River Lark

The River Lark is a river in England that crosses the border between Suffolk and Cambridgeshire. It is a tributary of the River Great Ouse, and was extended when that river was re-routed as part of drainage improvements. It is thought to have been used for navigation since Roman times, and improvements to its navigability were made in 1638 and in the early 18th century, when locks and staunches were built. The upper terminus was on the northern edge of Bury St Edmunds, but a new dock was opened near the railway station after the Eastern Union Railway opened its line in 1846.

The navigation was officially abandoned in 1888, but despite this, commercial use of the river continued until 1928. Following an acquisition by the Great Ouse Catchment Board, locks at Barton Mills and Icklingham were rebuilt in the 1960s, but were isolated when the A11 road bridge was lowered soon afterward. It now has one operational lock at Isleham, and can be navigated to Jude's Ferry.

Water quality in the river was generally moderate in 2016, although there was a section where the quality was bad, the lowest rating given by the Environment Agency, who monitor English rivers. The river hosts a large population of signal crayfish, an invasive species which has increased as the eel population has diminished.

Course
Rising at Bradfield Combust, to the south of Bury St Edmunds in Suffolk, it flows through Bury, Mildenhall and Prickwillow, and joins the Great Ouse south of Littleport in Cambridgeshire. It is about  long, of which  is navigable.

The upper river is an important focus for prehistoric activity, particularly relating to the Neolithic enclosure at Fornham All Saints. This comprises a large causewayed enclosure, several ring features, and a long cursus. Culford School is situated on the north bank at West Stow, and the river plays an important part in school life, being used for activities such as punting and rowing.

Just above Barton Mills, a side weir connects the river to the start of the Cut-off Channel, a  drain running from there to Denver along the south-eastern edge of the Fens, which was constructed in the 1950s and 1960s. During times of flood it carries the headwaters of the River Lark, the River Wissey and the Little Ouse to Denver Sluice on the River Great Ouse.

Below Barton Mills, the mill stream at Mildenhall marks the start of a footpath which follows the north bank of the river, passing Mildenhall Cricket Club, to Isleham, after which there are footpaths and drove roads on both sides of the river to its junction with the Great Ouse. There is a weir at King's Staunch, after which comes Jude's Ferry, the current head of navigation, where boats at least  in length can be turned.  A magnificent hoard of late Roman silver was discovered at nearby Thistley Green in 1942, and the 34 pieces, which included bowls, spoons, dishes and goblets, were declared to be Treasure trove and are now in the British Museum.

The stretch from Jude's Ferry to Isleham includes several pill-boxes, which were constructed during World War II to defend against invasion. Above the start of the lock cut is a memorial to the famous Baptist preacher Charles Spurgeon, who was baptised in the river on 3 May 1850. The site, where a chain ferry once crossed the river, and another near the weir were used for public baptisms until 1970. Isleham itself has three pubs, all dating from the 17th century, some shops and a large marina. There was an outbreak of cholera here in the 1850s, when over 500 people were "living in hollows" as a result of poverty which affected many fenland villages. In medieval times, Isleham was an important port with three quays. Remains of a Roman villa and over 6,000 Bronze-Age artefacts, which are now in the Moyse's Hall Museum at Bury St Edmunds, indicate that it has been a centre of occupation since antiquity.

From Isleham to Prickwillow, the river flows for almost  in an artificial cut, thought to have been constructed by the Romans, and joined the River Great Ouse at Prickwillow until 1830. The Great Ouse was then diverted, and its old course occupied by the Lark. There are a number of pumping stations on the banks of this section, including the Lark Engine, which has been the main outlet for the drainage of the southern part of Burnt Fen since 1842. Many of the surrounding ditches once flowed into the river by gravity, but the draining of the fens has resulted in the land surface dropping, and the water must now be raised by up to  from the ditches to the river. At Mile End, two pumping stations sit one above the other, indicating the progressive sinking of the land. Prickwillow is home to the Museum of Fen Pumping Engines, itself once a working pumping station, and now holding several engines which were used in the draining of the Fens.

Prickwillow vicarage also demonstrates the shrinking of the land. Its ground floor rooms were originally the cellars, and the two steps leading to the front door have been replaced by nine. Below Prickwillow, the river is crossed by the Ely to Norwich railway line. The final  of the river's course are quite straight, as the river flows through another artificial channel. At its junction with the Great Ouse, the channel is crossed by a road which was formerly the A10, which ran along the banks of the Great Ouse at this point on its route from Ely to Littleport, but this section has been bypassed by a new alignment of the road further to the west.

Management
The river is managed and maintained by the Environment Agency, from whom boat owners must obtain a licence in order to use the waterway. The Agency have designated the sections from Sicklesmere to Bury St Edmunds, and from Fornham St Martin to Isleham as Flood Warning Areas.

Navigation
The Lark is thought to have been used by the Romans for the carriage of clunch, a building material quarried from pits near Isleham, and stone for the building of Bury St Edmunds Abbey was carried to the site along the river. The first records of plans to improve the river for navigation date from 1635, when Henry Lambe sought to make it navigable from the Ouse to Bury St Edmunds. Although his plans were approved by a commission, there was local opposition, and it was December 1637 before he was granted a licence from the King to complete the work. By 1700, the upper reaches were again in disrepair, and Henry Ashley obtained powers to improve the river from Worlington to below Mildenhall Mill, and to make it navigable from there to East Gate bridge in Bury St Edmunds. In addition to a schedule of tolls for the carriage of commodities, special provision was made so that some coal could be carried without incurring tolls, to assist the poor of Bury St Edmunds, and "gentlemen and persons of quality" did not have to pay for the use of the river by pleasure boats.

Ashley built 14 staunches and 11 sluices, the latter almost certainly referring to pound locks. In 1716, tolls amounted to £475, although the work was unfinished, and Ashley estimated that a further £800 was required to complete it. Disputes with millers were recorded in 1720 and 1722, and ownership of the navigation was disputed on Ashley's death. The Master of the Rolls gave it to Joshua and Joanna Palmer in 1742, but receipts were meagre, at around £267 per year, and the maintenance carried out was barely sufficient. Ownership had passed to their son, Ashley Palmer, by 1781, when the navigation made a profit of £274. In 1790, there were plans for a  link from Bury St Edmunds to the River Orwell at Mistley, which John Rennie surveyed, but it involved heavy engineering work, including a  tunnel, and the estimated cost of £75,000 could not be raised. Palmer died in 1792, and the river was managed by Susanna Palmer, his widow.

The costs of maintenance were high, for in 1807 tolls of £1,348 were received, but profits were less than one third of that amount. Recognising that a large investment was needed to keep the river profitable, an attempt was made in 1817 to sell it to the Duke of Norfolk for £12,000, but this came to nothing. The original Commissioners appointed under the Act obtained in 1700 had failed to appoint any more Commissioners, and so new Commissioners were authorised by an Act of Parliament obtained in 1817, with powers to raise the tolls to pay for the maintenance of the navigation. Little work was done, although a new lock and staunch were built at Isleham under provisions of the Eau Brink Act of 1821. The South Level Commissioners, who had been formed by an Act of Parliament obtained in 1827, took over control of the lower river, and re-routed it to join the new course of the Great Ouse which had been diverted into a cut to the west of its original route. Trade on the upper river was increasingly difficult, as a result of obstructions and shoals in the channel. The lighters used on the river often had to be partially unloaded at Prickwillow, to allow them to navigate the shallower sections.

Control of the river above Isleham was inherited by Sir Thomas Cullum when Susanna Palmer died. He rebuilt most of the locks and staunches in the 1830s, resulting in increased trade in coal and general merchandise which originated from Kings Lynn, but success was short lived, as the Eastern Union Railway opened a line from Ipswich to Bury St Edmunds in 1846, and decline was immediate. In the 1850s, with the Fornham to Bury section impassible, the Bury St Edmunds Navigation Company proposed a scheme to reopen the river to Bury railway station. Their prospectus stated that the Eastern Union Railway had been managing the river for seven years, but little changed, as they failed to raise a working capital of £20,000, and by the 1860s, the route above Mildenhall was ruined.

Abandonment of the river as a navigation was authorised by the Railway and Canal Traffic Act of 1888. The River Arun in West Sussex was the only other river abandoned by this Act. Despite this, the Eastern Counties Navigation and Transport Co Ltd bought the river from Lee Brook to Bury St Edmunds in 1890, made Tuddenham Mill Stream navigable, repaired locks and staunches on the main river, and re-opened it in September 1894. The company was bankrupt by December, and the Icklingham to Bury St Edmunds section closed again. Some trading continued on the lower reaches, but commercial carrying ceased after 1928. Ownership of the river passed to the Great Ouse Catchment Board with the passing of the Land Drainage Act of 1930. They rebuilt Barton Mills and Icklingham locks in the 1960s, but the bridge carrying the A11 road at Barton Mills was lowered soon afterward, and the present head of navigation is at Jude's Ferry.

Ecology
The Environment Agency assesses the water quality within the river systems in England. Each is given an overall ecological status, which may be one of five levels: high, good, moderate, poor and bad. There are several components that are used to determine this, including biological status, which looks at the quantity and varieties of invertebrates, angiosperms and fish, and chemical status, which compares the concentrations of various chemicals against known safe concentrations. Chemical status is rated good or fail.

The water quality of the River Lark system was as follows in 2016.

Separate figures for the Lark downstream of Isleham are not available, and the final row covers the lower section of the Lark, parts of the River Great Ouse and a number of its other tributaries. The Hawstead to Abbey Gardens section has deteriorated from poor quality in 2015 to bad in 2016. The Environment Agency have set a target for ensuring it is moderate by 2027.

The river hosts a large population of the invasive species, the signal crayfish. A study published in 2011 identified the decline in eels, which predate the crayfish, as the major factor in their dramatic increase.

Points of interest

There is a second, much shorter, River Lark also in Suffolk which flows into the River Deben at Martlesham.


1997 Cork Senior Football Championship

The 1997 Cork Senior Football Championship was the 109th staging of the Cork Senior Football Championship since its establishment by the Cork County Board in 1887. The draw for the opening fixtures took place on 8 December 1996. The championship began on 10 May 1997 and ended on 9 November 1997.

Clonakilty entered the championship as the defending champions, however, they were defeated by Muskerry in the second round.

On 9 November 1997, Beara won the championship following a 1-10 to 1-07 defeat of Castlehaven in a replay of the final. This was their 6th championship title overall and their first title since 1967.

Beara's Ciarán O'Sullivan was the championship's top scorer with 1-24.

Team changes

To Championship

Promoted from the Cork Intermediate Football Championship
 Clyda Rovers

Results

First round

Second round

Quarter-finals

Semi-finals

Finals

Championship statistics

Top scorers

Overall

In a single game


Gurun Princess Hexiao

Gurun Princess Hexiao (2 February 1775 – 13 October 1823), personal name unknown, was a Manchu princess of the Qing dynasty. She was the tenth and youngest daughter of the Qianlong Emperor. Her mother was Consort Dun.

Birth and childhood
Gurun Princess Hexiao was born in 1775 when the Qianlong Emperor was already 63 years old. At the time of her birth, nearly all of the Qianlong Emperor's other daughters, including Gurun Princess Hejing (固倫和敬公主) and Heshuo Princess Heke (和碩和恪公主), had either died or married and left the palace. The Qianlong Emperor was thus overjoyed when he heard news of the birth of another daughter. Gurun Princess Hexiao was deeply favoured by her father from birth. Throughout her childhood, ministers and courtiers remarked that the Tenth Princess – as she was commonly referred to – resembled her father in appearance. She was said to be resolute in character, and frequently accompanied the Qianlong Emperor on hunting excursions.

Going against tradition, the Qianlong Emperor elevated his tenth daughter from the status of a "Heshuo Princess" (the rank usually accorded to a princess born to a consort below the rank of Empress) to a "Gurun Princess" (the rank of a princess born to the Empress). Therefore, the Tenth Princess became known by her title "Gurun Princess Hexiao".

Marriage
On 12 January 1790, she married Fengšeninde (豐紳殷德; 1775–1810) of the Niohuru clan, a prominent Manchu clan. Fengšeninde was the eldest son of Heshen, an official highly favoured by the Qianlong Emperor. Gurun Princess Hexiao's dowry of 300,000 silver taels far exceeded that of any other of the Qianlong Emperor's daughters. Gurun Princess Hexiao and Fengšeninde had a son, who was born sometime between 1794 and 1796, but died young in 1798.

Heshen's fall from power
In 1799, shortly after the Qianlong Emperor's death, Gurun Princess Hexiao's father-in-law, Heshen, was arrested on charges of corruption and political incompetence. Found guilty, Heshen was initially sentenced to death by slow slicing. However, the Jiaqing Emperor, who succeeded the Qianlong Emperor, permitted Heshen to commit suicide in his own residence out of respect for his tenth sister. Heshen's immense wealth, amassed over a long career of corrupt activities, were confiscated. The Jiaqing Emperor granted amnesty to Gurun Princess Hexiao and even granted her part of Heshen's confiscated property. Fengšeninde, on the other hand, was stripped of his privileges and titles but remained similarly unharmed.

Later life
In 1806, the Jiaqing Emperor sent Fengšeninde to Uliastai to serve as a military official. Fengšeninde fell ill after serving there for some time. Gurun Princess Hexiao begged the Jiaqing Emperor to allow them to return to Beijing. The Emperor agreed. Fengšeninde returned to Beijing in February 1810 and was enfeoffed as the "Duke of Jin" (晋公). He died three months later in May, leaving Gurun Princess Hexiao widowed.

After Fengšeninde's death, Gurun Princess Hexiao raised his two daughters (both born to his concubine), who were 11 and five years old respectively when their father died. She was financially stable; the Jiaqing Emperor made the Imperial Household Department ensure that she was well taken care of. Gurun Princess Hexiao died on 13 October 1823 during the reign of the Jiaqing Emperor's successor, the Daoguang Emperor. The cost of her funeral, paid for by the Imperial Household Department, amounted to about 5,000 silver taels.

In fiction and popular culture
 Portrayed by Ng Tsi-yin in The Rise and Fall of Qing Dynasty (1988)
 Portrayed by Stephanie Ho in Succession War (2018)

Notes


Hakkin no Yoake

is the fourth studio album by the Japanese girl group Momoiro Clover Z,  released in Japan on February 17, 2016.

It was released on the same day with the group's third album, Amaranthus. According to Oricon, Hakkin no Yoake sold 81,254 units in its first week and Amaranthus sold 80,783. Hakkin no Yoake debuted at number 1 in the Oricon weekly albums chart and Amaranthus at number 2.

Track listing

Charts


Banavachku

Banavachku (, also Romanized as Banāvachkū; also known as Banāvachkāh and Banāvajkūh) is a village in Dowlatabad Rural District, in the Central District of Ravansar County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 138, in 24 families.


Elimination diet

An elimination diet, also known as exclusion diet is a diagnostic procedure used to identify foods that an individual cannot consume without adverse effects. Adverse effects may be due to food allergy, food intolerance, other physiological mechanisms (such as metabolic or toxins), or a combination of these. Elimination diets typically involve entirely removing a suspected food from the diet for a period of time from two weeks to two months, and waiting to determine whether symptoms resolve during that time period. In rare cases, a health professional may wish to use an elimination diet, also referred to as an oligoantigenic diet, to relieve a patient of symptoms they are experiencing.

Common reasons for undertaking an elimination diet include suspected food allergies and suspected food intolerances. An elimination diet might remove one or more common foods, such as eggs or milk, or it might remove one or more minor or non-nutritive substances, such as artificial food colorings.

An elimination diet relies on trial and error to identify specific allergies and intolerances. Typically, if symptoms resolve after the removal of a food from the diet, then the food is reintroduced to see whether the symptoms reappear. This challenge–dechallenge–rechallenge approach has been claimed to be particularly useful in cases with intermittent or vague symptoms.

The exclusion diet can be a diagnostic tool or method used temporarily to determine whether a patient’s symptoms are food-related. The term elimination diet is also used to describe a "treatment diet", which eliminates certain foods for a patient.

Adverse reactions to food can be due to several mechanisms. Correct identification of the type of reaction in an individual is important, as different approaches to management may be required. The area of food allergies and intolerances has been controversial and is currently a topic that is heavily researched. It has been characterised in the past by lack of universal acceptance of definitions, diagnosis and treatment.

History

The concept of the elimination diet was first proposed by Dr. Albert Rowe in 1926 and expounded upon in his book, Elimination Diets and the Patient's Allergies, published in 1941.

In 1978 Australian researchers published details of an 'exclusion diet' to exclude specific food chemicals from the diet of patients. This provided a basis for challenge with these additives and natural chemicals. Using this approach, the role played by dietary chemical factors in the pathogenesis of chronic idiopathic urticaria (CIU) was first established and set the stage for future DBPCT trials of such substances in food intolerance studies.

Definitions
"Food hypersensitivity" is an umbrella term which includes food allergy and food intolerance.

Food allergy is defined as an immunological hypersensitivity which occurs most commonly to food proteins such as egg, milk, seafood, shellfish, tree nuts, soya, wheat and peanuts. Its biological response mechanism is characterized by an increased production of IgE (immunoglobulin E) antibodies.

A food intolerance on the other hand does not activate the individual's immune response system. A food intolerance differs from a food allergy or chemical sensitivity because it generally requires a normal serving size to produce symptoms similar to an IgE immunologic response. While food intolerances may be mistaken for a food allergy, they are thought to originate in the gastrointestinal system. Food intolerances are usually caused by the individual’s inability to digest or absorb foods or food components in the intestinal tract. One common example of food intolerance is lactose intolerance.

Metabolic food reactions are due to an inborn or acquired errors of metabolism of nutrients such as in diabetes mellitus, lactase deficiency, phenylketonuria and favism. Toxic food reactions are caused by the direct action of a food or additive without immune involvement.
Pharmacological reactions are generally to low molecular weight chemicals which occur either as natural compounds such as salicylates, amines, or to artificially added substances such as preservatives, coloring, emulsifiers and taste enhancers including glutamate (MSG). These chemicals are capable of causing drug-like (biochemical) side effects in susceptible individuals.
Toxins may either be present naturally in food or released by bacteria or from contamination of food products.
Psychological reactions involve manifestation of clinical symptoms caused not by the food but by emotions associated with the food. The symptoms do not occur when the food is given in an unrecognizable form. Although an individual may have an adverse reaction to a food, this is not considered a food intolerance.

Elimination diets are useful to assist in the diagnosis of food allergy and pharmacological food intolerance. Metabolic, toxic and psychological reactions should be diagnosed by other means.

Diagnosis
Food allergy is principally diagnosed by careful history and examination. When reactions occur immediately after certain food ingestion then diagnosis is straight forward and can be documented by using carefully performed tests such as the skin prick test (SPT) and the radioallergosorbent test RAST to detect specific IgE antibodies to specific food proteins and aero-allergens. However false positive results occur when using the SPT when diagnosis of a particular food allergen is hard to determine. This can be confirmed by exclusion of the suspected food or allergen from the patient's diet. It is then followed by an appropriately timed challenge under careful medical supervision. If there is no change of symptoms after 2 to 4 weeks of avoidance of the protein then food allergy is unlikely to be the cause and other causes such as food intolerance should be investigated. This method of exclusion-challenge testing is the premise by which the Elimination Diet is built upon, as explained in the sections below.

Vega machine testing, a bioelectric test, is a controversial method that attempt to measure allergies or food or environmental intolerances. Currently this test has not been shown to be an effective measure of an allergy or intolerance.

Food intolerance due to pharmacological reaction is more common than food allergy and has been estimated to occur in 10% of the population. Unlike a food allergy, a food intolerance can occur in non-atopic individuals. Food intolerances are more difficult to diagnose since individual food chemicals are widespread and can occur across a range of foods. Elimination of these foods one at a time would be unhelpful in diagnosing the sensitivity. Natural chemicals such as benzoates and salicylates found in food are identical to artificial additives in food processing and can provoke the same response. Since a specific component is not readily known and the reactions are often delayed up to 48 hours after ingestion, it can be difficult to identify suspect foods. In addition, chemicals often exhibit dose-response relationships and so the food may not trigger the same response each time. There is currently no skin or blood test available to identify the offending chemical(s), and consequently, elimination diets aimed at identifying food intolerances need to be carefully designed. All patients with suspected food intolerance should consult a physician first to eliminate other possible causes.

The elimination diet must be comprehensive and should contain only those foods unlikely to provoke a reaction in a patient. They also need to be able to provide complete nutrition and energy for the weeks it will be conducted. Professional nutritional advice from a dietitian or nutritionist is strongly recommended. Thorough education about the elimination diet is essential to ensure patients and the parents of children with suspected food intolerance understand the importance of complete adherence to the diet, as inadvertent consumption of an offending chemical can prevent resolution of symptoms and render challenge results useless.

While on the elimination diet, records are kept of all foods eaten, medications taken, and symptoms that the patient may be experiencing. Patients are advised that withdrawal symptoms can occur in the first weeks on the elimination diet and some patients may experience symptoms that are worse initially before settling down.

While on the diet some patients become sensitive to fumes and odours, which may also cause symptoms. They are advised to avoid such exposures as this can complicate the elimination and challenge procedures. Petroleum products, paints, cleaning agents, perfumes, smoke and pressure pack sprays are particular chemicals to avoid when participating in an elimination diet. Once the procedure is complete this sensitivity becomes less of a problem.

Clinical improvement usually occurs over a 2 to 4 week period; if there is no change after a strict adherence to the elimination diet and precipitating factors, then food intolerance is unlikely to be the cause. A normal diet can then be resumed by gradually introducing suspected and eliminated foods or chemical group of foods one at a time. Gradually increasing the amount up to high doses over 3 to 7 days to see if exacerbated reactions are provoked before permanently reintroducing that food to the diet. A strict elimination diet is not usually recommended during pregnancy, although a reduction in suspected foods that reduce symptoms can be helpful.

Challenge testing
Challenge testing is not carried out until all symptoms have cleared or improved significantly for five days after a minimum period of two weeks on the elimination diet. The restrictions of the elimination diet are maintained throughout the challenge period. Open food challenges on wheat and milk can be carried out first, then followed by challenge periods with natural food chemicals, then with food additives. Challenges can take the form of purified food chemicals or with foods grouped according to food chemical. Purified food chemicals are used in double blind placebo controlled testing, and food challenges involve foods containing only one suspect food chemical eaten several times a day over 3 to 7 days. If a reaction occurs patients must wait until all symptoms subside completely and then wait a further 3 days (to overcome a refractory period) before recommencing challenges. Patients with a history of asthma, laryngeal oedema or anaphylaxis may be hospitalised as inpatients or attended in specialist clinics where resuscitation facilities are available for the testing.

If any results are doubtful the testing is repeated, only when all tests are completed is a treatment diet determined for the patient. The diet restricts only those compounds to which the patient has reacted and over time liberalisation is attempted.
In some patients food allergy and food intolerance can coexist, with symptoms such as asthma, eczema and rhinitis. In such cases the elimination diet for food intolerance is used for dietary investigation. Any foods identified by SPT or RAST as suspect should not be included in the elimination diet.


1339

Year 1339 (MCCCXXXIX) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events
 January–December
 June – Battle of Laupen: The Canton of Bern defeats the forces of Fribourg.
 September 18 – Emperor Go-Murakami accedes to the throne of Japan.
 September 24 (or 28) – Simone Boccanegra is elected as the first Doge of Genoa.

 Date unknown
 Shams-ud-Din Shah Mir, having defeated Kota Rani, Hindu queen regnant of Kashmir, in battle at Jayapur (modern Sumbal), asks her to marry him, but she commits suicide rather than do so; thus he takes over sole rule of Kashmir, beginning the Muslim Sayyid Dynasty.
 All streets in the city of Florence are paved, the first European city in post-Roman times where this has happened.
 The Moscow Kremlin is first referred to as a kremlin.

Births
 July 23 – Louis I, Duke of Anjou (d. 1384)
 November 1 – Rudolf IV, Duke of Austria (d. 1365)
 date unknown
 Pope Alexander V, Antipope (d. 1410)
 Erik Magnusson, king of parts of Sweden 1356–1359 (d. 1359)
 Frederick, Duke of Bavaria-Landshut (d. 1393)
 John IV, Duke of Brittany (d. 1399)
 Juana Manuel of Castile, queen consort of Castile (d. 1381)
 Ali ibn Mohammed al-Jurjani, Persian Arab encyclopaedist (d. 1414)

Deaths

 February 17 – Otto, Duke of Austria (b. 1301)
 May 26 – Aldona Ona, Queen of Poland (b. c. 1309)
 August 16 – Azzone Visconti, founder of the state of Milan (b. 1302)
 August 25 – Henry de Cobham, 1st Baron Cobham (b. 1260)
 September 1 – Henry XIV, Duke of Bavaria (b. 1305)
 September 19 – Emperor Go-Daigo of Japan (b. 1288)
 October 29 – Grand Prince Aleksandr Mikhailovich of Tver (b. 1301)

References


Miharu (given name)

Miharu (written: 三晴) is a feminine Japanese given name. Notable people with the name include:

, Japanese ice hockey player
 Miharu Arisawa, member of the band BeForU
 Miharu Koshi, Japanese popular musician

Fictional characters
 Miharu Amakase, a character from the Da Capo visual novel/manga/anime
 Miharu Fuyuki, a character from the visual novel Welcome to Pia Carrot
 Miharu Hirano, a character in the Tekken games
 Miharu Mihar, a character in the anime/manga Aki Sora
 Miharu Mikuni, a character in the anime/manga KissxSis
 Miharu Ogawa, a character in the web comic Red String
 Miharu Ohzora, a character in the anime/manga Stratos 4
 Miharu Rokujou, a character in the anime/manga Nabari no Ou
 Miharu Sena Kanaka, a character in the anime/manga "Girls Bravo"
 Miharu Shimizu, a character in the anime/manga Baka to Test to Shōkanjū
 Miharu Shirumaku, a character in the anime/manga Speed Grapher
 Miharu Takeshita, a character in the anime/manga B Gata H Kei


The Comics Journal

The Comics Journal, often abbreviated TCJ, is an American magazine of news and criticism pertaining to comic books, comic strips and graphic novels. Known for its lengthy interviews with comic creators, pointed editorials and scathing reviews of the products of the mainstream comics industry, the magazine promotes the view that comics are a fine art meriting broader cultural respect, and thus should be evaluated with higher critical standards.

History
In 1976, Gary Groth and Michael Catron acquired The Nostalgia Journal, a small competitor of the newspaper adzine The Buyer's Guide for Comics Fandom. At the time, Groth and Catron were already publishing Sounds Fine, a similarly formatted adzine for record collectors that they had started after producing Rock 'N Roll Expo '75, held during the July 4 weekend in 1975 in Washington, D.C.

The publication was relaunched as The New Nostalgia Journal with issue No. 27 (July 1976), and with issue No. 32 (January 1977), it became The Comics Journal ("a quality publication for the serious comics fan"). Issue No. 37 (December 1977) adopted a magazine format. With issue #45 (March 1979), the magazine moved to a monthly schedule; at that point it had a circulation of 10,000.

In addition to lengthy interviews with comics industry figures, the Journal has always published criticism—and received it in turn. Starting in the early 2000s, the Journal published a series of annual specials combining its usual critical format with extended samples of comics from specially selected contributors.

With issue No. 300 (November 2009), The Comics Journal ceased its semi-monthly print publication. TCJ shifted from an eight-times a year publishing schedule to a larger, more elaborate, semi-annual format supported by a new website. This format lasted until 2013 with issue #302. The print magazine then went on hiatus, returning to a magazine format in 2019 with issue #303.

Lawsuits
Over the years The Journal has been involved in a handful of lawsuits. Artist Rich Buckler attempted legal action for a review that called him a plagiarist while printing his panels next to earlier and quite similar Jack Kirby art. A Groth interview with science fiction writer Harlan Ellison sparked a lawsuit by writer Michael Fleisher, over an informal discussion of Fleisher's work and temperament. Co-defendants Groth and Ellison won the case, but emerged from the suit estranged.

Ellison later became a plaintiff against The Comics Journal, filing suit in part to enjoin The Comics Journal Library: The Writers, a 2006 Fantagraphics book that reprinted the Ellison interview, and which used a cover blurb calling Ellison a "Famous Comics Dilettante."  That case was ultimately settled, with Fantagraphics agreeing to omit both the blurb and the interview from any future printings of the book, Ellison agreeing to post a Groth rebuttal statement on Ellison's webpage, and both sides agreeing to avoid future "ad hominem attacks."

The Journal has on occasion published, as cover features, lengthy court transcripts of comics-related civil suits. Notable instances include the Fleisher suit and Marv Wolfman's failed suit against Marvel Comics over ownership of the character Blade.

Content
The Journal features critical essays, articles on comics history and lengthy interviews, conducted by Gary Groth and others. Noteworthy interviews include Gil Kane in No. 38, Steve Gerber in No. 41, Harlan Ellison in No. 53, Dennis O'Neil in No. 64, Robert Crumb in No. 113, and Charles M. Schulz in #200.

The Journal's combination of forthright news coverage and critical analysis – although the norm for traditional journalistic enterprises – was in sharp contrast to the affectionate and promotional methods of publications like Comics Buyer's Guide and (later) Wizard.  In 1995, publisher Gary Groth joked that his magazine occupied "a niche that nobody wants."

Staff members and regular contributors
Gary Groth has been the Journals publisher and nominal editor for almost all of its existence. Staff members and regular contributors have included Kim Thompson, Greg Stump, Eric Millikin, Eric Reynolds, Ng Suat Tong, R. Fiore, R.C. Harvey, Kenneth Smith, Don Phelps, Robert Boyd, Tom Heintjes, Michael Dean, Tom Spurgeon, Robert Rodi, Gene Phillips, Marilyn Bethke, Cat Yronwode, Heidi MacDonald, Lee Wochner, Bhob Stewart, Arn Saba, Ted White, Bob Levin, Carter Scholz, and Noah Berlatsky. Guest contributors have included Dave Sim and Trina Robbins.

Managing editors
 1987–1988: Thom Powers
 1988–1989: Greg S. Baisden
 1989–1990: Robert Boyd
 1990–September 1991: Helena Harvilicz
 September 1991 – 1993: Frank M. Young
 1993–September 1993: Carole Sobocinski
 September 1993–September 1994: Scott Nybakken
 September 1994 – 1999: Tom Spurgeon (also executive editor 1998–1999)
  1999–2001: Eric Evans and Darren Hick
 2001–2002: Anne Elizabeth Moore
 2002–2004: Milo George
 2004–2006: Dirk Deppey
 2006–2011: Michael Dean
 2019''': RJ Casey and Kristy Valenti

Online editors
 Kristy Valenti, 2010–2011
 Dan Nadel and Tim Hodler, 2011–2017

 Tim Hodler and Tucker Stone, 2017–2019
Tucker Stone, 2017–ongoing

== The Journal's Top 100 Comics list ==
The Journal published a 20th-century comics canon in its 210th issue (February 1999). To compile the list, eight contributors and editors made eight separate top 100 (or fewer than 100 for some) lists of American works.  These eight lists were then informally combined, and tweaked into an ordered list. Krazy Kat topped the list, followed by Peanuts, Pogo, and Art Spiegelman's Maus.  Harvey Kurtzman had the most entries of any creator, five: his original run on Mad (#8), his "New Trend" EC war comics (#12), the 1959 Jungle Book graphic novel (#26), his Hey Look! gag cartoons (#63), and the Goodman Beaver stories (#64).The Village Voice cited the survey's ad hoc criteria:
"Putting Bernard Krigstein and Al Feldstein's eight-page story "Master Race," Hal Foster's 34 years of work on Prince Valiant, Al Hirschfeld's theatrical caricatures, all the horror comics EC published in the first half of the '50s and Robert Crumb's sketchbooks in the same category suggests that they've cast their net a bit wide."

Among the controversial omissions to the Top 100 was Dave Sim's Cerebus series. Sim and the Journal had periodically found themselves at odds in the years preceding the list's formulation.  Issue No. 213 included eight pages of responses to, and defenses of the list; Journal columnist R. Fiore wrote "Dave Sim must now think you have a personal vendetta against him," and co-publisher Kim Thompson conceded, "If I had to do it over again, I'd squash together the Hernandez material into two entries [and] put Cerebus and two other things in the vacant spots."  Twelve years later, the omission was still being acknowledged by the Journal, which noted that Dave Sim's Cerebus "was conspicuously excluded."

Less surprisingly, given the magazine's longstanding editorial standards and preferences, the list was also light on the dominant genre of superhero comics.  Editor and survey participant Tom Spurgeon wrote, "I voted for most of the men-in-spandex titles that made the list – Spider-Man, Fantastic Four, Plastic Man – despite the sheer lousiness of some of those works' contributing elements."  Ultimately, the Top 100 included six superhero works, including the deconstructionist Watchmen.  Frank Miller's The Dark Knight Returns was one well-regarded mainstream superhero project that was considered but ultimately not chosen, according to co-publisher Kim Thompson.

Awards


Mishan, Iran

Mishan () in Iran may refer to:
 Mishan-e Olya, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari
 Mishan-e Sofla, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari
 Mishan-e Olya, Fars
 Mishan-e Sofla, Fars
 Mishan, Hamadan
 Mishan, Isfahan
 Mishan Rural District, in Fars Province


Cornelia Otis Skinner

Cornelia Otis Skinner (May 30, 1899 – July 9, 1979) was an American author and actress.

Biography
Skinner was the daughter of the actor Otis Skinner and actress Maud Durbin. After attending the all-girls' Baldwin School and Bryn Mawr College (1918–1919) and studying theatre at the Sorbonne in Paris, she began her career on the stage in 1921. She appeared in several plays before embarking on a tour of the United States from 1926 to 1929 in a one-woman performance of short character sketches she herself wrote. She wrote numerous short humorous pieces for publications such as The New Yorker. These pieces were eventually compiled into a series of books, including Nuts in May, Dithers and Jitters, Excuse It Please!, and The Ape in Me, among others.

In a "comprehensive study" of Skinner's work, G. Bruce Loganbill (1961) refers to Skinner's scripts as "monologue-dramas," which were extensions of the "linked monologues" developed by Ruth Draper. Skinner's work differed in structure and content however, creating and performing full-length monologue-dramas that were based on the lives of historical figures. Such work was a "unique" and important contribution to the one-person show in America.

With Emily Kimbrough, she wrote Our Hearts Were Young and Gay, a light-hearted description of their European tour after college. Kimbrough and Skinner went to Hollywood to act as consultants on the film version of the book, which resulted in the film of the same name, with Gail Russell playing Skinner. Skinner was portrayed by Bethel Leslie (replaced by Gloria Stroock) in the short-lived 1950 television series The Girls, based upon Our Hearts Were Young and Gay. In 1952, her one-woman show Paris '90 (music and lyrics by Kay Swift) premiered on Broadway. An original cast recording was produced by Goddard Lieberson for Columbia Records, now available on compact disc. In later years Skinner wrote Madame Sarah (a biography of Sarah Bernhardt) and Elegant Wits and Grand Horizontals about the Belle Epoque. She appeared with Orson Welles on The Campbell Playhouse radio play of "American Cavalcade: The Things We Have" on May 26, 1939.

In a 1944 conversation with Victor Borge, Skinner reportedly told the Danish comedian that she decided to drop the term "diseuse" from her act after reading in a Scottish newspaper: "Cornelia Otis Skinner, the American disease, gave a program last night."

Filmography

As an actress
 Kismet (1920) - Miskah
 The Uninvited (1943) - Miss Holloway
 General Electric Guest House (1951, episode dated July 1, 1951)
 Paris '90 (1952)
 The Girl in the Red Velvet Swing (1955) - Mrs. Thaw
 Max Liebman Presents: Dearest Enemy (1955, TV Episode) - Mrs. Murray
 The Alcoa Hour (1956, Episode: "Merry Christmas, Mr. Baxter") - Susan Baxter
 The Swimmer (1968) - Mrs. Hammar

As herself
 Stage Door Canteen (1943)
 Toast of the Town (later The Ed Sullivan Show) TV episodes #4.7 (1950),  #4.14 (1950), #5.32 (1952), and #7.8 (1953)
 Faye Emerson's Wonderful Town (1951), TV episode dated June 23, 1951
 What's It For? (1957) TV episode dated October 12, 1957
 What's My Line? (1959) TV episode dated March 29, 1959
 This Is Your Life (1959) Charlie Ruggles (TV episode)

Bibliography

Novels and biographies
 Our Hearts Were Young and Gay (with Emily Kimbrough, 1942; Dodd, Mead and Company Inc.)
 Family Circle (1948) – an autobiographical work (entitled Happy Family in the UK)
 Elegant Wits and Grand Horizontals (1962) – a book about Paris' Belle Epoque
 Madame Sarah (1967) – a biography of Sarah Bernhardt.
 Life with Lindsay and Crouse (1976) – a biography of Howard Lindsay and Russel Crouse.
 Cast of One: One Person Shows from the Chautauqua Platform to the Broadway Stage (1989)- Section on Skinner

Essay compilations
 Tiny Garments (1932)
 Excuse It, Please! (1936)
 Dithers and Jitters (1937)
 Soap Behind the Ears (1941)
 Popcorn (1943)
 That's Me All Over (1948) – a collection of the best essays from the prior 4 compilations.
 Nuts in May (1950)
 Bottoms Up! (1955) Dodd, Mead, and Company, New York
 The Ape in Me (1959)

Playwriting, screenwriting, scriptwriting
 Edna, His Wife (1937), play based on the 1935 novel of the same name by Margaret Ayer Barnes
 The Girls (1950) TV series
 The Pleasure of His Company (1958) play (adapted as a film in 1961)

Monologues
 The Wives of Henry VIII (1931)
 The Empress Eugenie (1932)
 The Loves of Charles II (1933)
 The Mansion on the Hudson (1935)

Articles
 Humorous autobiographical piece.

Sources

External links

Skinner Family Papers, 1874-1979 at Houghton Library, Harvard University
Cornelia Otis Skinner scrapbooks, 1921-1978, held by the Billy Rose Theatre Division, New York Public Library for the Performing Arts

 "American Cavalcade: The Things We Have" (May 26, 1939) on The Campbell Playhouse, with guest Cornelia Otis Skinner (Indiana University Bloomington)
"Annotations: The NEH Preservation Project" Two Skinner monologues from a 1951 Book and Author Luncheon

Further reading


Harry Buxton Forman

Henry Buxton Forman  (11 July 1842 – 15 June 1917) was a Victorian-era bibliographer and antiquarian bookseller whose literary reputation is based on his bibliographies of Percy Shelley and John Keats. In 1934 he was revealed to have been in a conspiracy with Thomas James Wise (1859–1937) to purvey large quantities of forged first editions of Georgian and Victorian authors.

Early life

Henry Buxton Forman was born in Camberwell, south London on 11 July 1842, the third son of George Ellery Forman (born Plymouth in 1800, died London in 1869), a retired Royal Naval surgeon and his Sussex born wife Maria Courthorpe. At the age of ten months his family moved to Teignmouth in Devon and he was educated at a Royal Naval School in New Cross where Edmund Gosse was a contemporary and lifelong acquaintance although not an intimate. Whilst at school he adapted the sobriquet Harry by which he was afterwards known. He returned to London in 1860 and lived with his brothers in Stockwell in south London after joining the Post Office at 18 years of age.

Career as a civil servant

Harry Buxton Forman pursued a successful career in the Post Office starting as supplementary class clerk in the Secretary's Office at St.Martin's-le-Grand in April 1860. He served as acting surveyor of British Post Offices in the Mediterranean in 1883 and thereafter served as principal clerk from 1885 and second secretary advancing to controller of the packet services. In 1897 he received the CB for his services to the Post Office retiring in 1907 after 47 years' service. He attended as a representative of the United Kingdom four Postal Union Congresses – at Paris in 1880, at Lisbon in 1885, at Vienna in 1891, and at Washington in 1897. He was one of the earliest workers on behalf of the Post Office Library and Literary Association, and was its secretary for several years.

Editor of Shelley and Keats

It is as an authority on the lives and works of Percy Shelley and John Keats that Forman is largely remembered. His literary endeavours began in 1869 with a series of anonymous articles in William Tinsley's eponymous Tinsley's Magazine  later reprinted in 1871 as Our Living Poets. This resulted in a friendly relationship with Dante Gabriel Rossetti and a fateful encounter with another poet Richard Hengist Horne, the subject of an early known forgery. This success resulted in regular articles for the London Quarterly Review and a series of articles including four on Ibsen in 1872.

Buxton Forman became interested in the philosophy of free thinking as expounded in the works of Auguste Comte (1798–1857) and he met his wife Laura Sellé, the daughter of the musician Dr William Christian Sellé at a positivist lecture also attended by George Eliot with whom he became acquainted. Many positivists looked to Shelley and Keats as examples of free thinking and in 1876 Buxton Forman published an edition of the Poetical Works of Shelley, followed in 1880 by Shelley's Prose Works. In 1878 he edited the Letters of John Keats to Fanny Brawne, and in 1883 the Poetical Works and Other Writings of John Keats which ran to five volumes. He proved a gifted textual editor although the criticism he printed included much that is trivial. He also contributed to the study of Shelley with an uncompleted Shelley Library that included a number of first editions and rare writings( as well as a number of his own passed- off forgeries). Other Shelley related material included an Essay in Bibliography in 1886, the Letters of Edward John Trelawny (1910), and Thomas Medwin's Life of Shelley, the latter work being scrupulously re-edited to remove many of Medwin's inexactitudes.

He followed up his edition of Keats' poetic works with Three essays by John Keats (1889), Poetry and Prose by John Keats: a book of fresh verses and new readings (1890), and a one-volume edition of the Poetical Works of John Keats (1906). He took an active interest in the purchase and establishment of the Keats and Shelley House in Rome, and presented to it a large number of his books.

His passion for Shelley and Keats resulted in collaborative work with others and articles on a  number of minor poets such as Thomas Wake and Charles Jeremiah Wells. He contributed articles on Wade and Horne and verses of his own in W R Nicol and TJ Wise's Literary Anecdotes of the 19th Century (1805–1896) and for A H Miles's Poets and Poetry of the 19th Century Forman made and prefaced the selections from Wade, Wells, Horne, and William Morris.

Literary forgeries

In 1887 an association with a London commodity broker and book collector Thomas James Wise saw the first of many illegal printings by Wise and Buxton Forman. The origins began in November 1886 when Edward Dowden published a biography of Shelley. It printed a considerable number of poems for the first time that Forman and Wise decided to print separately as Poems and Sonnets inventing the Philadelphia Historical Society as a cover. It was the start of a full scale conspiracy with numerous forgeries over the next fifteen years that were printed in London with templates that stated otherwise. They specialised in early pamphlets, supposedly privately published, of poets some of whom such as Rossetti and Swinburne were still living. Many of the forgeries were printed by the firm of Richard Clay & Sons who had printed legitimate facsimile issues of works by Robert Browning and Percy Shelley.  These were "creative forgeries" in that they were not copies of works that existed but were presented as works that could or should have existed.  Dates, places of publication, publishers (as distinct from printers) led the collecting world to believe in the 'rare private' editions. Buxton Forman and Wise forged publications by Elizabeth Barrett Browning, George Eliot, John Ruskin, Matthew Arnold, Alfred Tennyson, George Meredith and William Thackeray and many others. Many of these forgeries were sold by Buxton Forman [though there is little published evidence of sales] and Wise to collectors across the English speaking world and it would be forty years later that their fraud would be discovered by John Carter. The extent of the forgeries was such that the Brayton Ives sale in New York in 1915 contained twenty four forgeries, for example.

Elizabeth Barrett Browning and the Reading Sonnets

Forman and Wise's most famous forgery is of The Sonnets from the Portuguese by Elizabeth Barrett Browning, a lifelong literary passion of Buxton Forman, (that bore fruit in editorship by Forman of  ' Aurora Leigh''' and  Elizabeth Barrett Browning and her Scarcer Books in 1896), but apparently not deep enough to stop him tampering with the most celebrated literary love story of Victorian England. The sonnets were written by Barrett Browning to Robert Browning during their courtship and their intensity were of lasting literary interest. The first appearance of the poems was in the second edition of Elizabeth's Poems in 1850. However in 1894 an earlier 1847 private edition began to appear in literary journals. This originated from Forman and Wise and was published in London (although it had a Reading frontispiece) having been printed by the firm of Richard Clay & Sons.The so named Reading Sonnets proved to be the achilles heel of the conspiracy when the fraud was exposed in 1934.

Final years
Forman was seriously ill in 1906 with an undisclosed malady and he retired from the Post Office in 1907. He no longer wished to continue his illegal partnership with Thomas Wise, but was in too deep to disassociate with him completely. He had several literary projects to occupy him. He published Letters of Edward John Trelawny in 1910. He transcribed the Shelley Note Booksfrom twenty-five notebooks inherited by Sir Percy Shelley from his mother. This was a prodigious exercise in patient and meticulous transcription. Most of the note books ended up being sold to American collectors, a striking indication of the popularity of Shelley at the turn of the twentieth century in the USA. His last book was The Life of Percy Bysshe Shelley by Thomas Medwin, a new edition that Medwin had extended but left unpublished.  The frontispiece portrait of Shelley is in fact a copy of Leonardo da Vinci's Head of Christ with slight alterations.

Forman died after a long illness on 15 June 1917 and his ashes were sprinkled on the River Teign, which flows near his Devon childhood home.  He left his funeral instructions in a published verse:Let the prison'd litch-fire batten on the tissuesLeaving naught but ashes, clean and grey and pureGather, friends, the handful that from the furnace issues,Cushion them in crane-bill, and bear them to the Moor.Ashes of her poet, bear them to one land,Take them up to Dartmoor and strow them through his own land,Rush them through the harbour and lose them in the Main!

Exposure as a forger

The exposure of Harry Buxton Forman as a forger in 1934 was driven by two book sellers Graham Pollard and John Carter. They became suspicious of Browning's Reading Sonnets and began to gather more and more evidence that the pamphlet was not as it purported to be. Chemical analysis of the paper showed that it contained a chemically constituted wood pulp, a process that was not used in England before 1874. In addition the typeface in minor respects indicated a late 19th Century use and via some sterling detective work Carter and Pollard traced the publishing source to Richard Clay and Sons. In turn this led to further investigation into various publications being offered for sale by Herbert Gorfin, a prominent bookseller. When it became apparent that Gorfin knew nothing of the forgeries Pollard and Carter persuaded him to expose the source of the publications. Thus Thomas Wise and  Harry Buxton Forman were outed as literary forgers. Pollard and Carter published their findings in 1934 in ‘An Enquiry into the Nature of Certain Nineteenth Century Pamphlets’

Forman Bibliography (selected)
 Our Living Poets, Tinsley’s Magazine  articles, London (1869)
 Our Living Poets: An Essay in Criticism, Tinsley, London (1871)
 Poetical works of Shelley, edited by H Buxton Forman (1880)
 Prose Works of Shelley, edited by H Buxton Forman (1880)
 Letters of John Keats to Fanny Brawne, (1878)
 Poetical Works and Other & Writings of John Keats (1883)
 An Essay in Bibliography (1886)
 Three Essays by John Keats (1889),
 Poetry and Prose by John Keats: a book of fresh verses and new readings (1890)
 Sir Stevenson Arthur Blackwood (1893)
 The Building of the Idylls; a Study in Tennyson (1896)
 Elizabeth Barrett Browning and her scarcer books (1896)
 The Books of William Morris, edited by H. Buxton Forman  (1897)
 The Life Poetic by William Morris  (1897)
 Sordello, Robert Browning (1902)
 Poetical Works of John Keats (1906)
 Letters of Edward John Trelawny, edited by H.Buxton Forman, OUP (1910)
 Note Books of Percy Bysshe Shelley (1911)
 Life of Shelley, Thomas Medwin, edited by H. Buxton Forman. OUP, (1913)
 Hitherto Unpublished Poems and Stories by Elizabeth Barrett Browning (1914)

Biography

Notes


Radhia Nasraoui

Radhia Nasraoui (; born 1953) is a Tunisian lawyer specializing in human rights, who militates particularly against the use of torture.

Struggle for human rights
In the 1970s, Radhia Nasraoui started campaigning for human rights, when the regime of President Bourguiba banned demonstrations by students and workers. In 1976, she managed to convince her employing firm to defend students who are accused. Two years later, in the aftermath of the Black Thursday, a general strike accompanied by bloody riots and resulting in many deaths, Nasraoui opened her own firm.

She was one of the founders of the Association against Torture in Tunisia announced that 26 June 2003. Appointed president, she denounced what she sees as the "systematic torture" practiced in her country since the accession to power of President Ben Ali 7 November 1987.
Due to her professional activities in favor of human rights in Tunisia, Radhia Nasraoui continued to be exposed to repression and police brutality. The U.N. Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women reported:

From 15 October to 10 December 2003, she went on hunger strike "to protest against government agents' burglarizing of her office and terrorizing her family and to demand that justice should be done after a physical assault suffered in July" she put an end to the strike on the day of the commemoration of the 55th anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

Radhia Nasraoui continues to be exposed to state repression until the revolution of 2011 marked the fall of President Ben Ali. During this period, she was considered as a lawyer and activist against Torture and one of Tunisia's most renowned opinion leaders of the Arab Spring.
Even after the revolution, she continues to denounce cases of torture and mistreatment of prisoners. She is also a member of the sponsorship committee of the Russell Tribunal on Palestine which work began 4 March 2009.

Personal life
Radhia Nasraoui is married to Hamma Hammami, the secretary general of the Workers' Party since 1981, and they have three daughters, Nadia, Sarah and Oussaïma.

Honors and awards
 On 16 November 2005, Nasraoui received an honorary degree by the Belgian Université libre de Bruxelles for her defense of human rights and her struggle for the emancipation of Tunisian women.
 On 25 January 2013, she received the Olof Palme Prize for Human Rights.


Michel Bissonnet

Michel Bissonnet, MNA (born March 28, 1942) is a Canadian politician who served as Liberal member and President (House Speaker) of the National Assembly of Quebec.

Background

Bissonnet obtained a license in law at Université de Montréal in 1976 and was admitted to the Barreau du Québec the following year. Prior to his years as a lawyer, he worked for the City of Montreal for 17 years in various positions including archivist and assistant office manager.

NDP candidate

Bissonnet was formerly involved in the federal New Democratic Party and its Quebec wing, the defunct Nouveau Parti démocratique du Québec. He was a candidate in the 1967 federal by-election for that party in the district of Papineau. He finished third with 15% of the vote. Liberal candidate André Ouellet was elected.

City politics

He ran as an Action Laval candidate for the city council of Laval in 1969 and served as mayor of Saint-Léonard from 1978 to 1981.

Member of the Provincial Legislature

Bissonnet successfully ran as the Liberal candidate in the district of Jeanne-Mance in the 1981 election.  He was re-elected in the 1985, 1989, 1994 and 1998 elections.  He also won re-election in the merged district of Jeanne-Mance–Viger in 2003 and 2007.

Speaker

He served as Vice-President of the National Assembly during his third term of office from 1989 to 1994, Assistant Whip of the Opposition from 1994 to 1997 and Third Vice-President of the National Assembly during his fifth term from 1999 to 2003. He became the President of the National Assembly (Speaker of the House) after the Liberal victory in 2003. In 2007, Bissonnet was reconfirmed as President of the National Assembly.

Borough Mayor

In July 2008, Bissonnet announced that he would leave provincial politics and run again for the mayoral position of Saint-Léonard, now a borough of Montreal following the 2002 amalgamation. He had become of the longest serving MNA of the 38th National Assembly, even though he had never been appointed to the Cabinet.

Bissonnet ran under Montreal Mayor Gérald Tremblay's Union Montreal label. An election had been called to fill the position in the aftermath of the resignation of Frank Zampino.  Bissonnet was elected with 94.3% of the vote in September 2008, against Livio DiCelmo of Projet Montréal.

In the 2013 Montreal municipal elections, he was re-elected borough mayor of Saint-Léonard under Équipe Denis Coderre.

Electoral record (incomplete)


1932 Chicago Bears season

The 1932 season was the Chicago Bears' 13th in the National Football League. The team was able to improve on their 9–4–1 record from 1931 and finished with a 7–1–6 record under third-year head coach Ralph Jones.

Season overview
The season started strangely with three consecutive 0–0 ties. After a 0–2 loss to the Packers, the Bears had scored zero points in four games. After that, the offense got on track and the defense stayed incredibly stingy. The Bears were undefeated in their last nine "regular season" games (there was no established playoff system), with six wins, four by shutout, and three ties.

The team that gave the Bears the most trouble was the Portsmouth Spartans. The club tied with the Spartans with identical 6–1 records (ties did not count then and were omitted), so a playoff game was set up to determine a winner. The Bears defeated the Spartans, 9–0 in the first-ever NFL postseason game, which oddly enough was played indoors at Chicago Stadium because it was expected to be cold at Wrigley Field and organizers wanted to maximize the attendance and gate revenue.

For the year, the powerful tandem of Red Grange and Bronko Nagurski again paced the Bears as Grange scored 7 touchdowns and Nagurski ran for 4 and also passed for 3 more. Keith Molesworth also contributed with 3 touchdowns on his own while passing for 3 more. Luke Johnsos had probably his finest season, catching two touchdown passes and scoring twice on defense as well. Coach Ralph Jones also found a reliable kicker in Paul "Tiny" Engebretson.

Future Hall of Fame players
 Red Grange, back
 Bill Hewitt, end (rookie from University of Michigan)
 Bronko Nagurski, fullback
 George Trafton, center

Other leading players
 Carl Brumbaugh, quarterback
 John Doehring, back (rookie)
 Paul Engebretsen, guard/kicker (rookie from Northwestern)
 Luke Johnsos, end
 Joe Kopcha, guard (back after two years off)
 Keith Molesworth, back
 Dick Nesbitt, back
 Ookie Miller, center

Players departed from 1931
 Link Lyman, tackle (did not play for unknown reasons)

Schedule

The December 18 game was added to break the tie and is known as the 1932 NFL Playoff Game

Standings

NFL Playoff Game:  Chicago Bears 9, Portsmouth Spartans 0

Awards
 NFL Championship (2)


Ayala station

The Ayala Station is a station on the Manila Metro Rail Transit System Line 3. Ayala station is one of the two underground stations that can be found on the line, the other being the Buendia station. The station is located in Makati and is named so due to its proximity to two places bearing the Ayala name: Ayala Center and Ayala Avenue.

The station is the eleventh station for trains headed to Taft Avenue and the third station for trains headed to North Avenue. The most recognizable landmark near the station is Ayala Center, one of the most popular shopping centers in the Philippines. It is one of two stations that are considered within the Makati Central Business District (the other being Buendia). There are multiple stairs, escalators, and elevators for going in and out of the station.

The station also has a shopping center within the station (similar to Shaw Boulevard station), with restaurants, shops, and facilities surrounding the concourse level of the station above the main platform.

Nearby landmarks
The station is at the heart of the Makati Central Business District. It has an elevated walkway that connects it to SM Makati, which in turn is connected to Glorietta, Rustan's, The Landmark, Greenbelt, and the rest of the Ayala Center. The station is also the closest to adjacent Forbes Park and Dasmariñas villages, as well as Bonifacio Global City via McKinley Road, which were also developed by the Ayalas.

The Philippine Stock Exchange along with the major financial headquarters of Bank of the Philippine Islands, China Bank, RCBC, HSBC Philippines, Citibank Philippines and Standard Chartered Bank Philippines are all within the station's vicinity.

Nearby hotels include Holiday Inn and Suites (part of Glorietta), Fairmont Manila/Raffles Manila, Makati Shangri-La Hotel, Peninsula Manila, Dusit Hotel, and New World Hotel. The Ayala Triangle Gardens, Ayala Museum, Filipinas Heritage Library and the Asian Institute of Management are also nearby.

Transportation links
The station is considered a major transportation hub, with multiple bus stops lying under the station. Passengers can board buses to and from destinations within Metro Manila and to the provinces. Passengers can board a jeepney bound for the Central Business District, Makati City, Pateros, and nearby Fort Bonifacio (now Bonifacio Global City in Taguig City) along EDSA, Ayala Avenue, and the new Park Square carpark, which is accessible through SM Makati. Taxis also stop near the station, and passengers can board them at nearby SM Makati or Glorietta 4. FX vans bound for Metro Manila and nearby provinces can be boarded in the new Park Square Carpark located next to Park Terraces, connected by a bridge from SM Makati.

A few meters from the station's Northbound exit lies the BGC Bus Ayala terminal, where buses to  different destinations within Bonifacio Global City are available.

It is also a short walk from Ayala Center, with the station's main entrance located beside SM Makati.

Express Train Service

Station layout

Gallery


Valiente (album)

Valiente is the fourteenth studio album by Mexican recording artist Thalía, released on November 9, 2018 by Sony Music Latin. The album brings the hit single No me acuerdo, that peaked number one across Latin America. "Lento" was released as the second single, which peaked top 10 in several countries. "Lindo Pero Bruto" is the third single, the song gained attention with its music video. The song "Me Oyen, Me Escuchan" was also released as a promotional single for the "Thalia's challenge" that became viral from a Facebook live video.

Valiente became another successful album for Thalia. It was certified platinum in the US by the RIAA.

Track listing
All credits adapted from Tidal.

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications and sales


Amka and the Three Golden Rules

Amka and The Three Golden Rules is a 2014 Mongolian-American family drama written and directed by Babar Ahmed. The movie received rave reviews in major international press  and is currently being screened on American Airlines International Flights and on Emirates Airlines  where it is one of four movies categorized as 'Great movies worth watching from around the world'. The movie is also highlighted in the opening of The World Development Report 2017, 'one of the word's best known publications on development'  as a reference point in how creative and culturally authentic filmmaking can make a positive difference to national and international policy making.

Plot
A ten year old Mongolian boy discovers a gold coin. Consumed by greed, his life spirals out of control. The boy escapes to the countryside where his eccentric uncle teaches him three lessons in life. The story starts with a ten year old caring Mongolian boy called Amka. His biggest dream is to play soccer with the neighborhood kids but they only make fun of his poor clothes. One day Amka discovers a gold coin. With this new found wealth he buys fancy clothes and now the other kids let him play soccer with them. He is soon introduced to video games and he starts to get addicted. Amka's taste for money starts to take over his personality. He loses respect for his family and starts borrowing money from the other kids. Very soon he is over his head in debt. The neighborhood kids have had enough and chase Amka to get their money back. Amka escapes to the countryside where he meets his eccentric uncle. The uncle teaches Amka three golden rules in life.

Reception
The movie received rave reviews in major international press, being described as 'Stunning', 'Inspirational', 'A herculian effort',  'Thoroughly naturalistic performances, stunning location shoot... the kind of poetic family adventure rarely seen in the US'  and 'Chilling'. WCBE's leading movie critic wrote 'Ahmed has crafted an affecting Mongolian tale as instructive about the enduring values of an ancient culture as it is a universal story of a boy’s coming of age'. Mongolia's biggest English language newspaper UB Post highlighted the allegory in the story to Mongolia's current predicament of facing modernization and its discovery of natural resources. The newspaper wrote that the movie is 'Brilliantly crafted' and went on to say that 'combined with a strong lead, stunning shots of the spectacular landscapes of Mongolia and excellent music... the story is in many ways a symbol of how Mongolia must decide its own fate'.

The movie is also highlighted in the opening of The World Development Report 2017, 'one of the word's best known publications on development'  as a reference point in how creative and culturally authentic filmmaking can make a positive difference to national and international policy making.

Release
Amka and the Three Golden Rules is currently playing on international flights on American Airlines. And on Emirates Airlines "Amka and The Three Golden Rules" is one of four movies described as 'Great movies worth watching from around the world'.

The movie is also airing on national broadcast stations in Mongolia. NTV:Satellite: Ddish-Channel 9 (SD), Cable MNBC-Channel 9 (SD),IPTV-Univision-Channel 8(HD, Skymedia-Channel 3(HD)

The movie played at film festivals across the globe picking up several 'Best Feature Film' awards. At the Arizona International Film Festival, the movie received a special award for "Bridging Cultures'.


Wanderu (company)

Wanderu is a ground and air travel metasearch platform that operates throughout North America and Europe. It provides a one-stop search and booking platform for buses, trains and flights through its website and mobile app. Wanderu is headquartered in Boston, Massachusetts. The company was founded in 2012 by CEO Polina Raygorodskaya and COO Igor Bratnikov.

History

Foundation
Wanderu was founded in 2012 by Polina Raygorodskaya and Igor Bratnikov. At the time when the idea for Wanderu was conceived, Raygorodskaya and Bratnikov were part of GreenXC, a nationwide campaign intended to raise awareness for national parks and forests throughout the United States. Aiming to promote sustainable forms of transportation, the group chose ride-shares as their main form of travel hitting a snag when one of their ride-shares cancelled and they had to find a bus to get to their next destination. Since no direct bus served the route, they had no way of finding which buses could get them where they needed to go or even find the closest station to where they were. Realizing the void in the market, they set out to build Wanderu.

In May 2013, Wanderu launched a private beta version of Wanderu. In August 2013, the company raised $2.45 million in a seed round of funding from a group of investors, including Alta Ventures Mexico, Wasabi Ventures, Drummond Road Capital, former Greyhound CEO Craig Lentzsch, Jeffrey Clarke, Bill Kaplan, Semyon Dukach, and Oliver Thylmann.

On August 12, 2013, Wanderu.com was officially launched to the public, covering bus and train travel within the Northeast.

Growth in North America
In May 2014, Wanderu announced a partnership with Greyhound, the largest bus travel provider in the United States. As a result, Wanderu acquired nationwide coverage.

In November 2014, Wanderu completed a Series A round of funding, raising $5.6 million. The round featured 10 investors, including Alta Ventures Mexico, 500 Startups, Barbara Corcoran Venture Partners, Compound, Drummond Road Capital, Marc Bell Ventures, Klingenstein, Fields & Co, Craig Lentzsch, Brad Feld, and Kiril Bensonoff.

In February 2015, Wanderu released a smartphone application for iOS devices, followed by the release an Android version in March 2015.

In April 2015, Wanderu signed a partnership with Amtrak, the largest passenger inter-city railroad service in the United States. As a result, Wanderu’s coverage increased to over 90% of the U.S. that is reachable by ground.

In November 2015, Wanderu partnered with bus companies Grupo Senda and Tufesa to offer trips to multiple destinations across Mexico, as well as options for cross-border travel between Mexico and the United States.

In February 2016, Wanderu announced a partnership with VIA Rail, an intercity passenger rail service in Canada.

Expansion to Europe
In January 2017, Wanderu expanded into Europe, launching service to more than 1,000 destinations across more than 20 countries, including Germany, France, Austria, Belgium, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom, among other places.

In Europe, Wanderu partners with some of the biggest bus and train travel providers, including FlixBus, Ouibus, and National Express. About 160 additional carriers are currently being integrated into the search engine.

Introduction of Flights
In October 2019, Wanderu added flights alongside bus and train travel options, allowing users to find and compare bus, train and plane trips to thousands of destinations across North America and Europoe in one convenient place.

The introduction of air travel options to the Wanderu platform was made possible through a collaboration with fellow Boston area travel company KAYAK.

Wanderu is one of the few fare aggregators that currently allows travelers to find and compare bus, train and flight options all in the same search.

Recognition
Wanderu was a finalist of MassChallenge in the summer of 2012 and an original member of PayPal's Start Tank in Boston.

In February 2013, Wanderu won the South by Southwest Accelerator Grand Prize in the Innovative Web Technology category.

In February 2015, Wanderu a top 3 finalist at Sir Richard Branson’s Extreme Tech Challenge.

TIME named the Wanderu app as one of its favorite iPhone apps, USA Today named it one of the top budget travel apps of 2015, and CNet called it one of the best apps for booking travel.

In April 2015, Polina Raygorodskaya and Igor Bratnikov were featured in Inc. Magazine’s annual Top 30 Under 30 Coolest Entrepreneurs list.

In October 2015, Polina Raygorordskaya was featured by Fortune as one of 40 Under 40 Women to Watch.

In January 2016, Polina Raygorodskaya and Igor Bratnikov were featured in Forbes’ annual 30 Under 30 list in the Consumer Tech category.

In November 2016, Inc. Magazine named Wanderu one of the top 15 companies of 2016.


Quyllurqucha (Ancash)

Quyllurqucha (Quechua quyllur star qucha lake, "star lake", hispanicized spelling Coillorcocha, Goillorcocha, Qollurcocha) is a lake in Peru located in the Ancash Region, Corongo Province, La Pampa District, and in the Huaylas Province, Yuracmarca District. It is situated at a height of about , about 0.75 km long and 0.44 km at its widest point. Quyllurqucha lies in the north of the Cordillera Blanca, at the foot of Champara, northwest of it.

Quyllurqucha (Goillorcocha) is also the name of a mountain southwest of the lake at . It reaches a height of about . It lies in the Yuraqmarca District, west of Champara.


Vasily Afonin

Vasily Maximovich Afonin () (1919 – January 4, 1996) was a Soviet air ace who fought in the German-Soviet War.

Vasily Afonin also participated in the Winter War of 1939-1940.

During the German-Soviet War he fought with the 72 GIAP, flying at various times the LaGG-3, Yak-1, Yak-7, Yak-9 and Yak-3.

Retiring at the rank of lieutenant-colonel, Afonin was officially credited with 14 personal and 3 shared victories in the air (or 11 personal and 2 shared  victories):

Honours and awards
 Hero of the Russian Federation (2 May 1996)
 Order of the Red Banner, three times (16 January 1943, 21 July 1943, 12 July 1944)
 Order of the Patriotic War;
1st Class (27 August 1943)
2nd Class, twice (15 January 1945, 3 November 1985)
 Medal for Combat Service
 Jubilee Medal "In Commemoration of the 100th Anniversary since the Birth of Vladimir Il'ich Lenin"
 Medal "For the Victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"
 Jubilee Medal "Twenty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945"
 Jubilee Medal "Thirty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945"
 Jubilee Medal "Forty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945"
 Jubilee Medal "50 Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945"
 Medal "For the Capture of Berlin"
 Jubilee Medal "30 Years of the Soviet Army and Navy"
 Jubilee Medal "50 Years of the Armed Forces of the USSR"
 Jubilee Medal "60 Years of the Armed Forces of the USSR"
 Jubilee Medal "70 Years of the Armed Forces of the USSR"


Feminist philosophy of science

Feminist philosophy of science is a branch of feminist philosophy that seeks to understand how the acquirement of knowledge through scientific means has been influenced by notions of gender and gender roles in society.  Feminist philosophers of science question how scientific research and scientific knowledge itself may be influenced and possibly compromised by the social and professional framework within which that research and knowledge is established and exists. The intersection of gender and science allows feminist philosophers to reexamine fundamental questions and truths in the field of science to reveal any signs of gender biases. It has been described as being located "at the intersections of the philosophy of science and feminist science scholarship", and has attracted considerable attention since the 1970s.

Feminist epistemology often emphasizes "situated knowledge" that hinges on one's individual perspectives on a subject. Feminist philosophers often highlight the under-representation of female scientists in academia and the possibility that science currently has androcentric biases. Scientific theory has been accused of being more compatible with male cognitive styles and reasoning. Feminist epistemology suggests that integrating feminine modes of thought and logic that are undervalued by current scientific theory will enable improvement and broadening of scientific perspectives. Advocates assert that it may be guide in creating a philosophy of science that is more accessible to public. Practitioners of feminist philosophy of science also seek to promote gender equality in scientific fields and greater recognition of the achievements of female scientists.

Critics have argued that the political commitments of advocates of feminist philosophy of science is incompatible with modern-day scientific objectivity, emphasizing the success of the scientific method due to its lauded objectivity and "value-free" methods of knowledge-making.

History
The feminist Philosophy of science was born out of feminist science studies in the 1960s. It would however be the 1980s before Feminist Philosophy of Science would develop its own unique identity. One of the first and most important publications released was from a women's academic journal called Signs with a piece titled: "Women, Science, and Society" This piece was published in August 1978 by Catherine Stimpson and Joan Burstyn. "This first collection of what today would be recognizable as "feminist science studies" featured scholarship in three areas: critiques of gender bias in science, history of women in science, and social science data and public policy considerations on the status of women in the science". These three topics have remained prominent issues in feminist science studies of modern day.

Feminist science studies had become more philosophical and more ambitious by the 1980s and even pursued to redefine the core epistemological concepts. The reason for this shift in feminist science studies was due to a corresponding shift in many fields of academic feminism. This shift led to a parting of ways between scholarship on "women in science" and "feminist critiques of science". This was documented by feminist scholars Helen Longino and Evelynn Hammonds in their 1990 book Conflicts and Tensions in the Feminist Study of Gender and Science.

By the late nineties, feminist science studies had become well-established and had many prominent scholars within its field of study. Philosopher John Searle characterized feminism in 1993 as a "cause to be advanced" more so than a "domain to be studied".

Feminist philosophy of science

Objectivity and values
Some have questioned the objectivity of Feminist Philosophy of Science. Feminists however argue that rather than undermine objectivity, incorporating feminist values could help create more robust and sophisticated research methods which in turn may well produce better results. By implementing feminist ideologies in science, this will eliminate the androcentric bias in the field of science, creating better research, better healthcare, and more opportunities for women in higher education and research fields. Many feminist in this field try to challenge the idea that science is "value-free", meaning that science is subjected to societal effects, and the research that is conducted is thought to have some bias attached. Science is not autonomous and research requires funding which policy decisions come into play. This is where political and societal affect science making it adherent to a set of ideas.

Standpoint and knowledge
Feminist Philosophy of Science has traditionally been highly critical of the lack of access and opportunities for women in science and believe science can, and has been "distorted by sexist values" Sharon Crasnow highlights how the "exclusion of women as researchers and subjects"  in scientific research, studies and projects can lead to incomplete methods and methodologies and ultimately unreliable or inaccurate results. Some feminist philosophies of science question whether science can lay claim to "impartiality, neutrality, autonomy, and indifference to political positions and the values" when the "neutral" position is benchmarked against the values held by one culture, i.e. western patriarchy, among the multitude of cultures participating in modern science.

A complete Standpoint theory contains seven parts to fully understand the location of power one has, their "epistemic privilege". Anderson lays these out in her journal Feminist Epistemology and Philosophy of Science. The first point of the theory must state the social location of the authority. The second, how large is the grasp of this authority, what does it claim privilege over. Third, what aspect of the social location allows authority. Fourth, the grounds of the authority, what justifies their privilege. Fifth, the type of epistemic privilege it is claiming to have. Sixth, the other perspectives similar to its own. Lastly, access to this privilege, by occupying the social location is it sufficient to gain access to the perspective.

Relating to Objectivity, epistemology can give a fuller understanding of the nature of scientific knowledge. Feminist epistemology is one of a group of approaches in science studies that urges us to recognize the role of the social in the production of knowledge. Feminist epistemology directs people to consider features of themselves and culture as beings of knowledge that had been outside what was considered appropriate. The goals of researchers and the values that shape the choice of goals are relevant to the knowledge we arrive at. This has implications both for how we train scientists and for how we educate everyone about science. If science is seen as more connected to application, more related to human needs and desires, traditionally underrepresented groups will have greater motivation to succeed and persist in their science courses or pursue scientific careers. Motivation will be greater as members of underrepresented groups see how science can produce knowledge that has value to their concerns in ways that are consistent with good scientific methodology. Feminist epistemology urges a continued exploration of science in this way and so has much to offer science education.

Challenges and contributions
One of the major challenges facing feminist philosophers of science lies in convincing some skeptics in the fields of philosophy and science  that Feminist Philosophy of Science is in fact a legitimate and objective field of academic research and study rather than an agenda driven ideology. Dr. Richardson points out that those who level this accusation at Feminist Philosophy of Science completely misunderstand its motivations and ambitions. Richardson describes how many feminist philosophers of science are involved in "ambitious constructive projects to build a better science". Case studies have played a major role in furthering and advancing feminist philosophy of science. For example, a study conducted by Lloyd in 2005 on the function female orgasm. She explores how evolutionary biologists made false assumptions as to the function of the female orgasm. They believed that it must have reproductive purpose in females simply because it does in males. They went as far as to ignore clear evidence as it went against their initial beliefs. This critique caused extensive debate as it attacked the core beliefs held by evolutionary biologists. Work like this has and is currently being conducted by feminist philosophers of science as they challenge traditional philosophical questions such as pluralism, objectivity and background assumptions.

One of the greatest challenges faced by female philosophers is marginalization within the academic field of philosophy according to Dr. Richardson. They face exclusion in scientific fields and are marginalized and vastly unrepresented similarly to minorities in the field of philosophy. Their critiques of many topics such as gender bias are often changed, distorted and ineffectively translated by scientists and therefore by the general public.

Elaine Howes has stated that the feminist philosophy of science can be applied to K-12 schooling.  Per her examination of the gender separation in STEM subjects, she believes that the feminist philosophy of science should also be applied to public schools. By using feminist theories to examine gender biases in public schools, Howes suggests that possible reforms that could be implemented to close the gap in science, technology, engineering, and math. Her belief is by starting from the bottom, many girls would enter a STEM field and stick with it because of the reforms she suggested and then create a change in the field of science from within.

Socially responsible science (SRS)
Socially responsible science is a combination of epistemic roles and social values. This conjuncture of research/evidence and ethics is used by Feminist of Philosophy for the creation of "good science". In Matthew Brown's article "The Source and Status of Values for Socially Responsible Science", he discusses this lens of being socially engaged in science, to "craft better ethics codes for their professional societies", he believes this is done by emphasizing "ethics and social and political philosophy as least as much as epistemology and metaphysics". By valuing the study of ethics, politics, and social studies and applying this socially responsible science, Browne believes this will create a new agenda for science.


Abdullah bin Alwi Alatas

Sayyid Abdullah bin Alwi Alatas (; 1840–1929) was a Dutch East Indies merchant, landlord, and philanthropist of Arab descent from the Ba 'Alawi sada clan. Alatas is also the owner of the Cikini House (now Cikini Hospital) after it was bought from Raden Saleh. He also inherited another eccentric house, such as a house built by a Frenchman in an Islamic style (now a Textile Museum).

Alwi Shahab, a senior Indonesian journalist, also wrote in his book Saudagar Baghdad dari Betawi (2004) that Alatas was the grandfather of Ali Alatas, the former Indonesian Foreign Minister (1998–1999), and Haidar Abu Bakr al-Attas, former Prime Minister of Yemen (1990–1994) and South Yemen (1985–1986).


Waldemar Wilenius

Waldemar Wilenius (26 October 1868 in Hämeenlinna − 21 September 1940 in Helsinki) was a renowned Finnish architect at the end of the 19th century and beginning of the 20th century designing buildings in first a Neo-Renaissance style before moving to an Art Nouveau style. Wilenius completed his studies at the Finnish Polytechnical Institute in 1889, after which he undertook further studies at the Royal Swedish Academy of Arts in Stockholm and the Technical University of Berlin.  After his studies he returned to Helsinki where he worked at the National Board of Building, fulfilling various positions until 1889. He also established his own architect's office. Wilenius is particularly known for a number of apartment blocks built in the centre of Helsinki.

Buildings by Waldemar Wilenius
 Park Pavilion, Kemi – 1893.
 Kontio apartment building, Kruunuvuorenkatu 5/Kauppiaankatu 1–3, Helsinki − 1898.
 Merilinna apartment building, Merikatu 1/Neitsytpolku 2, Helsinki − 1900.
 Gunnebo Gård apartment building, Pietarinkatu 23/Huvilakatu 18, Helsinki − 1905.


Shabiha

Shabiha (Levantine Arabic:  , ; also romanized Shabeeha or Shabbiha'; (meaning "ghosts") is a term for state sponsored militias of the Syrian government. However, in the Aleppo Governorate the term Shabiha is used frequently to refer to pro-Assad Sunni tribes such as al-Berri, al-Baggara, al-Hasasne and al-Zeido. In the city of Aleppo itself it was led by the powerful Sunni Arab al-Berri tribe.

The Syrian opposition stated that the shabiha are a tool of the government for cracking down on dissent. Syrian Observatory for Human Rights has stated that some of the shabiha are mercenaries.

Before the Syrian civil war
According to defectors privately interviewed by The Star in 2012, 'Shabiha mercenaries' were established in the 1980s by Rifaat al-Assad and Namir al-Assad, President Hafez al-Assad's brother and cousin. They were originally concentrated in the Mediterranean region of Syria around Latakia, Banias and Tartous, where they allegedly benefited from smuggling through the ports in the area. The shabiha, who were named for the Arabic word for ghost or for the Mercedes S600 that was popular for its smuggling sized trunk and was called the Shabah, were known by the Alawites in Syria as Alawi ganglords. During the late 1980s and early 1990s, they smuggled food, cigarettes and commodities, subsidized by the government, from Syria into Lebanon and sold them for a massive profit, while luxury cars, guns and drugs were smuggled in reverse from Lebanon up the Bekaa Valley and into Syria's state controlled economy.

The shabiha guards, who each had loyalty to different members of the extended Assad family, were untouchable and operated with impunity from the local authorities. They gained notoriety in the 1990s for the brutal way they enforced their protection rackets in Latakia and were noted for their cruelty and blind devotion to their leaders. By the mid-1990s, they had gotten out of hand, and President Hafez Assad had his son Basil Assad clamp down on them, which he did successfully. In 2000, when Bashar Assad came to power, they were apparently disbanded, but following the uprising that began in March 2011, the shabiha gangs, which evolved into the shabiha militias, were again approved by Assad's government.

Syrian Civil War

During the war, the shabiha have been accused by Syrian locals and the foreign press of attacking and killing protesters. In March 2011, activists reported that Shabiha drove through Latakia in cars armed with machine guns firing at protesters, and then later of taking up sniper position on rooftops and killing up to 21 people. It was reported by local activists that on 18 and 19 April that the shabiha and security forces killed 21 protesters in Homs.

In May, Foreign Affairs reported that the shabiba joined the Fourth Division and attacked civilians in the cities of Banias, Jableh, and Latakia." A month later in June, witnesses and refugees from the northwestern region said that the shabiha have reemerged during the uprising and were being used by the Syrian government to carry out "a scorched earth campaign […] burning crops, ransacking houses and shooting randomly." The Washington Post reported a case in which four sisters were raped by shabiha members. They are described to wear civilian clothes, trainers and white running shoes and often are taking steroids. A physician explained that "many of the men were recruited from bodybuilding clubs and encouraged to take steroids. They are treated like animals, and manipulated by their bosses to carry out these murders".

Many shabiha were described by locals as having shaved heads, thin beards and white trainers. It was also reported by Syrian locals that some elements in the Shabiha were contemplating plans to clear Sunni Muslim villages from the Alawi northwest in the hopes of creating an easily defendable rump state. One militiaman said he was ready to kill women and children to defend his friends, family and president: "Sunni women are giving birth to babies who will fight us in years to come, so we have the right to fight anyone who can hurt us in the future".

In July 2012, a captured alleged shabiha member admitted looting and murder, stating that it was for "money and power". The Toronto Star describes Shahiba as "mafia militia […] smuggling commodities, appliances, drugs and guns between Syria and Lebanon at the behest of Assad’s extended family" and the Telegraph as "a group that suffers from a dangerous cocktail of religious indoctrination, minority paranoia and smuggler roots".

In December 2012, NBC News reporter Richard Engel and his five crew members were abducted in Latakia. Having escaped after five days in captivity, Engel held a Shabiha group responsible for the abduction. Engel's account was however challenged from early on. More than two years later, following further investigation by The New York Times, it however came out that the NBC team "was almost certainly taken by a Sunni criminal element affiliated with the Free Syrian Army," rather than by a loyalist Shia group.

Alleged role in Houla massacre

On May 25, 2012, 78 people, including 49 children, were killed in two opposition-controlled villages in the Houla Region of Syria, a cluster of villages north of Homs. While a small proportion of the deaths appeared to have resulted from artillery and tank rounds used against the villages, the foreign press later announced that most of the massacre's victims had been "summarily executed in two separate incidents", and that witnesses affirmed that the Shabiha were the most likely perpetrators. Townspeople described how Shabiha, from Shia/Alawite villages to the south and west of Houla (Kabu and Felleh were named repeatedly), entered the town after shelling of the ground for several hours. According to one eyewitness, the killers had written Shia slogans on their foreheads. The U.N. reported that "entire families were shot in their houses", and video emerged of children with their skulls split open. Others had been shot or knifed to death, some with their throats cut.

The fifteen nations of the U.N. Security Council unanimously condemned the massacre, with Russia and China agreeing to a resolution on the Syrian Civil War for the first time. The U.S., U.K., and eleven other nations–the Netherlands, Australia, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Spain, Bulgaria, Canada and Turkey–jointly expelled Syrian ambassadors and diplomats already 4 days after the massacre took place.

The German newspaper FAZ published findings in June 2012, that the Houla massacre has been perpetrated by rebellious groups antagonistic to the Syrian government.

Alleged role in Al-Qubair massacre

Another massacre was reported but not investigated by local villagers and activists to have taken place in the Syrian settlement of Al-Qubair on June 6, 2012, only two weeks after the killings at Houla. According to BBC News, Al-Qubair is a farming settlement inside the village of Maarzaf.

According to activists, 28 people were killed, many of them women and children. The day after the massacre, UNSMIS observers attempted to enter Al-Qubair to verify the reports, but were fired upon and forced to retreat by Sunni armed militia that have entered the city the day before.  Victims were reportedly stabbed and shot by shabiha forces loyal to the government of Bashar al-Assad, according to the victim's families.

Leadership
In the coastal region, the group is reportedly led by Fawaz al-Assad and Munzer al-Assad, first cousins of President Assad.  Another source, Mahmoud Merhi, head of the Arab Organization for Human Rights, has been quoted as saying that "most Syrians view" the Shabiha as "operating without any known organization or leadership." Sunni and Alawite businessmen who are protecting their own interests in the country are alleged to be paying the groups.

Accusation of looting and outside analysis
Aron Lund, a Swedish journalist specializing in Middle East issues, says that post-2011 the term "Shabbiha" is generally used as a generalized, insulting description of an Assad supporter.

British newspaper Sunday Times and pan-Arab network Al-Arabiya have reported on Shabiha militia stealing Roman antiquities and selling them on the black market in Syria and Lebanon.


Sam Trammell

Sam Trammell (born January 29, 1969) is an American actor, known for his role as Sam Merlotte on the HBO fantasy drama series True Blood. He was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Featured Actor in a Play for his performance as Richard Miller in Ah, Wilderness!.

Career
Trammell has worked in theater, Broadway, Off-Broadway, film, and television. He is an accomplished New York stage actor whose credits include a Tony nominated performance in Ah, Wilderness! at Lincoln Center. Off-Broadway, he starred in Dealer's Choice, My Night with Reg, If Memory Serves, and Ancestral Voices, as well as in Kit Marlowe at the Joseph Papp Public Theater, where he received outstanding reviews.

Trammell's big break came when he landed the role of Sam Merlotte on the HBO series True Blood. In 2013, Trammell played Darrell Mackey in the drama film White Rabbit. Trammell played Hazel's (Shailene Woodley) father, Michael Lancaster, in the 2014 film The Fault in Our Stars, based on the novel of the same name by John Green.

In 2019, Trammell starred in the Netflix horror-drama series, The Order.

Personal life
Trammell was born in New Orleans, Louisiana. He met actress Missy Yager in 2003 while performing theatre in New York City. The couple welcomed twin boys in 2011.

Awards
For his work on HBO's True Blood, Trammell was nominated for:
Breakout Performance – Male at the 2009 Scream Awards
 Best Supporting Actor at the 2010 Scream Awards.
Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series at the 16th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards

Filmography


Jamie Lomas (footballer)

Jamie Lomas (born 18 October 1977 in Chesterfield, England) is a footballer who played in The Football League for Chesterfield and Mansfield Town.

Career
Lomas started his career at his local team Chesterfield however despite spending eight years at Saltergate he only made 38 appearances and scored one goal which came in a shock 2–1 defeat to non-league Enfield in the FA Cup. He left to join local rivals Mansfield Town in May 2000. His career was ended by a serious knee ligament which he ironically suffered on his return to Chesterfield in the Miners Derby. He never recovered and retired from football.