In situ chemical oxidation

In situ chemical oxidation (ISCO), a form of advanced oxidation processes and advanced oxidation technology, is an environmental remediation technique used for soil and/or groundwater remediation to reduce the concentrations of targeted environmental contaminants to acceptable levels. ISCO is accomplished by injecting or otherwise introducing strong chemical oxidizers directly into the contaminated medium (soil or groundwater) to destroy chemical contaminants in place. It can be used to remediate a variety of organic compounds, including some that are resistant to natural degradation.

Chemical oxidation is one half of a redox reaction, which results in the loss of electrons. One of the reactants in the reaction becomes oxidized, or loses electrons, while the other reactant becomes reduced, or gains electrons. In ISCO, oxidizing compounds, compounds that give electrons away to other compounds in a reaction, are used to change the contaminants into harmless compounds. The in situ in ISCO is just Latin for "in place", signifying that ISCO is a chemical oxidation reaction that occurs at the site of the contamination.

The remediation of certain organic substances such as chlorinated solvents (trichloroethene and tetrachloroethene), and gasoline-related compounds (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, MTBE, and xylenes) by ISCO is possible. Some other contaminants can be made less toxic through chemical oxidation.

A wide range of ground water contaminants react either moderately or highly with the ISCO method, and ISCO can also be used in a variety of different situations (e.g. unsaturated vs saturated ground, above ground or underground, etc.), so it is a popular method to use.

History
Fenton's reagent (hydrogen peroxide catalyzed with iron) and potassium permanganate are the oxidants that have been used the longest, and are now used the most widely. The systems of using hydrogen peroxide were based on the work of H.J.H. Fenton, who used iron salts to catalyze the compound. Hydrogen peroxide was first used in 1985 to treat a formaldehyde spill at Monsanto's Indian Orchard Plant in Springfield, Massachusetts. At this site, a 10% solution of hydrogen peroxide was injected into a formaldehyde plume. Fenton's reagent was initially used to treat hydrocarbon sites where benzene, toluene, and ethylbenzene were present.

As the industry shifted its focus to the remediation of chlorinated solvents, hydrogen peroxide was found to be effective in both the hydrocarbon industry and the chlorinated solvent industry. Scientists also found that permanganate could be used on chlorinated solvents. Permanganate based ISCO started to be used in the late 1990s. At this time, ISCO had also become an established remedial technology.

The development of sodium persulfate for ISCO began in the late 1990s because of the limitations in using peroxide or permanganate as oxidants. Peroxide has such a short life that it can not be transported properly. Permanganate only treats chlorinated solvents with double bonds and is easily used up by organic material in soil. Persulfate is more stable, treats a wider range of contaminants, and is not used up by soil organics as easily.

Agents of Oxidization
Common oxidants used in this process are permanganate (both sodium permanganate and potassium permanganate), Fenton's Reagent, persulfate, and ozone.  Other oxidants can be used, but these four are the most commonly used.

Permanganate

Permanganate is used in groundwater remediation in the form of potassium permanganate () and sodium permanganate (). Both compounds have the same oxidizing capabilities and limitations and react similarly to contaminants. The biggest difference between the two chemicals is that potassium permanganate is less soluble than sodium permanganate.

Potassium permanganate is a crystalline solid that is typically dissolved in water before application to the contaminated site. Unfortunately, the solubility of potassium permanganate is dependent on temperature. Because the temperature in the aquifer is usually less than the temperature in the area that the solution is mixed, the potassium permanganate becomes a solid material again. This solid material then does not react with the contaminants. Over time, the permanganate will become soluble again, but the process takes a long time. This compound has been shown to oxidize many different contaminants but is notable for oxidizing chlorinated solvents such as perchloroethylene (PCE), trichloroethylene (TCE), and vinyl chloride (VC). However, potassium permanganate is unable to efficiently oxidize diesel, gasoline, or BTEX.

Sodium permanganate is more expensive than potassium permanganate, but because sodium permanganate is more soluble than potassium permanganate, it can be applied to the site of contamination at a much higher concentration. This shortens the time required for the contaminant to be oxidized. Sodium permanganate is also useful in that it can be used in places where the potassium ion cannot be used. Another advantage that sodium permanganate has over potassium permanganate is that sodium permanganate, due to its high solubility, can be transported above ground as a liquid, decreasing the risk of exposure to granules or skin contact with the substance.

The primary redox reactions for permanganate are given by the equations:
  + 8 + 5e− →  + 4 — (for pH < 3.5)
  + 2 + 3e− → (S) + 4 — (for pH 3.5 to 12)
  + e− →  — (for pH > 12)
The typical reaction that occurs under common environmental conditions is equation 2. This reaction forms a solid product, .

The advantage of using permanganate in ISCO is that it reacts comparatively slowly in the subsurface which allows the compound to move further into the contaminated space and oxidize more contaminants. Permanganate can also help with the cleanup of materials that are not very permeable. In addition, because both sodium permanganate and potassium permanganate solutions have a density greater than water's density, permanganate can travel through the contaminated area through density-driven diffusion.

The use of permanganate creates the byproduct , which is naturally present in the soil and is therefore a safe byproduct. Unfortunately, several studies have shown that this byproduct seems to cement sand particles together forming rock-like material that has very low permeability. As the rock-like materials build up, it blocks the permanganate from getting to the rest of the contaminant and lowers the efficiency of the permanganate. This can be prevented by extracting the  from the contaminated area.

Fenton's Reagent
Fenton's reagent is basically a mixture of ferrous iron salts as a catalyst and hydrogen peroxide. A similar sort of reaction can be made by mixing hydrogen peroxide with [ferric] iron (Iron III). When the peroxide is catalyzed by soluble iron it forms hydroxyl radicals(·OH) that oxidize contaminants such as chlorinated solvents, fuel oils, and BTEX. Traditional Fenton's reagent usually requires a significant pH reduction of the soils and groundwater in the treatment zone to allow for the introduction and distribution of aqueous iron as iron will oxidize and precipitate at a pH greater than 3.5. Unfortunately, the contaminated groundwater that needs to be treated has a pH level that is at or near neutral. Due to this, there are controversies on whether ISCO using Fenton's reagent is really a Fenton reaction. Instead, scientists call these reactions Fenton-like.
However, some ISCO vendors successfully apply pH neutral Fenton's reagent by chelating the iron which keeps the iron in solution and mitigates the need for acidifying the treatment zone.
The Fenton chemistry is complex and has many steps, including the following:
 Fe2+ + H2O2 → Fe3+ + OH· + OH−
 Fe3+ + H2O2 → Fe2+ + OOH· + H+
 HO· +  → Fe(III) +  +
 HO· + Fe(II) → Fe(III) +
 Fe(III) +  → Fe(II) +
 Fe(II) +  +  → Fe(III) +
  +  →  +
These reactions do not occur step by step but simultaneously.

When applied to In Situ Chemical Oxidation, the collective reaction results in the degradation of contaminants in the presence of  as a catalyst. The overall end result of the process can be described by the following reaction:
 + contaminant →  +  +

Advantages of this method include that the hydroxyl radicals are very strong oxidants and react very rapidly with contaminants and impurities in the ground water. Moreover, the chemicals needed for this process are inexpensive and abundant.

Traditional Fenton's reagent applications can be very exothermic when significant iron, manganese or contaminant (i.e. NAPL concentrations) are present in an injection zone. Over the course of the reaction, the groundwater heats up and, in some cases, reagent and vapors can surface out of the soil. Stabilizing the peroxide can significantly increase the residence time and distribution of the reagent while reducing the potential for excessive temperatures by effectively isolating the peroxide from naturally occurring divalent transition metals in the treatment zone. However, NAPL contaminant concentrations can still result in rapid oxidation reactions with an associated temperature increase and more potential for surfacing even with reagent stabilization. The hydroxyl radicals can be scavenged by carbonate, bicarbonate, and naturally occurring organic matter in addition to the targeted contaminant, so it important to evaluate a site's soil matrix and apply additional reagent when these soil components are present in significant abundance.

Persulfate

Persulfate is a newer oxidant used in ISCO technology. The persulfate compound that is used in groundwater remediation is in the form of peroxodisulfate or peroxydisulfate  ()  but is generally called a persulfate ion by scientists in the field of environmental engineering. More specifically, sodium persulfate is used because it has the highest water solubility and its reaction with contaminants leaves least harmful side products. Although sodium persulfate by itself can degrade many environmental contaminants, the sulfate radical  is usually derived from the persulfate because sulfate radicals can degrade a wider range of contaminants at a faster pace(about 1,000–100,000 times) than the persulfate ion. Various agents, such as heat, ultraviolet light, high pH, hydrogen peroxide, and transition metals, are used to activate persulfate ions and generate sulfate radicals.

The sulfate radical is an electrophile, a compound that is attracted to electrons and that reacts by accepting an electron pair in order to bond to a nucleophile. Therefore the performance of sulfate radicals is enhanced in an area where there are many electron donating organic compounds. The sulfate radical reacts with the organic compounds to form an organic radical cation. Examples of electron donating groups present in organic compounds are the amino (-NH2), hydroxyl (-OH), and alkoxy (-OR) groups. Conversely, the sulfate radical does not react as much in compounds that contain electron attracting groups like nitro (-NO2) and carbonyl (C=O) and also in the presence of substances containing chlorine atoms. Also, as the number of ether bonds increases, the reaction rates decrease.

When applied in the field, persulfate must first be activated (it must be turned into the sulfate radical) to be effective in the decontamination. The catalyst that is most commonly used is ferrous iron (Iron II). When ferrous iron and persulfate ions are mixed together, they produce ferric iron (iron III) and two types of sulfate radicals, one with a charge of −1 and the other with a charge of −2. New research has shown that Zero Valent Iron (ZVI) can also be used with persulfate with success. The persulfate and the iron are not mixed beforehand, but are injected into the area of contamination together. The persulfate and iron react underground to produce the sulfate radicals. The rate of contaminant destruction increases as the temperature of the surroundings increases.

The advantage of using persulfate is that persulfate is much more stable than either hydrogen peroxide or ozone above the surface and it does not react quickly by nature. This means fewer transportation limitations, it can be injected into the site of contamination at high concentrations, and can be transported through porous media by density driven diffusion. The disadvantage is that this is an emerging field of technology and there are only a few reports of testing it in the field  and more research needs to be done with it. Additionally, each mole of persulfate creates one mole of oxidizer (sulfate radical or hydroxyl radical). These radicals have low atomic weights while the persulfate molecule has a high atomic weight (238). Therefore, the value (oxidizer produced when persulfate is activated) for expense (price of relatively heavy persulfate molecule) is low compared to some other oxidizing reagents.

Ozone

While oxygen is a very strong oxidant, it's elemental form  is not very soluble in water. This poses a problem in ground water remediation, because the chemical must be able to mix with water to remove the contaminant. Fortunately, ozone () is about 12 times more soluble than  and, although it is still comparably insoluble, it is a strong oxidant.

The unique part of ozone oxidation is its in-situ application. Because, unlike other oxidants used in ISCO, it is a gas, it needs to be injected into the contamination site from the bottom rather than the top. Tubes are built into the ground to transport the ozone to its starting place; the bubbles then rise to the surface. Whatever volatile substances are left over are sucked up by a vacuum pump. Because the bubbles travel more vertically than horizontally, close placement of ozone injection wells is needed for uniform distribution.

The biggest advantage in using ozone in ISCO is that ozone does not leave any residual chemical like persulfate leaves  or permanganate leaves . The processes involved with ozonation (treating water with ozone) only leave behind . Ozone can also react with many of the important environmental contaminants. In addition, because ozone is a gas, adding ozone to the bottom of the contaminant pool forces the ozone to rise up through the contaminants and react. Because of this property, ozone can also be delivered more quickly. Also, in theory,  co-injected with ozone will result in -OH ions, which are very strong oxidants.

However, ozone has many properties that pose problems. Ozone reacts with a variety of contaminants, but the problem is that it also reacts quickly with many other substances such as minerals, organic matter, etc. that are not the targeted substances. Again, it is not very soluble and stays in gas form in the water, which makes ozone prone to nonuniform distribution and rising up to the top of contamination site by the shortest routes rather than traveling through the entire material. In addition, ozone must be generated, and that requires a huge amount of energy.

Implementation
The primary delivery mechanism for ISCO is through perforated, hollow metal rods hammered into the ground by "direct-push" drilling methods or by injecting the oxidant into wells installed using hollow stem auger, rotary drilling methods.  One advantage of injection wells is that they can be used for multiple applications of the oxidant material, while direct push injection techniques are generally quicker and less expensive.  Injection wells for ozone are typically constructed of a 1–2" stainless-steel screen set in sand pack, grouted to the surface using a combination of cement and bentonite clay. Often, a field pilot study must be performed to determine injection parameters and well spacing.

Oxidants such as permanganate and Fenton's Reagent are delivered as water-based solutions. These substances are injected into the aquifer and then allowed to propagate by gravity and water current. As contaminants are encountered, the substances oxidize them and purify the water. Ozone is delivered (sparged) as a gas in either a dry air or oxygen carrier gas.  Specialized equipment is required for in-situ oxidation via ozone gas injection. The ozone has to be pumped into the groundwater from the bottom of the aquifer because the ozone gas is less dense than the water. As the ozone travels through the aquifer against gravity, it reacts with contaminants along the way. However, there are some specific methods of oxidant delivery including injection probes, hydraulic fracturing, soil mixing, vertical wells, horizontal wells, and treatment walls.

Injection probes
Injection probes are used in areas where there is very low permeability. A small diameter probe (2 to 4 cm in diameter) is rotated or pushed into the ground while reagents are inserted into it at low pressure. The reagents travel down the core of the probe and exit out though small perforations along the sides of the probe which are located at certain intervals. The reagents travel away from the core by going into existing cracks and pores and create a "halo of reactivity" (from pg. 182 or Principles and Practices of In Situ Chemical Oxidation Using Permanganate). In order to optimize the amount of contaminant that is oxidized, the probes are set into the ground relatively close together, about .6-1.2 meters apart.

Hydraulic fracturing
Hydraulic fracturing is the process of artificially creating fractures in a site that has low permeability and then filling the fractures with oxidants. First a hole is drilled into the ground, and then a forceful jet of water is used to create fractures. Coarse sand, which allows just enough permeability for oxidants to get though, is used to fill the fractures and prevent them from closing up, and after that, the oxidant is injected into the fracture.

Soil mixing
Soil mixing can be used to deliver solid or liquid forms of oxidants to contaminated soil. For near surface to intermediate contamination zones, either standard construction equipment (i.e. bucket mixing), or specialized soil mixing tools (i.e. Lang Tool, Allu Tool, Alpine, etc.) can be used. Deep soil mixing requires specialized auger mixing equipment. In order to apply this method in-situ and in deep soil, the oxidant must be pumped to the point of mixing using a kelly bar (a piece of earth drilling equipment), or appropriate piping to the place where the soil needs to be oxidized. The soil then has to be mixed by using mixing blades.

Horizontal and vertical wells
Horizontal well networks are basically the use of long pipes that lead in and out of the contaminated aquifer or plume used to inject oxidants and extract the treated ground water. Vertical wells networks consist of appropriately spaced injection wells with slightly overlapping radius of influence (ROI) to ensure reagent contact within the vertical and horizontal treatment zone. Injection wells can be permanently installed or be temporarily installed (i.e. by using direct push technology). Horizontal well networks use pipes that are slightly L-shaped at the bottom to inject oxidant and extract treated groundwater horizontally. Horizontal wells are used especially when oxidants need to be delivered to thin layers of saturation.

Treatment walls
Treatment walls are used to deliver oxidants to the end of a contaminant plume and can be used to prevent the migration of an oxidant. The walls usually consist of continuous trenches that are connected to a piping network into which oxidants can be injected into. Another version of this delivery system is the use of a disconnected series of vertical wells to inject the oxidant into the ground water. The factors that affect treatment wall application and performance are similar to the factors that effect the performance of permeable reactive barriers.

Case studies
The ISCO technology has been tested many times in the field. The following are a few examples of studies that have been conducted to observe the effectiveness of ISCO.

Naval Air Station North Island
In January 2007, the groundwater around the Naval Air Station North Island in San Diego County, California was treated. This test treated a total of 60,000 gallons of groundwater and used about 22,646 pounds of sodium persulfate to do it. No catalysts were added to the persulfate, but there was a significant amount of contaminant reduction. The production of radical was concluded to be due to the elevated temperature of the groundwater (20 °C-24 °C). At the end of 19 days after the last injection of sodium persulfate, there was an overall TCE concentration reduction of greater than 90%.

Space Launch Complex 37
Space Launch Complex 37 supported the Saturn spacecraft launches from 1961–1971. Activities in the Complex included parts cleaning and engine flushing, which left two chlorinated volatile organic compound (CVOCs) source areas. The United Launch Alliance also used the area for launching the Delta IV launch vehicles prior to any remediation activities on the site. Maximum concentrations of CVOCs in the site were 9500 micro grams/Liter of cis 1,2-DCE and 7900 micro grams/Liter of vinyl chloride. Both sites were cleaned up with the use of ozone. An ozone injection grid was used that consisted of 116 stainless steel wells. After 16 months of ozone treatment, there was a contaminant mass reduction of 44% in one site and 70% in the other site.

Nebraska Ordnance Plant
The Nebraska Ordnance Plant, located near Mead, Nebraska was a military facility that produced bombs, rockets, and shells from 1942-1956. For their production, highly explosive materials like 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) were used; to reduce the plant's workers' chemical exposure to these materials, RDX and TNT residues that collected on the floor were washed away with water routinely. The water flowed outside into unlined ditches contaminated the soil around the plant with RDX and TNT. Trichloroethylene (TCE) to degrease pipelines further contaminated the area. Over the years the contaminants entered the groundwater.

In order to stop the spread of the contaminated groundwater, an elaborate system of 11 extraction wells has been placed to contain the plumes. This method treats the water with granular activated carbon. This field was chosen to test how effectively permanganate could remove explosive contaminants. On the field, two injection wells were placed to create a curtain of permanganate between them, through which the contaminant plume would flow. The results of the oxidation was a temporary contaminant decrease in the wells by 70–80%, but permanganate was not evenly distributed through the curtain. The test showed that permanganate was an effective tool to temporarily remove explosive contaminants from groundwater.

Performance application
The effectiveness of the oxidation is contingent on the site lithology, the residence time of the oxidant, the amount of oxidant used, the presence of oxidizing materials other than the targeted contaminant, the degree of effective contact between the oxidant and the contaminant(s), and the kinetics of the oxidation reaction between the oxidant and contaminant.

The soil and groundwater are tested both before and after oxidant application to verify the effectiveness of the process. Monitoring of gases given off during oxidation can also help determine if contaminants are being destroyed.  Elevated levels of  is an indicator of oxidation.

Safety and hazards
The four main types of oxidants that are used in ISCO—Fenton's reagent, ozone, permanganate, and persulfate—are all strong oxidizing agents and pose serious hazards to the people who are working with them. For worker safety, site that are using ozone as the oxidant must test ozone levels in the air periodically because ozone has adverse respiratory effects. All oxidants must be stored properly so that they do not decompose and workers must ensure that they do not have skin contact with any of the oxidants.

Some ISCO compounds can react aggressively with organic contaminants and must be used with care on the site. Fenton's reagent in particular is highly exothermic and can cause unwanted effects on microbial life in the aquifer if it is not used carefully or stabilized.

Further challenges associated with ISCO include the generation of unwanted or toxic oxidation products. Recent evidence suggests that the oxidation of benzene results in the formation of phenol (a relatively benign compound) and a novel aldehyde side-product, the toxicology of which is unknown.

Potential improvements
Currently ISCO is mostly applied by itself, but it may be possible to combine ISCO with other technologies such as in situ chemical reduction (ISCR) and in situ thermal desorption (ISTD). As ISCO is not efficient at treating low concentration contaminant plumes, ISCO can be used to treat the contaminant source while ISCR treats the plumes.

Traditional ISCO is limited by mass transfer of contaminants
into the aqueous (groundwater) phase. Since the oxidation reaction takes place
in the groundwater, contaminant destruction is restricted to only those
contaminants which have partitioned into the groundwater phase. To overcome
this limitation at sites which have substantial soil contamination, and/or
non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL), surfactants can be injected simultaneously
with oxidants. The surfactants emulsify soil sorbed contaminants and/or NAPL enabling
them to be destroyed in aqueous phase oxidative reactions; this patented
technology is known as Surfactant-enhanced In Situ Chemical Oxidation (S-ISCO).

The ISCO delivery technology and reagents also could be enhanced. Currently, an oxidant is injected into the contaminated site and is distributed by the injection pressure, turbulence and advection. This method is effective with appropriate point spacing and slightly overlapping radius of influence (ROI). However, peroxide based reagents are not very stable and react with other substances soon after being injected into the sub-surface unless the peroxide is stabilized. Additionally, current persulfate activation methods often stall resulting in sub-optimal results. These problems could be fixed by creating oxidants that are more stable and specifically targeted to contaminants, so that they do not oxidize other substances. The delivery systems could also be improved so that the oxidants are sent to the correct locations.


Grant Lambert

Grant Michael Lambert (born 5 August 1977, Sydney, Australia) is an Australian cricketer. He plays first-class cricket for NSW and grade cricket for Fairfield-Liverpool. He is a right-arm fast-medium bowler and a right-hand bat. His best bowling effort was 4/80 against Tasmania in 2005/06. He has twice won the Bill O'Reilly Medal as the best player in the Sydney Grade competition.

He was educated at Patrician Brothers' College Blacktown and has contributed to the coaching of the school's elite cricket program with coaches Chris Ferry and Dom Cullen.

Sydney Grade Cricket record
On 24 February 2007 Lambert broke a 63-year-old record for the most runs in a Sydney Grade Cricket season. Playing for Fairfield-Liverpool against Northern Districts at Rosedale Oval, Lambert scored 94 to take his season total to 1458 runs. This moved him 45 runs ahead of Bill Alley's record of 1413 runs set in the 1943/44 season. Lambert reached the mark in 20 innings, which included six centuries and five 50s, at an average of 104.14. Alley required 24 innings at 70.65 to set the previous record. In this same game the Fairfield-Liverpool side broke a 20 year ground record for the highest team total of 5 dec for 447, in which Northern Districts chased down the runs only to fall at 304 all out.


John David Roy Atchison

John David Roy Atchison (August 1954 – October 5, 2007) was an assistant U.S. Attorney in Florida's northern district who gained notoriety when he was arrested for suspicion of soliciting sex from a 5-year-old girl.

Early life and education
Atchison was born in 1954 and held a bachelor's degree from the University of Florida and a law degree from Cumberland Law School at Samford University in Birmingham, Alabama.

Career
Atchison was admitted to the Florida Bar in June 1984 and the Georgia Bar in June 1985. He worked in the U.S. Attorney's office in Pensacola, Florida, working on tax and financial crime cases.

Legal issues and death
On September 16, 2007, Atchison was arrested at the Detroit Metropolitan Airport in a sex crime sting operation undertaken by the FBI and Macomb County. He was charged with "enticement of a minor to engage in sexual activity using the Internet", "aggravated sexual abuse" and "traveling across state lines to have sex with someone under the age of 12". At the time of his arrest, he was carrying presents for his intended victim, including a doll and a pair of earrings. Also in his possession was a jar of petroleum jelly. Following his arrest, he tried to kill himself via hanging with a sheet in his jail cell on September 20, 2007. Atchison had been removed from a suicide watch the previous day after assuring his lawyer and a judge that he would not harm himself. He was not injured in the suicide attempt, which another inmate reported about 4 a.m.

On October 5, 2007, Atchison successfully committed suicide by hanging himself in his prison cell in Milan, Michigan.

Personal life
Atchison was married and had three children that lived in Gulf Breeze, near Pensacola.


Cancer Therapy Advisor

Cancer Therapy Advisor (formerly Chemotherapy Advisor) is an online resource and quarterly medical news publication for oncology healthcare professionals, with updated treatment regimens for patients with cancer and live medical conference coverage.

Background
Launched in January 2012, Cancer Therapy Advisor is owned by Haymarket Oncology, a subsidiary of Haymarket Media based in New York City and New Jersey.


Megacephala bucephala

Megacephala bucephala is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily of Carabinae. It was described by W. Horn in 1909.


Shiny-floor show

A shiny-floor show is a light entertainment television program that is recorded in or broadcast from the floor of a television studio, often in front of a live audience. The name derives from the flat floor of the studio, which is typically covered in a shiny temporary self-adhesive plastic overlay.

Examples of shiny-floor shows include studio-based celebrity competition shows such as the BBC's Strictly Come Dancing, game shows such as BBC's The Weakest Link, and talent shows such as The Voice and The X Factor.


Penguins Stopped Play

Penguins Stopped Play: Eleven Village Cricketers Take on the World is a 2006 semi-autobiographical novel by the English writer and producer Harry Thompson. It describes the author's experiences forming and travelling with the Captain Scott XI, an English amateur cricket team, around Britain and abroad. It was published a year after the author's death.

In 2011 the book was adapted for a series of broadcasts on Book of the Week, a weekly programme on BBC Radio 4, read by the cricketer Nicholas Boulton.


Mohamed Hamad

Mohamed Hamad (born 10 September 1951) is an Egyptian wrestler. He competed in two events at the 1984 Summer Olympics.


Tallac Village, California

Tallac Village is an unincorporated community in El Dorado County, California. It lies at an elevation of 6263 feet (1909 m).


Without You (Silverchair song)

"Without You" is the second single released on 13 May 2002 by Australian rock band Silverchair from their fourth album, Diorama, issued in March that year (see 2002 in music). It was written in Db major by lead singer-guitarist Daniel Johns and was composed during the recording sessions for the band's third album Neon Ballroom (1999) but was not used at that time.

The video is composed of many colourful auroras and seems to be in a space setting. It can be noted that Daniel Johns was sitting in a chair for a few shots. During the period in which this video was shot, John's reactive arthritis was worsening, and he could barely walk let alone play a guitar.

Background
In June 2001, Silverchair entered a studio in Sydney with producer David Bottrill (Tool, Peter Gabriel, King Crimson) to start work on their fourth album, Diorama, which includes the track, "Without You". Lead singer-guitarist Daniel Johns wrote the song and formally assumed the role of a co-producer.

Early in December, the first single, "The Greatest View", was released to Australian radio networks. Early in 2002, Johns was diagnosed with reactive arthritis which made it difficult for him to play the guitar and subsequent performances supporting the album's release were cancelled. In March, Diorama was issued and topped the ARIA Albums Chart – it became their fourth number-one album and spent 50 weeks in the top 50.

"Without You" was released on 13 May 2002, which reached No. 8 on the ARIA Singles Chart. In October, Silverchair were successful at the ARIA Music Awards of 2002, winning five awards including 'Best Rock Album' and 'Best Group', and 'Producer of the Year' for Johns. The band played "The Greatest View" at the ceremony: the song was also nominated for 'Best Video'. Two singles (and a related video) were nominated for further ARIA Awards in 2003.

Track listing
Australian CD Single (ELEVENCD9)
 "Without You"
 "Asylum"
 "Hollywood"
 "Ramble"

Charts


Anna Frangiosa

Anna Frangiosa ("Annie A-Bomb") is a Philadelphia-based theater artist, costume designer, burlesque performer, director, instructor and model.

Education and Early Life
Frangiosa went to Lower Merion High School and graduated in 1993. She then studied design at the Fashion Institute of Technology and Anthropology at Temple University.

Costume Design Work
Frangiosa has designed and built costumes primarily for new plays. Including for InterAct Theatre Company, B.Someday Productions, Brat Productions, Pig Iron Theatre Company, Lantern Theater Company, and many other theater and dance companies.

Performance History
Frangiosa began her burlesque career with the Peek-A-Boo Revue and performed with them from 1998 to 2005.
She founded the troupe Revival Burlesque in 2007. Revival is known for its sketch comedy mixed with sexy strip tease. Revival has been called  "Saturday Night Live with boobs" in the Philadelphia City Paper.

Frangiosa was the co-director, with Peter Gaffney, of the agit-prop and politically charged Cabaret Red Light, a vaudeville, burlesque and puppet theater company. She was a writer, performer, puppeteer, director and designer for Cabaret Red Light from 2008-2011.

The Cabaret Administration
In 2013 she founded The Cabaret Administration with their first production titled "F.T.L.F. or Free Think Love Frankenstein" a dance theater piece about Percy and Mary Shelley.

In 2014 the Cabaret Administration produced an original three part series of shows titled "Fin" and staged both a The Wonderful Wizard of Oz adaptation titled "Of Oz" and a The Nutcracker and the Mouse King adaptation titled "Nutcracker."

In 2015 The Cabaret Administration re-staged the "Fin" series as one longer production, also titled "Fin," and produced "Metropolis, a re-imagining of the 1927 Fritz Lang film of the same name. Both productions were staged at the Plays and Players Theatre in Philadelphia.

In 2017 The Cabaret Administration produced a two part re-imagining of The Last Unicorn, staging "Unicorn: The White Mare" and "Unicorn: The Red Bull" one month apart in March and April respectively. These halves were combined as one production in 2018.

Modeling
Frangiosa is also a pin-up model. She has been painted by illustrators Boris Vallejo, Julie Bell, and was pictured in their 2008, 2009, and 2010 fantasy art wall calendars. She appeared in Heavy Metal Magazine via illustrations by David Palumbo. Anna was a model for Dr Sketchy's Anti-Art School Philadelphia chapter in 2008, and 2009.

Other Information and Projects
Frangiosa founded the Philadelphia School of Burlesque in 2009.

She is known for her political involvement and often participates in demonstrations and direct actions including with Axis of Eve in 2004, and Occupy Philadelphia in 2011. In 2013 she marched from Philadelphia to Harrisburg with Decarcerate PA, a group focused on bringing attention to
prison expansion in Pennsylvania.


Computer-assisted legal research

Computer-assisted legal research (CALR)  or computer-based legal research is a mode of legal research that uses databases of court opinions, statutes, court documents, and secondary material. Electronic databases make large bodies of case law easily available. Databases also have additional benefits, such as Boolean searches, evaluating case authority, organizing cases by topic, and providing links to cited material. Databases are available through paid subscription or for free.

Subscription-based services include Westlaw, LexisNexis, JustCite, HeinOnline, Bloomberg Law, VLex  and LexEur. As of 2015 the commercial market grossed $8 billion. Free services include OpenJurist, Google Scholar, AltLaw, Ravel Law, WIPO Lex, Law Delta and the databases of the Free Access to Law Movement.

Purposes
Computer-assisted legal research is undertaken by a variety of actors. It is taught as a topic on many law degrees and is used extensively by undergraduate and postgraduate law students in meeting the work requirements of their degree courses. Professors of Law rely on the digitisation of primary and secondary sources of law when conducting their research and writing the material that they submit for publication. Professional lawyers rely on computer-assisted legal research in order to properly understand the status of the law and so to act effectively in the best interest of their client. They may also consult the text of case judgements and statutes specifically, as well as wider academic comment, in order to form the basis of (or response to) an appeal.

The availability of legal information online differs by type, jurisdiction and subject matter. The types of information available include:

 Texts of statutes, statutory instruments, civil codes, etc.
 Explanatory notes and government publications relating to statutes and their operation
 Texts of governing documents such as constitutions and treaties
 Case judgements
 Journals on legal matters or legal theory
 Dictionaries and legal encyclopaediæ
 Legal texts and materials in the form of e-books
 Current affairs and market information
 Educational information on the law and its operation

Before the Internet

Prior to the advent and popularisation of the World Wide Web, access to digital legal information was largely through the use of CD-ROMs, designed and sold by commercial organisations. Dial-up services were also available from the 1970s. As the use of the Internet spread in the early 1990s, companies such as LexisNexis and Westlaw incorporated Internet connectivity into their software packages. Browser-based legal information started to be published by Legal Information Institutes from 1992.

Publicly available information
The first effort to provide free computer access to legal information was made by two academics, Peter Martin and Tom Bruce, in 1992. Today, the Legal Information Institute freely publishes such resources as the text of the United States Constitution, judgements of the United States Supreme Court, and the text of the United States Code.

The Australian Legal Information Institute (AusLII) was established soon after in 1995. Other legal information institutes, such as those of Great Britain and Ireland (BAILII), Canada (CII) and South Africa (SAfLI) soon followed. LIIs were partially formalised in 2002 following the signing of the Declaration of Free Access to the Law, which has been signed by 54 countries. At the time of writing, the World Legal Information Institute contains in excess of 1800 databases from 123 jurisdictions.

Many governments also publish legal information online. For example, UK legislation and statutory instruments have been publicly available online since 2010. Depending on the jurisdiction in question, the decisions of higher appellate courts may also be published online, either by the Legal Information Institute or by the court service directly. Sources of European Union Law are published for free by EUR-Lex in 23 languages, including judgements of the European Courts. Similarly, judgements of the European Court of Human Rights are published on its website.

Commercially available information


Aufheben (album)

Aufheben is the twelfth studio album by The Brian Jonestown Massacre. It was released in May 2012 on band leader Anton Newcombe's A Records label.

Release

The album was available for free streaming prior to its release,

Recording

Aufheben was recorded in Berlin at Anton Newcombe's studio and Ed East's studio "Studio East".

It is their first album to feature founding guitarist Matt Hollywood since his departure from the band in 1999.

Content

The title of the album comes from a German word with several meanings, such as "to lift up", "to abolish" or "to preserve". In philosophy, it is used by Hegel to explain what happens when a thesis and antithesis interact.

The cover art was taken from the Pioneer plaque of a representative depiction of humans and Earth's location in our solar system that had been engraved onto a gold-anodized aluminium plaque which was affixed to the exterior of the Pioneer 10 NASA probe.

Track listing

"Panic in Babylon" - 4:39
"Viholliseni Maalla" - 4:37
"Gaz Hilarant" - 2:41
"Illuminomi " - 3:49
"I Want to Hold Your Other Hand" - 4:29
"Face Down on the Moon" - 5:08
"The Clouds Are Lies" - 3:21
"Stairway to the Best Party in the Universe" - 4:21
"Seven Kinds of Wonderful " - 5:21
"Waking Up to Hand Grenades" - 5:34
"Blue Order / New Monday " - 7:09

Personnel
Anton Newcombe – guitars, vocals, bass, keyboards, drums, electronics
Will Carruthers - bass, backing vocals
Matt Hollywood - guitar
Constantine Karlis - drums
Joel Gion - tambourine

Additional Musicians:
Hallberg Daði Hallbergsson - guitar
Hakon Adalsteinsson - guitar
Eliza Karmasalo – vocals (track 2)
Friederike Bienert – flute
Thibault Pesenti - vocals (track 4)
Fab Leseure – keyboards, electronics


Acacia cuneifolia

Acacia cuneifolia is a shrub belonging to the genus Acacia and the subgenus Phyllodineae endemic to south western parts of Australia.

Description
The erect straggly shrub typically grows to a height of . It has glabrous to puberulous branchlets with stipules that are  in length. The evergreen phyllodes are variably shaped but most often cuneate to oblong-cuneate. They have a length of  and a width of  wide with a prominent central midrib. It blooms from July to October and produces yellow flowers. The simple inflorescences occur in groups of one to six per axil and have spherical flower-heads with a diameter of  containing 23 to 26 golden flowers. The glabrous strongly curved to loosely coiled seed pods that form after flowering have a length of up to  and are  wide and contain dull dark brown seeds with an oblong to slightly elliptic shape that are  in length.

Distribution
It is native to an area in the Wheatbelt region of Western Australia from York in the north to Williams in the south where it is found on hills, among granite outcrops and along stony watercourses growing in sandy-clay-loamy soils.


The World's Greatest Unsolved Crimes

The World's Greatest Unsolved Crimes is a book written by Roger Boar and Nigel Blundell which was first published in 1984 by Octopus Books Limited as part of their World's Greatest series. It contains accounts of various unsolved mysteries such as murders, unexplained disappearances and scandals.

List of entries

Part 1: Crimes Without Call
Who Was R.M. Qualtrough? - the case of William Herbert Wallace
Advertisement of Death - the murder of Josephine Backshall
The Green Bicycle Murder - better known as the Green Bicycle Case
The Enigma of Nuremberg - the story of Kaspar Hauser
Sherlock Holmes' Real Case - the trial of Oscar Slater and Arthur Conan Doyle's involvement
Dead Men Cannot Talk - the sinking of the MS Georges Philippar
Disappearing Dorothy - the disappearance of Dorothy Forstein
Mystery at Wolf's Neck - the death of Evelyn Foster
Spring-Heeled Jack, The Demon of London - the sightings of Spring-heeled Jack
The World's Last Airship - the Hindenburg disaster

Part 2: Crimes of Our Time
The Computer as Crook - the computer fraud of Jerry Schneider
A Sadistic Revenge - the disappearance of Dora Bloch in Idi Amin's Uganda
Piracy 20th Century Style - an account of modern-day piracy in the Caribbean
Double Dealing at the Dogs - a greyhound racing scam at White City, London in 1945
A Fatal Flight - the disappearance of two SAETA Airliners over the Andes

Part 3: Crimes of Avarice
Conviction Without a Corpse - the disappearance of Murial McKay
Doctor Death - the trial of John Bodkin Adams
The Nazi's Gold - the widespread theft carried out by the Nazi Party during World War II
The Unpaid Debt - the murder of Arnold Rothstein
The Black Widow - the serial murderer, Belle Gunness
The Wreck of the Chantiloupe - the sinking of the Chantiloupe and the murder of Mrs. James Burke

Part 4: Vanishing Tricks
The Disappearing Parachutist - the aircraft hijacking committed by D. B. Cooper
The Canine Sherlock Holmes - the discovery of the missing FIFA World Cup Trophy by Pickles the dog
The Missing Murderers - the fate of Nazi war criminals who fled after World War II
France's Uncrowned King - Louis XVII of France and the many imposters claiming to be him
The Sinking of the Salem - the staged sinking of the Salem oil tanker for the sake of an insurance fraud
A Peer's Great Gamble - the famous disappearance of Richard Bingham, 7th Earl of Lucan
Suspect Deceased - the disappearance of Linda Sturley
The Disappearance of Goodtime Joe - Joseph Force Crater
Death at the Opera House - the disappearance of Ambrose Small
The Impossible is Possible - the murder of Roy Orsini
A Riddle in Life and a Riddle in Death - the disappearance of Jimmy Hoffa and the surrounding conspiracy theory
The Mysterious Mummy - an ornamental mummy which was discovered to contain a real corpse during the filming of a Six Million Dollar Man episode
The Prairie's Murder Inn - the Bloody Benders, a family of serial killers
Who Did She Bury? - the disappearance of Nels Stenstrom and the strange funeral ceremony conducted in his absence
Acrobats of Death - the murder of Ugo Pavesi by a man described by witnesses as a giant
The Oldest Kidnap Victim? - The discovery of Homo erectus pekinensis and the complete disappearance of the fossils in transit

Part 5: Murder Most Foul
House of Horror - the murder by Timothy Evans of his infant daughter
Poetry, Passion and Prison - the Pimlico Mystery
The Vicar and the Choirmistress - the murder of Eleanor Mills along with her vicar lover and the severing of their vocal folds
Death in Happy Valley - the murder of Josslyn Hay, 22nd Earl of Erroll
Lizzie and the Axe - the trial of Lizzie Borden
The Harry Oakes Affair - the murder of Harry Oakes
Killings in the Congo - the murder of Patrice Lumumba and the death of Dag Hammarskjöld
Streets of Fear - serial killer, Jack the Ripper
Jack the Stripper - serial killer, Jack the Stripper
Death in the Churchyard - the murder of Olive Bennett
The Arm in the Shark Case - the discovery of a severed human arm in the body of a tiger shark and subsequent murder investigation
The Motorway Monster - the murder of Barbara Mayo, a hitchhiker
Death of the Black Dahlia - the murder of Elizabeth Short
The Torso in the Trunk - a gruesome discovery in a trunk at Brighton railway station
Katyn - 1940 - the unattributed Katyn massacre


Daewoo LeMans

The Daewoo LeMans is a compact car, first manufactured by Daewoo in South Korea between 1986 and 1994, and between 1994 and 1997 as Daewoo Cielo—a car mechanically identical to the LeMans, differentiated only by its modified styling cues. Like all Daewoos preceding it, the LeMans took its underpinnings from a European Opel design. In the case of the LeMans, the GM T platform-based Opel Kadett E was the donor vehicle, essentially just badge engineered into the form of the LeMans, and later as the Cielo after a second more thorough facelift.

In markets outside South Korea, the original version of the car bore the Asüna GT, Asüna SE, Daewoo 1.5i, Daewoo Fantasy, Daewoo Pointer, Daewoo Racer, Passport Optima and Pontiac LeMans names. The "LeMans" nameplate was not used at all for the facelifted model. Five-door hatchback models exported to Europe were badged Daewoo Nexia with the Daewoo Racer name used seemingly at random on various bodystyles. The Daewoo Heaven name has also been used.

The Cielo was subsequently replaced by the subcompact Daewoo Lanos and the compact Nubira in 1997, except in some Central Asian markets for which production of the four-door continues in Uzbekistan.

Daewoo LeMans (1986–1994)

The original series Daewoo LeMans was available as a three-door hatchback and a four-door sedan when introduced in July 1986. Sales of the LeMans in North America began in 1988, where it was sold as the Pontiac LeMans. The LeMans was one of the first aerodynamically designed cars to be sold in South Korea, and the first to feature a digital dashboard.

For the 1989 model year in the US, more models were released: the new lineup included a sportier Pontiac LeMans GSE, positioned similarly to the Opel Kadett GSi, equipped with a  2.0-litre four-cylinder engine. The GSE was available in red, white or silver with 14 inch alloy wheels, fog lights and a rear spoiler. The GSE also received the Recaro-style seats of the Kadett. A Pontiac LeMans SE sedan with upgraded equipment from the base and LE models also had the  2.0-litre four-cylinder engine, also used in the Pontiac Sunbird. In North America, poor quality tarnished sales and the Pontiac LeMans and Asüna SE/GT were discontinued after 1993 with no replacement. Later that year, the Asüna brand was discontinued altogether.

The five-door hatchback body style was known as the Daewoo LeMans Penta5 in South Korea, while the three-door was called Daewoo Racer and only the sedan was called LeMans. Korean market cars received a 1.5-litre engine (with ) as there was a severe tax penalty for cars with larger engines. In October 1991 the LeMans received a facelift, with a reworked front and superficially changed taillights. This version was called the Asüna SE/GT in the Canadian market, where it replaced the Passport Optima. When South Korean production of the original LeMans finally came to an end in February 1997, over 1 million had been built.

This car was sold in Australia as the "Daewoo 1.5i", with both hatchback and sedan bodywork. It was sold in New Zealand as the Pontiac LeMans from 1989, becoming the first Pontiac badged car to be sold on the NZ market since the Canadian sourced Pontiac Laurentian of the 1960s.

Gallery

Daewoo Cielo (1994–2016)

The second generation LeMans launched in 1994, available as a three- and five-door hatchback and four-door sedan with a 1.5-litre eight-valve or a 1.5-litre 16-valve engine. These new models were still based on the Opel Kadett E, underpinned by the "T-car" platform. There were various trim levels available. Unlike the Kadett, there was never a station wagon version available. Some European markets got the "Lifestyle" trim level; Spain and Portugal badged their GLi/GLXi equivalents "Chess"; the Benelux countries kept the GLi/GLXi trim levels and some markets added ETi and STi specifications. The GLi has an average performance with a 0–100 km/h time of 12.5 seconds and  at 5,400 rpm. There was also a version with single-point fuel injection and  for lower-spec versions. The more luxurious GLXi received a sixteen-valve engine which upped the power to  at an unusually low 4,800 rpm, and the 0–100 km/h time was reduced to 12.2 seconds.

The Cielo was made in India by DCM Daewoo Motors until the Korean Daewoo company went bankrupt. GM did not take over the Indian plant in Surajpur near Delhi and it was liquidated. Production in South Korea came to an end shortly after the 1996 introduction of the Daewoo Lanos, an original design.

Prototype
There was a prototype of the Nexia debuted in 1995 at the Seoul Motor Show - the NGV 3 (NGV meaning Nexia Green Vehicle). From the outside it looks like a regular Nexia, except that it was powered by an electric motor.

Marketing and production

United Kingdom
Daewoo first exported cars to Europe in the mid 1990s, with the Nexia and Espero forming the two-model line-up in Britain from January 1995. Daewoo was the first manufacturer to sell cars on the British market directly to customers rather than setting up a conventional dealer network, and the appeal of its cars was further enhanced by the following promotions:

 A low and fixed asking price
 3 year/60,000 mile comprehensive warranty
 3 years free servicing
 3 years free AA membership (which also meant giving a free courtesy car if in an inconvenience)
 Free delivery plates
 One-year free road tax
 A free full tank of petrol
 30-day peace-of-mind refund or exchange period
 A free 'N' plate replacement in August 1995
 A free mobile phone.

There were two trim levels available. The base model was the GLi which was quite well-equipped at the time, including a 1.5 SOHC (8-valve) engine, 'GLi' emblems at the body wings and boot, single-bench folding rear seat, power steering, driver's airbag and ABS. Different style hubcaps were an option. After, there was the GLXi which (equipment over GLi) had a 1.5 DOHC (16-valve) engine, 'GLXi' emblems at the body wings and boot, all-round electric windows and mirrors, hubcaps, central locking, rev counter and split-folding rear seats. Automatic transmission and alloy wheels were optional only on the GLXi. The "base" model was available for large contracts, the biggest single sale being to NHS Scotland. All models got the same four-spoke steering wheel.

In 29 March 1996, Daewoo announced prices for the Nexia were risen to the following:

GLi 3-dr: £8,795

GLi 4-dr: £9,295

GLi 5-dr: £9,295

GLXi 3-dr: £9,995

GLXi 4-dr: £10,495

GLXi 5-dr: £10,495

Then, in 10 October 1996, Daewoo announced that the day after, they will extend the range of all their models with and without air-conditioning (* = without air-conditioning):

GLi 3-dr*: £8,795

GLi 3-dr: £9,295

GLi 4-dr*: £9,295

GLi 4-dr: £9,795

GLi 5-dr*: £9,295

GLi 5-dr: £9,795

GLXi 3-dr: £9,995

GLXi 4-dr: £10,495

GLXi 5-dr: £10,495

In 6 December 1996, Daewoo announced that from 9 December 1996 they will raise the prices of their range reflecting changes made to the vehicles for 1997 model year (Nexia prices):

GLi 3-dr: £9,445

GLi 4-dr: £9,945

GLi 5-dr: £9,945

GLXi 3-dr: £10,645

GLXi 4-dr: £11,145

GLXi 5-dr: £11,145

Most models received a 'TWIN CAM 8v' badge at the rear whilst those with automatic transmission had the 'AUTOMATIC' badge. The dealer plates had the writing 'DAEWOO' in a black background with the phone number, a black line going through either side with the number plate ID under the number plate.

When AA tested the Nexia 1.5 GLi in September 1995, they liked it due to its dealer satisfaction but criticized for being dull. In conclusion they said the Nexia is an ultra-sensible family car, with a hassle-free aftersales package and being good value for money.

Despite making use of a design which was by then more than a decade old, the Nexia was one of the most popular budget family cars in Britain and helped Daewoo gain a 1% share of the new car market in 1996. Also, air-conditioning became a free option in every Daewoo, even in the Nexia GLi 3-dr. It was replaced there by the Lanos in the autumn of 1997, by which time some 40,000 examples had been sold. Despite this, the Nexia was sold until December 1997.

Awards
At July 1997, Daewoo announced that the Nexia won the best-in-class award (beating its rivals) and the favourite model category (behind the BMW 5-Series) in the 1997 Cornhill Insurance Motor Test.

Recalls
At 26 January 1996, Daewoo recalled all Nexia's since its introduction in April 1995 because of the wiring harness engine bay has been misrouted, which could have resulted in a chaffing of the harness.

Criticisms
The Nexia was criticized for having ancient Mk2 Vauxhall Astra mechanicals and styling hints making it dull to look at and drive for some people, especially the saloons as they were Belmont-based. Then, there was the ABS control module which was expensive to replace if it went wrong (MOT failure if it went wrong), this led to many owners getting rid of their Nexia's. Also, it had a lot of electrical problems, and did not fare very well in reliability.  Spare parts were also difficult to find as it did not sell very well and the fact that its rivals sold better.

Romania
In Romania, manufacturing began in 1996, at the newly acquired Daewoo Automobile Romania factory in Craiova, being the first Daewoo model produced at the plant. It was offered only with the sedan body style, and was exported to most countries in Central and Eastern Europe. The GLE version, which was the full option model, included air conditioning, power steering, front and rear electric windows, fog lamps, central locking, tachometer and a cassette player stereo system. Unlike models intended for Central and Western Europe, the cars sold in Romania (either imported or produced here) were never equipped with ABS or airbags.

In 2000, the model range was extended with the new Executive level, which featured a distinctive chromed grille and borrowed elements from the GLX, such as 14-inch wheels, bigger 256 mm ventilated disk brakes and the double overhead camshaft engine with 16 valves, that offered an increased power output. The Executive also received an electronic ignition distributor from the Lanos. Another addition to the 2000 model was the  catalytic converter respecting Euro 2 emission standards. In 2004, because of harsher emission regulations, the factory installed the Lanos 1.5 SOHC engine, which meant a decrease in horsepower, but made the car Euro 3 compliant. During the last 2 years of production, in an effort to update the optional equipment available for the car, the Executive received a CD player instead of the obsolete cassette player. It remained in production until 2007, being marketed along with its successor, the Daewoo Nubira.

Uzbekistan
In Uzbekistan, UzDaewooAuto continues to manufacture the four-door sedan version of the Nexia, of which production began in June 1996. It is produced alongside other Daewoo and Chevrolet models, and is exported in other countries such as Kazakhstan, Russia, Moldova, Azerbaijan and Ukraine.

It is available with three engines: a 1.5-litre SOHC (), 1.5-litre DOHC () and 1.6-litre DOHC (). The 1.6 version has more powerful brakes and transmission with an additional long main gear.

A facelift of the car, known as the Nexia II, was presented in Tashkent, Uzbekistan, in 2008. It was designed in the UK by Concept Group International LTD with cooperation of GM-Uzbekistan. In Uzbekistan, it is currently marketed under the Chevrolet brand, while some export markets (in the CIS area) continue to receive the car as the Daewoo Nexia.

The Netherlands.
Production began in 1995. Two trim levels were available, the GL and GTX. The base model GL came with hubcaps, wind-up windows and manually adjustable mirrors. The GTX was a step up which included different designed hubcaps, air-con, electric windows and mirrors and a tachometer. Special editions included the 'Sport' which included front, rear and side skirts, sporty seats and alloy wheels. All three body types were available. Production terminated in 1997.

Gallery


Suellen Reed

Dr. Suellen K. Reed born June 22, 1945 is a former American educational politician. She served as the State Superintendent of Indiana from January 11, 1993 to January 12, 2009. She also served as Assistant Superintendent of Rushville Community Schools from 1987-1981.


Ophichthus limkouensis

Ophichthus limkouensis is an eel in the family Ophichthidae (worm/snake eels). It was described by Johnson T. F. Chen in 1929. It is a marine, tropical eel which is known from the western central Pacific Ocean.


Jonielle Smith

Jonielle Antoni Smith (born 30 January 1996) is a Jamaican sprinter who specializes in the 100 metres. She won gold with team Jamaica in the women's 4 × 100 metres relay at the 2019 World Championships, and was also a 100 metres finalist.

She attended and graduated from Auburn University, competing for the Auburn Tigers from 2015 to 2018. She now trains at MVP International in Florida, an extension of the Jamaica-based MVP Track Club. She is coached by Henry Rolle who originally recruited her to Auburn.

International competitions

Personal bests
Outdoor
100 metres – 11.04 (+0.6 m/s, Kingston, Jamaica 2019)
200 metres – 23.22 (+1.9 m/s, Auburn, Alabama 2017)
Indoor
60 metres – 7.15 (College Station, Texas 2018)


Ivo Andrić-Lužanski

Ivo Andrić-Lužanski (born 1956) is a Croat politician of Bosnia and Herzegovina, a member of the Croatian Democratic Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina. He served twice as President of the Federation of Bosnia Herzegovina (1 January 1999 – 1 January 2000; 1 January 2001 – 28 February 2001. He served as Vice-President of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina from 1 January 2000 to 1 January 2001.


2019 European Truck Racing Championship

The 2019 FIA European Truck Racing Championship is a motor-racing championship using highly tuned tractor units. It is the 35th year of the championship. The eight-round season began May 25 at the Misano World Circuit and ended October 6 at the Circuito del Jarama. Jochen Hahn dominated the season en route to his sixth career ETRC championship, securing the title one round early at the Bugatti Circuit in France.

Teams and drivers

 Drivers who did not participate in any of the first five events of the championship are not eligible to score points.

Calendar and winners
All rounds from the 2018 season returned for 2019. A switch in order between the rounds in Slovakia and Germany was the only change in the schedule from the preceding year.

Championship standings

Drivers championship

Each round or racing event consists of four races. At each race, points are awarded to the top ten classified finishers using the following structure:

Notes
 Races 3 and 4 at Autodrom Most cancelled due to heavy rain.

Grammer Truck Cup

{|
| valign="top" |

 Races 3 and 4 at Autodrom Most were cancelled due to heavy rain.

External links


William Jackson, 1st Baron Allerton

William Lawies Jackson, 1st Baron Allerton,  (16 February 1840 – 4 April 1917) was a British businessman and Conservative politician.

Background and education
Born in Otley, near Leeds, England, Jackson was the son of William Jackson, a leather merchant and tanner. He was educated at the Moravian School.

Business career
Jackson took over his father's business. His Times obituary reads, "Early in his commercial career he devoted his energies to tanning, and was prominent in the leather industry." He was also Chairman of the Great Northern Railway.

Political career
Jackson was elected to Leeds Borough Council in 1859. He entered national politics when he unsuccessfully contested Leeds in an 1876 by-election. He was successful in being elected for the same constituency in 1880. He switched to the Northern Division of Leeds in 1885, and he would represent that constituency until he was raised to the peerage in 1902. Jackson served two separate periods as Financial Secretary to the Treasury (1885–1886 and 1886–1891), being created a Privy Counsellor on 30 June 1890. He was then appointed Chief Secretary for Ireland in 1891, serving in that position for one year, although he did not sit in the Cabinet. He was Lord Mayor of Leeds in 1895. In the 1902 Coronation Honours list it was announced that he would receive a barony, and he was raised to the peerage as Baron Allerton, of Chapel Allerton, in the County of York, on 17 July 1902. He took the oath and his seat in the House of Lords a week later, on 21 July. Lord Allerton chaired several institutions before his death on 4 April 1917.

Family
Jackson married Grace, daughter of George Tempest, of Otley, on 10 October 1860. His elder son George succeeded him as Baron Allerton. His younger son Francis Stanley was an international cricketer and had a military and political career. Jackson and his wife Grace were both buried at St Matthew's Church, Chapel Allerton.

Arms


Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society is a book by the Welsh Marxist academic Raymond Williams published in 1976 by Croom Helm.

Originally intended to be published along with the author's 1958 work Culture and Society, this work examines the history of more than a hundred words that are familiar and yet confusing: Art; Bureaucracy; Culture; Educated; Management; Masses; Nature; Originality; Radical; Society; Welfare; Work; and many others.

The approach is cultural rather than etymological. Sometimes the origins of a word cast light on its meaning, but often one finds that it originally meant something quite different. Or that there has been a fierce political struggle over the 'correct' meaning.

A revised and expanded edition of Keywords was published by Fontana in 1983. In 2005 Blackwell published New Keywords: A Revised Vocabulary of Culture and Society, an attempt to update Williams' text.

Excerpts

In his essay on CULTURE within Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society, Williams begins by tracing the origin and development of the word. For him, it is one of the most complicated words in the English language not just due to its intricate historical development but mainly due to its relevance and indisputable impact in other systems of thought.

Williams then goes on to map the treatment that the word has undergone (in Latin and French), along with the range of meanings it has been a host to, until it got passed on to English. "The primary meaning was then in husbandry, the tending of natural growth." This then explains the metaphoric meaning (a noun of process) it undertook when "the tending of natural growth was extended to the process of human development". This, along with the meaning in husbandry, was the main sense until 1C18 and eC19.

Williams points out that this sense developed crucially towards a "degree of habituation" being added to the metaphor as well as "an extension of particular processes to a general process, which the word could abstractly carry". It is from here that the independent noun 'culture' began its complicated modern history with its complicated latencies of meaning.

Williams refers to a letter from 1730 (Bishop of Killala to Mrs. Clayton) which he cites from John H. Plumb's England in the Eighteenth Century as one of the earliest recorded references of 'culture' in English appearing as an independent noun, an abstract process or the product of such a process. He then quotes Mark Akenside (1744), William Wordsworth (1805) and Jane Austen (1816) on their uses of the word 'culture' to make clear the fact that "culture was developing in English towards some of its modern senses before the decisive effects of a new social and intellectual movement".

Williams then looks at the developments in other languages, especially in German, to follow the development of 'culture' in English. German borrowed the word from French, Cultur and later spelt Kultur, its main use synonymous to 'cultivation': first in the abstract sense of a general process of becoming 'civilized or cultivated'; second in the sense which had already been established for civilization by the historians of the Enlightenment as a description of the secular process of human development. Then Johann Gottfried von Herder, according to Williams, in his unfinished Ideas on the Philosophy of the History of Mankind (1784—91), brought about a decisive change of use in the word where he challenged the universal histories' assumption that civilization or culture - the historical self-development of humanity - was a unilinear process; an assumption that led to the "high and dominant point of C18 European Culture" and thereby attacking that very dominant claim to a superior culture. Taking up from Herder, "cultures in the plural" were looked at; to speak of "cultures of the plural: the specific and variable cultures of different nations and periods, but also the specific and variable cultures of social and economic groups within a nation." This sense of culture was widely developed in the Romantic movement as an alternative to the orthodox and dominant 'civilization'. And from here, the new concept of 'folk-culture' emerged, emphasizing national and traditional cultures. this sense of culture was primarily a response to the emergence of the "mechanical character of the new civilization", and was used to distinguish between "human and material development".
However, the 1840s in Germany saw Kultur being used very much in the sense of civilization as used in the C18 universal histories. Williams uses G F Klemms' Allgemeine Kulturgeschichte de Menschheit - 'General Cultural History of Mankind' (1843–52) - to show this use of Kultur in the sense of tracing human development from savagery through domestication to freedom.

These various treatments of 'culture' contribute to its modern usage and complexity. There is then the literal continuity of physical process as used in say 'sugar-beet culture' or 'germ culture'. Beyond this physical reference, Williams recognises three broad categories of usage:
"(i) The independent and abstract noun which describes a general process of intellectual, spiritual and aesthetic development, from C18.
(ii) The independent noun, whether used generally or specifically, which indicates a particular way of life, whether of a people, aperiod, a group, or humanity in general, from Herder and Klemm.
(iii)the independent and abstract noun which describes the works and practices of intellectual and especially artistic activity."

The third category, a relatively late category according to Williams, seems to lend itself to the widespread usage of 'culture' to be music, literature, painting and sculpture, theatre and film.

The complex and still active history of the word, along with the complex senses, "indicates a complex argument about the relations between general human development and a particular way of life, and between both and the works and the practices of art and intelligence". Embedded within the complex argument are also the opposed as well as overlapping positions, thereby further complicating the argument. Rather than trying to reduce the complexity of usage, Williams advocates that "The complexity, that is to say, is not finally in the word but in the problems which its variations of use significantly indicate".


Monno

Monno (Camunian: ) is a village and comune in the province of Brescia, in Lombardy. It is situated above the right bank of the river Oglio, in upper Val Camonica.

Geography

Location
Monno is located along the road which from Val Camonica goes to Mortirolo Pass.

Monuments and Attractions

Religious Architecture
The churches of Monno are:

 San Pietro e Paolo Church, it was built on the ruins of a building of the XIV century. The gate, which dates back to 1629, is made of marble of Vezza. In 1895, Antonio Guadanini painted on the apse the Annunciation with the Evangelists in the hackle.
 San Francesco Oratory, its structure dates back to the XVI century and it was designated as a cinema.
 San Sebastiano e Fabiano Church, it was built on an older building.
 San Brizio Church

Military Architecture

 Castello di Monno, it was owned by Federici's family and then by Corata's family that disappeared without heirs in 1733. There are no traces, except for the base of San Pietro e Paolo Church.
 Cannon of the WWII on the peak of Monte Pagano.

Places of natural interest

 Conca of Mortirolo Pass.


Raw Sienna (album)

Raw Sienna is the fifth album by the band Savoy Brown.

It was recorded and released by Decca in the UK 1970 in both mono and stereo (LK/SKL 5043). For release in USA and Canada, tapes were leased to Parrot Records (London Records)—PAS 71036.

AllMusic noted that

Track listing

Side one
 "A Hard Way to Go" (Chris Youlden) – 2:17
 "That Same Feelin'" (Kim Simmonds) – 3:36
 "Master Hare" (Simmonds) – 4:45
 "Needle and Spoon" (Youlden) – 3:18
 "A Little More Wine" (Youlden) – 4:51

Side two
 "I'm Crying" (Youlden) – 4:17
 "Stay While the Night Is Young" (Youlden) – 3:07
 "Is That So" (Simmonds) – 7:40
 "When I Was a Young Boy" (Youlden) – 3:02

Personnel

Savoy Brown
 Chris Youlden – vocals and piano (tracks 4, 6, 9)
 Kim Simmonds – lead guitar and piano (tracks 2, 3)
 "Lonesome" Dave Peverett – rhythm guitar, acoustic guitar, bottleneck guitar (track 5)
 Tone Stevens – bass
 Roger Earl – drums, percussion

Technical
 Kim Simmonds, Chris Youlden – producers, arrangements
 Terry Noonan – bass and string arrangements
 Paul Tregurtha – engineer
 Malcolm Addey – mixing engineer
 Ignatz – artwork

Charts

Album


Anna Korzeniak

Anna Maria Korzeniak (born 16 June 1988 in Kraków) is a Polish professional tennis player.

Korzeniak has reached a career high of No. 182 , and she has won 10 ITF tournaments.

Personal life
Anna Korzeniak was born to Stanisław and Ewa Korzeniak. She began playing tennis at age of five. Korzeniak is coached by her father. Her favourite surface is clay. Her personal interests include music, books, computer and all sports.

Career statistics

Singles Finals: 16 (10–6)


1995 Colorado Springs mayoral election

The 1995 Colorado Springs mayoral election took place on April 4, 1995 to elect the mayor of Colorado Springs, Colorado. The election was held concurrently with various other local elections. The election was officially nonpartisan. It saw the reelection of incumbent mayor Robert M. Issac to a fifth term.

Results


Gary Drinnon

Gary Drinnon (born June 11, 1950) is an American weightlifter. He competed in the men's heavyweight event at the 1976 Summer Olympics.


Celine Lesage

Celine Lesage (born 1971) is a French woman found guilty in 2010 of murdering six of her newborn babies between 2000 and 2007. She suffocated four of them, and strangled two. On October 19, 2007, a new boyfriend, Luc Margueritte, found the six corpses in the basement of the apartment he and Lesage were sharing. She was sentenced to 15 years in prison for the murders.


Canoeing at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics – Girls' C1 sprint

These are the results for the girls' C1 sprint event at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics.

Results

Qualification

Repechages

Last 16

Quarterfinals

Semifinals

Finals


Józefowo, Suwałki County

Józefowo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Raczki, within Suwałki County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland. It lies approximately  north-east of Raczki,  south-west of Suwałki, and  north of the regional capital Białystok.


Father Creeper

Father Creeper is the second full-length album released on 3 March 2012, by the Johannesburg, South Africa-based artist Spoek Mathambo, and his second release on US label Sub Pop.

Track listing


Non-Public Property

In Canada, Non-Public Property (NPP) (French: Biens non publics; BNP) is created by the National Defence Act (NDA) and includes all money and property received for or administered by or through NPP organizations, and all money and property contributed to or by Canadian Forces members for their collective benefit and welfare. The Chief of the Defence Staff (CDS) has overall responsibility under the NDA for NPP. The CEO of Canadian Forces Personnel and Family Support Services (CFPFSS) organization reports to the Chief of Military Personnel (CMP) for the administration of NPP. The chain of command for NPP is the CDS through the CMP and the CFPFSS to officers in command of bases, wings and units.

Effectively, this means that all property held in trust by the Canadian military, though covered by what may be deemed as "public" funds, is "Non-Public Property", and is under the full administrations and protections of the CMP.

Notes


Allan Garcês

Allan Quadros Garcês, better known as Allan Garcês (born Aug 30, 1969) is a Brazilian doctor and politician. He is married to Kelly Cris Santos.

Political career
In 2010, Allan Garcês endorsed Jackson Lago and José Serra.

In 2012, Allan Garcês ran for councilman of São Luís, without success. Endorsed João Castelo.

In 2014, Allan Garcês endorsed Aécio Neves.

In 2016, Allan Garcês ran for alderman of São Luís, without success. Endorsed Eduardo Braide.

Impeachment of Dilma Rousseff
Garcês was responsible for convening demonstrators for the departure of president Dilma Rousseff. Garcês is the Come to the Street movement.


Capri

Capri ( , also  ,  / ) is an island located in the Tyrrhenian Sea off the Sorrento Peninsula, on the south side of the Gulf of Naples in the Campania region of Italy. The main town Capri that is located on the island shares the name. It has been a resort since the time of the Roman Republic.

Some of the main features of the island include the Marina Piccola (the little harbour), the Belvedere of Tragara (a high panoramic promenade lined with villas), the limestone crags called sea stacks that project above the sea (the faraglioni), the town of Anacapri, the Blue Grotto (Grotta Azzurra), the ruins of the Imperial Roman villas, and the various towns surrounding the Island of Capri including Positano, Amalfi, Ravello, Sorrento, Nerano, and Naples.

Capri is part of the region of Campania, Metropolitan City of Naples. The town of Capri is a comune and the island's main population centre. The island has two harbours, Marina Piccola and Marina Grande (the main port of the island). The separate comune of Anacapri is located high on the hills to the west.

Etymology
The etymology of the name Capri is unclear; it might be traced back to the Ancient Greeks (Ancient Greek κάπρος kapros  meaning "wild boar"), the first recorded colonists to populate the island. But it could also derive from Latin capreae (goats). Fossils of wild boars have been discovered, lending credence to the "kapros" etymology; on the other hand, the Romans called Capri "goat island". Finally, there is also the possibility that the name derives from an Etruscan word for "rocky", though any historical Etruscan rule of the island is disputed.

Capri consists of limestone and sandstone rock; cliffs form much of the sides and surface of the island.

Government
The voters of the island elect representatives for the two municipalities (comuni) on the island. The chosen representatives then choose two mayors to govern with them.

History

Ancient and Roman times

The island has been inhabited since early times. Evidence of human settlement was discovered during the Roman era; according to Suetonius, when the foundations for the villa of Augustus were being excavated, giant bones and 'weapons of stone' were discovered. The emperor ordered these to be displayed in the garden of his main residence, the Sea Palace. Modern excavations have shown that human presence on the island can be dated to the Neolithic and the Bronze Age. Augustus developed Capri; he built temples, villas, aqueducts, and planted gardens so he could enjoy his private paradise.

In his Aeneid, Virgil states that the island had been populated by the Greek people of Teleboi, coming from the Ionian Islands. Strabo says that "in ancient times in Capri there were two towns, later reduced to one." Tacitus records that there were twelve Imperial villas in Capri. Ruins of one at Tragara could still be seen in the 19th century.

Augustus' successor Tiberius built a series of villas at Capri, the most famous of which is the Villa Jovis, one of the best-preserved Roman villas in Italy. In 27 AD, Tiberius permanently moved to Capri, running the Empire from there until his death in 37 AD.

In 182 AD, Emperor Commodus banished his sister Lucilla to Capri. She was executed shortly afterwards.

Middle and Modern Ages

After the end of the Western Roman Empire, Capri returned to the status of a dominion of Naples, and suffered various attacks and ravages by pirates. In 866 Emperor Louis II gave the island to Amalfi. In 987 Pope John XV consecrated the first bishop of Capri, when Capri, Scala, Minori, and Lettere were made dioceses to serve as suffragans of Amalfi, which thereby became a metropolitan see. Capri continued to be a residential diocese until 1818, when the island became part of the archdiocese of Sorrento. No longer a residential bishopric, Capri, Capreae in Latin, is today listed by the Catholic Church as a titular see.

In 1496, Frederick IV of Naples established legal and administrative parity between the settlements of Capri and Anacapri. The pirate raids reached their peak during the reign of Charles V: the famous Turkish admirals Barbarossa Hayreddin Pasha and Turgut Reis captured the island for the Ottoman Empire, in 1535 and 1553  respectively.

The first recorded tourist to visit the island was French antiques dealer Jean-Jacques Bouchard in the 17th century. His diary, found in 1850, is an important information source about Capri.

1800s – present

French troops under Napoleon occupied Capri in January 1806. The British ousted the French in the following May, after which Capri was turned into a powerful naval base (a "Second Gibraltar"), but the building program caused heavy damage to the archaeological sites. The French reconquered Capri in 1808, and remained there until the end of the Napoleonic era (1815), when Capri was returned to the Bourbon ruling house of Naples.

The natural scientist Ignazio Cerio catalogued Capri's flora and fauna during the 19th century. His work was continued by his son, author and engineer Edwin Cerio, who wrote several books on life in Capri in the 20th century.

Prior to the First World War the island was extremely popular with wealthy gay men. John Ellingham Brooks and Somerset Maugham shared a villa there.

Norman Douglas, Friedrich Alfred Krupp, Jacques d'Adelswärd-Fersen, Christian Wilhelm Allers, Emil von Behring, Curzio Malaparte, Axel Munthe, Louis Coatalen and Maxim Gorky are all reported to have owned a villa there, or to have stayed there for more than three months. Swedish Queen Victoria often stayed there because Axel Munthe was her doctor. Rose O'Neill, the  American illustrator and creator of the Kewpie, owned the Villa Narcissus, formerly owned by the famous Beaux-Arts painter Charles Caryl Coleman. Dame Gracie Fields also had a villa and restaurant on the island and is buried there.  Mariah Carey owns a villa on the island.

In 1908, Lenin was hosted by Maxim Gorky, the Russian author, at his house near the Giardini Augusto. In 1970, a monument by Giacomo Manzù was erected during the centennial celebration in Lenin's honour.

Today, Capri has become more of a resort and is visited by tourists during the summer months of July and August.

Cultural references

During the later half of the 19th century, Capri became a popular resort for European artists, writers and other celebrities. The book that spawned the 19th century fascination with Capri in France, Germany, and England was Entdeckung der blauen Grotte auf der Insel Capri (Discovery of the Blue Grotto on the Isle of Capri) by the German painter and writer August Kopisch, in which he describes his 1826 stay on the island and his (re)discovery of the Blue Grotto.

John Singer Sargent and Frank Hyde are among the prominent artists who stayed on the island around the late 1870s. Sargent is known for his series of portraits featuring local model Rosina Ferrara. The English artist and adventurer, John Wood Shortridge, acquired a fortino at Marina Piccola in the 1880s, (later transformed into a private villa by Dame Gracie Fields) and married a Capri girl, Carmela Esposito. He formed a close friendship with the English novelist George Gissing who provides a colourful and insightful account of his stays with Shortridge in his Published Letters of George Gissing. In the Gissing Journal, vol. XXXV, no. 3 (July, 1999), p. 2. it is recorded that the only mention of him in a recent book, albeit partially inaccurate, occurs in James Money's Capri: Island of Pleasure (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1986, p. 42). Claude Debussy refers to the island's hills in the title of his impressionistic prélude Les collines d'Anacapri (1910). Capri is the setting for "The Lotus Eater" (1945), a short story by Somerset Maugham. In the story, the protagonist from Hendon, part of the borough of Barnet in London, comes to Capri on a holiday and is so enchanted by the place he gives up his job and decides to spend the rest of his life in leisure there. British novelist Compton Mackenzie lived there from 1913 to 1920, with later visits, and set some of his work on the island (e.g. Vestal Fire, 1927).

As well as being a haven for writers and artists, Capri served as a relatively safe place for foreign gay men and lesbians to lead a more open life; a small nucleus of them were attracted to live there, overlapping to some extent with the creative types mentioned above. Poet August von Platen-Hallermünde was one of the first. Jacques d'Adelswärd-Fersen wrote the roman à clef Et le feu s’éteignit sur la mer (1910) about Capri and its residents in the early 20th century, causing a minor scandal. Fersen's life on Capri became the subject of Roger Peyrefitte's fictionalised biography, L'Exilé de Capri.  A satirical presentation of the island's lesbian colony is made in Mackenzie's 1928 novel Extraordinary Women (unrelated to the Dominican film of the same name), inspired by the affairs of American painter Romaine Brooks (in the novel, under the pseudonym of Olimpia Leigh). One of the island's most famous foreign gay exiles was Norman Douglas; his novel South Wind (1917) is a thinly fictionalised description of Capri's residents and visitors, and a number of his other works, both books and pamphlets, deal with the island, including Capri (1930) and his last work, A Footnote on Capri (1952).

Memoirs set on Capri include Edwin Cerio's Aria di Capri (1928) (translated as That Capri Air), which contains a number of historical and biographical essays on the island, including a tribute to Norman Douglas; The Story of San Michele (1929) by Swedish royal physician Axel Munthe (1857–1949), who built a villa of that name and Shirley Hazzard's Greene on Capri: A Memoir (2000), containing her reminiscences of Graham Greene. Graham Greene had a house in the town of Anacapri, the upper portion of the island, where he lived with his lover Catherine Walston.

Main sights

Annual events
Capri Art Film Festival (every April since 2006)
Festival of San Costanzo (Capri patron saint) – May 14
Festival of Sant’Antonio (Anacapri patron saint) – June 13
Capri Tango Festival (every June since 2007)
International Folklore Festival (Anacapri) – August
Settembrata Anacaprese (Anacapri harvest festival) – September
Capri Hollywood International Film Festival (every late December/early January since 1995)
Capri Hollywood
Eventi Villa San Michele
Premio San Michele
Premio Faraglioni
Premio Cari dell Enigma
Maraton del Golfo Capri

Tourism

Capri is a tourist destination for both Italians and foreigners. In the 1950s Capri became a popular resort. In summer, the island is heavily visited by tourists, especially by day trippers from Naples and Sorrento. Many of these visitors make it a point to wear the Capri pants named after the destination. The center of Capri is the Piazza Umberto I.
Capri is home to the Mediterranean bush, the Arboreal Euphorbia, and the Ilex Wood. The native fauna on the island include quails, robins, peregrine falcons, woodcocks, blackbirds, geckos, red goldfish, conger eels, sargos, groupers, mullets, and the blue lizard of the Faraglioni.

Capri has twelve churches, seven museums and several monuments. The most visited attraction in Capri is the Grotta Azzurra (Blue Grotto), a cave discovered in the 19th century by foreign tourists. On one side of the grotto are the remains of ancient Roman rock, with a narrow cavern.

As of 2018 there were plans to limit access to day tourists.

Transport

Capri is served by ferry or hydrofoil from Naples, Sorrento, Positano and Amalfi as well as by boat services from the ports of the Bay of Naples and the Sorrentine Peninsula. Boats arrive in the morning and leave after lunch (3–4 pm). Naples is served by two ports, Mergellina and Molo Beverello. Molo Beverello has a higher frequency of departures and a larger selection of boats than Mergellina.

From Naples, the ferry takes 80 minutes, and the hydrofoil 40 minutes. From Sorrento, the ferry takes about 40 minutes while the hydrofoil takes about 20 minutes.

Boats call Marina Grande, from where the Capri funicular goes up to Capri town. From Anacapri, a chair lift takes passengers to Monte Solaro, the highest point on the island.  There is also a bus service that connects the centre of Capri town with Marina Grande, Marina Piccola, Anacapri and other points.

Airports
The nearest airports are:

 Napoli-Capodichino (NAP)
 Salerno-Pontecagnano (QSR)

Twin towns - Sister cities

Capri is twinned with:

  Crosby, Merseyside, United Kingdom


Unapproved aircraft part

Unapproved aircraft parts are aircraft parts not approved by national aviation authorities for installation on type certified aircraft.

For example, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) defines a "standard part" as a part produced in accordance with government regulations, and it defines an "approved part" as a "standard part" that is in accordance with a specific set of criteria and specifications. The FAA standards for approved parts are in FAR 21.305. In the United States parts may be approved through a Parts Manufacturer Approval (PMA), with type certification procedures through approval from the agency's approval, through Technical Standard Orders (TSOs), and from conforming to recognized specifications from the aviation industry.

Parts manufactured without an aviation authority's approval are described as "unapproved"; they may be inferior counterfeits, have been used beyond their time limits, have been previously approved but not properly returned to service, be stolen, come with fraudulent labels, production overruns that were not sold with the agency's permission, and those that are untraceable. The parts are cheaper to buy and more profitable to sell than approved parts. Unapproved parts have been found on both civilian and military aircraft, and faulty ones have caused hundreds of incidents and crashes, some fatal, with about 24 crashes between 2010 and 2016.

Most industries are plagued by counterfeit and bogus parts of inferior quality, but the potential consequences of failure are far less serious.

Types and origins of unapproved parts
"Counterfeit parts" are those not made by the manufacturer they claim to be from. They are usually made of inferior materials by inadequate processes and not tested, designed only to bear a close resemblance to genuine parts. The term "bogus parts" can loosely refer to various categories of unapproved parts. "Life-limited" and "time-expired" parts are legitimate parts that have been used beyond their design lifespan. Some parts which are life-limited or of unknown condition are taken from scrapyards, and illegally installed on aircraft. A used part may be legally salvaged, but supporting information must be supplied. Some unapproved parts come from genuine manufacturers' production lines; some of these may simply be airworthy production overruns, but others may be defective samples that failed required testing.

Boeing has stated that mechanical parts, electronic parts and materials have been counterfeited. Physical parts include bolts, nuts, and rivets. Electronic parts include resistors, capacitors, and integrated circuits. Materials include composite chemicals, steel, and titanium. In 1996 unapproved parts were found to originate from sources such as counterfeiters, thieves, "strip and dip" operations which hide defects with metal plating, and from production overruns.

History
The crash of Partnair Flight 394 in 1989 resulted from the installation of counterfeit aircraft parts. Counterfeit bolts, attaching the vertical stabilizer of a Convair CV-580 to the fuselage, wore down excessively, allowing the tail to vibrate to the extent that it eventually broke off.

In 1990, US President George H.W. Bush appointed Mary Schiavo as the Inspector General of the U.S. Department of Transportation. Schiavo began campaigns to curb the sale of unapproved parts and led subsequent investigations. By 1996, the investigations resulted in hundreds of criminal convictions, restitution, fines totalling about US$47 million, and prison sentences of up to five years.

In August 1993 a group of criminals stole a cockpit computer from a Carnival Airlines aircraft at Fort Lauderdale-Hollywood International Airport. During the day the criminals contacted "potential buyers" at John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York City. The "buyers" were actually Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) agents performing "Operation Skycrook," a sting operation to deter thieves of commercial aircraft parts.

In 1995, after the crash of American Airlines Flight 965, scavengers took cockpit avionics, engine thrust reversers, and other parts from the crash site by helicopter. Many of the stolen parts appeared for sale in the Greater Miami area. In response, American Airlines published a 14-page list of the parts missing from the crashed aircraft, including the serial numbers.

An FAA study concluded that, from May 1973 to April 1996, unapproved parts contributed to 174 aircraft accidents and minor incidents, causing 39 injuries and 17 fatalities. None of the accidents and incidents in the study involved major commercial airlines. Some critics, including William Cohen, a member of the U.S. Senate from Maine, argued that the FAA may have understated the role of unapproved parts of some accidents because the agency did not want to take the responsibility of regulating the aircraft parts industry. James Frisbee, who retired in 1992 as the quality control head of Northwest Airlines, argued that unapproved parts may have been a factor in far more accidents than the numbers stated on U.S. federal accident and incident records.

The United States Congress passed the Aircraft Safety Act of 2000, allowing the government to target the sale and use of unapproved parts.

Around 2003, the U.S. state of Florida was an international center for the vending of unapproved aircraft parts.

Old and faulty parts scavenged from scrapped aircraft were sold illegally as new parts in Italy from the late 1990s and were reported in 2002 to be possibly linked to up to ten air crashes. Unapproved parts are considered to have played a rôle in about 24 crashes that killed seven people and injured 18 between 2010 and 2016.


Bryorella

Bryorella is a genus of fungi in the class Dothideomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Species
Bryorella acrogena
Bryorella complanata
Bryorella compressa
Bryorella conspecta
Bryorella crassitecta
Bryorella cryptocarpa
Bryorella erumpens
Bryorella gregaria
Bryorella imitans
Bryorella marginis'Bryorella punctiformisBryorella retiformisBryorella semi-immersa See also
 List of Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis

 References

 External links
 Bryorella'' at Index Fungorum


Oxoniensis

Oxoniensis is a Latin adjective derived from Oxonia, the Latin name of Oxford, meaning "relating to Oxford, Oxonian“ and may refer to:

 Universitas Oxoniensis, see University of Oxford
 Editio Oxoniensis, a critical edition of a Greek or Latin text in the Oxford Classical Texts series
 Alumni Oxonienses, a biographical directory of University of Oxford alumni

de:Oxoniensis


Cheng Wei-yuan

Cheng Wei-yuan (; 20 January 1913 – 3 August 1993) was a politician of the Republic of China (ROC). He was the Ministry of National Defense in 1987-1989.

National Defense Ministry
On 15 March 1998 in Legislative Yuan, Cheng made a statement that personnel of the military were free to join any political party. Nevertheless, they were not allowed to take part in any anti-government protest. Cheng accompanied President Lee Teng-hui on a visit to Singapore in 1989.


My Uncle's Legacy

Život sa stricem (My Uncle's Legacy) is a 1988 Yugoslavian drama film directed by Krsto Papić, starring Davor Janjić, Alma Prica, Miodrag Krivokapić, Branislav Lečić, Anica Dobra and Ivo Gregurević. It is based on Okvir za mržnju, a novel by Ivan Aralica.

Plot

Awards
The film won the Golden Arena for Best Film at the 1988 Pula Festival of Yugoslav Film, along with the Golden Gate of Pula Audience Award, and was later nominated for the 1990 Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film. The film was also selected as the Yugoslav entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 61st Academy Awards, but was not accepted as a nominee.