Philip K. Dick

Philip Kindred Dick (December 16, 1928 – March 2, 1982) was an American writer known for his work in science fiction. He produced 44 published novels and approximately 121 short stories, most of which appeared in science fiction magazines during his lifetime. His fiction explored varied philosophical and social themes, and featured recurrent elements such as alternate realities, simulacra, large corporations, drug abuse, authoritarian governments, and altered states of consciousness. His work explored questions surrounding the nature of reality, perception, human nature, and identity.

Born in Chicago, Dick moved to the San Francisco Bay Area with his family at a young age. He began publishing science fiction stories in 1951, at the age of 22. His stories initially found little commercial success, but his 1962 alternative history novel The Man in the High Castle earned Dick early acclaim, including a Hugo Award for Best Novel. He followed with science fiction novels such as Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? (1968) and Ubik (1969). His 1974 novel Flow My Tears, the Policeman Said won the John W. Campbell Memorial Award for Best Science Fiction Novel. Following a series of religious experiences in 1974, Dick's work engaged more explicitly with issues of theology, philosophy, and the nature of reality, as in novels A Scanner Darkly (1977) and VALIS (1981). A collection of his nonfiction writing on these themes was published posthumously as The Exegesis of Philip K. Dick (2011). He died in 1982 in Santa Ana, California, at the age of 53, due to complications from a stroke.

A variety of popular Hollywood films based on Dick's works have been produced, including  Blade Runner (1982), Total Recall (adapted twice: in 1990 and in 2012), Minority Report (2002), A Scanner Darkly (2006), and The Adjustment Bureau (2011). The novel The Man in the High Castle (1962) was made into a multi-season television series by Amazon, starting in 2015.

In 2005, Time magazine named Ubik (1969) one of the hundred greatest English-language novels published since 1923. In 2007, Dick became the first science fiction writer ever to be included in The Library of America series.

Early life
Philip Kindred Dick and his twin sister, Jane Charlotte Dick, were born six weeks prematurely on December 16, 1928, in Chicago, Illinois, to Dorothy (née Kindred; 1900–1978) and Joseph Edgar Dick (1899–1985), who worked for the United States Department of Agriculture. His paternal grandparents were Irish. The death of Philip's twin, Jane, six weeks after their birth, on January 26, 1929, profoundly affected Philip's life, leading to the recurrent motif of the "phantom twin" in his books.

His family later moved to the San Francisco Bay Area. When Philip was five, his father was transferred to Reno, Nevada; when Dorothy refused to move, she and Joseph divorced. Both parents fought for custody of Philip, which was awarded to the mother. Dorothy, determined to raise Philip alone, took a job in Washington, D.C., and moved there with her son. Philip was enrolled at John Eaton Elementary School (1936–1938), completing the second through fourth grades. His lowest grade was a "C" in Written Composition, although a teacher remarked that he "shows interest and ability in story telling". He was educated in Quaker schools. In June 1938, Dorothy and Philip returned to California, and it was around this time that he became interested in science fiction. Dick stated that he read his first science fiction magazine, Stirring Science Stories in 1940 at the age of 12.

Dick attended Berkeley High School in Berkeley, California. He and fellow science fiction author Ursula K. Le Guin were members of the class of 1947 but did not know each other at the time. After graduation, he attended the University of California, Berkeley from September 1949 to November 11, 1949, ultimately receiving an honorable dismissal dated January 1, 1950. Dick did not declare a major and took classes in history, psychology, philosophy, and zoology. Through his studies in philosophy, he believed that existence is based on internal human perception, which does not necessarily correspond to external reality; he described himself as "an acosmic panentheist," believing in the universe only as an extension of God. After reading the works of Plato and pondering the possibilities of metaphysical realms, Dick came to the conclusion that, in a certain sense, the world is not entirely real and there is no way to confirm whether it is truly there. This question from his early studies persisted as a theme in many of his novels. Dick dropped out because of ongoing anxiety problems, according to his third wife Anne's memoir. She also says he disliked the mandatory ROTC training. At Berkeley, Dick befriended poet Robert Duncan and poet and linguist Jack Spicer, who gave Dick ideas for a Martian language. Dick claimed to have hosted a classical music program on KSMO Radio in 1947. From 1948 to 1952, Dick worked at Art Music Company, a record store on Telegraph Avenue.

Career

Early writing

Dick sold his first story, "Roog", in 1951, about "a dog who imagined that the garbagemen who came every Friday morning were stealing valuable food which the family had carefully stored away in a safe metal container", and from then on wrote full-time. During 1952, his first speculative fiction publications appeared in July and September numbers of Planet Stories, edited by Jack O'Sullivan, and in If and The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction that year. His debut novel was Solar Lottery, published in 1955 as half of Ace Double #D-103 alongside The Big Jump by Leigh Brackett. The 1950s were a difficult and impoverished time for Dick, who once lamented, "We couldn't even pay the late fees on a library book." He published almost exclusively within the science fiction genre, but dreamed of a career in mainstream fiction. During the 1950s, he produced a series of non-genre, relatively conventional novels. In 1960, he wrote that he was willing to "take twenty to thirty years to succeed as a literary writer". The dream of mainstream success formally died in January 1963 when the Scott Meredith Literary Agency returned all of his unsold mainstream novels. Only one of these works, Confessions of a Crap Artist, was published during Dick's lifetime.

In 1963, Dick won the Hugo Award for The Man in the High Castle. Although he was hailed as a genius in the science fiction world, the mainstream literary world was unappreciative, and he could publish books only through low-paying science fiction publishers such as Ace. Even in his later years, he continued to have financial troubles. In the introduction to the 1980 short story collection The Golden Man, Dick wrote:

Flight to Canada and suicide attempt
In 1971, Dick's marriage to Nancy Hackett broke down, and she moved out of their house in Santa Venetia, California. Having abused amphetamine for much of the past decade (stemming in part from his need to maintain a prolific writing regimen due to the financial exigencies of the science fiction field), he allowed other drug users to move into the house. Following the release of 21 novels between 1960 and 1970, these developments were exacerbated by unprecedented periods of writer's block, with Dick ultimately failing to publish new fiction until 1974.

One day in November, Dick returned to his home to discover that it had been burglarized, with his safe blown open and personal papers missing. The police were unable to determine the culprit, and even suspected Dick of having done it himself. Shortly afterwards, he was invited to be guest of honor at the Vancouver Science Fiction Convention in February 1972. Within a day of arriving at the conference and giving his speech The Android and the Human, he informed people that he had fallen in love with a woman named Janis whom he had met there and announced that he would be remaining in Vancouver. An attendee of the conference, Michael Walsh, movie critic for local newspaper The Province, invited Dick to stay in his home, but asked him to leave two weeks later due to his erratic behavior. This was followed by Janis ending her and Dick's relationship and moving away. On March 23, 1972, Dick attempted suicide by taking an overdose of the sedative potassium bromide. Subsequently, after deciding to seek help, Dick became a participant in X-Kalay (a Canadian Synanon-type recovery program), and was well enough by April to return to California.

Upon relocating to Orange County, California at the behest of California State University, Fullerton professor Willis McNelly (who initiated a correspondence with Dick during his X-Kalay stint), he donated manuscripts, papers and other materials to the University's Special Collections Library, where they are archived in the Philip K. Dick Science Fiction Collection in the Pollak Library. During this period, Dick befriended a circle of Fullerton State students that encompassed several aspiring science fiction writers, including K. W. Jeter, James Blaylock and Tim Powers. Jeter would later go on to continue Dick's Bladerunner series with three sequels.

Dick returned to the events of these months while writing his 1977 novel A Scanner Darkly, which contains fictionalized depictions of the burglary of his home, his time using amphetamines and living with addicts, and his experiences of X-Kalay (portrayed in the novel as "New-Path"). A factual account of Dick's recovery program participation was portrayed in his posthumously released book The Dark Haired Girl, a collection of letters and journals from the period.

Paranormal experiences
On February 20, 1974, while recovering from the effects of sodium pentothal administered for the extraction of an impacted wisdom tooth, Dick received a home delivery of Darvon from a young woman. When he opened the door, he was struck by the beauty of the dark-haired girl and was especially drawn to her golden necklace. He asked her about its curious fish-shaped design. "This is a sign used by the early Christians," she said, and then left. Dick called the symbol the "vesicle pisces". This name seems to have been based on his conflation of two related symbols, the Christian ichthys symbol (two intersecting arcs delineating a fish in profile) which the woman was wearing, and the vesica piscis.

Dick recounted that as the sun glinted off the gold pendant, the reflection caused the generation of a "pink beam" of light that mesmerized him. He came to believe the beam imparted wisdom and clairvoyance, and also believed it to be intelligent. On one occasion, Dick was startled by a separate recurrence of the pink beam. It imparted the information to him that his infant son was ill. The Dicks rushed the child to the hospital, where his suspicion was confirmed by professional diagnosis.

After the woman's departure, Dick began experiencing strange hallucinations. Although initially attributing them to side effects from medication, he considered this explanation implausible after weeks of continued hallucinations. "I experienced an invasion of my mind by a transcendentally rational mind, as if I had been insane all my life and suddenly I had become sane," Dick told Charles Platt.

Throughout February and March 1974, Dick experienced a series of hallucinations, which he referred to as "2-3-74", shorthand for February–March 1974. Aside from the "pink beam", Dick described the initial hallucinations as geometric patterns, and, occasionally, brief pictures of Jesus and ancient Rome. As the hallucinations increased in duration and frequency, Dick claimed he began to live two parallel lives, one as himself, "Philip K. Dick", and one as "Thomas", a Christian persecuted by Romans in the first century AD. He referred to the "transcendentally rational mind" as "Zebra", "God" and "VALIS". Dick wrote about the experiences, first in the semi-autobiographical novel Radio Free Albemuth and then in VALIS, The Divine Invasion and the unfinished The Owl in Daylight (the VALIS trilogy).

In 1974, Dick wrote a letter to the FBI, accusing various people, including University of California, San Diego professor Fredric Jameson, of being foreign agents of Warsaw Pact powers. He also wrote that Stanisław Lem was probably a false name used by a composite committee operating on orders of the Communist party to gain control over public opinion.

At one point, Dick felt that he had been taken over by the spirit of the prophet Elijah. He believed that an episode in his novel Flow My Tears, the Policeman Said was a detailed retelling of a biblical story from the Book of Acts, which he had never read. Dick documented and discussed his experiences and faith in a private journal he called his "exegesis", portions of which were later published as The Exegesis of Philip K. Dick. The last novel Dick wrote was The Transmigration of Timothy Archer; it was published shortly after his death in 1982.

Personal life
Dick was married five times:
 Jeanette Marlin (May to November 1948)
 Kleo Apostolides (June 14, 1950 to 1959)
 Anne Williams Rubinstein (April 1, 1959 to October 1965)
 Nancy Hackett (July 6, 1966 to 1972)
 Leslie "Tessa" Busby (April 18, 1973 to 1977)

Dick had three children, Laura Archer Dick (born February 25, 1960 to Dick and his third wife, Anne Williams Rubenstein), Isolde Freya Dick (now Isa Dick Hackett) (born March 15, 1967 to Dick and his fourth wife, Nancy Hackett), and Christopher Kenneth Dick (born July 25, 1973 to Dick and his fifth wife, Leslie "Tessa" Busby).

In 1955, he and his second wife, Kleo Apostolides, received a visit from the FBI, which they believed to be the result of Kleo's socialist views and left-wing activities. The couple briefly befriended one of the FBI agents.

He was physically abusive with his third wife, Anne Williams Rubinstein; after one argument in 1963, he attempted to push her off a cliff in a car, then later claimed she was trying to kill him, and convinced a psychiatrist to commit her involuntarily. After filing for divorce in 1964, he moved to Oakland to live with a fan, Grania Davis. Shortly after, he attempted suicide by driving off the road while she was a passenger.

Dick tried to stay out of the political scene because of high societal turmoil from the Vietnam War. Still, he did show some anti-Vietnam War and anti-governmental sentiments.  In 1968, he joined the "Writers and Editors War Tax Protest", an anti-war pledge to pay no U.S. federal income tax, which resulted in the confiscation of his car by the IRS.

Death
On February 17, 1982, after completing an interview, Dick contacted his therapist, complaining of failing eyesight, and was advised to go to a hospital immediately, but did not. The following day, he was found unconscious on the floor of his Santa Ana, California, home, having suffered a stroke. On February 25, Dick suffered another stroke in the hospital, which led to brain death. Five days later, on March 2, he was disconnected from life support and died. After his death, Dick's father, Joseph, took his son's ashes to Riverside Cemetery in Fort Morgan, Colorado, (section K, block 1, lot 56), where they were buried next to his twin sister Jane, who died in infancy. Her tombstone had been inscribed with both of their names at the time of her death, 53 years earlier. He died four months before the release of Blade Runner.

Style and works

Themes

Dick's stories typically focus on the fragile nature of what is real and the construction of personal identity. His stories often become surreal fantasies, as the main characters slowly discover that their everyday world is actually an illusion assembled by powerful external entities, such as the suspended animation in Ubik, vast political conspiracies or the vicissitudes of an unreliable narrator. "All of his work starts with the basic assumption that there cannot be one, single, objective reality", writes science fiction author Charles Platt. "Everything is a matter of perception. The ground is liable to shift under your feet. A protagonist may find himself living out another person's dream, or he may enter a drug-induced state that actually makes better sense than the real world, or he may cross into a different universe completely."

Alternate universes and simulacra are common plot devices, with fictional worlds inhabited by common, working people, rather than galactic elites. "There are no heroes in Dick's books", Ursula K. Le Guin wrote, "but there are heroics. One is reminded of Dickens: what counts is the honesty, constancy, kindness and patience of ordinary people." Dick made no secret that much of his thinking and work was heavily influenced by the writings of Carl Jung. The Jungian constructs and models that most concerned Dick seem to be the archetypes of the collective unconscious, group projection/hallucination, synchronicities, and personality theory. Many of Dick's protagonists overtly analyze reality and their perceptions in Jungian terms (see Lies, Inc.).

Dick identified one major theme of his work as the question, "What constitutes the authentic human being?" In works such as Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?, beings can appear totally human in every respect while lacking soul or compassion, while completely alien beings such as Glimmung in Galactic Pot-Healer may be more humane and complex than their human peers.

Mental illness was a constant interest of Dick's, and themes of mental illness permeate his work. The character Jack Bohlen in the 1964 novel Martian Time-Slip is an "ex-schizophrenic". The novel Clans of the Alphane Moon centers on an entire society made up of descendants of lunatic asylum inmates. In 1965, he wrote the essay titled "Schizophrenia and the Book of Changes".

Drug use (including religious, recreational, and abuse) was also a theme in many of Dick's works, such as A Scanner Darkly and The Three Stigmata of Palmer Eldritch. Dick himself was a drug user for much of his life. According to a 1975 interview in Rolling Stone, Dick wrote all of his books published before 1970 while on amphetamines. "A Scanner Darkly (1977) was the first complete novel I had written without speed", said Dick in the interview. He also experimented briefly with psychedelics, but wrote The Three Stigmata of Palmer Eldritch (1965), which Rolling Stone dubs "the classic LSD novel of all time", before he had ever tried them. Despite his heavy amphetamine use, however, Dick later said that doctors told him the amphetamines never actually affected him, that his liver had processed them before they reached his brain.

Summing up all these themes in Understanding Philip K. Dick, Eric Carl Link discussed eight themes or 'ideas and motifs': Epistemology and the Nature of Reality, Know Thyself, The Android and the Human, Entropy and Pot Healing, The Theodicy Problem, Warfare and Power Politics, The Evolved Human, and 'Technology, Media, Drugs and Madness'.

Pen names
Dick had two professional stories published under the pen names Richard Phillipps and Jack Dowland. "Some Kinds of Life" was published in October 1953 in Fantastic Universe under byline Richard Phillipps, apparently because the magazine had a policy against publishing multiple stories by the same author in the same issue; "Planet for Transients" was published in the same issue under his own name.

The short story "Orpheus with Clay Feet" was published under the pen name Jack Dowland. The protagonist desires to be the muse for fictional author Jack Dowland, considered the greatest science fiction author of the 20th century. In the story, Dowland publishes a short story titled "Orpheus with Clay Feet" under the pen name Philip K. Dick.

The surname Dowland refers to Renaissance composer John Dowland, who is featured in several works. The title Flow My Tears, the Policeman Said directly refers to Dowland's best-known composition, "Flow My Tears". In the novel The Divine Invasion, the character Linda Fox, created specifically with Linda Ronstadt in mind, is an intergalactically famous singer whose entire body of work consists of recordings of John Dowland compositions.

Selected works

The Man in the High Castle (1962) is set in an alternate history in which the United States is ruled by the victorious Axis powers. It is the only Dick novel to win a Hugo Award. In 2015 this was adapted into a television series by Amazon Studios.

The Three Stigmata of Palmer Eldritch (1965) utilizes an array of science fiction concepts and features several layers of reality and unreality. It is also one of Dick's first works to explore religious themes. The novel takes place in the 21st century, when, under UN authority, mankind has colonized the Solar System's every habitable planet and moon. Life is physically daunting and psychologically monotonous for most colonists, so the UN must draft people to go to the colonies. Most entertain themselves using "Perky Pat" dolls and accessories manufactured by Earth-based "P.P. Layouts". The company also secretly creates "Can-D", an illegal but widely available hallucinogenic drug allowing the user to "translate" into Perky Pat (if the drug user is a woman) or Pat's boyfriend, Walt (if the drug user is a man). This recreational use of Can-D allows colonists to experience a few minutes of an idealized life on Earth by participating in a collective hallucination.

Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? (1968) is the story of a bounty hunter policing the local android population. It occurs on a dying, poisoned Earth de-populated of almost all animals and all "successful" humans; the only remaining inhabitants of the planet are people with no prospects off-world. The 1968 novel is the literary source of the film Blade Runner (1982). It is both a conflation and an intensification of the pivotally Dickian question: What is real, what is fake? What crucial factor defines humanity as distinctly "alive", versus those merely alive only in their outward appearance?

Ubik (1969) employs extensive psychic telepathy and a suspended state after death in creating a state of eroding reality. A group of psychics is sent to investigate a rival organisation, but several of them are apparently killed by a saboteur's bomb. Much of the following novel flicks between different equally plausible realities and the "real" reality, a state of half-life and psychically manipulated realities. In 2005, Time magazine listed it among the "All-TIME 100 Greatest Novels" published since 1923.

Flow My Tears, the Policeman Said (1974) concerns Jason Taverner, a television star living in a dystopian near-future police state. After being attacked by an angry ex-girlfriend, Taverner awakens in a dingy Los Angeles hotel room. He still has his money in his wallet, but his identification cards are missing. This is no minor inconvenience, as security checkpoints (manned by "pols" and "nats", the police and National Guard) are set up throughout the city to stop and arrest anyone without valid ID. Jason at first thinks that he was robbed, but soon discovers that his entire identity has been erased. There is no record of him in any official database, and even his closest associates do not recognize or remember him. For the first time in many years, Jason has no fame or reputation to rely on. He has only his innate charm and social graces to help him as he tries to find out what happened to his past while avoiding the attention of the pols. The novel was Dick's first published novel after years of silence, during which time his critical reputation had grown, and this novel was awarded the John W. Campbell Memorial Award for Best Science Fiction Novel. It is the only Philip K. Dick novel nominated for both a Hugo and a Nebula Award.

In an essay written two years before his death, Dick described how he learned from his Episcopal priest that an important scene in Flow My Tears, the Policeman Said – involving its other main character, the eponymous Police General Felix Buckman, was very similar to a scene in Acts of the Apostles, a book of the New Testament. Film director Richard Linklater discusses this novel in his film Waking Life, which begins with a scene reminiscent of another Dick novel, Time Out of Joint.

A Scanner Darkly (1977) is a bleak mixture of science fiction and police procedural novels; in its story, an undercover narcotics police detective begins to lose touch with reality after falling victim to Substance D, the same permanently mind-altering drug he was enlisted to help fight. Substance D is instantly addictive, beginning with a pleasant euphoria which is quickly replaced with increasing confusion, hallucinations and eventually total psychosis. In this novel, as with all Dick novels, there is an underlying thread of paranoia and dissociation with multiple realities perceived simultaneously. It was adapted to film by Richard Linklater.

The Philip K. Dick Reader is an introduction to the variety of Dick's short fiction.

VALIS (1980) is perhaps Dick's most postmodern and autobiographical novel, examining his own unexplained experiences. It may also be his most academically studied work, and was adapted as an opera by Tod Machover. Later works like the VALIS trilogy were heavily autobiographical, many with "two-three-seventy-four" (2-3-74) references and influences. The word VALIS is the acronym for Vast Active Living Intelligence System. Later, Dick theorized that VALIS was both a "reality generator" and a means of extraterrestrial communication. A fourth VALIS manuscript, Radio Free Albemuth, although composed in 1976, was posthumously published in 1985. This work is described by the publisher (Arbor House) as "an introduction and key to his magnificent VALIS trilogy".

Regardless of the feeling that he was somehow experiencing a divine communication, Dick was never fully able to rationalize the events. For the rest of his life, he struggled to comprehend what was occurring, questioning his own sanity and perception of reality. He transcribed what thoughts he could into an eight-thousand-page, one-million-word journal dubbed the Exegesis. From 1974 until his death in 1982, Dick spent many nights writing in this journal. A recurring theme in Exegesis is Dick's hypothesis that history had been stopped in the first century AD, and that "the Empire never ended". He saw Rome as the pinnacle of materialism and despotism, which, after forcing the Gnostics underground, had kept the population of Earth enslaved to worldly possessions. Dick believed that VALIS had communicated with him, and anonymously others, to induce the impeachment of U.S. President Richard Nixon, whom Dick believed to be the current Emperor of Rome incarnate.

In a 1968 essay titled "Self Portrait", collected in the 1995 book The Shifting Realities of Philip K. Dick, Dick reflects on his work and lists which books he feels "might escape World War Three": Eye in the Sky, The Man in the High Castle, Martian Time-Slip, Dr. Bloodmoney, or How We Got Along After the Bomb, The Zap Gun, The Penultimate Truth, The Simulacra, The Three Stigmata of Palmer Eldritch (which he refers to as "the most vital of them all"), Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?, and Ubik. In a 1976 interview, Dick cited A Scanner Darkly as his best work, feeling that he "had finally written a true masterpiece, after 25 years of writing".

In the 1973 science fiction short story, "The Pre-persons," he criticizes American pro-abortion law.

Adaptations

Films
Several of Dick's stories have been made into films. Dick himself wrote a screenplay for an intended film adaptation of Ubik in 1974, but the film was never made. Many film adaptations have not used Dick's original titles. When asked why this was, Dick's ex-wife Tessa said, "Actually, the books rarely carry Phil's original titles, as the editors usually wrote new titles after reading his manuscripts. Phil often commented that he couldn't write good titles. If he could, he would have been an advertising writer instead of a novelist." Films based on Dick's writing had accumulated a total revenue of over US$1 billion by 2009.
Blade Runner (1982), based on Dick's 1968 novel Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?, directed by Ridley Scott and starring Harrison Ford and Rutger Hauer. A screenplay had been in the works for years before Scott took the helm, with Dick being extremely critical of all versions. Dick was still apprehensive about how his story would be adapted for the film when the project was finally put into motion. Among other things, he refused to do a novelization of the film. But contrary to his initial reactions, when he was given an opportunity to see some of the special effects sequences of Los Angeles 2019, Dick was amazed that the environment was "exactly as how I'd imagined it!", though Ridley Scott has mentioned he had never even read the source material. Following the screening, Dick and Scott had a frank but cordial discussion of Blade Runners themes and characters, and although they had wildly differing views, Dick fully backed the film from then on, stating that his "life and creative work are justified and completed by Blade Runner". Dick died from a stroke less than four months before the release of the film.
Total Recall (1990), based on the short story "We Can Remember It for You Wholesale", directed by Paul Verhoeven and starring Arnold Schwarzenegger.
 Confessions d'un Barjo (1992), titled Barjo in its English-language release, a French film based on the non-science-fiction novel Confessions of a Crap Artist.
 Screamers (1995), based on the short story "Second Variety", directed by Christian Duguay and starring Peter Weller. The location was altered from a war-devastated Earth to a distant planet. A sequel, titled Screamers: The Hunting, was released straight to DVD in 2009.
 Minority Report (2002), based on the short story "The Minority Report", directed by Steven Spielberg and starring Tom Cruise.
 Impostor (2002), based on the 1953 story "Impostor," directed by Gary Fleder and starring Gary Sinise, Vincent D'Onofrio and Madeleine Stowe. The story was also adapted in 1962 for the British television anthology series Out of This World.
 Paycheck (2003), directed by John Woo and starring Ben Affleck, based on Dick's short story of the same name.
 A Scanner Darkly (2006), directed by Richard Linklater and starring Keanu Reeves, Winona Ryder, and Robert Downey Jr., based on Dick's novel of the same name. The film was produced using the process of rotoscoping: it was first shot in live-action and then the live footage was animated over.
 Next (2007), directed by Lee Tamahori and starring Nicolas Cage, loosely based on the short story "The Golden Man".
 Radio Free Albemuth (2010), directed by John Alan Simon loosely based on the novel Radio Free Albemuth.
 The Adjustment Bureau (2011), directed by George Nolfi and starring Matt Damon, loosely based on the short story "Adjustment Team".
 Total Recall (2012), directed by Len Wiseman and starring Colin Farrell, second film adaptation of the short story "We Can Remember It for You Wholesale".
 Blade Runner 2049 (2017), directed by Denis Villeneuve and starring Ryan Gosling and Harrison Ford, a sequel to the 1982 film Blade Runner, based on Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?.

Future films based on Dick's writing include an animated adaptation of The King of the Elves from Walt Disney Animation Studios, which was set to be released in the spring of 2016 but is currently still in preproduction; and a film adaptation of Ubik which, according to Dick's daughter, Isa Dick Hackett, is in advanced negotiation. Ubik was set to be made into a film by Michel Gondry. In 2014, however, Gondry told French outlet Telerama (via Jeux Actu), that he was no longer working on the project.

The Terminator series prominently features the theme of humanoid assassination machines first portrayed in Second Variety. The Halcyon Company, known for developing the Terminator franchise, acquired right of first refusal to film adaptations of the works of Philip K. Dick in 2007. In May 2009, they announced plans for an adaptation of Flow My Tears, the Policeman Said.

Television
It was reported in 2010 that Ridley Scott would produce an adaptation of The Man in the High Castle for the BBC, in the form of a mini-series. A pilot episode was released on Amazon Prime in January 2015 and Season 1 was fully released in ten episodes of about 60 minutes each on November 20, 2015. Premiering in January 2015, the pilot was Amazon's "most-watched since the original series development program began." The next month Amazon ordered episodes to fill out a ten-episode season, which was released in November, to positive reviews. A second season of ten episodes premiered in December 2016, with a third season announced a few weeks later to be released in 2018. In July 2018, it was announced that the series had been renewed for a fourth season.

In late 2015, Fox aired Minority Report, a television series sequel adaptation to the 2002 film of the same name based on Dick's 1956 short story "The Minority Report".  The show was cancelled after one 10 episode season.

In May 2016, it was announced that a 10-part anthology series was in the works. Titled Philip K. Dick's Electric Dreams, the series was distributed by Sony Pictures Television and premiered on Channel 4 in the United Kingdom and Amazon Video in the United States. It was written by executive producers Ronald D. Moore and Michael Dinner, with executive input from Dick's daughter Isa Dick Hackett, and stars Bryan Cranston, also an executive producer.

Stage and radio
Four of Dick's works have been adapted for the stage.

One was the opera VALIS, composed and with libretto by Tod Machover, which premiered at the Pompidou Center in Paris on December 1, 1987, with a French libretto. It was subsequently revised and readapted into English, and was recorded and released on CD (Bridge Records BCD9007) in 1988.

Another was Flow My Tears, the Policeman Said, adapted by Linda Hartinian and produced by the New York-based avant-garde company Mabou Mines. It premiered in Boston at the Boston Shakespeare Theatre (June 18–30, 1985) and was subsequently staged in New York and Chicago. Productions of Flow My Tears, the Policeman Said were also staged by the Evidence Room in Los Angeles in 1999 and by the Fifth Column Theatre Company at the Oval House Theatre in London in the same year.

A play based on Radio Free Albemuth also had a brief run in the 1980s.

In November 2010, a production of Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?, adapted by Edward Einhorn, premiered at the 3LD Art and Technology Center in Manhattan.

A radio drama adaptation of Dick's short story "Mr. Spaceship" was aired by the Finnish Broadcasting Company (Yleisradio) in 1996 under the name Menolippu Paratiisiin. Radio dramatizations of Dick's short stories Colony and The Defenders were aired by NBC in 1956 as part of the series X Minus One.

In January 2006, a The Three Stigmata of Palmer Eldritch (English for Trzy stygmaty Palmera Eldritcha) theatre adaptation premiered in Stary Teatr in Cracov, with an extensive use of lights and laser choreography.

In June 2014 the BBC broadcast a two part adaptation of 'Do Androids Dream Of Electric Sheep?' on Radio 4, starring James Purefoy as Rick Deckard.

Comics
Marvel Comics adapted Dick's short story "The Electric Ant" as a limited series which was released in 2009. The comic was produced by writer David Mack (Daredevil) and artist Pascal Alixe (Ultimate X-Men), with covers provided by artist Paul Pope. "The Electric Ant" had earlier been loosely adapted by Frank Miller and Geof Darrow in their 3-issue mini-series Hard Boiled published by Dark Horse Comics in 1990–1992.

In 2009, BOOM! Studios started publishing a 24-issue miniseries comic book adaptation of Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? Blade Runner, the 1982 film adapted from Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?, had previously been adapted to comics as A Marvel Comics Super Special: Blade Runner.

In 2011, Dynamite Entertainment published a 4-issue miniseries "Total Recall," a sequel to the 1990 film Total Recall, inspired by Philip K. Dick's short story "We Can Remember It for You Wholesale". In 1990, DC Comics published the official adaptation of the original film as a DC Movie Special: Total Recall.

Alternative formats
In response to a 1975 request from the National Library for the Blind for permission to make use of The Man in the High Castle, Dick responded, "I also grant you a general permission to transcribe any of my former, present or future work, so indeed you can add my name to your 'general permission' list." Some of his books and stories are available in braille and other specialized formats through the NLS.

As of December 2012, thirteen of Philip K. Dick's early works in the public domain in the United States are available in ebook form from Project Gutenberg. As of December 2019, Wikisource has three of Philip K. Dick's early works in the public domain in the United States available in ebook form which is not from Project Gutenberg.

Influence and legacy
Lawrence Sutin's 1989 biography of Dick, Divine Invasions: A Life of Philip K. Dick, is considered the standard biographical treatment of Dick's life.

In 1993, French writer Emmanuel Carrère published Je suis vivant et vous êtes morts which was first translated and published in English in 2004 as I Am Alive and You Are Dead: A Journey Into the Mind of Philip K. Dick, which the author describes in his preface in this way:The book you hold in your hands is a very peculiar book. I have tried to depict the life of Philip K. Dick from the inside, in other words, with the same freedom and empathy – indeed with the same truth – with which he depicted his own characters. Critics of the book have complained about the lack of fact checking, sourcing, notes and index, "the usual evidence of deep research that gives a biography the solid stamp of authority." It can be considered a non-fiction novel about his life.

Dick has influenced many writers, including Jonathan Lethem and Ursula K. Le Guin. The prominent literary critic Fredric Jameson proclaimed Dick the "Shakespeare of Science Fiction", and praised his work as "one of the most powerful expressions of the society of spectacle and pseudo-event". The author Roberto Bolaño also praised Dick, describing him as "Thoreau plus the death of the American dream". Dick has also influenced filmmakers, his work being compared to films such as the Wachowskis' The Matrix, David Cronenberg's Videodrome, eXistenZ, and Spider, Spike Jonze's Being John Malkovich, Adaptation, Michel Gondry's Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind, Alex Proyas's Dark City, Peter Weir's The Truman Show, Andrew Niccol's Gattaca, In Time, Terry Gilliam's 12 Monkeys, Alejandro Amenábar's Open Your Eyes, David Fincher's Fight Club, Cameron Crowe's Vanilla Sky, Darren Aronofsky's Pi, Richard Kelly's Donnie Darko and Southland Tales, Rian Johnson's Looper, Duncan Jones' Source Code, and Christopher Nolan's Memento and Inception.

The Philip K. Dick Society was an organization dedicated to promoting the literary works of Dick and was led by Dick's longtime friend and music journalist Paul Williams. Williams also served as Dick's literary executor for several years after Dick's death and wrote one of the first biographies of Dick, entitled Only Apparently Real: The World of Philip K. Dick.

The Philip K. Dick estate owns and operates the production company Electric Shepherd Productions, which has produced the films Adjustment Bureau (2011), the TV series The Man in the High Castle and also a Marvel Comics 5-issue adaptation of Electric Ant.

Dick was recreated by his fans in the form of a simulacrum or remote-controlled android designed in his likeness. Such simulacra had been themes of many of Dick's works. The Philip K. Dick simulacrum was included on a discussion panel in a San Diego Comic Con presentation about the film adaptation of the novel, A Scanner Darkly. In February 2006, an America West Airlines employee misplaced the android's head, and it has not yet been found. In January 2011, it was announced that Hanson Robotics had built a replacement.

Film
 BBC2 released in 1994 a biographical documentary as part of its Arena arts series called Philip K. Dick: A Day in the Afterlife.
 The Gospel According to Philip K. Dick was a documentary film produced in 2001.
 The Penultimate Truth About Philip K. Dick was another biographical documentary film produced in 2007.
 The 1987 film The Trouble with Dick, in which Tom Villard plays a character named "Dick Kendred" (cf. Philip Kindred Dick), who is a science fiction author
 The dialogue of Nikos Nikolaidis' 1987 film Morning Patrol contains excerpts taken from published works authored by Philip K. Dick.
 The Spanish feature film Próxima (2007) by Carlos Atanes, where the character Felix Cadecq is based on Dick
 A 2008 film titled Your Name Here, by Matthew Wilder, features Bill Pullman as science fiction author William J. Frick, a character based on Dick
 The 2010 science fiction film 15 Till Midnight cites Dick's influence with an "acknowledgment to the works of" credit.
 The Prophets of Science Fiction episode, Philip K Dick. 2011 Documentary
 In 2013, a Kickstarter campaign was set up for a short film called The Crystal Crypt, based on Dick's short story of the same name.

In fiction
 Michael Bishop's The Secret Ascension (1987; currently published as Philip K. Dick Is Dead, Alas), which is set in an alternative universe where his non-genre work is published but his science fiction is banned by a totalitarian United States in thrall to a demonically possessed Richard Nixon.
 The Faction Paradox novel Of the City of the Saved ...  (2004) by Philip Purser-Hallard
 The short story "The Transmigration of Philip K" (1984) by Michael Swanwick (to be found in the 1991 collection Gravity's Angels)
 In Ursula K. Le Guin's 1971 novel The Lathe of Heaven, whose characters alter reality through their dreams.  Two made-for-TV films based on the novel have been made: The Lathe of Heaven (1980) and Lathe of Heaven (2002)
 In Thomas M. Disch's The Word of God (2008)
 The comics magazine Weirdo published "The Religious Experience of Philip K. Dick" by artist R. Crumb in 1986. Though this is not an adaptation of a specific book or story by Dick, it incorporates elements of Dick's experience which he related in short stories, novels, essays, and the Exegesis. The story parodies the form of a Chick tract, a type of evangelical comic, many of which relate the story of an epiphany leading to a conversion to fundamentalist Christianity.
 In the Batman Beyond episode "Sentries of the Last Cosmos", the character Eldon Michaels claims a typewriter on his desk to have belonged to Philip K. Dick.
 In the 1976 alternate history novel The Alteration by Kingsley Amis, one of the novels-within-a-novel depicted is The Man in the High Castle (mirroring The Grasshopper Lies Heavy in the real-life novel), still written by Philip K. Dick. Instead of the novel being set in 1962 in an alternate universe where the Axis Powers won the Second World War and named for Hawthorne Abendsen, the author of its novel-within-a-novel, it depicts an alternate universe where the Protestant Reformation occurred (events including the continuation of Henry VIII's Schismatic policies by his son, Henry IX, and the creation of an independent North America in 1848), with one character speculating that the titular character was a wizard.
 In the Japanese science fiction anime Psycho-Pass, Dick's works are referred to as recommended reading material to help reflect on the current state of affairs of those characters world.
 The 2016 video game Californium was developed as a tribute to Philip K. Dick and his writings to coincide with an Arte's documentary series.
 The short film trilogy Code 7 written and directed by Nacho Vigalondo starts with the line "Philip K. Dick presents". The story also contains some other references to Philip K. Dick's body of work.

Music
 "Flow My Tears" is the name of an instrumental by bassist Stuart Hamm, inspired by Dick's novel of the same name. The track is found on his album Radio Free Albemuth, also named after a Dick novel.
 "Flow My Tears, The Policeman Said" and other seminal Ph. K. Dick novels inspired the electronic music concept album "The Dowland Shores of Philip K. Dick's Universe" by Levente
 "Flow My Tears the Spider Said" is the final song on They Were Wrong, So We Drowned, the second album by experimental Los Angeles punk-rock outfit Liars.
 "Listen to the Sirens", the first song on Tubeway Army's 1978 debut album has as its first line "flow my tears, the new police song".
 American rapper and producer El-P is a noted fan of Dick and other science fiction, as many of Dick's themes, such as paranoia and questions about the nature of reality, feature in El-P's work. A song on the 2002 album Fantastic Damage is titled "T.O.J." and the chorus makes reference to the Dick work Time Out of Joint.
 English singer Hugh Cornwell included an instrumental called "Philip K. Ridiculous" on his 2008 album "Hooverdam".
 The World/Inferno Friendship Society's 2011 album The Anarchy and the Ecstasy includes a song entitled "Canonize Philip K. Dick, OK".
 Bloc Party's 2012 album Four contains several references to Dick's work, including a song entitled "V.A.L.I.S.".
 German singer Pohlmann included a song called "Roy Batty (In Tribute to Philip K. Dick)" on his 2013 album Nix ohne Grund.
 Sister, a Sonic Youth album, "was in part inspired by the life and works of science fiction writer Philip K. Dick".
 "What You See" is a song by Faded Paper Figures that pays homage to the literary work of Dick.
 The first song on Japancakes' debut album If I Could See Dallas is titled 'Now Wait For Last Year'.
 Janelle Monáe's song "Make the Bus" in her album The ArchAndroid has the lyrics "You've got 'Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?' under your pillow" at the end of the first stanza.
Blind Guardian's song "Time What is Time" from the 1992 album "Somewhere Far Beyond" is loosely based on the book "Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?".

Radio
 In June 2014, BBC Radio 4 broadcast The Two Georges by Stephen Keyworth, inspired by the FBI's investigation of Phil and his wife Kleo in 1955, and the subsequent friendship that developed between Phil and FBI Agent Scruggs.

Theater
 The short play Kindred Blood in Kensington Gore (1992) by Brian W. Aldiss
 A 2005 play, 800 Words: the Transmigration of Philip K. Dick by Victoria Stewart, which re-imagines Dick's final days.

Contemporary philosophy
Postmodernists such as Jean Baudrillard, Fredric Jameson, Laurence Rickels and Slavoj Žižek have commented on Dick's writing's foreshadowing of postmodernity. Jean Baudrillard offers this interpretation:

It is hyperreal. It is a universe of simulation, which is something altogether different. And this is so not because Dick speaks specifically of simulacra. SF has always done so, but it has always played upon the double, on artificial replication or imaginary duplication, whereas here the double has disappeared. There is no more double; one is always already in the other world, an other world which is not another, without mirrors or projection or utopias as means for reflection. The simulation is impassable, unsurpassable, checkmated, without exteriority. We can no longer move "through the mirror" to the other side, as we could during the golden age of transcendence.

For his anti-government skepticism, Philip K. Dick was afforded minor mention in Mythmakers and Lawbreakers, a collection of interviews about fiction by anarchist authors. Noting his early authorship of The Last of the Masters, an anarchist-themed novelette, author Margaret Killjoy expressed that while Dick never fully sided with anarchism, his opposition to government centralization and organized religion has influenced anarchist interpretations of gnosticism.

Awards and honors
The Science Fiction Hall of Fame inducted Dick in 2005.

During his lifetime he received numerous annual literary awards and nominations for particular works.
 Hugo Awards
 Best Novel
 1963 – winner: The Man in the High Castle
 1975 – nominee: Flow My Tears, the Policeman Said
 Best Novelette
 1968 – nominee: Faith of Our Fathers
 Nebula Awards
 Best Novel
 1965 – nominee: Dr. Bloodmoney
 1965 – nominee: The Three Stigmata of Palmer Eldritch
 1968 – nominee: Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?
 1974 – nominee: Flow My Tears, the Policeman Said
 1982 – nominee: The Transmigration of Timothy Archer
 John W. Campbell Memorial Award
 Best Novel
 1975 – winner: Flow My Tears, the Policeman Said
 British Science Fiction Association Award
 Best Novel
 1978 – winner: A Scanner Darkly
 Graoully d'Or (Festival de Metz, France)
 1979 – winner: A Scanner Darkly
 Kurd-Laßwitz-Preis
 1985 – winner VALIS

Philip K. Dick Award

The Philip K. Dick Award is a science fiction award that annually recognizes the previous year's best SF paperback original published in the U.S. It is conferred at Norwescon, sponsored by the Philadelphia Science Fiction Society, and since 2005 supported by the Philip K. Dick Trust. Winning works are identified on their covers as Best Original SF Paperback. It is currently administered by Pat LoBrutto, John Silbersack, and Gordon Van Gelder.

The award was inaugurated in 1983, the year after Dick's death. It was founded by Thomas Disch with assistance from David G. Hartwell, Paul S. Williams, and Charles N. Brown. Past administrators include Algis J. Budrys and David Alexander Smith.


Giovanni Battista Visconti

Giovanni Battista Visconti or Giovanni Battista Antonio Visconti (17222 September 1784) was an Italian archaeologist and museum curator.

Biography
Giovanni Battista Visconti was born in 1722.

After the murder of Johann Joachim Winckelmann in 1768, Visconti succeeded him as the Papal States' Superintendent of Antiquities (Commissario delle Antichita), a post which he retained until his death in 1784. His main task was to reorganise and secure new acquisitions for the Vatican Museums and he became the first curator of the Museo Pio-Clementino, commissioning its neoclassical form. He also controlled the granting of export-licences to archaeologists and dealers throughout the Papal States - such as Gavin Hamilton and Thomas Jenkins.

A first volume of his catalogue of the Vatican collections appeared under his name in 1782; which was continued after his death by his son, Ennio Quirino Visconti. In his old age he was helped by both his sons, Ennio Quirino Visconti and Filippo Aurelio Visconti.

He died on 2 September 1784. After his death his son, Filippo Aurelio, succeeded his father as Commissario and in 1785 was made director of the Musei Capitolini.  Ennio Quirino eventually became director of the Musee Napoleon in Paris, to which many antiquities from Italy had been carried off by Napoleon.

Further reading
 I. Bignamini, C. Hornsby, Digging And Dealing In Eighteenth-Century Rome (2010), p. 336-338
 C. Pietrangeli, The Vatican Museums: five centuries of history (1993)

External links
http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-ViscontiE.html
https://web.archive.org/web/20121005034550/http://www.reocities.com/Paris/Gallery/5802/testo4.htm


Bath Profile

The Bath Profile is an international Z39.50 Specification for Library Applications and Resource Discovery. The Bath Profile is maintained by Library and Archives Canada.

The syntax of Z39.50 is abstracted from the underlying database structure. For example, if the client specifies an author search using attribute 1003, the server must determine how to map that search to the indexes it contains. This allows Z39.50 queries to be formulated without knowing anything about the target database, but it also means that results for the same query can vary widely among different servers. One server may have an author index and another may use its index of personal names, whether they are authors or not. A third may have no name index and fall back on its keyword index, and yet another may have no suitable index and return an error.

An attempt to remedy this inconsistency is the Bath Profile. It was named after Bath, England, where the working group first met in 1999. The document rigidly specifies the search syntax for common bibliographic searches, and the expected response of Bath-compliant servers. Implementation of the Bath Profile has been slow but is gradually improving the Z39.50 landscape.


Jaeden Graham

Jaeden Graham (born October 10, 1995) is an American football tight end for the Atlanta Falcons of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Yale.
As a senior at Yale, Graham was a first team All-Ivy League honoree after starting 10 games and finishing the season with four touchdowns and 26 receptions.

Professional career
Graham was signed by the Atlanta Falcons as an undrafted free agent on June 1, 2018. He was waived on September 1, 2018 and was signed to the practice squad the next day. He signed a reserve/future contract with the Falcons on December 31, 2018.


2016 Knoxville Challenger – Singles

Daniel Evans was the defending champion but lost in the second round to Peter Polansky.

Michael Mmoh won the title after defeating Polansky 7–5, 2–6, 6–1 in the final.

Seeds

Draw

Finals

Top half

Bottom half


Shallan Meiers

Shallan Meiers (born September 30, 1981 in San Diego, California) is an American model and actress.

She was chosen as Playboy's Playmate of the Month for September, 2002 after appearing on the TV special Who Wants to Be a Playboy Centerfold?, that was broadcast on Fox in May 2002.  Meiers was a second runner-up, losing to Lauren Anderson and Christina Santiago. All three would eventually become Playmates.


Ponteland Castle

Ponteland Castle is a 13th-century stone tower house on the A696 road, 8 miles north-west of Newcastle upon Tyne, in Northumberland. Founded by William de Valence, part of it was destroyed in a Scottish raid in 1388. In the 17th century it became part of a Jacobean manor house. The building is now occupied by the Blackbird Inn, and is rumoured to contain an old tunnel connecting it to St Mary's church across the road. The tunnel was supposedly bricked up behind the fireplace in The Tunnel Room.


Home by the Sea

"Home by the Sea" and "Second Home by the Sea" is a suite of two songs by English rock band Genesis. It first appeared on their eponymous album in 1983. The lyrics were written by keyboardist Tony Banks and the music was written by the whole band. Lyrically, the song is about a burglar who breaks into a house only to find it is haunted. The burglar is captured by the ghosts, who force him to listen to their stories for the rest of his life.

Background
The piece was written at a point in Genesis' career when they were transitioning from progressive rock to a more streamlined, commercial style. As such, it combines simple pop hooks with an extended section more characteristic of progressive rock into one two-part piece. Played together, "Home by the Sea" and "Second Home by the Sea" are over eleven minutes long.

In an interview, Phil Collins noted the track as an example of how the band often recorded songs without playing together as a group. Using a prerecorded drum machine as initial background, the band members would first produce 'guide' parts (such as vocal or guitar) to settle on the format of the song, and later rerecord them for final compilation into the song, adding 'real' drum parts as well.

Single release and video
In some countries, such as the Netherlands, the song was a single with a music video to go with it. The promotional video was not taken from The Mama Tour video release, but shot at Reunion Arena, in Dallas, Texas on 21 January 1984, with Phil Collins remaining on the drumkit for the last vocal part.

"Second Home by the Sea" also appeared much later in a slightly edited form (minus vocals) on the Enhanced CD version of the single "Congo" released 14 years later in 1997.

Live performances
The song was played live during the Mama, Invisible Touch, The Way We Walk, Calling All Stations (with Ray Wilson on vocals), and Turn It On Again Tour.

Live versions have also appeared on the DVDs Genesis Live at Wembley Stadium, The Way We Walk - Live in Concert and When in Rome 2007 as well as the home video The Mama Tour.

During the Calling All Stations and Turn It On Again tours, it was transposed to a lower key to account for Ray Wilson's deeper voice in the case of the former, and the deepening of Phil Collins's voice over the years in the case of the latter. The "Second Home by the Sea" section, being mostly instrumental, was performed in its original key, including the brief vocal part near the end of the song.

Personnel
Tony Banks – keyboards
Phil Collins – drums, percussion, vocals
Mike Rutherford – guitar, bass


Presbyterian University College

The Presbyterian University College, Ghana is a partially private & public university located at Abetifi-Kwahu in the Eastern Region of Ghana. It is one of the new universities in Ghana granted accreditation by the National Accreditation Board. It was established by the Presbyterian Church of Ghana on 23 November 2003 and inaugurated on 27 March 2004 by the president of Ghana, John Agyekum Kufuor.
It has been ranked the best private university in Ghana and third best after the University of Ghana and KNUST by world university ranking website webometrics.

History and background
Per historical accounts, the Presbyterian Church of Ghana established Ghana's first elementary school in the country in 1843 which resulted in the institutionalization of formal education in the country. In 1848, the church founded a teacher-catechist seminary, the Basel Mission Seminary, later known as the Presbyterian Training College (PTC) at Akropong as the second higher educational institution in West Africa after Fourah Bay College in Sierra Leone. This development led to the establishment of several primary and secondary schools and colleges of education through a strategic partnership with the Ghanaian government; specifically, 1,886 schools made up of 490 kindergartens, 973 primary school, 388 junior secondary schools, 25 senior secondary schools, five vocational institutes and five colleges of education. The church has also been instrumental in providing agricultural and health services for citizens.

The initial plan was to upgrade the Presbyterian Training College at Akropong to a full-fledged university like Fourah Bay College but that did no come into fruition.  More than a century and a half later, the Synod of the Presbyterian Church during its 1996 conference voted to establish an actual university culminating in the setting up of an Implementation Committee in 1998.  The university sought to augment higher education services to meet to increasing demand for college education.  Despite its religious affiliation, the university college welcome students of all backgrounds, ethnicity, religion and geography.  The school runs a fee-paying, multi-campus, residential or hostel system in partnership with private enterprise.  Its academic programs are in humanities and social sciences, particularly theology, language and mission studies.  The school also offers programs in science and technology including health sciences, medicine, dentistry and nursing.

Objectives
The stated objectives in the institutions statutes are as follows:
 "To provide for and promote University education, learning and research,
 To acquire and disseminate knowledge and information,
 To foster relationships with other institutions of higher learning, persons and bodies.
 To produce disciplined, self-motivated individuals and leaders with moral and intellectual values in the realization of their responsibilities to God, fellow citizens and the state."
Furthermore, the principles underpinning the university's founding include:
 "that in determining the courses and programmes to be taught emphasis shall be placed on a balanced pursuit of the humanities, the basic sciences, the development, application and management of technology, which are of special relevance to the needs and aspirations of Ghanaians in particular, and others in general;
 that higher education in this University shall be available to all Ghanaians and others who are capable of benefiting from it;
 that research shall be undertaken in all courses which are taught in the University but with attention to courses which relate to the social, cultural, economic, scientific, technical and other problems which exists in Ghana or elsewhere in Africa;
 that the fruits of research and knowledge generally shall be spread abroad by the publication of books and papers and by any other suitable means;
 that students shall be taught methods of critical and independent thought, while being made aware that they have a responsibility to use their education for the service of the Church, country and humanity;
 that as far as practicable the students shall be trained to be innovative and entrepreneurial to enhance socio- economic development;
 that the University shall operationalize local, regional and global needs assessment as the basis for practical and multi-disciplinary outreach programmes in the local and regional communities;
 that the University shall inculcate in the student ethical, moral and intellectual values that manifest in courage, discipline, fair play, self motivation and respect for the dignity of an honest life."

Organization
The university has four campuses at Abetifi-Kwahu, Akropong-Akuapem in the Eastern Region, Asante Akyem-Agogo in the Ashanti Region and the city campus at Tema in the Greater Accra Region. Each of these campuses has its own set of faculties and other facilities.

Abetifi-Kwahu campus

Faculty of Engineering
 Department of Civil Engineering
 Department of Computer Engineering
 Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
 Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering
 Department of Geomatic Engineering

Faculty of Information and Communications Technology
 Department of Information and Communication Science
 Department of Information and Communication Technology

Faculty of Science
 Department of Chemistry
 Department of Mathematics
 Department of Physics

Asante Akyem campus

Faculty of Agricultural Sciences
 Department of Agriculture Economics
 Department of Agricultural Production Technology
 Department of Animal Science
 Department of Crop Science
 Department of Horticulture

Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences
 Department of Child Health
 Department of Community Health
 Department of Medicine
 Department of Nursing
 Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology
 Department of Pharmacy
 Department of Physician Assistant
 Department of Public Health
 Department of Surgery
 Department of Anesthetics

Faculty of Science
 Department of Mathematics
 Department of Physics
 Department of Optometry

Akuapem campus

Faculty of Art and Culture
 Department of Cultural Studies
 Department of Design and General Art Studies
 Department of Industrial Art
 Department of Integrated Rural Art and Industry
 Department of Painting and Sculpture

Faculty of Development Studies
 Department of Architecture
 Department of Building Technology
 Department of Development Planning
 Department of Environmental Studies
 Department of Human Resource Development
 Department of Labour Studies
 Department of Tourism and Hotel Management

Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences
 Department of Economics
 Department of Geography
 Department of Land Management
 Department of Languages
 Department of Modern Governance
 Department of Religion and Mission Studies

Okwahu Campus
 BSc./B.A. Information and Communication Technology (ICT)
 BSc. Business Administration
 BSc. Mathematics with Accounting
 BSc. Mathematics with Statistics
 BSc. Actuarial Science
 BSc. Business Economics

Tema Campus
 Bsc. Business Administration
 Bsc. Business Economics

Affiliations
The university is affiliated to the University of Ghana and Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology


Olivier Leclercq

Olivier Leclercq (born 1964) is a French billionaire businessman. He is a hotelier, designer, and owner of Olivarius Hotels, a private equity investor in California, and a Montecito, California real estate investor and developer. In 2014, magazine La Voix du Nord reported Leclercq's net worth as Euro 1.76 billion.

He is the former chairman of Decathlon, one of the world's largest sporting goods retailers, which was founded by his father Michel Leclercq. The family owns 49% of the company. Leclercq is a member of the Mulliez family, the 12th wealthiest family in the world. Through Olivarius Hospitality California, Leclercq is the sole owner of Coolibar, an industry leader in proprietary sun-protective clothing.

Personal life
Leclercq is a member of the Mulliez family, known for the founding and ownership of supermarket chain Auchan, the 12th wealthiest family in the world. Olivier is the first son of, Michel Leclercq, the founder of Decathlon, the largest sporting good retailer in the world, both of whom are on the board of directors. in 2018, Bloomberg reported the Mulliez family net worth as US$37.5 billion.

He is divorced and has three children.


Ernie Koob

Ernest Gerald Koob (September 11, 1892 in Keeler, Michigan – November 12, 1941 in Lemay, Missouri), was a professional baseball player who played pitcher in the Major Leagues from 1915 to 1919 for the St. Louis Browns. On May 5, 1917, Koob no-hit the eventual World Champion Chicago White Sox 1-0, besting Eddie Cicotte—himself a no-hit pitcher against the Browns less than a month earlier, on April 14. The very next day, his teammate Bob Groom also no-hit the White Sox, 3–0 in the second game of a doubleheader; to date, Koob and Groom are the only teammates to pitch no-hitters on consecutive days.

Koob attended college at Western State Normal School.

An obituary published in the November 1941 issue of "The Sporting News" contained statements which complement and to some extent contradict the above information.  It states that Mr. Koob was born in St. Louis in 1894; that he died in the Mount St. Rose Sanatorium (St. Louis) on 12 November 1941, of a lung ailment; that he played baseball under the name "Smith" while attending Kalamazoo State College; that he served in the US Army during The Great War; and that he played with the Browns until 1920.


Capital Radio (disambiguation)

Capital Radio is a London-based radio station that launched in 1973, now part of the Capital radio network.

Capital Radio may also refer to:

Radio stations

Europe
 Capital (radio network), a group of radio stations operating across the United Kingdom
 Capital Radio (pirate), a pirate radio station operating off the Dutch coast in 1970
 Radio Capital, an Italian national radio station
 Capital Radio, an economic radio station broadcasting in Spain
 Capital Radio, the original name of Dublin commercial station FM104
 Capital Radio Malta, a defunct radio station that broadcast from the Republic of Malta

Other places
 Capital Radio Malawi, a national radio station broadcasting in Malawi
 Capital Radio Sierra Leone, a radio station broadcasting in Sierra Leone on 104.9 MHz
 Capital Radio 604, a radio station broadcasting in South Africa on 604 kHz

Other uses
 "Capital Radio One", or "Capital Radio", a song and 7" vinyl E.P. by The Clash


Royal Scottish Pipe Band Association

The Royal Scottish Pipe Band Association (RSPBA) is a governing body to oversee pipe band competition, and to promote and encourage the development of pipe band culture throughout the world. It was founded, and has been active, since 1930.

The RSPBA sets the rules and guidelines for pipe band contests that take place in the United Kingdom, administers the events themselves, coordinating adjudication, logistics and evaluation, and holds Annual General Meetings to ensure that the rules and regulations are up to date. In addition, the RSPBA administers and coordinates the World Pipe Band Championships, the largest and most prestigious competitive pipe band event of the year, held every August in Glasgow. In addition to "The World's", there are four other Major Contests - Scottish, British, European and United Kingdom Championships. At Branch level, there are numerous contests held at Highland Games and any venue which raises the fund to hold a contest. Bands are placed in a Grade system - from Grade 4 up to Grade 1. Competitive standards are set and maintained by the Music Board, and each branch of the RSPBA may appoint two National Council members to represent their Branch Members at the national level.

Associated organizations

The RSPBA has many sister organizations throughout the world. Some of these organizations include:

RSPBA

 London & South of England Branch
 Lothian & Borders Branch
 North East England Branch
 North West England Branch
 Northern Ireland Branch
 North of Scotland Branch
 Ayrshire Dumfries and Galloway branch

Australia

 Australian Pipe Band Association
 New South Wales Pipe Band Association

Canada

 Alberta Society of Pipers & Drummers
 Alliance of North American Pipe Band Associations
 Atlantic Canada Pipe Band Association
 Piper's And Pipe Band Society of Ontario
 Prairie Pipe Band Association of Manitoba
 Saskatchewan Pipe Band Association
 British Columbia Piper's Association

Ireland

 Irish Pipe Band Association

Germany

 Bagpipe Association of Germany

Netherlands

 Netherlands Pipe Band Association

New Zealand

 Royal New Zealand Pipe Band Association

Scandinavia
 The Pipe Band Association of Scandinavia

South Africa
 Pipe Band Association of South Africa

Switzerland
 Pipe Band Association of Switzerland

United States of America
 Alliance of North American Pipe Band Associations
 Eastern United States Pipe Band Association
 Midwest Pipe Band Association
 Southern United States Pipe Band Association
 Western United States Pipe Band Association

External links


West Bancroft, Wisconsin

West Bancroft is an unincorporated community located in the town of Pine Grove, Portage County, Wisconsin, United States.

Notes


Hydrangea davidii

Hydrangea davidii is a species of Hydrangea flower, native to China.

External links

 Hydrangea davidii at www.efloras.com.

davidii


Broadway Commercial Historic District

Broadway Commercial Historic District is a national historic district located at Cape Girardeau, Cape Girardeau County, Missouri.  The district encompasses 35 contributing buildings and 1 contributing structure in a predominantly commercial section of Cape Girardeau.  It developed between about 1868 and 1965, and includes representative examples of Queen Anne, Mission Revival, and Art Deco style architecture. Located in the district is the separately listed Julius Vasterling Building, the Esquire Theater, and the Broadway Theater. Other notable buildings include the Star Service Station (1965), Phil C. Haman Drug Store (1927), Haman's Shoe Store (1910), Finney's Drug Store (c. 1906), Broadway Prescription Shop (c. 1930), Kroger Super Market (1948), Kroger Super Market Parking Lot (1948), Pete Koch's Sinclair Service Station (1954-1955), Bell Telephone Company (1963), American Legion Building (1920-1923), and Vandeven Mercantile (c. 1879).

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2016.


Peter Wright (Australian footballer)

Peter Wright (born 8 September 1996) is an Australian rules footballer who plays for Gold Coast in the Australian Football League (AFL). He is a tall forward and ruckman. Peter made he debut in round 10 2015 in a losing effort against Sydney kicking a goal. Peter signed a two year contract extension in 2017 until the end of 2019. In round 11 2017 Wright kicked the winning goal against West Coast Eagles for the Suns first win against the Eagles


Kuttichathan

Kuttichathan is a mischievous demon in Malabar demonology. He is a well-nourished 12 year old who is sometimes described having a forelock. Some of Kuttichathan's tricks are agonizing (his victims' clothes might turn on fire, their food might turn into excrement, their beds might become a bed of thorns), but they never do any serious harm. Kuttichathan only requests food in return for his services.


Anouar Ben Abdallah

Anouar Ben Abdallah (born 20 June 1996) is a Tunisian handball player for Étoile Sportive du Sahel and the Tunisian national team.

He participated at the 2017 World Men's Handball Championship.


Josef Hartinger

Josef Michael Hartinger (14 September 1893 – 1984) was a German lawyer who worked for the Bavarian State authorities in the latter years of the Weimar Republic when the Nazis came to power. Tasked with investigating some unnatural deaths at the Dachau concentration camp near Munich, Hartinger together with his medical examiner colleague, Moritz Flamm, discovered the SS policy of summary executions and faked suicides at the camp. At great risk to his own safety, Hartinger issued an indictment of the camp authorities, which was ultimately betrayed and suppressed.

Early life
Josef Michael Hartinger was born on 14 September 1893 in the village of Pertolzhofen, Bavaria.

He studied law at the Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich and was employed as state solicitor of the Bavarian Ministry of Justice, servicing initially the Munich I (central) district and later Munich II (the outer limits).

War Service 1914-18
Having come from a family with a strong military tradition, Hartinger dropped out of college in August 1914 to enlist in the 10th Bavarian Field Artillery Regiment under the III Royal Bavarian Corps. After two years of training, he was sent to the Western Front as a petty officer, where he saw action on the Vosges plateau, at Verdun and  Flanders in 1917, where he was awarded the Iron Cross.

In September 1917 he was transferred to the 6th Bavarian Field Artillery and in February 1918 was promoted to third sergeant. After some successes with in the German Spring offensive of 1918, the Bavarian 6th Field Artillery crossed the Somme and were charged with weakening the British defenses around Villers-Bretonneux.The regiment was decimated, however, under a 4-hour barrage from the British guns. Hartinger was awarded the Military Merit Cross (Bavaria) and subsequently promoted to Lieutenant, committing to three more years of military service. After the armistice in November 1918, the Royal Bavarian Corps were disbanded and absorbed into the Reichswehr.

Inter-war Legal Studies & Career 1918-31
After the armistice in November 1918, Hartinger returned home to find Bavaria in a state of political chaos. As with many war veterans from a middle-class background, he joined with the Freikorps in opposition to the Munich Soviet Republic but in early 1919, he left the militia, resigned his commission at the Reichswehr (foregoing a guaranteed monthly payment) and re-enrolled as student in the law department of Ludwig Maximilian University.

Despite living in poverty for most of his time in University, Hartinger excelled in his studies and qualified in June 1924.  His first employment was in Amberg prison where he provided legal advice on criminal proceedings and prison matters. After serving as assistant to the deputy prosecutor in Passau, he was appointed to the civil court in the jurisdiction of Munich I, where over six years, he established a reputation as an opponent of the rising right-wing radicalism.
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In March 1931, Hartinger was promoted from assistant prosecutor in Munich I to deputy prosecutor in Munich II.

Dachau Murder Investigations
Following the Reichstag Fire Decree for the Protection of People and State, the Nazis began interning political rivals (KPD and SDP members) in concentration camps. One of the first to open was at Dachau, where detainees were guarded by 70 members of the Bavarian Police force. As Chief of Police in Bavaria, Heinrich Himmler arranged for the Police to be gradually relieved of this duty by the newly-formed private army of the Nazi party, the Schutzstaffel (SS).
On March 12, the day after the SS arrived, the State solicitor's office received a report of four deaths among the prison population. As any death in State custody (other than from natural causes) had to be investigated, Josef Hartinger and medical examiner Moritz Flamm were dispatched to Dachau concentration camp.

Camp commandant Hilmar Wäckerle showed them to a spot where the four prisoners were shot while trying to escape into the woods and later to a shed where 3 of their bodies were piled on the floor. Hartinger berated the guards on the undignified treatment of the bodies before he and Dr. Flamm set about identifying and examining them. They quickly noted that all the dead prisoners (Rudolf Benario, Ernst Goldmann, Arthur Kahn) were Jewish and had been shot at the base of the skull. The second Kahn brother, Erwin, survived the escape shooting but four days later died while under SS guard in hospital. Without challenging the guards on these points, the investigators returned over several days to carefully document the evidence, with Flamm performing autopsies on the four prisoners. Hartinger and Flamm noted many inconsistencies between the injuries on the corpses and the camp guards' accounts of the deaths.

With each visit, they had more and more deaths to investigate, such as the case of Sebastian Nefzger, a camp guard, who had allegedly committed suicide.

The autopsy showed his back severely bruised all over and evidence of internal bleeding. He had allegedly tried to hang himself with the straps of his own prosthetic leg and when that failed, he had inflicted cuts on his own wrists so deep that they penetrated the bone. The autopsy of the lawyer Alfred Strauss, who was also shot trying to escape, revealed that he died of a bullet in the neck after suffering serious physical attacks. His back was covered with lacerations and his buttocks bandaged to hide a deep cut.

Over a number of months, they uncovered clear evidence of murder and compiled a dossier of charges against Hilmar Wäckerle, the SS commandant of Dachau,  Dr. Werner Nürnbergk the camp doctor and Josef Mutzbauer, the camp's chief administrator (Kanzleiobersekretär). In May 1933, Hartinger presented the case to his superior, Bavarian State Prosecutor, Karl Wintersberger. Initially supportive of the investigation, Wintersberger became reluctant to submit the resulting indictment to the Justice Ministry, which was increasingly under the influence of the SS. Wintersberger chose to be open about the investigation with Dachau camp staff and with politicians. Wintersberger refused to sign the indictment and suggested Hartinger submit it himself.In June 1933, Hartinger reduced the scope of the dossier to the four clearest cases. Johann Kantschuster was accused of murdering Alfred Strauss.
Karl Ehmann was accused of murdering Leonhard Hausmann. The murderer(s) of Louis Schloss and Sebastian Nefzer could not be identified so charges were brought against Wäckerle, Nürnbergk and Mutzbauer for abetting the murder and obstructing investigation.
Wintersberger signed it, after first notifying SS Reichsführer Heinrich Himmler as a courtesy. The killings at Dachau suddenly stopped (temporarily), Wäckerle was transferred to Stuttgart and replaced by Theodor Eicke. The indictment and related evidence reached the office of the Hans Frank, Bavarian Justice Minister but was intercepted by Gauleiter Adolf Wagner and locked away in a desk only to be discovered by the US Army after the war.

Both Hartinger and Wintersberger were transferred to provincial positions. In 1934 Wintersberger became President of the Higher Regional Court in the city of Bamberg. Hartinger was first moved back to Munich I and then to a position in Amberg. Dr. Flamm was no longer employed as a medical examiner and was to survive two attempts on his life before his suspicious death in a mental hospital the same year.

Postwar & Later Life
In 1946 Hartinger's missing files were discovered by the US Army in the Bavarian Justice Ministry and were used in evidence in the trials of senior Nazis at the Nürnberg tribunal of 1947. Flamm's thoroughly gathered and documented evidence within Hartiger's indictment ensured it achieved convictions of senior Nazis such as Oswald Pohl. Wintersberger's complicit behaviour is documented in his own evidence to the Pohl Trial.

Although the three accused parties named in Hartinger's original indictment were aleady dead, the indictment also mentioned "persons unknown" who may have acted on their behalf and one of their most brutal underlings, Hans Steinbrenner was still alive. On the basis of Hartinger's original indictment, Steinbrenner was charged with the murder of Louis Schloss and (with new evidence from several former Dachau prisoners) the murders of Wilhelm Aron and Karl Lehrburger. At Steinbrenner's trial in 1952, the jury reached the following verdicts:  Murder of Schloss: not guilty, Grievous Assault of Schloss: guilty (sentence 2 years), Murder of Lehrburger guilty but under duress from his commanding officer (sentence 10 years), Murder of Aron: Guilty (sentence life imprisonment).
From his cell in Landsberg prison in 1962 Steinbrenner typed an 8-page confessional letter, which he sent via the prison authorities to Hartinger.
He told Hartinger that he himself would have been killed in 1933 had he not been known by so many powerful dignitaries.
In May 1963 Steinbrenner was transferred from the prison at Landsberg am Lech to a nursing home in Berchtesgaden, where he later hanged himself.

The Allies' initial plans for the Denazification of Germany in 1945 were diluted when faced with the practicalities of creating a functioning German state.
Unlike Wintersberger, Hartinger had not joined the Nazi party before the war but by 1945 over 90% of lawyers and all judges were party members.
The practicality of running the judicial system won out over the principle of Denazification especially when it was entrusted to new German state. So in the post-war German legal system, Hartinger still had to deal with many personalities who had been enthusiastic Nazis and others who had conformed with the regime.

The infamous Braunbuch published by the GDR claimed to list all functionaries of the Federal Republic of Germany who were former Nazis and war criminals. The 1968 edition lists Josef Hartinger as former Military Court Councillor ("Kriegsgerichtsrat") of the "Höheres Kommando LX" (a communications division of the Wehrmacht).
Whether such a position would have afforded him scope for war crimes is arguable but it contradicts the record in the Bavarian State Archive that shows him working as director of the district court ("Landgerichtsdirecktor") in the town of Amberg from 1936 until the end of the war.

As with all German lawyers, Hartinger came before a Denazification hearing (Spruchkammerverfaren) in 1948 and was restored to his position in Amberg.
From 1954 to 1958 Hartinger went to work for the newly-founded Federal State Prosecution Service ("Bundesanwalt beim Bundesgerichtshof") in Karlsruhe.
From 9 December 1958 he served as Chief Secretary at the Bavarian Ministry of Justice until his retirement on 5 December 1966.

Hartinger completed his memoirs on Feb. 4, 1984. He died 6 months later.

External links

Film & Media


Hong Kong–Liechtenstein relations

Hong Kong–Liechtenstein relations refers to international relations between Hong Kong and Liechtenstein.

History

As Liechtenstein and Hong Kong both grew around highly specialized industrial firms after the two World wars, as well being active in the international financial sector, Hong Kong has gradually developed among Liechtenstein's most important partners in Asia.

Liechtenstein's presence in Hong Kong has strengthened since the late 20th Century. For example, Hilti, a Liechtenstein producer of precision power tools, started business in Hong Kong in 1974. It was followed by the Princely family of Liechtenstein’s private bank, LGT, in 1986. As one of the most notable Liechtensteiners in Hong Kong, H.S.H. Hereditary Prince Alois von und zu Liechtenstein, the Hereditary Prince of Liechtenstein, son of H.S.H. Prince Hans-Adam II von und zu Liechtenstein, spent three months in Hong Kong at the end of 1987 and the beginning of 1988 as an officer of the Coldstream Guards during his military career posted by the British Royal Military Academy.

The Liechtenstein Honorary Consulate in Hong Kong was opened in 2013, which according to the government of Liechtenstein, would "allow both countries to deepen their relations, especially in the areas of finance and exports."  Liechtenstein does not have any diplomatic representation in Asia. The honorary consulate in Hong Kong is one of the only two Liechtenstein Honorary Consulates in Asia, the other being Singapore.

Trade and Agreement
Liechtenstein and Hong Kong maintain well integrated and engaged economic relations. Both Liechtenstein and Hong Kong have been members of the World Trade Organization since 1995. Comprehensive Double Taxation Agreement (CDTA) was signed between Liechtenstein and Hong Kong on 12 August 2010, and enforced on 08 July 2011. The agreement has been written into Hong Kong's ordinance Cap. 112BU Inland Revenue (Double Taxation Relief and Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with respect to Taxes on Income and Capital) (Principality of Liechtenstein) Order ─ Schedule, and applies to taxes on income and on capital imposed on behalf of a contracting party or of its political subdivisions or local authorities. Hong Kong and the member nations of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA), including Liechtenstein, signed a comprehensive Free Trade Agreement on 21 June 2011 in Liechtenstein, which marks an important milestone as the agreement is the first free trade agreement of Hong Kong with any European country. The Agreement covers trade in services, goods, investment, and other related issues such as protection of intellectual property.

High level visits
The Special Representative for Hong Kong Economic and Trade Affairs to the European Union, Mary Chow, visited Liechtenstein on 12 August 2010. Acting Secretary for Commerce and Economic Development, Gregory So, visited Schaan, Liechtenstein on 21 June 2011 for the signing of the Free Trade Agreement with EFTA. Foreign Minister of Liechtenstein, Aurelia Frick, visited Hong Kong on 28 June 2013 and met with Hong Kong Secretary of Commerce and Economic Development, Gregory So.


North Texas State Hospital

The North Texas State Hospital (NTSH) is an inpatient mental health facility owned by the State of Texas and under the Texas Health and Human Service Commission's Health and Specialty Care System division. NTSH has three campuses, one in Wichita Falls and two in Vernon.

Wichita Falls campus
The Wichita Falls campus is a 330-bed facility that exists to treat people with mental illnesses and mental retardation after being screened by a local mental health facility (generally, a hospital or community mental health/mental retardation facility). It is Medicare certified. Although not a maximum security facility, the campus is guarded, and buildings (which are not guarded) are constantly locked with very limited access.The facility used to be open until a few years ago before the merge with formally Vernon State Hospital. Wichita Falls State Hospital was the name since 1922 and Vernon was added as an annex in the 1960s. Since the merge and the approx. $100,000 name change the hospital has become much more restricted and is no longer an open campus.

Vernon campus
The Vernon campus has 284 adult beds and 78 adolescent beds. It is a maximum-security facility that services adults with criminal (forensic) issues.

The Vernon campus was mandated by the 70th Texas Legislature to provide services to six populations:
Persons with felony charges who have been found incompetent to stand trial;
Persons admitted for pre-trial evaluations for competency and issues of insanity;
Persons found not guilty by reason of insanity;
Persons from other state hospitals who have been found to be manifestly dangerous;
Mentally disabled persons who have been found incompetent to stand trial on misdemeanor or felony charges;
Persons from the Texas Department of Criminal Justice (TDCJ) and other jails who need inpatient psychiatric hospitalization. [The hospital has never been asked to fulfill this mandate as TDCJ developed its own psychiatric services.]

Vernon Campus South
In January 2018 the NTSH re-opened the  Victory Field location to house adolescent with dually-diagnosed substance abuse and mental health problems most of whom are there as a condition of their probation, having had significant involvement with the juvenile justice system.

Accreditation
North Texas State Hospital is accredited by the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO).

Notable patients
Andrea Yates Vernon campus
Dena Schlosser
Dimitrios Pagourtzis


Saue-Mustla

Saue-Mustla (Mustla until 2017) is a village in Saaremaa Parish, Saare County in western Estonia.

Before the administrative reform in 2017, the village was in Pihtla Parish.


Joe Berardo

José Manuel Rodrigues "Joe" Berardo GCIH, ComIH (born 4 July 1944), is a Portuguese businessman, investor, and art collector. According to Portuguese magazine Exame, he had an estimated net worth of €598 million in 2010, making him one of the wealthiest people in Portugal.

Life
Berardo was born at Santa Luzia, Funchal, Madeira, Portugal, the son of Manuel Berardo Gomes and Ana Rodrigues. Berardo left school when he was 13 years old and got a low-ranked job in the winery sector of Madeira wine. At the age of 18, he emigrated to South Africa where he worked in horticulture distribution and eventually set up large commercial ventures, becoming at the end of the 20th century one of the most renowned and wealthiest Portuguese entrepreneurs. In South Africa, he created Egoli Consolidated Mines Ltd, a gold extraction company. Initially, the gold extraction was performed using low-value waste lands that were apparently being ignored. Later, the mining company started to deal with diamond mining as well. Berardo returned to Portugal in 1986.

Stock market
As a very wealthy and active stock trader, Berardo is a central personality on the Portuguese stock exchange, Euronext Lisbon, where he trades large amounts of stock throughout the year, often having immediate capital gain as his only perceived goal. His businesses include hotels, tobacco, animal food, telecommunications, banking, and wines. Berardo's estimated total wealth, including stock in large Portuguese banking and telecommunications companies, is over €1.9 billion.

Long-term stockholding
Berardo also has long-term investments in large companies, like Millennium BCP bank and Portugal Telecom (PT) telecommunications operator, which are both listed on the Euronext Lisbon. In 2006, he took a prominent part in the struggle against Sonae.com's very publicized takeover bid over Portugal Telecom. Sonae.com's takeover bid opposing Belmiro de Azevedo (founder and historical chairman of Sonae holding company) and his son Paulo Azevedo (ex-head officer of Sonae.com telecommunications operator and current chairman of Sonae) to the investor Berardo and PT's administrators Zeinal Bava and Henrique Granadeiro, failed.

S.L. Benfica - Futebol, S.A.D. share bid
In June 2007, Berardo made a bid for 60% of Sport Lisboa e Benfica - Futebol, S.A.D.'s shares at €3.50 a share, a 30% premium to the recent share price. But the price was well below the €5 a share set at Benfica's IPO in May 2007, when after an initial flurry of optimism the shares fell steadily to below €3 apiece, hammered hard by the team's fourth-place finish in the Portuguese Liga and the failure to make any great gains in European competition. Berardo's bid was not hostile, as reports said the Benfica management had been informed in advance and was generally in favor of the offer. Overall, the bid was worth some €31.5 million and was conditional on Berardo netting 50% of the company plus one share, to ensure control. The bid valued S.L. Benfica - Futebol, S.A.D. at €52.5 million. However, Berardo did not exclude a major stake in the Futebol, S.A.D., which could have been achieved within the 33% free float of publicly traded stock that was issued in the stock market in May 2007. Berardo, who is a paying member of S.L. Benfica (sócio) and a declared supporter of the club, failed to become the largest individual stockholder in the club's S.A.D., since only about 1% of the intended stock was sold to him as of the 20 August 2007 deadline.

Club Sport Marítimo
After his failed attempt to bid on Benfica, Berardo refocused his attention on his hometown club Club Sport Marítimo, of which has also declared his support for and is a registered member also. On 17 November 2007, during the club's 97th anniversary celebration, he was honoured with a silver medal to commemorate his 25 years as a Marítimo member. He used the occasion to announce his interest in the clubs' new stadium plans, the Estádio do Marítimo, and offer his aid as a "supporter with passion" for the club.

Art collection
Berardo has a special interest for modern art, being one of the most successful contemporary art collectors in Portugal. An inveterate collector, he started as a schoolboy with stamps, postcards and matchboxes and graduated to modern and contemporary art in the 1980s. His various collections, which include art deco and Chinese porcelain, encompass more than 40,000 works, of which some 1,200 are by well-known modern and contemporary artists with a reported value of $750 million. Much of his art collection has in the past been used as collateral to borrow from banks.

Berardo went public with his collection in 1997, displaying works at an old casino in Sintra, and then at the white stone fortress-like Centro Cultural de Belém, in Lisbon. By agreement with the Portuguese Government, a foundation (Fundação de Arte Moderna e Contemporânea—Colecção Berardo) was created to support the housing of his art collection of roughly 1,800 works at the Centro Cultural de Belém. Much as the Spanish state did with the Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum in Madrid, the government agreed to house part of his collection and took a 10-year option to buy 862 paintings and sculptures for 316 million euros, based on a Christie's valuation in 2006. The Museu Colecção Berardo was inaugurated on June 25, 2007. Berardo's 35-hectare sculpture park in Quinta dos Loridos, north of Lisbon, opened in phases since 2006. When he read about the Taliban’s destruction of Afghanistan's enormous stone Buddhas in Bamiyan in 2001, he bought a massive range of Buddhist statues, and created the Buddha Eden Gardens (about 45 minutes outside of Lisbon). In 2011, Berardo set up the Aliança Underground Museum, a free exhibition of tiles, ethnographic art, ceramics, minerals and fossils in an unused tunnel on a winemaker's property in Sangalhos. In 2012, an exhibition of works from Berardo's Modern and contemporary collection, including pieces by Gerhard Richter, Francis Bacon and Andy Warhol, was on show at the Gary Nader Art Centre in Miami, Florida.

Controversies
Throughout his life, Berardo has been related to several controversial situations that have reached the media:

 In 1990, Berardo was summoned to the Commission of Inquiry van Zyl for the illegal export of cycads, diverting them from the Transvaal to Madeira, and declared the value of the plants for less than one tenth of the value their purchase. The same Commission points to a close relationship between Berardo and Apartheid leader and Foreign Minister Pik Botha as facilitator of these operations.
 In 2007, he increased his stake in BCP using a € 1 billion loan in the context of a "war" for power with the other shareholders. Suspicious links have been reported with the funding banks - BCP, of which it is the chairman of the Compensation and Welfare Board, CGD and BES - which have done so against a guarantee of only 75% of the Berardo Collection (valued at 316 million euros in 2007)
 In 2008, Berardo appeared in the press related to the real estate speculation that he would have made in the Alvor River(located in the Monchique Range), having the price of the Quinta da Rocha estate passed from 500 thousand to 14 million euros.

CGD Affair

 In 2009, he was not required to regularize the interest of the 2007 loan, by the new management of Caixa Geral de Depósitos (CGD), since if this were not done, the guarantees would have to be activated, with the result that the state bank, given the financial vehicle used, would hold a very significant stake (10%) of BCP.
 On February 1, 2012, it was declared by CGD, Banco Espírito Santo and Banco Comercial Português that they had given up the money they owed.
 In 2019, it became public that Berardo owes 980 million euros to Banco Comercial Português, Novo Banco and CGD. This prompted the Assembly of the Republic to hold an inquiry of Berardo, within the inquiry committee on the CGD bank's management, after which the Portuguese parliament decided to forward Berardo's declarations to the Public Ministry, in order to start the investigation on potential crimes committed.
In June CGD requested in court, obtained favourable decision, the arrestment of Berardo's assets and bank accounts owned by his company. The court resorted to the uncommon procedure of disregarding of the collective legal personality of Berardo's company.
In July Berardo's 10 million euro real estate, owned through Berardo Foundation, Monte Palace Gardens, located in Funchal, was also put under interlocutory injunction. Under this injunction it is impossible for Berardo, or his foundation, to sale the property until its market value is determined and how his debt is to be paid.

Honours and Awards

National Honours

 Commander of the Order of Prince Henry, Portugal (13 March 1985)
 Grand-Cross of the Order of Prince Henry, Portugal (4 October 2004)

Disciplinary procedure
Under the CGD affair, the Portuguese Orders National Council was convened on May 17, 2019, presided by Manuela Ferreira Leite, to initiate an disciplinary procedure on whether the President of the Republic should or not strip Berardo from the ranks of the Order of Prince Henry. The Council's President appointed the former President of the Assembly of the Republic, Mota Amaral, to lead the investigation related to disciplinary procedure, which included collection  of written and audio material from the Portuguese parliament's CDG Affair inquiry committee. The disciplinary procedure results are expected to be presented to Portuguese Orders National Council on December 20, 2019.

Since the disciplinary procedure was initiated Joe Berardo has publicly apologized for his conduct during the Assembly of the Republic's inquiry.


Jeżyki

Jeżyki  () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Bogdaniec, within Gorzów County, Lubusz Voivodeship, in western Poland. It lies approximately  east of Bogdaniec and  south-west of Gorzów Wielkopolski.

Before 1945 the area was part of Germany (see Territorial changes of Poland after World War II).

The village has a population of 180.


Capoeta kosswigi

Capoeta kosswigi, also known as the Van scraper or Van barb, is a species of cyprinid fish living in Turkey, in the Van Lake basin.  It is however likely (but not finally clear) that this is the same fish as Capoeta damascina, and the name is thus just a synonym.