São Paulo Gay Pride Parade

São Paulo LGBTQ Pride Parade () is an annual gay pride parade that has taken place in Avenida Paulista, in the city of São Paulo, Brazil, since 1997. It is South America’s largest Pride parade, and is listed by Guinness World Records as the biggest pride parade in the world starting in 2006 with 2.5 million people. They broke the Guinness record in 2009 with four million attendees. They have kept the title from 2006 to at least 2016. They had five million attendants in 2017. As of 2019 it has three to five million each year. In 2010, the city hall of São Paulo invested 1 million reais in the parade. The event is the second largest of the city, after only Formula One. According to the LGBT app Grindr, the gay parade of the city was elected the best in the world.

The Pride and its associated events are organized by the APOGLBT, Associação da Parada do Orgulho de Gays, Lesbicas, Bissexuais e Travestis e Transexuais, since its foundation in 1999. The march is the event's main activity and the one that draws the biggest attention to the press, the Brazilian authorities as well as to the hundreds of thousands of curious people that line themselves along the parade's route. In 2009, 3.2 million people attended the 13th annual São Paulo Gay Pride Parade.

The meeting point is at the Museum of Art of São Paulo (MASP – Museu de Arte de São Paulo) right at the middle of São Paulo's postcard Avenida Paulista.  Even though the meeting time is at 12 noon, the parade doesn't start to move before 2 or 3 PM. The parade is 2.6 miles long (4.2 km) and starts at Avenida Paulista (MASP), at around noon. It follows Rua da Consolação to the end at Praça Roosevelt, in Downtown São Paulo, at around 10 PM.

Strongly supported by the State and the City of São Paulo government authorities, the event counts with a solid security plan. These are last year's numbers: approximately 2,000 policemen, two mobile police stations for immediate reporting of occurrences, 30 equipped ambulances, 55 nurses, 46 medical physicians, and three hospital camps with 80 beds.

The São Paulo Gay Pride Parade is heavily supported by the federal government as well as by the Governor of São Paulo and the city mayor. Many politicians show up to open the main event and the government often parades with a float with politicians on top of it. Caixa Econômica Federal, a government bank, and Petrobrás, Brazil's oil firm, have already reaffirmed their commitment to back up the event and its diversity, funding once again the event.
In the Pride the city usually receives about 400,000 tourists and moves between R$ 180 million and R$ 190 million.

Participants

The first parade in 1997 gathered around 2,000 participants, according to the military police. The ninth parade gathered over 2.5 million people according to the police and 3 million according to the organizers.

The military police, which traditionally counts the number of participants at major public events, does not release its estimates for attendance at the parade since then, which caused the omission of the Parade from the 2008 issue of Guinness that requires official sources for records regarding attendance at events. According to the police, it would be impossible to count the number of people attending an event with a "floating population." There has been controversy about the exact number of participants.

Slogans

 1997 – "We are many, we are in every occupation"
 1998 – "The rights of gays, lesbians and transvestites are human rights"
 1999 – "Gay pride in Brazil, on the way of the year 2000"
 2000 – "Celebrating the pride of living diversity"
 2001 – "Embracing diversity"
 2002 – "Educating for diversity"
 2003 – "Building homosexual policies"
 2004 – "We have family and pride"
 2005 – "Civil partnership now. Equal rights! Neither more nor less"
 2006 – "Homophobia is a crime! Sexual rights are human rights"
 2007 – "For a world without racism, macho sexism and homophobia"
 2008 – "Homophobia kills! For a secular state de facto"
 2009 – "No homophobia, more citizenship – For the isonomy of rights!"
 2010 – "Vote against homophobia, defend citizenship" (*2010 is election year in Brazil)
 2011 – "Love one Another. Enough with homophobia"
 2012 – "Homophobia has a cure: Education and criminalization"
 2013 – "Back to the closet, never again! Union and awareness in the fight against homophobia"
 2014 – "A successful country is a country without homophobia. No more deaths! Criminalization now! "
 2015 – "I was born like this, I grew up like this, I will always be like this: respect me!"
 2016 – "Gender identity law, now! - All people together against transphobia!"
 2017 – "Regardless of our beliefs, no religion is law! Together for a secular state!"
 2018 – "Power to LGBTI+. Our Vote, Our Voice."
 2019 – "50 Years of Stonewall - Our Achievements, Our Pride to be LGBT+."


The United Nations General Assembly proclaimed the first decade of the 21st century and the third millennium, the years 2001 to 2010, as the International Decade for a Culture of Peace and Non-Violence for the Children of the World.  This followed resolutions about the International Year for the Culture of Peace and the International Day of Peace.

The action plan for the Decade proposes eight spheres of activities in which to work for the promotion of the Culture of Peace:
To reinforce a culture of peace through education
To promote economically and socially sustainable development
To promote the respect of all human rights
To ensure the equality between women and men
To support democratic participation
To develop comprehension, tolerance and solidarity
To support participative communication and the freedom of movement of information and knowledge
To promote international peace and safety

On 29 November 2000, the General Assembly decided to entrust UNESCO with the coordination "of the activities of the organizations of the United Nations system to promote a culture of peace, as well as liaison with other organizations concerned in this matter.". In 2009, the United Nations General Assembly, in a resolution on the International Decade for the Promotion of a Culture of Peace and Non-violence for the Children of the World, endorsed the ongoing work of the Culture of Peace News Network as an important part of the ongoing commitment of the UN to a culture of peace.

NGOs

NGOs and other civil society organizations were urged to contribute to a global movement for a culture of peace according to the Declaration and Programme of Action for a Culture of Peace, adopted by the UN General Assembly in 1999.  In response, a mid-term report, submitted to the United Nations in 2005, included information from 700 organizations.  In 2010 at the conclusion of the Decade, the Report from the Civil Society was submitted to the United Nations with detailed information and photographs about the actions of 1,054 organizations from over 100 countries.  This information is the tip of an even larger iceberg, as indicated by the many partnerships listed by participating organizations which number in the many thousands.

Some national NGOs coalitions promoting the Decade were established in several countries, including Austria, France, Italy and the Netherlands. These national coalitions along with international organizations decided to found the International Coalition for the Decade in June 2003.

Related to this UN Decade, in December 1998, the World Council of Churches adopted, at its 8th Assembly, in Harare (Zimbabwe), the Decade to Overcome Violence as one of its programmes for the decade 2000-2009.

Sue Gilmurray from the Anglican Pacifist Fellowship composed and recorded a cycle of songs to commemorate the decade.  The songs tackle a variety of subjects, and they include a critique of the use of child soldiers and an attack on the promotion and marketing of violent films and games towards children.


Lubowidza

Lubowidza  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Dmosin, within Brzeziny County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately  south of Dmosin,  north of Brzeziny, and  north-east of the regional capital Łódź.


Teatro Re

The Teatro Re was a theatre in Milan, located near the Piazza del Duomo and named for its proprietor, Carlo Re. It functioned as both a prose theatre and an opera house and saw the world premieres of numerous operas, including four by Giovanni Pacini. Designed by Luigi Canonica, the theatre was inaugurated in 1813, closed in 1872, and demolished in 1879.

History
The Teatro Re was named for its proprietor, Carlo Re, a Milanese businessman and impresario who in his early days had been a shoemaker. Designed by Luigi Canonica, the theatre was built on the site of the demolished church of San Salvatore in Xenodochio which had been established in the late 8th century as the chapel for Milan's first orphanage. The building of the theatre began in 1812 and was completed the following year. It was inaugurated on 18 December 1813 with a new production of Rossini's opera Tancredi.  Three months later, the first play was presented, Marie-Joseph Chénier's Fénelon performed by the Ciarli company.

Less than half the size of La Scala (Milan's main opera house), the Teatro Re had an overall seating capacity of 1000 arranged over an upper balcony, three tiers of boxes, and eight rows of seats on the floor of the auditorium. Its lavish interior was designed and decorated by Alessandro Sanquirico. The curtain, which depicted the Judgement of Paris, was painted by Pasquale Canna, who like Sanquirico, also worked as a set painter and designer for La Scala. The interior of the theatre was refurbished and re-painted in 1836. According to the Italian writer, Marcello Mazzoni (1801–1853), it was long overdue. He wrote the previous year that while the theatre "possesses all the advantages required for the good performance of a comedy, [...] it wants cleansing, for it cannot be more wretchedly dirty."

From its early days, the theatre was well attended, due partly to its central location but also to its varied repertoire that alternated between opera (both buffa and seria) and plays. It also became a popular gathering place for Milanese intellectuals and patriots. The Teatro Re hosted over 20 world premieres of operas and ballets between 1814 and 1848 and saw performances by some of Italy's most prominent theatre companies, including those of , Gaetana Goldoni, , and Vestri & Venier.

In 1846 Carlo Re ceded management of the theatre to the actor  and later to the former singer Teresa Cesarani. During the revolution of 1848, the theatre's repertoire oriented towards works with patriotic themes, such as Silvio Pellico's play Francesca da Rimini. The Palestra parlamentaria, a group of journalists, lawyers, and artists who supported the first Italian war of independence, held its first public meetings at the theatre in May 1848.

The Teatro Re's popularity began a slow decline in the second half of the 19th century, and it supplemented its theatrical and operatic productions with acrobatic and science shows. However, the correspondent for The Musical World wrote as late as 1866 that for drama "the only respectable theatre available [in Milan] is the Teatro Re, and this is so small that there is never any chance of obtaining a seat unless you are there at the time the doors are opened." Its operatic repertoire also remained adventurous with the theatre presenting the first Italian productions of Offenbach's La belle Hélène in 1867 and Félicien David's Lalla-Roukh in 1870.

The Teatro Re finally closed its doors on 5 June 1872. Its last performance was Rossini's The Barber of Seville. For a while some of its repertoire moved to the Nuovo Teatro Re (New Teatro Re) which had been opened in the Porta Ticinese district by Carlo Re's son Giovanni in 1864. Slightly larger but less elegant than the old Teatro Re, the Nuovo Teatro Re was in operation until 1887. The building of the original Teatro Re was acquired by the city of Milan and demolished in 1879 during the restructuring of the area around the newly-built Galleria Vittorio Emanuele.

Opera premieres

Operas which had their world premieres at the Teatro Re include:
Evellina, opera seria in 2 acts composed by Carlo Coccia, libretto by Gaetano Rossi, 26 December 1814
La scoperta inaspettata, opera buffa in 2 acts composed by Carlo Bigatti, libretto by Francesco Marconi, 1 January 1815
Il matrimonio per procura, dramma giocoso in 1 act composed by Giovanni Pacini, libretto by Angelo Anelli, 2 January 1817
Dalla beffa il disinganno, dramma giocoso in 1 act composed by Giovanni Pacini, libretto by Angelo Anelli, 12 January 1817
Piglia il mondo come viene, dramma giocoso in 2 acts composed by Giovanni Pacini, libretto by Angelo Anelli, 28 May 1817
Adelaide e Comingio, opera semi-seria in 2 acts composed by Giovanni Pacini, libretto by Gaetano Rossi, 30 December 1817
 Il carnevale di Venezia, opera buffa in 2 acts composed by Francesco Boyle, libretto by Girolamo Canestrari, 21 January 1819
I furbi al cimento, opera buffa in 2 acts composed by Carlo Bigatti, libretto by Francesco Marconi, 13 February 1819
Marsia, opera in 2 acts composed by Giovanni Arcangelo Gambarana, libretto by "X.Y.Z.", 1 December 1819
La festa di Bussone, opera buffa in 2 acts composed by Michele Carafa, libretto by Silvio Pellico, 28 June 1820
I due sergenti, opera in 2 acts composed by Alberto Mazzucato, libretto by Felice Romani, 27 February 1841
Don Papirio sindaco, opera buffa in 2 acts composed by Giocondo Degola, libretto by Lazzaro Damezzano, 28 July 1841
Un duello alla pistola opera semi-seria in 2  acts composed by Giocondo Degola, libretto by Francesco Regli, 26 December 1841
Luigi V, re di Francia, opera seria in 3 acts, composed by Alberto Mazzucato, libretto by Felice Romani, 25 February 1843
Il borgomastro di Schiedam, opera buffa in 3 acts composed by Lauro Rossi, libretto by Giovanni Peruzzini, 1 June 1844
Le due sorelle di Corinto, opera in 3 acts composed by  Giuseppe Devasini, libretto by the composer based on Goethe's Die Braut von Corinth, 5 July 1846,
Ser Gregorio, dramma giocoso in 2 acts composed by Giovanni Consolini, librettist unknown, 7 February 1848
 Il testamento di Figaro, opera buffa in 2 acts composed by Antonio Cagnoni, libretto by Callisto Bassi, 26 February 1848
 Margherita, opera semi-seria in 2 acts composed by Jacopo Foroni, libretto by Giorgio Ciacchetti, 8 March 1848
Bianca di Belmonte, opera in 4 acts composed by Giuseppe Devasini, libretto by Alessandro Carozzi, 30 January 1853
Claudia, opera in 3 acts composed by Emanuele Muzio, libretto by Giulio Carcano, 7 February 1853

Notes


Tahia Kazem

Tahia Kazem () (1 March 1920 – 25 March 1992) was the First Lady of Egypt from 23 June 1956 to 28 September 1970. She married future President Gamal Abdel Nasser in 1944. The couple had 5 children, 2 girls and 3 boys.

Early life
Kazem was born in Egypt to a father of paternal Iranian descent and an Egyptian mother. Nasser received the approval of her father before their marriage in 1944.

Honour

Foreign honour
  : Honorary Recipient of the Order of the Crown of the Realm (1965)


Simon II (High Priest)

Simon II (219–199 BCE) was a Jewish High Priest during the time of the Second Temple. He was the son of Onias II. Some identify him with Simeon the Just.

He is also mentioned in 3 Maccabees, chapter 2.

Mentioned extensively by Jesus son of Eleazar, son of Sirach of Jerusalem, also known as Ben Sira, in chapter 50 of Ben Sira/Sirach in a hymn of Hebrew parallel verse: "The leader of his brothers and the pride of his people was the high priest, Simon son of Onias, who in his life repaired the house, and in his time fortified the temple. He laid the foundations for the high double walls, the high retaining walls for the temple enclosure. In his days a water cistern was dug, a reservoir like the sea in circumference. He considered how to save his people from ruin, and fortified the city against siege. How glorious he was, surrounded by the people, as he came out of the house of the curtain. Like the morning star upon the clouds, like the full moon at the festal season, like the sun shining on the temple of the Most High, like the rainbow gleaming in splendid clouds..." (Ben Sira/Sirach 50:1-7, NRSV translation). The chapter continues to describe a festival led by the High Priest Simon II and the celebrations of the people of Jerusalem.

Ben Sira was a contemporary of Simon II, and this description of him comes after a long versified walk through the traditions and revered ancestors of the Jewish people. He is the last leader or ancestor mentioned, and clearly was highly revered by Ben Sira.


2010–11 NHL season

The 2010–11 NHL season was the 94th season of operation (93rd season of play) of the National Hockey League (NHL). The Boston Bruins defeated the Vancouver Canucks in the Stanley Cup Final 4–3 to win the Stanley Cup. It was the sixth Cup win in Bruins' franchise history. For the fourth consecutive season, the season started with games in Europe. The 58th All-Star Game was held at the RBC Center in Raleigh, North Carolina, home arena of the Carolina Hurricanes, on January 30, 2011.

This was the final season of operation for the Atlanta Thrashers, who were sold to True North Sports and Entertainment out of Winnipeg, Manitoba, and moved from Atlanta to Winnipeg to become the "new" Winnipeg Jets. Winnipeg  had lost its previous NHL team, also called the Winnipeg Jets, after the 1995–96 NHL season to Phoenix, Arizona, and were renamed "Phoenix Coyotes." This was the second time the city of Atlanta lost an NHL franchise, having previously lost the Atlanta Flames to Calgary, Alberta after the 1979–80 season.

League business

Salary cap
On June 23, 2010, the NHL announced that the salary cap would be increased by $2.6 million. As a result, the new salary cap ceiling is set at $59.4 million, while the salary cap floor is $43.4 million.

U.S. media rights
In April 2011, the NHL reached a new television deal with NBCUniversal, which was acquired by Comcast (owner of the NHL's current cable partner Versus) earlier in the year. The 10-year, US$2 billion deal extended and unified the broadcast and cable television rights to the league, held by NBC and Versus respectively. Notable changes under the new deal included an increase in nationally televised games on Versus (which was to be renamed under the NBC name), a new Thanksgiving Friday game on NBC, holding exclusive rights to all playoff games beginning with the second round (as opposed to the conference championships), and plans to broadcast all playoff games (subject to blackouts during the first round) nationally on NBCUniversal channels.

Entry draft

The 2010 NHL Entry Draft took place on June 25–26, 2010, at the Staples Center in Los Angeles, home arena of the Los Angeles Kings. Taylor Hall was selected first overall in the draft by the Edmonton Oilers, Tyler Seguin was picked second by the Boston Bruins and Erik Gudbranson was chosen third by the Florida Panthers.

Franchise sales
Tom Golisano, Larry Quinn and Daniel DiPofi, owners of the Buffalo Sabres, sold their franchise to Terrence Pegula during the course of the 2010–11 season. The league approved the sale February 18, 2011.

Rule changes

Tie-breaking procedure
Prior to the 2010–11 season, the first tie-breaker to separate teams with equal number of points in a conference was the number of games won, no matter how the wins were obtained. For the 2010–11 season, the league made a modification to this rule. The new rule states that the team with the greater number of games won, excluding wins obtained in the shootout, will be ranked higher. The change was made to reward in-play team victories (regulation or overtime) instead of a win obtained via an individual skill contest. This figure will be tracked in an additional column in the official league standings called ROW (Regulation and overtime wins). In its first year, the tie-breaker would prove critical, giving the 106-point, 47-win (44-ROW) Philadelphia Flyers the Atlantic Division title over the 106-point, 49-win (39-ROW) Pittsburgh Penguins, who were seeded fourth rather than second based on the new rule.

Illegal hits to the head
Prior to the 2010–11 season, the Board of Governors, General Managers and the Competition Committee unanimously agreed to implement a new penalty. An illegal hit to the head is a lateral or blind side hit to an opponent where the head is targeted and/or is the principal point of contact is not permitted. Any player who incurs a total of two game misconducts under this rule shall be suspended automatically for the next game his team plays. For each subsequent game misconduct penalty, the automatic suspension shall be increased by one game. The commissioner of the league can increase the suspension longer due to his discretion.

Arena changes
The Pittsburgh Penguins moved to the newly constructed Consol Energy Center. The arena replaced Mellon Arena, also known as "The Igloo", where the Penguins had played since their inception in .
The Vancouver Canucks' General Motors Place was renamed Rogers Arena under a 10-year naming rights agreement with Rogers Communications.
 The Calgary Flames' Pengrowth Saddledome was renamed Scotiabank Saddledome.

Uniforms
Several teams announced plans to change their uniforms in the 2010–11 season.

The Buffalo Sabres, as part of their 40th anniversary season, reverted to the classic crossed swords insignia (replacing the infamous "Buffaslug" logo) and a slightly updated uniform based upon the style they wore from 1970 through 1996, when they left Buffalo Memorial Auditorium and moved down the street to the HSBC Arena with blue and gold trim. The blue version was previously their third jersey for the past three seasons. A new third jersey, also in blue, featured the city's name in white script on the chest, along with "quilted" numbers on the back and a gold nameplate with blue lettering fashioning the look of the AHL's former Buffalo Bisons.

The Columbus Blue Jackets unveiled a third jersey November 24 as part of their 10th season celebration. The new  made its debut on November 26 when the Blue Jackets hosted the Detroit Red Wings.

The Philadelphia Flyers adopted their 2010 NHL Winter Classic white uniforms as their new road uniform and dropped the black third jersey they wore since changing to Reebok's "NHL Edge" template.

The New York Islanders reverted to the uniforms they made their debut back in 1972–73; their royal blue uniforms were their third jersey for the past two seasons. The road white uniforms are also from the 1972–73 season.

The New York Rangers inaugurated a new third jersey. The jersey resembled the one worn by the team in its early years, notably during their Stanley Cup championship years of 1928 and 1933, but with "NEW YORK" across the jersey, instead of "RANGERS."

The Toronto Maple Leafs unveiled new home and road jerseys on June 14, 2010, seeing the return of the horizontal stripes on the bottom of the jersey and the "veined leaf" logo on both shoulders. The jersey also includes a white collar with string lace-up instead of a V-shaped collar.

In third jersey items, the Calgary Flames used the third jerseys they debuted in the 2009–10 season onto the Edge template in a retro style from the 1988–89 season. After a three-year hiatus, the Anaheim Ducks unveiled a new third jersey on November 26 against the Chicago Blackhawks.  The Los Angeles Kings added a throwback purple and gold uniform, with the original 1967 style of purple, gold and white crown graphic on the jersey front for up to four games, and the Dallas Stars swapped designations on their two white jerseys. The Vancouver Canucks, like the Sabres, were celebrating their 40th anniversary and wore replicas of their original 1970–71 white jerseys for several home games as well. Despite the league rules stating that all team jerseys must have nameplates on the back, both the Canucks and Kings were granted permission to wear jerseys without nameplates. The Washington Capitals, the road team in the 2011 Winter Classic, wore their Winter Classic jerseys in a home game vs. the Montreal Canadiens in honor of former Capital Dino Ciccarelli and his 2010 induction to the Hockey Hall of Fame.

Pre-season

2010 Kraft Hockeyville
Every year since 2006, Kraft Foods has sponsored a contest called Kraft Hockeyville, where small Canadian towns compete against each other for the title of Hockeyville. The winning town also gets to host an NHL preseason game in a local arena, as well as hosting an event called the 'Stanley Cup Jamboree'. Dundas, Ontario, a suburb of Hamilton (which itself has been the subject of numerous efforts at potential National Hockey League expansion) won the 2010 contest, and hosted the pre-season game between the Ottawa Senators and the Buffalo Sabres on September 28, 2010.

European exhibition games

The six teams going to Europe to open their regular seasons there as part of the NHL Premiere games also played exhibition games against European teams under the banner of NHL Premiere Challenge to close out their pre-seasons, finishing with a 6–1–0 record.

Regular season

Premiere games

A record six teams opened the regular season in Europe, in a series branded the "2010 Compuware NHL Premiere Games." On October 7–8, 2010, the Carolina Hurricanes and the Minnesota Wild played two games at the Hartwall Areena in Helsinki, Finland. The Hurricanes swept the Wild. On October 8–9, 2010, the Columbus Blue Jackets and the San Jose Sharks played two games at the Ericsson Globe in Stockholm, Sweden. The two teams split a two-game premiere. On October 9–10, 2010, the Boston Bruins and the Phoenix Coyotes played two games at the O2 Arena in Prague, Czech Republic. The two teams also split a two-game premiere.

The first Premiere Games goal was scored by Minnesota Wild forward Guillaume Latendresse.

NHL face-off
The regular season also began in North America on October 7 with four additional games. In Canada, CBC's Hockey Night in Canada broadcast a double header featuring four Canadian teams. The first game saw the eastern Canadian Original Six-era rivalry rekindled, with the Toronto Maple Leafs hosting the Montreal Canadiens. This game was followed by the Battle of Alberta when the Calgary Flames visited the Edmonton Oilers. In the United States, both 2010 Stanley Cup Finalists were in action as well on Versus. Besides the previously mentioned Philadelphia Flyers-Pittsburgh Penguins game to open Consol Energy Center, the Stanley Cup champion Chicago Blackhawks played against the Colorado Avalanche at Pepsi Center in the nightcap. The Blackhawks had their home opener two nights later against their Central Division rivals, the Detroit Red Wings, and hoisted their first Stanley Cup championship banner in 49 years in a pre-game ceremony.

The first NHL Face-off games goal was scored by Tim Brent of the Toronto Maple Leafs.

Outdoor games

2011 Winter Classic

The Pittsburgh Penguins hosted the 2011 Bridgestone NHL Winter Classic playing the Washington Capitals at Heinz Field on January 1, 2011. The game was telecast on NBC in the USA and on CBC and RDS in Canada. The Washington Capitals won the game 3–1. The game was originally scheduled to be played at 1 pm. However, inclement weather in Pittsburgh forced the NHL to move the game into prime-time at 8 pm.

The Heritage Classic returns

A second outdoor game, the 2011 NHL Heritage Classic, was held in Canada at McMahon Stadium in Calgary, Alberta, on February 20, 2011, between the Calgary Flames and the Montreal Canadiens. CBC, RDS and Versus telecasted the game. This was the second outdoor game held in Canada following the Heritage Classic in 2003 when the Montreal Canadiens defeated the Edmonton Oilers 4–3 at Commonwealth Stadium in Edmonton, Alberta. The Heritage classic resulted in the Flames defeating the Canadiens 4–0. This event was recorded as the first shutout in any NHL outdoor game.

Hockey Days

Canada
CBC hosted its 11th annual Hockey Day in Canada event on February 12, 2011, in Whitehorse, Yukon. The network broadcast a triple header of games featuring all six Canadian teams. The Edmonton Oilers hosted the Ottawa Senators, the Toronto Maple Leafs visited the Montreal Canadiens and the Vancouver Canucks welcomed the Calgary Flames.

USA
For the first time ever, the NHL and NBC hosted a Hockey Day in America event on February 20, 2011, featuring eight of the most popular American NHL teams. The Philadelphia Flyers defeated the New York Rangers 4–2, the Washington Capitals defeated the Buffalo Sabres 2–1, the Red Wings defeated the Minnesota Wild 2–1, and the highlight game of the afternoon, a meeting of the last two Stanley Cup champions, as the Penguins were defeated by the Blackhawks 3–2. The event was part of the broader Hockey Weekend Across America organized by USA Hockey.

Highlights
On October 30, 2010, four penalty shot goals were scored on one night for the first time in league history.
David Booth, Frans Nielsen, Ryan Callahan and Dave Steckel were the scorers. The previous record was three penalty shot goals in one night. Four penalty shot attempts in one night had occurred previously.

On November 20, 2010, the 50,000th game in the NHL's history was played, counting all regular season and playoff games, going back to the league's inaugural season in 1917.

Standings
The Vancouver Canucks placed first overall, winning the Presidents' Trophy and home advantage throughout the playoffs. The Washington Capitals placed first in the Eastern Conference, earning home advantage in Eastern Conference playoffs.

Note: Bolded teams qualified for the playoffs.

Under NHL rules, first-place teams in each division receive a conference ranking between 1 and 3 regardless of overall points. The Pittsburgh Penguins placed fourth yet had more points than the Boston Bruins, but the Bruins placed first in the Northeast Division to get the third-place ranking.

Attendance

Notes
 Totals do not include six regular-season opening games played in Europe, and two outdoor regular season games.
 The Carolina Hurricanes played the Minnesota Wild at Hartwall Areena in Helsinki, Finland.
 The Columbus Blue Jackets played the San Jose Sharks at the Ericsson Globe in Stockholm, Sweden
 The Boston Bruins played the Phoenix Coyotes at O2 Arena in Prague, Czech Republic.
 The Washington Capitals played the Pittsburgh Penguins outdoors in the Winter Classic at Heinz Field in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
 The Montreal Canadiens played the Calgary Flames outdoors in the Heritage Classic at McMahon Stadium in Calgary, Alberta.
 As of October 2010, Calgary's Pengrowth Saddledome was renamed Scotiabank Saddledome.
As of August 2011, Buffalo's HSBC Arena was renamed First Niagara Center.
Following the 2011 season, the Atlanta Thrashers relocated and became the current version of the Winnipeg Jets.
As of March 15, 2012, the Carolina Hurricanes venue, RBC Center, has been renamed PNC Arena.

Playoffs

The 2011 playoffs started on Wednesday, April 13, 2011, and ended with the seventh game of the Stanley Cup Final on Wednesday, June 15, 2011. The Boston Bruins won three game sevens including a rare game seven in the Final to win against the Vancouver Canucks and win the franchise's sixth Stanley Cup. The game seven victory in the final was the Bruins' first ever game seven victory on the road. The Bruins also swept the Philadelphia Flyers in the second round to avenge their loss to the Flyers in the 2010 playoffs, when the Bruins held a three games to none lead (including a 3-0 lead in game 7), and lost the series.

Playoff bracket
In each round, the highest remaining seed in each conference is matched against the lowest remaining seed. The higher-seeded team is awarded home ice advantage. In the Stanley Cup Final series, home ice is determined based on regular season points. Each best-of-seven series follows a 2–2–1–1–1 format: the higher-seeded team plays at home for games one and two (plus five and seven if necessary), and the lower-seeded team is at home for games three and four (and if necessary, game six).

NHL awards

All-Star teams

Player statistics

Scoring leaders
The following players led the league in points at the conclusion of the regular season.

GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; +/– = Plus-minus; PIM = Penalty minutes

Source: NHL

Leading goaltenders
The following goaltenders led the league in goals against average at the end of the regular season while playing at least 1800 minutes.

GP = Games played; Min = Minutes played; W = Wins; L = Losses; OT = Overtime/shootout losses; GA = Goals against; SO = Shutouts; SV% = Save percentage; GAA = Goals against average

Coaching changes

Off-season
Atlanta Thrashers: Craig Ramsay replaced the fired John Anderson.
Columbus Blue Jackets: Scott Arniel became head coach, replacing interim Claude Noel, who had replaced the fired Ken Hitchcock on February 3, 2010.
Edmonton Oilers: Tom Renney replaced Pat Quinn, who moved into a role of senior hockey advisor for the team.
New Jersey Devils: John MacLean replaced Jacques Lemaire, who retired.
St. Louis Blues: Davis Payne returned for a full season after replacing Andy Murray, who was fired on January 2, 2010.
Philadelphia Flyers: Peter Laviolette returned for a full season after replacing John Stevens, who was fired on December 4, 2009.
Tampa Bay Lightning: Guy Boucher replaced the fired Rick Tocchet.

In-season
New Jersey Devils: John MacLean was fired as head coach after a 9–22–2 start. Jacques Lemaire, who had retired (per above), then returned to serve as interim head coach.
New York Islanders: Jack Capuano replaced Scott Gordon after Gordon was fired on November 15, 2010.

Milestones

First games

The following is a list of notable players who played their first NHL game in 2010–11, listed with their first team:

Last games

The following is a list of players of note who played their last NHL game in 2010–11, listed with their team:

The 2010–11 season also saw the passings of several NHL players, current and former. This can include players who were playing elsewhere at the time.

Major milestones reached
 On October 22, 2010, Ottawa Senators forward Daniel Alfredsson recorded a hat trick, with the third goal being his 1,000th career NHL point. He became the 75th player in league history to record 1,000 points.
 On October 26, Colorado Avalanche defenseman John-Michael Liles recorded an assist in his ninth consecutive game to give him the NHL record for longest assist streak for a defenseman from the start of season.
 On October 26, Ottawa Senators defenseman Sergei Gonchar participated in his 1,000th NHL game.
 On October 28, Calgary Flames forward Craig Conroy participated in his 1,000th NHL game.
 On November 3, Buffalo Sabres forward Mike Grier participated in his 1,000th NHL game.
 On November 6, Los Angeles Kings forward Ryan Smyth participated in his 1,000th NHL game.
 On November 22, Ottawa Senators forward Alexei Kovalev recorded his 1,000th career NHL point with a goal. He became the 76th player in league history to record 1,000 points, and the third Russian born player to do so.
 On November 24, Boston Bruins forward Mark Recchi scored two goals, with the second being his 1,500th career NHL point. He became the 13th player in league history to reach this milestone.
 On December 26, Phoenix Coyotes defenseman Ed Jovanovski participated in his 1,000th NHL game.
 On December 27, Detroit Red Wings goaltender Chris Osgood recorded his 400th NHL win. He became the 10th player in league history to reach this milestone.
 On January 11, 2011, Toronto Maple Leafs coach Ron Wilson won his 600th game as an NHL coach. He became the seventh coach in league history to reach this milestone.
 On January 17, San Jose Sharks forward Patrick Marleau and Dallas Stars forward Jamie Langenbrunner both participated in their 1,000th NHL game in separate contests. Marleau was the third youngest player in NHL history to reach 1,000 games played.
 On February 1, Minnesota Wild forward Andrew Brunette participated in his 1,000th NHL game.
 On February 10, New Jersey Devils coach Jacques Lemaire won his 600th game as an NHL coach. He became the eighth coach in league history to reach this milestone.
 On February 16, Florida Panthers forward Cory Stillman participated in his 1,000th NHL game.
 On February 20, Detroit Red Wings forward Todd Bertuzzi participated in his 1,000th NHL game.
 On March 20, Phoenix Coyotes defenseman Adrian Aucoin participated in his 1,000th NHL game.
 On April 1, Calgary Flames forward Jarome Iginla scored two goals and added an assist to reach 1,000 career points. He became the 77th player in league history to do so.
 On April 2, Washington Capitals forward Jason Arnott recorded his 400th career NHL goal.
 On April 8, San Jose Sharks forward Joe Thornton recorded his 1,000th career NHL point with a goal. He became the 78th player to reach the milestone and the fourth this season.
 On April 9, Montreal Canadiens coach Jacques Martin won his 600th game as an NHL coach. He became the ninth coach in league history to reach this milestone.
 On April 9, Boston Bruins forward Mark Recchi played in his 1,652nd NHL game, surpassing Chris Chelios for sole possession of the fourth spot on the NHL's all-time games played list.


Eesti otsib superstaari (season 4)

The fourth season of Eesti otsib superstaari  premiered on February 13, 2011, on TV3. The show was won by Liis Lemsalu.

On 9 December 2010, Mihkel Raud, one of the judges, said on his Twitter account, that the fourth season starts in the beginning of 2011.
On December 13, it was confirmed by TV3.

There were no changes in the judges' panel. The judges were Mihkel Raud, Maarja-Liis Ilus and Rein Rannap.  The hosts for the fourth season were two actresses, Hele Kõrve and Evelin Pang.

Liis Lemsalu, the winner of the show, was awarded with €10,000 and a record contract with the Universal Music. The show is followed by a tour "Eesti superstaar - Live tuur" around Estonia in June 2011.

Auditions
Auditions for 2011 season were held in Pärnu (January 16), Tallinn (January 22–23), Tartu (January 29-
30) and Jõhvi (February 6, 2011). Only 60 singers were given the 'yellow cards' and qualified to the theatre rounds.

Theatre rounds
As only 20 of the sixty participants were male, all boys automatically qualified to the second round. Twenty-two girls qualified to the second round.

In the second round, participants were divided into 21 duos. Duos performed either Ott Lepland and Lenna Kuurmaa's "Sinuni" or James Morrison and Nelly Furtado's "Broken Strings". After second round, all the participants were divided into three groups named "Yes", "Maybe" and "No". People in groups "Yes" and "Maybe" qualified to the third round.

In the third round, girls were given a choice to sing either Janis Joplin's "Piece of My Heart" or Katy Perry's "Firework". Boys chose between Koit Toome's "Mälestused", Robbie Williams' "Let Me Entertain You" and Kings of Leon's "Use Somebody". Ten male and ten female participants advanced to the semi-finals aka studio rounds.

Semi-finals aka Studio rounds
The studio rounds took place on March 27, April 3 and 10. In the first studio round 10 girls performed and in the second 10 boys performed. After nationwide televote, three participants from each semi-final qualified to the finals. The judges chose 10 participants from the first two rounds to the third round. Televoters voted three of them to the finals. Tenth finalist was chosen by the judges as a wildcard.

First week
Girls' round took place on March 27, 2011.

 Marit Kesa – "Usu ometi" by Mahavok
 Triin Niitoja – "Whataya Want from Me" by Adam Lambert
 Katrin-Merili Poom – "Lost" by Anouk
 Raahel Pilpak – "Poker Face" by Lady Gaga
 Liis Lemsalu – "Vanaisa kiri" by Indigolapsed
 Marilyn Ollep – "Not as We" by Alanis Morissette
 Reilika Saks – "Howl" by Florence and the Machine
 Rosanna Lints – "The Voice Within" by Christina Aguilera
 Liis Reisner – "Pühendus" by Tõnis Mägi
 Teele Viira – "Sex on Fire" by Kings of Leon

 Advanced to the final: Triin Niitoja, Rosanna Lints, Teele Viira
Advanced to the second chance semi-final (jury's choice): Katri-Merili Poom, Liis Lemsalu, Liis Reisner, Marilyn Ollep, Marit Kesa, Raahel Pilpak

Second week
Boys' week took place on April 3, 2011.

 Indrek Rebane – "Eternity" by Robbie Williams
 Mikk Tivas – "You Found Me" by The Fray
 Taavi Kendra – "Love Me Or Not" by Dub FX
 Leemet Onno –  "What Are Words" by Chris Medina
 Kevin Johannson – "Say You Don't Want It" by One Night Only
 Jaan Lehepuu – "Saatanlik naine" (Devil Woman) by Jaak Joala
 Lauri Antsov – "Neutron Star Collision" by Muse
 Artjom Savitski – "The Kill" by Thirty Seconds to Mars
 Imre Saarna – "Hello" by Lionel Richie
 Dario Hoffren – Withdrew

 Advanced to the final: Leemet Onno, Jaan Lehepuu, Imre Saarna
Advanced to the second chance semi-final (jury's choice): Artjom Savitski, Kevin Johannson, Lauri Atsov, Mikk Tivas

Third week
The second chance semi-final took place on April 10, 2011. Four of them qualified.

 Lauri Antsov – "Rapunzel" by Lenna Kuurmaa
 Raahel Pilpak – "Sind otsides" by Mikronid
 Kevin Johannson – "Jäljed" by Tõnis Mägi
 Marit Kesa – "Don't Let The Sun Go Down On Me" by Elton John
 Marilyn Ollep – "Vaiki kui võid" by Ruja
 Mikk Tivas – "Tule kui leebe tuul" by Henry Laks
 Liis Reisner – "In My Defence" by Freddie Mercury
 Katrin-Merili Poom – "Kaunilt kaua" by Tõnis Mägi
 Liis Lemsalu – "At Last" by Etta James
 Artjom Savitski – "Nii vaikseks kõik on jäänud" by Ruja

 Advanced to the finals: Liis Lemsalu, Kevin Johannson, Artjom Savitski
Advanced to the finals (jury's choice): Katrin-Merili Poom

Finals

Week 1
The first final show took place on 17 April 2011. The theme of the show was "Big songs". Participants sang the biggest hits of all time.

Week 2
The second final show took place on 24 April 2011. Participants sang songs in Estonian.

Week 3
The third final show takes place on May 1, 2011. The finalists are singing dance tracks from the 1970s and 1980s.

Week 4
The fourth final show took place on May 8, 2011. The finalists sang songs from world's biggest superstars of all time.

Week 5
The fifth final show took place on May 15, 2011. Contestants sang Big band songs with Bel-Etage Orchestra.

Week 6
The sixth final show took place on May 22, 2011. Contestants sang a hit from their year of birth and a song which is composed or has been performed by one of the judges.

Week 7
The seventh final show took place on May 29, 2011. Contestants sang a song composed by Hendrik Sal-Saller and a song in foreign language (other than Estonian and English).

Week 8
The eight final show took place on June 5, 2011. Contestants sang a song about love and a celebrity duet.

Celebrity duets:
 Liis Lemsalu with Oliver Kuusik
 Artjom Savitski with Hele Kõre
 Rosanna Lints with Tõnis Mägi

Super-final
The super-final show took place on June 12, 2011. Contestants sang their favourite song they had performed before in the show, a patriotic song and a "winner" song.

Elimination chart

Ratings

External links
 Official website
 TV3 Internet TV – Eesti otsib superstaari channel


Anicius

Anicius is a monotypic genus of Mexican jumping spiders containing the single species, Anicius dolius. It was first described by Ralph Vary Chamberlin in 1925, and is only found in Mexico.


Sustainable agriculture

Sustainable agriculture is farming in sustainable ways, which means meeting society's present food and textile needs, without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs. It can be based on an understanding of ecosystem services.There are many methods to increase the sustainability of agriculture. When developing agriculture within sustainable food systems, it is important to develop flexible business process and farming practices.

Agriculture has an enormous environmental footprint; it is simultaneously causing environmental changes and being impacted by these changes. If the human population increase does not abate an increase in food production that will be required. Sustainable agriculture provides a potential solution to enable agricultural systems to feed a growing population within the changing environmental conditions. Given the finite supply of natural resources at any specific cost and location, agriculture that is inefficient or damaging to needed resources may eventually exhaust the available resources or the ability to afford and acquire them.

History
In 1907 Franklin H. King in his book  Farmers of Forty Centuries discussed the advantages of sustainable agriculture, and warned that such practices would be vital to farming in the future. The phrase 'sustainable agriculture' was reportedly coined by the Australian agronomist Gordon McClymont. The term became popular in the late 1980s.

There was an international symposium on sustainability in horticulture by the International Society of Horticultural Science at the International Horticultural Congress in Toronto in 2002. At the following conference at Seoul in 2006 the principles were discussed further.

Definition
In the US National Agricultural Research, Extension, and Teaching Policy Act of 1977, the term "sustainable agriculture" is defined as an integrated system of plant and animal production practices having a site-specific application that will, over the long term:

 satisfy human food and fiber needs
 enhance environmental quality and the natural resource base upon which the agriculture economy depends
 make the most efficient use of nonrenewable resources and on-farm resources and integrate, where appropriate, natural biological cycles and controls
 sustain the economic viability of farm operations
 enhance the quality of life for farmers and society as a whole.

The British scholar Jules Pretty has stated several key principles associated with sustainability in agriculture:

 The incorporation of biological and ecological processes such as nutrient cycling, soil regeneration, and nitrogen fixation into agricultural and food production practices.
 Using decreased amounts of non-renewable and unsustainable inputs, particularly the ones that are environmentally harmful.
 Using the expertise of farmers to both productively work the land as well as to promote the self-reliance and self-sufficiency of farmers.
 Solving agricultural and natural resource problems through the cooperation and collaboration of people with different skills. The problems tackled include pest management and irrigation.

It “considers long-term as well as short-term economics because sustainability is readily defined as forever, that is, agricultural environments that are designed to promote endless regeneration”. It balances the need for resource conservation with the needs of farmers pursuing their livelihood.

It is considered to be reconciliation ecology, accommodating biodiversity within human landscapes.

Different viewpoints
There is debate on the definition of sustainability regarding agriculture. The definition could be characterized by two different approaches: an ecocentric approach and a technocentric approach. The ecocentric approach emphasizes no- or low-growth levels of human development, and focuses on organic and biodynamic farming techniques with the goal of changing consumption patterns, and resource allocation and usage. The technocentric approach argues that sustainability can be attained through a variety of strategies, from the view that state-led modification of the industrial system like conservation-oriented farming systems should be implemented, to the argument that biotechnology is the best way to meet the increasing demand for food.

One can look at the topic of sustainable agriculture through two different lenses: multifunctional agriculture and ecosystem services. Both of approaches are similar, but look at the function of agriculture differently. Those that employ the multifunctional agriculture philosophy focus on farm-centered approaches, and define function as being the outputs of agricultural activity. The central argument of multifunctionality is that agriculture is a multifunctional enterprise with other functions aside from the production of food and fiber. These functions include renewable resource management, landscape conservation and biodiversity. The ecosystem service-centered approach posits that individuals and society as a whole receive benefits from ecosystems, which are called "ecosystem services". In sustainable agriculture, the services that ecosystems provide include pollination, soil formation, and nutrient cycling, all of which are necessary functions for the production of food.

It is also claimed sustainable agriculture is best considered as an ecosystem approach to agriculture, called agroecology.

Ethics
Most agricultural professionals agree that there is a "moral obligation to pursue [the] goal [of] sustainability." The major debate comes from what system will provide a path to that goal because if an unsustainable method is used on a large scale it will have a massive negative effect on the environment and human population.

Factors affecting sustainability

Practices that can cause long-term damage to soil include excessive tilling of the soil (leading to erosion) and irrigation without adequate drainage (leading to salinization).

The most important factors for a farming site are climate, soil, nutrients and water resources. Of the four, water and soil conservation are the most amenable to human intervention.
When farmers grow and harvest crops, they remove some nutrients from the soil. Without replenishment, land suffers from nutrient depletion and becomes either unusable or suffers from reduced yields. Sustainable agriculture depends on replenishing the soil while minimizing the use or need of non-renewable resources, such as natural gas or mineral ores.

A farm that is able to "produce perpetually", yet has negative effects on environmental quality elsewhere is not sustainable agriculture. An example of a case in which a global view may be warranted is application of fertilizer or manure, which can improve productivity of a farm but can pollute nearby rivers and coastal waters (eutrophication). The other extreme can also be undesirable, as the problem of low crop yields due to exhaustion of nutrients in the soil has been related to rainforest destruction. In Asia, the specific amount of land needed for sustainable farming is about 12.5 acres which includes land for animal fodder, cereal production as cash crop and other food crops. In some cases, a small unit of aquaculture is included (AARI-1996).

Nutrients

Nitrates
Possible sources of nitrates that would, in principle, be available indefinitely, include:

recycling crop waste and livestock or treated human manure
growing legume crops and forages such as peanuts or alfalfa that form symbioses with nitrogen-fixing bacteria called rhizobia
industrial production of nitrogen by the Haber process uses hydrogen, which is currently derived from natural gas (but this hydrogen could instead be made by electrolysis of water using renewable electricity, or
genetically engineering (non-legume) crops to form nitrogen-fixing symbioses or fix nitrogen without microbial symbionts.

The last option was proposed in the 1970s, but is only gradually becoming feasible. Sustainable options for replacing other nutrient inputs such as phosphorus and potassium are more limited.

Other options include long-term crop rotations, returning to natural cycles that annually flood cultivated lands (returning lost nutrients) such as the flooding of the Nile, the long-term use of biochar, and use of crop and livestock landraces that are adapted to less than ideal conditions such as pests, drought, or lack of nutrients. Crops that require high levels of soil nutrients can be cultivated in a more sustainable manner with appropriate fertilizer management practices.

Phosphate
Phosphate is a primary component in fertilizer. It is the second most important nutrient for plants after nitrogen, and is often a limiting factor. It is important for sustainable agriculture as it can improve soil fertility and crop yields. Phosphorus is involved in all major metabolic processes including photosynthesis, energy transfer, signal transduction, macromolecular biosynthesis, and respiration. It is needed for root ramification and strength and seed formation, and can increase disease resistance.

Phosphorus is found in the soil in both inorganic and organic forms and makes up approximately 0.05% of soil biomass. Phosphorus fertilizers are the main input of inorganic phosphorus in agricultural soils and approximately 70%–80% of phosphorus in cultivated soils is inorganic. Long-term use of phosphate-containing chemical fertilizers causes eutrophication and deplete soil microbial life, so people have looked to other sources.

Phosphorus fertilizers are manufactured from rock phosphate. However, rock phosphate is a non-renewable resource and it is being depleted by mining for agricultural use: peak phosphorus will occur within the next few hundred years, or perhaps earlier.

Soil

Land degradation is becoming a severe global problem. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: "About a quarter of the Earth’s ice-free land area is subject to human-induced degradation (medium confidence). Soil erosion from agricultural fields is estimated to be currently 10 to 20 times (no tillage) to more than 100 times (conventional tillage) higher than the soil formation rate (medium confidence)." Over a billion tonnes of southern Africa's soil are being lost to erosion annually, which if continued will result in halving of crop yields within thirty to fifty years. Improper soil management is threatening the ability to grow sufficient food. Intensive agriculture reduces the carbon level in soil, impairing soil structure, crop growth and ecosystem functioning, and accelerating climate change.

Soil management techniques include no-till farming, keyline design and windbreaks to reduce wind erosion, reincorporation of organic matter into the soil, reducing soil salinization, and preventing water run-off.

Land

As the global population increases and demand for food increases, there is pressure on land as a resource. In land use planning and management, considering the impacts of land use changes on factors such as soil erosion can support long-term agricultural sustainability, as shown by a study of Wadi Ziqlab, a dry area in the Middle East where farmers graze livestock and grow olives, vegetables, and grains.

Looking back over the 20th century shows that for people in poverty, following environmentally sound land practices has not always been a viable option due to many complex and challenging life circumstances. Currently, increased land degradation in developing countries may be connected with rural poverty among smallholder farmers when forced into unsustainable agricultural practices out of necessity.

Land is a finite resource on Earth. Although expansion of agricultural land can decrease biodiversity and contribute to deforestation, the picture is complex; for instance, a study examining the introduction of sheep by Norse settlers (Vikings) to the Faroe Islands of the North Atlantic concluded that, over time, the fine partitioning of land plots contributed more to soil erosion and degradation than grazing itself.

The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations estimates that in coming decades, cropland will continue to be lost to industrial and urban development, along with reclamation of wetlands, and conversion of forest to cultivation, resulting in the loss of biodiversity and increased soil erosion.

Energy
In modern agriculture, energy is used in on-farm mechanisation, food processing, storage, and transportation processes. It has therefore been found that energy prices are closely linked to food prices. Oil is also used as an input in agricultural chemicals. The International Energy Agency projects higher prices of non-renewable energy resources as a result of fossil fuel resources being depleted. It may therefore decrease global food security unless action is taken to 'decouple' fossil fuel energy from food production, with a move towards 'energy-smart' agricultural systems including renewable energy.
The use of solar powered irrigation in Pakistan is said to be a closed system for agricultural water irrigation.

The environmental cost of transportation could be avoided if people use local products.

Water

In some areas sufficient rainfall is available for crop growth, but many other areas require irrigation. For irrigation systems to be sustainable, they require proper management (to avoid salinization) and must not use more water from their source than is naturally replenishable. Otherwise, the water source effectively becomes a non-renewable resource. Improvements in water well drilling technology and submersible pumps, combined with the development of drip irrigation and low-pressure pivots, have made it possible to regularly achieve high crop yields in areas where reliance on rainfall alone had previously made successful agriculture unpredictable. However, this progress has come at a price. In many areas, such as the Ogallala Aquifer, the water is being used faster than it can be replenished.

According to the UC Davis Agricultural Sustainability Institute, several steps must be taken to develop drought-resistant farming systems even in "normal" years with average rainfall. These measures include both policy and management actions:

 improving water conservation and storage measures
 providing incentives for selection of drought-tolerant crop species
 using reduced-volume irrigation systems
 managing crops to reduce water loss
 not planting crops at all.

Indicators for sustainable water resource development include the average annual flow of rivers from rainfall, flows from outside a country, the percentage of water coming from outside a country, and gross water withdrawal.

Economics
Costs, such as environmental problems, not covered in traditional accounting systems (which take into account only the direct costs of production incurred by the farmer) are known as externalities.

Netting studied sustainability and intensive agriculture in smallholder systems through history.

There are several studies incorporating externalities such as ecosystem services, biodiversity, land degradation and sustainable land management in economic analysis. These include The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity study and the Economics of Land Degradation Initiative which seek to establish an economic cost benefit analysis on the practice of sustainable land management and sustainable agriculture.

Triple bottom line frameworks include social and environmental alongside a financial bottom line. A sustainable future can be feasible if growth in material consumption and population is slowed down and if there is a drastic increase in the efficiency of material and energy use. To make that transition, long- and short-term goals will need to be balanced enhancing equity and quality of life.

Methods

Other practices includes growing a diverse number of perennial crops in a single field, each of which would grow in separate season so as not to compete with each other for natural resources. This system would result in increased resistance to diseases and decreased effects of erosion and loss of nutrients in soil. Nitrogen fixation from legumes, for example, used in conjunction with plants that rely on nitrate from soil for growth, helps to allow the land to be reused annually. Legumes will grow for a season and replenish the soil with ammonium and nitrate, and the next season other plants can be seeded and grown in the field in preparation for harvest.

Sustainable methods of weed management may help reduce the development of herbicide-resistant weeds. Crop rotation may also replenish nitrogen if legumes are used in the rotations and may also use resources more efficiently.

There are also many ways to practice sustainable animal husbandry. Some of the tools to grazing management include fencing off the grazing area into smaller areas called paddocks, lowering stock density, and moving the stock between paddocks frequently.

Intensification

An increased production is a goal of intensification. Sustainable intensification encompasses specific agriculture methods that increase production and at the same time help improve environmental outcomes. The desired outcomes of the farm are achieved without the need for more land cultivation or destruction of natural habitat; the system performance is upgraded with no net environmental cost. Sustainable Intensification has become a priority for the United Nations. Sustainable intensification differs from prior intensification methods by specifically placing importance on broader environmental outcomes. By the year 2018; it was predicted in 100 nations a combined total of 163 million farms used sustainable intensification. The amount of agricultural land covered by this is 453 million ha of land. That amount of land is equal to 29% of farms worldwide. In light of concerns about food security, human population growth and dwindling land suitable for agriculture, sustainable intensive farming practises are needed to maintain high crop yields, while maintaining soil health and ecosystem services. The capacity for ecosystem services to be strong enough to allow a reduction in use of non-renewable inputs whilst maintaining or boosting yields has been the subject of much debate. Recent work in irrigated rice production system of east Asia has suggested that - in relation to pest management at least - promoting the ecosystem service of biological control using nectar plants can reduce the need for insecticides by 70% whilst delivering a 5% yield advantage compared with standard practice.

Vertical farming is a concept with the potential advantages of year-round production, isolation from pests and diseases, controllable resource recycling and reduced transportation costs.

Water
Water efficiency can be improved by reducing the need for irrigation and using alternative methods. Such methods includes: researching on drought resistant crops, monitoring plant transpiration and reducing soil evaporation.

Drought resistant crops have been researched extensively as a means to overcome the issue of water shortage. They are modified genetically so they can adapt in an environment with little water. This is beneficial as it reduces the need for irrigation and helps conserve water. Although they have been extensively researched, significant results have not been achieved as most of the successful species will have no overall impact on water conservation. However, some grains like rice, for example, have been successfully genetically modified to be drought resistant.

Soil and nutrients
Soil amendments include using compost from recycling centers. Using compost from yard and kitchen waste uses available resources in the area.

Abstinence from soil tillage before planting and leaving the plant residue after harvesting reduces soil water evaporation; It also serves to prevent soil erosion.

Crop residues left covering the surface of the soil may result in reduced evaporation of water, a lower surface soil temperature and reduction of wind effects.

A way to make rock phosphate more effective is to add microbial inoculates such as phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms, known as PSMs, to the soil. These solubilize phosphorus already in the soil and use processes like organic acid production and ion exchange reactions to make that phosphorus available for plants. Experimentally, these PSMs have been shown to increase crop growth in terms of shoot height, dry biomass and grain yield.

Phosphorus uptake is even more efficient with the presence of mycorrhizae in the soil. Mycorrhiza is a type of mutualistic symbiotic association between plants and fungi, which are well-equipped to absorb nutrients, including phosphorus, in soil. These fungi can increase nutrient uptake in soil where phosphorus has been fixed by aluminum, calcium, and iron. Mycorrhizae can also release organic acids that solubilize otherwise unavailable phosphorus.

Pests and weeds

Soil steaming can be used as an alternative to chemicals for soil sterilization. Different methods are available to induce steam into the soil in order to kill pests and increase soil health.

Solarizing is based on the same principle, used to increase the temperature of the soil to kill pathogens and pests.

Certain plants can be cropped for use as biofumigants, "natural" fumigants, releasing pest suppressing compounds when crushed, ploughed into the soil, and covered in plastic for four weeks. Plants in the Brassicaceae family release large amounts of toxic compounds such as methyl isothiocyanates.

Plants
Sustainability may also involve crop rotation. Crop rotation and cover crops prevent soil erosion, by protecting topsoil from wind and water. Effective crop rotation can reduce pest pressure on crops and replenish soil nutrients. This reduces the need for fertilizers and pesticides. Increasing the diversity of crops by introducing new genetic resources can increase yields. Perennial crops reduce the need for tillage and thus help mitigate soil erosion, and may sometimes tolerate drought better, increase water quality and help increase soil organic matter. There are research programs attempting to develop perennial substitutes for existing annual crops, such as replacing wheat with the wild grass Thinopyrum intermedium, or possible experimental hybrids of it and wheat.

Traditional agriculture

Often thought of as inherently destructive, slash-and-burn or slash-and-char shifting cultivation have been practised in the Amazon for thousands of years.

Some traditional systems combine polyculture with sustainability. In South-East Asia, rice-fish systems on rice paddies have raised freshwater fish as well as rice, producing an additional product and reducing eutrophication of neighbouring rivers. A variant in Indonesia combines rice, fish, ducks and water fern; the ducks eat the weeds that would otherwise limit rice growth, saving labour and herbicides, while the duck and fish manure substitute for fertilizer.

In Ohayo, some farmers that could not buy land good for agriculture, restored soil considered as unsuitable for any agricultural activity with traditional methods

Alternative agriculture

The use of available city space (e.g., rooftop gardens, community gardens, garden sharing, and other forms of urban agriculture) may be able to contribute to sustainability.

There is limited evidence polyculture may contribute to sustainable agriculture. A meta-analysis of a number of polycrop studies found that predator insect biodiversity was higher at comparable yields in conventional in certain two-crop systems with a single cash crop combined with a cover crop.

One approach to sustainability is to develop polyculture systems using perennial crop varieties. Such varieties are being developed for rice, wheat, sorghum, barley, and sunflowers. If these can be combined in polyculture with a leguminous cover crop such as alfalfa, fixation of nitrogen will be added to the system, reducing the need for fertilizer and pesticides.

Organic Agriculture

Organic agriculture can be defined as:

{{quote|an integrated farming system that strives for sustainability, the enhancement of soil fertility and biological diversity whilst, with rare exceptions, prohibiting synthetic pesticides, antibiotics, synthetic fertilizers, genetically modified organisms, and growth hormones.<ref>H. Martin, '’Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs Introduction to Organic Farming, </ref> }}

Some claim organic agriculture may produce the most sustainable products available for consumers in the US, where no other alternatives exist, although the focus of the organics industry is not sustainability.

In 2018 the sales of organic products in USA reach $52.5 billion According to a big survey two thirds of Americans consume organic products at least occasionally

 Regenerative Agriculture

Regenerative agriculture is a conservation and rehabilitation approach to food and farming systems. It focuses on topsoil regeneration, increasing biodiversity, improving the water cycle, enhancing ecosystem services, supporting biosequestration, increasing resilience to climate change, and strengthening the health and vitality of farm soil. Practices include, recycling as much farm waste as possible, and adding composted material from sources outside the farm.

 Permaculture
Permaculture does not share the philosophical base as indicated by the title of the 2002 publication Permaculture, principles and pathways beyond sustainability.

Social factors
 Rural economic development
In 2007, the United Nations reported on "Organic Agriculture and Food Security in Africa", stating that using sustainable agriculture could be a tool in reaching global food security without expanding land usage and reducing environmental impacts. There has been evidence provided by developing nations from the early 2000s stating that when people in their communities are not factored into the agricultural process that serious harm is done. The social scientist Charles Kellogg has stated that, "In a final effort, exploited people pass their suffering to the land." Sustainable agriculture mean the ability to permanently and continuously "feed its constituent populations."

There are a lot of opportunities that can increase farmers’ profits, improve communities, and continue sustainable practices. For example, in Uganda Genetically Modified Organisms were originally illegal, however, with the stress of banana crisis in Uganda where Banana Bacterial Wilt had the potential to wipe out 90% of yield they decided to explore GMOs as a possible solution. The government issued the National Biotechnology and Biosafety bill which will allow scientists that are part of the National Banana Research Program to start experimenting with genetically modified organisms. This effort has the potential to help local communities because a significant portion live off the food they grow themselves and it will be profitable because the yield of their main produce will remain stable.

Not all regions are suitable for agriculture. The technological advancement of the past few decades has allowed agriculture to develop in some of these regions. For example, Nepal has built greenhouses to deal with its high altitude and mountainous regions. Greenhouses allow for greater crop production and also use less water since they are closed systems.

Desalination techniques can turn salt water into fresh water which allows greater access to water for areas with a limited supply. This allows the irrigation of crops without decreasing natural fresh water sources. While desalination can be a tool to provide water to areas that need it to sustain agriculture, it requires money and resources. Regions of China have been considering large scale desalination in order to increase access to water, but the current cost of the desalination process makes it impractical.

 Women

Women working in sustainable agriculture come from numerous backgrounds, from academic and labour. In the past 30 years (1978-2007) in the United States the number of women farm operators has tripled. Today, women operate 14 percent of farms, compared to five percent in 1978. Much of the growth is due to women farming outside the "male dominated field of conventional agriculture".

Policy
Sustainable agriculture is a topic in international policy concerning its potential to reduce environmental risks. In 2011, the Commission on Sustainable Agriculture and Climate Change, as part of its recommendations for policy makers on achieving food security in the face of climate change, urged that sustainable agriculture must be integrated into national and international policy. The Commission stressed that increasing weather variability and climate shocks will negatively affect agricultural yields, necessitating early action to drive change in agricultural production systems towards increasing resilience. It also called for dramatically increased investments in sustainable agriculture in the next decade, including in national research and development budgets, land rehabilitation, economic incentives, and infrastructure improvement.

In the United States, the federal USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service provides technical and financial assistance for those interested in pursuing natural resource conservation along with production agriculture.

One of the most important projects to mitigate climate change with agriculture and adapting agriculture to climate change at the same time, was launched in 2019 by the "Global EverGreening Alliance". The initiative was announced in the 2019 UN Climate Action Summit. One of the main methods is Agroforestry. Another important method is Conservation farming. One of the targets is to sequester carbon from the atmosphere. By 2050 the restored land should sequestrate 20 billion of carbon annually. The coalition wants, among other, to recover with trees a territory of 5.75 million square kilometres, achieve a health tree - grass balance on a territory of 6.5 million square kilometres and increase carbon capture in a territory of 5 million square kilometres.

The first phase is the "Grand African Savannah Green Up" project. Already millions families implemented these methods, and the average territory covered with trees in the farms in Sahel increased to 16%.

The Alliance work on the issue of sustainable agriculture since 2012

Criticism
Among 63 farmers interviewed in Tasmania most accepted the notion climate change was happening, but just a small segment believed that it was human related. Few farmers thought that the issue of climate change was significant enough to diminish what was causing it. Some of the farmers were worried about how a suggested carbon dioxide reduction plan would affect the agricultural sector and were suspicious of numerous government related activities, seeing them as methods in which the government could punish producers. The author James Howard Kunstler claims almost all modern technology is bad and that there cannot be sustainability unless agriculture is done in ancient traditional ways. Efforts toward more sustainable agriculture are supported in the sustainability community, however, these are often viewed only as incremental steps and not as an end. Some foresee a true sustainable steady state economy that may be very different from today's: greatly reduced energy usage, minimal ecological footprint, fewer consumer packaged goods, local purchasing  with short food supply chains, little processed foods, more home and community gardens, etc.

According to Michael Carolan, a major barrier to the adoption of sustainable agriculture is its appearance of a lack of benefits. Many benefits are not visible or immediately evident, and affecting changes such as lower rates of soil and nutrient loss, improved soil structure and higher levels of beneficial microorganisms takes time. In conventional agriculture the benefits are easily visible with no weeds, pests, etc. and the costs to soil and ecosystems around it are hidden and "externalised".


VMI Keydets

The VMI Keydets are the athletic teams that represent the Virginia Military Institute. All sports participate in the NCAA Division I, and all but four compete in the Southern Conference (the exceptions being men's and women's swimming and diving in the America East Conference, water polo in the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference and rifle in the Mid-Atlantic Rifle Conference). VMI fields teams in sixteen different sports, ten for men and six for women.

Notably, VMI is one of only two Division I schools that do not sponsor women's basketball. The other is fellow Southern Conference member and senior military college The Citadel.

Conference affiliations
The Keydets played every sport independently until 1918, when they joined the short-lived South Atlantic Intercollegiate Athletic Association in 1918 for all sports. With the demise of the conference in 1921, VMI stayed an independent until joining the Southern Conference (SoCon) in 1924, and a massive one at the time.

The next change to be made would not come until 1982, when VMI dropped swimming and diving. The following year, VMI formed a lacrosse program that would play in the United States Intercollegiate Lacrosse Association.

VMI's next changes came in the 1990s, reinstating men's swimming and diving in the Southern States Conference in 1990 and also joining the Mid-Atlantic Rifle Conference (MAC). MAC records are incomplete; the earliest record of VMI participation in that conference is in the 1991 championships (during the 1990–91 school year), when the Keydets only competed in air rifle. The first records of VMI participation in MAC smallbore competition date to 1995 (1994–95 school year). While VMI would later move its swimming and diving program to two other leagues, it has yet to move its rifle program.

In 2003, after 79 years in the SoCon, VMI departed for a then fledgling Big South Conference in all sports but lacrosse, rifle, swimming and diving, and wrestling. Wrestling stayed in the SoCon and rifle in the MAC, while the lacrosse program moved to the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference (MAAC). Men's swimming and diving moved to the Northeast Conference (NEC); when women's swimming and diving was added in 2005, that program also joined the NEC. Both swimming and diving teams left the NEC in 2007 to become charter members of the Coastal Collegiate Swimming Association (CCSA; now known as the Coastal Collegiate Sports Association). Before the 2017-2018 season, the Men's and Women's Swimming and Diving Program changed conferences to the America East Conference. When water polo became the newest sport at the Institute in 2009, they accepted their invitation also to the MAAC in 2011.

VMI announced two changes in conference affiliation in 2013. On February 11, the Atlantic Sun Conference (A-Sun) announced that VMI would move its men's lacrosse program to that league effective with the 2014 season (2013–14 school year). On May 30 of that year, the SoCon extended an invitation to the Keydets to rejoin the conference. VMI accepted, along with East Tennessee State and Mercer, and became a member on July 1, 2014, replacing Davidson, Appalachian State, Elon, and Georgia Southern.

When first announced, the return to the SoCon did not include the lacrosse team. However, on January 9, 2014, the A-Sun and SoCon announced a lacrosse partnership which divided sponsorship of the sport between the two leagues effective in 2014–15. Men's lacrosse sponsorship switched to the SoCon, while women's lacrosse sponsorship remained with the A-Sun. Accordingly, the men's lacrosse team also joined the SoCon on July 1, 2014. The rifle teams will join the SoCon when it adds the sport in the 2016–17 school year.

Sports sponsored
A member of the Southern Conference, VMI sponsors teams in eleven men's and seven women's NCAA sanctioned sports with the swimming and diving programs competing in the Coastal Collegiate Sports Association and water polo in the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference.

Football

VMI football history dates back to 1891 with the formation of a team under Walter Taylor. It actually dates back farther, with a one-game season in 1873, though is not really considered an official season (there were also no player or coaching records). Today, the Keydets play at 10,000-seat Alumni Memorial Field, as they have since 1962. Sparky Woods is the current head coach. He was named VMI's 30th all-time coach on February 13, 2008. Woods replaced Jim Reid who left to coach outside linebackers for the Miami Dolphins. The Keydets are still looking for their first winning season since 1981.

Basketball

Arguably the most famous years for the Keydets were in 1976 and 77. The first year, VMI made their way to the Elite 8 led by future Laker Ron Carter. The Keydets prevailed over Tennessee and DePaul, before bowing to Rutgers 91-75. However, they wouldn't have to wait long for another chance. The next season, VMI edged Duquesne by 7 to get to the Sweet Sixteen. The Keydets second tournament run came to a halt with a 93-78 loss to Kentucky. Since then, VMI has not won a conference championship or made an NCAA tournament appearance. VMI is coached by Duggar Baucom, who will be entering his 9th year in 2013–14. Cameron Hall has been the home of VMI basketball since 1981.

Baseball

Baseball is in fact the oldest sport at VMI, when the team was formed in 1866. Recorded schedules only go back as far as 1951, when the team was under the command of Frank Summers. Since 2004, the Keydets have been coached by Marlin Ikenberry. VMI has been SoCon finalists on numerous occasions, but have never won a SoCon championship and did not win a Big South championship while in that conference.

Wrestling

For 25 years, VMI has been coached by John Trudgeon, a William and Mary graduate, and is assisted by Chris Skrtetkowicz and Jon Kemmerer. Two All-Americans have wrestled for the Institute. In the 1994 NCAA Division I Wrestling Championships, Charlie Branch finished 4th at 142 lbs. Ghanaian wrestler Leslie Apedoe placed sixth in the heavyweight in the 1999 tournament. VMI has played in 1,200-seat Cocke Hall since 1926.

Club sports
Basketball, which plays their games at Cameron Hall along with the varsity team, and competes in the ECBL.
Men's and Women's boxing, which compete in the United States Intercollegiate Boxing Association. The men's team won the 2015 USIBA national championship, and VMI hosted the 2017 USIBA nationals.
Golf, playing in the National Collegiate Club Golf Association.
Grappling
Ice hockey, which competes in the Blue Ridge Hockey Conference at the LaHaye Ice Center.
Marathon
Men's and Women's rugby, which compete in the Virginia Rugby Union, and usually play at Sprinturf Field, the VMI football practice facility.
Soccer, sometimes referred to as the Virginia Military Institute Football Club (VMIFC).
Strength Club, which competes in the United States Power-lifting Association.
Triathlon
Ultimate, which competes in the Ultimate Players Association.
Wrestling, which competes in the National Collegiate Wrestling Association.

Radio networks

Football

Basketball

Baseball


John Brownlee (baritone)

John Donald Mackenzie Brownlee (7 January 190010 January 1969) was an Australian operatic baritone. For most of his professional career he was based in Europe and then United States. He married former Countess Donna Carla Oddone di Feletto in Paris on 29 November 1928, and the couple had a daughter and two sons. He died in New York and was buried in Ferncliff cemetery, Hartsdale.

Biography
John Brownlee was born in Geelong, Victoria. As a boy, he became a junior naval cadet in the Royal Australian Navy, serving during World War I. Following service, he studied accounting. He entered a singing contest in Ballarat, winning first prize even though he had never had a lesson. Several singing engagements followed. One of these, a performance of Messiah, was attended by Nellie Melba, who convinced him to go to Paris for serious study with Dinh Gilly. His debut took place at Covent Garden on 8 June 1926, in the performance of La bohème in which Melba made her farewell appearance. That autumn he was engaged by the Paris Opera, the first time a British subject had been made a permanent member of that company; his Paris debut was in Thaïs in 1927.

In 1934, he appeared in the British film The Private Life of Don Juan.

On 17 February 1937, he appeared for the first time at the Metropolitan Opera. The opera was Rigoletto. Besides making important appearances elsewhere, Brownlee remained a regular at Covent Garden, the Paris Opera, and the Met, making his last performance there in March 1957.

Brownlee's greatest successes were in the Mozart repertory, particularly at the Glyndebourne Festival. He was also acclaimed in Salome and Pelléas et Mélisande. After retiring from singing, Brownlee became a stage director, making his debut at the Met on 27 November 1958 during a performance of Die Fledermaus.

Brownlee died in New York in 1969. An Australian scholarship in his name was first awarded after his death in 1969.

He can be heard on CD as Don Giovanni, as the Count in The Marriage of Figaro, as Don Alfonso in Cosi fan Tutte and as Mercutio in Roméo et Juliette.

Notes


Peckham, Oklahoma

Peckham is an unincorporated community in Kay County, Oklahoma, United States. The community is  northeast of Blackwell. It was named for railroad developer Ed L. Peckham. A post office opened in Peckham on July 15, 1899.


Pyrenacantha malvifolia

Pyrenacantha malvifolia, common name monkey chair, is a rare species of flowering plants in the genus Pyrenacantha belonging to the family Icacinaceae.

Description
Pyrenacantha malvifolia has an  above ground swollen and thickened caudex with a diameter up to . On the top of the caudex emerge some vine-like stems with  green round shaped leaves. These vines in native habitat can reach . Flower are green and quite inconspicuous.

Distribution
This species can be found in central and eastern Africa, in Somalia, Ethiopia, Kenya and Tanzania.

Habitat
This plant grows in the African tropical semi-desert (usually on hill-sides).


Chesterton Academy of the Holy Family

Chesterton Academy of The Holy Family is a Catholic high school located in the Chicago metropolitan area. The school is affiliated with the Roman Catholic Diocese of Joliet in Illinois, by the Most Rev. Daniel R. Conlon.

A cardiologist named Sean Tierney co-founded the school along with local business owner, Brenie Bowles. The school, which uses the curriculum of the Chesterton Academy in Minnesota, opened on August 24, 2015. The curriculum intentionally does not emphasize technology in the classroom, believing that students perform better with traditional learning materials.  The school has many athletic teams, which compete in the IHSA,  including girls' volleyball, boys' and girls' soccer and boys' and girls' basketball. In 2018-2019, their men's rugby team had their debut season.


The 1912–13 North Carolina Tar Heels men's basketball team (variously "North Carolina", "Carolina" or "Tar Heels") was the third varsity college basketball team to represent the University of North Carolina. In September, Lenoir Chambers was announced team captain. North Carolina, along with several other schools from the state, met in Raleigh, North Carolina and formed the North Carolina Intercollegiate Basketball Association that would establish a state championship where each school in the league would play two games against all other members and the team with the best record was the champion. However, the league did not come to fruition partially because Trinity College's professors did not want to have athletic contests with North Carolina. Student–run newspaper The Tar Heel published several pieces where they stated the prior season's poor performance was because the team did not start practicing until after Christmas. Try-outs started in early December, but over time participating students dwindled and scrimmaging became difficult, which prompted Chambers to publish in ad in the student newspaper asking for taller players to come by regardless of their experience.

In January, after exams, the season opened with a four–game home stand. Following an opening one–point loss to the Durham Y.M.C.A., the Tar Heels won back–to–back games by large margins against Davidson College and Elon College. With Redmon out due to an ankle injury, the team faced Emory and Henry College and lost 20–17. The Tar Heels played their next three games on the road, two of which took place at the Raleigh Auditorium, and lost all three games. In one of those losses, the Tar Heels took Wake Forest to overtime, but were outscored 2–1 and lost the match. Carolina snapped their four-game losing streak against Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College and Polytechnic Institute (V.P.I.) in a game where Carolina won handily 29–9. The Tar Heels dropped their next two against Guilford College, who was regarded as the state's premier team that season, and a rematch against Elon where The Tar Heel commented the team played its "weakest game." Carolina ended their season with a rematch against Wake Forest where the Tar Heels led for the entire game and won 19–15.

Roster and schedule
In late September 1912, it was announced that guard Lenoir Chambers was voted to be team captain for the upcoming season. In addition, it was announced baskets would be placed that week on outside tennis courts and hopefully practice would begin in the fall. However, the goals had not been placed by mid–October. In early November, The Tar Heel published a column where it credited the team's poor performance the previous year due to starting practice after Christmas, stating successful programs practiced in October.  The writer commented that at this point captain Chambers had the players "report" and the team managers had not organized a try–out. The writer further mentioned that several students had been playing on the outdoor courts that were set–up and would provide good opportunities to find new members as well as good competition. On Monday December 2 at 8 PM local time, the try–outs started. Several men showed up including returning players Tillett, Carrington, and Smith returned from the previous year, along with Meb Long who played two years ago. At this point, the schedule was rumored to feature 18 to 20 games, including six at home and a road trip into Virginia for several contests against the likes of Randolph–Macon College, University of Virginia, Washington and Lee University, and more.

In early January, another schedule was released with eleven games, but there were hopes to add home contests against NC A&M and Wake Forest. Of the scheduled games listed, a home game against Guilford on March 8 was not played. A home game was scheduled against Wake Forest on March 4, while the NC A&M home game did not materialize. Practice resumed following Christmas break and Chambers led practices each night while coach Nathaniel Cartmell was on temporary leave. The team was thought to have enough tall players and often times the team had at most fifteen men, which made scrimmaging difficult. The first game was to happen after exams were finished. The Tar Heel stated the returning players would help the team be stronger than the previous year. With regards to the new players, it was noted that Ransom was "scrappier than ever." Guard Redman was thought to replace Erwin's void from the year prior. Chambers published an ad in the January 10, 1913 edition of The Tar Heel where he opened saying "We need more men out for the basketball team and we need them badly." Chambers cited a tough schedule and the need for more than just the roughly fifteen candidates for the team to improve and beat Virginia, NC A&M, and Wake Forest. Chambers requested "Tall men of the football type" and encouraged those without experience to try out.

State–wide basketball league

In late October, it was announced that Carolina, along with other in–state schools including Elon College, Guilford College, North Carolina College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts (NC A&M), Trinity College, and Wake Forest, formed a basketball association, the North Carolina Intercollegiate Basketball Association. Representatives from each school met in Raleigh, North Carolina's Yarborough Hotel where they elected officers including North Carolina's manager R. O. Hufmann, who became president. Eligibility rules were agreed upon—which were stricter due to Trinity's concurrent membership of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association—and it was decided that no player would be allowed to participate if they had been in college for longer than four years or participated in any professional sporting events or teams. The scheduling of basketball games was the primary topic covered at the first meeting as it was hoped that each team in attendance would play two games against each other team represented at the meeting. The state championship would then be awarded to the team that had the best record against the conference members, but if a tie happened there would be a series of games in Raleigh's city auditorium. Huffman officially scheduled a game with NC A&M for February 22 in Raleigh, with hopes for a home game during the season. More rules and organization related topics were to be decided upon at later meetings. This was viewed as a positive development because students at North Carolina had been hoping to have competitive engagements with NC A&M and Trinity in basketball and football.

In mid–December, it was reported that the North Carolina Intercollegiate Basketball Association had fallen through, in part, because Trinity faculty did not wish to have any athletic contests with North Carolina, while the students did. A reporter wrote that a rivalry between Trinity and North Carolina would "probably outstrip anything that has ever been seen in this state in any kind of athletics."

|+ Schedule
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!colspan=6 style="background:#4B9CD3; color:#FFFFFF;"| Regular season

Regular season

North Carolina opened their season with a home game against the Durham Y.M.C.A. After teams traded baskets in the first half, Durham led by a single point going into the half, 11–10. The Tar Heels opened the second half scoring six points unanswered before a scoreless period. Durham managed to score eight points to Carolina's three, to retake the lead. Carolina's Redman  then made a basket to take the lead. In the closing seconds, following a jump ball, Durham made a basket and time expired shortly after, giving Durham the win 23–22. Carolina was thought to have had poor teamwork and "weak" passing, while missing ten of sixteen free throw attempts hurt the team as well. The Tar Heel commented that the crowd for the game was "rude" and "semi–civilized," expressing desire to show visiting teams more respect in the future. Davidson College came next to Chapel Hill for a game on February 3. North Carolina shut out Davidson in the first half as they scored 16 points. The Tar Heels were lead by Long and Carrington, who made the majority of the scores on their way to a 42–8 victory. Two days later, North Carolina faced Elon in a fast paced match. The Tar Heels outscored the visitors by double digits each half on their way to a 41–11 win.

Emory and Henry College entered Chapel Hill two days later to face a Carolina team missing Redmon, who was absent due to an ankle injury. Emory scored quickly and then due to "wild and erratic" play, no team scored for a couple minutes until Homewood leveled the score. The teams improved their play and each scored a couple times before Emory took control and went into halftime with a 11–6 lead. Emory continued shooting well in the second half and increased their advantage. Carolina closed the score, but time expired and Emory won 20–17. Twelve hundred spectators packed the Raleigh Auditorium to see North Carolina take on Virginia. Virginia's offense in the first half was dribbling heavy and allowed them to get an early 8–3 lead, while North Carolina rallied with long shots to level the score at 13 for the half. Carolina's Redmon was disqualified for "rough playing" and the crowd yelled furiously at the referee, which stalled the game ten minutes. Homewood replaced Redmon for Carolina, but without Redmon – who had been playing great defense on Virginia's best player – Carolina fouled Virginia several times and their forward Gill converted several attempts. Virginia closed the game out to win 30–19. After the game, The Tar Heel wrote that the team played its best ball of the season in the first half.

The Tar Heels went on the road and faced Wake Forest in what The Tar Heel referred to as a "fine exhibition" where both teams played "hard and rough." The Baptists led entering the half at 14–8. In the second half, North Carolina made a comeback primarily through foul shots, of which Long made 9 of 12 for the game. The second half expired with the teams level at 20, which meant the teams would play a five-minute overtime period. Wake Forest's Holding made one shot in the period, while Carolina's Long made a foul shot. Holding carried Wake Forest to the win behind 20 points. In advance of the matchup against NC A&M, Carolina students who had season tickets were announced to have gotten free admission to the game in Raleigh on February 22. This likely contributed to what was reported as the largest crowd to attend a basketball game in North Carolina at 2,500 people. This was the first contest between the schools, aside from track meets, in seven years. The teams played slowly and each played tight defense in the first half, which resulted in a 9–6 score in favor of NC A&M. Each team's play intensified in the second half and several shots were made from long distance. The Farmers' Sumner made a long shot with a backwards throw over his head en route to a 26–18 victory.

Three days later, back in Chapel Hill, V.P.I. and North Carolina squared off and went scoreless for the first five minutes, before Carolina's Long made a foul shot. Carolina then scored nine more points while shutting out V.P.I. V.P.I. managed to only score five points in the first half and four in the secondm, unable to counter the Tar Heels' offense, the final score was 29–9 in favor of Carolina. The Tar Heel praised the North Carolina squad's teamwork in the game. Guilford, regarded as the best team in the state, were led by forward Benbow who proceeded to score 32 of the team's 44 points as they beat the Tar Heels. Carolina's next game was a rematch against Elon on March 1. Carolina won the first half 12–9, but Elon overcame that deficit and took the lead and won the game behind a great performance from Johnson. The Tar Heel wrote that this was Carolina's "weakest game of the season." The final game of the season was a rematch against Wake Forest. Carolina led the whole game and won the game 19–15. Carrington was the game's leading scorer with three field goals.


Lea Moutoussamy

Lea Melissa Moutoussamy (ليا ميليسا موتوسامي) is a right-handed Algerian sabre fencer.  At the 2012 Summer Olympics she competed in the Women's sabre, losing in the first round to Russian Sofiya Velikaya by a score of 15–6. When she competed in 2012, she was the youngest fencer to ever have participated in the Olympics; she was 14 years and 288 days old.

Moutoussamy was born on October 18, 1997, in Paris, France.  She fences with the club US Metro, in Paris.


Lawson Sibley

Lawson Sibley (1836-March 18, 1898) was an American businessman and  politician who served as  the Mayor of Springfield, Massachusetts in 1892.

Notes