Max Horkheimer

Max Horkheimer (; ; February 14, 1895 – July 7, 1973) was a German philosopher and sociologist who was famous for his work in critical theory as a member of the 'Frankfurt School' of social research. Horkheimer addressed authoritarianism, militarism, economic disruption, environmental crisis, and the poverty of mass culture using the philosophy of history as a framework. This became the foundation of critical theory. His most important works include Eclipse of Reason (1947), Between Philosophy and Social Science (1930–1938) and, in collaboration with Theodor Adorno, Dialectic of Enlightenment (1947). Through the Frankfurt School, Horkheimer planned, supported and made other significant works possible.

Biography

Early life
On February 14, 1895, Horkheimer was born the only son of Moritz and Babetta Horkheimer. Horkheimer was born into a conservative, wealthy Orthodox Jewish family. His father was a successful businessman who owned several textile factories in the Zuffenhausen district of Stuttgart, where Max was born. Moritz expected his son to follow in his footsteps and own the family business. Max was taken out of school in 1910 to work in the family business, where he eventually became a junior manager. During this period he would begin two relationships that would last for the rest of his life. First, he met Friedrich Pollock, who would later become a close academic colleague, and who would remain Max's closest friend. He also met Rose Riekher, who was his father's personal secretary. Eight years Max's senior, a gentile, and of an economically lower class, Riekher (whom Max called "Maidon") was not considered a suitable match by Moritz Horkheimer. Despite this, Max and Maidon would marry in 1926 and remain together until her death in 1969. In 1917, his manufacturing career ended and his chances of taking over his family business were interrupted when he was drafted into World War I. However, Horkheimer was denied service on medical grounds.

Education
In the spring of 1919, after failing an army physical, Horkheimer enrolled at Munich University. While living in Munich, he was mistaken for the revolutionary playwright Ernst Toller and arrested and imprisoned. After being released, Horkheimer moved to Frankfurt am Main, where he studied philosophy and psychology under the respectable Hans Cornelius. There, he met Theodor Adorno, several years his junior, with whom he would strike a lasting friendship and a collaborative relationship. After an abortive attempt at writing a dissertation on gestalt psychology, Horkheimer, with Cornelius's direction, completed his doctorate in philosophy with a 78-page dissertation titled The Antinomy of Teleological Judgment (Zur Antinomie der teleologischen Urteilskraft). In 1925, Horkheimer was habilitated with a dissertation entitled Kant's Critique of Judgement as Mediation between Practical and Theoretical Philosophy (Über Kants Kritik der Urteilskraft als Bindeglied zwischen theoretischer und praktischer Philosophie). Here, he met Friedrich Pollock who would be his colleague at the Institute of Social Research. The following year, Max was appointed Privatdozent. Shortly after, in 1926, Horkheimer married Rose Riekher.

Institute of Social Research (Institut für Sozialforschung)
In 1926 Horkheimer was an "unsalaried lecturer in Frankfurt." Shortly after, in 1930, he was promoted to professor of philosophy at Frankfurt University. In the same year, when the Institute for Social Research's (now known as Frankfurt School of Critical Theory) directorship became vacant, after the departure of Carl Grünberg, Horkheimer was elected to the position "by means of an endowment from a wealthy businessman". The Institute had had its beginnings in a Marxist study group started by Felix Weil, a one-time student of political science at Frankfurt who used his inheritance to fund the group as a way to support his leftist academic aims. Pollock and Horkheimer were partners with Weil in the early activities of the Institute.

Horkheimer worked to make the Institute a purely academic enterprise. As director, he changed Frankfurt from an orthodox Marxist school to a heterodox school for critical social research . The following year publication of the Institute's Zeitschrift für Sozialforschung began, with Horkheimer as its editor. Horkheimer intellectually reoriented the Institute, proposing a programme of collective research aimed at specific social groups (specifically the working class) that would highlight the problem of the relationship of history and reason. The Institute focused on integrating the views of Karl Marx and Sigmund Freud. The Frankfurt School attempted this by systematically hitching together the different conceptual structures of historical materialism and psychoanalysis.

During the time between Horkheimer's being named Professor of Social Philosophy and director of the Institute in 1930, the Nazis became the second largest party in the Reichstag. In the midst of the violence surrounding the Nazis' rise, Horkheimer and his associates began to prepare for the possibility of moving the Institute out of Germany. Horkheimer's venia legendi was revoked by the new Nazi government because of the Marxian nature of the Institute's ideas as well as its prominent Jewish association. When Hitler was named the Chancellor in 1933, the Institute was thus forced to close its location in Germany. He emigrated to Geneva, Switzerland and then to New York City the following year, where Horkheimer met with the president of Columbia University to discuss hosting the Institute. To Horkheimer's surprise, the president agreed to host the Institute in exile as well as offer Horkheimer a building for the Institute. In July 1934 Horkheimer accepted an offer from Columbia to relocate the Institute to one of their buildings.

In 1940, Horkheimer received American citizenship and moved to the Pacific Palisades district of Los Angeles, California, where his collaboration with Adorno would yield the Dialectic of Enlightenment. In 1942, Horkheimer assumed the directorship of the Scientific Division of the American Jewish Committee. In this capacity, he helped launch and organize a series of five Studies in Prejudice, which were published in 1949 and 1950. The most important of these was the pioneering study in social psychology entitled The Authoritarian Personality, itself a methodologically advanced reworking of some of the themes treated in a collective project produced by the Institute in its first years of exile, Studies in Authority and Family. In the years that followed, Horkheimer did not publish much, although he continued to edit Studies in Philosophy and Social Science as a continuation of the Zeitschrift. In 1949, he returned to Frankfurt where the Institute for Social Research reopened in 1950. Between 1951 and 1953 Horkheimer was rector of the University of Frankfurt. In 1953, Horkheimer stepped down from director of the Institute and took on a smaller role in the Institute, while Adorno became director. Horkheimer and Adorno were seen as the fathers of the Institute.

Later years
Horkheimer continued to teach at the University until his retirement in the mid-1960s. In 1953, he was awarded the Goethe Plaque of the City of Frankfurt, and was later named honorary citizen of Frankfurt for life. He returned to America in 1954 and 1959 to lecture as a frequent visiting professor at the University of Chicago.

Legacy
He remained an important figure until his death in Nuremberg in 1973. Max Horkheimer with the help of Theodor Adorno, Herbert Marcuse, Walter Benjamin, Leo Lowenthal, Otto Kirchheimer, Frederick Pollock and Neumann developed "Critical Theory". According to Larry Ray "Critical Theory" has "become one of the most influential social theories of the twentieth century".

Horkheimer's thought

Horkheimer's work is marked by a concern to show the relation between affect (especially suffering) and concepts (understood as action-guiding expressions of reason). In this, he responded critically to what he saw as the one-sidedness of both neo-Kantianism (with its focus on concepts) and Lebensphilosophie (with its focus on expression and world-disclosure). Horkheimer did not think either was wrong, but insisted that the insights of each school on their own could not adequately contribute to the repair of social problems. Horkheimer focused on the connections between social structures, networks/subcultures, and individual realities, concluding that we are affected and shaped by the proliferation of products on the market place. It is also important to note that Horkheimer collaborated with Herbert Marcuse, Erich Fromm, Theodor Adorno and Walter Benjamin.

Critical theory
Through critical theory (a social theory focusing on critiquing and changing society), Horkheimer "attempted to revitalize radical social, and cultural criticism" and discussed authoritarianism, militarism, economic disruption, environmental crisis and the poverty of mass culture. Horkheimer helped to create Critical Theory through a mix of radical and conservative lenses that stem from radical Marxism and end up in "pessimistic Jewish transcendentalism". Horkheimer developed his critical theory by examining his own wealth while witnessing the juxtaposition of the bourgeois and the impoverished. This critical theory embraced the future possibilities of society and was preoccupied with forces which moved society toward rational institutions that would ensure a true, free, and just life. He was convinced of the need to "examine the entire material and spiritual culture of mankind" in order to transform society as a whole. Horkheimer sought to enable the working class to reclaim their power in order to resist the lure of fascism. Horkheimer stated himself that "the rationally organized society that regulates its own existence" was necessary along with a society that could "satisfy common needs". To satisfy these needs, it would need to engage with the social conditions within which people lived and in which their concepts and actions were formed. It reached out for a total understanding of history and knowledge. Through this, critical theory develops a "critique of bourgeois society through which 'ideology critique' attempted to locate the 'utopian content' of dominant systems of thought". Above all, critical theory sought to develop a critical perspective in the discussion of all social practices.

Writing

Between Philosophy and Social Science
"Between Philosophy and Social Science" appeared between 1930 and 1938, during the time the Frankfurt school moved from Frankfurt to Geneva to Columbia University. It included: "Materialism and Morality", "The Present Situation of Moral Philosophy and the Tasks of an Institute for Social Research", "On the Problem of Truth", "Egoism and the Freedom Movement", "History and Psychology", "A New Concept of Ideology", "Remarks on Philosophical Anthropology", and "The Rationalism Debate in Contemporary Philosophy". It also included "The Present Situation of Social Philosophy and the Tasks for an Institute of Social Research", "Egoism and Freedom Movements" and "Beginnings of the Bourgeois Philosophy of History". The essays within "Between Philosophy and Social Science" were Horkheimer's attempts to "remove the individual from mass culture, a function for philosophy from the commodification of everything". Horkheimer was extremely invested in the individual. In one of his writings, he states, "When we speak of an individual as a historical entity, we mean not merely the space-time and the sense existence of a particular member of the human race, but in addition, his awareness of his own individuality as a conscious human being, including recognition of his own identity.". Horkheimer was a strong believer in individuals becoming aware of themselves and their conscious as human beings. This is important to Horkheimer because for workers, he is aware of individuals losing their identity in products, which affects the power an individual may have of him/herself.

"The Present Situation of Social Philosophy and the Tasks for an Institute of Social Research" was not only included in this volume, but it was also used as Horkheimer's inaugural speech as director of the Frankfurt School. In this speech he related economic groups to the struggles and challenges of real life. Horkheimer often referenced human struggle and used this example in his speech because it was a topic he understood well.

"Egoism and Freedom Movements" and "Beginnings of the Bourgeois Philosophy of History" are the longest of the essays. The first is an evaluation of Machiavelli, Hobbes and Vico; the latter discusses the bourgeois control. In Beginnings of the Bourgeois Philosophy of History, Horkheimer explained "what he learned from the bourgeois rise to power and what of the bourgeois he thought was worth preserving.

The volume also looks at the individual as the "troubled center of philosophy." Horkheimer expressed that "there is no formula that defines the relationship among individuals, society and nature for all time". To understand the problem of the individual further, Horkheimer included two case studies on the individual: one on Montaigne and one on himself.

Eclipse of Reason

Horkheimer's book, Eclipse of Reason, started in 1941 and published in 1947, is broken into five sections: Means and Ends, Conflicting Panaceas, The Revolt of Nature, The Rise and Decline of the Individual, and On the Concept of Philosophy. The 'Eclipse of Reason focuses on the concept of reason within the history of western philosophy, which can only be fostered in an environment of free, critical thinking while also linking positivist and instrumental reason with the rise of fascism. He distinguishes between objective, subjective and instrumental reason, and states that we have moved from the former through the center and into the latter (though subjective and instrumental reason are closely connected). Objective reason deals with universal truths that dictate that an action is either right or wrong. It is a concrete concept and a force in the world that requires specific modes of behavior. The focus in the objective faculty of reason is on the ends, rather than the means. Subjective reason is an abstract concept of reason, and focuses primarily on means. Specifically, the reasonable nature of the purpose of action is irrelevant – the ends only serve the purpose of the subject (generally self-advancement or preservation). To be "reasonable" in this context is to be suited to a particular purpose, to be "good for something else". This aspect of reason is universally conforming, and easily furnishes ideology. In instrumental reason, the sole criterion of reason is its operational value or purposefulness, and with this, the idea of truth becomes contingent on mere subjective preference (hence the relation with subjective reason). Because subjective/instrumental reason rules, the ideals of a society, for example democratic ideals, become dependent on the "interests" of the people instead of being dependent on objective truths. In his writing Horkheimer states, "Social power is today more than ever mediated by power over things. The more intense an individual's concern with power over things, the more will things dominate him, the more will he lack any genuine individual traits, and the more will his mind be transformed into an automation of formalized reason." Nevertheless, Horkheimer admits that objective reason has its roots in Reason ("Logos" in Greek) of the subject. He concludes, "If by enlightenment and intellectual progress we mean the freeing of man from superstitious belief in evil forces, in demons and fairies, in blind fate – in short, the emancipation from fear – then denunciation of what is currently called reason is the greatest service we can render."

In 1941, Horkheimer outlined how the Nazis had been able to make their agenda appear "reasonable", but also issued a warning about the possibility of a similar occurrence happening again. Horkheimer believed that the illnesses of modern society are caused by misunderstanding reason: if people use true reason to critique their societies, they will be able to solve problems they may have.

Despite the explicit common referrals to "subjective" reason in the book, his frequent connecting of it with relativism could be an indication that by "subjective reason" Horkheimer also means "relativist reason".

Dialectic of Enlightenment

Max Horkheimer and Theodor Adorno collaborated to publish Dialectic of Enlightenment, which was originally published in 1944. The inspiration for this piece came from when Horkheimer and Adorno had to flee Germany, because of Hitler, and go to New York. They went to America and "absorbed the popular culture"; thinking that it was a form of totalitarianism. Nonetheless, Dialectic of Enlightenment's main argument was to serve as a wide-ranging critique of the "self-destruction of enlightenment". The work criticized popular culture as "the product of a culture industry whose goal was to stupefy the masses with endless mass produced copies of the same thing" (Lembert). Along with that, Horkheimer and Adorno had a few arguments; one being that these mass-produced products only appear to change over time. Horkheimer and Adorno stated that these products were so standardized in order to help consumers comprehend and appreciate the products with little attention given to them. They expressed, "the result is a constant reproduction of the same thing" (Adorno and Horkheimer, 1993 [1944]). However, they also explain how pseudo-individuality is encouraged among these products in order to keep the consumers coming back for more. They argue that small differences in products within the same area are acceptable.

The similar patterns found in the content of popular culture (films, popular songs and radio) have the same central message; "it's all linked to "the necessity of obedience of the masses to the social hierarchy in place in advanced capitalist societies". These products appeal to the masses and encourage conformity to the consumers. In return, capitalism remains in power while buyers continue to consume from the industry. This is dangerous because the consumers' belief that the powers of technology are liberating, starts to increase. To support their claim, Horkheimer and Adorno, "proposed an antidote: not just thinking the relations of things, but also, as an immediate second step, thinking through that thinking, self-reflexively." In other words, technology lacks self-reflexivity. Nonetheless, Horkheimer and Adorno believed that art was an exception, because it "is an open-ended system with no fixed rules"; thus, it could not be an object of the industry.

Criticisms
Perry Anderson sees Horkheimer's attempt to make the Institute purely academic as "symptomatic of a more universal process, the emergence of a 'Western Marxism' divorced from the working-class movement and dominated by academic philosophers and the 'product of defeat'" because of the isolation of the Russian Revolution. Rolf Wiggershaus, author of The Frankfurt School believed Horkheimer lacked the audacious theoretical construction produced by those like Marx and Lukács and that his main argument was that those living in misery had the right to material egoism. In his book, "Social Theory", Alex Callinicos claims that Dialectic of Enlightenment offers no systematic account of conception of rationality, but rather professes objective reason intransigently to an extent. Charles Lemert discusses in his book Social Theory that in writing Dialectic of Enlightenment, Horkheimer and Adorno lack sufficient sympathy for the cultural plight of the average working person, unfair to criticize the tastes of ordinary people, and that popular culture does not really buttress social conformity and stabilize capitalism as much as the Frankfurt school thinks.

Selected works
Authority and the Family (1936)
Traditional and Critical Theory (1937)
Dialectic of Enlightenment (1947) - with Theodor Adorno
Eclipse of Reason (1947) (orig. 1941 "The End of Reason" Studies in Philosophy and Social Sciences Vol. IX)
Egoism and the Freedom Movement
The Longing for the Totally Other
Critique of Instrumental Reason (1967)
Critical Theory: Selected Essays (1972)
Dawn & Decline (1978)
 His collected works have been issued in German as Max Horkheimer: Gesammelte Schriften (1985–1996). 19 volumes, edited by Alfred Schmidt and Gunzelin Schmid Noerr. S. Fischer Verlag, Frankfurt am Main.

Articles
"The social function of philosophy", in Studies in Philosophy and Social Science, vol. 8, n°3, New-York, 1939.
"The Authoritarian State". 15 (Spring 1973). New York: Telos Press.

Notes

Further reading
Abromeit, John. Max Horkheimer and the Foundations of the Frankfurt School. Cambridge (UK): Cambridge University Press, 2011.
Jay, Martin. The Dialectical Imagination: A History of the Frankfurt School and the Institute of Social Research, 1923–1950. Second edition. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996.
Schirmacher, Wolfgang. German 20th Century Philosophy: The Frankfurt School. New York: Continuum, 2000.
Wiggershaus, Rolf. The Frankfurt School: Its History, Theories, and Political Significance. Boston: MIT Press, 1995.

External links

Max Horkheimer Internet Archive contains complete texts of Enlightenment as Mass Deception (1944), Theism and Atheism (1963) and Feudal Lord, Customer, and Specialist (1964).
Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology Online: Max Horkheimer
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Max Horkheimer
"Encyclopædia Britannica": Max Horkheimer


Wolf's Hole

Wolf's Hole () is a 1987 Czechoslovak science fiction horror film directed by Věra Chytilová. It was entered into the 37th Berlin International Film Festival. The film can be characterized as moralizing horror, but may also be interpreted as an allegory for the atmosphere surrounding the normalization period.

Plot
A group of teenagers are invited to a skiing workshop in the mountains, without being told how or why they were picked as participants. There are eleven of them, but the camp supervisors insist that there should be only ten, and that one of them is an intruder. As the group find themselves cut off from the outside world, strange things begin to happen; the supervisors seem intent to create an atmosphere of hostility, turning the participants against each other, even urging them to kill each other. The supervisors eventually reveal themselves as extraterrestrials who demand that the group pick one among them to be sacrificed. They refuse, however, and in a panic set the cottage on fire and make a narrow escape on a lift used for timber transport, leaving no man behind.

Cast
 Miroslav Macháček as Daddy
 Tomás Palatý as Dingo
 Stepánka Cervenková as Babeta
 Jan Bidlas as Jan
 Rita Dudusová as Gitka
 Irena Mrozková as Linda
 Hana Mrozkovy as Lenka
 Norbert Pycha as Marcipan
 Simona Racková as Gaba
 Roman Fiser as Jozka
 Frantisek Stanek as Petr
 Radka Slavíková as Emilka
 Jitka Zelenková as Brona
 Petr Horacek as Alan

Awards and nominations
The film was nominated for the Golden Bear for Best Film at the 1987 Berlin Film Festival.


Edington Cottage Hospital

Edington Cottage Hospital is a hospital located in 54 St Baldred's Road, North Berwick, East Lothian. It is managed by NHS Lothian.

History
The hospital was founded by Elizabeth Edington (1831–1908), who bequeathed 10,000 pounds to found the hospital. Originally opened as Edington Home in October 1913, it was subsequently known as 'The Home of Tired Mothers'. It joined the National Health Service as Edington Cottage Hospital in 1948.

Services
Amongst other services, Edington Cottage Hospital has a minor injuries unit and GP beds for the frail elderly.


Joseph DiSarro

Joseph DiSarro is an American professor and chair in the Department of Political Science at Washington & Jefferson College.  In addition to his teaching duties, DiSarro is chair of the Legal Profession Committee  and is the Pre-Law Advisor and Director of the college's Pre-Law Program.  He has been pre-law advisor Washington & Jefferson College since 1978, guiding approximately 1,117 students to law school as of 2012.  Ken Gormley, Dean of Duquesne University School of Law described DiSarro as "one of the most highly respected pre-law advisors in Pennsylvania."

He also serves as faculty advisor for the Pre-Legal Society and Presidents for Liberty student organizations.  Several of his former students at Washington & Jefferson College have been served in the United States Congress, including Tom Rooney (FL-16) and Melissa Hart (PA-4).

DiSarro is originally from Westfield, New Jersey.  He earned a B.A. from John J. Pershing College, an M.A. from Drew University in 1972, and a Ph.D. from West Virginia University in 1979.  Politically, he describes himself as libertarian.

He has appeared on C-SPAN providing political analysis on 2010 Pennsylvania elections and on News Hour with Jim Lehrer analyzing the 2000 Presidential election in Pennsylvania.  The subjects of his commentary has ranged from the national implications of the 2010 special election after the death John Murtha, the ability of Pennsylvania State Representative Bill DeWeese to run for re-election while under indictment, the politics of hydraulic fracturing, and the increasing clout of Western Pennsylvania in the Pennsylvania State Capitol following the 2010 elections and the rising influence of the Tea Party movement during the 2010 elections.  His political analysis on the politics of Pennsylvania has been featured in publications as diverse as CNN, The Christian Science Monitor, The New York Times, and the English newspaper The Guardian.


Blue Mountain Stream

Blue Mountain Stream flows into the Middle Branch Grass River near Newbridge, New York. The Blue Mountain Stream and Pleasant Lake Stream combine here to become Middle Branch Grass River.


State Farm Women's Tennis Classic

The State Farm Women's Tennis Classic was a women's tennis tournament held in Scottsdale, Arizona, United States from 2000 to 2003. It was played on outdoor hardcourts and was a Tier II tournament throughout its run. Despite its short time as a WTA tournament, it boasts an impressive list of winners including Serena Williams and Lindsay Davenport.

Past finals

Singles

Doubles


Free Socialist Party of Burundi

The Free Socialist Party of Burundi (, abbreviated Parsocilibre) was a political party in Burundi. Parsocilibre was founded in March 1961. It was led by Michel Buyoya (former president if UPROHUTU) and Pascal Baranyikwa. The party supported constitutional monarchy. It had its office in Kayanza.


BC Kuršiai

Palangos Kuršiai is a professional basketball club based in Palanga, Lithuania currently playing in the National Basketball League.

Current roster


Martin Wirsing

Martin Wirsing (born 24 December 1948 in Bayreuth) is a German computer scientist, and Professor at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany.

Biography
Wirsing studied Mathematics at Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU) and at Université Paris 7, obtaining the Diplom in Mathematics from LMU and the Mâitrise-ès-Sciences Mathématiques at the Université Paris 7. Supervised by Kurt Schütte, he received his PhD from LMU in 1976, with a thesis on a topic in mathematical logic (Das Entscheidungsproblem der Prädikatenlogik mit Identität und  Funktionszeichen). In 1975-1983 he was a research assistant at the chair of F.L. Bauer at Technical University of Munich where in 1984 he completed his Habilitation in Informatics; in 1985 Wirsing became full professor and Chair of Informatics at the University of Passau and in 1992 he returned to LMU as the Chair of Programming and Software Engineering. Several years he served as Dean, Head of Department and Vice President of the Senat of LMU. Since 2010 he is Vice President for Teaching and Studies of LMU.
. In July 2016, he was awarded a Degree of Doctor of Science (Honoris Causa) by Royal Holloway, University of London.

His research interests comprise software engineering and its formal foundations, autonomous self-aware systems, and digitisation of universities. In 2006-2015  he was coordinating the European IP projects SENSORIA (2006-2010)  on software engineering for service-oriented systems and ASCENS (2010-2015) on engineering collective autonomic systems. In 2007-2010 Martin Wirsing was the chairman of the Scientific Board of INRIA and in 2014-2017 a member of the scientific committee of Institut Mines-Télécom. Currently, he is a member of the board of trustees of Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry and of the scientific committees of the University of Bordeaux and IMDEA Software Institute. He is a member of the editorial board of several scientific journals and book series including Theoretical Computer Science (journal), International Journal of Software and Informatics, and Electronic Proceedings in Theoretical Computer Science.

Selected papers and books

 Martin Wirsing: Algebraic Specification. In: J. van Leeuwen (ed.): Handbook of Theoretical Computer Science, Amsterdam, North-Holland, 1990, pp. 675–788 ()

 Pietro Cenciarelli, Alexander Knapp, Bernhard Reus, and Martin Wirsing. An Event-Based Structural Operational Semantics of Multi-Threaded Java. In: Jim Alves-Foss (ed.): Formal Syntax and Semantics of Java, Lect. Notes Comp. Sci. 1523, Berlin: Springer, 1999, pp. 157–200 ()
 Iman Poernomo, John Crossley, Martin Wirsing: Adapting Proofs-as-Programs: The Curry—Howard Protocol. Springer Monographs in Computer Science, 2005, 420 pages ()
 Martin Wirsing, Jean-Pierre Banatre, Matthias Hölzl, Axel Rauschmayer (Eds.): Software-Intensive Systems and New Computing Paradigms. Lecture Notes in Computer Science 5380, Springer-Verlag, 2008, 265 pages ()
 Martin Wirsing, Matthias Hölzl (Eds.): Rigorous Software Engineering for Service-Oriented Systems - Results of the SENSORIA Project on Software Engineering for Service-Oriented Computing. Lecture Notes in Computer Science 6582, Springer 2011, 737 pages ()
 Jonas Eckhardt, Tobias Mühlbauer, Musab AlTurki, José Meseguer, Martin Wirsing: Stable Availability under Denial of Service Attacks through Formal Patterns. In: Juan de Lara, Andrea Zisman (Eds.): Fundamental Approaches to Software Engineering - 15th International Conference, FASE 2012. Lecture Notes in Computer Science 7212, Springer 2012, pp. 78–93 ()
 Martin Wirsing, Matthias Hölzl, Nora Koch and Philip Mayer (eds.). Software Engineering for Collective Autonomic Systems: Results of the ASCENS Project, Vol. 8998 LNCS, Springer, 2015, 533 pages ()
 Lenz Belzner, Rolf Hennicker, Martin Wirsing: OnPlan: A Framework for Simulation-Based Online Planning. Christiano Braga, Peter Csaba Ölveczky: Formal Aspects of Component Software - 12th International Conference, FACS 2015, Niterói, Brazil, October 14–16, 2015, Revised Selected Papers. Lecture Notes in Computer Science 9539, Springer 2016, pp. 1–30 ()

External links
 Home page
 Home page at LMU
 Rocco De Nicola, Rolf Hennicker (eds.):Software, Services, and Systems - Essays Dedicated to Martin Wirsing on the Occasion of His Retirement from the Chair of Programming and Software Engineering. Lecture Notes in Computer Science 8950, Springer 2015,
 Publications of Martin Wirsing indexed by the DBLP Bibliography Server at the University of Trier


Water balance

In hydrology, a water balance equation can be used to describe the flow of water in and out of a system. A system can be one of several hydrological domains, such as a column of soil or a drainage basin. Water balance can also refer to the ways in which an organism maintains water in dry or hot conditions. It is often discussed in reference to plants or arthropods, which have a variety of water retention mechanisms, including a lipid waxy coating that has limited permeability.

Equation

A general water balance equation is:

where
 is precipitation
 is evapotranspiration
 is streamflow
 is the change in storage (in soil or the bedrock / ground water)

This equation uses the principles of conservation of mass in a closed system, whereby any water entering a system (via precipitation), must be transferred into either evaporation, surface runoff (eventually reaching the channel and leaving in the form of river discharge), or stored in the ground. This equation requires the system to be closed, and where it isn't (for example when surface runoff contributes to a different basin), this must be taken into account.

Extensive water balances are discussed in agricultural hydrology.

A water balance can be used to help manage water supply and predict where there may be water shortages. It is also used in irrigation, runoff assessment (e.g. through the RainOff model ), flood control and pollution control. Further it is used in the design of subsurface drainage systems which may be horizontal (i.e. using pipes, tile drains or ditches) or vertical (drainage by wells). To estimate the drainage requirement, the use of a hydrogeological water balance and a groundwater model (e.g. SahysMod ) may be instrumental.

The water balance can be illustrated using a water balance graph which plots levels of precipitation and evapotranspiration often on a monthly scale.

Several monthly water balance models had been developed for several conditions and purposes. Monthly water balance models had been studied since the 1940s.

Models

Several diagnostic measures in hydrology can be used to select and evaluate the performance of water balance models.

Applications
 Evaluate the components of the hydrologic cycle
 Snowmelt simulation
 Climate change impact assessment
 Flow forecasting and project design
 Assess agricultural water management

Types
 Models using precipitation (rainfall) as input
 Models using rainfall and temperature as input
 Models using rainfall and potential evaporation as input
 Models using daily input data


The Tent (Atwood book)

The Tent is a book by Canadian author Margaret Atwood, published in 2006. Although classified with Atwood’s short fiction, The Tent has been characterized as an “experimental” collection of “fictional essays" or “mini-fictions.” The work also incorporates line drawings by Atwood.

The collection features themes familiar in Atwood’s works, including a feminist portrayal of “national” childhood, the burdens of fame, and the reworking of Classical mythology.

Several of the pieces included in The Tent were previously published to benefit a variety of organizations, the royalties being donated to the World Wildlife Federation, the Indian Ocean Tsunami Earthquake Charities, the Hay-On-Wye Festival in Wales, and the Harbourfront Reading Series in Toronto.

The pieces in the book are:

 The War in the Bathroom
 The Man from Mars
 Polarities
 Under Glass
 The Grave of the Famous Poet
 Rape Fantasies
 Hair Jewllery
 When It Happens
 A Travel Piece
 The Resplendent Quetzal
 Training
 Lives of the Poets
 Dancing Grils
 Giving Birth


Basanti (2008 film)

Basanti is a 2008 Pakistani Punjabi film directed by Hassan Askari & produced by Altamash Butt, with stars a few of cast.

Synopsis
The movie shows culture and its values, expanding the facts and addressing social evils in our side of the world. The story revolves around a woman who raises her voice against tyranny. Basanti is the story of a very average woman, one who is taken for granted. Basanti is a wall that stands solid against the gales of human wrongdoings.

Reception
The movie held the record for the completion of a film project in the shortest time, and incredibly it was a hit at the box office.

Cast
 Saima
 Shaan Shahid
 Mustafa Qureshi
 Safqat Cheema
 Shamil Khan
 Irfan Khoosat
 Raheela Agha


The Art of Cricket

The Art of Cricket is an instructional book on the game of cricket written by Sir Don Bradman in 1958. It is illustrated with black-and-white photographs and diagrams.

Other books of the same title
Warwick Armstrong wrote a cricket primer of the same title, first published by Methuen, London in 1922.


Neithalur

Neithalur is a village in the Papanasam taluk of Thanjavur district, Tamil Nadu, India.

Demographics

As per the 2001 census, Neithalur had a total population of 876 with 457 males and 419 females. The sex ratio was 917. The literacy rate was 61.13.


Jissaku Nakamura

Jissaku Nakamura (中村 十作　1867-1943) was born in Joetsu, Niigata Prefecture  and devoted himself to the abolition of the notorious Nintozei taxation or poll tax enforced in Miyako and Yaeyama Islands.

Life history
He was born to a family of village chief on January 18, 1867. He discontinued his studies at Tokyo Senmon Gakkou (which became Waseda University later) and joined the navy. He traveled to Miyako Island in order to start a venture business of culturing pearls in 1892.
There he found that the people of Miyakojima were under the torture of taxation named "Nintouzei", or poll tax by the Ryukyuan Kingdom. People between age 15 and 50 were subject to taxation; women made textiles called Miyako Jofu and men were engaged in farming. It was said that men in Miyakojima over age 50 could not work any more.
Together with Seian Gusukuma, who was a technician of sugar manufacture, he started a movement which was aimed at the abolition of the poll tax. First they appealed to Okinawa Prefecture Governor Narahara Shigeru, but the taxation system had been supported by samurais who gained by this system.  Finally they went up to Tokyo and appealed for the abolition of the taxation system at the National Diet together with Kama Nishiura and Moushi Taira, representatives of the farmers. On their way to the Diet, they had met various objections, upon their departure, they had met strong expectations and strong supports from Miyako people.  Their movement was supported by  Giichi Masuda of Yomiuri Newspapers.  In 1903, the taxition system was finally abolished.

Great Joy of Miyako People

At the news of the abolition of the taxation system, people of Miyako Island were greatly excited and danced the "Pyarumizu No Kuichaa",. The original of Nintouzei Haishi No Kuicha was:
Bura Mausu Ugina Kara Nuburi Nyabayo (Maushi of Bora came back from Okinawa, and men in 30 villages of Miyako need not be engaged in farming, the white sand of the Port of Pyarumizu became foxtail millet and rice ) This folk dance has been the number one of Miyako people even today.

Nakamura after the abolition of the taxation system
He went into the venture business of the production of cultured pearls.  In 1940, the business was prohibited because of the war, and he died of gastric cancer in 1943 in Kyoto.

The poll tax abolition movement
For a long time, the details of his history of the movement had not been known.  Later mails showing his involvement were discovered by Shin-ichi Tanikawa and his story became apparent. In 2005, a museum was established in the neighborhood of his house.


Birori

Birori () is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Nuoro in the Italian region Sardinia, located about  north of Cagliari and about  west of Nuoro. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 586 and an area of .

Birori borders the following municipalities: Borore, Bortigali, Dualchi, Macomer.

Demographic evolution


National Register of Historic Places listings in Albany, New York

There are 67 properties listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Albany, New York, United States. Six are additionally designated as National Historic Landmarks (NHLs), the most of any city in the state after New York City. Another 14 are historic districts, for which 20 of the listings are also contributing properties. Two properties, both buildings, that had been listed in the past but have since been demolished have been delisted; one building that is also no longer extant remains listed.

The listed properties represent approximately 250 years of the city's history, from its 17th-century Dutch colonial origins to its suburban expansion in the mid-20th century. Reflecting Albany's position as New York's state capital are the main buildings of all three branches of state government. City Hall, the main offices of the city's school district, and the diocesan cathedrals of both the Episcopal and Roman Catholic churches are also included.

Some properties are recognized at least in part for unique attributes, such as the possible grave of the only British peer buried in the United States, the only destroyer escort still afloat and the only fireplace in that style remaining in the country. Others recognize historic firsts such as the discovery of electrical inductance, the first state government building in the country to house an educational agency and the first basketball game played outside Massachusetts, where the sport was invented. Prominent architects represented include nationally prominent figures such as Henry Hobson Richardson, Richard Morris Hunt, Richard Upjohn and Stanford White, as well as local ones like Marcus T. Reynolds. In addition to the architects and many state politicians, historic personages associated with the listed properties include George Washington, John McCloskey and Legs Diamond.

Overview

The National Register of Historic Places, the U.S. national heritage register, was established by the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966. It is administered by the National Park Service (NPS). Properties to be listed are usually first approved by the state historic preservation offices for listing on their state-level heritage register and then nominated to the National Register. Sometimes they are nominated directly to the National Register. In New York the board is under the auspices of the state's Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation.

A separate NPS program has jurisdiction over properties nominated for National Historic Landmark status, which must be formally granted by the Secretary of the Interior. There is no requirement that a property nominated for NHL status previously have been listed on the Register, although many were. NHLs that were not previously listed on the Register are listed administratively when they are designated NHLs. The NHL program predates the Register by a few years, and NHLs that had been designated prior to the establishment of the Register were administratively listed when the latter was established.

Geographical distribution

Outside the city, Albany County has another 148 listings. The city's 67 are 31% of the 213 total, the largest portion of any community in the county. One listing, the Albany Felt Company Complex, is shared with the neighboring town of Menands. Two of the listings, the USS Slater and Whipple Cast and Wrought Iron Bowstring Truss Bridge, were moved to Albany from other locations.

Most of the listed properties are located in central Albany, close to the Hudson River and the original boundaries of the city, an area today largely coterminous with one listing, the Downtown Albany Historic District. The south end of the Albany Felt Company Complex in the city's northeast corner is its easternmost listing. Near the city's southern boundary, overlooking Interstate 787, is Nut Grove, the southernmost entry. The Rapp Road Community Historic District, in an area rural for much of its existence until the development of Crossgates Mall nearby, is at the western and northern extreme.

The downtown historic district takes those boundaries from the stockade built by the Dutch as part of Fort Orange in 1624. The mostly buried remnants of the fort are one of the city's NHLs, and the oldest of its Register listings. Until the late 19th century, downtown and its neighboring areas was the entire developed city.

Historic districts

Historic districts are groupings of properties, usually under different ownership, that share a common historical background. They are sometimes recognized by local zoning codes. Not all are actually called historic districts—in Albany, the small "Broadway Row" of four townhouses is officially listed as Buildings at 744–750 Broadway. There are 14 historic districts listed on the Register in the city.

All but two of them districts are clustered, contiguously in some areas, in this same section of the city along the river. The districts range in size from  Washington Park to Broadway Row, Knox Street and the Lustron Houses of Jermain Street, all less than an acre (4,000 m2).

Combined, the historic districts equal , about 4% of Albany's total land area. They have over 2,000 buildings, structures, objects or sites within their boundaries. Over 90% of those are considered contributing properties to their districts' historic character.

Most of the districts are primarily residential enclaves, with some other uses scattered throughout. They reflect different stages of the city's growth, from onetime neighborhoods of the city's wealthy like the Ten Broeck Triangle to immigrant-settled areas like the Mansion District and South End. The two exceptions are downtown, primarily commercial, and the government buildings, monuments and parks that make up most of the Lafayette Park Historic District.

Property types and use

Of the remaining 43 extant listings, all but three are buildings or complexes of buildings. Those other three include one structure (the Whipple Cast and Wrought Iron Bowstring Truss Bridge), one maritime site (the USS Slater) and one archeological site (Fort Orange). The historic districts include some other structures, such as the parks that give two of them their names, and objects like the statues near the state capitol and one of the city's remaining trolley poles, among their contributing properties. Five listed buildings are vacant and one, the Abrams Building, remains listed despite its demolition in 1987.

Government and military

Reflecting Albany's status as New York's capital, 16 of the 40 extant buildings listed individually, more than one-third of that total, have been used for governmental purposes at some point. The city government is responsible for three of those, its school district for two and the federal government one (the Old Post Office), with the rest accounted for by state government. Among the latter are the main buildings of all three branches of state government: the governor's mansion (executive), Court of Appeals Building (judicial) and the state capitol (legislative). In only three other states is this so.

Among the contributing properties to the historic districts are two buildings representing the federal and county governments, both courthouses. The 1934 Art Deco James T. Foley United States Courthouse, in the downtown district, houses the United States District Court for the Northern District of New York as well as the local office of some other federal law enforcement agencies. When built it also replaced the Old Post Office. It is the only building used by the federal government among the Register listings in Albany.

Albany County government does not account for any individually listed properties. However, in the Lafayette Park district, the county courthouse is a contributing property. At that time it was used for all county governmental functions, but since then most non-judicial departments have moved to a 1920s 13-story office building on State Street  that contributes to the downtown historic district.

A prominent state government office, the Alfred E. Smith Building, also contributes to the Center Square/Hudson–Park Historic District. Some former police and fire buildings are contributing properties to that and other districts.

Four of the properties listed have, or have had, a military purpose. The original Fort Orange, built by the Dutch colonial authorities of New Netherland, defended the fledgling settlement. In the late 19th century, the state built the two armories for the National Guard. The Slater was commissioned by the Navy for service in the Pacific theater of World War II; it was later sold to the Greek Navy, where it was rechristened the Aetos.

Education, arts and sciences

Government entities also control the four buildings used for educational purposes. Three are used for administrative purposes—the Old Albany Academy Building, originally a private school, is the City School District of Albany's main offices, the former headquarters of the Delaware and Hudson Railroad is now the main administration building for the State University of New York (SUNY) system and the State Department of Education Building is home to that agency, which oversees public education in the state. The James Hall Office building has been annexed to one of the city's elementary schools, later used for a Montessori school. The former Philip Livingston Magnet Academy, now converted into senior apartments, is the only purpose-built public school building listed so far in Albany. Two former public school buildings are included as contributing properties in the South End district, and the former St. Joseph's Academy is a contributing property to Arbor Hill.

The Harmanus Bleecker Library, originally built by the city as its first library but now redeveloped privately as office space, is one of eight properties with a past or present cultural function. Of the other seven only two, the Albany Institute of History & Art and the Palace Theatre, are purpose-built for their continuing role. The Institute, the city's major museum, is joined by three historic house museums and the Slater in that function. Lastly, the Washington Avenue Armory is now used for some concerts. Contributing properties to the historic districts with cultural functions include the John A. Howe Branch library in the South End.

Three properties also commemorate scientific discoveries and technological accomplishments. As a professor at the Albany Academy, Joseph Henry discovered electrical inductance, which would later lead to the development of the telegraph and all subsequent information technology. The building has since been renamed in his memory. James Hall made many of his paleontological and geological breakthroughs from the research in his office and laboratory.

While Squire Whipple was an Albany resident whose bowstring truss bridge design was based on his own mathematical studies of the stresses on bridge trusses, work which helped move bridge building from a craft to a science, he did not have anything to do with the construction of the bridge that shares his name. It is believed to be the work of one of many bridge builder copying his design, which was portable and easy to assemble. Albany's bridge is one of only two in that design still in use in New York, one of the oldest surviving iron bridges in the country and one of the few of those that use both cast and wrought iron.

Religion and institutional

All 10 of the listed buildings used for religious purposes are or were Christian churches. Two are Catholic and six are used by various Protestant denominations (the Episcopal Church accounts for three). Church of the Holy Innocents, which is vacant, was built for an Episcopal congregation and later used for Russian Orthodox worship.

Three of the listed churches—the First Reformed Church St. Peter's Episcopal Church and St. Mary's Church—are home to Albany's oldest congregations in their denominations. The First Reformed Church, dating to 1634, is also the city's oldest church building and the oldest Christian congregation in upstate New York. St. Mary's, established near the end of the 18th century, is likewise the oldest Catholic congregation in the city and upstate. All Saints and Immaculate Conception are, respectively, the cathedrals of the Episcopal and Catholic dioceses of Albany. Immaculate Conception is further distinguished as the second-oldest Catholic cathedral in the state after St. Patrick's in New York City.

In the historic districts, fourteen churches are contributing properties. They include some prominent local churches, like St. Joseph's, the city's third Catholic church, in the Ten Broeck Triangle section of the Arbor Hill district. Others are historically important, like Mt. Calvary Baptist Church in the South End, the only remaining wood frame church in the city.  The one purpose-built synagogue among the contributing properties, Wilborn Temple in Center Square, has since been converted into a church.

Only one property is used for non-profit institutional use outside of a religious organization. Nut Grove, a former mansion on the south boundary of the city, is now part of a substance-abuse rehabilitation facility, following its use as a hospice. The Schuyler Mansion, another former center of a large estate, was used as an orphanage between the family's occupancy and its acquisition by the state.

Residential

All of the nine present or former residential properties listed are purpose-built single-family houses. Of them, only the governor's mansion is still used that way. Four of the others have been converted into office space or other commercial use and three old mansions—Cherry Hill and the Schuyler and Ten Broeck mansions—have been converted into historic house museums. The Stephen and Harriet Myers Residence, a former stop on the Underground Railroad, is vacant but being converted into one. Nut Grove, as noted above, is now part of a substance-abuse treatment center.

By contrast, the historic districts are overwhelmingly residential. The smallest ones—Jermain Street, Knox Street and Rapp Road—are composed entirely of houses. Four rowhouses, possibly to become office space, make up the Broadway Row. Among the larger districts closer to the city's core only downtown is primarily commercial or mixed-use, although a few older houses remain. The Lafayette Park district is mostly large government buildings, but has a residential block at one corner.

Most of the contributing residential properties, like the individually listed ones, were built as single-family homes. Most that are multiple-unit dwellings are those homes that have been subdivided into duplexes; however there are some apartment houses in Arbor Hill, Center Square and the South End. The latter two also have former industrial buildings that have been converted into apartments.

Commercial

Eleven of the listed buildings have either been built or adapted for commercial purposes. The former group accounts for six buildings. All but one remains in commercial use—the former headquarters of the Delaware and Hudson Railroad, now in government and educational reuse as the system administration building for the State University of New York. Commercially repurposed buildings were primarily houses, with four of those listed as such now serving as office space. One former government building, the city's Quackenbush Pumping Station, is now the Albany Pump Station brewpub.

Among the contributing properties to the downtown historic district are five of the listed commercial buildings, three purpose-built and two adapted, as well as the SUNY system administration building. Of the other six, only the Arnold House contributes to another historic district, Washington Park. Downtown's contributing properties also include other significant commercial buildings in the city's history such as the Home Savings Bank Building, Albany's tallest building at the time of its 1927 construction. Some of Center Square's rowhouses have also been converted into offices. Lark Street, with many shops, runs through the district as well. Another significant commercial corridor, South Pearl Street, runs through the South End and then the Mansion before reaching downtown. Green Street in the Pastures district also has a small row with commercial storefronts.

Transportation and infrastructure

Two listings—the former Union Station building and the Whipple Cast and Wrought Iron Bowstring Truss Bridge—served transportation purposes for most of their existence. The former was converted to office space after passenger train service stopped in 1968. The latter, once used as a road bridge into a farm on the city's outskirts, is now used only by pedestrians due to its age since the farm became a public park.

Outside of transportation purposes, there is one other building that was part of the city's infrastructure. The Albany Pump Station was formerly the Quackenbush Pumping Station of the city's water system. When the city switched from using the nearby Hudson River to Alcove Reservoir as its primary water source in 1937, it was taken out of service. After several decades of neglect it has been revived as a brewpub.

There are two significant transportation-related resources among the contributing properties to the historic districts. Most prominent is the former railroad bridge in the Broadway–Livingston Avenue Historic District, a Warren truss dating to 1900. In Center Square there is also one of the two surviving overhead wire poles from the city's trolley system.

Open space

Four parks in the city are included in its listings. Lincoln Park is listed individually, and Swinburne Park is listed along with neighboring Bleecker Stadium. Lafayette and Washington parks are contributing properties to the historic districts that bear their names.

Architects and architecture

Most of the listed properties date from the mid-19th to early 20th centuries, the period of the city's greatest prosperity and growth. As such the architectural styles most prevalent are from that era. From outside there are more from older periods than newer.

Despite the city's founding by the Dutch, only one listed property, the Van Ostrande–Radliff House, the city's oldest building, is a genuine example of Dutch Colonial architecture. Even then its Dutch features that do survive are more structural and internal, most notably its jambless fireplace, the only one in that style remaining in the country. English colonial styles are more visibly represented by the Georgian Schuyler Mansion.

The Ten Broeck Mansion, built near the end of the 18th century, is the earliest listing postdating American independence. Like Schuyler's a gabled brick estate house, its early use of the similarly classically-inspired Federal style shows the transition from colonial architecture to the modes of the new nation and century. Philip Hooker's First Reformed Church, another Federal structure completed shortly after Ten Broeck's mansion, was his first major building. With the Old Albany Academy Building in 1815 Hooker would further develop the Federal style in the city. The style persisted in vernacular forms as late as 1838, when the brick house of strawberry-farming pioneer James Wilson, the oldest contributing property to the Knox Street Historic District, was built.

Following the opening of the Erie Canal in the 1820s, a new generation of builders continued the evolution of the classically inspired form into the Greek Revival, which made its mark in the city shortly before mid-century. The houses of the Broadway Row show this transition from the Federal style. It would be used for both the upscale townhouses of Elk Street, one of Albany's most distinguished addresses for decades afterwards, and the restrained frame houses of Foley's Row in the South End, speculative housing built for lower-income buyers. The style was often used for public buildings, and in Albany it made its grand entrance with 1842's colonnaded State Hall (now the Court of Appeals Building), its rotunda using all three classical orders. South of the city limits at the time of its construction, Alexander Jackson Davis's Nut Grove is his only Greek Revival house within the Hudson Valley, and a rare example of the Grecian country house within that style.

The Victorian styles that dominated architecture in the second half of the century made their debuts in Albany at its midpoint. The small building in Lincoln Park where James Hall did his groundbreaking paleontological research is an Italian villa-style variant of the Italianate style, built from a pattern designed by Andrew Jackson Downing and his student Calvert Vaux, erected in 1852, the year of the former's death. Elsewhere in the city, the Italianate style proved ideal for the many rowhouses going up, particularly along Clinton Avenue, where different stretches show the transition from the Greek Revival and how it was applied before and after the Civil War. The Walter Merchant House on Washington Avenue, one of the more developed applications of the Italianate rowhouse in Albany, is one of the rare detached, larger ones remaining.

As they had elsewhere, churches were instrumental in bringing the Gothic Revival to Albany. The city's Episcopalians were the first, with Frank Wills' Church of the Holy Innocents in 1850. Two years later Patrick Keely built the Gothic Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception for the newly established Roman Catholic Diocese of Albany. Lutherans in the South End put up the German Evangelical Protestant Church, still a focal point of that neighborhood, in 1857. At the end of the decade the Episcopal Church brought in Gothic Revival pioneer Richard Upjohn, along with his son, to design the new St. Peter's Episcopal Church building in the French Gothic mode.

The complicated construction of the state capitol wound up embracing the century's later architectural movements. In 1867, Thomas Fuller began the new building in the Second Empire style. Nine years and three stories later, however, amid mounting criticism of his work and the costs of the project, he was replaced by Leopold Eidlitz and Henry Hobson Richardson, who oversaw the construction of the next two floors in the Renaissance Revival style. They lasted until 1883, when new governor Grover Cleveland replaced them with Isaac Perry, who supervised the building through its 1899 completion, moving toward a more Romanesque style as he did so.

Some of the architects who worked on the capitol graced Albany with other projects. After an 1880 fire destroyed city hall, Richardson designed its replacement, completed in 1883, a period when he is generally regarded as having been at his creative peak. Perry built the Washington Avenue Armory for the state seven years later. The Renaissance Revival style used for the capitol's later floors was complemented when that style was used for another project with a complicated history, the city's 1883 post office.

The more decorative styles of the fin de siècle began to appear in Albany during the 1890s. Richard Morris Hunt built the Rice Mansion, the only freestanding Beaux Arts mansion in the city, now part of the Albany Institute of History & Art, during that time. In the last years of the century, the new Union Station by Shepley, Rutan and Coolidge brought the style to where most visitors entered the city.

In the first decades of the new century, another new style, Colonial Revival, came to the city. Stanford White's Benjamin Walworth Arnold House, his only building in the city, was also the first to use it, in 1905. A decade later, the First Congregational Church of Albany 1917 Woodlawn building by Albert W. Fuller attracted considerable media attention as the first Colonial Revival church in the city. It would receive its highest application in the city 15 years later with the opening of Philip Livingston Junior High School at the city's northern entrance, one of its few landmark buildings outside downtown.

Historical context

Early expansion, fueled by the 1825 completion of the Erie Canal and the immigrant populations it attracted, largely went to the north and south of the original settlement, absorbing large earlier estates in the latter direction such as the Schuyler Mansion, Cherry Hill and Nut Grove leading to the development of the Arbor Hill, Mansion, Pastures and South End historic districts.

West of that historic core, the first city hall and state capitol buildings around what later became Lafayette Park spurred some development around them early in the 19th century. Near the end of the century, the completion of the current capitol and Washington Park gave a new impetus to the city's growth in that direction, opening up the Center Square neighborhood.

By the 1920s streetcar lines were running out to newer, more suburban neighborhoods to the west and southwest. Two of the listed churches helped pioneer the development of the Pine Hills neighborhood; the city built Hook and Ladder No. 4, the only fire station listed, to serve another new enclave. After World War II, another suburban building boom and new technologies combined to create the Lustron Houses of Jermain Street Historic District, the most recently constructed of the city's Register listings.

Listings

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Former listings

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Bangall, Queensland

Bangall is a former rural locality in the Barcaldine Region, Queensland, Australia. In the , Bangall had a population of 4 people.

On 22 November 2019 the Queensland Government decided to amalgamate the localities in the Barcaldine Region, resulting in five expanded localities based on the larger towns: Alpha, Aramac, Barcaldine, Jericho and Muttaburra. Bangall was incorporated into Muttaburra.

Geography
Bangall Creek and Western Creek flow through the locality towards the south-east, eventually becoming tributaries of the Thomson River and hence part of the Lake Eyre basin.

The predominant land use is cattle grazing.

Education
There are no schools in Bangall. The nearest primary schools are in Muttaburra and Winton and the nearest secondary schools are in Aramac, Barcaldine, Longreach and Winton.


Griburius scutellaris

Griburius scutellaris is a species in the family Chrysomelidae ("leaf beetles"), in the order Coleoptera ("beetles").
It is found in North America.


James Marshall Tory

James Marshall "Jim" Tory (March 7, 1930 – August 19, 2013) was a Toronto corporate lawyer and twin brother to the late John A. Tory.

Early life and education
Tory was born in Toronto, Ontario, to John S. D. Tory, a lawyer, and Jean Tory (née Arnold). He had an older sister, Virginia, and a fraternal twin brother, John Arnold Tory.

Tory and his brother, John, graduated from the University of Toronto Schools in 1946 at the age of 16. They attended Phillips Academy Andover for two years before enrolling at the University of Toronto. Tory was an undergraduate student for two years before he switched streams to attend  the University of Toronto Faculty of Law in 1949. He graduated in 1952, where he was the Gold Medallist in its first graduating class. Tory completed two years of additional training at Osgoode Hall, and with his brother, they joined their father’s firm at the age of 24.

Career
Tory and his brother John were members of the firm of Torys, founded by their father John Stewart Donald Tory. He was admitted to the Ontario Bar in 1954, when he joined the family firm Torys. Prior to his passing, he was Chair Emeritus and Senior Counsel of Torys.

He was active on community boards and served as chairman of the board of the Hospital for Sick Children and of the Hospital for Sick Children Foundation.

Personal life
Tory was married to Marilyn Tory (née Yorath), whom he met at the University of Toronto. They had five children: Martha Tory, James C. Tory (Jim Tory, Jr.), Suzanne Tory, David Tory and Richard Tory. Marilyn died in 1999; their son, David, died of brain cancer in 2006.


Autostop/Love Is a Lonely Weekend

"Autostop/Love Is a Lonely Weekend" is a limited edition single by Greek singer-songwriter Anna Vissi released in May 2006 by her former label Minos EMI.

Production and recording
In March 2006 Vissi was selected by Hellenic Radio and Television (ERT) as Greece's entrant in the Eurovision Song Contest 2006 which was held in Athens due to Greece's win the previous year. A national final with four songs was held where the song "Everything" composed by Nikos Karvelas with lyrics by Vissi herself, was chosen as the Greek entry in March. Vissi had also participated in the Contest on two other occasion while she was still signed to Minos EMI: Greece in 1980 with "Autostop", finishing 13th with 30 points,  and for Cyprus in 1982 with "Mono I Agapi", finishing fifth with 82 points. While her first performance was not a success, her second remains the highest placing that Cyprus has ever achieved in the Contest. Following Vissi's later performance, she joined with Nikos Karvelas in an exclusive songwriting collaboration and with him they released an independent album in 1982 titled Eimai To Simera Kai Eisai To Hthes under their own label CarVi (CARvelas + VIssi); Vissi's contract with Minos EMI did not allow for this and the album was deleted in a lawsuit in favor of Minos EMI, while Vissi then switched labels. The rights to the two Eurovision songs still belonged to EMI and thus they were never officially released on any of Vissi's studio albums. However, in honor of her third participation in the Eurovision Song Contest, Minos EMI released a limited edition double A-side single containing both tracks prior to the release of Vissi's Eurovision entry for promotion. The songs were also released on a 2006 remastered edition of Vissi's self-titled 1981 album, which was now titled 4, on the count of it being her fourth studio album. The title of the English-language version of the track "Mono I Agapi" was chosen instead as the name of the single, although the Greek-language version is the one that is actually featured.

Music and lyrics
Vissi's first Eurovision entry was composed by Jick Nacassian with lyrics by Rony Sofu. The song was performed with the backing group The Epikouri, which also included Vissi's sister Lia. The second entry was written entirely by Vissi herself. Although there had been speculation that Karvelas actually wrote it, Vissi did not begin an exclusive collaboration with him until after the Contest, meaning that the release of the 2006 single was among the only releases of Vissi not to be produced by Karvelas since the 1980s.

Track listing
"Autostop"-3:04 (Jick Nicassian, Rony Sofu)
"Mono I Agapi" (Love Is A Lonely Weekend)-2:45 (Anna Vissi)

Charts


CEDA International

CEDA International aka Century  Entrepreneurship Development Agency is a Non-governmental organization based in Kampala, Uganda found by Rehmah Kasule. CEDA International Educates, Promote Leadership, Mentor and help with Entrepreneurship for women and youth (girls & boys) all over East Africa.

Partners
CEDA International partners Uganda Telecom, Vital Voices Global Partnership, African Women's Development Fund, MacArthur Foundation, UNDEF, and UN-HABITAT.

Projects
CEDA International Global Mentoring Walk

YEP (Youth Engaged Program)


Travunioidea

Travunioidea is a superfamily of armoured harvestmen in the order Opiliones. There are 4 families and more than 70 described species in Travunioidea.

Families
These four families belong to the superfamily Travunioidea:
 Cryptomastridae Derkarabetian & Hedin, 2018
 Cladonychiidae Hadži, 1935
 Paranonychidae Briggs, 1971
 Travuniidae Absolon & Kratochvíl, 1932


Doug Aarniokoski

Doug Aarniokoski is an American television director and producer.

He is well known for his work on the CBS series Criminal Minds, The CW superhero drama Arrow, and for the FOX supernatural series Sleepy Hollow.

Career
He got his start on the 1992 horror feature Doctor Mordrid, as the first assistant director. He went on to serve as assistant director on several other films such as From Dusk till Dawn, Living Out Loud, The Faculty, and Spy Kids.

Later he began serving as a second unit director for features such as The Medallion, Once Upon a Time in Mexico and Resident Evil: Extinction.

His directorial debut was with the 2000 action film Highlander: Endgame. His other credits include Animals and The Day.

He co-wrote and directed the 2013 horror Nurse 3D.

Aarniokoski has directed 8 installments of the CBS series Criminal Minds since 2011, while directing two episode of The CW's Green Arrow origin series Arrow, and one of its sister-series, The Flash.

Sleepy Hollow
During the first season of the FOX series Sleepy Hollow, Aarniokoski directed the 7th episode, "The Midnight Ride". In winter 2014, he joined as supervising producer and main director on the show. He has since directed the second-season episodes "Go Where I Send Thee...", "And the Abyss Gazes Back", "Kali Yuga" and "Awakening".

Limitless
In 2015, he joined the new CBS series Limitless, as supervising producer and director. The show will be run by former Sleepy Hollow co-worker Mark Goffman.

Filmography


Republic of the Congo at the 2015 World Championships in Athletics

Congo competed at the 2015 World Championships in Athletics in Beijing, China, from 22 to 30 August 2015.

Results
(q – qualified, NM – no mark, SB – season best)

Men
Field events


Orton (surname)

Orton is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Azariah Giles Orton (1789–1864), American Presbyterian theologian
Beth Orton, English singer-songwriter
Bill Orton, US Congressman from Utah
 Daniel Orton, American basketball player
Edward Orton, Sr., American geologist and first president of the Ohio State University
Edward Orton, Jr., his son, a businessman and philanthropist
Frank Orton, Swedish, national ombudsman
James Orton (1830–1877), United States naturalist (son of Azariah Giles Orton)
George Orton, first Canadian olympian and middle distance runner
Greg Orton (disambiguation), multiple people
Joe Orton (1933–1967), English playwright
Kyle Orton, former American football player
P. D. Orton, British mycologist
Philo A. Orton, American politician and jurist
Richard Orton (1940–2013), British academic and composer of electronic music
Samuel Orton, pioneered the study of learning disabilities. He is best known for his work examining the causes and treatment of reading disability, or dyslexia
Virginia Orton (1882 - 1960), vice-president of Washington State Federation of Women's Clubs
William Orton, President of Western Union 1867-1878
A family of American professional wrestlers, consisting of:
Bob Orton (1929–2006), the family founder
His older son Bob Orton Jr. (born 1950)
His younger son Barry Orton (born 1958)
His grandson Randy Orton (born 1980), son of Bob Jr.


Kevin Neale

Kevin  "Cowboy" Neale (born 18 July 1945) is a former Australian rules footballer who played in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

St Kilda
Recruited from South Warrnambool, and nicknamed "Cowboy" for his bow-legs and his rolling gait, Neale played his first match for St Kilda against North Melbourne on 22 May 1965 (round 6), as a back-pocket/ruckman. His debut had been delayed because his own club, South Warrnambool, had needed him as a player for the first three matches of their season.

Neale, recruited by St Kilda as a nineteen-year-old, ,  ruckman, initially played in the backline (as the first change, resting in the back-pocket ruckman), but was moved to full forward in 1966. (Neale was selected as the back-pocket ruckman in St Kilda's "Team of the Century" in May 2001.)

He kicked five goals in St Kilda's 1966 Grand Final win over Collingwood; and held the club record of 16 finals games, until it was recently beaten by Robert Harvey.

Neale played for Victoria in the interstate match against Tasmania in Hobart, on Saturday, 16 June 1967. He was selected at full-forward, and kicked four goals in the match (he was moved from full-forward in the second half because Victoria's centre half-forward Peter McKenna had not kicked a goal in the first half of the match).

At the end of the 1976 season, it was thought that Neale would retire from playing with St Kilda; however, St Kilda prevailed upon him to play yet another season, and he played in 20 of St Kilda's 22 matches that season, playing his last match as the back-pocket ruckman, in a losing St Kilda side, 17.10 (112), against Richmond 25.21 (171) at the M.C.G. on 27 August 1977 (round 22).

In his entire VFL career at St Kilda, he had played in 256 games, and scored 301 goals (as at the end of the 2010 season, only 5 other men have played more matches for St Kilda, and only 8 others have kicked more goals in their career).

Australian Capital Territory

1978
Towards the end of his career at St Kilda, numerous offers were made to Neale to leave St Kilda and take up a coaching position. At the start of 1975, he was offered the position of playing coach at Turvey Park in the South-West League for three years at $25,000 per annum. St Kilda talked him out of accepting the offer; and, towards the end of the 1975 season, the Albury Football Club in the Ovens & Murray Football League offered him a three-year contract of $35,000 as captain-coach.

In 1978, he moved to Canberra, and was appointed the captain-coach of the Ainslie Football Club. In that year, he was also the captain coach of a combined A.C.T. team in the Escort Cup competition. He was still very effective at full-forward, setting a goal-kicking record in 1980. With Neale as its captain-coach, Ainslie won the premiership in both 1979 and 1980.

1980 Captain-coach of the ACT
In 1980, there was no concept of "State of Origin"; and, therefore, a combined A.C.T. was precisely that: a team of men who were currently playing in the ACT competition.

Neale was the captain-coach of the combined ACT side that beat the Victorian team 13.17 (95) to 11.16 (82) on 6 July 1980 at Manuka Oval in front of a crowd of 10,600.  He scored three goals.

Coached by Bill Stephen, the Victorians were a very strong team including club captains and Brownlow medallists: Francis Bourke of Richmond, captain, Trevor Barker of St Kilda,  Malcolm Blight of North Melbourne, Terry Bright of Geelong,  Jim Buckley of Carlton, Robert DiPierdomenico of Hawthorn, Jim Edmond of Footscray, Robert Elliott of Melbourne,  Neville Fields of South Melbourne, Laurie Fowler of Richmond,  Steven Icke of North Melbourne, Rene Kink of Collingwood, Mark Lee of Richmond, Mark Maclure of Carlton, Alex Marcou of Carlton, Merv Neagle of Essendon, Jeff Sarau of St Kilda, Laurie Serafini of Fitzroy, and Michael Turner of Geelong.

1982
For a number of reasons, Ainslie had experienced a dismal 1981 season; but, under the coaching of Neale and, particularly, due to his superb on-field leadership and strength at full-forward, Ainslie won the 1982 premiership. At the end of 1982, he was interviewed by St Kilda, with a view to him replacing Alex Jesaulenko. Neale demanded $50,000 as his salary (St Kilda eventually appointed the ex-Richmond coach Tony Jewell).

Career-ending nosocomial infection
In 1983, he began the 1983 season as the captain-coach of the Ainslie Football Club, and was playing as well as he had ever been, despite his advanced age and increased weight.

Only a few matches into the 1983 season he suffered a relatively minor injury to his left knee, and was admitted to hospital for a simple, routine surgical repair. At the time of his admission to hospital, it was thought that he might miss two weeks at the most (and, moreover, that he still had, perhaps, another two or three seasons in him as captain-coach).

Whilst in the hospital, he came down with a very severe nosocomial infection that threatened his life; and the extremely long time that it took for him to recover meant that he never retained his fitness levels, and was only well enough to play a couple of matches at the end of the season. Although not a "passenger", he was not able to play up to his usual level of dominance; and it was clear to all that his playing career was over.

With Neale in the team, Ainslie won the 1983 premiership; the fourth in his six years as captain-coach. In the 1980 season he kicked 149 goals, in the 1981 season he kicked 139 goals, and in the 1982 season he kicked 125 goals.

South Australia
Because he was no longer able to take the field as a player, Neale  was reluctantly released by the Ainslie Football Club; as their club and team structure at the time demanded a playing coach (the club eventually appointed ex-Richmond, and ex-Collingwod player Rod Oborne as the captain-coach for the 1984 season).

Cleared by Ainslie, Neale moved to coach the Central District Football Club in the SANFL. He was non-playing coach from 1984–1987. Central District only appeared twice in the finals during Neale's coaching tenure, without them winning a single finals game.  In 1984, with Neale as coach, Central District's John Platten won the Magarey Medal.

Tuggeranong
Neale was coach of the Tuggeranong Football Club for three seasons (1993–1995).

St Kilda Football Club
Neale currently works at the St Kilda Football Club as Coterie & Support Groups Manager.

Footnotes


USS Nestor (ARB-6)

USS Nestor (ARB-6) was planned as a United States Navy , but was redesignated as one of twelve Aristaeus-class battle damage repair ships built for the United States Navy during World War II. Named for Nestor (in Greek mythology, the son of Neleus, the King of Pylos and Chloris), she was the only US Naval vessel to bear the name.

Construction
Laid down as LST-518 on 13 September 1943, by the Chicago Bridge and Iron Company of Seneca, Illinois; launched 20 January 1944; sponsored by Miss Rita Jenkins; converted by the Maryland Drydock Company of Baltimore, Maryland; and commissioned 24 June 1944, with Commander Frank W. Parsons, USNR, in command.

Service history
Designed to make emergency repairs in forward areas to battle-damaged ships, Nestor left Norfolk 4 August 1944, for Guantanamo Bay, the Panama Canal, and Ulithi, arriving 21 October, to take up her primary mission. During the next five and a half months she acted as tender to small craft and repaired all types of naval vessels from battleships to LCIs.

Nestor left Ulithi 19 April 1945, for Kerama Retto, seized in the initial phase of the Okinawa campaign to serve as a base for the ships engaged in the main assault. Japanese air attacks, often by suicide plane, inflicted heavy damage on the fleet, and Nestor worked round-the-clock, often under fire herself, to help keep the fighting ships in action. As Okinawa itself became secure, Nestor entered Buckner Bay 10 July, and continued her vital services, which here included the tremendous task of building a cofferdam. Nestor was driven aground by wind and heavy seas in the devastating Typhoon "Louise" of 9 October, and had to be abandoned. She decommissioned on 29 November, was stricken on 3 January 1946, and her hulk was sold for scrap on 1 May 1947.

In November 1945 the CNO directed that the hulk be sunk or destroyed, but this was not done and she became one of around 15 Okinawa typhoon wrecks that were finally sold for scrap in two batches in May and November 1947 by the State Department's Foreign Liquidations Commission. Nestor along with , , three floating docks, and some smaller craft, were included in the May batch and were purchased by the Oklahoma-Philippines Company in what was referred to as the "Berry sale". The date of her scrapping is not known.

Awards
Nestor earned one battle stars for World War II service.

Notes

Citations

Bibliography

Online resources

External links


PainCeptor Pharma

PainCeptor Pharma is a private Canadian company focused on the development of drugs that act outside the central nervous system on nociceptors to treat pain.  The company was established in 2004 through the merger of two academic spinout firms—Antalium from McGill University and NeuroCeptor from Queens University.  At its inception, the company's primary operations were in Montreal and Kingston, and it established a partnership with the Danish company NeuroSearch as part of its birth.

About PainCeptor
The company's strategic focus was on peripheral rather than central-acting therapeutics is an attempt to avoid the known side effects of existing central-acting agents.  The primary molecular targets addressed by PainCeptor are members of the ASIC ion channel family and nerve growth factor (NGF) and NGF receptors.  In 2006, the company secured funding from the Canadian Industrial Research Assistance Program.  In 2007, the company raised 24.4 million in venture capital funding in anticipation of starting first-in-man clinial trials that year; an initial round of funding had been secured in 2004 in the amount of 23 million.  As of 2007, the company conducted research out of the Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, a facility of Canada's National Research Council located in Ottawa, Quebec.

Although PainCeptor refers to itself as a biopharmaceutical company on its website, its two primary publicly reported drug discovery projects aim to deliver small molecule therapeutics.  According to AdisInsight, a drug information platform published by Springer Nature, the small-molecule antagonists program discontinued in 2009; while development of a separate drug, PPC-5650 (an ASIC channel antagonist) had been discontinued by 2016.

Intellectual property
According to one source, in 2006 the company was granted patent protection on antagonists of each of these receptor types.  Inspection of the patent applications, though, shows that no patents were, in fact, granted.  In regard to US2005282840A1 "Methods of modulating neurotrophin-mediated activity", the application status was revised to 'abandoned' in 2009; a second patent application, US2007123514A1, bearing the same title has also been noted to be 'abandoned' as of 2010.  Likewise, in regard to US2008004282A1 "Compositions and methods for modulating gated ion channels", the application status was revised to 'abandoned' in 2010.  Still another patent application was 'abandoned' in 2011, US2009082368A1 "Methods of Modulating Neurotrophin-mediated Activity".  One patent was actually granted to the firm, US2007191418A1 "Compositions and methods for modulating gated ion channels", in 2007; this patent transferred ownership to Aros Pharma in 2010, who subsequently did not keep up payment of maintenance fees, resulting in the status changing to 'lapsed' in 2018.


Humphrey Paget

Thomas Humphrey Paget OBE (13 August 1893 – May 1974) was an English medal and coin designer and modeller.
Paget's designs are indicated by the initials 'HP'.

Paget was first approached by the Royal Mint in 1936 after the accession of King Edward VIII. Paget's recommendation had come via his earlier design for the obverse of a medal featuring the then-Prince of Wales. After some controversy regarding the direction the monarch was to face on the coinage (it had been tradition for each successive monarch to face in the opposite direction to the predecessor, but the King felt that the features of his left were better than his right), Paget's work was approved in two slightly differing designs: one for silver and another for non-silver. However Edward's abdication meant that, apart from a few trial pieces, Paget's designs never reached the minting stage. Some did find their way out of the Mint for testing purposes, and as such have become amongst the rarest and most collectable pieces of all sterling coinage.

A measure of the success of the Edward portrait can be seen in the fact that Paget alone was commissioned to design George VI's effigy in 1937. He is the only artist to have a second obverse design approved for use in sterling coinage in the 20th century. The portrait of George VI has since been described as "the classic coinage head of the 20th century".

Although principally known as an obverse designer, Paget carried out some work for reverses, including most famously a design featuring the Elizabethan galleon the Golden Hind. Originally intended for the halfcrown, it was adopted for the halfpenny in 1937 where it remained until it was withdrawn in 1969 (in readiness for decimalisation in 1971).

He was awarded the O.B.E. (Civil) in the King's Birthday Honours of 1948. His O.B.E. was gazetted in the Supplement to The London Gazette, Number 38311 , Page 3377, published on 4 June 1948.

Paget later designed a wide variety of issues for both Commonwealth and non-Commonwealth countries. Notable amongst his later work included an effigy of King Faisal II of Iraq in 1955 and the 1970 Commonwealth Games medal which featured the Duke of Edinburgh. He also produced an effigy of Queen Elizabeth II for a commemorative Isle of Man issue in 1965.

Paget's work remains part of current sterling circulation: his 1970 portrait of the Duke of Edinburgh appears on the reverse of a 2017 commemorative five pound coin.


Conway B. Leovy

Conway Leovy (July 16, 1933 – July 9, 2011) was a professor emeritus of Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysics at the University of Washington, RAND author, former University Corporation for Atmospheric Research Trustee, Fellow of the American Meteorological Society, and American political activist. He was awarded the NASA Exceptional Scientific Achievement Medal and was a co-recipient of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) Newcomb Cleveland Prize. In 2000 he won The Gerard P. Kuiper Prize, awarded annually by the Division for Planetary Sciences of the American Astronomical Society for outstanding lifetime achievement in the field of planetary science.

Notes


Ron Mallon

Ronald Mallon is an American Professor of Philosophy and Director of the Philosophy-Neuroscience-Psychology Program at Washington University in St. Louis.

Work
Mallon's work is in philosophy of psychology, experimental philosophy, moral psychology, and philosophy of race. He is an expert on human kinds, especially race, and how small inequalities can lead to big ones.

Bibliography
 Mallon, R. (2012). (with F. Allhoff and S. Nichols). An Introduction to Philosophy: Traditional and Experimental Readings.  Oxford University Press.
 Mallon, R. (2016). The Construction of Human Kinds. Oxford University Press.


Kuwait at the 1974 Asian Games

Kuwait participated in the 1974 Asian Games held in Tehran, Iran from 1 to 16 September 1974. Athletes from Kuwait won only one medal and finished 18th in a medal table.


1996 Budapest Lotto Open – Doubles

Katrina Adams and Debbie Graham won in the final 6–3, 7–6 against Radka Bobková and Eva Melicharová.

Seeds
Champion seeds are indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which those seeds were eliminated.

 Katrina Adams /  Debbie Graham (Champions)
 Petra Schwarz /  Katarína Studeníková (First Round)
 Nanne Dahlman /  Clare Wood (Quarterfinals)
 Anna Kournikova /  Petra Langrová (Quarterfinals)

Draw

External links
 1996 Budapest Lotto Open Doubles Draw


Mike Chernoff (ice hockey)

Michael Terence Chernoff (May 13, 1946 in Yorkton, Saskatchewan – November 13, 2011 in Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan) was an ice hockey left winger. He played one game in the NHL for the Minnesota North Stars and 39 games in the WHA for the Vancouver Blazers.


2007 IAAF World Cross Country Championships – Junior women's race

The Junior women's race at the 2007 IAAF World Cross Country Championships was held at the Mombasa Golf Course in Mombasa, Kenya, on March 24, 2007.  Reports of the event were given in the Herald, and for the IAAF.

Complete results for individuals, and for teams were published.

Race results

Junior women's race (6 km)

Individual

Teams

Note: Athletes in parentheses did not score for the team result.

Participation
According to an unofficial count, 87 athletes from 28 countries participated in the Junior women's race.  This is in agreement with the official numbers as published.

 (1)
 (1)
 (3)
 (5)
 (6)
 (1)
 (4)
 (6)
 (1)
 (1)

 (6)
 (6)
 (1)
 (1)
 (6)
 (1)
 (4)
 (1)
 (1)

 (1)
 (5)
 (2)
 (4)
 (1)
 (6)
 (5)
 (6)
 (1)


Arrowslit

An arrowslit (often also referred to as an arrow loop, loophole or loop hole, and sometimes a balistraria) is a narrow vertical aperture in a fortification through which an archer can launch arrows or a crossbowman can launch bolts.

The interior walls behind an arrow loop are often cut away at an oblique angle so that the archer has a wide field of view and field of fire. Arrow slits come in a remarkable variety. A common and recognizable form is the cross, accommodating the use of both the longbow and the crossbow.  The narrow vertical aperture permits the archer large degrees of freedom to vary the elevation and direction of his bowshot, but makes it difficult for attackers to harm the archer since there is only a small target at which to aim.

Balistraria, plural balistrariae, from balister, crossbowman can often be found in the curtain walls of medieval battlements beneath the crenellations.

History
The invention of the arrowslit is attributed to Archimedes during the siege of Syracuse in 214–212 BC (although archaeological evidence supports their existence in Egyptian Middle Kingdom forts around 1860 BC). Slits "of the height of a man and about a palm's width on the outside" allowed defenders to shoot bows and scorpions (an ancient siege engine)  from within the city walls. Although used in late Greek and Roman defences, arrowslits were not present in early Norman castles. They are only reintroduced to military architecture towards the end of the 12th century, with the castles of Dover and Framlingham in England, and Richard the Lionheart's Château Gaillard in France. In these early examples, arrowslits were positioned to protect sections of the castle wall, rather than all sides of the castle. In the 13th century, it became common for arrowslits to be placed all around a castle's defences.

The successor of arrowslits after the advent of gunpowder was the loophole for firearms.

Design
In its simplest form, an arrowslit was a narrow vertical opening; however, the different weapons used by defenders sometimes dictated the form of arrowslits. For example, openings for longbowmen were usually tall and high to allow the user to shoot standing up and make use of the  bow, while those for crossbowmen were usually lower down as it was easier for the user to shoot whilst kneeling to support the weight of the weapon. It was common for arrowslits to widen to a triangle at the bottom, called a fishtail, to allow defenders a clearer view of the base of the wall. Immediately behind the slit there was a recess called an embrasure; this allowed a defender to get close to the slit without being too cramped. The width of the slit dictated the field of fire, but the field of vision could be enhanced by the addition of horizontal openings; they allowed defenders to view the target before it entered range.

Usually, the horizontal slits were level, which created a cross shape, but less common was to have the slits off-set (called displaced traverse slots) as demonstrated in the remains of White Castle in Wales. This has been characterised as an advance in design as it provided attackers with a smaller target; however, it has also been suggested that it was to allow the defenders of White Castle to keep attackers in their sights for longer because of the steep moat surrounding the castle.

When an embrasure linked to more than one arrowslit (in the case of Dover Castle, defenders from three embrasures can shoot through the same arrowslit) it is called a "multiple arrowslit". Some arrowslits, such as those at Corfe Castle, had lockers nearby to store spare arrows and bolts; these were usually located on the right hand side of the slit for ease of access and to allow a rapid rate of fire.