Hymenolepis (tapeworm)

Hymenolepis is a genus of cyclophyllid tapeworms responsible for hymenolepiasis. They are parasites of humans and other mammals. The focus in this article is in Hymenolepis commonly parasitizing humans.

Species include:
 Hymenolepis apodemi - in rodents
 Hymenolepis asymetrica — in rodents
 Hymenolepis diminuta — in humans
 Hymenolepis horrida — in rodents
 Hymenolepis rymzhanovi - in rodents
 Hymenolepis microstoma — in rodents
 Hymenolepis nana — in humans

Signs and symptoms
Most infections do not have many worms and therefore can have no symptoms.  Patients with more than 15,000 eggs per gram of stool may experience cramps, diarrhea, irritability, anorexia, or enteritis caused by cystercoids destroying the intestinal villi in which they develop. [1]

Cause
Hymenolepiasis is the most common cestode parasite in the human body.  Infections are seen more often among children.  It is most widespread in warm climates and around unsanitary areas where eggs can be passed through fecal matter from an infected host to an uninfected person.

Hymenolepiasis is caused by the introduction of either tapeworm species Hymenolepis nana (H. nana) or Hymenolepis diminuta (H. diminuta) into the human body.  A member of the cestode class, tapeworms do not have digestive tracts to absorb nutrients, instead their surface body layer is metabolically active with nutrients and waste passing in and out continuously. In contrast, the nematodes class, such as hookworms, have complete digestive tracts and separate orifices for food ingestion and waste excretion.  Although the cestode life cycle requires the cysticercoid, or larval, phase to be developed in an intermediate host, H. nana does not follow this observation and can use an intermediate host or auto infect the human host.

Life cycle
H. nana is an auto-infecting parasite that does not require an intermediate host. It can, however, grow in rats as well.  The fertilized eggs pass in the stool from an infected host.  The eggs are then either eaten by an insect or by a human which mainly occurs through the ingestion of contaminated food or water. The cysticercoid stage develops either outside the body in an insect that can then be eaten by a human or a rat, or it develops in the intestinal villus of an auto-infected human.  The adult phase begins with the growth of the scolex with several hooks.  After attaching itself to the intestinal wall and growing proglottids, fertilized eggs can pass in the host’s stool as the gravid proglottids deteriorate and release eggs. [3]

H. diminuta fertilized eggs pass in the stool from an infected host.  The eggs are then eaten by grain beetles where the cysticerci, or larval stage develops.  Humans then can eat the bug or its mealworm phase in cereal or flour.  The worm matures in the duodenum, the first portion of the small intestine, and attach to the mucosa lining. Fertilized eggs can pass in the host’s stool as the gravid proglottids deteriorate and release eggs. [3]

Morphology

H. nana worms are flat and segmented with skinny necks. They vary in length from approximately 15 to 40 mm and are 1 mm wide.  Each worm has a scolex, which is an anterior ‘head’ segment with a single row of 20-30 retractable hooks (rostellum).  Each worm also has proglottids, which are wider segments of the tapeworm that contains both male and female reproductive organs. [1, 3]  Each mature segment has unilateral genital pores and 3 testes.  When the eggs have been fertilized the segments are referred to as gravid.  These break off from the main portion, the strobila, and deteriorate releasing eggs.  The oncospheres, or embryos, can be from 30-47 µm in diameter and are covered with a thin hyaline outer membrane and a thicker inner membrane.  Embedded in the inner membrane on polar sides of the oncosphere are a number of hair-like filaments. [1]

H. diminuta worms are the same shape as H. nana but are much larger, up to 90 cm long and 44 mm wide.  Their scolex does not have hooked rostellum like the H. nana species but they do have similar unilateral genital pores and 3 testes per proglottid.  The oncospheres of H. diminuta are similar to H. nana’s except they lack hair like filaments embedded in their inner membrane and are two times their size. [1]

Diagnosis

Diagnosis for hymenolepiasis is done by examining stool for eggs.  The proglottids that are disintegrated in the intestine cannot be detected.  Egg output can be sporadic so a couple of stool tests a few days apart may be needed to diagnose the infection.

Pathogenesis

H. nana eggs are passed through the stool of human hosts. These eggs are then consumed by rats or humans through contaminated food or water. H. diminuta is thought to be passed to humans most often through the ingestion of insects in dried grains or cereal.[1] Research done in 2000 showed that of nine pet stores surveyed in Connecticut U.S.A., 75% sold rats, mice or hamsters infected with H. nana. A serious public health risk could result from pet store parasite transmissions[2]. Humans or rodents can be the reservoir of H. nana. H. diminuta, the reservoirs are rodents and insects (specifically flour beetles, Tribulium species).[3,1] Hymenolepis has no vectors.

H. nana'''s larval stage occurs either inside an auto infected host's intestinal villus or an intermediate rat host. In H. diminuta, this stage occurs only in grain beetles. It lasts about 5–6 days then the worm matures and attaches itself to the last part of the small intestine. The whole time period from egg ingestion until adult worms releasing new fertilized eggs in stool is 20 to 30 days.[1]

 Treatment H. nana:

For adults there are 3 options.

 Praziquantel given once, 25mg/kg.
 Nitazoxanide given at a dose of 500 mg for 3 days.
 Niclosamide given for one day at 2 grams followed by six days at 1 gram.

For children there are treatment 3 options.

 Praziquantel given once, 25mg/kg.
 Nitazoxanide given at a dose of 100 mg for 3 days (for children ages 1-3) or 200 mg for 3 days (for children ages 4-11).
 Niclosamide given for one day at 1 gram followed by six days at 0.5 grams. [3]H. diminuta:

For adults there are 2 options.

 Praziquantel given once, 25mg/kg.
 Niclosamide given for one day at 2 grams followed by six days at 1 gram.

For children there are treatment 2 options.

 Praziquantel is given once, 25mg/kg.
 Niclosamide given for one day at 1 gram followed by six days at 0.5 grams. [3]

 Epidemiology
Prevalence in endemic areas can reach from 5-20%[1].  H. nana is the most common cestode in humans with infection prevalence highest among children and in warm arid climates with poor sanitation facilities [1].  Results of case studies completed on each continent suggest that H. nana is a difficult parasite to eliminate.  The prevalence of H. nana in remote communities in northwest Australia is remarkably high, 55%.  The transmission is due mostly from human to human contact and auto-infection [9].  In Bat Dambang, Cambodia, middle school students were found to have a 2.4% prevalence, more than the younger kids at 1.3%, suggesting children are not learning prevention techniques as they mature[8].

A study done in Turkey comparing Shantytown schools with Apartment schools showed a higher prevalence in the Shantytowns, 13.6% in males and 15.0% in females, as opposed to Apartment schools which still had a significant prevalence of 2.2% in males and 8.4% in females. Children were presenting with anemia, intestinal worms, and stunted growth raising public health concerns.  Recommendations were made for schools to administer de-worming medication and provide iron supplements to the students [7].

In 2006, a study in rural Mexico found that 25% of the children ages 6-10 in twelve schools were infected with H. nana.  The study indicates that socioeconomic factors and lack of parent education are strong influences on the high prevalence rate.  Recommendations were made to include mothers in de-worming campaigns because drugs alone were not eliminating the parasites [5].

Zimbabwe children in both small towns and high-density suburbs suffer from H. nana.  Infections tend to be more frequent in younger children who live in urban areas and in older children who live in rural locations.  The study reported an overall prevalence rate of 24% in urban areas and an 18% prevalence in rural towns [6].

Six communities along the banks of Lake Titicaca in Peru were included in a study to determine the distribution of parasites.  The prevalence of H. nana was found to be 6.6% but the overall intestinal pathogenic infection prevalence rate was 91.2% with many subjects having up to 5 different types of parasites![4]

 History H. nana was first identified as a human parasite by Von Siebold in 1852.  In 1906, Stiles identified an identical parasite with a rodent host and named it Hymenolepis fraterna. Later, morphological characteristics were used for taxonomy identification and H. nana was known to have hooks and linear reproductive organs.  H. diminuta'' has no hooks and reproductive organs arranged in a triangular formation. [1]


Beuil

Not to be confused with Bueil, Bueil-en-Touraine, or Saint-Bueil

Beuil (, ) is a commune in the Alpes-Maritimes department in southeastern France.

Geography
Beuil is a village located in the Maritime Alps,  away from Nice. It is the gateway to the Mercantour National Park. A stop-off in the Red-rocked Gorges of the Cians and Daluis.

The commune is traversed by the Raton River.

The Valberg ski resort is, in part, located on this town.

Arms
The blazon of the arms is as follows:
"Or, a star with sixteen rays Gules."

Population


Frizington

Frizington is a village in Cumbria, England, historically part of Cumberland, near the Lake District National Park in England.

Historically, it was a collection of farms and houses, but became a unified village as a result of the mining (both coal and iron ore) opportunities in the area. The village is known for its church, which was built in 1867-1868.

Location
It lies by road  east of Whitehaven,  south-west of Carlisle and  to the north of Barrow-in-Furness.

Etymology
"The name as a whole means 'tūn of Frisa' or 'of Frisa's people'" ('tūn' is Old English for 'homestead', 'village'; OE 'Frīsa' means 'the Frisian').

Governance
Frizington is within the Copeland UK Parliamentary constituency and the North West England European Parliamentary constituency. Trudy Harrison is the Member of parliament.

For the European Parliament residents in Frizington vote to elect MEP's for the North West England constituency.

For Local Government purposes it is in the Arlecdon + Ennerdale ward of the Borough of Copeland and the Cleator Moor East + Frizington ward of Cumbria County Council.

Frizington has its own Parish Council; Arlecdon & Frizington Parish Council, the civil parish of Arlecdon and Frizington, has a population of 3,678,

Notable people
Stephen Holgate, a professional rugby league player with a number of clubs, came from Frizington.

June 2010 shootings

On 2 June 2010, Frizington was the scene of the second murder in the killing spree known as the Cumbria shootings, when Derrick Bird shot his family solicitor, Kevin Commons.


William A. Hodgman

William Adams Hodgman (January 31, 1884 – February 9, 1967) was a United States Navy captain and diplomat. He served on a number of ships, and briefly as the 23rd Naval Governor of Guam. During World War I, he commanded , for which he received the Navy Cross. After leaving the Navy, he served as commercial attaché to several countries, notably to Hungary, where he gained notoriety for striking a duke at a party.

Naval career
Hodgman graduated from the United States Naval Academy in 1908, after being appointed from New York. He served on a number of ships during his career. In 1913, as an ensign, he served aboard . In 1917, Hodgman, then a lieutenant, served aboard . Hodgman served as acting Governor of Guam from November 22, 1919 to December 21, 1919. As a lieutenant commander, he received the Navy Cross for his exceptional command of  during World War I. He retired as a captain.

Diplomatic work
After leaving the Navy, Hodgman served as a commercial attaché to Guatemala. In 1931, he was acting as commercial attaché to Hungary when he became involved in a diplomatic incident. He had been hosting a party shortly before returning to the United States on leave. There, Heinrich Borwin, Duke of the House of Mecklenburg, made disparaging remarks about some of Hodgman's guests, prompting the diplomat to strike Borwin. Borwin consequently challenged Hodgman to a duel, but Hodgman declined and returned to the United States shortly thereafter. Despite this incident, Hodgman kept his post as diplomat, and was assigned to Montevideo, Uruguay, later the same year.

He died on February 9, 1967, in San Diego, California.


Kahnuiyeh, Kerman

Kahnuiyeh (, also Romanized as Kahnūīyeh) is a village in Khatunabad Rural District, in the Central District of Shahr-e Babak County, Kerman Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its existence was noted, but its population was not reported.


Södertörn Air Force Wing

Södertörn Air Force Wing (), also F 18 Tullinge, or simply F 18, is a former Swedish Air Force wing with the main base located in Tullinge just south-west of the capital Stockholm on the east coast.

Commanding officers
The commanding officer was referred to as "wing commander" and had the rank of colonel.

1946–1949: Björn Lindskog
1949–1963: Erik Raab
1963–1966: Dick Stenberg
1966–1974: Sven Alm


3D – Determination, Dedication, Desire

3D – Determination, Dedication, Desire is the second studio album by Starboy Nathan.

Track listing

Chart performance

Release history


Embassy of the United States, Islamabad

The Embassy of the United States in Islamabad is the diplomatic mission of the United States in Pakistan. Ambassador Paul W. Jones is currently the Chargé d'Affaires ad interim, as of September, 2018.

The U.S. Department of State also maintains Consulates in Karachi, Lahore and Peshawar.

It is one of the largest U.S. embassies abroad, with a staff of 2,500 people.

History
The first U.S. embassy in Pakistan was established on August 15, 1947 in Karachi, then-capital of Pakistan. When the capital was moved to Islamabad in 1960, a new embassy was constructed there. After being burned to the ground by extremists in 1979, security at the rebuilt embassy was heightened. Security was again significantly increased in the wake of the September 11 attacks in 2001. On 9 August 2013, the United States State Department evacuated most diplomats and all non-emergency staff from the consulate in Lahore, and U.S. citizens were warned not to travel there due to terror concerns.

In August 2015, a new embassy complex was inaugurated in the Diplomatic Enclave which would house the embassy, replacing the previous building. The complex was built at a cost of $85 million.


The 1991–92 League of Ireland First Division season was the seventh season of the League of Ireland First Division, the second tier of the league system.

Overview
The First Division was contested by 10 teams and Limerick City F.C. won the division. Limerick were managed by Sam Allardyce, who was player-manager for one season only, taking Limerick back to the Premier Division a year after they were relegated.

Final Table

Notes


Sadegh Moharrami

Sadegh Moharrami (; born 1 March 1996) is an Iranian footballer who currently plays as a defender for Lokomotiva on loan from Dinamo Zagreb in Croatian First Football League.

Club career

Malavan
Moharrami started his career at youth level with Malavan. He was promoted to the first team by Dragan Skočić and made his debut for Malavan in the 2013–14 Iran Pro League against Sepahan as a substitute.

Persepolis

On 27 June 2016, Moharrami joined Iranian giants Persepolis on a two-year contract. He made his debut on 21 September 2016 in a 3–1 victory against Sepahan.

Dinamo Zagreb
On 27 June 2018, Moharrami signed a five-year contract with Croatian champions Dinamo Zagreb.

Club career statistics

International career

U17
He was part of the Iran U-17 squad in the 2012 AFC U-16 Championship and the 2013 FIFA U-17 World Cup.

U20
He was invited into the Iran U-20 squad by Ali Dousti Mehr to prepare for 2014 AFC U-19 Championship.

Senior
He made his debut as a substitute against Uzbekistan on 11 September 2018.

Honours

Club
Persepolis
Persian Gulf Pro League (2): 2016–17, 2017–18
Iranian Super Cup (1): 2017

Dinamo Zagreb
Croatian First Football League (1): 2018–19

Individual
Persian Gulf Pro League Team of the Year (1): 2017–18


Johann Condné

__NOTOC__

Johann Condné (9 January 1919 – 26 October 2001) was a German general in the Bundeswehr. During World War II, he served as an officer in the Wehrmacht and was a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross of Nazi Germany. Condné joined the Bundeswehr in 1955 and retired in 1979 as a Brigadegeneral.

Awards and decorations

 Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 5 April 1945 as Hauptmann and commander of II./Panzergrenadier-Regiment 6


KUYY

KUYY is a radio station airing an Adult Top 40 format licensed to Emmetsburg, Iowa, broadcasting on 100.1 MHz FM.  The station brands as Y100.1, Today's Best Variety. The station serves the areas of Spencer, Iowa, Estherville, Iowa, and the Iowa Great Lakes and is owned by Community First Broadcasting, LLC. KUYY is sister stations with KUOO and KUQQ. The station studios are in Spencer.


Bundesverband der Deutschen Volksbanken und Raiffeisenbanken

The National Association of German Cooperative Banks (BVR) () is the umbrella association for the cooperative banking sector in Germany. As of 2015 it had 1,021 members, which represents all the cooperative banks in Germany, including local cooperative banks, PSD banks, Sparda banks, Church banks and Cooperative financial institutions.  The cooperative banking sector in Germany has a balance sheet of 1,081 billion Euros and employs around 191,000 members of staff.

The BVR represents the interests of the German Cooperative Financial Institutions at both national and international levels and coordinates and develops the joint strategy within the Network. The BVR advises and supports his members on legal, taxation, and business management issues.

The Cooperative Financial Network's protection scheme, is Germany's oldest Deposit Guarantee Scheme for banks and is run by the BVR. The BVR informs its member banks on economic and political developments and publishes the "Bank-Information” newsletter.  European Affairs are being dealt with by a representation in Brussels. The BVR is member of the European Association of Co-operative Banks (EACB).

Structure

Board of Managing Directors, Association Council, Administrative Board, and general meeting of members – these four governing bodies carry out the BVR's duties as an association.

Board of Managing Directors
The three-strong Board of Managing Directors, which is appointed by the Administrative Board, manages the BVR's business operations and represents the BVR externally.

Administrative Board
The Administrative Board is composed of 12 members of the Association Council. The Administrative Board advises the Board of Managing Directors on matters of banking business and banking policy. It also has the job of supervising the Board of Managing Directors and monitors how the Board of Managing Directors runs the protection scheme. Chairman of the administrative board is in accordance with the Articles of Association the respective chairman of the association council.

Chairman
Carsten Graaf (2008–Present)
Fritz Bokelmann (2003–2007)
Rainer Märklin (?–2002)

Association Council
The Association Council comprises up to 50 members, 12 of whom make up the Administrative Board. The Association Council decides on the Network's strategic direction. It approves the strategic projects devised by special committees.  The Chairman of the Association Council takes over with its election in accordance with the Articles of Association at the same time the chairmanship of the Administrative Board.

General meeting of members
The place for democratic decision-making in the Cooperative Financial Network is the general meeting of members, at which every institution has a vote, irrespective of its size. It convenes at least once a year.

Cooperative Technology Companies
 Bankcard-Servicenetz CardProcess GmbH
 F-Call AG
 Fiducia & GAD IT AG
 IT-Chain GmbH
 ORGA Gesellschaft für automatische Datenverarbeitung mbH
 parcIT GmbH
 TSG Technologie Services GmbH
 VR-Netze GmbH


William Algernon Churchill

William Algernon Churchill (1865 – 23 December 1947) was an art historian and British diplomat.

Family and early life
He was born in Algiers the son of Henry Adrian Churchill (1828–1886) who was an archaeologist and British diplomat, and Maria Braniefska (b. Warsaw 1839? – d. Pará, Brazil 1905). His second name was derived from his place of birth.
Three of his four brothers, Harry Lionel (1860–1924), Sidney John Alexander (1862–1924), and George Percy (1876–1973) were also diplomats.

He married Hannah Violet Myers whose sister married his brother Sydney. They had four children: Walter (1907–1943), Peter (1909–1972), Flora (1911–1929), and  Oliver (1914–1997). His three sons served in the British Armed Forces during World War II – Walter becoming an ace during the Battle of Britain while Peter and Oliver each served in the Special Operations Executive – and all three were highly decorated, each being awarded the Distinguished Service Order and also a second high-level medal of gallantry.

Career

Diplomatic
In 1891 he was appointed British Vice-Consul in Mozambique, then Consul in Mozambique (1892), Pará, Amazon Provinces, Brazil (1897), Amsterdam (1906), Stockholm (1913), and finally Consul-General in Milan (1919), retiring in 1922 to live in Malvern, Worcestershire. During retirement he served as Acting Consul in Palermo for 3 months in 1928, then Acting Consul in Algiers from 1934–36.

An account of his visit to the Sugar-Loaf Mountain in Mozambique was published in 1894.

Academic
He was also an art historian with particular interest in watermarks in paper. He was author of what is still the standard reference work on early European paper and papermaking, Watermarks in Paper in Holland, England, France, etc., in the XVII and XVIII centuries, and their interconnection.
First published in 1935, this book is still in print.

In 1936 he donated a large collection of dated watermarks, ranging from the 15th to the 19th centuries, to the Department of Manuscripts at the British Museum.


Cophixalus shellyi

Cophixalus shellyi is a species of frog in the family Microhylidae. It is endemic to Papua New Guinea and occurs in the New Guinea Highlands as well as in the Adelbert Range and on the Huon Peninsula. The specific name shellyi honors Father O. Shelly, an American missionary and former professor in mathematics who collected the type series. Common name Shelly's rainforest frog has been coined for this species.

Description
Adult males grow to at least  and adult females to  in snout–vent length; females appear to reach maturity at . The snout is obtusely pointed. The tympanum is very indistinct, and the supratympanic fold is very faint. The legs are relatively long. The fingers and toes bear discs that are relatively small. The first finger is very short and bears no distinctly enlarged disc. Preserved specimens are grayish brown dorsally. The side of the head is black. A faint, light mid-vertebral line may be present.

Habitat and conservation
Cophixalus shellyi occurs in low vegetation of hill and montane rainforests, including formerly logged forests, at elevations of  above sea level. Specimens have also been found in landslides, rockslides, and rocky areas. Development is presumably direct (i.e., no free-living larval stage).

It is a locally common species that is not facing known threats. It is not known from protected areas.


Uğrak, Bayburt

Uğrak is a village in the District of Bayburt, Bayburt Province, Turkey. As of 2010 it had a population of 373  people.


Yves Beaumier

Yves Beaumier (born December 3, 1942) is a Canadian educator and former politician. Beaumier is  a three-term Member of the National Assembly of Quebec.

Background

He was born on December 3, 1942 in Trois-Rivières, Quebec and was an educator.

Member of the legislature

Beaumier was elected as a Parti Québécois candidate to the provincial legislature in the district of Nicolet in the 1981 election, against Union Nationale incumbent Serge Fontaine.

Cabinet Member

He served as Parliamentary Assistant from 1983 to 1985 and was appointed to the Cabinet in 1985, but was defeated by Liberal candidate Maurice Richard in the 1985 election.

Political comeback

He ran for a seat in the district of Champlain in the 1989, 1994 and 1998 elections and was successful on his two last attempts.  He did not run for re-election in the 2003 election.

Footnotes


Ihor Mihalevskyi

Ihor Mihalevskyi (; born March 18, 1985) is a Ukrainian footballer.

Playing career
Mihalevskyi began his career with FC Karpaty-3 Lviv in the Ukrainian Second League in 2001. The following year he made it to the Ukrainian Premier League with the senior squad FC Karpaty Lviv. He played in the lower leagues of Ukraine with FC Rava Rava-Ruska, Karpaty Kamianka Buzska, FC Halychyna Lviv. In 2007, he went across the border to Poland to play with KS Spartakus Szarowola, and with Hetman Zamość of the II liga. In 2008, he was loaned to GKS Bełchatów of the Ekstraklasa. Later he would spend time with Stal Stalowa Wola, Start Otwock, Motor Lublin in the I liga, and II liga. He returned to Ukraine to play with FC Rukh Vynnyky, and FC Sambir. In 2015, he went overseas to Canada to sign with Toronto Atomic FC of the Canadian Soccer League. He recorded his first goal for the club on May 9, 2015 in a match against Niagara United.


The National Day of Remembrance and Action on Violence Against Women, also known informally as White Ribbon Day, is a day commemorated in Canada each December 6, the anniversary of the 1989 École Polytechnique massacre, in which armed student Marc Lépine murdered fourteen women and injured ten others in the name of "fighting feminism". The commemoration date was established by the Parliament of Canada in 1991. The legislation was introduced in the House of Commons as a private member's bill by Dawn Black, Member of Parliament for New Westminster-Burnaby, British Columbia, and received all-party support.

Canadian flags on all federal buildingsincluding the Peace Tower on Parliament Hill in Ottawa, Ontarioare flown at half-mast on December 6.  Canadians are encouraged to observe a minute of silence on December 6 and to wear a white ribbon (or a purple ribbon) as a commitment to end violence against women.

The victims of the 1989 massacre were Geneviève Bergeron, 21; Hélène Colgan, 23; Nathalie Croteau, 23; Barbara Daigneault, 22; Anne-Marie Edward, 21; Maud Haviernick, 29; Barbara Klucznik, 31; Maryse Laganière, 25; Maryse Leclair, 23; Anne-Marie Lemay, 22; Sonia Pelletier, 23; Michèle Richard, 21; Anne St-Arneault, 23; and Annie Turcotte, 21.

In response to the event, many Canadians have worked hard to establish memorial sites all across the country to ensure that people will become more aware of the incident that occurred. This is intended to force society to recognize how often violence occurs towards women and to appreciate the lives of the women who were killed. Feminism advocates and activists trying to stop violence directed towards women have shown concern about using the massacre to solely represent violence against women. The details of the event may over-shadow the deeper meaning of the day.

The day is aimed to examine the power dynamics between men and women. The news took the ascribed perspective of the killer having mental problems. This effectively dismissed feminist analyses stating that the killer went to this extent to proclaim his anti-feminist opinion. Every act that exists on the spectrum of violence against women happens due to women being viewed as less human than men. That is why the National Day of Remembrance and Action on Violence Against Woman stands for more than simply one massacre. It stands for awareness and change against the violence that occurs to women all around the world at the hands of men. Thirty-five percent of women worldwide have experienced physical and/or sexual intimate partner violence or non-partner sexual violence, according to the United Nations. This day stands for change and for awareness of the power dynamic existing between men and women all over the world.


Charlie Parker 10th Memorial Concert

The Charlie Parker 10th Memorial Concert was recorded March 27, 1965, 10 years after the death of Charlie Parker, at Carnegie Hall in New York City. Its A&R director was Bobby Scott and it was released on Limelight Records the same year.  It has yet to be reissued on CD.

It also marks Dave Lambert's final recordings.

Track listing

Side 1
1.  "Um-Hmm! (Ode to Yard)" (7:00)
Dizzy Gillespie
James Moody
Kenny Barron
Chris White
Rudy Collins
2. "Groovin' High" (5:50)
Same personnel except Moody play alto sax
3.  "Now's the Time" (13:16)
Roy Eldridge
Coleman Hawkins
C. C. Siegel (J. J. Johnson pseudonym)
Billy Taylor
Tommy Potter
Roy Haynes

Side 2
4.  "Blues for Bird" (4:05)
Lee Konitz, unaccompanied alto sax solo
5. "Donna Lee" (2:42)
Dave Lambert
Billy Taylor
Tommy Potter
Roy Haynes
6. " Medley: Bird Watcher/Disorder at the Border" " (11:50)
Solo order on this track Billy Taylor, Tommy Potter, Kenny Dorham, Lee Konitz, C. C. Siegel, Dizzy Gillespie


Krasny Luch

Krasny Luch () is the name of several inhabited localities in Russia.

Urban localities
Krasny Luch, Pskov Oblast, a work settlement in Bezhanitsky District of Pskov Oblast

Rural localities
Krasny Luch, Amur Oblast, a selo in Innokentyevsky Rural Settlement of Arkharinsky District of Amur Oblast
Krasny Luch, Bryansk Oblast, a settlement in Rozhnovsky Selsoviet of Klintsovsky District of Bryansk Oblast
Krasny Luch, Leningrad Oblast, a logging depot settlement in Kurskoye Settlement Municipal Formation of Volosovsky District of Leningrad Oblast
Krasny Luch, Dankovsky District, Lipetsk Oblast, a settlement in Perekhvalsky Selsoviet of Dankovsky District of Lipetsk Oblast
Krasny Luch, Dolgorukovsky District, Lipetsk Oblast, a village in Menshekolodezsky Selsoviet of Dolgorukovsky District of Lipetsk Oblast
Krasny Luch, Gryazinsky District, Lipetsk Oblast, a settlement in Soshkinsky Selsoviet of Gryazinsky District of Lipetsk Oblast
Krasny Luch, Volovsky District, Lipetsk Oblast, a settlement in Zamaraysky Selsoviet of Volovsky District of Lipetsk Oblast
Krasny Luch, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, a settlement in Shudsky Selsoviet of Varnavinsky District of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Krasny Luch, Novgorod Oblast, a village in Slavitinskoye Settlement of Volotovsky District of Novgorod Oblast
Krasny Luch, Oryol Oblast, a settlement in Mokhovskoy Selsoviet of Pokrovsky District of Oryol Oblast
Krasny Luch, Rostov Oblast, a khutor in Krasnoluchskoye Rural Settlement of Oktyabrsky District of Rostov Oblast
Krasny Luch, Ryazan Oblast, a settlement under the administrative jurisdiction of the work settlement of Lesnoy in Shilovsky District of Ryazan Oblast
Krasny Luch, Vladimir Oblast, a village in Petushinsky District of Vladimir Oblast


Scotinotylus dubiosus

Scotinotylus dubiosus is a species of sheet weaver found in the United States. It was described by Millidge in 1981.


Tau Cassiopeiae

Tau Cassiopeiae (τ Cassiopeiae) is a solitary, orange hued star in the northern constellation of Cassiopeia. It is bright enough to be seen with the naked eye, having an apparent visual magnitude of +4.86. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 18.75 mas as seen from Earth, this system is located about 174 light years from the Sun.

The spectrum of this star indicates it is an evolved, K-type giant star with a stellar classification of K1 IIIa. It is a suspected variable star of unknown type. Tau Cassiopeiae is 3.9 billion years old with about 1.44 times the mass of the Sun and 10 times the Sun's radius. It is radiating 40 times the Sun's luminosity from its expanded photosphere at an effective temperature of around 4,617 K.

Naming
In Chinese,  (), meaning Flying Serpent, refers to an asterism consisting of τ Cassiopeiae, α Lacertae, 4 Lacertae, π2 Cygni, π1 Cygni, HD 206267, ε Cephei, β Lacertae, σ Cassiopeiae, ρ Cassiopeiae, AR Cassiopeiae, 9 Lacertae, 3 Andromedae, 7 Andromedae, 8 Andromedae, λ Andromedae, κ Andromedae, ι Andromedae, and ψ Andromedae. Consequently, the Chinese name for τ Cassiopeiae itself is  (, )


Australian Yorkshire

The Australian Yorkshire is a breed of domestic pig from Australia that was originally a part of the Yorkshire breed of pigs from Yorkshire, England. It is the most "dominant breed [of pig] in Australia".

Marketing
The breed is marketed globally, with special modifications being made for the Asian market. In Singapore, a branch of the major Australian Yorkshire supplier named Australian Pork Limited was opened to cater to consumers in the country. The pigs sold in Singapore were fed barley grains and soy beans, rather than whey powder, as the latter "gives the meat a milky taste that Singaporeans don't take well to".

Breeding
In 2001, a study was conducted at the Institute of Agricultural Sciences of South Vietnam in Bihn Thang that compared the Australian Yorkshire and the Duroc to common Vietnamese pigs. It concluded that the pigs breeds of Australian manufacture had "significant advantage over Vietnamese breeds in growth, efficiency and carcass lean and in littering performance".


Bhikanpur, Moradabad

Bhikanpur Asdalpur is situated on the Moradabad-Dehradun state highway in Moradabad district in Uttar Pradesh in India. It is the headquarters of the block administration and has a distribution unit of 37.5 KW under Uttar Pradesh Viduth Nigam Limited. Bhikannpur Asdalpur block consists of 172 villages and 1 Nagar Palika-Kanth and 1 Nagar Panchayat-Umri Kalan. It spread in East Aghwanpur near by Moradabad, North Sahaspur in Bijnore district, West Umri Kalan and in South Kailsa kasba. It has two police stations named Chajlet and Kanth.

There are two railway stations of the Northern Railway in Bhikanpur Asdalpur. One is named Kanth and the second is named Matlab Pur, just 1.5 km from Bhikanpur Asdlapur Block headquarters. Bhikanpur Asdalpur mainly has a 70:30 ratio of Hindu and Muslims but it has no history of any communal violence.


Chandratne Patuwathavithane

Chandratne Patuwathavithane (died September 14, 1989) is a Sri Lankan born academic who served as the vice chancellor of University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka during 1980–1983 and 1988–1889 until he was assassinated in his office during 1987–89 insurgency in Sri Lanka.

Education
He was a product of Ananda College, Colombo and later gained admission to the University of Ceylon from where he graduated with a degree in engineering. He received a scholarship to study at King's College London, from which he received a PhD in mechanical engineering.


Chandrodaya

Chandrodaya is a 1999 Indian Kannada language romance-drama film directed by S. Mahendar. It stars Shivarajkumar, Ramesh Aravind and Prema in the lead roles. It is a remake of Mani Ratnam's 1986 Tamil film Mouna Ragam.

Cast
 Shiva Rajkumar as Shivu (extended Cameo)
 Ramesh Aravind as Sunil Kumar
 Prema as Divya
 Bhavana
 Avinash
 Sihi Kahi Chandru
 Ramesh Bhat
 Vinaya Prasad as a lawyer

Production
Filming took place in Mysore and New Delhi. Four song sequences for the film were shot in Mysore and its vicinity in December 1998.

Soundtrack

Hamsalekha scored music for the film including its soundtracks in addition to writing its lyrics. The soundtrack album constitutes six tracks.

Reception
Srikanth Srinivasa, reviewing the film for Deccan Herald, called the film "fairly decent" and wrote, "The film could have been easily trimmed in the dull first half. Music is mediocre by Hamsalekha's standards, except for the song Baaro baaro geleya... Director S Mahendar has faltered in the fight sequences of the film." He further wrote, "Ramesh is controlled and wooden as his character demands. Prema is pleasing and endearing as ever. Prema has put up a spirited performance. However, Ramesh looks jaded in the fight sequences that have been done badly. Shiva Rajkumar is wasted and so is Doddanna."


Regula Tschumi

Regula Tschumi is a Swiss social anthropologist and art historian.

Bibliography

Regula Tschumi has spent time in East, West and South Africa, researching into contemporary African art. In 2006 she published a standard work on the figurative coffins of the Ga people.  In this book she traces the origins of these coffins in the art and religion of the Ga, and questions the history of their evolution. In the course of this research Regula Tschumi discovered the coffin-artist and art brut painter Ataa Oko, born 1919, from La, in Ghana. Ataa Oko was making figurative coffins as long ago as 1945, that is to say, according to her, before Kane Kwei, who was generally recognised outside Ghana as having "invented" these coffins for the burial rituals of the Ga. In her PhD thesis 2013 Regula Tschumi makes the first deep research about the formerly unknown figurative palanquins of the Ga. She shows how the figurative palanquins are related with the figurative coffins, and why the figurative palanquins were used in Accra as early as 1930. She discovered that differently from what many Ga believe, no chief has ever been buried in his figurative palanquin. Palanquins belong to the powerful royal insignias which in the Ga culture may never be buried. Therefore, kings were not buried in their palanquin, but in a coffin that looked the same like their palanquin. This was necessary because the Ga believe that enstoolments and funerals are complementary.

Regula Tschumi has taken part in various exhibition projects in leading museums,  when she worked with different Ghanaian artists and coffin-palanquin-makers like Paa Joe, Ataa Oko and Kudjoe Affutu among others.

Publications
2017 Ataa Oko. A glimpse inside the amazing world of Ghanaian funerals and how the carpenter Ataa Oko became an artis, Kvadrat Interwoven: the fabric of things, online article.
2014 Concealed Art. The figurative palanquins and coffins of Ghana. Edition Till Schaap, Bern. .
2014 The Buried Treasures of the Ga: Coffin Art in Ghana. Edition Till Schaap, Bern. . A revised and updated second edition of Benteli 2008.
2013 The Figurative Palanquins of the Ga. History and Significance, in: African Arts, vol. 46, 4, 2013, pp. 60–73.
2013 Die figürlichen Sänften und Särge der Ga im Süden Ghanas. Geschichte, Transformation und Sinn einer künstlerischen Ausdrucksform von den Anfängen bis in die Gegenwart, (engl. The figurative palanquins and coffins of the Ga in Southern Ghana. History, transformation and meaning of a form of artistic expression from its origins to the present), PhD theses, phil.-hist. univ. Basle.
2010 The Deathbead of a Living Man. A Coffin for the Centre Pompidou, in: Saâdane Afif (ed.), Anthologie de l'humour noir, Paris: Editions Centre Pompidou, pp. 56–61.
2010 Ataa Oko et le langage formel des Ga in: Collection de l'art brut (ed.), Ataa Oko. Exhibition catalogue. Lausanne, Gollion: lnfolio.
2006 Last Respects, First Honoured. Ghanaian Burial Rituals and Figural Coffins in: Kunstmuseum Bern (ed.), Six Feet Under. Autopsy of Our Relation to the Dead. Ex.-Cat. Bielefeld, Leipzig: Kerber, pp. 114–125.

External links
www.regulatschumi.ch
Ataa Oko. A glimpse inside the amazing world of Ghanaian funerals and how the carpenter Ataa Oko became an artist

Gallery


Now That's What I Call Music! 8

Now That's What I Call Music! 8 may refer to at least two different "Now That's What I Call Music!"-series albums, including
 Now That's What I Call Music 8 (original UK series, 1986 release)
 Now That's What I Call Music! 8 (U.S. series, 2001 release)


2021 Africa Cup of Nations qualification Group G

Group G of the 2021 Africa Cup of Nations qualification tournament is one of the 12 groups that will decide the teams which qualify for the 2021 Africa Cup of Nations finals tournament. The group consist of four teams: Egypt, Kenya, Togo, and Comoros.

The teams will play against each other in home-and-away round-robin format between November 2019 and September 2020.

Standings

Matches

Goalscorers

Notes


Matt Serletic

Matt Serletic is an American record producer and music executive. As a teenager, Serletic joined a band with members of Collective Soul, a group for which he would later produce. Serletic has worked with several other popular bands and artists for Atlantic Records, including Matchbox Twenty, Cher, Blessid Union of Souls, Edwin McCain, Stacie Orrico, Taylor Hicks, Rob Thomas, and singer/songwriter Angie Aparo.  Serletic worked with American Idol winner David Cook on his second studio album. He also preceded Jason Flom as chairman of Virgin Records, a position he held from 2002-2005. He also worked with Joe Cocker, writing and producing his album, Hard Knocks.

In 2004, at the age of 33, he was named to Crain's New York Business "40 Under 40" list.

In 2011, Serletic tried his hand at being a reality show judge on the television show CMT's Next Superstar.

Serletic is the owner of Emblem Music Group and currently resides in Calabasas, California, with his wife, Ramona, and their two children. Matt also helped the rock supergroup Class of '99 in covering Pink Floyd's "Another Brick in the Wall" for the film The Faculty, contributing on the keyboard.


Anemia

Anemia (also spelled anaemia) is a decrease in the total amount of red blood cells (RBCs) or hemoglobin in the blood, or a lowered ability of the blood to carry oxygen. When anemia comes on slowly, the symptoms are often vague and may include feeling tired, weakness, shortness of breath, and a poor ability to exercise. When the anemia comes on quickly, symptoms may include confusion, feeling like one is going to pass out, loss of consciousness, and increased thirst. Anemia must be significant before a person becomes noticeably pale. Additional symptoms may occur depending on the underlying cause.

Anemia can be caused by blood loss, decreased red blood cell production, and increased red blood cell breakdown. Causes of blood loss include trauma and gastrointestinal bleeding. Causes of decreased production include iron deficiency, vitamin B12 deficiency, thalassemia, and a number of neoplasms of the bone marrow. Causes of increased breakdown include genetic conditions such as sickle cell anemia, infections such as malaria, and certain autoimmune diseases. Anemia can also be classified based on the size of the red blood cells and amount of hemoglobin in each cell. If the cells are small, it is called microcytic anemia; if they are large, it is called macrocytic anemia; and if they are normal sized, it is called normocytic anemia. The diagnosis of anemia in men is based on a hemoglobin of less than 130 to 140 g/L (13 to 14 g/dL); in women, it is less than 120 to 130 g/L (12 to 13 g/dL). Further testing is then required to determine the cause.

Certain groups of individuals, such as pregnant women, benefit from the use of iron pills for prevention. Dietary supplementation, without determining the specific cause, is not recommended. The use of blood transfusions is typically based on a person's signs and symptoms. In those without symptoms, they are not recommended unless hemoglobin levels are less than 60 to 80 g/L (6 to 8 g/dL). These recommendations may also apply to some people with acute bleeding. Erythropoiesis-stimulating medications are only recommended in those with severe anemia.

Anemia is the most common blood disorder, affecting about a third of the global population. Iron-deficiency anemia affects nearly 1 billion people. In 2013, anemia due to iron deficiency resulted in about 183,000 deaths – down from 213,000 deaths in 1990. It is more common in women than men, during pregnancy, and in children and the elderly. Anemia increases costs of medical care and lowers a person's productivity through a decreased ability to work. The name is derived from  , meaning "lack of blood", from ἀν- an-, "not" and αἷμα haima, "blood".

Signs and symptoms

Anemia goes undetected in many people and symptoms can be minor. The symptoms can be related to an underlying cause or the anemia itself.
Most commonly, people with anemia report feelings of weakness or fatigue, and sometimes poor concentration. They may also report shortness of breath on exertion.  In very severe anemia, the body may compensate for the lack of oxygen-carrying capability of the blood by increasing cardiac output.  The patient may have symptoms related to this, such as palpitations, angina (if pre-existing heart disease is present), intermittent claudication of the legs, and symptoms of heart failure.
On examination, the signs exhibited may include pallor (pale skin, lining mucosa, conjunctiva and nail beds), but this is not a reliable sign. A blue coloration of the sclera may be noticed in some cases of iron-deficiency anemia. There may be signs of specific causes of anemia, e.g., koilonychia (in iron deficiency), jaundice (when anemia results from abnormal break down of red blood cells — in hemolytic anemia), bone deformities (found in thalassemia major) or leg ulcers (seen in sickle-cell disease).
In severe anemia, there may be signs of a hyperdynamic circulation: tachycardia (a fast heart rate), bounding pulse, flow murmurs, and cardiac ventricular hypertrophy (enlargement).  There may be signs of heart failure.
Pica, the consumption of non-food items such as ice, but also paper, wax, or grass, and even hair or dirt, may be a symptom of iron deficiency, although it occurs often in those who have normal levels of hemoglobin.
Chronic anemia may result in behavioral disturbances in children as a direct result of impaired neurological development in infants, and reduced academic performance in children of school age. Restless legs syndrome is more common in those with iron-deficiency anemia.

Causes

The causes of anemia may be classified as impaired red blood cell (RBC) production, increased RBC destruction (hemolytic anemias), blood loss and fluid overload (hypervolemia). Several of these may interplay to cause anemia. The most common cause of anemia is blood loss, but this usually does not cause any lasting symptoms unless a relatively impaired RBC production develops, in turn most commonly by iron deficiency.

Impaired production
 Disturbance of proliferation and differentiation of stem cells
 Pure red cell aplasia
 Aplastic anemia affects all kinds of blood cells. Fanconi anemia is a hereditary disorder or defect featuring aplastic anemia and various other abnormalities.
 Anemia of kidney failure due to insufficient production of the hormone erythropoietin
 Anemia of endocrine disorders
 Disturbance of proliferation and maturation of erythroblasts
Pernicious anemia is a form of megaloblastic anemia due to vitamin B12 deficiency dependent on impaired absorption of vitamin B12. Lack of dietary B12  causes non-pernicious megaloblastic anemia
 Anemia of folate deficiency, as with vitamin B12, causes megaloblastic anemia
 Anemia of prematurity, by diminished erythropoietin response to declining hematocrit levels, combined with blood loss from laboratory testing, generally occurs in premature infants at two to six weeks of age.
 Iron deficiency anemia, resulting in deficient heme synthesis
 Thalassemias, causing deficient globin synthesis
 Congenital dyserythropoietic anemias, causing ineffective erythropoiesis
 Anemia of kidney failure (also causing stem cell dysfunction)
 Other mechanisms of impaired RBC production
 Myelophthisic anemia or myelophthisis is a severe type of anemia resulting from the replacement of bone marrow by other materials, such as malignant tumors, fibrosis, or granulomas.
 Myelodysplastic syndrome
 anemia of chronic inflammation
 Leukoerythroblastic anemia is caused by space-occupying lesions in the bone marrow that prevent normal production of blood cells.

Increased destruction

Anemias of increased red blood cell destruction are generally classified as hemolytic anemias. These are generally featuring jaundice and elevated lactate dehydrogenase levels.
Intrinsic (intracorpuscular) abnormalities cause premature destruction. All of these, except paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, are hereditary genetic disorders.
 Hereditary spherocytosis is a hereditary defect that results in defects in the RBC cell membrane, causing the erythrocytes to be sequestered and destroyed by the spleen.
 Hereditary elliptocytosis is another defect in membrane skeleton proteins.
Abetalipoproteinemia, causing defects in membrane lipids
 Enzyme deficiencies
Pyruvate kinase and hexokinase deficiencies, causing defect glycolysis
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency and glutathione synthetase deficiency, causing increased oxidative stress
Hemoglobinopathies
Sickle cell anemia
Hemoglobinopathies causing unstable hemoglobins
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
Extrinsic (extracorpuscular) abnormalities
Antibody-mediated
 Warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia is caused by autoimmune attack against red blood cells, primarily by IgG. It is the most common of the autoimmune hemolytic diseases. It can be idiopathic, that is, without any known cause, drug-associated or secondary to another disease such as systemic lupus erythematosus, or a malignancy, such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
 Cold agglutinin hemolytic anemia is primarily mediated by IgM. It can be idiopathic or result from an underlying condition.
Rh disease, one of the causes of hemolytic disease of the newborn
Transfusion reaction to blood transfusions
Mechanical trauma to red blood cells
 Microangiopathic hemolytic anemias, including thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and disseminated intravascular coagulation
 Infections, including malaria
 Heart surgery
 Haemodialysis

Blood loss
 Anemia of prematurity, from frequent blood sampling for laboratory testing, combined with insufficient RBC production
Trauma or surgery, causing acute blood loss
Gastrointestinal tract lesions, causing either acute bleeds (e.g. variceal lesions, peptic ulcers) or chronic blood loss (e.g. angiodysplasia)
Gynecologic disturbances, also generally causing chronic blood loss
From menstruation, mostly among young women or older women who have fibroids
Many type of cancers, including colorectal cancer and cancer of the urinary bladder, may cause acute or chronic blood loss, especially at advanced stages.
Infection by intestinal nematodes feeding on blood, such as hookworms and the whipworm Trichuris trichiura.

The roots of the words anemia and ischemia both refer to the basic idea of "lack of blood", but anemia and ischemia are not the same thing in modern medical terminology. The word anemia used alone implies widespread effects from blood that either is too scarce (e.g., blood loss) or is dysfunctional in its oxygen-supplying ability (due to whatever type of hemoglobin or erythrocyte problem). In contrast, the word ischemia refers solely to the lack of blood (poor perfusion). Thus ischemia in a body part can cause localized anemic effects within those tissues.

Fluid overload
Fluid overload (hypervolemia) causes decreased hemoglobin concentration and apparent anemia:
 General causes of hypervolemia include excessive sodium or fluid intake, sodium or water retention and fluid shift into the intravascular space.
 From the 6th week of pregnancy hormonal changes cause an increase in the mother's blood volume due to an increase in plasma.

Intestinal inflammation
Certain gastrointestinal disorders can cause anemia. The mechanisms involved are multifactorial and not limited to malabsorption but mainly related to chronic intestinal inflammation, which causes dysregulation of hepcidin that leads to decreased access of iron to the circulation.
 Helicobacter pylori infection.
 Gluten-related disorders: untreated celiac disease and non-celiac gluten sensitivity. Anemia can be the only manifestation of celiac disease, in absence of gastrointestinal or any other symptoms.
 Inflammatory bowel disease.

Diagnosis

Definitions
There are a number of definitions of anemia; reviews provide comparison and contrast of them. A strict but broad definition is an absolute decrease in red blood cell mass, however, a broader definition is a lowered ability of the blood to carry oxygen. An operational definition is a decrease in whole-blood hemoglobin concentration of more than 2 standard deviations below the mean of an age- and sex-matched reference range.

It is difficult to directly measure RBC mass, so the hematocrit (amount of RBCs) or the hemoglobin (Hb) in the blood are often used instead to indirectly estimate the value. Hematocrit; however, is concentration dependent and is therefore not completely accurate. For example, during pregnancy a woman's RBC mass is normal but because of an increase in blood volume the hemoglobin and hematocrit are diluted and thus decreased. Another example would be bleeding where the RBC mass would decrease but the concentrations of hemoglobin and hematocrit initially remains normal until fluids shift from other areas of the body to the intravascular space.

The anemia is also classified by severity into mild (110 g/L to normal), moderate (80 g/L to 110 g/L), and severe anemia (less than 80 g/L) in adult males and adult non pregnant females. Different values are used in pregnancy and children.

Testing
Anemia is typically diagnosed on a complete blood count. Apart from reporting the number of red blood cells and the hemoglobin level, the automatic counters also measure the size of the red blood cells by flow cytometry, which is an important tool in distinguishing between the causes of anemia. Examination of a stained blood smear using a microscope can also be helpful, and it is sometimes a necessity in regions of the world where automated analysis is less accessible.

In modern counters, four parameters (RBC count, hemoglobin concentration, MCV and RDW) are measured, allowing others (hematocrit, MCH and MCHC) to be calculated, and compared to values adjusted for age and sex. Some counters estimate hematocrit from direct measurements.

Reticulocyte counts, and the "kinetic" approach to anemia, have become more common than in the past in the large medical centers of the United States and some other wealthy nations, in part because some automatic counters now have the capacity to include reticulocyte counts. A reticulocyte count is a quantitative measure of the bone marrow's production of new red blood cells.  The reticulocyte production index is a calculation of the ratio between the level of anemia and the extent to which the reticulocyte count has risen in response. If the degree of anemia is significant, even a "normal" reticulocyte count actually may reflect an inadequate response.
If an automated count is not available, a reticulocyte count can be done manually following special staining of the blood film. In manual examination, activity of the bone marrow can also be gauged qualitatively by subtle changes in the numbers and the morphology of young RBCs by examination under a microscope. Newly formed RBCs are usually slightly larger than older RBCs and show polychromasia. Even where the source of blood loss is obvious, evaluation of erythropoiesis can help assess whether the bone marrow will be able to compensate for the loss, and at what rate.
When the cause is not obvious, clinicians use other tests, such as: ESR, ferritin, serum iron, transferrin, RBC folate level, serum vitamin B12, hemoglobin electrophoresis, renal function tests (e.g. serum creatinine) although the tests will depend on the clinical hypothesis that is being investigated.
When the diagnosis remains difficult, a bone marrow examination allows direct examination of the precursors to red cells, although is rarely used as is painful, invasive and is hence reserved for cases where severe pathology needs to be determined or excluded.

Red blood cell size
In the morphological approach, anemia is classified by the size of red blood cells; this is either done automatically or on microscopic examination of a peripheral blood smear. The size is reflected in the mean corpuscular volume (MCV). If the cells are smaller than normal (under 80 fl), the anemia is said to be microcytic; if they are normal size (80–100 fl), normocytic; and if they are larger than normal (over 100 fl), the anemia is classified as macrocytic. This scheme quickly exposes some of the most common causes of anemia; for instance, a microcytic anemia is often the result of iron deficiency. In clinical workup, the MCV will be one of the first pieces of information available, so even among clinicians who consider the "kinetic" approach more useful philosophically, morphology will remain an important element of classification and diagnosis.
Limitations of MCV include cases where the underlying cause is due to a combination of factors – such as iron deficiency (a cause of microcytosis) and vitamin B12 deficiency (a cause of macrocytosis) where the net result can be normocytic cells.

Production vs. destruction or loss
The "kinetic" approach to anemia yields arguably the most clinically relevant classification of anemia. This classification depends on evaluation of several hematological parameters, particularly the blood reticulocyte (precursor of mature RBCs) count. This then yields the classification of defects by decreased RBC production versus increased RBC destruction or loss. Clinical signs of loss or destruction include abnormal peripheral blood smear with signs of hemolysis; elevated LDH suggesting cell destruction; or clinical signs of bleeding, such as guaiac-positive stool, radiographic findings, or frank bleeding.
The following is a simplified schematic of this approach:

* For instance, sickle cell anemia with superimposed iron deficiency; chronic gastric bleeding with B12 and folate deficiency; and other instances of anemia with more than one cause.
** Confirm by repeating reticulocyte count: ongoing combination of low reticulocyte production index, normal MCV and hemolysis or loss may be seen in bone marrow failure or anemia of chronic disease, with superimposed or related hemolysis or blood loss.
Here is a schematic representation of how to consider anemia with MCV as the starting point:

Other characteristics visible on the peripheral smear may provide valuable clues about a more specific diagnosis; for example, abnormal white blood cells may point to a cause in the bone marrow.

Microcytic

Microcytic anemia is primarily a result of hemoglobin synthesis failure/insufficiency, which could be caused by several etiologies:

Iron deficiency anemia is the most common type of anemia overall and it has many causes. RBCs often appear hypochromic (paler than usual) and microcytic (smaller than usual) when viewed with a microscope.
Iron deficiency anemia is due to insufficient dietary intake or absorption of iron to meet the body's needs. Infants, toddlers, and pregnant women have higher than average needs. Increased iron intake is also needed to offset blood losses due to digestive tract issues, frequent blood donations, or heavy menstrual periods.  Iron is an essential part of hemoglobin, and low iron levels result in decreased incorporation of hemoglobin into red blood cells. In the United States, 12% of all women of childbearing age have iron deficiency, compared with only 2% of adult men. The incidence is as high as 20% among African American and Mexican American women. Studies have shown iron deficiency without anemia causes poor school performance and lower IQ in teenage girls, although this may be due to socioeconomic factors.  Iron deficiency is the most prevalent deficiency state on a worldwide basis.  It is sometimes the cause of abnormal fissuring of the angular (corner) sections of the lips (angular stomatitis).
In the United States, the most common cause of iron deficiency is bleeding or blood loss, usually from the gastrointestinal tract. Fecal occult blood testing, upper endoscopy and lower endoscopy should be performed to identify bleeding lesions. In older men and women, the chances are higher that bleeding from the gastrointestinal tract could be due to colon polyps or colorectal cancer.
 Worldwide, the most common cause of iron deficiency anemia is parasitic infestation (hookworms, amebiasis, schistosomiasis and whipworms).
The Mentzer index (mean cell volume divided by the RBC count) predicts whether microcytic anemia may be due to iron deficiency or thalassemia, although it requires confirmation.

Macrocytic

Megaloblastic anemia, the most common cause of macrocytic anemia, is due to a deficiency of either vitamin B12, folic acid, or both. Deficiency in folate or vitamin B12 can be due either to inadequate intake or insufficient absorption. Folate deficiency normally does not produce neurological symptoms, while B12 deficiency does.
 Pernicious anemia is caused by a lack of intrinsic factor, which is required to absorb vitamin B12 from food. A lack of intrinsic factor may arise from an autoimmune condition targeting the parietal cells (atrophic gastritis) that produce intrinsic factor or against intrinsic factor itself. These lead to poor absorption of vitamin B12.
Macrocytic anemia can also be caused by removal of the functional portion of the stomach, such as during gastric bypass surgery, leading to reduced vitamin B12/folate absorption. Therefore, one must always be aware of anemia following this procedure.
 Hypothyroidism
 Alcoholism commonly causes a macrocytosis, although not specifically anemia. Other types of liver disease can also cause macrocytosis.
 Drugs such as methotrexate, zidovudine, and other substances may inhibit DNA replication such as heavy metals
Macrocytic anemia can be further divided into "megaloblastic anemia" or "nonmegaloblastic macrocytic anemia". The cause of megaloblastic anemia is primarily a failure of DNA synthesis with preserved RNA synthesis, which results in restricted cell division of the progenitor cells. The megaloblastic anemias often present with neutrophil hypersegmentation (six to 10 lobes). The nonmegaloblastic macrocytic anemias have different etiologies (i.e. unimpaired DNA globin synthesis,) which occur, for example, in alcoholism.
In addition to the nonspecific symptoms of anemia, specific features of vitamin B12 deficiency include peripheral neuropathy and subacute combined degeneration of the cord with resulting balance difficulties from posterior column spinal cord pathology. Other features may include a smooth, red tongue and glossitis.
The treatment for vitamin B12-deficient anemia was first devised by William Murphy, who bled dogs to make them anemic, and then fed them various substances to see what (if anything) would make them healthy again. He discovered that ingesting large amounts of liver seemed to cure the disease. George Minot and George Whipple then set about to isolate the curative substance chemically and ultimately were able to isolate the vitamin B12 from the liver. All three shared the 1934 Nobel Prize in Medicine.

Normocytic

Normocytic anemia occurs when the overall hemoglobin levels are decreased, but the red blood cell size (mean corpuscular volume) remains normal. Causes include:

Dimorphic
A dimorphic appearance on a peripheral blood smear occurs when there are two simultaneous populations of red blood cells, typically of different size and hemoglobin content (this last feature affecting the color of the red blood cell on a stained peripheral blood smear). For example, a person recently transfused for iron deficiency would have small, pale, iron deficient red blood cells (RBCs) and the donor RBCs of normal size and color. Similarly, a person transfused for severe folate or vitamin B12 deficiency would have two cell populations, but, in this case, the patient's RBCs would be larger and paler than the donor's RBCs. A person with sideroblastic anemia (a defect in heme synthesis, commonly caused by alcoholism, but also drugs/toxins, nutritional deficiencies, a few acquired and rare congenital diseases) can have a dimorphic smear from the sideroblastic anemia alone. Evidence for multiple causes appears with an elevated RBC distribution width (RDW), indicating a wider-than-normal range of red cell sizes, also seen in common nutritional anemia.

Heinz body anemia
Heinz bodies form in the cytoplasm of RBCs and appear as small dark dots under the microscope. In animals, Heinz body anemia has many causes. It may be drug-induced, for example in cats and dogs by acetaminophen (paracetamol), or may be caused by eating various plants or other substances:
 In cats and dogs after eating either raw or cooked plants from the genus Allium, for example, onions or garlic.
 In dogs after ingestion of zinc, for example, after eating U.S. pennies minted after 1982.
 In horses which eat dry or wilted red maple leaves.

Hyperanemia
Hyperanemia is a severe form of anemia, in which the hematocrit is below 10%.

Refractory anemia
Refractory anemia, an anemia which does not respond to treatment, is often seen secondary to myelodysplastic syndromes. Iron deficiency anemia may also be refractory as a manifestation of gastrointestinal problems which disrupt iron absorption or cause occult bleeding.

Transfusion dependent
Transfusion dependent anemia is a form of anemia where ongoing blood transfusion are required. Most people with myelodysplastic syndrome develop this state at some point in time. Beta thalassemia may also result in transfusion dependence. Concerns from repeated blood transfusions include iron overload. This iron overload may require chelation therapy.

Treatment
Treatment for anemia depends on cause and severity. Vitamin supplements given orally (folic acid or vitamin B12) or intramuscularly (vitamin B12) will replace specific deficiencies.

Oral iron

Nutritional iron deficiency is common in developing nations. An estimated two-thirds of children and of women of childbearing age in most developing nations are estimated to have iron deficiency without anemia; one-third of them have iron deficiency with anemia. Iron deficiency due to inadequate dietary iron intake is rare in men and postmenopausal women. The diagnosis of iron deficiency mandates a search for potential sources of blood loss, such as gastrointestinal bleeding from ulcers or colon cancer.

Mild to moderate iron-deficiency anemia is treated by oral iron supplementation with ferrous sulfate, ferrous fumarate, or ferrous gluconate.  When taking iron supplements, stomach upset or darkening of the feces are commonly experienced.  The stomach upset can be alleviated by taking the iron with food; however, this decreases the amount of iron absorbed.  Vitamin C aids in the body's ability to absorb iron, so taking oral iron supplements with orange juice is of benefit.

In the anemia of chronic kidney disease, recombinant erythropoietin or epoetin alfa is recommended to stimulate RBC production, and if iron deficiency and inflammation are also present, concurrent parenteral iron is also recommended.

Injectable iron
In cases where oral iron has either proven ineffective, would be too slow (for example, pre-operatively) or where absorption is impeded (for example in cases of inflammation), parenteral iron can be used. The body can absorb up to 6 mg iron daily from the gastrointestinal tract. In many cases the patient has a deficit of over 1,000 mg of iron which would require several months to replace. This can be given concurrently with erythropoietin to ensure sufficient iron for increased rates of erythropoiesis.

Blood transfusions
Blood transfusions in those without symptoms is not recommended until the hemoglobin is below 60 to 80 g/L (6 to 8 g/dL). In those with coronary artery disease who are not actively bleeding transfusions are only recommended when the hemoglobin is below 70 to 80g/L (7 to 8 g/dL). Transfusing earlier does not improve survival. Transfusions otherwise should only be undertaken in cases of cardiovascular instability.

A 2012 review concluded that when considering blood transfusions for anaemia in people with advanced cancer who have fatigue and breathlessness (not related to cancer treatment or haemorrhage), consideration should be given to whether there are alternative strategies can be tried before a blood transfusion.

Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents
The objective for the administration of an erythropoiesis-stimulating agent (ESA) is to maintain hemoglobin at the lowest level that both minimizes transfusions and meets the individual person's needs. They should not be used for mild or moderate anemia. They are not recommended in people with chronic kidney disease unless hemoglobin levels are less than 10 g/dL or they have symptoms of anemia. Their use should be along with parenteral iron.

Hyperbaric oxygen
Treatment of exceptional blood loss (anemia) is recognized as an indication for hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) by the Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society. The use of HBO is indicated when oxygen delivery to tissue is not sufficient in patients who cannot be given blood transfusions for medical or religious reasons. HBO may be used for medical reasons when threat of blood product incompatibility or concern for transmissible disease are factors. The beliefs of some religions (ex: Jehovah's Witnesses) may require they use the HBO method. A 2005 review of the use of HBO in severe anemia found all publications reported positive results.

Epidemiology
A moderate degree of iron-deficiency anemia affected approximately 610 million people worldwide or 8.8% of the population. It is slightly more common in females (9.9%) than males (7.8%). Mild iron deficiency anemia affects another 375 million.

History
Signs of severe anemia in human bones from 4000 years ago have been uncovered in Thailand.


Gazipaşa Airport

Gazipaşa-Alanya Airport  is an airport in service in the Gazipaşa, Anamur, Alanya, Kargıcak, Kestel, Payallar, Avsallar, Okurcalar, Kızılağaç and Side areas of the Antalya Province in Turkey. The airport opened for domestic flights in July 2010 with daily flights from Istanbul with Bora Jet. International flights began in the 2011 holiday season, with flights from Amsterdam. The new airport is only 30 minutes by road from Alanya compared to a travel time of two hours between Alanya and Antalya Airport, which was previously the nearest airport, 120 km away.

Construction
The airport was finished in 1999, but it was not opened for operation. Talks were held in 2006, with reports commissioned by the national government, local government, and tourist organizations to commence operation.  Finally, the decision was made clear in 2007 after multiple bids had been submitted to award operation to Tepe Akfen Ventures Airports Holding (TAV), which paid $50,000 a year, and a 65% share in profit for the right to operate the airport for 25 years. TAV then updated and expanded the airport, including lengthening the runway to 2,350m in order to handle international operations, among other things.

Facilities
The airport has an annual passenger capacity of 1,500,000 passengers, a terminal area of 6,700 square meters and a parking lot with a capacity of 105 vehicles.

Airlines and destinations

Traffic Statistics


The Lion and the Lamb

The Lion and the Lamb is a 1931 American Pre-Code comedy thriller film directed by George B. Seitz.

Cast

 Walter Byron as Dave
 Carmel Myers as Inez
 Raymond Hatton as Muggsy
 Montagu Love as Professor Tottie
 Miriam Seegar as Madge
 Charles K. Gerrard as Bert (credited as Charles Gerrard)
 Will Stanton as Ruebin
 Charles Wildish as First Lascar
 Harry Semels as Second Lascar
 Robert Milasch as Lem
 Yorke Sherwood as Wister
 Sidney Bracey as Stanton


Working Key to the Genera of North American Algae is an influential early technical reference book on identification of algae in North America.

It was written by Frank Shipley Collins, and published in 1918.


Dilemma Glacier

Dilemma Glacier is a steep, broken glacier descending from the Worcester Range into the western side of Skelton Glacier to the north of Ant Hill, in New Zealand. It was mapped and named in 1957 by the New Zealand party of the Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition, 1956–58, and so named because of difficulties encountered by the geological party in an attempted descent of this glacier.


Joona Erving

Joona Erving (born 2 September 1994) is a Finnish professional ice hockey player who currently plays professionally in Slovakia for HK Poprad of the Slovak Tipsport Liga.

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs


New Zealand at the 1954 British Empire and Commonwealth Games was represented by a team of 56 competitors and nine officials. Selection of the team for the Games in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, was the responsibility of the New Zealand Olympic and British Empire Games Association. New Zealand's flagbearer at the opening ceremony was Max Carr.  The New Zealand team finished fifth on the medal table, winning a total of 19 medals, seven of which were gold.

New Zealand has competed in every games, starting with the British Empire Games in 1930 at Hamilton, Ontario.

Medal tables
New Zealand was fifth in the medal table in 1954, with a total of 19 medals, including seven gold.

Competitors
The following table lists the number of New Zealand competitors participating at the Games according to gender and sport.

Athletics

Track

Field

Boxing

Cycling

Road
Men's road race

Track
Men's 1000 m sprint

Men's 1 km time trial

Men's 4000 m individual pursuit

Men's 10 miles scratch race

Diving

Fencing

Men
Individual epee

Individual foil

Individual sabre

Team epee

Team foil

Team sabre

Women

Individual foil

Lawn bowls

Rowing

Swimming

Weightlifting

Wrestling


Waiputrechus

Waiputrechus is a genus of beetles in the family Carabidae, containing a single species endemic to New Zealand. Waiputrechus cavernicola is known only from a single specimen collected in 1999 by Maree Hunt from a rocky wall inside a cave, Mert's Muddle, near Waipu. It has been classified as "nationally critical" under the New Zealand Threat Classification System.

Description
Waiputrechus cavernicola is very small, the holotype specimen being 3.1 mm in length. It is a pale yellowish brown.


Cercidia prominens

Cercidia prominens is a species of orb weaver in the family of spiders known as Araneidae. It is found in North America, Europe, the Caucasus, and a range from Russia to Kazakhstan.


Exhaling Pearls

Exhaling Pearls is an outdoor 1993 bronze sculpture by postmodernist American artist Joseph Havel, installed at the Museum of Fine Arts, Houston's Lillie and Hugh Roy Cullen Sculpture Garden, in the U.S. state of Texas.

The sculpture is cast from a rope and two paper lanterns. The museum, who purchased the work with donations from the Nona and Richard Barrett, the Caroline Wiess Law Accessions Endowment Fund, Max and Isabell Smith Herzstein, Isabel B. Wilson, and friends of Havel, has called the work an "improbable hybrid", "[rising] up in a playfully gallant affirmation of life and creation".


Philocoprella

Philocoprella is a genus of flies belonging to the family Lesser Dung flies.

Species
P. arvernica (Richards, 1929)
P. italica (Deeming, 1964)
P. mongolica Papp, 1973
P. quadrispina (Laurence, 1952)
P. rectiradiata Papp, 1973


Sort of Revolution

Sort of Revolution is the fourth album of original studio material from British musician Fink, also known as Fin Greenall. It was released on 25 May 2009, on the Ninja Tune independent record label.

Track listing

Personnel

Fink
 Fin Greenall – vocals, acoustic guitar, Vox (tracks 1, 3), electric guitar (4), percussion (5, 6), electric piano (6), synthesizer (6), keyboards (9)
 Guy Whittaker – bass (exc. 7), effects (9)
 Tim Thornton – drums (exc. 3, 7), effects (9)

Additional musicians
 Blair Mackichan – piano (1, 5, 6), Wurlitzer organ (6)
 John Legend – piano (2)
 Ellie Wyatt – string arrangement (2)
 Son of Dave – harmonica (8)
 Andrea Triana – backing vocals (10)

Technical personnel
 Produced by Fin Greenall
 Recorded by Fin Greenall and Guy Whittaker at 7Dials Studios, Brighton, except
 the piano on "Move on Me" recorded by Anthony "Rocky" Gallo at The Cutting Room, New York City, and
 the acoustic percussion on "See It All" recorded by Kieron Menzies at Track Record, Los Angeles.
 Mixed by Fin Greenall at 7Dials Studios, Brighton
 Mastered by Kevin Metcalfe at The Soundmasters, London
 Artwork by Kate O'Connor
 Design by Panda Yoghurt

Chart performance


Hypericum russeggeri

Hypericum russeggeri is a species of shrub in the genus Hypericum and is the type species of sect. Adenotrias.


EFCAB6

EF-hand calcium-binding domain-containing protein 6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EFCAB6 gene.

Interactions
EFCAB6 has been shown to interact with PARK7 and Androgen receptor.


Index of Sufism-related articles

A list of topics related to the topic of Sufism.

__NOTOC__

A
 Abdus Salaam ibn Mishish
 Abou Ben Adhem
 Abu Al Fazal Abdul Wahid Yemeni Tamimi
 Abu al-Hasan al-Shadhili
 Abul Hasan Hankari
 Abusaeid Abolkheyr
 Abu Saeed Mubarak Makhzoomi
 Ahl-e Haqq
 Ak Tagh
 Al-Hallaj
 Al-Khidr
 Ali Hajweri
 Ashraf Jahangir Semnani
 Farid al-Din Attar

B
 Badawiyyah
 Bektashi
 Bholoo Shah
 Bulleh Shah
 François Bernier
 Sufi Barkat Ali

C
 Chishti Order

D
 Dervish

E
 Yunus Emre
 Muhammad Emin Er

F
 Fakir
 Fakhruddin 'Iraqi
 Fareeduddin Ganjshakar
 Fariduddin Attar
 Fassiya
 Fourth Way
 Fassi
 Futuwa

G
 Gülen movement

H
 Henry Wilberforce-Clarke
 Eric Hermelin
 Hidayat Inayat Khan
 History of Sufism

I
 Ibn Arabi
 Inayat Khan
 Idries Shah

J
 Jamali (artist)
 Jami
 Junayd of Baghdad, founder of Junaidia order

K
 Kashf
 Kashf ul Mahjoob
 Khalwa
 Khalwati order
 Khalifa of Ahmed Ullah Maizbhanderi
 Knowledge by presence

L
 List of famous Sufis
 List of tariqas

M
 Ameer Muhammad Akram Awan
 Madurai Maqbara
 Makrifat
 Marifat
 Maudood Chishti
 Maulana Syed Muhammad Zauqi Shah
 Mohammad Yousaf Abu al-Farah Tartusi
 Moinuddin Chishti

N
 Naqshbandi Sufi Order
 Naqshbandia Owaisiah
 Nimatullahi Sufi order
 Noorbakshi Sufi order
 Nizamuddin Auliya

O
 Ömer Faruk Tekbilek

P
 François Pétis de la Croix

Q
 Qadiriyya
 Qawwali

R
 Rumi, Jalāl ad-Dīn Muḥammad
 Riaz Ahmed Gohar Shahi

S
 Sachal Sarmast
 Safaviya
 Salik
 Sema
 Shadhili
 Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai
 Abdul Qadir Jilani
 Shaikh Syed Abdul Razzaq Jilani
 Sufi metaphysics
 Sufi music
 Sufi philosophy
 Sufi poetry
 Sufi studies
 Sufi texts
 Sufi whirling
 Sufism
 Sufism in India
 Sultan Bahoo
 Sumer Dargah
 Syed Abdul Rehman Jilani Dehlvi

T
 Tajalli
 Tariqa
 Tazkiah
 Tijaniyyah

U
 Urs
 Uwais al-Qarni
 Uwaisi

V
 Vatul

W
 The Whirling Dervishes
 Wali Kirani

Z
 Zahed
 Zahediyeh

*Index
Sufism-related topics
Sufism


Varzaqan County

Varzaqan County () is a county in East Azerbaijan Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Varzaqan.   At the 2006 census, the county's population was 46,833, in 10,766 families.  The county is subdivided into two districts: the Central District and Kharvana District.  The county has two cities: Varzaqan and Kharvana.


Party of France

The Party of France (, PDF) is a political party in France. The PDF was founded on 23 February 2009 by National Front MEP Carl Lang. Carl Lang was known for his opposition to Marine Le Pen's possible candidacy to the leadership of the FN upon retirement of its long-time leader, Jean-Marie Le Pen. This came in the midst of the early campaign for the 2009 European elections: Carl Lang, elected for the FN in the North-West constituency ran for re-election under the PDF banner, against the FN list led by Marine Le Pen. The PDF supported Jean Verdon in the Massif Central-Centre and the incumbent MEP Jean-Claude Martinez in the South-West constituency. The party ran no lists against Jean-Marie Le Pen and Bruno Gollnisch.

The PDF was joined by a number of high-ranking FN elected officials and members, including Fernand Le Rachinel and Bernard Antony. After defections from the FN, it has regional councillors in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais, Picardy, Lower Normandy, Ile-de-France and Centre regions.

In the 2009 European elections, all list supported by the PDF were defeated, with 1.88% in the Massif Central, 1.52% in the North-West and 0.92% in the South-West. Carl Lang, Fernand Le Rachinel and Jean-Claude Martinez were defeated.

In November 2009, Carl Lang announced that he would be candidate in the 2010 regional elections in Upper Normandy. In addition, the party announced that it would run in at least eight regions.


Seneca Creek (Potomac River tributary)

Seneca Creek is a  stream in Montgomery County, Maryland, USA, roughly  northwest of Washington, D.C. It drains into the Potomac River.

Course
The creek begins with two main tributaries:
Great Seneca Creek,  long, begins in Damascus and flows south past Montgomery Village, Germantown, Gaithersburg and Seneca Creek State Park.
Little Seneca Creek,  long, rises in the Clarksburg area, flows south through Little Seneca Lake and Black Hill Regional Park, and the community of Boyds.

These tributaries converge near Darnestown. Another major tributary, Dry Seneca Creek, empties into Seneca Creek west of Darnestown.  The creek continues south and passes under Seneca Aqueduct/Riley's Lock (Lock 24) of the Chesapeake and Ohio (C&O) Canal before it flows into the Potomac River. There is about a  change in elevation from the stream's upper sources to its mouth at the Potomac. Seneca Creek has a watershed area of .

Recreation
Depending on conditions, parts of the creek are navigable by light watercraft, such as kayaks or canoes. Near Riley’s Lock there is a boat ramp into the creek which provides access to the Potomac River.

An area of about  along  of the creek has been set aside as Seneca Creek State Park. It has trails including the  Seneca Creek Greenway Trail, the  Schaeffer Farm Trail, and many shorter and easier trails. Parking and picnic areas are provided at various locations in the park. Long Draught Creek, a small tributary north of Gaithersburg has been dammed to form the  Clopper Lake which is the centerpiece of the park's day use area. This area includes multiple picnic areas, a disc golf course, boat rentals for the lake, and restroom facilities. Just west of the creek's mouth is the Seneca Quarry, the quarry that provided the red sandstone for the Smithsonian Castle and locks 8 - 27 of the C&O Canal. The remains of the 1837 stone cutting mill are still intact, though unmarked; above the quarry is the restored quarry masters house. Both are within state park lands.

During the 1920s and 1930s Seneca was a popular vacation spot for people from lower Montgomery County and Washington who came to Seneca for the cooler temperatures, boating, swimming, and fishing.  There was a hotel near the canal and cottages lined the creek until they were washed away or destroyed by the several floods that have affected this area.  Unfortunately Seneca has been the site of many drownings and boating accidents over the years.  Today the area is a popular local recreation area.


Hongwon County

Hongwŏn County is a county in South Hamgyŏng province, North Korea.  It is flanked by the Sea of Japan (East Sea of Korea) to the south, and by the Hamgyŏng Mountains to the north.

Physical features
The northwest region is particularly mountainous. The highest peak is Palbong.  The chief streams are the Tongdaech'ŏn (동대천) and Sŏdaech'ŏn (서대천).  The coastal region is level. The temperature differs greatly from the coastline to the plains to the mountains. The mountains contribute to giving the county a mild climate.

Administrative divisions

Hongwŏn county is divided into 1 ŭp (town), 4 rodongjagu (workers' districts) and 27 ri (villages):

Economy

Agriculture and fishery
The chief local occupation is agriculture. Local crops include rice, soybeans, millet, oats, and potatoes. However, fisheries are also developed, particularly along the coast.

Mining
There is a small amount of mining, exploiting local deposits of gold, silver, limestone, fluorspar, and scaly graphite.

Transport
The county is served by road and rail.  Hongwŏn Station is on the P'yŏngra line of the Korean State Railway.


Cuckoo Trail

The Cuckoo Trail is a  footpath and cycleway which runs from Hampden Park to Heathfield in East Sussex. It passes through the towns of Polegate and Hailsham, as well as the villages of Hellingly and Horam.

History

The Trail largely follows the route of a disused railway line, the Cuckoo Line, which opened in 1880 and ran between Eridge and Polegate railway stations, creating a direct route between Eastbourne and London. It obtained its name from the tradition that the first cuckoo in Spring was heard at the Heathfield Fair. The line closed in 1968 under the programme of closures put forward by Forest Row resident and British Transport Commission Chairman Richard Beeching.

In 1981 the route of the old railway line to the south of Heathfield was purchased by Wealden District Council and East Sussex County Council. From 1990 Sustrans developed the route along with District Council and the County Council into a shared track for walkers and cyclists, with horses also allowed on some sections. An extension was constructed to the south into Eastbourne and the trail became part of National Cycle Network Route 21. The Trail is currently used by around 200,000 people per year and serves as a traffic-free route between several local schools. It is jointly managed by the latter in conjunction with East Sussex County Council.

Along the route of the Trail are six original sculptures which act as mileposts. In May 1993 a dozen wooden benches were installed which had been hand-carved by a local artist out of trees felled during the Great Storm of 1987. In 2003 a five-year £65,000 package of grants for improvements to the Cuckoo Trail was awarded as part of the Woodland Grant Scheme. Part of these funds went towards the resurfacing of the Trail as far as Heathfield in October 2006.

Extension north

As of 2008 the Cuckoo Trail remains incomplete insofar as the remaining section of the disused railway line north of Heathfield is largely inaccessible and in the ownership of 12 different individuals who have resisted attempts to establish a path/cycleway over their land. Until 1986 East Sussex County Council had 11 miles of the Cuckoo Trail to the south of Mayfield within its ownership but, seeking to reduce expenditure, it abandoned the early ideas of reopening it as a public footpath, and parcels of land were sold off in a piecemeal fashion.

The Trail is therefore re-routed from Heathfield over nearby roads, diverging from the railway alignment to join the A265 Mutton Hall Hill before heading north on Newick Lane through Mayfield town centre. This route has caused controversy amongst local residents.

The inability to extend the Trail north means that it cannot reach Groombridge and link with the Forest Way, another footpath and bridleway following the route of a disused railway line. Numerous reports have been prepared which identified various routes which would connect with the Forest Way, from a Sustrans report in 1995 to three Owen Williams reports in 1998 and 1999, and finally an Atkins feasibility study in 2006 which confirmed that reusing the old railway line would be the best way forward, with the alternative on-road route as a short-term means of access to Groombridge.

As part of the extension north, the  Heathfield Tunnel was repaired and restored in 1997, funded by a derelict land grant of £198,000 by English Partnerships and a contribution of £60,000 from Wealden District Council. Gates were fitted to the tunnel in 1999 at a cost of £22,000 which allowed access to be restricted to daylight hours; access became unrestricted from 2002 but ceased entirely following an alleged rape incident on 12 March 2005. A trial reopening period began on 26 March 2007.
In 2019 Wealden District Council was contacted due to the full closure of the tunnel. Their response was 'due to constant vandalism and anti social behaviour, the tunnel is to remain closed indefinitely with no plans to look into it'.

External links

East Sussex County Council page
Sustrans page


Motoo Furushō

was a lieutenant general of the Imperial Japanese Army and commander of the Japanese Twenty-First Army in 1938 during the Canton Operation.

Biography
A native of Kumamoto prefecture, Furushō attended military preparatory schools as a youth, and graduated from the 14th class of the Imperial Japanese Army Academy in 1902. The following year, he was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Imperial Guards. He was in combat during the Russo-Japanese War in 1904-1905 with the 4th Guards Infantry Regiment.

After the war, Furushō returned to Army Staff College and graduated from the 21st class in 1909. After graduation, he was assigned a number of administrative positions within the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff, and did a tour of duty as a military attaché to Germany, and another tour as aide-de-camp to Field Marshal Yamagata Aritomo.

After serving as an instructor at the Army War College from 1921–1923, Furushō became Chief of the 1st Section (Organization & Mobilization), 1st Bureau, Imperial Japanese Army General Staff from 1923-1925. He was then given command of the 2nd Imperial Guards Regiment, continuing his long association with the Imperial Guard, from 1925-1927.

After serving with the Ministry of War from 1927–1928, Furushō was promoted to major general and given command of the IJA 2nd Infantry Brigade. He returned to various administrative positions within the General Staff from 1929-1934.

Promoted to lieutenant general in 1933, Furushō took command of the IJA 11th Division in 1934. He subsequently served as Vice Minister of War from 1935-1936.

In 1936, Furushō became Head of Army Aeronautical Department, but in 1937 was appointed Commander in Chief of the Taiwan Army District.

With the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937, Furushō went to China as commander of the Japanese Fifth Army. In 1938, he became commander of the Japanese Twenty-First Army. He returned to Japan in 1938, was promoted to full general and served as a member of the Supreme War Council until his death in 1940. His grave is at Tama Cemetery, in Fuchū, Tokyo.


International Coffee Organization

The International Coffee Organization (ICO) was set up in 1963 in London, under the auspices of the United Nations (UN) due to the economic importance of coffee. It administers the International Coffee Agreement (ICA), an important instrument for development cooperation.

It was a result of the five-year International Coffee Agreement signed in 1962 at the UN in New York City and renegotiated in 1968, 1976, 1983, 1994 and 2007 at the ICO in London.

The International Coffee Council is the highest authority of the Organization and is composed of representatives of each Member Government. It meets in March and September to discuss coffee matters, approve strategic documents and consider the recommendations of advisory bodies and committees.

The ICO's headquarters is located at 222 Gray's Inn Road in London and its current executive director is the Brazilian José Sette.

After the withdrawal of the U.S. from the International Coffee Agreement in June 2018, ICO Member Governments represent 98% of world coffee production and 67% of world consumption.

Membership
As June 2018, its membership comprises 44 producing members and 6 importing members.

Exporting Member Countries

Importing Member Countries


Félix Pineda

Félix Pineda Flores (born in El Salvador) is a retired Salvadoran footballer.

Club career
Nicknamed La Garrobita, Pineda played for Águila in the Barraza's Kinder Era in the middle of the 1970s.

International career
Pineda played for the El Salvador national football team, appearing in 3 qualifying matches for the 1978 FIFA World Cup and 1 for the 1974 FIFA World Cup