Skam (TV series)

Skam (; ) is a Norwegian teen drama web series about the daily life of teenagers at the Hartvig Nissen School, a gymnasium in the wealthy borough of Frogner in West End Oslo. It was produced by NRK P3, which is part of the Norwegian public broadcaster NRK.

Skam follows a new main character each season. While airing, a new clip, conversation or social media post was published in real-time on the NRK website on a daily basis. Each season has focus on particular topics, ranging from relationship difficulties, identity, eating disorders, sexual assault, homosexuality, mental health issues, religion, and forbidden love.

Despite no promotion ahead of its 2015 launch, Skam broke viewership records. Its premiere episode is among the most-watched episodes in NRK's history, and by the middle of season two, it was responsible for half of NRK's traffic. With season three, it broke all streaming records in Norway, along with viewership records in neighbouring countries Denmark and Sweden, and attracted an active international fanbase on social media, where fans promoted translations. The show repeatedly made international headlines for its popularity surge across the world, and the show's actors became famous worldwide. However, the international popularity was not expected, with the music industry requiring geoblocking of NRK's website due to music license contracts only supporting the Norwegian public. The series ended after its fourth season in 2017, reportedly due to high production stress.

Skam received critical acclaim and significant recognition for its portrayal of sexual abuse in the second season and homosexuality in the third. The series was also praised for its contributions to promote Norwegian language and culture internationally, as well as for its unique distribution format, adopting a new strategy of real-time, high-engagement, snippet-based distribution rather than rigidity and television schedules. It received multiple Norwegian awards throughout its run, being honored for its dramatic narrative, innovative storytelling format, writing, directing, and actors' performances. The success of the series has spawned an American version led by Skam showrunner Julie Andem, as well as multiple European remakes, four books containing original scripts, and blooper reels.

Hartvig Nissen School

The series focuses on the daily life of teenagers at the Hartvig Nissen School (Hartvig Nissens skole), a prestigious gymnasium (preparatory high school) located in the Frogner borough in Oslo's West End, with the address Niels Juels gate (Niels Juel Street) 56. The school is informally and widely known simply as "Nissen." Originally named Nissen's Girls' School, it was founded by Hartvig Nissen in 1849 as a private girls' school which was owned by its headmasters and which served the higher bourgeoisie. It is the second oldest gymnasium in Oslo and is widely considered one of the country's most prestigious; its alumni include many famous individuals and two members of the Norwegian royal family. The school was the first higher school in Norway which admitted women.

Concept
At the start of a week, a clip, conversation or social media post is posted on the Skam website. New material is posted on a daily basis, with the content unified and combined into one full episode on Fridays. The main character differs from season to season, and the fictional characters have social media profiles where viewers can follow their activities. The show allows public interaction over the duration of the episode. The format has since been used in other NRK P3 series, Blank and Lovleg.

Characters
The following are characters in Skam.

1In season one, David Alexander Sjøholt was credited as playing a character called David, though his name was never spoken in the show. This could be the character Magnus or Sjøholt was playing a different student. Sjøholt also makes an uncredited appearance in the last episode of season two.

2In season three, Mikael appears uncredited in a video Isak finds on the Internet of Even.

Central cast
 Lisa Teige as Eva Kviig Mohn (born June 2, 1999) is the main character in the first season. When we first meet Eva, she recently started dating Jonas, who just ended a relationship with Eva's best friend Ingrid. Her relationship with Jonas is complicated and she finds it hard to trust him, eventually leading her to cheat on him and ultimately leading to their breakup at the end of season one. Eva lives at home with a busy mom and starts at the Hartvig Nissen school ("Nissen") in 2015 together with her friends and former classmates Jonas, Ingrid, Sara and Isak. Losing her former best friends Ingrid and Sara due to her relationship to Jonas, she starts up new friendships with Noora, Chris, Vilde and Sana at Nissen. After season one, Eva is mostly portrayed as an outgoing and promiscuous party-girl.
 Josefine Frida Pettersen as Noora Amalie Sætre (born April 6, 1999) is the main character in the second season. Noora is portrayed as a confident, smart and helpful character in seasons one and two. In the second season, it is however revealed that she has some insecurities after all. She lives with two roommates and does not have contact with her parents. Unlike her friends Eva, Chris and Vilde, Noora is not into drinking or hooking up with guys. When the school's playboy William continues to flirt with her despite several rejections, she eventually gets interested in him, but due to her prejudices against him, she finds it hard to accept. They end up in a relationship at the end of season two. In seasons three and four, Noora faces complications in her relationship with William.
 Tarjei Sandvik Moe as Isak Valtersen (born June 21, 1999) is the main character in the third season. Isak is a close friend of both Eva and Jonas in season one. At the end of the season, Noora and Eva find homosexual pornography on Isak's phone, raising suspicions about his sexual orientation. Season three follows Isak's struggles to accept his sexuality. He meets Even, and the two quickly fall in love and begin to secretly see each other. However, Isak unknowingly pushes Even (who has bipolar disorder) away by revealing that he doesn't want to be around people with mental disorders, due to his traumatizing experiences with his mentally ill mother. After struggling with his feelings for Even, Isak decides to come out to his best friend Jonas, and eventually to other people that he is close to. He gets back together with Even with the aid of his friends, but after Even has a manic episode, he distances himself from him again out of fear and heartbreak. However, he comes to better understand Even's situation after a discussion with his friends, and reunites with Even after he realizes that he loves him, accepting the obstacles created by his disorder. In season four, Isak is portrayed as much happier, as he lives comfortably and publicly in a relationship with Even.
 Iman Meskini as Sana Bakkoush (born December 24, 1999) is the main character in the fourth season. Sana's biggest struggle throughout the series is to live the traditional Muslim lifestyle and the traditional Norwegian gymnasium-lifestyle at the same time. Sana is portrayed as decisive and eloquent, but faces constant prejudices from her classmates, her parents and people she meets on the street, which sometimes leads Sana to take irrational decisions. This peaks when Sana anonymously cyberbullies her classmate Sara, who wants to exclude Sana from their russefeiring-squad. Unlike Eva, Noora and Isak, she has a close relationship with her family. In season 4, she falls in love with Yousef, who she initially thinks is a Muslim, but turns out not to be. After initial attempts to distance herself from him, they appear to grow closer later in the season.

Main cast
 Marlon Valdés Langeland as Jonas Noah Vasquez (born December 20, 1999), Eva's boyfriend in the first season. He is also Isak's best friend and a classmate of all the main characters.
Ulrikke Falch as Vilde Hellerud Lien (born July 13, 1999), the naive fourth member of the main girl squad. She is the enthusiastic initiator of russefeiring, revy and other social events for the squad.
 Ina Svenningdal as Christina "Chris" Berg (born January 6, 1999), the amusing fifth member of the girl squad. She usually avoids most conflicts and emotionally deep conversations.
Thomas Hayes as William Magnusson (born January 10, 1997), the flirt and eventually boyfriend of Noora in the second season. He is also classmate and best friend of Penetrator-Chris.
Carl Martin Eggesbø as Eskild Tryggvasson (born August 19, 1995), the stereotypically homosexual roommate of Noora in season two and four, and of Isak's in season three.
Henrik Holm as Even Bech Næsheim (born February 12, 1997), the love affair and eventual boyfriend of Isak. Even is diagnosed with bipolar disorder at some point prior to season 3.
David Alexander Sjøholt as Magnus Fossbakken (born October 30, 1999), Isak's awkward friend and classmate. In the fourth season he is in a relationship with Vilde.
Cengiz Al as Yousef Acar (born September 21, 1997), the atheist love interest of Sana. Yousef is also Elias's best friend and former classmate.

Recurring cast
Herman Tømmeraas as Christoffer "Penetrator-Chris" Schistad (born April 2, 1997), the on-and-off love interest of Eva through all four seasons. He is two years older than the main cast, but also studies at Nissen in the first two seasons.
 Kristina Ødegaard as Sara Nørstelien (born July 12, 1999), Ingrid's best friend and leader of the "Pepsi Max" squad. Sara dates Isak in the second season.
 Rakel Øfsti Nesje as Linn Larsen Hansen (born January 1, 1996), the introverted roommate of Eskild and Noora/Isak.
Simo Mohamed Elhbabi as Elias Bakkoush (born March 5, 1997), Sana's brother and Even's former classmate.
 Cecilie Martinsen as Ingrid Theis Gaupseth (born February 23, 1999), Jonas's girlfriend and Eva's best friend prior to season one. Ingrid is a member of the russefeiring-squad "Pepsi Max", which often rivals the main characters squad.

Episodes

Overview

Season 1
The first clip from season 1 was made available on Tuesday, 22 September 2015, with the combined clips during the week premiering as a full episode on Friday, 25 September 2015. The season consists of 11 episodes; the main character is Eva Mohn. The storyline deals with Eva's difficult relationship with her boyfriend Jonas and the themes of loneliness, identity, belonging and friendship.

Season 2
The first clip from season 2 was made available on Monday, 29 February 2016, with the combined clips during the week premiering as a full episode on Friday, 4 March 2016. The season consists of 12 episodes; the main character is Noora Amalie Sætre. The season is about her relationship with William and deals with issues of friendship, feminism, eating disorder, self-image, violence, sexual violence and the contemporaneous refugee crisis in relation to Norwegian democracy.

Season 3
The first clip from season 3 was made available on Sunday, 2 October 2016, with the combined clips during the week premiering as a full episode on Friday, 7 October 2016. The season consists of 10 episodes; the main character is Isak Valtersen. The season deals with Isak's burgeoning relationship with Even Bech Næsheim and is principally a coming out story that deals with issues of love, sexual identity, authenticity, mental illness, religion and friendship.

 NRK TV and NRK P3 used different titles for 7 of the season 3 episodes.

Season 4
The first clip from season 4 was made available on Monday, 10 April 2017, with the combined clips during the week premiering as a full episode on Friday, 14 April 2017. The season consisted of 10 episodes, and the main character is Sana Bakkoush. The season deals with the Islamic religion, forbidden love, cyberbullying, friendship, and the Norwegian russ celebratory period.

The series finale episode switches character clip-to-clip, focusing on short stories by characters not given their own, full season. The episode deals with parental depression, love rejection, jealousy, friendship, mutual relationship support, and fear of abandonment.

Production

Julie Andem created Skam. In an interview with Rushprint in April 2016, Andem discussed production of the series. Originally developed for 16-year-old girls, Andem made use of the "NABC" production model ("Needs/Approach/Benefit/Competition"), and instead of collecting information from a vast amount of sources, she had extensive, hours-long interviews with a single representative to uncover what needs that specific target audience had in order to cover that story. In contrast to American shows, which were the primary competition for shows attracting attention from teenagers, Andem stated that she had one advantage; knowing who the audience were and what culture they grew up in. One major area of exploration Andem found through research was pressure; she stated that "the pressure to perform is very high for this target audience. They strive to perform in so many ways. That's fine, and it doesn't necessarily have to be dangerous or unhealthy. But what is unhealthy is that many feel like they can't live up to the demands, and therefore feel that they failed. They are comparing themselves to each other, not themselves. And then a thought occurred: How to get them to let go of the pressure through a series like Skam". Andem wanted the show to be a combination of social realism, soap opera, and sitcom, transitioning between the genres as the scenes switch, for example from the comical scenes of a doctor's office to the make-out scenes on the stairs. She admitted it didn't always work, saying that one particular scene change in episode 5 of season 1 from the stairs to the doctor's office was "a dramatic jump", and elaborated that "in a later scene, I told the photographer that we maybe should try to go a little closer. But we didn't get the humor, so: fuckit, we'll shoot sitcom-ish and blend the genres."

Andem created nine characters, without any backstory. Everyone was supposed to be able to lead a season, and the show was going to switch character season-to-season. 1,200 people auditioned for the roles in the first round of casting. As production started, Andem wrote scripts for the shows, and there was no improvisation. "A lot of people think much of the show is improvised. It's not. A lot is written for the actors. And before and after a scene, I'll wait for a while before I say thank you and let them play a little in the scene. If a scene doesn't work, we'll fix it and see what in the script doesn't work." Production had a short deadline, with scripts written in three days, one-and-a-half days to shoot, and four-to-five days to edit. "The plan must be there, and we just have to finish through". The series' use of real-time was planned from early on, and Andem wrote the series in episodic format, although the content also had to work for daily releases, including a cliffhanger ending in each scene. Andem read the comments for each day, and looked for feedback from the audience on how to end each season while still keeping her original plans in some way.

As the series premiered, there was little or no promotion for the show, due to the production's and NRK's wish for teenagers to find it on their own, spread the news through social media, and avoid the older generation even noticing the series. There were no launch interviews, no reviews, and the actors were shielded from the media, with NRK P3 editorial chief Håkon Moslet saying that "We want most of the focus to be on the show. These actors are very young, I think it's good they're being shielded a little. They do also notice the popularity of the series".

The Norwegian newspaper Dagbladet reported in December 2016 that the production of seasons 2 and 3 of Skam had cost a combined sum of NOK10 million. NRK P3 editorial chief Håkon Moslet stated: "For being a drama of high quality, Skam is a very cost-efficient production."

In December 2016, the series was renewed for a fourth season. In early April 2017, it was announced that the first clip from the fourth season would premiere on 10 April, and that it would be the last season of the series. NRK P3 editorial chief Håkon Moslet stated that the making of Skam had been "an extreme sport", and in an Instagram post, creator, writer and director Julie Andem wrote that "Skam has been a 24/7 job. It has also been amazingly fun to work on, and I really believe that has given the series a unique energy, and ensured that Skam continues to surprise and entertain. We recently decided that we won't be making a new season this fall. I know many of you out there will be upset and disappointed to hear this, but I'm confident this is the right decision."

On 23 June 2017, one day before the series finale, the entire cast officially met the press before the series' wrap party, answering questions from fans around the world and describing their experiences and memories from production. It was notably the first time all the actors were allowed to break their silence and speak to the public.

On 9 December 2018, NRK published the first of four official blooper reels from the series. The 9 December release featured never-before-seen content from the first season, with the remaining three blooper videos released throughout the following week.

Other media

Adaptations
In December 2016, Simon Fuller's XIX Entertainment production company signed a deal with NRK to produce an American version of the series, then-titled Shame. Development of the series continued in the following months, with a title change to SKAM Austin, casting calls taking place, and the announcement that Austin would air on Facebook's "Facebook Watch" original video platform, the series also airs on the original's series network, NRK.  It premiered in April 2018, and has been renewed for a second season.

In April 2017, the Danish theatre Aveny-T was reported to have acquired exclusive rights to produce a stage version of Skam. Four different performances will be made, one for each season, with the first show having taken place in Copenhagen on 15 September 2017, and the remaining three performances produced once a year through the year 2020.

In September 2017, French entertainment website AlloCiné reported on the imminent production of a French remake of the series.

In October 2017, Variety and The Hollywood Reporter reported that local adaptations of Skam would be produced in five European countries; Germany, France, Italy, Spain and the Netherlands. NRK CEO Thor Gjermund Eriksen said in a statement that "We are very excited about the tremendous interest that Skam/Shame has generated outside of Norway. The creators of Skam aimed to help 16-year-old-girls strengthen their self-esteem through dismantling taboos, making them aware of interpersonal mechanisms and showing them the benefits of confronting their fears. This is a vision we are proud to bring to other countries". Variety notes that each local production will be required to do its own local research into the dilemmas and dreams of its teenagers, rather than copying the original Norwegian production. In October 2018, Belgium began airing its own adaptation. On April 3, 2019, the educational Swedish broadcasting channel, UR began broadcasting the first seasons of  Druck (as Skam Deutschland), Skam España, and Skam France.

Having achieved success, multiple remakes have been renewed for additional seasons, progressing in development at different speeds.

Counterparts

1 Skam Italia switch the order of the season main characters compared to other productions, such that Martino (Isak's counterpart) is the main character of season 2 and Eleonora (Noora's counterpart) is the main character of season 3.
2 Skam España switch the order of the season main characters too, such that Cristina "Cris" (Isak's counterpart) is the main character of season 2.
3 Skam France was the first in the franchise to continue past the original 4 season story, and create a brand new story with the character of Arthur (Mahdi's counterpart).

Books
In September 2018, Julie Andem announced on her Instagram account that, in coordination with Norwegian book publishing company Armada Forlag, four Skam books, one for each season of the series, would be released to the public, including original, unedited manuscripts, featuring scenes that were never filmed, lines that were later cut, as well as Andem's personal comments and thoughts. The first book, focusing on season one, was made available for purchase on the day of the announcement, on Monday, 3 September 2018. In the press release from Armada Forlag, Andem said that "Releasing these unedited scripts, including typos and nerd comments, is right at the edge of my comfort zone", while adding that "I hope people think it's fun to read the scripts, and that maybe someone gets inspired to write themselves". Jonas Forsang, chairman of Armada Forlag, said that "This is not just TV-history, this is major literature". Norwegian press company Aftenposten noted at the time that the timeline for the release of the three remaining books was unclear.

A few days later, Andem signed a book contract with Swedish publishing company Salomonsson Agency, which included rights for the agency to distribute the Skam books outside of Norway. CEO Julia Angelin told Verdens Gang that "We are incredibly proud to be working with the genius Julie Andem. She has changed the entire Scandinavian culture", and added that "It will be incredibly fun to build her career as an author with this unique project. We have only seen the beginning". The report from Verdens Gang also stated that the first book had been sold "at record tempo" since its release just three days earlier, and that all four Skam books will be released before the 2018 Christmas holiday period. Andem told the publication that "The Skam fans are, as I've expressed before, "the coolest fanbase on earth". And they are always very enthusiastic and thankful. That is nice and moving". A later update to the same article clarified that the book had "already" been distributed to Finland and Sweden, without details of further distribution. Website Books From Norway, which provides English-language information on Norwegian literature, states that rights for international book release have also been sold to Denmark through the Høst & Søn agency, Italy through the Giunti agency, Poland through the Rebis agency, and Russia through the Popcorn Books agency, though the website doesn't specify release dates.

Distribution
In Norway, the series is available on the radio channel NRK P3's website, and on the web television solution NRK TV. The weekly episodes are also aired on Fridays on TV channel NRK3. The series has been licensed to air as a Nordvision co-production by public service broadcasters in other Nordic countries, specifically:
 In Denmark, the series is shown by DR on the DR TV streaming service and aired on TV channel DR3 since December 2016.
 In Finland, the series is shown by Yle on the Yle Areena streaming service since December 2016.
 In Iceland, the series is shown by RÚV on both its streaming service and television channel.
 In Sweden, the series is shown by SVT on the SVT Play streaming service since December 2016.

Reception

Norway and Nordic countries
In Norway, on average, about 192,000 viewers watched the first season, with the first episode being one of the most viewed of all time on NRK TV online. In the first week of June 2016, streaming of Skam was responsible for over half of the traffic on NRK TV. Following the release of the third-season finale, NRK stated that the second season had an average audience of 531,000, while the third season broke all streaming records on its NRK TV service with an average audience of 789,000 people. The trailer for the fourth season, released on 7 April 2017, was watched by 900,000 people within four days. During the start of the fourth season, 1.2 million unique users had visited Skams website, and the first episode had been watched by 317,000 people. NRK P3 editorial chief Håkon Moslet told Verdens Gang that "We see that there is high traffic and high interest for season 4. Since the end of the season we have seen a pattern around viewer interest. We lie high in the first week and towards the end of the season when the drama kicks in." In May 2017, NRK published a report on 2016 viewing statistics, writing that the third season broke both the streaming record for a series on NRK TV and for streaming of any series in Norway.

An October 2016 Aftenposten report detailed that Skam had become popular in Sweden, with "well over 5000" viewers with Swedish IP addresses watching the episodes, not counting the individual clips. A later report from Verdens Gang in January 2017 stated that Skam had "broken all records" in Sweden, with over 25 million plays on SVT Play. Following the series' licensing deal for broadcasting in Denmark, the series broke records in January 2017, with the show's first episode scoring 560,000 viewers on DR TV. In Finland, the first episode had more than 130,000 views by the end of February 2017, two and half months after its release, described by Yle audience researcher Anne Hyvärilä as "quite exceptional".

Skam has received critical acclaim. The newspaper NATT&DAG selected it as the best TV series of 2015. In its second season, Kripos, Norway's National Criminal Investigation Service, praised the series' handling of sexual abuse, including the girls' encouraging the victim, Noora, to go to the emergency room to explain the situation and gather evidence of the abuse, and Noora confronting her abuser with relevant laws he has broken to prevent the sharing of photographs showing her naked. The National Center for Prevention of Sexual Assault also praised the portrayal, adding that they wish for the series to become a syllabus in schools. In the third season, Martine Lunder Brenne of Verdens Gang praised the theme of homosexuality and wrote that "I praise it first and foremost because young homosexual people, both in and outside the closet, finally get some long-awaited and modern role models. It doesn't matter if it's a character in a fictional drama - right now, Skam is Norway's coolest show". In the fourth season, Christopher Pahle of Dagbladet praised a conversation about religion, writing: "two young people, with Muslim backgrounds, have a reflected, respectful and enlightening conversation about religion without arguing or taking it to the trenches. Think about that. They pick flowers and dribble a ball, and even if they don't necessarily convince each other, that's not the purpose either. The point is that they understand each other".

Skam has been recognised for its contributions to promote Norwegian language and culture, and to foster affinity between Nordic countries. In December 2016, the Nordic Association awarded Skam the annual Nordic Language Prize for its ability to engage a young Nordic audience, connecting with young people across the Nordic region and fostering positive attitudes about the region's neighbouring languages. In April 2017, Skam and its creator Julie Andem were awarded the Peer Gynt Prize, an award given to a person or institution that has had a positive impact on society and made Norway famous abroad.

In June 2017, just prior to the show's ending, Aftenposten published a report featuring interviews with many well-known Norwegian television creators, writers and directors, all praising Skam showrunner Julie Andem for her creative work on the show. Praise was directed at the series' "unpolished" nature, her ability to maintain "such a high level of quality over a long period of time", the series' blend of different sexualities and ethnicities and use of dialogue to resolve issues, and the show's compassion, thereby its ability to truly capture its generational audience.

The show's series finale received positive reviews. Vilde Sagstad Imeland of Verdens Gang praised the final clip for being a "worthy and emotional ending". Cecilie Asker of Aftenposten wrote that "The very last episode of Skam leaves us with a big sorrow, a sore loss, and a craving for more. It couldn't have been better."

On 1 July 2017, during the celebration of Oslo Pride, Skam, its creator Julie Andem, and actors Tarjei Sandvik Moe, Henrik Holm and Carl Martin Eggesbø were awarded the "Fryd" award, an award given to persons or organizations that break the norms in gender and sexuality in a positive manner.

In February 2018, Prince William and his wife Catherine, members of the British royal family, visited the Hartvig Nissen school to meet with the cast and learn more about Skam, its impact on the actors' lives and to discuss youth and mental health.

International success
Starting with season three, the show attracted an international audience, and NRK was therefore heavily asked to add English subtitles to the Skam episodes online. The requests were declined due to the license for the music presented throughout the series being restricted to a Norwegian audience, and that easy availability outside Norway would violate the terms of NRK's license agreements. An attorney for NRK elaborated that YouTube videos featuring more than 50% original Skam content would be automatically removed. When denied official subtitling, fans started making their own translations of the episodes into several world languages, greatly expanding the online fanbase. Norwegian viewers were quick to share translated clips quickly after availability through Google Drive, and also started blogs to cover additional material and language courses to explain Norwegian slang.

By the end of 2016, Skam had been trending globally several times on Twitter and Tumblr, and its Facebook, Instagram and Vine presence grew rapidly. On social media, fandoms developed creative paintings, screensavers, phone covers, and fan videos. Filming locations, including Sagene Church, and the Hartvig Nissen school, were visited by fans, and the actors were receiving worldwide attention. After being featured in an episode in the third season, Gabrielle's song "5 fine frøkner" saw a 3,018 percent increase in listening on Spotify, with over 13 million streams and, at one point, rising to eighth place on the Swedish top music rankings. Its social media popularity continued into its fourth season in April 2017, with over 20,000 tweets containing #skamseason4 registered in 24 hours at the time of season four's first clip, a substantial portion of which originated from the United States.

In January 2017, Skam was geoblocked for foreign viewers. NRK attorney Kari Anne Lang-Ree stated that "NRK has a right to publish content to the Norwegian audience and foreign countries. The music industry is reacting to the fact that many international viewers are listening to music despite NRK not having international licensing deals. NRK takes the concerns from the music industry seriously. We are in dialogue with [the music industry] to find a solution". NRK stated that "We want to thank our international fans and followers who have embraced SKAM. We are blown away by your dedication – it is something we never expected. That is why it hurts to tell you guys that due to a necessary clarification with the music right holders, SKAM will until further notice not be available outside Norway. We are working hard to figure out how to solve this issue so that the fans can continue to enjoy SKAM from where they are". When the fourth season premiered in April, the geoblock was removed for Nordic countries.

The series has received significant attention from international media publications for its unique distribution model of real-time snippet-based information.

Anna Leszkiewicz of New Statesman posted in March 2017 that she considered Skam "the best show on TV", highlighting the second season's handling of sexual assault. She praised the series for avoiding "shocking, gratuitous rape scenes", instead focusing on a single hand gesture by abuser Nico as a sign of predatory behavior. However, Leszkiewicz criticized the show for taking the "escape route", in which Noora finds the courage to speak to another girl who was at the party, who insists that, while Noora and Nico were in bed together, no sexual intercourse took place. Leszkiewicz commented that "So many women go through what Noora went through in Skam. Most of them don’t get offered the same escape route. Instead, they have to live with the shame and confusion of an "ambiguous" assault." The same month, Elite Dailys Dylan Kickham wrote that the international fanbase for Skam on social media was "much larger than I ever would have predicted", with major fangroups on Twitter, Facebook, and Tumblr. He credited the third season's storyline of homosexuality, calling it "incredibly intimate and profound", particularly praising a scene featuring a conversation about flamboyant attitudes between main character Isak and supporting character Eskild. While acknowledging highlights of the past two seasons, Kickham explained that "season three stands above the rest by shining a light on aspects of sexuality that are very rarely depicted in mainstream media", praising Eskild's "magnificent and timely take on the toxic "masc-for-masc" discrimination within the gay community" in response to Isak's homophobic comments. "It’s these small, incisive moments that show just how much Skam understands and cares about the issues it portrays", explained Kickham.

In March 2017, voters of E! Online's poll regarding "Top Couple 2017" declared characters Isak and Even, main stars of the show's third season, the winners. Verdens Gang wrote in April that Skam had become popular in China, where publicly discussing homosexuality is illegal. It reported that almost four million Chinese people had watched the third season through piracy and a total of six million had watched all episodes so far translated to Chinese. The report also stated that NRK has no plans to stop piracy in China, and NRK P3 editorial chief Håkon Moslet told Verdens Gang that "It was Isak and Even that captured a young Chinese audience. There's a lot of censorship in China, and they are role models and have a relationship that Chinese people have a need to see."

Anna Leszkiewicz wrote three more articles on Skam and its impact between April and December 2017. In the first report, she credited the series for having tackled multiple difficult topics with the use of universal emotions like loneliness rather than issue-based strategies. In the second, she specifically focused on the series' ending, noting that it originally had nine characters designed to each lead a season, and quoted fans with the sentiment that "It seems like such an abrupt decision. It doesn’t serve the storyline at all." Acknowledging the pressure of the show's global popularity as potentially a key element to end Skam, Leszkiewicz highlighted some fans' disapproval of the storylines presented towards the ending; season four's main character Sana, a member of the Muslim religion who had been under-represented in the series, had a shorter amount of focus in her season than other main characters had at their respective times; the final moments of the series focused on short stories by characters not given their own season, one of which told the story of a minor character without significant relevancy to the series; and a lackluster conversation about Islamophobia between Sana and her white, non-Muslim friend Isak. Leszkiewicz quoted disgruntled fans, one of which said that "Sana has been disrespected and disregarded and erased and sidelined and that is fucking gross. She deserved better". Finally, in her last report, she focused on Skams legacy as an American adaption was in production. NRK P3 editorial chief Håkon Moslet told her that "There was a lot of piracy", acknowledging that the show's global popularity was the result of fans illegally distributing content through Google Drive, though adding "But we didn’t mind". Producer and project manager Marianne Furevold explained that "We were given a lot of time to do so much research, and I think that’s a huge part of the success that we see today with Skam", referencing extensive in-depth interviews, attending schools and youth clubs, and immersing into teenagers' online lives, something that she did not think would have been possible with a commercial network. In regards to ending the series after its fourth season, while its popularity peaked, Moslet told Leszkiewicz that writer Julie Andem spent an enormous amount of time developing the series; "It was kind of an extreme sport to make, this series, especially for her. It was her life, 24/7, for two and a half years. It was enough, I think. And she wanted to end on a high. So that’s the reason. I think it was the right thing". Andem had posted on Instagram that she "wouldn’t have been able to make a season five as good as it deserved to be", though she had also written that she didn't want to give away the producing job of the American version, opting to take on the responsibility of that adaptation. That decision itself disgruntled fans, who "found her decision to leave the Norwegian series just to take on another huge commitment with the American show disappointing". Moslet praised the series' diverse set of characters, concluding with the statement that "At a time of confusion and intolerance, it seems more important than ever" for content creators to embrace diversity and reject intolerant attitudes.

In December 2017, Tumblr released its list of the most talked-about shows of the year on its platform, with Skam topping the chart as number one, outranking hugely successful American series Game of Thrones, Stranger Things, and The Walking Dead.

Awards and nominations


Stanhope Bayne-Jones

Stanhope Bayne-Jones (November 6, 1888 – February 20, 1970)  was an American physician, bacteriologist, medical historian and a United States Army medical officer with the rank of Brigadier General.

Early years

Bayne-Jones was born on November 6, 1888 in New Orleans, Louisiana as the son of physician. His grandfather Joseph Jones was also a physician and served in the medical department of the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. In this way, Bayne-Jones was influenced in his future career choice. Bayne-Jones attended the Dixon Academy in Covington, Louisiana and then enrolled the Yale University. He graduated in 1910 with A.B. degree. Subsequently, Bayne-Jones matriculated at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine in Baltimore, Maryland, receiving his Doctor of Medicine degree in 1914.

He became a teacher and also a researcher in the fields of bacteriology and immunology. Bayne-Jones received a commission of First Lieutenant in the Medical Reserve Corps, U.S. Army on August 7, 1915.

Notes

As a member of the United States Surgeon General's Advisory Committee on Smoking and Health, he had a significant role in the 1964 report linking smoking to cancer.

Bayne-Jones was the subject of a biography in 1992.

Bayne-Jones Community Hospital at the US Army's Fort Polk is named in his honor, as is a professorship at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine.

His papers were donated to the United States National Library of Medicine in the late 1960s.

Bayne-Jones was the first master of Yale University's Trumbull College from 1932 to 1938.

Decorations

Shown below is the ribbon bar of Bayne-Jones as a Brigadier general:


Rüya (Hande Yener and Seksendört album)

Rüya (Dream) is a remix album by Turkish singer Hande Yener and music group Seksendört. It was released on 11 June 2012 by Poll Production. It Yener's first album since the release of Teşekkürler. It was also the first major work by Seksendört since the release of their previous studio album Akıyor Zaman.

The album contains a new version of the song "Rüya", performed by Yener and Seksendört. The song was originally released by the music group Ünlü in 1996. The album also contains a new song written by Sinan Akçıl and titled "Öfkem Var". Remixed versions of Yener and Seksendört's songs from their previous works were included in the album as well.

Background and release
In an interview, Hande Yener stated that working together with Seksendört was Polat Yağcı's idea and added that their duet song was also chosen by Yağcı. A new song written by Sinan Akçıl, titled "Öfkem Var", was recorded and included in the album as well. The song "Rüya" was recorded in the early months of 2012 and released on 14 April 2012 by TTNET Müzik.

Critical reception
The reviews put forward by critics about the album in Turkey were generally positive. Radioman Michael Kuyucu found the remixes in the album successful and wrote: "'Rüya' is a strange song, it begins with Arabic and unison sounds, and is noisy and I think a bit outside the molds. It's a scary song. The Alaturka motifs inside it did not suit Hande. However, the other song in the album 'Öfkem Var' is a duet out of this frame. I really liked the emotions in this duet. This song suits both Hande and Seksendört. I can say that it's a clean rock song. There is a melodic structure inside it, as well as different emotions." gercekpop.com praised the song "Rüya" by saying: "To make the long story short, they have chosen a good song for covering."

Track listing


Pengamuck

Pengamuck is a village 32 kilometers from Thrissur in the state of Kerala, India.  The word "pengamuck" literally means place of areca nuts, which are grown in the area.  Kerala's biggest areca market is at Pazhanji, just 2 kilometers from Pengamuck.


André Muffang

André Muffang (25 July 1897, St. Brieuc – March 1, 1989, Paris) was a French chess master.

Before World War I, he took 3rd, behind Alexander Alekhine and Frank Marshall, at Paris 1914 (Quadrangular); took 5th at Lyon 1914 (2nd French Amateur championship, Alphonse Goetz won); and won at Paris 1914 (Café de la Régence championship).

After the war, he won at Paris 1922 (Triangular), took 2nd at Paris 1923 (Quadrangular), lost a mini match to Alekhine (0–2) at Paris 1923, tied for 2nd-5th at Margate 1923 (Ernst Grünfeld won), and shared 4th at Strasbourg 1924. He was French Champion in 1931.

Muffang represented France in Chess Olympiads:
 In the 1st Chess Olympiad at London 1927 (+3 –3 =9),
 In the 2nd Chess Olympiad at The Hague 1928 (+9 –0 =7),
 In the 6th Chess Olympiad at Warsaw 1935 (+4 –4 =9),
 In the 12th Chess Olympiad at Moscow 1956 (+3 –5 =7).
He won individual silver medal in The Hague.

After World War II, he played for France in friendly matches against Switzerland (1946), Czechoslovakia (1947), Soviet Union (1954), and Romania (1955).

He was awarded the International Master title in 1951.


Henry Hugglemonster

Henry Hugglemonster is a CGI-animated television series produced by Brown Bag Films. It is based on the 2005 book I'm a Happy Hugglewug written and illustrated by Niamh Sharkey. The series premiered on Disney Junior channels in the United Kingdom and Ireland on February 8, 2013 and in the United States on April 15. It aired in 2015 on the afternoon Disney Junior segment on Disney Channel in Canada. by July 16, 2016, Lara Jill Miller (the voice of Henry) had tweeted that the series had ended its run after two seasons.

Premise
The series revolves around the daily life of a yellow monster named Henry Hugglemonster and his slightly anarchic but loving family, living in a village called Roarsville. Other places characters come from include Growlsberg and Growltown. Henry has a best friend named Denzel Dugglemonster and a monsterette friend named Gertie Growlerstein, who he spends time with. Apparently, almost everyone in Roarsville is a friendly and fun-loving monster. Henry's experiences with his family and friends often lead to problems, so Henry must use his problem-solving skills to try to find a way to solve the problems and conflicts he is presented with in his daily life. This gives him the opportunity to learn a valuable lesson every day. Every episode features one or more original songs.

Common Sense Media stated that many of the episodes include "basic preschool skills like counting and sequences".

Episodes

Characters

The characters in the series are primarily monsters and their pets (called Monsterpets).

The Hugglemonster family
 Henry Hugglemonster (voiced by Lara Jill Miller in the US and Teresa Gallagher in the UK) is a 5-year-old in Astrobix yellow monster whose horns resemble those of a jester's cap. He never backs down from a problem, because he believes he, his family, and his friends can "always find a way." His favorite sport is huggleball, a game similar to soccer, except that it is legal to carry the ball into the goal, and the ball sticks to the monsters' skin. He is energetic, and is able to do a one-hand hang with his left for at least 40 seconds. He often says "Roarsome!" and his family motto "Hugglemonsters always find a way!". His middle name is claimed to be "Alfonzo".
 Summer Hugglemonster (voiced by Hynden Walch) is Henry's sister who is over 7 years old. She has pink skin and she wears red shoes, or occasionally blue ones. Her hobbies are putting on plays, singing, dancing, writing and composing music and songs and cheerleading. She is flexible enough to do a left front split. She is also called Summerling but it is unclear if this is her full forename or a nickname. In the book, her name was Lola Hugglewug. Her friends include Izzy and Meg.
 Cobby Hugglemonster (voiced by Chiara Zanni in the US and voiced by Ben Whitehead in the UK) is the older brother of Henry (thus Ivor and Summer), who has cyan blue skin. Henry also nicknames him Cobster. He is 8 years old, which makes him the oldest child in the family. He is an inventor and his inventions sometimes come in handy in solving problems. Some of his inventions include making monster bots, and making his own Astrobix spaceship model, whom his friend Oscar likes to do as well. He is also the tallest sibling of the family.
 Ivor Hugglemonster (voiced by Kari Wahlgren in the US) is the baby of the family, who is now one year old, but still cannot talk yet, nor fly.
 Daddo Hugglemonster (voiced by Tom Kenny in the US and Lewis MacLeod in the UK) is a green monster mailman who can be a bit forgetful at times. His talent is a form of juggling called huggle-juggling, which he often does when making the family's famous dinner. He is the son of Nan-Oh and Grando, the husband of Momma and the father of Cobby, Summer, Henry and Ivor. He is also a scoutmaster assisted by Eduardo Enormonster.
 Grando Hugglemonster (voiced by Tom Kenny in the US and Ben Whitehead in the UK) is the husband of Nan-Oh, father of Daddo, and paternal grandfather of Cobby, Summer, Henry and Ivor.
 Swifty Hugglemonster is the grandfather of Grando, the great-grandfather of Daddo, the great-great-grandfather of Cobby, Summer, Henry, and Ivor, and former mayor of Roarsville, depicted on an old coin.
 Momma Hugglemonster (voiced by Lori Alan in the US and Morwenna Banks in the UK) is a pink monsterette and a talented musician who plays multiple instruments. She teaches monster kids piano lessons. She is the wife of Daddo and the mother of Cobby, Summer, Henry and Ivor.
 Nan-Oh Hugglemonster (voiced by Grey DeLisle in the US and Jen Pringle in the UK) is the wife of Grando, mother of Daddo and paternal grandmother of Cobby, Summer, Henry, and Ivor.
 Beckett Hugglemonster is the Hugglemonster family's pet monster dog who is male and orange.
 Harry Hugglemonster (voiced by Jessica DiCicco in the US) is Henry's cousin who has four arms and red skin. He once visited the Hugglemonsters in Thanksgiving, and started to cause some trouble. It is not clear which of his parents is a sibling of one of Henry's.
 Dexter Hugglemonster (voiced by Tom Kenny in the US) is Henry's uncle and Harry's dad. Dexter is also Daddo's older brother.
 Dee Hugglemonster (voiced by Jessica DiCicco in the US) is Henry's aunt and Harry's mom.

The Dugglemonster family
 Denzel Dugglemonster (voiced by Cree Summer in the US) is Henry's seven-year-old best friend (and Henry is his best friend as well). He has a passion for digging tunnels. He is white skinned, and has a brown ring around his right eye. His catchphrase is "Grr-ocious!". He appears fearful at times; being scared of his own nightmare in his sleep is one example. When he feels frightened, he would hastily dig a hole and hide there until his friends tell him it's okay. This usually happens when he mistakes something to a scary figure. It is possible that he might have a case of post-traumatic stress (or post-roarmatic stress). He claims that he has no siblings. He was the drummer of Roar Direction, a parody of the popular boy band, One Direction, formed by Henry and Summer.
 Herold Dugglemonster (voiced by Rob Paulsen in the US) is the father of Denzel who works as a baker. He has the same skin colors as Denzel.
 Maude Dugglemonster (voiced by Cree Summer in the US) is the mother of Denzel and the wife of Herold. She has the same skin colors as Herold and Denzel.
 Grammo Dugglemonster (voiced by Cree Summer in the US) is the grandmonster of Denzel, who was one of the rapping grandmas in "Knit-O-Bot". It is still unknown if she has mothered Maude or Herold.
 Gurgler Dugglemonster is the Dugglemonster's blue pet monster dog.
Denzel 3000 (voiced by Cree Summer in the US) was a robot that resembled Denzel Dugglemonster, in which Cobby had invented as a request from Henry after he and Denzel fought over two comic books.

The Growlerstein family
 Gertie Growlerstein (voiced by Grey Griffin in the US) is Henry's intelligent monsterette friend with orange skin and yellow little swirls around her body. She wears a watch on her left wrist and claims to never make mistakes. She is able to do a one-armed straddle planche on her right hand Henry refers to her as his pal.
 Milo Growlerstein (voiced by Hynden Walch in the US) is the little brother of Gertie. He looks similar (in terms of skin color), except he has two light blue horns, including another horn in the middle of his head that is curved to the left, light blue polka dots around his body, and bigger pupils. Milo feels that he is too young for anything than an older monster can do, yet he idolizes Henry as a big brother because he seems to always be there when he needs it.
 Gregor Growlerstein (voiced by Tom Kenny in the US) is the father of Gertie and Milo who works as a comic book vendor.
 Joyce Growlerstein (voiced by Hynden Walch in the US) is the loving mother of Gertie and Milo.
 Sneezo Growlerstein is the Growlerstein's female pet monster bird who sneezes often, hence the given name. She is mostly allergic to monsterflowers.

The Enormomonster family
collectively referred to in the show as "the Enormos".
 Estelle Enormomonster (voiced by Grey Griffin in the US and Chaniya Mahon in the UK) is a gentle giant who has purple skin, she's Henry's large, energetic, and optimistic friend. She appears much taller than Henry, in spite of being younger than him, not turning 5 years old until the second season. She also knows how to play the harp.
 Eduardo Enormomonster (voiced by Brian Blessed in the US) is Estelle and Hugo's dad. He serves as assistant scoutmaster to Daddo, and he also has an older brother even bigger than he is.
 Ernestine Enormomonster (aka Mrs. Enormomonster) (voiced by Brenda Blethyn in the US) is Estelle and Hugo's mother and the wife of Eduardo.
 Hugo Enormonster is Estelle's baby brother. He has navy blue skin and resembles his dad's head when he was a baby.
 Josh Enormomonster is Estelle and Hugo's uncle and the father of Eduardo. He has red skin with yellow and green stripes in his belly and yellow horns with green polka dots on his head.
 Flopster Enormomonster is Estelle's purple monster dog, who is larger than other monsterpets.

The Snifflemonster family
 Izzy Snifflemonster (voices by Kari Wahlgren in the US) is a yellow-purple monsterette that who is one of Summer's friends. She has six purple horns on her head. She has sneezing issues and sounds as if she has allergies (hence the name Snifflemonster), similar to Sneezo. She owns a pearl necklace that she wears all the time in all her appearances. She once has slept over at her place with Meg. She also has competed with Summer in singing. She is the only monsterette sibling in the family.
 Roberto Snifflemonster (voiced by Grey Griffin in the US) is a teal monster that has four horns (two horns on each side) and a darker teal stripe around his belly. He is one of Henry's closest friends and is slightly shorter than him. He also speaks in a Hispanic/Italian accent, unlike other monsters who speak in any human accent. It was mentioned that he has a grandmonster, but may not be clear if she is also the grandmonster for the other Snifflemonster siblings. Despite other monsters appearing with large fangs, Roberto's fangs are much shorter. He once copied Henry's race car before the Roaring Racers competition. He is the fourth member of the Monster Scouts.
Hunter Snifflemonster is Roberto's twin brother. He is a yellow monster with a red stripe around his body and red and yellow horns on his head.
 Oscar Snifflemonster (voiced by Cree Summer in the US) is a tall green monster, that has three yellow triangular horns with green stripes on it, and a yellow stripe around his body. He also has freckles like other monsters, except Henry. He is friends with Cobby and Gertie. Unlike Denzel and Cobby, he sounds like that of a teenager (in some countries like the US and Germany; possibly might be thirteen or older). He and Cobby have an interest in Astrobix, and he designed his own astrobix model, which is red and has triple turbo boosters. He once was Cobby's partner in the Roar-plane Racing competition.
Roy (voiced by Grey Griffin in the US) and Kelly Snifflemonster (voiced by Hynden Walch in the US) are two short yellow monster twins that only have one fang, like Ivor and Hugo, and are one of Henry and Milo's friends.

The Blobbymonster family
 Fergus Blobbymonster is Henry's friend who does not speak, but only babbles and gargles. He has light blue skin with pink polka dots around his body.
 Fergal Blobbymonster is Fergus's dad, who has darker skin than him. Just like Fergus, he never speaks, but babbles. In an episode, he and Fergus are eating ice cream when he accidentally dropped his on Fergus’ head.

Recurring characters
Forename and surname known
Roddy Cloudmonster (voiced by Tara Strong in the US) is Henry's mean red friend who can produce clouds using his breath, in which they can be used to hover around. He is a red monster with a blue oval on his torso, along with a very long and spiky tail. He sometimes laughs, “rah-hah!” with excitement or as a part of teasing a monster, mainly Henry and his friends.
Meg Munderclaw (voiced by Grey Griffin in the US) is a light green monsterette with four yellow stripes in her body and two long purple horns in two sides of her head. She is Summer's friend that attended her sleepover at her house with Izzy. After her pets and Henry's pets became romantically involved, Henry brought her a rose in his mouth (which she ate) and then Henry salsa stomped, tossed and dipped her and she ditched Summer and Izzy to go be alone with Henry in his room, suggesting that she might have a crush on Henry. She is Tilda's daughter.
 Matilda Munderclaw, also nicknamed Tilda, is a monsterette photographer. She has green and yellow stripes in her body. She later gets married to Signor Roartonio. Spelled Matilde in some TV listings.
Shakey Munderclaw  is Meg's female purple pet monster dog who has bells on her ears. She and Beckett once kissed while eating spaghetti together like in Lady and the Tramp.
Hildegard Howoooolermonster (voiced by Grey Griffin in the US) nicknamed "Hildy" to all her "Best Brain Buddies", is a tall glasses-wearing green skinned monsterette (Cobby calls her a "monster girl" in his song though) student who demonstrated a volcano that makes donuts at the science fair. She thinks Henry is "smart-a-rooni" but it is actually Cobby feeding him words. She is the tallest monster kid Henry has known, taller than Oscar.
Isabella Roarson (voiced by Geri Halliwell) is Summer's pop star idol. Summer claims to be her "number one fan" who had printed hundreds of copies of her autograph.
 Selena Songmonster is the camp counselor of Rock N’ Roar Music Camp. She is blue-skinned with lighter blue stripes in her belly, wears pink lipstick, and has two blue horns resembling long hair. In one episode, she praised Izzy over Summer during their overconfident competition, and picked her to sing in the Spotlight Solo.
Mimi Monstermouth (voiced by Joan Rivers) is a wisecracking and talented pastry chef and a daycare teacher known for baking cakes, pies, and other desserts, who knows all about babies She is purple-skinned and has blonde hair, whom may be the only monster known to have hair.
Santa Claws is a chubby elderly monster who comes every Hugglemas, giving toys and gifts to good monsters and monsterettes.

Surname known
 Mr. Growl (voiced by Tim Whitnall in the UK) is a judge from Grr Factor (which is a parody of The X Factor) who once visited the Hugglemonsters. He is light blue-skinned and has purple and blue zigzags on his torso.
 Mrs. Growlburg or Growlberg is Henry's teacher that has blue and yellow stripes, a purple necklace, six nose freckles and pink makeup.
 Officer Higgins (voiced by Tom Kenny in the US) is a patrol officer. He is light blue skinned and wears a patrol hat. He often wears a whistle around him in case any monster or monsterette commits a crime or violate a rule in the town.
 Mayor Roariani (voiced by Tara Strong in the US) is the mayor of Roarsville. Prior to her was Swifty Hugglemonster. She once left Henry in charge upon realizing she had an emergency meeting in Growlsburg. She is a tall monsterette with has three eyes, blue afro hair, and a ribbon.
Signor Roartonio  (voiced by Tom Kenny in the US) is a blue monster who is the owner of an Italian restaurant in Roarsville. He uses phrases from the Italian language and makes Italian cuisine. He was then married to Matilda.
Smooth Henry, Monsterspeed Henry, and Mad Rhymes Henry were three clones of Henry himself after discovering Cobby's invention, “The Cobby Copytron,” as he realized he has three play dates (with Denzel, Estelle, and Summer) all at the same time.
 Mr. Winklemonster (voiced by Tom Kenny in the US) is an indigo monster who sells toys in Roarsville. He wears a green bowler hat and glasses.
The Operator (voiced by Rob Paulsen in the US) is a big blue monster with red and cyan horns on his head and red and cyan stripes in his belly. He wears a red hat.

Forename known
Hollander aka Captain Hollander (voiced by Rob Paulsen in the US) is an airship pilot. He is blue striped skinned and has a green oval in his torso. He is hard of hearing and tends to mishear what others say to him. He speaks and sings in a tenor voice. He claims that his name is not Jerry and that he loves ducks.
Max is Milo's friend, whom was only mentioned by Gertie.
Eva is Max's sister. She once said she saw a Sno-Grr in Mount Roarsome.
 Irving (voiced by Grey Griffin in the US) is the owner of the Pet Palace and once a bike shop in Roarsville. He has a round yellow belly, striped red and yellow horns and has a yellow nose He is also a talented musician who can play many instruments. He is often referred to as "Irv".
 Mini-Monsters are blue puffy puffball-like pets that bounce and make squeaky sounds; they have no mouth, big eyes, and green/blue striped horns on their heads. They were purchased by the Hugglemonster kids as a gift for Momma.
Three-Eyed Rhett (voiced by Diedrich Bader in the US) is a yellow monster whom was a new classmate that Henry guides in Monsterschool. He is even larger than Estelle, and as his name suggests, he has three eyes. He wears a cowboy hat which he is shy about taking off because he doesn't have any horns. The hat itself has fake horns coming out of it.
The Mighty Roarhammer (voiced by Tom Kenny in the US) is a superhero from a comic that Henry and his friends love to read. They once thought of their own comic that continues from the previous issue, which ended with a cliffhanger. His name is a reference to The Mighty Thor.
Captain Stomper is Henry's superhero alter-ego (or, sometimes, a superhero that looks exactly like Henry), who appeared twice in two episodes. In his first appearance, he wore a red mask, red gloves, and blue boots. A hammer is shown on his torso in replace of the ordinary blue and green stripes. Later, he wore a red mask, red gloves, blue suit, blue underwear, blue giant boots, and a red cape. Captain Stomper's superpower is self-explanatory considering his surname: stomping. Doing said power can shake the ground vigorously for a moment, destroying everything that stands.
Grrocious Diggity Monster(also known as Super Diggity) is Denzel's superhero alter-ego, and is the first of Captain Stomper's three superhero sidekicks. He wears a dark blue mask, gloves, belt, boots, and cape. Denzel at first was not fond of superhero underwear, but soon he finds them cool to wear. Nonetheless, he claims to have a pair of blue superhero underwear, but it does not appear in the series, although that he and his superhero alter-ego might’ve worn it in the future. His superpower is drilling through tunnels with his hands, similar to his major life interest. This power can also be used for dodging any incoming attack.
The Tick-Tockster is Gertie's superhero alter-ego, and is the second member of Captain Stomper's sidekicks. Her costume is a working clock, which her hands resemble the hands you see in an actual clock. Her superpower is forwarding or reversing time, making enemies around her dizzy or floored.
Excito-Monster is Estelle's superhero alter-ego and is the third and final member of Captain Stomper's sidekicks. Her superpower is strength. She is attired in a yellow face mask, gloves, blue mask, and dark red boots.
Princess Pirouette is Summer's princess alter-ego who wore a blue hat, blue skirt with a yellow star, and pink shoes. The main villain of this made-up comic trapped her inside a sealed cage before having saved in time by both Captain Stomper and The Mighty Roarhammer.
 Sonic Growl is a rock group who performed one of their greatest hits "Follow Your Monsterdream" with the Hugglemonster family. The members of the group are:
Shred (lead guitar, voiced by Jess Harnell in the US)
Fred (bass guitar voiced by Rob Paulsen in the US)
Ted (drums voiced by Tom Kenny in the US)

Other monsters

Ben (voiced by Cree Summer in the US) is a purple monster with an orange oval on torso, along with five yellow circles, and orange/yellow striped horns on his head. He had two alternative voices: one sounding like an average teenager, and the other in a Southern style accent. In spite of being a background character in the show, he has only said one line.
Kirby is a cyan monster with blue and cyan horns on his head; a clone of Ben. Just like Ben, he only says one line throughout the entire series.
 Stanley is an orange monster who has blue horns on his head and blue polka dots around his body. His fangs are very similar to Denzel as they are only grown on the bottom of his mouth. He also has light blue spikes from back to tail, which is a little longer than the other monsters. The style of his head can be used in the “Monster Maker” activity game, as well as his horns.
Rusty is a purple-skinned monster who has light blue horns in his head blue polka dots in his body and blue horns on his back; a clone of Stanley. He spoke one line in one episode.
Chris is a green monster, who wears red striped shorts; another clone of Ben, except a little shorter. On the second season, he is seen without them, and are only used for swimming. He has a brown-striped oval on his torso, as well as blue-striped horns on his head. He and Ben were seen talking about skateboarding for a second.
Kayla (voiced by Grey Griffin in the US) is a light green monsterette with pink and blue stripes on her belly.
Marasol (voiced by Grey Griffin in the US) is a cyan monsterette; a clone of Meg.
Gus (voiced by Hynden Walch in the US) is a little indigo monster; a clone of Milo. He appeared in one major scene: he mistakenly thanked Henry for bringing his ball back down from atop a jungle gym, when it was actually Roddy who brought his ball down.
Tommy is a little red monster with cyan polka dots around his body and blue horns on his head; another clone of Milo. He was seen once where he, Gus, and other identical figures of Milo scored a point in the Fall season of the soccer games, and won over the Rovers.
Frank (voiced by Grey Griffin in the US) is a beige monster with orange/yellow stripes in his belly and orange/yellow horns on his head; another clone of Ben.
Jessie (voiced by Grey Griffin in the US) is a beige monsterette with the same textures as Frank.

Locations
Roarsville is the main setting of the show; a small valley where monsters and monsterettes live.
Growlsburg is a town where the Hugglemonsters visited to see the reunion concert of Sonic Growl.
Growltown is another town where Three Eyed Rhett moved from. It is believed to be a town where scary monsters live, according to Roddy.
Rainbow Falls is a river where monsters and monsterettes can go fishing, boating, and other activities. It includes a few mountains, a waterfall, and a rainbow in the background. The myth of the Spooky River Monster takes place here, which had Denzel frightened at first before realizing it never existed.
The Roarsville Bike Shop is a small shop owned by Irving. This is Cobby's first job location, to help sell his new invention, The Cobby Comfort Cruiser.
The Roarsville Bakery is a pastry shop where Denzel's father works. The building resembles a pink cupcake with magenta polka dots around it, a red cherry on top, and another cupcake designed as a second story with windows.
The Roarsville Café is an Italian restaurant owned by Signor Roartonio (and the only restaurant known in Roarsville) where monsters can order usually basic Italian cuisines such as pizza, spaghetti, and cannolis. Cobby’s second job was at this location.
Hugglemonster Towers is believed to be the city hall of Roarsville. This is where the mayor makes her announcements to the public. A giant orange clock is shown on top of the tower. In one episode, an aluminum rain pipe was included for Henry to grasp and cling onto as the wind tried to blow him off the building—while saving the monsterpets from an airship that took off without its pilot.
Monsterschool is an elementary school. The science fair takes place here.
Mount Roarsmore is a snow-covered mountain located miles from Roarsville. Henry and his friends had visited there a few times to play in the snow.
Roarsville's Monster Wave Park is a water park at Roarsville, where Henry and his friends go swimming. It has a giant water slide designed as a green-striped dragon's long tongue, a bridge, and a pool that generates large waves for surfing.
The Glimmergrove is a fairy-tale venue where Henry and his mother stumbled upon after a magical bird feather touched the ground, causing the mother and son to wind up here.
The Monster Moon is a fictional astronomical body the Hugglemonster house landed after Henry accidentally blasted the family and Denzel into outer space during Cobby's Huggleween party. They were able to survive without visible protection on the Monster Moon, which had no apparent atmosphere, suggesting that monsters and monsterettes can resist the vacuum of outer space and, if they have to breathe or are required to hold their breath, they can hold their breath for extended periods of time.While driving across craters and peeking inside them in search of Beckett, Denzel and Henry get abducted by real giant aliens as they were mistaken for two shorter aliens that completely resembled their Halloween costumes.
Rock N’ Roar Music Camp is a summer camp where young monsters and monsterettes go to have fun, play music, and more importantly, cherish music in their hearts. The campsite contains a pond with several brass-playing canoes (called “music-canoes”), four red cabins, a giant trampoline designed as a drum set, a sing-along gathering, and a stage where one monster—with the most music in his/her heart—can perform a song solo at night, known as the Spotlight Solo.
The Monster Scare Fair is an amusement park Henry and his classmates visited for their field trip. Denzel was not fond of it due to the frightening images among him.
The Airship takes monsters to the following locations above. It is a red blimp, except the balloon is much smaller than the gondola. It also has a metal rudder connected behind the back window, similar to a boat. Captain Hollander pilots the airship, and is so far one of the very few major transportation methods in Roarsville besides bikes, canoes, and skateboards. Henry once saved the airship from going out-of-control. He first grasped on the metal rudder, climbed up the rudder to pull out the cork of the balloon, carefully slides down the rudder to enter the airship, and landed the airship safely on a pond.

Home media
Home media is distributed by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment.


Hair loss

Hair loss, also known as alopecia or baldness, refers to a loss of hair from part of the head or body. Typically at least the head is involved. The severity of hair loss can vary from a small area to the entire body. Inflammation or scarring is not usually present. Hair loss in some people causes psychological distress.

Common types include: male-pattern hair loss, female-pattern hair loss, alopecia areata, and a thinning of hair known as telogen effluvium. The cause of male-pattern hair loss is a combination of genetics and male hormones, the cause of female pattern hair loss is unclear, the cause of alopecia areata is autoimmune, and the cause of telogen effluvium is typically a physically or psychologically stressful event. Telogen effluvium is very common following pregnancy.

Less common causes of hair loss without inflammation or scarring include the pulling out of hair, certain medications including chemotherapy, HIV/AIDS, hypothyroidism, and malnutrition including iron deficiency. Causes of hair loss that occurs with scarring or inflammation include fungal infection, lupus erythematosus, radiation therapy, and sarcoidosis. Diagnosis of hair loss is partly based on the areas affected.

Treatment of pattern hair loss may simply involve accepting the condition. Interventions that can be tried include the medications minoxidil (or finasteride) and hair transplant surgery. Alopecia areata may be treated by steroid injections in the affected area, but these need to be frequently repeated to be effective. Hair loss is a common problem. Pattern hair loss by age 50 affects about half of males and a quarter of females. About 2% of people develop alopecia areata at some point in time.

Terminology
Baldness is the partial or complete lack of hair growth, and part of the wider topic of "hair thinning". The degree and pattern of baldness varies, but its most common cause is androgenic hair loss, alopecia androgenetica, or alopecia seborrheica, with the last term primarily used in Europe.

Hypotrichosis
Hypotrichosis is a condition of abnormal hair patterns, predominantly loss or reduction. It occurs, most frequently, by the growth of vellus hair in areas of the body that normally produce terminal hair. Typically, the individual's hair growth is normal after birth, but shortly thereafter the hair is shed and replaced with sparse, abnormal hair growth. The new hair is typically fine, short and brittle, and may lack pigmentation. Baldness may be present by the time the subject is 25 years old.

Signs and symptoms

Symptoms of hair loss include hair loss in patches usually in circular patterns, dandruff, skin lesions, and scarring. Alopecia areata (mild – medium level) usually shows in unusual hair loss areas, e.g., eyebrows, backside of the head or above the ears, areas the male pattern baldness usually does not affect. In male-pattern hair loss, loss and thinning begin at the temples and the crown and hair either thins out or falls out. Female-pattern hair loss occurs at the frontal and parietal.

People have between 100,000 and 150,000 hairs on their head. The number of strands normally lost in a day varies but on average is 100. In order to maintain a normal volume, hair must be replaced at the same rate at which it is lost. The first signs of hair thinning that people will often notice are more hairs than usual left in the hairbrush after brushing or in the basin after shampooing. Styling can also reveal areas of thinning, such as a wider parting or a thinning crown.

Skin conditions
A substantially blemished face, back and limbs could point to cystic acne. The most severe form of the condition, cystic acne, arises from the same hormonal imbalances that cause hair loss and is associated with dihydrotestosterone production.  Seborrheic dermatitis, a condition in which an excessive amount of sebum is produced and builds up on the scalp (looking like an adult cradle cap), is also a symptom of hormonal imbalances, as is an excessively oily or dry scalp. Both can cause hair thinning.

Psychological
Hair thinning and baldness cause psychological stress due to their effect on appearance. Although societal interest in appearance has a long history, this particular branch of psychology came into its own during the 1960s and has gained momentum as messages associating physical attractiveness with success and happiness grow more prevalent.

The psychology of hair thinning is a complex issue. Hair is considered an essential part of overall identity: especially for women, for whom it often represents femininity and attractiveness. Men typically associate a full head of hair with youth and vigor. Although they may be aware of pattern baldness in their family, many are uncomfortable talking about the issue. Hair thinning is therefore a sensitive issue for both sexes. For sufferers, it can represent a loss of control and feelings of isolation. People experiencing hair thinning often find themselves in a situation where their physical appearance is at odds with their own self-image and commonly worry that they appear older than they are or less attractive to others. Psychological problems due to baldness, if present, are typically most severe at the onset of symptoms.

Hair loss induced by cancer chemotherapy has been reported to cause changes in self-concept and body image. Body image does not return to the previous state after regrowth of hair for a majority of patients. In such cases, patients have difficulties expressing their feelings (alexithymia) and may be more prone to avoiding family conflicts. Family therapy can help families to cope with these psychological problems if they arise.

Causes
Although not completely understood, hair loss can have many causes:

Pattern hair loss

Male pattern hair loss is believed to be due to a combination of genetics and the male hormone dihydrotestosterone. The cause in female pattern hair loss remains unclear.

Infection
 Dissecting cellulitis
 Fungal infections (such as tinea capitis)
 Folliculitis
 Secondary syphilis
 Demodex folliculorum, a microscopic mite that feeds on the sebum produced by the sebaceous glands, denies hair essential nutrients and can cause thinning. Demodex folliculorum is not present on every scalp and is more likely to live in an excessively oily scalp environment.

Drugs
 Temporary or permanent hair loss can be caused by several medications, including those for blood pressure problems, diabetes, heart disease and cholesterol. Any that affect the body's hormone balance can have a pronounced effect: these include the contraceptive pill, hormone replacement therapy, steroids and acne medications.
 Some treatments used to cure mycotic infections can cause massive hair loss.
 Medications (side effects from drugs, including chemotherapy, anabolic steroids, and birth control pills)

Trauma
 Traction alopecia is most commonly found in people with ponytails or cornrows who pull on their hair with excessive force. In addition, rigorous brushing and heat styling, rough scalp massage can damage the cuticle, the hard outer casing of the hair. This causes individual strands to become weak and break off, reducing overall hair volume.
 Frictional alopecia is hair loss caused by rubbing of the hair or follicles, most infamously around the ankles of men from socks, where even if socks are no longer worn, the hair often will not grow back.
 Trichotillomania is the loss of hair caused by compulsive pulling and bending of the hairs. Onset of this disorder tends to begin around the onset of puberty and usually continues through adulthood.  Due to the constant extraction of the hair roots, permanent hair loss can occur.
 Traumas such as childbirth, major surgery, poisoning, and severe stress may cause a hair loss condition known as telogen effluvium, in which a large number of hairs enter the resting phase at the same time, causing shedding and subsequent thinning. The condition also presents as a side effect of chemotherapy – while targeting dividing cancer cells, this treatment also affects hair's growth phase with the result that almost 90% of hairs fall out soon after chemotherapy starts.
 Radiation to the scalp, as when radiotherapy is applied to the head for the treatment of certain cancers there, can cause baldness of the irradiated areas.

Pregnancy
Hair loss often follows childbirth in the postpartum period without causing baldness. In this situation, the hair is actually thicker during pregnancy owing to increased circulating oestrogens. Approximately three months after giving birth (typically between 2 and 5 months), oestrogen levels drop and hair loss occurs, often particularly noticeably around the hairline and temple area. Hair typically grows back normally and treatment is not indicated. A similar situation occurs in women taking the fertility-stimulating drug clomiphene.

Other causes
 Alopecia areata is an autoimmune disorder also known as "spot baldness" that can result in hair loss ranging from just one location (Alopecia areata monolocularis) to every hair on the entire body (Alopecia areata universalis). Although thought to be caused by hair follicles becoming dormant, what triggers alopecia areata is not known. In most cases the condition corrects itself, but it can also spread to the entire scalp (alopecia totalis) or to the entire body (alopecia universalis).
 Localized or diffuse hair loss may also occur in cicatricial alopecia (lupus erythematosus, lichen plano pilaris, folliculitis decalvans, central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia, postmenopausal frontal fibrosing alopecia, etc.). Tumours and skin outgrowths also induce localized baldness (sebaceous nevus, basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma).
 Hypothyroidism (an under-active thyroid) and the side effects of its related medications can cause hair loss, typically frontal, which is particularly associated with thinning of the outer third of the eyebrows (also seen with syphilis). Hyperthyroidism (an over-active thyroid) can also cause hair loss, which is parietal rather than frontal.
 Temporary loss of hair can occur in areas where sebaceous cysts are present for considerable duration (normally one to several weeks).
 Congenital triangular alopecia – It is a triangular, or oval in some cases, shaped patch of hair loss in the temple area of the scalp that occurs mostly in young children. The affected area mainly contains vellus hair follicles or no hair follicles at all, but it does not expand. Its causes are unknown, and although it is a permanent condition, it does not have any other effect on the affected individuals.
 Gradual thinning of hair with age is a natural condition known as involutional alopecia. This is caused by an increasing number of hair follicles switching from the growth, or anagen, phase into a resting phase, or telogen phase, so that remaining hairs become shorter and fewer in number.
 An unhealthy scalp environment can play a significant role in hair thinning by contributing to miniaturization or causing damage. Air and water pollutants, environmental toxins, conventional styling products and excessive amounts of sebum have the potential to build up on the scalp.. This debris can block hair follicles and cause their deterioration and consequent miniaturization of hair.. It can also physically restrict hair growth or damage the hair cuticle, leading to hair that is weakened and easily broken off before its natural lifecycle has ended.

Other causes of hair loss include:
 Alopecia mucinosa
 Biotinidase deficiency
 Chronic inflammation
 Diabetes
 Lupus erythematosus
 Pseudopelade of Brocq
 Telogen effluvium
 Tufted folliculitis

Genetics
Genetic forms of localized autosomal recessive hypotrichosis include:

Pathophysiology
Hair follicle growth occurs in cycles. Each cycle consists of a long growing phase (anagen), a short transitional phase (catagen) and a short resting phase (telogen). At the end of the resting phase, the hair falls out (exogen) and a new hair starts growing in the follicle beginning the cycle again.

Normally, about 40 (0–78 in men) hairs reach the end of their resting phase each day and fall out.  When more than 100 hairs fall out per day, clinical hair loss (telogen effluvium) may occur. A disruption of the growing phase causes abnormal loss of anagen hairs (anagen effluvium).

Diagnosis
Because they are not usually associated with an increased loss rate, male-pattern and female-pattern hair loss do not generally require testing. If hair loss occurs in a young man with no family history, drug use could be the cause.
 The pull test helps to evaluate diffuse scalp hair loss. Gentle traction is exerted on a group of hairs (about 40–60) on three different areas of the scalp. The number of extracted hairs is counted and examined under a microscope. Normally, fewer than three hairs per area should come out with each pull. If more than ten hairs are obtained, the pull test is considered positive.
 The pluck test is conducted by pulling hair out "by the roots". The root of the plucked hair is examined under a microscope to determine the phase of growth, and is used to diagnose a defect of telogen, anagen, or systemic disease. Telogen hairs have tiny bulbs without sheaths at their roots. Telogen effluvium shows an increased percentage of hairs upon examination. Anagen hairs have sheaths attached to their roots. Anagen effluvium shows a decrease in telogen-phase hairs and an increased number of broken hairs.
 Scalp biopsy is used when the diagnosis is unsure; a biopsy allows for differing between scarring and nonscarring forms. Hair samples are taken from areas of inflammation, usually around the border of the bald patch.
 Daily hair counts are normally done when the pull test is negative. It is done by counting the number of hairs lost. The hair from the first morning combing or during washing should be counted. The hair is collected in a clear plastic bag for 14 days. The strands are recorded. If the hair count is >100/day, it is considered abnormal except after shampooing, where hair counts will be up to 250 and be normal.
 Trichoscopy is a noninvasive method of examining hair and scalp. The test may be performed with the use of a handheld dermoscope or a video dermoscope. It allows differential diagnosis of hair loss in most cases.

There are two types of identification tests for female pattern baldness: the Ludwig Scale and the Savin Scale. Both track the progress of diffused thinning, which typically begins on the crown of the head behind the hairline, and becomes gradually more pronounced. For male pattern baldness, the Hamilton–Norwood scale tracks the progress of a receding hairline and/or a thinning crown, through to a horseshoe-shaped ring of hair around the head and on to total baldness.

In almost all cases of thinning, and especially in cases of severe hair loss, it is recommended to seek advice from a doctor or dermatologist. Many types of thinning have an underlying genetic or health-related cause, which a qualified professional will be able to diagnose.

Management

Hiding hair loss

Head
One method of hiding hair loss is the "comb over", which involves restyling the remaining hair to cover the balding area. It is usually a temporary solution, useful only while the area of hair loss is small. As the hair loss increases, a comb over becomes less effective.

Another method is to wear a hat or a hairpiece—a wig or toupee. The wig is a layer of artificial or natural hair made to resemble a typical hair style. In most cases the hair is artificial. Wigs vary widely in quality and cost. In the United States, the best wigs—those that look like real hair—cost up to tens of thousands of dollars. Organizations also collect individuals' donations of their own natural hair to be made into wigs for young cancer patients who have lost their hair due to chemotherapy or other cancer treatment in addition to any type of hair loss.

Eyebrows
Though not as common as the loss of hair on the head, chemotherapy, hormone imbalance, forms of hair loss, and other factors can also cause loss of hair in the eyebrows. Loss of growth in the outer one third of the eyebrow is often associated with hypothyroidism. Artificial eyebrows are available to replace missing eyebrows or to cover patchy eyebrows. Eyebrow embroidery is another option which involves the use of a blade to add pigment to the eyebrows. This gives a natural 3D look for those who are worried about an artificial look and it lasts for two years. Micropigmentation (permanent makeup tattooing) is also available for those who want the look to be permanent.

Medications
Treatments for the various forms of hair loss have limited success. Three medications have evidence to support their use in male pattern hair loss: minoxidil, finasteride, and dutasteride. They typically work better to prevent further hair loss, than to regrow lost hair.

 Minoxidil (Rogaine) is a nonprescription medication approved for male pattern baldness and alopecia areata. In a liquid or foam, it is rubbed into the scalp twice a day. Some people have an allergic reaction to the propylene glycol in the minoxidil solution and a minoxidil foam was developed without propylene glycol. Not all users will regrow hair.  The longer the hair has stopped growing, the less likely minoxidil will regrow hair. Minoxidil is not effective for other causes of hair loss. Hair regrowth can take 1 to 6 months to begin. Treatment must be continued indefinitely. If the treatment is stopped, hair loss resumes. Any regrown hair and any hair susceptible to being lost, while Minoxidil was used, will be lost. Most frequent side effects are mild scalp irritation, allergic contact dermatitis, and unwanted hair in other parts of the body.
 Finasteride (Propecia) is used in male-pattern hair loss in a pill form, taken 1 milligram per day. It is not indicated for women and is not recommended in pregnant women. Treatment is effective starting within 6 weeks of treatment. Finasteride causes an increase in hair retention, the weight of hair, and some increase in regrowth. Side effects in about 2% of males, include decreased sex drive, erectile dysfunction, and ejaculatory dysfunction. Treatment should be continued as long as positive results occur. Once treatment is stopped, hair loss resumes.
 Corticosteroids injections into the scalp can be used to treat alopecia areata. This type of treatment is repeated on a monthly basis. Oral pills for extensive hair loss may be used for alopecia areata. Results may take up to a month to be seen.
 Immunosuppressants applied to the scalp have been shown to temporarily reverse alopecia areata, though the side effects of some of these drugs make such therapy questionable.
 There is some tentative evidence that anthralin may be useful for treating alopecia areata.
 Hormonal modulators (oral contraceptives or antiandrogens such as  spironolactone and flutamide) can be used for female-pattern hair loss associated with hyperandrogenemia.

Surgery
Hair transplantation is usually carried out under local anaesthetic. A surgeon will move healthy hair from the back and sides of the head to areas of thinning. The procedure can take between four and eight hours, and additional sessions can be carried out to make hair even thicker. Transplanted hair falls out within a few weeks, but regrows permanently within months. Hair transplants, takes tiny plugs of skin, each which contains a few hairs, and implants the plugs into bald sections. The plugs are generally taken from the back or sides of the scalp. Several transplant sessions may be necessary.
 Surgical options, such as follicle transplants, scalp flaps, and hair loss reduction, are available. These procedures are generally chosen by those who are self-conscious about their hair loss, but they are expensive and painful, with a risk of infection and scarring. Once surgery has occurred, six to eight months are needed before the quality of new hair can be assessed.
 Scalp reduction is the process is the decreasing of the area of bald skin on the head. In time, the skin on the head becomes flexible and stretched enough that some of it can be surgically removed. After the hairless scalp is removed, the space is closed with hair-covered scalp. Scalp reduction is generally done in combination with hair transplantation to provide a natural-looking hairline, especially those with extensive hair loss.
 Hairline lowering can sometimes be used to lower a high hairline secondary to hair loss, although there may be a visible scar after further hair loss.
 Wigs are an alternative to medical and surgical treatment; some patients wear a wig or hairpiece. They can be used permanently or temporarily to cover the hair loss. High-quality,  natural-looking wigs and hairpieces are available.

Chemotherapy
Hypothermia caps may be useful to prevent hair loss during some kinds of chemotherapy, specifically when tazanes or anthracyclines are used. It should not be used when cancer is present in the skin of the scalp or for lymphoma or leukemia. There are generally only minor side effects from treatment.

Embracing baldness

Instead of concealing hair loss, some may embrace it by shaving their head. A shaved head will grow stubble in the same manner and at the same rate as a shaved face. The general public has become accepting of the shaved head as well, though female baldness can be considered less socially acceptable in various parts of the world.

Alternative medicine
Dietary supplements are not typically recommended. There is only one small trial of saw palmetto which shows tentative benefit in those with  mild to moderate androgenetic alopecia. There is no evidence for biotin. Evidence for most other produces is also insufficient. There was no good evidence for ginkgo, aloe vera, ginseng, bergamot, hibiscus, or sorphora as of 2011.

Many people use unproven treatments. Egg oil, in Indian, Japanese, Unani (Roghan Baiza Murgh) and Chinese traditional medicine, was traditionally used as a treatment for hair loss.

Research
Research is looking into connections between hair loss and other health issues. While there has been speculation about a connection between early-onset male pattern hair loss and heart disease, a review of articles from 1954 to 1999 found no conclusive connection between baldness and coronary artery disease. The dermatologists who conducted the review suggested further study was needed.

Environmental factors are under review. A 2007 study indicated that smoking may be a factor associated with age-related hair loss among Asian men. The study controlled for age and family history, and found statistically significant positive associations between moderate or severe male pattern hairloss and smoking status.

Vertex baldness is associated with an increased risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) and the relationship depends upon the severity of baldness, while frontal baldness is not. Thus, vertex baldness might be a marker of CHD and is more closely associated with atherosclerosis than frontal baldness.

Hair follicle aging

A key aspect of hair loss with age is the aging of the hair follicle.  Ordinarily, hair follicle renewal is maintained by the stem cells associated with each follicle.  Aging of the hair follicle appears to be primed by a sustained cellular response to the DNA damage that accumulates in renewing stem cells during aging.  This damage response involves the proteolysis of type XVII collagen by neutrophil elastase in response to the DNA damage in the hair follicle stem cells.  Proteolysis of collagen leads to elimination of the damaged cells and then to terminal hair follicle miniaturization.

Etymology
The term alopecia () is from the Classical Greek ἀλώπηξ, alōpēx, meaning "fox". The origin of this usage is because this animal sheds its coat twice a year, or because in ancient Greece foxes often lost hair because of mange.

The term bald likely derives from the English word balde, which means "white, pale" or Celtic ball, which means "white patch or blaze", such as on a horse's head.


WorldWinner

WorldWinner is a cross-platform, skill-based games community that operates competitive cash tournaments for web, mobile web, and mobile (iOS and Android) platforms. Games include Solitaire Rush, Wheel of Fortune, SCRABBLE Cubes, and Two Dots. In 2018, WorldWinner launched Angry Birds Champions, the official cash tournament version of Rovio Entertainment's Angry Birds.

WorldWinner is based in Boston, Massachusetts, United States and operates under the Game Show Network’s GSN Games division.

History
Worldwinner was founded in 1999 in Newton, Massachusetts by Alex Bloom (formerly Saidakovsky), Alex Ganelis, and Daniil Utin, raising over $17 million from leading venture capital firms, including HarbourVest Partners and Benchmark Capital.

WorldWinner launched on August 17, 2000 as the first online gaming destination allowing participants to compete in skill-based tournaments for real-money winnings. The company established partnerships with leading casual games sites, including Yahoo!, EA, Pogo, iWon, PAX TV, WildTangent, and Shockwave. By 2002, WorldWinner was hosting more than two million tournaments per month, with more than $100,000 in daily cash winnings.

From 2000 to 2004, WorldWinner reported a revenue increase of 2,386 percent, earning the number six spot on the Technology Fast 50 for New England. During that time, Saidakovsky, Ganelis, and Utin obtained a patent for their tournament technology. By 2004, WorldWinner had over 14 million registered players worldwide, hosting more than four million tournaments and awarding millions of dollars in prizes every month.

In March 2006, WorldWinner was acquired by FUN Technologies and merged with SkillJam into WorldWinner, dropping the SkillJam brand.

In December 2007, Liberty Media acquired FUN Technologies in a transaction valuing the company at $484 million. As a result of the acquisition, WorldWinner integrated with the Liberty-owned Game Show Network, and FUN Technologies was discontinued as a brand. WorldWinner rebranded to GSN Cash Games in 2013. The company also launched its mobile web offering (GSN Cash Games Mobile) in 2014, allowing players to compete in cash tournaments on mobile devices.

In 2017, GSN Cash Games re-branded back to WorldWinner, simultaneously launching a cash tournament version of Solitaire TriPeaks, based on the Solitaire TriPeaks app by GSN Games.

In July 2017, WorldWinner launched its iOS app, followed by Android in May 2018.

As of June 2018, WorldWinner is no longer available in the EU.

Cash tournament model
WorldWinner hosts different types of cash tournaments with varying player pools, prize pools, entry fees, and difficulty level. Players are matched with other players of similar skill. Unlike gambling games that, from a legal standpoint, feature the elements of chance, prize, and consideration, WorldWinner games are modified so that player skill (as opposed to chance or luck) is the predominant factor in performance and winnings.

WorldWinner also offers free Warm-Up tournaments.

Games
WorldWinner's portfolio includes online and mobile games based on popular card games, puzzle games, word games, board games, TV game show games, arcade games, and match-three games.

Charitable donations
WorldWinner and GSN Games have collectively supported many nonprofit groups, donating a portion of tournament entry fees to organizations such as Toys for Tots, the Susan G. Komen Breast Cancer Foundation, the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), the Alzheimer's Foundation of America, and the Pediatric Brain Tumor Foundation.


Yablonovka

Yablonovka () is the name of several rural localities in Russia:
Yablonovka, Chuvash Republic, a village in Chukalskoye Rural Settlement of Shemurshinsky District of the Chuvash Republic
Yablonovka, Gvardeysky District, Kaliningrad Oblast, a settlement in Slavinsky Rural Okrug of Gvardeysky District of Kaliningrad Oblast
Yablonovka, Ozyorsky District, Kaliningrad Oblast, a settlement in Gavrilovsky Rural Okrug of Ozyorsky District of Kaliningrad Oblast
Yablonovka, Kaluga Oblast, a village in Maloyaroslavetsky District of Kaluga Oblast
Yablonovka, Leningrad Oblast, a logging depot settlement in Gromovskoye Settlement Municipal Formation of Priozersky District of Leningrad Oblast
Yablonovka, Novgorod Oblast, a rural locality classified as a railway station under the administrative jurisdiction of Uglovskoye Settlement in Okulovsky District of Novgorod Oblast
Yablonovka, Omsk Oblast, a village in Krasnoyarsky Rural Okrug of Sherbakulsky District of Omsk Oblast
Yablonovka, Primorsky Krai, a selo in Yakovlevsky District of Primorsky Krai
Yablonovka, Saratov Oblast, a selo in Rovensky District of Saratov Oblast


HERMES experiment

HERMES was an experiment conducted using the HERA particle accelerator located at DESY in Hamburg. The experiment's goal was to investigate the quark-gluon structure of matter by examining how a nucleon's constituents affect its spin. HERMES completed its first run between 1995 and 2000, and a second run began in 2001 and ended during the summer of 2007.

HERMES was conducted by scientists from more than 13 countries.

Method

Polarized electrons are fired at polarized gas targets. The virtual photon emitted by the electron is also polarized and so seeks out quarks of spin in the opposite direction as the photon. The asymmetry of ejected quarks is found to deduce the net polarisation of the quarks.

UGFS

The unpolarized gas feed system was used for non polarized "end of fill" or heavy target running before the polarized target was removed in 2003. Afterwards the UGFS supplied the target gasses in the new detector configuration.