Sweet Love (Chris Brown song)

"Sweet Love" is a song by American recording artist Chris Brown, taken from his fifth studio album, Fortune (2012). It was written by Brown, Cory Marks, Greg Curtis, Jamal "Polow da Don" Jones, Jason "JP" Perry and Tommy Doyle Jr., while the production was handled by Polow da Don and Perry. The song was sent to urban contemporary radio in the United States on April 10, 2012, as the second single from the album. "Sweet Love" is a slow jam R&B ballad which incorporates elements of electronic music.
The lyrics of the song revolve around Brown asking his lover to take off her clothes so that they can have sex.

"Sweet Love" garnered positive reviews from music critics, who complimented the song's sexual lyrics. In the United States, it peaked at number 25 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, and number 89 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. The accompanying music video was co-directed by Godfrey Taberez and Brown, and filmed at Universal Studios in Los Angeles, California. It displays intimate scenes of Brown and his lover partaking in sexual activity, women levitating out of their beds, and Brown dancing. Critics were complimentary of the video's sexual themes and presentation.

Background and release
"Sweet Love" was written by Chris Brown, Cory Marks, Greg Curtis, Jamal "Polow da Don" Jones, Jason "JP" Perry and Tommy Doyle Jr., while the production was handled by Polow da Don and Perry. The audio mixing was completed by Jaycen Joshua, with assistance by Trehy Harris. Curtis played keyboards on the song. On March 28, 2012, Brown announced via his official Twitter account that he would be releasing "Sweet Love" and "Till I Die" as the next two singles from Fortune, after the lead single "Turn Up the Music". Later that same day, he posted a link to a stream of "Sweet Love". The artwork for the single was shot in black-and-white, and debuted online on March 30, 2012. It displays Brown sitting on the floor, staring up at the legs of one of the three women. Rap-Up magazine described the artwork as "grown and sexy". "Sweet Love" was officially sent to urban contemporary playlists in the United States on April 10, 2012. It was released as a one-track digital download in Oceania and most European countries on April 13, 2012. However, in the US, "Sweet Love" was released on April 17, 2012. A remix of the song by American R&B singer R. Kelly, was posted online on July 26, 2012.

Composition and lyrics
"Sweet Love" is a slow jam R&B ballad that displays elements of electronic music; it lasts for a duration of three minutes and 19 seconds long. The instrumentation is provided by a keyboard, synthesizers, percussion and a drum machine. According to Nadeska Alexis of MTVs Rapfix, Brown sings in a falsetto tone, which she found to be reminiscent of Michael Jackson. Amy Sciarretto of PopCrush described the ballad as "very Michael Jackson and neo-Bieber". JusMusic of Singersroom noted that "Sweet Love" is inspired by Silk's "Freak Me" (1993). Cameron Adams of the Herald Sun musically compared the song to Prince. The theme of "Sweet Love" revolves around sex. It contains lyrics about Brown asking his lover to take off her clothes so that they can have sex. During the chorus, he harmonizes: "Oooh baby let's get naked / Just so we can make sweet love / All these sensations got me going crazy for you / Inside on top of you / Grinding inside and out of you / Baby I know what to do / Let's just take our clothes off".

Music video

The accompanying music video for "Sweet Love" was co-directed by Godfrey Taberez and Brown, and filmed on the back lot of Universal Studios in Los Angeles, California. The video was shot from 6:00 am to 6:00 pm. Twenty models were hired for the shooting of the scenes where they are levitating from their beds. On April 26, 2012, several photos from the shoot were posted online, showing women levitating out of their beds in the streets as Brown walked by them. The video premiered on Vevo on May 25, 2012. A behind the scenes video was released on May 26, 2012, a day after the video premiered online.

As the song begins, Brown watches a woman, who appears as a hologram, lying in a bed. This scene is intercut with scenes of Brown singing in front of a flowing backdrop. He then approaches the woman, and together they appear under white bedsheets. Brown is then seen walking down a street, while women are shown levitating out of their beds as he passes by them. He then enters a limo and starts caressing various ghostlike female figures. Brown then returns to the bedroom where he "strips shirtless and makes passionate love" to the woman "as they are showered in water". He later enters a dance studio, where he performs a dance routine with other shirtless male dancers, while several women watch them from across the room. Towards the end of the video, more scenes are shown of Brown and the woman in the bedroom.

Melinda Newman of HitFix called the video "undeniably steamy". Emily Hewett of the Metro wrote that the video featured "flawless dance moves" from Brown. Robbie Daw of Idolator noted that Brown "makes things real sexy" in the video, but was unsure if "we should be turned on or utterly creeped out". Jessica Sager of PopCrush noted that Brown "channels his R&B side" and added that he is "a bit of a clumsy romantic". Jessica Sinclair of the Long Island Press described the video as a "juicy new entertainment" for Brown's fans in anticipation of his new album. Jazmine Gray of Vibe magazine described the video as "hot, heavy and really wet". Upon its release, the video went viral and received over one million views in its first day of release.

Critical reception
"Sweet Love" garnered positive reviews from music critics. Nadeska Alexis of MTVs Rapfix wrote that Brown "keeps the sexiness at an all time high" with lyrics that "could easily win any girl over". Contessa Gayles of AOLs The Boombox described "Sweet Love" as "baby making music", while Mark Edward Nero of About.com labeled it as "a straight-up sex jam". Amy Sciarretto of PopCrush called the song a sexy R&B jam that could "easily woo Rihanna back". David Shapiro of Fuse TV viewed "Sweet Love" as "auditory pornography" and commented that the lyrics had him "blushing". Joseph Patterson of MTV UK labeled it one of Brown's classic songs "for the lovers". Maura Johnston of Rolling Stone awarded "Sweet Love" three stars out of five, and noted that Brown appears to be transitioning from singing songs about partying in clubs to singing about sex. Johnston continued writing that the music video for the song "would be almost pornographically unnecessary". Robbie Daw of Idolator wrote that the ballad ticks all the boxes for its "synthy melody, decent beat" and Brown's "vocal harmonies", but felt that it is not "the most innovative offering" from Brown. Melinda Newman of HitFix wrote that in "Sweet Love", it appears "there are two songs at war here as the synth drum beat totally overwhelms and clashes with the ballad". She criticized the song for being "memorable for all the wrong reasons".

Chart performance
In the United States, "Sweet Love" debuted at number 90 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart in the issue dated April 14, 2012. After spending 12 weeks ascending the chart, the song peaked at number 25 in the issue dated July 7, 2012. The song remained on the chart for a total of 15 weeks. On the Billboard Hot 100, "Sweet Love" debuted and peaked at number 89 in the issue dated May 5, 2012.

Track listing
Digital download
"Sweet Love" – 3:19

Credits and personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes for Fortune

Chris Brown – lead vocals, songwriter
Dan Cohen – additional recorder
Greg Curtis – songwriter, keyboards
Tommy Doyle Jr. – songwriter
Trehy Harris – assistant mixer

Jamal "Polow da Don" Jones – songwriter, producer
Jaycen Joshua – mixer
Cory Marks – songwriter
Jason "JP" Perry – songwriter, producer
Bradford Smith – assistant recorder
Brian Springer – recorder

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications

Release history


Arab Peace Initiative

The Arab Peace Initiative (), also known as the "Saudi Initiative", is a 10 sentence proposal for an end to the Arab–Israeli conflict that was endorsed by the Arab League in 2002 at the Beirut Summit and re-endorsed at the 2007 Arab League summit and at the 2017 Arab League summit. The initiative calls for normalizing relations between the Arab region and Israel, in exchange for a full withdrawal by Israel from the occupied territories (including East Jerusalem) and a "just settlement" of the Palestinian refugee problem based on UN Resolution 194. The Initiative was initially overshadowed by the Passover Massacre, a major terrorist attack that took place on March 27, 2002, the day before the Initiative was published.

The Israeli government under Ariel Sharon rejected the initiative as a "non-starter". Sharon said the new plan could not be accepted because it would replace UN resolutions 242 and 338, which called for bilateral negotiations. After the renewed Arab League endorsement in 2007, then-Prime Minister Ehud Olmert gave a cautious welcome to the plan. In 2009, President Shimon Peres expressed satisfaction at the "u-turn" in the attitudes of Arab states toward peace with Israel as reflected in the Saudi initiative, though he did qualify his comments by saying: "Israel wasn't a partner to the wording of this initiative. Therefore it doesn't have to agree to every word."^

More recently, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu has expressed tentative support for the initiative, saying he accepts the "general idea" with significant caveats, specifically its calls for Israel to withdraw from the Golan Heights and accept the relocation of millions of Palestinian refugees into Israel.

The Palestinian Authority led by Yasser Arafat immediately embraced the initiative. His successor Mahmoud Abbas also supported the plan and officially asked U.S. President Barack Obama to adopt it as part of his Middle East policy. Islamist political party Hamas, the elected government of the Gaza Strip, is deeply divided, with most factions rejecting the plan.

The plan

Prelude to the 2002 Beirut summit

The Arab League summit held in the aftermath of the massive Israeli victory in the Six-Day War established the Khartoum Resolution on September 1, 1967 with the "three No's" that was to be the center of all Israeli-Arab relations after that point: No peace deals, no diplomatic recognitions, and no negotiations. UN Security Council Resolution 242, which called for normalization of Israel with the Arab states and for Israel to give up territories taken during the war, was enacted on November 22, 1967 and faced initial rejection by most of the Arab world. The peace initiative, according to Oxford Research Group, represents a total break from this past.

Like most peace plans since 1967, it is based on UN Security Council Resolution 242. It followed the July 2000 Middle East Peace Summit at Camp David which ended in failure and the al-Aqsa Intifada beginning in September 2000. In fall 2002, the Bush administration strenuously tried to push a temporary cease-fire in the intifada to give breathing room for the Beirut summit but failed to achieve an agreement. However, the presence of American negotiator Anthony Zinni in Israel led to a lull in the conflict for the two weeks before the summit. During this period, the administration hoped to draw attention away from the Iraq disarmament crisis that would later escalate into the 2003 invasion of Iraq.

Some reporters were skeptical about the summit's possibilities. Robert Fisk explained the absence of Egypt's Hosni Mubarak and Jordan's King Abdullah as because "they can smell a dead rat from quite a long way away." On March 14, analyst Shai Feldman stated on The News Hour with Jim Lehrer that "[t]here's little hope that negotiations will pick up or that negotiations will eventually succeed in bringing about a negotiated outcome between the two sides" in both Palestine and Israel. However, Pulitzer Prize-winning columnist Thomas Friedman met Saudi Crown Prince Abdullah in February 2002 and personally encouraged him to make the peace proposal.

2002 summit

The declaration

Only ten of the twenty-two leaders invited to the March 27 Arab League summit in Beirut, Lebanon attended. The missing included Palestinian Authority Chairman Yasser Arafat, President Hosni Mubarak of Egypt, and King Abdullah of Jordan. Ariel Sharon's government, despite American and European pressure, had told Arafat that he would not be allowed to return if he left for the summit. The lack of participation led Australian Broadcasting Corporation reporter Tim Palmer to label the summit "emasculated".

The Arab League members unanimously endorsed the peace initiative on March 27. It consists of a comprehensive proposal to end the entire Arab–Israeli conflict. It provides in a relevant part:

Crown Prince Abdullah of Saudi Arabia made a speech to the Arab League on the day of its adoption saying that:

The initiative refers to United Nations General Assembly Resolution 194, which emphasizes the return of Palestinian refugees to Israel. In a compromise wording, it states that the League supports any negotiated settlement between Israel and Palestinians and does not mention the term "right of return".

Resistance to the summit

Although the Initiative was adopted unanimously, there was some debate on certain issues. The summit leaders faced stiff opposition from the government of Syria, which insisted on letting the Palestinians pursue armed resistance. It also objected to the use of the term "normalization" and insisted that any such offer was too generous to Israel. The government of Lebanon expressed concerns that some of its Palestinian refugees would try to settle where they are, which it strongly opposes.

Members of the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades, Hamas' military wing, committed the Passover Massacre on that same day as the launching of the peace initiative . A suicide bomber at the Park Hotel in Netanya, Israel injured over 170 people and killed 30, with the victims including several children. Hamas spokesman Usama Hamdan said that "This is a trial (attempt) to send a letter, to send a message, to all the world that we are trying to fight for our own freedom against a terrorist government in Israel led by Sharon" and that Israelis "have to expect those attacks from everywhere, from every Palestinian group." Hamas leader Ahmed Yassin said that the attack sent "a message to the Arab summit to confirm that the Palestinian people continue to struggle for the land and to defend themselves no matter what measures the enemy takes." The Arab League said through a spokesperson they did not think the perpetrators purposely planned the massacre to derail the Beirut summit.

The Palestinian Authority condemned the attack. Arafat personally ordered the arrests of militants associated with Hamas, Islamic Jihad, and the Al Aqsa Martyrs Brigades as a response. However, Ariel Sharon blamed Arafat for the attack as well. Saudi Crown Prince Abdullah condemned it, while also commenting that "I will add to this by saying to the Israeli people that if their government stopped its methods of violence and destruction, and agreed to real peace, we will not hesitate in accepting that Israel live in peace with the rest of the nations in the region."

U.S. Secretary of State Colin Powell stated that the bombing set the peace process back but vowed to continue. However, at that time an Israeli government spokesman stated that "[t]here ain't going to be any negotiations under fire". Another Israeli government spokesman stated that:

The Passover Massacre as well as other attacks lead to a deeper escalation of the al-Aqsa Intifada and helped falter the initiative. The peace initiative received an initial mixed response from the Israelis and it has remained dormant since despite some later comments that were more supportive. The resuscitation of the intifada led the United Nations Security Council to issue a unanimous resolution on March 30, 2002, Resolution 1402, which criticized all sides. It provides in relevant part that:

Re-adoption at the 2007 Riyadh summit

With the exception of Libya, all leaders from the Arab League's 22 member states attended the two-day summit in Riyadh, the capital of Saudi Arabia, from March 28, to March 29, 2007. The initiative was fully re-endorsed by all members but the delegate from Hamas, then-Palestinian Prime Minister Ismail Haniyeh, abstained. In contrast, Palestinian Authority Chairman Mahmoud Abbas voted in favor. The initiative itself was left unchanged during its re-adoption. Until the eve of the summit, members had refused to consider altering any part of it. Arab League head Amr Moussa stated that the Israel-Palestinian conflict was at a crossroads where "either we move towards a real peace or see an escalation in the situation".

During the summit, King Abdullah denounced the United States-led occupation of Iraq; his comments may have been in response to a statement by U.S. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice asking the Arab world to "begin reaching out to Israel". He also called on the Israeli blockade of Gaza to end, saying that "It has become necessary to end the unjust blockade imposed on the Palestinian people as soon as possible so that the peace process can move in an atmosphere far from oppression and force." The American and Israel governments had been heavily pushing the Arab states to cut their support for Hamas before the summit began.

United Nations Secretary General Ban Ki Moon attended the summit, saying "the Arab peace initiative is one of the pillars of the peace process... [it] sends a signal that the Arabs are serious about achieving peace." European Union foreign policy leader Javier Solana observed the proceedings and expressed the EU's support for the decision, saying that "[f]ailure to rise to today's challenges will put the Middle East risk of missing the train of human and economic development". He also emphasized that the initiative served as a proposal up for further negotiations rather than a take-it-or-leave-it ultimatum for both sides.

PLO negotiations chief Saeb Erekat refused to accept anything other than the summit's draft and ruled out any negotiations that could alter it. In contrast, Saudi Foreign Minister Saudi al-Faisal said that members have "to take notice of new developments, which require additions and developments in whatever is offered".

Implementation
The initiative calls for the establishment of a special committee composed of a portion of the Arab League's concerned member states and the Secretary General of the League of Arab States to pursue the necessary contacts to gain support for the initiative at all levels, particularly from the United Nations, the United Nations Security Council, the United States of America, the Russian Federation, the Muslim states and the European Union. This special commission would also consist of delegations from both Egypt and Jordan on behalf of the Arab world.

Reactions

U.S. reactions
Initially, the initiative was met with enthusiastic support from the Bush administration. According to Bush's spokesperson Ari Fleischer "the president praised the crown prince's ideas regarding the full Arab-Israeli normalization once a comprehensive peace agreement has been reached."  Though the president later stressed that it could only be implemented with the cessation of terrorist attacks against Israel.

His successor, Barack Obama expressed praise in the spirit, but not support of its details, for the Initiative in the first days of his presidency. In an interview with Al-Arabiya network on January 27, 2009, he said:

George Mitchell, then the United States special envoy to the Middle East, announced in March 2009 that President Barack Obama's administration intends to "incorporate" the initiative into its Middle East policy.

Israeli reactions

Israeli officials have made many different responses ranging from positive, to neutral, to negative. When the plan came out in 2002, the Israeli government rejected the initiative, on the grounds that it would result in the return of a large number of Palestinians into Israel. Israel expressed reservations on "red line" issues on which it stated that it would not compromise. The 1948 Palestinian exodus, Israel's homeland security against terror attacks, and the nature of Jerusalem are the three most prominent such issues. Israel has stated that the return of millions of Palestinian refugees and their descendants would turn Israel into an Arab state. Israel has also had concerns about compromise on Jerusalem due to the city's historical and religious significance to Jews, especially since East Jerusalem contains the Temple Mount, the holiest site in Judaism, and that a unified Jerusalem has been Israel's proclaimed capital since the annexation of East Jerusalem in 1980. It is also concerned about the possible danger of making a complete withdrawal to the borders of 1967, which would possibly render Israel more vulnerable to attacks. The allegedly non-negotiable nature of the initiative's provisions, which must be accepted first before any further dialogue can take place, forms a stumbling block for the Israeli government, Israel had asked for amendments after the 2002 summit. The Passover Massacre overshadowed the initial 2002 initiative, and it initially derailed further progress on it. Oslo Agreement negotiator Joel Singer commented shortly after the Beirut Summit that "the major problem with it is that it only called upon Israel to do a series of things and there was no call upon the Palestinians to stop terrorism."

BBC News stated that the 2007 re-adoption prompted a more supportive response from the government than the initial 2002 initiative, which ended up being "rejected... outright after it was first proposed". Israel attempted to mount a counter-proposal in May 2007 to work out those contentious issues. In May 2007, an Israeli Foreign Ministry spokesman said that "Israel has no interest in stagnation and unfortunately, if the Arab initiative is take it or leave it, that will be a recipe for stagnation". Progress stalled until Israel began a serious reconsideration of the offer in October 2008. As of January 2009, both sides have been unable to come to any agreement and the initiative seems dormant.

In terms of public opinion, the Oxford Research Group has reported that attitudes range "between those who have never heard of it, and those who don't believe a word of it." A November–December 2008 poll by the Palestinian Center for Policy and Survey Research in Ramallah and the Harry S. Truman Research Institute for the Advancement of Peace in Jerusalem found that only 36% of Israelis support the plan. A June 2008 Angus Reid Global Monitor poll found that about 67% of Palestinians and 39% of Israelis support it.

Israeli statements

Israeli politician Benjamin Netanyahu reportedly rejected the initiative at 2007 during a time he was leader of the Israeli opposition. He told visiting Arab foreign ministers that "The withdrawal from Gaza two years ago proved that any Israeli withdrawal – particularly a unilateral one – does not advance peace, but rather establishes a terror base for radical Islam." In 2015 he elaborated "there are positive aspects and negative aspects to it [the initiative]." While noting that the situation has changed in the 13 years since the deal was proposed, he asserted that "the general idea - to try and reach understandings with leading Arab countries - is a good idea." Israeli Foreign Minister and Deputy Prime Minister Avigdor Lieberman said on April 21, 2009 that the plan is "a dangerous proposal, a recipe for the destruction of Israel."

On March 28, 2002, then Foreign Minister Shimon Peres said:

Likud party spokesperson Zalman Shoval said in March 2007 that Israel would never accept the return of refugees who had lived in pre-1967 Israeli territory, saying "If 300,000–400,000, or maybe a million, Palestinians would invade the country, that would be the end of the state of Israel as a Jewish state.... That's not why we created the state." Prime Minister Ehud Olmert also stated that month that "I'll never accept a solution that is based on their return to Israel, any number.... I will not agree to accept any kind of Israel responsibility for the refugees. Full stop.... It's a moral issue of the highest level. I don't think that we should accept any kind of responsibility for the creation of this problem." In general, however, Olmert has described the initiative as a "revolutionary change".

The day before, the Israeli consul general in New York City had said:

Yossi Alpher, a political consultant and writer and former senior advisor to Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak said in November 2008 that: "The initiative is unique in terms of the comprehensive “payoff” it offers Israel and, with regard to refugees, both the absence of any direct mention of the right of return and the recognition that Israel's agreement to a solution must be solicited. It represents huge progress from the days in 1967". On November 12, 2008, President Shimon Peres reiterated his support for the initiative at the UN General Assembly Meeting on Inter-Faith Dialogue:

American-Israeli journalist Caroline B. Glick, editor of the English-language Jerusalem Post said in March 2007 that "there is no chance whatsoever that the Saudi initiative will bring peace" and labeled it "a recipe for Israel's destruction". Kadima Chairperson Tzipi Livni has distanced herself from it given her uncompromising opposition to the return of the Palestinian refugees. In October 2008, Likud Knesset Member Yuval Steinitz, who served on the Foreign Affairs and Defense Committee, referred to the 2007 initiative re-launch as a nonstarter and called then Defense Minister Ehud Barak's supportive remarks "an empty political gesture." In a recent study by Joshua Teitelbaum, for the Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs, he calls on Israel to reject the plan based on its "all or nothing" attitude, emphasizing that true peace will come with negotiations.

At the 2009 American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC) policy conference, President Shimon Peres expressed satisfaction at the "u-turn" in the attitudes of Arab states toward peace with Israel as reflected in the Saudi initiative, though he did qualify his comments by saying: "Israel wasn't a partner to the wording of this initiative. Therefore it doesn't have to agree to every word."

Nevertheless, Israel respects the profound change, and hopes it will be translated into action," Peres added. "I trust that the leadership of President Obama will pave the way to both to a regional agreement and meaningful bilateral negotiations."

"Israel stands with her arms outstretched, and her hands held open to peace with all nations, with all Arab states, with all Arab people." the president declared.

"To those still holding a clenched fist I have just one word to say: Enough. Enough war. Enough destruction. Enough hatred. Now is the time for change," said Peres. Israel is prepared today to bring peace closer. Today."

Danny Ayalon, who was then a policy adviser to Prime Minister Sharon, stated that he was sent to meet Saudi officials to discuss the initiative but according to Ayalon, was refused a meeting.

Palestinian reactions

Polls of the Palestinian people have generated large support for the plan. Support has decreased slightly after the Gaza War. However, the majority is still in favor.

Palestinian Authority

The Arab Peace Plan has received the full support of Mahmoud Abbas and the Palestinian Authority, which even took the unprecedented step of placing advertisements in Israeli newspapers on November 20, 2008 to promote it. The Palestinian Authority published full-page notices in Hebrew in four major Israeli daily newspapers, which reproduced the text of the Initiative in full and added that "Fifty-seven Arab and Islamic countries will establish diplomatic ties and normal relations with Israel in return for a full peace agreement and an end to the occupation." A November–December poll by the Palestinian Center for Policy and Survey Research in Ramallah and the Harry S. Truman Research Institute for the Advancement of Peace in Jerusalem found that only 25% of Israelis saw the ads and only 14% actually read them.

Peace Now reciprocated the PLO's gesture by running its own ads in the Palestinian press. After the 2007 summit, Mahmoud Abbas said that "This initiative simply says to Israel 'leave the occupied territories and you will live in a sea of peace that begins in Nouakchott and ends in Indonesia'". Palestinian negotiator Saeb Erekat has offered his full support of the Arab Peace Initiative, and has urged Israel to support it on several occasions. Most recently, in an October 19, 2008 statement, Erekat said that "I think Israel should have [supported the Initiative] since 2002. It is the most strategic initiative that came from the Arab world since 1948.... I urge them to revisit this initiative and to go with it because it will shorten the way to peace."

Hamas
From its inception in 2002, the Initiative deeply divided the organization. As stated before, members of the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades, Hamas' military wing, committed the Passover Massacre on same day as the peace Initiative's adoption. At that time, Hamas rejected not only peace with Israel but even negotiations with it. The official administration of Hamas never recognized the Initiative, which alienated it from members of the Arab League, especially Jordan and Egypt. One of Palestinian Authority President Mahmoud Abbas' conditions of forming a national coalition government with Hamas after the 2006 election was that Hamas had to recognize the Initiative, but he was unsuccessful.

Hamas' spokesman Ismail Abu Shanab told The San Francisco Chronicle in April 2002 that the organization would accept it, saying "That would be satisfactory for all Palestinian military groups to stop and build our state, to be busy in our own affairs, and have good neighborhood with Israelis." The newspaper reporters who interviewed Shanab questioned whether or not he truly spoke for the administration and could not corroborate his story. Hamas' foreign minister Mahmoud al-Zahar said in June 2006 that the organization rejects the initiative. Prime Minister Ismail Haneya said in October 2006 that the "problem with the Arab peace initiative is that it includes recognition of the state of Israel, the thing that the Palestinian government rejects" and dismissed it. That month, Mahmoud al-Zahar declared unequivocally: "Hamas will never change its position regardless of the pressure's intensity" and "We will never recognize the Arab initiative."

After the revival of the initiative in March 2007, Hamas continued a policy of ambiguity with many officials giving negative responses while some gave neutral or hopeful responses. Hamas spokesman Fawzi Barhum told Haaretz that "the issue is not a 'yes' or 'no' by Hamas regarding the initiative. We respect the Arab efforts to attain Palestinian rights and we will act within the Arab consensus. Nonetheless, the Zionist enemy continues to reject the initiative and we will not determine our position in reference to it before it has been accepted." Haaretz sources in Palestine state that Hamas wanted to oppose the initiative outright but did not do so because it did not want to break with the Saudi Arabian government. Hamas figure Khaled Meshaal ridiculed the PLO pro-initiative ad campaign, saying “The rights of Palestinians can be achieved only through resistance, not advertisements”.

Time stated in January 2009 that "In the Arab world, only Hamas and Hizballah, with the backing of Tehran, reject the Arab peace initiative." Left-wing Israeli commentator and former Minister of Justice Yossi Beilin also said in January 2009 that "Hamas considers its adherence to the three "nos" of Khartoum from 1967, which the entire Arab world abandoned in adopting the Arab peace initiative, to be its primary distinctive feature Fateh. Even a prolonged battering by the IDF will not bring Hamas to make this change." The Khaleej Times editorialized in December 2008 that "The Arab peace plan remains the best and most pragmatic solution to Palestine-Israel conflict.... Even though Hamas and Islamic Jihad are not prepared to accept anything short of the entire Palestine occupied in 1940s, if the plan is accepted by Israel and US, the Arabs could possibly persuade Islamists to embrace it too."

Arab reactions

Many Arab policy makers, chiefs of state, and commentators have written in support of the initiative since 2002. Turki al-Faisal, Saudi Minister of Foreign Affairs, wrote in The Washington Post in support shortly after Barack Obama's 2008 election victory. al-Faisal stated that "there are reasons to be optimistic" and"best medicine yet formulated for the Israeli-Palestinian dispute is the Arab peace initiative". He also called the plan "a high price for peace" from the Arab perspective.

Marwan Muasher, formerly Jordanian Foreign Minister and the first Jordanian ambassador to Israel, wrote in Haaretz on August 19, 2008 that:

In addition, the six members of the Gulf Cooperation Council expressed their support of the Initiative on May 20 during a consultative meeting that was held in Dammam.

Support for the Arab Peace Plan was also expressed by Andre Azoulay, a Jewish adviser to Moroccan King Mohammed VI. On October 28, 2008, Mr Azoulay said at a conference in Tel Aviv that: "I am a Jew with a commitment," said Andre Azoulay. "I'm an Arab Jew. I advise the king of Morocco... The Arab mainstream sees Israel as the party responsible for preventing peace, not the Arabs.... [The Peace Plan] is something that the Israelis hoped for ten years ago. But who knows about it in Israel today? Who will take the initiative and explain it? The momentum will not last forever. This is a dangerous situation. Tomorrow something could happen in the West Bank and blow the whole deal, and we'll have to wait again."

Mohammad Raad, head of Hezbollah's bloc in the Lebanese parliament, condemned the peace plan, saying that "[t]his option cannot be promoted in the Arab and Islamic worlds anymore". Hezbollah leader Sheikh Naim Qassem also made similar remarks.

In June 2009, Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak repeated his support for the peace plan. He also stated that it does not mean recognizing Israel's right to exist as a Jewish state, since that would imply giving up the right of return. Lebanese President Michel Suleiman also made similar statements and he called on the international community to push Israel towards accepting the peace plan. Both leaders had responded to an address by Israeli Prime Minister Netanyahu.

International reactions

Outside of the Middle East, the Arab Peace Initiative has received praise of chiefs of state throughout the world, international organisations, and a large number of political commentators specializing in the Israeli/Palestinian conflict.

Ban Ki-moon, the Secretary General of the United Nations, has led this chorus of support on a number of occasions. Recently, he voiced his view of the Initiative in his address to the Summit of the League of Arab States on March 28, 2007, in which he said:

The Arab Peace Initiative was endorsed by the Quartet on the Middle East on April 30, 2003, and recognized its importance in the Road Map. A joint statement issued by the Quartet on May 30, 2007 provides that:

The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Gordon Brown also voiced support for the Initiative during a press conference that was held on December 15, 2008 at the London Business Forum on Trade and Investment with Palestine, Downing Street. The Prime Minister said:

The UK Foreign Minister David Miliband reiterated that support on November 24, 2008. In a speech delivered on that day in Abu Dhabi at the Emirates Centre for Strategic Studies and Research, he said that:

All of the 57 states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (formerly the Organisation of the Islamic Conference) have expressed their support for the Arab Peace Initiative. The members of the Organisation re-affirm their support at almost each of their session (including, for example, the 33rd Session of the Islamic Conference of Foreign Ministers Session of Harmony of Rights, Freedoms and Justice, which took place on June 19–21, 2006 in Baku, Azerbaijan).

AIPAC opposed the initiative, and referred to it as an "ultimatum".

Support from Middle East analysts
The Initiative has also obtained the support of a large number of leading commentators on Middle East issues. On April 9, 2007, Noam Chomsky, offered the following thoughts shortly after the Beirut Declaration was readopted by the League of Arab States:

Shortly before the Beirut Declaration was to be readopted by the Arab League in 2007, Thomas Friedman wrote in The New York Times that:

On November 21, 2008, Brent Scowcroft and Zbigniew Brzezinski wrote in an article in the Washington Post that they also supported key parts of the Initiative, while adding conditions that until now have been rejected by the Arab states that sponsored it when they said:

Henry Siegman, former Senior Fellow and Director of the U.S./Middle East Project at the Council on Foreign Relations and former Executive Director of the American Jewish Congress, wrote in the Financial Times on April 26, 2007 that:

Ian Black, The Guardian'''s Middle East Editor, wrote on October 18, 2008 that:

Jonathan Freedland, also from The Guardian, wrote on December 17, 2008 that:

On the day that the Arab Peace Initiative was to be readopted by the Arab League in 2007, Donald Macintyre wrote in The Independent that:

The Oxford Research Group organised a meeting in October 2008 that was attended by senior policy makers and analysts in order to discuss the Arab Peace Initiative. A report was published in November 2008 in order to summarize the meeting's findings, which included the following:

On March 26, 2012, on the eve of the 10th anniversary of the proposal, Haaretzs Akiva Eldar wrote that Israel's failure to respond adequately to the Arab proposal was part of the country's "worst missed opportunity".

Right of return
The Arab Peace Initiative, which was ratified at the summit of Arab leaders in Beirut in March 2002, presented principles for an agreement in the Israeli-Arab conflict, and included reference to the Palestinian refugee problem. The relevant passage in its decisions on this matter determined: "To accept to find an agreed, just solution to the problem of Palestinian refugees in conformity with Resolution 194," and "the rejection of all forms of Palestinian patriation which conflict with the special circumstances of the Arab host countries."

Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs say that, by rejecting "patriation" (tawtin in Arabic) or the resettlement of the refugees in any Arab state,  the Arab Peace Initiative essentially leaves each refugee with no choice but to go to Israel itself,   According to this same institute, the Arab states used even more explicit language on this point in a Final Statement that accompanied their initiative, and the Initiative rejected any solution that involves "resettling of the Palestinians outside of their homes." What this means, in the opinion of the  Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs, is that the Arab Peace Initiative opposes keeping any Palestinian refugee population in Lebanon, Syria, or Jordan; it also does not envision the Palestinian refugees being resettled in a West Bank and Gaza Palestinian state.

 Current status

Jordan and Egypt were appointed by the Arab League as its representatives to meet with Israeli leaders to promote the Initiative. These countries were chosen because Egypt and Jordan are the only Arab countries that have diplomatic relations with Israel. Jordanian Foreign Minister Abdul Ilah Khatib and Egyptian Foreign Minister Ahmed Aboul Gheit met with former Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert, Foreign Minister Tzipi Livni, and Defense Minister Ehud Barak in Jerusalem on July 25, 2007, which was the first time that Israel received an official delegation from the Arab League. Haaretz."Weekend News Wrapup- 7/15/07" Cafe Cordover"A Revealing Spat Between Israel and the Arab League" World Politics Review"The Arab League in Israel?" Cafe Cordover"Israel gets 'historic' Arab visit – Envoys urge action on Palestinian state" United Jerusalem

The Arab League also sent President-Elect Obama an official communication that was signed by Saudi Foreign Minister Prince Saud al-Faisal and delivered to Obama via an aide. A spokesman for the Arab League explained that:

In November 2008, The Sunday Times reported that U.S. president-elect Barack Obama is going to support the plan, saying to Mahmoud Abbas during his July 2008 visit to the Middle East that "The Israelis would be crazy not to accept this initiative. It would give them peace with the Muslim world from Indonesia to Morocco."
After becoming president, Obama told Al Arabiya, "I might not agree with every aspect of the proposal, but it took great courage... to put forward something that is as significant as that."

George Mitchell, the United States special envoy to the Middle East, announced in March 2009 that the Obama administration intends to "incorporate" the initiative into its Middle East policy. It was also reported in March 2009 that the U.S. State Department is preparing a plan to market the Initiative to Israelis, and will release a document highlighting the gestures that Arab nations have agreed to take under the initiative. The report specified that the purpose was to "break down the Arab Peace Initiative into its details and not leave it as a purely theoretical framework."

On May 6, 2009, Al-Quds al-Arabi, the London-based Arabic language daily, reported that as per a request from U.S. President Barack Obama the Arab League is currently in the process of revising the initiative in an effort to encourage Israel to agree to it. The new revisions include a demilitarization of the future Palestinian state as well as a forfeiture of the Palestinian right of return to Israel proper. According to the revisions, a portion of the refugees would be relocated to the future Palestinian state, and the rest would be naturalized in other Arab countries.

On April 30, 2013, The Arab league re-endorsed the Arab Peace Initiative, with the updated terms that Israeli-Palestinian peace agreement should be based on the two-state solution on the basis of the 4th of June 1967 line, with the possibility of comparable and mutual agreed minor swaps of the land between Israel and Palestine.

 See also

2012 return of bodies
Foreign relations of Saudi Arabia
Israeli views of the peace process
Palestinian views of the peace process
Two-state solution
Israeli Peace Initiative

 References

 External links

Time to Return to the Saudi Peace Plan, Abdul Rahman, Newsweek, February 7, 2009
Can Israel agree to peace?, Ahmed El Amraoui, Al Jazeera English, February 18, 2009
Analysis of the Arab League "Peace Plan", Mitchell Bard, Jewish Virtual LibraryThe Arab Peace Initiative: Why Now?, Gabrielle Rifkind, Oxford Research Group, November, 2008
The Arab Peace Initiative: A Primer and Future Prospects, Joshua Teitelbaum, Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs'', 2009


Esporte Clube Comercial (PR)

Esporte Clube Comercial, is a football club based in Cornélio Procópio in the south Brazilian state of Paraná.

The club, founded on March 14, 1943, is best known for having the state championship of Paraná of 1961 following two wins in the regional championships of north Paraná in 1958 and 1961.

Comercial play their home games at Estádio Ubirajara Medeiros which has a maximum capacity of 6,000 people.

Honours
 Campeonato Paranaense: 1961
 Championship of North Paraná: 1958, 1961


Edmund Thompson

Edmund Charles Thompson MBE (9 May 1898, Belfast – 20 August 1961) was an English sculptor, active in Liverpool between the First and Second World War. The son of sculptor Edmund T. Thompson, he worked in the art deco style and was an admirer of Eric Gill.

He worked closely with the architect Herbert James Rowse on many of the latter's buildings, and on civic projects. His work is featured in the Liverpool Philharmonic Hall (gilded reliefs of Apollo, on the landings) and at the main door of the George's Dock Building (basalt statues of 'Day' and 'Night'). He was sometimes assisted by George Capstick.

He was made MBE in 1959.

A selection of his works, in the possession of his family, were featured on the BBC's Antiques Roadshow programme on 21 October 2012, accompanied by his daughter.


Charlotte Bankes

Charlotte Bankes (born 10 June 1995) is a British born snowboarder who represented France in international competition prior to the start of the 2018–2019 season and Great Britain from that point onwards.

Bankes and her family moved from Hemel Hempstead to Puy-Saint-Vincent in the southern Alps in 1999. She had already started skiing by this time, having first tried it at the age of two, but took up snowboarding in the footsteps of her brothers William and Thomas, who have both also competed in the sport internationally. She started competing internationally for France in 2010. The following year she sustained a pelvis fracture in a crash, which left her in "constant pain" and unable to train at full intensity for several years.

She made her debut on the FIS Snowboard World Cup a few months before representing France at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi. She also competed at the 2018 Winter Olympics in PyeongChang, where she finished 7th. After the 2018 Games she switched from representing France to competing for Great Britain, in part due to struggling to fully recover from her pelvic injury, despite the French Ski Federation paying for surgery and therapy. She took her first World Cup podium finish for Team GB in a race in Breuil-Cervinia in December 2018, where she pipped her French former team-mate Nelly Moenne-Loccoz to third place.

She participated at the FIS Freestyle Ski and Snowboarding World Championships 2019, winning a silver medal in the snowboard cross competition.


COMPASS

COMPASS, COMPrehensive ASSembler, is any of a family of macro assembly languages on Control Data Corporation's 3000 series, and on the 60-bit CDC 6000 series, 7600 and Cyber 70 and 170 series mainframe computers. While the architectures are very different, the macro and conditional assembly facilities are similar.

COMPASS for 60-bit machines
There are two flavors of COMPASS on the 60-bit machines:
 COMPASS CP is the assembly language for the CP (Central Processor), the processor running user programs. See CDC 6600 CP architecture.
 COMPASS PP is the assembly language for the PP (Peripheral Processor), only running operating system code. See CDC 6600 PP architecture.

COMPASS is a classical two-pass assembler with macro and conditional assembly features, and generates a full listing showing both the source assembly code and the generated machine code (in octal). CDC's operating systems were written almost entirely in COMPASS assembly language.

Central processor (CP or CPU) hardware maintains 24 operational registers, named A0 to A7, X0 to X7 and B0 to B7. Registers X0 to X7 are 60 bits long and are used to hold data, while registers B0 to B7  are 18 bits long and their major purpose is to hold either addresses or be used as indexing registers, except that B0 is always zero. As a programming convention, B1 (or B7) often contains positive 1.

A or address registers are also 18 bits long.  Each A register pairs with the corresponding X register.   Whenever an address is set into any of A1 to A5 registers, the data at that memory location (address) is loaded into the corresponding X register.  Likewise, setting an address into one of A6 or A7 registers stores the data held in the corresponding X6 or X7 register to that memory location. However, A0 can be used to hold any address without affecting the contents of register X0.

CP instructions are written in a particularly user-friendly form: "SA1 A0+B1" denotes set address register A1 to the sum of address register A0 and index register B1.  The hardware then initiates a memory load from the computed address into register X1.

Peripheral processor (PP or PPU) instructions are completely different from CPU instructions. Peripheral processor hardware is simpler; it has an 18-bit A (accumulator register, a 12-bit Program Address register, a 12-bit Q register (not programmer-visible), and a 22-bit R register (used to accomplish address relocation during central memory read and write instructions on Cyber 180 systems). No special job validation was required to assemble peripheral processor programs, but to be executed, such programs were required to installed into the operating system via special system editing commands.

Example code
This COMPASS sample code displays the calendar of the year given as a parameter on the terminal. If no parameter is given, then the calendar of the current year is displayed.

Further reading
 "Assembly Language Programming for the Control Data 6000 Series" by Ralph Grishman, Algorithmics Press, 1972.


Superdawg

Superdawg is a drive-in hot dog stand with carhop service. It is located in the Gladstone Park neighborhood of Chicago, at the intersection of Milwaukee, Devon, and Nagle Avenues. Superdawg has the distinction of being one of the few original drive-in restaurants left in the United States. Its methods have been the same since it opened in 1948.  A second, similar location on Milwaukee Avenue in Wheeling, Illinois opened in 2010.

Superdawg was featured on the Food Network's television programs Unwrapped and Emeril Live, and on the PBS television program Check, Please! It has been visited by many critics and food aficionados. It is listed in the books 1,000 Places to See Before You Die and Hot Dog Chicago: A Native's Dining Guide.

History

Superdawg was opened in May 1948 by Maurie and Flaurie Berman, and it is still owned and operated by their family. Although the restaurant has undergone some expansion and remodeling, the landmark figures of anthropomorphic hot dogs "Maurie and Flaurie" on the roof date from the beginning.

In 2003, a Superdawg location opened in Midway Airport's B concourse. It closed in 2010 when another Superdawg restaurant opened on Milwaukee Avenue in Wheeling, Illinois.

Superdawg has succeeded in asking a number of restaurants to cease using similar names, but in 2009 successfully sued a New York City hot dog eatery named Superdog when it refused to comply. The Superdawg trademark was registered in 1984.

In 2014, Superdawg collaborated with Lake Effect Brewing Company, a Chicago craft brewery, to create a lager-style beer called Super Bier.

Maurie Berman died on May 17, 2015. His wife Flaurie died May 1, 2018.

In June 2015, the Unicode Consortium added a hot dog to the list of officially recognized emoji.  In September 2015, Apple made the symbol available on its phones and computers with the release of the iOS 9 operating system.  Superdawg was a leader in the effort to establish the hot dog emoji.

Carhop service

The restaurant retains a 1950s style of ordering food. Customers pull their car up to one of the carports and order through a retro-looking metallic speaker box. Each cashier responds to the customer's call through the speaker box with the greeting, "Hiya, thanks for stopping. May I take your order now?" The orders are delivered to the car window by a carhop with a tray that hooks on to the half-open car window. When finished eating, the customer flips a switch on the box and a carhop comes to take the tray back. Many of the carhops have been there for years and have a loyal base of customers.  There is also a walkup window and a small seating area inside the restaurant. The Wheeling location has a much larger indoor seating area.

The food

All of the sandwiches come with crinkle-cut french fries inside a box that helps retain its heat.  Every Superdawg comes with a signature pickled green tomato, one of Superdawg's distinctions from the classic Chicago-style hot dog, along with its spicier-than-usual wiener.


Suchownia

Suchownia  is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Morzeszczyn, within Tczew County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately  south of Morzeszczyn,  south of Tczew, and  south of the regional capital Gdańsk.

For details of the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.


Estonian anti-German resistance movement 1941–44

The Estonian resistance movement (Estonian Eesti vastupanuliikumine) was an underground movement to resist the occupation of Estonia by Nazi Germany, 1941–1944 during World War II. Due to the unusually benign measures implemented in Estonia by the German occupation authorities, especially in contrast to the preceding harsh Soviet occupation of Estonia (1940–1941), the movement was slower to develop effective tactics on a wide scale than in other occupied countries.

Background

While there was a general mood of gratitude towards Germany as the liberator of Estonia from Soviet occupation, this reservoir of goodwill dissipated within the first months of the war and was transformed into a mood ranging from resigned indifference to active hostility. Professor Uluots' request to the German occupation authorities for the establishment of an independent Estonian Government was rejected and Adolf Hitler subsequently appointed Alfred Rosenberg as Reichkommissar. After it became clear that the Germans were against the restoration of independence of the Estonian state, this negative relationship between the new occupiers and the occupied was sealed. Public resentment began to grow against Germany from 1942 with the imposition of conscription for men into the police battalions, the introduction of the labour draft and the reduction of food rations, while the Estonian Self-Administration was held in contempt for attempting to enforce this conscription. Hjalmar Mäe, the head of the Self-Administration, became quickly unpopular for his criticism of President Konstantin Päts. He had been imprisoned by Päts' regime in 1935 for taking part of an alleged coup. Germans offered his position several times to Jüri Uluots, who refused.

The Estonian people regarded German occupation with greater bitterness than the previous 1917–1918 German occupation and were repelled by the implementation of the German race laws and the insouciant exploitation of the country's natural resources. One Dutch Nazi visiting Estonia in June 1942 commented upon the "chauvinist national consciousness" of the Estonian people and no genuine Germanophile could be found.

Pro-independence resistance
An underground resistance movement, whose members looked to the western Allies for support, developed that reflected the political divisions that existed before 1940, ranging from Päts loyalists to the opposition groups such as the National Centre and Socialist Workers parties. The resistance, which was expressed through a campaign of non-compliance co-ordinated by the underground movement and a clandestine press,  was favoured by the geographical proximity to Sweden and Finland where the organised political resistance in Tartu and Tallinn were able to maintain contact with London and Stockholm via the Estonian Envoy to Finland and a fortnightly fast motorboat connection between Tallinn and Stockholm.

Initially a number of underground organisations existed such as the Free Estonia Front (Vaba Eesti Võitlusrinne, VEVR) which was established in August 1942 and headed by Juhan Reigo and Endel Inglist. The VEVR published an anti-Nazi newspaper Vaba Eesti (Free Estonia), issuing 14 editions. Another underground newspaper titled Võitlev Eestlane (Fighting Estonian) was published by a group within the editorial staff of the newspaper Postimees. In the autumn of 1941, the precursor to the National Committee of the Republic of Estonia was founded by Heinrich Mark, Ants Oras and Jaan Ots. The organisation was headed by Ernst Kull in 1943 and it was through his efforts that the various groups were merged into a unified opposition to Nazi rule.

In June 1942 political leaders of Estonia who had survived Soviet repressions held a hidden meeting from the occupying powers in Estonia where the formation of an underground Estonian government and the options for preserving continuity of the republic were discussed. On January 6, 1943 a meeting was held at the Estonian foreign delegation in Stockholm. It was decided that, in order to preserve the legal continuity of the Republic of Estonia, the last constitutional prime minister, Jüri Uluots, must continue to fulfill his responsibilities as prime minister.

The movement subsequently formed the National Committee of the Republic of Estonia () in March 1944. The original initiative to form the committee came from the Estonian pre-war opposition parties but it was quickly joined by  Jüri Uluots, the last constitutional pre-war Prime Minister of the Republic of Estonia and his supporters. The Committee aimed to establish a provisional government during expected German withdrawal as the Red Army had reached the border of Estonia on 2 February 1944. By April 1944 a large number of the committee members were arrested by the German security agencies. While some 200 people were arrested, the leaders of the resistance movement escaped arrest however their activities were severely curtailed until mid June. In June 1944 the elector’s assembly of the Republic of Estonia gathered in secrecy from the occupying powers in Tallinn and appointed Jüri Uluots as the prime minister with the responsibilities of the President. On 21 June 1944 Jüri Uluots appointed Otto Tief as deputy prime minister. On 18 September 1944 Uluots, suffering from cancer, named Otto Tief the Acting Prime Minister and appointed a Government which consisted of 11 members. Tief assumed office in accordance with the constitution and took the opportunity with the departure of the Germans to declare the legitimate Estonian government restored. The Estonian national government was proclaimed in Estonia, the Estonian military units seized the government buildings in Toompea and ordered the German forces to leave. The flag of Germany was replaced with the Estonian tricolour in the Pikk Hermann, the flag tower of the seat of the Government. Tief’s government failed to keep control, attempting to organise the defence of the capital city against the advancing Red Army making use of the men who had fought in the Finnish Infantry Regiment 200 and a military unit organised by Johan Pitka, the Germans overran the headquarters of Admiral Pitka in Tallinn and it is presumed he was subsequently killed in the ensuing battle.  Most of the members and officials were caught, jailed, deported, or executed by the advancing Soviets.

Pro-Soviet resistance
A small number of Estonians were involved in underground resistance during World War II ranging from producing illegal publications, to espionage, to violent sabotage. They included Rein Alasoo, Evald Laasi, Georgi Loik, Aleksander Looring, as well as others.


Kavadukudi

Kavadukudi  is a village in the
Avadaiyarkoilrevenue block of Pudukkottai district, Tamil Nadu, India.

Demographics

As per the 2001 census, Kavadukudi had a total population of  283 with 130 males and 153 females. Out of the total population 182 people were literate.


Carol Lewis

Carol LeGrant Lewis (born August 8, 1963) is an American former track and field athlete who specialized in the long jump. She is the 1983 World Championship bronze medalist, and a 4-time US Champion. Her best long jump of 7.04 meters in 1985 is the former American record. She is the sister of 9-time Olympic gold medalist Carl Lewis, and former professional soccer player Cleveland Lewis. She is also the daughter of retired American hurdler Evelyn Lawler.

Career
Born in Birmingham, Alabama, Lewis qualified for the 1980 U.S. Olympic team but was unable to compete due to the 1980 Summer Olympics boycott. She received one of the 461 Congressional Gold Medals created especially for the spurned athletes. She first competed internationally at the Liberty Bell Classic, an alternate event for boycotted athletes, whers she wona silver medal with a jump of 6.60 meters. She won the Dial Award that year in recognition of her achievements. While at Willingboro High School in New Jersey, setting the high school indoor long jump record at 21' 7.5" (6.59 meters) in 1981. She later went to the University of Houston, following in the footsteps of her older brother. At Houston, she won 2 National Collegiate Athletic Association long jump championship titles in 1983: 21-11 3/4 and 1985: 22-1 She also joined her brother on the Santa Monica Track Club.

Lewis won the USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships for the first time in 1982, the first of four National championships.  Her 6.81m jump from that competition is the current United States, North American and Pan American Junior record.  Further success came in 1983, with a win at the NCAA Outdoor Championships and bronze medal at the 1983 World Championships in Athletics.

After winning the Olympic Trials, she represented the United States at the 1984 Summer Olympics and managed to finish in ninth place at the age of twenty. The following year she won the NCAA Outdoor Championships for a second time and took bronze at the World Cup in Athletics. In Zürich in August that year, Lewis reached her peak, setting a personal best and breaking the American record in the long jump twice at the same track meeting. Her record of 7.04 m stood for two years until it was beaten by Jackie Joyner-Kersee.

Lewis competed at the 1987 IAAF World Indoor Championships, finishing in ninth position with a best jump of 6.23 m. She qualified for her third Olympics in 1988, failing to qualify for the final by just one centimeter.

Following her retirement from track and field, she went on to work as a commentator for various events for NBC Sports. She commentated on the track events for the 1996, 2000 and 2008 Summer Olympics.

In 2000, Lewis began competing in two-woman bobsled and, although she failed to make the 2002 US Olympic team, she served as Shauna Rohbock's brakeman at the 2002 World Cup in Calgary.

Personal bests

All information taken from IAAF Profile.

National titles
4-time United States long jump champion – 1982, 1983, 1985 and 1986
4-time United States Indoor long jump champion –1983, 1984, 1985 and 1991
2-time NCAA long jump champion – 1983 and 1985

International competitions


Nicholas Hyett

Nicholas Hyett (1709-1777) was a lawyer and justice of the peace in Gloucester, England, and one of the last keepers and constables of the Castle of Gloucester.

Life
Nicholas Hyett was born in 1709 to Charles Hyett (1677 or 1686 - 1738), member of Parliament for Gloucester 1722-1727. He was the grandson of Benjamin Hyett (1651-1711). He had a brother Benjamin Hyett II (1708–62) who was responsible for the Rococo garden at Painswick House.

Hyett became a lawyer and justice of the peace, and in 1765 was granted by letters patent the office of keeper and constable of the Castle of Gloucester by King George III. By that time the office was largely honorary as the castle had long since been reduced just to a keep which was used as a gaol. His father Charles had been granted the same office in 1715.

Nicholas and Benjamin Hyett, stood as Tories for the parliamentary constituency of Gloucester unsuccessfully in 1734 and 1741.

Hyett was probably responsible for the current façade of Hyatt House, a grade II listed building in Westgate Street, Gloucester.

Family
Hyett had a son Benjamin, who was appointed a freeman of Gloucester in 1762.

Death
Hyett died in 1777. His Will is held by the British National Archives at Kew.


Theodor Laurezzari

Theodor Laurezzari (born 18 May 1880, date of death unknown) was a German rower. He competed in the men's eight event at the 1900 Summer Olympics.


Darren Coffield

Darren Coffield (born 1969, in London) is a British painter.

Biography
Coffield studied at Goldsmiths College, Camberwell School of Art and the Slade School of Art in London, where he received his Bachelor's Degree in 1993 in Fine Arts. He has exhibited at venues ranging from the Courtauld Institute, Somerset House to the National Portrait Gallery, London.

In the early 1990s, Coffield worked with Joshua Compston on the formation of Factual Nonsense — the centre of the emerging YBA scene. He subsequently wrote Factual Nonsense: The Art and Death of Joshua Compston, published in 2013.

In 2003, his controversial portrait of Ivan Massow, former chairman of the ICA, in fox hunting attire, was exhibited at the National Portrait Gallery in London. Coffield has painted portraits of Molly Parkin, George Galloway, and Peter Tatchell. Coffield has painted Arthur Scargill using coal dust as a medium, and made protest art prints relating to The Battle of Orgreave.

Coffield lives and works in London.

Work

Many of Coffield's paintings deal with cultural and political historical references. He references early Romantic artists such as  Henry Fuseli and William Blake.

The Triumph of David (1996), for example, combined a Nicolas Poussin painting with an image of the marriage of Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer to create a new image.

In the Paradox Portraits series, Coffield inverts well known faces, in "an exploration of celebrity, identity and perception".

Publications


Ghattamaneni Ramesh Babu

Ramesh Babu Ghattamaneni (born 13 October 1965), better known as Ramesh Babu, is an Indian film actor and film producer best known for his work in Telugu cinema. Born to actor Krishna, Ramesh Babu made his on screen debut with the film Needa in 1979. He acted in over 15 films before retiring from acting in 1997. In 2004, he became a producer and established Krishna Productions Private Ltd, a film production company named after his father. He produced films like Arjun and Athidhi, both of which had his brother Mahesh Babu in leading role. He recently acted as a presenter for 2011 successful film Dookudu.

Early life
Ramesh Babu was born in Chennai, Tamil Nadu to prominent Telugu Cinema Actor Ghatamaneni Siva Rama Krishna and his first wife Indira Devi on 13 October 1965. He is the first born to his parents. He has three younger sisters, actress-producer Manjula Ghattamaneni, Padmavathi and Priyadarshini and one younger brother, Mahesh Babu a prominent actor in Telugu Cinema.

Career

Acting career
In 1977, Ramesh Babu ventured into films as a child actor at the age of 12 with his father's film Manushulu Chesina Dongalu. After two years, at the age of 14, he was cast in a vital role in the film Needa, which was directed by Dasari Narayana Rao. The film also had his four-year-old brother, Mahesh Babu in a small role. After that, he took a brief hiatus from acting. In 1987, he made his comeback as a lead actor with the film Samraat, directed by V. Madhusudhan Rao. The film had Sonam paired alongside Ramesh and Sharada in a vital role. In 1988, he was seen in films such as Jandhyala's Chinni Krishnudu, A. Kodandarami Reddy's Bazaar Rowdy and in Kaliyuga Karnudu and Mugguru Kodukulu, both directed by his father. Mugguru Kodukulu also had his father and brother acting alongside him. Bazaar Rowdy became a blockbuster and giving Ramesh his first success as a solo hero. In 1989, he was seen in Dasari Narayana Rao's Black Tiger and V. Madhusudhan Rao's Krishna Gaari Abbayi. In 1990, he was seen in K. Murali Mohan Rao's Ayudham and S. S. Ravichandra's Kaliyuga Abhimanyudu. In 1991, he was seen in Naa Ille Naa Swargam, also starring his father. In 1993, he once again collaborated with Dasari Narayana Rao for the film Maama Kodalu and was also seen in Anna Chellelu opposite Aamani. In 1994, he was seen for the last time in a leading role in the film Pacha Thoranam. The film was directed by Adurthi Saibhaskar and had Rambha acting opposite Ramesh. In 1997, he was seen in a supporting role in N. Shankar's Encounter.

Film producer
In 2004, Ramesh Babu established a film production company named Krishna Productions Private Ltd in Hyderabad. He named the company after his father and ventured into film production with the film Arjun. Directed by Gunasekhar and starring his brother Mahesh Babu, Shriya Saran, Keerthi Reddy, Raja, Prakash Raj and Saritha, the film was successful at the box office and completed its 100-day theatrical run in 6 centres. His production house was praised for the  40 million worth Meenakshi Amman Temple set that was built by Thotta Tharani for the film. His next production venture was Athidhi. Directed by Surender Reddy, the film once again had his brother Mahesh Babu in lead role. Amrita Rao was paired opposite Mahesh and Murali Sharma in a negative role. For Athidhi, Ramesh Babu's production house collaborated with UTV Motion Pictures to produce the film. This was the first time a corporate company entered into Telugu film production. The film opened to negative reviews and failed at the box office. In 2011, he was seen as a presenter for the film Dookudu.

Filmography

As actor

As producer


Target: Harry

Target: Harry (also known as How to Make It and the original title What's in it for Harry?) is a 1969 thriller film directed by Roger Corman. The film was originally meant as a television pilot for the American Broadcasting Company.  Rather than show it as a made-for-television film, the film was released theatrically as How to Make It.  The film was shot in Monaco and Turkey in 1967 with Monte Hellman editing the film in 1968.  Roger Corman took his name off the film and credited himself as "Henry Neill".

Cast
Vic Morrow as Harry Black
Suzanne Pleshette as Diane Reed
Victor Buono as Mosul Rashi
Cesar Romero as Lieutenant Duval
Stanley Holloway as Jason Carlyle
Charlotte Rampling as Ruth Carlyle
Michael Ansara as Major Milos Segora
 Kathy Fraisse as Lisa Boulez
Christian Barbier as Bulley Boulez
Fikret Hakan as Insp. Devrim
Milton Reid as Kemal
Anna Capri as Francesca
Laurie Main as Simon Sscott
Victoria Hale as Michele
Jack Leonard as Valdez

Reception
The film currently holds a 4.3/10 user rating on IMDb.


Barisania

Barisania is a genus of moths of the family Limacodidae.

Species
Barisania lampra (West, 1937)
Barisania honeyi (Solovyev, 2009)


Kiowa National Grassland

Kiowa National Grassland is a National Grassland, located in northeastern New Mexico. The southwestern Great Plains grassland includes prairie and part of the Canadian River Canyon.

Sections
It is located in two non-adjacent units of northeastern New Mexico. The western unit is located in northwestern Harding, eastern Mora, and southeastern Colfax counties. The smaller eastern unit is located in eastern Union County, on the border with Oklahoma and Texas. The grassland has a total area of .

The grassland is administered by the U.S. Forest Service together with the Cibola National Forest and the Black Kettle, McClellan Creek, and Rita Blanca National Grasslands, from common headquarters located in Albuquerque, New Mexico. There are local ranger district offices located in Clayton.

Communities
The community of Mills lies within the western unit of the Kiowa National Grassland. Clayton is the nearest town to the eastern unit of the Grassland.

Description
Both units of the National Grassland consist of a patchwork quilt of public land interspaced with private land.  Elevations on the Grassland range from  which is high enough to moderate somewhat the summer temperatures of the Great Plains.  The average high and low temperatures for Clayton in July are  and  and January highs and lows are  and .  Annual precipitation is about  throughout the Grassland with July and August the wettest months and January and February the driest.

Semi-arid steppe grassland (shortgrass prairie) is the most common vegetation, covering 79 percent of the Grassland (including the adjacent Rita Blanca National Grassland). Ten percent of the land is covered with Pinyon – Juniper woodland, almost entirely in the western sector. A few stands of Ponderosa Pine are found in the Canadian River Canyon in the western sector. Nine percent of vegetative cover is Sand Sagebrush and one percent is Cottonwood and Willow riparian forest.  The Canadian River is the only permanent stream.  Playa lakes (shallow lakes which hold rainwater part of the year) are commonly found.

Nearly all of the land in the Kiowa National Grassland is leased to ranchers for grazing cattle which is the main economic activity in the region.

Recreation

Eastern Unit
Twenty-two miles northeast of Clayton is McNees Crossing, a reliable source of water on the Santa Fe Trail.  In 1828, two young traders, Robert McNees and Daniel Munro, were killed here by Native Americans.  In 1831, the first celebration in New Mexico of Independence Day took place at McNees Crossing.   Although on private property, a short trail leads to the crossing of Corrumpa Creek and a historical marker.  Seventeen miles north of Clayton is a three-mile section of the Santa Fe Trail which is open for walking and horseback riding. The trail is marked by rock posts.  The ruts of wagons that passed this way in the nineteenth century are still present.

Western Unit
The rim of the Canadian River Canyon, also called Mills Canyon, is six miles west of the nearly-deserted community of Mills.  About  of the red-rock, well-vegetated canyon are in the National Grassland. The canyon is  deep and more than  wide from rim to rim.  A primitive campground is on the rim.  A road down into the canyon is traversable by foot, horseback, or high-clearance vehicles.  On the canyon floor are the ruins of the homestead of Melvin Mills who had an apple orchard and a home here in the early 1900s.  The area is rich in wildlife including introduced Barbary Sheep which flourish among the cliffs. The Canadian River has a variety of sport fishes including Largemouth Bass and Channel Catfish.

A wilderness area encompassing  was proposed in 2008 for the Cimarron River Canyon.  The proposal would preserve the pristine state of about eight miles of the canyon.  Fishing, hunting, and non-motorized travel would be permitted in the wilderness area.


Hongshanopterus

Hongshanopterus is a genus of istiodactylid ornithocheiroid pterodactyloid pterosaur from the Lower Cretaceous  Jiufotang Formation of Liaoning, China.

The type species Hongshanopterus lacustris was in 2008 named and described by Wang Xiaolin, Diogenes de Almeida Campos, Zhou Zhonghe and Alexander Wilhelm Armin Kellner. The generic name combines a reference to the Hongshan culture in Lioaning with a Latinised Greek pteron, "wing". The specific name means "of the lake" in Latin, referring to the lake deposits the fossil was found in, at Dapinfang.

Hongshanopterus is based on the holotype IVPP V14582, found in a layer of the Jiufotang Formation dating from the Aptian, It consists of a skull and five neck vertebrae of a single subadult individual.

The wingspan of Hongshanopterus was estimated at 1.8 to 1.9 meters. It possessed a relatively high number of teeth, about thirty-six for both upper jaws combined. The teeth were robust and had triangular crowns which were flattened from mouth side to "lip" side, like those of other istiodactylids. The pterygoid bone had a ridge at the underside, pointing obliquely to the front and the outside.

Hongshanopterus was in 2008 placed in the Istiodactylidae, in a basal position. It was less derived than other istiodactylids by having a tooth row that extended beyond the first third of the skull, and by having some teeth that were directed backwards.


Lipponen II Cabinet

Paavo Lipponen's second cabinet was the 67th government of Finland. The cabinet was in office from 15 April 1999 to 17 April 2003. It was a center-left majority government, despite the center-right National Coalition Party's inclusion in the cabinet.

The Green League left the government on 31 May 2002 in protest of the government's decision to build the country's fifth nuclear power plant.

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Lipponen, 2


Matabitchuan River

The Matabitchuan River is a river in Nipissing and Timiskaming Districts, Ontario, Canada.

Hydrology
The river begins at Rabbit Lake in Nipissing District at an elevation of . It flows northeast over Rabbit Lake Dam and through Rabbit Chute to take in the left tributary Lorrain Creek. The river continues northeast, passing into Timiskaming District, to Fourbass Lake at an elevation of  and then empties into the west side of Lake Timiskaming,  south of the mouth of the Montreal River. A dam controls the outflow of Fourbass Lake, and some of the water from the lake is diverted through   a penstock from a point  southeast of the river outflow to the Ontario Power Generation Matabitchuan Generating Station. Highway 567 leads from the community of North Cobalt (in Temiskaming Shores) to the nearby Lower Notch generating station.


Stouts Mill Bridge

The Stouts Mill Bridge is a historic camelback through truss bridge that brings Duskcamp Rd. over Little Kanawha River in Stouts Mill, Gilmer County, West Virginia. The bridge was built in 1897.  It was designed and/or built by the Canton Bridge Company.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.


Text simplification

Text simplification is an operation used in natural language processing to modify, enhance,  classify or otherwise process an existing corpus of human-readable text in such a way that the grammar and structure of the prose is greatly simplified, while the underlying meaning and information remains the same. Text simplification is an important area of research, because natural human languages ordinarily contain large vocabularies and complex compound constructions that are not easily processed through automation. In terms of reducing language diversity, semantic compression can be employed to limit and simplify a set of words used in given texts.

Example
Text Simplification is illustrated with an example from Siddharthan (2006). The first sentence contains two relative clauses and one conjoined verb phrase. A text simplification system aims to simplify the first sentence to the second sentence.

 Also contributing to the firmness in copper, the analyst noted, was a report by Chicago purchasing agents, which precedes the full purchasing agents report that is due out today and gives an indication of what the full report might hold.
 Also contributing to the firmness in copper, the analyst noted, was a report by Chicago purchasing agents. The Chicago report precedes the full purchasing agents report. The Chicago report gives an indication of what the full report might hold. The full report is due out today.

One approach to text simplification is lexical simplification via lexical substitution, a two-step process consisting of identifying complex words and replacing them with simpler synonyms. A key challenge here is identifying complex words, which is performed by a machine learning classifier trained on labelled data. An improvement over classical methods of applying binary labels to words as simple or complex is to ask labellers to sort words in order of complexity; this results in higher consistency of resultant labels.