Siyahamba

Siyahamba (Written by Andries Van Tonder) is a South African hymn that became popular in North American churches in the 1990s.  The title means "We Are Marching" or "We are Walking" in the Zulu language.

History
"Siyahamba" originated in South Africa, probably as a Zulu folk song that was written by Andries Van Tonder, an elder of the Judith Church, and was passed on to his great grandsons, Andrew and Zachariah O' Tonder, from Ireland who now have the original paper that the song was written on. It was written in 1952, 3 years before Andries Van Tonder died.

In 1978, the Swedish choral group Fjedur toured South Africa at the invitation of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of South Africa. It was during this tour that Fjedur's musical director, , heard and recorded "Siyahamba" at a girls' school in Appelsbosch, Natal. Subsequently, this song has been used around the world by schools in their prayers.

In 1984, Nyberg arranged "Siyahamba" for a four-voice setting and published it in a songbook and recording called Freedom is Coming: Songs of Protest and Praise from South Africa. In 1994, GIA Publications included the song (under the title "We Are Marching in the Light of God") in Gather Comprehensive, a hymnal widely used in American Catholic parishes. A year later, the United Church of Christ included the song, under the same title, in The New Century Hymnal. The Unitarian Universalist Association included the song in its 2005 supplemental hymnbook, Singing the Journey.

Today, "Siyahamba" is often performed by children's groups in both sacred and secular environments. Occasionally, the translated lyrics are modified for a secular performance: for example, the English translation "We are marching in the light of God" becomes "We are standing in the light of peace."

The song is extremely popular in churches all around the world.

Lyrics

The structure of the song is cyclic, rather than sequential: the lyrics consist of one phrase, repeated with permutations.  Hawn notes that cyclical forms tend to emphasize a spirit of community and allow for physical response during the performance.  This cyclical form, along with the meaning of the lyrics, may explain the song's popularity as a processional and offertory as well as a protest or marching song.

Afrikaans

Ons marsjeer nou in die lig van God,

Ons marsjeer nou in die lig van God.

Ons marsjeer nou in die lig van God,

Ons marsjeer nou in die lig van God.
[in die lig van God]

Ons marsjeer nou...  ooh
[Ons marsjeer nou, marsjeer nou, ons marsjeer nou, marsjeer nou,]

Ons marsjeer nou in die lig van God.
[in die lig van God]

Ons marsjeer nou...  ooh
[Ons marsjeer nou, marsjeer nou, ons marsjeer nou, marsjeer nou,]

Ons marsjeer nou in die lig van God.

(Alternative versions of the lyrics may alternate marsjeer with different verbs such as wandel.)

Zulu (original)
Siyahamb' ekukhanyeni kwenkos,
Siyahamba ekukhanyeni kwenkos'.

Siyahamb' ekukhanyeni kwenkos',
Siyahamba ekukhanyeni kwenkos'.

[ekukhanyeni kwenkos']

Siyahamba... ooh

[Siyahamba, hamba, Siyahamba, hamba]

Siyahamba ekukhanyeni kwenkos'.

[ekukhanyeni kwenkos']

Siyahamba... ooh

[Siyahamba, hamba, Siyahamba, hamba]

Siyahamba ekukhanyeni kwenkos'.

Swahili

Twatembea nuruni mwake,
twatembea nuruni mwake.

Twatembea nuruni mwake,

twatembea nuruni mwake.
[nuruni mwake]

Twatembea... ooh
[Twatembea, tembea, twatembea, tembea,]

Twatembea nuruni mwake.
[nuruni mwake]

Twatembea... ooh
[Twatembea, tembea, twatembea, tembea,]

Twatembea nuruni mwake.

English

Leader:We are marching in the light of God

Choir:We are marching in the light of God.

Leader:We are marching in the light of God,

Choir:We are marching in the light of God.
[in the light of God]

We are marching... ooh
[We are marching, marching, we are marching, marching,]

We are marching in the light of God.
[the light of God]

We are marching... ooh
[We are marching, marching, we are marching, marching,]

We are marching in the light of God.

(Alternative versions of the lyrics may alternate marching with different verbs such as walking, dancing, singing, living, or praying, holding up, or the word "God" for love in a less religious gathering.)

German

Wir marschieren im Lichte Gottes

Wir marschieren im Lichte Gottes.

Wir marschieren im Lichte Gottes,

Wir marschieren im Lichte Gottes.
[im Lichte Gottes]

Wir marschieren... ooh
[Wir marschieren, marschieren, wir marschieren, marschieren,]

Wir marschieren im Lichte Gottes.
[im Lichte Gottes]

Wir marschieren... ooh
[Wir marschieren, marschieren, wir marschieren, marschieren,]

Wir marschieren im Lichte Gottes.

(Where marching is not to be understood in the sense of a military march, but the meaning is here more in the direction of hiking.)

French

Nous marchons dans la lumière de Dieu,

Nous marchons dans la lumière de Dieu.

Nous marchons dans la lumière de Dieu,

Nous marchons dans la lumière de Dieu.
[dans la lumière de Dieu]

Nous marchons... ooh
[Nous marchons, marchons, nous marchons, marchons,]

Nous marchons dans la lumière de Dieu.
[dans la lumière de Dieu]

Nous marchons... ooh
[Nous marchons, marchons, nous marchons, marchons,]

Nous marchons dans la lumière de Dieu.

Spanish

Caminamos en la luz de Dios,

Caminamos en la luz de Dios.

Caminamos en la luz de Dios,

Caminamos en la luz de Dios.
[en la luz de Dios]

Caminando... ooh
[Caminando, vamos caminando, vamos]

Caminando en la luz de Dios.
[en la luz de Dios]

Caminando... ooh
[Caminando, vamos caminando, vamos]

Caminando en la luz de Dios.

Portuguese

Caminhando, na luz do Senhor,

Caminhando, na luz do Senhor

Caminhando, na luz do Senhor,

Caminhando, na luz do Senhor.
[com a luz do Senhor]

Caminhando... ooh
[Caminhando, eu vou caminhando, eu vou]

Caminhando, na luz do Senhor.
[com a luz do Senhor]

Caminhando... ooh
[Caminhando, eu vou caminhando, eu vou]

Caminhando, na luz do Senhor.

Icelandic

Við göngum í ljósi Guðs

já, við göngum í ljósi Guðs

Við göngum í ljósi Guðs

já, við göngum í ljósi Guðs

Við göngum,

já við göngum

Úww, já, við göngum í ljósi Guðs

Við göngum,

já við göngum

Úww, já, við göngum í ljósi Guðs

Notes


Hard-edge painting

Hard-edge painting is painting in which abrupt transitions are found between color areas. Color areas are often of one unvarying color.  The Hard-edge painting style is related to Geometric abstraction, Op Art, Post-painterly Abstraction, and Color Field painting.

History of the term
The term was coined by writer, curator and Los Angeles Times art critic Jules Langsner, along with Peter Selz, in 1959, to describe the work of painters from California, who, in their reaction to the more painterly or gestural forms of Abstract expressionism, adopted a knowingly impersonal paint application and delineated areas of color with particular sharpness and clarity. This approach to abstract painting became widespread in the 1960s, though California was its creative center.

Other, earlier, movements, or styles have also contained the quality of hard-edgedness, for instance the Precisionists also displayed this quality to a great degree in their work. Hard-edge can be seen to be associated with one or more school of painting, but is also a generally descriptive term, for these qualities found in any painting. Hard-edged painting can be both figurative or nonrepresentational.

In the late 1950s, Langsner and Peter Selz, then professor at the Claremont Colleges, observed a common link among the recent work of John McLaughlin (1898–1976), Lorser Feitelson (1898-1978), Karl Benjamin (1925-2012), Frederick Hammersley (1919–2009) and Feitelson's wife Helen Lundeberg (1908-1999). The group of seven gathered at the Feitelson's home to discuss a group exhibition of this nonfigurative painting style. Curated by Langsner, Four Abstract Classicists opened at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art in 1959. Helen Lundeberg was not included in the exhibit. These painters were featured in a touring exhibition during 2008 called "The Birth of the Cool" in California museums along with midcentury design, music and film.

Exhibition
Four Abstract Classicists was subtitled California Hard-edge by British art critic and curator Lawrence Alloway when it traveled to England and Ireland. The term came into broader use after Alloway used it to describe contemporary American geometric abstract painting featuring "economy of form," "fullness of color," "neatness of surface," and the nonrelational arrangement of forms on the canvas.

In 1964, a second major hard-edge exhibition curated by Jules Langsner was held at the Pavilion Gallery in Balboa, CA (also known as the Newport Pavilion) with the cooperation of the Ankrum Gallery, Esther Robles Gallery, Felix Landau Gallery, Ferus Gallery and Heritage Gallery of Los Angeles.  This was called, simply, California Hard-edge painting. Included in this show were Florence Arnold, John Barbour, Larry Bell, Karl Benjamin, John Coplans, Lorser Feitelson, Frederick Hammersley, June Harwood, Helen Lundeberg, John McLaughlin, and Dorothy Waldman.

In 2000, Tobey C. Moss curated Four Abstract Classicists Plus One at her gallery in Los Angeles. The exhibit again featured John McLaughlin, Feitelson, Hammersley, and Benjamin, and added Lundeberg as the fifth of the original Hard-edge painters.  In 2003, Louis Stern Fine Arts showed a retrospective exhibition for Lorser Feitelson entitled Lorser Feitelson and the invention of Hard-edge painting, 1945-1965.  The same year, NOHO MODERN showed the works of June Harwood in an exhibition entitled June Harwood: Hard-edge painting Revisited, 1959-1969.  Art critic Dave Hickey solidified the place of these 6 artists in: The Los Angeles School: Karl Benjamin, Lorser Feitelson, Frederick Hammersley, June Harwood, Helen Lundeberg, and John McLaughlin.  The exhibition was held at the Ben Maltz Gallery of the Otis Art Institute in Los Angeles in 2004-2005.

The style
This style of hard-edge geometric abstraction recalls the earlier work of Kasimir Malevich, Wassily Kandinsky, Theo van Doesburg, and Piet Mondrian. Other artists associated with Hard-edge painting include Herb Aach, Josef Albers, Richard Anuszkiewicz, Max Bill, Ilya Bolotowsky, Herbert Busemann, Ralph Coburn, Nassos Daphnis, Ronald Davis, Gene Davis, Robyn Denny, Howard Mehring, Burgoyne Diller, Burhan Dogancay, John Ferren, Peter Halley, Al Held, Robert Indiana, Ellsworth Kelly, Günther C. Kirchberger, Alexander Liberman, Agnes Martin, George L. K. Morris, Kenneth Noland, Ad Reinhardt, Deborah Remington, Bridget Riley, Ludwig Sander, David Simpson, Leon Polk Smith, Julian Stanczak, Jeffrey Steele, Frank Stella, Myron Stout, Leo Valledor, Victor Vasarely, Charmion von Wiegand, Neil Williams, John Stephan, Larry Zox and Barbro Östlihn .


Eduard Schütt

Eduard Schütt (; 22 October 1856 – 26 July 1933) was a Russian composer, pianist, and conductor.

Life
Eduard Schütt was born in Saint Petersburg, Russia. His father was a skilled cellist, and the family was acquainted with the pianist Anton Rubinstein. At the age of sixteen, Schütt decided to pursue an artistic career, against the opposition of his father. Rubinstein's influence ultimately convinced Schütt's father to let him pursue his artistic aspirations.

Schütt graduated from the St. Petersburg Conservatory in 1875 with distinction. In 1876, he travelled to Leipzig and studied under Salomon Jadassohn, Ernst Friedrich Richter, and Carl Reinecke. After completing two years of study in Leipzig, he journeyed to Vienna, where he commenced studies with Theodor Leschetizky. Schütt was favored by Leschetizky, and the two remained close lifelong friends.

During the following few years, Schütt concertized in Hungary, Austria, and Bohemia. Around 1882, he composed and premiered his first piano concerto, Op. 7, in several major European cities. From 26 January 1881 to 20 October 1887, he was conductor of the Wiener akademischer Wagner-Verein (Vienna Academic Wagner Society). In 1887, he declined an invitation from Cosima Wagner to become the music director for the Bayreuth Festival.
Thereafter, he devoted himself fully to composition and spent a considerable amount of his time at his villa in Meran, which he called "Mon Repos" ("My Peace" in French). His primary residence, however, remained in Vienna, where he also did a limited amount of teaching. Throughout his life, Schütt composed a wide range of works, primarily for the piano, from miniature piano pieces to piano concertos, trios, and suites. He also composed a comic opera.

Selected works
Concertante
 Piano Concerto No. 1 in G minor, Op. 7
 Piano Concerto No. 2 in F minor, Op. 47

Chamber music
 Piano Quartet in F major, Op. 11
 Piano Trio No. 1 in C minor, Op. 27
 Suite No. 1 in D minor for violin and piano, Op. 44
 Piano Trio No. 2 in E minor, Op. 51
 Suite No. 2 in E major for violin and piano, Op. 61
 Fantasie in A major for cello and piano, Op. 63
 2 Mélodies for cello and piano, Op. 70

Piano
 Etude mignonne, in D major, Op. 16 No. 1
 Valse mignonne, Op. 16 No. 2
 Carnaval Mignon, Scènes pantomimiques, Op. 48
 Papillons d'amour, Op. 59 (of which no. 2, "A la bien-aimée", is his best-known work)
 Impressions, 5 Pieces, Op. 71
 Concert Paraphrases on J. Strauss' Waltz Motives


The Lost Dream

The Lost Dream is a romantic drama television series which premiered 4 November 2008, on MBC 4.

Characters
Omer just moved to Istanbul to get a job after the death of his family.
Pinar is the teenage girl who falls in love with Omer.
Nagaty is Panar's father.
Asmaa is Pinar's best friend, and discovers (in episode 75) that she is the lost sister of Omer.
Alyaa is the woman who is trying to steal Omer from Pinar.

Plot
Omer moves to Istanbul to get a job and live a normal life after he experiences the death of his whole family, except his sister, who is lost. Omer falls in love with Pinar, though her father, Nagaty, is angry about their relationship and Pinar does not know why. Later she discovers that Nagaty took some extra money to build poorly constructed buildings, which collapsed in an earthquake, killing many people including Omer's family. Pinar looks for the right way to tell Omer of everything but she cannot do it. Later Omer discovers that Asmaa, Pinar's best friend, is his sister. Asmaa knows everything now and Pinar has to tell both of them. Beginning with episode 86 everybody knows everything and a feud starts between the two families. Omer forgives Pinar and tells her that whatever happens she will always have a special place in his heart.


Kateryna Serebrianska

Kateryna Serebrianska (born 25 October 1977 in Simferopol) is a Ukrainian former individual rhythmic gymnast. She is the 1996 Olympics gold medalist, the 1995 World All-around champion, a two time (1995,1996) European All-around champion and three time Grand Prix Final All-around champion.

Life and career
Serebrianska was born in Simferopol, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union. She started gymnastics in 1982 at age 4, with her mother Liubov as her coach at the Gratsia club in Simferopol. She later moved to the Ukrainian capital, Kiev, to train at the Deriugins School.

Serebrianska tied Bulgaria's Maria Petrova for the all-round title at the 1995 World Championships in Vienna, Austria. She also won several individual apparatus titles: rope at the 1993 World Championships in Alicante, Spain; hoop (tied with Belarusian Larissa Lukyanenko and Bulgarian Maria Petrova), ball (tied with Ukrainian teammate Olena Vitrychenko), clubs and ribbon in the 1994 World Championships in Paris, France; ball (tied with Russians Yanina Batyrchina and Amina Zaripova) at the 1995 Worlds in Vienna, Austria; and again in 1996 in Hungary. Her sweep of all 4 event finals golds at the 1994 World Championships is one of only two times in history this has been achieved, the other being Alexandra Timoshenko, and was all the more miracle after major mistakes in the All Around final put her in 4th place after being favored to win (ironically Timoshenko in 1991 also failed to win the All Around title, coming 2nd to teammate Oksana Skaldina, prior to sweeping the event final golds). She also won the 1996 European all-round title, together with the team gold, and gold on rope, ball and ribbon finals.

As the gold medal favorite after her dominance in 1994, 1995, and early 1996, at the 1996 Atlanta Olympics, Serebrianska's technical strength, cleanliness, difficulty, and mature presentation won her the gold medal, although she had a slight fumble with the ribbon before her final toss. She was ahead of her closest rival, Russia's Yanina Batyrchina by 0.150 points going into the ribbon routine, who competed before her and dropped the ribbon.

Serebrianska, Alina Kabaeva, Olexandra Tymoshenko and Evgenia Kanaeva are the only rhythmic gymnasts to win World, European and Olympic titles.

At the 1997 European Championships in Greece, Serebrianska dropped a club at the end of her all-round clubs routine (9.825), but scores of 9.950 on both the rope and ribbon, and a 9.912 on hoop gave her an accumulated score of 29.637 and hence the bronze medal by 0.012 ahead of French competitor, Eva Serrano. In the apparatus finals, she won the gold in the rope event with a perfect 10.000, and took silver in the clubs and ribbon events. She did not compete at the 1997 World Championships due to an illness suffered by her mother. In her final major competition, the 1998 European Championships, she reached each of the apparatus final events. She won gold in the hoop final (9.950) and silver in rope (9.933). She also won bronze in the ribbon event (9.933), tying with the same score as Evgenia Pavlina of Belarus and Yanina Batyrchina of Russia, but winning the medal due to the new tie-breaker scoring system. She placed 6th (lost in the tie-breaker to Belarusian, Yulia Raskina) in the all-round final.

Serebrianska retired from rhythmic gymnastics in 1998.

Records

 Serebrianska became the first female rhythmic gymnast to hold the European, World, and Olympic all-round titles at the same time. This record was tied by Alina Kabaeva at the 2004 Athens Olympics and Evgenia Kanaeva at the 2012 London Olympics.
 Serebrianska has won gold medals in all of the apparatus in a single World Championship ( and has won on all five apparatus: rope, hoop, ball, clubs and ribbon), a record tied only by Bianka Panova, Oxana Kostina and Evgenia Kanaeva.
 Serebrianska is tied with Evgenia Kanaeva and Lilia Ignatova for three World gold medals in ball.
 Serebrianska is only one of the three rhythmic gymnasts ( with Alina Kabaeva and Evgenia Kanaeva ) to win all the Grand-slam titles (Olympics, World Championships, European Championships, World Cup Final and Grand Prix Final).

Routine music information

Detailed Olympic results

Notes and references
Notes:


Megistonyx

Megistonyx is an extinct genus of ground sloth endemic to South America during the Late Pleistocene (Lujanian). It is known from one skeleton collected in the Andes of Venezuela, and is closely related to Ahytherium.

History of discovery

The holotype (and so far only known) specimen was found in a cave called Cueva de los Huesos (meaning "Bone Cave") on Cerro Pintado, a mountain found in the Serranía del Perijá range of the Andes, in the extreme northernmost part of the Sierra de Perijá National Park on the border between Venezuela and Colombia at an altitude of . The various known pieces of the skeleton were recovered in two expeditions to the cave in 1993 and 1997. The specimen was found in a scattered condition, with some bones being damaged, notably the skull was missing the left Squamosal bone. The specimen is currently known from the aforementioned skull, both a right and left humerus, a left ulna, two thoracic vertebrae, a complete rib and three rib fragments. There is apparently more of the specimen left in-situ in the cave. The age of the specimen was found to be approximately 17,300 Cal BP

Distribution and habitat
The specimen is approximately 17,000 years old, this would put the specimen just after the retreat of the glaciers after the Last Glacial Maximum, which could indicate a cold climate. However, the specimen is associated with fossils of Neochoerus (an extinct capybara) Mazama (brocket deer) and Tayassu (peccary), which could indicate a warmer, perhaps savanna-like climate.


Master of Rabbinic Studies

The Master of Rabbinic Studies (MRb) is a graduate degree granted by a Yeshiva or rabbinical school. It involves the academic study of Talmud, Jewish law, philosophy, ethics, and rabbinic literature. The Master of Talmudic Law is closely related.

In many institutions, this degree is a standard component in the study for semicha (rabbinic ordination). At accredited institutions this degree requires between 72 and 90 credit hours of study (72 being the minimum determined by academic accrediting agencies and 90 being on the upper end of certain schools that wish to ensure a broader study of the related material).

Contemporary usage
The MRb is a significantly more extensive program than most master's degrees.  The degree usually consists on average of 90 semester hours, as opposed to the usual 36 or 48.  Ordination in a mainstream yeshiva or rabbinical school requires seven or eight years of education past high school: the first four in undergraduate studies leading to a Bachelor of Talmudic Law and then three or four years of seminary or rabbinical school leading to the MRb.
See Rabbi #Orthodox and Modern Orthodox Judaism and Yeshiva #Jewish law.

Accreditation and recognition
In North America, four entities that accredit religious schools in particular are recognized by the United States Department of Education and the Council for Higher Education Accreditation:

Association for Biblical Higher Education (ABHE)
Association of Advanced Rabbinical and Talmudic Schools (AARTS)
Association of Theological Schools in the United States and Canada (ATS)
Transnational Association of Christian Colleges and Schools (TRACS)

Since these accreditors meet Council for Higher Education Accreditation  and United States Department of Education recognition criteria, standards correspond to those of regional accreditors. Contrary to the principles laid out by the Council for Higher Education Accreditation in Transfer and the Public Interest: A Statement to the Community, many regionally accredited institutions continue to base transfer credit decisions solely or primarily upon regional accreditation.


Tarumi Station (Hyōgo)

is a railway station in Tarumi-ku, Kobe, Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan.

Lines
West Japan Railway Company (JR West)
Sanyo Main Line (JR Kobe Line)

Adjacent stations


Nello Santin

Nello Santin (born 3 July 1946) is an Italian former professional footballer, who played as a defender, and former football manager. He made 274 appearances in Serie A, most notably for Milan, Sampdoria and Torino, during the 1960s and 1970s.

Honours

Club
A.C. Milan
Serie A: 1967–68
Coppa Italia: 1966–67
European Cup: 1968–69
Cup Winners' Cup: 1967–68
Intercontinental Cup: 1969
Torino
Serie A: 1975–76

External links
Profile at MagliaRossonera.it
Profile at EmozioneCalcio.it


Otter Tail Lake

Otter Tail Lake is a  lake in the west-central part of the U.S. state of Minnesota and is the largest lake in Otter Tail County.

Geography

Adjoining the city of Ottertail, it is a part of the Otter Tail River chain of lakes. Upstream from the lake are Big Pine, Little Pine and Rush lakes, while downstream are East Lost, West Lost and Deer lakes. The maximum depth is , but 57% of the lake is  deep or less. The shore of the lake and at least the shallower areas are composed of sand and gravel. The water clarity is , which is considered good. A prominent feature of Otter Tail is the "point" which essentially divides the lake into eastern and western halves.

Otter Tail lake is ringed with a tall, mostly deciduous tree line. In general, the tree line goes back around 300 yards from the shore and acts as a windbreak, keeping the shoreline calm compared to the center of the lake.

The waters of Otter Tail Lake ultimately flow north into Hudson Bay through the Red River of the North.

At 13,725 acres it is the tenth largest lake completely within the borders of Minnesota.

Recreation

It is a recreational destination, with the majority of its shores surrounded by residential and commercial development. The lake is known for fishing; walleye and Northern pike are most prevalent and the most sought after by anglers. The lake is also a popular destination for boating, power-boats and jet-skis, but also sailing. Because of the lake's large size, winds can pick up enough in the center of the lake for fairly challenging sailing. The heyday of sailing on the lake was the late 1960s through the mid-1980s, when the lake held annual sailing races. Especially popular at this time was the hobie cat.

Ottertail Lake is also the home of the Reel Country Classic, a two-day fishing tournament that has taken place every May since 2005.


Chelsea Independent College

Chelsea Independent College is an independent sixth form college situated in Fulham in the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham, England. The College provides A level and GCSE courses for students aged 14 to 21 whose primary aim is to progress to Higher Education (HE).

External links
 Chelsea Independent College
 CIFE
 UK Boarding Schools
 GOV.UK


1958–59 Serie B

The Serie B 1958–59 was the twenty-seventh tournament of this competition played in Italy since its creation.

Teams
Reggiana and Vigevano had been promoted from Serie C, while Atalanta and Hellas Verona had been relegated from Serie A.

Final classification

Results

References and sources
Almanacco Illustrato del Calcio - La Storia 1898-2004, Panini Edizioni, Modena, September 2005

2
Italy


Craspedia (fly)

Craspedia is a genus of robber flies in the family Asilidae.


Gmina Drużbice

__NOTOC__
Gmina Drużbice is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Bełchatów County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. Its seat is the village of Drużbice, which lies approximately  north of Bełchatów and  south of the regional capital Łódź.

The gmina covers an area of , and as of 2006 its total population is 4,873.

Villages
Gmina Drużbice contains the villages and settlements of Brzezie, Bukowie Dolne, Bukowie Górne, Chynów, Depszczyk, Drużbice, Drużbice-Kolonia, Gadki, Głupice, Głupice-Parcela, Gręboszów, Helenów, Hucisko, Janówek, Józefów, Kącik, Katarzynka, Kazimierzów, Kobyłki, Łazy, Łęczyca, Marki, Nowa Wieś, Patok, Pieńki Głupickie, Podstoła, Rasy, Rawicz, Rawicz-Podlas, Rożniatowice, Skrajne, Stefanów, Stoki, Suchcice, Teofilów, Teresin, Wadlew, Wdowin, Wdowin-Kolonia, Wola Głupicka, Wola Rożniatowska, Wrzosy, Zabiełłów, Zalesie, Żbijowa, Zofiówka and Zwierzyniec Duży.

Neighbouring gminas
Gmina Drużbice is bordered by the gminas of Bełchatów, Dłutów, Grabica, Wola Krzysztoporska and Zelów.


Hyjak N Torcha

Hyjak N Torcha is an Australian hip hop group from Sydney, New South Wales.

Biography
The group formed in 2000, consisting of Hyjak (Jack McCarthy), Torcha (John Chmielewski), and DJ Bonez (George Kordas).

Hyjak first appeared on the scene in 1998, at the age of fifteen he snuck into a pub in the Sydney suburb of Kings Cross to compete in a rap battle, which he won. Torcha, hailing from Sydney's west, was an active volunteer youth worker, doing programs in youth prisons and performing at anti-war rallies. Formally part of Sydney's Eth-nik Tribe, another Australian hip hop group.

Hyjak N Torcha signed to Obese Records and their first album Drastik Measures was released in 2004. "Sneak", a single from that album, received airplay on Triple J and the video clip was played on rage. The album was reviewed on Triple J's website.  They have since performed with artists including the Hilltop Hoods, De La Soul, Xzibit, Mobb Deep, Gang Starr, Lord Finesse, Swollen Members, Murs and Ice Cube. The group's members are also affiliated with Dominion, an Australian hip hop crew.

Hyjak N Torcha have made guest appearances (together and separately) on records by artists including Hilltop Hoods (Hyjak performed on Hilltop Hoods' album The Calling), Bliss n Eso (Hyjak did a guest verse on the track "Get Loose" on their album Day of the Dog) and Pegz (Hyjak and Torcha appeared on Pegz's Axis album).

They also released a videoclip for their track "A Night with Chopper", featuring Mark Brandon "Chopper" Read, from his album, Interview with a Madman, which, in 2006, won the award for 'Best New Filmmaker' (Matt Chuang) at the BelowGround Music Video Fest Awards.

The group released their second album, Unregrettable, in 2009.  The album was produced by Mules and features appearances by Murs, N'fa and S.Q.Z.

Solo careers

Hyjak
Hyjak released his first solo EP in 2002 "Breaking Sound Barriers" through Statik Recordings, DJ Bonez produced the whole EP and it was released on limited 12" inch vinyl.

In 2006, Hyjak released a mixtape, Shady Characters featuring Torcha, Kye, Bliss N Eso and others. He also performed on a track for Jase's single "Nutcase".

In 2011, Hyjak released a mixtape called The Reminder Mixtape featuring Kerser, Chow. P and Thorn.

Hyjak released a solo LP, Light at the End of the Tunnel, in 2013, distributed by Obese Records.

Two years later Hyjak released his second LP "Stage Diving With No Crowd", released on CD and digital.

Torcha
Torcha formed a five-piece band, A Broken Silence, with keyboardist B-Don (Brendon Costello), guitarist Cactus (Daniel Bartulovich), bass player Boots (Simon Lennon) and drummer Nathan Tuffin. The band attracted the attention of Tim Freedman, who collaborated with Torcha on "The Road is Lost", the first single from the band's debut album, All For What, released in 2009. Torcha played the song whilst touring around Australia with Freedman's band, The Whitlams, with the Sydney Symphony Orchestra. The album also features guests appearances from Ozi Batla (The Herd), Patriarch (USA) and DJ Skizo.

Torcha released his solo LP, Frozen State, together with producer B-Don in 2010. The beats were created without any use of samples and the instruments are mostly played by B-Don. The album features guest appearances from N'fa, Hyjak, S.Q.Z, 2furious and also Korean mega-star Bobby Kim with his crew Buga Kingz.

Discography

Albums
Drastik Measures - Obese (OBR016) (2004)
Unregrettable - Obese (OBR066) (2009)

Singles
"Sneak" - Obese (2004)

Compilation appearances
 Lab Exposed - Volume 1 (1999), Statik Recordings (songs: "Kryptonite + Hijak", "Ill Combat", "Best Kept Secret")
 The Fourth Element Effect (1999), Blitzkrieg (songs: "Wack or Dope", Yeast Inection")
 Culture of Kings - Volume 2(2002), Obese Records (song: "Face The Music")
 Obesecity (2002), Obese Records (song: "Point Of No Return")
 Culture of Kings - Volume 3 (2003), Obese Records (song: "It's Over")
 Straight From The Art 2 (2004), Warner Bros. Records (song: "The Science")
 Home And Hosed - Freshly Plucked (2004), ABC Music (song: "Corrected")
 Chopper Read - Interview with a Madman (2006), Rott'n Records (song: "Night With Chopper")
 The Stolen Records (2007), FBi Records (song: "The Test")
 The Whitlams - Greatest Hits, ft Torcha and A Broken Silence (song:  "The Road is Lost")

Hyjak solo works
 Breaking Sound Barriers (2002) (EP) - Statik Recordings (DSR-006)
 Shady Characters (2006)
 Light at the End of the Tunnel (2013) (LP) - Obese Records
 Stage Diving With No Crowd (2015) (LP) - All Out Records

Tracks with other artists
 Kerser and Hyjak, "Roll On Up" and "I Remember" (2011)
 Rates and Hyjak, "Suicide" (2013)

DJ Bonez solo works

Torcha solo works
 A Broken Silence All For What... - Bad Seed/MGM Distribution (ABS002) (16 October 2009)
 Torcha & B-Don Frozen State - Independent/Obese (TNB001) (5 March 2010)


Eddie Jones (jazz musician)

Eddie Jones (March 1, 1929, Greenwood, Mississippi – May 31, 1997, West Hartford, Connecticut) was an American jazz double bassist.

Jones grew up in Red Bank, New Jersey, and played early in the 1950s with Sarah Vaughan and Lester Young. Jones taught music in South Carolina from 1951 to 1952, and became a member of Count Basie's orchestra in 1953, remaining there until 1962. He recorded frequently with this ensemble, and also played with Basie in smaller ensembles; these featured both Basie sidemen (Joe Newman, Frank Foster, Frank Wess, Thad Jones, Ernie Wilkins) and others (Milt Jackson, Coleman Hawkins, Putte Wickman). Jones quit music in 1962 and took a job with IBM; he later became vice president of an insurance company. In the 1980s he returned to jazz and played on and off in swing jazz ensembles.

Discography
With Dorothy Ashby
The Jazz Harpist (Regent, 1957)
With Count Basie
Dance Session (Clef, 1953)
Dance Session Album #2 (Clef, 1954)
Basie (Clef, 1954)
Count Basie Swings, Joe Williams Sings (Clef, 1955) with Joe Williams
April in Paris (Verve, 1956)
The Greatest!! Count Basie Plays, Joe Williams Sings Standards with Joe Williams
Metronome All-Stars 1956 (Clef, 1956) with Ella Fitzgerald and Joe Williams
Hall of Fame (Verve, 1956 [1959])
Basie in London (Verve, 1956)
One O'Clock Jump (Verve, 1957) with Joe Williams and Ella Fitzgerald
Count Basie at Newport (Verve, 1957)
The Atomic Mr. Basie (Roulette, 1957) aka Basie and E=MC2
Basie Plays Hefti (Roulette, 1958)
Sing Along with Basie (Roulette, 1958) with Joe Williams and Lambert, Hendricks & Ross
Basie One More Time (Roulette, 1959)
Everyday I Have the Blues (Roulette, 1959) with Joe Williams
Dance Along with Basie (Roulette, 1959)
Not Now, I'll Tell You When (Roulette, 1960)
The Count Basie Story (Roulette, 1960)
Kansas City Suite (Roulette, 1960)
The Legend (Roulette, 1961)
Back with Basie (Roulette, 1962)
With Bob Brookmeyer
Jazz Is a Kick (Mercury, 1960)
With Kenny Clarke
Telefunken Blues (Savoy, 1955)
With Jimmy Cleveland
Cleveland Style (EmArcy, 1958)
With Frank Foster
No 'Count (Savoy, 1956)
With Al Grey
The Last of the Big Plungers (Argo, 1959)
The Thinking Man’s Trombone (Argo, 1960)
With Coleman Hawkins
The Saxophone Section (World Wide, 1958)
With Milt Jackson
Meet Milt Jackson (Savoy, 1955)
Opus de Jazz (Savoy, 1955)
Bean Bags with Coleman Hawkins (Atlantic, 1958)
With Hank Jones
Quartet-Quintet (Savoy, 1955)
Bluebird (Savoy, 1955)
With Thad Jones
The Jones Boys (Period, 1957) with Jimmy Jones, Quincy Jones and Jo Jones
With The Jones Brothers: Thad Jones, Hank Jones, Elvin Jones
Keepin' Up with the Joneses (MetroJazz, 1958)
With Joe Newman
The Count's Men (Jazztone, 1955)
I'm Still Swinging (RCA Victor, 1955)
Salute to Satch (RCA Victor, 1956)
I Feel Like a Newman (Storyville, 1956)
The Midgets (Vik, 1956)
The Happy Cats (Coral, 1957)
Soft Swingin' Jazz (Coral, 1958) with Shirley Scott
Joe Newman with Woodwinds (Roulette, 1958)
Counting Five in Sweden (Metronome, 1958)
Jive at Five (Swingville, 1960)
Good 'n' Groovy (Swingville, 1961)
With Paul Quinichette
Basie Reunion (Prestige, 1958)
With Zoot Sims
Stretching Out (United Artists, 1959)
With Buddy Tate
Unbroken (MPS, 1970)
With Eddie "Cleanhead" Vinson
Clean Head's Back in Town (Bethlehem, 1957)
With Frank Wess
 North, South, East....Wess (Savoy 1956)
Opus in Swing (Savoy, 1956)
Opus de Blues (Savoy, 1959 [1984])
The Frank Wess Quartet (Prestige, 1960)
With Ernie Wilkins
Flutes & Reeds (Savoy, 1955) with Frank Wess
With Lem Winchester
Another Opus (New Jazz, 1960)


Jane Hinton

Jane Hinton (1919-2003) was one of the first two African-American women to gain the degree of Doctor of Veterinary Medicine (1949). Prior to her veterinary medicine studies at the University of Pennsylvania, she had been a laboratory technician at Harvard, co-developing the Mueller-Hinton agar, a culture medium that is now commonly used to test bacterial susceptibility to antibiotics. She later practiced as a small animal veterinarian in Massachusetts, and then as a federal government inspector. Hinton was the daughter of William Augustus Hinton, a microbiologist and the first African-American professor at Harvard University.

Early life and education

Jane Hinton was born on 1 May 1919. Her father, William Augustus Hinton (1883-1959), was a bacteriologist and pathologist who was an expert in the diagnosis and treatment of syphilis, including the development of tests for syphilis. The son of former slaves, he was the first African-American professor at Harvard University and the first African-American author of a textbook. He entered laboratory medicine because racism in Boston prevented him from gaining an internship in medicine. Jane Hinton's mother was Ada Hawes (b. 1878), a high school teacher and social worker, born in Georgia. William and Ada married in 1909, and had two daughters, Jane and Ann Hinton Jones.

Career

In 1931, Hinton's father developed a Medical Laboratory Techniques course, which was open to women, although that profession was then generally not open to women. Jane Hinton worked in Harvard's laboratories at the time she co-developed the Mueller-Hinton agar with John Howard Mueller. This agar, or broth, was a medium developed to isolate the Neisseria bacteria that caused meningococcal and gonorrhea. It became the most widely used culture medium for Neisseria. In the 1960s, tests indicated its suitability for detecting whether bacteria are susceptible to antibiotics. Mueller-Hinton agar became a standard laboratory medium for this purpose.

During World War II, Hinton also worked as a lab technician in Arizona. After the War, Hinton studied veterinary medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, gaining her Doctor of Veterinary Medicine (VMD) degree in 1949. She and Alfreda Johnson Webb, who graduated with a VMD from the Tuskegee Institute (now Tuskegee University) that year, were the first African-American women veterinarians. There had been only four African-American VMD graduates at the University of Pennsylvania before Hinton gained her degree, and there would not be another until 1968. Hinton and Webb were also the first African-American members of the Women's Veterinary Medicine Association.

After gaining her degree, Hinton practiced as a small animal veterinarian in Canton, Massachusetts and then a federal government inspector in Framingham, Massachusetts.

Jane Hinton, together with John Taylor, the first African-American graduate of the University of Pennsylvania veterinary medicine school, were honored during the school's centennial celebrations by the Minority Veterinary Students association in 1984.

Jane Hinton died on 9 April 2003.


Graham Sheen

Graham Sheen (born 1952) is a bassoonist, teacher, composer and arranger. He is principal bassoonist of both the BBC Symphony Orchestra (since 1983) and the Academy of St Martin in the Fields (since 1976). From 1979 he has been professor of bassoon at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama, where he also teaches chamber  music, orchestral repertoire and bassoon ensemble. His published works include solo works for bassoon, chamber music for both winds and strings and three song cycles. He has made numerous arrangements for wind ensemble and three volumes of graded pieces for the bassoon are published by Faber Music. He has recently recorded two solo albums for SFZ music.


2006 Boxing World Cup

The 2006 Boxing World Cup was held in Baku, Azerbaijan from October 15 to October 22.

Preliminaries

Pool A

Preliminary round standings

Pool B

Preliminary round standings

Final

 Ukraine and Azerbaijan shared the third place.


Belfiore (surname)

Belfiore is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Ivan Belfiore (born 1960), Canadian soccer player
Joe Belfiore, executive at Microsoft
Michael Belfiore (author), American writer
Mike Belfiore (born 1988), American baseball pitcher


Jai Narayan Patel

Jai Narayan Patel or J. N Patel (born 5 October 1950) is an Indian Judge and former Chief Justice of the Calcutta High Court.

Career
Patel was born in 1950. He was enrolled as an Advocate on 27 August 1974 and started practice on Civil, Criminal and Constitutional matters in the District Courts and the High Court at Nagpur Bench. Patel was also served as a teacher in University College of Law. On 20 April 1987, he was appointed as a Judge of the City Civil Court. He was appointed as Designated Judge in TADA Court, the Special Court constituted for the trial of 1993 Bombay bombings case. He became the Additional Judge of the Bombay High Court on 11 March 1996 and permanent Judge on 7 January 1997. Being the senior most judge he served as acting Chief Justice of Bombay High court after Chief Justice Anil Dave was elevated as judge of the Supreme Court of India. In 2010 Justice Patel became the Chief Justice of Calcutta High Court and retired on 5 October 2012. After retirement he became the head of the Judicial Commission of 2018 Bhima Koregaon violence.


Lexton Plains Football League

The Lexton Plains Football League was an Australian rules football competition in western Victoria, Australia. The league ran an annual competition from 1999 to 2010.

History
The Western Plains FL was formed in 1930 and the Lexton FL was formed in 1945. In 1999, The Lexton Football League and the Western Plains Football League merged to form the Lexton Plains FL.

The league folded after the 2010 season, with the last grand final being postponed due to the flooding isolating clubs scheduled to play. Navarre, Natte-Bealiba and Lexton joined the Maryborough Castlemaine District Football League, the Ararat Eagles joined the Mininera & District Football League and the four other clubs joined the Central Highlands Football League in an 18 team Competition for 2011.

First Ladder 1999

Premiers
 1999 - Navarre
 2000 - Carngham-Linton
 2001 - Skipton
 2002 - Rokewood-Corindhap
 2003 - Skipton
 2004 - Carngham-Linton
 2005 - Skipton
 2006 - Carngham-Linton
 2007 - Carngham-Linton
 2008 - Carngham-Linton
 2009 - Skipton
 2010 - Skipton

2008 Ladder

FINALS

2009 Ladder

FINALS

2010 Ladder

FINALS

Former Clubs
 Avoca
 Dunolly
 Landsborough
 Marnoo

External links
Lexton Plains FL website
Full Points Footy -Lexton Plains Football League


Territorial disputes in the Persian Gulf

This article deals with territorial disputes between states of in and around the Persian Gulf in Southwestern Asia.  These states include Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates (UAE), and Oman

Background

Before the oil era, the Persian Gulf states made little effort to delineate their territories. Members of Arab tribes felt loyalty to their tribe or shaykh and tended to roam across the Arabian desert according to the needs of their flocks. Official boundaries meant little, and the concept of allegiance to a distinct political unit was absent. Organized authority was confined to ports and oases. Superintended by the British, the boundaries of Kuwait, Iraq and the province of Al-Hasa were delineated at Uqair in 1922. The signing of the first oil concessions in the 1930s brought a fresh impetus to the process. Inland boundaries were never properly demarcated, leaving opportunities for contention, especially in areas of the most valuable oil deposits. Until 1971, British-led forces maintained peace and order in the Gulf, and British officials arbitrated local quarrels. After the withdrawal of these forces and officials, old territorial claims and suppressed tribal animosities resurfaced. The concept of the modern state — introduced into the Persian Gulf region by the European powers — and the sudden importance of boundaries to define ownership of oil deposits kindled acute territorial disputes.

Iranian claims on Bahrain

Iran has often laid claim to Bahrain, based on its history of being a prominent part of the Persian Empire and its seventeenth-century defeat of the Portuguese and its subsequent occupation of the Bahrain archipelago for many centuries. The Arab clan of the Al Khalifa, which has been the ruling family of Bahrain since the eighteenth century, has many times shown loyalty to Iran when disputes with British colonizers were brought up by raising the Iranian flag on official buildings during the last years of the 19th century. Iran in return reserved two seats for Bahrain in her parliament, from 1906 to 1971, as her "14th province". The last shah of Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, raised the Bahrain issue with the British when they withdrew from areas east of the Suez Canal by 1971.  Iran agreed to a limited, UN-sponsored opinion poll to decide the fate of Bahrain. The UN declared the limited public opinion (conducted under serious limitations involving selected few tribal and political elite) to have favored independence. Iran recognized the outcome, and Bahrain was officially declared independent.

Iran and the United Arab Emirates

In 1971, after the British left the area Iranian forces claimed the islands of Abu Musa, Greater Tunb, and Lesser Tunb, located at the mouth of the Persian Gulf between Iran and the UAE. The Iranians asserted their claims to the islands. Iran continued to hold the islands in 1993, and its action remained a source of contention with the UAE, which claimed authority by virtue of Britain's transfer of the islands to the emirates of Sharjah and Ras al-Khaimah. However, Britain had also agreed to give full authority to the Iranians in return for Iran's withdrawal of its claim on Bahrain. By late 1992, Sharjah and Iran had reached agreement with regard to Abu Musa, but Ras al-Khaimah had not reached a settlement with Iran concerning Greater Tunb and Lesser Tunb. The UAE have attempted to bring the dispute before the International Court of Justice, but Iran refused. Tehran says the islands always belonged to it as it had never renounced possession of the islands, and that they are part of Iranian territory.

Bahrain and Qatar

Starting in 1936, Qatar and Bahrain were involved in territorial disputes over the Hawar Islands, Fasht Al Azm, Fasht Dibal, Qit'at Jaradah, and Zubarah. The most substantial dispute was over Fasht Dibal in 1985, after Bahrain began constructing fortifications on the island. Qatar considered the construction to be a violation of an existing agreement made in 1978. In April 1986, Qatari troops arrived on the island via helicopter and declared it a 'restricted zone'. They seized several Bahraini officials and 29 construction workers hired by the Dutch contracting company Ballast Nedam. On 12 May 1986, following protests by the Netherlands and mediation by several GCC member states, Bahrain and Qatar reached a settlement, after which the foreign workers were released. Qatari troops evacuated the island on 15 June.

In 1991 the dispute flared up again after Qatar instituted proceedings to let the International Court of Justice (ICJ) in The Hague, Netherlands, decide whether it had jurisdiction. The two countries exchanged complaints that their respective naval vessels had harassed the other's shipping in disputed waters. In 1996, Bahrain boycotted the GCC summit hosted in Qatar, claiming that the last summit held in Qatar in 1990 was used as a platform to reiterate their territorial claims to the other GCC states. They also cited the 1986 Qatari incursion in Fasht Dibal as a reason for not attending. The disputes were resolved by the International Court of Justice on 16 March 2001, awarding both sides equal amounts of land, giving Bahrain the Hawar Islands (excluding the Janan Island), Qit'at Jaradah, and Fasht Al Azm, with Qatar receiving Zubarah, Fasht Dibal, and the Janan Island.

Iraq and Kuwait

As one pretext for his invasion of Kuwait in 1990, Saddam Hussein revived a long-standing Iraqi claim to the whole of Kuwait based on Ottoman Empire boundaries. The Ottoman Empire exercised a tenuous sovereignty over Kuwait in the late nineteenth century, but the area passed under British protection in 1899. In 1932, Iraq informally confirmed its border with Kuwait, which had previously been demarcated by the British. In 1961, after Kuwait's independence and the withdrawal of British troops, Iraq reasserted its claim to the emirate based on the Ottomans' having attached it to Basra Province. British troops and aircraft were rushed back to Kuwait. A Saudi Arabian-led force of 3,000 from the League of Arab States (Arab League) that supported Kuwait against Iraqi pressure soon replaced them.

The boundary issue again arose when the Baath Party came to power in Iraq after a 1963 revolution. The new government officially recognized the independence of Kuwait and the boundaries Iraq had accepted in 1932. Iraq nevertheless reinstated its claims to Bubiyan and Warbah islands in 1973, massing troops at the border. During the 1980-88 Iran–Iraq War, Iraq pressed for a long-term lease to the islands in order to improve its access to the Persian Gulf and its strategic position. Although Kuwait rebuffed Iraq, relations continued to be strained by boundary issues and inconclusive negotiations over the status of the islands.

In August 1991, Kuwait charged that a force of Iraqis, backed by gunboats, had attacked Bubiyan but had been repulsed and many of the invaders captured. UN investigators found that the Iraqis had come from fishing boats and had probably been scavenging for military supplies abandoned after the Persian Gulf War. Kuwait was suspected of having exaggerated the incident to underscore its need for international support against ongoing Iraqi hostility.

Following the 2004 return of sovereignty to Iraq, Kuwait negotiated a 5 km "Area of Separation" agreement with the government of Iraq as part of Resolution 833.  That agreement expired in 2016, however neither government has moved military forces into the zone.  Tensions have arisen over disputes concerning navigable waters covered under the agreement including the Khor Abdullah estuary.

Smaller incidents have also arisen, primarily along the major road joining the two countries at the border control station known as "K Crossing." These include small protests that included small arms fire, militant threats to retaliate for "Kuwaiti incursions", and "The Pajero Incident."  The Pajero Incident was a reported approach of the border crossing station by several operatives maneuvering around a nearby range complex.  The incident got its name from the vehicle carrying the team, commonly used in Kuwait called the Pajero.  This incident was reportedly precipitated by a failure in navigation by an Operator known as "Harder."  While no hostilities arose, several near accidents were caused as "Zeh" police vehicles attempted to respond at high speed.  The Kuwaiti Ministry of the Interior (MOI) has reported that IS poses no threat to the Kuwaiti border.

United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia

Two disputes exist between the two countries over the territorial waters claimed through the land owned by Saudi Arabia between Qatar and the United Arab Emirates. It is believed that the eastward side infringes into UAE territorial waters and has led to minor skirmishes between the two countries.

The second dispute lies in the unusual extent of these waters from the Saudi coastline which explains how the above area extends further than expected by the Emiratis and is justified by Saudi Arabia. While no map exist on the internet, it is believed a corridor exists along the Qatari/Emirati maritime boundary on the Qatari side extending up to the Iranian maritime boundary. This has been alluded to in documents submitted to the United Nations. It would be expected that Iran would also dispute any corridor directly linking them to Saudi Arabia.

Al Buraimi

A particularly long and acrimonious disagreement involved claims over the Al Buraimi Oasis, disputed since the nineteenth century among tribes from Saudi Arabia, Abu Dhabi, and Oman. Although the tribes residing in the nine settlements of the oasis were from Oman and Abu Dhabi, followers of the Wahhabi religious movement that originated in what is now Saudi Arabia had periodically occupied and exacted tribute from the area. Oil prospecting began in the 1930s with the British-backed Iraq Petroleum Company creating subsidiary companies to explore and survey the area. In the late 1940s, Aramco survey parties began probing into Abu Dhabi territory with armed Saudi guards. Matters came to a head with a non-violent confrontation between Abu Dhabi and Saudi Arabia in 1949 known as the "Stobart incident", named after a British political officer of the time. In 1952, the Saudi Arabians sent a small constabulary force under Mohammed Bin Nasser bin Ibrahim AlGhoson and his vice Turki bin Abdullah al Otaishanto occupy Hamasa, a village in the Buraimi Oasis. When arbitration efforts broke down in 1955, the British dispatched the Trucial Oman Scouts to expel the Saudi Arabian contingent. After the British withdrew from the Gulf, a settlement was reached between Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan of Abu Dhabi and King Faisal of Saudi Arabia. Under the Treaty of Jeddah (1974), Saudi Arabia recognized claims of Abu Dhabi and Oman to the oasis. In return, Abu Dhabi agreed to grant Saudi Arabia a land corridor to the Gulf at Khawr al Udayd and the oil from a disputed oil field. Some grazing and water rights remained in dispute. In March 1990 Saudi Arabia settled her borders with Oman in an agreement that also provided for shared grazing rights and use of water resources. The exact details of the boundary were not disclosed. More recently, a dispute over the Dolphin Gas Project has renewed interest in the 1974 agreement.

Musandam Peninsula

Earlier, the physical separation of the southern portion of Oman from its territory on the Musandam Peninsula was a source of friction between Oman and the various neighboring emirates that became the UAE in 1971. Differences over the disputed territory appeared to have subsided after the onset of the Iran–Iraq War in 1980.


Badra, India

Badra is a census town in Shahdol district  in the state of Madhya Pradesh, India.

Geography
Badra is located at .

Demographics
 India census, Badra had a population of 4755. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Badra has an average literacy rate of 58%, lower than the national average of 59.5%; with 63% of the males and 37% of females literate. 14% of the population is under 6 years of age.


Janel Curry

Janel Curry is an award-winning geographer and educator originally from Canton, Illinois.

Career
Curry graduated from Bethel College (now Bethel University) in 1977 with high honors, earning a B.A. in political science. She then earned an M.A. and Ph.D. in geography from the University of Minnesota. Curry began her  career in 1985 at Central College (Iowa) where she taught geography. She moved to Calvin College in 1996 and taught full-time until  2000 when she transitioned to an administrative position as the Dean of Research and Scholarship.

Curry has authored several articles, books, and book chapters. Her research has blended the two disciplines together by exploring "human-land relations, institutional health and resilience, and theological perspectives on nature."

Much of Janel Curry's published research, essays and blog posts can be found through her website at https://www.janelcurry.com.

Honors
Curry holds the unique distinction of being named a Fulbright Scholar three times in her career. While at Calvin College, she held the Gary and Henrietta Byker Chair in Christian Perspectives on Political, Social, and Economic Thought from 2008 to 2012. She is also the past recipient of a fellowship from the Pew Evangelical Scholars.

Other awards include:
 John Fraser Hart Award for Research Excellence
 Lifetime Achievement Award for Excellence in Rural and Agricultural Geography
 Decade Alumni Award for Academic Achievement (from Bethel University)
 Michigan Campus Compact Faculty/Staff Community Service-Learning Award


Silcock Family

The Silcock Family is a family from Huntington Beach, California, United States, consisting of many adopted, disabled boys and two parents, now divorced. , the Silcock Family had adopted 59 sons. They have recorded music and one episode of Nanny 911.

Biography
A diving accident in 1987 resulted in the father, Jim Silcock, becoming a quadriplegic with little mobility. The mother, Ann Belles, has been involved in foster parenting since she was 19 years old.

The couple first encountered each other over the Internet.  They met for the first time in January 1998 and then married four months later.

The parents own a small business called First Step Supported Living, which assists disabled persons to live in home more independently.  Along with governmental financial aid given to some of their boys and donations from the community, the family is able to financially support itself.

The Silcocks adopt disabled boys who are of different ethnicities from them.  They feel that these types of children are the most overlooked amongst adoption agencies and therefore have the most trouble getting adopted.

The boys

Parents' divorce
Ann Belles and Jim Silcock had an uncontested divorce in 2011, which the divorce mediator characterized as friendly, quick, and focused on the needs of their sons.

In popular culture
The family is best known for being featured in an episode of the former Fox reality television series Nanny 911.  Because the family was so big, all three nannies were summoned to visit them.

California-based singer-songwriter Dave Nachmanoff, who is also the sideman to Al Stewart ("Year of the Cat", "Time Passages"), has recorded three CDs with the family, with the boys writing each song with him.

Barry Silcock was profiled in an episode of An Adoption Story, which aired on Discovery Health Channel. Said episode features Barry, Jim, and Ann making an appearance in family court to finalize Barry's adoption by Jim and Ann after Barry's having reached the age of majority.

Barry Silcock's death
On Sunday, September 19, 2004, at 2:45 am, Barry Dale Silcock died. He had been in ICU (Intensive Care Unit) for 120 days, healing from a surgical wound. He was actually scheduled to be discharged that very day. At 2:15 am, he experienced difficulty breathing. Barry's nurse tried to give him oxygen in an extensive effort, but none prevailed. Barry died at 2:45.

His memorial service was held on Monday, September 27 at 11:00 am at Saddleback Community Church.

Justin Silcock's death

Justin Damian Silcock died on June 27, 2010, at age 14.


Greg Keeler

Greg Keeler is a Montana songwriter, poet, writer, artist, humorist, and professor. He also plays the guitar, harmonica, and kazoo. Keeler was born in the flatlands of Oklahoma with his one brother. Keeler was a professor at Montana State University where he taught creative writing and contemporary literature. Keeler started teaching at Montana State University in 1975. He graduated with a master's degree from Oklahoma State University and later went on to earn his D.A. from Idaho State University. He has published three books, written collections of poetry, has produced six plays, recorded ten tapes and CDs, and has published many articles in magazines and journals. His paintings have gone up for display in exhibits at MSU and in Butte. Keeler is the father of two sons and is married to Judy Keeler, a retired adjunct professor of English at MSU.

Biography
Keeler was born and raised in the flatlands of Oklahoma. He was born into a household of Professors. His father was an English professor at Oklahoma State University where he wrote poems and essays. His mother was a professor of Child Development and Family Relations at Oklahoma State University–Stillwater.  His brother is a professor of economics at University of California Berkeley.

At a very young age he was inspired by his family to sing, paint and write, which he believes is the reason he still loves these things today. Entertaining others was something that he derived joy from, which he did often as a child. To him, entertaining others meant to be funny and that's what he did. He would make a joke and get laughs from them which may be the reason why he is a modern day humorist in his writings.

He grew up fishing with his father and has fond memories of fishing Long Lake, Minn. and has loved the sport of fishing his entire life. As a kid he wanted to grow up and be a fisherman. He considers fishing more than just a sport, but a way of life. Fishing to him is not about the fish you catch, but the fact that fishing itself is so beautiful and needs to be fun. He loves the mountains and fishing, so when he was teaching in Louisiana and saw a job opening as an English professor at Montana State University, he was eager to jump on the boat.  In 1975 he was hired as a temporary Professor of English at MSU where he met his wife, Judy Keeler. After two years, his job was under academic review and this caused him hardship. The reasoning for his close loss of his job was that he was not publishing his works in professional journals. After hiring a lawyer, he got to keep his job at MSU. It was hard for him to make a living on an English professor's paycheck, so during the summer, he would buck bales for some extra money. This inspired him to write satirical songs and poems about the hay fields, which either made the people he worked with in the fields angry or laugh. For a while he was writing poems every day. Some days Keeler can be found writing hysterical poems; while on others, he can be caught painting. Keeler's focus is never on just one thing; he applies his talents equally.

His love of writing has gained him honors and awards. In 1998 he received the Charles and Nora L. Wiley Award. This award is given to a faculty member of MSU for their research and creativity. Then in 2001 he received the Governor's Award in Humanities. Today Keeler is constantly being looked up to by members of the college and his community. Sara Jayne Steen, head of the English Department at MSU said "…Greg is one of the true lights at Montana State University" His work is also nationally recognized on PBS and his songs are being used nationally and internationally through documentaries.

Music Album Titles
 Bad Science Fiction (1987)
 Song of Fishing Sheep and Guns in Montana (1987)
 Post-Modern Blues (1988)
 Trash Fish (1994)
 Sheep, Lies, and Audio Tape (1991)
 Enquiring Minds (1990)
 All You Can Eat (1992)
 Talking Sweet Bye and Bye (1987)
 Montana in Time (1989)
 Nuclear Dioxin Queen (Compilation of songs from different tapes)

Books
 American Falls (Confluence Press, 1987)
 Epiphany at Goofy’s Gas (Clark City 1991)
 A Mirror to the Safe (Limberlost Press, 1997)
 Waltzing With the Captain (Limberlost Press, 2004)
 Trash Fish: A Life (Counterpoint, 2008)
 The Bluebird Run (Elk River Books, 2018)

Published Poetry
 American Falls (1991)
 Epiphany at Goofy’s Gas (1991)
 Published Fishing Articles
 Stink Meat
 Extreme
 Boat Blunders
 Fishing in the Wind
 A Democracy of Anglers
 Lost Fish


M. Manimaran

M. Manimaran is an Indian politician and former Member of the Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu. He was elected to the Tamil Nadu legislative assembly as a Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam candidate from Nannilam constituency in 1977, 1984 and 1989 elections.


Ferris State Bulldogs

The Ferris State Bulldogs (FSU Bulldogs) are the athletic teams that represent Ferris State University, located in Big Rapids, Michigan, in NCAA Division II intercollegiate sporting competitions. The Bulldogs compete as members of the Great Lakes Intercollegiate Athletic Conference for 14 of 15 varsity sports, while the men's hockey team (the only team that competes at the Division I level) plays in the Western Collegiate Hockey Association. The Bulldogs have been members of the GLIAC since 1972.

Year in and year out, nearly 400 student-athletes have the opportunity to compete for the Bulldogs on a regional and national level for conference titles and NCAA Championships. Ferris’ men’s club ice hockey won the American Collegiate Hockey Association Division 2 national title in 1994.

Varsity teams

Facilities
The Ferris Ice Arena and Sports Complex features basketball courts, volleyball courts, hockey rink and a general ice-skating rink located in the Ewigleben Arena, named after former college president Robert Ewigleben. This sports complex hosts university and high school competitions as well as community sports programs.

Championships
National Championships:
 2018: Men's Basketball—NCAA Division II
National Runners-up:
 1989: Wrestling—NCAA Division II
 2004: Women's Golf—NCAA Division II
 2006: Women's Golf—NCAA Division II
 2012: Men's Ice Hockey—NCAA Division I
 2018: Football—NCAA Division II

Club Sports National Championships:
 1994: Men's Ice Hockey—ACHA Division 2

Individual sports

Ice hockey

The 2011–12 season marked the first time in school history that the Bulldogs reached the NCAA Division I Ice Hockey National Championship Finals. In the national championship match at the Frozen Four the Bulldogs lost 4–1 to Boston College in the title contest, leading to the cheer "Save Ferris" . The season came to a close with a 26–12–5 overall record and included a trip to the Frozen Four and a national runner-up finish.  Ferris State's 26 wins were the second-most in school history, and the season highlights also included the school's second-ever Central Collegiate Hockey Association (CCHA) Regular-Season Championship and a Midwest Regional crown.

Prior to the 2011–12 season, the program's best season performance in the NCAA Division I was the 2002/03 campaign with a school-best 31–10–1 overall record. The Bulldogs also claimed their first-ever CCHA Regular-Season Championship title with a first-place 22–5–1 league mark and advanced to the NCAA Championship Tournament's West Regional title game in their initial NCAA Tourney appearance. Ferris State also earned the distinction of being the nation's first team to reach the 30-win plateau in 2002/03 and also competed in the CCHA Super Six Championship Tourney for the first time since 1993.

Football

Conferences
1899–1937: Independent
1938–1941: Michigan-Ontario Collegiate Conference
1946–1955: Independent
1956–1973: NAIA Independent
1974–1989: Great Lakes Intercollegiate Athletic Conference
1990–1998: Midwest Intercollegiate Football Conference
1999–present: Great Lakes Intercollegiate Athletic Conference

Results
The Bulldogs had good success after Tony Annese was hired, winning multiple GLIAC championships with quarterback Jason Vanderlann. Unfortunately even though they had good success in the regular season that did not result in post-season success. In the best seasons Ferris State football ever had they went 1-2 in the postseason. Their one win was vs 7 seed Texas A&M Commerce at home in 2015, while they got beat by ODU in 2014 and GVSU in 2015, both GVSU and ODU were in-conference teams who were lower seeds, and both losses came in Big Rapids at home. In 2016, Ferris State defeated rival Grand Valley in the playoffs in Allendale. The win sent the Bulldogs to the National Semifinals. In 2017 the Bulldogs returned to the playoffs and defeated Ouachita Baptist and Fort Hays St before losing to Harding in a 16-14 Regional Championship. The Bulldogs are currently 7-2 vs arch-rival GVSU under Coach Annese.


Eucorys barbouri

Eucorys barbouri is a species of large sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Cassidae, the helmet snails and bonnet snails.

Distribution
Recorded from offshore Barbados.

Description
The maximum recorded shell length is 65 mm.

Habitat
Minimum recorded depth is 238 m. Maximum recorded depth is 1829 m.


Robbie Tronco

Robbie Tronco is a DJ from the Philadelphia, Pennsylvania area. Robbie has produced several hits such as "Walk4Me", and "Runway as a house" but broke through with his 1997 smash "Fright Train", which was also a big hit in Belgium and the Netherlands in 1998. According to Louis Capet XXVI Recordings, the current publisher affiliate of Tronco's new releases, "Fright Train" stayed on the Billboard Dance Music Charts for 42 weeks and charted highest at #9 in January 1999. He also founded the TroncoDelphia record label in July 2007. Robbie has performed on the local and international club circuit for 35 years.


Monument to Garibaldi (Rome)

The equestrian monument dedicated to Giuseppe Garibaldi is an imposing equestrian statue placed in Rome on the highest point of the Janiculum hill on the square Piazza Garibaldi.

It was designed by Emilio Gallori in 1895, and has been referred by the title "the Hero of the Two Worlds".

History
The monument consists of a bronze statue portraying the hero riding a horse, which is placed on a big marble base; on each side are engraved allegorical figures of Europe and America and bas-reliefs that commemorate the landing in Marsala, the resistance of Boiada, the defence of Rome and the group of liberty. On the steps up right the monument Ettore Ferrari had created a crown, in order to remember that Garibaldi was the first Master of Italian Freemasonry. During Fascism it was replaced by fascist symbols and a copy of it was put in place only in 1943. The monument was inaugurated on September 20, 1895 by Enrico Gallori.
The placement of the monument gave rise to several politic interpretations, as it was inaugurated in the period when relationships between the Kingdom of Italy and the Holy See were still suspended. The official version declared that the Hero directs his gaze to the Vatican. After the Lateran Treaty in 1929, the statue was turned around to face the city of Rome. A very popular Roman legend underlines that, in this way the horse now offers its backside to the Holy See.
The monument was restored by the Municipality of Rome in 1990.


Cementerio del Norte, Montevideo

Cementerio del Norte is the largest cemetery in Montevideo, Uruguay, and also the largest green park area of the city. It is located in the barrio of Casavalle in the northern-central part of the city, about 7 kilometres from the centre. To the southwest is Parque Luis Rivero and the barrio of Aires Puros. The barrio of Las Acacias lies to the east.

History
The cemetery was established in 1929. Germans who were killed in battle at sea during World War II are buried in the cemetery.

Description
The cemetery is noted for its circular "coiled" system of grave alignment in the large expanse to the north of the site. There is however a regular burial ground to the southwest of this circular patterned main site.


Frank Coles

Frank Coles is a British-American entrepreneur and a maritime lawyer.

Education
Coles graduated with a master's degree in Maritime Law from the University of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom.

Career
Frank Coles is a Chief Executive Officer of Wallem Group, a company which provides technology-driven maritime solutions. Before that, he was a CEO of Transas, a developer and supplier of software for navigation, fleet operation, training, and ship traffic control. He also served as one of the members of  the Board of Directors for Transas Marine. The company was later acquired by Wärtsilä, a technology group.

He started his career at sea 12 years prior to being a maritime lawyer. He served as a lawyer for 5 years and then became the Operations Director for Pacific Basin Bulk Shipping in Hong Kong.

Coles also served as the President of Inmarsat Maritime and the Chief Executive Officer of Globe Wireless.


Tonmeister

Tonmeister is most often found as a job description in the music and recording industries. It describes a person who is a sound master (a literal translation of the German word): a person who creates recordings or broadcasts of music who is both deeply musically trained (in 'classical' and non-classical genres) and also who has a detailed theoretical and practical knowledge of virtually all aspects of sound recording, music mixing and mastering. Both competencies have equal importance in a tonmeister's work.

A Tonmeister spans both art and technology: working with musicians on a musical level to help them achieve the best performances and interpretation; and utilizing or directing the use of appropriate technology to produce the most communicative experience for the listener, including appropriate editing, sound balance and other post-production skills. One may say that a Tonmeister would utilize the techniques of scientific measurement (microphones, digital recorders, accurate amplifiers, etc.), but he or she is in the entertainment industry, too, using additional techniques to create experiences and illusions for performers and listeners.

The word tonmeister was trademarked in 1996 for the UK by the University of Surrey. Also within the UK, the SAE Institute registered the term SAE Tonmeister, which has been abbreviated to tonmeister in their registrations in several other countries, but not including Germany, Switzerland, or Austria. Members of the VDT may call themselves Tonmeister VDT.

When describing the full four-year UK BMus degree or its equivalent in Germany, the term is applied mostly to people who have graduated at bachelor's level in music and applied physics and who have gathered, under university supervision, at least a year of appropriate industrial experience in the music or recording business. Their musical training generally encompasses a full conventional classical training including instrumental studies, conducting, composition, historic and analytical studies and performance; together with applied physics and mathematics including calculus, the Fourier transform, complex numbers, information theory and modulation techniques, acoustics, electronics and much experience in recording techniques and music technology garnered in modern studios and on many locations. A portfolio of recordings must be offered in the final degree assessment.

Origins

The concept of a Tonmeister dates back to 1946, when Arnold Schoenberg wrote a letter to the Chancellor of the University of Chicago suggesting a course to train "soundmen". Schoenberg wrote "soundmen will be trained in music, acoustics, physics, mechanics and related fields to a degree enabling them to control and improve the sonority of recordings, radio broadcasts and sound films". It was also in this year that the University in Detmold, Germany, started the first Tonmeister course (see below).

Education
Many institutions offer honors degrees that are called Tonmeister: The Royal Danish Academy of Music Copenhagen (RDAM), the Warsaw Academy of Music, the Universität der Künste Berlin (UdK) and the Hochschule für Musik Detmold in Germany; the Universität für Musik und darstellende Kunst Wien in Austria, the Conservatoire de Paris, the University of Surrey in the United Kingdom; and (as a post-graduate study) the SAE Institute in Oxford, UK and Byron Bay, Australia.

In 1998, the previous Course Director at the University of Surrey, Dave Fisher, characterised the Tonmeister course as a course for excellent musicians/scientists who wish to acquire the theoretical knowledge and practical skills of sound recording along with both an academic understanding of audio engineering and also an experiential understanding of the technology of the sound recording and broadcast industries. Its aims were described in this way:
 a comprehensive and up-to-date knowledge base;
 intellectual and practical skills;
 technical, artistic and scholarly curiosity;
 motivation and self-directed learning skills;
 professional skills and training;
 communication and presentation skills;
 self-confidence;

...all acquired as appropriate for a career in audio engineering or sound recording.

Tonmeister Institute in Denmark
The Royal Danish Academy of Music

Tonmeister Institutes in UK
Surrey Tonmeister Course

Tonmeister Institutes in Germany
Information zum Studiengang Tonmeister an der Universität der Künste Berlin
Universität der Künste Berlin
Information zum Studiengang Tonmeister am Erich-Thienhaus-Institut (ETI) der Hochschule für Musik Detmold
Information zum Studiengang Ton an der Hochschule für Film und Fernsehen (HFF) 'Konrad Wolf' Potsdam-Babelsberg

Tonmeister Institute in Switzerland
Information zum Studiengang Tonmeister an der Zürcher Hochschule der Künste

Tonmeister Institute in Austria
Information zur Studienrichtung Tonmeister an der Universität für Musik und darstellende Kunst Wien

Tonmeister Institute in the Netherlands
Information zum Studiengang "Art of Sound", former "muziekregistratie" at the Royal Consevatoire, Den Haag, The Netherlands

Tonmeister Institute in Canada
"The McGill Graduate Program in Sound Recording is the only program in North America to offer both a Master's and PhD degree. It follows the European Tonmeister tradition of training musicians to become sound engineers"

Tonmeister Institute in Catalonia
"Escola Superior de música de Catalunya (ESMUC) offer a global view of all branches of the Sonology (recording, tonmeister, sound design, etc)"

Tonmeister Institute in the United States
"New York University offers a Masters in Music Technology with an advanced certificate in Tonmeister Studies"

Tonmeister Institute in France
"The Conservatoire National Supérieur de Musique offers a 4-Year Masters in Sound recording, production and music theory"

Tonmeister Information
German-language Wikipedia entry
Wikipedia entry
Verband Deutscher Tonmeister - VDT


Spirit the Earth Aflame

Spirit the Earth Aflame is the third album of the Irish black metal band Primordial.  It was originally released in 2000.

Track listing

Credits
Alan Averill - Vocals
Ciáran MacUiliam - Guitar
Feargal Flannery - Guitar
Pól "Paul" MacAmlaigh - Bass
Simon O'Laoghaire - Drums


Mateusz Kossior

Mateusz Kossior, also Kosior, Kossiur, Kossyor, Mateusz Koło, (16th century) was a Polish painter and sculptor of the late Renaissance. His dates of birth and death are unknown.

Kossior was born in Koło, then went to Poznań, where in 1575 he appeared before the City Council to complain against the local painter's guild. The City Council hosted a performance by the artist featuring an image of Madonna and Child. In the years 1579-1595 he was a senior member to several painters' guilds, the Department of Crafts, and bookbinders group. He was a well known and respected artist, and his art earned him a small property in the Poznan. At the end he also lived and worked in Kłecko, where the painter did an altarpiece for the church in Kłecko.

Kossior was influenced by Dutch and Italian paintings. Patrons of the artist included the noble family Czarnkowscy.

The artist had four children: Eve (wife of James Goldsmith Poznan Staniewski, then a goldsmith Thomas Pełka), Stanislaus, Barbara and Hedwig. Son Stanislaw Kossior (Kossiorowicz) (d. 1626) was also a painter, and in the years 1610 and 1617 he was a member of the painters' guild in Poznan, and painted the high altar in Szamotuły.


Richard G. Gotti

Richard G. Gotti (born November 30, 1967) is a  member of the Gambino crime family. His father is Gambino capo Richard V. Gotti and cousins are capo John A. "Junior" Gotti, former reality television star Victoria Gotti, and Peter Gotti, Jr. His uncle was Gambino boss John Gotti.

On November 29, 2001, federal and state agents executed a search warrant on Gotti and seized approximately $12,000 in cash from Gotti's pockets at his home in Valley Stream, New York. On June 5, 2002, Gotti was indicted on racketeering charges. During the trial, Gotti's lawyer claimed that the money came from the preschool run by Gotti and his wife. The government said it was a payoff from a Gambino crew. On March 17, 2003, Gotti was convicted on racketeering charges. He was sent to Ashland Federal Correctional Institution (FCI) in Ashland, Kentucky. He was released on March 2, 2007. In February 2008, Gotti was named as a defendant in the Operation Old Bridge indictments.

On February 22, 2015, he was released from Schuylkill Federal Correctional Institution (FCI) in Minersville, Pennsylvania.


Ásmundur Bjarnason

Ásmundur Bjarnason (born 17 February 1927) is an Icelandic sprinter. He competed in the men's 100 metres at the 1952 Summer Olympics.


Belford Roxo, Rio de Janeiro

Belford Roxo () is a city in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It is a part of the metropolitan region of the city of Rio de Janeiro and was created in 1990. Its population was 508,614 in 2018 and its area is 79 km². Belford Roxo is not one of the richest and wealthiest cities in the state, due to its low GDP and relatively high population. Its climate is tropical with an average temperature of 18 °C (63 °F). Bayer and Lubrizol are the biggest companies in the municipality. It was named after Engineer Raimundo Teixeira Belfort Roxo. While serving as General Construction and Building Inspector for the city of Rio de Janeiro, Engineer Belfort Roxo, together with Engineer Paulo de Frontin, solved the water shortage problems of the area during the summer of 1889.

The city gained fame from the samba school Lambs of Belford Roxo, parading annually in the carnival of the city of Rio de Janeiro. Currently the municipality is the seventh most populous of Rio de Janeiro, with 479,386 inhabitants, according to IBGE estimates for 2014, and has the 14th largest state GDP, with 3.539.442.000 thousand. Nevertheless, its per capita income in 2008 was R $7,140.38, one of the state's low. When comparing social indicators with other cities in the state, as Niterói and Petrópolis, it is clear that the municipality provides basic services infrastructure, with lower standards than other neighboring municipalities. Its HDI is 0.684, which despite being considered average by calculating the IBGE / 2010, according to UN standards is critically below the average of the state of Rio de Janeiro (0768), and the national average (0744 ).

History

A few years after the expulsion of the French, the governor of Rio de Janeiro, Christopher de Barros, gave the captain Belchior Azeredo one sesmaria on the river Sarapuí, in the old village of Jacutingas Indians. There, he founded the Santo Antônio mill Jacutinga, which in the future would be the current municipality of Belford Roxo. A shrine to St. Anthony was built on a hillside 750 meters from the river bank Sarapuí, near the site established for port activities.

At the dawn of the seventeenth century, the Holy mill Antonio Jacutinga was dismembered, appearing then the maxambomba mill (Nova Iguaçu) and the ingenuity of Poce (Tenure). In the eighteenth century, a new break (this time in maxambomba the mill lands) has raised the Caxoeira mill (Mosque), on land that belonged to the governor of Rio de Janeiro Salvador de Sá. For over two hundred years, the land remained, by hereditary succession, under the control of the heirs of Salvador de Sá, the Vasques Correia family.

In the middle of that eighteenth century, the lands of the San Antonio sugar mill again be dismembered for the formation of new devices: the Brejo and Sarapuí. In the same period, the lands of maxambomba ingenuity were dismembered for the formation of Madureira ingenuity.

In 1767, in a topographic map of the captaincy of Rio de Janeiro, made by Manuel Vieira Lion, appears clearly in this region the ingenuity of Brejo. Its first occupant was Christopher Mendes Leitão, in 1739.

The Baixada Fluminense is cut by Sarapuí River and was surrounded by marshes and swamps. Had in his bank, a port for flow of production: sugar, rice, beans, corn and brandy.

After a succession of owners in 1815, Father Miguel Arcanjo Leitão, who owned the land and sold them to the first Viscount of Barbacena, Felisberto Caldeira Brant, future Marquis of Barbacena.

In 1843, Peter Brant, the Comte de Iguaçu - son of the first Viscount and Marquis of Barbacena - took over the farm after his father's death, which occurred in the city of Rio de Janeiro on July 13, 1842.

In 1851, Brant Boiler family sold their farm to the Commander Manuel José Coelho da Rocha.

In the second half of the nineteenth century, the estate fell into decay due to the occurrence of epidemics. The laying of tracks for crossing the Rio d'Ouro railway, cutting the farm Heath in 1872 on land donated by the Rock Rabbit descendants, began a movement claiming to turn it on railway line passengers, as previously, this railway was built to capture water in Tinguá saws, Rio d'Ouro and San Pedro, with placement of aqueducts along its margin.

Geography

Occupying an area of 79.791 square kilometers, Belford Roxo currently has 481,127 inhabitants, it is the seventh most populous city in the state. The municipal seat has the following geographical coordinates: 22º 45 '50 "South Latitude and 43º 26' 56" West Longitude. Located in the Baixada Fluminense, in the micro region of Rio de Janeiro, is limited to the municipalities of: Nova Iguaçu and Mesquita (west); Saint Johns Wood (South); and Duque de Caxias (east).

Relief

The topography of the city is presented as gently rugged, with many hills. The maximum altitude is approximately 121 meters. In the southern and northern part of town, there are elevations on the east and west side, with the north APA Alto Iguaçu (Environmental Protection Area) and Maringa-Recantus APA, a part with several preserved vegetation hills.

Vegetation

The vegetation consisted of swamps and marshes and across the Baixada Fluminense. Also along the lines of Baixada, it was almost all cleared to give way to the city. Much of the north of Belford Roxo is occupied by extensive forests, on the border with the municipalities of Duque de Caxias and Nova Iguaçu, a place called as Iguaçuana Forest, it is where the river flows into Boots on the Iguaçu River. It is where it is located the Maringa-Recantus APA. Currently 3.34% of the county soil are secondary vegetation; 5.62% are areas of fields and pasture and 85.20% of the territory are urban area.

Hydrography

The city is located in the Hydrographic Region 5 of the State of Rio de Janeiro, covering the basins of the rivers that are born on the slopes of Serra do Mar, in the hills and in coastal massifs, flowing into the bay. The basin of the Iguaçu River has two major tributaries to the city: the rivers Boots and Sarapuí.

Draining an area of 726 square kilometers and covering the municipalities of Belford Roxo, Duque de Caxias, Nilópolis, Nova Iguaçu, Rio de Janeiro and São João de Meriti, the watershed of the Iguaçu River has its headwaters located in Sierra Tinguá; its course develops in the southwest direction, with a total length of 43 km and flowing into the bay. The Capivari, Pati and Tinguá on the left bank and right bank Botasà are the main tributaries of the Iguaçu River.

Rivers most important city are: Iguaçu, Boots, Sarapuí, Velhas, Outeiro, Silver and maxambomba. The quality of rivers and Boots Sarapuí, according to CONAMA, are classified as Class 2: are water bodies that can be used for domestic supply, if they are treated conventionally. With proper care, these waters are also suitable for the protection of aquatic communities, primary contact recreation, fruit plants and irrigation of vegetables, and natural creation and / or intensive species for human consumption.

However, these rivers are very polluted, being compared to sewage ditches in the open, with indicative serious organic and faecal pollution and heavy metals such as nickel and lead. According FEEMA, it appears, also, the presence of cadmium, chromium and iron.

Climate

The climate is tropical presenting average monthly temperatures between 21 °C and 27 °C, with an annual average of 26 °C. The lowest temperature ever recorded in Belford Roxo, was 6 °C, in July 2000. The annual rainfall fi ed around 1,229 mm. The most rainy season starts in November and ends in March, and the driest is from June to August.

Because it is situated near the Tropic of Capricorn, the Baixada Fluminense is influenced by winds from the Amazon and the Atlantic Ocean. And to be a marshland, the winds do not hit much at ground height, increasing the sensation of heat, with temperatures often rising from 30 °C

Demography

The municipality of Belford Roxo has an area of 77.815 square kilometers. The urban area of the municipality accounted for approximately 64.7738 square kilometers, or 85.20% of its area in 2000.

In 2010, they lived in Belford Roxo, 469,261 inhabitants, divided into 226,757 men and 242,504 women, according to IBGE surveys in 2010, but the Ministry of Health increases that number by 5% when funds are transferred from the Single System health for the city, raising it to 492,724 residents. According to the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics, Belford Roxo had 302,637 voters in 2010. For 2014, the population is estimated at 479,386. Belford Roxo has since the 60s, more than 100 thousand inhabitants, a number that many municipalities still have failed to achieve, as we can see in the chart below.

The Municipal Human Development Index (HDI) of Belford Roxo is considered average by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), and its value to 0.684. Although it is located in the state of Rio de Janeiro, which has the 4th highest HDI in Brazil, the value of the city index is below the state average (0.768), and country (0.744). There is still a wide disparity in social indicators of the municipality and other neighboring localities, revealing a history of abandonment, and regional inequality.

The per capita income is real 7140.38, the literacy rate is 91.99% and life expectancy is 67.64 years. The gross rate of school attendance is 78.01%, [22] The incidence of poverty in 2003, measured by the IBGE, was 60%. and the Gini coefficient, which measures inequality, was 0 , 49 in 2000, and 1.00 is the worst number and 0.00 is the best.


Dirty Point

Dirty Point is a summit in Cibola County, New Mexico, in the United States. With an elevation of , Dirty Point is the 2090th highest summit in the state of New Mexico.


Geology of the Cayman Islands

The geology of the Cayman Islands includes carbonates deposited and periodically eroded over the last 30 million years. The underlying Cayman Ridge is proposed as an uplifted fault block. The oldest rocks are believed to be granodiorite, followed by a cap of basalt. Situated near the Oriente Transform Fault and the Mid-Cayman Rise, the islands are tectonically active. Older Miocene and Pliocene crystalline limestone is overlain by the Pleistocene Ironshore Formation  reef limestone and calcarenite.


Walter Reuter

Walter Reuter (b. January 4, 1906 - March 20, 2005) was a Mexican photojournalist of German origin. Reuter arrived to Mexico in 1942, after fleeing the rise of the Nazis in Germany, and the defeat of the Republicans in Spain. Having started his career in Europe, he introduced modern photojournalism techniques into Mexico and is best known for his work documenting twenty ethnicities of Mexico's indigenous people.  In 1986, the Museo de Arte Moderno held a retrospective of his work and he was a member of the Salón de la Plástica Mexicana. Since his death, a collection of his work has been published and exhibited.

Life

Walter Reuter was born in the Charlottenburg district of Berlin. His father drove trolleys and his mother inspected the cars. He lived with his parents in Berlin except from 1914 to 1918, during the First World War, when he was sent to live with relatives in Prussia .

When Reuter was growing up, Berlin was a major cultural center. He did not want to be a photographer, but rather an actor and dancer. He did some performing as a young man, such as in a chorus directed by Georg Gotsch in 1923. To earn money, he worked as a photoengraver, an activity he taught himself, first at Sahm& Co. printing house in 1920 than at Artes Gráficas Büxenstein in 1925.

He was also politically active and in 1924, left home due to political disputes with his father, spending time in Nuremberg to study acting. In 1928 he met Siliava Sulamith, his first wife, an acting student and legal secretary to a known leftist lawyer.

In 1929, he was working at a printing house when Berlin authorities forbade demonstrations for International Workers' Day. Workers went out onto the streets anyway and the following clashes left thirty dead. Reuter wanted the publisher to print something to protest the event, passing a petition, but his efforts got him fired and blacklisted from further work. He went to Munich but could not get work, surviving by playing the guitar and accordion. He returned to Berlin in 1931 and bought a 6x9 Contessa Nettel camera and constructed his own enlarger, with the idea of selling the photographs for money.  He worked with his wife's lawyer and leftist organizations to photograph life for Berlin's poor against the rising Nazi party. He sold his first negatives to a magazine called Arbeiter Illustierte Zeitung. This led to work with other publications, working in Germany and Czechoslovakia .

In 1933, Hitler came to power in Germany, and fearing arrest, Reuter fled Germany accompanied by his wife and another women named Margarethe Zembal, arriving to Spain. He made a living photographing wealthy families and tourists along the country's southern coast and connected with intellectuals such as Federico Garcia Lorca . When the Spanish Civil War broke out in 1936, he sent his wife and young son to France, while he joined the Republican forces against Francisco Franco. In addition to fighting he also covered the war as a correspondent for several wire services and publications. In this endeavor, he worked with Robert Capa and David Seymour, with the group called the Brigada Internacional de la Fotografía.  Reuter principally photographed the war's effect behind the lines, especially on children.

With the defeat of the Republicans, Reuter fled to France through Barcelona. However, he was captured and placed in a concentration camp in 1939. He managed to escape and flee with his family to Morocco. There French authorities recaptured him in 1941 and sent him as prison labor on the Trans-Saharan railway. Reuter escaped again and rejoined his family in Casablanca. There he, his wife and his young son, Jas, escaped on a Portuguese boat that happened to be going to Mexico.

Reuter arrived in Mexico in 1942, stating that when he arrived in Veracruz he felt great relief. The family lived for a year in Puebla, where he worked as a photographer using borrowed equipment.  In Mexico his first camera was a Rolleiflex, bought at a pawn shop.

After Puebla, the family moved to Mexico City where they made contact with other Spanish and German refugees.

Reuter married his second wife Ana Maria in 1959, with whom he had three children. In total he had five children, Jas, Almuth, Marina, Claudia and Hely.

Reuter died in Cuernavaca at age 99 from kidney failure.

Career in Mexico
Reuter introduced modern photojournalism to Mexico.  After arriving in Mexico City, he created a photographic series called Mexico's Rooftops which he sold to a magazine called Nosotros.  He then went on to collaborate with publications such as Hoy, Siempre!, Mañana, Cinemagazine, Voz, Foto-Film and Memoranda.

He has photographed Mexico's leading artists (especially in dance) and intellectuals. However, he is best known for his documentation of Mexico's indigenous peoples in various regions, taking over 35,000 photographs of twenty different ethnicities. Working with state agencies, he first created “The timeless world of the Indians”, traveling through Veracruz and in 1946 in Oaxaca with Juan Rulfo and the Papaloapan project in 1950.

Reuter also produced a number of full-length films. The first was Historia de un río, which led to opportunities to make documentaries for Musée de l'Homme, the BBC and Westdeutscher Rundfunk. Tierra de chicle (1953) won the Espiga de Plata in Rome.  He also created a number of dramatic films such as Raíces (1955), El brazo fuerte (1958) and Los pequeños gigantes (1958).

He also taught at the Centro Universitario de Estudios Cinematográficos, with Nacho López and Héctor García Cobo as students.

Reuter created an estimated 97,000 negatives during his lifetime. He lost possession of his entire archive twice in his life, once when he fled Germany and again when he fled Spain. Work of his done in Spain can be found at the National Library in Madrid and the Komintern archives in Moscow. His work in Mexico has been partly categorized by his daughter Hely, working with the Fondo Nacional para la Cultura y las Artes.

Although not an artist in the classic sense, in 1986, the Museo de Arte Moderno held a retrospective of his work, focusing on images of the indigenous and ballet scenes. The José Luis Cuevas Museum held another exhibition of his work in 1996, for the photographer's 90th birthday. Reuter was also a member of the Salón de la Plástica Mexicana.

His daughter, Hely Reuter published an eleven volume set of his works called La obra de Walter Reuter: viajero por la libertad, 1906-2005 in 2013, which was exhibited at the 2013 Festival Internacional Cervantino. In 2012 his work was exhibited other photographers such as Manuel Álvarez Bravo, Henri Cartier-Bresson, and Hugo Brehme at the Museo de Arte Moderno.

In 2005, an annual award for photojournalism in Mexico called the Premio Alemán de Periodismo Walter Reuter was established.


Anthurium furcatum

Anthurium furcatum is a species of plant in the family Araceae. It is endemic to Ecuador.  Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.


John Marcum

John Marcum (1913–1981) was the co-founder of ARCA and a NASCAR official from Toledo, Ohio, United States. He raced in the 1930s and 1940s. He owned cars entered in two NASCAR Grand National Series races with one Top 10 finish. He was inducted in the International Motorsports Hall of Fame in 1994.  Marcum would be inducted into the Dayton Speedway Hall of Fame October, 2010.

Marcum's first raced as a 14-year-old in his family car after lying about his age. Marcum raced against NASCAR founder Bill France, Sr. in the 1940s in open wheel roadsters. After France formed NASCAR in the late 1940s, he hired Marcum as an official, a position that he held from 1949 until 1952.

In 1953, Marcum created a Midwestern United States racing series called "Midwest Association for Race Cars" (MARC) with his wife Mildred in his hometown Toledo, Ohio. It was a regional stock car racing series, a Northern counterpart to the Southern stock car series of the day, Bill France's NASCAR. The first MARC race was at Dayton Speedway, in Dayton Ohio, on May 10, 1953. The series race slightly modified street cars.

John Marcum, Blair Rattliff and Tom Cushman would be parts owner of Dayton Speedway in 1958.

The series was renamed "Automobile Racing Club of America" (ARCA) in 1964 when it began to race on superspeedways. France had contacted Marcum wondering if ARCA would want a race at the Daytona Speedweeks. Marcum jumped at the chance for national exposure. The ARCA/NASCAR relationship continues today. The series frequently schedule events at the same track on the same weekend. The ARCA event is frequently the Saturday support race to the Sunday NASCAR Cup event. For several decades, ARCA used older NASCAR Cup racecars at their events. Today ARCA's President is the late John Marcum's grandson Ron Drager. John's wife, Mildred Marcum, was an integral part of the organization and worked both in the ARCA office on a regular basis until her death at 98 in 2012.*