Robert M. Wilson Jr.

Robert M. Wilson Jr. (April 28, 1952 – August 3, 2012) was an Arkansas lawyer.

Biography

Early life and education
Robert M. Wilson Jr. (Robby Wilson)  was born in Little Rock, Arkansas on April 28, 1952. His father, now deceased, Bob Wilson, a World War II veteran and Air Force pilot, spent a career in building and banking and, to this day, remains active in both careers. His grandfather, Winston P. Wilson Sr., originally from Tennessee, had been the President of Ouachita Baptist College in Arkadelphia, Arkansas, an author, an adventurer, and once ran for governor. His company is called "The Wilson Company, Inc." and is still run by his Winston's family.  Robert's great uncle, Winston P. (Wimpy) Wilson Jr., joined the military very early, served in World War II and was instrumental in the creation of the National Guard Bureau in America. He was inducted posthumously into the Aviation Hall of Fame in 2000. In 1960, Robert's brother, Charles Arthur Wilson, was born in Little Rock.

Wilson attended pre-school and elementary school at the Anthony School. He then attended Forest Heights Junior High and Hall High School, graduating in 1970 (receiving no honors). During those years he attended, intermittently, boarding and military schools. In the summer of 1970, he enlisted in the Arkansas Air National Guard and attended basic training at Lackland Air Force Base in San Antonio, Texas. Upon its successful conclusion, he then enrolled at the University of Arkansas (spring semester 1971), where he pledged Kappa Sigma fraternity and lived in the Fraternity House. He was initiated in the fall of 1971 and received the designation of "Model Pledge".

In June 1972, he moved to Washington, DC to work on the staff of Arkansas Senator John McClellan, where he was employed on the "Senator's Only" elevator in the U.S. Capitol through "patronage" employment. This was during the very exciting Watergate Hearings and he met several young and promising attorneys soon to be famous, such as Fred Thompson (later Senator from Tennessee and movie star) and Hillary Rodham. There he attended American University.

In the fall of 1973, Robert returned to the University of Arkansas and graduated with a BA, majoring in political science in 1975. His academic requirements necessary for his degree was completed in August 1974, so that he could enter law school that same month. Robert began law school in August 1974, where he remained until graduation in the spring of 1977.  Robert was a member of Phi Alpha Delta fraternity and served two terms as Treasurer of the Student Bar Association. In 1976, he was honorably discharged from the Arkansas Air National Guard having dutifully completed his term of enlistment. In July 1977, he unsuccessfully sat for the bar, passing it in the spring of 1978. Wilson & Associates was founded at that time.

Career
Wilson's career spans 4 decades.  Originally organized as Robert M Wilson, Jr, PA and in partnership with other Professional Associations (PA's) he practiced law in Little Rock, Arkansas, from 1978 until 1979 as a member of "Hamilton, O'Hara and Hays".  Founded by Senior Partner, Mr. William P. Hamilton Jr., (Wilson's early mentor) it included the future Mayor of North Little Rock, Patrick Henry Hays. From 1979 until 1982, the firm was called, Hamilton, Mackey, Wilson, Johnson and Wood. Becoming an established Pulaski, County Arkansas full service law firm. The partners exhibited client and bar approval on both sides of the Arkansas River in Little Rock and North Little Rock. Former Little Rock Mayor, Frank Mackey brought political depth and influence to the young firm. In 1982, the firm transitioned once again, from a full service general practice representing numerous different kinds of diverse interests to one of a limited practice with real estate and tax related matters as its focus.  The firm, then called Wilson & Wood was built upon Wilson's cornerstone relationship with Union National Bank of Little Rock and David Wood's well respected tax law practice.  Joining them the following year was the experienced trial lawyer, David Hargis, the trio practiced as Wilson, Wood and Hargis for three years. Foreseeing ever increasing client conflicts arising between their growing practices, the trio amiably parted ways in the fall of 1985 and Wilson, changed the name of his practice from, Robert M Wilson Jr PA to Wilson & Associates PLLC and so it has remained through the current time.

1n 2008, Wilson left the full-time daily practice of law but has remained in active temporary practice with his firms.

Wilson History & Research Center
In January 2008, Wilson founded the Wilson History and Research Center, a non-profit lending institution dedicated to locating, acquiring, authenticating and disseminating headgear of the 20th Century. Launching this virtual museum allowed Wilson to concentrate his energy on developing the underlying core relationships which will take the Sec. 501(c)3 not for profit foundation forward as a principal center for research and study regarding the development of military headgear of all nations in the 20th century.  The vision of the foundation and indeed of Wilson himself is that the Center will reach out to every person interested in these specific studies.  The virtual museum acquires examples of the nearly 10 million unique pieces which were designed, approved and manufactured, by direct purchase, charitable gift or consent of the owner to publish their gallery within the structure of the web site.  As of January 2013, after Robby's death, the museum is unfortunately in the process of closing its doors.  Robby's goal of collecting and disseminating 10 million unique pieces was not achieved.

Gift of Piper
On May 24, 2009, Wilson donated a completely restored Piper L-3 Grasshopper, spotter plane to the renowned D-Day Museum, dedicated to the paratroopers of the US, Musee-Airborne  in St. Marie Eglise, Normandy, France.  Captivated a year earlier by the description of this venerated museum's charter, by Patrick Brunel, the Museum's Curator, Wilson, embarked upon a personal quest to locate not only an authentic Piper Cub, but one whose serial number would indicate that the plane could easily have been involved in the invasion of Europe.  Luck being on his side, Wilson soon found and acquired a perfect example in Saarbruken, German and acquired it from Herr, Bernard Gross, its owner.  The gift was a part of the 65th D-Day remembrance and in most part was in Wilson's words, an "attempt to honor the memory of those who gave so much so that we may have our freedom."

XRF Technology
In addition to the many activities that WHRC is involved the organization was instrumental in the endorsement of X-Ray Fluorescence technology into the world of collecting steel helmets.  The process pioneered by David May of Florida helps point to authentic versus counterfeit military helmets. it is estimated that nearly one out of every five collectable helmets sold were reproductions sold as authentic.  Bringing the light of science upon this dark practice, it is hoped, will clear the false and fraudulent pieces from the archives of the world and bring relative confidence that what is being offered by enthusiasts and museums alike are real and authentic.

Children
Robert Wilson has two children, Robert M. Wilson, III, born in 1987, and Jillian Herrick Wilson, born in 1989. Robert currently serves as a Deputy Prosecutor for Pulaski County, Arkansas.  Jillian is an attorney with Wilson & Associates, PLLC, where she practices real estate law in Little Rock, Arkansas.

Philanthropy
Wilson has always felt that active participation in the development of social and professional responsibility is the concomitant obligation of the benefit of education, professional development and personal stability.  His theory of giving back to any organization or institution "more than it gives to you" is the cornerstone of his philanthropy.

Jazz - Beginning as a DJ at the University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, in 1973, Wilson has been a lifelong advocate of increasing the understanding and enjoyment in this musical art form.  Working with premier Jazz drummer Dave Rogers, in Little Rock, Wilson funded 16 years of developmental extemporaneous jazz performances.  The Monday Night Jazz Project at the afterthought, brought hundreds of musicians together in Little Rock and became the fundamental measure for a young musician stepping up into the role of Jazzman.  Wilson received the 2010 Jazzman of the Year award for his efforts from the Arkansas Jazz Heritage Foundation.  The 16-year project came to an end in May 2011.

Cancer - In March 2010 Wilson was diagnosed with terminal esophageal cancer.  After treatment at the Winthrop P Rockefeller Cancer Treatment Center at the University of Arkansas Medical School in Little Rock he was found in January 2010 to be cancer free.  He was named as one of the Faces of Cancer for 2011 by the American Cancer Society and has participated in continuing the development of growing awareness of this illness.  In April, 2011 additional cancer was found and surgically removed.  Wilson devoted a large percentage of his last days to Cancer Awareness and recovery and the hope that Cancer could be cured.

Licenses
Arkansas State and Federal Courts, 1978
United States Supreme Court, 1986
Texas State Courts, 1991
Tennessee State Courts, 1996

Published works
Author:
Act 57 of 1987 (Statutory Foreclosure)
Act 15 of 1988 Extraordinary Session (Super Lien)
Act 983 of 1999 (numerous statutory foreclosure amendments)
Various publications, textbooks and treatises on mortgage and real estate law in the State of Arkansas

Most Recent Articles:
"Arkansas Electronic Records & Signatures Act" - Featured in the USFN Report, Jul-Aug 2000 issue
"Private Communications - Attorney-Client Privilege: Do You Still Have One?" - Featured in the USFN Report, Jul & Aug 2001 & The Daily Record, Aug 2001
"Arkansas Ventures Into Cyber Notice" - The USFN Report, May-Jun 2001; also featured as "Arkansas Ventures Into Internet Notice" - Servicing Management, Aug 2001

Books
Exotische: Rare Cloth Headgear of the Third Reich, with co-author Paul Sack

Awards
 Mortgage Bankers of Arkansas President's Award of Excellence (1987–1988 and 1993–1994)


Panssarimiina m/44

The Panssarimiina m/44 is a Finnish anti-tank blast mine. It entered service in 1944 and was used during the Second World War and Continuation War. The mine used a wooden case, consisting of an upper box containing the main charge and a downward facing fuze, this was placed into a sturdy wooden tray, larger than the box. Enough pressure on the upper box resulted in the upper box collapsing into the lower tray and triggering the detonator.

Specifications
 Height: 0.115 m
 Length: 0.31 m
 Weight: 8.5 kg
 Explosive content: 5 kg of TNT
 Operating pressure: 350 kg


Presidium of the Bundesrat

The Präsidium of the Bundesrat in Germany is responsible for various functions, including the Bundesrat's budget allocation and other internal matters. The current President of the Bundesrat is Daniel Günther, the Minister President of Schleswig-Holstein, whose one-year term started on 1 November 2018. The President convenes and chairs plenary sessions of the body and is formally responsible for representing the Bundesrat of Germany. He or she is aided by two vice-presidents who play an advisory role and deputise in the president's absence. The three constitute the Präsidium of the Bundesrat.

If the office of Federal President of Germany is vacant, the President of the Bundesrat serves as acting Federal President.


Paesaggio Urbano

Paesaggio Urbano - Urban Design is a bimonthly magazine focusing on architecture and urban design, founded in 1989, published by Gruppo Maggioli.
The magazine offers a multi-disciplinary approach on urban phenomena like sociology, urban typology, economics, architecture and local and international cultural trends. The main focus of the magazine is the urban transformation and the analysis of influencing factors that impact on contemporary architecture. Since 2010 the magazine has started its internationalization process offering contents in English as part of its major restyle in 2011.

Every issue include a monographic dossier focusing on specific topics, like colour, building renovation, sustainability and urban design related themes.

Organisation

Editorial board
 Editor in Chief: Amalia Maggioli
 Director: Marcello Balzani
 Vice Director: Nicola Marzot

Scientific Committee
Paolo Baldeschi (University of Florence, Architecture)
Lorenzo Berna (University of Perugia, Engineering)
Marco Bini (University of Florence, Architecture)
Ricky Burdett (London School of Economics)
Giovanni Carbonara (University Valle Giulia, Rome, Architecture)
Manuel Gausa (University of Genova, Architecture)
Pierluigi Giordani (University of Padova, Engineering)
Giuseppe Guerrera (University of Palermo, Architecture)
Thomas Herzog (Technische Universität München)
Winy Maas (Technische Universiteit Delft)
Francesco Moschini (Polytechnic University of Bari)
Attilio Petruccioli (Polytechnic University of Bari)
Franco Purini (University Valle Giulia, Rome, Architecture)
Carlo Quintelli (University of Parma, Architecture)
Alfred Rütten  (Friedrich Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg)
Livio Sacchi (University of Chieti-Pescara, Architecture)
Pino Scaglione (University of Trento, Engineering)
Giuseppe Strappa (University Valle Giulia, Rome, Architecture)
Kimmo Suomi (University of Jyväskylä)
Francesco Taormina (University Tor Vergata, Rome, Engineering)

Web Site and the Vimeo Channel
The magazine went online and created a web site to make its archive available to a wider audience. The website is constantly updated with the latest issues.
Issues released before 2010 present magazines' covers and the complete table of contents. Issues published from 2011 presents English abstracts of all articles and an English version of the main articles.
Since 2012 the magazine launched a Vimeo channel offering a number of videos and documentaries which complete the èrinted articles and provide more insights on the leading topics.


Russian replenishment oiler Academic Pashin

Academic Pashin is a replenishment oiler of Project 23130 and the lead vessel of the class. Developed by the Spetssudoproect JSC, it is the first replenishmet oiler commissioned with the Russian Navy since the end of the Cold War. The ship is named after the Hero of the Russian Federation Valentin Pashin.

History
The construction of Academic Pashin was carried out under a state contract for the Russian Defence Ministry, signed in November 2013. The ship was laid down on 26 May 2014, during a keel lying ceremony at the Nevsky Shipyard in Saint Petersburg. It was first scheduled for delivery by late 2016.

On 18 March 2016, the ship's hull was rolled out of the construction hall, to start pre-finishing works before its launching on the water. It was launched on 26 May 2016.

On 17 May 2018, it has started first stage of its sea trials in the Ladoga Lake. In September 2018, the ship arrived in Kronstadt, where it was to join the Russian Navy by the year end.

In early 2019, the trials continued in the Baltic Sea, where the ship's interaction with deck helicopters was worked out. The Ka-27PS helicopters were delivering various cargoes onto the ship and back to shore. Academic Pashin successfully completed the trials in late June 2019, and was commissioned on 21 January 2020.


Zaoshi, Chaling

Zaoshi Town () is an urban town  in Chaling County, Zhuzhou City, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China.

Cityscape
The town is divided into 18 villages and 1 community, the following areas: Zaoshi Community, Guantang Village, Dongling Village, Xiling Village, Yankou Village, Zaoyuan Village, Dongtou Village, Lingguan Village, Jingyuan Village, Wuxing Village, Chebei Village, Sashui Village, Tianjia Village, Houquan Village, Dachong Village, Huxing Village, Duijiang Village, Caobai Village, and Haitan Village.


Walt Peacosh

Walt Peacosh (September 16, 1935 – July 23, 2017) was a Canadian former ice hockey player. Peacosh was a member of the Trail Smoke Eaters who won a gold medal at the 1961 World Ice Hockey Championships in Switzerland. He also played professionally with the Spokane Comets and Vancouver Canucks.


Battle of Kaiserslautern (1794)

The Battle of Kaiserslautern (23 May 1794) saw an army from the Kingdom of Prussia and Electoral Saxony led by Wichard Joachim Heinrich von Möllendorf fall upon a single French Republican division under Jean-Jacques Ambert from the Army of the Moselle. The Prussians tried to surround their outnumbered adversaries but most of the French evaded capture. Nevertheless, Möllendorf's troops inflicted casualties on the French in the ratio of nine-to-one and occupied Kaiserslautern. While the Prussians won this triumph on an unimportant front, the French armies soon began winning decisive victories in Belgium and the Netherlands. The battle occurred during the War of the First Coalition, part of the French Revolutionary Wars. In 1794 Kaiserslautern was part of the Electoral Palatinate but today the city is located in the state of Rhineland-Palatinate in Germany about  west of Mannheim.

In December 1793, the French drove the soldiers of Habsburg Austria and Prussia from French soil in the Second Battle of Wissembourg and took positions beyond the eastern frontier. That spring the Army of the Moselle sent heavy reinforcements to northeast France, leaving the Rhine front lightly defended by troops under Jean René Moreaux. Taking advantage of French weakness, the main Prussian assault was aimed at Ambert who could only try to save as many of his troops as possible. Also on 23 May an Austro-Prussian army attacked the Army of the Rhine under Claude Ignace François Michaud but was repulsed at the Battle of Schifferstadt. After losing Kaiserslautern, the two French armies withdrew to positions closer to the frontier. Having expended almost the only initiative they displayed in 1794, the Prussians allowed their offensive to sputter to a halt.

Background
On 26 December 1793, Lazare Hoche, in overall command of his own Army of the Moselle and Jean-Charles Pichegru's Army of the Rhine defeated the Coalition army of Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser in the Second Battle of Wissembourg. Though part of the Prussian army of Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel intervened late in the day, it could only keep the French from launching a close pursuit. Three days later, Wurmser's army crossed to the east bank of the Rhine River at Philippsburg. The two French armies pressed north along the west bank of the Rhine and relieved the siege of Landau. Brunswick's Prussians withdrew all the way to Worms and Oppenheim.

While the right wing of the Army of the Moselle advanced to Speyer, the left wing under Jean René Moreaux occupied Kaiserslautern on 1 January 1794. The French pursued as far north as Bad Kreuznach before encountering Prussian resistance and falling back to Kaiserslautern. On 18 January the Coalition garrison withdrew from Fort-Louis and blew up the fortifications. On 14 January Pichegru was relieved in command of the Army of the Rhine by Claude Ignace François Michaud. This ended the constant bickering that had sprung up between him and Hoche. The Prussians were not fully committed to the war because their leaders were divided over whether it was more important to crush the French Revolution or participate in the Third Partition of Poland. As it was, Prussia wished to leave the Coalition at the end of 1793, but kept fighting in 1794 when the United Kingdom paid to keep 60,000 of its troops in the field. Fed up with interference from King Frederick William II, who was more interested in Poland, Brunswick resigned command of the army.

On 19 February 1794, the Army of the Moselle under Hoche counted the divisions of Jean Étienne Championnet, Claude François Desbureaux, Jacques Maurice Hatry, François Joseph Lefebvre, Moreaux, Antoine Morlot and Nicolas Augustin Paillard. The army numbered 76,489 but there were only 47,665 effectives. Orders from the government arrived to advance on Trier which Hoche objected to because the army lacked boots and many other supplies. The advance started anyway but it was quickly called off and the army took up winter quarters along the Blies and Saar Rivers. By this time Committee of Public Safety had come to mistrust Hoche as too successful and therefore a threat. Hoche was put under arrest and remained in prison until the Thermidorian Reaction when Maximilien Robespierre and his associates were sent to the guillotine. On 10 March 1794 Jean-Baptiste Jourdan was ordered to assume command of the Army of the Moselle.

On 15 March, Jourdan ordered the army's left wing to advance to Arlon while giving Moreaux command of the army's right wing. Setting up his headquarters at Blieskastel, Moreaux moved his divisions forward with his right flank in Kaiserslautern. Meanwhile, the army's left wing occupied Arlon on 15 April. At first the 21,788-man left wing was under the command of Hatry. On 2 May, Jourdan personally took command of the army's left wing and reinforced it so that it numbered 56,014 troops, although there were only 31,548 effectives. The left wing included the divisions of Championnet, Hatry, Lefebvre and Morlot. These headed north with Jourdan and left the eastern theater altogether. Though Jourdan nominally led the army until 25 June, for all practical purposes the Army of the Moselle (that is, the right wing) was under the command of Moreaux from 2 May.

Moreaux received some reinforcements taken from the Army of the Rhine so that he had 25,000 soldiers in three divisions thinly deployed between Longwy on the west and Kaiserslautern on the east. Meanwhile, the Army of the Rhine under Claude Ignace François Michaud counted 38,500 men, but only 30,000 were able to take the field. These were spread out along the Speyerbach River between Speyer and Neustadt an der Weinstrasse, with Louis Desaix's division on the right by the Rhine. Moreaux's positions were vulnerable to attack from Wichard Joachim Heinrich von Möllendorf's Prussian army to his front and the Austrians in Trier and Luxembourg City on his left. Michaud's army faced the Prussian left wing under Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen and the Habsburg Austrians led by Friedrich Wilhelm, Fürst zu Hohenlohe-Kirchberg.

Combat of Kaiserslautern

Though aware of the weakness of his defense lines, Moreaux did not want to retreat, possibly because he was masking Jourdan's transfer of troops to the north. Kaiserslautern was held by the division of Jean-Jacques Ambert with eight battalions, a cavalry regiment and two squadrons of chasseurs à cheval. Many of the soldiers were raw recruits and some were not even armed. One of the few veteran battalions was commanded by Nicolas Oudinot. Anxious about the position, Moreaux sent Laurent Gouvion Saint-Cyr, an adjutant general whose advice he trusted, to look over the ground. Saint-Cyr advised Ambert to retreat but that general had orders to hold his ground though he had only 5,000 troops. Meanwhile, Möllendorf chose to make his main effort against Kaiserslautern.

Möllendorf massed 46,000 Prussian and Electoral Saxon troops in 43 battalions, four companies, 42 squadrons and 10 1/2 batteries. The divisions were commanded by Friedrich Adolf, Count von Kalckreuth, Alexander von Knobelsdorff, Franz Kasimir von Kleist, Friedrich Gisbert Wilhelm von Romberg, Ernst von Rüchel, and Duke Louis of Württemberg. Kalckreuth's Prussian units included the Infantry Regiments Crousaz Nr. 39 (two battalions), Hertzberg Nr. 47 (grenadier battalion) and Borch Nr. 39 (three battalions) and three squadrons of the Bayreuth Dragoon Regiment Nr. 5. Kalckreuth's Saxon contingent was made up of one battalion each of Infantry Regiments Langenau, Lindt, Prinz Max and Prinz Xaver, four squadrons each of the Kurfürst Cuirassier and Albrecht Chevau-léger Regiments and two squadrons of the Hussar Regiment. Kalckreuth led one Saxon howitzer battery and two foot and 1/2 horse artillery batteries of Prussians. The remaining divisions were composed entirely of Prussian troops and invariably counted three infantry battalions in each infantry regiment.

Knobelsdorf's division comprised the Infantry Regiments Thadden Nr. 3, Kalckstein Nr. 5 and Kleist Nr. 12, the Thadden Fusilier Battalion Nr. 13, two squadrons of the Eben Hussar Regiment Nr. 2, one Jäger company and one foot artillery battery. Kleist's division was made up of the Infantry Regiments Knobelsdorff Nr. 27 and Prinz Ferdinand Nr. 34, two squadrons of the Voss Dragoon Regiment Nr. 11 and one foot artillery battery. Romberg's division consisted of the Infantry Regiments Brunswick Nr. 21, Prinz Heinrich Nr. 35 and Köthen Nr. 48, the Eben Hussars, one Jäger company and one foot artillery battery. Rüchel's division had the Infantry Regiments Rüchel Nr. 30 and Wolframsdorff Nr. 37, the Ernest Fusilier Battalion Nr. 19, three squadrons each of the Eben Hussars and Voss Dragoons, three Jäger companies and one horse and two foot artillery batteries. Württemberg's cavalry division included five squadrons each of the Leib Cuirassier Nr. 3, Borstell Cuirassier Nr. 7 and Lottum Dragoon Nr. 1 Regiments and one foot artillery battery.

On 23 May, Ambert and Saint-Cyr heard the sound of gunfire and rode out to investigate. They discovered that the Army of the Rhine was under assault to the east. Saint-Cyr convinced Ambert that it was time to withdraw, since it was likely that their own lines would soon be attacked in force. Before anything more could be done, the Prussian attack materialized. Saint-Cyr successfully managed the retreat of the forward elements behind the Lauter River. Then Ambert determined to retreat in two columns, personally taking the left column while Saint-Cyr led the right column. Möllendorf planned to envelop and capture Ambert's division entirely, sending out Kleist's division to head off the French retreat. A flying column under Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher was sent to cut the link between the two French armies but this effort failed. The French were favored by the terrain in which the roads to the rear went through narrow passages, difficult for a pursuer to follow.

Saint-Cyr put his cavalry and artillery in the middle of his leading unit and was able to avoid pursuit. His column arrived at Trippstadt as the town was being attacked by Kleist. This lucky accident allowed Saint-Cyr's column to easily brush off Kleist's division and escape. Ambert's column had more trouble. His infantry was supposed to hold the edge of a forest until the cavalry and artillery of the rear guard reached it. By some error, the foot soldiers continued on their march. The Prussian horsemen routed their adversaries and the defeated French cavalry stampeded through the ranks of their own infantry, causing chaos. Oudinot's battalion, made of sterner stuff, chased off the Prussian cavalry and returned to the edge of the woods where they recovered some of the abandoned artillery. However, they were unable to drag away the guns because the horse teams had been killed. Continuing the withdrawal, Oudinot's men encountered a Prussian roadblock, but forced their way through. The two retreating columns reassembled at Pirmasens except for some soldiers who fled as far as Bitche. At Kaiserslautern the French lost about 1,000 men killed, wounded or missing in addition to 17 artillery pieces and two colors. Total Prussian casualties were 110 while Saxon losses were unknown but very light.

Combat of Schifferstadt
Meanwhile, the Coalition attack along the Rhine was repulsed by the divisions of Desaix and Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino. At Schifferstadt the French lost 500 killed and wounded out of 20,000 men engaged while the Coalition suffered 900 casualties out of 30,000. The Austrian forces engaged were the grenadiers of Infantry Regiments Reisky Nr. 13, Wilhelm Schröder Nr. 26, Strassoldo Nr. 27 and Olivier Wallis Nr. 29. The Bavarians involved in the clash were two battalions of the Combined Infantry Regiment and four squadrons of the Combined Chevau-léger Regiment.

Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen's Prussian infantry included three battalions each of Infantry Regiments Manstein Nr. 9, Romberg Nr. 10 and Hohenlohe Nr. 32, two battalions each of Infantry Regiments Schladen Nr. 41 and Kunitzky Nr. 42, Fusilier Battalions Renouard Nr. 2 and Martini Nr. 10 and two Jäger companies. The cavalry consisted of five squadrons each of Cuirassier Regiments Saxe-Weimar Nr. 6 and Leib-Carabinier Nr. 11, Dragoon Regiments Schmettau Nr. 2 and Katte Nr. 4 and Hussar Regiment Goltz Nr. 8 plus 10 squadrons of Hussar Regiment Wolfradt Nr. 6. There were five foot and two horse artillery batteries.

Results

After the loss of Kaiserslautern, the Army of the Moselle withdrew to the Saar while the Army of the Rhine retreated behind the Queich River to Landau. Möllendorf would have done better by following Jourdan to the north. His minor victory at Kaiserslautern was greatly overmatched by Jourdan's decisive triumph at the Battle of Fleurus. Möllendorf's offensive quickly ground to a halt and the Prussians set about building a series of armed camps to hold their newly captured territory. The next action in the theater occurred on 13-17 July in the Battle of Trippstadt.  At the end of this battle on 17 July, the French occuppied Kaiserslautern and moved forward to the Speyerbach again, wiping out all of the Coalition's recent gains.

Moreaux recognized the conduct of Saint-Cyr and Oudinot in his order of the day. On 10 June National Convention deputy Nicolas Hentz insisted that Saint-Cyr be elevated to general of brigade since he already commanded a brigade. When Saint-Cyr objected, the politician compelled him to accept the promotion by threatening to put him under police observation. Within a few days Hentz again promoted him to general of division. Saint-Cyr gave the excuse that another general with the same family name, Louis-Jean-Baptiste Gouvion was in disgrace and that suspicion would fall on himself. Hentz overrode this objection saying, "Is it only that? Can a brave man like you be hindered from serving the Republic well because there is a rascal in his family? You shall be general of division. I will it!" Saint-Cyr's fears were well-founded. In 1793, the revolutionaries executed 17 generals and in 1794 the number rose to 67. Saint-Cyr was assigned command of the 2nd Division of the Army of the Rhine while Oudinot received the rank of general of brigade in the Army of the Moselle.

Notes


George Ramogi

George Ramogi (1945–1997) was a Kenyan musician, who empowered the traditional luo benga and rumba genre of music. Ramogi was known for his spur of the good life and his notable appearances at bars and clubs in western Kenya-Nyanza region. During the beginning of his career.George is believed to have been the real force behind “benga” as a genre.

Biography

It was in 1965 that Ramogi and colleagues started the Luo Sweet Band, later changed to Continental Kilo Jazz Band (or C.K. Jazz). The nucleus of this group had been performing together, on and off, right up to Ramogi’s death at the age of 52 in 1997.

In 1994, a small group of Kenyans in the United States pooled their resources to bring Ramogi and band to the US to perform. The "Safari" CD, recorded in the US, is an outgrowth of that tour and, in fact, contains praise songs (as is common) for several of the individuals who organised the tour. Although not a very polished production, it’s certainly authentic benga and it has its moments of greatness. The cassette contains more songs from the same recording session and somewhat better audio quality.

Ramogi has also been recognised through his recordings with other Kenyan musicians such as Were Carey, Ochieng Kabaselleh, Daniel Owino Misiani and Tom Kodiyo.
He created  C.K Dumbe Dumbe Jazz band in response to the popular Zairean group Orchestre Lipua Lipua. Dumbe Dumbe is a Luo word for the children playing in the rain (nyithindo go dumbe dumbe).More on George Ramogi is coming up in soon to be published book by longtime friend of George Ramogi Mr Mondeng Wetaler.The book shines the light on a humble beginning of George Ramogi to star-studded funeral  of the all charismatic and famous son of Weta Kamwala.


Janet Gunn

Janet Gunn (born as Janet Lynn Fulkerson on November 2, 1961) is an American actress. She appeared in films Night of the Running Man (1995) and The Quest (1996), and from 1996 to 1999 starred as Detective Cassandra St. John in the USA Network crime drama series, Silk Stalkings.

Early life
Gunn was born in Fort Worth, Texas. She graduated in 1980 from W.E. Boswell High School in Saginaw, Texas where she was active in school dramas and plays. She was also a varsity cheerleader and was elected Homecoming Queen her senior year. Standing at 5'3", she worked at a variety of jobs, including a car saleswoman, personal assistant, flight attendant with Southwest Airlines and as one of the Dallas Cowboy Cheerleaders for two seasons in the early 1980s. Her opening into acting began as Susan Howard's stunt double on the television series Dallas in 1988.

Career
Gunn had starring role of Kelly Cochran in the CBS series Dark Justice from 1992 to 1993. From 1996 to 1999, she starred as Detective Cassandra St. John on the USA Network series Silk Stalkings. Gunn also guest starred on In the Heat of the Night, Dream On, Diagnosis: Murder, CSI: Crime Scene Investigation and Crossing Jordan. Her film credits include Night of the Running Man (1995), The Quest (1996), The Nurse (1997), and Getting There (2002).

Filmography

Film

Television
 Dark Justice (1991) TV Series .... Kelly Cochrane (unknown episodes, 1992–1993)
 Silk Stalkings .... Det. Sgt. Cassandra "Cassy" St. John / ... (38 episodes, 1996–1999)
 The Fugitive .... Becca Ross (2001)


Marcella Martin

Marcella Martin (June 5, 1916 – October 31, 1986) was an American actress, remembered for her role as Cathleen Calvert in Gone with the Wind (1939).

Born in Illinois, Marcella Martin lived with her first husband John Martin in Shreveport (Louisiana) in the late 1930s. She appeared in a local amateur theatre, where she was found by Hollywood agents who were Searching for Scarlett. Martin was screen-tested for playing Scarlett O'Hara in David O. Selznick's Gone with the Wind and was for some weeks a leading candidate for the role. Selznick's agent Maxwell Arnow described Martin as "quite good looking" with a "nice figure". Arnow also called her a "grand actress" and "without doubt (...) the best of the hundreds of people that I interviewed during my trip".

Scarlett O'Hara was later played by Vivien Leigh in the film, but Martin also received a credited supporting part as Southern belle Cathleen Calvert, who tells Scarlett O'Hara at the Twelve Oaks staircase about Rhett Butler. She also served as Leigh's coach in Southern dialect through the movie and was reportedly her roommate on location. Marcella Martin later played love interests to the leading role in the Columbia Pictures movies West of Tombstone (1942) and  The Man Who Returned to Life (1942). In the 1960s she appeared in a supporting role in the film Voyage to the End of the Universe (1964) and played Ruth Collier in the episode Boomerang of the television series The F.B.I..

Marcella Martin was married three times and died in 1986 at the age of 70 years. She is buried at Saint Marys Cemetery in Champaign, Illinois.

Filmography
 Gone with the Wind (1939) - Cathleen Calvert
 West of Tombstone (1942) - Carol Barnet
 The Man Who Returned to Life (1942) - Daphne Turner
  Voyage to the End of the Universe (1964)
 The F.B.I. (1969, TV Series) - Ruth Collier

External links


Young Sinners (play)

Young Sinners is a comedic play by Elmer Harris that first premiered at the Morosco Theatre in New York on November 28, 1929. The three act play was first revived at the New Yorker Theatre on April 20, 1931. It was then revived again at the Ambassador Theatre in New York on March 6, 1933. The cast changed during each revival, but Dorothy Appleby played Constance Sinclair in the original and the two revivals. The 1931 film Young Sinners is based on the play.

1933 cast
Maida Carrell as Madge Trowbridge
Paul Clare as Bud Springer
Virginia Lloyd as Betty Biddle
David Morris as Jimmy Stephens
John Bramhall as Butler
Dorothy Appleby as Constance Sinclair
Hilda Spong as Mrs. Sinclair
Alfred Hesse as Baron von Konitz
Jackson Halliday as Gene Gibson
Percy Moore as John Gibson
Arthur Bower as Trent
Ralph Sumpter as Manager of Apartment House
Dorothy Dianne as Alice Lewis
Frank Shannon as Tom Maguire
Paddy Reynolds as Maggie Maguire
Freddie Stange as Tim


Heaton Norris railway station

Heaton Norris railway station was a railway station in Stockport, England, which opened in 1840 and closed in 1959.

Further reading


Trenton Gardens, New Jersey

Trenton Gardens is an unincorporated community located within Hamilton Township in Mercer County, New Jersey, United States.


Benn Fraker

Thomas Bennett "Benn" Fraker (born February 23, 1989, in Rome, Georgia) is an American slalom canoeist who competed at the international level from 2004 to 2014. He finished sixth in the C1 event at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing.

Early life
Fraker was born in Rome, Georgia, on February 23, 1989. He soon moved to Peachtree City, Georgia, where his family resides today. His parents, Tom and Marsha Fraker, supported him by driving him to different parts of the country to paddle more challenging rivers. He has a younger brother, Davis, and a younger sister, Addie, who are involved in different athletic sports. Davis is a 4A state record holder in track and field events discus, shot put, and hammer throw. Benn had been training for over ten years in kayaking and canoeing. Initially he started by watching his father, Tom Fraker, paddle recreationally. He began playing with his dad's kayaking equipment in the pool and later attempted to paddle down rivers. He was a soccer player until he developed Sever's disease in his heel, which is caused by overuse and small injuries to the growth plates. The disease required Fraker to stay off his feet. Kayaking and canoeing allowed him to recover from the disease and still stay active in sports. He started to get involved in the sport around the age of eleven or twelve.

Career
Fraker competed in many events since he was in middle school, but his first major accomplishment that set the stage for the Olympics was the Junior Pre-World Championships in 2005. He was coached by Cathy Hearn (the USACK canoe coach and multi-time world champion) and her brother Davey Hearn (three-time Olympian, and two-time World Champion) Since the World Junior Championships occurred only every other year, the major event for 2005 was the Junior Pre-World Championships. He had major competition in the C1 event and struggled with a gate penalty on the first run, but finished the event with a 192.19 total time to win the event. The Pre-Worlds allowed Fraker to compete against the best juniors in the world. Proceeding to the 2006 World Junior Championships, Fraker finished fifth setting the stage for senior level competition. Although it's a difficult task to transfer from junior to senior level competition, Fraker proceeded to win the US Team Trials in 2007 and become first boat on the senior national teams. He also finished 13th in 2007 World Cup rankings. Fraker's accomplishments led him to the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing. He was one of the youngest competitors in his division. He had struggles in the beginning from the pressures of his first Olympics, but he finished first in the first heat of twenty-three paddlers and finished 6th overall in the C1 event with a total time of 183.14.

World Cup individual podiums

<div id="1">1 Pan American Championship counting for World Cup points


5 Pointz

5 Pointz: The Institute of Higher Burnin' or 5Pointz Aerosol Art Center, Inc., mainly referred to as simply 5 Pointz or 5Pointz, was an American mural space at 45–46 Davis Street in Long Island City, Queens, New York City. When the building opened in 1892, it housed the Neptune Meter factory, which built water meters.

Jerry Wolkoff, a developer, bought the property in the early 1970s. He originally planned to develop the building, but instead leased the space to companies. Wolkoff started leasing the space as artists' studios in the 1990s. The building's exterior was covered with street art, and the building became renowned worldwide for the art on its wall. Originally known as Fun Factory, the building was renamed "5 Pointz" in 2002 when the graffiti artist Jonathan Cohen began curating the exterior murals. The new name represents the confluence of the five boroughs of New York City. The murals were exhibited mainly on the exterior walls of the building, while the interior was occupied by about 200 artists' studios.

In 2013, Wolkoff made the controversial decision to demolish 5 Pointz and replace it with a residential complex, resulting in protest. Without giving any warning, Wolkoff had the murals whitewashed overnight, which led the artists to file a lawsuit against Wolkoff. The 5 Pointz building was demolished completely in 2014. Construction on the new building complex started in 2015, with expected completion in early 2020. In February 2018, Wolkoff was ordered by a judge to pay $6.7 million in damages to 21 artists.

Description
5 Pointz consisted of twelve factory buildings that were one, three, or five stories high. Eight of these structures were interconnected. The structures had a combined  of floor space. The lot on which 5 Pointz was situated is . 5 Pointz was visible from the New York City Subway's IRT Flushing Line (), which passed over the site's far eastern corner. According to 5 Pointz' official website, it was considered to be "the world's premier graffiti mecca", where aerosol artists from around the globe painted colorful pieces on the walls of a  factory building.

It had housed the Crane Street Studios, in which 200 artists paid below-market rents for studio space. A  studio was listed as renting for $600 per month in 2009. 5 Pointz was described by an About.com contributor in 2008 as "a living collage of graffiti art covering a converted warehouse full of artist studios".

The name "5 Pointz" signifies the five boroughs coming together as one, but, because of its reputation as an epicenter of the graffiti scene, the industrial complex has united aerosol artists from across the world as well. Writers, including Stay High 149, Tracy 168, Cope2, Part, SPE, Dan Plasma, CORTES, and TATS CRU, have come from Canada, Switzerland, the Netherlands, Japan, Brazil, and all over the United States to paint on the building's walls. 5 Pointz had also been the subject of articles in newspapers such as The Christian Science Monitor, The Boston Globe, The New York Times, and the International Herald Tribune.

Context and usage

The building was originally constructed in 1892 for Neptune Meter as a factory for the construction of water meters. At the time, the company was known as Thomson Meter Company; it changed its name in 1893, a year after the factory's opening. The property was bought in 1971 by Jerry Wolkoff, who did not have immediate plans for redevelopment. Originally, the space was occupied by a record company that created 8-track tapes, CD covers, and items for phonographs

Wolkoff was approached in the 1990s for permission for the factory to be used for legal graffiti work, which he granted. The site was first established as the Phun Phactory in 1993 by Pat DiLillo under a program called Graffiti Terminators. As the new curator for the Phun Factory, DiLillo was adamant that the word "graffiti" not refer to the work displayed at the Phun Factory, as "graffiti" had long been associated with crime and gang activity. In an effort to legitimize the art movement and set a distance from the negative connotation, he imposed strict rules for future projects. His rules included that none of the artwork submitted or showcased, would depict gang related symbols. Additionally, if any of the artists' tags were found in the neighborhood or neighboring communities, their work would be immediately removed. DiLillo was also credited by some young artists as the motivation for getting their GEDs and discouraging them from breaking the law.

In 2002, Jonathan Cohen, a graffiti artist going under the moniker of Meres One, began curating work. If unfamiliar with an artist, Cohen would ask for a sample of their work, and if it is a mural, he will ask for a layout as well. Cohen renamed the building to "5 Pointz", making the building a focal point to the art scene of the five boroughs. He had plans to convert the 5 Pointz building into a graffiti museum.

In April 2009, the New York City Department of Buildings ordered the largest building closed after citing it for numerous building deficiencies including the studio partitions which were built without permits. The inspections followed an incident on April 10, 2009, in which an artist was injured when part of a concrete fire escape collapsed.

Demolition plans

After 40 years of ownership, the Wolkoff family decided to develop the 5 Pointz site, stating that allowance of the murals on the building had been for temporary purposes and that redevelopment of the site had been planned ever since it started to be used for graffiti. On August 21, 2013, the New York City Planning Commission unanimously voted to approve plans to build condos on the property, while the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission rejected a landmark status nomination by artists because the art was less than 30 years old at the time. The development plans include two residential towers with retail space and affordable housing. There would be a 1,000-unit apartment complex with a 250-spot parking lot, a public park. Wolkoff wanted to demolish 5 Pointz by the end of 2013 for this purpose. On October 9, the New York City Council unanimously approved the $400 million development plan. The proposals for the building also called for  to be used exclusively for art panels and walls in the building, including ground level facades to be used for curated graffiti. It was estimated that in the last decade of the building's existence, 11,000 murals had been painted on the interior and exterior.

In October 2013 Cohen, speaking to The Guardian, made an appeal to the famous street artist Banksy. Hoping that Banksy's influence could help save 5 Pointz, he said "We're not asking you to give us money, but your words could help. Why don't you put a comment out?" This was in the midst of Banksy's highly publicized month-long residency in New York City, during which he released a new piece each day somewhere in the city and posted clues to its whereabouts on his website. There was no response from Banksy until October 31, the final day of his residency, when the message posted on his website which accompanied his last piece read, "Thanks for your patience. It's been fun. Save 5pointz. Bye."

On the night of November 19, 2013, the graffiti on the exterior of the 5 Pointz building was painted white, providing images that showed the building's previously graffiti-covered walls partially covered in white paint. A message posted to 5 Pointz's Twitter account on the morning of November 19 confirmed the reports. Despite a lawsuit filed by 5 Pointz proprietors, as well as a rally three days prior to gain petition signatures to protect the building from demolition, the sudden whitewashing indicated that it was already gone. However, on November 20, a ruling by a federal judge stated that the whitewashing could result in the Wolkoff family having to pay damages to 5 Pointz artists.

Asbestos abatement work began on the property in February 2014, the first step in the building demolition process. During this period a group of urban explorers entered to document the building's interior. , 5 Pointz was nearly fully demolished. By November 2014, most of the building was reduced to rubble, while part of the building's shell still stood.

The apartment complex was later revised to include 1,115 units, including 223 affordable apartments, as well as 20 art studios and  of commercial space. Foundations for the two new buildings on the site, one with 41 stories and the other with 48, were completed in late 2015. The towers stood at 5 and 12 stories, respectively, by January 2017, and the buildings were topped-out at their final height in 2018. Renderings of the new complex's interior show murals representative of the old building's street art, as well as an "engraved graffiti logo" made of steel within the complex's lobby. The buildings are expected to open in early 2020.

Reactions

News of the building's demolition was generally negatively received by artists, and at least two works of protest have been done upon the building. On February 3, 2014, in protest of the building's demolition, artists sprayed "Art Murder" in big blue and red letters on the side of the building. On March 10, 2014, upset artists, who had lost a proposal to attain landmark status for the building, staged a protest by draping a large yellow "Gentrification In Progress" banner around the building. According to an article in Complex magazine in November 2014, some artists felt that they had been disrespected when the murals were painted over, and that they had lost a sense of community with the demolition of the building. Additionally, the destruction of 5 Pointz resulted in a scarcity of cheap and legal mural spaces, according to one artist interviewed. In lieu of 5 Pointz, some mural artists are going to Jersey City and the Bronx instead.

Another, similar controversy arose when Wolkoff decided to use "5 Pointz" as the name for the new condominiums being constructed on 5 Pointz's site. He had claimed to own the rights to the building's name because he owned the building; however, an application to trademark the name was rejected in March 2014 because it was too close to a similar, existing trademark. Wolkoff has said that the name refers to the building site, not the art; his comment had insulted some artists at the site, with two artists saying that "it's ironic that the same corporation which single-handedly destroyed all the artwork known as 5Pointz is trying to capitalize on its name" and that "the disrespect continues".

In April 2017, artists whose works had been featured at 5 Pointz filed a federal lawsuit against Jerry Wolkoff, stating that the destruction of the building violated the 1990 Visual Artists Rights Act, and that they did not receive the notice of the building's demolition 90 days in advance. This came after federal judge Frederic Block of the District Court for the Eastern District of New York ruled that the artists could have a jury trial, as opposed to a bench trial where only judges would hear the artists' and Wolkoff's arguments. The trial, which began in mid-October 2017, was seen as an important case since it would decide whether graffiti could be categorized as art that could be federally protected. In November 2017, a jury recommended that Block issue a verdict that Wolkoff's destruction of the graffiti was illegal. In February 2018, Block awarded $6.7 million to 21 of the artists whose works had been destroyed. Wolkoff appealed the decision and in February 2020, the Second Circuit Court of Appeals upheld Block's 2018 decision.

In popular culture

The building has served as a backdrop for movies and TV shows, including the climax for the 2013 film Now You See Me. Additionally, in 2011, 5 Pointz was the fictionalized site of a major fire in the series finale of the TV show Rescue Me.

The striking, graffiti-covered warehouse has been used in music videos as well. Such videos are usually by several hip-hop and R&B stars, including Doug E. Fresh, Kurtis Blow, Grandmaster Caz, Mobb Deep, Rahzel, DJ JS-1, Boot Camp Clik, Joan Jett, and Joss Stone.


Dixophlebia

Dixophlebia is a genus of moths in the subfamily Arctiinae. The genus was erected by Arthur Gardiner Butler in 1876.

Species
 Dixophlebia holophaea Hampson, 1909
 Dixophlebia quadristrigata Walker, 1864


Eastern Energy

Eastern Energy is an album by Twelve Girls Band. It consists of fourteen songs in a sort of modernized Chinese form on one audio CD and a DVD featuring the video for the song "Freedom" and other material. It was released on Platia 72438-64515-0-7 in 2004. This album is also considered as the debut album in USA. It debuted at #62 on the Billboard 200.

The track "New Classicism" is a modern-day melody of Symphony No. 40 in G Minor by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Symphony No. 5 in C Minor by Ludwig van Beethoven, and the overture to The Barber of Seville by Gioacchino Rossini. "Freedom" is a remake of Santuri Ethem Efendi's Şehnaz Longa. "Clocks" is an innovative version of the Coldplay song of the same name and "Only Time" a cover of the single by Enya.  "Reel Around the Sun" is from the Riverdance dance performance particularly popular in the late 1990s.

Track listing
 "Miracle"
 "Clocks" (cover of "Clocks" by Coldplay)
 "Liu San Jie" (based on a Chinese story of a girl who became a fairy)
 "Earthly Stars (Unsung Heroes)"
 "Freedom" (Santuri Ethem Efendi: Şehnaz Longa)
 "Shangri-La" (from James Hilton's novel and the city of Beijing)
 "Reel Around The Sun" (Riverdance)
 "A Girl's Dream"
 "Forbidden City" (From James Hilton's novel and the city of Beijing)
 "The Great Valley"
 "Alamuhan"
 "Mountains and Rivers"
 "Only Time" (cover of "Only Time" by Enya)
 "New Classicism" (Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart: Symphony No. 40 in G Minor & Ludwig van Beethoven : Symphony No. 5 in C Minor)


Public Protector

The Public Protector in South Africa is one of six independent state institutions set up by the country's Constitution to support and defend democracy.

According to Section 181 of the Constitution:
 These institutions are independent, and subject only to the Constitution and the law. According to the Constitution, they must be impartial and must exercise their powers and perform their functions without fear, favour or prejudice.
 Other organs of state, through legislative and other measures, must assist and protect these institutions to ensure the independence, impartiality, dignity and effectiveness of these institutions.
 No person or organ of state may interfere with the functioning of these institutions.
 These institutions are accountable to the National Assembly, and must report on their activities and the performance of their functions to the Assembly at least once a year.

Public Protectors
The first person to hold the office was Selby Baqwa, appointed on the inception of the office in 1995. He was succeeded in 2002 by Lawrence Mushwana and in 2009 by Thuli Madonsela. The current Public Protector, is Busisiwe Mkhwebane, in office since October 2016.

The office of the Public protector has been faced with harsh criticism by parliament specifically by the majority party for requesting an increase of R200m in the budget allocation for additional resources. With the justice portfolio committee chairman Mathole Motshekga being critical of the budget and strategic presentation presented by Adv. Thuli Madonsela.

During the budget speech of 2015 the office of the Public Protector was allocated a total budget for 2015/16 of R 246.1 million' an increase of R 60 million as opposed to the increase of R 200 million initially requested, with R 15 million going to the employment of additional investigators and the retention of the 70 investigator who were previously appointed on contract.

The office of the Public Protector is required to appear before the National Assembly at least once every year. During the Adv. Thuli Madonsela's budget and strategic presentation, the advocate was requested to present progress reports before parliament on a quarterly basis.

Organisational structure

The Public Protector has an executive office which administers three major programmes:
 The Investigations and Outreach
 The Executive Management
 The Corporate Support Services

Mandate
The Public Protector receives its mandate from the Public Protector Act of 1994. The Public Protector is one of six State Institutions Supporting Democracy in South Africa. These institutions are independent of the government, subject only to South Africa's Constitution and the law, and report annually to Parliament.

The preamble of the Public Protector Act states, in part:

The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa ... provides for the establishment of the office of Public Protector to investigate matters and to protect the public against matters such as maladministration in connection with the affairs of government, improper conduct by a person performing a public function, improper acts with respect to public money, improper or unlawful enrichment of a person performing a public function and an act or omission by a person performing a public function resulting in improper prejudice to another person.

The Act also gives the Public Protector the authority to order other state institutions to take appropriate remedial action against any impropriety or prejudice made by government.

Any aggrieved complainant may lodge a complaint to the office provided that it falls within powers of the Public Protector in terms of the Public Protector act 23 of 1994. The Public Protector may investigate and take the appropriate remedial action on his/her findings.

History

The Public Protector is one of six State Institutions Supporting Democracy in South Africa. These institutions are independent of the government, subject only to South Africa's Constitution and the law, and report annually to Parliament.

Functions of the Public Protector
The powers of the Public Protector are regulated by the national legislation. Additional powers may also be granted by the national legislator. However, court decisions may not be investigated by the office. It receives and investigates complaints from the public government.

Appointment
The Public Protector is appointed by the president, in accordance with the provisions of section 193 of the Constitution. The candidate must be a South African citizen who-

"
 is a Judge of a High Court; or
 is admitted as an advocate or an attorney and has, for a cumulative period of at least 10 years after having been so admitted, practised as an advocate or an attorney; or
 is qualified to be admitted as an advocate or an attorney and has, for a cumulative period of at least 10 years after having so qualified, lectured in law at a university; or
 has specialised knowledge of or experience, for a cumulative period of at least 10 years, in the administration of justice, public administration or public finance; or
 has, for a cumulative period of at least 10 years, been a member of Parliament.
" – Sub-s. (1A) Act 23 of 1994

Tenure
Under chapter nine of the constitution, the Public Protector may only serve a non-renewable period of seven years in office.

Investigation Reports
Reports made by the Public Protector must be open to the public and be accessible to anyone. However certain reports may be kept confidential under exceptional circumstances. The Public Protector has to date investigated at least 40 000 cases.

One of the most prominent cases is the investigation into allegations of impropriety and unethical conduct relating to the installation and implementation of security measures by the Department of Public Works at and in respect of the private residence of President Jacob Zuma at Nkandla in the KwaZulu-Natal province

Jurisdiction
Any matters in which the Public Protector has jurisdiction may be reported to the office of the Public Protector by any person.

In terms of the Public Protector act 23 of 1994 and other legislative acts, the Public Protector may investigate, on the basis of a complaint or on his or her own initiative, any level of government. This includes national, provincial and local government, any public office bearer, any parastatal and any statutory council.

Relationship with other chapter nine institutions

Similar to other bodies under the Chapter nine institution under the Constitution, the office of the Public Protector is independent of government and must be impartial and must exercise their powers and perform their function without any influence or prejudice.

Budget
Currently the office of the Public Protector manages an estimated 40,000 cases, with a staff of 314. During the 2013/14 budget, the office was allocated R199.3m, with an increase of R18.3m for the 2014/15 financial year.

During the budget of 2015, the office was allocated an additional increase of R60m instead of the R200m initially requested at the justice portfolio committee. As a result, the office of the Public Protector was required to make drastic cutbacks.

As a result of the funding difficulties, the spokesman of the office the Public Protector office cited that they would look at external agencies to help fund the office. The executive management of the office of the Public Protector has held meetings with development partners from German, Japan and Belgium.


Kumar Subramaniam

Kumar Subramaniam (born 26 November  1979) is a Malaysian field hockey player who played as a goalkeeper for the Malaysian national team.

He also played with the Tenaga Nasional Berhad HC in the Malaysia Hockey League. He wore the number 16 both for Tenaga Nasional Berhad HC and Malaysian hockey team.

International career
He is named as the Goalkeeper for the Asian All-Stars 2010 along with Salman Akbar of Pakistan. He also named as the Best Goalkeeper for the 2009 Men's Hockey Asia Cup. In 2012 Kumar became the first goalkeeper from Malaysia playing in a foreign league. He played for Uttar Pradesh Wizards in the Hockey India League. Despite having been in the national team for more than a decade, the Tampin-born Kumar has never featured in the Olympics but has played in two world cups After 20 years, Kumar announced his retirement on 20 February 2020.


Hovannes Adamian

Hovhannes (Ivan) Abgari Adamian (5 February 1879, Baku – 12 September 1932, Leningrad) was an Soviet Armenian engineer, an author of more than 20 inventions. The first experimental color television was shown in London in 1928 based on Adamian's tricolor principle, and he is recognized as one of the founders of color television.

Biography
Adamian was born in a  family of an Armenian merchant and petrol businessman. In 1897, he finished his schooling in Baku and moved to Switzerland. He studied at the universities of Zurich and Berlin. He designed systems of black and white, as well as color televisions. Developing theoretical works by other co-founders of color television like M. Le Blanc and P. Nipkov, Adamian was the first in the world to achieve practical results in color television and to carry out color television transfers. The first color television project is claimed by him, and was patented in Germany on 31 March 1908, patent № 197183, then in Britain, on 1 April 1908, patent № 7219, in France (patent № 390326) and in Russia in 1910 (patent № 17912).

In 1925 in Yerevan, Adamian demonstrated "Eristavi", a device for broadcasting color images. Supported by his friends and assistants from Armenia, he succeeded in demonstrating on a screen a number of color figures and patterns transferred from the laboratory next door.

In 1913, Adamian returned to Saint Petersburg, Russia. He had several long-term trips to Armenia before dying in 1932 in Leningrad. He was buried in the local Armenian cemetery and, in 1970, his remains were brought to Yerevan, to the Pantheon of famous Armenians.


Ho-301 cannon

The Ho-301 was a Japanese 40 millimeter calibre autocannon that saw limited use during World War II, on Japanese Army Nakajima Ki-44 and Kawasaki Ki-45 KAI aircraft. It was unusual in using caseless ammunition. Although the effective range of the cannon was only 150 meters (490 ft), the Ho-301 was light and rapid-firing for its caliber.

The caseless design revolved around a specially designed projectile, that was in effect a small rocket. The round used an internal propellant chamber at the rear of the projectile containing a ten gram silk bag filled with smokeless powder. Drilled into the base plate of the round are twelve 3.8 millimeter diameter exhaust holes. The propellant chamber is sealed by a thin aluminum sealing cup, which covers the exhaust holes. When the primer is struck, the bag of propellant ignites, and the pressure rises until the aluminum cup bursts, allowing the exhaust gas to rush through the exhaust holes pushing the projectile forward. The propellant was exhausted before the projectile left the barrel.

Because of the low muzzle velocity (245 meters/second or about 804 ft/sec - equivalent to a moderately powerful air rifle) the weapon was only suited to attacking bombers; even here the extremely low muzzle velocity made it difficult to achieve hits from any position besides directly astern the target aircraft and well within the range of defensive counterfire.

Ammunition specifications
 Length of projectile (fuzed): 129 mm
 Diameter of rotating band: 41 mm
 Diameter of body: 39 mm
 Wall thickness: 4 mm - 5 mm
 Weight: 0.590 kg
 Explosive content: 0.065 kg approx
 Fuze: Direct acting impact fuze


Missing Since Monday

Missing Since Monday () was a book written by Ann M. Martin in 1986.

Characters
Maggie Ellis: Maggie is the sister of Courtenay and Michael Ellis and is the child of separated parents Owen and Jessica Ellis. She has long, straight red hair and looks a lot like her mother. She lives with her father and she has been lied to that her mother just cannot stay in one place for long. It was Maggie's turn to get Courtenay from her bus the day Courtenay is kidnapped.
Courtenay Ellis: Courtenay is four years old and attends kindergarten. She looks like her father, (Owen) and her mother Leigh, having straight brown hair and Brown eyes. She is kidnapped when her siblings Maggie and Michael are taking care of her.  Is the kidnapper going to come for Maggie too?

Reception
Kirkus Reviews calls it "A fast-moving cautionary tale about kidnapping" and concludes "...enough suspense to hold readers."


Engine House No. 11 (Tacoma, Washington)

The Engine House No. 11 in Tacoma, Washington, also known as Fire Station No. 11, at 3802 McKinley Ave., was built in 1909.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.

It has a flared gable roof.

In 1985, it was still an active fire station.


Fist of Zen

Fist of Zen is an MTV reality game show.  It was modeled after the "Silent Library" segment from the Japanese comedy show Downtown no Gaki no Tsukai ya Arahende!!

Plot
The show consists of a team of 5 people (usually British males between 20 and 30 years old but sometimes females), under the supervision of a Japanese man, called the Zen master, played by actor Peter Law,and voiced by actor Silas Hawkins who assigns them rituals they must accomplish to allegedly reach Zen enlightenment.

The show consists of nine "Zen rituals", each of which presents the victim with some form of pain or discomfort, and must be completed in silence, and sometimes in a given period of time.

Each ritual is first presented by its name, which more or less describes the task to be performed, and how many times and/or in what period of time.

The participants then appear seated at a table. They must then get their hand in a cardboard box put in the middle of the table, and get a ball out of it.
In the box there are four red balls and a black one. He who gets the black ball out, is deemed to be the one to perform the ritual. In one season, the balls were replaced with hand fans, where four had a fist on them, and one had a hand giving the finger.

After the completion of each ritual, the Zen master, who is supposedly monitoring the participants progress through the so-called "fountain of Lin Ui", appears and comments on the participants' performance, be it praising them for their success or bashing them for their failure, often making crude comments comparing them to little girls or babies and calling them cretins.

Each passed ritual accumulates 100 English pounds into a so-called "pot".

After they have gone through all nine rituals, the "westerners" are presented with the "60-Second Serpent Snatch".
In this final test, they have to complete some task while their penises (the so-called "Snakes") are being pulled (supposedly by the Zen master) with a string that has been tied to them. In at least one occasion, a girl was part of the Westerners' group, so at the final challenge, she was pulled from two strings by her nipples instead.

The task to accomplish can be one of four, varying from show to show:
 Using chopsticks, each one of them must put an egg from a bowl into a little cup. In this test, those who finish putting their own eggs into the cups seem to be allowed to help others with theirs.
 They are given special helmets with a funnel and a ball hanging by a cord, and by moving their head, they must get the ball into the said funnel.
 By holding spoons in their mouths, they must pass on lemons to the one next to them, in order to get one (sometimes two) lemons in a bowl at the end of the line.
 They are given headbands with a fishing rod-like contraption, and have to get rubber ducks out of a water filled case, using the movement of their heads.

If they succeed in the final challenge, they win all of the accumulated money, while if they fail, they lose it all.

Zen words of enlightenment
About every three rituals, the boys look up to the Zen master and ask for their counseling.
At that point, the Zen master is shown giving supposedly profound advice to reach enlightenment, which is usually totally random nonsense.
The participants are then shown thanking him for his words.

At the end of the show, the Zen master gives some final words, after which the Chinese man is sometimes revealed to speak English (which he hadn't during all the show), and to be on a chroma key screen, with all the backgrounds being a montage.


Eddie Purkiss

Edwin Maurice "Eddie" Purkiss (born 27 July 1934) was a rugby union player who represented Australia.

Purkiss, a flanker, was born in Grafton, New South Wales, and claimed a total of 2 international rugby caps for Australia. He made the Wallabies' 1957–58 Australia rugby union tour of Britain, Ireland and France.


Veteranen

Veteranen (The Veteran) is a glacier in Ny-Friesland at Spitsbergen, Svalbard. It has a length of about 25 kilometers and a width of up to five kilometers. The glacier debouches into Lomfjorden, and is connected with Kvitbreen at the other side of Trebrepasset.  The name of the glacier was suggested by Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld in 1863.


John H. Marsalis

John Henry Marsalis (May 9, 1904 – June 26, 1971) was a U.S. Representative from Colorado.

Early life and education
Born in McComb, Pike County, Mississippi, Marsalis attended the public schools of McComb, Mississippi. He moved with his parents to Colorado Springs, Colorado, in 1922 for his father's health. He graduated from Colorado Springs High School in 1923. He was a student at the University of Mississippi in 1925 and 1926. He graduated from the University of Colorado Law School in 1934.

Career
He was admitted to the bar March 14, 1935, and commenced the practice of law in Pueblo, Colorado. He was an investigator in district attorney's office in Pueblo in 1935 and 1936.

He entered the United States Army May 11, 1942, assigned to the Weather Squadron, United States Air Force, and was discharged on June 16, 1945.

Marsalis was elected district attorney, tenth judicial district of Colorado, in 1944 and took oath of office while on furlough January 9, 1945. He assumed his duties upon release from Army and served until December 1948.

Marsalis was elected as a Democrat to the 81st Congress (January 3, 1949 – January 3, 1951). He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1950 to the 82nd Congress and for election in 1952 to the 83rd Congress.

He was appointed city attorney December 15, 1952, and served in that capacity until elected district judge, tenth judicial district of Colorado, November 1954. He served in that office until his retirement February 28, 1962.

Personal life
He was unmarried. He lived in Pueblo, Colorado, where he died June 26, 1971. He was interred in Roselawn Cemetery.


Hasan Basry

Hasan Basry is now regarded as a National Hero of Indonesia.


Development of No Man's Sky

No Man's Sky is a 2016 video game developed by the British development studio, Hello Games. No Man's Sky allows the player to partake in four principal activities—exploration, survival, combat, and trading—in a shared, deterministic, procedurally generated open universe, which contains over 18 quintillion (1.8×) planets each with their own unique environment and flora and fauna.

The concept of No Man's Sky is based on a long-time desire by Hello Games' founder, Sean Murray, to create a space exploration game that captured the vision and optimism of science fiction writings and art of the 1970s and 1980s. Seeing the game as a landmark title for the studio, Murray led Hello Games towards financial stability with their Joe Danger titles and then began working on the game with a small team of four. The game was formally revealed during the 2013 VGX Awards, following which Murray brought on more staff to complete the title over the next three years.

Much of the game uses parametric mathematical formula that can simulate structures found in nature to craft nearly all aspects of the game's universe. Flora and fauna are crafted from similar routines that combine human-supplied art and pre-defined structures into new lifeforms. The audio and music in the game is also procedurally generated, with routines and audio created by Paul Weir and music provided by the band 65daysofstatic.

Concept and inspiration

The onset of development for No Man's Sky arose from Hello Games' co-founder Sean Murray sometime during the development of Joe Danger 2 (2012), which he compared to a mid-life crisis for himself. Murray, a former developer at Criterion Games for the Burnout series, worried the studio would be falling into a rut of producing sequel after sequel as was the case at Criterion. When Hello Games had problems with an American publisher, Murray realized they had an opportunity to create a completely new title based on a concept he had since he was a child, when he had aspirations of being an astronaut, envisioning oneself as being the first human to step onto an alien planet.

No Man's Sky was an attention-getting concept that the studio had since inception. Murray described that in bringing on board Dave Ream, the team's creative director, that Murray described how there are skyscrapers in the world that are well visible but built on standard designs, and then there are smaller, minimalist architectural designs, which is the direction that Murray wanted to take the studio. Ream agreed, but insisted that the studio at some point would make the game equivalent of a skyscraper, a game they could develop without any limitations. This proverbial game, "Project Skyscraper" was kept in mind as the studio began to expand and acquire the necessary finances to pursue other titles besides Joe Danger.

Murray's concept for the game was influenced by science fiction works of the 1970s and 1980s. Murray attributes ideas from the "Big Three" science fiction authors—Isaac Asimov, Arthur C. Clarke, and Robert Heinlein—whose stories he considered "fantastical - it's vibrant, exciting and the unexplored". Murray also considered Frank Herbert's Dune influential as it "paints this picture of a world that’s so believable". Another avenue of influence was the state of current science fiction media, which Murray compared to similar commentary from Neal Stephenson on how most mainstream works focus on a dystopian story; for Murray, he wanted No Man's Sky to be much more optimistic and uplifting.

Murray was also inspired by the covers of these science fiction works from the period, which typically were done by freelance artists and bore little connection to the story within but made for visually alluring scenes. Duncan credits much of No Man's Sky art influence from the work of Chris Foss, who drew covers for many science fiction books and magazines and had a significant influence in science fiction film and video games. Duncan noted that "he created this kind of art when everyone else was creating black starfields, grey dull monolithic spacecrafts". Other art influences included John Harris, another book and video game cover artist; Jean Giraud (aka Mœbius), a science-fiction and fantasy cartoonist; and Ralph McQuarrie, a concept artist for several major Hollywood films. Duncan also cited the films of Ray Harryhausen as an influence in terms of the exploration of the unknown.  Murray noted an iconic shot from the original Star Wars film, which featured two suns rising on the planet Tatooine as the "perfect alien image" that captured the nature of science fiction.

Murray considered his own experience playing Elite, a similar open-world space exploration game, as part of No Man's Skys inspiration. Murray wanted to craft a game that really focused on exploration, which, as he considered it, was "seeing something that no-one's seen before and for your experience to be unique", rather than pre-planned puzzles that one would need to explore to find and solve. The video game Journey was also influential with Murray hoping to integrate its "simplicity and elegance" into No Man's Sky.

Production

With the success of Joe Danger and its sequels, Murray was able to spend a few days each week for about a year to develop the core engine of No Man's Sky in secret from the rest of the team. Once the engine was completed, Murray brought in a small four-person team to work on the game directly, while Joe Danger 2 was being developed by the rest of the company. They worked in a spare room, lining the walls with science fiction imagery to help inspire them. Their work was kept in secrecy from the rest of the development team, leading to some tension within the offices, though Murray had done this specifically after seeing how small exploratory groups did not work well at Criterion Games. Further, Murray was concerned about describing the game too much, and fears that even teasing about the title would lead to misconceptions about the scope and nature of the game. Ultimately, Murray was encouraged by Geoff Keighley to premiere the title at the 2013 VGX awards, and in preparation, created the short teaser which they shared with the rest of studio days before the awards show. As development continued, more of the team was brought on board to help complete the game, with the final team being composed of thirteen members.

This VGX teaser brought much attention to the title from the gaming press. Duncan noted that following the reveal, he found it "incredible how many developers came up to us afterwards, and they were all saying this is the game I always wanted to be making, or I started working on a game like this".

A flood wiped out most of their Guildford office and equipment on Christmas Eve 2013 but they were able to recover the work they had done already and resumed development shortly thereafter. Murray later acknowledged that he had been tempted to cancel No Man's Sky at this point, but the flooding helped re-solidify the Hello Games' team, as prior to the flood, the team was still split between those working on No Man's Sky and those continuing the Joe Danger series. Everyone in the company came together to help rebuild their office and computer equipment, giving new vigour to the project.

Just prior to the VGX showing, Murray had shown the title around to various publishers, and Sony, particularly Shahid Ahmad, Sony's head of independent games development in Europe, expressed strong interest in having the title for the PlayStation 4. Murray stated that although Sony offered to provide financial support, he and Hello Games only wanted Sony's commitment to help market the game, including having the game formally introduced at Sony's main media event during the upcoming Electronic Entertainment Expo 2014 (E3); until that point, no independently developed game has been demonstrated during these centre-stage events. Sony's UK marketing director Fergal Gara has stated that Sony is fully committed to supporting the title, treating the game as if it were from one of their first-party developers and considering a potential retail release of the game.

Hello Games prepared a six-planet demonstration that would be used for the E3 event and subsequently used to showcase the game for the media while the full version – nearly always in a constant state of flux due to the procedural generation approach – was being developed. The game was announced at E3 2014 with plans for a timed exclusive release on the PlayStation 4, and would have later been brought to Microsoft Windows. However, speaking to the media at the E3 2015, Murray stated that they now plan to release the title simultaneously for both platforms, though did not specify a release date. Murray stated that unlike more traditional games, where completion of the fixed number of levels and other assets can be treated as an assembly line and schedules projected from that, the interconnectivity of all the various systems within No Man's Sky requires them all to be working together to make the game successful, and would only feel comfortable on assigning a release date once that is completed.

Since its reveal, Hello Games have showcased the game to numerous members of the press and video game journalists. Many of these demonstrations have provided possible ideas for gameplay additions as feedback, such as adding land vehicles to explore planets or allowing players to construct buildings on planets. However, Hello Games have opted to avoid such feature creep, with Murray stating that they wanted to be able to deliver on the large, grand vision they had, and to add more features would have required a larger team and more funding, something they did not want to do. Murray specifically wanted to avoid base building initially as this would discourage players from exploring the rest of the universe. Following release, Hello Games does plan to add base building and the ability to buy and customize larger freighters in future updates.

Game engine
Most of the universe in No Man's Sky is procedurally generated, including solar systems, planets, weather systems, flora and fauna on these planets, the behaviour of these creatures, and artificial structures like buildings and spacecraft. The generation system is based primarily on providing a single seed number to their deterministic engine which would create all the features of the universe exactly the same way every time this process is run with the same seed using the repeatability of pseudorandom number generators. One generator is used to create the universe, plotting the position of the stars and their stellar classification, using the phone number of one of the Hello Games' developers as the founding seed. Pseudorandom numbers generated from the position of each star are used to define the planetary system the star has, the planet's position is used as a seed to define the planetary features, and so on. This approach, used in early days of computer games to avoid high memory or disk use, avoided the need to craft every planet and store this information on a server; this also assured that players can always revisit the same planets, and share that planet with other players who would find the same features. The planet terrain generation code, for example, is only 1,400 lines of code; as described by Murray, the code was tweaked as to make sure that planets generated visually interesting but navigable terrain, as some early builds would produce wildly stunning planets that were impossible to traverse, while other fixes made planets look flat and dull. Hello Games had originally planned to use a 32-bit seed number, which would have generated around 4.3 billion planets, but decided to use the 64-bit number to demonstrate the scalability of their game, and partially in response to online forum comments that doubted that Hello Games could deliver a game of that size.

The deterministic approach also allows Hello Games to optimize the rendering of the game, as what is visible to the player can be determined directly through these generation algorithms. Planets are rendered using voxels with procedurally-generated textures while flora, fauna, and other surface features use polygon-based rendering as to maintain a target 30 frames per second along with middleware like the Havok physics engine for animation and other dynamic features. The on-the-fly construction of a world did create some difficulty with features like rivers, which in most virtual environments are built by using a physics engine to track the flow of water down a slope. Murray and his team developed a brute force solution to include rivers and similar features without having to render out a large-enough section of landscape to perform the same calculation. The total code size for the entire game was around 600,000 lines of code by February 2016. The entire game takes up only 6 gigabytes on a blu-ray disc, the bulk being audio files.

One of the more challenging feats was to create random terrain on spherical planets in a reproducible manner, allowing a player to leave and return to the planet after visiting others as part of the need to give the player a sense of scale. Initial efforts used a flat map while the player was on the planet, and then as they left the planet, making a snapshot of it to wrap around the planet's sphere to create the illusion they had left the spherical map, but this led to problems with overlap at the edges of the map and terrain generation problems. The team then looked at the problem of map projections that had already been solved by cartographers. Some projections like the Mercator projection would have fit well with the generation system but would be costly in computation time to present to the player. Others, like Peirce quincuncial projection, while being better suited for fast computations, would have limited the type of larger terrain features they could generate to deal with edge overlaps. With no suitable flat projection, Hello Games took the more challenging step of actually simulating planets in 3 dimensions, building each planet as a cube and then using various mathematic tricks to cast the cube's projection onto a sphere. Additional terrain features like cliffs and caves were made by generating positive and negative spaces within the cube's mapping, and incorporating those into the spherical transformation.

The development team built the planetary feature generation system atop this where they would first hand-create core structures and the art associated with those – such as a basic skeleton and skin for a creature – and then allow the algorithm to make randomized changes to that, as to make a wide variety of creatures, mimicking the diversity of species resulting from evolution on Earth. They made sure the elements of this generation process reflected the setting – creatures and plants inhabiting a planet that contained blue-coloured minerals would be tinted blue as well. The generation system uses deterministic parameterised equations and algorithms previously developed by biologists and physicists that can mimic a vast array of natural forms and shapes. For example, the engine uses L-systems, fractal equations developed by Aristid Lindenmayer in 1968 that can create structures that resemble many algae and plant lifeforms. This is coupled with engines like SpeedTree to create additional variety to the flora.

Other generation schemes were made through random selection in a deterministic fashion, followed by tuning to create a realistic result. Creatures were often generated by mixing and matching random parts from a library, and then adjusting the underlying skeleton so that the creature appeared realistic; a creature with a tiny body could not support a giant head, for example. To create behaviour for the creatures generated by the procedural generation system, the system tags objects that it creates, and then assigns creatures various affinity levels based on these tags; creatures are then driven to find objects they like and avoid those they dislike, and allows the artificial intelligence aspects of creatures to communicate directly to coordinate their respective movements. Duncan describes this as generating complex patterns on relatively simple rules that create surprising results; he describes being surprised when, after hunting avian creatures over a body of water to have one of the kills eaten by the sudden appearance of a shark-like creature.

The generation system can create a variety of planet ecosystems, including differing rotational periods, the end-effects of natural erosion, and behavioural cycles for the creatures. The amount of life on planets are factored based on their distance from their local sun, with planets far outside the habitable zone typically being barren of life. Not all stars have habitable planets, but still offer potential opportunities for resources to the player if they can survive its inhospitable atmosphere. The developers aimed for a 90–10 rule, with around 90% of the planets being uninhabitable, and of the 10% that do support life, 90% of those only include mundane lifeforms, making the planets that thrive with a vivid ecosystem rare.

Some facets of realism have been conceded in favor of promoting better gameplay. The planetary generator system does not generate any gas giants, as Murray wants every planet in the game to be explorable. Unlike most planets containing an atmosphere where the atmosphere is visibly more dense closest to the surface, planetary atmospheres in No Man's Sky are reversed as to provide a more dramatic transition when a player is taking off or landing on a planet. Other elements of their procedural generation system were made to break the realism that was previously built into the engine as to have more alien-looking planets and features be potential outcomes of the system, such as by introducing chemical elements that would enable green-tinted atmospheres and allowing moons to orbit much closer than the laws of gravity would allow to create impressive backdrops on planets. To assure that the procedural generation worked well, the development team created the in-game equivalent of automated probes to visit the various planets and take images to review; this allowed for some tweaks to be made by human developers.

Music

No Man's Sky features a soundtrack by English post-rock band 65daysofstatic (65DOS), as well as procedurally generated ambient music composed by Paul Weir. The game uses a generative music system called Pulse developed by Weir, using a large library of loops, textures and melodies created by 65DOS to randomly create music to accompany the gameplay, reacting to the changeable terrain and becoming more or less menacing depending on whether a character is in danger.

65DOS became involved in the project when Hello Games, preparing their debut trailer, contacted 65DOS about using their song "Debutante" for it, as Murray had been a fan of the band. The developers sent along some of the concept art so the band could consider the offer. The band, impressed by what they saw, gave Hello Games their permission and offered to help create the rest of the game's soundtrack. 65DOS had been interested in doing a video game soundtrack following their album Wild Light and subsequent live tours, having used software tools to help craft more interactive shows, and felt the same concepts could be applied to video games which are traditionally non-linear experiences. Initially, Hello Games asked 65DOS to create numerous songs in their band's style, with very little additional direction; the band described their instruction from Hello Games as "write the next 65daysofstatic album". At this point, Hello Games' intent would be to then take 65DOS' songs to tear down into segments they could use for procedural music generation. However, the band wanted to be more involved in the process, helping to deconstruct the songs themselves knowing of the broad approach Hello Games was taking for the game. They developed a music sequencer logic system for use within Ableton Live, and programmed extensions for Unity and FMOD that approximated the procedural generation approach Hello Games used for the game. They subsequently used these to help craft their songs, at times letting the procedural generation take over as to create a vast array of sounds. Subsequently, the band send these songs and snippets to Weir, along with documentation on how to apply and alter some of the songs, to allow him to incorporate it into the game's soundtrack. Weir provided 65DOS feedback on some changes and additions, such as additional arpeggios to use for some segments of the game. According to 65DOS member Paul Wolinski, the band plans to explore more of these processes in further albums they will produce.

Weir also developed a similar generative audio system for the ambient sounds within the game. Weir developed an audio procedural generation system called VocAlien that allowed him to create a system of animal calls that can be readily altered by adjusting a number of parameters.

Ten original works and six soundscapes composed by 65DOS for the game was released on its soundtrack, No Man's Sky: Music for an Infinite Universe, which released on both digital and retail formats alongside the game on 10 August 2016. iam8bit released the soundtrack on a 2 LP-disc vinyl record set alongside the game's release. One set of songs in this soundtrack are 65DOS's compositions worked into a typical six-minute song, while the soundscapes are longer pieces that are comparable to 65DOS's original pieces without strict adherence to any length or format, representing their musical concepts they had considered in producing the songs for No Man's Sky. 65DOS also plans to tour Europe and potentially other locations with the No Man's Sky soundtrack later in 2016.


Kansas International Film Festival

The Kansas International Film Festival (KIFF) is a non-profit Kansas-based organization that promotes independent and vintage cinema through film expos. The festival is held every fall.

In 2001, KIFF received a 501(c)(3) designation under the corporation name of Photoplay, Inc. Photoplay's board of directors consists of filmmakers, file distributors, educators, theatre owners, and film historians. The Fine Arts Theatre Group provides the venues for KIFF viewing.

KIFF serves the movie idealist by focusing on documentary, narrative, and animated independent films. The festival closes with the presentation of the following awards: Jury Award for Best Narrative, Jury Award for Best Documentary, Audience Award for Best Narrative, Audience Award for Best Documentary, and the Independent Vision Award. The winners are selected by panels of local filmmakers, film educators, and critics. KIFF attracts local, regional, and national works, along with visiting actors, actress, and filmmakers. The festival also educates the public about cultural and economic issues affecting independent and vintage cinema.

In 2010, MovieMaker magazine named KIFF as "one of the top 25 film festivals worth their entry fee."

Past Winners

2013
 Jury Award Best Narrative - K Effect: Stalin's Editor, Valenti Figueres
 Jury Award Best Documentary - Small Thing, Jessica Vale
 Audience Award Best Narrative - Construction, Malcolm Goodwin
 Audience Award Best Documentary - Blood Brother, Steve Hooker

2012
 Jury Award Best Narrative -  The Ghastly Love of Johnny X, Paul Bunnell
 Jury Award Best Documentary - Dave, Eric Geadelmann

2011
 Audience Award Best Narrative - eMANcipation, Philipp Müller-Dorn
 Audience Award Best Documentary - Lesson Plan, David H. Jeffery , Philip Neel

2010
 Jury Award Best Narrative - Soul at Peace, Vladimír Balko
 Jury Award Best Documentary - Holy Wars, Stephen Marshall

2009
 Jury Award Best Narrative -  16 to Life, Becky Smith
 Jury Award Best Documentary -  Vincent: A Life in Color, Jennifer Burns

2008
 Jury Award Best Narrative -  N/A
 Jury Award Best Documentary - The Flyboys, Rocco DeVilliers

2007
 Jury Award Best Narrative - Midnight Clear, Dallas Jenkins
 Jury Award Best Documentary - The Edge of Eden: Living with Grizzlies, Jeff Turner, Sue Turner

2006
 Jury Award Best Narrative -  Mojave Phone Booth, John Putch
 Jury Award Best Documentary - Hand of God, Joe Cultrera


Hayden Walsh Sr.

Albert Costayne Hayden Walsh (4 March 1963 – 9 January 2010) was an Antiguan cricketer who represented the Leeward Islands in West Indian domestic competitions. He was a left-handed top-order batsman.

Walsh made his senior debut for Antigua and Barbuda in 1984. His first-class debut for the Leeward Islands did not come until February 1988, when he played against Jamaica in the 1987–88 Red Stripe Cup. Walsh established himself in the team the following season, also making his List A debut. However, he did not score a first-class half-century until the 1991–92 season, when he made 77 as an opening batsman against Jamaica.

The 1992–93 season was Walsh's last for the Leeward Islands, and also his most successful. He scored 408 runs from five matches, placing him fifth in the competition for runs and behind only Ridley Jacobs for the Leewards. Against Barbados, Walsh made twin half-centuries, including a career-best 92 in the first innings. He finished with a first-class career batting average of 28.36 from 18 matches. Aged 35, and after a gap of several years without a high-level appearance, Walsh was selected in Antigua and Barbuda's squad for the 1998 Commonwealth Games cricket tournament, where matches held List A status. Opening the batting against Canada, he scored 51, his only List A half-century.

After the conclusion of his playing career, Walsh established a cricket academy for young players. He was also involved in the administration of the game in Antigua. Walsh died in January 2010, having suffered an apparent heart attack while swimming in a hotel pool. His brother, Vaughn Walsh, and son, Hayden Walsh Jr., have both also played for the Leewards.