Evolution by gene duplication

Evolution by gene duplication is an event by which a gene or part of a gene can have two identical copies that can not be distinguished from each other.   This phenomenon is understood to be an important source of novelty in evolution, providing for an expanded repertoire of molecular activities.  The underlying mutational event of duplication may be a conventional gene duplication mutation within a chromosome, or a larger-scale event involving whole chromosomes (aneuploidy) or whole genomes (polyploidy). A classic view, owing to Susumu Ohno,  which is known as Ohno model, he explains how duplication creates redundancy, the redundant copy accumulates beneficial mutations which provides fuel for innovation. Knowledge of evolution by gene duplication has advanced more rapidly in the past 15 years due to new genomic data, more powerful computational methods of comparative inference, and new evolutionary models.

Theoretical models
Several models exist that try to explain how new cellular functions of genes and their encoded protein products evolve through the mechanism of duplication and divergence. Although each model can explain certain aspects of the evolutionary process, the relative importance of each aspect is still unclear. This page only presents which theoretical models are currently discussed in the literature. Review articles on this topic can be found at the bottom.

In the following, a distinction will be made between explanations for the short-term effects (preservation) of a gene duplication and its long-term outcomes.

Preservation of gene duplicates
Since a gene duplication occurs in only one cell, either in a single-celled organism or in the germ cell of a multi-cellular organism, its carrier (i.e. the organism) usually has to compete against other organisms that do not carry the duplication. If the duplication disrupts the normal functioning of an organism, the organism has a reduced reproductive success (or low fitness) compared to its competitors and will most likely die out rapidly. If the duplication has no effect on fitness, it might be maintained in a certain proportion of a population. In certain cases, the duplication of a certain gene might be immediately beneficial, providing its carrier with a fitness advantage.

Dosage effect or gene amplification

The so-called 'dosage' of a gene refers to the amount of mRNA transcripts and subsequently translated protein molecules produced from a gene per time and per cell.
If the amount of gene product is below its optimal level, there are two kinds of mutations that can increase dosage: increases in gene expression by promoter mutations and increases in gene copy number by gene duplication.

The more copies of the same (duplicated) gene a cell has in its genome, the more gene product can be produced simultaneously. Assuming that no regulatory feedback loops exist that automatically down-regulate gene expression, the amount of gene product (or gene dosage) will increase with each additional gene copy, until some upper limit is reached or sufficient gene product is available.

Furthermore, under positive selection for increased dosage, a duplicated gene could be immediately advantageous and quickly increase in frequency in a population. In this case, no further mutations would be necessary to preserve (or retain) the duplicates. However, at a later time, such mutations could still occur, leading to genes with different functions (see below).

Gene dosage effects after duplication can also be harmful to a cell and the duplication might therefore be selected against. For instance, when the metabolic network within a cell is fine-tuned so that it can only tolerate a certain amount of a certain gene product, gene duplication would offset this balance.

Activity reducing mutations

In cases of gene duplications that have no immediate fitness effect, a retention of the duplicate copy could still be possible if both copies accumulate mutations that for instance reduce the functional efficiency of the encoded proteins without inhibiting this function altogether. In such a case, the molecular function (e.g. protein/enzyme activity) would still be available to the cell to at least the extend that was available before duplication (now provided by proteins expressed from two gene loci, instead of one gene locus). However, the accidental loss of one gene copy might then be detrimental, since one copy of the gene with reduced activity would almost certainly lie below the activity that was available before duplication.

Long-term fate of duplicated genes

If a gene duplication is preserved, the most likely fate is that random mutations in one duplicate gene copy will eventually cause the gene to become non-functional
. Such non-functional remnants of genes, with detectable sequence homology, can sometimes still be found in genomes and are called pseudogenes.

Functional divergence between the duplicate genes is another possible fate. There are several theoretical models that try to explain the mechanisms leading to divergence:

Neofunctionalization
The term neofunctionalization was first coined by Force et al. 1999,
but it refers to the general mechanism proposed by Ohno 1970. The long-term outcome of Neofunctionalization is that one copy retains the original (pre-duplication) function of the gene, while the second copy acquires a distinct function. It is also known as the MDN model, "mutation during non-functionality". The major criticism of this model is the high likelihood of non-functionalization, i.e. the loss of all functionality of the gene, due to random accumulation of mutations.

IAD model
IAD stands for 'innovation, amplification, divergence' and aims to explain evolution of new gene functions while preserving its existing functions.
Innovation, i.e. the establishment of a new molecular function, can occur via side-activities of genes and thus proteins this is called Enzyme promiscuity.  For example, enzymes can sometimes catalyse more than just one reaction, even though they usually are optimised for catalysing just one reaction. Such promiscuous protein functions, if they provide an advantage to the host organism, can then be amplified with additional copies of the gene. Such a rapid amplification is best known from bacteria that often carry certain genes on smaller non-chromosomal DNA molecules (called plasmids) which are capable of rapid replication. Any gene on such a plasmid is also replicated and the additional copies amplify the expression of the encoded proteins, and with it any promiscuous function. After several such copies have been made, and are also passed on to descendent bacterial cells, a few of these copies might accumulate mutations that eventually will lead to a side-activity becoming the main activity.

The IAD model have been previously tested in the lab by using bacterial enzyme with dual function as starting point. This enzyme is capable of catalyzing not only its original function, but also side function that can carried out by other enzyme.
By allowing the bacteria with this enzyme to evolve under selection to improve both activities (original and side) for several generations, it was shown that one ancestral bifunctional gene with poor activities (Innovation) evolved first by gene amplification to increase expression of the poor enzyme, and later accumulated more beneficial mutations that improved one or both of the activities that can be passed on to the next generation (divergence)

Subfunctionalization

"Subfunctionalization" was also first coined by Force et al. 1999. This model requires the ancestral (pre-duplication) gene to have several functions (sub-functions), which the descendant (post-duplication) genes specialise on in a complementary fashion. There are now  at least two different models that are labeled as subfunctionalization, "DDC" and "EAC".

DDC model

DDC stands for "duplication-degeneration-complementation". This model was first introduced by Force et al. 1999. The first step is gene duplication. The gene duplication in itself is neither advantageous, nor deleterious, so it will remain at low frequency within a population of individuals that do not carry a duplication. According to DDC, this period of neutral drift may eventually lead to the complementary retention of sub-functions distributed over the two gene copies. This comes about by activity reducing (degenerative) mutations in both duplicates, accumulating over time periods and many generations. Taken together, the two mutated genes provide the same set of functions as the ancestral gene (before duplication). However, if one of the genes was removed, the remaining gene would not be able to provide the full set of functions and the host cell would likely suffer some detrimental consequences. Therefore, at this later stage of the process, there is a strong selection pressure against removing any of the two gene copies that arose by gene duplication. The duplication becomes permanently established in the genome of the host cell or organism.

EAC model
EAC stands for "Escape from Adaptive Conflict". This name first appeared in a publication by Hittinger and Carroll 2007.
The evolutionary process described by the EAC model actually begins before the gene duplication event. A singleton (not duplicated) gene evolves towards two beneficial functions simultaneously. This creates an "adaptive conflict" for the gene, since it is unlikely to execute each individual function with maximum efficiency. The intermediate evolutionary result could be a multi-functional gene and after a gene duplication its sub-functions could be carried out by specialised descendants of the gene. The end result would be the same as under the DDC model, two functionally specialised genes (paralogs). In contrast to the DDC model, the EAC model puts more emphasis on the multi-functional pre-duplication state of the evolving genes and gives a slightly different explanation as to why the duplicated multi-functional genes would benefit from additional specialisation after duplication (because of the adaptive conflict of the multi-functional ancestor that needs to be resolved). Under EAC there is an assumption of a positive selection pressure driving evolution after gene duplication, whereas the DDC model only requires neutral ("undirected") evolution to take place, i.e. degeneration and complementation.


Destruction Derby Raw

Destruction Derby Raw is a video game for the PlayStation and is the third installment of the Destruction Derby series. It was developed by Studio 33 and was released in 2000.

The game was released after Destruction Derby (1995) and Destruction Derby 2 (1996). Raw was added to the PlayStation Platinum Range on 15 February 2002.

Modes
The following are the modes in the game:

Wrecking Racing
In Wrecking Racing, there are 25 'tough and gruelling' real race-tracks to race and to demolition. The objective is to destroy or "wreck" the other competitors while racing, for which points are earned, in addition to points earned from racing.

In nearly every race, there are 19 competitors, although some races have 15 competitors.

Points are earned according to race placement, with the winner gaining 1000 points, first runner up earns 900 points, and so on. No race points are earned if the player finishes outside 9th place.

In every race, there is a 'required points' section. This means that in every race, there is a require points. Only those players earning more than the required number of points in a race passes the stage.

Smash 4 $
Smash 4 $ means 'Smash for cash', an all new career mode where cars have to be purchased and upgraded. This mode is the same as Championship. The objective is to collect money by winning races and then use that prize money to upgrade better, faster cars in order to win more advanced cars with which to race.

Race cars must be purchased. To begin with, not all vehicles are immediately affordable; race success will win rewards with which players can start buying more powerful vehicles. The races are divided into different skill levels and different types of cars; with the harder races carrying higher the prize money.

Once a new Championship begins, you need to equip your garage with a car. During the championship, the player can adopt a strategy of adding more cars to his/her garage with the prospect of upgrading each car differently. He/she can then select a car most suitable for the next race. The cost of a car will be directly proportional to its performance and every car that can be bought will have performance commensurate with price. To join a race, you'll need to select a car that meets the minimum requirement of having all damage cars repaired.

The game ends when the player's cars are all destroyed and has insufficient money to purchase another racer.

Battle
Battle has the real demolition mode, and has a total of 4 modes as following:

Assault
Assault is team mode, with the emphasis on protecting your team-mate. There are 2 vehicles per team and your partner is a CPU-controlled armour-plated Hummers, which are very strong, but also very cumbersome.

The aim is to prevent the other CPU cars from attacking your team mate, while simultaneously trying to slow down your opponents' Hummer. Extra points are earned when a player helps his/her partner to retain a high race position for a period of time (5-second multiples):  40 points for every 5 seconds in first place; 30 points for second; 20 for third, and 10 for fourth.

The Hummers are difficult to manoeuvre, and their speed may be difficult to control. Players may resort to head-on collisions, but these will cause damage to vehicles; if a car is destroyed, a player will no longer be able to help his/her team-mate.

Skyscraper
The objective here, in addition to picking up points in the usual way, is for the player to shunt opponents off the roof of a towering skyscraper.

Pass Da Bomb
Bombs will be dealt out at random, with variable fuse lengths and explosive strength, and the objective is to pass it on before it explodes. A new bomb is introduced to the fray as long there are more free cars than bombs. The device with greatest destructive potential has 5 sticks of dynamite and the longest fuse. Points are awarded for actually holding on to a bomb, thus players are motivated to retain a bomb for just long enough time. If a player gets a given bomb, a dynamite icon and countdown timer will appear.

Destruction Derby
This mode is total car carnage. The player must, in all three modes, race around one of the three bowl tracks inflicting as much damage as possible to opponents' vehicles, while maintaining his/her own.

Armageddon
The player has 19 opponents who are all attempting to destroy his/her vehicle. The player must stay alive (by sustaining minimal damage to his/her car) for as long as possible with the timer clicking away.

Classic
This is the classic demolition mode, where the player needs to slam cars to get points.

Vampyre
In this mode, players obtain points off their opponents they attack. Points are transferred directly from the car attacked.

Cars

Bonus cars
As well as normal cars, there are also bonus cars that can be unlocked (one by one) if a player finishes and wins the last Stage of each level in Wrecking Racing.

Points system
Each championship mode race uses a points system. The maximum number of points available is 9999, and is only possible in Skyscraper. The lowest single score is 10 points for a minor bump; 1000 points may be awarded if a player creates 'combo carnage'.

Reception

Chet Barber reviewed the PlayStation version of the game for Next Generation, rating it two stars out of five, and stated that "The game is exactly the same as the first two in the series, but with some new problems included."

The game received "average" reviews according to the review aggregation website Metacritic.


God's Country (Blake Shelton song)

"God's Country" is a song recorded by American country music singer Blake Shelton. It was released on March 29, 2019 as the first single and partial title track from his compilation album Fully Loaded: God's Country. The song was written by Devin Dawson, Jordan Schmidt, and Hardy.

Background and recording
The song has been described as a southern rock anthem. Dawson stated that he and his fellows wrote the song on a Thursday, and that "Blake heard it, and by Monday he had recorded it." Shelton first heard the song while working on his farm in Oklahoma, and was blown away by the song. He related "I had to stop and just listen to this song, because the song was talking to me about a place that I was in at that moment, which was a place in the middle of nowhere that meant something to me that probably nobody else could ever understand, what that is and what it is inside of me and what my connection is to the land." He recalled thinking "'I've gotta record this song,' and I think I even decided before I even recorded it, 'This has got to be the song that I put out next.'"

Shelton performed the song at the 54th Academy of Country Music Awards.

Music credits modernization
The production process for God's Country was a flagship for digital music credit-delivery.  The music credits on the release were collected digitally during the recording process using the Sound Credit platform and delivered to Warner Music Nashville in a standardized digital format called Recording Information Notification (RIN).  The credits were then delivered to streaming platforms such as Pandora, marking a milestone of end-to-end digital music credits.

Content
Shelton has stated that "'God's Country' is a song that has a strong and deep meaningful lyric, but at the same time it leaves it up to the listeners’ interpretation."

He went on to state that "But no matter where you are from or where you're standing it is my belief that you're standing in God's Country. It's really about a state of mind. Wherever you're from and how you feel about that place. For me, it's about being from Oklahoma – where I was born, raised and still live today."

Commercial performance
"God's Country" was the best-selling country song on its first full week of sales, with 32,000 sold.  Shelton performed the song at the 2019 ACM Awards the following week on April 7, which helped to keep sales up at 31,000 that week. It reached No. 1 on Billboards Hot Country Songs chart dated May 25, 2019, his 14th on the chart and his first since “Sure Be Cool If You Did” in 2013.  The song was certified Gold by the RIAA on June 27, 2019, and Platinum on July 31, 2019. It has sold 537,000 copies in the United States as of February 2020.

Music video
The music video was directed by Sophie Muller, and shot over the course of four days in and around Tishomingo, Oklahoma. It depicts Shelton singing and working on a modern farm, interspersed with historical footage of the Dust Bowl, storms, beautiful nature shots, and traditional rural and farm imagery, concluding with a burning tractor. The video is intended to convey the intensity of farm life, while juxtaposing the "good, beautiful things of God's country, and also the wrath of God."

Awards

"God's Country" won in the category of Single of the Year for the 2019 Country Music Association (CMA) Awards in 2019.   Shelton received his 9th Grammy nomination for "God's Country" for the 62nd Annual Grammy Awards in the Best Country Solo Performance category, announced in November 2019.

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Decade-end charts

Certifications


Gymnocalycium spegazzinii

Gymnocalycium spegazzinii is a species of Gymnocalycium from Argentina and Bolivia named after the botanist C. L. Spegazzini.


Volpi

Volpi is a surname of Italian origin, meaning foxes or of the fox. The name refers to:
Alberto Volpi (b. 1962), Italian road bicycle racer
Alfredo Volpi (1896–1988), Italian-Brazilian modernist painter
Charles P. de Volpi (1911–1981), Canadian philatelist
Gabriele Volpi, Italian-born Nigerian businessman
Giacomo Lauri-Volpi (1892–1979), Italian operatic tenor
Giovanni Volpi (b. 1937), Italian automobile racing manager
Giuseppe Volpi (1877–1947), Italian businessman and Fascist politician
Jorge Volpi (b. 1968), Mexican novelist and essayist
Mike Volpi (b. 1966), Italian-American venture capitalist
Sergio Volpi (b. 1974), Italian professional football player


Kanchanjangha

Kanchanjangha: Rise is a 2019 Indian Assamese-language action drama film directed by Zubeen Garg and produced by Garima Saikia Garg as well as Zubeen Garg himself under the banner of "I Creation Productions". The film features Zubeen Garg in lead role and Pabitra Rabha, Pinky Sharma, Sasanka Samir in supporting roles. Zubeen Garg himself  wrote the script and screenplay for the film.

Cast
Zubeen Garg as Anirban Bhattacharya
Pinky Sharma as Panchana
Sasanka Samir as Samir
Pabitra Rabha as Pabitra
 Jerina Baruah as Antara, Anirban's sister
 Tridip Lahon
 Atanu Bhuyan as an Officer in Assam Public Service Commission
Tanaya Nandi
Runu Devi
Rohan Gautam, debeswar hazarika

Box office
Kanchanjangha was released on 6 September in 69 theatres of Northeast India as well as in Hyderabad, Gujarat, Cochin and Chennai. It got the positive response from the people. The film collected  in its first day. With an overall gross collection of , it surpassed Baahubali 2: The Conclusion, which was the highest grosser in Northeast before. With this collection it becomes the highest grossing Assamese film in history exceeding the previous highest grosser, Mission China.

Soundtrack
The film contains 6 songs. All the songs were composed by Zubeen Garg and were very popular. The title song Kanchanjangha, is a poem written by Jyotiprasad Agarwala. Some parts of which have been sung as a song and some parts have been recited.


Lerista

Lerista is a diverse (~ 90 species) genus of skinks endemic to Australia, commonly known as sliders. The genus is especially notable for the variation in the amount of limb reduction. The variation ranges from short-bodied forms with large legs bearing five toes, to elongate forms completely lacking legs. The body length of the lizards is . Their locomotion is linked to their body shape. The shorter skinks with prominent limbs travel on the surface; the longer skinks with reduced legs tend to burrow more. A phylogenetic tree of Lerista, derived from DNA analysis, reveals that limb loss has happened multiple times within this group. Limb loss has occurred relatively recently, in the past 3.6 million years or so.

Species
The following species are recognized as being valid.

Note: a binomial authority in parentheses indicates that the species was originally described in a genus other than Lerista.

Lerista aericeps
Lerista alia
Lerista allanae
Lerista allochira
Lerista ameles
Lerista amicorum
Lerista anyara
Lerista apoda
Lerista arenicola
Lerista axillaris
Lerista baynesi
Lerista bipes
Lerista borealis
Lerista bougainvillii
Lerista bunglebungle
Lerista carpentariae
Lerista chalybura
Lerista chordae
Lerista christinae
Lerista cinerea
Lerista clara
Lerista colliveri
Lerista connivens
Lerista desertorum
Lerista distinguenda
Lerista dorsalis
Lerista edwardsae
Lerista elegans
Lerista elongata
Lerista emmotti
Lerista eupoda
Lerista flammicauda
Lerista fragilis
Lerista frosti
Lerista gascoynensis
Lerista gerrardii
Lerista greeri
Lerista griffini
Lerista haroldi
Lerista hobsoni
Lerista humphriesi
Lerista ingrami
Lerista ips
Lerista jacksoni
Lerista kalumburu
Lerista karlschmidti
Lerista kendricki
Lerista kennedyensis
Lerista kingi
Lerista labialis
Lerista lineata
Lerista lineopunctulata
Lerista macropisthopus
Lerista maculosa
Lerista micra
Lerista microtis
Lerista miopus
Lerista muelleri
Lerista neander
Lerista nevinae
Lerista nichollsi
Lerista occulta
Lerista onsloviana
Lerista orientalis
Lerista parameles
Lerista petersoni
Lerista picturata
Lerista planiventralis
Lerista praefrontalis
Lerista praepedita
Lerista punctatovittata
Lerista puncticauda
Lerista quadrivincula
Lerista robusta
Lerista rochfordensis
Lerista rolfei
Lerista separanda
Lerista simillima
Lerista speciosa
Lerista stictopleura
Lerista storri
Lerista stylis
Lerista taeniata
Lerista talpina
Lerista terdigitata
Lerista timida
Lerista tridactyla
Lerista uniduo
Lerista vanderduysi
Lerista varia
Lerista verhmens
Lerista vermicularis
Lerista viduata
Lerista vittata
Lerista walkeri
Lerista wilkinsi
Lerista xanthura
Lerista yuna
Lerista zietzi
Lerista zonulata


Kurt Nielsen

Kurt Nielsen (19 November 1930 – 11 June 2011) was a Danish tennis player. He was born in Copenhagen, and was the first Danish tennis player ever to have played in a Men's Singles final in a Grand Slam tournament.

Nielsen reached the singles finals of Wimbledon in 1953 (beating Ken Rosewall and Jaroslav Drobný before losing to Vic Seixas) and 1955 (beating Rosewall before losing to Tony Trabert). Both times he reached the final he was unseeded. Before this, he won the Boys' Singles at Wimbledon in 1947 (defeating Sven Davidson). Besides his successes at Wimbledon, he won the Boys' singles at the French Open, and reached senior quarterfinals in the US Open in 1953.

With Althea Gibson, Nielsen won the US Open mixed doubles in 1957, thereby becoming the first Dane to have ever won a Grand Slam event as a senior. During his long career he won around 30 international titles, played 96 Davis Cup matches for Denmark (with a 53–43 record), and holds the record of having won the most Danish national tennis championships (50). Nielsen turned professional in 1960, and played on the pro circuit.

After ending his active career, Nielsen held numerous honourable positions in leading international tennis associations, as well as being supervisor and referee at many Grand Slam events. He was a commentator on the Danish version of the TV channel Eurosport until late 2006.

Nielsen was the grandfather of Danish tennis player Frederik Løchte Nielsen. He followed his grandfather and became the second Dane to win a Grand Slam tournament at the 2012 Wimbledon men's doubles.

Grand Slam finals

Singles: (2 runner-ups)

Mixed doubles: (1 title, 1 runner-up)

Singles performance timeline
The following lists main draw appearances for Grand Slam and pre-Open Era Professional Major tournaments only.

Note: 1 First round bye


Tomislav Trifić

Tomislav Trifić (; born 4 March 1949) is a Serbian graphic artist and dean of the University of Pristina Faculty of Arts, in North Kosovo, Kosovo.

Notes and references
Notes


Estradiol/norethisterone acetate

Estradiol/norethisterone acetate (E2/NETA), sold under brand names including Activella, Amabelz, Estracomb, Kliofem, and Novofem, is a combination of estradiol (E2) and norethisterone acetate (NETA) which is used in the treatment of vasomotor symptoms, vulvar and vaginal atrophy, and osteoporosis associated with menopause. Activella specifically is marketed by Novo Nordisk and is supplied as film-coated tablets containing 1 mg estradiol and 0.5 mg norethisterone acetate. CombiPatch is a combination of estradiol and NETA provided as a transdermal patch.


Eupithecia josefina

Eupithecia josefina is a moth in the  family Geometridae. It is found in Costa Rica.


Pitip

Pitip (Yaghnobi Питип) is an abandoned village in western Tajikistan. It is located in Sughd province north east of Anzob.


Francisco Martínez (basketball)

Francisco "El Quico" Martínez Cordero (June 20, 1910 – December 1, 1993) was a Mexican basketball player. He competed in the 1936 Summer Olympics.

Born in Ciudad Juárez, Martínez was part of the Mexican basketball team that won the bronze medal. He played in six of the squad's matches.

Following his Olympic experience, Martínez played college basketball at New Mexico A&M University (now New Mexico State University).  He played at the school from 1936 to 1939, earning first team All-Border Conference in 1938 and 1939.  As a senior, he led the Aggies to the 1939 National Invitation Tournament in New York City.

Martínez' grandson Román Martínez also represented Mexico as a part of the 2013 FIBA Americas Championship.  Mexico won the gold medal, qualifying for the 2014 FIBA Basketball World Cup in Spain.


1936–37 Rangers F.C. season

The 1936–37 season was the 63rd season of competitive football by Rangers.

Overview

Results
All results are written with Rangers' score first.

Scottish League Division One

Scottish Cup

Appearances


Conny Torstensson

Conny Torstensson (born 28 August 1949) is a former footballer from Sweden. With Sweden he participated in the 1974 and 1978 editions of the FIFA World Cup. With Åtvidabergs FF he won national titles. Later he belonged to the side of Bayern Munich which dominated international club football in the mid-1970s.

Torstensson commenced his career with Åtvidabergs FF in southern Sweden, then a club renowned for its successful youth development. From 1967 onward he featured regularly in the senior team with which he ascended to the first division after the first season. In the following years he was part of the team that defined the golden era of the club, winning the only titles in its history. 1970 and 1971 Åtvidabergs FF won the cup and was twice runner up in the championship, which the club won in 1972 and 1973. In 1973 the club also reached the cup final once more. Torstensson himself debuted 1972 in the Swedish national football team.

In the first round of the 1973–74 European Champions Cup campaign Åtvidabergs FF encountered Bayern Munich, with stars like Franz Beckenbauer and Gerd Müller one of the favourites of the competition. In Munich Åtvidaberg lost 1–3, With the aid of two goals by Torstensson, who already scored in Munich, the Swedes achieved the same result in the return leg, albeit losing in the ensuing penalty shoot-out. However, Torstensson impressed coach  and management of Bayern and was speedily transferred for a then impressive sum of 580.000 Marks (290.000 Euros).

Until 1977 he played in 81 Bundesliga matches for Bayern scoring 11 goals. He impressed most in European Cup matches, where he scored a number of important goals, and won the competition three times consecutively between 1974 and 1976, featuring in the finals of 1974 and 1975. Altogether, he scored 10 goals in 21 European  cup matches. A further highlight was the winning of the Intercontinental Cup in the two finals against Cruzeiro EC of Brazil.

1974 he participated with Sweden in the World Cup in Germany, reaching the second phase of the tournament, where he scored the winner against Yugoslavia. Four years later he also participated in the world Cup in Argentina. Sweden exited there winless after round one.

On club level Torstensson moved 1977 to FC Zürich in Switzerland, returning a year later to Åtvidabergs FF, where he ended his career in 1980.

After his playing years he initially had a position in the packaging industry. Over the years he held various functions at Åtvidabergs FF. In 1986, he coached the club in the second division. Later he was manager with the speedway team - speedway is counted amongst the major sports in Sweden - of Västervik, which in those years became runner-up in the national championship.

In 2015, he lived with his wife Annette, a teacher and local politician with the Centerpartiet at a lake in Borghult, a rural location ca. 25 km north-west of Västervik. The couple has been married since 1971 and has two daughters.

Honours
Åtvidabergs FF
 Allsvenskan: 1972, 1973
 Svenska Cupen: 1969–70, 1970–71

Bayern Munich
 Intercontinental Cup: 1976
 European Cup: 1973–74, 1974–75, 1975–76
 Bundesliga: 1973–74


Streptostele musaecola

Streptostele musaecola is a species of small air-breathing land snail, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Streptaxidae.

Distribution
The indigenous distribution of Streptostele musaecola includes:
 West Africa

This West African species has been widely reported from the Neotropics as Luntia insignis (E. A. Smith, 1898).

The non-indigenous distribution of Streptostele musaecola includes:
 Australia
 Melanesia and Polynesia
 throughout the Caribbean Basin. It was reported as Streptostele musaecola from various Caribbean localities by Hausdorf & Medina Bermúdez (2003).
 Dominica - introduced. First reported in 2009.

Ecology
This species is molluscivorous (it eats other mollusks), and its effect on the native malacofauna of Dominica is as yet undocumented.


Hemilytoceras

Hemilytoceras is a lytoceratin ammonite genus with round inner whorls, outer whorls becoming depressed and in some developing high lamellae (ribs) that bend forward over the venter.  The type species H. immanae came from the Tithonian of Europe.  The genus is known from the overall Upper Jurassic of central and southern Europe, North Africa, and western India.


Alex Turrin

Alex Turrin (born 3 June 1992 in Feltre) is an Italian former professional cyclist, who rode professionally between 2016 and 2018 for the  and  teams. In May 2018, he was named in the startlist for the Giro d'Italia.

Major results
2012
5th Giro del Belvedere
2013
3rd Giro del Medio Brenta
2015
2nd Gran Premio Città di Vigonza
5th Gran Premio Industrie del Marmo
2016
6th Overall Tour du Maroc
1st Stage 7

Grand Tour general classification results timeline


Dostlug Order

“Dostlug” Order () – translated as the Order of Friendship, is the order of Azerbaijan Republic. The order is ratified by Ilham Aliyev-the President of Azerbaijan Republic on 16 February 2007 by the Decree No. 248-IIIQ.

Status
The “Dostlug” Order of Azerbaijan Republic is given to the citizens of Republic of Azerbaijan, foreign nationals and non-citizens for the following services:
special contribution to development of friendly, economical and cultural relations between Azerbaijan and a foreign state;
special contribution to strengthening of international friendship;
special contribution to building of constructive relations among civilizations and carrying on a dialog among cultures;
special contributions to establishment of peace and stability among countries, regions and in the whole world.

The order is pinned to the left side of the chest. If there are any other orders and medals of Azerbaijan Republic is followed by them, and follows Heydar Aliyev Order, Istiglal Order, Shah Ismail Order, Azerbaijani Flag Order, Shohrat Order, Sheref Order up to the “For service to the Fatherland” Order.

Elements
The order is made of gold and represents an eight-pointed star with sharp ends. A golden relief with the image of bird’s wings is mounted to the plate. A picture of the Earth made of lustrous platinum is depicted between the wings of the bird made of dark-yellow colored gold. The order is decorated with ribbon in the colors of the National Flag of Azerbaijan. The rear side of the order is polished and has an engraved order number in the center. The order set includes:

for hanging around the neck: the ribbon in the colors of the National Flag of Azerbaijan (width 23 mm) and the order (50 mm x 50 mm).
for pinning to the chest: the ribbon in the colors of the National Flag of Azerbaijan (21 mm x 50 mm) and the order (35 mm x 35 mm).
element for pinning to the chest: plate colored with the colors of the National Flag of Azerbaijan (1 mm x 15 mm).


Euonyma laeocochlis

Euonyma laeocochlis is a species of an air-breathing land snail, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Achatinidae.

E. laeocochlis is the type species of the genus Euonyma.

This species has not been collected since its original description in 1896. Herbert (2006) rediscovered this species in South Africa in 2006.

Distribution
This species is endemic to South Africa. The type locality is "Humansdorp, St. Francis Bay", South Africa.

Description
E. laeocochlis has been described by British malacologists James Cosmo Melvill (1845-1929) and by John Henry Ponsonby-Fane (1848-1916) in 1896. Its type description read as follow:


Azerbaijan Carpet Museum

Azerbaijan National Carpet Museum () (formerly called the Azerbaijan Carpet Museum ()) displays Azerbaijani carpets and rug items of various weaving techniques and materials from various periods. It has the largest collection of Azerbaijani carpets in the world.
It moved to a new building on the Baku's seafront park during 2014 from its former location on Neftchiler Avenue.

Azerbaijan National Carpet Museum was established in accordance with the decree No. 130 of the Council of Ministers of the Azerbaijan SSR dated March 13, 1967. From 1967 to 1993, the museum was called the Azerbaijan State Museum of Carpet and Folk Applied Arts, from 1993 to 2014 – State Museum of Carpet and Applied Arts named after Latif Karimov, from 2014 to 2019 – Azerbaijan Carpet Museum, and from 2019 to the present – Azerbaijan National Carpet Museum.

History

The museum was established in 1967 and was initially located in the Juma Mosque in Icheri Sheher. The mosque was built in the 15th century and renovated in the 19th century. Its first exhibition was held in 1972. In 1992, after the collapse of USSR, the museum was moved to the second floor of what is now the Baku Museum Center, a building that had originally been the Lenin museum. The collection was named in honour of the carpet designer Latif Karimov.

Plans to move the collection to a new purpose-built venue have been in the works since 2010 when Azerbaijani carpets were proclaimed "a Masterpiece of Intangible Heritage" by UNESCO.
The new building was due to open in late 2012 and was visited by President Ilham Aliyev in September 2013. The museum opened on 26 August 2014. In April 2014 the museum was renamed the Azerbaijan Carpet Museum, dropping its much longer official title.

Azerbaijan National Carpet Museum was established in accordance with the decree No. 130 of the Council of Ministers of the Azerbaijan SSR dated March 13, 1967. From 1967 to 1993, the museum was called the Azerbaijan State Museum of Carpet and Folk Applied Arts, from 1993 to 2014 – State Museum of Carpet and Applied Arts named after Latif Karimov, from 2014 to 2019 – Azerbaijan Carpet Museum, and from 2019 to the present – Azerbaijan National Carpet Museum.

At the time of establishing, it was the only museum that was dedicated to the art of carpet weaving. The main purpose of the museum's creation was to store, research, and demonstrate unique examples of the carpet weaving art, which are Azerbaijan's national heritage. The initiator of the museum was Latif Karimov, the outstanding scientist and carpet weaver, founder of the science of Azerbaijan Carpet Art, artist and teacher, author of the fundamental work Azerbaijani Carpet.

The first permanent exhibition was presented on April 26, 1972, in the building of the Juma Mosque, an architectural monument of the 19th century, located in Icherisheher (Old City). The national leader of Azerbaijan Heydar Aliyev, who provided great support to the museum from the first days of its establishment, took part at the opening ceremony. In 1970–1980s, with the constant help of the country's leadership in the person of Heydar Aliyev, Museum had regular opportunities to purchase crafts and thereby replenish its collections. In those years, masterpieces of Azerbaijani Carpet Weaving Art were purchased for the museum.

In 1992, the State Museum of Carpet and Applied Arts was moved to the Museum Center (former Lenin Museum), located at the Neftchilar Avenue. In 1991, after the collapse of the Soviet Union, according to the presidential decree, the building was given to the Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Azerbaijan and renamed to Museum Center. The museum exhibition, representing the carpet samples from different regions of Azerbaijan, as well as works of other kinds of applied arts, was located in thirteen spacious rooms on the second floor.

In 2007, the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev signed a decree for the creation of a new building for the museum in the territory of Seaside National Park within the framework of a joint project of the Ministry of Culture and Tourism of the Republic of Azerbaijan, the Heydar Aliyev Foundation, and UNESCO. In 2014, under the direction of Austrian architect Franz Janz, the museum building, which meets all modern requirements, was completed. Over the years, the museum is continuously developed and has become one of the main storage of samples of the Azerbaijan national culture.

Throughout its fifty years, the museum was led by several directors. From 1967 to 1982, it was led by Aziz Aliyev, Honored Art Worker; from 1982 to January 5, 2016 – by Professor Roya Tagiyeva, Honored Cultural Worker, Doctor in Arts. Since March 2, 2016, the museum has been headed by Dr. Shirin Melikova, Honored Cultural Worker.

The museum has become a research, training, cultural and educational center where many events, such as exhibitions, international symposiums, and conferences, are held. During its fifty years of existence, the museum has organized more than thirty exhibitions in different countries throughout the world. In 1983, on the initiative of Heydar Aliyev and the organizational support of UNESCO, the international symposium Art of Oriental Carpets was held in the Azerbaijan Carpet Museum. Later, international symposiums such as Azerbaijan Carpet Weaving Art (1988), and Azerbaijan Carpet and Applied Arts (2003) were held within the participation of the Azerbaijan Carpet Museum. Additionally, in 2007, a symposium dedicated to Latif Karimov's centenary was held at UNESCO headquarters in Paris.

The museum cooperates closely with influential international organizations, such as the European Textile Network (ETN), the European Museum Forum (EMF), the International Council of Museums (ICOM), UNESCO, and the Council for Humanitarian Cooperation of the Member States of the CIS (IFESCO).

In 2004, a law On the Preservation and Development of Azerbaijani Carpet was prepared and adopted within the museum's participation. This law was aimed to implement the registration of Azerbaijani carpets, protect and support their development, and coordinate scientific and methodical training.

In 2010, the Traditional Azerbaijan Carpet Weaving Art was included within the UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity on the initiative of Mehriban Aliyeva, First Vice-President of Azerbaijan, President of Heydar Aliyev Foundation, member of Milli Majlis (National Parliament of the Republic of Azerbaijan), and Goodwill Ambassador of UNESCO and ISESCO.

Azerbaijan Carpet Museum in accordance with the decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Azerbaijan dated July 15, 2019, received the National status for its significant contribution in popularization and promotion of the Azerbaijani Carpet Weaving Art.

Today, Azerbaijan Carpet Museum, which is located in one of the country's most modern buildings, not only stores a rich collection of artifacts and carpets (our nation's most valuable heritage), but also operates as the site for the comprehensive research of traditional carpet weaving art and its popularization within the world culture.

Building
The structure of the building is intended to look like a rolled carpet. Designed by Austrian architect Franz Janz, the building took over six years to construct. The previous structure, a building of historical significance, was destroyed to make way for the new building.

Collection
The collection of the museum includes over 10,000 items of ceramics, metal works of the 14th century, jewellery from the Bronze Age, carpets and carpet items from the 17th-20th centuries, national garments and embroidery, and applied art works of the Modern Age.
The museum organizes public lectures and study courses on carpets and applied arts. It has a book store selling books on Azerbaijani crafts and carpet art. The museum also holds a permanent collection from the Shusha Museum of History, from the city of Shusha, which was looted after occupation by Armenian troops in 1992. Some of the exhibited items of the Shusha museum were saved when the director of the museum moved out 600 carpets before occupation. They are now displayed at the museum in an exhibition titled "Burned Culture".

International exhibitions
The museum does research and public service work. Every year, state and international exhibitions are organized and catalogues on carpets are printed by the museum. The museum has also held exhibitions in more than 30 countries including France, Germany, England, Japan, the Netherlands. In 1998, the museum participated in a UNESCO-organized exhibition in Paris dedicated to Fuzûlî and in 1999 dedicated to the 1,300th anniversary of the Book of Dede Korkut and displayed carpets, folk applied art items, including copper jugs, mugs, buckets and saddle-bags.

Admissions & Ticketing

Working time
Weekdays: Tuesday-Friday – 10 am.- 6 pm.

Weekends: Saturday-Sunday – 10 am.- 8 pm.

Day off is Monday.

Entrance fee
Ticket for adults is 7 AZN, for pupils and students is 3 AZN.

Ticket for children under 6 years is free.

Address
Baku, Mikayıl Huseynov av., 28

(+994) 12-497-20-57


Instinct (Hong Kong TV series)

Instinct ()  is a Hong Kong television drama series broadcast by TVB in 1994. Starring Adam Cheng, Ekin Cheng, Roger Kwok, Amy Kwok and Adia Chan, the series premiered in November 1994 on TVB Jade.

Plot
Wong Tin (Adam Cheng) is a wealthy businessman in Hong Kong. Although he is honest and righteous, he is framed by a business rival. Pau Man-lung (Ekin Cheng) is a ICAC agent tasked with investigating the case. Mutual respect soon develops among Wong Tin and Man-lung. After Man-lung loses his job, he start to work under Wong Tin with his best friend Poon Long-ching (Roger Kwok).

Although Wong Tin is a successful businessman, his personal life is not in good shape. He is divorced and his eldest daughter Wong Lui (Amy Kwok) resents him. Wong Lui develop feelings for Man-lung after her mother died in a car crash. However, Man-lung had already fallen in love with Lam Ching-lit (Adia Chan).

Cast

Adam Cheng as Wong Tin (黃天)
A wealthy businessman who had accumulated his wealth through honest means. He employs Man-lung and Long-ching when the former loses his job. A divorcee, he strives to improve his relationship with his estranged daughter Wong Lui. After the death of his ex-wife, he marries Cheung Hok-wa.

Ekin Cheng as Pau Man-lung (包文龍)
Formerly an agent working for the ICAC, Man-lung loses his job after a botched investigation. He starts working for Wong Tin's company alongside his best friend Long-ching. Like Wong Tin, Man-lung is also an honest and caring person. He befriended Lam Ching-lit, and the two later became a couple.

Roger Kwok as Poon Long-ching (潘朗清)
His father was an ex-convict who was a friend of the Pau family. Long-ching is best friends with Man-lung and both of them consider each other brothers. However, unlike Man-lung, Long-ching is greedy and materialistic, willing to obtain wealth through any means possible. His greed and ambition would inadvertently cause the deaths of Wong Lui's mother and Ching-lit.

Amy Kwok as Wong Lui (黃蕾)
The eldest daughter of Wong Tin, she resented her father for divorcing her mother and causing the family to split apart. After she found out the reason for the divorce - her mother had an affair, which greatly upset Wong Tin, Wong Lui's relationship with her father improves and she starts working for him. She becomes dependent on Man-lung after her mother's death, competing with Ching-lit for his affection.

Adia Chan as Lam Ching-lit (林貞烈)
A young woman who had rented the Pau family's extra apartment after a misunderstanding. Ching-lit comes from a troubled family and thus became a withdrawn person, only caring for her pet dog, a Shetland Sheepdog. She was also a compulsive liar. However, she soon opens her heart to Man-lung and his family when they show her kindness and acceptance, something she had been yearning for all her life. She and Man-lung develop a strong romantic relationship, but the relationship would end in tragedy when she met an untimely death.

Supporting cast

Pau Family
Benz Hui as Pau Jan (包贊)
The patriarch of the Pau family, he is the father of Man-lung, Man-fu and Man-fung. He is greedy and cowardly, and had an affair with a woman from Dongguan. After he was cheated of his money, he repented and was forgiven by his wife, thus preventing the family from splitting up.

Leo Ku as Pau Man-fu (包文虎)
Man-lung's younger brother. He frequently bickers with his younger sister. He briefly fell in love with a woman from Mainland China, a relationship which the family disapproved of. Later, he found work as a reporter.

Others
Paul Chu as Poon Chong (潘仲)
Long-ching's father and friends with Wong Tin and Pau Jan. Twenty years ago, he was a voluntary scapegoat and was imprisoned for a crime committed by Pau.

Li Shing-cheong as Lui Bak-to (雷伯韜)
A corrupt businessman who viewed Wong Tin as an enemy, even though the latter cared about him.

Kiki Sheung as Cheung Hok-wa (張學華)
A barrister who views money as the most important thing. Initially an unscrupulous person, she soon realize the error of her ways after meeting Wong Tin, whom she would later marry. She suffered from a brain tumor, which resulted in her frequently fainting. Hok-wa eventually succumbed to her condition in the final episode.

Kong Ngai as Ting Chun (丁進)
Wong Tin's rival. He tried to bring down Wong Tin's company through any means possible. He forged Man-lung's signature to frame him, causing Man-lung to be arrested. He dies of a heart attack in the final episode after hearing of his son's death during an attempt to murder Long-ching.

Lau Kong as Ma Sing (馬成)
Another corrupt businessman, he had an affair with Wong Tin's first wife.

Wayne Lai as Lawyer Poon (潘律師)
A prosecutor who appears in episode 37.

Gordon Lam as Ivan
A consultant for Wong Tin's company who appears in episode 12.

Ruco Chan as Peter
A childhood friend of Man-lung. This was Ruco's debut appearance in a TVB drama.

Ting Hai effect
The drama was the second drama starring Adam Cheng to witness the Ting Hai effect, the first being The Greed of Man which aired in 1992. When the drama made its debut on TVB, the Hang Seng Index fell by more than 2,000 points.


Arthur Mahler

Arthur Mahler (born 1 August 1871, Prague - died 5 April 1944 in Terezín Ghetto) was a Czech-Austrian archeologist. He was a cousin of composer Gustav Mahler.

Biography
After completing his studies at the gymnasium in Prague, he studied the history of art and archeology at the universities of Prague and Vienna (Ph.D.), and in 1902 became privatdozent in archeology at the German university at Prague.

He was a member of the Austrian House of Representatives from 1907 to 1911 for the Jewish National Party.

Arthur Mahler was married to Sophie Mahlerová. Their son, Willy Mahler, died in 1945 in Dachau concentration camp.

Literary works
He has contributed a number of articles to:
 "Jahreshefte des Österreichischen Archäologischen Institutes" (of which institute he is a corresponding member)
 "Revue Archäologique"
 "Journal d'Archäologie Numismatique"

He is the author of Polyklet und Seine Schule: ein Beitrag zur Gesch. der Griechischen Plastik (Leipzig, 1902).

He also delivered a series of lectures at the American School for Archeology at Rome.

External links


Somotor

Somotor ()  is a village and municipality in the Trebišov District in the Košice Region of south-eastern Slovakia.

Geography
The village lies at an altitude of 109 metres and covers an area of 16.309 km².
It has a population of about 1665 people.

History
In historical records the village was first mentioned in 1214. The town was given a charter as a town in 1263 in a document mentioning "terrum Zomothor." The current Hungarian name of Szomotor was adopted in the late 1800s and even after the partitioning of Hungary, leaving Szomotor now in the new country of Czechoslovakia. The name remained Szomotor until 1927 when the Czech government changed it to Somotor to conform with Czech and Slovak spelling.
[Historical records state that] Slavic linguists say that the name of the town comes from the word "cmotr" (to look) however when the town was founded there was no evidence of Slavic inhabitants. Hungarian linguists say it comes from Szomoru Tor, which means sad funeral (wake) which took place after the death of Chief Ond (after the arrival of the Magyars in the 980s.) The area was inhabited by the Magyars after their arrival.

A Jewish community did exist in this town prior to World War II, which was destroyed in 1944 by Nazi Germany. A Jewish cemetery exists in this town (the name of the town is spelled in Hebrew: סאמאטאר

Ethnicity
The village is roughly 70% Hungarian and 28% Slovak and 2% Gypsy.

Facilities
The village has a public library a gym and a football pitch

External links
 Official Town Website
http://www.statistics.sk/mosmis/eng/run.html
 KÉKNEFELEJCS folk collective


Safwan

Safwan () is a town in southeast Iraq on the border with Kuwait.  It was the site of an Iraqi Air Force base.

Etymology
The city of Safwan is attributed to its founder Safwan bin Assal Al Muradi Al Yamani, a companion of Prophet Muhammad who participated in the conquest of Iraq in the middle ages. He settled in Kufa, northeast of Najaf at first but then moved to Safwan, south of Basra along with his tribe who later named the city in his name.

Safwan is part of the Az Zubayr district south of Basra and has a population of 70,000 people.

History

During Muhammad's era

Muhammad ordered a Military expedition in Safwan. The expedition was ordered by Muhammad after he received intelligence that Kurz ibn Jabir al-Fihri rustled some grazing cattle belonging to Muslims. It occurred directly after the Invasion of Waddan in the year 2 AH of the Islamic calendar. The expedition was ordered by Muhammad after he received intelligence that Kurz ibn Jabir al-Fihri rustled some grazing cattle belonging to Muslims. Therefore, Muhammad directed about 70 Muslims, who chased him to Safwan, at the outskirts of Badr. But Kurz ibn Jabir al-Fihri managed to escape.

Persian Gulf War
Safwan is located in the south of Iraq at Iraqi Kuwaiti border, along the infamous Highway of Death from the Persian Gulf War. The cease-fire negotiations between General Norman Schwarzkopf and the Iraqi delegation led by Lieutenant General Sultan Hashim Ahmad took place at Safwan airfield. Schwarzkopf's demand to hold the formal cease-fire negotiations in Iraqi territory led to the encounter between the 1st squadron, 4th Cavalry regiment (Quarterhorse) from Ft. Riley, Ks. of the U.S. 1st Infantry Division (Mechanized) and the Iraqi Republican Guard, known in military circles as The Ultimatum. This was detailed in the book Third Graders At War, as well as the book Road to Safwan.


Meridian Dawn

Meridian Dawn fuses death metal with modern metal melodies.

History
Meridian Dawn was conceived when guitarist Brandon Johnson, Antony Hämäläinen (Armageddon, ex-Nightrage), and drummer Johan Nunez (Kamelot, ex-Nightrage, Firewind) decided that they wanted to create music together, following that, bass player Nicholas Ziros (Into the Moat, ex-Remembering Never) and guitarist Christopher "CJ" Cussell (Before The Mourning) were recruited to form Meridian Dawn. Songs were written after about a year of file exchange as the majority of the band lived in different parts of the world. On March 25, 2014 the band released its first ever EP titled The Mixtape. It is a collection of five songs that were created in different studios, with different producers from both Sweden and America respectively.

Musical style
Meridian Dawn's music is generally considered a mixture of European death metal and melodic death metal., The Age Of Metal observes "vocal contrasts between clean and guttural vocals are impressive, and the production value goes beyond expectation for an EP release". VarietyOfDeathZine commented the band "has a modern and melodic approach to metal while also being very heavily influenced by death metal which shows up mostly in the vocals."

Band members
 Antony Hämäläinen - vocals (2012–present)
 Christopher Cussell - guitars (2012–present)
 Brandon Johnson - guitars (2012–present)
 Johan Nunez - drums (2012–present)
 Nicholas Ziros - bass (2012–present)

Discography
 The Mixtape (Released: March 25, 2014 -  Format: Digital download)


Daily News Building

The Daily News Building, also known as The News Building, is a  skyscraper located at 220 East 42nd Street between Second and Third Avenues in the Turtle Bay neighborhood of Midtown Manhattan, New York City. The building has 36 floors. It is owned by SL Green Realty Corp.

History
Built in 1929–1930, it was headquarters for the New York Daily News newspaper until 1995. It was also the headquarters of United Press International until the news service moved to Washington, DC in 1982. Its design by architects Raymond Hood and John Mead Howells, in the Art Deco style, has been called "one of the city's major Art Deco presences" by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission, as well as "the first fully modernistic free-standing skyscraper of architect Raymond Hood." It was among the first skyscrapers to be built without an ornamental crown. A 1957–60 addition to the building which expanded the lobby on the southwest corner of Second Avenue was designed by Harrison & Abramovitz, echoing the vertical stripes of the original design, except with a wider stripe. The building, including the newspaper's new printing presses, cost $10.7 million ().

At the exact moment of 1977 New York City blackout, the building's facade was at that very moment serving as the set for the upcoming release of Superman: The Movie, the first installment with Christopher Reeve. A crashed prop helicopter was in place dangling from the roof. The film crew had their own self-powered flatbed light trucks, and the facade was bathed in light, making it an eerie apparition in the midst of a blacked out city full of spooky dark skyscrapers.

Lobby
The lobby of the building includes a black glass domed ceiling, under which was the world's largest indoor globe, conceived by the Daily News as a permanent educational science exhibit.

Landmark designations
The Daily News Building was designated a New York City Landmark in 1981 and its interior in 1998. It became a National Historic Landmark in 1989.

Tenants
The building is the home for the former Daily News TV broadcast subsidiary WPIX, channel 11, an affiliate of The CW network.  The station is owned by the E.W. Scripps Company since September 2019. It was also home to WQCD, the smooth jazz station The News had operated as WPIX-FM. Some time after former News parent Tribune Company took over WQCD directly, the station was sold to Emmis Communications.

The Visiting Nurse Service of New York moved their headquarters to  in the building in September 2016. In February 2019, the nonprofit Young Adult Institute signed a  deal to relocate to the building. Other tenants include the United Nations Development Programme and the New York office of public relations firm FleishmanHillard.

Gallery

In popular culture
The News Building was the model for the headquarters of the fictional newspaper Daily Planet, the building where Superman works as journalist Clark Kent. The building itself was used for filming exterior scenes at the Daily Planet in the 1978 film Superman: The Movie.


Digitel GSM

Digitel is a mobile phone company in Venezuela, and the country's first to deploy a GSM network and to establish a per second charging scheme. Early in 2007, Digitel surpassed 3 million subscribers and is currently placed third, behind CANTV's Movilnet and Telefonica's Movistar.

Digitel's growth has remained steady.  Digitel currently provides wireless data transmission capabilities through its GSM–GPRS and high speed EDGE network. In 2007 Digitel deployed an UMTS network on its existing 900 MHz spectrum..

In 2000, after receiving government approval, Digitel sold 56.56% of its stocks to Telecom Italia Mobile, changing its name to Digitel TIM.

Digitel's network originally only covered Venezuela's central region, reaching around 44% of the entire population; however, in January 2006, a request to the government to approve merger with Venezuela's two other GSM networks (Digicel and Infonet) to achieve full national coverage, and in May 2006 the company was acquired entirely by the Televenco group together with the two other operators, after which the company's name changed to its current: Digitel GSM.

The company began a network expansion program in July 2006, and by the end of the year more than 1,070 radio bases had been installed, 7 switches in Caracas, Valencia, Puerto La Cruz and Maracaibo, stretching its GPRS/EDGE network in the West of the country and offering communication, data, information and entertainment to all its customers.

Early in 2010, Digitel got its 3G/WCDMA (HSDPA, HSUPA, GSM/WCDMA) network working all over the country, becoming the fastest provider despite its slow growth.

Lately in 2013, Digitel got its 4G/LTE (LTE network working in mayor cities such as Caracas, Maracay, Valencia among others, becoming this way the first operator in Venezuela offering LTE capabilities. The phones sold with 4G uSIM were BlackBerry Z10 and Huawei Ascend P1 LTE, both supporting 1800Mhz network.


Ohio State Route 651

State Route 651 (SR 651) is a short state highway located in the vicinity of the tripoint of Coshocton, Holmes, and Tuscarawas Counties in Ohio. The route is  long and is signed east–west. Its western terminus is at SR 643 in the unincorporated community of New Bedford (within Crawford Township) and its eastern terminus is at SR 93 in the village of Baltic.

Route description
SR 651 begins at a four-way stop-controlled intersection with SR 643 and County Road 12 in the center of New Bedford, an unincorporated community. The route heads southeast from the intersection through a mix of light commercial and residential buildings. Upon exiting New Bedford, the route travels in a more easterly direction through farmland with occasional houses. At  into the route, the route straddles the Coshocton–Holmes County line for about . The route then dips fully into Holmes County before reentering Coshocton County briefly. It then enters Tuscarawas County and the village of Baltic on Main Street. Main Street and SR 651 descend into the center of Baltic, crossing a Wheeling and Lake Erie railroad, and ending at an intersection with SR 93 (also known as Ray Street). East Main Street continues ahead from this point.

History
SR 651 was first designated in 1939, but was much longer at that time that its present routing. The 1939 route included all of the modern-day SR 651, but the route then headed east and later northeast out of Baltic on Tuscarawas County Road 52 to Ragersville. The route then followed County Road 52 east to what was then US 21 just southwest of New Philadelphia. The route between New Bedford and Baltic was a gravel road at its inception into the state highway system while most of the route between Baltic and New Philadelphia was paved. By 1942, the Baltic-New Philadelphia segment was downgraded to county roads leaving the current New Bedford-Baltic segment the only section of SR 651. No major changes have occurred to the route since then.

Major intersections


Pseudolatirus pallidus

Pseudolatirus pallidus is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Fasciolariidae, the spindle snails, the tulip snails and their allies.

Description

Distribution


Thee Faction

Thee Faction are a garage rock/garage punk band from Surrey, England, noted for their explicit Socialist agenda. They refer to their music, which incorporates elements of garage rock, pop and rhythm and blues as "Socialist RnB". Their album Up The Workers! was rated one of the [[Daily Mirror|Daily Mirror'''s]] top twenty albums of 2011.

 Biography
Thee Faction's debut album At Ebbw Vale was released in 2010. Dubbed 'rhythm and booze' and 'timely' by Simon Price in The Independent it was rated 8/10 in Vive Le Rock. Is This Music? praised the record, comparing the band to Dr. Feelgood.

Second album Up The Workers! or, Capitalism is Good For Corporations That's Why You've Been Told Socialism is Bad All Your Life was described by the Daily Mirror as "Power-packed garage rock 'n' soul underlined by a defiantly political edge." The title track featured Ivan Chandler (The Echoes) on piano. The album was rated 7/10 by Drowned in Sound who praised it as "a lot of fun, undeniably stirring.. Thee Faction write showstoppers" but also criticised the music as "entertaining in a very conventional way".

The band's third album Singing Down The Government, or, The War of Position and How We're Winning It, was released in 2012, and introduced all-female horn section Brass Kapital. The album was promoted by headlining appearances at the Marxism Festival and Tolpuddle Martyrs festival and included contributions by Richard Archer from Hard-Fi and rapper Clencha. Free download-only singles for tracks 'Soapbox' and 'Sausage Machine' were accompanied by promotional videos. Q Magazine praised the album as "a critique of societal hegemony on the back of a grimy blues'n’b twang, rife with the contagious energy of people who know they're right", and it was rated 7/10 by Mick Farren in Classic Rock Blues magazine.

Thee Faction released fourth album Good Politics: Your Role As An Active Citizen Within Civil Society in 2013, preceded by single 'Better Than Wages', remixed from the album by Andy Lewis. The album featured (on one track each) guest vocals from writer Francis Wheen and saxophone from Crayola Lectern, and was rated 8/10 in Classic Rock and 4/5 in The Independent and Mojo who called it "wildly galvanising, blisteringly angry, insanely entertaining blue-collar rock'n'roll".

Thee Faction released fifth album Reading Writing Revolution: The Tendency of the Rate of Profit to Fall in June 2015, preceded by a track on double-CD fundraising album Orgreave Justice and free download single "Choose Your Enemy", released on 29 March with accompanying video.https://theefaction.wordpress.com/download-choose-your-enemy/ A second free download single "(You've Got The) Numbers (Why Don't You Use It)" accompanied the release. The album received 5/5 in the Morning Star, 9/10 at MaximumVolumeMusic, and a positive review in Socialist Standard, while R*E*P*E*A*T zine called it "highly enjoyable, dangerously tuneful, subversively catchy and dialectically danceable, as well as being (as the title implies) properly educational - thought provoking and agitational." The band announced a number of summer festival dates, including Glastonbury, and a return to Tolpuddle and the Matchwomens Festival.

Thee Faction guitarist Babyface, under cadre name "Chris Fox", won the Beard Liberation Front's 'St David's Day Beard of Wales' title in 2015, 2017 and 2018.https://kmflett.wordpress.com/2018/02/28/musician-chris-fox-shaves-times-journalist-senior-labour-am-to-win-st-davids-day-beard-of-wales/ He was runner-up in 2016.

Thee Faction's most recent gig to date was a 2017 benefit show for the anti-Haringey Development Vehicle campaign. The band has not officially confirmed a hiatus, although a slogan on one of their web-pages, "R&B sui generis", may indicate that, like other left-wing groups, they have gone into the Labour Party.

Politics
The band have performed with, and for, various artists and organisations of the broad Left including Attila the Stockbroker, Robb Johnson, Chris T-T, Grace Petrie, Colour Me Wednesday, The Tuts, Billy Bragg, TV Smith, The Hurriers, Mark Steel, Josie Long, the SWP, the Welsh Communist Party and the Jeremy Corbyn Labour Party leadership campaign.http://www.welshcommunists.org/index.php?id=484

The band appear to be unaligned with any particular organisation or tradition but are noted for promoting ideas associated with guild socialism, democratic socialism, classical Marxism and left communism, while supporting a range of left-wing and trade union causes. Notwithstanding the band's use of Ostalgic tropes and apparent (possibly parodic) anti-revisionism, in a 2013 interview they declared themselves "libertarian socialists of one kind or another". Thee Faction have however attracted criticism for their political views; notably, a 2012 gig review by Ruth Dudley Edwards for The Daily Telegraph angered the newspaper's Conservative readership.

 Discography
AlbumsAt Ebbw Vale LP/CD (Soviet Beret, 2010)Up the Workers! or, Capitalism Is Good for Corporations That's Why You've Been Told Socialism Is Bad All Your Life CD (Soviet Beret, 2011)Singing Down the Government, or, The War of Position and How We're Winning It CD (Soviet Beret, 2012) Good Politics: Your Role as an Active Citizen in Civil Society CD (Soviet Beret, 2013)Reading Writing Revolution: The Tendency of the Rate of Profit to Fall CD (Soviet Beret, 2015)

Singles/EPsBetter Than Wages (remix) CD [promo single]Songs To Remind the Class of the Glorious Victory to Come and the Work That Must Be Done to Get There CD EP (Soviet Beret, 2013) [ft. Attila The Stockbroker and Judy Dyble]

Compilation appearances
"Deft Left" on Now Hear This 103 (The Word) (CD) 2011
"Relentless" (Judy Dyble with Thee Faction) on Judy Dyble - Gathering The Threads (3CD) 2015
"Police State" on Orgreave Justice (2CD) 2015
"Rent Strike" on Don't Be Left Without Us'' (2CD) 2016

Members
Current members
Billy Brentford – vocals (2010–present)
Dai Nasty – drums (2010–present)
Nylons – face-melting guitar (2010–present)
Babyface – guitar, polemic (2010–present)
Kassandra Krossing – vocals, organ of truth (2010–present)
Thee Citizen – bass and superstructure (2012–present)
Red Scare – trumpet (2011–present)
Nineteen Nineteen – the 'bone of contention (2011–present)
The Ol' One Hand – saxophone (2015–present)

Former members
Horace Hardman – bass (2010–2011)
The G.A. – saxophone (2011–2015)

Live members
Bert 'iggins – Welsh harp
Charley Marx – auxiliary guitar
Jenny Marx – auxiliary drums

External links
Thee Faction website
Thee Faction bandcamp

Reviews
At Ebbw Vale review
Louder Than War review
Up The Workers review
Singing Down The Government review
Morning Star review
Morning Star live review
God Is In The TV live review
Reading Writing Revolution Socialist Standard review

Interviews
Jack Monroe interview
ISN interview
Thee Faction on class
2015 interview
Rock n Reel interview
Louder Than War interview


Majkin Airport

Majkin Airport is a public use airstrip at Majkin on Namu Atoll, Marshall Islands.

Airlines and destinations


1993 World Championships in Athletics – Men's 400 metres

These are the official results of the Men's 400 metres event at the 1993 IAAF World Championships in Stuttgart, Germany. There were a total number of 43 participating athletes, with six qualifying heats and the final held on Tuesday 1993-08-17.

Final

Semifinals
Held on Monday 1993-08-16

Quarterfinals
Held on Sunday 1993-08-15

Qualifying heats
Held on Saturday 1993-08-14


Cornelis Lieste

Cornelis Lieste (26 October 1817, Haarlem - 24 July 1861, Haarlem) was a Dutch painter and lithographer. He specialized in Romantic style landscapes.

Biography
In 1835, his father enrolled him at the Vocational School, where he studied drawing with Jan Reekers (1790-1858). From 1837 to 1838, he learned landscape painting from Nicolaas Johannes Roosenboom and, in 1839, won a silver medal at an exhibition in ’s-Hertogenbosch. This was followed by a study trip to Belgium and Germany. Many of his sketches were made in the dunes of North Holland. While travelling in Germany, he may have visited Kleve and studied briefly with Barend Cornelis Koekkoek.

In 1846, he was named a member of the artists' society, "Kunst Zij Ons Doel", and was given some administrative functions. Later that year, he was appointed a member of the Royal Academy of Art in Amsterdam. The following year, he became a Freemason and took a painting trip to the Harz mountains.

He was one of the artists who participated in decorating the "Parkzaal" at the  during the celebration of Rembrandt's 400th birthday in 1852. He set off travelling again in 1853; visiting the Rhine region, Switzerland and North Italy; painting some of his few mountain landscapes. From 1854 to 1856, he was a regular guest at the artists' colony in Oosterbeek. Just before his death, he paid an extended visit to Twente and Drenthe, where he sketched the dolmens in addition to his usual landscapes.

In 1858, he married Johanna Cornelia Burman (1838-1887), but died two years later of an unspecified "chest disease"; leaving behind a two-year-old child, with another on the way.

Among his best known students, one may mention Hendrik Dirk Kruseman van Elten and Paul Gabriël. His works may be seen at the Rijksmuseum, the Amsterdam Museum, the Teylers Museum, the Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen and the .

Sources
 Benno Tempel, Ronald de Leeuw: Het Romantiek Boek. Waanders Uitgevers, Zwolle, 2006.
 De romantische ziel. Catalogue, Teylers Museum, 2014, (biography by Frouckje van Hijum).
 Cornelis Lieste (1817-1861) - Schilder van het licht. Catalogue, Erno Kiljan, Antoon Erftemeijer. Kleve, B.C. Koekkoek Haus, 2016.

External links

 More works by Lieste @ ArtNet
 Biography @ the B.C. Koekkoek-Haus


Golden Hill, Indiana

Golden Hill is an unincorporated community in Union Township, White County, in the U.S. state of Indiana.

Geography
Golden Hill is located at .


Pedrya Seymour

Pedrya Seymour (born 29 May 1995) is an Olympic Bahamian athlete competing in the hurdling events. She represented her country at the 2016 World Indoor Championships without qualifying for the final. Placed 6th in the Olympic finals in the 100mh and was the first Bahamian hurdler to make it to the finals.

Competition record


Attila Adorjany

Attila Adorjany is a commercial illustrator, web designer and motiongraphics designer, creative consultant and a critically acclaimed comic book creator.

In September 2009 Attila began publishing Metaphysical Neuroma, an ongoing digital webcomic.

Career
Attila attended the Ontario Collage of Art and Design briefly before starting work in the TV and Film industry working for Warner Bros. and later branched out as Multimedia and Viral Advertising Flash developer and UX designer for Advertising agencies like BBDO and MArchFisrt Maclaren McCann in 2003 Attila Switch focus to Commercial illustration and began exploring Sequential art both as traditional and digital projects as well as began displaying works in contemporary galleries as a Vinyl toy artist which fused a variety of artistic disciplines Attila had developed in the film industry as a Robotics and prosthetics effects artist in his Studio Effects days and began emerging as contemporary gallery artist having works displayed in Fashionable galleries in Hong Kong, Bristol, New York and Los Angeles.  Attila continues to develop toys and limited edition art projects under the moniker "600poundgorilla" and "TILT".

Adorjany is known for his RPG fantasy illustrations and comic covers his work has also appeared in movie posters, CD art, trading cards, and concept work for film and video games.  He has also contributed to many national and international publications. His clients include Dragon Magazine, Wizards of the Coast, White Wolf Publishing, AEG, Warner Bros., Warner Music Canada, UDON, Green Ronin, EA Games, among others.

In 2008 Attila started publishing the acclaimed digital webcomic Metaphysical Neuroma.

Nominations and awards
 2011, Contributing Artist, POPGUN vol. 4 Awarded, Harvey Award, Best Anthology.
 2011: Nominated, Shuster Award, Best Webcomic —, Metaphysical Neuroma
 2010: Nominated, Shuster Award, Best Webcomic—, Metaphysical Neuroma


Shearing layers

Shearing layers is a concept coined by architect Frank Duffy, which was later elaborated by Stewart Brand in his book, How Buildings Learn: What Happens After They're Built (Brand, 1994), and refers to buildings as composed of several layers of change. The concept has been adopted by a number of technology vendors to also describe the different layers of systems within an organisation.

Description
The shearing layers concept views buildings as a set of components that evolve in different timescales; Frank Duffy summarized this view in his phrase: "Our basic argument is that there isn't any such thing as a building. A building properly conceived is several layers of longevity of built components" (quoted in (Brand, 1994)).

The layers are (quoted from Brand, 1994):

Site This is the geographical setting, the urban location, and the legally defined lot, whose boundaries and context outlast generations of ephemeral buildings. "Site is eternal." Duffy agrees.
Structure The foundation and load-bearing elements are perilous and expensive to change, so people don't. These are the building. Structural life ranges from thirty to three hundred years (but few buildings make it past sixty for other reasons).
Skin Exterior surfaces now change every twenty years or so, to keep up with fashion or technology, or for wholesale repair. Recent focus on energy costs has led to re-engineered skins that are air-tight and better-insulated.
Services These are the working guts of a building: communications wiring, electrical wiring, plumbing, fire sprinkler systems, HVAC (heating, ventilating, and air conditioning), and moving parts like elevators and escalators. They wear out or obsolesce every seven to fifteen years. Many buildings are demolished early if their outdated systems are too deeply embedded to replace easily.
Space Plan The interior layout—where walls, ceilings, floors, and doors go. Turbulent commercial space can change every three years or so; exceptionally quiet homes might wait thirty years.
Stuff Chairs, desks, phones, pictures; kitchen appliances, lamps, hairbrushes; all the things that twitch around daily to monthly. Furniture is called mobile in Italian for good reason.

Theory
The concept is based on the work of ecologists (O'Neill et al., 1985) and systems theorists (Salthe, 1993). The idea is that there are processes in nature, which operate in different timescales and as a result there is little or no exchange of energy/mass/information between them. Brand transferred this intuition to buildings and noticed that traditional buildings were able to adapt because they allowed "slippage" of layers: i.e. faster layers (services) were not obstructed by slower ones (structure).

The concept of shearing layers leads to an architectural design principle, known as pace-layering, which arranges the layers to allow for maximum adaptability.

Variations
The technology advisory firm Gartner uses the term pace layering in its variation of the shearing layer concept.  They describe how within organisations there are different layers of software applications. Applications which need to adapt and change at different speeds.  They refer to these layers as Systems of Record, Systems of Differentiation and Systems of Innovation. Their proposition is that firms need to look at how these application layers are governed, managed, sourced, maintained and interact to enable companies to better adapt and react to changing business requirements.  Gartner have trade marked this variant/adaptation of pace layering in connection with how companies should manage their application portfolio, referring to is as the PACE layered application strategy (trademark).

Application
The shearing layers concept has been applied to other man-made artifacts such as software (Simmonds et al., 2000; Papantoniou et al., 2003) or the web (Campbell & Fast, 2006).


Adrien Albert

Adrien Albert  (19 November 1907, in Sydney – 29 December 1989, in Canberra) was a leading authority in the development of medicinal chemistry in Australia. Albert also authored many important books on chemistry, including one on selective toxicity.

His father, Jacques Albert, was a businessman in the music industry, and took a bride many years his junior; Mary Eliza Blanche. Albert had two much older half brothers, stemming from his father's previous marriage. After a few years, Jacques died, and so, Adrien Albert was raised by his mother and another relative. Albert attended schools in Randwick and Coogee, but soon settled into the Scots College in Sydney where he excelled in both music and science. He graduated in 1924.

Education and appointments
He was awarded BSc with first class honours and the University Medal in 1932 at the University of Sydney. He gained a PhD in 1937 and a DSc in 1947 from the University of London. His appointments included Lecturer at the University of Sydney (1938–1947), advisor to the Medical Directorate of the Australian Army (1942–1947), research at the Wellcome Research Institute in London (1947–1948) and in 1948 the Foundation Chair of Medical Chemistry in the  John Curtin School of Medical Research at the Australian National University in Canberra where he established the Department of Medical Chemistry. He was  a Fellow of the Australian Academy of Science.

Scholarship
Albert was a scholar of heterocyclic chemistry. He authored Selective Toxicity: The Physico-Chemical Basis of Therapy, first published by Chapman and Hall in 1951.

Honors and legacy
Albert was made an Officer of the Order of Australia (AO) in the 1989 Australia Day Honours for "services to medical chemistry, particularly in the fields of teaching and research".

The Adrien Albert Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry at the University of Sydney was established in his honour in 1989. His bequest funds the Adrien Albert Lectureship, awarded every two years by the Royal Society of Chemistry. The Royal Australian Chemical Institute established the Adrien Albert award in his honour.