of Joel Cox as part of his Lifetime Achievement Award.

Editor

Assistant editor

Sound department

Self

Awards


Ereikoussa

Ereikoussa (, ) is an island and a former community of the Ionian Islands, Greece. It is one of the Diapontia Islands, an island complex to the northwest of Corfu. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality of Corfu, of which it is a municipal unit. It is located off the northwestern coast of the island of Corfu, and is almost equidistant from Corfu to the southeast, Mathraki to the southwest, and Othonoi to the west. There is only one town on the island, also named Ereikoússa. Its population was 496 at the 2011 census and its land area is . The municipal unit has an area of 4.449 km2.  The island is rich in green forests, filled with cypress, and olive trees.  It has two beaches, Porto (Πόρτο) and Braghini (Μπραγκίνι); the names are of Italian origin, and date back to the period of Venetian rule. Braghini is rarely visited because it is further away from the main part of the island.

The two primary ways to get to Ereikoussa are through a boat called Sea Away that leaves from Sidari, a city in northern Corfu, or the Alexandros, a boat that leaves from Corfu Town. The Sea Away takes about 40 min. while the Alexandros takes about 2 hours 45 min.