Rostam Farrokhzad

For the character in the 10th century Persian epic Shahnameh or Epic of Kings, see Rostam.
Rostam Farrokhzād () was an Iranian nobleman from the Ispahbudhan family, who served as the spahbed ("army chief") of Adurbadagan and Khorasan during the reign of Boran (r. 631–632) and Yazdegerd III (r. 632–651). Rostam is remembered as a historical figure, a character in the Persian epic poem Shahnameh, and as a touchstone of most Iranian nationalists.

Background
Rostam was a member of the House of Ispahbudhan, one of the seven Parthian clans; his father was Farrukh Hormizd, the spahbed of Adurbadagan and Khorasan, who was the son of Vinduyih, who had served as the treasurer and minister during the early reign of Khosrow II (r. 591–628), until he was killed in 591 or 594/5 by the latter, who wanted free himself of his influence. Vistahm, who was the brother of Vinduyih and the spahbed of Khorasan, was also targeted by Khosrow II, but managed to escape to the east, where he started a revolt, which encompassed most of the empire, lasting from 590/1–596 or 594/5–600. Rostam had a brother named Farrukhzad, who was active in Ctesiphon and enjoyed a great status there, reportedly being a favourite of Khosrow II. Although the hereditary homeland of the Ispahbudhan seems to have been Khorasan, the family in the course of time came to rule the northern province of Adurbadagan. Rostam is hence indicated to be born in Armenia, Adurbadagan, Hamadan, or Ray.

Biography

The war with the Byzantines and the overthrow of Khosrow II

During the late phase of the Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628, Rostam and Farrukh Hormizd rebelled against Khosrow II in Adurbadagan, allowing the Byzantine emperor Heraclius to enter the province, where he sacked several cities, including the Adur Gushnasp temple.

In 628, the feudal families of Iran secretly mutinied against Khosrow II; Khosrow's son Sheroe was shortly released by the feudal families, which included the Ispahbudhan family represented by Farrukh Hormizd; a branch of the Mihran family represented by Shahrbaraz; the Armenian faction represented by Varaztirots II Bagratuni; and the Kanarangiyan family represented by Kanadbak. On February, Sheroe, together with Aspad Gushnasp, captured Ctesiphon and imprisoned Khosrow. Sheroe then proclaimed himself as king of the empire on 25 February, assuming the dynastic name of "Kavadh II". Kavadh thereafter ordered his vizier (wuzurg framadar) Piruz Khosrow to execute all his brothers and half-brothers, including Khosrow's favorite son and heir Mardanshah. Three days later, Kavadh ordered Mihr Hormozd to execute his father. With the agreement of the nobles of the Sasanian Empire, Kavadh II then made peace with Heraclius. He then took all the properties of Farrukhzad and put him under arrest in Estakhr.

The Sasanian civil war of 628-632

Following the loss of territory required for the peace treaty, Farrukh Hormizd, along with Rostam and Farrukhzad, formed an independent state within the northern part of the Sasanian Empire, which became known as the Pahlav (Parthian) faction. Piruz Khosrow also formed an independent state in southern Iran, which become known as the Parsig (Persian) faction. This divided the resources of the country which resulted in a devastating plague in the western provinces of Iran, killing half of the population along with Kavadh II who was succeeded by his eight-year-old son Ardashir III.

During the reign of Azarmidokht, Farrukh Hormizd, in order to strengthen his authority and create a harmonious modus vivendi between the Pahlav and Parsig families, asked Azarmidokht (who was a Parsig nominee) to marry him. Not daring to refuse, she had him killed with the aid of the Mihranid aristocrat Siyavakhsh, who was the grandson of Bahram Chobin, the famous military commander (spahbed) and briefly shah of Iran. Rostam, who was at that time stationed in Khorasan, succeeded him as the leader of the Pahlav. In order to avenge his father, he left for Ctesiphon, in the words of the 9th century historian Sayf ibn Umar, "defeating every army of Azarmidokht that he met". He then defeated Siyavakhsh's forces at Ctesiphon and captured the city. Azarmidokht was shortly afterwards blinded and killed by Rostam, who restored Boran to the throne in June 631. Boran complained to him about the state of the empire, which was at that time in a state of frailty and decline. She reportedly invited him to administer its affairs, and so allowed him to assume overall power.

A settlement was reportedly made between the family of Boran and Rostam: according to Sayf, it stated that the queen should "entrust him [i.e., Rostam] with the rule for ten years,” at which point sovereignty would return "to the family of Sasan if they found any of their male offspring, and if not, then to their women". Boran deemed the agreement appropriate, and had the factions of the country summoned (including the Parsig), where she declared Rostam as both the leader of the country and its military commander. The Parsig faction agreed, with Piruz Khosrow being entrusted to administer the country alongside Rostam. The Parsig agreed to work with the Pahlav because of the fragility and decline of Iran, and also because their Mihranid collaborators had been temporarily defeated by Rostam. However, the cooperation between the Parsig and Pahlav would prove short-lived, due to the unequal conditions between the two factions, with Rostam's faction having a much more significant portion of power under the approval of Boran.

In the following year a revolt broke out in Ctesiphon. While the imperial army was occupied with other matters, the Parsig, dissatisfied with the regency of Rostam, called for the overthrow of Boran and the return of the prominent Parsig figure Bahman Jaduya, who had been dismissed by her. Boran was killed shortly after; she was presumably strangled by Piruz Khosrow. Hostilities were thus resumed between the two factions. Not long afterwards, both Rostam and Piruz Khosrow were threatened by their own men, who had become alarmed by the declining state of the country. Rostam and Piruz Khosrow thus agreed to work together once more, installing Boran's nephew Yazdegerd III (632–651) on the throne, and so putting an end to the civil war.

The Arab invasion of the Sasanian Empire
Throughout this period the great expansion of Arab-Muslim armies had slowly been penetrating the south-western frontiers under Caliph Umar ibn al-Khattāb. The Persians had repeatedly blocked this advance and in 634 the Caliph's army suffered a seemingly decisive defeat at the Battle of the Bridge. The Sasanian general Bahman Jaduya, though, was ordered back to Ctesiphon by Rostam in order to put down a revolt in his own capital city. Caliph Umar's forces retreated, only to launch a successful assault three years later.

In 636, Yazdegerd III ordered Rostam Farrokhzad to subdue the Muslim Arabs invading Iran and then told him: "Today you are the
[most prominent] man among the Iranians. You see that the people of Iran have not faced a situation like this since the family of Ardashir I assumed power." Yazdegerd then said: "the Arabs and their exploits since they have camped at Qadisiyyah and ... what the Iranians have suffered at their hands."

Rostam then replied by saying that the Arabs were "a pack of wolves, falling upon unsuspecting shepherds and annihilating them."

However, Yazdegerd then argued with him and said: "It is not like that. I put the question to you in the expectation that you would describe them clearly and that then I would be able to reinforce you so that you might act according to the [real situation]. But you did not say the right thing." Yazdegerd "then compared the Arabs to an eagle who looked upon a mountain where birds take shelter at night and stay in their nests at the foot of it. In the morning the birds recognized that the eagle is preying upon them. Whenever a bird became separated from the rest, the eagle snatched him. When the birds saw him [doing this], they did not take off out of fear ... If they had taken off all at once, they would have repelled him. The worst thing that could happen to them would be that all would escape save one. But if each group acted in turn and took off separately, they all perished. This was the similarity between them and the Iranians."

Rostam, however, did not agree with Yazdegerd and then told him: "O king, let me [act in my own way]. The Arabs still dread the Iranians as long as you do not arouse them against me. It is to be hoped that my good fortune will last and that God will save us the trouble." Rostam then said: "We should employ the right ruse," he insisted. "In war, patience is superior to haste, and the order of the day is now patience. To fight one army after another is better than a single [and total] defeat and is also harder on our enemy." Yazdegerd, however, was too young and stubborn to listen to Rostam.

Before the Muslim Arabs and the Sasanians engaged in battle, Rostam tried to negotiate with the Arabs. He therefore sent them a letter saying:

After having read the letter, the Arabs did as Rostam asked and sent a man named Zuhrah. However, the negotiations with him did not go well, which made Rostam ask for another messenger, and thus a man named Mughirah ibn Shubah was sent. Rostam then told Mughirah: "We are firmly established in the land, victorious over our enemies, and noble among nations. None of the kings has our power, honor, dominion." While Rostam was talking, Mughirah interrupted him and said: "If you need our protection, then be our slave, and pay the poll tax out of hand while being humiliated; otherwise it is the sword." Feeling greatly insulted and angered, Rostam threatened Mughirah and said: "Dawn will not break upon you tomorrow before I kill you all".

Rostam, while preparing to face the Arab army, wrote a letter to his brother Farrukhzad, telling him to gather an army and then go to Azerbaijan where he should pray for him. Rostam also reminded Farrukhzad that Yazdegerd III was the only legacy left from the Sasanians. Rostam then set out from Ctesiphon in command of a large Sasanian force to confront the Arab-Muslim army of Caliph Umar on the western bank of the Euphrates River at the plains of al-Qādisiyyah, a now abandoned city in southern Mesopotamia, southwest of al-Hillah and al-Kūfah in Iraq.

Death
There are multiple accounts detailing the death of Rostam, but all of them state that he perished during the battle.

One account states that Rostam was found dead in the sandstorm with over 600 wounds on his body.  However, the Persians were not aware of his death and continued to fight. The Sassanid right wing counter-attacked and gained its lost position, as the Muslims' left wing retreated back to their original position. The Muslims' left center, now under Qa’qa's command, when denied the support of their left wing, also retreated back to its original position. A version from Ya'qubi further elaborates that Dhiraar bin Al-Azwar, Tulayha, Amru bin Ma'adi Yakrib and Kurt bin Jammah al-Abdi  were the men that discovered the corpse of Rostam.

Two additional narratives also exist, but both have been suggested to likely be the untrustworthy inventions of later story-tellers intending to mock and romanticize the incident respectively.  They are as follows:

 During the final day of the battle, there was a heavy sandstorm facing the Sasanian army. Rostam used a camel loaded with weapons as shelter to avoid the sandstorm. Not knowing that Rostam was behind, Hilāl ibn `Ullafah accidentally cut the girdle of the load on the camel. The weapons fell on Rostam and broke his back leaving him half dead and paralyzed. Hilal beheaded Rostam and shouted "I swear by the God of Kaaba that I have killed Rostam." Shocked by the head of their legendary leader dangling before their eyes, the Sassanid soldiers were demoralized, and the commanders lost control of the army. Many Sassanid soldiers were slain in the chaos, with some escaping through the river, and finally the rest of the army surrendered.  However, due to the presence of inconsistencies, literary devices, and comedic elements, it has been suggested that this account is unreliable and highly improbable, with even the identity the Arab soldier that delivered the death blow being disputed.
 A second account, likely developed in response to the first, instead has Rostam face the Arab commander, Sa'd,  in personal combat.  During the fight, Rostam is temporarily blinded by the sandstorm which gives his opponent an opportunity to strike and kill him.

Aftermath
The defeat of Rostam's army heavily demoralized the people of the Sasanian Empire. Soon, after Rostam's death, many more Sasanian veterans were killed, which included: Piruz Khosrow, Shahrvaraz Jadhuyih, Mardanshah in 642, and Siyavakhsh and Muta of Dailam in 643. In 651, Yazdegerd III was murdered by Mahuy Suri, and the Arabs conquered Khorasan soon after.

Personality and skills
The Shahnameh describes him as: "A sagacious, warlike and one who had been a conqueror. He was a calculator of the stars, of great perception; and he listened deeply to what his counsellors advised."

Christensen describes him as: "A man endowed with extraordinary energy, a good administrator and a fine general."

Family tree


Forum Mall (Mexico)

The Forum Culiacán is a shopping mall located in Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico, in Desarrollo Urbano 3 Ríos (3 Rivers Urban Development), one of the biggest districts in the city, next to Culiacan river. The two story complex includes many clothing stores, a petshop, a food court, and a cinema. It has many shops including New Era.

The mall features the Santa María Tower and Tres Ríos Tower, a Ley Plaza supermarket, the Lucerna Hotel, the Riveras park, the Win Casino, and more around the mall.

Fire
A fire that began in a restaurant's fryer was extinguished by firefighters on September 3, 2017.

Crime
A scene involving motorcyclists took place outside the mall on 6 May 2017.
The Restaurante Mar & Sea, an up-market seafood restaurant formerly known as El Farallón, is owned by former state governor Juan S. Millán. In June 2017, at least eight people at the restaurant were kidnapped by armed men.


Iberochondrostoma olisiponensis

Iberochondrostoma olisiponensis (Lisbon arched-mouth nase) is a freshwater fish discovered in 2007 in the lower Rio Tejo basin, Portugal.

Identification
The Lisbon arched-mouth nase is a small cyprinid. Adults range from 5 to 11 cm, though there are records of specimens reaching ca. 18 cm. It can be distinguished from the other Iberian nase species by the lack of horny blade on the lower jaw, the absence of intense reddish coloration at the base of the fins and by its pronouncedly arched mouth. It has elongated pelvic fins that reach the anus and often pass the anal-fin insertion in males, and dorsal, pelvic and anal fins usually have 8 branched rays. This species has 36 to 43 scales in the lateral line, 7.0 to 8.5 scales above the lateral line, 13 to 16 circumpeduncular scales, denticulated (vs. smooth) grinding teeth surfaces, 6-5/5 pharyngeal teeth and 15 to 19 gill rakers. It is further distinguished from Iberochondrostoma lusitanicum, a phylogenetically close species that lives in the same area, by having a higher body, a relatively longer head, and a larger eye. The origins of anal and pelvic fins are displaced anteriorly, while the origin of pectoral fins is displaced posteriorly. Pelvic and pectoral fins and last anal-fin ray are longer in the new species. Unlike the other phylogenetically related species, the Lisbon's arched-mouth nase shows external sexual dimorphism, with males having longer pelvic fins whose extremities pass the anus and often overlap with the anal fin.

Origin
It was estimated from a molecular clock that the species had split 7•9-12•5 million years ago (middle–upper Miocene) from its most recent ancestor. This period coincides with a phase of endorheism in the Iberian Peninsula.

Distribution
This species is endemic to the lower Rio Tejo basin. It was only found in three tributaries of the Tejo River, namely, Trancão, Maior, and Muge.

Conservation
The Lisbon's arched-mouth nase was found to be locally rare. Additionally, its distribution is limited to an area of high human impact on water resources, through water extraction for agriculture, introduction of exotic species, water pollution and land reclamation, which pose serious risks to its survival.

The species has been placed in the category Critically Endangered B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)+2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v) according to IUCN criteria.


Eynel Soares

Eynel Domingos Lima Soares (born 12 January 2000) is a Cape Verdean footballer who plays for Braga B as a forward.

Football career
On 12 August 2018, Soares made his professional debut with Braga B in a 2018–19 LigaPro match against Paços Ferreira.


Silicon Gorge

Silicon Gorge is a region in South West England in which several high-tech and research companies are based, specifically the triangle of Bristol, Swindon and Gloucester. It is ranked fifth of such areas in Europe, and is named after the Avon Gorge.

Cities

Bath
Bath is home to a number of high-tech companies ranging from fabless semiconductor designers to eCommerce retailers. Many companies have been started by ex-employees of companies such as Future Publishing and IPL, two long standing employers in the area.

Microelectronic companies in Bath
 PicoChip

Ventures
 Lovehoney uk sex-toy retailer.
 The Filter media recommendation service.
 Netcraft Internet Research and Security

Bristol
Bristol is part of the Silicon Gorge, along with Gloucester and Swindon and hosts a number of high-tech and creative industries including research group HP Labs and animation studio Aardman Animations. The cluster of high-tech electronics industries began when Fairchild Semiconductor located a design office in Bristol in 1972. Bristol also has the strongest digital media supply chain in England, outside London and has been pinpointed as a "hot spring" for innovation on the McKinsey/World Economic Forum innovation map.

Microelectronic companies in Bristol
 HP Labs
 Icera, owned by Nvidia
 STMicroelectronics
 Cray Supercomputers
 Graphcore AI accelerators

Tech companies in Bristol
 Just Eat
 Open Bionics
 Zap Map

Business incubators
 SETsquared
 Spike Design
 WebStart Bristol www.webstartbristol.com

Support organisations
 Media Sandbox by Watershed Media Centre

Networks
 Bristol Media

Ventures
 Aardman Animations
 Gresham Technologies plc
IMDb
 Viral Ad Network
 XMOS

Other cities
 Gloucester
 Swindon
Cities sometimes associated with the region:
 Exeter
 Southampton
 Plymouth

Academic Institutions
 University of Bristol
 University of the West of England
 University of Bath
 University of Exeter


Guadalupe Canyon Hot Springs

Guadalupe Canyon Hot Springs (also known as Cañon de Guadalupe Hot Springs) are a grouping of geothermal springs located near Mexicali, Baja California, Mexico. The hot mineral water is discharged through a number of springs that divert the flow through man-made aqueducts into rock and concrete pools. The hot springs were used by indigenous people for many years before more recents settlers arrived.

Water profile and geography
The alkaline water emerges at 125°F (52°C). The springs are located in Sierra de Juárez in the Cañon de Guadalupe. There are ancient petroglyphs in the area, a cave used by ancient indigenous peoples, a mud bath, and hiking, camping and rock climbing areas.


Paddubki

Paddubki () is a rural locality (a village) in Kolchuginsky District, Vladimir Oblast, Russia. The population was 8 as of 2010. There is 1 street.


Coyne College

Coyne College is a for-profit college in Chicago, Illinois. The school was established in Chicago as a branch of the Coyne Electrical School of Boston in 1899. In 1960s, the Coyne Electrical School merged with the American Institute of Engineering and Technology to become Coyne American Institute. In 2004, the school opened two new campuses, one on West Monroe and the other on North Green Street. They replaced the previous campus on West Fullerton. In 2013, the school established the Coyne American Institute Educational Foundation to assist students of Coyne College as well as students of Brown College. In June 2016, Coyne College moved to its current location in Chicago’s business district known as the Loop.


Micellar solubilization

Micellar solubilization (solubilization) is the process of incorporating the solubilizate (the component that undergoes solublization) into or onto micelles. Solublization may occur in a system consisting of a solvent, an association colloid (a colloid that forms micelles), and at least one other solubilizate.

Usage of the term
Solubilization is distinct from dissolution because the resulting fluid is a colloidal dispersion involving an association colloid. This suspension is distinct from a true solution, and the amount of the solubilizate in the micellar system can be different (often higher) than the regular solubility of the solubilizate in the solvent.

In non-chemical literature and in everyday language, the term "solubilization" is sometimes used in a broader meaning as "to bring to a solution or (non-sedimenting) suspension" by any means, e.g., leaching by a reaction with an acid.

Application
Micellar solubilization is widely utilized, e.g. in laundry washing using detergents, in the pharmaceutical industry, for formulations of poorly soluble drugs in solution form, and in cleanup of oil spills using dispersants.

Mechanism
Literature distinguishes two major mechanisms of solubilization process of oil by surfactant micelles, affecting the kinetics of solubilization: surface reaction, i.e., by transient adsorption of micelles at the water-oil interface, and bulk reaction, whereby the surfactant micelles capture dissolved oil molecules.


2015 CS Golden Spin of Zagreb

The 2015 Golden Spin of Zagreb was a senior international figure skating competition held in December 2015 at the Dom sportova in Zagreb, Croatia. It was part of the 2015–16 ISU Challenger Series. Medals were awarded in the disciplines of men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating, and ice dancing.

Entries
The preliminary entries were published on 16 November 2015.

Results

Men

Ladies

Pairs

Ice dancing


Garra smarti

Garra smarti is a species of cyprinid fish in the genus Garra from Oman. The specific name honours Emma Smart for her studies of the fish faunas of the wadis of the Arabian Peninsula. The original specific name smarti was amended to smartae to reflect the correct gender of the person being honoured.


Zetaquirá

Zetaquirá () is a town and municipality in the Colombian Lengupá Province, part of the department of Boyacá. Zetaquirá is located at  from the department capital Tunja and borders Pesca in the north, Miraflores in the south, in the east Berbeo, San Eduardo and Aquitania and in the west Ramiriquí and Chinavita. The municipality stretches over an area of  on the Altiplano Cundiboyacense at altitudes between  and .

Etymology
Zetaquirá in Chibcha means "Land of the snake" or "City of the snake".

History
The central highlands of the Colombian Andes in the time before the Spanish conquest were inhabited by various indigenous peoples. The predominant culture was the Muisca, organized in a loose confederation. Zetaquirá was part of the reign of the zaque, based in Hunza, present-day Tunja. Other indigenous people in the vicinity of Zetaquirá were the Achagua and Tegua.

Modern Zetaquirá was not founded until May 21, 1765, by Pedro López.

Economy
Main economical activities of Zetaquirá are agriculture and livestock farming. Predominant agricultural products are coffee, sugar cane, maize, bananas, beans and arracacha. Tourism, mainly the thermal baths in the municipality, is another source of income.

Gallery


Owraki Malang Bazar

Owraki Malang Bazar (, also Romanized as ʿOwrakī Malang Bāzār) is a village in Pir Sohrab Rural District, in the Central District of Chabahar County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 129, in 31 families.


1925 New South Wales state election

The 1925 New South Wales state election was held on 30 May 1925. This election was for all of the 90 seats in the 27th New South Wales Legislative Assembly and was conducted in multiple-member constituencies using the Hare Clark single transferable vote. The 26th parliament of New South Wales was dissolved on 18 April 1925 by the Governor, Sir Dudley de Chair, on the advice of the Premier Sir George Fuller.

It was a close win for the Labor Party Leader, Jack Lang, which had a majority of just one seat in the Assembly, defeating Fuller's Nationalist/Progressive Coalition.

Key dates

Results

{{Australian elections/Title row
| table style = float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em;
| title        = New South Wales state election, 30 May 1925
| house        = Legislative Assembly
| series       = New South Wales state election
| back         = 1922
| forward      = 1927
| enrolled     = 1,339,080
| total_votes  = 1,160,289
| turnout %    = 86.64
| turnout chg  = −1.12
| informal     = 30,155
| informal %   = 11.36
| informal chg = −1.14
}}

|}


Dún Laoghaire railway station

Dún Laoghaire (Mallin) railway station () is a station in Dún Laoghaire, Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown, Ireland.

Services
Dún Laoghaire has two through platforms and one terminal platform. Unusually, the station building is on a bridge above the platforms, in a setup similar to Leixlip Louisa Bridge railway station. The station has a ticket office, automatic ticket machines and a small coffee shop. The ticket office is open between 05:45-00:06 AM, Monday to Sunday.

DART
From the inception of the Dublin Area Rapid Transit (DART) service in 1984, all DART services stop at Dún Laoghaire.

Other services
Dún Laoghaire is on the intercity Dublin-Rosslare and commuter Dundalk-Dublin-Arklow-Gorey routes, and all trains on these routes stop here. They often run non-stop between Dun Laoghaire and Dublin Pearse, and freight and maintenance trains pass through Dún Laoghaire without stopping.

History
The original station for Dún Laoghaire, then known as Kingstown, was situated some  closer to Dublin at the West Pier near to or at the present-day Salthill and Monkstown railway station. That station was the southern terminus of the first railway in Ireland, the Dublin and Kingstown Railway (D&KR), which opened in 1834.  For the first public timetable the station was named Kingstown but in contract documents it was at least sometimes referred to as Dunleary.

Before the D&KR had even begun to be built it became apparent that the Packet boats were to use either the East Pier or the new wharf being built.  Therefore, in 1833 the D&KR raised a parliamentary bill so its railway could be extended beyond the East Pier with a new station at Kingstown then on to Dalkey.. Mobilised opposition from a rival canal group and local opposition caused the Bill to fail in June 1833.

The D&KR regrouped and with lobbying presented a less ambitious Bill to the site of the current station only in 1834. Thomas M. Gresham, a D&KR shareholder and main spokesperson for the opposition, being awarded a silver plate in August 1833 for the same at a personal cost of £1,200, was persuaded not to oppose the 1834 bill. Other obstacles including an agreement to cross the old part of Dunleary harbour and demolition of a Martello fortification needed an agreement with the Admiralty and Ordnance. The Bill was passed in May 1834 but logistics meant Dargan began work in May 1836 finishing about a year later. The new terminus opened on 13 May 1837, the first train being a special with D&KR directors and friends.

The original station building was an apparently insufficient Station House and Parcel Office and in 1840 the D&KR resolved to replace it.  The platforms were finally covered in 1845 by a temporary structure costing £122 which was later extended for £300.

On 29 March 1844, the Dalkey Atmospheric Railway officially opened.  The line was a branch of the existing D&KR which diverged to the south when approaching from the west with an interchange platform before the atmospheric ran as a single track eastbound into the tunnel.  While through running was possible it was not used.

Grierson notes that the station build was completed in 1853 to a design by John Skipton Mulvany by Mr. Roberts doing the "masonry, carpentry, ironmongery, &c," for £1,665.  This included the station walls,, while ironwork, roof, and plumbing cost £1,031 by I. & R. Mallet.  The roof has since been removed.  The station house above the platforms was completed in 1854. a structure in a neo-classical style, designed also by Mulvany. This was the station building until 1971 when the current arrangement was introduced. Mulvany's building became reused as a restaurant.

The Dalkey Atmospheric ceased operation in 1854.  The Dublin and Wexford Railway exercised their rights and rebuilt the Dalkey to Kingstown section as a conventional railway at  removing height restrictions. When they ran their first train into Kingstown on 10 October 1855, the D&KR directors refused them the use of the station and the passengers were forced to return towards Dalkey, this also happening for some days afterwards. On 30 March 1856, both the D&KR and D&WR concurred with the D&KR's engineer D. B. Gibbons assessment that the rebuild under Brunel was not to the parliamentary approved specification in terms and had safety issues and it was closed for rework by William Dargan as an accident would be disastrous for both companies.  Dargan converted the down line between Kingstown and Old Dun Leary harbour to dual gauge so the spoil could be dumped there. and was able to complete the re-work quickly.  When the Dalkey-Bray section re-opened on 1 July 1856 the D&KR handed all its operations to the D&WR.  The D&WR converted their newly acquired line to  in the next year or so enabling through running.

Carlisle Pier with its branch on the single track section just to the east of the station was created in 1859.

Although it lay on a double-track railway for over ninety years, Dún Laoghaire station had only one through the platform with a bay platform facing Dublin, both on the seaward side of the station. The station lay on a short section of a single line that ran from just north of the station, to just past the junction for the branch to Carlisle Pier, which was controlled by a signal box known as the 'Hole in the Wall Box.' This arrangement created a bottleneck for intensive steam-hauled suburban services to/from Bray. It was not until 1957 that CIÉ remedied the situation by providing a second through the platform. Further improvements were carried out in connection with the introduction of DART electric trains in 1984.

A replacement station entrance, with a combined ticket office and automated barriers, was built above the railway lines at street level in 1998. It was constructed with a steel framework supporting a taut sail-like canopy and with glazed panels as side features.

Naming
Also called Kingstown Harbour the station was renamed Kingstown in 1861, and renamed Dún Laoghaire in 1921. It was given the additional name "Mallin" on 10 April 1966, 50 years after the Easter Rising, when Córas Iompair Éireann renamed 15 major stations after Republican leaders. It is named in honour of Michael Mallin, a leader in the 1916 Easter Rising. although it is usually referred to simply as Dún Laoghaire.

Transport services
Directly outside the station are bus stops for Dublin Bus, Go-Ahead Ireland and other private bus operator routes:

Dublin Bus Routes:

 46a - Phoenix Park to Dún Laoghaire Station, via Dublin city centre
 Dublin Bus 7N Nitelink from Dublin city centre to Shankill, via Dún Laoghaire Station (Fri & Sat only)

Go-Ahead Ireland routes:

 45a / 45b - Dun Laoghaire Station to Kilmacanogue, via Bray
 59 - Dún Laoghaire Station to Killiney, via Dalkey
 63 -  Dún Laoghaire Station to Kilternan, via Foxrock
 75 / 75a - Dún Laoghaire Station to Tallaght, via Stillorgan
 111 - Dalkey to Bride's Glen, via Dún Laoghaire Station. This route provides a connection to the Luas Green Line terminus at Bride's Glen

In addition, a number of bus services stop at Marine Road / George's Street, located less than 350m from the station.

 Dublin Bus routes 7 / 7A  from Mountjoy Square to Bride's Glen / Loughlinstown. Route 7 provides a connection to the Luas Green Line terminus at Bride's Glen
 Aircoach route 703 from Killiney to Dublin Airport, via Dún Laoghaire

There is also a busy taxi rank near the station on Marine Road, and a large car park adjacent to the station in the harbour area.

The station is where the Killiney-Dún Laoghaire footpath "The Metals" (Ná Ráillí) ends.

The station is next to the former Dún Laoghaire Ferryport, for Stena Line services to Holyhead. This service ceased in September 2014.


Lithuania at the 2017 World Aquatics Championships

Lithuania is scheduled to compete at the 2017 World Aquatics Championships in Budapest, Hungary from 14 July to 30 July.

Competitors
The following is the list of number of competitors participating at the Championships per discipline.

Diving

Lithuania has entered 2 female divers.

Women

Swimming

Lithuanian swimmers have achieved qualifying standards in the following events (up to a maximum of 2 swimmers in each event at the A-standard entry time, and 1 at the B-standard): Nine of them (seven men and two women) have been selected to compete at the World Championships, including freestyle sprinter and Rio 2016 top eight finalist Simonas Bilis and breaststroker and current world record holder Rūta Meilutytė.

Men

Women


Timbira language

Timbira is a dialect continuum of the Jê languages of Brazil. The various tribal dialects are distinct enough to sometimes be considered separate languages. The principal varieties, Krahô  (Craó), and Kanela  (Canela), have 2000 speakers apiece, few of whom speak Portuguese. Kreye, however, is nearly extinct, with only 30 speakers in 1995.

Varieties
Loukotka (1968) divides the Timbira tribes into two groups, Timbirá (Canela) and Krao. The majority are included under Timbira:

Timbira (Canela) Mehin, Tajé (Timbirá), Kreapimkatajé (Krepúnkateye), Krenjé (Krẽyé), Remkokamekran (Remako-Kamékrere, Merrime), Aponegicran (Apáñekra), Krenkatajé (Canella, Kenkateye), Sakamekran (Chacamecran, Mateiros), Purekamekran, Makamekran (Pepuxi), Apinagé, Karaho (Carauau), Menren (Gaviões, Augutjé – only a few words known), Meitajé
Krao Krahó, Krikati (Krikatajé), Piokobjé (Bucobu, Pukobje, Paicogê), Kapiekran

Apart from Kapiekran, all Krao varieties are recognized by the ISO.  Under the Timbira group, Loukotka included several purported languages for which nothing is recorded:  Kukoekamekran, Karákatajé, Kenpokatajé, Kanakatayé, Norokwajé (Ñurukwayé).  The Poncatagê (Põkateye) are likewise unidentifiable.

Another common convention for division, though geographic rather than linguistic, is Western Timbira (Apinayé alone) vs Eastern Timbira (Canela, Krikatí, Krahô, Gavião, and others).

Gurupy is a river, sometimes used to refer to the Krenye.


Lacy Duarte

Elvira Lacy Duarte Cardoso (15 September 1937 – 27 December 2015) was a Uruguayan visual artist.

Biography
Elvira Lacy Duarte Cardoso was born in Mataojo, Salto Department in Uruguay on 15 September 1937 near the border with Brazil, a rural area that would come to characterize her artwork. In 1952, she moved to the City of Salto and two years later entered the Horacio Quiroga Association's Figari Workshop, where she attended classes with painters , himself trained in the Paris workshop of Henri Matisse, and .

In 1959 Duarte married fellow painter Aldo Peralta and had two children, Pablo and , who both also became painters. In 1962, this family moved to San Carlos in Maldonado Department where Duarte began teaching secondary education drawing classes and began to learn weaving. In 1975, the family fled from the civic-military dictatorship of Uruguay to Porto Alegre, Brazil, and left the Duarte Tapices tapestry workshop to local weavers. Aldo died in 1981, and Duarte returned Montevideo shortly thereafter and resumed painting. In 1986, she was selected to represent Uruguay at the 1987 Havana Biennial and her art would exhibit in the United States and Europe.

In 1990, Duarte started a series of artwork that included paintings and objects such as wood carvings, bread crumbs, ragged bedspreads, the condition of women and their children in the countryside and people performing rural tasks (Farmers, hunters, trappers, etc.). This project, entitled Memoria y ritos en el espacio de la mujer campesina, referred to the differences Duarte observed between urban and rural Uruguayans. This series would exhibit at the Juan Manuel Blanes Museum in the Prado neighborhood of Montevideo, Rio Grande do Sul Museum of Art in Porto Alegre, Linda Moore Gallery in San Diego, California and at the biennials in Paris and Cuenca among other examples of Uruguayan art.

In 2011, Duarte joined the National Visual Arts Commission of the .

In 2012, Duarte exhibited Pensado Campo: Recurrencias de Lacy Duarte at the  and Tiempo y Tiempo at the , both in Montevideo.

Lacy Duarte died in Montevideo, aged 78.

Awards
In 2002, the Central Bank of Uruguay awarded Duarte the Figari Award, named in honor of Uruguayan painter Pedro Figari, in recognition of her career of art.

In 2005, she represented Uruaguay at the Venice Biennale with an installation that "reflected the neat poverty" of the Uruguayan countryside.

Citations

External links
 A gallery of Lacy Duarte's paintings


Celia Cooney

Celia Roth Cooney (1904 – July 13, 1992) was an American who went on a robbing spree in the spring of 1924. Cooney robbed 10 buildings with her husband Ed Cooney before she was caught. She became known as the Bobbed Haired Bandit for her exploits. The robberies received significant media coverage, making headlines in The New York Times, the Washington Post, Chicago Tribune, San Francisco Chronicle, The Los Angeles Times, and others. The newspapers criticized Richard Enright and the New York City Police Department for their inability to catch Cooney. In response, Enright ordered the largest manhunt in the city's history, and still failed to catch Cooney.

Cooney evaded capture for 65 days, eventually fleeing to Florida after a botched robbery of the payroll office of the National Biscuit Company. While in Florida, she gave birth to a child, who died several days later. She was caught in April 1924, and sentenced to twenty years in prison, of which she served seven. After leaving prison, she spent the rest of her life in relative obscurity, dying in 1992.

Early life
Celia Cooney was born in 1904. She ran away from her home in 1920. In 1922, she met Ed Cooney, with whom she fell in love. The couple married on May 18, 1923. Cooney worked at the Ostrander Company, and Ed Cooney as a mechanic.

Robberies
Her first robbery took place on January 5, 1924 when Celia Cooney entered a Thomas Ralston grocery in Park Slope, and asked for a dozen eggs. She subsequently held up the store, and stole a total of 680 dollars. The robbery received a smattering of coverage in the Brooklyn Eagle and Brooklyn Citizen. Celia and Ed Cooney soon moved to 1099 Pacific Street. They spent the money quickly, and subsequently robbed an Atlantic and Pacific at 451 Ralph Avenue, and a H. C. Bohack store. In total, they netted about $365 from the two robberies. The New York Daily News and Telegram and Evening Mail covered the robberies, with the Mail coining the nickname 'bobbed hair bandit'.

The robberies began to attract media attention, with newspapers ridiculing Richard Enright for his incapability to catch the bandit. On January 14, Enright announced that he had caught the bandit. He claimed that it was Helen Quigley, a twenty-three year old actress. Celia Cooney subsequently left a message at a drugstore on Dekalb Avenue.  “You dirty fish-peddling bums, leave this innocent girl alone and get the right ones, which is nobody else but us ... We defy you fellows to catch us.” Another robbery occurred on Union Street on January 20. The various robberies were covered on front pages in the Daily News, Brooklyn Standard Union, Eagle, Citizen, New York Post, New York Journal-American, The New York Times and others. At least one poem was written about the robberies.

Enright continued to be heavily criticized for his inability to catch Celia Cooney, as they robbed more stores. As the robberies continued, Enright stepped up his efforts to catch Cooney, naming Mary Cody and Rose Moore as suspects. F. Scott Fitzgerald would later claim that his wife Zelda Fitzgerald had been accused of being the Bobbed Haired Bandit, being stopped on Queensboro Bridge in Queens. The newspapers continued to cover the chase, with the New York Herald  and others comparing Cooney to a modern-day Robin Hood. Enright soon assembled 850 detectives, and made catching Cooney their top priority, giving the detectives permission to shoot on sight. Despite having an additional 200 policemen on patrol, Cooney still evaded capture.

Enright eventually established a group of eight detectives known as the “bobbed-hair squad." that consisted of William Casey, Frank Gray, Joseph McCarthy, Joseph Owens, Peter Mathers, and Charles Motjenacker, tasked sole with catching Cooney. On March 5, he ordered half of his reserve police force in Brooklyn to aid the detectives in stopping Celia Cooney. That same night, she robbed another drugstore, and again evaded capture. With the search intensifying, the Cooneys laid low for much of the rest of March, even as the news began covering the topic further.

The robberies that the couple were pulling off, while drawing much attention, were often only bringing in just barely enough to survive on. In order to secure their financial well-being, the couple planned to rob the payroll office of the National Biscuit Company warehouse. The robbery occurred on April 1, 1924. They held up the cashier, Nathan Mazo and several employees. Mazo attempted to stop the robbery, and Ed Cooney subsequently shot him, as he believed that Celia Cooney had been hurt. The couple fled, leaving $8,000 behind in the open safe.

The Cooneys fled New York on a Clyde Line steamer, and travelled to Florida. In New York City, the failed robbery set off a large manhunt, where the police failed to find them. On April 3, they arrived in Jacksonville, Florida. Celia Cooney's baby was born on April 10, and within two days it died. On April 15, the police disclosed the identity of Celia and Ed Cooney to the public, and several days later the couple was caught.

Capture and trial
The capture of the 'Bobbed Hair Bandit' made the front page of many New York City newspapers, as well as the Washington Post, Chicago Tribune, San Francisco Chronicle, and the Los Angeles Times. As she was brought up to New York City for her trial, thousands of people turned out to see her as her train passed. When she arrived in New York City, a large crowd greeted her. The New York World described the crowd: “Neither Presidents nor Jack Dempsey had attracted such a throng to Pennsylvania station as Celia Cooney, Brooklyn’s Bobbed Haired Bandit and her husband, Edward did when they reached this city at 3:30.” She was tried in Jefferson Market Courthouse, and sentenced to twenty years in prison. She spent her time in Auburn Prison.

Later life
Ed Cooney had his fingers smashed in a machine while in prison, and had his arm eventually amputated below the elbow. He, weakened, developed tuberculosis and would eventually die in 1936. Before his death, in 1931, Ed filed a $100,000 case against New York state because of the loss of his arm. His lawyers, Samuel S. Leibowitz, and Jacob Shientag won the case, granting a settlement of $12,000 to the family. The couple were released on October 16, 1931. Celia Cooney spent the rest of her life in relative obscurity, working as a typist, and later at Sperry Gyroscope. She married Harold La Grange in 1943, and died on July 13, 1992. Cooney's exploits would soon enter popular culture, with lectures, plays, and songs featuring her story.


Ochrocera

Ochrocera is a genus of bristle flies in the family Tachinidae. There is at least one described species in Ochrocera, O. vaginalis.


São Jerônimo River (Tibagi River)

The São Jerônimo River is a river of Paraná state in southern Brazil. It is a tributary of the Tibagi River.


The Taking of Pelham One Two Three (novel)

The Taking of Pelham One Two Three (1973) is a thriller novel  by Morton Freedgood, writing under the pen name John Godey. The novel's title is derived from the train's radio call sign. When a New York City Subway train leaves to start a run, it is given a call sign based upon the time it left and where; in this case, Pelham Bay Park station at 1:23 p.m.

Plot
A normal day on the subway is disrupted by the hijacking of a 6 train, designated Pelham One Two Three to indicate its point and time of origin. Four men armed with submachine guns detach the lead car and drive it into a tunnel with its 17 passengers as hostages. The hijackers are led by Ryder, a former mercenary, and consist of disgruntled former motorman Longman, violent ex-Mafia thug Joey Welcome, and powerful, laconic brute Steever. The gang threaten to execute one hostage per minute unless the city delivers to them a one million dollar ransom within one hour. One of the hostages is an armed undercover police officer, who considers the odds too overwhelming to attempt any confrontation and remains seated and quiet.

While the city authorities weigh it up and agree to pay, the transit police try to figure out the hijackers' plan, particularly their escape from a tunnel while completely surrounded. They do not suspect that the hijackers have a mechanism, "The Gimmick", for defeating the train's dead-man's switch, which prevents the train from running without a driver's hand pressing down on it. The hijackers intend to let the train and its hostages speed along the track by itself, chased by the police above surface, while they get away. They will discard their weapons and escape through an emergency exit, disappearing into the busy flow of New York pedestrians.

The ransom is delivered to the hijackers, who then demand that the track ahead is cleared all the way to South Ferry. They move the train a short distance down the tunnel, fit The Gimmick, get off the train, and engage The Gimmick to hold down the dead-man's switch. Once the train is underway the gang makes their way to an emergency exit and the undercover police officer jumps off into the tunnel.

At the emergency exit, Welcome refuses to leave his submachine gun behind and argues with Ryder. Ryder fatally shoots him, but the delay allows the undercover cop to shoot Steever from the darkness of the tunnel. Longman escapes while Ryder fires back and wounds the cop. As Ryder goes to finish him off with a head shot, he is himself shot dead by DCI Daniels of the Special Operations Division. Later, the transit police go through their records of dismissed motormen and track down and arrest Longman.

Adaptations
The novel has been adapted to film and television on three times:
The Taking of Pelham One Two Three (1974)
The Taking of Pelham One Two Three (1998)
The Taking of Pelham 123 (2009)

Aftermath
After the 1974 movie adaptation was released, for many years the New York City Transit Authority barred its planners from scheduling trains leaving Pelham station at 1:23 AM or PM, realizing that it would become too much of a reminder to the public. Eventually this policy was rescinded, but due to the superstitions involved, dispatchers have continued to avoid scheduling a Manhattan-bound train to leave Pelham at 1:23.

Book


Jorge Moragas

Jorge Moragas Sánchez (born 21 June 1965) is a Spanish politician and diplomat. Married and father of two daughters, he was Chief of Staff of the Spanish Prime Minister, Mariano Rajoy, served as the Spain Ambassador to the UN. and is currently the Ambassador to the Philippines since 21 September 2018.

Early life and education
Graduated with a BA in Law by the University of Barcelona and after obtaining a diploma from the International Studies Center of Barcelona, he completed his education in Tours (France), at Drew University in the United States and at the Headquarters of the UN in New York City. He joins the Spanish Diplomatic Corps in 1995.

Political career
After joining the Spanish Diplomatic Corps, Moragas was appointed adviser on protocol of the Presidency of the Government, holding the position from 1995 to 1998. He was then appointed director of the Cabinet of the Secretary General of the Presidency of the Government, where he served until 2002.

Moragas joined the People's Party in 2000 and two years later was selected to lead the International Relations Secretariat of the party, from where he directs all the external action of the party, its participation in the European People's Party and in international organizations such as the Centrist Democrat International or the International Democrat Union. He was also the coordinator of the international area of the party's electoral program for the 2004 and 2008 elections.

Moragas has represented Barcelona in the Congress of Deputies as a member of the People's Party since 2004. During his legislative career, Moragas has been a member of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, the Joint Commission for the European Union and the Committee on International Cooperation for Development. He has made more than twenty interventions in Parliament defending the principles and values of democracy, freedom and human rights in areas of the world where they are threatened. He has also promoted various initiatives on Cuba and Venezuela in the European Parliament.

In June 2008 he was appointed Coordinator of Presidency and of International Relations of the People's Party, where he is currently a member of the National Executive Committee.
After the elections of 2011 he was appointed head of the Cabinet of the President of the Government of Spain, position that continues to hold today after his appointment in November 2016. Jorge Moragas is also Secretary of the National Security Council, body responsible for the elaboration of the National Security Strategy.

Mariano Rajoy appointed Moragas the director of the party's campaign for the general elections of 2015 and 2016,

Honors and recognition

During the first years of his career, the Condor of the Andes in Degree of Comendador was imposed to him by the Government of Bolivia thanks to his work in order to strengthen the relations with Spain. He also received the Grand Cross Bernardo de O'Higgins from the Government of Chile. In the same way, in Spain was named Knight of the Order of Carlos III, of the Order of the Civil Merit and awarded with the Cross to the Military Merit.

In 2007, he received the Freedom Prize for his support for the transition to democracy in Cuba and to strengthen transatlantic relations, granted by the Florida Banking Association.

Already in his phase as Moncloa Chief of Staff, he is awarded the Agrarian Merit Award in 2013 for his decisive work in negotiating the 2014–2020 Multiannual Financial Framework, which is fundamental to Spanish agrarian interests. That same year, the Government of Colombia grants him the Grand Cross of the Order of San Carlos for promoting initiatives in favor of relations between both countries.

Later, in 2014, he is appointed Grand Officer of the Order of the Star of Italy and, in 2015, receives the Grand Cross of the Order of the Sun of Peru, for his role during the State Visit of the President of the Republic, as well as his role in strengthening the bilateral relationship between the two countries.

In March 2016 he was appointed Commander of the Legion of Honor of the French Republic.


IBM TPNS

Teleprocessing Network Simulator (TPNS)
is an IBM licensed program, first released in 1976 as a test automation tool to simulate one or many network terminal(s) to a mainframe computer system, for functional testing, regression testing, system testing, capacity management, benchmarking and stress testing. In 2002, IBM re-packaged TPNS and released
Workload Simulator for z/OS and S/390 (WSim) as a successor product.

In addition to its use as a test tool exchanging message traffic with a system under test, TPNS/Wsim has been deployed:
as a systems management tool — to monitor the availability of an online system, from the end-user's perspective;

as a software development tool — for prototyping software programs during the development process.

History
Teleprocessing Network Simulator (TPNS) Version 1 Release 1 (V1R1) was introduced as Program Product 5740-XT4 in February, 1976. Between 1976 and 1981, IBM delivered four additional releases, culminating in V1R5.

In August 1981, IBM announced TPNS Version 2 Release 1 (V2R1) as Program Product 5662-262.Between 1981 and 1987, IBM delivered three additional releases, culminating in V2R4.
In January 1989, IBM announced TPNS Version 3 Release 1 (V3R1) as Program Product 5688-121.Between 1989 and 1996, IBM delivered four additional releases, culminating in V3R5.
In December 1997, IBM announced a TPNS V3R5 Service Level 9711 Functional and Service Enhancements release.

In September 1998, IBM announced Teleprocessing Network Simulator (TPNS) Test Manager (for TPNS V3R5) as a usability enhancement to automate the test process further in order to improve productivity through a logical flow, and to streamline TPNS-based testing of IBM 3270 applications or CPI-C transaction programs.

In December 2001, IBM announced a TPNS V3R5 Service Level 0110 Functional and Service Enhancements release.

In August 2002, IBM announced Workload Simulator for z/OS and S/390 (WSim) V1.1 as Program Number 5655-I39, a re-packaged successor product to TPNS, alongside Workload Simulator for z/OS and S/390 (WSim) Test Manager V1.1, a re-packaged successor to TPNS Test Manager.

Features

Simulation support

Teleprocessing Network Simulator (TPNS)
TPNS supports the simulation of a wide range of networking protocols and devices: SNA/SDLC, start-stop, BSC, TWX, TTY, X.25 Packet Switching Network, Token ring Local Area Networking, and TCP/IP servers and clients (Telnet 3270 & 5250, Telnet Line Mode Network Virtual Terminal, FTP and simple UDP clients). TPNS can also simulate devices using the Airline Line Control (ALC) and the HDLC protocols. The full implementation of SNA in TPNS enables it to simulate all LU types (including LU6.2 and CPI-C), PU types (including PU2.1), and SSCP functions. Finally, TPNS also provides extensive user exit access to its internal processes to enable the simulation of user-defined (home-grown) line disciplines, communications protocols, devices (terminals and printers) and programs.

TPNS is therefore the appropriate test tool for installations that need to test:
 either the entire system configuration path of hardware and software components, from the teleprocessing line interface (modem, for example) all the way to the subsystem (CICS, IMS, DB2, TSO/ISPF, etc.), the application and finally to the file or database record (disk I/O) and back;
Note: In this configuration, TPNS transmits its generated data traffic from its MVS address space, first across a channel-adapter to its TPNS Control Program (TPNCP) running in a dedicated IBM 37x5 Communications Controller, and then across teleprocessing lines connected back-to-back between the TPNCP and the target IBM 37x5 channel-attached to the host system (server) under test and its subsystems, applications and databases/files.
 or only application systems and their hardware and software components, from the networking access method API (either the VTAM API or the TCP/IP High Performance Native Sockets, or Macro, API) to the subsystem (CICS, IMS, DB2, TSO/ISPF, etc.), the application and finally to the file or database record (disk I/O) and back;
Note: In this configuration, TPNS transmits its generated data traffic from its MVS address space to the target application directly across the networking access method's API and does not, therefore, require a dedicated IBM 37x5 Communications Controller to run its TPNCP, or any other networking hardware and software components except the networking access method (VTAM or IBM TCP/IP for MVS) that already runs in—or is already network-connected to—the host system (server) under test.
 or both.

Workload Simulator for z/OS and S/390 (WSim)
WSim fully supports a subset of TPNS-simulated devices and programmed resources: CPI-C, TCP/IP servers and clients (Telnet 3270 & 5250, Telnet Line Mode Network Virtual Terminal, FTP and simple UDP clients), and SNA LU simulation. WSim relies solely on software interfaces to communicate with the system under test.

WSim is therefore the appropriate test tool for installations that need to test application systems and their hardware and software components, from the networking access method API (either the VTAM API or the TCP/IP High Performance Native Sockets, or Macro, API) to the subsystem (CICS, IMS, DB2, TSO/ISPF, etc.), the application and finally to the file or database record (disk I/O) and back; that is to say, without the need to install any networking hardware and software components except the networking access method (VTAM or IBM TCP/IP for MVS) that already runs in—or is already network-connected to—the host system (server) under test.

Scripting languages

TPNS language
TPNS initially provided its own 'TPNS language', a high-level, macro assembler-like language with programming statements and operands that a test programmer would use to define:
the configuration of the network device(s) to be simulated (NTWRK definitions, simply called the network), typically one or more terminal(s), such as IBM 3270 display screen(s);
one or more message text script(s) (MSGTXT definitions, simply called scripts), corresponding to the keystrokes and data transmission activity of the simulated user(s) at the simulated terminal(s). Separate scripts could be written to perform specific test scenarios, such as: 'login', 'data enquiry', 'data entry' and 'logout', for example;
the sequence in which scripts are to be executed by each (or all) simulated terminal(s):
 in the NTWRK, one or more PATH statement(s) define(s) the order in which MSGTXTs are executed,
 each NTWRK terminal has a PATH operand that names the PATH statement(s) assigned to the terminal.

Once defined, these test scripts are executed during the simulation run, when the TPNS program ITPENTER (the simulator) processes the submitted statements and creates data streams in the required formats and protocols, prior to sending them to the system under test as if they had originated from real user(s) operating real terminal(s). In turn, the target application(s) running in the system under test respond(s) to the simulated terminal(s) and, if the simulation is successful, these exchanges would continue until the programmed scripts reach the end of the simulation run, at which time ITPENTER is terminated by the test programmer.

During the simulation, ITPENTER keeps a log (on tape or disk) of all messages exchanged between the simulated device(s) and the real application(s) under test. After the simulation has completed, the test programmer can therefore run any of three TPNS-supplied log analysis utilities to list and review the data exchanges in detail (ITPLL), to calculate and print response times reports  (ITPRESP), or to compare the 3270 screen images logged during two simulation runs of the same script(s) and report on differences between them (ITPCOMP).

When TPNS was re-packaged and renamed 'WSim' in 2002, the term 'TPNS language' was changed to 'WSim language' in the product publications; however, all TPNS components re-packaged into WSim—such as the TPNS program names (ITPxxxxx), for example—retained their identity and the existing nomenclature was maintained.

Structured Translator Language (STL)
With TPNS V3R1 (1989), IBM added the Structured Translator Language—or 'STL', a TPNS high-level scripting language with a syntax based on REXX—to make it easier for test scripts to be written by programmers familiar with REXX or similar structured programming languages. STL therefore made it possible to write test scripts, not only for the usual activity of simulated terminal operators, but also for exchanges between TPNS-simulated programs and real application programs or, for example, to prototype elements of an ATM shared network. Scripts written in STL must be translated into the TPNS language before the simulation run and a translator utility (ITPSTL) is supplied for that purpose.

Another way of defining STL would be as a 'script generation language'; its programming clauses are identical to REXX, but they need to be translated (i.e. 'script-generated') into the  TPNS language in order to be executable during the simulation run.

Script coding facilities
Both scripting languages provide a comprehensive set of coding facilities that enable the test programmer to:

specify the input data (TEXT) entered by the simulated user(s), along with related actions: think time delays (DELAY), pressing function keys (ENTER, PF3, etc.) and waiting for responses (WAIT) from the application under test;
logic-test the content of incoming and/or outgoing messages and taking one of a wide range of optional actions according to the results of the evaluation (IF-THEN-ELSE);
set up test verification clauses that create log records for 'predicted good'/'predicted bad' conditions (VERIFY);
group message text data in user tables, to make scripts more generic and data-independent (MSGUTBL);
invoke an extensive range of data field options, to create test data dynamically into messages;
collect real-time data into save areas, during the simulation run, to re-use as 'on-the-fly' test data;
generate random numbers;
maintain a wide range of counters and switches;
set up events to synchronise the activity of simulated users (ON/SIGNAL, WAIT/POST);
set up named queues to provide a queuing method for passing data between simulated resources (QUEUE);
perform sequential file I/O (QSAM) operations from a script to a user-defined, external dataset;
select script debugging facilities, including a message generation trace which logs the step-by-step flow of all logic tests, actions (taken and ignored), and data exchanges occurring during the execution of scripts (MSGTRACE);
log message traffic during the simulation run, for post-processing analysis (including test data verification, response time calculation and screen image comparison across repeated simulations of the same scripts);
define and alter the rate at which message traffic is generated during the simulation run (EMTRATE);
specify the protocols for session initiation and termination between simulated programmed resources and real programs, as well as for data exchanges between them;
and many more.

WSim supports the same scripting language facilities as TPNS, except that its network configuration (NTWRK) definitions require only those statements provided for CPI-C, TCP/IP servers and clients (Telnet 3270 & 5250, Telnet Line Mode Network Virtual Terminal, FTP and simple UDP clients), and SNA LU simulation.

Repeatability
One of the benefits of using test scripts is that they can be run repeatedly throughout the test cycle, as functional errors and/or system-wide defects are gradually resolved over time, in order to improve the reliability, capacity or performance of any, or all, hardware or software components in the system under test. For functional and regression testing, test programmers would typically define a network of just one simulated terminal executing test scripts tailored to evaluate a comprehensive set of transactions (database enquiry or data entry) serially, and at slow or average rates of message traffic. For system testing, performance/capacity testing, stress testing and benchmarking, the same test programmers would define large networks of dozens or even thousands of simulated terminals, each running—for example—a range of these functional test scripts, now grouped together to exercise as many system components as possible at high rates of message traffic.

Script generation
TPNS provides a number of solutions to automate the creation of test scripts.
The script generation facilities described in the next three sections are also available in Workload Simulator for z/OS and S/390 (WSim).

The Interactive Data Capture (IDC) script generator (ITPIDC)
The Interactive Data Capture (IDC) script generator
is a 'pass-through & data intercept' VTAM application (ITPIDC) controlled by the test programmer from one real 3270 display screen in session with a target application for which a script is required. ITPIDC maintains two SNA sessions simultaneously: a primary LU session with the real 3270 terminal operated by the test programmer, and a secondary LU session with the target application.
During the data capture–or 'recording'–session, ITPIDC logs the data traffic exchanged between the test programmer's real 3270 device and the target application, and then uses that log to generate the equivalent script, in either of the two scripting languages (TPNS language or STL).

Since the IDC log dataset is in exactly the same format as the log dataset TPNS creates during a simulation run, it can be used as input to the TPNS post-processing utilities to print its contents, to calculate response times of the IDC session, or to compare the screen images of the data capture session with the TPNS log obtained by running the IDC-generated script.

The 3270 trace reformatter and script generator (ITPLU2RF & ITPLSGEN)
When capturing the activity of a production network consisting of one or many 3270 devices, the 3270 trace reformatter and script generator processes the trace dataset produced by the IBM Network Performance Monitor (NPM V1R4 or later) VTAM PIU log (FNMVLOG), or by the IBM VTAM (V4R1 or later) Full Buffer Trace. When the tracing activity is completed, a utility (ITPLU2RF) reformats the trace dataset into a log dataset in the format required as input to the IDC script generator (see previous section), which can also create scripts in batch mode (ITPLSGEN). This reformatted IDC log can also be analyzed by the three post-processing utilities (list the log's contents, calculate response times or compare screen images).

The script generator (ITPSGEN)
The script generator processes the trace dataset produced by the IBM Network Performance Monitor (NPM), or by the IBM VTAM Buffer Trace in conjunction with the IBM Generalized Trace Facility (GTF), when tracing a production network of one or many 3270 devices, as well as devices of various types and protocols, including LU0, LU1, LU2, LU4, LU 6.2 and CPI-C resources. For CPI-C script generation, it is also possible to use the LU 6.2 trace dataset created by the OS/2 Communications Manager (CM/2) or the IBM Communications Server. Different TPNS-supplied utilities reformat any of these various trace datasets into a single-format dataset used as input to the script generator (ITPSGEN), which produces scripts:
 optionally in either language (TPNS language or STL) for all supported device types except CPI-C programmed resources;
 only in STL for CPI-C programmed resources.

The TCP/IP script generator (ITPIPGEN)
The TCP/IP script generator is unique to WSim and was introduced in December 2015. It processes a TCP/IP trace dataset produced by the WSim-supplied TCP/IP Trace Utility (ITPIPTRX), which invokes the z/OS Communication Server real-time, application-controlled TCP/IP trace Network Management Interface (NMI) to capture TCP/IP data trace records. These trace records contain HTTP  messages (packets and data) exchanged between a server and client. The TCP/IP script generator (ITPIPGEN) then processes this trace dataset and creates a script, in the STL language, which replicates the communication that occurred between the server and client. After translation from STL into the WSim language and when running the simulation (ITPENTER), the generated script sends the client messages—obtained from the trace—to the server port, and waits to receive a message from the server. A separate utility (ITPIPFMT) is also supplied to format and print the contents of the trace dataset created by the TCP/IP Trace Utility (ITPIPTRX).

The Test Manager
It is established practice that a script obtained from a script generator is subsequently edited by test programmers in order to make such scripts more generally reusable. This editing process consists in adding advanced script-programming clauses that script generators cannot supply, such as re-locating hard-coded data into user data tables that can then be expanded with more test data, for example. This editing can be done directly into the NTWRK and MSGTXT datasets, or through the services of the TPNS Test Manager (or its affiliated WSim Test Manager) which, like TPNS (and WSim), also runs under TSO/ISPF.The Test Manager is a knowledge-based, interactive usability tool designed to boost the productivity of test personnel, and to optimize the test cycle by enabling test projects to be organized methodically during the development and execution of test cases, and in the subsequent analysis of test results.

Run-time interfaces
In its early releases, the TPNS program ITPENTER (the simulator) ran as a MVS procedure controlled from the MVS operator console. Its generated data traffic was transmitted from its MVS address space, first across a channel-adapter to its TPNS Control Program (TPNCP) running in a dedicated IBM 37x5 Communications Controller, and then across teleprocessing lines connected back-to-back between the TPNCP and the target IBM 37x5 channel-attached to the host system under test and its application subsystems (CICS, IMS, DB2, TSO/ISPF, etc.).

Running under TSO
With TPNS V1R5 (1979), ITPENTER was enhanced to run from a TSO command list (in the TSO user address space) and therefore to operate simulations from a remote display terminal in the VTAM network instead of the MVS system console.

Running as a VTAM application
With TPNS V2R3 (1985), ITPENTER was enhanced to run as a VTAM application, thus sending the data traffic generated by its simulated terminals or programmed resources (now defined as VTAM logical units) via the VTAM API to the application under test. This removed the requirement for a 37x5 and other dedicated teleprocessing hardware when using TPNS to test applications systems running under VTAM, such as CICS, IMS, DB2, ISPF, and other online transaction processing systems.

Display Monitor
With TPNS V2R4 (1987), ITPENTER was enhanced with the Display Monitor, so that the screen images of a simulated 3270 display could be externalized onto a real 3270 terminal, thus enabling test personnel to monitor the ongoing, live execution of a script during the simulation run, in real time. It also became possible to operate TPNS from the NetView console and, in turn, to automate TPNS simulation runs from NetView by means of TPNS-supplied NetView command lists.

Running under ISPF
With TPNS V3R3 (1992), all TPNS programs and utilities (ITPxxxxx) could be operated entirely from ISPF in a panel-driven fashion, instead of through the TSO command line, or through discrete JCL job streams.

Running as a TCP/IP for MVS application
With TPNS V3R5 (1997), ITPENTER was enhanced to run as a TCP/IP for MVS application, thus sending the data traffic generated by its simulated terminals and/or programmed resources (clients) to the application(s) (servers) under test via the IBM TCP/IP V3R2 for MVS High Performance Native Sockets (HPNS) API, subsequently renamed 'the Macro API'.

Test Manager
With TPNS V3R5 (1998), IBM introduced the TPNS Test Manager which added substantial automation features that streamline many repetitive tasks associated with planning, preparing, operating and analyzing a TPNS-based simulation run, while still enabling the test programmer optionally to retain full awareness, in real-time, of the events unfolding at every step and to intervene if necessary.

Post-processing utilities
During the simulation, ITPENTER keeps a log (on tape or disk) of all messages exchanged between the simulated device(s) and the real application(s) under test. After the simulation has completed, the test programmer can therefore run any of three TPNS-supplied log analysis utilities.

Log list (ITPLL)

The log list utility (ITPLL) is used to list and review the data exchanges in detail.

Response time calculator (ITPRESP)

The response time calculator (ITPRESP) is used to calculate and print response times reports.

Log compare (ITPCOMP)

The log compare utility (ITPCOMP) is used to compare the 3270 screen images logged during two simulation runs of the same script(s) and report on differences between them.

Additional facilities

The Echo program (ITPECHO)
The Echo program (ITPECHO) is supplied with TPNS (and WSim) as a ready-made VTAM application that runs in the system under test as a target for messages sent by real or simulated 3270 display device(s). Using ITPECHO enables network connectivity and load testing to be carried out without the need to set up a copy of a production-level application and its databases, thereby saving test personnel the effort of writing scripts or allocating disk space for such an application and its datasets. As its name implies, ITPECHO will return exactly the message it has just received (when sent with the 'Enter' key), but it can also return the amount of data that was requested in the previous message (when sent with the 'PF5' key), from real or simulated display device(s). The latter feature is useful for creating test conditions where the 'send' and 'receive' messages need to be of different and variable lengths. To provide the amount of data requested, ITPECHO pads its message with as many occurrences of the alphabet as necessary, or a fraction of it if the amount of data requested in less than 26 characters.

The AVailability MONitor (AVMON) facility

Rather than applying TPNS as a test tool, AVMON (AVailability MONitor) is a TPNS implementation designed to monitor the availability and performance of real network subsystems running in production (NetView and TSO). The TPNS-supplied sample AVMON scripts monitor only NetView and TSO, but a user installation may add support for monitoring more subsystems (CICS, IMS, DB2, etc.) and any of their applications, by modifying or extending the AVMON scripts, perhaps through the use of the Interactive Data Capture script generator mentioned above to create the new script(s). During the TPNS simulation run, AVMON updates the TPNS log dataset, which can therefore be processed by the three TPNS log analysis utilities (log list, response times calculator and log compare).

AVMON monitors availability by simulating a single terminal user in session with a real subsystem, periodically sending a brief probing message, and sensing when the subsystem becomes unavailable. When the simulated user detects unavailability, it sends a message to the operator console alerting the operator to the problem. AVMON also tracks the time it takes for the monitored subsystem to return a response, and reports whenever a user-specified performance threshold is exceeded. By using the TPNS Response Time utility, the performance statistics of the entire monitoring run can be compiled into a single report, thus providing an installation with evidence of the end-to-end response times experienced by the subsystem's end-users. For automated operations, AVMON may also be modified to perform operator functions when it senses that a real resource has become inoperative and therefore requires an operator intervention, such as restarting the resource for example.

Publications library

Teleprocessing Network Simulator (TPNS) library
TPNS Samples                                      SC30-3454
TPNS Operation                                    SC30-3289
TPNS Messages and Codes                           SC30-3310
TPNS General Utilities                            SC30-3290
TPNS Script Generating Utilities                  SC30-3453
TPNS Planning and Installation                    SH20-2488
TPNS Language Reference                           SH20-2489
Defining TPNS Networks                            SC31-6008
Creating TPNS Message Generation Decks            SC31-6009
Using TPNS Structured Translator Language (STL) and STL Translator                SC31-6013
TPNS STL Reference Card                           SX75-0065
TPNS User Exits                                   SC31-6071
TPNS Licensed Program Specifications              GH20-5323
TPNS General Information                          GH20-2487
TPNS Primer                                       SC31-6043
TPNS Master Index                                 GC31-6059
TPNS Function and Service Enhancements V3R5 (1997) SC31-8654-00
TPNS Function and Service Enhancements V3R5 (2001) SC31-8654-02

Workload Simulator (WSim) library
Creating Workload Simulator Scripts                SC31-8945
Workload Simulator Script Guide and Reference      SC31-8946
Workload Simulator Utilities Guide                 SC31-8947
Workload Simulator User's Guide                    SC31-8948
Workload Simulator Test Manager User's Guide and Reference SC31-8949
Workload Simulator User Exits                      SC31-8950
Workload Simulator Messages and Codes              SC31-8951


Christof Oldani

Christof Oldani (born 3 February 1974) is a retired Swiss football midfielder.


Zone Routing Protocol

Zone Routing Protocol, or  ZRP is a hybrid Wireless Networking routing protocol that uses both proactive and reactive routing protocols when sending information over the network.  ZRP was designed to speed up delivery and reduce processing overhead by selecting the most efficient type of protocol to use throughout the route.

How ZRP works
If a packet's destination is in the same zone as the origin, the proactive protocol using an already stored routing table is used to deliver the packet immediately.

If the route extends outside the packet's originating zone, a reactive protocol takes over to check each successive zone in the route to see whether the destination is inside that zone.  This reduces the processing overhead for those routes. Once a zone is confirmed as containing the destination node, the proactive protocol, or stored route-listing table, is used to deliver the packet.

In this way packets with destinations within the same zone as the originating zone are delivered immediately using a stored routing table. Packets delivered to nodes outside the sending zone avoid the overhead of checking routing tables along the way by using the reactive protocol to check whether each zone encountered contains the destination node.

Thus ZRP reduces the control overhead for longer routes that would be necessary if using proactive routing protocols throughout the entire route, while eliminating the delays for routing within a zone that would be caused by the route-discovery processes of reactive routing protocols.

Details
What is called the Intra-zone Routing Protocol (IARP), or a proactive routing protocol, is used inside routing zones. What is called the Inter-zone Routing Protocol (IERP), or a reactive routing protocol, is used between routing zones. IARP uses a routing table. Since this table is already stored, this is considered a proactive protocol. IERP uses a reactive protocol.

Any route to a destination that is within the same local zone is quickly established from the source's proactively cached routing table by IARP. Therefore, if the source and destination of a packet are in the same zone, the packet can be delivered immediately.

Most existing proactive routing algorithms can be used as the IARP for ZRP.

In ZRP a zone is defined around each node, called the node's k-neighborhood, which consists of all nodes within k hops of the node. Border nodes are nodes which are exactly k hops away from a source node.

For routes beyond the local zone, route discovery happens reactively. The source node sends a route request to the border nodes of its zone, containing its own address, the destination address and a unique sequence number.  Each border node checks its local zone for the destination. If the destination is not a member of this local zone, the border node adds its own address to the route request packet and forwards the packet to its own border nodes. If the destination is a member of the local zone, it sends a route reply on the reverse path back to the source. The source node uses the path saved in the route reply packet to send data packets to the destination.