Stan Frankel

Stanley Phillips Frankel (1919 – May, 1978) was an American computer scientist. He worked in the Manhattan Project and developed various computers as a consultant.

Early life
He was born in Los Angeles, attended graduate school at the University of Rochester, received his PhD in physics from the University of California, Berkeley, and began his career as a post-doc student under J. Robert Oppenheimer at University of California, Berkeley in 1942.

Career
Frankel helped develop computational techniques used in the nuclear research taking place at the time, notably making some of the early calculations relating to the diffusion of neutrons in a critical assembly of uranium with Eldred Nelson. He joined the T (Theoretical) Division of the Manhattan Project at Los Alamos in 1943. His wife Mary Frankel was also hired to work as a human computer in the T Division. While at Los Alamos, Frankel and Nelson organized a group of scientists' wives, including Mary, to perform some of the repetitive calculations using Marchant and Friden desk calculators to divide the massive calculations required for the project. This became Group T-5 under New York University mathematician Donald Flanders when he arrived in the late summer of 1943. Mathematician Dana Mitchell noticed that the Marchant calculators broke under heavy use and persuaded Frankel and Nelson to order IBM punched card machines. This research led to his interest in the then-dawning field of digital computers. In August 1945, Frankel and Nick Metropolis traveled to the Moore School of Engineering in Pennsylvania to learn how to program the ENIAC computer.  That fall they helped design a calculation that would determine the likelihood of being able to develop a fusion weapon. Edward Teller used the ENIAC results to prepare a report in the spring of 1946 that answered this question in the affirmative.

After losing his security clearance (and thus his job) during the red scare of the early 1950s, Frankel became an independent computer consultant.  He was responsible for designing the CONAC computer for the Continental Oil Company during 1954–1957 and the LGP-30 single-user desk computer in 1956, which was licensed from a computer he designed  at Caltech called MINAC. The LGP-30 was moderately successful, selling over 500 units. He served as a consultant to Packard Bell Computer on the design of the PB-250 computer.

Later in his career, he became involved in the development of
desktop electronic calculators.   The first calculator project he was involved in the development of was
the SCM Marchant Cogito 240 and 240SR electronic calculators introduced in 1965.   In the interest of
improving upon the design of what became the SCM Cogito 240 and 240SR calculators, Frankel developed a new machine he
called NIC-NAC, which was based on a microcoded architecture.  NIC-NAC was built in prototype form in his home as a proof-of-concept,
and the machine worked well.  Due to its microcoded implementation, the machine was very efficient in terms the number
of components it required.  Frankel, though his connections at SCM, was put in contact with Diehl, a West-German calculating
machine company well-known in Europe for its exquisitely designed electro-mechanical calculators.   Diehl wanted to break into
the electronic calculator marketplace, but did not have the expertise itself.  Frankel was contracted to develop a desktop
electronic calculator for Diehl, and moved to West Germany to undertake the project.   The project resulted in a calculator
called the Diehl Combitron.  The Combitron was a desktop printing electronic calculator that was also user programmable.  The calculator utilized the concepts behind NIC-NAC's microcoded architecture, loading its microcode into a magnetostrictive delay line at
power-up via an internal punched stainless steel tape that contained the microcode.   Another magnetostrictive delay line
contained the working registers, memory registers, and user program.  The Combitron design was later augmented to
include the ability to attach external input/output devices, with this machine called the Combitron S.   Frankel's
microcoded architecture would serve as the basis for a number of follow-on calculators developed and marketed by Diehl. SCM later became an OEM customer of Diehl, marketing the Combitron as the SCM Marchant 556PR.

Scientific papers
Frankel published a number of scientific papers throughout his career. Some of them explored the use of statistical sampling techniques and machine driven solutions. In a 1947 paper in Physical Review, he and Metropolis predicted the utility of computers in replacing manual integration with iterative summation as a problem solving technique. As head of a new Caltech digital computing  group he worked with PhD candidate Berni Alder in 1949–1950 to develop what is now known as Monte Carlo analysis.  They used techniques that Enrico Fermi had pioneered in the 1930s. Due to a lack of local computing resources, Frankel travelled to England in 1950 to run Alder's project on the Manchester Mark 1 computer.  Unfortunately, Alder's thesis advisor was unimpressed, so Alder and Frankel delayed publication of their results until 1955, in the Journal of Chemical Physics.  This left the major credit for the technique to a parallel project by a team including Teller and Metropolis who published similar work in the same journal in 1953.

In September, 1959, Frankel published a paper in IRE Transactions on Electronic Computers proposing a microwave computer that used travelling-wave tubes as digital storage devices, similar to, but faster than the acoustic delay lines used in the early 1950s. Frankel published a paper on measuring the thickness of soap films in the Journal of Applied Physics in 1966.

Publications
Frankel, S Phillips, “Elementary Derivation of Thermal Diffusion,” Physical Review, Volume 57, Number 7, April 1, 1940, p 661.
Frankel, S and N Metropolis, “Calculations in the Liquid-Drop Model of Fission,” Physical Review, Volume 72, Number 10, November 15, 1947, p 914-925.
Frankel, Stanley P, “Convergence Rates of Iterative Treatments of Partial Differential Equations,” Mathematical Tables and Other Aids to Computation, Volume 4, 1950, p 65-75.
Frankel, S P, “The Logical Design of a Simple General Purpose Computer,” IRE Transactions on Electronic Computers, March 1957, p 5-14.
Frankel, S P, “On the Minimum Logical Complexity Required for a General Purpose Computer,” IRE Transactions on Electronic Computers, December 1958, p 282-284.
Frankel, Stanley P, “A Logic Design for a Microwave Computer,” IRE Transactions on Electronic Computers, September 1959, p 271-276.
Frankel, Stanley P and Karol J Mysels, “On the ‘Dimpling’ During the Approach of Two Surfaces,” Journal of Physical Chemistry, Volume 66, January 1962, p 190-191.
Frankel, Stanley P and Karol J Mysels, “Simplified Theory of Reflectometric Thickness Measurement of Structured Soap and Related Films,” Journal of Applied Physics, Volume 37, Number 10, September 1966, p 3725-3728.


Epimelitta longipennis

Epimelitta longipennis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Zajciw in 1963.


Verse novel

A verse novel is a type of narrative poetry in which a novel-length narrative is told through the medium of poetry rather than prose. Either simple or complex stanzaic verse-forms may be used, but there will usually be a large cast, multiple voices, dialogue, narration, description, and action in a novelistic manner.

History

Verse narratives are as old as the Epic of Gilgamesh, the Iliad, and the Odyssey, but the verse novel is a distinct modern form. Although the narrative structure is similar to that of a novella, the organisation of the story is usually in a series of short sections, often with changing perspectives. Verse novels are often told with multiple narrators, potentially providing readers with a view into the inner workings of the characters' minds. Some verse novels, following Byron's mock-heroic Don Juan (1818–24) employ an informal, colloquial register. Eugene Onegin (1831) by Alexander Pushkin is a classical example, and with Pan Tadeusz (1834) by Adam Mickiewicz is often taken as the seminal example of the modern genre.

The major nineteenth-century verse novels that ground the form in Anglophone letters include The Bothie of Toper-na-fuisich (1848) and Amours de Voyage (1858) by Arthur Hugh Clough, Aurora Leigh (1857) by Elizabeth Barrett Browning, Lucile (1860) by 'Owen Meredith' (Robert Bulwer-Lytton), and The Ring and the Book (1868-9) by Robert Browning. The form appears to have declined with Modernism, but has since the 1960s-70s undergone a remarkable revival. Vladimir Nabokov's Pale Fire (1962) takes the form of a 999-line poem four cantos, though the plot of the novel unfolds in the commentary. Of particular note, Vikram Seth's The Golden Gate (1986) was a surprise bestseller, and Derek Walcott's Omeros (1990) a more predictable success. The form has been particularly popular in the Caribbean, with work since 1980 by Walcott, Edward Kamau Brathwaite, David Dabydeen, Kwame Dawes, Ralph Thompson, George Elliott Clarke and Fred D'Aguiar, and in Australia and New Zealand, with work since 1990 by Les Murray, John Tranter, Dorothy Porter, Lisa Jacobson, Chris Orsman, David Foster, Alistair Te Ariki Campbell, and Robert Sullivan. Australian poet-author Alan Wearne's Night Markets, and sequels, are major verse novels of urban social life and satire.

The Australian poet, C.J. Dennis, had great success in Australia during World War I with his verse novels, The Songs of a Sentimental Bloke (1915), and The Moods of Ginger Mick (1916). The first tells of an urban ruffian with a heart of gold who marries and becomes a father and a farmer in Melbourne, Australia, shortly before the start of World War I in 1914. The second is the story of another urban ruffian, and good friend of The Bloke, who enlists in the Australian Army, and dies in the early battles at Gallipoli in 1915.

The American author, poet, dramatist, screenwriter and suffragist and feminist, Alice Duer Miller published her verse novel, Forsaking All Others (1935), about a tragic love affair, and had a surprising hit with her verse novel, The White Cliffs (1940: later dramatised and filmed, but retaining and expanding the poems as voice-over narration, as The White Cliffs of Dover (1944). This told the story of a young American woman who goes to England in mid-1914, for a fortnight, falls in love with an American aristocrat, and marries him: he is killed in the last days of the First World War in 1918, and when World War II breaks out in 1939, she must decide whether or not to let her son join the army to fight for England. The story helped sway American sentiment towards helping the British, and was a best-seller. Miller’s poem-chapters were mainly traditional couplets, quatrains, and sonnets. They used several different voices, as well as letters from different characters.

The parallel history of the verse autobiography, from strong Victorian foundation with Wordsworth's The Prelude (1805, 1850), to decline with Modernism and later twentieth-century revival with John Betjeman's Summoned by Bells (1960), Walcott's Another Life (1973), and James Merrill's The Changing Light at Sandover (1982), is also striking. The forms are distinct, but many verse novels plainly deploy autobiographical elements, and the recent Commonwealth examples almost all offer detailed representation of the (problems besetting) post-imperial and post-colonial identity, and so are inevitably strongly personal works.

There is also a distinct cluster of verse novels for younger readers, most notably Karen Hesse's Out of the Dust (1997), which won a Newbery Medal. Hesse followed it with Witness (2001). Since then, many new titles have cropped up, with authors Sonya Sones, Ellen Hopkins, Steven Herrick, Margaret Wild, Nikki Grimes, Virginia Euwer Wolff, Ann Warren Turner, Lorie Ann Grover, Brenda Seabrooke, Paul B. Janeczko, and Mel Glenn all publishing multiple titles. Debut YA authors, Holly Thompson, Cathy Ostlere, Sarah Tregay, and others have added new titles to the shelves in 2011. Thanhha Lai's Inside Out & Back Again (2011) won the National Book Award.

Versification

Long classical verse narratives were in stichic forms, prescribing a metre but not specifying any interlineal relations. This tradition is represented in English letters by the use of blank verse (unrhymed iambic pentameter), as by both Brownings and many later poets. But since Petrarch and Dante complex stanza forms have also been used for verse narratives, including terza rima (ABA BCB CDC etc.) and ottava rima (ABABABCC), and modern poets have experimented widely with adaptations and combinations of stanza-forms.

The stanza most specifically associated with the verse novel is the Onegin stanza, invented by Pushkin in Eugene Onegin. It is an adapted form of the Shakespearean sonnet, retaining the three quatrains plus couplet structure but reducing the metre to iambic tetrameter and specifying a distinct rhyme scheme: the first quatrain is cross-rhymed (ABAB), the second couplet-rhymed (CCDD), and the third arch-rhymed (or chiasmic, EFFE), so that the whole is ABABCCDDEFFEGG. Additionally, Pushkin required that the first rhyme in each couplet (the A, C, and E rhymes) be unstressed (or "feminine"), and all others stressed (or "masculine"). In the rhyme scheme notation capitalizing masculine rhymes, this reads as }}. Not all those using the Onegin stanza have followed the prescription, but Vikram Seth notably did so, and the cadence of the unstressed rhymes is an important factor in his manipulations of tone.

Recent examples

 The Boys Who Stole the Funeral, Les Murray (Sydney: Angus & Robertson, 1980)
 The Illusionists, John Fuller (London: Secker & Warburg, 1980)
 Midquest: A Poem, Fred Chappell (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1981)
 The Nightmarkets, Alan Wearne (Penguin, 1986)
 The Golden Gate, Vikram Seth (London: Faber & Faber, 1986)
 Love, Death and the Changing of the Seasons, Marilyn Hacker (New York: Norton, 1986)
 Desperate Characters: A Novella in Verse and Other Poems, Nicholas Christopher (New York: Viking, 1988)
 Omeros, Derek Walcott (London: Faber & Faber, 1990)
 Akhenaten, Dorothy Porter (St Lucia, QLD: University of Queensland Press, 1992)
 The Floor of Heaven, John Tranter (Sydney: Collins Angus & Robertson, 1992)
 The Monkey's Mask: An Erotic Murder Mystery, Dorothy Porter (Sydney: Hyland House Publishing, 1994)
 History: The Home Movie, Craig Raine (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1994)
 Turner, David Dabydeen (London: Jonathan Cape, 1994)
 Prophets, Kwame Dawes (Leeds: Peepal Tree Press, 1995)
 Jacko Jacobus, Kwame Dawes (Leeds: Peepal Tree Press, 1996)
 South: An Antarctic Journey, Chris Orsman (Wellington: Victoria University Press, 1996)
 Autobiography of Red, Anne Carson (New York: Knopf, 1998)
 Bill of Rights, Fred D'Aguiar (London: Chatto & Windus, 1998)
 Fredy Neptune: A Novel in Verse, Les Murray (Manchester: Carcanet, 1999)
 Jack, the Lady Killer, H. R. F. Keating (Hexham: Flambard, 1999)
 What a Piece of Work, Dorothy Porter (Sydney: Picador, 1999)
 Bloodlines, Fred D'Aguiar (London: Chatto & Windus, 2000)
 Whylah Falls, George Elliott Clarke (Vancouver: Polestar, 1990; rev. ed. 2000)
 Tiepolo's Hound, Derek Walcott (London: Faber & Faber, 2000)
 Maori Battalion: A Poetic Sequence, Alistair Te Ariki Campbell (Wellington: Wai-te-ata Press, 2001)
 The Beauty of the Husband, Anne Carson (London: Jonathan Cape, 2001)
 Ancestors, Edward Kamau Brathwaite (New York: New Directions Press, 2001)
 The Lovemakers, Book One, Alan Wearne (Penguin, 2001)
 Darlington's Fall, Brad Leithauser (New York: Knopf, 2002)
 Time's Fool: A Tale in Verse, Glyn Maxwell (Boston: Mariner Books, 2002)
 Wild Surmise, Dorothy Porter (Sydney: Picador, 2002)
 Captain Cook in the Underworld, Robert Sullivan (Auckland: Auckland University Press, 2002)
8 Stages of Grace, Diane Brown (Vintage, 2002)
 The Prodigal (verse novel), Derek Walcott (London: Faber & Faber, 2004)
 The Lovemakers, Book Two, Alan Wearne (ABC, 2004)
 This Barren Land My Bed of Roses (verse novel), Ayana Noble (University of Queensland Press, 2006)
 The Poet Slave of Cuba: A Biography of Juan Francisco Manzano, Margarita Engle (Juvenile/Children's) (New York: Henry Holt, 2006)
 Nine Hours North, Tim Sinclair (Melbourne: Penguin, 2006)
 Muscle, Matthew Schreuder (Sydney: Australian Scholarly Publishing, 2007)
 El Dorado, Dorothy Porter (Sydney: Picador, 2007)
 Sharp Teeth, Toby Barlow (New York: HarperCollins, 2008)
 Zorgamazoo, Robert Paul Weston (New York: Penguin/Razorbill, 2008)
 I & I, George Elliott Clarke (Fredericton, New Brunswick: Goose Lane Editions, 2009)
 View from Mount Diablo, Ralph Thompson (Leeds: Peepal Tree Press, 2003; rev. & annotated ed., 2009)
 Red Trick, Giacomo Lee (London: Blank Screen, 2012)
 The Sunlit Zone, Lisa Jacobson (Melbourne: Five Islands Press, 2012)
 Love, Dishonor, Marry, Die, Cherish, Perish: A Novel, David Rakoff, posthumous (New York: Doubleday, 2013)
 Castle's Keeper: A Song of Love and Justice, James T. Sapp (Blue and Gold Publishing, 2015)
 SPACE: An Odyssey in Rhyme, James T. Sapp (Blue and Gold Publishing, 2019)

Novels in verse for teens
 Psyche in a Dress, Francesca Lia Block (2006)
 Because I am Furniture, Thalia Chaltas (New York: Viking Juvenile, 2009)
 Frenchtown Summer, Robert Cormier (New York: Random House, 1999)
 Heartbeat, Sharon Creech (New York: HarperCollins, 2004)
 Keesha's House, Helen Frost, (2003)
 Dark Sons, Nikki Grimes (New York: Hyperion Books, 2005)
 Downtown Boy, Juan Felipe Herrera (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1999)
 By the River, Steven Herrick (Crows Nest: Allen and Unwin, 2004
 Kissing Annabel, Steven Herrick (New York: Simon Pulse, 2009)
 The Wolf, Steven Herrick  (Honesdale: Front Street, 2007)
 Cold Skin, Steven Herrick (Honesdale: Front Street, 2009)
 love, ghosts and nose hair, Steven Herrick (UQP, 1996)
 a place like this, Steven Herrick (UQP, 1998)
 the simple gift, Steven Herrick (UQP, 2000)
 Aleutian Sparrow, Karen Hesse (New York, Simon & Schuster, 2003)
 Out of the Dust, Karen Hesse (New York: Scholastic, 1997)
 Witness, Karen Hesse (New York: Scholastic, 2001)
 Crank, Ellen Hopkins (New York: Simon Pulse, 2006)
 Glass, Ellen Hopkins (New York: Margaret K. McElderry Books, 2007)
 Impulse, Ellen Hopkins (New York: Margaret K. McElderry Books, 2007)
 Burned, Ellen Hopkins (New York: Margaret K. McElderry Books, 2007)
 Identical, Ellen Hopkins (New York: Margaret K. McElderry Books, 2008)
 Tricks, Ellen Hopkins (New York: Margaret K. McElderry Books, 2009)
 Perfect, Ellen Hopkins (2011)
 Tilt, Ellen Hopkins (2012)
 Rumble, Ellen Hopkins (2014)
 Skyscraping, Cordelia Jensen (New York: Penguin, 2015)
 The Way the Light Bends Cordelia Jensen (New York: Penguin, 2018)
 My Book of Life By Angel, Martine Leavitt (2012)
 Realm of Possibility, David Levithan (New York: Knopf Books for Young Readers, 2008)
 Street Love, Walter Dean Myers (New York, CarperCollins, 2007)
 The Weight of the Sky, Lisa Ann Sandell, (New York: Viking, 2006)
 Song of the Sparrow, Lisa Ann Sandell, (New York: Scholastic, 2008)
 I Heart You, You Haunt Me, Lisa Schroeder (New York: Simon Pulse, 2008)
 Far from You, Lisa Schroeder (New York: Simon Pulse, 2010)
 The Day Before, Lisa Schroeder (New York: Simon Pulse, 2011)
 One of Those Hideous Books Where the Mother Dies, Sonya Sones (New York: Simon & Schuster Children's Publishing, 2001)
 Stop Pretending: What Happened When My Big Sister Went Crazy, Sonya Sones (New York: HarperTeen, 2001)
 What My Mother Doesn't Know, Sonya Sones (New York: Simon & Schuster Children's Publishing, 2001)
 What My Girlfriend Doesn't Know, Sonya Sones (New York, Simon & Schuster Children's Publishing, 2007)
 Orchards, Holly Thompson (New York: Delacorte Books for Young Readers, 2011)
 Love and Leftovers, Sarah Tregay (New York: Katherine Tegen Books/HarperCollins, 2011)
 Jinx, Margaret Wild (New York: Simon Pulse, 2004)
 One Night, Margaret Wild (New York: Random House, 2006)
 Glimpse, Carol Lynch Williams (New York: Simon & Schuster/Paula Wiseman Books, 2010)
 Make Lemonade, Virginia Euwer Wolff (New York: Scholastic, 1994)
 True Believer, Virginia Euwer Wolff (New York, Simon Pulse, 2002)
 This Full House, Virginia Euwer Wolff (New York: HarperCollins, 2009)
 Lonesome Howl, Steven Herrick (Crows Nest, NSW: Allen & Unwin, 2006)
 Johnny and the Seven Teddy Bears of Sin, James Venn (Toronto, 2012)
 The Weight of Water, Sarah Crossan (London: Bloomsbury, 2011)
 One, Sarah Crossan (London: Bloomsbury, 2015)
 We Come Apart, Sarah Crossan and Brian Conaghan (London: Bloomsbury, 2017)


Austrostipa compressa

Austrostipa compressa, the compact needlegrass, originally described as Stipa compressa, is a species of grass that grows in south west Western Australia.

It is found in sandy areas near the coast.

It also very similar to golden stipa (A. macalpinei).

The grass is a post disturbance variety - coming up after a fire, or track grading.

The Australian species of Stipa were recognised as a genus in 1996 as Austrostipa


Begum Hazrat Mahal

Begum Hazrat Mahal ( بیگم حضرت محل ) [name in Urdu] (c. 18207 April 1879), also called as Begum of Awadh, was the second wife of Nawab Wajid Ali Shah. Wajid Ali Shah met her in his palace. She rebelled against the British East India Company during the Indian Rebellion of 1857. She finally found asylum in Nepal where she died in 1879. After her husband had been exiled to Calcutta, she took charge of the affairs in the state of Awadh and seized control of Lucknow. She organised an army of women and placed Uda Devi as its commander. She actively took part in the revolt of 1857 against the Doctrine of Lapse under which Dalhousie wanted her to surrender Lucknow. She gave stiff resistance. But after the fall of Lucknow she escaped to Kathmandu. She was a very brave woman and such bravery in a male-dominated society was unprecedented. She made her son, Prince Birjis Qadr, the Wali (ruler) of Awadh; However, she was forced to abandon this role after a short reign. "Pasi respondents first documented the story of Begum Hazrat Mahal in print in the 1971 Census records. Though the name of Uda Devi was not mentioned, the respondents mentioned that, in the war of 1857, a Pasi Palton (a platoon of Pasis) rescued Begum Hazrat Mahal from imprisonment by the British (Census of India 1971: 2). It was only later that the story of Uda Devi came to be incorporated into the narrative. After 1990, the story found organisational support for its transmission and celebration with the formation of the Virangana Uda Devi Smarak Sansthan."

Biography

Mahal's  name was Muhammadi Khanum, and she was born at Faizabad, Awadh, India. She was a courtesan by profession and had been taken into the royal harem as a khawasin after being sold by her parents, then to Royal agents, and later promoted to a pari, and was known as Mahak Pari. She became a begum after being accepted as a royal concubine of the King of Awadh, and the title 'Hazrat Mahal' was bestowed on her after the birth of their son, Birjis Qadra.

She was a junior wife of the last Tajdaar-e-Awadh, Wajid Ali Shah. The British had annexed Awadh in 1856 and Wajid Ali Shah was exiled to Calcutta. After her husband was exiled to Calcutta, she took charge of the affairs of the state of Awadh despite her divorce from the Nawab, which then was a large part of the current state of Uttar Pradesh, India.

Indian Mutiny of 1857
During the Indian Mutiny, from 1857 to 1858, Begum Hazrat Mahal's band of supporters, led by Raja Jailal Singh, rebelled against the forces of the British; later, they seized control of Lucknow and she declared her son, Birjis Qadr, as the ruler (Wali) of Oudh.

One of the principal complaints of Begum Hazrat Mahal was that the East India Company had casually demolished Temples and mosques just to make way for roads. In a proclamation issued during the final days of the revolt, she mocked the British claim to allow freedom of worship:

When the forces under the command of the British re-captured Lucknow and most of Oudh, she was forced to retreat. Hazrat Mahal worked in association with Nana Saheb, but later joined the Maulavi of Faizabad in the attack on Shahjahanpur.

Later life
Ultimately, she had to retreat to Nepal, where she was initially refused asylum by the Rana prime minister Jang Bahadur, but was later allowed to stay. She died there in 1879 and was buried in a nameless grave in the grounds of Kathmandu's Jama Masjid. After her death, on the occasion of the jubilee of Queen Victoria (1887), the British Government pardoned Birjis Qadar and he was allowed to return home.

Memorials

Begum Hazrat Mahal's tomb is located in central part of Kathmandu near Jama Masjid, Ghantaghar, not far away from the famous Darbar Marg. It is looked after by the Jama Masjid Central Committee.

On 15 August 1962, Mahal was honoured at the Old Victoria Park in Hazratganj, Lucknow for her role in the Great Revolt. Along with the renaming of the park, a marble memorial was constructed, which includes a marble tablet with four round brass plaques bearing the Coat of Arms of the Awadh royal family. The park has been used for Ramlilas and bonfires during Dusshera, as well as Lucknow Mahotsava (Lucknow Exposition).

On 10 May 1984, the Government of India issued a commemorative stamp in honour of Mahal. The first day cover was designed by C.R. Pakrashi, and the cancellation was done by Alka Sharma. 15,00,000 stamps were issued.

The Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India has started the Begum Hazrat Mahal National Scholarship for Meritorious Girls belonging to minority communities in India. This scholarship is implemented through the Maulana Azad Education Foundation.


High-temperature electrolysis

High-temperature electrolysis (also HTE or steam electrolysis) is a technology for producing hydrogen from water at high temperatures.

Efficiency
High temperature electrolysis is more efficient economically than traditional room-temperature electrolysis because some of the energy is supplied as heat, which is cheaper than electricity, and also because the electrolysis reaction is more efficient at higher temperatures.  In fact, at 2500 °C, electrical input is unnecessary because water breaks down to hydrogen and oxygen through thermolysis.  Such temperatures are impractical; proposed HTE systems operate between 100 °C and 850 °C.

The efficiency improvement of high-temperature electrolysis is best appreciated by assuming that the electricity used comes from a heat engine, and then considering the amount of heat energy necessary to produce one kg hydrogen (141.86 megajoules), both in the HTE process itself and also in producing the electricity used.  At 100 °C, 350 megajoules of thermal energy are required (41% efficient).  At 850 °C, 225 megajoules are required (64% efficient).

Materials
The selection of the materials for the electrodes and electrolyte in a solid oxide electrolyser cell is essential. One option being investigated for the process used yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) electrolytes, nickel-cermet steam/hydrogen electrodes, and mixed oxide of lanthanum, strontium and cobalt oxygen electrodes.

Economic potential

Even with HTE, electrolysis is a fairly inefficient way to store energy.  Significant conversion losses of energy occur both in the electrolysis process, and in the conversion of the resulting hydrogen back into power.

At current hydrocarbon prices, HTE can not compete with pyrolysis of hydrocarbons as an economical source of hydrogen.

HTE is of interest as a more efficient route to the production of hydrogen, to be used as a carbon neutral fuel and general energy storage. It may become economical if cheap non-fossil fuel sources of heat (concentrating solar, nuclear, geothermal) can be used in conjunction with non-fossil fuel sources of electricity (such as solar, wind, ocean, nuclear).

Possible supplies of cheap high-temperature heat for HTE are all nonchemical, including nuclear reactors, concentrating solar thermal collectors, and geothermal sources. HTE has been demonstrated in a laboratory at 108 kilojoules (electric) per gram of hydrogen produced, but not at a commercial scale. The first commercial generation IV reactors are expected around 2030.

The market for hydrogen production

Given a cheap, high-temperature heat source, other hydrogen production methods are possible. In particular, see the thermochemical sulfur-iodine cycle. Thermochemical production might reach higher efficiencies than HTE because no heat engine is required. However, large-scale thermochemical production will require significant advances in materials that can withstand high-temperature, high-pressure, highly corrosive environments.

The market for hydrogen is large (50 million metric tons/year in 2004, worth about $135 billion/year) and growing at about 10% per year (see hydrogen economy). This market is met by pyrolysis of hydrocarbons to produce the hydrogen, which results in CO2 emissions. The two major consumers are oil refineries and fertilizer plants (each consumes about half of all production). Should hydrogen-powered cars become widespread, their consumption would greatly increase the demand for hydrogen in a hydrogen economy.

Electrolysis and thermodynamics

During electrolysis, the amount of electrical energy that must be added equals the change in Gibbs free energy of the reaction plus the losses in the system. The losses can (theoretically) be arbitrarily close to zero, so the maximum thermodynamic efficiency of any electrochemical process equals 100%.  In practice, the efficiency is given by electrical work achieved divided by the Gibbs free energy change of the reaction.

In most cases, such as room temperature water electrolysis, the electric input is larger than the enthalpy change of the reaction, so some energy is released as waste heat. In the case of electrolysis of steam into hydrogen and oxygen at high temperature, the opposite is true. Heat is absorbed from the surroundings, and the heating value of the produced hydrogen is higher than the electric input. In this case the efficiency relative to electric energy input can be said to be greater than 100%. The maximum theoretical efficiency of a fuel cell is the inverse of that of electrolysis at the same temperature. It is thus impossible to create a perpetual motion machine by combining the two processes.

Mars ISRU

High temperature electrolysis with solid oxide electrolyser cells has also been proposed to produce oxygen on Mars from atmospheric carbon dioxide, using zirconia electrolysis devices.


Tsibi Geva

Tsibi Geva (born 1951) is an Israeli educator and music/art critic. Geva's work is a cross between graffiti, Sculpture and abstract expressionism.

Biography
Tsibi Geva was born in 1951 in Kibbutz Ein Shemer, Israel. Geva lives and works in Tel Aviv and New York.

Since 1979, Geva has exhibited at the Israel Museum, Jerusalem (1984); the Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston (1985); the Tel Aviv Museum (1988); the Haifa Museum, Haifa (2003); the Tel Aviv Museum (2008); the American University Museum at the Katzen Arts Center, Washington, DC (2013); the MACRO Testaccio, Rome (2014) and the Mönchenhaus – Museum of Modern Art, Goslar (2015) and the Israeli Pavilion at the 56th Venice Biennale (2015).

Art career
Geva's participation in international group exhibitions include the Kunsthaus Zürich Orangerie Herrenhausen, Hannover (1989);  The Jewish Museum, New York(1989), Whitebox, NY (2013); Royal Palace of Milan, Milan (2006); Martin-Gropius-Bau, Berlin (2005); El Espacio Aglutinador, Havana, Cuba (1998); The Israel Museum, Jerusalem (2012); Tel Aviv Museum of Art (2016); Museum on the Seam, Jerusalem (2010), Dehallen Belfort, Bruges Belgium (2006), and CCA Andratx, Mallorca (2010).

Geva's works are included in galleries and collections including The MoMA Collection, NY; The Jewish Museum, New York ; Rothfeld Collection, American University Museum, Washington DC; Museum on the Seam, Jerusalem; Tel Aviv Museum of Art; The Phoenix collection; Annina Nosei, NY; Arturo Schwartz, Italy; Donald Rothfeld, NY; Joshoua Gessel, Zurich; Michael Recanati, NY; Monique and Max Burger, Zurich.

Geva is a professor at the School of Visual Arts, MFA program, NY; the University of Haifa, and Hamidrasha School of Art, Beit Berl College, Israel.

Solo exhibitions
1979 Tsibi Geva, Kibbutz Gallery, Tel Aviv
1979 Tsibi Geva, Sara Gilat Gallery, Jerusalem
1982 December 82, Kibbutz Gallery, Tel Aviv
1983 New Works, Sarah Gilat Gallery, Jerusalem
1984 Tsibi Geva, Julie M. Gallery Tel Aviv
1984 Tsibi Geva, Special Exhibition, The Israel Museum, Jerusalem
1984 Streams: Tsibi Geva, ICA, Boston
1985 Tsibi Geva, Julie M. Gallery Tel Aviv
1988 Tsibi Geva: Paintings, Tel Aviv Museum of Art
1989 Tsibi Geva, Julie M. Gallery. Tel Aviv
1990 Tsibi Geva, Anina Noosei Gallery, New York
1990 The Refuge and other paintings 1985-1988, Julie M. Gallery. Tel Aviv
1992 No, Julie M. Gallery. Tel Aviv, Bograshov Gallery, Tel Aviv
1993 Tsibi Geva, Anina Noosei Gallery, New York
1993 Blinds 1994, Julie M. Gallery Tel Aviv
1994 Tsibi Geva - Works 1988-1994, The Museum of Art, Ein Harod
1995 Tsibi Geva, Anina Nozay Gallery, New York
1995 The Great North Window of the Classroom, Julie M. Gallery. Tel Aviv
1997 Works, Julie M. Gallery Tel Aviv
1998 Tsibi Geva: December
1982 - December 1998, Kibbutz Gallery, Tel Aviv
1998 Caffé and Balata paintings, Ambrosino Gallery, Miami, Florida
1999 Kaffiyeh, Espacio Aglutinador, Havana, Cuba
1999 Summer, The Art Gallery of Kibbutz Beeri
2000 Works, Art Gallery, Kibbutz Rosh Hanikra
2001 High Holidays, Anina Noisy Gallery, New York
2001 Rage, Gallery Now, Berlin
2001 Gallery, Hagar Gallery, Jaffa
2001 The High Holidays, Tmuna Theater, Tel Aviv
2002 Background, Art Gallery, Kibbutz Kabri; Art Gallery of Kibbutz Lohamei Hagetaot
2003 Master Plan, Haifa Museum of Art, Haifa
2003 Birds of Our Country, 16th Line Gallery, Tel Aviv
2003 What Does the Bird Care About, Goren Art Gallery, Emek Yezreel Academic College
2004 Anina Noisy Gallery, New York
2005 After, Anina Noisy Gallery, New York
2006 Mount Analogue, The Midrasha Art Gallery, Tel Aviv
2006 Other Flowers, The New Gallery, Beit Gabriel on the Sea of Galilee
2007 Still Life, Armno Tedeschi Gallery, Rome
2008 Tel Devarim, Tel Aviv Museum of Art
2009 Biladi, Biladi - Works 1983-1985, Warehouse 2, Jaffa Port
2009 Inayach, Herzliya Museum of Art
2010 The Other Works, Pratt Gallery, Tel Aviv
2010 Song of the Land, San Galo Art Gallery, Florence
2010 Tsibi Geva - New Works, Anina Noisy Gallery, New York
2011 Tsibi Geva, Winners Two Thousand and Ten, Museum of Israeli Art, Ramat Gan
2011 Kaffiyeh, Artist Wall, Peres Center for Peace
2012 The bird inside is standing outside, Hyrcanus Orca, Messina, Sicily
2012 New Works, Studio in Alfasi, Tel Aviv
2012 Object, Crossing, Ashdod Museum of Art, Monart Center, Ashdod
2015 Exhibition, The Israeli Pavilion to the Biennale of Art, Venice

Awards

 1984 - America-Israel Cultural Foundation, Sharett Scholarship for Continuing Education Abroad
 1985 - Koliner Prize for Young Artist, The Israel Museum, Jerusalem
 1994 - Prize of the Minister of Science and the Arts for Plastic Arts
 1996 - Isracard Prize for Art, Tel Aviv Museum of Art
 1997 - Sandberg Prize for Israeli Art, The Israel Museum, Jerusalem
 2001 - Jeanette and George Jaffin Prize, America-Israel Cultural Foundation
 2003 - The Haifa Museum of Art Prize
 2004 - Eva and Mendel Pundik Foundation Prize for Israeli Art, Tel Aviv Museum of Art
 2010 - Lifetime Achievement Award, Israeli Ministry of Culture

External links
 Tsibi Geva Website https://www.tsibigeva.com/about
 Artsy
 School of Visual Arts
 WM | whitehot magazine of contemporary art
 Announcements - e-flux


Elliott Marks

Elliott Marks (3 December 1941 – 9 July 2003) was a Canadian movie stills photographer who was posthumously awarded the first Still Photographer Award by the International Cinematographers Guild Publicists Awards in 2004. According to the award citation: "Marks devoted 25 years of his life to capturing some of the best images from an array of classic Hollywood films. His credits include Pirates of the Caribbean, The Horse Whisperer, Clueless, Down and Out in Beverly Hills, Annie and Rocky."

Elliott Stephen Marks was born in Toronto, Ontario, in 1941. After a career as a wildlife photographer he gained his first screen credit as the still photographer for Jonathan Livingston Seagull in 1973. In 1996, Marks was inducted as a founding member of the Society of Motion Picture Still Photographers. He was the recipient of the Society of Operating Cameramen's Lifetime Achievement Award.

Marks was married to Deborah Klar. He also fathered a son, Harrison, by his first wife Andie.

The movie Starsky & Hutch'' was dedicated to Marks.


The Count of Monte Cristo (1953 film)

The Count of Monte Cristo (Spanish: El Conde de Montecristo) is a 1953 Argentine-Mexican historical adventure film directed by León Klimovsky and starring Jorge Mistral, Elina Colomer and Santiago Gómez Cou. It is an adaptation of Alexandre Dumas's 1844 novel The Count of Monte Cristo.

Cast
 Jorge Mistral  as Edmundo Dantés / Conde de Montecristo
 Elina Colomer  as Haydee
 Santiago Gómez Cou  as Villefort
 Nelly Meden  as Mercedes
 Ariel Absalón
 Ricardo Argemí
 Francisco Audenino
 Fina Basser
 Ernesto Bianco as Fernando Mondego
 Margot Cottens
 José De Angelis
 Josefa Goldar
 Francisco López Silva  as Abate Faria
 Federico Mansilla
 Nathán Pinzón as Danglars
 Ángel Prio
 Daniel Tedeschi

External links


Coelaletae

Koilaletoi () or Coilaletae or Coelaletae is the name of a Thracian tribe. Other parts of this tribe were, the Coelaletae Maiores and Coelaletae Minores. They are mentioned by Tacitus.


Hermite Islands

__NOTOC__

The Hermite Islands () are the islands Hermite, Herschel, Deceit and Hornos as well as the islets Maxwell, Jerdán, Arrecife, Chanticleer, Hall, Deceit (islet), and Hasse  at almost the southernmost end of South America. The smallest and southernmost of the major islands is Hornos Island, the location of Cape Horn. The islands are located south of the Wollaston Islands and separated from them by the Franklin Channel. The islets Terhalten, Sesambre, Evout and Barnevelt are located easterly and are not considered part of the Hermite islands.

The southernmost islands of the American continent are the Diego Ramírez Islands, southwest of Cape Horn. South of all these islands is the Drake Passage.

The southern tip of Deceit island extends southeastwards through a line of sharp-edged rocks known as Los dientes o garras de Deceit (Deceit teeth or claws) that end in a rough islet, Islote Deceit.  The islands form part of the Cabo de Hornos National Park.

History
They are named after the Dutch admiral Jacques l'Hermite (1582-1624). Hermite Islands were visited by Charles Darwin at the turn of 1832/1833. Argentina started 1978 the Operation Soberania to seize the islands.


Reynard (disambiguation)

Reynard the Fox is a literary cycle of allegorical French, Dutch, English and German fables concerned with Reynard, an anthropomorphic red fox and trickster figure.

Reynard may also refer to:
 Reynard Motorsport, a former British race car chassis manufacturer
 [[HMS Reynard|HMS Reynard]], or HMS Renard'', ten ships of the Royal Navy
 Renard (Stravinsky), one-act opera by Igor Stravinsky (spelled either way)

Surname
 Paul Reynard (1927–2005), French-American painter
 Adrian Reynard (born 1951), English, founder of Reynard Motorsport


Sione Kite

Sione Kite (born 14 January 1988), also known as John Kite is an Australian rugby league footballer for the Thirlmere Roosters in the Group 6 Rugby League. He previously played for the Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs and Melbourne Storm in the National Rugby League and the Widnes Vikings in the Super League. He primarily plays  and .

Playing career
Born in Canterbury, New South Wales, Kite played his junior football for the St. John Eagles and St. George before being signed by the Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs. He played for the Bulldogs' Toyota Cup team in 2008, scoring 3 tries in 15 games. In Round 17 of the 2008 NRL season he made his NRL début for the Bulldogs against the South Sydney Rabbitohs.

At the end of the 2008 season, Kite was named at  in the 2008 Toyota Cup Team of the Year.

At the end of the 2009 season, Kite signed with the Melbourne Storm. He made his début for the Storm in Round 21 of the 2010 NRL season.

On 26 January 2012, Kite signed a 1-year contract with the Widnes Vikings in the Super League. He made his début for the Vikings in Round 6 of the 2012 Super League season.

Representative career
In 2008, Kite was named in the Tonga training squad for the 2008 Rugby League World Cup but did not make the final squad.

Personal life
Kite is believed to be the biggest baby born at Canterbury hospital, weighing in at 15 pounds. He completed his schooling at Hampden Park Public School, followed by Holy Spirit College.


George Ezra discography

English singer-songwriter George Ezra has released two studio albums, two extended plays, six singles and six music videos.

After releasing two EPs, Did You Hear the Rain? in October 2013 and Cassy O' in March 2014, Ezra rose to prominence with the release of his hit single "Budapest", which reached the top ten in numerous countries around the world, reaching number one in Austria, New Zealand and the Czech Republic.

Ezra's debut studio album Wanted on Voyage, which was released on 30 June 2014, reached number one in the UK and the top ten in seven other countries, including Australia. It was the third best-selling album of 2014 in the UK. The album also peaked at number 19 on the Billboard 200 charts in the United States. Ezra released six singles from the album: "Did You Hear the Rain?", "Budapest", "Cassy O'", "Blame It on Me", "Listen to the Man" and "Barcelona". Zane Lowe, then a BBC Radio 1 DJ, called him "one of the most compelling and powerful new vocalists around."

Ezra's second studio album, Staying at Tamara's, which was released on 23 March 2018 by Columbia Records, reached number one in the UK and the top ten in seven other countries, including Australia. So far, it is accompanied by four singles: "Don't Matter Now", "Paradise", "Pretty Shining People" and "Hold My Girl". "Paradise" reached number two on the UK Singles Chart.

In June 2018, Ezra gained his first UK number-one single with "Shotgun".

Albums

Extended plays

Singles

Other charted and certified songs

Music videos


Sociome

The Sociome is a concept used by scientists in Biology and Sociology referring to the dimensions of existence that are social. The term is also an indication of the convergence of systems biology and the study of society as a complex system that has begun to occur among early 21st Century scientists. Just as the phenome is typically thought of as the set of expressed phenotypes of an organism, the sociome can be thought of as the set of observed characteristics of societies. For example, while all societies consisting of humans might be thought of as having the potential to become egalitarian social democracies, not all observed societies are egalitarian or social democracies. Thus, the sociome can also be thought of indirectly as an ideal type of the unrealized potential of any given organization of social beings.

Origin of term
The first known usage of the term sociome was in 2001 by Daichi Kamiyama. The term has also been utilized by sociologist Adam Thomas Perzynski. The two scientists differ in their usage. Kamiyama's study describes a new scientific "era of the sociome (Sociology[+ome])" characterized by the study of the social activities of molecules. This usage is an anthropomorphism of social behavior, wherein molecules are described as having the ability to socialize.  Perzynski's social scientific usage varies from this considerably. While Sociology is the study of society, behavior and social relationships, the sociome is the characterization and quantification of patterns, variables, activities, relationships and attributes across all societies that exist and can be studied. The suffix -ome has been used primarily in biology, as in genome, proteome, microbiome, metabolome and phenome. Basu and colleagues have used the term sociome to refer to a sort of standardized approach to the characterization of geocoded social attributes (e.g. neighborhood level). In 2014, Del Savio and colleagues discussed the blurring of the boundaries between disciplines, and increased enthusiasm for the sociome concept and its importance for research in social science, epigenetics and epidemiology, with cautionary advice about the risks rooted in the marred history of Sociobiology

Still other authors have referred to sociomics as the bidirectional interplay between the field of Science and Technology Studies and all other "-omics" fields.

The -omics Wikipedia entry had previously listed sociome as a proposed new name for sociology, although it is unclear whether this has ever actually been proposed by any credible source. Still others have proposed that sociome is the object of study of Sociometry.


Yoshinobu Ikeda

was a Japanese film director and film industry executive.

Career
Born in Nagano Prefecture, Ikeda first worked at the post office before heading to Tokyo in 1920 to join the theater world. He entered the Shochiku studio in 1921 and debuted as a film director the same year with Nasanu naka. He became one of the top directors of Shochiku's Kamata studio in Tokyo, scoring a major hit with Sendō kouta in 1923. He eventually quit directing films in 1936 and became a film producer. After World War II, he became the secretary general of first the Motion Picture Producers Association of Japan and then Eirin.

His wife was Sumiko Kurishima, one of Japan's first female film stars and the star of Sendō kouta.

Selected filmography
 Nasanu naka (生さぬ仲) (1921)
 Sendō kouta (船頭小唄) (1923)


Maple Airport

Maple Airport was a small airfield in the Township of Vaughan (now a city) in York Region, Ontario, Canada that was open from 1955 until 1987. The airport, established by Marion Alice Orr, one of Canada's first women pilots, consisted of two runways in an X pattern;  and . The early runway were grass strip and paved over in 1960.

At one point, the Maple Airport was the third-busiest private commercial and civilian airport in Canada not to have a control tower.

The urbanization of Vaughan and the Maple area led to the closure of the airport in 1987.

Nothing remains of the airport today, which is now the site of a housing development and Le Petite Prince Catholic Elementary School. A small park in the neighbourhood, on Avro Road, was named Maple Airport Park in honour of the former airport.

Buildings

The early buildings of the airport were the farmhouse and barn from the original owners. Tie-down hangars were added, but no permanent airport structures were built.

Tenants
 Maple Flying Club
 Gillies Flying Service
 Maple Air Services Ltd.
 Neiltown Air Limited
 Auberge Maple Inn - restaurant


Sosoli Talawadua

Sosoli Talawadua (born 30 June 1989) is a New Zealand rugby union player. She debuted for the Black Ferns in 2016. Talawadua was selected for the 2017 Women's Rugby World Cup squad.


Parma Creek

Parma Creek is a river of the state of New South Wales in Australia.


Mutěnice

Mutěnice is name of several locations in the Czech Republic:

 village Mutěnice in South Moravian Region (Hodonín District)
 village Mutěnice in South Bohemian Region (Strakonice District)


No Mean City

No Mean City is a 1935 novel by H. Kingsley Long, a journalist, and Alexander McArthur, an unemployed worker. It is an account of life in the Gorbals, a run-down slum district of Glasgow (now mostly demolished, but re-built in a contemporary style) with the hard men and the razor gangs.

Whatever its literary or other merits, for many years it was regarded as the definitive account of life in Glasgow, and its title became a byword. It originated from a set of conversations sent to Longman's publishing firm from McArthur which was then sent to Kingsley Long to build into a complete novel.

Its title is a quotation from the Bible, where Paul the Apostle says that he is a citizen of Tarsus, which is "no mean city", i.e. no obscure or insignificant city. (Rhetorically, the phrase is an example of litotes, where a negative is used to emphasise the positive.)

This tale of Glasgow gang lands is set in the inter-war period (1920s) and is a depiction of working class life for young and old, male and female and gives insight into both the private and public issues faced by the dwellers of the city.'The title is also the name of a song written by Mike Moran and sung by Maggie Bell used as the theme music for the STV detective drama series Taggart''.


Palazinges

Palazinges  is a commune in the Corrèze department in central France.

Population


Steven L. Abrams

Steven L. Abrams (born 1958 in Des Moines, Iowa) is an American politician. He was the first mayor of Palm Beach County in the U.S. state of Florida.  He previously served as chairman of the Palm Beach County Board of County Commissioners and represented District 4 on the county commission.  Abrams is currently executive director of the South Florida Regional Transportation Authority.  Abrams is the former mayor of the City of Boca Raton, Florida. A lawyer, he was elected mayor in March 2001 and re-elected in 2003 and 2005.  He previously served as a city council member from 1989-1999.  In March 2009, Abrams was appointed by Florida governor Charlie Crist to occupy the district four county commission seat vacated by Mary McCarty after her resignation due to federal corruption charges.  He won election to a full term when no one filed to run against him in 2010.  Abrams received his bachelor's degree from Harvard University in Government in 1980 and his law degree from The George Washington University in 1985.  His past experience includes law clerk in the White House under President Ronald Reagan. He was a partner of the now defunct Rothstein Rosenfeldt Adler firm.


Harald Nilsen Tangen

Harald Nilsen Tangen (born 3 January 2001) is a Norwegian footballer who plays as a midfielder for Viking.

Career
In 2016, Nilsen Tangen signed for Viking FK. On 22 July 2018, he made his league debut for the club in a 4–1 win over FK Jerv.

On 29 May 2019, he was loaned out to 1. divisjon club Tromsdalen UIL.


Jagdgeschwader 54

Jagdgeschwader 54 (JG 54)''' was a Luftwaffe fighter wing during the Second World War. JG 54 flew most of its missions on the Eastern Front where it claimed more than 9,600 aircraft shot down. It was the second-highest scoring wing in the Luftwaffe after JG 52 (+10,000 victories). Notable pilot aces (Experten) that flew with JG 54 included Walter Nowotny, Otto Kittel, Hans-Ekkehard Bob, Max-Hellmuth Ostermann, Hugo Broch and Hannes Trautloft.

JG 54 participated in the Poland in 1939, and the Battle of Britain and invasion of the Balkans in 1940. The unit was transferred to the Eastern Front in the spring of 1941 in preparation for the invasion of the Soviet Union in Operation Barbarossa. It remained there for the rest of the Second World War.
JG 54 first flew Bf 109Fs before changing to the more powerful Fw 190.

Operational history
I./JG 54 was initially formed as I./JG 70 in July 1939.  On 15 September 1939, I./JG 70 was redesignated I./JG 54. The initial unit designation for II./JG 54 was I./JG 138. This unit was raised in 1938 after the Anschluss of Austria and included many Austrian nationals. I./JG 138 became II./JG 54 on 6 April 1940. III./JG 54 was initially raised as I./JG 21 and redesignated III./JG 54 on 15 July 1939, with official records reflecting the change only after a year. Thus, III./JG 54 fought in Poland and France as I./JG 21.

Invasion of Poland and Battle of France
JG 54 took part the invasion of Poland in September–October 1939. Equipped with Bf 109s, their operations consisted of ground attack, air superiority and escorting Stukas. JG 54 was transferred back to Germany on 9 October 1939. Before the invasion of France, during a period known as Phoney War, it operated mainly in an air defence role.

Germany invaded France on 10 May 1940. The Luftwaffe operated by advancing in front of the German army to destroy French airfields and bomb cities, industrial complexes and transportation hubs.  JG 54's role was to escort the bombers (Stukas and Heinkel He 111s mostly) and to conduct fighter sweeps in French airspace in order to maintain air superiority.  The unit also operated at Dunkirk against the evacuating British Expeditionary Force. During the period 10 May to 21 June (until the capitulation of France), JG 54 claimed 17 aircraft, according to JG 54 documentation.

Before the Battle of Britain the wing was transferred to the Netherlands. In a British raid on the Soesterberg airfield, III/JG 54 suffered heavy ground crew and equipment losses. While in the Netherlands, the unit claimed another 21 aircraft.

The Battle of Britain
The Battle of Britain began in late July and early August, with the goal of destroying the RAF, a prerequisite of a land invasion of Britain. The three JG 54 squadrons were transferred to airfields near Calais. Fighter availability, at the starts of JG 54's Channel Front operations peaked at between 60 and 80 machines. The first major clash in the Battle came for JG 54 on 5 August 1940, when 1. and 3. Staffeln attacked  six Spitfires of No. 64 Squadron over the Kent coast and shot down two, suffering a Bf 109 damaged.

Dissatisfied with the fighter arm's performance in the operation, Göring's purge led to a command shakeup in mid-1940. Major Hannes Trautloft was placed in command of JG 54. The Battle of Britain proved costly for both the Luftwaffe and JG 54. The wing lost 43 pilots (40 percent of its strength at the onset of the operations): 18 killed in action and two in accidents, 13 missing in action and 10 made prisoners.
In return, JG 54 claimed 238 enemy aircraft destroyed.
After the Luftwaffe's poor performance, the three squadrons were assigned to separate locations in Germany and France.

On 29 March 1941 Stab, II, and III/JG 54 were relocated to the Balkans, for the war against Yugoslavia. With the Balkans campaign over, the Geschwaders tally of air victories had risen to 376. The unit was moved to Pomerania to re-equip with the Bf 109F  in preparation for Operation Barbarossa.

The Eastern Front

JG 54 was assigned to Army Group North during Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 as part of the Luftwaffe's Luftflotte 1.
From the first days of the conflict, the unit proved to be one of the most effective units of the entire eastern front. June 30 was one of its most successful days of the entire war: JG 54 claimed no less than 65 kills (mostly bombers without fighters escort) over the town of Daugavpils.
The "Grünherz" pushed on, still supporting Army Group North, towards the Gulf of Finland, fighting through Lithuania, Estonia and Latvia. JG 54's operations for 1941-43 had a twofold objective: to keep the pressure on the Leningrad sector, and to reduce Soviet pressure on the Lake Ilmen area at the German flank.
The Geschwader remained on that part of the Eastern Front for most of its existence.
In the period 22 June - 5 December 1941 the unit destroyed 1,078 Soviet aircraft in return for 46 losses in aerial combat and a single fighter on the ground.
Such was the pace and scale of fighting that JG 54 celebrated its 1,000 kill on 1 August 1941, thanks to Lieutenant Max-Hellmuth Ostermann.

JG 54 received its first Focke-Wulf Fw 190s in February 1943. On the 19th of that month had claimed its 4,000th aerial victoriy. On February 23, "Grünherz" obtained another of their greatest victories of the war, claiming 32 kills for no losses, in the Leningrad area. The following day I and III Gruppen claimed 43 more. By February 1943, JG 54 had flown 21,453 war sorties. I Gruppe took part in the Battle of Kursk in July–August 1943. Feldwebel Helmut Missner was credited with JG 54's 5,000th aerial victory on 17 July. But I Gruppe lost not less thann tre Kommandeuren in succession between 6 July and 4 August.
Moreover, still in July, Trautloft had left JG 54, when General Adolf Galland asked him to join is staff (he ended the war with 57 victories and the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross). After his departure, JG 54 continued operating in the area of Army Group North, and their victory tally rose continuously. The 7,000th JG 54 claim was made on 23 March 1944, with the 8,000 mark passed on 15 August.

I., II. and IV./ JG 54 ended the war fighting around the Baltic region, supporting the troops of Army Group North through Latvia and Estonia, and into the Courland Pocket. JG 54 could never hope to regain air superiority against the mounting number of Russian aircraft. The Russians never defeated Army Group North, which held out until the last day of the war, surrendering 210,000 Germans to the Soviets in Courland.

All remaining serviceable Fw 190's of JG 54 were ordered to fly to Flensburg on the German-Danish border. 90 personnel from JG 54 were able to flee to the west by air. The German Navy evacuated as many as possible of the remaining ground personnel by ship.

The Western Front
In February 1943 III./JG 54 was transferred back to the west for operations against the RAF and USAAF. At first they operated as a stand-alone Bf 109G Gruppe, but later were attached to JG 26.  Intensive training in the more rigorous techniques of fighting on the Western Front were only partly successful, and Oberst Josef Priller, Geschwaderkommodore of JG 26 and charged with III Gruppe's training, refused to declare the gruppe operational.  III Gruppe transferred to North Germany as a result, supporting Jagdgeschwader 1.

During the autumn of 1944, III./JG 54 was the first Luftwaffe unit to be supplied with the new Fw 190 D-9 "Dora". The D-9s were used in base defence missions for the Me 262 jets of Kommando Nowotny, and later over North-West Europe. 68 operational aircraft were available early in December, but due to heavy losses, the gruppe was disbanded soon after. Pilots Robert Weiß, the Gruppenkommandeur, and 12 other pilots were killed by RAF fighters on 29 December 1944 alone.

At the end of 1944 ZG 76 was disbanded and its pilots formed the nucleus of a new III./JG 54. Operating from Berlin, the unit's Fw 190s saw intensive action against Soviet ground targets such as road and rail supply columns, flak positions, armour and the bridges across the River Oder. A few weeks before the war ended, the depleted III./JG 54 was disbanded, being absorbed into JG 26.

Although Luftwaffe documentation were destroyed at the end of the war surviving records indicate JG 54 lost 491 pilots killed in action and 242 pilots missing. A further 322 pilots were wounded in action. The ground personnel lost 570 killed. Total losses in aircraft were approximately 1,071 Bf 109 and 746 Fw 190.

Commanding officers

Major Martin Mettig; 2 February 1940 to 25 August 1940
Oberst Hannes Trautloft; 25 August 1940 to 5 July 1943
Major Hubertus von Bonin; 6 July 1943 to 15 December 43
Oberstleutnant Anton Mader; 28 January 1944 to September 1944
Oberst Dietrich Hrabak; 1 October 1944 to 8 May 1945


Diplognatha

Diplognatha is a genus of beetle belonging to the family Scarabaeidae, Cetoniinae subfamily.

Description
Species of this genus are of medium size (approx. 20–27 mm). The body is slightly oblong and flat, with a shiny surface, usually black or brown, but some species have a distinct metallic sheen. A sexual dimorphism is barely visible. The larvae usually live in the soil, but some species are supposed to develop in bird and bee nests. In some species, the adult beetles live for several years, which is relatively uncommon.

Distribution
These beetles live in tropical Africa. The speciesDiplognatha gagates is found almost everywhere in Africa south of Sahara.

List of species

 Diplognatha blanchardi Schaum, 1844
 Diplognatha crampeli Fairmaire, 1893
 Diplognatha gagates (Forster, 1771)
 Diplognatha gagates silicea Macleay, 1838
 Diplognatha inaequalis Schürhoff, 1942
 Diplognatha jeanneli Bourgoin, 1913
 Diplognatha mhondana Moser, 1901
 Diplognatha montana Kolbe, 1892
 Diplognatha pagana Harold, 1879
 Diplognatha preussi Kolbe, 1892
 Diplognatha pupurascens (Fabricius, 1801)
 Diplognatha striata Janson, 1877
 Diplognatha subaenea Duvivier, 1891
 Diplognatha viridichalcea Kolbe, 1897
 Diplognatha viridula Janson, 1878


Time Tunnels

Time Tunnels is a 1981 board game published by Uncontrollable Dungeon Master.

Gameplay
Time Tunnels is a game of strategic space warfare in which each of the two to four players constructs a fleet of ships.

Reception
Tony Watson reviewed Time Tunnels in The Space Gamer No. 45. Watson commented that "Time Tunnels has no new concepts or anything particularly exciting about it. Neither is the game an outright turkey; it shows some thought and plays well. There are just better games on the subject and in this price range."


Niestum

Niestum  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Ciechanów, within Ciechanów County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.


1960 Pittsburgh Steelers season

The 1960 Pittsburgh Steelers season was the franchise's 28th in the National Football League.  They compiled a 5–6–1 record and a fifth-place finish under head coach Buddy Parker while playing their home games at Forbes Field.

Preseason

Among the Steelers' preseason games in 1960 was an exhibition match with the Toronto Argonauts of the Canadian Football League; the Steelers won handily, 43–16. Forty-eight years later, the Steelers will return to Toronto to face the Buffalo Bills as the first game in the Toronto Series.

Regular season

Schedule

 Saturday night (September 24)
 A bye week was necessary in , as the league expanded to an odd-number (13) of teams (Dallas); one team was idle each week.

Game summaries

Week 1 (Saturday September 24, 1960): Dallas Cowboys

at Cotton Bowl, Dallas, Texas

 Game time:
 Game weather:
 Game attendance: 30,000
 Referee:
 TV announcers:
 Dallas – Doran 75 pass from LeBaron (Cone kick)
 Dallas – Dugan 7 pass from Lebaron (Cone kick)
 Pittsburgh – Carpenter 28 pass from Layne (Layne kick)
 Dallas – McIlhenny 5 run  (Cone kick)
 Pittsburgh – Orr 6 pass from Layne (Layne kick)
 Pittsburgh – Dial 70 pass from Tracy (Layne kick)
 Dallas – Doran 54 pass from LeBaron (Cone kick)
 Pittsburgh – Carpenter 49 pass from Layne (Layne kick)
 Pittsburgh – Tracy 65 pass from Layne (Layne kick)

Scoring Drives:

Week 2 (Sunday October 2, 1960): Cleveland Browns

at Cleveland Municipal Stadium, Cleveland, Ohio

 Game time:
 Game weather:
 Game attendance: 67,692
 Referee:
 TV announcers:

Scoring Drives:

 Cleveland – Plum 1 run (Baker kick)
 Cleveland – Mitchell 5 run (Baker kick)
 Cleveland – Kreitling 60 pass from Plum (Baker kick)
 Pittsburgh – Tracy 40 pass from Layne (Layne kick)
 Pittsburgh – Tracy 1 run (kick failed)
 Cleveland – Brown 2 run (Baker kick)
 Pittsburgh – Dial 3 pass from Layne (Rechichar kick)

Week 3 (Sunday October 9, 1960): New York Giants

at Forbes Field, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

 Game time:
 Game weather:
 Game attendance: 40,323
 Referee:
 TV announcers:

Scoring Drives:

 Pittsburgh – Orr 22 pass from Tracy (Rechichar kick)
 New York Giants – FG Summerall 41
 New York Giants – Safety, Johnson tackled in end zone by Grier
 New York Giants – Rote 9 pass from Shaw (Summerall kick)
 Pittsburgh – Dial 30 pass from Layne (Rechichar kick)
 Pittsburgh – FG Rechichar 11
 New York Giants – Gifford 44 pass from Conerly (Summerall kick)

Week 4 (Sunday October 16, 1960): St. Louis Cardinals

at Forbes Field, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

 Game time:
 Game weather:
 Game attendance: 22,971
 Referee:
 TV announcers:

Scoring Drives:

 Pittsburgh – FG Rechichar 42
 Pittsburgh – FG Rechichar 31
 Pittsburgh – Tracy 4 run (Rechichar kick)
 Pittsburgh – Dial 26 pass from Layne (Rechichar kick)
 St. Louis – Crow 6 run (Conrad kick)
 St. Louis – Mestnik 2 run (Conrad kick)
 Pittsburgh – Orr 51 pass from Tracy (Rechichar kick)

Week 5 (Sunday October 23, 1960): Washington Redskins

at Griffith Stadium, Washington, DC

 Game time:
 Game weather:
 Game attendance: 25,292
 Referee:
 TV announcers:

Scoring Drives:

 Washington – Olszewski 1 run (Khayat kick)
 Pittsburgh – Tracy 5 pass from Bukich (Layne kick)
 Washington – FG Khayat 15
 Pittsburgh – FG Layne 17
 Pittsburgh – Lewis recovered fumble in end zone (Layne kick)
 Washington – Walton 35 pass from Guglielmi (Khayat kick)
 Washington – Anderson 12 pass from Guglielmi (Khayat kick)
 Pittsburgh – FG Layne 15
 Pittsburgh – Dial 27 pass from Bukich (Layne kick)
 Washington – FG Khayat 43

Week 6 (Sunday October 30, 1960): Green Bay Packers

at Forbes Field, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

 Game time:
 Game weather:
 Game attendance: 30,155
 Referee:
 TV announcers:

Scoring Drives:

 Green Bay – FG Hornung 35
 Green Bay – FG Hornung 35
 Green Bay – FG Hornung 45
 Green Bay – FG Hornung 17
 Pittsburgh – Tracy 37 pass from Layne (Layne kick)
 Pittsburgh – Dial 48 pass from Layne (pass failed)
 Green Bay – Taylor 1 run (Hornung kick)

Week 7 (Sunday November 6, 1960): Philadelphia Eagles

at Franklin Field, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

 Game time:
 Game weather:
 Game attendance: 58,324
 Referee: John Pace
 TV announcers:

Scoring Drives:

 Philadelphia – Barnes 9 run (Walston kick)
 Philadelphia – McDonald 24 pass from Van Brocklin (Walston kick)
 Philadelphia – FG Walston 21
 Philadelphia – McDonald 39 pass from Van Brocklin (Walston kick)
 Philadelphia – FG Walston 11
 Pittsburgh – Dial 50 pass from Tracy (Layne kick)
 Philadelphia – McDonald 26 pass from Van Brocklin (Walston kick)

Week 8 (Sunday November 13, 1960): New York Giants

at Yankee Stadium, Bronx, New York

 Game time:
 Game weather:
 Game attendance: 63,321
 Referee:
 TV announcers:

Scoring Drives:

 Pittsburgh – Layne 1 run (Layne kick)
 Pittsburgh – Tracy 1 run (Layne kick)
 New York Giants – Gifford 6 run (Summerall kick)
 Pittsburgh – FG Layne 10
 Pittsburgh – Dial 7 pass from Layne (Layne kick)
 New York Giants – Gifford 57 pass from Conerly (Summerall kick)
 New York Giants – FG Summerall 43
 New York Giants – Gifford 27 pass from Conerly (Summerall kick)
 New York Giants – FG Summerall 37

Week 9 (Sunday November 20, 1960): Cleveland Browns

at Forbes Field, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

 Game time:
 Game weather:
 Game attendance: 35,215
 Referee:
 TV announcers:

Scoring Drives:

 Pittsburgh – Johnson 3 run (Layne kick)
 Cleveland – FG Baker 19
 Cleveland Kreitling 6 pass from Plum (Baker kick)
 Pittsburgh – Tracy 4 run (Layne kick)

Week 10 (Sunday November 27, 1960): Washington Redskins

at Forbes Field, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

 Game time:
 Game weather:
 Game attendance: 22,234
 Referee:
 TV announcers:

Scoring Drives:

 Pittsburgh – FG Tracy 37
 Pittsburgh – FG Tracy 31
 Pittsburgh – Tracy 28 run (Layne kick)
 Washington – James 49 pass from Guolielmi (Khayat kick)
 Pittsburgh – FG Layne 23
 Washington – FG Khayat 9
 Pittsburgh – FG Tracy 28
 Pittsburgh – FG Layne 11

Week 12 (Sunday December 11, 1960): Philadelphia Eagles

at Forbes Field, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

 Game time:
 Game weather:
 Game attendance: 22,101
 Referee:
 TV announcers:

Scoring Drives:

 Pittsburgh – Layne 6 run (Layne kick)
 Pittsburgh – Johnson 7 pass from Layne (kick failed)
 Pittsburgh – Johnson 87 run (Layne kick)
 Pittsburgh – Dial 15 pass from Johnson (Layne kick)
 Philadelphia – Brown 53 pass from Jurgensen (Walston kick)
 Philadelphia – Brown 7 run (Walston kick)
 Philadelphia – McDonald 19 pass from Jurgensen (Walston kick)

Week 13 (Sunday December 18, 1960): St. Louis Cardinals

at Busch Stadium I, St. Louis, Missouri

 Game time:
 Game weather:
 Game attendance: 20,840
 Referee:
 TV announcers:

Scoring Drives:

 St. Louis – Mestnik 1 run (Perry kick)
 Pittsburgh – Orr 49 pass from Layne (Layne kick)
 St. Louis – FG Perry 16
 St. Louis – Randle 14 pass from Roach (Perry kick)
 St. Louis – Randle 8 pass from Roach (Perry kick)
 St. Louis – Roach 1 run (Perry kick)
 St. Louis – Randle 33 pass from Roach (Perry kick)

Standings

Roster


Chloropicus

Chloropicus is a genus of woodpeckers in the family Picidae that are native to Africa. Species in this genus were previously assigned to Dendrocopos.

The name of the genus was introduced by the French ornithologist Alfred Malherbe in 1845. The word Chloropicus is from the Greek khlōros meaning green and pikos meaning woodpecker.

The genus contains the three species:


Bill Crawford (American football)

William Crawford (born July 17, 1937) is a Canadian-born former American football offensive lineman who played in the National Football League (NFL).  Crawford played CIS football for the UBC Thunderbirds.  After graduation in 1960, he signed with the New York Giants.  He played four games for them and became one of the first U Sports players to play in the NFL.


Jim Walsh

Jim or Jimmy Walsh may refer to:

Sports
Jim Walsh (basketball) (1930–1976), American player
Jim Walsh (Dublin hurler) (1895–1950), Irish hurler
Jim Walsh (ice hockey) (born 1956), American League player
Jim Walsh (Kilkenny hurler) (1933–1995), Irish hurler
Jim Walsh (pitcher) (1894–1967), American baseball player
Jim Walsh (rugby union) (born 1926), rugby union player who represented Australia
Jim Walsh (water polo), former water polo representative from New Zealand
Jimmy Walsh (American boxer) (1883–1964), 1905 American World Bantamweight Champion
Jimmy Walsh (Antrim hurler) (1911–?), Northern Irish—also O'Connell's
Jimmy Walsh (boxer) (1913–1964), British lightweight national boxing champion 1936–38
Jimmy Walsh (footballer, born 1901) (1901–1971), English footballer
Jimmy Walsh (footballer, born 1930) (1930–2014), Scottish footballer who played for Celtic and Leicester City
Jimmy Walsh (footballer, born 1954), English footballer
Jimmy Walsh (infielder) (1886–1947), American baseball player
Jimmy Walsh (Kilkenny hurler) (1911–1977), Irish hurler—Carrickshock & Kilkenny
Jimmy Walsh (outfielder) (1885–1962), American baseball player

Others
Jim Walsh (Canadian politician) (born 1949), businessperson and former politician in Newfoundland and Labrador
Jim Walsh (columnist) (1903–1990), American authority on early popular recordings
Jim Walsh (Irish politician) (born 1947), Irish Fianna Fáil politician
James T. Walsh (born 1947), known as Jim, American politician
Jim Walsh (Washington politician), member of the Washington State House of Representatives

Characters
Jim Walsh, a character in The Alphabet Killer
Jim Walsh, a character in Beverly Hills, 90210


Christian Steiner

Private Christian Steiner (1843 – August 5, 1880) was a German-born American soldier in the U.S. Army who served as a saddler with the 8th U.S. Cavalry during the Apache Wars in the Arizona Territory. He was one of thirty-two men awarded the Medal of Honor for gallantry battling against Cochise and the Apache Indians in the Chiricahua Mountains on October 20, 1869.

Biography
Christian Steiner was born in Württemberg, Germany in 1843. He later emigrated to the United States and settled in St. Louis, Missouri, amid a growing German-American population, joining the United States Army from that city in May 1868. As a saddler in Company G of the 8th U.S. Cavalry Regiment, he was assigned to frontier duty and took part in the southwest military campaigns against the Plains Indians.

Steiner was stationed in the Arizona Territory during the Apache Wars. He was among the sixty-one cavalry troopers from the 1st and 8th Cavalry Regiment who, on October 5, 1868, pursued an Apache raiding party under Cochise following attacks on a stage coach en route to Tucson and a group of cowboys in the Sulphur Springs Valley. Leaving Fort Bowie, he followed Lt. William H. Winters and Captain Reuben F. Bernard in a fifteen-day pursuit of Cochise's band, who had fled to the Apache stronghold in the Chiricahua Mountains (between Red Rock and Turtle Mountain), before finally catching up to them on October 20. In what was one of the major battles of the Apache campaign, famously called the "Campaign of the Rocky Mesa", Steiner was among the thirty-two soldiers cited for "gallantry in action" and officially awarded the Medal of Honor on February 14, 1870. He was discharged in May 1873, and re-enlisted in August of the following year. He died on August 5, 1880, at the age of 37, and buried at Hollywood Cemetery in Hot Springs, Arkansas.

Medal of Honor citation
Rank and organization: Saddler, Company G, 8th U.S. Cavalry. Place and date: At Chiricahua Mountains, Ariz., 20 October 1869. Entered service at: --. Birth: Germany. Date of issue: 14 February 1870.

Citation:

Gallantry in action.


Gavin Webster

Gavin Webster (born 13 November 1969 in Blaydon-on-Tyne) is an English stand-up comedian. He made his debut in 1993 at the Barley Mow pub in Gateshead, on the same bill as Ross Noble.

His television work includes Never Mind The Buzzcocks, The Stand-up Show, Does Doug Know, Take The Mike, The Regionnaires, The Eleven O Clock show, The Comedy Store, Comedy Blue and The World Stand Up Tour (Channel 9 Australia, Comedy Central USA). He wrote and played in Walk on the Wild Side in 2009 and 2010. In 2011 he voiced Sid the Sexist for Channel 4's series Blaps adapting Viz. His 2011 Edinburgh Fringe show, All Young People are Cunts was positively reviewed by the British Comedy Guide. He previously played Edinburgh in 2003, 2008 and 2009.

In 2014 he won the award for Best UK Live Stand Up, commonly known as 'The Comedian's Comedian', the second only winner of the award after Mick Ferry won it in 2013.

In 2012 he returned to the Edinburgh Fringe with a new stand-up show, Bill Hicks Wasn't Very Good. His 2014 Edinburgh show was called "Controversial Title in Order to Sell Tickets" whilst his 2016 show was entitled "Jesus Christ Is A Window Cleaner Now".

He appears in a minor role in the 2016 Ken Loach film I, Daniel Blake as Joe.

His great uncle Joe Armstrong played for Portsmouth, Sheffield Wednesday, Norwich, Clapton Orient and Bournemouth in the early 1920s


Servon

Servon is the name of two communes in France:

 Servon, Manche, in the Manche département
 Servon, Seine-et-Marne, in the Seine-et-Marne département

ServON is also known as a hosting company, which is located in Aalborg, Denmark:


Elm Center, Ohio

Elm Center is an unincorporated community in Putnam County, in the U.S. state of Ohio.

History
Elm Center had its start as a station on the railroad. A post office called Elm Center was established in 1887, and remained in operation until 1903.


Project SHAD

Project SHAD, an acronym for Shipboard Hazard and Defense, was part of a larger effort called Project 112, which was conducted during the 1960s. Project SHAD encompassed tests designed to identify U.S. warships' vulnerabilities to attacks with chemical agents or biological warfare agents and to develop procedures to respond to such attacks while maintaining a war-fighting capability.

History

Project SHAD was part of a larger effort by the Department of Defense called Project 112.  Project 112 was a chemical and biological weapons research, development, and testing project conducted by the United States Department of Defense and CIA handled by the Deseret Test Center and United States Army Chemical Materials Agency from 1962 to 1973. The project started under John F. Kennedy's administration, and was authorized by his Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara, as part of a total review of the US military. The name of the project refers to its number in the 150 review process.

Mission
The Shipboard Hazard and Defense Project (SHAD) was a series of tests conducted by the U.S. Department of Defense during the 1960s to determine how well service members aboard military ships could detect and respond to chemical and biological attacks. Dee Dodson Morris of the Army Chemical Corps who coordinated the ongoing investigation, says, "The SHAD tests were intended to show how vulnerable Navy ships were to chemical or biological warfare agents. The objective was to learn how chemical or biological warfare agents would disperse throughout a ship, and to use that information to develop procedures to protect crewmembers and decontaminate ships."  DoD investigators note that over a hundred tests were planned but the lack of test results may indicate that many tests were never actually executed.  134 tests were planned initially, but reportedly, only 46 tests were actually completed.

Declassification
Public Law 107–314 required the identification and release of not only Project 112 information to the United States Veterans Administration but also that of any other projects or tests where a veteran might have been exposed to a chemical or biological warfare agent and directed The Secretary of Defense to work with veterans and veterans service organizations to identify the other projects or tests conducted by the Department of Defense that may have exposed members of the Armed Forces to chemical or biological agents. In 2000 the Department of Defense began the process of declassifying records about the project and according to the U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs, approximately 6,000 U.S. Service members were believed to be involved in conducting the tests.  In 2002, the Department of Defense began publishing a list of fact sheets for each of the tests.

Identification
Although many of the roughly 5,500 veterans who took part were aware of the tests, some were involved without their knowledge.
Certain issues surrounding the test program were not resolved by the passage of the law and the Department of Defense was accused of continuing to withhold documents on Cold War chemical and biological weapons tests that used unsuspecting veterans as "human samplers" after reporting to Congress it had released all medically relevant information.
A Government Accounting Office May 2004 report, Chemical and Biological Defense: DOD Needs to Continue to Collect and Provide Information on Tests and Potentially Exposed Personnel indicates that almost all participants who were identified from Project 112 — 94 percent — were from ship-based tests of Project SHAD that comprised only about one-third of the total number of tests conducted.

Medical Studies
Jack Alderson, a retired Navy officer who commanded the Army tugboats told CBS News that he believes the Pentagon used him and other service members to test weapons and those tests including agents, vaccines, and decontamination products have led to serious medical problems including cancer.
Secrecy agreements can now be ignored by veterans in order to pursue healthcare concerns within the Department of Veterans Affairs.  The V.A. has offered screening programs for veterans who believe they were involved in DoD sponsored tests during their service.  The Institute of Medicine of the National Academies has commissioned studies of Project SHAD participants. The first, Long-Term Health Effects of Participation in Project SHAD (Shipboard Hazard and Defense) was released in 2007 and found "no clear evidence that specific long-term health effects are associated with participation in Project SHAD."  The second, Shipboard Hazard and Defense II (SHAD II) by IOM's Medical Follow-up Agency (MFUA) began in 2012 and as of April 2014 is ongoing.

Locations of SHAD tests
from SHAD Fact Sheets
Pacific Ocean
Pacific Ocean off San Diego, CA
Pacific Ocean, from San Diego, CA to Balboa, Panama
Ft. Sherman, Panama Canal Zone
Eniwetok Atoll, Marshall Islands
Baker Island
Island of Hawaii
Pacific Ocean near the Island of Oahu, Hawaii
Pacific Ocean, west of Oahu, Hawaii
Pacific Ocean southwest of Oahu, HI
Oahu, HI and surrounding waters
Pacific Ocean, off Oahu, HI & surrounding water & airspace
Pacific Ocean near Johnston Island
Eglin Air Force Base, Florida
Atlantic Ocean off Newfoundland, Canada

Ships and air units involved

Ships
 USS Tiru (SS-416)
 USS Carbonero (SS-337)
 USS Berkeley (DDG-15)
 USS Carpenter (DD-825)
 USS Fechteler (DD-870)
 USS Fort Snelling (LSD-30)
 USS George Eastman (YAG-39)
 USS Granville S. Hall (YAG-40)
 USS Herbert J. Thomas (DD-833)
 USS Hoel (DDG-13)
 USS Navarro (APA-215)
 USS Okanogan (APA-220)
 USS Power (DD-839)
 USNS Samuel Phillips Lee (T-AGS 31)
 USNS Silas Bent (T-AGS-26)
 USS Tioga County (LST-1158)
 USS Wexford County (LST-1168)
 US Navy Lighter Barge (YF-N-811)
 US Navy Tug, ATF 105
 US Army Large Tug LT-2080
 US Army Large Tug LT-2081
 US Army Large Tug LT-2085
 US Army Large Tug LT-2086
 US Army Large Tug LT-2087
 US Army Large Tug LT-2088

Air units
 Meteorological Research Service (contractor) C-47
 US Navy Airborne Early Warning Barrier Squadron Pacific (AEWBarRonpac) Lockheed WV-2 / EC-121 Warning Star
 US Navy Patrol Squadron Four (VP-4) (PATRON Four), Fleet Air Wing Four (Lockheed P-2 Neptune)
 US Navy Patrol Squadron Six (VP-6) (PATRON SIX), Fleet Air Wing Two (Lockheed P-2 Neptune)
 US Navy VU-1 Utility Squadron One, re-designated VC-1 Composite Squadron One on July 1, 1965. (Douglas A-4 Skyhawk)
 USMC Marine Aircraft Group 13, 1st Marine Aircraft Wing, 1st Marine Expeditionary Brigade. McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II, A-4 (Skyhawk), Sikorsky H-34 Seahorse
 USMC Marine Medium Helicopter Squadron 161 (HMM 161), Marine Aircraft Group 16 (MAG-16), 3rd Marine Aircraft Wing (3rd MAW) Sikorsky H-34 Seahorse
 US Air Force 4533rd Tactical Test Squadron, US Air Force 33rd Tactical Fighter Wing (F-4E Phantom II)


Horseneck

Horseneck and Horse's Neck may refer to:
Horseneck Tract
Horseneck, Pleasants County, West Virginia
Horseneck Beach State Reservation
A former name for the Greenwich Avenue Historic District
Horse's Neck, an American cocktail
Horse's Neck (book), a collection of short stories by Pete Townshend


Baie-des-Chaloupes, Quebec

Baie-des-Chaloupes is an unorganized territory of Quebec located in the regional county municipality of Antoine-Labelle, in Laurentides, in Québec, in Canada. It covers a land area of 900 km.

History

This unorganized territory was created on January 1st 1981 by the Government of Québec.

Demographics
Population trend:
 Population in 2011: 0
 Population in 2006: 0
 Population in 2001: 0
 Population in 1996: 0
 Population in 1991: 4


2012 in sumo

The following are the events in professional sumo during 2012.

Tournaments
Hatsu basho, Ryōgoku Kokugikan, Tokyo, 8 – 22 January
Haru basho, Osaka Prefectural Gymnasium, Osaka, 11 – 25 March
Natsu basho, Ryōgoku Kokugikan, Tokyo, 6 – 20 May
Nagoya basho, Aichi Prefectural Gymnasium, Nagoya, 8 – 22 July
Aki basho, Ryōgoku Kokugikan, Tokyo, 9 – 23 September
Kyushu basho, Fukuoka Kokusai Center, Kyushu, 11 – 25 November

News

January

6: Yokozuna Hakuho performs the dohyo-iri ceremony at the Meiji Shrine in front of hundreds of sumo fans to mark the New Year.
8: A CD of a song performed by a group of ten sumo coaches calling themselves the "Oyakata All-Stars" and also featuring the Sumo Association's official mascot goes on sale at the Kokugikan.
11: On the fourth day of the Hatsu basho a gyōji, the 10th Kimura Shōzaburō, is knocked out of the dohyo during a bout between Baruto and Wakakoyu, hitting his head and losing consciousness. He is taken away on a stretcher and is later revealed to have suffered a concussion.
20: Ozeki Baruto wins his first top division yusho or championship with two days to spare, moving to an unassailable 13–0 lead whilst Hakuho suffers his third defeat of the tournament to Kotooshu.
20: Sakumayama is handed the first defeat of his professional career in the makushita division by , ending a record run of 27 consecutive victories since his debut.
22: On the final day, Hakuho defeats Baruto to finish on 12–3, two wins behind the Estonian. Georgian Gagamaru also finishes a runner-up on 12–3 and receives his second Fighting Spirit prize. The Technique prize goes to Myogiryu, whilst Kakuryu gets the Outstanding Performance award for handing Hakuho his first defeat on Day 10. The jūryō championship is won by Chiyotairyu in his first tournament in the division. The makushita yusho is won by Sakumayama at his first attempt in a series of playoffs after eight men finish on 6–1.
22: Former sekiwake Tochinonada retires and becomes Takenawa Oyakata.
28: The danpatsu-shiki or official retirement ceremony of Sekinoto Oyakata, the former komusubi Iwakiyama who retired in September 2010, is held at the Kokugikan.
31: In the Japan Sumo Association's board elections, Kitanoumi returns as chairman, replacing Hanaregoma who is stepping down as he will reach the mandatory retirement age of 65 next year. Kitanoumi, who previously served as the JSA head from 2002 until 2008, is the first man to hold the post more than once.

February
5: Hakuho wins the 36th Ozumo one day knock out competition at the Kokugikan, defeating Goeido in the final and winning the ¥2.5 million prize. Goeido had defeated him in the last tournament held in 2010.
13: Tagonoura Oyakata (former maegashira Kushimaumi), head of Tagonoura stable, dies suddenly at the age of 46.
17–18: A special exhibition tournament is held in Bangkok,  Thailand at the CentralWorld shopping complex, to celebrate the 84th birthday of King Bhumibol Adulyadej.  It is the first time sumo has come to the country.
27: The banzuke for the first Osaka tournament since March 2010 is released. Gagamaru makes his san'yaku debut at komusubi, and Ikioi of Isenoumi stable reaches the makuuchi division. Newcomers to jūryō are Chiyootori, the fifth jūryō debut from Kokonoe stable in the last five tournaments, and , the first wrestler from the former Oshio's Shikihide stable to reach sekitori level since it opened in 1992.
29: Former maegashira Hamanishiki retires. He becomes the head of the Kasugayama stable, with the former Kasugafuji, now on the Sumo Association's board of directors, moving to the Ikazuchi name.

March

18: The Sumo Association agree to allow the re–establishment of Kise stable, run by former maegashira Higonoumi, as of April 1. He was forced to merge his stable with Kitanoumi stable in 2010 after he was caught selling basho tickets to yazuka members. All the ex−Kise wrestlers as well as rising star Sakumayama will move to the new stable.
25: Sekiwake Kakuryu comes into the final day of the Osaka tournament on 13–1, one win ahead of Hakuho on 12–2, but he loses to Goeido while Hakuho beats Baruto to set up a playoff. Hakuho gains revenge on Kakuryu who beat him on Day 9, and claims his 22nd yusho, drawing him level with Takanohana in fifth placed all–time. Kakuryu receives awards for Outstanding performance and Technique, and is guaranteed promotion to ozeki having won 33 bouts in three tournaments. Toyonoshima, who scored 11–4, shares the Technique prize while the Fighting Spirit Award goes to Goeido who won 12 bouts. The jūryō division championship is won by Kimikaze.
28: The Sumo Association announce four promotions to jūryō – newcomers Sakumayama (later known as Jokoryu) and Kitazono (later ) and returnees Tokushoryu and Homarefuji. All four are ex–collegiate wrestlers. Kakuryu's promotion to ozeki is also officially confirmed.  It is the first time in sumo history that there are six active ozeki at the same time.

April
The spring tour visits the following locations:
1: Ise Shrine, Mie Prefecture
2: Katsuragi, Nara Prefecture
3–4: Obama, Fukui Prefecture
6: Yasukuni Shrine, Kudan, Chiyoda, Tokyo
7: Fujisawa, Kanagawa Prefecture
8: Sano, Tochigi Prefecture
23: The banzuke for the May tournament is released. With Kakuryu's promotion there are six ozeki for the first time in sumo history. There are two newcomers to the top division: Kokonoe stable's Chiyotairyu, formerly of Nihon Taiiku University, and Oguruma stable's Kimikaze, only the second Waseda University graduate to make makuuchi.
25: Oshima Oyakata, the former ozeki Asahikuni, turns 65 and retires. As a result, Oshima stable closes, with its wrestlers moving to Tomozuna stable.

May

20: For the first time in 62 basho (since Kotomitsuki's victory in September 2001) the yusho is not won by a yokozuna or an ozeki. The final day of the Natsu basho sees three co–leaders on 11–3, maegashira Kyokutenho and Tochiozan, and ozeki Kisenosato. Kyokutenho beats Goeido and Tochiozan gets a default win over the withdrawing Kotooshu, but Kisenosato, who led by two wins earlier in the tournament, is defeated by fellow ozeki Baruto and is out of contention. Kyokutenho then defeats Tochiozan in a playoff – the first ever between two maegashira – and at 37 years and 8 months becomes the oldest ever first–time yusho winner, and second oldest yusho winner ever (behind only Tachiyama in 1916). Kyokutenho had originally been due to retire and take over Oshima stable before this tournament, but decided to continue wrestling. He receives his sixth Fighting Spirit Award, shared with Tochiozan, while Goeido gets his first Outstanding performance Award for defeating Hakuho on Day 8. The Technique Award is won for the second time by Myogiryu. In the jūryō division Tamaasuka wins his second yusho. This tournament also sees former komusubi Kakizoe and former maegashira  announce their retirements.
20: The Hanakago stable closes, with its wrestlers and stablemaster, former sekiwake Daijuyama, moving to Minezaki stable.
22: The Sumo Association announce two promotions to jūryō. Mongolian Takanoiwa becomes Takanohana's first sekitori since he took over his stable in 2004, and fellow Mongolian  of Asahiyama stable finally reaches jūryō after 71 tournaments, the slowest rise ever by a foreign recruit.
27: The retirement ceremony of former ozeki Kaio, who ended his career in July 2011, takes place at the Kokugikan, with around 10000 spectators.

June
25: The banzuke for the July tournament is released. Myogiryu makes his san'yaku debut at komusubi, and despite his victory in the last tournament Kyokutenho remains in the magashira ranks – the first time a maegashira yusho winner has not been promoted to san'yaku since Sadanoyama in 1961.

July
22: The final day of the Nagoya basho sees a showdown for the title between two wrestlers with identical 14–0 records – the first time this has occurred since 1983. Ozeki Harumafuji defeats Hakuho to win his third yusho with a perfect record. He will be under consideration for yokozuna promotion in September, despite only scoring 8–7 in May. For the first time since 2008, Hakuho goes two consecutive tournaments without winning the title.  Myogiryu wins his third Technique prize, while the Fighting Spirit Award is shared between Brazilian Kaisei and Masunoyama in just his second makuuchi tournament. The jūryō championship is won by Chiyonokuni, a great comeback after missing some or all of his last three tournaments. The retirement of former juryo and Nippon Sport Science University competitor Chiyozakura is confirmed. He had missed the previous three tournaments due to a cervical spine injury suffered the previous year. His career was so brief that despite reaching sekitori status he never had the chance to have his hair put in the oichomage style.

August
27: The banzuke for the forthcoming Aki basho is released. Myogiryu makes his sekiwake debut, and Aoiyama his komusubi debut.  is promoted to makuuchi. New sekitori are , and college champions  and .

September

20: Ikazuchi Oyakata, the former Kasugafuji, resigns from the Japan Sumo Association after a tabloid magazine claims that he submitted bogus expenses to cover up an affair he was having with a Sumo Association employee.
23: At the Aki basho in Tokyo, Harumafuji defeats Hakuho in an epic bout to seal his second consecutive championship with another perfect 15–0 record, and is virtually guaranteed to become sumo′s 70th Yokozuna. Hakuho, who gave up a kinboshi to Tochiozan earlier in the tournament, has to settle for runner-up honours once again and has only one yusho for the year. Three ozeki, Kotooshu, Kotoshogiku and Baruto, pull out of the tournament through injury and will be kadoban in November. Sekiwake Myogiryu scores 10–5 and wins his fourth Technique prize in five tournaments. Tochiozan gets the Outstanding Performance award for his win over Hakuho. There is no Fighting Spirit prize awarded, although Kyokutenho, who won his first nine bouts, would have received it had he won on the final day. The jūryō championship is won by Jokoryu, who secures promotion to the top division after just nine tournaments as a pro – the fastest rise since the introduction of six tournaments a year in 1958.  Georgian Kokkai, the first European to reach the top division in 2004, announces his retirement due to persistent injuries.
26: The Sumo Association announces that Harumafuji has been promoted to the 70th Yokozuna, making him the fifth foreigner to make the rank. Harumafuji says becoming a yokozuna, "was a dream that was distant, very distant. I think I have been very fortunate."
28: Harumafuji makes his first public appearance as a yokozuna, performing the dohyo-iri in the Shiranui style at the Meiji Shrine.
29: At the retirement ceremony or danpatsu-shiki of former sekiwake Tochinonada, Harumafuji performs the dohyo–iri in the Kokugikan for the first time.

October
1: Harumafuji wins the first day of the All Japan sumo tournament, defeating Kisenosato in the final. It is his fourth one-day title, matching the record held by Futabayama and Akebono.

The autumn tour visits the following locations:
6: Nagano, Nagano Prefecture
7: Fujioka, Gunma Prefecture
13: Saitama, Saitama Prefecture
14: Yokohama, Kanagawa Prefecture
20: Uozu, Toyama Prefecture
21: Hamamatsu, Shizuoka Prefecture
22: Tokushima, Tokushima Prefecture
23: Shodoshima, Kagawa Prefecture
25: Kurashiki, Okayama Prefecture
26: Seiyo, Ehime Prefecture
27: Hiroshima, Hiroshima Prefecture
28: Ube, Yamaguchi Prefecture
 29: The banzuke for the forthcoming Kyūshū basho is released.  Harumafuji is listed as West Yokozuna; Aminishiki and Hōmashō return to komusubi rank, with Aoiyama losing the rank; Jōkōryū is the sole debutant in the Makuuchi division, with Ikioi, Chiyonokuni, Yoshiazuma, and Tamawashi all returning; Ryūden's Jūryō debut is accompanied by the return of Kyokushūhō, Akiseyama, Homarefuji, and Masakaze.  In addition, the 10th Kimura Shōzaburō, the gyōji who was knocked out in the January basho, is promoted to become the 39th Shikimori Inosuke.

November
1: The Sumo Association says that it has received an application for just one new recruit for the forthcoming tournament. That means a total for the year of just 56, the lowest since the six tournaments a year system was established in 1958. 34 of those entered at the end of the Japanese school year in March, the lowest since 1973.
25: At the Kyushu basho, Hakuho wins just his second championship of the year, but 23rd of his career, and for good measure defeats his fellow yokozuna Harumafuji for the first time since March. Hakuho finishes on 14–1, three wins ahead of sekiwake Goeido, who wins the Technique Award, and rank and filer Toyonoshima. Harumafuji can only score 9–6 and loses his last five bouts, the first debut yokozuna ever to do so. Hakuho′s victory is his sixth straight in Kyushu, and he also ensures that for the sixth year in a row he has the most wins of any rikishi, with 76, although this is well down on the record of 86 he set in 2009 and 2010. There are several withdrawals through injury, including Baruto who loses his ozeki status as a result. Kotooshu and Kotoshogiku however, maintain their ranks with 9–6 and 8–7 respectively. Shōhōzan wins the Fighting Spirit Award for his strong performance at maegashira 2. In the Juryo division, Tochinowaka races to a 13–0 lead but then loses his last two bouts and misses out on the yusho, which goes to Sadanofuji on 14–1.
 26: After a meeting of the Yokozuna Deliberation Council at the Kokugikan, its chairman Takuhiko Tsuruta criticises Harumafuji′s 9–6 performance as unacceptable, saying "as a yokozuna, you at least have to be able to get double digits wins, or you don't qualify." He even suggests the Council may have erred in recommending Harumafuji for promotion – "His poor performance leaves us with the feeling that we might have promoted him too quickly."

December
 24: The banzuke for the forthcoming January tournament is released.  Baruto is relegated to sekiwake; Myōgiryū, Aminishiki, and Hōmashō lose san'yaku status, while Tochiōzan and Shōhōzan are promoted to komusubi, and Takarafuji, Tamaasuka, Kotoyūki, Sadanofuji, and Tochinowaka are promoted to makuuchi.  Shironoryū's return to jūryō is accompanied by the debuts of Azumaryū and Kagamiō and the relegations of Asasekiryū, Wakakōyū, Jōkōryū, Chiyonokuni, and Yoshiazuma, while Kitaharima, Ryūden, and Masakaze lose sekitori status altogether.

Deaths
7 January: Former maegashira 11 Tochimatoi, aged 52, blood poisoning.
13 February: Former maegashira 1 Kushimaumi, Tagonoura Oyakata, aged 46, ischemic heart disease.
20 March: Former maegashira 8 Daishin, aged 74.
20 July: Former jūryō 7 Ichinishiki, also former Tomozuna Oyakata, aged 88.


Argiope ocyaloides

Argiope ocyaloides is a species of orb-web spider found in Queensland, Australia. It is commonly known as bark-hugging St Andrews cross spider. Argiope ocyaloides can be found in crevices of dark coloured bark on eucalypt, acacia, or similar trees. It is smaller than most other species of Argiope and is dark brown to black in colour. The abdomen of Argiope ocyaloides is long with a pointed tip whereas the similar species Argiope mascordi has a shorter abdomen with rounded tip.


Johnie Hammond

Johnie Wright Hammond (born August 22, 1932) is an American politician in the state of Iowa.

Hammond was born in Eupora, Mississippi. She attended University of Texas, University of Minnesota, and Iowa State University and is a businesswoman. A Democrat, she served in the Iowa House of Representatives from 1983 to 1995 (74th district) Iowa Senate from 1995 to 2003. 1st woman in Story County, Iowa to hold office. Reference: Ames Tribune. (31st district).