Harvard Law School

Harvard Law School is the law school of Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Founded in 1817, it is the oldest continuously operating law school in the United States and one of the most prestigious in the world. It is ranked first worldwide by QS World University Rankings and the Academic Ranking of World Universities.

Each class in the three-year JD program has approximately 560 students, among the largest of the top 150 ranked law schools in the United States. The first-year class is broken into seven sections of approximately 80 students, who take most first-year classes together. Harvard's uniquely large class size and prestige have led the law school to graduate a great many distinguished alumni in the judiciary, government, and the business world.

According to Harvard Law's 2015 ABA-required disclosures, 95% of the Class of 2014 passed the Bar exam. Harvard Law School graduates accounted for more than one-quarter of all Supreme Court clerkships between 2000 and 2010, more than any other law school in the United States.

Harvard Law School's founding is traditionally linked to the funding of Harvard's first professorship in law, paid for from a bequest from the estate of Isaac Royall Jr., a colonial American landowner and a slaveholder. Today, it is home to the largest academic law library in the world.  The law school has 392 faculty members.

History

Bequest by Isaac Royall, founding, and relationship with slavery
Harvard Law School's founding is traced to the establishment of a "law department" at Harvard in 1817. Dating the founding to the year of the creation of the law department makes Harvard Law the oldest continuously-operating law school in the nation. William & Mary Law School opened first in 1779, but closed due to the American Civil War, reopening in 1920. The University of Maryland School of Law was chartered in 1816, but did not begin classes until 1824, and also closed during the Civil War.

The founding of the law department came two years after the establishment of Harvard's first endowed professorship in law, funded by a bequest from the estate of wealthy slaveowner Isaac Royall, Jr., in 1817. Royall left roughly 1,000 acres of land in Massachusetts to Harvard when he died in exile in Nova Scotia, where he fled as a British loyalist during the American Revolution, in 1781, "to be appropriated towards the endowing a Professor of Laws ... or a Professor of Physick and Anatomy, whichever the said overseers and Corporation [of the college] shall judge to be best." The value of the land, when fully liquidated in 1809, was $2,938; the Harvard Corporation allocated $400 from the income generated by those funds to create the Royall Professorship of Law in 1815. The Royalls were so involved in the slave trade, that "the labor of slaves underwrote the teaching of law in Cambridge." The dean of the law school traditionally held the Royall chair, deans Elena Kagan and Martha Minow declined the Royall chair due to its origins in the proceeds of slavery.

The Royall family coat-of-arms, which shows three stacked wheat sheaves on a blue background, was adopted as the school crest in 1936, topped with the university motto (Veritas, Latin "truth").  Until the school began investigating its connections with slavery in the 2010s, most alumni and faculty at the time were unaware of the origins of the seal. In March 2016, following requests by students, the school decided to remove the emblem because of its association with slavery;
it has yet to design a replacement seal.

Royall's Medford estate, the Isaac Royall House, is now a museum which features the only remaining slave quarters in the northeast United States. In 2019, the government of Antigua and Barbuda requested reparations from Harvard Law School on the ground that it benefitted from Royall's enslavement of people in the country.

Growth and the Langdell curriculum
By 1827, the school, with one faculty member, was struggling. Nathan Dane, a prominent alumnus of the college, then endowed the Dane Professorship of Law, insisting that it be given to then Supreme Court Justice Joseph Story. For a while, the school was called "Dane Law School."  In 1829, John H. Ashmun, son of Eli Porter Ashmun and brother of George Ashmun, accepted a professorship and closed his Northampton Law School, with many of his students following him to Harvard. Story's belief in the need for an elite law school based on merit and dedicated to public service helped build the school's reputation at the time, although the contours of these beliefs have not been consistent throughout its history. Enrollment remained low through the 19th century as university legal education was considered to be of little added benefit to apprenticeships in legal practice.  After first trying lowered admissions standards, in 1848 HLS eliminated admissions requirements entirely.  In 1869, HLS also eliminated examination requirements.

In the 1870s, under Dean Christopher Columbus Langdell, HLS introduced what has become the standard first-year curriculum for American law schools – including classes in contracts, property, torts, criminal law, and civil procedure. At Harvard, Langdell also developed the case method of teaching law, now the dominant pedagogical model at U.S. law schools.  Langdell's notion that law could be studied as a "science" gave university legal education a reason for being distinct from vocational preparation. Critics at first defended the old lecture method because it was faster and cheaper and made fewer demands on faculty and students. Advocates said the case method had a sounder theoretical basis in scientific research and the inductive method. Langdell's graduates became leading professors at other law schools where they introduced the case method. The method was facilitated by casebooks. From its founding in 1900, the Association of American Law Schools promoted the case method in law schools that sought accreditation.

20th century: institutional criticism
During the 20th century Harvard Law School was known for its competitiveness. For example, Robert C. Berring, Jr. called it "a samurai ring where you can test your swordsmanship against the swordsmanship of the strongest intellectual warriors from around the nation." When Langdell developed the original law school curriculum, Harvard President Charles Eliot told him to make it "hard and long." An urban legend holds that incoming students are told to "Look to your left, look to your right, because one of you won't be here by the end of the year." Scott Turow's memoir One L and John Jay Osborn's novel The Paper Chase describe such an environment.

In addition, Eleanor Kerlow's book Poisoned Ivy: How Egos, Ideology, and Power Politics Almost Ruined Harvard Law School criticized the school for a 1980s political dispute between newer and older faculty members over accusations of insensitivity to minority and feminist issues. Divisiveness over such issues as political correctness lent the school the title "Beirut on the Charles."

In Broken Contract: A Memoir of Harvard Law School, Richard Kahlenberg criticized the school for driving students away from public interest and toward work in high-paying law firms. Kahlenberg's criticisms are supported by Granfield and Koenig's study, which found that "students [are directed] toward service in the most prestigious law firms, both because they learn that such positions are their destiny and because the recruitment network that results from collective eminence makes these jobs extremely easy to obtain." The school has also been criticized for its large first year class sizes (at one point there were 140 students per classroom; in 2001 there were 80), a cold and aloof administration, and an inaccessible faculty. The latter stereotype is a central plot element of The Paper Chase and appears in Legally Blonde.

In response to the above criticisms, HLS eventually implemented the once-criticized but now dominant approach pioneered by Dean Robert Hutchins at Yale Law School, of shifting the competitiveness to the admissions process while making law school itself a more cooperative experience. Robert Granfield and Thomas Koenig's 1992 study of Harvard Law students that appeared in The Sociological Quarterly found that students "learn to cooperate with rather than compete against classmates," and that contrary to "less eminent" law schools, students "learn that professional success is available for all who attend, and that therefore, only neurotic 'gunners' try to outdo peers."

21st century

Under Kagan, the second half of the 2000s saw significant academic changes since the implementation of the Langdell curriculum. In 2006, the faculty voted unanimously to approve a new first-year curriculum, placing greater emphasis on problem-solving, administrative law, and international law. The new curriculum was implemented in stages over the next several years, with the last new course, a first year practice-oriented problem solving workshop, being instituted in January 2010. In late 2008, the faculty decided that the school should move to an Honors/Pass/Low Pass/Fail (H/P/LP/F) grading system, much like those in place at Yale and Stanford Law Schools. The system applied to half the courses taken by students in the Class of 2010 and fully started with the Class of 2011.

In 2009, Kagan was appointed solicitor general of the United States by President Barack Obama and resigned the deanship. On June 11, 2009, Harvard University president, Drew Gilpin Faust named Martha Minow as the new dean. She assumed the position on July 1, 2009. On January 3, 2017, Minow announced that she would conclude her tenure as dean at the end of the academic year. In June 2017, John F. Manning was named as the new dean, effective as of July 1, 2017.

In September 2017, the school unveiled a plaque acknowledging the indirect role played by slavery in its history:

Reputation
The acceptance rate for the JD Class of 2022 was 12.3%. HLS is ranked as the third best law school in America (behind Yale and Stanford) by the U.S. News and World Report, which is by far the most referenced ranking system in the American legal community. HLS is ranked first, with a perfect overall assessment score of 100.0, by QS World University Rankings. It is also ranked first by the Academic Ranking of World Universities.

Employment

More than 120 from the last five graduating classes have obtained tenure-track law teaching positions. Adjusted for student body size, this puts Harvard in second place among U.S. law schools, about 2 percentage points ahead of Stanford and Chicago (which tied for third place) but behind Yale.

According to the Employment Summary for 2014 Graduates, 90% were employed in bar passage required jobs and another 4.4% were employed in J.D. advantage jobs.

Costs
The total cost of attendance (indicating the cost of tuition, fees, and living expenses) at Harvard Law for the 2017–2018 academic year is $92,200.

Shield retirement
In 2016, the governing body of the university, the Harvard Corporation, voted to retire the law school's 80 year old arms. The arms, depicting three garbs (the heraldic term for wheat sheaves), was based in part upon the coat of arms of Isaac Royall Jr., a university benefactor who had endowed the first professorship in the law school. The shield had become a source of contention among a group of law school students, who objected to the Royall family's history as slave-owners.

The president of the university and dean of the law school, acting upon the recommendation of a committee formed to study the issue, ultimately agreed with its majority decision, that the shield was inconsistent with the values of both the university and the law school. Their recommendation was ultimately adopted by the Harvard Corporation and on March 15, 2016, the shield was ordered retired.

Student organizations and journals

Harvard Law School has more than 90 student organizations that are active on campus. These organizations include the student-edited journals, Harvard Law Record, and the HLS Drama Society, which organizes the annual Harvard Law School Parody, the Harvard Legal Aid Bureau as well as other political, social, service, and athletic groups. HLS Student Government is the primary governing, advocacy, and representative body for Law School students. In addition, students are represented at the university level by the Harvard Graduate Council.

Harvard Law Review

Students of the Juris Doctor (JD) program are involved in preparing and publishing the Harvard Law Review, one of the most highly cited university law reviews, as well as a number of other law journals and an independent student newspaper. The Harvard Law Review was first published in 1887 and has been staffed and edited by some of the school's most notable alumni. In addition to the journal, the Harvard Law Review Association, in conjunction with the Columbia Law Review, University of Pennsylvania Law Review, and Yale Law Review also publishes The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation, the most widely followed authority for legal citation formats in the United States. The student newspaper, the Harvard Law Record, has been published continuously since the 1940s, making it one of the oldest law school newspapers in the country, and has included the exploits of fictional law student Fenno for decades. The Harvard Law School Forum on Corporate Governance and Financial Regulation, formerly known as the Harvard Law School Corporate Governance Blog, is one of the most widely read law websites in the country.

Harvard Law School student journals
 Harvard Law Review
 Harvard Business Law Review
 Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review
 Harvard BlackLetter Law Journal
 Harvard Environmental Law Review
 Harvard Human Rights Journal
 Harvard International Law Journal
 Harvard Journal of Law & Gender (formerly Women's Law Journal)
 Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy
 Harvard Journal of Law and Technology
 Harvard Journal of Sports and Entertainment Law
 Harvard Journal on Legislation
 Harvard Latino Law Review
 Harvard Law & Policy Review
 Harvard National Security Journal
 Harvard Negotiation Law Review
 Unbound: Harvard Journal of the Legal Left
 Harvard Business Law Review

Notable people

Alumni

Harvard's prestige and large class size have enabled it to graduate a large number of distinguished alumni.

Rutherford B. Hayes, the 19th president of the United States, graduated from HLS. Additionally, Barack Obama, the 44th president of the United States, graduated from HLS and was president of the Harvard Law Review. His wife, Michelle Obama, is also a graduate of Harvard Law School. Past presidential candidates who are HLS graduates, include Michael Dukakis, Ralph Nader and Mitt Romney. Eight sitting U.S. senators are alumni of HLS: Romney, Ted Cruz, Mike Crapo, Tim Kaine, Jack Reed, Chuck Schumer, Tom Cotton, and Mark Warner.

Other legal and political leaders who attended HLS include former president of the Republic of China (Taiwan), Ma Ying-jeou, and former vice president Annette Lu; current Permanent Judge of the Court of Final Appeal of Hong Kong, and former chief judge of the High Court of Hong Kong and president of the Court of Appeal, Andrew Cheung Kui-nung; former chief justice of the Republic of the Philippines, Renato Corona; chief justice, Sundaresh Menon; former president of the World Bank Group, Robert Zoellick; former United Nations high commissioner for human rights, Navanethem Pillay; the former president of Ireland, Mary Robinson; Lady Arden, Justice of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom and Solomon Areda Waktolla, Deputy Chief Justice of the Federal Supreme Court of Ethiopia. Deputy Chief Justice Solomon Areda Waktolla is also member of the Court of the Permanent Court of Arbitration.

Lobsang Sangay is the first elected sikyong of the Tibetan Government in Exile. In 2004, he earned a S.J.D. degree from Harvard Law School and was a recipient of the 2004 Yong K. Kim' 95 Prize of excellence for his dissertation "Democracy in Distress: Is Exile Polity a Remedy? A Case Study of Tibet's Government-in-exile".

Sixteen of the school's graduates have served on the Supreme Court of the United States, more than any other law school. Four of the current nine members of the court graduated from HLS: the chief justice, John Roberts; and associate justices Neil Gorsuch, Stephen Breyer and Elena Kagan, who also served as the dean of Harvard Law School from 2003 to 2009. Ruth Bader Ginsburg attended Harvard Law School for two years. Past Supreme Court justices from Harvard Law School include Antonin Scalia, David Souter, Harry Blackmun, William J. Brennan, Louis Brandeis, Felix Frankfurter, Lewis Powell (LLM), and Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., among others.

Attorneys general Loretta Lynch, Alberto Gonzales, and Janet Reno, among others, and noted federal judges Richard Posner of the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals, Michael Boudin of the First Circuit Court of Appeals, Joseph A. Greenaway of the Third Circuit Court of Appeals, Laurence Silberman of the D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals, and Pierre Leval of the Second Circuit Court of Appeals, among many other judicial figures, graduated from the school. The former Commonwealth solicitor general of Australia and current justice of the High Court of Australia, Stephen Gageler, senior counsel graduated from Harvard with an LL.M.

Many HLS alumni are leaders and innovators in the business world. Its graduates include the current senior chairman of Goldman Sachs, Lloyd Blankfein; former chief executive officer of Reddit, Ellen Pao; current chairman of the board and majority owner of National Amusements Sumner Redstone; current president and CEO of TIAA-CREF, Roger W. Ferguson, Jr.; current CEO and chairman of Toys "R" Us, Gerald L. Storch; and former CEO of Delta Air Lines, Gerald Grinstein, among many others.

Legal scholars who graduated from Harvard Law include Payam Akhavan, William P. Alford, Rachel Barkow, Yochai Benkler, Alexander Bickel, Andrew Burrows, Erwin Chemerinsky, Amy Chua, Sujit Choudhry, Robert C. Clark, Hugh Collins, I. Glenn Cohen, Ronald Dworkin, Christopher Edley, Jr., Melvin A. Eisenberg, Susan Estrich, Jody Freeman, Gerald Gunther, Andrew T. Guzman, Louis Henkin, Harold Koh, Richard J. Lazarus, Arthur R. Miller, Gerald L. Neuman, Eric Posner, Richard Posner, John Mark Ramseyer, Jed Rubenfeld, Lewis Sargentich, John Sexton, Jeannie Suk, Kathleen Sullivan, Cass Sunstein, Laurence Tribe, Edwin R. Keedy, C. Raj Kumar and Tim Wu.

In sports, David Otunga is the first and only Harvard Law alum to work for WWE. He is a two-time WWE Tag Team Champion.

Faculty

 William P. Alford
 Deborah Anker
 Yochai Benkler
 Robert C. Clark
 I. Glenn Cohen
 Susan P. Crawford
 Noah Feldman
 Roger Fisher
 William W. Fisher
 Jody Freeman
 Charles Fried
 Gerald Frug
 Nancy Gertner
 Mary Ann Glendon
 Jack Goldsmith
 Lani Guinier
 Morton Horwitz
 Vicki C. Jackson
 David Kennedy
 Duncan Kennedy
 Randall Kennedy
 Michael Klarman
 Richard J. Lazarus
 Lawrence Lessig
 Kenneth W. Mack
 John F. Manning
 Frank Michelman
 Martha Minow
 Robert Harris Mnookin
 Ashish Nanda
 Charles Nesson
 Ruth Okediji
 Charles Ogletree
 John Mark Ramseyer
 Mark J. Roe
 Lewis Sargentich
 Robert Sitkoff
 Jeannie Suk
 Ronald S. Sullivan Jr.
 Cass Sunstein
 Laurence Tribe
 Mark Tushnet
 Rebecca Tushnet
 Roberto Unger
 Adrian Vermeule
 Steven M. Wise
 Jonathan Zittrain

Former faculty

 Paul M. Bator
 Derrick Bell
 Derek Bok
 Stephen Breyer
 Zechariah Chafee
 Abram Chayes
 Vern Countryman
 Archibald Cox
 Alan Dershowitz
 Christopher Edley, Jr.
 Felix Frankfurter
 Paul A. Freund
 Lon Fuller
 John Chipman Gray
 Erwin Griswold
 Henry M. Hart, Jr.
 Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.
 Elena Kagan
 Christopher Columbus Langdell
 Daniel Meltzer
 Soia Mentschikoff
 Arthur R. Miller
 Elisabeth Owens
 John Palfrey
 Roscoe Pound
 John Rawls
 Joseph Story
 Kathleen Sullivan
 Elizabeth Warren
 Joseph H. H. Weiler
 Samuel Williston

Buildings gallery

In popular culture

Books
The Paper Chase is a novel set amid a student's first ("One L") year at the school. It was written by John Jay Osborn, Jr., who studied at the school. The book was later turned into a film and a television series (see below).

Scott Turow wrote a memoir of his experience as a first-year law student at Harvard, One L.

Film and television
Several movies and television shows take place at least in part at the school. Most of them have scenes filmed on location at or around Harvard University. They include:
 Love Story (1970)
 The Paper Chase (1973)
 The Paper Chase (1978–1979, 1983–1986 television series)
 Soul Man (1986)
 The Firm (1993)
 A Civil Action (1998)
 How High (2001)
 Legally Blonde (2001)
 Catch Me If You Can (2002)
 Love Story in Harvard (2004 Korean TV series)
 Suits (TV Series) (2011–2019)
 On the Basis of Sex (2018)
Many popular movies and television shows also feature characters introduced as Harvard Law School graduates. The central plot point of the TV series Suits is that one of the main characters did not attend Harvard, but fakes his graduate status in order to practice law.


Edward Nathan Pearson

Edward Nathan Pearson (1859–1924) was the New Hampshire Secretary of State from 1899 to 1915.

He was born in Webster, New Hampshire, September 7, 1859, the son of John Couch and Elizabeth S. (Colby) Pearson.  He prepared for college in the high school at Warner and the academy at Penacook and graduated from Dartmouth College in the class of 1881.  Immediately upon graduation he entered the employ of the Republican Press Association at Concord, New Hampshire, as city editor of the Concord Evening Monitor.  With the exception of one year spent in Washington, D.C., as teacher in a public school, Pearson continued his connection with the Republican Press Association and its papers, the Evening Monitor and Independent Statesman, for almost twenty years, acting during nearly half that time as managing editor of the papers and business manager of the plant.

During his connection with the Republican Press Association he was elected Public Printer of the state and served from 1894-1895; and in 1899 he was chosen Secretary of State.

Pearson was for several years a member of the Board of Health of Concord and an officer of the Association of Boards of Health of the state.  He resigned these positions upon his election to the Board of Education of the Union School District in Concord.  He was a vice-president of the general alumni association of Dartmouth College and served on the committee for the nomination of candidates for alumni trustee.  He was also an officer of the New Hampshire Press Association and of other organizations.  He was a member of the Patrons of Husbandry and other fraternal orders and attended South Congregational Church in Concord.  On December 8, 1882, he was married to Addie Marie Sargent (1857–1926) of Lebanon. They had four children.  Person died at the age of 64 on January 26, 1924, in Concord, where he is interred at the Blossom Hill Cemetery.


George J. Lewis

George J. Lewis (December 10, 1903December 8, 1995) was a Mexican-born actor who appeared in many films and eventually TV series from the 1920s through the 1960s, usually specializing in westerns. He is probably best known for playing Don Alejandro de la Vega, who was Don Diego de la Vega's father in the 1950s Disney television series Zorro. Lewis co-starred in Zorro's Black Whip (in which a Zorro-like character was a woman played by Linda Stirling) and had a minor role in Ghost of Zorro before starring as Don Alejandro in the Disney series.

Career
Lewis broke into films in the 1920s, and his handsome presence led to leading roles in a Universal Pictures short-subject series, The Collegians. The arrival of sound movies came as a blessing for Lewis, who was bilingual. He spoke English without any trace of accent, and could play character or dialect roles of practically any ethnicity. His language skills earned him leading roles in Spanish-dialogue features, produced by American studios for international release. He also played supporting roles in Educational Pictures shorts.

Most of Lewis' screen work was in low-budget films, although he can be seen in a few major productions (in Casablanca he's an Arab peddler with a monkey). Some of his roles were sympathetic; he played the male leads in the 1944 serial Zorro's Black Whip and in the Vera Vague comedy shorts of the 1940s. Usually, George J. Lewis played villains in westerns and serials, chiefly at Republic Pictures. Cast as a sinister henchman, Lewis would carry out the villain's diabolical orders, setting death traps and ambushes week after week. The high point of Lewis's serial career was probably the 1945 Republic cliffhanger Federal Operator 99, in which he was the full-fledged villain of the piece, playing "Moonlight Sonata" on a piano while plotting crimes. Holding the heroine captive, the nonchalant Lewis asks the hero: "What will it be? Cash for me... or incineration for Miss Kingston?" He appeared in Three Stooges films as Vernon Dent's knife-wielding conspirator in the Stooge short Malice in the Palace, and its remake, Rumpus in the Harem. He was also featured with the Stooges (as George Lewis) in Hollywood's final two-reel comedy release, Sappy Bull Fighters.

Many low-budget filmmakers scored successes in early television, and many familiar faces turned up in half-hour action fare.

Lewis appeared in the first two episodes of The Lone Ranger which were "Enter the Lone Ranger" and "The Lone Ranger Fights On". He was a villain who helped betray a group of Texas Rangers and led them all into a deadly ambush, with the series star of course being the lone survivor. He played a Native American in an Adventures of Superman episode called "Test of a Warrior."

Lewis was cast as General Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo in the 1956 episode, "The Bear Flag" of the syndicated anthology series, Death Valley Days, hosted by Stanley Andrews. The episode explains the tensions in 1846 between established Hispanic families in California and the newly-arrived white settlers from the United States. General Vallejo seeks accommodation with the forces headed by Ezekiel "Stuttering Zeke" Merritt (Don C. Harvey) in establishing the short-term Bear Flag Republic.

Lewis continued to work in dozens of television episodes including Daniel Boone & Cheyenne until he retired in 1969.

Death
Lewis died of a stroke in 1995, two days before his 92nd birthday.

Selected filmography

 The Spanish Dancer (1923) - (uncredited)
 Code of the Sea (1924) - Party Guest (uncredited)
 Captain Blood (1924) - Henri d'Ogeron
 Three Women (1924) - College Boy (uncredited)
 The Lady Who Lied (1925) - Mahmud
 Sherlock Sleuth (1925) - Party Boy (uncredited)
 His People (1925) - Sammy Cominsky
 Devil's Island (1926) - Léon Valyon
 The Old Soak (1926) - Clemmy Hawley
 The Collegians (1926) - Ed Benson
 Benson at Calford (1926) - Ed Benson
 Fighting to Win (1926) - Ed Benson
 Making Good (1926) - Ed Benson
 The Last Lap (1926) - Ed Benson
 Around the Bases (1927) - Ed Benson
 The Fighting Spirit (1927) - Ed Benson
 The Relay (1927) - Ed Benson
 The Cinder Path (1927) - Ed Benson
 Flashing Oars (1927) - Ed Benson
 Breaking Records (1927) - Ed Benson
 Crimson Colors (1927) - Ed Benson
 The Winning Five (1927) - Ed Benson
 The Dazzling Co-Ed (1927) - Ed Benson
 A Fighting Finish (1927) - Ed Benson
 Samson at Calford (1927) - Ed Benson
 The Winning Punch (1927) - Ed Benson
 The Fourflusher (1928) - Andy Wittaker
 13 Washington Square (1928) - Jack De Peyster
 Honeymoon Flats (1928) - Jim Clayton
 We Americans (1928) - Phil Levine
 Jazz Mad (1928) - Leopold Ostberg
 Give and Take (1928) - 'Jack' Bauer Jr.
 College Love (1929) - Robert Wilson
 Tonight at Twelve (1929) - Tony Keith
 En nombre de la amistad (1930)
 El último de los Vargas (1930) - José Vargas
 La gran jornada (1931) - Raul Coleman
 Cuerpo y alma (1931) - Ted
 Marido y mujer (1932) - Eddie Collins
 South of the Rio Grande (1932) - Corporal Ramon Ruiz
 Águilas frente al sol (1932) - Frank Richardson
 A Parisian Romance (1932) - Pierre
 The Heart Punch (1932) - Lefty Doyle
 Call Her Savage (1932) - Party Guest (uncredited)
 The Whispering Shadow (1933, Serial) - Bud Foster [Ch.1, 8] (uncredited)
 Her Resale Value (1933) - Dr. Ted Harris
 The Wolf Dog (1933) - Bob Whitlock
 No dejes la puerta abierta (1933) - Darmant
 The Pecos Dandy (1934)
 Lazy River (1934) - Armand Lescalle
 Allez Oop (1934) - The Great Apollo
 Two Heads on a Pillow (1934) - Anthony Populopulini
 The Merry Widow (1934) - Escort (uncredited)
 Red Morning (1934) - Mao
 Storm Over the Andes (1935) - Garcia
 The Headline Woman (1935) - O'Shay, Reporter
 Under the Pampas Moon (1935) - Aviator
 Alas sobre El Chaco (1935) - El operador de la radio
 The Fighting Marines (1935, Serial) - Sgt. William Schiller [Chs. 1-4]
 Captain Calamity (1936) - Pierre
 El capitan Tormenta (1936) - Pedro
 Dummy Ache (1936) - The Actor
 Ride Ranger Ride (1936) - Lieutenant Bob Cameron
 El carnaval del diablo (1936)
 Back Door to Heaven (1939) - Bob Hale
 Di que me quieres (1939) - Carlos Madero
 Man of Conquest (1939) - Man at Tennessee Rally (uncredited)
 Beware Spooks! (1939) - Danny Emmett
 The Middleton Family at the New York World's Fair (1939) - Nicholas Makaroff
 Outside the Three-Mile Limit (1940) - Ed Morrow
 Men Against the Sky (1940) - Lt. Norval (uncredited)
 They Met in Argentina (1941) - Reporter at the Racetrack (uncredited)
 The Get-Away (1941) - Hoodlum in Montage (uncredited)
 Kansas Cyclone (1941) - Undetermined Secondary Role (uncredited)
 It Started with Eve (1941) - Maitre d' (uncredited)
 Death Valley Outlaws (1941) - Bank Teller (uncredited)
 Outlaws of the Desert (1941) - Yussuf
 No Hands on the Clock (1941) - Dave Paulson
 Riders of the Badlands (1941) - Henchman Kirk (uncredited)
 Road Agent (1941) - Henchman Lace (uncredited)
 Gang Busters (1942, Serial) - Joey Morrison - aka Mason
 Spy Smasher (1942, Serial) - Stuart, Warehouse Spy [Ch. 8] (uncredited)
 Perils of Nyoka (1942) - Batan, Arab Henchman
 A Yank in Libya (1942) - Sheik Ibrahim
 Halfway to Shanghai (1942) - Brakeman (uncredited)
 Sin Town (1942) - Oil Man (uncredited)
 Phantom Killer (1942) - Kramer
 The Falcon's Brother (1942) - Valdez
 Outlaws of Pine Ridge (1942) - Henchman Ross
 Casablanca (1942) - Haggling Arab Monkey Seller (uncredited)
 G-Men vs the Black Dragon (1943, Serial) - Lugo
 They Got Me Covered (1943) - Foreign Correspondent (uncredited)
 The Blocked Trail (1943) - Freddy
 Flesh and Fantasy (1943) - Harlequin (uncredited)
 Daredevils of the West (1943) - Turner - Henchman
 Batman (1943, Serial) - Henchman Burke (uncredited)
 Secret Service in Darkest Africa (1943, Serial) - Kaba [Ch.9] (uncredited)
 The Masked Marvel (1943) - Philip Morton (uncredited)
 Black Hills Express (1943) - Henchman Vic Fowler
 The Texas Kid (1943) - Murdered Stage Driver
 Tarzan's Desert Mystery (1943) - Ali Baba Hassan (uncredited)
 The Impostor (1944) - Soldier (uncredited)
 Captain America (1944, Serial) - Bart Matson
 Charlie Chan in the Secret Service (1944) - Paul Arranto
 The Laramie Trail (1944) - John Emerson, aka Blackie Mason
 The Tiger Woman (1944) - Morgan
 The Desert Hawk (1944, Serial) - Captain of Emir's Bodyguard (uncredited)
 Raiders of Ghost City (1944) - Fred (uncredited)
 The Falcon in Mexico (1944) - Domingo (uncredited)
 Haunted Harbor (1944) - Dranga
 Oh, What a Night (1944) - Rocco
 Shadow of Suspicion (1944) - Paul Randall
 Black Arrow (1944, Serial) - Snake-That-Walks
 Zorro's Black Whip (1944) - Vic Gordon
 Brazil (1944) - Messenger (uncredited)
 Can't Help Singing (1944) - Cavalry Officer (uncredited)
 Federal Operator 99 (1945, Serial) - Jim Belmont
 The White Gorilla (1945) - Hutton
 Lady on a Train (1945) - Reporter (uncredited)
 The Gay Senorita (1945) - Torreon (uncredited)
 South of the Rio Grande (1945) - Miguel Sanchez
 Mexicana (1945) - Caballero
 Wagon Wheels Westward (1945) - Lunsford
 Song of Mexico (1945) - Arturo Martinez
 Tarzan and the Leopard Woman (1946) - Corporal (uncredited)
 Because of Him (1946) - Reporter (uncredited)
 The Phantom Rider (1946, Serial) - Blue Feather
 Gilda (1946) - Huerta (uncredited)
 Perilous Holiday (1946) - Florist (uncredited)
 The Gay Cavalier (1946) - Wedding Guest (uncredited)
 Rainbow Over Texas (1946) - Jim Pollard
 Passkey to Danger (1946) - Julian Leighton
 South of Monterey (1946) - Carlos Mandreno
 The Missing Lady (1946) - Jan Field
 Under Nevada Skies (1946) - Chief Flying Eagle
 The Thrill of Brazil (1946) - Bartender in Production Number (uncredited)
 Beauty and the Bandit (1946) - Capitan
 Twilight on the Rio Grande (1947) - Captain Gonzáles
 Web of Danger (1947) - Masher at Restaurant (uncredited)
 Slave Girl (1947) - Dialogue Captive Sailor (segment "He's in the same boat we are', etc.) (uncredited)
 Blackmail (1947) - Blue Chip Winslow
 The Wistful Widow of Wagon Gap (1947) - Cowpuncher (uncredited)
 Pirates of Monterey (1947) - Pirate (uncredited)
 The Woman from Tangier (1948) - Albert Franz - the Pilot (uncredited)
 To the Ends of the Earth (1948) - Ship's Cook Who Is Lying About Fire (uncredited)
 Docks of New Orleans (1948) - Police Sgt. Dansiger
 Oklahoma Blues (1948) - Henchman Slip Drago
 Casbah (1948) - Detective (uncredited)
 Lulu Belle (1948) - Capt. Ralph (uncredited)
 One Touch of Venus (1948) - Detective #2 (uncredited)
 Silver Trails (1948) - José Esteban
 Tap Roots (1948) - Confederate (uncredited)
 The Sheriff of Medicine Bow (1948) - Henchman Buckeye
 The Gallant Blade (1948) - Servant (uncredited)
 Adventures of Frank and Jesse James (1948) - Rafe Henley
 Renegades of Sonora (1948) - Chief Eagle Claw
 The Feathered Serpent (1948) - Capt. Juan Gonzalez
 Crashing Thru (1949) - Henchman Jarvis
 Shockproof (1949) - Border Patrolman (uncredited)
 The Big Sombrero (1949) - Juan Vazcaro
 Ghost of Zorro (1949) - Moccasin
 The Lost Tribe (1949) - Steve 'Whip' Wilson
 Malice in the Palace (1949) - Ginna Rumma
 Prison Warden (1949) - Yardbird Refusing Quarry Work (uncredited)
 Bandits of El Dorado (1949) - Colonel José Vargas
 The Dalton Gang (1949) - Chief Irahu
 Radar Patrol vs. Spy King (1949) - Lt. Manuel Agura
 Captain Carey, U.S.A. (1950) - Giovanni
 Buccaneer's Girl (1950) - Sailor (uncredited)
 Hostile Country (1950) - Jim Knowlton - the Oliver imposter
 One Way Street (1950) - Capt. Rodriguez
 Cody of the Pony Express (1950) - Mortimer Black
 Marshal of Heldorado (1950) - Nate Tulliver
 Crooked River (1950) - Deke Gentry
 Colorado Ranger (1950) - Henchman Tony
 West of the Brazos (1950) - Manuel
 Fast on the Draw (1950) - Henchman Pedro
 Crisis (1950) - Hotel Desk Clerk (uncredited)
 Branded (1950) - Andy (uncredited)
 Southside 1-1000 (1950) - Gornoy
 King of the Bullwhip (1950) - Henchman Rio
 Short Grass (1950) - Diego
 Al Jennings of Oklahoma (1951) - Sammy Page
 The Sword of Monte Cristo (1951) - Conspirator (uncredited)
 Abbott and Costello Meet the Invisible Man (1951) - Torpedo Al (uncredited)
 Saddle Legion (1951) - Mexican Police Captain
 Appointment with Danger (1951) - Leo Cronin
 The Golden Horde (1951) - Noyou (uncredited)
 South of Caliente (1951) - Gypsy Henchman (uncredited)
 The Kid from Amarillo (1951) - Don José Figaroa
 Red Mountain (1951) - Quantrell Man
 Thunder in the East (1951) - Bartender (uncredited)
 Viva Zapata! (1952) - Rurale (uncredited)
 Hold That Line (1952) - Mike Donelli
 Wagon Team (1952) - Carlos de la Torre
 The Raiders (1952) - Vicente
 The Prisoner of Zenda (1952) - Uhlan Guard at Hunting Lodge (uncredited)
 The Iron Mistress (1952) - Col. Wells
 The Bad and the Beautiful (1952) - 'Far Away Mountain' Test Actor #2 (uncredited)
 The Bandits of Corsica (1953) - Arturo
 Desert Legion (1953) - Lt. Lopez
 Shane (1953) - Ryker Man (uncredited)
 Cow Country (1953) - Sanchez
 Devil's Canyon (1953) - Colonel Jorge Gomez
 The Veils of Bagdad (1953) - Captain (uncredited)
 Border River (1954) - Sanchez
 Phantom of the Rue Morgue (1954) - Gendarme Duval (uncredited)
 Saskatchewan (1954) - Lawson
 Drum Beat (1954) - Capt. Alonzo Clark
 The Prodigal (1955) - Guard (uncredited)
 Hell on Frisco Bay (1955) - Father Larocca
 Davy Crockett (1955)
 Rumpus in the Harem (1956) - Ginna Rumma (archive footage)
 The First Texan (1956) - Mexican Military Doctor (uncredited)
 Santiago (1956) - Pablo
 A Cry in the Night (1956) - George Gerrity
 Lust for Life (1956) - Gendarme (uncredited)
 The Big Land (1957) - Dawson
 Jeanne Eagels (1957) - Foreman (uncredited)
 The Brothers Rico (1957) - El Camino Hotel Desk Clerk (uncredited)
 The Tall Stranger (1957) - Chavez
 Gunman's Walk (1958) - Cattleman (uncredited)
 Sappy Bull Fighters (1959) - Jose
 Guns of the Timberland (1960) - Jud (uncredited)
 The Comancheros (1961) - Chief Iron Shirt (uncredited)
 Kid Galahad (1962) - Romero's Trainer (uncredited)
 7 Faces of Dr. Lao (1964) - Mr. Frisco (uncredited)
 Indian Paint (1965) - Nopawallo
 Batman (1966) - Spanish Delegate (uncredited)


Ingen rövare finns i skogen

Ingen rövare finns i skogen is a 1988 Swedish film directed by Göran Carmback and based on the novel of the same name by Astrid Lindgren.

Plot
Peter plays outside in the woods with his sword. When he runs to his grandmother's house he sings: "There are no robbers in the forest". He goes to the old doll house, that his mother used to play with. Suddenly Peter sees that the doll moves. The doll tells Peter that he is lying and there are a lot of robbers in the forest. Peter suddenly becomes very small and goes into the doll house. There, the doll introduces itself as Mimmi and shows Peter the robbers out in the woods. It is Fiolito with his 40 robbers. Mimmi explains that the robbers want her pearl necklace because it is made of real pearls and is very valuable. Fiolito manages to steal the pearl necklace. But Mimmi says that Fiolito just stole the wrong necklace. Then she puts on the real pearl necklace. Suddenly Peter's grandmother is calling him. Peter finds himself in front of the doll house again. He asks his grandmother if the doll Mimmi has two pearl necklaces and if they are real pearls. Peter's grandmother says that Mimmi actually has two pearl necklaces, but the pearls are not real and Peter's mother has bought them in a toy store.

Cast
 Daniel Rausch: Peter
 Maja Holmberg: Mimmi
 Birgitta Valberg: Grandmother
 Per Oscarsson: Fiolito

Background
Ingen rövare finns i skogen was originally written by Astrid Lindgren as a theatre play. Later it was rewritten into a story illustrated by Ilon Wikland. After that the short film was made.

Ingen rövare finns i skogen was first broadcast on 25 April 1989 in Sweden. Later it was also shown on German television. After that, it was released on DVD in both Sweden and Germany.

Reception
According to Filmtipset.se Ingen rövare finns i skogen is funny and exciting, but at the same time a little scary. Per Oscarsson is praised for his performance as the robber chief Fiolito.


Vid Grid

Vid Grid is a tile-matching full motion video puzzle game originally developed by Geffen Records and published by Jasmine Multimedia Publishing for Windows on September 13, 1994. It was later ported to the Atari Jaguar CD by High Voltage Software in 1995, where it was included alongside with Blue Lightning as one of the pack-in games for the peripheral when it launched. It is the first entry in the franchise of the same name.

In Vid Grid, the players have to resolve and finish a jigsaw puzzle in time as their main objective, before the music video that is being played on the background ends. Conceived by Geffen executive Norman Beil and produced in conjunction with Jasmine Multimedia as a joint-venture, the game was one of the first titles to use Microsoft's Video for Windows multimedia framework, which allowed to play and encode digital video up to a maximum resolution of 320x240 pixels.

Vid Grid was well received upon its original release on PC and has sold 100,000 copies as of April 8, 1995. The Jaguar CD version also garnered positive reception and was praised for the gameplay. Due to the critical and commercial success of the original game, two spin-offs were released in 1995, with each one featuring a distinctive thematic and selection of music videos respectively.

Gameplay

Vid Grid is a tile-matching FMV puzzle game where the main objective of the players is to correctly reassemble the music video on time before the song playing on the background finishes across five levels in total, each one featuring nine puzzles to be solved and they increase in both complexity and difficulty as players progress further, while an extra puzzle is unlocked after reaching the fourth level. Another source of difficulty are the music videos themselves, as most of them feature quick cuts, scenery changes, among other distractions. The scoring is based upon the level of complexity from puzzles and how long it took players to resolve said puzzles. During gameplay, the players have a variety of options to choose from such as solve or reset the puzzle, while the Option button must be pressed to bring these extra options in the Atari Jaguar CD version. The Jaguar CD version also supports the Memory Track cartridge for game save.

Development and release

Vid Grid was first conceptualized by Geffen Records head of new media and former Billboard magazine editor Norman Beil during a jigsaw puzzle play session with his children in late 1993, where the idea of moving jigsaw puzzles intrigued him and it also occurred to Beil that music videos could be the ideal puzzle pieces. Beil then proceeded to contact Jasmine Multimedia Publishing, the company where he previously worked before, to pitch them the idea in early 1994 and acted as the game's producer during its development, which was done in conjunction between Geffen and Jasmine Multimedia as a joint-venture.

Jasmine founder Jay Samit stated that it was one of the first times where any company created the technology to "go inside" the video within its borders and move the puzzle pieces as the music video itself played, while Beil stated that development went smoothly due to the straightforward design and that the engineers at Jasmine managed to break the video barriers. In addition, Beil also worked closely with Jasmine's engineers after consulting with one of his children on the strategies and levels of difficulty found within the game. Samit also claimed the videos featured were four times larger than those found in other titles at the time and that the video compression (which was done with the Cinepak video codec) took over a day to digitize one minute of them. By June 1994, Beil and his team had a working prototype ready for demonstration and the game was showcased for the first time to the general public at the Summer Consumer Electronics Show of the same year.

Vid Grid was released in North America on September 13, 1994 and became one of the first major software products to make use of Microsoft's Video for Windows multimedia framework, which allowed to play and encode digital video up to a maximum resolution of 320x240 pixels. It marked the debut of Geffen Records in the video game industry and became one of the subjects of discussions in regards to the usage of music across other formats, music publishing rights, among other topics. Due to its music-lent nature, the game was distributed across multiple types of retailers. The title was also released in Europe by Virgin Interactive around the same period. It was also released in Japan by Jasmine in 1995. It would be later showcased on various television series such as Lifestyles of the Rich and Famous and Wired TV.

Atari Jaguar CD version
 After its release on PCs, Vid Grid was later ported to the Atari Jaguar CD by High Voltage Software, where it became one of the two bundled titles with the add-on during its launch on September 21, 1995 and served as a showcase of the system's full motion video capabilities. This version was first demonstrated to the attendees at Atari Corporation's booth during the Winter CES in early 1995 and it would be later demonstrated again on various trading shows such as E3 1995 and the Fun 'n' Games Day event hosted by Atari Corp. on the same year, in addition of being covered by the magazine press that were invited to Atari's UK division. It was originally planned for a Q1 1995 release but was later pushed back to an August/Q3 1995 release date instead.

In an online conversation with an anonymous High Voltage Software programmer for the Jaguar by website Cyberroach, he stated that they developed several additional features not found in the original PC version for the conversion, but these were scrapped as Atari wanted to keep the port faithful. Scott Corley, main programmer and one of the designers of Ruiner Pinball at High Voltage Software claimed in a thread at the 3DO Zone forums that the porting process of the title to the Jaguar CD, which was done by programmer Brian McGroarty, was one of the "smoothest projects" the company has worked on, as there were no major issues during development, despite a setback with audio compression formats. It is also the largest game released for the add-on in terms of memory size (at 630 MB).

Audio
The soundtrack of Vid Grid consists mainly of licensed songs with heavy emphasis on rock music combining genres and subgenres such as power ballad, blue-eyed soul, funk, hard rock, psychedelic, acid, heavy metal, blues, rap and grunge. Former Geffen Records A&R executive John Kalodner was responsible for compiling and providing the list of songs featured in the game from multiple record labels like Elektra, MCA and Warner Bros., among others including Geffen's own repertoire. Though he expected resistance from labels to have their tracks featured in the game, producer Norman Beil stated they agreed upon seeing the project and that the artists were eager to license their music videos, in addition of pushing to offer them royalties equal to the then-multimedia market. Each song is present in both Windows and Jaguar CD versions:

Reception

Vid Grid was well regarded upon its release on PC and as of April 8, 1995, it has sold 100,000 copies and received the "Best Multimedia Software" award at SCES 1994. The Jaguar CD version was also well received, due to being one of the pack-in titles for the peripheral when it launched, with praise towards the gameplay.

Legacy
After the release of Vid Grid, Geffen Records and Jasmime Multimedia created two spin-offs that were released in 1995, with each one having a distinctive thematic and selection of music videos respectively; Kid Vid Grid (which prominently features cartoons from Hanna-Barbera) and Country Vid Grid (which focuses on country music as the name implies). On a May 1995 article by Billboard magazine, Jay Samit commented on the possibility of creating other titles in the series but themed around musicians from countries across the world such as Argentina and Germany. In 1997, two years after its release, the game's trademark was abandoned.


Fucine Lake

The Fucine Lake ( or ) was a large endorheic lake in western Abruzzo, central Italy, stretching from Avezzano in the northwest to Ortucchio in the southeast, and touching Trasacco in the southwest. Once the third largest lake in Italy, it was drained in 1878.

Lore
The former lake is mentioned by Virgil in the Aeneid in book 7, in that it weeps for Umbro, the healer priest killed tragically in battle. (See line 7:882 in the Fagles translation).

Roman drainage

The Romans knew the lake as Fucinus Lacus and founded settlements on its banks, including Marruvium. It was the site of the Battle of Fucine Lake in 89 BC. However, while the lake provided fertile soil and a large quantity of fish, it was also believed to harbour malaria, and, having no natural outflow, repeatedly flooded the surrounding arable land. The Emperor Claudius attempted to control the lake's maximum level by digging a  drainage tunnel through Monte Salviano, requiring 30,000 workers and eleven years, but with uncertain success. Of the collapse of one of the tunnels Cassius Dio observed
"When the Fucine Lake caved in, the prominent freedman Tiberius Claudius Narcissus was severely blamed for it. For he had been in charge of the undertaking, and it was thought that after spending a good deal less than he had received he had then purposely contrived the collapse, in order that his wrong-doing might not be detected."
The original lake had a fluctuating area of about  which the Claudian initiative may have reduced to about . A  collecting canal was extended and deepened by Hadrian which reduced the area of the lake to about . The larger 19th century tunnel, along the same route as the Roman tunnel, destroyed most of the archaeology of the Roman tunnel, which is why the success of the earlier Claudian scheme is so uncertain. The deeper Hadrianic canal destroyed the archaeology of the Claudian canal. The final Roman canal has left clear archaeology, showing that  from the lake, the tunnel was  deep,  wide at the top, and  wide at the base. It sloped to the tunnel at 0.05% (a gradient of one in two thousand). A very detailed account of the Roman scheme is found in the Brisse & Retrou reference below.

Drain blockage
As the Empire fell, there was a failure to maintain the Roman drainage scheme. Sediment and vegetation blocked the collecting canal. An earthquake on a fault crossing the collecting canal dropped the land on the lake side  relative to the tunnel entrance. Investigations where the fault crosses the canal show that large amounts of sediment had accumulated in the canal before the earthquake. On the assumption that this earthquake would damage Rome it seems very likely that the earthquake occurred shortly before 508 AD when the earthquake damage to the Colosseum was repaired. The lake appears to have returned to its uncontrolled pre-Claudian area by the end of the 5th century and certainly by the end of the 6th century.

Some suggestion, or attempt, to restore the Roman drainage scheme appears in both the 13th and 15th centuries but neither succeeded.

New drainage
In the 19th century, the Swiss engineer Jean François Mayor de Montricher was commissioned by the prince Alessandro Torlonia to drain the lake. A  and  canal was begun in 1862 and after more than 13 years, the lake was completely drained. The resulting plain is one of Italy's most fertile regions. Antiquities from the Roman occupation of the land, after the first drainage scheme, became part of the Torlonia collection.


Metadula

Metadula is a monotypic moth genus in the family Lasiocampidae first described by Francis Walker in 1865. Its only species, Metadula indecisa, described by the same author in the same year, is found in the region around the Zambezi rivier.


Ioannis Kalogeras

Ioannis Kalogeras () was a Greek army officer and politician.

He was born in Spartias, a small village of the mountainous area of Trichonis in Aetolia-Acarnania in Greece. He entered the Hellenic Military Academy in Athens and then went to France for supplementary studies at the École supérieure de guerre. Upon the outbreak of the First Balkan War in 1912, he was recalled from his studies in Paris, and placed in the staff of the 4th Infantry Division under Major General Konstantinos Moschopoulos. From this position, he participated in the battle of Sarantaporo and the drive to Thessaloniki. In December 1912, he suggested to Lt General Konstantinos Sapountzakis, and then to the Crown Prince Constantine the idea of capturing the strategic hill of Tsouka, west of the fortress of Bizani that was blocking the Greek advance towards Ioannina. In the battle of Bizani, the hill was captured, leading to the liberation on February 21, 1913 of Ioannina. During the Second Balkan War, Kalogeras fought in the battle of Kilkis-Lahanas. During World War I, he served as chief of staff of the 2nd Infantry Division, and later as vice-chief of staff to the General Headquarters in Smyrna in February 1920. In March 1920 he was transferred to the Army of Thrace under Lt General Emmanouil Zymvrakakis.

He resigned from the Army in August 1923 and settled in Athens, where he witnessed the royalist Leonardopoulos-Gargalidis coup attempt. Kalogeras formed a force of 3000 volunteers in Athens, and participated in the suppression of the coup in Macedonia and Epirus. Thus, he contributed to the fall of monarchy and the declaration of the Second Hellenic Republic.

He then entered the political arena, and was elected a Member of Parliament for Athens, a post to which he was continually re-elected December 1930. In 1930 he became Minister  General Director of Thrace, contributing to the organisation of Western Thrace.


Sergeyevka, Miyakinsky District, Republic of Bashkortostan

Sergeyevka () is a rural locality (a village) in Miyakinsky District, Bashkortostan, Russia. The population was 78 as of 2010. There is 1 street.


Frederick Charles Denison

Frederick Charles Denison CMG, MP (November 22, 1846 – April 15, 1896) was a Canadian militia officer, lawyer, and politician.

Born near Toronto, Ontario, Denison was educated Upper Canada College, and after completing his literary studies began reading law. He was called to the Ontario bar in 1870.

His military experience began in 1865, when he joined the Canadian Militia. In 1868 he was made a lieutenant, in 1872 captain; four years later major; and in 1884 was promoted to the rank of lieutenant-colonel. Denison saw active service during the Fenian raids in 1866 and in the Red River Expedition of 1870, as aide-de-camp to Lord Wolseley.

He was an alderman from St. Stephens ward on the Toronto City Council from 1878 to 1883. In 1881, he was elected chairman of the executive committee. From 1884 to 1885, Denison went to Egypt in command of the Canadian Voyageurs on the Nile employed by the Imperial Government in the Sudan Campaign. He distinguished himself during this war, and was not only given prominent mention in the dispatches but received a medal with two clasps. In 1885 he was made a companion of the Order of St Michael and St George.

He won the West Toronto Conservative nomination for the 1887 federal election over three other candidates, including incumbent parliamentarian James Beaty, Jr..  He subsequently won a narrow victory over his Liberal opponent in the general election.  He was re-elected in 1891, and died of stomach cancer while still in office in 1896.


Michael Baldwin (designer)

Michael Baldwin (died October 2014) was a British artist, writer, director, designer, actor and filmmaker who had a long and varied career ranging across theatre, film, TV and music video.

Career
Baldwin was primarily known for his work in costume design for theatre, film and TV in the UK. His earliest known screen credit as a costume designer/consultant was for a 1963 TV adaptation of the play A Hole in the Head. His subsequent screen credits include the costumes for The Rolling Stones Rock and Roll Circus (1968), the 1973 Vincent Price black comedy Theatre of Blood, the 1972 Bette Davis film Madame Sin, and numerous British TV series including Special Branch (1973), Within These Walls (1974), Mind Your Language (1978), Dick Turpin (1979), the sci-fi miniseries Quatermass (1979), an episode of Tales of the Unexpected (1980), the children's fantasy series Worzel Gummidge (1981), for which he was nominated for a BAFTA award, and the movie-length pilot of the cult TV series Max Headroom (1985). One of his last screen credits as a costume designer was for the Richard Stanley sci-fi film Hardware (1990).

Baldwin also worked on the London theatre and burlesque scene as a writer, costume designer, director, actor and artist, as well as working in the theatrical agency business. He directed an erotic short film called Bronze and was a second unit director on the Australian WWII historical drama series Tanamera – Lion of Singapore (1989).

Music video work
Baldwin worked extensively on the burgeoning UK pop music video scene of the 1980s, frequently acting as the costume designer for videos directed by Australian filmmaker Russell Mulcahy, who later formed the prominent video production partnership MGMM.

In addition to his celebrated design work, however, Baldwin gradually acquired a peculiar pop-culture notoriety (albeit anonymous) because he began making cameo appearances in some of the music videos on which he was working. Baldwin in effect became a kind of visual "trademark" of the Mulcahy/MGMM videos; he can be easily recognised in nearly all his appearances by his receding grey hair, grey beard, and glasses, and he was repeatedly cast in authority roles such as a judge, a teacher, or a parent. However, his identity remained unknown to the general public until a year after his death, when writer Christopher Belkin published an article about him on the Dangerous Minds website, in which Baldwin was finally identified.

One of Baldwin's first known appearances in a pop video was in Ultravox's "Vienna" in 1980. Between 1980 and 1983 he is known to have appeared as a featured extra in at least nineteen different Mulcahy/MGMM music videos, including Bonnie Tyler's "Total Eclipse of the Heart", Billy Joel's "Pressure", and ABC's "The Look of Love".

Music videos featuring Michael Baldwin
 "Vienna", Ultravox, 1980
 "Mirror Mirror", Dollar, 1981
 "Just Like Belgium", "Elton's Song", Elton John, 1981
 "Love Song", Simple Minds, 1981
 "Thunder in the Mountains", Toyah Wilcox, 1981
 "The French Song", Joan Jett, 1891
 "Love Plus One", Haircut 100, 1982
 "Ball and Chain", XTC, 1982
 "Street Café", "Hey Little Girl", Icehouse, 1982
 "Black Coffee in Bed", Squeeze, 1982
 "She's Right on Time", "Pressure", Billy Joel, 1982
 "The Rhythm of the Jungle", The Quick, 1982
 "The Look of Love", ABC, 1982
 "Unconditional Love", Donna Summer, 1983
 "Saved by Zero", The Fixx, 1983
 "Total Eclipse of the Heart", Bonnie Tyler, 1983


Krypteria

Krypteria was a gothic metal band from Aachen, Germany. Originating from a 2001 "pop musical theatre studio project" of the same name, the idea was to use different vocalists, though German-Korean singer Ji-In Cho assumed the role of lead vocalist in 2004. One self-titled studio album was released under this moniker (later edited and re-released as Liberatio). The group went on hiatus in 2012 and later reformed as And Then She Came in 2016.

History

In 2001 the future Krypteria members (Chris Siemons and S.C. Kuschnerus) worked together to record a fantasy-musical CD. There was no vocalist at that time, because they wanted to record the CD with many different voices. In 2003, the album Krypteria was released. Approximately one year later, in 2004 a tsunami occurred in India and the German TV station RTL asked them to re-record the song "Liberatio" as a benefit single. Ji-In Cho, was chosen as the lead vocalist for the song and Sony/BMG, decided to re-release an edited version of their first album under the same name.

In 2004, from that project, Krypteria the band was officially born. Although Siemons and Kuschnerus played a leading role in the recording of the album Liberatio, the band does not consider it an official release. A year later their "true" first album, In Medias Res, was released.

Krypteria's second recording was the EP entitled Evolution Principle, released in 2006. A review by the German edition of Metal Hammer marked it as an important release of contemporary gothic metal in Germany.

On January 19, 2007, Krypteria released their second full-length studio album entitled Bloodangel's Cry. The title comes from the track "The Night All Angels Cry"' lyrics.

In early 2008, the band announced that they were working on their third studio album My Fatal Kiss. The album was released first in Germany on August 28, 2009, then in the rest of Europe on January 29.

The band's fourth studio album All Beauty Must Die was released on April 22, 2011 on the band's own label Liberatio Music. Peaking on position 24 in the German Media Control Charts it is Krypteria's most successful release so far.

It was announced in 2012 that the band would be going on hiatus due to Ji-In's pregnancy.

Discography

Studio albums

 denotes an unofficial release

EP

Evolution Principle (2006), Synergy Records

Singles

 denotes an unofficial release


Byzantine (album)

Byzantine is the self-titled fourth studio album from Byzantine. It was released on February 26, 2013. The album was partially funded through crowd funding site Kickstarter.

On November 28, 2012, the band premiered the first single from the album, "Signal Path" on MetalSucks. The second single and accompanying music video for "Soul Eraser" premiered on January 11, 2013 on No Clean Singing.

Track listing

Personnel
Chris "OJ" Ojeda - Vocals, Guitar
Tony Rohrbough - Lead Guitar
Michael "Skip" Cromer - Bass
Matt Wolfe - Drums

Singles
 "Signal Path"
 "Soul Eraser"


Ski jumping at the 2016 Winter Youth Olympics – Boys' individual normal hill

The boys' ski jumping event at the 2016 Winter Youth  Olympics was held on 16 February at the Lysgårdsbakkene Ski Jumping Arena.

Results


Althea Romeo-Mark

Althea Romeo-Mark (born 1948) is an Antiguan-born writer and educator, who has travelled throughout the world and now makes her home in Switzerland. In addition to having published five volumes of poetry, she has been an invited speaker at international poetry festivals in  Medellín, Colombia and Kisii, Kenya. She was one of the founders of the Liberian Association of Writers. In 2009, she was awarded the Marguerite Cobb McKay Prize by The Caribbean Writer.

Early life
Althea Romeo was born in 1948 in English Harbour, Antigua, to Gilbert Romeo and his wife. Her father was from the Dominican Republic, though his mother was Antiguan, of British heritage, and his father was from Saint Martin. Her mother was born in Saint Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands, to an Antiguan father, of black South African heritage, and her mother was from Nevis. When she was eight years old, Romeo's family moved to St. Thomas in the U.S. Virgin Islands. After graduating from St. Peter and Paul Catholic School in 1967, Romeo earned a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of the Virgin Islands in education and English in 1971. After briefly teaching at Addelita Cancryn Junior High School in St. Thomas, she then attended Kent State University in Ohio, earning a master's degree in literature in 1974. Her husband, a Grenadian national, had been educated in Liberia.

Career
Romeo's first volume of poetry, The Silent Dancing Spirit was published in 1974. She taught for a year at Kent State in the Department of Pan-African Studies, but then decided to move to Africa and began working as an assistant English professor at the University of Liberia. In 1977, she married and continued teaching and writing, publishing three additional volumes of poetry: Palaver: West Indian Poems in 1978, Two Faces, Two Phases in 1984, and Beyond Dream: The Ritual Dancer in 1989. In 1984, Romeo-Mark, along with C. William Allen, Keith Neville Asumuyaya Best, Henry Gensang, Thomas Johnson and Ruth Wuor founded the Liberian Association of Writers  (LAW). The couple lived in Liberia until 1989, when the civil war began. They then moved to London, where Romeo-Mark worked at the Fulham Cross Girls School, but her husband was unable to secure employment with his Swiss medical degree. In 1991, Mark was hired by the Basler Kinderspital in Basel and at the end of her school term, Romeo-Mark and the couple's three children joined him in Switzerland.

Romeo-Mark had a difficult time adjusting to Switzerland in the beginning as her German was Upper German and not the Swiss dialect. She took courses to become certified as an English foreign language instructor and joined an English-language writers group. Beginning in the 1990s, her poetry and short story work was published in two regional journals in the Caribbean,  The Caribbean Writer and POUi, the literary journal of the University of the West Indies. In 1995, she won second prize at the annual Stauffacher's English Short Story Contest. Several works have also been published in international anthologies, like Sisters of Caliban: Contemporary Women Poets of the Caribbean published in 1996 and the short story "Easter Sunday" published in the Norwegian anthology Karibia Forteller in 2001. Since 2004, Romeo-Mark has served as the poetry editor of  Seabreeze: Journal of Liberian Contemporary Literature. In 2009, she published a fifth volume of poems If Only the Dust Would Settle and was awarded the Marguerite Cobb McKay Prize by The Caribbean Writer.

In addition to recognition for her work in anthologies, Romeo-Mark has been a featured poet at several international poetry festivals including an event hosted by the Virgin Island's Cultural Heritage Institute, the 20th International Poetry Festival of Medellín and the Kistrech Poetry Festival in Kisii, Kenya.


Hot Girls, Bad Boys

Hot Girls, Bad Boys is the debut studio album by German band Bad Boys Blue released on 28 August 1985 by Coconut Records. The album includes two international hit songs "You're a Woman" and "Pretty Young Girl". The record also released three singles. The debut single, "L.O.V.E. in My Car", failed to make an impression in the pop charts, but the follow-up "You're a Woman" was a success, reaching the top 10 in many European countries and peaking at No. 1 in Israel.

Track listing
"You're a Woman" – 5:28
"I Live" – 4:52
"Pretty Young Girl" – 5:43
"L.O.V.E. in My Car" – 5:20
"Kiss You All Over, Baby" – 5:58
"Hot Girls - Bad Boys" – 4:09
"For Your Love" – 5:58
"People of the Night" – 5:00

Personnel
Credits for Hot Girls, Bad Boys adapted from liner notes.

Bad Boys Blue
Trevor Taylor – lead vocals (except track 4)
Andrew Thomas – backing vocals, lead vocals (track 4)
John McInerney — backing vocals

Additional personnel
Claus-Robert Kruse – all keyboards
John Parsons – guitars
Tony Hendrik – drum programming
Andreas Martin – additional vocal
Wolfgang Remling – additional vocals
Manfred Vormstein – photo design
Herman Schulte – artists photos

Chart performance


Dempster Street

Dempster Street is a major east-west street in the northern suburbs of Chicago.  It is assigned 8800 North in the Chicago address system, being located 11 miles north of Madison Street.

The road begins at Illinois Route 62 (Algonquin Road) in Mount Prospect.  From there, it goes east and enters Des Plaines, where it intersects Illinois Route 83 (Elmhurst Road).  At Mount Prospect Road in Des Plaines, Dempster Street becomes Thacker Street until the eastern end of its western segment at Des Plaines River Road in Des Plaines.  Just west of its east end, Thacker Street intersects U.S. Routes 12 and 45.

Dempster Street resumes at Rand Road and Interstate 294 (Tri-State Tollway) in Des Plaines.  At this point, U.S. Route 14 joins the road.  Dempster Street, as well as U.S. Route 14, continues west as Miner Street.  In Niles, the road intersects Cumberland Avenue and Illinois Route 21 (Milwaukee Avenue).  In Morton Grove, Harlem Avenue intersects U.S. Route 14.  At Waukegan Road in Morton Grove, U.S. Route 14 goes south, following Illinois Route 43.  U.S. Route 14 splits just south of here and becomes Caldwell Avenue.  It is also at this point that Dempster Street picks up Illinois Route 58.  Illinois Route 58 continues north on Waukegan Road.  Further east into Skokie, Dempster Street intersects Interstate 94 (Edens Expressway) as well as U.S. Route 41 (Skokie Boulevard).  Illinois Route 58 ends at U.S. Route 41.  While still in Skokie, the road intersects Crawford Avenue.  The road then enters Evanston and intersects Ridge Avenue.  Dempster Street finally ends at a cul-de-sac at the shores of Lake Michigan in Evanston.


Dar Pahn Rural District

Dar Pahn Rural District () is a rural district (dehestan) in the Senderk District of Minab County, Hormozgan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 6,118, in 1,309 families.  The rural district has 35 villages.


Dee Murray

Dee Murray (born David Murray Oates; 3 April 1946 – 15 January 1992) was an English bass guitarist, best known as a member of the Elton John Band.

Biography
Murray was born in Gillingham, Kent, England on 3 April 1946. Before joining Elton John as his touring sidemen, Murray and drummer Nigel Olsson were members of the Spencer Davis Group in 1969.
In Murray's musician bio in the programme book for 1982's "Jump Up!" tour, Murray recalled when he first took up the bass guitar during his high school years: "Someone put this heavy thing over my shoulder and said, 'Here, you play this!'" Murray quickly established a solid reputation on the instrument. In the Classic Albums documentary on Goodbye Yellow Brick Road, producer Gus Dudgeon lauded Murray's musical ability, and said he hadn't heard a bassist quite as good as him.

Murray and Olsson joined John as his road sidemen in 1970, and first appeared together on disc with John on "Amoreena" from the 1970 studio album Tumbleweed Connection. The following year, they were featured on the live album 17-11-70. While they were John's constant touring bandmates, his record company initially only allowed them to play on just one track per studio album. This changed with Honky Château in 1972 when John exerted some of his skyrocketing popularity at the time to convince DJM to allow Murray and Olsson to also become full-time recording members of his band. Along with fellow new recruit Davey Johnstone on guitars, banjo, mandolin, sitar, fretted string instruments and backing vocals, Murray and Olsson played on John's hit albums, including the milestone album Goodbye Yellow Brick Road, singles, and world tours for several years. In 1975, after recording Captain Fantastic and the Brown Dirt Cowboy, Murray and Olsson were released from the band because John wanted to achieve a different sound. He said at the time "The band always rattled along. I want it to chug".

Murray and Olsson continued working together as session musicians in Los Angeles and they played on Rick Springfield's first United States album, Wait for Night (1976). In 1977, Murray briefly joined Procol Harum on a North America tour promoting their last 1970s album, Something Magic, although he never recorded with the group. Between 1978 and 1979, Murray worked as part of Alice Cooper's backing band. According to music site AllMusic.com, he played on Cooper's hit album From the Inside, and joined Olsson backing The Grateful Dead's Bob Weir on his solo album "Heaven Help the Fool" in 1978. Other artists he worked with during the 1970s and early 1980s include Yvonne Elliman (her Night Flight album contained the hit single "If I Can't Have You," composed by The Bee Gees), Shaun Cassidy, Allan Clarke, Bernie Taupin, Kiki Dee, Stefanie Gaines, Barbi Benton and Jimmy Webb.

Murray and Olsson returned to tour and play sessions with John, starting with 21 at 33 in 1980. He and Olsson backed John during his landmark concert in New York City's Central Park before more than 400,000 fans on the Great Lawn on 13 September 1980, and appeared on The Fox in 1981. Murray went on to contribute all the bass tracks on Jump Up! in 1982, and joined Olsson and guitarist Davey Johnstone for the Jump Up! Tour, followed by albums and tours for Too Low for Zero (1983) and Breaking Hearts (1984). The group then disbanded, reuniting once more to record backing vocals on Reg Strikes Back in 1988.

In the 1980s, Murray played on numerous Nashville sessions for artists such as Michael Brown, Lewis Storey, Beth Nielsen Chapman and John Prine, amongst others.

Death
Battling skin cancer for a number of years, Murray died in 1992 at the age of 45, in Nashville, Tennessee, after suffering a stroke. According to Murray's obituary, that March, John performed two tribute concerts at the Grand Ole Opry to raise money to support Murray's family. Olsson, upon again becoming a full-time band member with John in 2004 to record Peachtree Road, reflected upon the absence of his longtime bandmate: "We will never again create anything as wonderful–as inspirational–without Dee’s presence".

Davey Johnstone believes Murray's musical skills were not fully appreciated, and in March 2011, said he was working on a documentary about the bass player.

Collaborations
With Elton John
 Tumbleweed Connection (Uni Records, 1970)
 Madman Across the Water (Uni Records, 1971)
 Honky Château (Uni Records, 1972)
 Don't Shoot Me I'm Only the Piano Player (MCA Records, 1973)
 Goodbye Yellow Brick Road (MCA Records, 1973)
 Caribou (MCA Records, 1974)
 Captain Fantastic and the Brown Dirt Cowboy (MCA Records, 1975)
 21 at 33 (Rocket, 1980)
 The Fox (Geffen, 1981)
 Jump Up! (Geffen, 1982)
 Too Low for Zero (Geffen, 1983)
 Breaking Hearts (Geffen, 1984)
 Reg Strikes Back (MCA, 1988)

With Beth Nielsen Chapman
 Beth Nielsen Chapman (Reprise Records, 1990)

With Jimmy Webb
 Land's End (Asylum Records, 1974)
 El Mirage (Atlantic Records, 1977)

With John Prine
 Aimless Love (Oh Boy Records, 1984)

With Yvonne Elliman
 Night Flight (RSO Records, 1978)

With Ronnie Hawkins
 The Hawk (United Artists Records, 1979)

With Shaun Cassidy
 Born Late (Curb Records, 1977)
 Under Wraps (Warner Bros. Records, 1978)

With Bernie Taupin
 He Who Rides the Tiger (Elektra Records, 1980)

With Brian Cadd
 White on White (Capitol Records, 1976)


Philipsburg Manor

Philipsburg Manor (sometimes referred to as Philipse Manor) was an English manor located north of New York City in Westchester County in the Province of New York.  Netherlands-born Frederick Philipse I and two partners made the initial purchase of land that had been part of a Dutch patroonship owned by Adriaen van der Donck.  Philipse subsequently bought his partners out and added more land before being granted a royal charter in 1693 for the  estate, becoming its first Lord.

After his death, the manor was split between his son and grandson, both of whom continued its development. Among the family's numerous enterprises, the Philipses engaged in the Atlantic slave trade, using their own slaves to construct most of the buildings on the Philipsburg property. The tenant farmers on the manor represented a diverse population of Europeans.

The manor's property was confiscated during the American Revolution when Loyalist Frederick Philipse III, its third and final lord, was attainted for treason by New York's revolutionary government in 1779. The estate's land was used as collateral to raise money to fund the rebellion and later sold at auction. Some of the original structures still stand, including the Philipsburg Manor House in Sleepy Hollow, Philipse Manor Hall (the family seat) in Yonkers, and the Old Dutch Church of Sleepy Hollow, all of which are National Historic Landmarks.

History

The land that would become Philipsburg Manor was first bought from Adriaen van der Donck, who had been granted a Dutch patroonship in New Netherland before the English takeover in 1664. Frederick Philipse I, Thomas Delavall, and Thomas Lewis purchased the first tracts in 1672 in current-day northern Yonkers. Philipse made several additional purchases between 1680 and 1686 from the Wiechquaeskeck and Sinsink Indian tribes, expanding the property both north and south; he also bought a small plot of land from the Tappans west of the Hudson River. The manor comprised about  of land. Philipse also bought out his partners' stakes during this time.

The estate's boundaries were the Spuyten Duyvil Creek to the south, the Croton River to the north, the Hudson River to the west, and the Bronx River to the east. Philipse was granted a royal charter in 1693, creating the Manor of Philipsburg and making him first lord of the manor. Along with the three other main manors of the colony—Rensselaerswyck, Cortlandt, and Livingston—Philipsburg created one of the richest and most powerful families in the colony. When Philipse died in 1702, the manor was divided between his son, Adolphus Philipse, and grandson, Frederick Philipse II. Adolphus received the Upper Mills property, which extended from Dobbs Ferry to the Croton River. Frederick II was given the Lower Mills, which included the  family seat, Philipse Manor Hall, at the confluence of the then Neperhan River (today's Saw Mill) and Hudson Rivers; the two parcels were reunited on his uncle's death. Frederick II's son, Frederick III, became the third lord of the manor in 1751.

The Philipses used African slaves to build various structures at the Upper and Lower Mills. The Upper Mills saw the building of two gristmills on the Pocantico River as well as a stone manor house, wharf, cooperage, and bake house. Most of the structures were completed by 1697, including the Old Dutch Church of Sleepy Hollow, now a National Historic Landmark. The Lower Mills saw a gristmill and  Philipse Manor Hall built on the north bank of the Neperhan. The Philipses' aim was to make the manor a center for agriculture, which was achieved.

In the 18th century, tenant farmers moved in from Great Britain, the Netherlands, France, Germany, and elsewhere within North America. By the beginning of the American Revolution in 1776, the population was about 1,000, up from 200 at the time of Frederick I's death.

Several years into the Revolution Frederick Philipse III, a Loyalist, was attainted for treason along with his family. The manor was confiscated in 1779 and used as collateral to raise funds for the Colonial cause.  After the war it was sold at public auction, split between 287 buyers. The largest tract, the (about ) Upper Mills, was purchased by Gerard Beekman; the lower, including Manor Hall, went to Cornelius Low.  That parcel was passed to numerous owners until 1951, when it was acquired by Sleepy Hollow Restorations (now Historic Hudson Valley). Philanthropist John D. Rockefeller Jr. funded the restoration of about , which became today's Philipsburg Manor historic site. Philipse Manor Hall served as Yonkers City Hall from 1872 until 1908. Both homes became National Historic Landmarks on November 5, 1961 and are now house museums.

Legacy
In 2004, it was added to the African American Heritage Trail of Westchester County, a group of 13 sites which include the Rye African-American Cemetery, Saint Paul's Church National Historic Site and the Jay Estate.


Jean-Pierre Charbonneau

Jean-Pierre Charbonneau  (born January 3, 1950 in Saint-Eustache, Quebec) is a journalist and a former Quebec politician. He was the Quebec MNA member under the Parti Québécois for the provincial ridings of Borduas and Verchères in the Montérégie region.

Life and career
After studying at Montreal's Ahuntsic College in social sciences, Charbonneau attended the Université de Montréal in criminology and obtained a bachelor's degree in 1972. He later had a lengthy journalistic career in which he worked for several media outlets in the Montreal region including radio stations CKAC and CKVL, newspapers including Le Devoir and La Presse and various magazines and revues. He was mostly a journalist and specialist in crime news.  He also published several books related to organized crime which gave him an award.

On May 1, 1973, Antonio Mucci, a Montreal Mafia member, fired three times at him in the offices of Le Devoir. One shot hit him in the arm. He was back at work two months later.

Charbonneau first entered politics in 1976 when he was elected in Vercheres and the Parti Québécois, led by René Lévesque defeated Robert Bourassa's Liberals during that election. He was a prominent figure in attracting supporters of sovereignty during the 1980 referendum which resulted in a victory for the No side.

He was re-elected in 1981 and 1985 before stepping down the first time in 1989 prior to a humanitarian trip to Africa organized by the Université de Montréal and the criminology faculty. He was not named as a minister during his first 13 years but was the parliamentary secretary to Lévesque in 1983 and 1984 and headed several committees.

He was also briefly an administration member of Oxfam-Quebec, an NGO concentrating in international development and aid. He also taught Tai chi in his area for five years and returned to co-host a radio show on CHKL. While being away from politics he participated in Belanger-Campeau Committee which was launched by the Bourassa government in the fallout of the failure of the Meech Lake Accord which would have accorded Quebec a distinct society mention.

Charbonneau re-entered politics in 1994 where he was elected as an MNA for the riding of Borduas when the Parti Québécois under the leadership of Jacques Parizeau, defeated the Liberals led by Daniel Johnson, Jr.  He was re-elected successfully in 1998 and 2003. He was the speaker of the provincial legislative assembly of Quebec for six years, from 1996 to 2002, before being named the Deputy Minister of Intergovernmental Affairs in the Bernard Landry cabinet, until the party's defeat to Jean Charest's Liberals in the 2003 elections. He served as critic of the opposition party in public safety and health until his second retirement on November 15, 2006.

At one time Charbonneau was the minister for reform of democratic institutions under the PQ government.  He later endorsed the Mouvement pour la démocratie nouvelle which advocates proportional representation in Quebec.

External links
Biography of Jean-Pierre Charbonneau (English)


Sierra de San Borja

The Sierra de San Borja, also known as Sierra La Libertad  is a mountain range on  the Baja California Peninsula of Mexico.  It is one of the Peninsular Ranges which form the backbone of Baja California.  The Sierra de San Borja is located between 28° North latitude (the border of the states of Baja California and Baja California Sur) and 29° North latitude (Highway 12).  The highest point of the Sierra is Cerro La Sandia,  in elevation located at .

The Sierra de San Borja is nearly uninhabited. Desert vegetation prevails with only a few water sources. Tourists visit the San Francisco Borja Mission (founded 1762) and the extensive prehistoric rock art scattered throughout the mountains.

History
The inhabitants of the Sierra de San Borja when first visited by Jesuit Catholic missionaries early in the 18th century were Cochimí Indians, nomadic hunter-gatherers.  In 1752. the Jesuits established the Santa Gertrudis Mission at the southern end of the Sierra de San Borja and in 1762 the San Francisco de Borja Adac Mission, Adac being the name of the Cochimí rancheria settlement at the site.  At their most active in the 1760s, each of the missions attracted about 1,700 Cochimí as temporary residents, but those numbers were unsustainable and introduced European diseases rapidly caused a decline in the Indian population. Both missions were closed in the early 19th century, although a few people still live at the site of each mission and irrigate several acres of farmland.

Climate
Most or all of the Sierra de San Borja has a desert climate: Bwh in the Köppen climate classification system.  The mountain range does not capture enough precipitation to support the oak-pine forests of the higher and more humid mountain ranges in northern and southern Baja California  The climatic averages for San Ignacio (near the San Borja mission and not to be confused with San Ignacio, Baja California Sur) are typical of the region at the lower elevations: hot summer temperatures (but moderated by the nearby Pacific Ocean and Gulf of California) and unpredictable and irregular precipitation, mostly in the winter months,

Rock paintings

The Sierra de San Borja is the northernmost outpost of the "Great Mural" rock art of the central Baja California mountains. In explorations in the 1970s, author Harry W. Crosby found six major sites of Great Mural rock art southeast of the San Borja mission.  Several others have since been discovered. Great mural rock Art consists of prehistoric paintings of humans and other animals, often larger than life-size, on the walls and ceilings of natural rock shelters.

The number of Great Mural sites in the San Borja mountains is fewer than further south in the Sierra de San Francisco where the rock paintings have been declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.  The area near the San Borja Mission is a dividing line between the Great Mural rock art to the south and the more abstract style of rock painting found to the north.<ref>Harman, Jon (2014), "A Tale of Two Cañadas: The Most Northerly Great Mural Site Yet Discovered', SCA Proceedings, Vol. 28, p. 206</ref> The paintings of the Great Mural rock art of the Sierra de San Borja are smaller than more southerly works, less diverse in their subject matter, and are always colored in shades of red.  Given their similarity to each other, Crosby speculated that the San Borja rock paintings were created by a single ethnic group and within a relatively short period of time.

Jesuit missionaries became aware of some of the Great Murals in the eighteenth century but the local Cochimí Indians disclaimed any knowledge of their origin. The dates that the Great Murals were painted is in dispute, with post-400 BCE being most widely accepted. but radiocarbon dating at the site of San Borjitas (south of the Sierra de San Borja) suggest that the murals at that site may be as old as 5500 BCE.

Conservation

The Sierra de San Borja and neighboring mountain ranges are recognized as a Priority Region for the Conservation of Biodiversity by the government of Mexico.  The Region, called Sierras la Libertad-La Assemblea'', has an area of .


Cyril Bardsley

Cyril Charles Bowman Bardsley (13 February 1870 – 20 December 1940) was an Anglican bishop in the first half of the 20th century.

Bardsley was educated at Marlborough and New College, Oxford and ordained in 1895. His first post was as a curate at Huddersfield Parish Church. He then held incumbencies at Nottingham and St Helen's, Merseyside.  He then became  the secretary of the Church Missionary Society until  his ordination to the episcopate as the Bishop of Peterborough in 1924. In 1927, he was translated to be the first diocesan Bishop of Leicester in the modern era. Described in his Times obituary as "a pastoral Bishop who lived for nothing but to serve his Master and minister to his people", he died shortly after resigning his see.


Nucleotide universal IDentifier

The nucleotide universal IDentifier (nuID) is designed to uniquely and globally identify oligonucleotide microarray probes.

Background

Oligonucleotide probes of microarrays that are sequence identical may have different identifiers between manufacturers and even between different versions of the same company's microarray; and sometimes the same identifier is reused and represents a completely different oligonucleotide, resulting in ambiguity and potentially mis-identification of the genes hybridizing to that probe. This also makes data interpretation and integration of different batches of data difficult. nuID was designed to solve these problems. It is a unique, non-degenerate encoding scheme that can be used as a universal representation to identify an oligonucleotide across manufacturers. The design of nuID was inspired by the fact that the raw sequence of the oligonucleotide is the true definition of identity for a probe, the encoding algorithm uniquely and non-degenerately transforms the sequence itself into a compact identifier (a lossless compression). In addition, a redundancy check (checksum) was added to validate the integrity of the identifier. These two steps, encoding plus checksum, result in an nuID, which is a unique, non-degenerate, permanent, robust and efficient representation of the probe sequence. For commercial applications that require the sequence identity to be confidential, encryption schema can also be added for nuID. The utility of nuIDs has been implemented for the annotation of Illumina microarrays, which can be downloaded from Bioconductor website . It also has universal applicability as a source-independent naming convention for oligomers.

The nuID schema has three significant advantages over using the oligo sequence directly as an identifier: first it is more compact due to the base-64 encoding; second, it has a built-in error detection and self-identification; and third, it can be encrypted in cases where the sequences are preferred not to be disclosed. For more details, please refer to the nuID paper. The implementation nuID encoding and decoding algorithms can be found in the lumi  package or at


Turbonilla mariajoseae

Turbonilla mariajoseae is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies.

Description
The shell grows to a length of 2.3 mm.

Distribution
This species occurs in the Pacific Ocean off the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu.


J. Ivy

J. Ivy (born March 3, 1976 as James Ivy Richardson II) is an American performance poet, spoken word artist, recording artist, song writer and author.  He is a three-time HBO Def Poet and is known for his performance on Kanye West’s Grammy Award winning debut album The College Dropout, which featured him on the song Never Let Me Down along with Jay-Z. He received an NAACP Image Award for his writing and on-camera narration of the B.E.T. documentary Muhammad Ali: The People's Champ.

Early life
J. Ivy was born March 3, 1976 as James Ivy Richardson II in Chicago, Illinois to James Ivy Richardson Sr. and Pamela Richardson.  His father was a Disc Jockey and On-Air Personality, who went by the name Jim Richards. Jim Richards' highlights included hosting the morning hour show on Chicago’s popular radio station WVON, and his mother was a registered nurse.

J. Ivy grew up on Chicago’s South side until the age of 14 before moving to the South Suburbs of Chicago, where he attended Rich Central High School.  Ivy discovered his poetry talent during his junior year when his English teacher asked him to perform a piece he had written for a routine homework assignment. He performed in front of the student body and received a standing ovation. J. was heavily influenced by his mother, who supported his budding talent by encouraging him to continue writing and publish his burgeoning body of work. After his successful school performance, J took his poetry passion as a serious hobby and began regularly writing and performing well into his college years.

Music career
J. Ivy attended Illinois State University, where he became known on campus as "The Poet" and delved deeper into the art form.  After college, J. Ivy returned to Chicago and frequently performed on the local arts circuit.  As his popularity grew, J. Ivy was featured several times on Chicago's WGCI radio station and later became the host of "Rituals," (from 1997-2000) the most popular poetry night in Chicago and perhaps the nation at that time. He was eventually asked to come on Russell Simmons' HBO Def Poetry Jam. He received a standing ovation for his performance of "I Need to Write" and was invited back for two encore appearances in later seasons where he performed his signature poems "Dear Father" and "Never Let Me Down."

Fellow Chicagoan Kanye West heard about J. Ivy from mutual friends while he was working on his debut album The College Dropout for Roc-A-Fella Records.  He contacted Ivy and offered him the opportunity to be on the song, "Never Let Me Down" which also featured Jay-Z.  The College Dropout album earned a Grammy Award for Best Rap Album. The night J. Ivy recorded his verse on "Never Let Me Down," he heard music from a singer named John Stephens. J. Ivy was so inspired by John's music that he began to call him John Legend.

His distinct hip-hop poetic style caught the attention of many who were not accustomed to hearing poetry incorporated into music in this manner which led him to collaborating with many artists including John Legend, Estelle, Slum Village, Maurice Brown, Smoke DZA, and more.
On October 26, 2010, J. Ivy released his second studio album "HERE I AM", which features guest artists Abiodun Oyewole of The Last Poets, Jessica Care Moore, Jesse Boykins III, Blitz the Ambassador, Chris Rob, Amanda Seales, Mikkey Halsted, and more.

In 2014 J. Ivy released a mixtape titled, "Diggin' in the Papes Vol.1", which features a host of collaborative records Ivy has created with Hip-Hop artist and producers like Crooked I, The Cool Kids, Ski Beatz, Slum Village, Carl Thomas, Tall Black Guy, and more.

In 2017 J. Ivy released his third studio album, "My Daddy's Records", an album created for his book "Dear Father: Breaking the Cycle of Pain."

J. Ivy is currently the Chicago Chapter President of the Recording Academy and is the first Spoken-Word Artist to hold a Chapter President seat in the history of the Recording Academy.

Literary career
In 2012, J. Ivy followed up his album "HERE I AM" with the release of his book "HERE I AM: Then & Now," a compilation of the album's lyrics, stories regarding the inspiration for the album, and additional poetry. In January 2014 J. Ivy inked a book deal with Beyond Words Publishing, an imprint of Atria Books & Simon & Schuster, for the January 2015 release of his new book "Dear Father: Breaking the Cycle of Pain", which is based on J. Ivy's poem "Dear Father" (as seen on HBO Def Poetry).

Ad campaigns
In addition to his voice, Ivy has been a featured in numerous ads and served as a spokesperson for national corporate initiatives.  He has been a model for both Mecca and LRG’s national print-ads as well as a spokesperson for Ford Urban.com alongside Tarrey Torae, Rocsi from BET's 106 & Park and MTV’s VJ Sway Calloway.

Voice overs
J. Ivy was the sole voice and face in Verizon’s History in the Making Campaign, which earned him a Gold Clio Award for the campaign’s commercial, which was shown in movie theaters nationwide. This campaign was directed by Bob Giraldi, who directed Michael Jackson's "Beat It." J. Ivy's musical endorsements have also included extensive work with Allstate Insurance’s Beyond February initiative. J. Ivy's voice has also been heard on 2013 Benjamin Moore & Co. Paint Commercial, 2013-15 Nissan Commercials, HBO Boxing, Monday Night Football, CBS Sports, MTV’s Who's Got Game, and in the 2009 and 2011 NFL seasons, he was featured on the introduction for the entire season of NBC’s Sunday Night Football alongside Faith Hill.

Charity and community involvement
J. Ivy supports programs that bring arts into the school system.  He is a regular performer in Chicago Public Schools. J. Ivy was a guest speaker/performer at Deepak Chopra's 2012 Annual Sages & Scientists Symposium and was the official MC for the 2013 & 2014 edition. Additionally, J. Ivy has conducted poetry workshops and given performances for Reading Is Fundamental, The Kanye West Foundation, and Steve Harvey's Mentoring Camp For Young Men, where he presented his Dear Father Initiative, which teaches the power of forgiveness and promotes social emotional healing through the exercise of writing and journaling.

Film and television appearances
J. Ivy has appeared on many programs and series, including: E.R., The Martha Stewart Show, ABC's BCS Selection Show, ABC's All-America Team Show, ABC's FedEx Orange Bowl Championship Game, ABC's Monday Night Football, ABC's NBA Finals, Russell Simmons' Def Poetry Jam on HBO, HBO's Bob Costas Now, HBO Boxing, MTV's Who's Got Game, MTV's 2004 New Year's Eve Bash (2004), MTV's Black History Month Special (2004), MTV's My Block, VH-1's Best Year Ever (2005), B.E.T.'s Lyric Café, BET's Black Carpet Series, B.E.T.'s Harlem Nights, the independent film, Backstabbers (1999), ESPN's 2015 Scripps National Spelling Bee, and B.E.T.'s "Ali: The People's Champ, which won a NAACP Image Award. In 2018 Ivy's national T.V. commercial for AARP premiered on Super Bowl Sunday during the episode of NBC's This Is Us and has run through 2019. In January of 2019 J. Ivy wrote for, starred in, and narrated B.E.T.'s documentary "Martin: The Legacy of a King." He was also featured in Episode 1 of AMC's  "Hip-Hop: The Songs that Shook America."

Personal life
After dating for six years, J. Ivy married singer-songwriter Tarrey Torae, on September 4, 2005, in Chicago, Illinois.


John Alkham

John Alkham (1354 – c. 1433) was the member of Parliament for the constituency of Dover for the parliament of 1407.