Marinho (footballer, born 1990)

Mário Sérgio Santos Costa (born 29 May 1990), commonly known as Marinho, is a Brazilian footballer who plays for Santos as a forward.

Club career

Early career
Marinho was born in Penedo, Alagoas, and played for Penedense, Corinthians-AL and Fluminense's youth categories. He made his first team debut on 30 March 2008, coming on as a second half substitute for David in a 1–3 home loss against Botafogo for the Campeonato Carioca championship. His first Série A match occurred on 11 May, replacing Tartá in a 0–0 away draw against Atlético Mineiro.

Internacional and loans
On 30 December 2008, Marinho signed a five-year deal with fellow top tier club Internacional. Making his debut the following 5 February in a 4–1 Campeonato Gaúcho home routing of Canoas, he was only used rarely during his spell at the club.

In 2011, Marinho served loan stints at Caxias and Paraná, respectively. He scored his first senior goal with the latter on 22 October, in a 3–4 Série B loss at Ponte Preta.

Marinho was again loaned out in the following years, representing Goiás in 2012 and Ituano in 2013.

Náutico / Ceará
On 8 January 2014, Marinho signed permanently for Náutico. He was sparingly used during his time at the club, scoring his first goal for Timbu in a 3–1 win at Salgueiro for the Campeonato Pernambucano on 27 March.

On 23 December 2014, Marinho's agent confirmed his agreement with Ceará for the following campaign. He scored his first goal for the club on 11 March 2015, the game's only in a Copa do Nordeste home success over Ríver.

Marinho scored two goals in his first four league matches for Vovô. In his fifth, a 3–3 home draw against Santa Cruz, he scored a double, but gained national recognition due to his live post-match interview in which he was celebrating his brace but became instantly disappointed and surprised even saying a bad word after knowing he was suspended for the next match.

Cruzeiro
On 26 June 2015, after his notable interview, Marinho was touted to a possible move to Cruzeiro in the main category. Three days later he agreed to a three-year contract at the club, for a fee of R$ 1.2 million for 50% of his federative rights.

Marinho made his debut for the club on 4 July 2015, replacing Marquinhos and scoring the last in a 2–0 home win against Atlético Paranaense. However, he failed to find the net in the following eleven matches for the club.

Vitória
On 25 January 2016, Marinho signed a one-year loan deal with newly promoted Vitória. He made his debut for the club five days later, scoring in a 3–0 home win against Jacuipense.

One of the club's key units during the first half of the campaign, Marinho signed a permanent contract with Vitória on 18 June 2016. On 6 November, he scored a brace in a 3–2 home win against Atlético Paranaense.

Changchun Yatai
On 21 January 2017, Marinho was presented at Chinese Super League side Changchun Yatai, for a rumoured fee of R$ 17 million. He struggled to adapt at the club, scoring only three goals in 22 appearances.

Grêmio
On 28 June 2018, Marinho returned to Brazil and signed a three-and-a-half-year contract with Grêmio. An immediate backup to starting trio Luan, Everton and Jael, he fell further down the pecking order after the arrivals of Diego Tardelli, André and Felipe Vizeu.

Santos
On 25 May 2019, Marinho signed for Santos until December 2022, with David Braz moving in the opposite direction. He made his debut for the club on 2 June, replacing goalscorer Eduardo Sasha in a 1–0 away defeat of former club Ceará.

Marinho scored his first goal for Peixe on 21 July 2019, netting the game's only in an away defeat of Botafogo.

Career statistics

Honours
Internacional
Campeonato Gaúcho: 2009

Goiás
Campeonato Goiano: 2012
Campeonato Brasileiro Série B: 2012

Ceará
Copa do Nordeste: 2015

Vitória
Campeonato Baiano: 2016

Individual
Copa do Brasil Top Scorer: 2016


The Sacred Heart Girls Higher Secondary School in Thanjavur, India, is an educational institute. The administration is under Franciscan Missionaries of Mary. The institution has Kindergarten, Primary school, High School and Higher Secondary. The institute provides co-educational teaching only for Kindergarten and Primary school. High school and higher secondary is not co-educational. Lessons are taught in Tamil and English.

Sacred Heart Girls` Higher Secondary School, recognized under the Madras Educational rules is a minority institution under the direction of the Franciscan Missionaries of Mary in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Thanjavur. The school was founded in the year 1937 with the primary objective of serving the poor and the sick, socially backward and needy students irrespective of caste, Creed and religion.

'Towards Truth and Charity'is the MOTTO of the school. The aim of the school is(1)imparting quality education to children irrespective of caste and creed to attain academic excellence(2) instilling social values like  justice,truth,love,peace, dignity, religious harmony and national integration and concern for the weaker sections of the society(3) training young minds to be agents of social change by fostering -Justice, Peace and Integrity of Creation (JPIC) as a way of life (4)sensitizing the students with vital environmental issues and helping them to play a useful role in protecting the environment(5) inculcating right relationship among people and with nature;truth, love, tolerance and the ethic of enough as values;communal harmony true respect for all religions and classes of people; human rights and dignity of each individual;and concern for the poor of the locality(6)helping young girls to grow with the high sense of duty and citizenship in an atmosphere of joyous freedom conducive to personality development and fulfilment, through self control and self direction, leading to spontaneous involvement of all pupils in the institution and discipline of the school.


Sia La

Sia La is a mountain pass situated on Saltoro Ridge, some  north-northwest of map point NJ9842 which defined the end of the 1972 Line of Control between India and Pakistan as part of the Simla Agreement. Sia La sits near the China border and immediately northwest of the upper part of the vast Siachen Glacier, connecting that glacier to the Pakistani-controlled Kondus Glacier and valley to the west.

Geopolitical issues

Sia La, as well as nearby passes Bilafond La and Gyong La, saw military action starting in 1984 during Operation Meghdoot, the first military action of the Siachen conflict, itself being part of larger conflict, the Kashmir conflict. All three passes are currently held by India; Pakistan controls areas just to the west.


Cryomyces minteri

Cryomyces minteri is a fungus of uncertain placement in the class Dothideomycetes, division Ascomycota. The rock-inhabiting fungus that was discovered in the McMurdo Dry Valleys located in Antarctica, on fragments of rock colonized by a local cryptoendolithic community.

In 2008, Cryomyces minteri and Cryomyces antarcticus were simultaneously tested in low earth orbit conditions on the EXPOSE-E facility on the EuTEF (European Technology Exposure Facility) platform outside the International Space Station for 18 months.

It was also tested in a space vacuum along with polychromatic UV radiation to simulate a Martian environment. The two fungi survived both of the simulations.


Spirotropis eurytima

Spirotropis eurytima is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Drilliidae.

Description
The length of the shell attains 16 mm.

Distribution
This species occurs in the demersal zone of the Gulf of Aden.


Praise Fowowe

Praise Fowowe is a Nigerian speaker, author, sex educator and child abuse activist. He is the founder of Centre for Sex Education and Family Life.


Elizur Wright

Elizur Wright (Elizur Wright III, 12 February 1804 – 22 November 1885) was an American mathematician and abolitionist. He is sometimes described in the United States as "the father of life insurance", or "the father of insurance regulation", as he campaigned that life insurance companies must keep reserves and provide surrender values. Wright served as an insurance commissioner for the State of Massachusetts.

Early life
Wright was born in South Canaan, Connecticut, to a devout Christian family, who held anti-slavery beliefs and instilled in him a strict moral character. He was the first son of Elizur Wright (1762-1845), whose father was also named Elizur Wright, and his second wife Clarissa Richards (1771–1843). Wright was one of 10 children; six were half-siblings by his father's first wife. His father was a 1781 Phi Beta Kappa graduate of Yale College, and was known for his mathematical learning and devotion to the Calvinist faith. In 1810 the family moved to Tallmadge, Ohio, and the younger Elizur worked on the farm and attended an Academy that was conducted by his father. The famous abolitionist John Brown attended the Academy in Tallmadge with Elizur. His home served often as a refuge for fugitive slaves.

In 1826, the younger Wright graduated from Yale and began to teach: first for two years in Groton, Massachusetts, where he met and married Susan Clark, then at Hudson, Ohio, as a mathematics and natural philosophy (science) professor at Western Reserve College and Preparatory School (1829-1833), the first college in northern Ohio. It was during this time that Wright encountered the writings of William Lloyd Garrison. Garrison's small book, Thoughts on African Colonization, persuaded Wright that slavery should immediately be abolished, and that the American Colonization Society's effort to transport free blacks to an African colony was both unethical and impractical.

Garrison's pamphlet and his new newspaper, The Liberator, had other influence on Western Reserve College. In 1832, College pastor and professor of sacred literature (Bible) Beriah Green preached four abolitionist sermons clearly inspired by Garrison. The uproar this created, which was followed nationally, led to Green's resignation. Under pressure from conservative trustees, he left to become president of the Oneida Institute, where as a condition of his acceptance of the post, he was free to preach "immediatism", immediate abolition. The Oneida Institute focused on preparing future abolitionists, which Green felt was a moral and religious obligation.

The school's most distinguished professor, President Charles Backus Storrs, professor of theology, "bemoaned the fact that 'nothing is done in [the] college but discuss abolition and colonization'". He contracted tuberculosis, took a leave of absence, and died within six months.

This left Wright as one of two remaining professors, and it was an environment scarcely more hospitable for him than it had been for Green. The other professor, Rufus Nutting, professor of ancient languages and head of the library, was a colonizationist and cared little for abolitionism. Like Green, Wright wanted to accomplish more for the abolitionist cause than he could in Hudson.

Abolitionist
Along with the brothers Lewis and Arthur Tappan, Beriah Green, Theodore Weld, James Birney, and other like-minded individuals, Wright founded the American Anti-Slavery Society at a convention in Philadelphia in December 1833, the year Wright had moved to New York City. Wright became the national secretary of the organization for five years. At this time, the American Anti-Slavery Society espoused the immediate abolition of slavery, and called for an end to racial prejudice and equality for all. To effect this change, members practiced a policy of "moral suasion," an appeal to people's ethics in an attempt to get them to embrace abolitionism and renounce slavery as sinful.

Wright edited a large number of publications, including Human Rights (1834-1835), The Emancipator and the Quarterly Anti-Slavery Magazine (1835-1838). His continued opposition to slavery incurred the enmity of its advocates, his house was once besieged by a mob, and an attempt was made to kidnap him and convey him to North Carolina. In 1838, he moved to Boston, where he became editor of the Massachusetts Abolitionist in April 1839. In 1846 he established the Chronotype newspaper, which he conducted until it was absorbed by the Commonwealth (1850), of which also he was for a time the editor.

He was also involved in "The Great Postal Campaign"a project whose job was to distribute abolitionist material across the country. The Anti-Slavery Society was successful in recruiting agents throughout the country to spread their message, but when Garrison and others began to broaden the scope of the Society to include women's rights and took on an anti-religion, anti-government tone, Wright and others objected and began to split from the Society in 1840.

Wright became involved with the newly created Liberty Party and began to separate from the evangelists and the religious anti-slavery movements, believing that government intervention was the way to abolition. Wright was a member of the Boston Vigilance Committee, an organization that assisted fugitive slaves. He was arrested and charged for aiding in the 1851 escape of Shadrach Minkins, the first black man to be seized in New England under the Fugitive Slave Act. He was not convicted. Wright was also indicted and tried for libel in consequence of his severe words for the liquor interests while publishing the Chronotype.

Wright eventually became estranged from the abolitionist movement. Moreover, due partially to disappointment in his church's lack of support for the abolitionist cause, and to a slowly growing desire to find secular solutions to social problems, the formerly pious and devout Congregationalist. Eventually, Wright became an atheist.

Inventions

Between 1853 and 1858, besides editing the Railroad Times, he gave his attention to invention and mechanics, constructing a spike-making machine, a water faucet, and an improvement in pipe coupling. He patented the last two, and manufactured them for a short time.

Life insurance
According to Frank Preston Stearns, Wright became interested in life insurance as a mathematical study and read "the best works on life insurance ... with the same ardor with which young ladies devour an exciting novel."

In the spring of 1852 an insurance broker placed an advertising booklet in his hand wherein Elizur Wright looked it over and perceived quickly enough that no company could undertake to do what this one pretended to and remain solvent. At age 40, Wright visited the Royal Exchange in London to investigate the life insurance industry. It was on this trip where he saw an advertisement in the Daily Telegraph for the Sale of 42 Old Life Insurance Policies in which old men were auctioning off their life insurance policies to investors after faithfully paying premiums all their lives. Elizur recognized that these life insurance policy owners were too old to work and could no longer afford their premium payments but were not yet dead to collect the benefit. As a result, the policy owners looked to speculators or investors. Wright recognized and wrote about the fact that life insurance policy owners were not able to obtain as much as half of the value that should be in these policies, but do obtain such from investors in his book Politics and Mysteries of Life Insurance.

To Wright, this was unconscionable, and upon his return to America, he began campaigning for a cleanup of the life insurance business, by requiring insurers to pay “surrender values” to policyholders on request and to hold adequate reserves to do so. Wright realized how easy it was to for insurance carriers to cheat, so he devised formulas for calculating the reserves and created statutory capital requirements for the industry. Ultimately, the life insurance industry accepted Wright's reforms.   Wright served as an insurance commissioner for the State of Massachusetts from 1858 to 1866.

He devised a new formula for finding the values of policies of various terms, known as the “accumulation formula,” and, in order to facilitate his work, invented and afterward patented (1869) the “arithmeter,” a mechanical contrivance for multiplication and division, based on the logarithmic principle, a form of cylindrical slide rule.

Public parks
Wright, a member of the Forestry Association, was instrumental in obtaining the Massachusetts Forestry Act of 1882. He initiated and promoted plans for making Middlesex Fells, an area north of Boston bordering Malden and Melrose, into a public park; although he did not succeed during his lifetime, the plan was carried out later and Middlesex Fells is Middlesex Fells Reservation to this day.

Other activities
Wright served as an officer of the National Liberal League.

Along with his rationalist approach to insurance and religion, Wright was an ardent advocate of a phonetic writing system he called "phonotypy." A column written in this system appeared in almost every issue of his newspaper, the Chronotype (1846-1850).

Writings
 La Fontaine, Fables (verse translation, 2 vols. 8vo, Boston, 1841; 2nd ed., New York, 1859)
 John Greenleaf Whittier, Ballads, and other Poems (introduction, London, 1844)
 A Curiosity of Law (1866)
 Savings Banks Life Insurance (1872)
 The Politics and Mysteries of Life Insurance (1873)
 Myron Holley, and what he did for Liberty and True Religion (1882)
In addition, he wrote many pamphlets and reports.

Notes


Ap Dijksterhuis

Albert Jan "Ap" Dijksterhuis (born 12 November 1968, Zutphen) is a Dutch Social Psychologist at Radboud University Nijmegen.

He received his Ph.D in Social Sciences from Radboud University Nijmegen in 1996. His adviser was Ad van Knippenberg. From 1996-1999, he did post-doc work as a Research Fellow of the Royal Dutch Academy of Arts and Sciences, located in Amsterdam.  In 2000, he became a professor at the University of Amsterdam, returning to Radboud University Nijmegen in 2006. In 2007, his first book was published, in Dutch, called ‘Het slimme onbewuste’ (‘The Smart Unconscious’).

Awards
2005- APA Award for Early Career Contributions
2005- EAESP Kurt Lewin Award
2007- SPSP Theoretical Innovation Award

Research
His areas of research have varied, but all deal with unconscious: the perception-behavior link, goals, Implicit Self Esteem Issues, and unconscious thought. He works & co-leads the Unconscious lab at Radboud University Nijmegen, with Rick van Baaren. The lab’s primary focus is on unconscious thought and imitation. His theory that certain behaviour can be modified by unconscious cues is somewhat controversial.

Perception-Behavior link (1995–2001)
Bargh, Chen, and Burrows showed a relationship between activation of traits and behavior. In one of the experiments they primed participants with words related to the elderly and found they walked slower leaving the experiment than controls.  Dijksterhuis started investigating the link between perception and behavior, but instead of direct behavior he wanted to measure ability. Over multiple studies, Dijksterhuis and van Knippenberg primed subjects with the stereotype of professor (thought of as intelligent), and the stereotype of soccer hooligans (thought of as stupid). In the last study, they also primed them directly with intelligent or stupid, rather than just using a stereotype. In a supposedly unrelated task, they used a general knowledge measure to test for effects of the priming. In all of the studies, participants primed with intelligence, by stereotype or directly, did better than controls. The opposite is true for those primed with stupidity. The duration of priming (9 minutes vs 2 minutes) affected performance with those in the long condition performing better than those in the short condition.

These results have been called into question due to failure of multiple researchers to replicate.

Implicit self-esteem (2000–present)

Much work has been done on measuring self-esteem. More recently, there has been a focus on implicit self-esteem, and how to measure it. According to Bosson, Swann, and Pennebaker there is little to no correlation between several previously used implicit self-esteem measures. The same results were found when comparing implicit and explicit measures. Dijksterhuis acknowledges this limitation and tries to work around it by manipulating implicit self-esteem then measuring it with the name-letter effect or self-esteem IAT.  In the experiments, he uses evaluative conditioning to enhance implicit self-esteem subconsciously. The word ‘I’ was subliminally presented (15 milliseconds) followed by either positive traits (e.g. smart) or neutral words (e.g. chair), depending on the condition. Evaluative conditioning is most often used to change attitude towards a neutral stimuli, but he proposed it would work for implicit self-esteem.  The results support his hypothesis; participants in the experimental condition showed higher levels of implicit self-esteem on both measures compared to controls.

Greenwald and Banaji’s definition of implicit self-esteem is: “implicit self-esteem is the introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) effect of the self-attitude on evaluation of self-associated and self-dissociated objects”. Dijksterhuis proposes an alternate definition that self-esteem is the attitude and that the evaluation of objects is a consequence of this attitude. He also proposes that the different measures have not correlated with each other because they are either measuring the attitude towards self or the consequence of this attitude.

Unconscious Thought Theory (UTT) (2002–present)

Unconscious thought theory (UTT) was introduced by Dijksterhuis in 2004. He presented 5 experiments showing that people make better decisions when they thought about it unconsciously rather than consciously. The argument is that conscious thought is not capable of handling all the complex information that we need to process in order to make good decisions. In experiment 2 participants in the conscious thought condition reported only using a subset of the information provided to make their decision.

In a 2006 paper, Dijksterhuis and colleagues did multiple studies looking at making the best choices. In the first study, participants were shown 4 (simple) or 12 (complex) attributes, randomized one at a time, about four fake cars. The attributes were either positive or negative. Two of the cars had equal numbers of positive and negative attributes, one was presented with 75% positive attributes, and the other 25%. After the attributes were shown participants were told they would have to pick the best car. Half the participants were allowed to think about the cars for 4 minutes (conscious thought condition) the other half were distracted for those 4 minutes solving anagrams (unconscious thought condition). After the 4 minutes everyone chose the best car and participants in the simple condition made better decisions in the conscious thought condition, but unconscious thought led to better decisions in the complex condition. Other studies are presented in the article applying this same design to the real world decisions (e.g. department store vs a furniture store).

Dijksterhuis wanted to get away from the artificial information that people are provided in a laboratory setting and see what happens when they have to rely on their own knowledge about a subject to make decisions. Dijksterhuis and colleagues designed an experiment where subjects had to rate their level of expertise on soccer, then pick win, lose, or draw for four upcoming soccer matches in the Dutch league. Participants were placed in one of the following conditions: choose within 20 seconds of seeing the matches, given two minutes to deliberate (conscious), or distracted for two minutes (unconscious), then asked to choose. Results show that nonexperts do about as well in all conditions but experts perform better in the unconscious thought condition. They replicated the study using World Cup matches since there is a more objective way to measure expertise with national team world ranking rather than asking participants to self-report expertise. The pattern of results was similar to the first study.


Bolma henica

Bolma henica, common name the deep sea star shell, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turbinidae, the turban snails.

Description
The size of the shell varies between 20 mm and 37 mm. The shell conical has a conical shape and is elevated with 7-8 whorls. Its color pattern is light yellowish ruddy, paler below. The apex is round. The first whorl is flattened. The upper three whorls are radiately ribbed, the following radiately slightly plicate in the direction of lines of growth, with a spiral series of rather large white separate beads upon the edge of the flattened shoulder below the suture, and six series of distinct small beads, separated by interstices of half their breadth upon the slope of the whorl. The periphery is sharply bicarinate, with the upper carina stellate with sharp compressed hollow spines, about twelve in number on body whorl. The lower carina contains thirty to thirty-five vaulted scales, becoming spines toward the aperture.  Between the carinae there are four rows of beads. The base of the shell is flat, with about ten concentric rows of very regular beads. The aperture is oblique, white within. The white columella is bluntly toothed below. The white umbilical tract is polished and slightly ridged. The operculum is oval, within flat, brown. Its outside is thick, white, granulose with a slight flange on the outer margin.

Distribution
This marine species occurs in the Indo-West Pacific and off Japan, the Philippines and Australia (New South Wales, Queensland)


Verses for the Dead

Verses for the Dead is a 2018 mystery novel by Douglas Preston and Lincoln Child. This is the eighteenth book in the Special Agent Pendergast series. It tells the story of FBI special agent Aloysius Pendergast as he investigates a serial killer in Miami Beach.


Edmund Berkeley

Edmund Callis Berkeley (February 22, 1909 – March 7, 1988) was an American computer scientist who co-founded the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) in 1947.  His 1949 book Giant Brains, or Machines That Think popularized cognitive images of early computers.  He was also a social activist who worked to achieve conditions that might minimize the threat of nuclear war.

Biography
Berkeley received a BA in Mathematics and Logic from Harvard in 1930.  He pursued a career as an insurance actuary at Prudential Insurance from 1934–48, except for service in the United States Navy during World War II.

Berkeley saw George Stibitz's calculator at Bell Laboratories in 1939, and the Harvard Mark I in 1942.  In November, 1946 he drafted a specification for "Sequence Controlled Calculators for the Prudential", which led to signing a contract with the Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation in 1947 for one of the first UNIVAC computers. Berkeley left Prudential in 1948 to become an independent consultant when the company forbade him to work on projects related to avoiding nuclear war, even on his own time.  He sometimes wrote using the pseudonym "Neil D. MacDonald".

He became famous in 1949 with the publication of his book Giant Brains, or Machines That Think in which he described the principles behind computing machines (called then "mechanical brains", "sequence-controlled calculators", or various other terms), and then gave a technical but accessible survey of the most prominent examples of the time, including machines from MIT, Harvard, the Moore School, Bell Laboratories, and elsewhere.

In Giant Brains, Berkeley also outlined a device which some have described as the first "personal computer", Simon. Plans on how to build this computer were published in the journal Radio Electronics in 1950 and 1951. Simon used relay logic and cost about $600 to construct. The first working model was built at Columbia University with the help of two graduate students.

Berkeley founded, published and edited Computers and Automation, the first computer magazine.  He also created the Geniac and Brainiac toy computers.

In 1958 Berkeley joined the Committee for a SANE Nuclear Policy (SANE).

Computer Art
On the title page of the magazine "Computers and Automation", January 1963, Edmund Berkeley published a picture by Efraim Arazi from 1962 as Computer Art. This picture inspired him to initiate the first Computer Art Contest in 1963. Berkeley had coined the term Computer Art. The annual contest was a key point in the development of computer art up to the year 1973. This way Edmund Berkeley became a pioneer in the field of computer art.

Books
Giant Brains, or Machines That Think (1949), Wiley & Sons
Computers: Their Operation and Applications (1956), New York: Reinhold Publishing
Symbolic Logic and Intelligent Machines (1959), New York: Reinhold Publishing
Probability and Statistics: An Introduction through Experiments (1961), Science Materials Center
The Computer Revolution (1962), Doubleday
The Programming Language LISP: Its Operation and Applications (1964)
A Guide to Mathematics for the Intelligent Nonmathematician (1966), Simon and Schuster
Computer-assisted Explanation: A Guide to Explaining: and some ways of using a computer to assist in clear explanation (1967), Information International
Ride the East Wind; Parables of Yesterday and Today (1973), Quadrangle,
The Computer Book of Lists and First Computer Almanack (1984), Reston Publishing,

Notes

External links
Edmund C. Berkeley Papers, Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota.
Obituary in Communications of the ACM (1988) (access restricted)
Berkeley timeline Retrieved April 10, 2007
Computers and Automation archive issues 1954 to 1978


Rotuma Day

Rotuma Day is an annual celebration on the island of Rotuma, a Fijian dependency.  It falls on May 13, the anniversary of the island's cession to the United Kingdom in 1881.

As there are more people of Rotuman descent outside Rotuma than on the island, celebrations are held in other centres besides Rotuma, with big events in Suva and Lautoka.

Celebrations

The 2005 events marked the 124th anniversary of the annexation of the island to the United Kingdom.

Speaking at the Suva celebration, Fiji's High Commissioner to Australia, Major Jioje Konrote, himself a Rotuman Islander,  commended Rotumans living outside Rotuma for maintaining their links to their homelands.  There are some two thousand people on Rotuma, with a further ten thousand Rotumans in metropolitan Fiji.

Joji Kotobalavu, Chief Executive of the Prime Minister's office, told Rotumans that their island would always be a special part of Fiji, recognized alongside the fourteen provinces.  He commended them for their disproportionate achievements and contributions towards the development of Fiji as a country, while Labour Minister Kenneth Zinck paid tribute to the many Rotumans to have distinguished themselves in the fields of education, medicine, business, and society.


2004–05 Israeli Hockey League season

The 2004–05 Israeli Hockey League season was the 14th season of Israel's hockey league. Five teams participated in the league, and HC Maccabi Amos Lod won the championship.

Regular season

External links
 Season on hockeyarchives.info

Israeli League


Oraison

Oraison is a commune in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in southeastern France.

Geography
The river Asse forms all of the commune's southern border, then flows into the Durance, which forms all of its western border.

Population


Super-twisted nematic display

A super-twisted nematic display (STN) is a type of monochrome passive-matrix liquid crystal display (LCD). This  type of LCD was invented at the Brown Boveri Research Center, Baden, Switzerland, in 1983. For years a better scheme for multiplexing was sought. Standard twisted nematic (TN) LCDs with a 90 degrees twisted structure of the molecules have a contrast vs. voltage characteristic unfavorable for passive-matrix addressing as there is no distinct threshold voltage. STN displays, with the molecules twisted from 180 to 270 degrees, have superior characteristics. The main advantage of STN LCDs is their more pronounced electro-optical threshold allowing for passive-matrix addressing with many more lines and columns. For the first time, a prototype STN matrix display with 540x270 pixels was made by Brown Boveri (today ABB) in 1984, which was considered a breakthrough for the industry.

STN LCDs require less power and are less expensive to manufacture than TFT LCDs, another popular type of LCD that has largely superseded STN for mainstream laptops. STN displays typically suffer from lower image quality and slower response time than TFT displays. However, STN LCDs can be made purely reflective for viewing under direct sunlight. STN displays are used in some inexpensive mobile phones and informational screens of some digital products. In early 1990s, they had been used in some portable computers such as Amstrad's PPC512 and PPC640.

CSTN stands for color super-twist nematic, a color form of passive matrix LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) for electronic display screens originally developed by Sharp Electronics. The CSTN uses red, green and blue filters to display color. The original CSTN displays developed in the early 1990s suffered from slow response times and ghosting (where text or graphic changes are blurred because the pixels cannot turn off and on fast enough). Recent advances in the technology, however, have made CSTN a viable alternative to active matrix displays. New CSTN displays offer 100ms response times (for comparison TFT displays offer 8ms or less), a 140 degree viewing angle and high-quality color rivaling TFT displays – all at about half the cost. A newer passive-matrix technology called High-Performance Addressing (HPA) offers even better response times and contrast than CSTN.

Other STN displays
 DSTN can stand for:
 Double layer STN – An earlier passive matrix LCD technology that used an extra compensating layer to provide a sharper image.
 Dual Scan STN – An enhanced STN passive matrix LCD. The screen is divided into halves, and each half is scanned simultaneously, thereby doubling the number of lines refreshed per second and providing a sharper appearance. DSTN was widely used on earlier laptops. See STN and LCD.
 FRSTN – Fast Response STN
 FSTN – Film compensated STN, Formulated STN or Filtered STN. A passive matrix LCD technology that uses a film compensating layer between the STN display and rear polarizer for added sharpness and contrast. It was used in laptops before the DSTN method became popular and many early 21st Century cellphones.
 FFSTN – Double film super-twist nematic
 MSTN – Monochrome super-twist nematic
 CCSTN – Color Coded Super Twist Nematic. An LCD capable of displaying a limited range of colours, used in some digital organisers and graphic calculators in the 1990s


Thunder Force (film)

Thunder Force is an upcoming American superhero comedy film directed and written by Ben Falcone. Starring Melissa McCarthy, Octavia Spencer, Pom Klementieff, and Melissa Leo, the film will be released by Netflix.

Premise
In a world terrorized by super-villains, one woman has developed the process to give superpowers to regular people.
But when scientist Emily Stanton accidentally imbues her estranged best-friend with incredible abilities, the two women must become the first superhero team.
Now, it’s up to Thunder Force to battle the super-powered Miscreants and save Chicago from the clutches of The King.

Cast
 Melissa McCarthy as Lydia
 Octavia Spencer as Emily Stanton
 Pom Klementieff
 Melissa Leo
 Tyrel Jackson Williams

Production
On March 29, 2019, it was reported that Netflix had greenlit a superhero comedy film entitled Thunder Force to be written and directed by Ben Falcone, with Melissa McCarthy and Octavia Spencer as lead roles.

Filming
Principal photography began September 25, 2019 in Atlanta, Georgia and wrapped on December 10, 2019.


Southeastern Pennsylvania Synod

The Southeastern Pennsylvania Synod of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America is the regional ELCA judicatory of the Philadelphia metropolitan area. It is one of the 65 ELCA synods. The synod covers Bucks, Chester, Delaware, and Montgomery counties as well as the City of Philadelphia.

The synod includes more than 70,000 baptized members, 154 congregations and missions, and more than 340 rostered ministers (pastors, deacons, and members of the ELCA Deaconess Community). The synodical organization, the office of the bishop, and related staff provide support, resources and programs for the congregations and rostered and lay leaders of the synod.

On May 5, 2018, the synod elected the Rev. Patricia Ann Curtis Davenport as its fifth bishop. She assumed office on August 1, 2018. Bishop Davenport is the first woman of African-American descent to be elected a bishop in the ELCA. The following day, the South Central Synod of Wisconsin elected another African-American pastor, the Rev. Viviane Thomas-Breitfeld, as its bishop. They were among six women elected bishops in the ELCA in 2018, bringing the total number of women in the Conference of Bishops to 16. Bishop Davenport will be installed on September 22, 2018, by ELCA Presiding Bishop Elizabeth A. Eaton.

Prior to her election, Bishop Davenport served as the Synod’s Director for Evangelical Mission and Assistant to the Bishop. She previously served as founding Pastor/Developer for Spirit and Truth Worship Center, a new church start in Yeadon, Pa. She received the Master of Divinity degree from the Lutheran Theological Seminary at Philadelphia, now United Lutheran Seminary.

The highest legislative authority of the synod is the Synod Assembly, which meets annually in May.  The Synod Council is the board of directors of the synod and is its interim legislative authority between meetings of the Synod Assembly.  The Synod Council normally meets five times every year.  The Bishop is elected by the Synod Assembly and may serve an unlimited number of six-year terms.  The other synod officers are the Vice President (who must be a layperson), Secretary, and Treasurer (either a layperson or a rostered pastor), all of whom may serve an unlimited number of four-year terms.

The synod's current office is located on the grounds of United Lutheran Seminary, having been moved from its previous office in Norristown, Pennsylvania in 2008.

The synod's territory is located in an area rich in German and Swedish history, with the latter bringing Lutheranism (as missions of the Church of Sweden) in the 1640s before the subsequent takeover of Tinicum (present-day Chester) by the British and the formation of the Province of Pennsylvania under the Quaker William Penn, who invited scores of people, mostly British Quakers and German Lutherans and Anabaptists (Amish and Mennonite), to settle the land.  Its predecessor body, the Ministerium of Pennsylvania and Adjacent States, the oldest Lutheran synod in America, was organized in 1748 at Philadelphia by the Lutheran patriarch, Pastor Henry Melchior Muhlenberg of Trappe, Pennsylvania.  The synod is also the home of United Lutheran Seminary (ULS) formerly Lutheran Theological Seminary at Philadelphia (LTSP).

Since the Called to Common Mission with the Episcopal Church, it has been in ecumenical partnership with the Episcopal Diocese of Pennsylvania, allowing the synod and the diocese to share both pastors and staff.  Symbolically, the synod gave the diocese a baptismal font with the consecration of the new Philadelphia Episcopal Cathedral located in Philadelphia's "University City" section (near the University of Pennsylvania and Drexel University).

Geographically, the synod shares the same five-county area as the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Philadelphia and the Episcopal Diocese of Pennsylvania.  The Eastern Pennsylvania Conference of the United Methodist Church, part of the larger Philadelphia Episcopal Area (which includes the Peninsula Delaware Conference), is also located within the geographic boundaries of the Southeastern Pennsylvania Synod, but also includes territory located within the ELCA's Northeastern Pennsylvania Synod, mostly the Lehigh Valley and Pocono Mountains regions.

Bishops of the Southeastern Pennsylvania Synod
The following individuals have served as Bishops of the Southeastern Pennsylvania Synod since its inception in 1988 with the formation of the ELCA:

The Rev. Lawrence L. Hand (1983-1987, Bishop, Southeastern Pennsylvania Synod, Lutheran Church in America [LCA]; 1988-1990, Bishop, Southeastern Pennsylvania Synod, ELCA)
The Rev. Michael G. Merkel (1990-1994)
The Rev. Roy G. Almquist (1994-2006)
The Rev. Claire Schenot Burkat (2006-2018)
The Rev. Patricia A. Davenport (2018- )


Isolated Mass/Circumflex (Number 2)

Isolated Mass/Circumflex (Number 2), stylized as Isolated Mass/Circumflex (#2), is an outdoor 1968–1978 sculpture by Michael Heizer, installed outside the Menil Collection in Houston, Texas, United States. The work is one of several by Heizer in the Menil Collection.


Sa (cuneiform)

The cuneiform sa sign is a less common-use sign of the Epic of Gilgamesh, the 1350 BC Amarna letters, and other cuneiform texts. It also has a sumerogrammic usage for SA in the Epic of Gilgamesh. The structure of the cuneiform sign is similar to, Ir (cuneiform), .

The "sa" sign has the syllabic usage for sa, and a sumerogram usage for SA. Alphabetically "sa" can be used for s ("s" can be interchanged with any "z"); and "sa" can be used for a. In Akkadian, all 4 vowels, a, e, i, u are interchangeable with each other.

SA in the Epic of Gilgamesh is a logogram for Akkadian "Šer'ānu", translated as: "muscle, sinew".

Epic of Gilgamesh usage
The sa sign usage in the Epic of Gilgamesh is as follows: sa-(89 times); and SA-(2).


Gripenberg

Gripenberg is a locality situated in Tranås Municipality, Jönköping County, Sweden with 292 inhabitants in 2010.


Republican River

The Republican River is a river in the central Great Plains of North America, rising in the High Plains of eastern Colorado and flowing east  through the U.S. states of Nebraska and Kansas.

Geography
The Republican River is formed by the confluence of the North Fork Republican River and the Arikaree River just north of Haigler in Dundy County, Nebraska.  It joins with the South Fork Republican River immediately southeast of Benkelman, Nebraska. All three tributaries originate in the High Plains of northeastern Colorado. From the confluence, the river flows generally eastward along the southern border of Nebraska, passing through Swanson Reservoir and Harlan County Reservoir before curving southward into the Smoky Hills region of Kansas. The Republican River joins the Smoky Hill River at Junction City, Kansas to form the Kansas River.

Some cities along the river are McCook, Nebraska, Clay Center, Kansas, Concordia, Kansas and Junction City, Kansas.  Near Concordia is the Republican River Pegram Truss, a bridge that goes over the Republican River that is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

History
The river was named after a branch of Pawnee Indians known as "the Republicans."

As early as 1785, the Spanish and French had identified one of the villages of the Pawnee people as aldea de la Republica (little village of the Republic). A French traders' custom was to name rivers for the tribal villages located on their banks. In this way, the north fork of the Kansas River was named Fourche des Republiques or Forks of the Republicans.

The Kitkehahkis Pawnee villages farmed corn, beans, and pumpkin in the fertile Republican valley floor but seasonally left to hunt buffalo in the plains to the west and south.

The Kitkehahkis, or Republican Pawnee, occasionally abandoned and relocated various villages along the Republican River.  In 1806, first the Spanish and then the Americans journeyed to the large Kitkehahkis village on Republican River, then near present Guide Rock, Nebraska. Both parties were seeking the tribe's assistance in enforcing competing claims to the Louisiana Territory.  Leading the much smaller American expedition, Lieutenant Zebulon Pike convinced the Kitkehahkis to accept the American Flag in place of the Spanish (Main article: Pike-Pawnee Village Site).

In 1853, Fort Riley was established at the junction of the Republican with the Smoky Hill and Kansas Rivers. American settlement of the lower Republican River in began in the 1860s.

Prior to 1864, the Kansas River was publicly navigable under Kansas law. A side-wheel steamboat of 125 tons burden, Financier No. 2, reached the Republican River in 1855 and ascended it some 40 miles. However, in 1864, railroad interests passed a bill through the Kansas Legislature entitled, "An act declaring the Kansas, Republican, Smoky Hill, Solomon, and Big Blue rivers not navigable, and authorizing the bridging of the same." Railroads were thus permitted to bridge or dam the Republican as if it were never declared navigable.

The Kansas Pacific Railway reached the fork of the Republican in 1866, crossing into the Junction City town site.  The Junction City and Fort Kearney Railroad was constructed up the valley of the Republican to Clay Center in 1873.

The 1864 law was repealed in 1913; however, under Kansas Law, public access, whether for transport or recreation, is permitted only on publicly owned rivers. The State of Kansas owns only the Kansas and Arkansas Rivers as well as the portion of the Missouri River adjoining the northeastern corner of the state. As such, the limit of public river access is at the mouth of the Republican River. A public boat access ramp was opened on the mouth of the Republican River in 2009 just upstream of the railroad bridge, providing access to the upper end of the Kansas River National Water Trail, a part of the National Water Trail program.

Milford Lake, the largest man-made lake in Kansas, was completed on the Republican in 1967.

Republican River Compact
Allocation of the water from the Republican River is governed through an agreement called the Republican River Compact, involving the states of Nebraska, Kansas and Colorado, as modified by the settlement of a United States Supreme Court case involving a water-use dispute under the Compact.

Major flooding

July 1902
On July 9, 1902, the river flooded near Concordia, Kansas, breaking a dam and re-routing the river by a quarter-mile (about half a kilometer).

May/June 1935
The storm of May 31 and June 1, 1935, (called "Nebraska's Deadliest Flood") dumped an average rainfall of  on the river's watershed. This storm was also unique in that it moved in the same direction as the drainage basin. As a result, the Frenchman, Red Willow, Medicine, Deer, Muddy, and Turkey creeks all reached their flood peaks at the same time as the crest passed on the Republican River.

According to witness accounts, the roar of the water could be heard coming down the Republican Valley  away. Many survivors also reported that there were two crests - the water came up on May 28, then receded slightly, but the second crest on June 1 greatly exceeded the first. At one point, the water rose  in 30 minutes and was  higher than the previous record crest. One eyewitness said the water level rose in some places at 10 miles per hour or more. Another account states that the Republican rose  in 12 minutes in McCook, destroying the structures in its path. Water was  deep in some places, and the discharge was , more than 320 times the normal flow today.

Estimates show 113 people killed. From 11,400 to 41,500 head of cattle were killed; one report said that carcasses littering the roads made them impassable. A total of   of highway and 307 bridges were destroyed, and  of farmland were inundated.


Purple (EP)

Purple is the fifth extended play by South Korean girl group Mamamoo. It was released by RBW on June 22, 2017 and distributed by CJ E&M Music. It contains five songs, including the single "Yes I Am".

Release
The EP was released on June 22, 2017, through several music portals, including Melon, and iTunes for the global market.

Single
"Yes I Am" was released as the lead single in conjunction with the EP on June 22.

Track listing

Charts

Album

Weekly charts

Monthly chart

Year-end chart

Singles
"Yes I Am "

Other charted songs

Awards

Music programs


Glen Clark (baseball)

Glen Ester Clark  (March 10, 1940 – January 25, 2018) was a pinch hitter in Major League Baseball who played for the Atlanta Braves during the  season. Listed at , 190 lb., Clark was a switch-hitter and threw right-handed.  He was born in Austin, Texas.

Clark was 26 years old when he entered the majors in 1967 with Atlanta, being limited to pinch-hitting duties. He appeared in four games and was hitless in four at-bats.

Clark died January 25, 2018.


Economic catalyst

An economic catalyst is an entrepreneur or company that precipitates a fundamental change in business or technology. A more precise definition of a catalyst is based on the new economics of multi-sided platforms.  In this literature an "economic catalyst" is an entity that has (a) two or more groups of customers; (b) who need each other in some way; but (c) can't capture the value from their mutual attraction on their own; and (d) rely on the catalyst to facilitate value-reaction reactions between them. For-profit businesses, joint ventures, cooperatives, standard-setting bodies, and governments operate catalysts.

The payment card industry illustrates the concept. Diners Club was the first modern payment card, introduced in 1950. To create this product Diners Club had to get two groups of customers on board. Consumers who wanted to pay with a card and merchants who wanted to accept payment with this card. These two groups of customers each wanted the card to consummate transactions between them. Any type of dating environment also exemplifies economic catalyst. A nightclub needs men and women and facilitates their meeting and interacting.

Catalysts are the businesses at the heart of the new economics of two-sided markets. They are multi-sided platforms.


Neuroferritinopathy

Neuroferritinopathy  is a genetic neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the accumulation of iron in the basal ganglia, cerebellum, and motor cortex of the human brain. Symptoms, which are extrapyramidal in nature, progress slowly and generally do not become apparent until adulthood. These symptoms include chorea, dystonia, and cognitive deficits which worsen with age.

This disorder is autosomal dominant and is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the light chain subunit of the ferritin protein. Wild type ferritin functions as a buffer for iron, sequestering it and controlling its release. Thus, mutations in the light chain of ferritin result in the accumulation of iron in the brain which can be imaged using MRI. Currently, neuroferritinopathy is the only neurodegenerative disease with an iron accumulation in the brain classified as an autosomal dominant syndrome.

Treatment of neuroferritinopathy is focused on managing symptoms associated with chorea and dystonia using standard medications for each. The disorder is progressive and symptoms become worse with age. Fewer than 100 cases of neuroferritinopathy have been reported since its identification in 2001. Its incidence has been largely localized to Northeast England suggesting a founder effect. Due to its genetic nature, current research is focused on therapeutic management of the symptoms caused by the disorder.

Signs and symptoms
Neuroferritinopathy has several distinguishing signs and symptoms. These fall into two categories: diagnostic findings and physically visible symptoms.

Diagnostic findings
Symptoms categorized as medically tested and diagnosed include iron accumulation in the brain, basal ganglia cavitation, and neurodegeneration. Patients who are diagnosed with neuroferritinopathy have abnormal iron accumulation in the brain within the neurons and glia of the striatum and cerebellar cortices. Along with the accumulation of iron in the brain, neuroferritinopathy typically causes severe neuronal loss as well.
Secondary symptoms may also arise. It is possible that the initial iron accumulation will cause additional neuronal damage and neuronal death. The damaged neurons may be replaced by other cells in an effort to reverse the neurodegeneration. These cells often have a higher iron content. The breakdown of the blood brain barrier may also occur due to the loss of neurons and will subsequently allow more iron to access the brain and accumulate over time.

Neuroferritinopathy is mainly seen in those who have reached late adulthood and is generally seen to slowly progress throughout many decades in a lifetime with the mean age of onset being 39 years old. A loss of cognition is generally only seen with late stages of the disease. Diagnosed patients are seen to retain most of their cognitive functioning until the most progressive stages of the illness sets in.

Physical symptoms
Symptoms categorized as physically visible symptoms include chorea, dystonia, spasticity, and rigidity, all physical symptoms of the body associated with movement disorders. The symptoms accompanying neuroferritinopathy affecting movement are also progressive, becoming more generalized with time. Usually during the first ten years of onset of the disease only one or two limbs are directly affected.
Distinctive symptoms of neuroferritinopathy are chorea, found in 50% of diagnosed patients, dystonia, found in 43% of patients, and parkinsonism, found in 7.5% of patients. Full control of upper limbs on the body generally remains until late onset of the disease. Over time, symptoms seen in a patient can change from one side of the body to the opposite side of the body, jumping from left to right or vice versa. Another route that the physically visible symptoms have been observed to take is the appearance, disappearance, and then reappearance once more of specific symptoms.

While these symptoms are the classic indicators of neuroferritinopathy, symptoms will vary from patient to patient.

Causes
Neuroferritinopathy results from abnormal brain iron accumulation. This iron accumulation is due to mutations in the FTL polypeptide, which is responsible for encoding proteins involved in iron metabolism. Neuroferritinopathy is most commonly caused by a single insertion of the nucleotide adenine into the gene for L-chain ferritin which in turn, alters the carboxyl end of the entire protein chain. However, exact location of the insertion in the exon varies by family. Neuroferritinopathy may also be caused by the insertion of two extra nucleotide bases. The insertion of bases into the L-chain ferritin gene causes the chain to lengthen and alter the sequence of the amino acids found in the gene, also known as a frameshift mutation.

These mutations result in decreased iron-binding ability. The oxidative damage caused by increased iron leads to apoptosis, or programmed cell death. Accumulation of iron in the brain is extremely dangerous as excess iron catalyzes the formation of free radicals, which have damaging effects to the brain. The iron accumulation characteristic of neuroferritinopathy particularly affects the cerebellum, basal ganglia, and motor cortex regions of the brain.

Mechanism
The protein ferritin functions to sequester and release iron, acting as an iron buffering system in cells. Iron is essential to brain function in oxygen transport and cellular metabolism for example. However, careful control of iron is important as increased brain iron levels catalyze the formation of free radicals that create oxidative molecules via the Fenton Reaction. These oxidative molecules can cause oxidative brain damage. Iron that is bound to ferritin in nonreactive.

Fenton Reaction

(1) Fe2+ + H2O2 → Fe3+ + HO• + OH−

(2) Fe3+ + H2O2 → Fe2+ + HOO• + H+

The ferritin protein is made up of heavy chain (H) and light chain (L) subunits. In neuroferritinopathy, the gene encoding the light chain is mutated. Several different mutation variations have led to diagnosis as neuroferritinopathy; all of these mutations occur in the light chain. A mutated light chain is believed to inhibit ferritin’s ability to effectively sequester and hold iron. Without control of iron, it is free to cause oxidative brain damage as described above.

The concentration of iron in a healthy brain varies greatly from region to region. The specific regions of the brain that are associated with motor functions appear to have larger accumulations of iron than non-motor-related regions. This observation of varying iron concentrations is a possible explanation for the correlation between movement disorders and the iron imbalance within the central nervous system.

Diagnosis
Neuroferritinopathy is primarily diagnosed in older adults, specifically in adults affected by Alzheimer's disease or Parkinson's disease, as iron accumulates in the brain over long periods of time. Neuroferritinopathy is diagnosed using either neuroimaging techniques, physiological tests, or genetic testing.

Classification
All brain iron disorders were previously labeled pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration formerly known as Hallervorden-Spatz syndrome, after the scientists who first discovered individuals with abnormal iron levels in 1922 (subsequently renamed after discovering their Nazi party ties). Brain iron disorders are now divided into three categories: genetic neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation, genetic systemic iron accumulation with neurologic features, and acquired diseases associated with iron excess or iron deficiency. Neuroferritinopathy is classified under the first category, genetic neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation. Neuroferritinopathy is classified as a late-onset basal ganglia disease and is a dominantly inherited neurodegenerative disease. Four different alleles are responsible for neuroferritinopathy. Three arise from nucleotide insertions in the ferritin light chain (FTL) polypeptide gene while the fourth arises from a missense mutation in the FTL gene.

Neuroimaging

Neuroferritinopathy is most commonly diagnosed using MRI and other neuroimaging techniques. MRIs help identify the iron deposits in the cerebellum, basal ganglia, and motor cortex common to neuroferritinopathy. MRIs of affected individuals also show mild cerebellar and cerebral atrophy, or tissue breakdown, and gas cavity formation in the putamen. Most importantly, the MRIs show misfolded ferritin proteins and iron deposits in the glial cells of the caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, cerebral cortex, thalamus, and purkinje cells, causing neuronal death in these areas.

Physiological testing
Blood tests usually come back normal in affected individuals, so they do not serve as a reliable means of diagnosis. Blood tests can show low serum ferritin levels. However, this is unreliable as method of diagnosis, as some patients show typical serum ferritin levels even at the latest stages of neuroferritinopathy. Cerebral spinal fluid tests also are typically normal.
Ferritin aggregates found in the skin, liver, kidney, and muscle tissues may help in diagnosing neuroferritinopathy. More cytochrome c oxidase-negative fibers are also often found in the muscle biopsies of affected individuals.

Genetic testing
Genetic testing can confirm a neuroferritinopathy diagnosis. A diagnosis can be made by analyzing the protein sequences of affected individuals  and comparing them to known neuroferritinopathy sequences.

Treatment
Due to neuroferritinopathy’s genetic etiology, the disorder is not currently curable. Furthermore, progression of the disorder is unable to be effectively halted. Therefore current treatment focuses on managing symptoms of the disorder.
No medication is available to treat all symptoms. Botox has been shown to help with focal dystonia. The dopamine depleter Tetrabenazine shown to help with involuntary movements. Symptoms affecting movement (dystonia) have also been treated with L-Dopa, orphenadrine, benzhexol, sulpiride, diazepam, clonazepam, and deanol. Parkinsonian symptoms were not decreased by L-Dopa. Iron supplements should be avoided.

Epidemiology

Neuroferritinopathy was first discovered in 2001, with its first case being reported in Cumbria from Northern England. The discovery of neuroferritinopathy was mediated by a study done on a large family suffering from a dominantly inherited basal ganglia disease. The disease was reported to be instigated by a mutation on the ferritin light chain polypeptide, (FTL1), and was found to cause iron accumulation in the brain and neurodegeneration. Following in suit of the location of the first case of Neuroferritinopathy, the majority of patients diagnosed with the disease have also been found in Northern and Northeast England. The localization of the majority of cases to Northern and Northeast England suggests that a common ancestor may be responsible for many or possibly all cases. Despite there being fewer than 100 cases reported and the disease’s general location of Northern and Northeast England, multiple more cases of neuroferritinopathy have been diagnosed around the rest of the world in recent years.

Research
New potential treatment options being researched are Venesection (removing red blood cells), Iron chelation with deferiprone, and Coenzyme Q10 (ubiquinone).


Franz Hofer

Franz Hofer (November 27, 1902 in Bad Hofgastein – February 18, 1975 in Mülheim an der Ruhr) was, in the time of the Third Reich, the Nazi Gauleiter of the Tyrol and Vorarlberg. As the Nazi party chief for the Tirol/Vorarlberg province he was the most powerful figure in the region. As the area's supreme Nazi, Hofer dealt directly with Hitler or with the Führer's deputy, Martin Bormann. Hofer was not only the party chief but the Reichskommissar in charge of the Tirol-Vorarlberg defences. His region embraced much of the suspected National Redoubt. Indeed, Hofer might well be considered the father of the Redoubt.

Born to a Bad Hofgastein hotelkeeper, Hofer went to the Volksschule-Realschule in Innsbruck and in 1922 began a career as a freelance salesman. In September 1931, he joined the NSDAP. He very quickly rose in the Party, becoming District Leader in April 1932, and in July of the same year acting Gauleiter of the Tyrol. Only four months later, on 27 November 1932 – Hofer's thirtieth birthday – he was promoted to Gauleiter of the Tyrol.

For his activities in the Nazi Party, which was banned in Austria, Hofer was arrested in June 1933 and sentenced by a Tyrolean court to two years in prison. On 30 August 1933, 4 armed SA men broke into Hofer's prison cell by force and freed him. He fled the prison amid gunfire, which wounded him. He made it to Italy, and only a few weeks later gave a speech at the Nuremberg Party Congress from his stretcher.

In early 1937, having recovered from his gunshot wounds, Hofer became leader of the "Leaders' and Members' Political Gathering Place for Austrians in Germany", with a job in Berlin.

After the Anschluss, he was once again appointed the Gauleiter of the Tyrol and Vorarlberg. In the same year, he was given the function of ministerial adviser and the rank of NSKK Obergruppenführer. On 1 September 1940 he was furthermore made the governor (Reichsstatthalter) of the Reichsgau of Tyrol-Vorarlberg.

After Italy forsook the Axis Powers, Hofer was chosen on 10 September 1943 to be the Supreme Commissar in the Operation Zone of the Alpine Foothills (consisting of the neighbouring Italian provinces of Belluno, South Tyrol and Trentino joined to his own Reichsgau of Tyrol-Vorarlberg).

Gauleiter Hofer was an accomplished marksman who often competed in regional and national shooting matches. In 1944 Hofer won a shooting competition in the city of Bolzano, qualifying him for the national competition which was held in Innsbruck that year. Using a specially crafted 22 cal Mauser rifle (serial #300354) Hofer finished 7th.

In November 1944, Hofer suggested in a memorandum to Adolf Hitler that an "Alpenfestung" ("Alpine Fortress") ought to be built up in the heart of the Alps as Nazi Germany's last bastion. Apparently Hitler's secretary Martin Bormann only brought this document to the Führer's attention early the next year. Hofer had a personal audience with Hitler in late January 1945.   'Hofer reminded the German leader that the Allies dreaded the thought of continued fighting from an Alpenfestung. Considering the fact that the Ardennes Offensive had failed, Hitler was receptive to such an idea. The German leader authorized preparations to fortify the Alps.'Hofer and his team actually started work on this in mid-February.Hofer was called to Hitler's Berlin bunker again on 12 April 1945 to discuss further his proposal. Hitler – 18 days before his own suicide and still convinced that his Endsieg was possible – again approved Hofer's ongoing plan and appointed him Reich Defence Commissar of the Alpenfestung.

On May 3, 1945 Hofer surrendered to American troops. This surrender was achieved by OSS agent Frederick Mayer.
It was not long before Hofer's freedom was curtailed. On 6 May 1945, he was arrested by the United States Army in Hall in Tirol and held in an internment camp. In 1948, he managed to flee to Germany, where he continued his former trade as a salesman in Mülheim, in the end under his true name.

In Austria in June 1949, Hofer was sentenced to death in absentia. In July 1953, a Munich appeal court upheld a sentence of 3 years and 5 months in labour prison. When interviewed by the press during this time, Hofer made it known  he was unrepentant about  his National Socialist convictions.

In 1964, a lawsuit brought by Hofer's children for the return of ownership of the Lachhof bei Hall where their father had lived while he was the Gauleiter, was dismissed by an Austrian court.

Hofer spent his later years in Mülheim an der Ruhr with his wife and seven children, continued his former trade as a salesman and died a natural death on February 18, 1975, under his real name.


Stephen King bibliography

The following is a complete list of books published by Stephen King, an American author of contemporary horror, suspense, science fiction, and fantasy. His books have sold more than 350 million copies, and many of them have been adapted into feature films, television movies and comic books. King has published 63 novels, including seven under the pen name Richard Bachman, and five non-fiction books. He has written over 200 short stories, most of which have been compiled in book collections. Many of his stories are set in his home state of Maine.

Novels

Collections

Nonfiction

Screenplays

Others


Musa Khan (Bengal)

Musa Khan (Bengali: মুসা খাঁ) (reigned: 1599-1610) was the leader of Bara-Bhuiyans of the Bhati region. He was the son and successor of Isa Khan.

History
After the death of his father in 1599, Musa Khan took power of Bengal as the chief of the Bara-Bhuiyans. Continuing his father's legacy, he resisted Mughal invasion for more than a decade until 10 July 1610 when he was dethroned by Islam Khan, the army general of the Mughal Jahangir, and imprisoned him. Later during the reign of Subahdar  Ibrahim Khan Fath-i-Jang  (reigned: 1617-1624), he became loyal to the Mughal force. He actively participated in the conquest of Tripura and the suppression of revolt in Kamrup.

Death
He died in 1623 in Dhaka. He was buried in Bagh-i-Musa-Khan, close to Musa Khan Mosque. It is situated within a present-day residence hall compound of Dhaka University.


Thomas Johnson (music producer)

Thomas “TJ” Johnson (born November 27, 1957 in Thomasville, North Carolina) is an American audio engineer, producer, and musician. He is best known for his work with Porno for Pyros and Rancid.

Johnson has been an active professional in the industry since 1981, and trained at the Recording Workshop, an audio-engineering school in Chillicothe, Ohio.

Johnson's involvement with Porno for Pyros began during the recording of their second album, Good God's Urge, on which Johnson engineered, co-produced, and played.
Following the album's release, Johnson toured with Porno for Pyros from 1995 until the spring of 1997, providing samples, playing keyboards, and singing backing vocals.
During that time, Johnson also recorded new tracks for what should have been Porno for Pyros's third album, which were instead released on Perry Farrell’s solo effort Song Yet to Be Sung and Jane's Addiction’s Kettle Whistle.

Johnson has worked with an array of major and independent labels including Sony Music, Warner Bros. Records, Capitol Records, Mercury Records, Virgin Records, Geffen, and RCA. He also did work for Epitaph Records, and its offshoot, Hellcat Records.

In the spring of 1997, Johnson started a long relationship with Rancid, resulting in his recording Life Won't Wait and Rancid 2000 for the Bay Area punk band.

Although still active in the recording realm, Johnson now teaches in the Entertainment Technology Department at Guilford Technical Community College (GTCC).

2010

2007

2006

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Wanchaq District

Wanchaq District is one of eight districts of the province Cusco in Peru.  It includes Avenida de la Cultura, and Avenida de los Incas.  It is home to 2 hospitals, and borders the district of San Sebastian.

References


Sanyathara

Sanyathara is an Indian actress, who has appeared in Tamil films.

Career
She gave herself the screen name of Sanyathara, reportedly because she was a fan of tennis player Sania Mirza and actress Nayantara, and felt that the name would bring her luck.

She starred alongside newcomers in Oruvar Meethu Iruvar Saindhu, Panivizhum Malarvanam, and Adhu Vera Idhu Vera  and with Vijay Vasanth in Nandha Periyasamy's Jigina.

Sanyathara has finished filming for Vaaraayo Vennilaave and Kadai Enn 6, both directed by Sasidharan, and Thagadu Thagadu starring lyricist Pa. Vijay.

Filmography


Knightsmill, Cornwall

Knightsmill is a hamlet in Cornwall, England. It is half a mile east of St Teath. It is in the civil parish of Tintagel


White-browed tit

The white-browed tit (Poecile superciliosus, formerly Parus superciliosus) is a species of bird in the tit family Paridae. It is endemic to the mountain forests of central China and Tibet.

It is 13.5–14 cm long, with a weight of 10–12 g. The plumage pattern is very similar to that of the western North American mountain chickadee P. gambeli (of which it has on occasion been considered a subspecies, despite its being on a different continent), differing in the breast and cheeks being rusty brown, not white, and having a longer and more sharply defined white eyebrow; the back is also a richer brown, not greyish-brown (del Hoyo et al. 2007).

It breeds in alpine shrub forests of Berberis, Rhamnus, Rhododendron, and Salix at 3,200–4,235 m altitude, descending in winter to slightly lower levels where it occurs in coniferous forests, primarily Picea. It nests on the ground in rock crevices or old rodent burrows (del Hoyo et al. 2007).

The genus name Poecile has often been treated as feminine (giving the species name ending superciliosa); however, this was not specified by the original genus author Johann Jakob Kaup, and under the rules of the ICZN, the genus name must therefore be treated by default as masculine, giving the name ending superciliosus (del Hoyo et al. 2007).


Olga Fikotová

Olga Fikotová (, born 13 November 1932) is a Czechoslovak and later American discus thrower. She is best known for winning gold at the 1956 Melbourne Olympics and for her romance across Cold War barriers with American hammer gold medalist Hal Connolly.

Biography
A natural athlete, she represented Czechoslovakia in basketball and handball  before switching to discus throw in 1954. Two years later, she was still a medical student at the Charles University in Prague when she competed for Czechoslovakia in the 1956 Summer Olympics held in Melbourne, Australia in the Discus. The 24-year-old became Czechoslovakia's only gold medalist at the Olympics when she won the event with a throw of 53.69 m ahead of Soviet pair Irina Beglyakova (52.54 m) and Nina Ponomaryova (52.02 m).

Half a century later, she commented on her rapid progress:

During the games she fell in love with the American athlete Harold Connolly who won the hammer throw.

The romance was well received by the Western media and public but not as popular with the Czechoslovak team minders. Several months later, Connolly visited her home in Prague where they planned to get married. Fikotová was surprisingly given a permit to marry a foreigner, possibly due to the positive involvement of Czechoslovak president Antonín Zápotocký, who met the couple a few days before the wedding.

Their witnesses for the wedding were the legendary Czech couple and Olympic athletics gold medalists Emil Zátopek and Dana Zátopková. They had planned for a tiny mid-week wedding, but news of it somehow got out and it was attended by thousands of people.

The couple moved to the United States after the wedding.

Olga and Harold both appeared on the June 10, 1958 episode the game show To Tell the Truth, in which each one was shown alongside two impostors and a panel attempted to guess who the real one was.

After moving to the U.S., Olga wanted to continue representing Czechoslovakia, but the Czechoslovak Olympic Committee refused to allow her to do so and then spread the word that she had refused to represent Czechoslovakia any more. She was ostracized by several of her former compatriots for years before the truth became known. Thereafter, as Olga Connolly, she took part in every Olympics till 1972 competing for the United States, placing 7th in 1960 and 6th in 1968. She carried the flag for the United States at the 1972 Summer Olympics.

In 1968, Olga published a book about her romance with Harold Connolly, The Rings of Destiny.
Olga and Harold remained married for 17 years before getting divorced in 1975. One of their sons became a national-caliber javelin thrower and decathlete, and one of their daughters played on the U.S. national volleyball team. For the past decade Olga specialized in holistic fitness studies and training. As a Certified Exercise Therapist she instructed wellness program at the University of California at Irvine until 2017 when she relocated to Nevada where presently she coaches fitness/wellness at EoS Fitness Club in Las Vegas.


Pulvermuhl

Pulvermuhl (, ) is a quarter in eastern Luxembourg City, in southern Luxembourg.

, the quarter has a population of 391 inhabitants.


Dušan Mladenović (footballer, born 1990)

Dušan Mladenović (; born 13 October 1990) is a Serbian footballer who plays as a defender for Swedish club KSF Prespa Birlik.

Career
In the 2018/19 season, Mladenović played for both FK Budućnost Popovac and FK Tutin. In the summer 2019, Mladenović joined Swedish club KSF Prespa Birlik.


Abel Martínez

Abel Juan Martínez Colón (born 3 June 1993) is a Cuban international football player.

Club career
Back in Cuba, he played for his native provincial team La Habana.

Doping case
Martinez was allowed by the Cuban FA to sign professional terms with Mexican side Cruz Azul Premier alongside compatriot Maykel Reyes in 2016, only to be suspended for two years by FIFA for use of the banned substance furosemide while on Olympic duty with Cuba in Canada in September 2015. Cruz Azul dismissed him subsequently, leaving him to work as a model while living with his girlfriend in Puebla.

International career
Martinez has played in the 2013 CONCACAF U-20 Championship, 2013 FIFA U-20 World Cup and the 2014 Central American and Caribbean Games tournament.

He made his senior international debut for Cuba in a January 2016 friendly match against Panama and has, as of January 2018, earned a total of 2 caps, scoring no goals.


1988 Summer Olympics

The 1988 Summer Olympics ( ), officially known as the Games of the XXIV Olympiad, was an international multi-sport event celebrated from 17 September to 2 October 1988 in Seoul, South Korea.

In the Seoul Games, 159 nations were represented by a total of 8,391 athletes: 6,197 men and 2,194 women. 237 events were held and 27,221 volunteers helped to prepare the Olympics. 11,331 media (4,978 written press and 6,353 broadcasters) showed the Games all over the world.

These were the last Olympic Games for the Soviet Union and East Germany, as both ceased to exist before the next Olympic Games. The Soviets utterly dominated the medal table, winning 55 gold and 132 total medals. No country came close to this result after 1988.

The games were boycotted by North Korea and its ally, Cuba. Ethiopia, Albania and the Seychelles did not respond to the invitations sent by the IOC. Nicaragua did not participate due to athletic and financial considerations. The participation of Madagascar had been expected, and their team was expected at the opening ceremony of 160 nations. However, the country withdrew because of financial reasons. Nonetheless, the much larger boycotts seen in the previous three Summer Olympics (1976, 1980 and 1984) were avoided, resulting in the largest number of participating nations during the Cold War era.

Host city selection
Seoul was chosen to host the Summer Games through a vote held on 30 September 1981, finishing ahead of the Japanese city of Nagoya. Below was the vote count that occurred at the 84th IOC Session and 11th Olympic Congress in Baden-Baden, West Germany.

After the Olympics were awarded, Seoul also received the opportunity to stage the 10th Asian Games in 1986, using them to test its preparation for the Olympics.

Highlights

 In its final Olympics, the Soviet Union utterly dominated the medal table winning 55 gold and 132 total medals. No country came close to this result after 1988.
 Soviet Vladimir Artemov won four gold medals in gymnastics. Daniela Silivaş of Romania won three and equalled compatriot Nadia Comăneci's record of seven Perfect 10s in one Olympic Games.
 After having demolished the world record in the 100 m dash at the Olympic Trials in Indianapolis, U.S. sprinter Florence Griffith Joyner set an Olympic record (10.62) in the 100-metre dash and a still-standing world record (21.34) in the 200-metre dash to capture gold medals in both events. To these medals, she added a gold in the 4×100 relay and a silver in the 4×400.
 Canadian Ben Johnson won the 100 m final with a new world record, but was disqualified after he tested positive for stanozolol. Johnson has since claimed that his positive test was the result of sabotage.
 In the Women's Artistic Gymnastics Team All-Around Competition, the U.S. women's team was penalized with a deduction of five-tenths of a point from their team score by the Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique (FIG) after the compulsory round due to their Olympic team alternate Rhonda Faehn appearing on the podium for the uneven bars during the duration of Kelly Garrison-Steve's compulsory uneven bars routine, despite not competing, having been caught by the East German judge, Ellen Berger. The U.S. finished fourth after the completion of the optional rounds with a combined score of 390.575, three-tenths of a point behind East Germany. This still remains controversial in the sport of gymnastics, as the U.S. performed better than the East German team and they would have taken the bronze medal in the team competition had they not been penalized or had an inquiry accepted to receive the points back.
 Phoebe Mills won an individual bronze medal on the balance beam, shared with Romania's Gabriela Potorac, making history as the first medal (team or individual) ever won by a U.S. woman in artistic gymnastics at a fully attended games.
The USSR (Soviet Union) won their final team gold medals in artistic gymnastics on both the men's and women's sides with scores of 593.350 and 395.475 respectively. The men's team was led by Vladimir Artemov, while Elena Shushunova lead the women's team.
 Lawrence Lemieux, a Canadian sailor in the Finn class, was in second place and poised to win a silver medal when he abandoned the race to save an injured competitor. He arrived in 21st place, but was recognized by the IOC with the Pierre de Coubertin medal honoring his bravery and sacrifice.
 U.S. diver Greg Louganis won back-to-back titles on both diving events despite hitting his head on the springboard in the third round and suffering a concussion.
 Christa Luding-Rothenburger of East Germany won the silver medal in the women's sprint event in cycling. Combined with the two medals she won in speed skating in the Winter Games in Calgary, she became the first athlete to win medals in two Olympics held in the same year; this feat is no longer possible due to the current scheduling of the Olympic Games.
 Anthony Nesty of Suriname won his country's first Olympic medal by winning the 100 m butterfly, scoring an upset victory over Matt Biondi by .01 of a second (thwarting Biondi's attempt of breaking Mark Spitz' record seven golds in one Olympic event); he was the first black person to win an individual swimming gold.
 Swimmer Kristin Otto of East Germany won six gold medals. Other multi-medalists in the pool were Matt Biondi (five) and Janet Evans (three).
 Swedish fencer Kerstin Palm became the first woman to take part in seven Olympics.
 Swimmer Mel Stewart of the U.S. was the most anticipated to win the men's 200 m butterfly final but surprisingly, came in 5th.
 Mark Todd of New Zealand won his second consecutive individual gold medal in the three-day event in equestrian on Charisma, only the second time in eventing history that a gold medal has been won consecutively.
 Baseball and Taekwondo were demonstration sports. The opening ceremony featured a mass demonstration of taekwondo with hundreds of adults and children performing moves in unison.
 This was the last time the U.S. was represented by a basketball team that did not feature NBA players (featuring college players); the team won the bronze medal after being defeated by the Soviet Union (that was represented by veteran professionals) which went on to win the gold medal.
 For the first time in history, all the dressage events were won by women.
 Women's judo was held for the first time, as a demonstration sport.
 Bowling was held as a demonstration sport, with Kwon Jong Yul of South Korea and Arianne Cerdeña from the Philippines winning the men's and women's gold medals, respectively.
 Table tennis was introduced at the Olympics, with China and South Korea both winning two titles.
 Tennis returned to the Olympics after a 64-year absence, and Steffi Graf added to her four Grand Slam victories in the year by also winning the Olympic title, beating Sabatini in the final.
 Two Bulgarian weightlifters were stripped of their gold medals after failing doping tests, and the team withdrew after this event.
 In boxing, Roy Jones Jr. of the U.S. dominated his opponents, never losing a single round en route to the final. In the final, he controversially lost a 3–2 decision to South Korean fighter Park Si-Hun despite pummeling Park for three rounds and landing 86 punches to Park's 32.
 Another boxing controversy involved a match between South Korea's Jong-il Byun and Bulgaria's Alexander Hristov.  A random spectator ran around "winding up" the crowd before the match and New Zealander referee Keith Walker repeated warned Jong-Il regarding headbutting.  When the decision went against Jong-il, a sub-set of spectators stormed the ring and attacked Walker, with South Korean Olympic officials and security guards also kicking him before his fellow referees pulled him away.
 In yet another boxing controversy, Riddick Bowe of the US lost a controversial match in the finals to future world heavyweight champion Lennox Lewis. Bowe had a dominant first round, landing 33 of 94 punches thrown (34%) while Lewis landed 14 of 67 (21%). In the first round the referee from East Germany gave Bowe two cautions for headbutts and deducted a point for a third headbutt, although replay clearly showed there was no headbutt. Commentator Ferdie Pacheco disagreed with the deduction, saying they did not hit heads. In the second round, Lewis landed several hard punches. The referee gave Bowe two standing eight counts and waved the fight off after the second one, even though Bowe seemed able to continue. Pacheco disagreed with the stoppage, calling it "very strange."
 Soviet weightlifter Yury Zakharevich won the men's heavyweight (up to 110 kg class) with a 210 kg snatch and 245 kg clean and jerk for a 455 kg total. Zakhareivich had dislocated his elbow in 1983 attempting a world record and had it rebuilt with synthetic tendons.
 Indonesia gained its first medal in Olympic history when the women's team won a silver medal in archery.

Live doves were released during the opening ceremony as a symbol of world peace, but a number of the doves were burned alive or suffered major trauma by the lighting of the Olympic cauldron. As a result of protests following the incident, the last time live doves were released at the opening ceremony was in 1992 in Barcelona, hours before the cauldron was lit. Balloon doves were released in 1994 Winter Olympics and the 1998 Winter Olympics and paper doves were used at the Atlanta Ceremony in 1996.

These were also the last Summer Olympic Games to hold the Opening Ceremony during the daytime. The opening ceremony featured a skydiving team descending over the stadium and forming the five-colored Olympic Rings, as well as a mass demonstration of taekwondo. The skydiving team trained at SkyDance SkyDiving and had hoped the opening ceremony appearance would set the stage for skydiving becoming a medal event by 2000.

Significance of 1988 Olympics in South Korea

Hosting the 1988 Olympics presented an opportunity to bring international attention to South Korea. The idea for South Korea to place a bid for the 1988 Games emerged during the last days of the Park Chung-hee administration in the late 1970s.  After President Park's assassination in 1979, Chun Doo-hwan, his successor, submitted Korea's bid to the IOC in September 1981, in hopes that the increased international exposure brought by the Olympics would legitimize his authoritarian regime amidst increasing political pressure for democratization, provide protection from increasing threats from North Korea, and showcase the Korean economic miracle to the world community. South Korea was awarded the bid on 30 September 1981, becoming the 20th host nation (16th in the Summer Olympics), as well as the second Asian nation (following Japan in the 1964 Summer Olympics) and the first mainland Asian nation.

Copying the model of 1964 Tokyo Olympics as a rite of passage for the Japanese economy and re-integration of Japan in the family of nations in the post-war era, the South Korean government hoped to use the Olympics as a "coming-out party".  The Olympics gave a powerful impetus to the development of South Korea's relations with Eastern Europe, the Soviet Union and with China.

In utilizing media events theory, Larson and Park investigated the 1988 Seoul Olympics as a form of political communication. They revealed the significance of South Korea's military government throughout the period of the Olympic bid and preparation, followed by the many advantages of the Seoul Olympics: rapid economic modernization, social mobilization and the legitimization of the military dictatorship.

Expansion of "vagrant" camps prior to Olympics

Existing camps for "vagrants" (homeless persons) were ramped up prior to the 1988 Olympics. An Associated Press article states that homeless and alcoholic persons, "but mostly children and the disabled" were arrested and sent to these camps to prepare for the Olympics. In addition, a prosecutor had his investigation into the Brothers Home camp limited at a number of levels of government "in part out of fear of an embarrassing international incident on the eve of the Olympics."

In 1975, the previous president of South Korea had begun a policy of rounding up vagrants.  According to government documents obtained by the Associated Press, from 1981 to 1986 the number of persons held increased from 8,600 to more than 16,000. Police officers often received promotions based on the number of vagrants they had arrested, and owners of facilities received a subsidy based on the number of persons held. There were multiple reports of inmates being raped or beaten, and sometimes beaten to death.

4,000 of these "vagrants" were held at the Brothers Home facility. Many of the guards were former inmates who had been "promoted" because of loyalty to the camp's owner. Various money-making operations were conducted such as manufacturing ball-point pens and fishing hooks, as well as clothing for Daewoo. Only a few inmates were paid belatedly for this work.

By accident while on a hunting trip, prosecutor Kim Yong-won heard about and visited a work detail of prisoners in ragged clothes being overseen by guards with wooden bats and dogs. In his words, he knew immediately that "a very serious crime" was occurring. And in January 1987, he led a raid on the facility and found beaten and malnourished inmates. However, he received political pressure at various levels to reduce the charges against the owner, managers, and guards. In the end, the owner only served two-and-a-half years in prison.

The Brothers Home was a religious facility based on the Christian faith. There were in fact inspections by both city officials and church officials. However, these were scheduled inspections in which healthier inmates were presented in carefully planned and orchestrated circumstances. There were no unannounced inspections.

In the 1990s, construction workers found about 100 human bones on a mountainside outside the location of the former Brothers Home.

1988 Summer Olympics boycott

In preparation for the 1988 Olympics, the International Olympic Committee worked to prevent another Olympic boycott by the Eastern Bloc as had happened at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles. This was made more difficult by the lack of diplomatic relations between South Korea and communist countries. This prompted action by the IOC president Juan Antonio Samaranch, who was committed to the participation of these countries. Thus, at the Assembly of National Olympic Committees in Mexico City in November 1984, the "Mexico Declaration"  was adopted; by it, the participants agreed to include the host of the Olympic Games in 1988. The agreement of the Soviet Union was reached in 1987. After the Los Angeles games, East Germany had already decided to participate again in Seoul. The IOC also decided that it would send invitations to the 1988 Games itself and did not leave this task to the organizing committee as had been done before. Despite these developments, behind the scenes, the IOC did consider relocating the Games and explored the suitability of Munich as an alternative.

Another point of conflict was the involvement of North Korea in hosting the Games, something that had been encouraged by Cuban president Fidel Castro, who called for North Korea to be considered joint host of the Games. As a result, on 8 and 9 January 1986 in Lausanne, Switzerland, the IOC President chaired a meeting of the North and South Korean Olympic Committees. North Korea demanded that eleven of the 23 Olympic sports be carried out on its territory, and also demanded special opening and closing ceremonies. It wanted a joint organizing committee and a united team. The negotiations were continued into another meeting, but were not successful. The IOC did not meet the demands of North Korea and only about half of the desired sporting events were offered to the North. So the focus thereafter was solely on Seoul and South Korea.

The games were boycotted by North Korea and its ally, Cuba. Ethiopia, Albania and the Seychelles did not respond to the invitations sent by the IOC. Nicaragua did not participate due to athletic and financial considerations. The participation of Madagascar had been expected, and their team was expected at the opening ceremony of 160 nations. However, the country withdrew for financial reasons.

Official theme song

In 1988, the Seoul Olympic Organizing Committee (SLOOC) decided to produce and distribute an official song of the Seoul Games to publicize the Games to all the IOC member nations, encouraging their participation in the festival and
consolidating the harmony and friendship of the entire world citizens through the song. The song "Hand in Hand" was written by Italian composer Giorgio Moroder and American songwriter Tom Whitlock, and performed by singing group Koreana.

Venues

Seoul Sports Complex venues
Seoul Olympic Stadium – opening/closing ceremonies, athletics, equestrian (jumping individual final), football (final)
Jamsil Indoor Swimming Pool – diving, modern pentathlon (swimming), synchronized swimming, swimming, water polo
Jamsil Gymnasium – basketball, volleyball (final)
Jamsil Students' Gymnasium – boxing
Jamsil Baseball Stadium – baseball (demonstration)
Olympic Park venues
Olympic Velodrome – cycling (track)
Olympic Weightlifting Gymnasium – weightlifting
Olympic Fencing Gymnasium – fencing, modern pentathlon (fencing)
Olympic Gymnastics Hall – gymnastics
Olympic Tennis Center – tennis
Mongchon Tosong – modern pentathlon (running)
Other venues in metropolitan Seoul
Seoul Equestrian Park– equestrian (all but jumping individual final), modern pentathlon (riding)
Han River Regatta Course/Canoeing Site Course – canoeing, rowing
Saemaul Sports Hall – volleyball preliminaries
Hanyang University Gymnasium – volleyball preliminaries
Changchung Gymnasium – judo, taekwondo (demonstration)
Seoul National University Gymnasium – badminton (demonstration), table tennis
Royal Bowling Center – bowling (demonstration)
Dongdaemun Stadium – football preliminaries
Hwarang Archery Field, Nowon-gu – archery
Taereung International Shooting Range, Taenung – modern pentathlon (shooting), shooting
Streets of Seoul – athletics (20 km/ 50 km walk, marathon)
Jangchung Gymnasium – taekwondo (demonstration), judo
Venues outside Seoul
Sangmu Gymnasium, Seongnam – wrestling
Daejeon Stadium, Daejeon – football preliminaries
Daegu Stadium, Daegu – football preliminaries
Busan Stadium, Busan – football preliminaries
Gwangju Stadium, Gwangju – football preliminaries
Suwon Gymnasium, Suwon – handball
Seongnam Stadium, Seongnam – field hockey
Busan Yachting Center, Busan – sailing
Tongillo Road Course – cycling (individual road race, road team time trial)

 Existing facilities modified or refurbished in preparation for the Olympic Games.
 New facilities constructed in preparation for the Olympic Games.

Cost
According to The Oxford Olympics Study data is not available to establish the cost of the Seoul 1988 Summer Olympics. Average cost for Summer Games since 1960, for which data is available, is US$5.2 billion.

Sports
The 1988 Summer Olympics featured 23 different sports encompassing 31 disciplines, and medals were awarded in 237 events. In the list below, the number of events in each discipline is noted in parentheses.

Aquatics

Road (3)
Track (6)

Dressage (2)
Eventing (2)
Show jumping (2)

Artistic (14)
Rhythmic (1)

Freestyle (10)
Greco-Roman (10)

Demonstration sports
These were the demonstration sports in the games:

Calendar
All times are local KDT (UTC+10)

Participating National Olympic Committees

Athletes from 159 nations competed at the Seoul Games.  Aruba, American Samoa, Brunei, Cook Islands, Maldives, Vanuatu, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, and South Yemen made their first Olympic appearance at these Games. Guam made their first Summer Olympic appearance at these games having participated in the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary.

In the following list, the number in parentheses indicates the number of athletes from each nation that competed in Seoul:

 When the team from the Dominican Republic marched in during the Parade of Nations, the superimposed map erroneously showed the location of Cuba.

Medal count

These are the top ten nations that won medals at the 1988 Games.

 Host nation (South Korea)

Mascot

The official mascot for the 1988 Summer Olympic Games was Hodori. It was a stylized tiger designed by Kim Hyun as an amicable Amur tiger, portraying the friendly and hospitable traditions of the Korean people. Hodori's female version was called Hosuni.

The name  Hodori was chosen from 2,295 suggestions sent in by the public. It is a compound of  ho, the Sino-Korean bound morpheme for "tiger" (appearing also in the usual word  horangi for "tiger"), and  dori, a diminutive for "boys".

Broadcast rights
The 1988 Games were covered by the following broadcasters:

 : Argentina Televisora Color, Canal 13 Artear, Canal 11 Telefe, Canal 9 Libertad, Teledos
 : Network Ten
 : RTBF, BRT
 : Rede Globo, Rede Manchete, Rede Record, SBT, Rede Bandeirantes
 : RTB Channel 5, RTB Channel 10
 : CBC
 : TVN, UC-TV
 : CCTV
 : OTI (Inravisión Cadena Uno: RTI Producciones, RCN Televisión, Caracol Televisión, Producciones JES, Producciones PUNCH, Datos y Mensajes)
 : ČST
 : DR
 : DDR-FS
 : YLE
 : TF1
 : ATV, TVB
 : Magyar Televízió
 : Doordarshan
 : TVRI Jakarta
 : RTÉ
 : IBA
 : RAI
 : NHK
 : TDM
 : RTM TV1, STMB TV3
 : Televisa
 : NPO
 : TVNZ
 : NRK
 : Paraguay Televisora Color, Canal 4 Telefuturo, Canal 9 SNT, Canal 13 RPC, Tevedos, Canal 5 TV Color, Canal 11 TV Color Asunción
 : América Televisión, Panamericana Televisión
 : RPN, PTV
 : TVP
 : RTP
 : WAPA-TV
 : TVR
 : SBC Channel 12
 : KBS, MBC
 : CT-USSR
 : TVE
 : SVT
 : TTV, CTV, CTS
 : National Television Thailand
 : TRT
 : BBC, ITV, Channel 4
 : NBC
 : Monte Carlo TV, Canal 10, Teledoce, Uruguay Televisora Color, Canal 7, Canal 8 TV Color, Montevideo TV
 : Venevision and RCTV
 : ARD (BR, HR, NDR, RB, SDR, SFB, SR, SWF, WDR), ZDF
 : JRT


Olivier Fourdan

Olivier Fourdan is the creator of the Xfce desktop environment, for which development began at the end of 1996.

He started his career as a new technologies production engineer as well as in web development and embedded Linux systems.

Fourdan has been working for Red Hat since 2007, interrupted by 2 years at Intel during 2013 and 2014. As of 2017, he is active in the adoption of Wayland, working on many different components, amongst them GTK+, Mutter, GNOME Control Center, XWayland, and Mesa.