Horace Greeley

Horace Greeley (February 3, 1811 – November 29, 1872) was an American newspaper editor and publisher who was the founder and editor of the New-York Tribune, among the great newspapers of its time. Long active in politics, he served briefly as a congressman from New York, and was the unsuccessful candidate of the new Liberal Republican party in the 1872 presidential election against incumbent President Ulysses S. Grant, who won by a landslide.

Greeley was born to a poor family in Amherst, New Hampshire. He was apprenticed to a printer in Vermont and went to New York City in 1831 to seek his fortune. He wrote for or edited several publications and involved himself in Whig Party politics, taking a significant part in William Henry Harrison's successful 1840 presidential campaign. The following year, he founded the Tribune, which became the highest-circulating newspaper in the country through weekly editions sent by mail. Among many other issues, he urged the settlement of the American West, which he saw as a land of opportunity for the young and the unemployed. He popularized the slogan "Go West, young man, and grow up with the country." He endlessly promoted utopian reforms such as socialism, vegetarianism, agrarianism, feminism, and temperance while hiring the best talent he could find.

Greeley's alliance with William H. Seward and Thurlow Weed led to him serving three months in the House of Representatives, where he angered many by investigating Congress in his newspaper. In 1854, he helped found and may have named the Republican Party. Republican newspapers across the nation regularly reprinted his editorials. During the Civil War, he mostly supported Lincoln, though he urged the president to commit to the end of slavery before he was willing to do so. After Lincoln's assassination, he supported the Radical Republicans in opposition to President Andrew Johnson. He broke with Republican President Ulysses Grant because of corruption and Greeley's sense that Reconstruction policies were no longer needed.

Greeley was the new Liberal Republican Party's presidential nominee in 1872. He lost in a landslide despite having the additional support of the Democratic Party. He was devastated by the death of his wife five days before the election and died himself one month later, before the Electoral College had met.

Early life

Horace Greeley was born on February 3, 1811, on a farm about five miles from Amherst, New Hampshire. He could not breathe for the first twenty minutes of his life. It is suggested that this deprivation may have caused him to develop Asperger's syndrome—some of his biographers, such as Mitchell Snay, maintain that this condition would account for his eccentric behaviors in later life. His father's family was of English descent, and his forebears included early settlers of Massachusetts and New Hampshire, while his mother's family descended from Scots-Irish immigrants from the village of Garvagh in County Londonderry who had settled Londonderry, New Hampshire. Some of Greeley's maternal ancestors were present at the Siege of Derry during the Williamite War in Ireland in 1689.

Greeley was the son of poor farmers Zaccheus and Mary (Woodburn) Greeley. Zaccheus was not successful, and moved his family several times, as far west as Pennsylvania. Horace attended the local schools and was a brilliant student.

Seeing the boy's intelligence, some neighbors offered to pay Horace's way at Phillips Exeter Academy, but the Greeleys were too proud to accept charity. In 1820, Zaccheus's financial reverses caused him to flee New Hampshire with his family lest he be imprisoned for debt, and settle in Vermont. Even as his father struggled to make a living as a hired hand, Horace Greeley read everything he could—the Greeleys had a neighbor who let Horace use his library. In 1822, Horace ran away from home to become a printer's apprentice, but was told he was too young.

In 1826, at age 15, he was made a printer's apprentice to Amos Bliss, editor of the Northern Spectator, a newspaper in East Poultney, Vermont. There, he learned the mechanics of a printer's job, and acquired a reputation as the town encyclopedia, reading his way through the local library. When the paper closed in 1830, the young man went west to join his family, living near Erie, Pennsylvania. He remained there only briefly, going from town to town seeking newspaper employment, and was hired by the Erie Gazette. Although ambitious for greater things, he remained until 1831 to help support his father. While there, he became a Universalist, breaking from his Congregationalist upbringing.

First efforts at publishing

In late 1831, Greeley went to New York City to seek his fortune. There were many young printers in New York who had likewise come to the metropolis, and he could only find short-term work. In 1832, Greeley worked as an employee of the publication Spirit of the Times. He built his resources and set up a print shop in that year. In 1833, he tried his hand with Horatio D. Sheppard at editing a daily newspaper, the New York Morning Post, which was not a success. Despite this failure and its attendant financial loss, Greeley published the thrice-weekly Constitutionalist, which mostly printed lottery results.

On March 22, 1834, he published the first issue of The New-Yorker in partnership with Jonas Winchester. It was less expensive than other literary magazines of the time and published both contemporary ditties and political commentary. Circulation reached 9,000, then a sizable number, yet it was ill-managed and eventually fell victim to the economic Panic of 1837. He also published the campaign newssheet of the new Whig Party in New York for the 1834 campaign, and came to believe in its positions, including free markets with government assistance in developing the nation.

Soon after his move to New York City, Greeley met Mary Young Cheney. Both were living at a boarding house run on the diet principles of Sylvester Graham, eschewing meat, alcohol, coffee, tea, and spices, as well as abstaining from the use of tobacco. Greeley was subscribing to Graham's principles at the time, and to the end of his life rarely ate meat. Mary Cheney, a schoolteacher, moved to North Carolina to take a teaching job in 1835. They were married in Warrenton, North Carolina on July 5, 1836, and an announcement duly appeared in The New-Yorker eleven days later. Greeley had stopped over in Washington, D.C. on his way south to observe Congress. He took no honeymoon with his new wife, returning to work while his wife took up a teaching job in New York City.

One of the positions taken by The New-Yorker was that the unemployed of the cities should seek lives in the developing American West (in the 1830s, the West encompassed today's Midwestern states). The harsh winter of 1836–1837 and the financial crisis that developed soon after made many New Yorkers homeless and destitute. In his journal, Greeley urged new immigrants to buy guide books on the West, and Congress to make public lands available for purchase at cheap rates to settlers. He told his readers, "Fly, scatter through the country, go to the Great West, anything rather than remain here ... the West is the true destination." In 1838, he advised "any young man" about to start in the world, "Go to the West: there your capabilities are sure to be appreciated and your energy and industry rewarded."

In 1838, Greeley met Albany editor Thurlow Weed. Weed spoke for a liberal faction of the Whigs in his newspaper the Albany Evening Journal. He hired Greeley as editor of the state Whig newspaper for the upcoming campaign. The newspaper, the Jeffersonian, premiered in February 1838 and helped elect the Whig candidate for governor, William H. Seward. In 1839, Greeley worked for several journals, and took a month-long break to go as far west as Detroit.

Greeley was deeply involved in the campaign of the Whig candidate for president in 1840, William Henry Harrison. He published the major Whig periodical the Log Cabin, and also wrote many of the pro-Harrison songs that marked the campaign. These songs were sung at mass meetings, many organized and led by Greeley. According to biographer Robert C. Williams, "Greeley's lyrics swept the country and roused Whig voters to action." Funds raised by Weed helped distribute the Log Cabin widely. Harrison and his running mate John Tyler were easily elected.

Editor of the Tribune

Early years (1841–1848)

By the end of the 1840 campaign, the Log Cabin'''s circulation had risen to 80,000 and Greeley decided to establish a daily newspaper, the New-York Tribune. At the time, New York had many newspapers, dominated by James Gordon Bennett's New York Herald, which with a circulation of about 55,000 had more readers than its combined competition. As technology advanced, it became cheaper and easier to publish a newspaper, and the daily press came to dominate the weekly, which had once been the more common format for news periodicals. Greeley borrowed money from friends to get started, and published the first issue of the Tribune on April 10, 1841 — the day of a memorial parade in New York for President Harrison, who had died after a month in office and been replaced by Vice President Tyler.

In the first issue, Greeley promised that his newspaper would be a "new morning Journal of Politics, Literature, and General Intelligence". New Yorkers were not initially receptive; the first week's receipts were $92 and expenses $525. The paper was sold for a cent a copy by newsboys who purchased bundles of papers at a discount. The price of advertising was initially four cents a line but was quickly raised to six cents. Through the 1840s, the Tribune was four pages, that is, a single sheet folded. It initially had 600 subscribers and 5,000 copies were sold of the first issue.

In the early days, Greeley's chief assistant was Henry J. Raymond, who a decade later founded The New York Times. To place the Tribune on a sound financial footing, Greeley sold a half-interest in it to attorney Thomas McElrath (1807–1888), who became publisher of the Tribune (Greeley was editor) and ran the business side. Politically, the Tribune backed Kentucky Senator Henry Clay, who had unsuccessfully sought the presidential nomination that fell to Harrison, and supported Clay's American System for development of the country. Greeley was one of the first newspaper editors to have a full-time correspondent in Washington, an innovation quickly followed by his rivals. Part of Greeley's strategy was to make the Tribune a newspaper of national scope, not merely local. One factor in establishing the paper nationally was the Weekly Tribune, created in September 1841 when the Log Cabin and The New-Yorker were merged. With an initial subscription price of $2 a year, this was sent to many across the United States by mail and was especially popular in the Midwest. In December 1841, Greeley was offered the editorship of the national Whig newspaper, the Madisonian. He demanded full control, and declined when not given it.

Greeley, in his paper, initially supported the Whig program. As divisions between Clay and President Tyler became apparent, he supported the Kentucky senator and looked to a Clay nomination for president in 1844. However, when Clay was nominated by the Whigs, he was defeated by the Democrat, former Tennessee governor James K. Polk, though Greeley worked hard on Clay's behalf. Greeley had taken positions in opposition to slavery as editor of The New-Yorker in the late 1830s, opposing the annexation of the slaveholding Republic of Texas to the United States. In the 1840s, Greeley became an increasingly vocal opponent of the expansion of slavery.

Greeley hired Margaret Fuller in 1844 as first literary editor of the Tribune, for which she wrote over 200 articles. She lived with the Greeley family for several years, and when she moved to Italy, he made her a foreign correspondent. He promoted the work of Henry David Thoreau, serving as literary agent and seeing to it that Thoreau's work was published. Ralph Waldo Emerson also benefited from Greeley's promotion. Historian Allan Nevins explained:

Greeley, who had met his wife at a Graham boarding house, became enthusiastic about other social movements that did not last and promoted them in his paper. He subscribed to the views of Charles Fourier, a French social thinker, then recently deceased, who proposed the establishment of settlements called "phalanxes" with a given number of people from various walks of life, who would function as a corporation and among whose members profits would be shared. Greeley, in addition to promoting Fourierism in the Tribune, was associated with two such settlements, both of which eventually failed, though the town that eventually developed on the site of the one in Pennsylvania was after his death renamed Greeley.

Congressman (1848–1849)
In November 1848, Congressman David S. Jackson, a Democrat, of New York's 6th district was unseated for election fraud. Jackson's term was to expire in March 1849 but, during the 19th century, Congress convened annually in December, making it important to fill the seat. Under the laws then in force, the Whig committee from the Sixth District chose Greeley to run in the special election for the remainder of the term, though they did not select him as their candidate for the seat in the following Congress. The Sixth District, or Sixth Ward as it was commonly called, was mostly Irish-American, and Greeley proclaimed his support for Irish efforts towards independence from Great Britain. He easily won the November election and took his seat when Congress convened in December 1848. Greeley's selection was procured by the influence of his ally, Thurlow Weed.

As a congressman for three months, Greeley introduced legislation for a homestead act that would allow settlers who improved land to purchase it at low rates—a fourth of what speculators would pay. He was quickly noticed because he launched a series of attacks on legislative privileges, taking note of which congressmen were missing votes, and questioning the office of House Chaplain. This was enough to make him unpopular. But he outraged his colleagues when on December 22, 1848, the Tribune published evidence that many congressmen had been paid excessive sums as travel allowance. In January 1849, Greeley supported a bill that would have corrected the issue, but it was defeated. He was so disliked, he wrote a friend, that he had "divided the House into two parties—one that would like to see me extinguished and the other that wouldn't be satisfied without a hand in doing it."

Other legislation introduced by Greeley, all of which failed, included attempts to end flogging in the Navy and to ban alcohol from its ships. He tried to change the name of the United States to "Columbia", abolish slavery in the District of Columbia, and increase tariffs. One lasting effect of the term of Congressman Greeley was his friendship with a fellow Whig, serving his only term in the House, Illinois's Abraham Lincoln. Greeley's term ended after March 3, 1849, and he returned to New York and the Tribune, having, according to Williams, "failed to achieve much except notoriety".

Influence (1849–1860)

By the end of the 1840s, Greeley's Tribune was not only solidly established in New York as a daily paper, it was highly influential nationally through its weekly edition, which circulated in rural areas and small towns. Journalist Bayard Taylor deemed its influence in the Midwest second only to that of the Bible. According to Williams, the Tribune could mold public opinion through Greeley's editorials more effectively than could the president. Greeley sharpened those skills over time, laying down what future Secretary of State John Hay, who worked for the Tribune in the 1870s, deemed the "Gospel according to St. Horace".

The Tribune remained a Whig paper, but Greeley took an independent course. In 1848, he had been slow to endorse the Whig presidential nominee, General Zachary Taylor, a Louisianan and hero of the Mexican–American War. Greeley opposed both the war and the expansion of slavery into the new territories seized from Mexico and feared Taylor would support expansion as president. Greeley considered endorsing former President Martin Van Buren, candidate of the Free Soil Party, but finally endorsed Taylor, who was elected; the editor was rewarded for his loyalty with the congressional term. Greeley vacillated on support for the Compromise of 1850, which gave victories to both sides of the slavery issue, before finally opposing it. In the 1852 presidential campaign, he supported the Whig candidate, General Winfield Scott, but savaged the Whig platform for its support of the Compromise. "We defy it, execrate it, spit upon it." Such party divisions contributed to Scott's defeat by former New Hampshire senator Franklin Pierce.

In 1853, with the party increasingly divided over the slavery issue, Greeley printed an editorial disclaiming the paper's identity as Whig and declaring it to be nonpartisan. He was confident that the paper would not suffer financially, trusting in reader loyalty. Some in the party were not sorry to see him go: the Republic, a Whig organ, mocked Greeley and his beliefs: "If a party is to be built up and maintained on Fourierism, Mesmerism, Maine Liquor laws, Spiritual Rappings, Kossuthism, Socialism, Abolitionism, and forty other isms, we have no disposition to mix with any such companions." When, in 1854, Illinois Senator Stephen Douglas introduced his Kansas–Nebraska Bill, allowing residents of each territory to decide whether it would be slave or free, Greeley strongly fought the legislation in his newspaper. After it passed, and the Border War broke out in Kansas Territory, Greeley was part of efforts to send free-state settlers there, and to arm them. In return, proponents of slavery recognized Greeley and the Tribune as adversaries, stopping shipments of the paper to the South and harassing local agents. Nevertheless, by 1858, the Tribune reached 300,000 subscribers through the weekly edition, and it would continue as the foremost American newspaper through the years of the Civil War.

The Kansas–Nebraska Act helped destroy the Whig Party, but a new party with opposition to the spread of slavery at its heart had been under discussion for some years. Beginning in 1853, Greeley participated in the discussions that led to the founding of the Republican Party and may have coined its name. Greeley attended the first New York state Republican Convention in 1854 and was disappointed not to be nominated either for governor or lieutenant governor. The switch in parties coincided with the end of two of his longtime political alliances: in December 1854, Greeley wrote that the political partnership between Weed, William Seward (who was by then senator after serving as governor) and himself was ended "by the withdrawal of the junior partner". Greeley was angered over patronage disputes and felt that Seward was courting the rival The New York Times for support.

In 1853, Greeley purchased a farm in rural Chappaqua, New York, where he experimented with farming techniques. In 1856, he designed and built Rehoboth, one of the first concrete structures in the United States.

The Tribune continued to print a wide variety of material. In 1851, its managing editor, Charles Dana, recruited Karl Marx as a foreign correspondent in London. Marx collaborated with Friedrich Engels on his work for the Tribune, which continued for over a decade, covering 500 articles. Greeley felt compelled to print, "Mr. Marx has very decided opinions of his own, with some of which we are far from agreeing, but those who do not read his letters are neglecting one of the most instructive sources of information on the great questions of current European politics."

Greeley sponsored a host of reforms, including pacifism and feminism and especially the ideal of the hard-working free laborer. Greeley demanded reforms to make all citizens free and equal. He envisioned virtuous citizens who would eradicate corruption. He talked endlessly about progress, improvement, and freedom, while calling for harmony between labor and capital. Greeley's editorials promoted social democratic reforms and were widely reprinted. They influenced the free-labor ideology of the Whigs and the radical wing of the Republican Party, especially in promoting the free-labor ideology. Before 1848 he sponsored an American version of Fourierist socialist reform. but backed away after the failed revolutions of 1848 in Europe. To promote multiple reforms Greeley hired a roster of writers who later became famous in their own right, including Margaret Fuller, Charles Anderson Dana, George William Curtis, William Henry Fry, Bayard Taylor, Julius Chambers and Henry Jarvis Raymond, who later co-founded The New York Times. For many years George Ripley was the staff literary critic. Jane Swisshelm was one of the first women hired by a major newspaper.

In 1859, Greeley traveled across the continent to see the West for himself, to write about it for the Tribune, and to publicize the need for a transcontinental railroad. He also planned to give speeches to promote the Republican Party. In May 1859, he went to Chicago, and then to Lawrence in Kansas Territory, and was unimpressed by the local people. Nevertheless, after speaking before the first ever Kansas Republican Party Convention at Osawatomie, Kansas, Greeley took one of the first stagecoaches to Denver, seeing the town then in course of formation as a mining camp of the Pike's Peak Gold Rush. Sending dispatches back to the Tribune, Greeley took the Overland Trail, reaching Salt Lake City, where he conducted a two-hour interview with the Mormon leader Brigham Young – the first newspaper interview Young had given. Greeley encountered Native Americans and was sympathetic but, like many of his time, deemed Indian culture inferior. In California, he toured widely and gave many addresses.

1860 presidential election

Although he remained on cordial terms with Senator Seward, Greeley never seriously considered supporting him in his bid for the Republican nomination for president. Instead, during the run-up to the 1860 Republican National Convention in Chicago, he pressed the candidacy of former Missouri representative Edward Bates, an opponent of the spread of slavery who had freed his own slaves. In his newspaper, in speeches, and in conversation, Greeley pushed Bates as a man who could win the North and even make inroads in the South. Nevertheless, when one of the dark horse candidates for the Republican nomination, Abraham Lincoln, came to New York to give an address at Cooper Union, Greeley urged his readers to go hear Lincoln, and was among those who accompanied him to the platform. Greeley thought of Lincoln as a possible nominee for vice president.

Greeley attended the convention as a substitute for a delegate from Oregon who was unable to attend. In Chicago, he promoted Bates but deemed his cause hopeless and felt that Seward would be nominated. In conversations with other delegates, he predicted that, if nominated, Seward could not carry crucial battleground states such as Pennsylvania. Greeley's estrangement from Seward was not widely known, giving the editor more credibility. Greeley (and Seward) biographer Glyndon G. Van Deusen noted that it is uncertain how great a part Greeley played in Seward's defeat by Lincoln—he had little success gaining delegates for Bates. On the first two ballots, Seward led Lincoln, but on the second only by a small margin. After the third ballot, on which Lincoln was nominated, Greeley was seen among the Oregon delegation, a broad smile on his face. According to Pulitzer Prize-winning historian Doris Kearns Goodwin, "it is hard to imagine Lincoln letting Greeley's resentment smolder for years as Seward did".

Seward's forces made Greeley a target of their anger at the senator's defeat. One subscriber cancelled, regretting the three-cent stamp he had to use on the letter; Greeley supplied a replacement. When he was attacked in print, Greeley responded in kind. He launched a campaign against corruption in the New York Legislature, hoping voters would defeat incumbents and the new legislators would elect him to the Senate when Seward's term expired in 1861 (senators were until 1913 elected by state legislatures). But his main activity during the campaign of 1860 was boosting Lincoln and denigrating the other presidential candidates. He made it clear that a Republican administration would not interfere with slavery where it already was and denied that Lincoln was in favor of voting rights for African Americans. He kept up the pressure until Lincoln was elected in November.

Lincoln soon let it be known that Seward would be Secretary of State, meaning he would not be a candidate for re-election to the Senate. Weed wanted William M. Evarts elected in his place, while the anti-Seward forces in New York gathered around Greeley. The crucial battleground was the Republican caucus, as the party held the majority in the legislature. Greeley's forces did not have enough votes to send him to the Senate, but they had enough strength to block Evarts's candidacy. Weed threw his support to Ira Harris, who had already received several votes, and who was chosen by the caucus and elected by the legislature in February 1861. Weed was content to have blocked the editor, and stated that he had "paid the first installment on a large debt to Mr. Greeley".

Civil War

War breaks out
After Lincoln's election, there was talk of secession in the South. The Tribune was initially in favor of peaceful separation, with the South becoming a separate nation. According to an editorial on November 9:

Similar editorials appeared through January 1861, after which Tribune editorials took a hard line on the South, opposing concessions. Williams concludes that "for a brief moment, Horace Greeley had believed that peaceful secession might be a form of freedom preferable to civil war". This brief flirtation with disunion would have consequences for Greeley—it was used against him by his opponents when he ran for president in 1872.

In the days leading up to Lincoln's inauguration, the Tribune headed its editorial columns each day, in large capital letters: "No compromise!/No concession to traitors!/The Constitution as it is!" Greeley attended the inauguration, sitting close to Senator Douglas, as the Tribune hailed the beginning of Lincoln's presidency. When southern forces attacked Fort Sumter, the Tribune regretted the loss of the fort, but applauded the fact that war to subdue the rebels, who formed the Confederate States of America, would now take place. The paper criticized Lincoln for not being quick to use force.

Through the spring and early summer of 1861, Greeley and the Tribune beat the drum for a Union attack. "On to Richmond", a phrase coined by a Tribune stringer, became the watchword of the newspaper as Greeley urged the occupation of the rebel capital of Richmond before the Confederate Congress could meet on July 20. In part because of the public pressure, Lincoln sent the half-trained Union Army into the field at the First Battle of Manassas in mid-July where it was soundly beaten. The defeat threw Greeley into despair, and he may have suffered a nervous breakdown.

"Prayer of Twenty Millions"
Restored to health by two weeks at the farm he had purchased in Chappaqua, Greeley returned to the Tribune and a policy of general backing of the Lincoln administration, even having kind words to say about Secretary Seward, his old foe. He was supportive even during the military defeats of the first year of the war. Late in 1861, he proposed to Lincoln through an intermediary that the president provide him with advance information as to its policies, in exchange for friendly coverage in the Tribune. Lincoln eagerly accepted, "having him firmly behind me will be as helpful to me as an army of one hundred thousand men."

By early 1862, however, Greeley was again sometimes critical of the administration, frustrated by the failure to win decisive military victories, and perturbed at the president's slowness to commit to the emancipation of the slaves once the Confederacy was defeated, something the Tribune was urging in its editorials. This was a change in Greeley's thinking which began after First Manassas, a shift from preservation of the Union being the primary war purpose to wanting the war to end slavery. By March, the only action against slavery that Lincoln had backed was a proposal for compensated emancipation in the border states that had remained loyal to the Union, though he signed legislation abolishing slavery in the District of Columbia. Lincoln supposedly asked a Tribune correspondent, "What in the world is the matter with Uncle Horace? Why can't he restrain himself and wait a little while?"

Greeley's prodding of Lincoln culminated in a letter to him on August 19, 1862, reprinted on the following day in the Tribune as the "Prayer of Twenty Millions". By this time, Lincoln had informed his Cabinet of the preliminary Emancipation Proclamation he had composed, and Greeley was told of it the same day the prayer was printed. In his letter, Greeley demanded action on emancipation and strict enforcement of the Confiscation Acts.  Lincoln must "fight slavery with liberty", and not fight "wolves with the devices of a sheep".

Lincoln's reply would become famous, much more so than the prayer that provoked it. "My paramount object in this struggle is to save the Union, and is not either to save or to destroy slavery. If I could save the Union without freeing any slave, I would do it, and if I could save it by freeing all the slaves I would do it; and if I could save it by freeing some and leaving others alone I would also do that. What I do about slavery, and the colored race, I do because it helps to save the Union; and what I forbear, I forbear because I do not believe it would help to save the Union." Lincoln's statement angered abolitionists; William Seward's wife Frances complained to her husband that Lincoln had made it seem "that the mere keeping together a number of states is more important than human freedom." Greeley felt Lincoln had not truly answered him, "but I'll forgive him everything if he'll issue the proclamation". When Lincoln did, on September 22, Greeley hailed the Emancipation Proclamation as a "great boon of freedom". According to Williams, "Lincoln's war for Union was now also Greeley's war for emancipation."

Draft riots and peace efforts

After the Union victory at Gettysburg in early July 1863, the Tribune wrote that the rebellion would be quickly "stamped out". A week after the battle, the New York City draft riots erupted. Greeley and the Tribune were generally supportive of conscription, though feeling that the rich should not be allowed to evade it by hiring substitutes. Support for the draft made them targets of the mob, and the Tribune Building was surrounded, and at least once invaded. Greeley secured arms from the Brooklyn Navy Yard and 150 soldiers kept the building secure. Mary Greeley and her children were at the farm in Chappaqua; a mob threatened them, but dispersed without doing harm.

In August 1863, Greeley was requested by a firm of Hartford publishers to write a history of the war. Greeley agreed, and over the next eight months penned a 600-page volume, which would be the first of two, entitled The American Conflict. The books were very successful, selling a total of 225,000 copies by 1870, a large sale for the time.

Throughout the war, Greeley played with ideas as to how to settle it. In 1862, Greeley had approached the French minister to Washington, Henri Mercier, to discuss a mediated settlement. However, Seward rejected such talks and the prospect of European intervention receded after the bloody Union victory at Antietam in September 1862. In July 1864, Greeley received word that there were Confederate commissioners in Canada, empowered to offer peace. In fact, the men were in Niagara Falls, Canada to aid Peace Democrats and otherwise undermine the Union war effort. but they played along when Greeley journeyed to Niagara Falls, at Lincoln's request: the president was willing to consider any deal that included reunion and emancipation. The Confederates had no credentials and were unwilling to accompany Greeley to Washington under safe conduct. Greeley returned to New York, and the episode, when it became public, embarrassed the administration. Lincoln said nothing publicly concerning Greeley's credulous conduct, but privately indicated that he had no confidence in him anymore.

Greeley did not initially support Lincoln for nomination in 1864, casting about for other candidates. In February, he wrote in the Tribune that Lincoln could not be elected to a second term. Nevertheless, no candidate made a serious challenge to Lincoln, who was nominated in June, which the Tribune applauded slightly. In August, fearing a Democratic victory and acceptance of the Confederacy, Greeley engaged in a plot to get a new convention to nominate another candidate, with Lincoln withdrawing. The plot came to nothing. Once Atlanta was taken by Union forces on September 3, Greeley became a fervent supporter of Lincoln. Greeley was gratified both by Lincoln's re-election and continued Union victories.

Reconstruction
As the war drew to a close in April 1865, Greeley and the Tribune urged magnanimity towards the defeated Confederates, arguing that making martyrs of Confederate leaders would only inspire future rebels. This talk of moderation ceased when Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth. Many concluded that Lincoln had fallen as the result of a final rebel plot, and the new president, Andrew Johnson, offered $100,000 for the capture of fugitive Confederate president Jefferson Davis. After the rebel leader was caught, Greeley initially advocated that "punishment be meted out in accord with a just verdict".

Through 1866, Greeley editorialized that Davis, who was being held at Fortress Monroe, should either be set free or put on trial. Davis's wife Varina urged Greeley to use his influence to gain her husband's release. In May 1867, a Richmond judge set bail for the former Confederate president at $100,000. Greeley was among those who signed the bail bond, and the two men met briefly at the courthouse. This act resulted in public anger against Greeley in the North. Sales of the second volume of his history (published in 1866) declined sharply. Subscriptions to the Tribune (especially the Weekly Tribune) also dropped off, though they recovered during the 1868 election.

Initially supportive of Andrew Johnson's lenient Reconstruction policies, Greeley soon became disillusioned, as the president's plan allowed the quick formation of state governments without securing suffrage for the freedman. When Congress convened in December 1865, and gradually took control of Reconstruction, he was generally supportive, as Radical Republicans pushed hard for universal male suffrage and civil rights for freedmen. Greeley ran for Congress in 1866 but lost badly, and for Senate in the legislative election held in early 1867, losing to Roscoe Conkling.

As president and Congress battled, Greeley remained firmly opposed to the president, and when Johnson was impeached in March 1868, Greeley and the Tribune strongly supported his removal, attacking Johnson as "an aching tooth in the national jaw, a screeching infant in a crowded lecture room," and declaring, "There can be no peace or comfort till he is out." Nevertheless, the president was acquitted by the Senate, much to Greeley's disappointment. Also in 1868, Greeley sought the Republican nomination for governor but was frustrated by the Conkling forces. Greeley supported the successful Republican presidential nominee, General Ulysses S. Grant in the 1868 election.

Grant years

In 1868, Whitelaw Reid joined the Tribune 's staff as managing editor. In Reid, Greeley found a reliable second-in-command. Also on the Tribune's staff in the late 1860s was Mark Twain; Henry George sometimes contributed pieces, as did Bret Harte. In 1870, John Hay joined the staff as an editorial writer. Greeley soon pronounced Hay the most brilliant at that craft ever to write for the Tribune.

Greeley maintained his interest in associationism. Beginning in 1869, he was heavily involved in an attempt to found a utopia, called the Union Colony of Colorado, on the prairie in a scheme led by Nathan Meeker. The new town of Greeley, Colorado Territory was named after him. He served as treasurer and lent Meeker money to keep the colony afloat. In 1871, Greeley published a book What I Know About Farming, based on his childhood experience and that from his country home in Chappaqua.

Greeley continued to seek political office, running for state comptroller in 1869 and the House of Representatives in 1870, losing both times. In 1870, President Grant offered Greeley the post of minister to Santo Domingo (today, the Dominican Republic), which he declined.

Presidential candidate

As had been the case for much of the 19th century, political parties continued to be formed and to vanish after the Civil War. In September 1871, Missouri Senator Carl Schurz formed the Liberal Republican Party, founded on opposition to President Grant, opposition to corruption, and support of civil service reform, lower taxes, and land reform. He gathered around him an eclectic group of supporters whose only real link was their opposition to Grant, whose administration had proved increasingly corrupt. The party needed a candidate, with a presidential election upcoming. Greeley was one of the best-known Americans, as well as being a perennial candidate for office. He was more minded to consider a run for the Republican nomination, fearing the effect on the Tribune should he bolt the party. Nevertheless, he wanted to be president, as a Republican if possible, if not, as a Liberal Republican.

The Liberal Republican national convention met in Cincinnati in May 1872. Greeley was spoken of as a possible candidate, as was Missouri Governor Benjamin Gratz Brown. Schurz was ineligible as foreign-born. On the first ballot, Supreme Court Justice David Davis led, but Greeley took a narrow lead on the second ballot. Former minister to Britain Charles Francis Adams took the lead, but on the sixth ballot, after a "spontaneous" demonstration staged by Reid, Greeley gained the nomination, with Brown as vice presidential candidate.

The Democrats, when they met in Baltimore in July, faced a stark choice: nominate Greeley, long a thorn in their side, or split the anti-Grant vote and go on to certain defeat. They chose the former, and even adopted the Liberal Republican platform, which called for equal rights for African Americans. This was the first time one man had been nominated for president by two political parties. Greeley resigned as editor of the Tribune for the campaign, and, unusually for the time, embarked on a speaking tour to bring his message to the people. As it was more usual for candidates for major office to not actively campaign, he was attacked as a seeker after office. Nevertheless, in late July, Greeley (and others, such as former Ohio governor Rutherford B. Hayes) thought he would very likely be elected. Greeley campaigned on a platform of intersectional reconciliation, arguing that the war was over and the issue of slavery was resolved. It was time to restore normality and end the continuing military occupation of the South.

The Republican counterattack was well-financed, accusing Greeley of support for everything from treason to the Ku Klux Klan. The anti-Greeley campaign was famously and effectively summed up in the cartoons of Thomas Nast, whom Grant later credited with a major role in his re-election. Nast's cartoons showed Greeley giving bail money for Jefferson Davis, throwing mud on Grant, and shaking hands with John Wilkes Booth across Lincoln's grave. The Crédit Mobilier scandal—corruption in the financing of the Union Pacific Railroad—broke in September, but Greeley was unable to take advantage of the Grant administration's ties to the scandal as he had stock in the railroad himself, and some alleged it had been given to him in exchange for favorable coverage.

Greeley's wife Mary had returned ill from a trip to Europe in late June. Her condition worsened in October, and he effectively broke off campaigning after October 12 to be with her. She died on October 30, plunging him into despair a week before the election. Poor results for the Democrats in those states that had elections for other offices in September and October presaged defeat for Greeley, and so it proved. He received 2,834,125 votes to 3,597,132 for Grant, who secured 286 electors to 66 chosen for Greeley. The editor-turned-candidate won only six states (out of 37): Georgia, Kentucky, Maryland, Missouri, Tennessee and Texas.

Final month and death
Greeley resumed the editorship of the Tribune, but quickly learned there was a movement underway to unseat him. He found himself unable to sleep, and after a final visit to the Tribune on November 13 (a week after the election) remained under medical care. At the recommendation of a family physician, Greeley was sent to Choate House, the asylum of Dr. George Choate at Pleasantville, New York. There, he continued to worsen, and died on November 29, with his two surviving daughters and Whitelaw Reid at his side.

His death came before the Electoral College balloted. His 66 electoral votes were divided among four others, principally Indiana governor-elect Thomas A. Hendricks and Greeley's vice presidential running mate, Benjamin Gratz Brown.

Although Greeley had requested a simple funeral, his daughters ignored his wishes and arranged a grand affair at the Church of the Divine Paternity, later the Fourth Universalist Society in the City of New York, where Greeley was a member. He is buried in Brooklyn's Green-Wood Cemetery. Among the mourners were old friends, Tribune employees including Reid and Hay, his journalistic rivals, and a broad array of politicians, led by President Grant.

Appraisal

Despite the venom that had been spewed over him in the presidential campaign, Greeley's death was widely mourned. Harper's Weekly, which had printed Nast's cartoons, wrote, "Since the assassination of Mr. Lincoln, the death of no American has been so sincerely deplored as that of Horace Greeley; and its tragical circumstances have given a peculiarly affectionate pathos to all that has been said of him." Henry Ward Beecher wrote in the Christian Union, "when Horace Greeley died, unjust and hard judgment of him died also". Harriett Beecher Stowe noted Greeley's eccentric dress, "That poor white hat! If, alas, it covered many weaknesses, it covered also much strength, much real kindness and benevolence, and much that the world will be better for".

Greeley supported liberal policies towards the fast-growing western regions; he memorably advised the ambitious to "Go West, young man." A champion of the working man, he flirted with European socialism.  he hired Karl Marx because of his interest in coverage of working-class society and politics  he attacked monopolies of all sorts and rejected land grants to railroads. Industry would make everyone rich, he insisted, as he promoted high tariffs. He supported vegetarianism, opposed liquor and paid serious attention to any ism anyone proposed.

Historian Iver Bernstein says:

Greeley's view of freedom was based in the desire that all should have the opportunity to better themselves. According to his biographer, Erik S. Lunde, "a dedicated social reformer deeply sympathetic to the treatment of poor white males, slaves, free blacks, and white women, he still espoused the virtues of self-help and free enterprise". Van Deusen stated: "His genuine human sympathies, his moral fervor, even the exhibitionism that was a part of his makeup, made it inevitable that he should crusade for a better world. He did so with apostolic zeal."

Nevertheless, Greeley's effectiveness as a reformer was undermined by his idiosyncrasies: according to Williams, he "must have looked like an apparition, a man of eccentric habits dressed in an old linen coat that made him look like a farmer who came into town for supplies". Van Deusen wrote, "Greeley's effectiveness as a crusader was limited by some of his traits and characteristics. Culturally deficient, he was to the end ignorant of his own limitations, and this ignorance was a great handicap."

The Tribune remained under that name until 1924, when it merged with the New York Herald to become the New York Herald-Tribune, which was published until 1966. The name survived until 2013, when the International Herald-Tribune became the International New York Times.

There is a statue of Greeley in City Hall Park in New York, donated by the Tribune Association. Cast in 1890, it was not dedicated until 1916. A second statue of Greeley is located in Greeley Square in Midtown Manhattan. Greeley Square, at Broadway and 33rd Street, was named by the New York City Common Council in a vote after Greeley's death. Van Deusen concluded his biography of Greeley:

Notes and references

Explanatory notes

Citations

Bibliography

 online edition

 online edition
, scholarly biography

Books written by GreeleyThe American Conflict: A History of the Great Rebellion in the United States of America, 1860–64 Vol. I (1864) Vol. II (1866)
Essays Designed to Elucidate The Science of Political Economy, While Serving To Explain and Defend The Policy of Protection to Home Industry, As a System of National Cooperation For True Elevation of Labor (1870)Recollections of a Busy Life (1868)
Journey from New York to San Francisco in the Summer of 1859 (1860)

Further reading
Borchard, Gregory A. Abraham Lincoln and Horace Greeley. Southern Illinois University Press; 2011.
Cross, Coy F., II. Go West Young Man! Horace Greeley's Vision for America. U. of Mexico Press, 1995.
Downey, Matthew T. "Horace Greeley and the Politicians: The Liberal Republican Convention in 1872," The Journal of American History, Vol. 53, No. 4. (March, 1967), pp. 727–750. in JSTOR
Durante, Dianne, Outdoor Monuments of Manhattan: A Historical Guide. (New York University Press, 2007): discussion of Greeley and the 2 memorials to him in New York
Fahrney, Ralph Ray, Horace Greeley and the Tribune in the Civil War (1936) online
Isely, Jeter A. Horace Greeley and the Republican Party, 1853–1861: A study of the New York Tribune (1947)
  Lundberg, James M. Horace Greeley: Print, Politics, and the Failure of American Nationhood (2019), popular history  excerpt
Lunde, Erik S. "The Ambiguity of the National Idea: the Presidential Campaign of 1872" Canadian Review of Studies in Nationalism 1978 5(1): 1–23.
Mott, Frank Luther. American Journalism: A History, 1690-1960 (1962) passim.
Parrington, Vernon L. Main Currents in American Thought (1927), II, pp. 247–57. online edition
Parton, James. The Life of Horace Greeley (1889) online.
Potter, David M. "Horace Greeley and Peaceable Secession." Journal of Southern History (1941) 7#2 pp: 145–159. in JSTOR
Reid, Whitelaw. Horace Greeley (Scribner's sons, 1879) online.
Robbins, Roy M., "Horace Greeley: Land Reform and Unemployment, 1837–1862," Agricultural History, VII, 18 (January, 1933).
Rourke, Constance Mayfield ; Trumpets of Jubilee: Henry Ward Beecher, Harriet Beecher Stowe, Lyman Beecher, Horace Greeley, P.T. Barnum (1927). online edition
Schulze, Suzanne. Horace Greeley: A Bio-Bibliography. Greenwood, 1992. 240 pp.
Slap, Andrew. The Doom of Reconstruction: The Liberal Republicans in the Civil War Era (2010). online
Taylor, Sally. "Marx and Greeley on Slavery and Labor." Journalism History 6#4 (1979): 103-7
Weisberger, Bernard A. "Horace Greeley: Reformer as Republican" . Civil War History 1977 23(1): 5–25. online

External links

Cartoonist Thomas Nast vs. Candidate Horace Greeley
Mr. Lincoln and Friends: Horace Greeley
The New York Tribune'' Online 1842–1866 and 1866–1922

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Tilag

Tilag (, also Romanized as Tīlag; also known as Neylak and Tīlak) is a village in Poshtkuh Rural District, in the Central District of Khash County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 243, in 39 families.


Stormqueen!

Stormqueen! is a science fantasy novel by American writer Marion Zimmer Bradley, part of the Darkover series. Originally published in 1978, it was republished in 2002 as part of the Ages of Chaos omnibus.

Stormqueen! occurs two hundred years prior to Two To Conquer, in the period of Darkover's history known as the Ages of Chaos.  The underlying theme of Stormqueen! is a breeding program, undertaken over centuries, to produce stronger laran gifts, resulting in individuals like Dorilys and Allart, whose gifts are potentially lethal.

Though it is mentioned as an aside, this book contains the moment in the Darkovan timeline when the Ridenow of the Dry Towns overtake the Serrais domain, merging into Ridenow of Serrais.

Plot summary

Lady Aliciane of Rockraven, barragana to Mikhail of Aldaran, dies giving birth to a daughter, Dorilys.  In childhood, Dorilys is discovered to have weather-related laran, causing storms and lightning with her childish temper tantrums.

Allart Hastur leaves Nevarsin Monastery, where he has lived for six years, learning to live with a form of laran that causes him to experience premonitions of multiple futures.  He meets Cassandra Aillard, the woman his family intends him to marry.  He believes that any children they might conceive will cause her death.  To avoid this fate, they become celibate tower workers at Hali.

Lord Rakhal Aldaran of Scathfell arrives with his son at Castle Aldaran.  Scathfell wishes ensure that his son Darren marries Dorilys, who is now eleven.  At the handfasting, Darren judges her to be much older than he has been told, and attempts to force her into sexual relations.  Dorilys’ self-protective laran strikes Darren dead.  Scathfell swears vengeance.  Dorilys' half-brother Donal is sent to acquire assistance from Hali Tower for Dorilys.

Damon-Rafael Hastur of Elhayln, Allart's brother, arrives at Hali and asks him to undertake a diplomatic mission to Aldaran.  Donal Delleray also arrives, asking assistance for Dorilys.  Allart and Renata accompany Donal back to Aldaran.

After working with Dorilys for a day, Renata warns Aldaran that while Donal has weather-related laran, Dorilys has the gift in a lethal form.  She also asserts that Dorilys has already used her ability three times to kill someone she feared.

Renata attempts to teach Dorilys control, over both her behavior and her laran abilities.  She, Allart, Donal and Dorilys use gliders to reach the fire watch tower.  Dorilys explains that she can see the past, present and future of the fire; that Donal has the same ability with storms.  Renata learns that Dorilys has the ability to draw power from the magnetic fields of planet.

To circumvent demands made by his brother, Lord Aldaran betroths his daughter, Dorilys to her half-brother, Donal.  Donal, who has fallen in love with Renata, objects, but cannot alter his foster-father's will.  Donal and Dorilys are married on Midwinter Night.

Allart uses his gift of seeing multiple futures, but is overcome by visions of death and destruction.  He teleports his wife, Cassandra, from Hali Tower, for her protection.  He is warned by workers at Hali that Damon-Rafael, his brother, will march on Aldaran, to claim Cassandra for himself.

About a week later, Rakhal of Scathfell, who has joined forces with Damon-Rafael Hastur, demands that Aldaran give over Dorilys to be married to one of Scathfell's sons.  When Aldaran refuses, the castle is besieged with laran-based weapons, including clingfire.  Dorilys is able to avert the attack.  After several more attacks, Lord Aldaran decides to use Dorilys' powers at full force against the attacking army, despite the warnings of Allart and the others.

Allart's brother Damon-Rafael sends word demanding that Allart hand over Cassandra.  After attempting to reason with his brother, Allart telepathically shows him the future he will bring to Darkover if he steals Cassandra and crowns himself king.  Rather than be the cause of such a future, Damon-Rafael kills himself.

At the feast following the victory, Dorilys realizes that Donal does not love her; rather he is in love with Renata.  Acting out of temper, she blasts Donal, killing him instantly.  Renata gets Dorilys under control and drugs her.  Renata seeks Donal in the Overworld, but instead meets Dorilys as she might have been, self-controlled and emotionally mature.  Dorilys tells Renata she must never again awaken, that her power is too dangerous.  Renata leaves the Overworld and creates a force field around Dorilys.  Her body is interred at Hali.

In a later Darkover novel, Sharra's Exile, set some hundreds or thousands of years later, a delegation that goes to retrieve the Sword of Aldones from Hali sees "behind a rainbow of colors... a bier where lay a woman's body ... she had slept there or lain there in unchanging, incorruptible death for thousands of years."

Characters
Mikhail, Lord Aldaran
Aliciane of Rockraven, mother of Donal and Dorylis
Donal Delleray, son of Aliciane and a younger Rockraven son
Dorilys, daughter of Mikhail and Aliciane
Allart Hastur of Elhayln
Cassandra Aillard, Allart's wife
Renata Leynier, a leronis

Publication history
1978, USA, DAW Books , Pub date June 1978, Paperback
1979, Germany, Droemersche Verlagsanstalt , Pub date 1979, in German as Herrin der Stürme
1979, USA, Gregg Press , Pub date 1979, Hardcover
1980, UK, Arrow Books , Pub date 1980, Paperback
1981, France, Éditions Albin Michel , Pub date 1981, in French as Reine des orages
1988, Japan, Shogensha, Pub date 1988, in Japanese
1988, Brazil, Editora Imago , Pub date 1988, in Portuguese as Rainha da Tempestade
1989, Italy, Teadue, Pub date 1989 , in Italian as La Signora delle tempeste
1989, UK, Severn House , Pub date October 1989, Hardcover
1997, Czech Republic, Knižní klub , Pub date 1997, in Czech as Královna bouře
2002, Netherlands, Uitgeverij , Pub date 2002, in Dutch as Vrouwe der stormen
2005, Croatia, Izvori, Pub date 2005, in Croatian as Kraljica oluja


Larissa Zamotina

Larissa Vladimirovna Zamotina (; born 25 June 1967) is a Russian former competitive figure skater who competed for the Soviet Union. She is the 1987 Winter Universiade champion, 1990 NHK Trophy bronze medalist, and two-time Soviet national bronze medalist.

Zamotina was coached by Igor Ksenofontov. After her retirement from competition, she performed with Disney on Ice, appearing in Hercules. In 2008, she was named a technical specialist for singles on the regional level at U.S. Figure Skating.

Competitive highlights


Cyril Tawney

Cyril Tawney (12 October 1930 – 21 April 2005) was an English singer-songwriter and a proponent of the traditional songs of the West of England, as well as traditional and modern maritime songs.

Biography and notable works
Tawney was born in Gosport, Hampshire. Perhaps because of the family tradition of maritime service, Tawney joined the Royal Navy at the age of sixteen, serving for thirteen years, several of which were spent in submarines. During this period he developed his lifelong interest in English traditional music.

While still in the Navy in 1957, he performed on an Alan Lomax radio show broadcast on Christmas Day, Sing Christmas and the Turn of the Year.  He appeared on television on the following Easter Sunday. It went well and soon he had a weekly television spot and a networked show, Watch Aboard.  Encouraged by these successes, Cyril left the Navy early in 1959 to become a full-time professional musician and broadcaster. He earned his living in this way for 44 years, making him Britain's longest-standing professional folksinger.

Tawney continued to work in broadcasting and had a weekly radio show, "Folkspin."  Meanwhile, he researched the traditional songs of southwest England and 20th Century Royal Navy songs. In the early 1960s he established his first folk club in Plymouth, where he met his wife Rosemary. He founded the West of England Folk Centre and was instrumental in setting up folk clubs in other places in the region. He is often referred to as the Founding Father of the West Country folk revival.

His song The Oggie Man written in 1959, appeared on the album A Cold Wind Blows on the Elektra ’66 label. It reappeared in 1971 on the Decca Record Company Ltd album The World of Folk. The song tells the story of the demise of the 'Oggie Man' from the Devonport Naval Dockyard, at a time when old-fashioned "fast food" was being replaced by the more modern purveyors of hot dogs (and all) (the "big boys" of the song). The Oggie Man had until that time offered his oggies (pasties) to sailors returning from sea, or from shore leave, from a box at the Albert Gate of the dock. It has been suggested that the sale of oggies here dated back to the 1700s.

The first verse of "Oggie Man" runs

And the rain's softly falling and the Oggie man's no more.
I can’t hear him calling like I used to before I came through the gateway and I heard the sergeant say"The big boys are a coming, see their stands across the way"And the rains softly falling and the Oggie man's no more...

In addition to presenting traditional ditties, Tawney composed a number of his own songs, the majority being written when he was in the Royal Navy and relating to that period – for example, Chicken on a Raft, which belongs to the call and response style of sea shanties. The song makes reference to an unpopular dish served in the Royal Navy, consisting of fried egg on fried bread and called "chicken on a raft."  The chorus is as follows:

Chicken on a raft on a Monday morning,
Oh, what a terrible sight to see,
The Dabtoes forrard and the dustmen aft,
Sittin' there a'pickin' at a chicken on a raft!

The song was recorded by The Young Tradition, on their 1967 EP also titled Chicken on a Raft.

Tawney's song, Sally Free And Easy, written in the late 1950s, was covered by numerous folk artists, including Carolyn Hester, Dorris Henderson and John Renbourn, Davey Graham, Pentangle, The Corries, Marianne Faithfull, Alan Stivell and Bob Dylan.  The song is about an affair Tawney had with a girl who cheated on him.
"... and when he was out in Gibraltar during the war, he was in the submarine service and he had rather an unfortunate affair with a girl, who two-timed him and her name was Sally and he wrote a song about it called "Sally Free and Easy". - Roy Williamson, introducing the song on the album "The Corries in Concert"

Beginning in 1972, Tawney studied English and History at Lancaster University. After he graduated, he admitted to a master's degree from the Leeds University Institute of Dialect and Folklife Studies.  In 1987, Tawney's book Grey Funnel Lines: Traditional Song and Verse of the Royal Navy 1900 to 1970'', was published by Routledge.

Tawney's last public performance was at Easter 2004, at the Lancaster Maritime Festival. He died of a bacterial infection at Exeter in 2005 after a long illness.

Discography
The Outlandish Knight, 1969
Children's Songs from Devon and Cornwall, 1970
A Mayflower Garland, 1970
Down among the Barley Straw, 1971 (first released 1976)
In Port (with The Yetties), 1972
I Will Give my Love, 1973
In the Naval Spirit, 1987 (MC)
Round the Buoy, 1989 (MC)
Sally Free and Easy, 1990 (MC)
Sailor's Delight, 1990 (MC)
Down the Hatch, 1994
Man Of Honour, 1997
Navy Cuts, 2001  (Compilation)
Live at Holsteins: Chicago 1981, 2007
The Song Goes On, 2014 (Compilation)

Songs
Songs written by Cyril Tawney include:
Cheering the Queen
Chicken on a Raft
Five-foot Flirt
Grey Funnel Line
The Ballad of Sammy's Bar
Stanley the Rat
The Lean and Unwashed Tiffy
The Suit of Grey
The Oggie Man
On a Monday Morning

Notes


Gabriela Kubová

Gabriela Kubová (born 9 May 1993) is a Czech ice dancer who competes with Matěj Novák. With former partner Dmitri Kiselev, she is the 2012 Czech national champion.

Career
Early in her career, Kubová skated with Petr Seknička. They competed on the ISU Junior Grand Prix series for two seasons.

In 2009, Kubová teamed up with Russian ice dancer Dmitri Kiselev to compete for the Czech Republic. In their first two seasons together, they competed on the junior level and placed 14th at the 2010 World Junior Championships. Moving up to the senior level in the 2011–12 season, Kubová/Kiselev won the silver medal at the Pavel Roman Memorial and gold at the Czech national championships. They were assigned to the 2012 European Championships, placing 18th, and to the 2012 World Championships, placing 26th. Kiselev retired from competition in autumn 2012.

In 2012, Kubová teamed up with Matěj Novák.

Programs

With Novák

With Kiselev

Competitive highlights

With Novák

With Kiselev

With Seknička


Eburia amabilis

Eburia amabilis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae found on the Galapagos Islands and in Panama.


Protein-secreting ATPase

In enzymology, a protein-secreting ATPase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction

ATP + H2O  ADP + phosphate

Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are ATP and H2O, whereas its two products are ADP and phosphate.

This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those acting on acid anhydrides to catalyse transmembrane movement of substances. The systematic name of this enzyme class is ATP phosphohydrolase (protein-secreting).


Albert S. Humphrey

Albert S. Humphrey (2 June 1926 – 31 October 2005) was an American business and management consultant who specialized in organizational management and cultural change. Initially earning degrees in chemical engineering in Illinois, he eventually moved to London.

Humphrey developed the SWOT analysis technique while working for the Stanford Research Institute, now known as SRI International. . SWOT is a strategic planning method used to evaluate the Strengths, Weaknesses/Limitations, Opportunities, and Threats involved in a project or in a business venture. The origin of the term SWOT remains obscure.

Education
Albert Humphrey was educated at the University of Illinois, where he graduated with a B.Sc. in Chemical Engineering. After this he gained a master's degree in chemical engineering at M.I.T. and an MBA at Harvard University.

Career
His work at the Stanford Research Institute (now SRI International) produced a team method for planning which created SOFT analysis and this was developed into SWOT analysis.

One client was W.H. Smith (1970–1987), which aligned its annual budget to long-range planning. This programme was the first to use the concept of employee involvement in business planning and can be seen as sowing the seeds for the Investors in People scheme.

While continuing work at Stanford, Humphrey was involved with the team that came up with the Stakeholder Concept, which has often been referenced by business leaders, economists and politicians. This programme became known as TAM (Team Action Management).

During his working life Humphrey acted as consultant to over 100 companies globally. In 2005 he was listed in:

 Who's Who in the World
 Debrett's People of Today
 Who's Who in the City
 The Directory of Directors

In 2004 he was listed in the Who's Who in Science and Engineering, 7th Edition (2003–2004).

Family
Albert had four children with his first wife Virginia P. Humphrey. After several years they divorced, Albert moved to London and a decade passed before he met and married Myriam, with whom he had one daughter (Stephanie). They lived together until his death in 2005.

Death
Albert S. Humphrey died on 31 October 2005 at the age of 79.


Texas State Highway 279

State Highway 279 or SH 279 is a Texas state highway that runs from Cross Plains south to Brownwood.  The route was designated on October 25, 1938 from Brownwood north to the Lake Brownwood State Park, and was extended north to Cross Plains on August 23, 1945. On September 26, 1945, the section of SH 279 in Lake Brownwood state park was cancelled, and SH 279 was rerouted more directly from Brownwood to Cross Plains, replacing FM 602.

Junction list


2012 Watford Borough Council election

Elections to Watford Borough Council were held on 3 May 2012. Three years in every four, a third of the council (12 councillors) retires and elections are held (in the fourth year, elections are held for county councillors).

In this council election, the Labour Party gained two seats from the Liberal Democrats; the Liberal Democrats gained one from the Conservatives. However, the Liberal Democrats remained firmly in control of the council. Four parties, Liberal Democrats, Labour, Conservative and Green, all put up candidates in every seat. There were also three UKIP candidates.

In the year following this election there will not be elections to the Borough Council (apart from by-elections) and Hertfordshire County elections will be held in May 2013. In the years 2010 to 2012, although the Labour Party recovered from its worst position, in 2010, it has only won seats in its three strongest wards and has yet to challenge the Liberal Democrats grip on votes and power. Labour has, however, supplanted the Conservatives as the main opposition party (albeit still 15 seats short of the Liberal Democrats) and the Greens continue to hold their own in Callowland ward, pushing the Conservatives into the smallest party position.

After the election, the composition of the council was:
Liberal Democrat: 23
Labour: 8
Green: 3
Conservative: 2

Council election result

Ward results


Sabina Khatun

Sabina Khatun (; born 25 October 1993) is a Bangladeshi international footballer who plays as a Forward for Bangladesh team and Indian Women's League club Sethu FC. She is the captain  of Bangladesh team

International career
In 2009 Sabina enter in the  Bangladesh national team. For nearly four years, she has been the national team captain.

International goals

U19

Awards
 Anannya Top Ten Awards (2016)


Computer-assisted translation

Computer-assisted translation or computer-aided translation (CAT) is a form of language translation in which a human translator uses computer hardware to support and facilitate the translation process.

Computer-assisted translation is sometimes called computer-aided, machine-assisted, or machine-aided, translation (not to be confused with machine translation).

Overview

The automatic machine translation systems available today are not able to produce high-quality translations unaided: their output must be edited by a human to correct errors and improve the quality of translation. Computer-assisted translation (CAT) incorporates that manual editing stage into the software, making translation an interactive process between human and computer.

Some advanced computer-assisted translation solutions include controlled machine translation (MT). Higher priced MT modules generally provide a more complex set of tools available to the translator, which may include terminology management features and various other linguistic tools and utilities. Carefully customized user dictionaries based on correct terminology significantly improve the accuracy of MT, and as a result, aim at increasing the efficiency of the entire translation process.

Range of tools

Computer-assisted translation is a broad and imprecise term covering a range of tools. These can include:
 Translation memory tools (TM tools), consisting of a database of text segments in a source language and their translations in one or more target languages.
 Spell checkers, either built into word processing software, or available as add-on programs
 Grammar checkers, either built into word processing software, or available as add-on programs.
 Terminology managers, which allow translators to manage their own terminology bank in an electronic form. This can range from a simple table created in the translator's word processing software or spreadsheet, a database created in a program such as FileMaker Pro or, for more robust (and more expensive) solutions, specialized software packages such as SDL MultiTerm, LogiTerm, Termex, TermWeb, etc.
 Electronic dictionaries, either unilingual or bilingual
 Terminology databases, either on the host computer or accessible through the Internet, such as TERMIUM Plus or Grand dictionnaire terminologique from the Office québécois de la langue française
 Full-text search tools (or indexers), which allow the user to query already translated texts or reference documents of various kinds. Some such indexers are ISYS Search Software, dtSearch Desktop and Naturel
 Concordancers, which are programs that retrieve instances of a word or an expression and their respective context in a monolingual, bilingual or multilingual corpus, such as a bitext or a translation memory
 Bitext aligners: tools that align a source text and its translation which can then be analyzed using a full-text search tool or a concordancer
 Project management software that allows linguists to structure complex translation projects in a form of chain of tasks (often called "workflow"), assign the various tasks to different people, and track the progress of each of these tasks

Concepts

Translation memory software
Translation memory programs store previously translated source texts and their equivalent target texts in a database and retrieve related segments during the translation of new texts.

Such programs split the source text into manageable units known as "segments". A source-text sentence or sentence-like unit (headings, titles or elements in a list) may be considered a segment. Texts may also be segmented into larger units such as paragraphs or small ones, such as clauses. As the translator works through a document, the software displays each source segment in turn, and provides a previous translation for re-use if it finds a matching source segment in its database. If it does not, the program allows the translator to enter a translation for the new segment. After the translation for a segment is completed, the program stores the new translation and moves on to the next segment. In the dominant paradigm, the translation memory is, in principle, a simple database of fields containing the source language segment, the translation of the segment, and other information such as segment creation date, last access, translator name, and so on. Another translation memory approach does not involve the creation of a database, relying on aligned reference documents instead.

Some translation memory programs function as standalone environments, while others function as an add-on or macro for commercially available word-processing or other business software programs. Add-on programs allow source documents from other formats, such as desktop publishing files, spreadsheets, or HTML code, to be handled using the TM program.

Language search-engine software
New to the translation industry, Language search-engine software is typically an Internet-based system that works similarly to Internet search engines. Rather than searching the Internet, however, a language search engine searches a large repository of Translation Memories to find previously translated sentence fragments, phrases, whole sentences, even complete paragraphs that match source document segments.

Language search engines are designed to leverage modern search technology to conduct searches based on the source words in context to ensure that the search results match the meaning of the source segments. Like traditional TM tools, the value of a language search engine rests heavily on the Translation Memory repository it searches against.

Terminology management software
Terminology management software provides the translator a means of automatically searching a given terminology database for terms appearing in a document, either by automatically displaying terms in the translation memory software interface window or through the use of hot keys to view the entry in the terminology database. Some programs have other hotkey combinations allowing the translator to add new terminology pairs to the terminology database on the fly during translation. Some of the more advanced systems enable translators to check, either interactively or in batch mode, if the correct source/target term combination has been used within and across the translation memory segments in a given project. Independent terminology management systems also exist that can provide workflow functionality, visual taxonomy, work as a type of term checker (similar to spell checker, terms that have not been used correctly are flagged) and can support other types of multilingual term facet classifications such as pictures, videos, or sound.

Alignment software
Alignment programs take completed translations, divide both source and target texts into segments, and attempt to determine which segments belong together in order to build a translation memory or other reference resource with the content. Many alignment programs allow translators to manually realign mismatched segments. The resulting bitext (also known as parallel text) alignment can then be imported into a translation memory program for future translations or used as a reference document.

Interactive machine translation
Interactive machine translation is a paradigm in which the automatic system attempts to predict the translation the human translator is going to produce by suggesting translation hypotheses. These hypotheses may either be the complete sentence, or the part of the sentence that is yet to be translated.

Augmented translation
Augmented translation is a form of human translation carried out within an integrated technology environment that provides translators access to subsegment adaptive machine translation (MT) and translation memory (TM), terminology lookup (CAT), and automatic content enrichment (ACE) to aid their work, and that automates project management, file handling, and other ancillary tasks.

Based on the concept of augmented reality, augmented translation seeks to make translators more productive by providing them with relevant information on an as-needed basis. This information adapts to the habits and style of individual translators in order to accelerate their work and increase productivity. It differs from classical postediting of MT, which has linguists revise entire texts translated by machines, in that it provides machine translation and information as suggestions that can be adopted in their entirety, edited, or ignored, as appropriate.

Augmented translation extends principles first developed in the 1980s that made their way into CAT tools. However, it integrates several functions that have previously been discrete into one environment. For example, translators historically have had to leave their translation environments to do terminology research, but in an augmented environment, an ACE component would automatically provide links to information about terms and concepts found in the text directly within the environment.

As of May 2017, no full implementations of an augmented translation environment exist, although individual developers have created partial systems.


Three Days (Pat Green song)

"Three Days" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Pat Green.  It was released in January 2002 as the second single and title track from the album Three Days.  The song reached #36 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart.  The song was written by Green and Radney Foster.

Chart performance


66 Aurigae

66 Aurigae is a single star located approximately 880 light years away from the Sun in the northern constellation of Auriga. It is visible to the naked eye as a faint, orange hued star with an apparent magnitude of 5.23. This object is moving further from the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of +22.6 km/s.

At the age of 107 million years, 66 Aurigae is an evolved giant star, most likely (98% chance) on the horizontal branch, with a stellar classification of K0.5 IIIa. Keenan and Yorka (1987) identified it as a strong–CN star, showing an excess strength of the blue CN bands in the spectrum. Having exhausted the supply of hydrogen at its core, the star has expanded to 48 times the Sun's radius. 66 Aurigae has five times the mass of the Sun and is radiating 834 times the Sun's luminosity from its swollen photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,475 K.


William Story (cricketer)

Colonel William Frederick Story, CB (3 April 1852 – 1 December 1939) was British Army officer and an English first-class cricketer active 1878–83 who played for Nottinghamshire. He was born in Stockport; died in Marylebone.

Story was an officer in the 3rd (Militia) battalion of the Highland Light Infantry, and was appointed lieutenant-colonel in command of the battalion on 24 October 1888. He later received the honorary rank of colonel. Following heavy British losses in the early part of the Second Boer War in 1899, many of the militia battalions were embodied for active service, including the 3rd battalion, Highland Light, with Story in command. The battalion served throughout the war, and return home on the SS Doune Castle in September 1902, after the war had ended earlier that year.

Story was a president of the Notts County Cricket Club and a racehorse owner. He was a Justice of the Peace, and a Deputy Lieutenant for Nottinghamshire from 27 April 1937.


Ageless computing

Ageless computing refers to a section of user experience design focused around designing computer software for the elderly. This type of software addresses age specific challenges, and allows for easier interaction with computers as we age.

Overview
Many existing computing services are not designed with the needs of elderly users in mind. The way information is often organized and presented (such as user experience design) and the complexity of many computer based operations create difficulties for many elderly people. This not only makes it inconvenient for the elderly to make use of information and services, but also contributes to isolation from other members of the society.

As the average life expectancy increases in most countries across the globe, a greater percentage of the world's population is falling above the age of 65. This group commands major purchasing power, and possesses unique knowledge, experience, skills and wisdom. As such, it is important that computing design paradigms be revised to accommodate the special needs and preferences of the elderly population for the well-being of both seniors and society in general.

Definition
Ageless computing is defined as any service-oriented computing design that can achieve at least one of the following objectives:

Bridges the gap between physical services for the elderly and the online environment
Enables the elderly to effectively use computing technology without conscious physical and mental effort
Enables the friends and relatives of the elderly to interact closely and meaningfully with the elderly
Enables aging societies to mobilize the elderly population as a productive force

Ageless computing should make the elderly feel ageless when using computing technologies, make their loved ones feel the elderly are ageless as part of daily life, and make an aging society feel ageless by revealing the hidden potential of the elderly population.

Challenges
Researchers from University of British Columbia and Nanyang Technological University summarized the major challenges in the field of ageless computing as follows.

Emotional: The feeling of loneliness is the biggest emotional challenge. This can be caused by numerous aging related reasons including children migrating to other places for careers, relocation to unfamiliar places, deaths of family members, difficulty in joining social activities, health problems, etc.
 Physio-cognitive: Declines in physical and cognitive abilities prevent a challenge in using computing systems.  Injuries or degenerative conditions (such as Alzheimer's or Parkinson's disease) can cause more rapid declines in health.
Social: It can be challenging for the elderly to find opportunities where their knowledge, skills and experience match with areas of high demand.  This can result in lower levels of participation in volunteer activities.
Modern e-commerce: Senior citizens command a significant amount of purchasing power, but are often skeptical of buying goods online and do not trust e-commerce systems.  Virtual assistants can help with this, but there is often a disconnect between what the user wants and what the assistant provides.
Convergence of ageless computing technologies: The prevalence of smart home technology is increasing, but older users may not like the integration of these technologies.  The elderly can be overwhelmed by these technologies and feel like they are constantly being monitored.
Knowing what the elderly want: It can be a challenge to get the opinions of the elderly on computing systems.  Data collection methods of surveys and questionnaires can lack a personal touch, while face-to-face interviews are quite costly.  One proposal for improved understanding of elderly users is participatory simulation with the technologies.

Implications for UI/UX Design
UI/UX designers can alienate senior citizens from the online experience if they do not consider their needs.  In the United States in 2016, 65% of senior citizens were online and 40% of seniors use smartphones. Good UI design for senior citizens mostly follows general UI principles, but some of these are especially magnified due to the unique physical and mental capabilities of older adults.

A common symptom experienced as we age is a loss in fine motor function control. This means that using mice and trackpads can be substantially more difficult to do accurately among the elderly. In order to combat this, UI/UX designers should remember to make clickable elements large, and spaced far enough apart to prevent accidental clicks.

Generally, as vision fails due to age, senior citizens will choose to have text display larger than younger users. If possible, incorporating larger text sizes and greater contrast into the design can substantially reduce frustration felt by older users while navigating the software.

Navigation should be obvious and easy to recognize and remember. Sometimes, even seemingly basic navigation patterns such as the scroll bar can be lost on the elderly. Do not assume any innate knowledge from the user. Design your navigation to be consistent and memorable, to avoid confusion when navigating your site.

In contrast to younger users, senior citizens are more likely to use tablets than smartphones. Applications designed for multiple screen sizes should support tablet use when following ageless computing principals.

Design Elements for Ageless Computing
User interface and user experience designers can help contribute to ageless computing through simple design that is intuitive for users of all ages.  The following design elements can help to include the elderly.

Font Size and Style: Senior citizens benefit from larger font sizes due to the increased legibility.  Some smartphone screen sizes make this a particular challenge for older adults. Default font styles (such as Roboto for Android devices) are generally the easiest to read.
Color and Contrast: The ability to distinguish certain colors fades with age.  Colors and contrast can help guide users to specific design elements needed to perform tasks and remind them where they have navigated.
Language: The use of slang or lingo that is intuitive for younger populations will likely confuse senior citizens.  The language used in a computing system should communicate its intended message to an older population.
Clickable Elements: Diminished hand-eye coordination and motor skills can make it difficult for seniors to navigate with a mouse.  Interface elements should be at least 11 millimeters diagonally with at least 2 millimeters between elements. Scrolling can also present issues for the elderly due to the small size of the scroll bar and should be avoided when possible.  If needed, they should be simple and provide the user with multiple scrolling options.
Icons: In ageless computing, icons should be simple and universal in meaning.  Textual labels can be added to icons but should be short in length.
Navigation: It can be challenging for older users to know where they are in a system and how to get to their desired destination.  Classic navigation elements such as a vertical sidebar are useful.  A back button can also provide an escape route for users if they get stuck.  Elderly users will also be more skeptical of new applications than younger users, so the onboarding process should be quick and easy.
Cues, Noises and Reminders: Sounds incorporated into computing systems should be loud enough for users with diminished hearing; options for users to control volume level can be an effective tactic.  Notifications, alerts, and reminders can help ensure regular use of a new application for seniors.
Social Networks: Older users generally have a smaller, more trusted social network than members of younger generations.  Designs should keep this difference in mind in implementing privacy and security features.

Opportunities
Although many people will use ageless computing principals in general software, it can also be used for very specialized purposes. One opportunity would be in health care technology, creating software to make it easier for the elderly to manage medications, pace makers, insulin pumps, and more. Video game rehabilitation integrates rehabilitation practices into popular gaming platforms for stroke recovery, neurological conditions, etc.  Studies have shown that these technologies can also aid the elderly in areas such as balance, cognition, social interaction, entertainment, and more.


Antonio Randa

Antonio Randa (born around Bologna about 1595, died maybe in Ferrara after 1657) was an Italian painter of the classicist period, active in Ferrara, Modena, Rovigo, Florence, Comacchio and his native Bologna.

Biography
Randa first trained with Guido Reni, but afterwards worked under Lucio Massari and later, as a colleague, with the same Massari and with Girolamo Curti. He left Bologna for Modena in 1614 after committing murder.

Many of his paintings are lost.  At present we can see works of him in Milan (Cardinal's residence), San Giorgio di Piano (main church), Gherghenzano (local church), Bologna (Santa Maria della Vita Oratory), San Giovanni in Persiceto (Holy Art Museum), Modena (Estense Gallery),  Rovigo ("Rotonda" church), Florence (altarpiece, two paintings and frescoes in the Certosa del Galluzzo), Comacchio (two altarpieces in the Suffragio church) and in private collections ("St. Cecilia singing"; "Juno and Aeolus at the Cave of the Winds").

In his last known painting, in Comacchio, Randa portrayed himself among the souls in the fires of Purgatory.

The painters Alessandro Provagli (died 1636) and Giuseppe Caletti (called "Cremonese") were his friends.


Visio Karoli Grossi

The Visio Karoli Crassi or Visio Karoli Grossi (meaning "Vision of Charles the Fat"), also called the Visio Karoli (Tertii) Imperatoris ("Vision of [Emperor] Charles III"), is an anonymous work of Latin prose from around 900. It was composed at Reims and depicts a vision of his ancestors warning the Emperor Charles the Fat of the coming downfall of his family, the Carolingians.

The work was produced in or near Reims, possibly by someone in the circle of Fulk the Venerable, the Archbishop of Reims, because the Visio credits the intercession of Saints Peter and Remigius (the patron saint of Reims) with preserving the Carolingian line. Fulk was also a Carolingian partisan in 888. Among the works that probably influenced the vision of Charles the Fat prominence can be given to the De visione Bernoldi presbyteri written by Hincmar of Reims in the middle of the ninth century.

Among the ancestors who appear to Charles in his vision are his father, Louis the German; uncle, Lothair I;  and cousin, Louis the Younger. He is also visited by Louis the Younger's daughter, Ermengard, and her husband, Boso, and son, Louis of Provence. Charles had recognised the right of the latter to inherit Provence after Boso died on 11 January 887, but Charles himself was deposed in November and died in January 888, leaving the young Louis and his mother without a defender. The Visio appears to have been written as a defence of the young Louis's claim.

The Visio was widely transcribed in the ninth through fifteenth centuries, especially in the High Middle Ages (11th–13th). Versions were inserted into the Gesta Regum Anglorum of William of Malmesbury, the Chronicon Centulense of Hariulf of Oudenbourg, and the anonymous Annals of Saint Neots as pieces of historical information. From Wiliam and Hariulf the story was extracted and placed in the universal Chronicon of Helinand of Froidmont under the year 888 and in the Speculum historiale of Vincent of Beauvais. A complete English translation of the Visio was included in The Birth of Purgatory by Jacques Le Goff as evidence of the need, as early as the ninth century, for a realm lying between Hell and Paradies (i.e. Purgatory) wherein good men could reside in the hereafter.

The Visio may also have been an inspiration to Dante Alighieri. In his Divine Comedy (Inferno, XII, 100–126), in the first ring of the seventh circle of Hell, Dante, guided by Virgil and Nessus, visits those sinners, tiranni / che dier nel sangue e ne l' aver di piglio ("tyrants /
who dealt in bloodshed and in pillaging"), who are immersed to varying depths in boiling water. This punishment was not typically ascribed in Dante's age to such sinners, but the Visio attaches it to those who facere praelia et homicidia et rapinas pro cupiditate terrena ("make battle and murder and rapine because of worldly cupidity"). Theodore Silverstein, who first identified the connexion between Dante and the Visio, suggests that Dante's apparent interest in contemporary politics would have attracted him to a piece like the Visio. Its popularity assures that Dante would have had access to it.

Sources

Dutton, Paul Edward (1994). The Politics of Dreaming in the Carolingian Empire. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. .
 Gardiner, Eileen, Visions of Heaven and Hell Before Dante (New York: Italica Press, 1989), pp. 129–33, provides an English translation of the Latin text.
Le Goff, Jacques; Goldhammer, Arthur, tr. (1986). The Birth of Purgatory. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. .
Lewis, Andrew W. (1981). Royal Succession in Capetian France: Studies on Familial Order and the State. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. .
MacLean, Simon (2003). Kingship and Politics in the Late Ninth Century: Charles the Fat and the end of the Carolingian Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Schutz, Herbert (2004). The Carolingians in Central Europe, Their History, Arts, and Architecture: A Cultural History of Central Europe, 750–900. Leiden: Brill Publishers. .
Silverstein, Theodore (1936). "Inferno, XII, 100–126, and the Visio Karoli Crassi." Modern Language Notes, 51:7 (Nov.), pp. 449–452.
Silverstein, Theodore (1939). "The Throne of the Emperor Henry in Dante's Paradise and the Mediaeval Conception of Christian Kingship." Harvard Theological Review, 32:2 (Apr.), pp. 115–129.

Notes

External links
 Bibliography on the Vision of Charles the Fat.


Češina Strana

Češina Strana is a village in the municipality of Trnovo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.


The Shulamite (film)

The Shulamite, also known as The Folly of Desire, a 1915 British silent drama film directed by George Loane Tucker and starring Norman McKinnel, Manora Thew and Gerald Ames. It is based on the 1906 play of the same name by Edward Knoblock.

Cast
   Norman McKinnel as Simeon Knollett
 Manora Thew as Deborah
 Gerald Ames as Robert Waring
 Mary Dibley as Joan Waring
 Gwynne Herbert as Mrs. Waring
 Minna Grey as Tanta Anna
 Bert Wynne as Jan Van Kennel
 Lewis Gilbert
 Beryl Mercer


Clifford Crowley

Competitor for  Canada

Clifford Thomas "Cliff" Crowley (June 13, 1906 – April 27, 1948) was a Canadian ice hockey player who competed in the 1932 Winter Olympics.

He was born in and died in Winnipeg, Manitoba.

In 1932 he was a member of the Winnipeg Hockey Club, the Canadian team which won the gold medal. He played one match.

External links
profile


Siegfried Reiprich

Siegfried Reiprich (born 15 February 1955 in Jena) is a German human rights activist and author. He was involved in the resistance against the communist regime of the German Democratic Republic (GDR), which led to him being expelled from university and eventually banished from the GDR. In 2009, he was appointed by the Government of Saxony as the Director of the Stiftung Sächsische Gedenkstätten. In 2011, he was elected as a member of the Executive Board of the Platform of European Memory and Conscience.

In 1981, he was forced to leave East Germany and settled in West Berlin. He became active in the peace movement in West Germany and joined the SPD in 1983. In 1992, he left the SPD, and in 1998, he joined the CDU along with several other former human rights activists from East Germany.

Publications

 Der verhinderte Dialog. Meine politische Exmatrikulation. Eine Dokumentation, Schriftenreihe des Robert-Havemann-Archivs, Berlin 1996,
 Die linke Opposition in der DDR als eigene Größe zwischen Prag 1968 und westeuropäischer Studentenrevolte, in: Geschichtswerkstatt Jena (Hg.): Linke Opposition in der DDR und undogmatische Linke in der BRD, Dokumentation einer Tagung von Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung und Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung, Jena 1996, S. 37–54.
 Stasi in der Offensive - der 14. März 2006 in Berlin-Hohenschönhausen, in: Gerbergasse 18. Thüringer Vierteljahresschrift für Zeitgeschichte und Politik, Heft 41 (II/2006), , .
 Zu den Mechanismen ideologischer Disziplinierung an DDR-Universitäten, in: Deutscher Hochschulverband (Hg.): Zeitzeugen berichten. Wie die DDR die Universitäten unterdrückte, Forum des Hochschulverbandes Heft 67 (März 1999).
 Eroberung und Konsolidierung der Macht – zwei Phasen in der Geschichte der Stasi, in: Karsten Dümmel, Christian Schmitz (Hg.): Was war die Stasi? Einblicke in das Ministerium für Staatssicherheit der DDR (MfS), Sankt Augustin 2002, .
 Aufbau Ost: Geld statt Geist, in: liberal 3/2004, , .
 Vakuum und nostalgische Legendenbildung. Vom Umgang mit der DDR-Geschichte an der Berliner Schule., in: Zeitschrift des Politisch-Akademischen Clubs e. V. Neue Folge Nr. 15 (75) 2006, .

Literature

 Hildigund Neubert: Siegfried Reiprich, in: Veen, Hans-Joachim/Knabe, Hubertus/Neubert, Ehrhart/Wilke, Manfred u.a. (Hrsg.): Lexikon Opposition und Widerstand in der SED-Diktatur, Propyläen Verlag, Berlin 2000, , S. 296.
 Freya Klier: Matthias Domaschk und der Jenaer Widerstand, Berlin 2007, , .
 Udo Scheer: Kritisches oder oppositionelles Verhalten? Die Exmatrikulationen von Jürgen Fuchs, Siegfried Reiprich, Roland Jahn und Lutz Rathenow, in: AHF, Jahrbuch der Historischen Forschung 2005.

 Udo Scheer: Jürgen Fuchs. Ein literarischer Weg in die Opposition, Jaron Verlag, Berlin 2007, .
 Udo Scheer: Vision und Wirklichkeit. Die Opposition in Jena in den siebziger und achtziger Jahren, Ch. Links Verlag, Berlin 1999, .
 Baldur Haase: Mielke kontra Pegasus, LStU Thüringen, Erfurt 2001, , S. 140–147.
 Jürgen Fuchs: Magdalena: MfS, Memfisblues, Stasi, Die Firma, VEB Horch & Guck – ein Roman. Rowohlt Verlag, Berlin 1998, .
 Ehrhart Neubert: Geschichte der Opposition in der DDR 1949-1989, Ch. Links Verlag, Berlin 1997, , S. 240f.
 Henning Pietzsch: Jugend zwischen Kirche und Staat. Geschichte der kirchlichen Jugendarbeit in Jena 1970-1989, Böhlau Verlag, Weimar 2005, .
 Sandra Pingel-Schliemann: Zersetzen. Strategie einer Diktatur, Schriftenreihe des Robert-Havemann-Archivs, Berlin 2004, .


Anand Group

ANAND Group is an Automotive Industry company, with headquarters in Delhi, India. It manufactures as well as supplies automotive systems and components.

Overview
ANAND Group was founded by Deep C Anand, and named after the founder. The company manufactures automotive components. The company is responsible for introducing different kinds of automotive equipments into the Indian market. Mrs. Anjali Anand Singh is the Chairperson OF ANAND Group India and Gabriel India Limited (The Flagship Company).

The Evolution
The history of ANAND dates back to 1961, when Mr Deep C Anand, Founder of ANAND and Chairman of the Deep C Anand Foundation, as an enterprising young man of 27 years, set up his first business venture - Gabriel India. The flagship company of the Group, Gabriel was set up in collaboration with Maremont Corporation (now Gabriel Ride Control Products of ArvinMeritor Inc.), USA for manufacture of shock absorbers at Mulund in Mumbai.

History
2005 - Mahle swaps with Anand Group to form automotive filter conglomerate

2009 - Takata Corporation has engaged with ANAND Group to produce the Safety systems.

2012 - ANAND Automotive has also invested in non-automotive businesses such as high-end hospitality. It is planning to buy new properties to expand its Sujan "6-star" facilities.

2013 - ANAND Automotive has decided to invest ₹1,200 crores over the next five years on new product development.

2014 - January - ANAND Group with 47 facilities manufacturing various types of auto components garnered a total sales turnover of ₹5800 crore last fiscal. The company expects to clock a turnover of ₹10,000 crores by 2017 with an investment of ₹1200 crores, said, Sandeep Balooja, President, Business Development, ANAND Group.

2015 - March - Auto component suppliers Anand India and Federal-Mogul Powertrain have entered into an agreement to convert the sealing and piston ring businesses of Anand into joint venture (JV) operations.

2016 - February - ANAND Group participated in the Auto Expo Components Show this year with Make in India  theme comprising all 19 group companies

The Anand Group has all set to ink a joint venture with Axon Automotive of the UK to develop a composite material that can help in lightweighting vehicle structures. It is understood that the composite material (called Axontex) reduces parts weight by 20% compared to steel and costs similar to aluminium in kilograms. With this product, Anand plans to target vehicle segments like passenger cars, small commercial vehicles and heavy commercial vehicles as its customers. The JV is likely to take shape within the next six months to a year.

The Anand Group has participated the Auto Expo Components Show in New Delhi, where it has displayed a varied range of products from its companies including Mahle Behr India, Gabriel India, CY MYutec, Haldex India, Spicer India and Takata India.