India and the United Nations

India was among the original members of the United Nations that signed the Declaration by United Nations at Washington, D.C. on 1944 October  and also participated in the United Nations Conference on International Organization at San Francisco from 25 April to 26 June 1945. As a founding member of the United Nations, India strongly supports the purposes and principles of the UN and has made significant contributions in implementing the goals of the Charter, and the evolution of the UN's specialised programmes and agencies.

India has been a member of the UN Security Council for seven terms (a total of 14 years), with the most recent being the 2011–12 term. India is a member of G4, group of nations who back each other in seeking a permanent seat on the Security Council and advocate in favour of the reformation of the UNSC. India is also part of the G-77.

India is a charter member of the United Nations and participates in all of its specialised agencies and organizations. India has contributed troops to United Nations peacekeeping efforts in Korea, Egypt and the Congo in its earlier years and in Somalia, Angola, Haiti, Liberia, Lebanon and Rwanda in recent years, and more recently in the South Sudan conflict.

History

India was one of the original members of the League of Nations. In principle, only sovereign states can become UN members. However, although today all UN members are fully sovereign states, four of the original members (Belarus, India, the Philippines, and Ukraine) were not independent at the time of their admission. India signed the Declaration by United Nations on 1 January 1942 and was represented by Girija Shankar Bajpai who was the Indian Agent-General at the time. Afterwards the Indian delegation led by Sir Arcot Ramaswamy Mudaliar signed the United Nations Charter on behalf of India during the historic United Nations Conference on International Organization held in San Francisco, United States on 26 June 1945. Sir A. Ramaswamy Mudaliar later went on to serve as the first president of the United Nations Economic and Social Council. Technically, India was a founding member in October 1945, despite it being a British colony. India, Canada, South Africa, New Zealand and Australia were all British colonies but were given independent seats in the United Nations General Assembly. India gained full independence in 1947.

Independent India viewed its membership at the United Nations as an important guarantee for maintaining international peace and security. India stood at the forefront during the UN's tumultuous years of struggle against colonialism and apartheid. India's status as a founding member of the Non-Aligned Movement and the Group of 77 cemented its position within the UN system as a leading advocate of the concerns and aspirations of developing countries and the creation of a more equitable international economic and political order. India was among the most outspoken critics of apartheid and racial discrimination in South Africa, being the first country to have raised the issue in the UN (in 1946).

Activities

UN General Assembly

India was a founding member of the United Nations, joining in October 1945, two years before acquiring independence from the British Raj. By 1946, India had started raising concerns regarding colonialism, apartheid and racial discrimination. From early 1947–48, India took an active part in Drafting of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Dr (Mrs). Hansa Mehta, a Gandhian political activist and social worker who led the Indian delegation, had made important contributions in drafting of the Declaration, especially highlighting the need for reflecting gender equality by changing the language of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights from 'all men are created equal' (Eleanor Roosevelt's preferred phrase) to 'all human beings'.

In 1953, the chief delegate of India at the time, Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit was elected the first woman President of the UN General Assembly. India supported the struggle towards global disarmament and the ending of the arms race, and towards the creation of a more equitable international economic order. India had a mediatory role in resolving the stalemate over prisoners of war in Korea contributing to the signing of the armistice ending the Korean War in 1953. India chaired the five-member Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission while the Indian Custodian Force supervised the process of interviews and repatriation that followed.  India then went on to chair the three international commissions for supervision and control for Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos established by the 1954 Geneva Accords on Indochina. India also had an active role to play in the Suez Crisis in 1956 with the role of Nehru, both as Indian Prime minister and a leader of the Non-Aligned Movement being significant. Indian historian Inder Malhotra wrote that "Now Nehru—who had tried to be even-handed between the two sides—denounced Anthony Eden (the then British Prime Minister) and co-sponsors of the aggression vigorous. He had a powerful, if relatively silent, ally in the US president Dwight D. Eisenhower who went to the extent of using America's clout in the IMF to make Eden and Mollet (the then French Prime Minister) behave".

Charter provisions on Non-Self-Governing Territories were given a new thrust when the UN adopted the landmark 1960 Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples which was co-sponsored by India. The following year, the Special Committee on the Implementation of the Declaration on Decolonization was established to study, investigate and recommend action to bring an end to colonialism, it was chaired by India for the first time. India played a leading role in the formation of a Sub-Committee against Apartheid set up by the General Assembly. When the Convention on Elimination of all forms of Racial Discrimination was adopted in 1965, India was among the earliest signatories, however it does not recognise competence under article 14 and it does not consider itself bound by article 22.

India also played a prominent role in articulating the economic concerns of developing countries in such UN-sponsored conferences as the triennial UN Conference on Trade and Development and the 1992 Conference on the Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro. It has been an active member of the Group of 77, and later the core group of the G-15 nations. Other issues, such as environmentally sustainable development and the promotion and protection of human rights, have also been an important focus of India's foreign policy in international forums.

UN Security Council

Activities during 1947-1962
Despite its anti-status quo stand on many global issues, India's attitude toward the basic structure of the UN was fundamentally conservative. It accepted the organization and distribution of power in the UN, as both a guarantee of Indian sovereignty and as a check on the numerical superiority of the U.S. and its western coalition.  India supported the charter provisions for a Security Council veto for the great powers, opposed the U.S. initiative to circumvent the veto through the Uniting for Peace Resolution, dismissed Hammarskjöld's notion of a "UN presence" as interventionist and opposed all efforts to conduct UN directed plebiscites as tests of opinion.

India's procedural conservatism was based both on its commitment to national sovereignty and its desire to protect Indian interests. Its experience with the UN had not always been positive. In the early years after independence, a whole range of issues, which had their origins in the partition of the Indian subcontinent between India and Pakistan, came before the UN. These issues included the disputed princely states of Junagadh, Hyderabad and Kashmir, which were ultimately incorporated into the Indian Union through the use of military force.

The most persistent of these disputes was the Kashmir conflict. Nehru's faith in the UN and adherence to its principles proved costly on some occasions due to the power play inherent in the organization. This was seen by his decision to refer Pakistan's intervention ('invasion') in disputed Kashmir to the UN Security Council in January 1948. The United Kingdom, which was hoping to avoid being seen as unfriendly to a Muslim state after the creation of Israel, used pressure tactics on its allies France, Canada and the US to support the Pakistani viewpoint that Kashmir's accession to India was disputable and had to be put to the test of a plebiscite. Nehru's hope that the UN would unconditionally instruct Pakistan to vacate the one-third portion of Kashmir that the Pakistani tribesmen and army had occupied fell flat in the face of geopolitical manoeuvrings and cross-issue linkage. To this day, Indian strategic commentators and critics of Nehru bemoan his cardinal mistake of taking the Kashmir dispute to a UN that was packed with pro-Pakistani partisan powers. According to columnist Brahma Chellaney, 'Nehru did not appreciate that the UN was an institution of power politics, not an impartial police force'. As if a double reminder were needed that India was small fry in a UN dominated by crafty Great Powers divided into two ideological camps, New Delhi was disappointed to find that Security Council members the US, United Kingdom and France tried to prevent it from forcibly absorbing the Portuguese colony of Goa in 1961. But for the Soviet veto in favour of India, Goa could have become enmeshed in another Kashmir-like stalemate for decades, buffeted by the changing winds of Great Power alignments and preferences that were paralysing and hijacking the UN.

Overall the period from 1947-1962 was marked by India's active interest in all UN activities under the leadership of V. K. Krishna Menon who was the Indian Ambassador to the United Nations from 1952-1962. Indian leadership and peacekeeping roles in the UN brought it considerable recognition and global standing.

The Phase from 1962-1976
India's defeat in the Sino-Indian War came as a grave shock in comparison to its global aspirations and recognition. Large scale hostilities and military reverses dealt a shattering blow to its self-confidence and pride. India was obliged to turn towards the west for military and political support. Following the conflict with China, India became involved in two wars with Pakistan and entered a period of political instability, economic stagnation, food shortages and near-famine conditions. India's role diminished in the UN which came both as a result of its image and a deliberate decision by the post-Nehru political leadership to adopt a low profile at the UN and speak only on vital Indian interests. This change in policy was implemented during the 1965 debate on Kashmir in the Security Council when Indian Foreign Minister Swaran Singh dramatically stormed out of the session in response to the intemperate language of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, Pakistan's Foreign Minister. In his book "India's Changing Role in the United Nations" Stanley Kochanek shows how 'bilateralism became the guiding principle of Indian foreign policy', relegating the UN to just an 'arena for maintaining such contacts'. Further the Soviet Union's backing became far more important than a slow and indecisive UN Security Council when India obtained its greatest strategic victory by beating China in 1967 war Nathu_La_and_Cho_La_clashes and breaking up Pakistan into two and carving out independent Bangladesh in 1971.

In 1974, India tested its first nuclear device, the aftermath of which resulted in a nuclear embargo by US and Canada. Soon after the UN's non-proliferation agenda became another irritant that forced New Delhi to view some units of the organization with distaste as fronts for imposing discriminatory regimes instead of promoting universal disarmament. From the very beginning it has refused to lend its support to the Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty with India's then External Affairs Minister and later President, Pranab Mukherjee in a visit to Tokyo in 2007 commenting that: "If India did not sign the NPT, it is not because of its lack of commitment for non-proliferation, but because we consider NPT as a flawed treaty and it did not recognise the need for universal, non-discriminatory verification and treatment." In short, the 1960s as a whole saw major changes in the global system but a general decline in UN activities.

Activities since 1976
From January 2011 to January 2013, India was a non permanent member of the UN Security Council. According to Rejaul Karim Laskar, a scholar of India's foreign policy, as a non-permanent member from January 2011 to January 2013, India played a crucial role on important international issues with a view to promote international peace and security as well as India's own national security.

Seeking of Permanent Seat in UNSC

India has been elected seven times to the UN Security Council, tied with Colombia and Pakistan. Only three countries have served longer: Japan, Brazil, and Argentina.

India has been seeking a permanent seat on the United Nations Security Council as a member of the G4, an organization composed of Brazil, Germany, Japan, and India, all who are currently seeking permanent representation. The Russian Federation, United States, United Kingdom and France support India and the other G4 countries gaining permanent seats.

According to the G4 proposal, the UN Security Council should be expanded beyond the current fifteen members to include twenty-five members. If this actually happens, it would be the first time permanent Security Council status is extended to a South Asian nation and supporters of the G4 plan suggest that this will lead to greater representation of developing nations rather than the current major powers.

India makes a number of claims to justify its demand. India has the world's second largest population and is the world's largest liberal democracy. It is also the world's seventh largest economy and third largest in terms of purchasing power parity as of 2014. India is the largest contributor of troops to United Nations peacekeeping missions with 7,860 personnel deployed with ten UN Peacekeeping Missions as of 2014 after Bangladesh and Pakistan, all three nations being in South Asia. India has contributed more than 180,000 troops, the largest number from any country, participated in more than 43 missions and 156 Indian peacekeepers have made the supreme sacrifice while serving in UN missions. India has also provided and continues to provide eminent Force Commanders for UN Missions.

Although the U.S. and other permanent Council members were not very supportive of expanding the Security Council, in his visit to India, US President Barack Obama has offered his support for India to become a permanent member of the Council. However, the reaction from other Council members are not very clear, particularly from China. Thus it is uncertain whether the demands by G4 nations will be implemented anytime soon. As of 2018 and according to The Economic Times, Pakistan has affirmed that it remains "firmly opposed" the creation of new seats in the council.

, the following resolutions had been introduced in the 115th United States Congress regarding  support of India's permanent seat in UN security council:

H.Res.535 introduced on September 2017, by Representative Ami Bera (D-California) and Frank Pallone (D-New Jersey)—immediately referred to the Committee on Foreign Affairs on September 2017.

Others

International Court of Justice

From 1945 to present, a total of 3 members from India have been appointed as Judges of the International Court of Justice, the primary judicial branch of the United Nations. Moreover, Nagendra Singh was appointed as the President from 1985 to 1988. In addition, 3 member have also served as Judges sitting ad hoc.
Now India's Supreme Court Justice 'Justice: Dalveer Bhandari' has been appointed as the judge in International Court of Justice for a second term. Justice Dalveer Bhandari has studied at JNVU Jodhpur and served as judge in both high court and The Supreme Court in India.

UN Audit
In November 2016, Vinod Rai was appointed as Chairman of UN Panel of External Auditors and Shashi Kant Sharma as Member of the United Nations Board of Auditor General.

Joint Inspection Unit

Joint Inspection Unit is the only independent external oversight body of the United Nations system mandated to conduct evaluations, inspections and investigations system-wide. A Gopinathan currently serves as Chairman, since January 2013. He was re-appointed to this post.

Model United Nations

In 1996, the Cathedral Model United Nations (CMUN) was hosted by The Cathedral and John Connon School in Mumbai. Since then, schools in India started taking up Model United Nations as an activity in their school.

Peacekeeping

So far India has taken part in 43 Peacekeeping missions with a total contribution exceeding  troops and a significant number of police personnel having been deployed. In 2014 India is the third largest troop contributor (TCC) with 7,860 personnel deployed with ten UN Peacekeeping Missions of which 995 are police personnel, including the first female formed Police Unit under the UN. The Indian Army has undertaken numerous UN peacekeeping missions. As of 30 June 2014, 157 Indians have been killed during such operations. The Indian army has also provided paramedical units to facilitate the withdrawal of the sick and wounded.

In service to the United Nations, Satish Nambiar was appointed as 1st Force Commander and Head of Mission of UNPROFOR and  Jai Shanker Menon as Head of Mission and Force Commander of United Nations Disengagement Observer Force.

According to UN estimates, India is currently the fourth-largest police-contributing country with 1,009 officers, and the third-largest contributor of female police officers.

As of February 2017, 163 Indians have been killed while serving in UN peacekeeping operations.

Initiatives

International Yoga Day
On 11 December 2014, the United Nations General Assembly adopted without a vote a resolution commemorating 21 June as the International Yoga Day, recognising the holistic benefits of this timeless practice and its inherent compatibility with the principles and values of the United Nations.

Plea for International Equality Day
In 2016, with focus on combating inequalities to achieve Sustainable Development Goals, B. R. Ambedkar's birth anniversary was observed at the United Nations for the first time. India has made a plea to declare April 14 as International Equality Day.

Financial contribution
For FY 2015-16, India's contribution to the United Nations was , which was 55 per cent more compared with the previous fiscal. India is one of the main contributors to the UN regular budget. Indian contribution to United Nations Democracy Fund was USD 250 million for 2009.

Representation

India has a permanent mission to the UN, which is led by the Permanent Representative (UN Ambassador), currently Syed Akbaruddin, who was appointed in January 2016.


1985 in Argentine football (Nacional)

This page covers the period January - September 1985. The rest of 1985 is covered in 1985-86 in Argentine football.

Nacional 1985
1985 featured the last ever edition of the Nacional championship. The structure of the tournament made it the most complicated championship in the history of the Argentine first division. The eventual champions were Argentinos Juniors who beat Vélez Sársfield in a 2nd final.

Group Stages (1st step)
The top two teams go through to the winners knockout, the bottom two go to the losers knockout.

Group A

Group B

Group C

Group D

Group E

Group F

Group G

Group H

2nd step

Winners knockout
The winners progressed to the winners QF, the losers enter the losers 3rd round.

Losers knockout

3rd step
Winners Quarter finals

Losers 3rd round

4th step
Winners Semi Finals

Losers 4th round

5th step
Winners final

Argentinos Juniors to play in the final
Vélez Sársfield progress to the losers final

Losers 5th round

6th step
Losers 6th round

7th step
Losers 7th round

8th step
Losers final

Vélez Sársfield to play in the final

Final
August 28, 1985

As Argentinos Juniors had made it to the final without losing a game, the final had to be replayed to give them the 2nd chance that every other team had already had.

September 3, 1985


Jan-Erik Lane

Jan-Erik Lane (born 1946) is a social scientist and professor emeritus at UNIGE, with residence in Höganäs.

Life
Jan-Erik Lane has taught politics and economics at many universities around the world. He has been member of many editorial boards of political and social science journals. He has published some 400 books and articles. In 1996 (and 2009), he received the Humboldt Award by the Humboldt Stiftung, receiving also a Lady Davis Fellowship at the Hebrew University in 2006 and also 2012, as well as honorary medals from Kairo University and the University of Qatar. He is a permanent resident in the Republic of Geneva and lives part-time in Myanmar. He has been full professor in 3 universities and visiting professor at many more. He is now a fellow with the Public Policy Institute in Belgrade.


Microvirga massiliensis

Microvirga massiliensis  is a bacterium from the genus of Microvirga which has been isolated from human feces in Dielmo in Senegal.


Babljak

Babljak () is a village in the Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina. According to the 1991 census, the village is located in the municipality of Rogatica.


Battle of Đồng Xoài

The Battle of Đồng Xoài () was a major battle fought during the National Liberation Front Summer Offensive of 1965 as part of the Vietnam War. The battle took place in Phước Long Province, South Vietnam, between June 9 and 13, 1965.

In 1964, General Nguyễn Khánh gained control of the South Vietnamese government after General Dương Văn Minh was overthrown in a military coup. Although General Khánh was able to gain control of the military junta, he failed to garner support from the civilian population when he implemented various laws which limited the freedoms of the South Vietnamese people. He then had a falling-out with the Catholic faction within his own government, when he became increasingly reliant on the Buddhist movement to hold on to power. Consequently, on February 20, 1965, General Khánh was ousted from power and was forced to leave South Vietnam forever. The political instability in Saigon gave North Vietnamese leaders in Hanoi an opportunity to step up their military campaign in the south. They believed the South Vietnamese government was able to survive because it still had a strong military to combat the growing influence of the Viet Cong. With the summer campaign of 1965, North Vietnamese and Viet Cong forces aimed to inflict significant losses on the South Vietnamese military. In Phước Long Province, the Communist summer offensive culminated in the Đồng Xoài campaign.

The fight for Đồng Xoài began on the evening of June 9, 1965, when the Viet Cong 272nd Regiment attacked and captured the Civilian Irregular Defense Group and U.S. Special Forces camp there. In response to the sudden Viet Cong assault, the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) Joint General Staff ordered the ARVN 1st Battalion, 7th Infantry Regiment, to retake Đồng Xoài district. They arrived on the battlefield on June 10, but were quickly overwhelmed by the Viet Cong 271st Regiment near Thuận Lợi. Later that day, Đồng Xoài was recaptured by the ARVN 52nd Ranger Battalion, which had survived an ambush while marching towards the district. On June 11, further South Vietnamese reinforcements arrived in the form of the ARVN 7th Airborne Battalion. The South Vietnamese paratroopers, while searching for survivors of the 1st Battalion in the Thuận Lợi rubber plantation, were defeated in a deadly ambush by the Viet Cong. On June 13 U.S. Army General William Westmoreland decided to insert elements of the U.S. 173rd Airborne Brigade into a major battle for the first time, because he feared the Viet Cong could secure a major base area in Phước Long Province. By that time, however, the Viet Cong had already withdrawn from the battlefield, so the U.S. paratroopers were ordered to return to base without a fight.

Background
In January 1964, General Khánh ousted General Dương Văn Minh as the leader of South Vietnam's military junta in a bloodless coup. Although Khánh had made considerable efforts to consolidate his power, opposition to his rule began to grow as he tightened censorship laws, banned protests and allowed police arbitrary search and imprisonment powers. Khánh drafted a new constitution, which would have expanded his power within the military junta. In response to General Khánh's political manoeuvres the South Vietnamese people, predominately Buddhists, held large demonstrations in the cities calling for an end to the draconian laws which had limited the people’s political freedom. Fearing that his power could be weakened by those demonstrations, General Khánh immediately repealed his constitution and new police powers. He promised to reinstate civilian rule and remove members of the Catholic-based Cần lao from power.

Internally, the concessions made by General Khánh had the effect of unsettling Catholic officers such as Nguyễn Văn Thiệu and Trần Thiện Khiêm, because they were concerned by what they perceived to be the handing of power to Buddhist leaders. Subsequently, General Khiêm fell out with General Khánh over policy issues along religious lines, even though an alliance between both men had enabled Khánh to remove General Minh from power. As military support for his regime diminished, Khánh had to rely upon civilian Buddhist activists to maintain power. For the Americans, Khánh's increased reliance on the Buddhists was a cause for concern, because the Buddhists favoured a political resolution to the conflict with the Communists. Thus, by the end of 1964 the Americans looked for someone to overthrow Khánh, in order to continue the military effort against the Communists. On February 20, 1965, Khánh was finally removed from power, and he was forced to leave South Vietnam.

From the Communist perspective, even though South Vietnam was plagued by political instability, it still had a strong army to resist the Viet Cong. So shortly after the Binh Gia campaign, North Vietnamese leaders reached a resolution to launch a summer offensive, to destroy the regular units of the South Vietnamese military. During the early stages of the Communist summer campaign, Viet Cong forces in Quảng Ngãi Province successfully destroyed a South Vietnamese task force, led by the ARVN 51st Infantry Regiment, in the village of Ba Gia. Following their victory at Ba Gia, the National Liberation Front (known in America as Viet Cong) turned its attention to the Mekong Delta region. To prepare for their next offensive, Major-General Le Trong Tan was given the task of directing Viet Cong military operations in the provinces of Phước Long, Bình Phước. For the first time, the newly created Viet Cong 273rd and 274th Regiments was ordered to join the 271st and 272nd Regiments on the battlefield; their objective was to destroy the regular units of the South Vietnamese military, and eliminate the strategic hamlets to enlarge what North Vietnam viewed as 'liberated zones'.

Prelude
Since May 1965, the Viet Cong offensive in Phước Long Province had been in full-swing. Beginning on May 10, the Viet Cong 271st Regiment, supported by the 840th Battalion and local sapper units, attacked the district town of Phước Long, capital of the province. Simultaneously, the Viet Cong 272nd Regiment overran South Vietnamese government positions in the sub-sector of Phước Bình. During their brief occupation of Phước Long district, the Viet Cong destroyed several major strategic hamlets in the surrounding areas, such as Ba Ra, Thuan Kiem, Thuan Loi, Phu Rieng, Da Kia, Bu Dop, Duc Bon and Song Be.

In response to the Viet Cong occupation of Phước Long district, the ARVN 36th Ranger Battalion was ordered by the ARVN Joint General Staff to recapture government positions there. On May 11, two companies from the battalion sustained heavy casualties in battles with Viet Cong units positioned along Inter-Provincial Road 13 and National Highway 14. On May 12, the Viet Cong 271st Regiment and other support units withdrew from Phuoc Long district.

In the Phước Bình sub-sector, the Viet Cong 272nd Regiment were able to overrun South Vietnamese government positions within 25 minutes, and they claimed to have killed 115 South Vietnamese soldiers in the process At 9 am on May 11, the ARVN 34th Ranger Battalion was airlifted into a small town located about 14 kilometres away from Phước Bình in the south-east. As the ARVN 34th Ranger Battalion marched upward towards Phước Bình, the Viet Cong 272nd and 273rd Regiment was ordered to destroy the South Vietnamese Rangers. However, by the time the 272nd Regiment arrived at the South Vietnamese staging area, the Rangers had already pulled out and successfully recaptured Phước Bình. Meanwhile, on May 15, the Viet Cong 274th Regiment defeated two South Vietnamese Regional Force companies along Route 20, and destroyed 20 vehicles in the process.

After those operations in Phước Long district and Phước Bình sub-sector, the Viet Cong 9th Division was ordered to attack Đồng Xoài. In 1965, Đồng Xoài was a district town situated at a road junction which connected Inter-Inter-Provisional Road 13, National Highway 1 and Highway 14. The district was defended by 200 local Vietnamese soldiers drawn from the 327th and 328th Militia Companies, and the 111th Regional Force Company. They were supported by one armoured squadron (6 armoured vehicles) and two 105mm howitzers. There were also 200 Cambodian soldiers of a Civilian Irregular Defense Group, 11 United States Army Special Forces personnel, and nine men of Seabee Team 1104. Prior to the battle, the U.S Special Forces had assumed control of Đồng Xoài's defences; they stepped up guard and patrol activities, and ordered the construction of new defensive fortifications around the district headquarters, the Special Forces Camp, and the armoured and artillery positions on the eastern side of the district.

Battle

On the evening of June 9, 1965, the Viet Cong made final preparations for their assault on Đồng Xoài. While the Viet Cong assembled their formations, U.S.-led forces inside the Special Forces Camp were suddenly placed on alert, forcing the Viet Cong to commence their attack 70 minutes earlier than scheduled. At 11:30 pm Viet Cong heavy mortar rounds began to fall on South Vietnamese and American positions around Đồng Xoài, soon followed by an infantry assault led by the 272nd Regiment. During the initial assault, the Viet Cong sustained heavy casualties as they tried to navigate through the surrounding minefields and barb wire fences, which they had failed to pick up during previous reconnaissance missions. At about 1:30 am, two helicopter gunships from the U.S. Army's 118th Aviation Company were dispatched to support the Special Forces Camp, they fired on the Viet Cong around the compound, and returned to base only after their weapons load was emptied. At around 2:30 am, the Americans and a few of the Cambodian soldiers retreated to the district headquarters, where other local troops were holding out. Meanwhile, at Biên Hòa Air Base, all flight crews of the 118th Aviation Company were on the flightline preparing for combat assault at first light. By that time, however, the Viet Cong had captured the Special Forces compound, and they began massing for an attack on the district headquarters.

While fighting raged inside the district, all flyable aircraft from the 118th Aviation Company flew out from Biên Hòa to Phước Vinh, a small town about 30 kilometres from Đồng Xoài. From Phước Vinh the first contingent of the ARVN 1st Battalion, 7th Infantry Regiment, was airlifted into the battlefield. At around 8 am, the UH-1 formations of the 118th Aviation Company descend on the landing zone near the Thuận Lợi rubber plantation, about 4 kilometres north of Đồng Xoài; they immediately began to receive fire from bunkers and foxholes surrounding the area. The South Vietnamese command believed the landing zone near Thuận Lợi would be ideal to land their troops, because it was distant enough that the Viet Cong would not find and engage them immediately. However, the Viet Cong had anticipated the South Vietnamese would land troops in the area, and had prepared for an ambush. As a result, after U.S. helicopters had departed from the landing zone, soldiers of the Viet Cong 271st Regiment immediately turned their attention on the South Vietnamese. Within 15 minutes the main body of the ARVN 1st Battalion was completely destroyed.

At around 11:55 am the last remaining soldiers of the ARVN 1st Battalion were discharged near the original landing zone in Thuận Lợi, and they too were put out of action within three minutes of touching down on the field. During the afternoon, the Viet Cong had managed to destroy parts of the district headquarters building using their 57mm recoilless rifle. Second Lieutenant Williams then ordered 14 Americans inside the building, along with an equal number of Vietnamese women and children, to retreat to the artillery position located east of the town where they continued their resistance. Late in the afternoon on June 10, the U.S. 118th Aviation Company was joined by other elements of the 145th Combat Aviation Battalion in their final sorties for the day; airlifting the ARVN 52nd Ranger Battalion from Phước Vinh into Đồng Xoài, with the objective of recapturing the road junction and the Special Forces Camp. Following their last mission, the 118th Aviation Company immediately returned to Biên Hòa. During the first day of heavy fighting, every helicopter in the unit had sustained damage, including the loss of one helicopter and its entire crew.

At 3:20 pm the ARVN 52nd Ranger Battalion were discharged on a landing zone about 3 kilometres south of Đồng Xoài. As the South Vietnamese Rangers marched towards the town centre, their lead company was decimated in an ambush mounted by elements of the Viet Cong 271st Regiment. Undeterred by the strength of the Viet Cong, they continued their march towards the district. On the night of June 10, the battalion began attacking Viet Cong positions around the Special Forces Camp, and they gradually recaptured the compound and much of the town. The Viet Cong eventually launched a counter-attack in an attempt to win back the loss ground, but they failed to dislodge the soldiers of the ARVN 52nd Ranger Battalion. The next morning, on June 11, the 118th Aviation Company was back at full strength in Phước Vinh. Like the previous day, they flew air-support and airlifted further reinforcements from the ARVN 7th Airborne Battalion. After the South Vietnamese paratroopers were dropped off on a soccer field, the 118th Aviation Company started large-scale evacuation of South Vietnamese casualties. In contrast to the previous day, the 118th Aviation Company encountered only isolated rear guard actions.

Just before the ARVN 7th Airborne Battalion landed on the battlefield, the Viet Cong had intercepted a radio conversation between the aforementioned unit and the 52nd Ranger Battalion in the district centre; several months earlier the 7th Airborne Battalion was involved in the battle at Bình Giã, so they vowed to avenge the loss of their comrades. Thus, from the soccer field, the ARVN 7th Airborne Battalion marched up to Thuận Lợi, against only light opposition. The South Vietnamese paratroopers arrived at the area where the first group of the ARVN 1st Battalion, 7th Infantry Regiment, was dropped off and they collected seven survivors and 55 bodies. In the afternoon, as elements of the 7th Airborne Battalion moved through the Thuận Lợi rubber plantation to search for remnants of the second group of the ARVN 1st Battalion, the Viet Cong 271st Regiment started attacking the South Vietnamese paratroopers in a manner which had characterised earlier ambushes. Taking advantage of the poor weather conditions that had limited U.S. air strikes, as well as their numerical superiority, the Viet Cong broke the South Vietnamese formation into small groups and destroyed many of them. On the next day, the strength of the ARVN 7th Airborne Battalion was reduced from 470 to just 159 soldiers.

After the defeat of the ARVN 7th Airborne Battalion, U.S. General William Westmoreland concluded that the Viet Cong still had the strength to continue the attacks on Đồng Xoài. In contrast, South Vietnamese forces within the vicinity of Đồng Xoài were severely depleted, and did not have sufficient strength to defeat the Viet Cong. Furthermore, there was only one remaining battalion in South Vietnam’s strategic reserve, and it may not be enough to drive the Communist out from the area if it was committed.

Westmoreland was unwilling to leave the Viet Cong with a position from which they could dominate Phước Long Province. So, on June 13, he made the decision to insert U.S. combat forces. Subsequently, 738 men of the 1st Battalion (Airborne), 503rd Infantry Regiment, 173rd Airborne Brigade, were flown out to the staging area in Phước Vinh. Elements of the 3rd Battalion (Airborne), 319th Artillery also followed later in the day. Upon arrival at Phước Vinh, the U.S. Army task force waited for five days, but it soon became apparent that the Viet Cong had withdrawn from the area and had no intention of holding territory. On June 18, the 1/503rd Infantry was ordered to return to base.

Aftermath
In this battle both sides of the conflict had paid a heavy price to achieve their objectives. After the battle, search parties found several hundred VC bodies within small arms range of the Special Forces compound and district headquarters, and another 126 VC bodies inside these compounds. Numerous other Viet Cong casualties had been evacuated or incurred in the fighting beyond the town's borders. In their efforts to recapture the district town of Đồng Xoài, the South Vietnamese military lost 416 soldiers killed in action, 174 wounded and 233 missing. In addition, over one hundred South Vietnamese civilians were believed to have been massacred by the Viet Cong during their brief occupation of the area. Total casualties sustained by U.S. military personnel included 20 soldiers killed or wounded, and 13 missing. According to Vietnam's official account of the Đồng Xoài campaign, the Communists claimed to have put 4,459 enemy soldiers (including 73 Americans) out of action. Furthermore, 1,652 weapons of various kinds were captured, 390 weapons and 60 vehicles were destroyed, 34 aircraft and 3 helicopters were shot down.

Even though the Viet Cong had won a clear victory over the regular units of the South Vietnamese army, they did not get away with light casualties. After the battle, a combined total of 126 Viet Cong bodies were recovered within the Special Forces compound and the district headquarters, and several hundred more were strewn all over the battlefield. Indeed, individual Viet Cong soldiers usually spared no efforts to evacuate their dead or wounded comrades; but as military operations were conducted during the rainy season, the Viet Cong struggled to evacuate all their casualties from the battlefield as conditions on the main roads deteriorated. Despite the minor setbacks, the Đồng Xoài campaign marked the rapid maturity of the Viet Cong 9th Division as a fighting force. For their efforts during the battle, the Viet Cong 272nd Regiment received the title of 'Đồng Xoài Regiment' to mark their achievements.

Six days after large-scale fighting in Đồng Xoài had concluded there was another change of government in Saigon. South Vietnamese Air Marshal Nguyễn Cao Kỳ was appointed prime minister and executive chairman of the government by the military junta, and General Nguyễn Văn Thiệu became a figurehead president. Unlike previous leaders, Air-Marshal Kỳ and General Thiệu were more interested in fighting the Communists, and they intended to stop the Buddhist factions from interfering with their decision-making processes. However, due to Air Marshal Kỳ's lack of experience in civil government, the Americans were not entirely pleased with the formation of a new government with him as the leader. In contrast, General Thiệu's appointment to the office of president was considered to be a positive development by the American Embassy and military command, because he possessed the political skills required by Saigon’s political establishment. Nonetheless, Kỳ's ascension to the position of prime minister had effectively ended the cycle of military coups which had plagued Saigon since the downfall of Ngô Đình Diệm.

In a significant contrast to the political scene in South Vietnam, the North Vietnamese government in Hanoi were far more occupied with their military effort. The North Vietnamese Transportation Group 559, then under the leadership of Major-General Phan Trong Tue, was ordered to open new transportation and communication lines through southern Laos and South Vietnam. The purpose was to facilitate the movement of troops and material through the Pathet Lao-occupied section of the Ho Chi Minh trail. They were supported by 1,500 workers from the Ministry of Transportation and 7,600 volunteers. By the end of 1965, the strength of Group 559 had grown to 24,400 personnel organised in six battalions of motor vehicles, one battalion of boats, 18 battalions of combat engineers, four battalions of anti-aircraft artillery and guard units. In addition to the expansion of their logistical abilities, the North Vietnamese also decided to establish five infantry divisions and one artillery in South Vietnam. Thus, the stage was set for a major military struggle with American and other allied forces.


1913 in Germany

Events in the year 1913 in Germany.

Incumbents

National level
 Kaiser – Wilhelm II
 Chancellor – Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg

State level

Kingdoms
 King of Bavaria – Otto of Bavaria to 5 November, then Ludwig III of Bavaria
 King of Prussia – Kaiser Wilhelm II
 King of Saxony – Frederick Augustus III of Saxony
 King of Württemberg – William II of Württemberg

Grand Duchies
 Grand Duke of Baden – Frederick II
 Grand Duke of Hesse – Ernest Louis
 Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin – Frederick Francis IV
 Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz – Adolphus Frederick V
 Grand Duke of Oldenburg – Frederick Augustus II
 Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach – William Ernest

Principalities
 Schaumburg-Lippe – Adolf II, Prince of Schaumburg-Lippe
 Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt – Günther Victor, Prince of Schwarzburg
 Schwarzburg-Sondershausen – Günther Victor, Prince of Schwarzburg
 Principality of Lippe – Leopold IV, Prince of Lippe
 Reuss Elder Line – Heinrich XXIV, Prince Reuss of Greiz (with Heinrich XIV, Prince Reuss Younger Line to 29 March, then Heinrich XXVII, Prince Reuss Younger Line, as regent)
 Reuss Younger Line – Heinrich XIV, Prince Reuss Younger Line to 29 March, then Heinrich XXVII, Prince Reuss Younger Line
 Waldeck and Pyrmont – Friedrich, Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont

Duchies
 Duke of Anhalt – Frederick II, Duke of Anhalt
 Duke of Brunswick – Duke John Albert of Mecklenburg (regent) to 1 November, then Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick from 2 November
 Duke of Saxe-Altenburg – Ernst II, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg
 Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha – Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
 Duke of Saxe-Meiningen – Georg II, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen

Colonial Governors
 Cameroon (Kamerun) – Karl Ebermaier (1st term) to 9 October, then ... Full
 Kiaochow (Kiautschou) – Alfred Meyer-Waldeck
 German East Africa (Deutsch-Ostafrika) – Albert Heinrich Schnee
 German New Guinea (Deutsch-Neuguinea) – Albert Hahl (2nd term)
 German Samoa (Deutsch-Samoa) – Erich Schultz-Ewerth
 German South-West Africa (Deutsch-Südwestafrika) – Theodor Seitz
 Togoland – Duke Adolf Friedrich of Mecklenburg

Events

 May 16 – Eberswalde Hoard discovered
 June 20 – Bremen school shooting causes the death of five pupils and the wounding 21 other people.
 September 9 – In Oppau, BASF starts the world's first plant for the production of fertilizer based on the Haber-Bosch process, feeding today about a third of the world's population.
 October 17 – Johannisthal air disaster occurs with an Imperial German Navy's L 2 airship's test flight resulted in the death of all 28 passengers and crew on board

Births

 26 February – Hermann Lenz, German poet and author (died 1998)
 27 April – Luz Long, German long jump athlete (died 1943)
 31 May – Peter Frankenfeld, German comedian (died 1979)
 10 June – Benjamin Shapira, German-born Israeli biochemist (died 1993)
 4 August – Johann Niemann, SS officer (died 1943)
 10 August – Wolfgang Paul, German physicist (died 1993)
 8 November – Ludwig Elsbett, German engineer (died 2003)
 18 December – Willy Brandt, German politician, former Chancellor of Germany (died 1992)
 25 December – Henri Nannen, German journalist (died 1996)

Deaths

 29 March – Heinrich XIV, Prince Reuss Younger Line, nobleman (born 1832)
 19 April – Hugo Winckler, archaeologist (born 1863)
 29 May – Eduard Pechuël-Loesche, naturalist, geographer, ethnologist, painter, traveler, author and plant collector (born 1840
 13 August – August Bebel, politician (born 1840)
 29 September – Rudolf Diesel, engineer and inventor (born 1858)
 22 December – Theodor Kaes, neurologist (born 1852)


Uttiramerur block

The Uttiramerur block is a revenue block in the Kanchipuram district of Tamil Nadu, India. It has a total of 73 panchayat villages.


U.S. Naval Air Station Whiddy Island Ireland

U.S. Naval Air Station Whiddy Island was a US naval air station operated during the last year of World War I and commissioned 4 July 1918. Located on Whiddy Island in Bantry Bay, County Cork, Ireland, it was also known as Bantry Bay Station. The base was used for Anti-Submarine Warfare (ASW) patrols by Curtiss H-16 seaplanes.

History
At the start of United States of America's involvement in the First World War five sites in Ireland; Queenstown, Wexford, Lough Foyle, Whiddy Island and Berehaven were identified to be operated by the United States Navy in support of allied operations against enemy submarines.

Operations
The Whiddy Island station was located on the eastern side of the island in Bantry Bay. Patrols and convoys for the waters to the southwest of Ireland were furnished by this station.

In all, five Curtiss Model H planes were based in Whiddy Island during 1918: BUNO *A1072, A1078, A1084, A3466, A4047, A4048. These were "pusher" type of aircraft with the engine and propeller behind the pilot.

The H-16 Large America, were equipped with four Lewis machine guns, a bomb load of four 230 pound bombs and a crew of five - a pilot, two observers, a mechanic and a wireless operator.

Accident
Aircrew flying H-16, A1072, crashed on 22 October 1918. Walford A. Anderson (USNRF, AE2, Springfield, MO) was killed in the crash.

End of hostilities and closure
While the base operated under wartime conditions for only seven weeks, patrols continued for some months after the armistice, and it was eventually closed on 29 January 1919.


BDO British Open

The British Open  is one of the longest-running darts events, having started just a few months after the first ever Winmau World Masters. The tournament used to be televised by the BBC from its inception, but it ceased to cover the event after 1983. It was often held between Christmas and New Year - the 1975 Championship was actually played in late 1974. The tradition was maintained until near the millennium, when the organisers moved the tournament back to September/October. In recent years the tournament has been televised on Eurosport along with several other BDO tournaments that were previously untelevised.

List of winners

Men's

Women's

Tournament records
 Most wins 4:  Eric Bristow.
 Most Finals 5:  Eric Bristow,  John Lowe.
 Most Semi Finals 6:  Eric Bristow,  John Lowe.
 Most Quarter Finals 11:  Martin Adams.
 Most Appearances 13:  Martin Adams.
 Most Prize Money won £13,500:  Eric Bristow.
 Best winning average (102.81) :  Martin Adams  v's  Mervyn King, 2004, Final .
 Youngest Winner age 20:   Eric Bristow.
 Oldest Winner age 54: Ross Montgomery.


AHQ

AHQ often stands for "Air Headquarters" and may refer to

 Air H.Q. Air Defences Eastern Mediterranean
 Air Headquarters East Africa
 Air Headquarters (Pakistan Air Force)
 AHQ Iraq
 AHQ Levant
 AHQ Malta
 Desert Air Force
 ahq e-Sports Club, an esports team based in Taiwan
 Ah Q, the fictional protagonist of the novella The True Story of Ah Q


Hanna Kuoppala

Hanna Kuoppala (born 12 September 1975) is a Finnish ice hockey player. She competed in the women's tournament at the 2006 Winter Olympics.


Grand Ridge High School

Grand Ridge is located in Northwest Florida (The Panhandle), 45 minutes west of Tallahassee and 40 minutes southeast of Dothan, AL.

Grand Ridge High School functioned as an all grades school from its founding in 1887 until the end of the 2005-2006 school year, when it was consolidated with neighboring Sneads High School, becoming a Pre-K through 8th grade Public Unit School with an enrollment of 600 students. It is part of the Jackson County in School Board System, and is under the supervision of Laura Kent, Principal. AssistantPrincipals are Travis Blanton and Amber Tucker.


Carlos de la Garza

Captain Carlos de la Garza (1807–1882), also known as "Don Carlos," was a rancher, entrepreneur and prominent defender in Goliad, Victoria and Refugio counties of Texas. His participation in the Mexican Army leading to the Battle of Coleto was instrumental in the surrender and demise of Colonel James Fannin and the Texian forces.

Early life
Carlos was both a Tejano (Mexican born in Texas, or Tejas) and a Labadeño, or Badeño, (a descendant of a Presidio La Bahía soldier). Born in 1807 at the presidio, to soldier José Antonio de la Garza and his wife Rosalia, the family established a rancho (Mexican ranch) on land owned by Mission La Bahía.  Carlos was engaged in the family ranching business and followed in his father's footsteps by enlisting in the Mexican army. In 1829, he married Tomasita García, with whom he had three children. His Carlos Rancho and his Ferry Crossing at the San Antonio River became a hub for local commerce, as well as a crossroads for several communities of both immigrants and Labadeños.

Texas Revolution
La Bahía translates as "the bay". The Presidio was founded in 1721 by the Viceroyality of New Spain on the ruins of the failed French Fort Saint Louis near Matagorda Bay. A year later an adjoining mission was established on Garcitas Creek by Franciscan missionaries in an unsuccessful attempt to convert the Karankawa Indians.  Both the presidio and the mission were relocated several times. The last move in 1749 was to what is now Goliad. Mission La Bahía was secularized in 1830. According to historian Alonzo Salazar, many Mexican military families such as the Garzas had established ranchos on the mission lands with the expectation that, should mission lands be secularized, the Mexican government would issue titles to existing homesteaders. These longtime homesteaders were passed over by the Spanish and Mexican governments for prominent and wealthier empresarios.

Along the Gulf Coast in what are now the counties of Goliad, Refugio, San Patricio and Victoria, Tejano involvement in events of the Texas revolution were partially influenced by the empresario colonization contracts. Over the objections of Mexican rancheros (ranch owners) in the area without legal titles, Irish immigrants James Power and James Hewetson were granted an empresario colonization contract in 1828 (amended in 1831) to settle four hundred Irish families on secularized land once belonging to Nuestra Señora del Refugio Mission and Mission La Bahía. When Power and Hewetson failed to settle the required number of families, local rancheros were issued titles as colonists of Power and Hewetson. Garza was able to secure title to a league of his own land only as a colonist of these empresarios.

Tejano-Mexican residents of the area were troubled by land speculation of the empresarios, feeling threatened by the influx of the Anglo settlers taking over lands held by their families, many for several generations. With many friends among the settlers, Garza opposed revolution on the grounds that it would strain relations between neighbors. Presidio commander James Fannin targeted Carlos Rancho under the suspicion of harboring Mexican spies.  Private homes were likewise looted under orders from Fannin. During the events of the Battle of Goliad, rancheros such as Garza offered fleeing Goliad residents food and shelter on their lands.

Many ranchers and citizens in the area wanted retaliation. They subsequently organized the Victoriana Guardes as a coalition of Tejanos and Karankawa Indians, employing the fighting skills of Spanish lancers. Garza was chosen as the captain. As scouts for José de Urrea at the Battle of Coleto, they ran guerilla tactics against Fannin. The Texian surrender at Coleto Creek led to the controversial Palm Sunday Goliad massacre/slaughter of the captured soldiers. De la Garza, considered and honest broker by both sides, was successful in pleading on behalf of his Anglo neighbors who fought with Fannin in the skirmish; their lives were spared by Lt. Colonel José Nicolás de la Portilla. The spirit of his defense was returned in kind by his neighbors after the Texian victory at Battle of San Jacinto. The command to slaughter the prisoners of war came directly from General and President of the Centralist Republic of Mexico, Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna. When Republic of Texas Secretary of War Thomas Jefferson Rusk began reprisals against Mexican Tejanos and Mexican sympathizers, he ordered Garza deported. The order was never successfully carried out due to a defense mounted by Garza's neighbors.

Later life and death

Like many Tejanos, in spite Santa Ana's oppressive rule over Texas, de la Garza believed Texas should remain part of Mexico. However after the Texas Revolution, Garza joined the populist call for the U.S Annexation of Texas in 1845. He realized this would be a help in the rule of law and would give Mexican Tejanos many rights which were being suppressed by the Anglo rule in the Republic of Texas. Carlos Rancho survived an 1845 legal attempt by Louisiana resident Thomas Taylor Williamson to seize the land from Garza.

Garza died at the age of 75 on December 30, 1882 apparently from an old arrow wound received in a Karankawa Indian fight, possibly in 1852 at Hynes Bay. The arrow wound crippled him for the remainder of his life. Captain Carlos de la Garza is buried at Carlos Rancho; Tomasita, his wife of 53 years, was later buried next to him. A portion of the old homestead is still owned by descendants.

Notes


John Sackville (by 1523 – between 1547 and 1552) was an English politician.

He was a Member of Parliament (MP) for East Grinstead.


Mokkapati Narasimha Sastry

Mokkapati Narasimha Sastry (1892–1973) was an Indian novelist who wrote in the Telugu language. He is best known for the 1924 comedy novel, Barrister Parvateesam.
Sastry has written many plays, short stories and essays besides his great work ‘Barrister Parvateesam’, though his name is generally associated with it.

Sastry was skilled in multiple genres, but had a penchant for humour. It is the spirit of humour, in fact, that pervades the entire works of Sastry.

There are six plays of his collected in one volume. Some of them bear traces of European descent, though all of them maintain the distinct touch of Sastry.

‘Mrokkubadi’ is a short one act play based on the belief that one can overcome any illness or danger by solemnly taking a vow to please the deity Venkateswara by offering to him everything possible.

'Abhyudayam’ (Progress), another Sastry play, is similar to 'Mrokkubadi' in focusing our attention on the conflict between humanism. This play was composed in 1940 and the Great War provided the necessary impetus.

‘Pedda Mamayya’ is a play where we breathe the fresh air of romance, love, awe, and humour.

Equally humorous is the ‘Asadharana Samavesamu’ (The Extraordinary Meeting). This is yet another social satire breathing light humour and portraying the typical modern
associations that dream of doing great things.

'Varasatvam’ deals with the longing for a legacy. Dissatisfaction with what one has, goads the young Venkatarao to quarrel with his wife whose unmarried uncle has acquired a huge fortune.

'Pativratyam’ is a short play dealing with the troubles of a young man brought upon modern lines. Here the conflict between the western and oriental civilizations is well depicted.


Taibainus

Taibainus is a monotypic genus of East Asian sheet weavers containing the single species, Taibainus shanensis. It was first described by A. V. Tanasevitch in 2006, and has only been found in China.


The 2010 Fresno State Bulldogs football team represented California State University, Fresno in the 2010 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The Bulldogs, led by 14th-year head coach Pat Hill, were members of the Western Athletic Conference (WAC) and played their home games at Bulldog Stadium in Fresno, California. They finished the season 8–5, 5–3 in WAC play and were invited to the Humanitarian Bowl where they were defeated by Northern Illinois 17–40.

Personnel

Coaching Staff

Roster

Schedule

Game summaries

Cincinnati

at Utah State

at Ole Miss

Cal Poly

Hawaii

New Mexico State

at San José State

at Louisiana Tech

No. 21 Nevada

at No. 3 Boise State

Idaho

Illinois

vs. Northern Illinois (Humanitarian Bowl)

Awards

All-WAC
First Team Offense
OL Kenny Wiggins

First Team Defense
DL Chris Carter
DL Logan Harrell
LB Ben Jacobs

First Team Specialist
PK Kevin Goessling

Second Team Offense
WR Jamel Hamler
OL Bryce Harris

Second Team Defense
LB Travis Brown
DB Desia Dunn

Player of the Year
Defense
Chris Carter

NFL Draft
5th Round, 162nd Overall Pick by the Pittsburgh Steelers—Sr. LB Chris Carter

7th Round, 210th Overall Pick by the Atlanta Falcons—Sr. G Andrew Jackson


William Truesdale

William Haynes Truesdale (1851–1935) was an American railroad executive. He served as the president of the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad (DL&W) from 1899 to 1925.

Early life
Truesdale was born on December 1, 1851 in Youngstown, Ohio. He was the oldest of Calvin and Charlotte (Haynes) Truesdale's four children. He was educated in Rock Island, Illinois.

Career
Truesdale began his career as a clerk with the Rockford, Rock Island and St. Louis Railway in 1869. In 1876, he was hired as passenger and freight agent for the Logansport division of the Terre Haute & Indianapolis Railroad, with offices in Terre Haute, Indiana. In 1881, Truesdale accepted a job as traffic manager of the Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis and St. Louis Railway and soon became vice president. In 1887, he was hired as the president of the Minneapolis and St. Louis Railway. Following a brief tenure in this role, Truesdale served as the first Vice President and General Manager of the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad, a position he kept through the last decade of the 19th century.

Truesdale became president of the DL&W in March 1899, replacing an ailing Samuel Sloan. He immediately cemented his reputation as a relentless visionary by launching one of the most ambitious railroad modernization programs in American history. Until the dawn of the twentieth century, the DL&W — like most railroads dealing with adverse geography — generally followed the contours of the land when laying track. Steep climbs and long hours aboard a train remained commonplace.

Truesdale's efforts to rebuild his 900-mile system set the standard for U.S. rail construction. Heavier bridges and track were installed to permit heavier locomotives and cars to travel over them faster. Dozens of new stations were built. Many curves were straightened. Where conditions demanded, entire stretches of track were replaced by new alignments.  One example was the Lackawanna Cut-off, a  stretch of fast track with no grade crossings. Built to replace the DL&W's "Old Road", this enormous construction project involved huge amounts of cut and fill through the Pequest Valley of northwest New Jersey. It shortened the route by only 11 miles, but enabled trains to travel at speeds approaching 100 miles an hour. (The Cut-off was eventually decommissioned by Conrail and abandoned in 1983. The state of New Jersey later purchased the abandoned corridor and began reconstruction in 2011 to host New Jersey Transit commuter trains.) Under Truesdale's leadership, the railroad also constructed the Nicholson Cutoff north of Scranton, including the Tunkhannock Viaduct, the largest concrete bridge and one of the largest concrete structures in the world. The Tunkhannock Viaduct is still in use.

DL&W launched its Phoebe Snow marketing campaign, one of the best-known in American advertising, in 1902, shortly after Truesdale became president.
The campaign built its name-branded character upon the reputation for clean operations cultivated by Truesdale. Truesdale retired as DL&W president in 1925, but remained chairman of the board until 1931.

Personal life and death
Truesdale married Annie Topping on October 2, 1878. She was the daughter of Lt. Col. Melville Douglas Topping, who was killed August 20, 1862, at the Battle of Richmond, Kentucky, while commanding the 71st Indiana Regiment. They had two sons, Calvin and Melville, and a daughter, who married Richard M. Bissell. Truesdale resided in Greenwich, Connecticut, and he was predeceased by his wife.

Truesdale "suffered from a breakdown" in 1931. He died on June 2, 1935 in Greenwich, Connecticut, at 83.


Worcester-class ship of the line

The Worcester-class ships of the line were a class of three 64-gun third rates, designed for the Royal Navy by Sir Thomas Slade.

Ships

Builder: Portsmouth Dockyard
Ordered: 16 November 1765
Launched: 17 October 1769
Fate: Broken up, 1816

Builder: Chatham Dockyard
Ordered: 12 October 1768
Launched: 28 June 1775
Fate: Wrecked, 1780

Builder: Portsmouth Dockyard
Ordered: 12 October 1768
Launched: 3 September 1777
Fate: Sold out of the service, 1837


Owusu Hayford

Oiliver Akowuah Owusu Hayford (born 25 October 1981) is a former professional footballer from Ghana. He last plays for Nakhon Pathom in the Thailand Premier League.

Personal life
Owusu is the son of former footballer and coach Bashir Hayford (father) and the late Nusrat Owusu Hayford (mother), who died in June 2008.


Qameshkan-e Olya

Qameshkan-e Olya (, also Romanized as Qameshkān-e ‘Olyā; also known as Qameshgān-e Bālā and Qamīshgān-e ‘Olyā) is a village in Churs Rural District, in the Central District of Chaypareh County, West Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 28, in 8 families.


At Jazz Jamboree Warszawa '91: A Tribute to Miles is a live album by trumpeter Freddie Hubbard recorded in October 1991 and released on the Starburst label in 2000. It features performances by Hubbard, Ronnie Mathews, Don Braden, Jeff Chambers and Ralph Penland.

Reception
The Allmusic review by Ken Dryden states "Although Hubbard's group provides sufficient support, the trumpeter's earlier recordings are far superior to this disappointing release... This CD can safely be bypassed"

Track listing
 "Bolivia" (Cedar Walton) - 12:59
 "God Bless the Child" (Arthur Herzog Jr., Billie Holiday) - 12:53
 "All Blues" (Miles Davis) - 17:10
 "Dear John" (Freddie Hubbard) - 17:01
Recorded at the Jazz Jamboree Warszawa on October 24, 1991

Personnel
 Freddie Hubbard: trumpet
 Don Braden: tenor saxophone
 Ronnie Mathews: piano
 Jeff Chambers: bass
 Ralph Penland: drums


Sun sign astrology

Sun sign astrology is the form of astrology most commonly found in many newspaper and magazine columns. It is a simplified system of astrology which considers only the position of the Sun at birth, which is said to be placed within one of the twelve zodiac signs. This sign is then called the sun sign or star sign of the person born in that twelfth-part of the year.

Sun sign astrologers take this basic twelve-fold division and relate all the current movements of all the planets to each other, using traditional rules to divine meanings for each sign separately. Because the Moon has the fastest apparent movement of all the heavenly bodies, it is often used as the main indicator of daily trends for sun sign astrology forecasts.

History
Although William Lilly in the 17th century was the first newspaper astrologer, sun sign astrology was not invented until 1930. The astrologer R. H. Naylor was claimed by his newspaper to have predicted the crash of the R101 airship. This led to pressure on Naylor to come up with a simplified system of astrology suitable for a newspaper column. After some experimentation, Naylor decided on sun signs.

Sun signs
The following table shows the zodiac names in Latin, with their English translation and the individuals' names. It also shows the element and quality associated with each sign. The starting and ending dates of the sun sign are approximate, as they may differ from one year to another (by a day or so), due to the fact that the earth's orbit around the sun is not synchronous with earth's rotation (one year does not comprehend a whole number of days). The exact date and time of sign entrance/exit (which is corresponded to the 12 "mid-climates" within Chinese lunisolar calendar) must be obtained with appropriate software or with the help of an ephemeris.

Traditional planets in brackets


Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)

The Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812) between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire was one of the Russo-Turkish Wars.

Background
The war broke out in 1805–1806 against the background of the Napoleonic Wars. In 1806, Sultan Selim III, encouraged by the Russian defeat at Austerlitz and advised by the French Empire, deposed the pro-Russian Constantine Ypsilanti as Hospodar of the Principality of Wallachia and Alexander Mourousis as Hospodar of Moldavia, both Ottoman vassal states. Simultaneously, the French Empire occupied Dalmatia and threatened to penetrate the Danubian principalities at any time.  In order to safeguard the Russian border against a possible French attack, a 40,000-strong Russian contingent advanced into Moldavia and Wallachia. The Sultan reacted by blocking the Dardanelles to Russian ships and declared war on Russia.

Early hostilities
Initially, Emperor Alexander I was reluctant to concentrate large forces against the Ottoman Empire while his relations with Napoleonic France were still uncertain and the main part of his army was occupied fighting against Napoleon in Prussia.  A massive Ottoman offensive aimed at Russian-occupied Bucharest, the Wallachian capital, was promptly checked at Obilesti by as few as 4,500 soldiers commanded by Mikhail Miloradovich (June 2, 1807). In Armenia, the 7,000-strong contingent of Count Gudovich destroyed the Turkish force of 20,000 at Arpachai (June 18). In the meantime, the Russian Imperial Navy under Dmitry Senyavin blockaded the Dardanelles and defeated the Ottoman fleet in the Battle of the Dardanelles, after which Selim III was deposed. The Ottoman fleet was destroyed the following month in the Battle of Athos, thus establishing Russian supremacy on sea.

Campaigns of 1808–10
At this point the war might have ended, if it were not for the Peace of Tilsit. The Russian Emperor, constrained by Napoleon to sign an armistice with the Turks, used the time of peace to transfer more Russian soldiers from Prussia to Bessarabia. After the southern army was augmented to 80,000 and the hostilities were resumed, the 76-year-old commander-in-chief Prozorovsky made little progress in more than a year. In August 1809 he was eventually succeeded by Prince Bagration, who promptly crossed the Danube and overran Dobruja. Bagration proceeded to lay siege to Silistra but, on hearing that the 50,000-strong Turkish army approached the city, deemed it wise to evacuate Dobruja and retreat to Bessarabia.

In 1810, the hostilities were renewed by the brothers Nikolay and Sergei Kamensky, who defeated the Ottoman reinforcement heading for Silistra and ousted the Turks from Hacıoğlu Pazarcık (May 22). The position of Silistra now appeared hopeless, and the garrison surrendered on May, 30. Ten days later, Kamensky laid siege to another strong fortress, Shumla (or Schumen). His storm of the citadel was repelled at great loss of life, and more bloodshed ensued during the storming of the Danubian port of Rousse (or Rustchuk) on 22 July. The latter fortress did not fall to the Russians until 9 September, after Kamensky's army had surprised and routed a huge Turkish detachment at Batyn on 26 August. On 26 October, Kamensky again defeated a 40,000-strong army of Osman Pasha at Vidin. Russians lost only 1,500 men, compared with 10,000 for their opponents.

However the young Nikolay Kamensky caught a serious illness on February 4, 1811 and died soon thereafter, left the army under the command of Louis Alexandre Andrault de Langeron. To this point, although the Russians had won many battles, they had failed to achieve any important victories that would force the Ottomans to end the war. Furthermore, relationship between France and Russia quickly became strained, pointing to the inevitable renewal of hostilities between the countries. The Russian Empire found that she needed to end the southern war quickly in order to concentrate on dealing with Napoleon. In such a situation, Tsar Alexander appointed his disfavoured general Mikhail Kutuzov to be the new commander of the Russian force.

Kutuzov's campaigns (1811–12)
Mikhail Kutuzov, in accordance with his cautious character, evacuated Silistria and slowly started to retreat northward. Kutuzov's withdrawal induced the Turks to launch a counter-offensive to recapture all the lost area. In 1811, 60,000 Turkish troops led by Grand Vizier Lal Aziz Ahmet Pasha gathered at Shumla, the strongest Turkish fortress at that time. Kutuzov's troops were only about 46,000 men who were tired after five consecutive years of war. However, the Russian commander had plenty of experience fighting the Turks: he knew that the Turks were only strong at the initial cavalry offensive and then its strength would rapidly decline after this cavalry assault was repelled; so the Russians had a great advantage when fighting in open battle.

That battle took place on 22 June 1811 near Rousse. As expected, the Russian infantry and cannons quickly repelled the Turkish troops and then defeated the Turkish army. This victory gained Kutuzov a portrait of Tsar Alexander I. But after that Kutuzov ordered his forces to cross the Danube to Bessarabia. This odd retreat made the Turks think that they won: a big party was held in Constantinople to celebrate the Turks' "victory". Alexander became very angry and demand an explanation. However, Kutuzov had a secret plan behind that strange act and he decided to keep quiet for a while.

Seeing that the Russians had retreated, the Turks prepared to launch a new attack. Several months later 70,000 Turkish troops led by Lal Aziz Ahmet Pasha crossed the Danube river to assault the Russians. The main force (50,000 personnel) garrisoned the west bank, facing the Russian forces. The remaining 20,000 garrisoned at the east bank, guarding the ammunition and provisions. On the night of 2 November 1811 a separate Russian cavalry detachment secretly crossed the Danube and assaulted the east-bank Turkish troops, slew 9,000 troops and captured the remaining ones with all the Turks' provisions. The Russian casualties were low, about 25 cavalrymen and nine Cossack troops killed in action. Right after that, all the Russian forces attacked and quickly encircled the main Turkish army on the left-bank.

Kutuzov then received information that Lal Aziz Ahmet Pasha was trying to escape the encirclement himself. The Russian commander let Ahmet escape because he knew that, according to Turkish law, the encircled Grand Vizier could not take part in peace negotiations - and peace is what Kutuzov needed. After that, Kutuzov contacted Ahmet to congratulate him on his successful escape and offer peace negotiations. But the Grand Vizier still hoped for reinforcements and tried to procrastinate. In response, the Russians took all the surrounding forts and cut all the supply lines to the encircled Turks.

With all the supply lines being cut off, the encircled Turks were threatened by hunger and disease. Kutuzov proposed supplying the Turks with food and provisions to allow them to survive. Tsar Alexander I did not agree with Kutuzov's idea, but Kutuzov explained that by keeping the Turks alive, he actually was holding a larger number of hostages and that would force the Sultan to negotiate. The plan was successful and on 28 May 1812 the Treaty of Bucharest was signed.

Caucasus front

Six years of war on the eastern front left the border unchanged. Fighting here was more serious than during the previous war, but it was still a sideshow to the main action. Russia crossed the Caucasus and annexed Georgia, the western half of which had been nominally Turkish. It also had taken the Persian vassal khanates along the Caspian coast and east of Georgia. The area around modern Armenia (Yerevan Khanate and Nakhichevan Khanate) was still Persian.  Russia was also at war with Persia but the Turks and Persians did not help each other. A large part of the Russian army was tied up because of Napoleon's threat in the west. Russian Viceroys were 1806: Ivan Gudovich, 1809: Alexander Tormasov, 1811:Philip Osipovich Paulucci, 1812: Nikolay Rtischev.

Fighting with Turkey began in 1807 with the swift seizure of Anapa by Admiral Pustoshkin. Gudovich led his main force toward Akhaltsikhe  but lost 900 men while trying to storm Akhalkalaki  and withdrew to Georgia. Secondary campaigns against Kars  and Poti  also failed. The Turks took the offensive, failed three times to take Gyumri and then were completely defeated by Gudovich (Battle of Arpachai). He was congratulated by the Shah, an interesting comment on the relations between the two Muslim empires.  Gudovich was replaced by Count Tormasov who arrived about April 1809. In 1810 Poti on the coast was captured. A Turkish invasion was blocked by General Paulucci under the walls Akhalkalaki. In November 1810 a Russian attack on Akhaltsikhe failed due to an outbreak of plague. In 1811 Tormasov was recalled at his own request and replaced by Paulucci in Transcaucasia, Rtishchev taking over the Northern Line. In 1811 more troops were withdrawn to deal with the expected threat of Napoleon.  Turks and Persians agreed on a joint attack toward Gyumri. They met at ’Magasberd’ {location?} on 30Aug11. There a Kurd assassinated the Seraskar of Ezerum and this caused the forces to break up.

Paulucci sent Pyotr Kotlyarevsky against Akhalkalaki. He made a forced march over the snow-covered mountains, avoiding the main roads, attacked at night, and had storming parties on the walls before the Turks knew the Russians were there.  By the morning of 10 December he held the fort with a loss of only 30 killed and wounded.  For this he was promoted to Major-General at the age of 29.  On 21 February 1812 5000 Turks failed to re-take Akhalkalaki. Three days later they were defeated at Parghita {location?}. Paulucci was sent west to command troops against Napoleon, and Rtishchev became commander of forces on both sides of the Caucasus mountains.

Russia decided to make peace. By the Treaty of Bucharest (1812), signed in May just before the Napoleonic invasion of Russia, Turkey gave up Bassarabia in the west but regained nearly all it had lost in the east:  Poti, Anapa and Akhalkalali. Russia retained Sukhum-Kale on the Abkhazian coast.

Aftermath

According to the Treaty, the Ottoman Empire ceded the eastern half of Moldavia  to Russia (which renamed the territory as Bessarabia), although it had committed to protecting that region. Russia became a new power in the lower Danube area, and had an economically, diplomatically, and militarily profitable frontier. In Transcaucasia, the frontier remained virtually unchanged as the Russians returned much of the land that they had captured during the conflict.

The treaty was approved by Alexander I of Russia on June 11, some 13 days before Napoleon's invasion of Russia began. The commanders were able to get many of the Russian soldiers in the Balkans back to the western areas before the expected attack of Napoleon.


Pyro (song)

"Pyro" is a song by American rock band Kings of Leon, and is the second single that was released from their 2010 album Come Around Sundown. It is the third track on the album.

The song, along with its accompanying music video, premiered on December 9 on the Kings' website and on their YouTube channel.

Inspiration
According to songfacts.com, Caleb Followill explained about the original inspiration for this song: "I had actually written some verses because I was watching this piece on these radical Christians that live up in the mountains and somehow the FBI got involved and pretty much went and killed them [presumably a reference to  Ruby Ridge]. And so I started writing kind of about that and about a guy that was kind of fed up with it all and he thought that the world that he was living in wasn't the perfect world to him so he kind of goes and burns it down. It's just one of those songs where it's like it starts out with someone thinking they know how it's supposed to be and at the end it's like, 'I can't even be that way.'"

Music video
The music video for the song premiered on 9 December 2010. It depicts a bar fight scene and was performed by actors.  The video is in slow motion. At the end of the video, everyone floats into the ceiling except for the band, who are playing as a concert band and they are playing their instruments beside the tables while sitting on chairs.  Their 2004 song "Four Kicks" was set in the same studio with the same director.

Live performances
Kings of Leon performed the song on Saturday Night Live on October 23, 2010.

Track listings

Digital download
"Pyro" - 4:11

Personnel
 Caleb - rhythm guitar, lead vocals
 Nathan - drums, backing vocals
 Matthew - lead guitar, Wurlitzer piano
 Jared - bass, xylophone
 Liam O'Neil - Hammond B3 organ
 Angelo Petraglia - Wurlitzer organ

Chart performance


Karen Hollins

Karen Hollins (also Teale)  is a fictional character from the BBC soap opera Doctors, portrayed by Jan Pearson. Introduced as a receptionist and healthcare assistant at The Mill, Karen was created by series producer Peter Eryl Lloyd as a replacement for former receptionist Vivien March (Anita Carey). She first appeared during the episode broadcast 23 February 2009.

Karen is the wife of Letherbridge police Sergeant Rob Hollins (Chris Walker), and the mother of Imogen Hollins (Charlie Clemmow) and Jack Hollins (Nicolas Woodman).

Storylines
Karen tried to call her colleague, Cherry Clay (Sophie Abelson) to tell her information about her boyfriend, Scott Nielson (Sam Heughan). However, he had died, with Cherry at his apartment. The situation escalated into a fight in Reception. Karen was suspended by Dr. Heston Carter but returned the following week. The next day, after Jack told her that he saw Zara 'shooting up'. Karen went round to Zara's house and after an argument found out Zara was injecting herself with testosterone to combat her early onset menopause.

However, as he covered his tracks very easily, he was able to conceal what was happening, leading each of the characters to believe they were imagining the situation. When Ellie confided in Sia that Lewis had attempted to attack her in the Hollins' kitchen with a carving knife, she informed Karen's colleague, Dr. Simon Bond (David Sturzaker), and later went round to the Hollins' house to inform Lewis that she would be telling the police about his actions. However, Lewis denied his attack, and as there was no evidence and Ellie would not talk to the police, nothing could be done. However, she did not act on this. Meanwhile, Rob Hollins informed his son that the police would be keeping an eye on Lewis, as his name had been mentioned too many times for them to be comfortable. The storyline culminated when Imogen then realised that her art project, containing photos of each of the victims of gun crime in the last year was tampered with, with the addition of photos of Jack, Sia and Ellie. She told her mum, who came home and then attempted to contact Jack and her husband.

After Karen had stayed with her father for a while, she came back and told Rob she wanted to have another go at their marriage. After Rob saved her from a burning building, Rob came over for a romantic meal, which was constantly disrupted, however,  Rob and Karen slept in the same bed that night. Even though Karen's friend Angie Briggs (Den Woods) tried to get her to see other men, Karen refused and stuck by Rob. Rob accidentally hit Karen with his car, causing her to suffer amnesia. She thereafter cannot remember anything after and believes she is 18, and acts accordingly. She leaves her husband and does not recognise her children.

Creation

Background
Karen Hollins was born in 1966 and is the head Receptionist at The Mill Health Centre and the Campus Surgery at the Letherbridge University. She took over as head Receptionist from Vivien March in March 2009. Karen is married to Sgt. Rob Hollins of Letherbridge Police.

Since her arrival, she has gone away to spend time with her dad, but that is all that is known about her father. It was also confirmed that Karen has two middle names; Nicola and Jane. Violet had left for Karen, her large home in the Kingsvale area of Letherbridge, which to Karen's delight has a conservatory.

Development

Relationships
Jan Pearson and Chris Walker who play Karen and her husband Rob spoke about their on-screen chemistry to website Digital Spy, describing their first scenes together, Walker said: "First day on set, in fact first scene it was, 'Hi I'm Chris', 'Hi I'm Jan', right get into bed. So that broke the ice." When asked why they work so well together on the serial, he explained: "I think that we're not precious with our own stuff and we always want to give and help each other and that's nice, and we do row very well."

Memory loss
Karen became involved in a memory loss storyline, actress Jan Pearson revealed that Walker had come up with that storyline. Speaking to Digital Spy at the launch of Pentahotel Birmingham, Pearson explained: "The story has been hugely long and it's still going on. I've been filming it for a year now. It was very exciting because it was Chris's idea. I think his original idea was that Karen would be run over by some ex of Rob's. The producers didn't run with that, but they did run with the accident and the memory loss. I was utterly delighted that Chris was responsible for running me over! We now have a very playful banter over who's to blame for the situation!" Pearson also added: "We always knew that Karen and Rob were going to get back together in the end, but the break-up made a nice change from what we normally do. Because it was Chris's storyline and his idea, I really wanted to give it my best shot. What Chris came up with was very detailed - it was extraordinary. If the acting career doesn't work out for him, I think he's got a really good shot as a storyliner"

Reception
Since her arrival in February 2009, Pearson has been praised at the 2010, 2011 and 2012 British Soap Awards. Along with co-star Chris Walker who plays her husband Rob, Pearson won the award for Best On-screen Partnership. In 2011, she was nominated for "Best Storyline" and "Best Single Episode" for her portrayal of Karen, going through her pregnancy and later abortion storyline. Furthermore, Pearson has been nominated for 'Best Comedy Performance' at the 2012 British Soap Awards. She will be up against; Tameka Empson (Kim Fox) of EastEnders, Joe Tracini (Dennis Savage) of Hollyoaks and Stephanie Cole (Sylvia Goodwin) from Coronation Street. Pearson is only the second ever Doctors star to be nominated for "Best Comedy Performance" award in the soaps history, Martha Howe-Douglas being nominated in 2007.


Russell S. Hughes

Russell S. Hughes (January 15, 1910 – April 16, 1958) was a screenwriter of movies such as Them!; Thunder Over the Plains with Randolph Scott; Anthony Mann's The Last Frontier with Victor Mature and Robert Preston; The Yellow Mountain with Mala Powers; Jubal with Ernest Borgnine and Rod Steiger; and a host of others and a variety of episodes for television series including Maverick episodes "According to Hoyle" and "The Seventh Hand," both featuring James Garner as Bret Maverick and Diane Brewster as Samantha Crawford, as well as "The Burning Sky" and Robert Louis Stevenson's "The Wrecker." Other series include Perry Mason with Raymond Burr, Zane Grey Theater, and both the movie Sugarfoot with Randolph Scott and the unrelated TV series Sugarfoot.

External links


Arwen Colles

Arwen Colles is an area of small hills on Titan, the largest moon of the planet Saturn. The hills are located near Titan's equator at  within the Belet region.

Arwen Colles is named after Arwen Undómiel, an Elvish princess in J. R. R. Tolkien's fictional world of Middle Earth who appears most prominently in The Lord of the Rings. The name follows a convention that Titanean colles (hills or small knobs) are named after characters in Tolkien's work. It was formally announced on December 19, 2012.


The Victory Ball

"The Victory Ball" (sometimes referred to as "The Victory dance") is an anti-war poem written by Alfred Noyes and published by The Saturday Evening Post in 1920. The poem is based on a celebration thrown by the British aristocracy after the Armistice ending WW1, in which Alfred Noyes was invited and in attendance. It tells a tale of young casualties of World War I watching over a group of people celebrating the end of the war with no consideration to the fallen.

Noyes, while being an anti-war advocate, still supported the allied troops. The Victory Balls aim was not to bash the war effort, but to demonstrate the disconnect between the soldiers dying in the trenches and the rich politicians who sent them there, but were miles away from the actual conflict.

The poem was turned into a ballet by Benjamin Zemach in 1966, and re-appropriated during the Vietnam War


Carl Auen

Carl Theodor Auen (16 February 1892 – 23 June 1972) was a German film actor of the silent era. He appeared in 119 films between 1914 and 1938. Auen was a member of the Militant League for German Culture and also a member of the Advisory Council (Präsidialrat) of the president of the Reichsfilmkammer.

Selected filmography

 Die geheimnisvolle Villa (1914)
 The Dagger of Malaya (1919)
 The Panther Bride (1919)
 The Swabian Maiden (1919)
 The Howling Wolf (1919)
 The Sins of the Mother (1921)
 The Shadow of Gaby Leed (1921)
 The Diadem of the Czarina (1922)
 The Cigarette Countess (1922)
 The Unwritten Law (1922)
 Lyda Ssanin (1923)
 The Men of Sybill (1923)
 The Girl from Hell (1923)
 Set Me Free (1924)
 The Game of Love (1924)
 The Old Ballroom (1925)
 The Fire Dancer (1925)
 Golden Boy (1925)
 Ash Wednesday (1925)
 The Sea Cadet (1926)
 Annemarie and Her Cavalryman (1926)
 The Woman from the Folies Bergères (1927)
 On the Banks of the River Weser (1927)
 The Girl from Abroad (1927)
 The False Prince (1927)
 Tragedy at the Royal Circus (1928)
 Master and Mistress (1928)
 Only a Viennese Woman Kisses Like That (1928)
 Because I Love You (1928)
 Perjury (1929)
 Death Drive for the World Record (1929)
 Youth of the Big City (1929)
  The Customs Judge (1929)
 Lux, King of Criminals (1929)
 Archduke John (1929)
 Sin and Morality (1929)
 Distinguishing Features (1929)
 Affair at the Grand Hotel (1929)
 Big City Children (1929)
  The Man in the Dark (1930)
 Marshal Forwards (1932)
 Tannenberg (1932)
 All is at Stake (1932)
 A Song Goes Round the World (1933)
 The Flower of Hawaii (1933)
 What Women Dream (1933)
 Little Man, What Now? (1933)
 The Country Schoolmaster (1933)
 Schlußakkord (1936)
 Hilde and the Volkswagen (1936)
 Donogoo Tonka (1936)
 Savoy Hotel 217 (1936)
 Stronger Than Regulations (1936)
 Maria the Maid (1936)
 To New Shores (1937)
 The Glass Ball (1937)
  Togger (1937)
 The Indian Tomb (1938)
 The Tiger of Eschnapur'' (1938)


Pennsylvania Route 374

Pennsylvania Route 374  (PA 374) is a  state highway located in Susquehanna County, Pennsylvania.  The western terminus is at PA 92 in the community of Glenwood in  Lenox Township.  The eastern terminus is at PA 171 / PA 371 in the community of Herrick Center near Union Dale in Herrick Township. The route is a two-lane undivided road that passes through rural areas of farms and woods in southern Susquehanna County. PA 374 intersects PA 407 and Interstate 81 (I-81) in Lenox Township and forms a concurrency with PA 106 in Clifford Township.

The portion of the route between Dimock Corners and Herrick Center was originally a private turnpike called the Cohecton and Great Bend Turnpike that was chartered in 1804 and completed in 1811. The current alignment of the route was paved in the 1930s and 1940s. Between the 1930s and 1954, the section between Dimock Corners and Herrick Center was designated as part of PA 371. PA 374 was created in April 1961 as one of five state highways designated to interchange with the newly constructed I-81. The route originally ran between PA 92 in Glenwood and U.S. Route 106 (US 106, now PA 106) in Royal. PA 374 was extended east to its current terminus in the 1980s.

Route description

PA 374 begins at an intersection with PA 92 in the community of Glenwood in Lenox Township, heading east on a two-lane undivided road. The route crosses the Tunkhannock Creek and heads into farmland before heading into forested areas to the north of the East Branch Tunkhannock Creek and intersecting the northern terminus of PA 407. The road continues through forests with some homes and heads across the creek. PA 374 runs south of the East Branch Tunkhannock Creek and comes to an interchange with I-81. Past this interchange, the road heads northeast through more wooded areas with some residences, crossing into Clifford Township. The route runs through areas of fields and woods with a few homes, coming to an intersection with PA 106 in Royal. At this point, PA 374 turns north for a concurrency with PA 106, passing through a mix of farmland and woodland with occasional residences. In West Clifford, PA 374 splits from PA 106 by heading northeast on Brooklyn Street, passing through more rural areas. The route turns north onto an unnamed road and passes through forests before turning northeast and heading through woodland with some farm fields and homes. PA 374 passes through a corner of Gibson Township before entering Herrick Township and turning east onto Brace Road.

The road runs through more farms and woods with some residences, passing to the north of Elk Mountain Ski Area. The route turns north onto Lyon Street and passing through more rural areas. PA 374 turns east onto Old Newburg Turnpike in Dimock Corners and passes through more agricultural and wooded areas with homes, heading through Herrick Center before ending at PA 171. East of here, the road continues as PA 371.

History
The portion of PA 374 between Dimock Corners and Herrick Center was chartered as a private turnpike called the Cohecton and Great Bend Turnpike on March 29, 1804. This turnpike was planned to run between Damascus Mills and the summit of Moosic Mountain. The Cohecton and Great Bend Turnpike was completed in 1811. The turnpike, along with the Newburgh and Cochecton Turnpike, served as the main route between Newburgh, New York and Western New York. Traffic along the Cohecton and Great Bend Turnpike was reduced by both the completion of the Erie Canal and the Erie Railroad. When Pennsylvania first legislated routes in 1911, what is now PA 374 was not given a number. By 1930, the section of the current route between US 106 (now PA 106) in West Clifford and PA 70 (now PA 171) in Herrick Center was an unnumbered, unpaved road. The road between PA 92 in Glenwood and US 106 in Royal was paved in the 1930s. In addition, the section along Old Newburg Turnpike was designated as part of PA 371 in the 1930s, which was paved.

By 1941, the roadway was paved between US 106 in West Clifford and PA 371 in Dimock Corners. The PA 371 designation along the road between Dimock Corners and Herrick Center was removed in 1954. PA 374 was designated in April 1961 as part of a decision to designate several new traffic routes to interchange with I-81 (the Penn-Can Highway), which had been recently constructed. When created, the route ran from PA 92 in Glenwood east to US 106 in Royal. PA 374 was extended east to PA 171/PA 371 in Herrick Center in the 1980s.

Major intersections


Clay Marzo

Clay Marzo (born July 17, 1989) is an American professional surfer known for his unique "double-jointed" style of turns and spins. He was raised in Lahaina, Maui, Hawaii where he currently resides. Marzo has been acclaimed for his creativity and innovation as a young surfer, and featured in several films.

Career
Clay Marzo began competitively surfing and swimming at an early age.  When he was 10 years old, he won the 200-meter freestyle event at the annual Hawaii State Swimming Championships. At age 11, he placed third at the National Scholastic Surfing Association (NSSA) Nationals competition, and signed a pro contract with the Quiksilver team.  When Marzo was 15, he became the first surfer to receive two perfect 10's in NSSA history and won the NSSA National title. In 2005, Marzo became the NSSA Open Men’s National Champion. His other accomplishments include being nominated for Maneuver of the Year at the 2007 Surfer Poll Awards and Water Man of the Year in 2006.

Marzo has appeared with other notable surfers like Kelly Slater, Julian Wilson, and Dane Reynolds as a member of Quiksilver's Young Guns crew in the second and third films in the series.  Other films include "Stranger than Fiction" and "Today Tomorrow," an episode of ESPN's E:60. In 2008, he was featured in a documentary film titled "Clay Marzo: Just Add Water," directed by Jamie Tlerney and Strider Wasilewski, which explores Marzo's surfing and his experience as a person with Asperger syndrome.

Marzo's sponsors include JSLV, Carve, Skullcandy, SPY Optic, Future, Creatures of Leisure, Vestal, Rockstar Energy, and Komunity Project.

Personal life
Marzo was diagnosed with Asperger syndrome, a form of autism, in December 2007. Until then, his unconventional behavior at home and on the professional circuit was often misunderstood by those around him. Marzo didn't connect well with peers at school or with fans or sponsors, he didn't play by the expected rules at surf competitions, and he was known for being painfully honest. Marzo is intensely focused on his sport and has been described as both intuitive and expressive in the water. He is constantly seen rubbing his hands together at a rapid pace. Marzo volunteers with Surfers Healing, a non-profit organization from Malibu, California, which exposes children with autism to surfing at camps in the United States and Canada.


Sir Clifton Wintringham, 1st Baronet

Sir Clifton Wintringham, 1st Baronet (bapt. 20 January 1710 – 9 January 1794) was an English military physician.

Life
He was the eldest son of physician Clifton Wintringham senior, and was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge. He had a distinguished medical career, being elected Fellow of the Royal Society in 1742, and becoming joint military physician to the forces, with John Pringle, in 1756. He was also physician in ordinary to George III, from 1762 when he was knighted. He was created baronet in 1774.

Joseph Robertson, a friend, edited Wintringham's De morbis quibusdam commentarii (1782), and dedicated to him An Essay on Punctuation. A memorial to Wintringham, by Thomas Banks, was erected in Westminster Abbey, marking the high standing with which he had been seen during life.

Notes