Outline of ancient Egypt

The following outline is provided as an overview of a topical guide to ancient Egypt:

Ancient Egypt – ancient civilization of eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now the modern country of Egypt. Egyptian civilization coalesced around 3150 BCE (according to conventional Egyptian chronology) with the political unification of Upper and Lower Egypt under the first pharaoh. The many achievements of the ancient Egyptians include the quarrying, surveying and construction techniques that facilitated the building of monumental pyramids, temples, and obelisks; a system of mathematics; a practical and effective system of medicine; irrigation systems and agricultural production techniques; the first known ships; Egyptian faience and glass technology; new forms of literature; and the earliest known peace treaty.

What type of thing is Ancient Egypt?
Ancient Egypt can be described as:

 an ancient civilization
 a Bronze Age civilization
 part of ancient history

Geography of ancient Egypt

Places

 Abu Gorab
 Abu Mena
 Abu Rawash
 Abu Simbel
 Abydos
 Alexandria
 Al Fayyum/Atef-Pehu
 Amarna/Akhetaten
 Aswan
 Asyut
 Avaris
 Beni Hasan
 Bubastis
 Buhen
 Busiris (Lower Egypt)
 Buto
 Dahshur
 Deir el-Bahri
 Deir el-Madinah
 Edfu
 El-Lahun
 Elephantine/Abu/Yebu
 Gebel el-Silsila
 Gerzeh
 Giza
 Gaza
 Heliopolis/Annu/Iunu
 Luxor
 Memphis/Ineb Hedj
 Rosetta
 Saqqara
 Tanis/Djanet
 Thebes/Niwt/Waset
 Thinis
more...

Government and politics of ancient Egypt

Pharaohs
 Pharaoh An article about the history of the title "Pharaoh" with descriptions of the regalia, crowns and titles used.
 List of pharaohs This article contains a list of the pharaohs of Ancient Egypt, from the Early Dynastic Period before 3000 BCE through to the end of the Ptolemaic Dynasty
 Ancient Egyptian royal titulary

Government Officials
 Vizier (Ancient Egypt) The vizier was the highest official in Ancient Egypt  to serve the king, or pharaoh during the Old, Middle, and New Kingdoms.
 Viceroy of Kush The Lower Nubian Kush was a province of Egypt from the 16th century BCE to eleventh century BCE.  During this period it was ruled by a viceroy who reported directly to the Egyptian Pharaoh.
 Treasurer (Ancient Egypt) The treasurer was responsible for products coming to the royal palace. They were the main economical administrator of the royal belongings.

Egyptian law

Egyptian law

Military of ancient Egypt

Military of ancient Egypt
 Ancient egyptian warfare
 Chariotry in ancient Egypt
 Ancient Egyptian Navy

General history of ancient Egypt

History of ancient Egypt

History of ancient Egypt, by period
 Prehistoric Egypt – The Prehistory of Egypt spans the period of earliest human settlement to the beginning of the Early Dynastic Period of Egypt in ca. 3100 BCE.
 Naqada I or Amratian culture - a cultural period in the history of predynastic Upper Egypt, which lasted approximately from 4000 to 3500 BCE.
 Naqada II or Gerzeh culture - The Gerzean is the second of three phases of the Naqada Culture, and so is called Naqada II. It begins circa 3500 BCE lasting through circa 3200 BCE.
 Naqada III or Semainean culture - Naqada III is the last phase of the Naqadan period of ancient Egyptian prehistory, dating approximately from 3200 to 3100 BCE.
 Early Dynastic Period of Egypt – The Archaic or Early Dynastic Period of Egypt immediately follows the unification of Lower and Upper Egypt c. 3100 BCE. It is generally taken to include:
 The First dynasty of Egypt
 The Second dynasty of Egypt
 Old Kingdom – The name given to the period in the 3rd millennium BCE when Egypt attained its first continuous peak of civilization in complexity and achievement – the first of three so-called "Kingdom" periods, which mark the high points of civilization in the lower Nile Valley. This time period includes:
 The Third dynasty of Egypt
 The Fourth dynasty of Egypt
 The Fifth dynasty of Egypt
 The Sixth dynasty of Egypt
 First Intermediate Period of Egypt – This period is often described as a “dark period” in Ancient Egyptian history, spanning approximately 140 years after the end of the Old Kingdom from ca. 2181-2055 BCE  It included:
 The possibly spurious Seventh Dynasty of Egypt
 The Eighth Dynasty of Egypt
 The Ninth dynasty of Egypt
 The Tenth dynasty of Egypt
 Part of the Eleventh dynasty of Egypt
 Middle Kingdom of Egypt – The period in the history of ancient Egypt between 2055 BCE and 1650 BCE This period includes:
 Later part of the Eleventh dynasty of Egypt
 The Twelfth dynasty of Egypt
 The Thirteenth dynasty of Egypt
 The Fourteenth dynasty of Egypt

Some writers include the Thirteenth and Fourteenth dynasties in the Second Intermediate Period.

 Second Intermediate Period of Egypt (Hyksos) – a period when Ancient Egypt fell into disarray for a second time, between the end of the Middle Kingdom and the start of the New Kingdom. It is best known as the period when the Hyksos made their appearance in Egypt and whose reign comprised
 The Fifteenth dynasty of Egypt
 The Sixteenth dynasty of Egypt.
 New Kingdom of Egypt – Also referred to as the Egyptian Empire  is the period in ancient Egyptian history between the 16th century BCE and the 11th century BCE, covering:
 The Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt
 The Nineteenth dynasty of Egypt
 The Twentieth dynasty of Egypt.
 Third Intermediate Period – The time in Ancient Egypt from the death of Pharaoh Ramesses XI in 1070 BCE to the foundation of the Twenty-Sixth Dynasty by Psamtik I in 664 BCE

This period includes:
 The Twenty-first dynasty of Egypt
 The Twenty-second dynasty of Egypt
 The Twenty-third dynasty of Egypt
 The Twenty-fourth dynasty of Egypt
 The Twenty-fifth dynasty of Egypt
 Late Period of ancient Egypt
 The Twenty-sixth dynasty of Egypt, also known as the Saite Period, lasted from 672 BCEto 525 BCE.
 The Twenty-seventh dynasty of Egypt The First Persian Period (525 BC - 404 BC), this period saw Egypt conquered by an expansive Persian Empire under Cambyses.
 The Twenty-eighth dynasty of Egypt consisted of a single king, Amyrtaeus, prince of Sais, who rebelled against the Persians. This dynasty lasted 6 years, from 404 BC to 398 BC.
 The Twenty-ninth dynasty of Egypt ruled from Mendes, for the period from  398 BC to 380 BC.
 The Thirtieth Dynasty consisted of a series of three pharaohs ruling from 380 BC until their final defeat in 343 BC lead to the re-occupation by the Persians.
 Graeco-Roman Period –
 Arab Conquest –

History of ancient Egypt, by region

 History of Alexandria

History of ancient Egypt, by subject
Military history of Ancient Egypt
Battle of Kadesh

Egyptology

Egyptology – study of ancient Egyptian history, language, literature, religion, architecture and art from the 5th millennium BC until the end of its native religious practices in the 4th century AD. A practitioner of the discipline is an "Egyptologist".

Egyptologists

Egyptologist – a practitioner of egyptology
 Margaret Benson
 Alan Gardiner
 Zahi Hawass
 Salima Ikram
 William Matthew Flinders Petrie
Alan Gardiner
Auguste Mariette
E. A. Wallis Budge
Édouard Naville
Edward R. Ayrton
Bob Brier
Edwin Smith (Egyptologist)
Flinders Petrie

Museums with ancient Egyptian exhibits

Egypt
 Cairo Museum of Egyptian Antiquities
 Luxor Museum
 Luxor Mummification Museum

France
 Louvre

Germany
 Egyptian Museum of Berlin

Italy
 Museo Egizio, Turin
 Palermo Archeological Museum

United Kingdom
 British Museum
 Petrie Museum of Egyptology
 Ashmolean Museum

United States of America
 Metropolitan Museum of Art
 Brooklyn Museum

Culture of ancient Egypt
 Art of ancient Egypt –
 Amarna art –
 Ancient Egyptian pottery
 Dance in ancient Egypt
 Portraiture in Ancient Egypt
 Calendar –
 Cats in ancient Egypt
 Cuisine of ancient Egypt
 Egyptian mathematics
 Ancient Egyptian multiplication
 Ghosts in ancient Egyptian culture
 Homosexuality in ancient Egypt
 Medicine
 Pectoral (Ancient Egypt)
 Symbols of ancient Egypt
Ankh
Djed
Wadjet
Was scepter
Uraeus
Pschent
Hedjet
Deshret
Atef
Reserve head
 Technology of ancient Egypt –
 Ancient Egyptian units of measurement
 Chariotry in ancient Egypt
 Obelisk building technology in ancient Egypt
 Stone quarries of ancient Egypt
 Urban planning in ancient Egypt

Architecture of ancient Egypt

Ancient Egyptian architecture
 Block statue (Egyptian)
 False door
 Step pyramid

Buildings and structures
 Abu Simbel
 Benben
 Deir el-Bahri
 Colossi of Memnon
 Egyptian pyramids (List)
 Bent Pyramid
 Black Pyramid
 Giza pyramid complex
 Great pyramid of Giza
 Sphinx
 Karnak Temple
 Lighthouse of Alexandria
 Library of Alexandria
 Luxor temple
 Mastaba
 Ramesseum
 Serdab

Religion in ancient Egypt

Ancient Egyptian religion
 Death
 Ancient Egyptian funerary practices
 Canopic jars
 Mummy
Ancient Egyptian funerary texts
Book of Caverns
Book of Gates
Book of the Dead
Book of the Earth
Book of the Netherworld
Books of Breathing
 Mortuary temple
 Ancient Egyptian offering formula
 Ancient Egyptian retainer sacrifices
 Egyptian mythology
 Ancient Egyptian creation myths
Egyptian pantheon
 Ennead
 Atum
 Shu
 Tefnut
 Geb
 Nut (Nuit)
 Osiris
 Isis
 Khonsu
 Set
 Nephthys
 Ogdoad of Hermopolis
 Amun and Amunet
 Huh and Hauhet
 Kuk and Kauket
 Nun and Naunet
 Other major deities
 Amun
 Anubis
 Apep
 Apis
 Aten
 Bast
 Hathor
 Horus
 Khepri
 Chons
 Ma'at
 Min
 Neith
 Ptah
 Ra
 Sekhmet
 Sobek
 Thoth
 Wepwawet
 Deified concepts
 Chons
 Hapy
 Ma'at
 Min
 Renenutet
 Shai
 Hu
 Sia
 War deities
 Anhur
 Bast
 Maahes
 Pakhet
 Sekhmet
 Other deities
 Bes
 Chnum
 Seker
 Seshat
 Tawaret
 Montu
 Nepthys
 Bastet
 Ammit
 Bes
Religious concepts
Ba
Ka
Akh
Duat
Atenism
Egyptian soul
Ennead

Ancient Egyptian language

Ancient Egyptian language
 Stages of ancient Egyptian language
Archaic Egyptian – before 2600 BC, the language of the Early Dynastic Period. Egyptian writing in the form of labels and signs has been dated to 3200 BC.
Old Egyptian – 2686 BC – 2181 BC, the language of the Old Kingdom
Middle Egyptian – 2055 BC – 1650 BC, characterized the  Middle Kingdom (2055 BC – 1650 BC), but endured through the early 18th Dynasty until the Amarna Period(1353 BC), and continued on as a literary language into the 4th century AD.
Late Egyptian – 1069 BC – 700 BC, characterized the Third Intermediate Period (1069 BC – 700 BC), but started earlier with the Amarna Period (1353 BC).
Demotic – 7th century BC – 5th century AD, from the Late Period through Roman times
Coptic – 1st century AD – 17th century AD, from early Roman times to early modern times
Egyptian writing
Hieroglyphs
Hieratic
Demotic
Ancient Egyptian literature
 Transliteration of Ancient Egyptian
 Writing in Ancient Egypt

Egyptian economy
 Foreign contacts of ancient Egypt
 Palace economy

Scholars

Egyptologists
Margaret Benson
Alan Gardiner
Zahi Hawass
Salima Ikram
William Matthew Flinders Petrie
Alan Gardiner
Auguste Mariette
E. A. Wallis Budge
Édouard Naville
Edward R. Ayrton
Bob Brier
Edwin Smith (Egyptologist)
Flinders Petrie

Publications about ancient Egypt
 Ancient Egypt (magazine)
 Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphs: A Practical Guide
 Hieroglyphics: The Writings of Ancient Egypt
 The Hieroglyphs of Ancient Egypt
 Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt
 Reading Egyptian Art: A Hieroglyphic Guide to Ancient Egyptian Painting and Sculpture


South Melbourne market

The South Melbourne market is a covered food and general goods market located in South Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. It began operating in 1867, as an outlet for vegetables, fruit and flowers grown by the market gardeners of Cheltenham. It is a Victorian style of building with wood and red brick.

The market is known for its dim sims, which were originally made by chef Ken Cheng.

In its lifetime the market has undergone various refurbishments, including after numerous fires. The worst of these was in 1981 when two of the original sheds were destroyed and, later in the year, stalls were damaged by bombs.

In 2007/2008, the market's produce areas were redesigned, and in 2012 a new roof was added to reduce leaking and heat load.

Transport

Tram route 96 stops at the light rail station adjacent to the western end of the market. Tram route 12 runs down the nearby Clarendon St, with stop 127 at the corner of York St. Bus route 236 stops at Cecil St on the eastern end of the market.


2010–11 New Jersey Devils season

The 2010–11 New Jersey Devils season was the team's 37th season for the National Hockey League (NHL) franchise that was established on June 11, 1974, and 29th season since the franchise relocated to New Jersey to start the 1982–83 NHL season.

The Devils posted a regular season record of 38 wins, 39 losses and 5 overtime/shootout losses for 81 points, failing to qualify for the Stanley Cup playoffs for the first time since the 1995–96 season, ending their 13-season playoff streak. This was the first time the Devils finished the season with a losing record since the 1990–91 season. Their 174 goals scored were the lowest ever amount for the Devils in a non-lockout shortened season.

Off-season
On April 26, 2010, Jacques Lemaire announced that he would retire from coaching. On June 17, the New Jersey Devils announced that John MacLean would become the 19th head coach in the franchise's history. On June 29, the Devils announced that former NHL player Adam Oates will be the assistant coach for the team for the 2010–11 season.

On July 19, Ilya Kovalchuk re-signed with the Devils to a 17-year, $102 million contract. The contract was front-loaded with minimal payments in the last few seasons, when Kovalchuk would be in his 40s and unlikely to play. The deal was subsequently rejected by the NHL as a circumvention of the NHL collective bargaining agreement. The Devils stated after the NHL rejection that they would appeal the decision under the "collective bargaining agreement" process. On August 8, arbitrator Richard Bloch upheld the NHL's rejection of the contract, rendering Kovalchuk an unrestricted free agent again. On September 4, the Devils re-submitted another contract to the NHL worth $100 million to be paid over 15 years. The deal was approved by the NHL the following week as part of an NHL–National Hockey League Players' Association agreement concerning contracts over five years in length.

Regular season
An injury to Bryce Salvador allowed the Devils to avoid a major trade before the start of the regular season. They opened their regular season at home on October 8 with a 4–3 overtime loss to the Dallas Stars with only 20 players on the roster. Subsequent injuries to Anton Volchenkov and Brian Rolston, as well as a one-game suspension of Pierre-Luc Letourneau-Leblond after a 7–2 loss to the Washington Capitals, dropped the roster size to 17. The team and management have been under scrutiny for the decision to dress as few as 15 men (and two goaltenders) as a result of having too few funds for an average-sized roster.

After an NHL-worst 9–22–2 start to the season, John MacLean was fired as head coach, and Jacques Lemaire, who had retired as the Devils' head coach in the off-season, was hired as interim head coach.

Following the trade of captain Jamie Langenbrunner, the Devils managed an astonishing turnaround. After the start of the second half of the season, the Devils saw a dramatic increase in offensive production, in addition to the outstanding performance by backup goaltender Johan Hedberg. The Devils turned their record around from 10–29–2 on January 9 to 32–32–4 by March 12, with a point percentage of over 80% during their 22–3–2 stretch. Following a win against New York Islanders on March 12, the Devils found themselves six points out of the final playoff berth with a game in hand on the eighth-placed New York Rangers, and a hope of making the playoffs for a 14th consecutive season had been renewed among the fans. The team faded, however, finishing 12 points behind the Rangers.

With the injured Zach Parise missing 69 of the Devils' 82 regular season games, the team struggled offensively, finishing 30th overall in goals scored with just 171 (excluding three shootout-winning goals). They also finished 30th overall in power-play goals scored, with 34, and power-play opportunities, with 237. However, the Devils were the most disciplined team in the league once again, with only 241 power-play opportunities against, and they tied the Los Angeles Kings for the fewest power-play goals allowed with 40.

At the conclusion of the season, head coach Jacques Lemaire announced that he would not return to coach the Devils in the 2011–12 season.

Playoffs
Following a 3–1 loss to the Montreal Canadiens on April 2, the Devils were eliminated from playoff contention for the first time since 1996.

Media
This season was Mike Emrick's final season as the television play-by-play announcer for the New Jersey Devils since he moved to NBC Sports. Steve Cangialosi would replace Emrick the following year. However, Chico Resch continued to be a TV color commentator. Radio coverage was still on WFAN with Matt Loughlin and Sherry Ross.

Standings

Divisional standings

Conference standings

Schedule and results

Pre-season

Regular season

Player statistics

Skaters
Note: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; +/− = Plus/Minus; PIM = Penalty Minutes

Goaltenders

†Denotes player spent time with another team before joining Devils. Stats reflect time with Devils only.
‡Traded mid-season. Stats reflect time with Devils only.

Awards and records

Awards

Records

Milestones

Transactions
The Devils have been involved in the following transactions during the 2010–11 season.

Trades

|}

Free agents acquired

Free agents lost

Lost via waivers
{|class="wikitable"
|- align="center" bgcolor="#dddddd"
| Player || New team || Date claimed off waivers
|-
| Jay Pandolfo || None || N/A

Player signings


Colin Jones (footballer, born 1940)

Colin Jones (8 September 1940 - 25 October 2016) was an English footballer. He played in The Football League for Chester.

A wing half, Jones was one of several youngsters to get his first-team chance with Chester in the closing stages of the 1959–60. But he only enjoyed three outings for the club before joining Wrexham, where he failed to make a league appearance.

Bibliography


Animas Mountains

The Animas Mountains are a small mountain range in Hidalgo County, within the "Boot-Heel" region of far southwestern New Mexico, in the United States. They extend north-south for about 30 miles (50 km) along the Continental Divide,  from near the town of Animas to a few miles north of the border with Mexico. The range is about 12 miles (20 km) wide at its widest. The highest point of the range is the southern summit of the mile-long Animas Peak massif, . (Animas Peak itself is the slightly lower north summit, 8,531 ft/2,600 m.)
The Animas Mountains lie between the Animas Valley on the west and the Playas Valley on the east. Nearby ranges include the Peloncillo Mountains (Hidalgo County), across the Animas Valley, and the Big Hatchet and Little Hatchet Mountains, across the Playas Valley.
 Physiographically, the range divides into two parts. The compact southern part, which includes Animas Peak, is higher and wider, rising up to 4,000 ft (1,200 m) above the nearby valleys. It has a sky island character, with dense coniferous forests at the higher elevations. The longer, narrow northern portion is lower, reaching only 7,310 ft (2,228 m) at Gillespie Peak, and is characterized by grassland and piñon-juniper woods and shrubs.
The Animas Mountains lie near the Chihuahuan Desert, the Sonoran Desert, the Sierra Madre Occidental of Mexico, and the mountains surrounding the headwaters of the Gila River. Biotic influences from these regions, as well as the more distant Rocky Mountains, give the southern portion of the range a great diversity of species, including "approximately 130 species of birds, 60 species of mammals, and 40 species of reptiles."

History and current management

Most of the range is encompassed in the Diamond A Ranch (formerly the Gray Ranch), which is owned and managed by the Animas Foundation. The 321,000 acre (1,299 km²) ranch (more than one third the size of the state of Rhode Island - 3140 km2) was bought in 1990 by The Nature Conservancy, which took the unusual step of selling it in the mid-1990s to the Animas Foundation, a private organization founded by poet and rancher Drummond Hadley and funded in part by the Anheuser-Busch family (as opposed to selling it to an arm of the U.S. government). The Foundation is intended to practice "sustainable agriculture in harmony with the environment." The Animas Foundation is one cooperating landowner within the Malpai Borderlands Group, a collaborative group in the region involving local landowners, local, state and federal agencies, universities, and environmental organizations. "The Animas Foundation is particularly important to the group in that they own more than a third of the planning area."

Access to the ranch, and hence to portions of the Animas Mountains, is tightly controlled, with little or no public recreational use opportunities.
As a result, the Continental Divide Trail had to be rerouted from the true Continental Divide near Antelope Wells, New Mexico to the current, official beginning of the CDT at Crazy Cook in the Big Hatchet Mountains.


Raipur, Purba Bardhaman

Raipur is a census town in Galsi I CD Block in Bardhaman Sadar North subdivision of Purba Bardhaman district in the Indian state of West Bengal.

Geography

Location
Raipur is located at .

Raipur is not shown in Google maps. It is shown in the map of Galsi I CD block in the District Census Handbook.

Urbanisation
73.58% of the population of Bardhaman Sadar North subdivision live in the rural areas. Only 26.42% of the population live in the urban areas, and that is the highest proportion of urban population amongst the four subdivisions in Purba Bardhaman district. The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

Demographics
As per the 2011 Census of India, Raipur had a total population of 5,470 of which 2,775 (51%) were males and 2,695 (49%) were females. Population below 6 years was 522. The total number of literates in Raipur was 3,815 (77.10% of the population over 6 years).

Infrastructure
As per the District Census Handbook 2011, Raipur covered an area of 3.5994 km2. It had 6 km roads. Amongst the medical facilities, the nearest nursing home was 40 km away and the nearest veterinary hospital was 40 km away. It had 10 medicine shops. Amongst the educational facilities it had was 3 primary schools. All the other educational facilities were available at Mankar 1 km away.
Note: There are major medical facilities at Mankar and Bud Bud.

Transport
Raipur is on State Highway 14.


Guglar

Guglar (, also Romanized as Gūglar; also known as Gūlar) is a village in Chaypareh-ye Bala Rural District, Zanjanrud District, Zanjan County, Zanjan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 48, in 9 families.


Voula Patoulidou

Paraskevi ("Voula") Patoulidou (, born 29 March 1965) was born in Tripotamo (now part of Florina). A prolific athlete, Patoulidou throughout her athletics career competed in the 100 metres, 100 metres hurdles and in the long jump events. Patoulidou became a Greek sporting legend in 1992, when she was the surprise winner of the Women's 100 m hurdles race at the Olympic Games in Barcelona. She was the candidate for the Prefecture of Thessaloniki in the local elections of Autumn 2006 supported by the opposition party of PASOK, but lost the election to Panagiotis Psomiadis.

Personal bests

Barcelona 1992
On 5 August 1992, Patoulidou was celebrating for having qualified for the final in the 100 m hurdles by improving her personal best from 12.96 (set in the qualifying round) to 12.88 seconds in the semi-finals. This success made her the first Greek woman ever to reach a track final in the Olympic Games, a great feat in its own right.

One day later, however, one of the biggest upsets in the history of the Olympic Games was to take place. The clear favourite of the 100 m hurdles final, Gail Devers of the United States, made a mistake and tripped on the last hurdle. Patoulidou took advantage and lunged her body forward for the finishing line. Having crossed the line in 12.64 seconds (a Greek national record that still stands), Patoulidou immediately threw her hands in the air celebrating what she thought was a silver medal. When she watched the replay of the race on the stadium's big screen and realised that she had won the race, Patoulidou fell to her knees and put her hands over her face in astonishment. In her first interview to the Greek journalists minutes after the race, Patoulidou dedicated her medal to her home country by saying  “For Greece, dammit!”, a catchphrase that is still in use.

The official results:

Paraskevi Patoulidou (GRE) - 12.64
LaVonna Martin (USA) - 12.69
Yordanka Donkova (BUL) - 12.70
Lynda Tolbert-Goode (USA) - 12.75
Gail Devers (USA) - 12.75
Aliuska Lopez (CUB) - 12.87
Natalya Kolovanova (CIS) - 13.01
Odalys Adams (CUB) - 13.57

The aftermath
The unheralded victory made Patoulidou the first female Greek sportswoman to win an Olympic gold medal, Along with Pyrros Dimas, who won a gold medal in weightlifting during the same Games, Patoulidou is considered to have inaugurated a new era for Greek sports. Notably, Greek athletes often refer to Patoulidou's triumph as the defining moment and inspiration in their quest for Olympic success. After the 2 medals in 1992 the medal haul for Greece at the Olympics increased to 8 in 1996, 13 in 2000 and 16 in 2004.

After 1992
After her Olympic gold medal Patoulidou decided to switch back to the long jump, her first love, believing that she had achieved as much as possible in the 100 m hurdles. She is vindicated for her choice when she participated in her second Olympic Games' Final, in the 1996 Olympic Games in Atlanta, finishing 10th.

In the 2000 Sydney Olympic Games, Patoulidou was a member of the 4 × 100 m relay team that reached the semi-finals and ended up in the 13th place. She was given an honorary place in the 4 × 100 m relay team in the Athens Olympic Games in 2004, participating for the fifth time in the Olympic Games at the age of 39.

She was the only woman amongst the five Greek sporting legends chosen to be the penultimate runners in the 2004 Olympic torch relay, along with Nick Galis, Mimis Domazos, Kakhi Kakhiashvili and Ioannis Melissanidis (see 2004 Summer Olympics Opening Ceremony). She was also one of the penultimate runners of the 1996 torch relay in Atlanta, joining Evander Holyfield and Janet Evans.

International competitions


Do or Die (Thirty Seconds to Mars song)

"Do or Die" is a song by American rock band Thirty Seconds to Mars, featured on their fourth studio album Love, Lust, Faith and Dreams (2013). Written and produced by lead vocalist Jared Leto, "Do or Die" explores the feeling of standing up and living one's dreams using also ironic undertones. The song is styled in electronic rock and imbued with elements of arena rock. It was serviced to mainstream radio in July 2013 in Europe, and was released as a promotional single in the United States in March 2014. A version of the song remixed by Dutch music producer Afrojack was digitally released in March 2014 and later included on the deluxe edition of Afrojack's debut studio album Forget the World (2014).

"Do or Die" received positive reviews from music critics, who hailed its musical diversity and its euphoric but minimalistic nature. It charted in some nations due to digital sales from the parent album. The accompanying music video, directed by Leto, features live footage of Thirty Seconds to Mars onstage as well as stories from their fans, personally interviewed by Leto. The video garnered general acclaim from critics, who lauded its atmosphere and simplicity. The song was included in the setlist of the band's Love, Lust, Faith and Dreams Tour and the subsequent Carnivores Tour.

Recording and composition
"Do or Die" was written and produced by Jared Leto. It was engineered by Jamie Reed Schefman and mixed by Serban Ghenea. John Hanes engineered it for mixing at Mixstar Studios in Virginia Beach, Virginia. The song was recorded at The International Centre for the Advancement of the Arts and Sciences of Sound in Los Angeles, California and mastered by Howie Weinberg and Dan Gerbarg at Howie Weinberg Mastering. Thirty Seconds to Mars unveiled six songs from their fourth studio album Love, Lust, Faith and Dreams, including "Do or Die", during a preview event held at the Electric Lady Studios in New York City on March 14, 2013.

"Do or Die" is an electronic rock song with influences and elements from arena rock. It opens with a female voiceover introducing the song's title in the Chinese language, after which there is an electronic introduction. This is followed by the sound of guitars, drum beats and synthesizers. After the first verse, the pre-chorus follows, with Leto voicing the line, "I will never forget the moment". The full-throated chorus then follows, which features heavy use of synthesizers and drums. The song includes a contribution from the band's fans, credited as the Knights of the White Shadow, who provide additional vocals recorded at the band's studio.

In an interview with PureVolume, Leto explained that the song is "about standing up and living out your dreams", but also features an ironic connotation. Markos Papadatos, in his review for Digital Journal, called it an "upbeat" song which "deals with one taking their own stance on their beliefs, and living life to the fullest". In a preview of the record, Jeff Benjamin from Fuse described the song by saying that the band goes "the synthy dance route on the track's intro before fire-alarm guitars and pummeling drums roar in and smash the Korg keyboards to bits".

Release
"Do or Die" was released as a promotional single in Europe in July 2013 through Virgin Records. The song debuted at number 98 on the Ultratip chart of Belgium's Flemish region on August 24. The following week, it jumped to number 73 and peaked at number 40 on September 21. On August 30, 2013, it debuted at number 75 on the Ö3 Austria Top 40. In the Czech Republic, the song entered the national airplay chart at number 91 on the week ending October 20, 2013. In Slovakia, it debuted at number 67 on September 22, 2013 and eventually peaked at number 29 on January 26, 2014. Polydor Records released "Do or Die" in the United Kingdom on September 9, 2013. It entered the UK Rock Chart at number 38. After four weeks, the song peaked at number seven on the issue dated September 28, 2013. "Do or Die" was used by Major League Baseball as the theme song for the 2013 Major League Baseball Postseason.

In March 2014, it was announced that Dutch music producer Afrojack and Thirty Seconds to Mars had collaborated on a remixed version of the song. It became commercially available for download in March 2014 and was later included on the deluxe edition of Afrojack's debut studio album Forget the World. Leto described the collaboration by saying, "It was a lot of fun, and it's kind of our little summer song. I think it's good to do things that are unexpected. It keeps it exciting and collaboration is always an interesting thing." The remixed version of "Do or Die" entered the Dutch Top 40 at number 53 on April 19, 2014. After five weeks, it peaked at number 42. The song debuted at number 46 on US Dance/Electronic Songs and reached a peak of number 33 on June 7, 2014.

In the United States, "Do or Die" was sent to modern rock radio on March 17, 2014, after the release of "City of Angels". It entered the Billboard Alternative Songs chart at number 39 and peaked at number 20 on the issue dated October 11, 2014. It debuted on the Billboard Hot Rock Songs chart at number 40 on August 9.

Critical reception
"Do or Die" received generally positive reviews from music critics. Emily Zemler, of Billboard, wrote that between the album's "eclectic experimentation" and "voiceless soundscapes", the band "slotted in this propulsive rocker, an arena-ready anthem". She considered "Do or Die" to be one of the album's "most straightforward tracks". Dan Slessor of Alternative Press praised it as one of the album's highlights, in which Thirty Seconds to Mars exercises their capacity for writing "titanic choruses full of sweeping drama in a manner that is almost untouchable". Brent Faulkner from PopMatters gave a mixed response, writing that the song "relies on a familiar beat as well as liberal layering". Writers for Contactmusic commended "Do or Die" as one of the standout songs on Love, Lust, Faith and Dreams and a "slow-burning hit of epic, synth-heavy electronica".

Kaitlyn Hodnicki from Stature magazine was impressed with the song, calling it one of the album's more upbeat tracks, which "blooms into another epic soundscape led by [Leto's] vocals and some brilliantly used electronic elements". She felt that the fans' vocal contribution to the song harks back to previous album This Is War without sounding "cliché or overdone". Sarah O' Hara from Lowdown also responded positively to the track, writing that "glorious chants fuel the uplifting 'Do or Die'". In a mixed review, John Watt from Drowned in Sound called the song "half-baked synth-rock." Markos Papadatos from Digital Journal rated it an A and wrote that "the band soars as whole on this tune", calling Leto's vocals "raw, powerful and captivating."

Music video

Background

The music video for "Do or Die" was directed by Leto, who was credited as pseudonym Bartholomew Cubbins. Leto developed its concept as a companion piece to the music video of "Closer to the Edge" (2010), shot during the Into the Wild Tour. "Do or Die" was filmed in the summer of 2013, during a European leg of the Love, Lust, Faith and Dreams Tour and features live footage of Thirty Seconds to Mars onstage as well as fan commentary. It premiered on August 5, 2013.

Leto personally interviewed the band's fans, termed as the Echelon, who shared stories about the importance of music in their lives, some personal struggles and their own dreams. In an interview with MTV News, the frontman explained that he was inspired by the will to document the personal changes experienced by the band and its audience. "Most of the interviews", Leto explained, "I did myself, so they're really intimate. It's me, it's them, and it's the camera. What I've found is, that if you talk to everybody long enough, you find an incredible story. Every single person has a moment in their life, something that they've found a solution for, a story to tell. Some are funny, some are really intriguing, and if you ask the right questions, you get interesting answers."

The music video begins with a German boy who Leto had previously met in Berlin. He spoke about the loss of his father and how he had played a Thirty Seconds to Mars song at the funeral. After Leto again met the German fan again at a concert in Austria, he asked him to share his story on camera. Leto explained, "At the show in Austria, where there were tens of thousands of people, and I ran into him and interviewed him; he was the first interview of the summer, and he shared this story about losing his father, and what it taught him, it was really an organic and serendipitous and beautiful way to begin. He shared a really personal part of himself and we're really grateful to him, and that continued throughout all the interviews."

Reception
Upon its release, the video received general acclaim from critics and fans. James Montgomery from MTV described it as a love-letter to the band's fans and a document of life on the road. He also considered it the "spiritual sequel to their stirring 2010 live clip" for "Closer to the Edge". Karen Bliss of Noisecreep was impressed with the video and opened her review by writing, "Thirty Seconds to Mars never fails to impress with what they can do within the confines of a music video." She believed that its simplicity turned out to be "impactful, touching and uniting". Garon Cockrell from The Pratt Tribune gave the video a positive review, calling it "excellent". John Walker from MTV felt that throughout the fans' personal struggles "music has helped these individuals persevere and continue to enjoy life. Likewise, Thirty Seconds to Mars seem so moved by the audience's emotions every time they perform live, 'Do or Die's concept seems to be that they want to return the favor."

Writers for MuchMusic noticed the band's tradition for producing unconventional music videos and praised "Do or Die" calling it "another epic" short film. Markos Papadatos of Digital Journal found it "compelling and visually striking", noticing real-life people from all over the world telling their "moving stories" about their aspirations and dreams. Sean Fitz-Gerald, writing for Mashable, called the video "an inspiring anthem featuring heartfelt, fan-filmed messages".

Live performances
"Do or Die" was first performed at special concerts, dubbed as Church of Mars, in May 2013, shortly before the release of the album. The song later became a set-fixture of the Love, Lust, Faith and Dreams Tour, usually appearing as the penultimate song before "Up in the Air". However, after the festival tour in June 2013, which saw the band travel to Rock am Ring and Rock im Park as headline act, the song was moved to the middle of the setlist, usually played before Leto's acoustic B-stage set. "Do or Die" was also included in the Carnivores Tour, which Thirty Seconds to Mars co-headlined with Linkin Park, and usually appeared approximately halfway through the set. Reviewing a concert, Payal Patel from AXS called "Do or Die" a "sweeping rock anthem", while Ben Jolley of the Nottingham Post described a performance of the song as energetic and inspirational.

On September 23, 2014, Thirty Seconds to Mars performed the song on The Ellen DeGeneres Show, featuring a ten-person choir. During the performance, Leto swung a flag bearing messages in support of certain social goals, and invited the audience to join the band on stage towards the finale, as confetti fell from the ceiling. Markos Papadatos, writing for Digital Journal, commented that the performance was another indication that Jared Leto is one of the "most charismatic live performers" in contemporary rock and that Thirty Seconds to Mars "is always able to put on a high-energy show".

Track listing

EU promo CD single
 "Do or Die" – 4:09

UK promo CD single
 "Do or Die" (Radio Edit) – 3:41
 "Do or Die" (Album Version) – 4:11
 "Do or Die" (Instrumental) – 4:06

Digital download
 "Do or Die" – 4:07

Digital download Remix
 "Do or Die" (Afrojack vs. Thirty Seconds to Mars Remix) (Club Version) – 6:18

Netherlands digital download Remix
 "Do or Die" (Afrojack vs. Thirty Seconds to Mars Remix) – 4:38

Credits and personnel
 Performed by Thirty Seconds to Mars
 Written and produced by Jared Leto
 Recorded at The International Centre for the Advancement of the Arts and Sciences of Sound, Los Angeles, California
 Additional vocals by Knights of the White Shadow
 Audio engineering by Jamie Reed Schefman
 Mixed by Serban Ghenea
 Engineered for Mix by John Hanes at Mixstar Studios, Virginia Beach, Virginia
 Mastered by Howie Weinberg and Dan Gerbarg at Howie Weinberg Mastering, Los Angeles, California

Credits adapted from Love, Lust, Faith and Dreams album liner notes.

Charts

Release history


Epanagoge

The Epanagoge (, "return to the point"), more properly the Eisagoge (, "Introduction [to the law]") is a Byzantine law book promulgated in 886. Begun under Basil I the Macedonian (r. 867–886), it was only completed under his son and successor, Leo VI the Wise (r. 886–912). As its name suggests, it was meant to be an introduction to the legislation of the Basilika, published later during Leo's reign.

The work, organized in 40 volumes, covers almost all spheres of law, and was explicitly meant to replace the earlier Ecloga, dating to the iconoclast Isaurian dynasty. Nevertheless, it draws some inspiration from the Ecloga; the main source, however, is the Corpus Juris Civilis of Justinian I (r. 527–565), albeit often heavily altered. Patriarch Photius of Constantinople worked on its compilation, and wrote the preface and the two sections dealing with the position and powers of the Byzantine emperor and the patriarch; notably, the powers of the patriarch appear broader than in Justinian's legislation, both with regards to the emperor and towards the other patriarchates of the Pentarchy.

The Epanagoge was withdrawn from official use soon after its publication, being replaced by the Prochiron (which was earlier considered an antecessor of the Epanagoge) twenty years later, but served as the basis for several private law books, such as the Epanagoge Aucta or the Syntagma Canonum. Through its translation into Slavonic, the Epanagoge found its way into Russian canon law, including the 13th-century Kormchaya Kniga. Its provisions on the patriarch's and church's position vis-a-vis the temporal ruler played a great role in the controversy around Patriarch Nikon in the 17th century.


CS Luceafărul Oradea

Clubul Sportiv Luceafărul Oradea, commonly known as Luceafărul Oradea or simply as Luceafărul, is a Romanian professional football club from Oradea, Bihor County. The team currently plays in the Liga III.

Founded in 2001, Luceafărul started as a youth academy for children who had no future at FC Bihor. The club played for the first time in Liga III in the 2006–07 season, after a merger with Lotus Băile Felix. They promoted to Liga II twice, in 2011 and 2016. Over time Luceferii has had several transformations, from the merger with Lotus to moving in Bacău and withdrawing in favor of FC Bihor, followed by a new reorganization.

History

First years and ascension (2001–2008)
Founded in 2001, at the initiative of several parents whose children had no future at FC Bihor, Luceafărul was grown by the former Prefect of Bihor County, Gavrilă Ghilea, also a former president of FC Bihor. For the first 5 seasons of its existence, Luceafărul have activated only at youth level, reaching the final stages of the championship at different youth groups for 3 times, but then the team from Oradea grew step by step and from the training of children they have reached a professional status in 2006 when Luceafărul merged with Lotus Băile Felix. After a first perfect season, they managed to promote to the Liga II. The miracle did not last long, because the lack of money led to the withdrawal of the team from the championship.

Luceferii started the 2007–08 season with a new head coach, Lucian Ciocan and after a new great season, Luceafărul Lotus earned the promotion to the Liga II, but subsequently they announced their withdrawal due to financial reasons. A group of businessmen from Bacău decided to form a new team to occupy the vacant spot. Thus, Știința Bacău was born after a merger.

Știința Bacău, a failed project (2008–2009)
FC Știința Bacău was probably one of the strangest football clubs in the history of the Romanian football. After Luceafărul Lotus disappeared, Știința was born, but after only a half of season, the club encountered serious financial problems. In February 2009 businessman Giani Nedelcu joined with Mircea Crainiciuc and re-founded back the club dissolved last summer, Luceafărul Lotus Băile Felix and took Știința's place in the championship. But until the end of the season, they continued to play under the name of Știința Bacău. In fact the club was a strange mix of influences from 3 different clubs, remains of Rocar București, Luceafărul Lotus and Știința Bacău. In fact, the club wanted to be a fresh alternative to the Bacău football problems, but it ended by being nothing but a team without supporters, tradition, with players transferred in the last moment and a poor management.

On 3 June 2009, Mircea Crainiciuc announced that the club withdrew from the championship because of financial reasons. They lost their remaining 3 matches from the 2008–09 Liga II season with 0–3 and relegated to the Liga III, ending a strange, unique and turbulent moment in the history of the club.

Luceafărul reborn from ashes, several times (2008–present)
The old club was re-founded in the summer of 2008 as Luceafărul Oradea, its original name, and started from Liga IV–Bihor County, functioning in parallel with the old entity, called then Știința, for a season.

After two seasons the club promoted back to the Liga II, at the end of the 2010–11 Liga III season. A new head coach was hired in the summer of 2011, the Brașov born Călin Moldovan. On 9 December 2011 he was fired and replaced with Leontin Grozavu.

It finished 6th in the 2011–12 Liga II and 10th in the 2012–13 Liga II. In 2011, they also played a Round of 32 match in the Cupa României against Dinamo București, lost 0–1.

On 10 July 2013, it was announced that Luceafărul withdrew from the Liga II and would be enrolled in the Liga IV for the 2013–14 season. This movement has been accomplished in order to help FC Bihor, Oradea and Bihor County most important club, which was in serious financial and sporting problems at that time.

At the end of the 2014–15 Liga IV season, Luceafărul promoted back to Liga III after an impressive journey: 18 victories, 1 draw, no defeats, 177 goals scored and only 7 received. The goalscorer of the team was Constantin Roșu who scored 51 goals in 26 matches for the red and blues.

At the end of the 2015–16 Liga III season, Luceafărul promoted to Liga II, after a single Liga III season, in which they led and dominated their series almost all season.

Its first season after the promotion was an oscillating one for the red and blues. After a first part dominated by poor results and more coach changes, but with a round of 16 match played in the Cupa României against the defending Liga I champions, Astra Giurgiu, Luceafărul, with new important players in the squad like: Claudiu Codoban or Marius Matei, made a very good second part and finished on the 10th place, in the middle of the table.

2017–18 Liga II season has brought thoughts of promotion to Oradea, the owner of the club, Ioan Blidaru, desiring more than the second league and for this he set up Cornel Țălnar and Florentin Petre as coaches, and some experienced players were transferred, among them Andrei Hergheligiu, Andrei Cordoș or Petre Goge. But the start of the season was almost to kill the team from Oradea for the 4th time in its history. After four rounds Luceafărul had only one point, four rounds in which the team played three matches at home (1–1 against Sportul Snagov, 1–2 against Ripensia Timișoara and 3–4 against Dacia Unirea Brăila) and only one match away (2–3 against Târgu Mureș). But the real problem was that Sportul Snagov and Dacia Unirea Brăila were teams with organizational or financial problems, Ripensia was a new promoted and also the side with the smallest budget in the league and Târgu Mureș, despite it was a new relegated team, was threatened with bankruptcy, which was going to happen during the winter break.

The bubble broke after the match against Dacia Unirea Brăila, a match with a spectacular evolution of the score. Ioan Blidaru announced that he is withdrawing from the team and all the players and coaches are free agents, basically leading to the disbanding of the team. The news shocked the media, the supporters and all started to become truth when Luceafărul did not play at Pitești against FC Argeș. At the second default, the team would be excluded from the championship, but that another unexpected fact happened, Luceafărul and their stadium were bought through intermediaries by Nicolae Sarcină, a businessman from Gorj County, who was known for buying by the same procedure the Liga III club CS Șirineasa.

Then a very turbulent period followed, first of all there have been serious accusations that the former owner, Blidaru, have withdrawn because he suspected the players to be involved in the betting mafia, the confessions being made by the former coach Cornel Țălnar. After this scandal, Luceafărul tried to reborn, as he had done so many times, in the squad remained some local players and the new owner tried to complete the squad with players from its other controlled team, Șirineasa, also former international player, Cristian Dulca was named as the new coach. Rebuilding in the middle of the season proved to be extremely difficult and the results were left out, but the scandals have returned to the forefront. After buying CS Șirineasa, Sarcină moved the team from Șirineasa to Petroșani and the fact that he was from Gorj County not from Bihor County or even Transylvania has brought the first speculation that he plans to move the team to Târgu Jiu, Petroșani or Motru, even talking about a merger with the Liga III team or its abandonment in favor of Luceafărul and a Liga II spot, in any case, no option included Oradea and the team's stay in its hometown. However, although some rumors even had evidence, the ownership of the club has rejected any such attempt claiming that the team will remain in Oradea, it seemed like a new Știința Bacău episode might appear. After the bustle and the scandals have subsided, luceferii, despite having a small number of players, began to produce results, coming out of the relegation area before the winter break, Claudiu Codoban and Vlad Rusu, being the main weapons of the team near the Băile Felix.

After a good 2018–19 season, in which Luceafărul was ranked 8th, the ownership of the club decided to withdraw the team from the Liga II and to enroll it in the Liga III, move made in favor of ACS Energeticianul, which remained in the second division and also took the most important players and the entire technical staff of the club from Bihor County.

Youth program
Born in 2001 as a substitute for FC Bihor, Luceafărul youth academy has over time given many chances to players denied by the local neighbor. Among the most important players that grew up at the team near the Băile Felix were: Claudiu Codoban, Claudiu Micovschi or Constantin Roșu.

Grounds

The club plays its home matches on Stadionul Luceafărul from Sânmartin, Bihor, with a capacity of 2,200 seats.

In April 2017 the club moved for its official matches from Stadionul Luceafărul to Stadionul Iuliu Bodola from Oradea a stadium with a capacity of 11,155, the biggest of Bihor County and with not so much activity after the dissolution of FC Bihor Oradea. In the summer of 2017 CA Oradea was re-founded and started to play its home matches on the same stadium, also the ownership of Luceafărul was changed and in October 2017 they decided to move the official matches back on their stadium, Stadionul Luceafărul.

Support
Luceafărul Oradea has never had many supporters in Oradea, most of the public opting for much more familiar and successful FC Bihor. Over the time the club had sporadically an organized group of supporters, especially between 2011 and 2013, when the club was in the Liga II and important rivalries with FC Bihor were born. After 2016 promotion to the second league, corroborated with FC Bihor dissolution, Luceafărul tried to attract more of the supporters by its side and even played some matches on the Stadionul Iuliu Bodola, but all these efforts were not necessarily productive.

Rivalries
Luceafărul Oradea does not have many important rivalries, the only important one was born between 2011 and 2013, against FC Bihor, but the rivalry was far from being a bitter one, the two clubs working well together and Luceafărul even retired from the championship to enter into a partnership with its rival, in 2013. Now, Luceafarul is the only team of Bihor who represents Bihor County in the first 3 football leagues of Romania. When Luceafarul plays with the old rivals of Oradea: UTA Arad, Politehnica Timisoara, FCM Baia Mare and Bihorul Beius, the fans of Oradea are going usually to the Iuliu Bodola or Lotus-Luceafarul stadiums to feel the excitement of the matches with the rivals.

League history

Honours
Liga III
Winners (3): 2007–08, 2010–11, 2015–16
Runners-up (1): 2006–07
Liga IV – Bihor County
Winners (2): 2008–09, 2014–15

Players

First team squad

Other players under contract

Club Officials

Board of directors

Current technical staff

Shirt sponsors and manufacturers

Notable former players
The footballers enlisted below have had international cap(s) for their respective countries at junior and/or senior level and/or more than 50 caps for CS Luceafărul Oradea.

Romania
  Zeno Bundea
  Cristian Cigan
  Claudiu Codoban
  Andrei Cordoș
  Marius Feher
  Alexandru Iacob
  Andrei Hergheligiu

Burkina Faso
  Salif Nogo

Romania
  Claudiu Micovschi
  Dorin Mihuț
  Sergiu Moga
  Cristian Oroș
  Eduard Pap
  Constantin Roșu

Notable former managers

  Cristian Dulca
  Leontin Grozavu
  Erik Lincar

  Cristian Lupuț
  Zsolt Muzsnay
  Cornel Țălnar


Écausseville

Écausseville is a commune in the Manche department in Normandy in north-western France.


Peter H. Salus

Peter Henry Salus is a linguist, computer scientist, historian of technology, author in many fields, and an editor of books and journals. He has conducted research in germanistics, language acquisition, and computer languages.

Education and career
Salus has a 1963 PhD in Linguistics from New York University. His dissertation was The Compound Noun in Indo-European: A Survey.

After serving as professor and dean at University of North Florida, University of Toronto,, University of Massachusetts where in 1967 he was involved in the founding of the Department of Linguistics, and Queens College, City University of New York, he is now largely retired.

He has also been Executive Director of both the USENIX Association and the Sun User Group, and Vice President of the Free Software Foundation. He was one of the organizers of the 1996 conference on Freely Redistributable Software in Cambridge. In addition, he has worked for several high tech startups. From 1987 to 1996, he was Managing Editor of the technical journal Computing Systems (MIT Press and the USENIX Association).

Contributions
In 1966, Salus worked with W. H. Auden on a translation of the Poetic Edda. During his work he discovered that the "Airman's Alphabet" in Auden's work was derived from the Eddic poems or more likely the translation by Bruce Dickins. In December 1965 Salus attended a meeting of the Tolkien Society in New York. Auden and Salus' comments and intentions to write a book on J. R. R. Tolkien were reported by The New Yorker and The Daily Telegraph. However, Tolkien disapproved of a book on himself and was critical of Auden's reported remarks on his house and Salus' observations on the shape of Middle-earth.

He is best known for his books on the history of computing, particularly A Quarter Century of UNIX and Casting The Net (a history of the Internet up to 1995).

Partial bibliography
Völuspá : The Song of the Sybil (translated by Paul B. Taylor and W. H. Auden, Icelandic text edited by Peter H. Salus and Paul B. Taylor, 1968)
On Language: Plato to von Humboldt (Holt, Reinholt, and Winston, Inc., 1969)
Linguistics (Bobbs-Merril, 1969)
Pāṇini to Postal: A Bibliography in the History of Linguistics (Linguistic Research, 1971)
For W. H. Auden, 21 February 1972 (ed. Peter H. Salus and Paul B. Taylor, 1972)
Language and the Language Arts (with James Flood, Prentice-Hall, 1984)
A Quarter Century of UNIX (Addison Wesley, 1 June 1994; )
Casting the Net (Addison-Wesley, March 1995; )
Handbook of Programming Languages (ed.; Indianapolis, IN: Macmillan Technical Pub., 1998, ; four volumes: , , , )
Big Book of IPv6 Addressing RFCs (Morgan Kaufmann, 2000; )
The Complete April Fools' Day RFCs (Peer-to-Peer Communications LLC, 2007; 978-1-57398-042-5)
The Daemon, the Gnu & the Penguin (Reed Media Services, Sept. 2008; ) — previously serialised on the Groklaw website
The ARPANET Sourcebook: The Unpublished Foundations of the Internet (Peer-to-Peer Communications LLC, 2008; )


Pulborough

Pulborough is a large village and civil parish in the Horsham district of West Sussex, England, with some 5,000 inhabitants. It is located almost centrally within West Sussex and is  south west of London. It is at the junction of the north-south A29 and the east-west (A283) roads.

The village is near the confluence of the River Arun and the River Rother, on the Stane Street Roman road from London to Chichester.  It looks southwards over the broad flood plain of the tidal Arun to a backdrop of the South Downs. It is on the northern boundary of the newly-established South Downs National Park.

The parish covers an area of 5,183 acres (2,098 hectares). The twelfth-century parish church is dedicated to St Mary. In the 2001 census there were 4,685 people living in 1,976 households of whom 2,333 were economically active. At the 2011 Census the population of Bignor was included and the total population was 5,206.

History

Historically, it was a fording place over the River Arun used by the Romans, who had a mansio across the river at Hardham, one day's march from Chichester on the London road. The Saxons bridged the River Arun here and at nearby Stopham, north of its confluence with the River Rother. It became an important watering and overnight halt for cattle drovers providing easy access to water.

A mile to the west in woodland are the earthwork remains of a motte and bailey castle known as Park Mound, dating from the 11th century.

Transport connections afforded by the River Arun, its navigation, and later by the LBSCR Arun Valley Line brought Pulborough into the industrial age. Good road connections permitted, in the 20th century, the development of manufacturing industry, notably heavy engineering in London Road. This has long since closed down and the site now supports, among other things, a supermarket and a health centre. The village is  served by Pulborough railway station.

Attractions
Each year, Pulborough hosts the 12-hour lawn mower race which runs continuously for 12 hours.

On the fourth Saturday of September Pulborough hosts a traditional Harvest Fair complete with old time fair ground, welly wanging and a scarecrow competition, and in June the Pulborough duck race society holds its annual duck race, a charity event.

Pulborough is also home to the South Downs Light Railway with its steam and diesel trains running regularly throughout the summer, and a more limited service through the colder months.

Pulborough has an angling club, which has a number of initiatives to support local youngsters, including angling training as well as offering talks to local clubs, youth and conservation groups on the merits of angling and what anglers do to support, maintain and improve the habitat in conjunction with government departments and other groups.

Local cricket
Earliest records suggest cricket has been played in Pulborough since 1799. Now based at the Recreation Ground, Pulborough Cricket Club boasts numerous Senior and Junior (Colts) teams. Previously a member club of the Sussex Invitation League, Pulborough's 1st and 2nd Elevens were invited to join the Sussex Cricket League ("the county league") from the 2004 season. A 3rd League XI plays in the West Sussex League, home matches being played nearby at Watersfield. Pulborough was a founder member of the North West Sussex Colts Cricket League (now known as the iDentilam League) in 1987, when it became apparent that schools were not providing adequate cricketing opportunities to local youth. Various age-groups (Under 9s, 10s, 12s, 14s and 16s) now provide ample opportunity to develop cricket skills, played in a competitive environment and ultimately secure the long-term future of the club. The club also provides a mechanism for younger players to progress into senior cricket, with two non-league senior teams playing matches on Sunday afternoons. In 2006, the Sussex Cricket Board recognised the club's efforts towards youth sport, and awarded it ECB 'Focus Club' status. In 2008, the Club launches a junior girls team, thereby continuing the club's ongoing progressive and ambitious plans.

Other notable events
On 17 July 2000, Pulborough made the headlines when the body of missing girl Sarah Payne was found in a field off the A29 near the village. She had been reported missing some  away near Littlehampton 16 days earlier. Roy Whiting, a 42-year-old convicted paedophile, was found guilty of her murder on 12 December 2001 and sentenced to life imprisonment.

On 19 April 2003, the body of 31-year-old Brighton music teacher Jane Longhurst, who had been strangled some weeks earlier, was found at Wiggonholt Common. Her best friend's partner Graham Coutts was found guilty of her murder on 4 February 2004 and sentenced to life imprisonment.


McKeesport Olympics

The McKeesport Olympics were a professional football team from McKeesport, Pennsylvania from 1896 until around 1940. The Olympics were considered one of the top football teams in Pennsylvania from 1910 until 1919.

The Olympics played against many of the teams that later formed the National Football League. These teams included the Buffalo All-Americans, Rochester Jeffersons and the Canton Bulldogs. The primary reason the Olympics never joined the NFL during the early era was the state of Pennsylvania's blue laws which prevented football from being played on Sunday; as a result, no Pennsylvania team joined the NFL (which played most of its games on Sundays) until 1924, though because most teams were available to play on Saturdays, they were able to schedule exhibition games against NFL teams fairly easily. Why the Olympics never joined after that was unclear. In 1929, the Olympics were crowned as Sandlot Qrid Champs with Art Rooneys team, Rooneys Majestics, placing second.

The team also played against a current NFL team, the Pittsburgh Pirates (renamed the Pittsburgh Steelers in 1940) twice. The first game between the two clubs was held on October 31, 1938. The Pirates, led by Byron White, won that game 21-6. However, almost a year later, on October 4, 1939, in McKeesport, while the Pirates won that game too, the semi-pro Olympics held them to a much closer score, 9-6.

The Olympics also played against several strong clubs that never made it into the NFL. These teams included the Youngstown Patricians and the Shelby Blues. However, the Olympics main rivals were the Pitcairn Quakers, another strong team from the Pittsburgh-area. In 1919 the Olympics had won the first game of the two-game series, 3-0 and had employed the entire Cleveland Indians team just for that game. However, Pitcairn would win the second game due to a last minute field goal by Paul Rupp.

The team disappears from the records shortly after the 1939 contests and likely shut down, as many professional football teams and leagues did, due to World War II.


2006 DFS Classic

The 2006 DFS Classic was a women's tennis tournament played on grass courts at the Edgbaston Priory Club in Birmingham in the United Kingdom that was part of Tier III of the 2006 WTA Tour. It was the 25th edition of the tournament and was held from 12 June until 18 June 2006. Unseeded Vera Zvonareva won the singles title.

Finals

Singles

 Vera Zvonareva defeated  Jamea Jackson 7–6(14–12), 7–6(7–5)
 It was Zvonareva's 2nd title of the year and the 7th of her career.

Doubles

 Jelena Janković /  Li Na defeated  Jill Craybas /  Liezel Huber 6–2, 6–4
 It was Janković's only title of the year and the 2nd of her career. It was Na's only title of the year and the 3rd of her career.

External links
 ITF tournament edition details

DFS Classic


Ralph Arthur Penrhyn Clements

Major General Ralph Arthur Penrhyn Clements,  (9 February 1855 – 2 April 1909), commonly known as R. A. P. Clements, was a senior British Army officer.

Clements, the son of a churchman, fought in the Xhosa War of 1877–1878 and the Anglo-Zulu War as a junior officer. He was twice wounded during the Third Anglo-Burmese War while serving as a brigade major, being mentioned in dispatches. After commanding a battalion of the South Wales Borderers during the late 1890s, he was appointed a brigade commander during the Second Boer War. Clements commanded the Colesberg front in early 1900, but was surprised at the Battle of Nooitgedacht in December, managing to extricate his force from the latter. After the Boer War he served in India, rising to divisional command before his death.

Early life and career
Clements was born at Upton St Leonards on 9 February 1855, the son of Reverend Jacob Clements, a local sub-dean and Canon Residentiary, and was educated at the Rossall School. He transferred from the militia to the British Army on 2 December 1874, and served as a lieutenant of the 24th Regiment of Foot in South Africa. Clements fought at the Battle of Nyumaga during the Xhosa War of 1877–1878, being mentioned in dispatches on 26 February 1878. He became adjutant of his battalion on 27 July 1879 and served at the Battle of Ulundi during the 1879 Anglo-Zulu War. For his service, Clements received the South Africa Medal with clasp; he continued to serve with the regiment when it became the South Wales Borderers and was promoted to captain on 4 December 1880, becoming a company commander.

Clements became battalion adjutant again on 26 October 1882, holding the position until promoted to major on 24 February 1886. He served as a brigade major during the Burma Expedition and as Assistant Provost Marshal, being twice wounded in battle (once severely) and mentioned in dispatches on 22 June 1886. Clements rejoined his battalion in early 1886 and remained with them until 1889. Clements received the India General Service Medal with clasps and was brevetted lieutenant colonel in July 1887 for his actions. Awarded the Distinguished Service Order in 1891, he was made an Aide-de-camp to Queen Victoria on 2 December 1896. On 8 April 1897 Clements was promoted to command of the 2nd Battalion, South Wales Borderers.

Second Boer War
During the Second Boer War, on 20 November 1899 Clements was selected to take command of the unit that became the 12th Brigade of the 6th Division at Aldershot. He departed for South Africa on 4 December with the temporary rank of major general and the substantive rank of colonel. Clements took over command on the Colesberg front from Major General John French in late January and held it with lesser forces against the attacks of Boer commander Koos de la Rey. On 12 February, after the action at Pink Hill, Clements shortened his line in the face of the Boer advance by retreating to Rensburg siding. After the victories of Field Marshal Frederick Roberts on the western front, the Boers retreated and Clements took Colesberg on 28 February.

He led his brigade (column) under the command of Archibald Hunter during the advance into the Brandwater Basin during July 1900. Due to the slow movement of his supply convoy, the advance of the column into the Drakensberg was delayed until 20 July. For the attack of Hunter's force, Clements and Arthur Paget's columns were tasked with attacking Slabbert's Nek in the Boer centre. Slebbert's Nek was taken with little resistance and the columns joined Hunter and advanced to Fouriesburg, after which a large Boer force under General Marthinus Prinsloo surrendered to them.

Clements' column moved into the Magalies valley in September and remained there for the next three months, burning farms there so effectively that the area became a "blackened desert" according to the historian Thomas Pakenham. Clements encamped at Nooitgedacht on 8 December, in a position that provided him with a water supply and heliograph communication, though dominated by the Magaliesberg. His 1,200-strong force was attacked at dawn on 13 December by more than 1,500 Boers under de la Rey and Christian Frederick Beyers. The three hundred dispersed pickets he had posted on the ridge were swiftly overrun and surrendered. After Boer fire was directed on his camp, Clements began a retreat with the remaining half of his force to Yeomanry Hill in the valley, out of range of the Boers on the ridge. Due to Boer exhaustion and looting of his camp, Clements managed an orderly retreat towards Pretoria that afternoon. Clements subsequently commanded the districts of Pretoria and Standerton-Heidelberg. He was mentioned in dispatches on 4 May 1900, 16 April 1901, and 29 July 1902, and received the Queen's medal with three clasps and the King's medal with two clasps.

Later life
He was made an aide-de-camp to Edward VII in 1901 and a Companion of the Order of the Bath in 1904.  On 1 February of that year, he was sent to India as a major general in the British Indian Army to command a second class district at Agra, which became the Sirhind Brigade of the 3rd (Lahore) Division under the Kitchener Reforms. Clements was appointed commander of the 4th (Quetta) Division on 1 December 1907, and died on 2 April 1909 at Quetta from complications resulting from an appendicitis operation. He was buried in the New Cemetery at Quetta.


Puccinellia festuciformis

Puccinellia festuciformis is a species of grass.

Synonyms
 Atropis battandieri Speg.
 Atropis convoluta var. expansa (Crép.) Trab.
 Atropis convoluta var. tenuifolia (Boiss. & Reut.) Husn.
 Atropis distans var. festuciformis (Host) Coss. & Durieu
 Atropis festuciformis (Host) Schur
 Atropis festuciformis (Host) Richter
 Atropis festuciformis var. expansa (Crép.) Trab.
 Atropis palustris (Seenus) Beck
 Atropis palustris subsp. festuciformis (Host) Briq.
 Atropis palustris subsp. tenuifolia (Boiss. & Reut.) Jahan. & Maire
 Atropis rupestris Teyber
 Atropis tenuifolia (Boiss. & Reut.) K.Richt.
 Catabrosa festuciformis (Host) Link
 Festuca hostii Kunth
 Festuca palustris Seenus
 Glyceria convoluta subsp. festuciformis (Host) Douin
 Glyceria convoluta subsp. tenuifolia (Boiss. & Reut.) Douin
 Glyceria expansa Crép.
 Glyceria festuciformis (Host) Heynh. ex Rchb.
 Glyceria leptophylla Steud.
 Glyceria maritima var. palustris (Seenus) Fr.
 Glyceria palustris (Seenus) Lange
 Glyceria tenuifolia Boiss. & Reut.
 Phippsia palustris (Seenus) Á.Löve & D.Löve
 Poa festuciformis Host
 Poa halophila Schiede ex Steud.
 Poa mediterranea Chaub.
 Puccinellia battandieri (Speg.) Ponert
 Puccinellia caespitosa G.Monts. & J.M.Monts.
 Puccinellia distans var. fallax Maire
 Puccinellia distans subsp. festuciformis (Host) Maire & Weiller
 Puccinellia distans var. salina Fuss
 Puccinellia distans subsp. tenuifolia (Boiss. & Reut.) Maire & Weiller
 Puccinellia expansa (Crép.) Julià & J.M.Monts.
 Puccinellia festuciformis subsp. lagascana Julià & J.M.Monts.
 Puccinellia festuciformis subsp. tenuifolia (Boiss. & Reut.) W.E.Hughes
 Puccinellia palustris (Seenus) Grossh.
 Puccinellia palustris (Seen.) Podp.
 Puccinellia palustris subsp. festuciformis (Host) Maire
 Puccinellia stenophylla Kerguélen
 Puccinellia tenuifolia (Boiss. & Reut.) Andr.
 Puccinellia teyberi Hayek
 Sclerochloa festuciformis (Host) Britten & Rendle


Steve Corica

Stephen Christopher Corica ( born 24 March 1973 in Innisfail, Australia) is a retired Australian football (soccer) player and the current manager of Sydney FC in the A-League. A technically gifted and skillful attacking midfielder during his playing career, he represented Australia more than thirty times and captained Sydney FC to a domestic double. Since retiring in 2010, he was an assistant and youth coach at Sydney FC, before being appointed Head Coach in May 2018. In his first season as a senior manager, Corica led Sydney to the A-League Championship.

Club career

Early career
Corica started playing football in his home town of Innisfail, in Far North Queensland and joining the elite player program at the Australian Institute of Sport in 1990.

Marconi Stallions
On completion of the scholarship he signed with Marconi-Fairfield in the now defunct National Soccer League.  In his first NSL season he made just three starts, but developed to a regular selection in following years.  In 1992/93 he helped Marconi to a grand final win and was named Under 21 Player of the Year. The next two years were less successful for the Marconi and in 1995, Corica sought a career move to Europe.

England (Leicester City and Wolves)
Corica signed with Leicester City in the English First Division.  He debuted for the club on 12 August 1995 and scored in a 2–1 win.  Adding to his tally was harder to come by for following games, and in February, Corica and fellow Australian Zeljko Kalac were signed by their former Leicester manager Mark McGhee for Wolverhampton Wanderers in a joint £1.75 million deal (the component for Corica was £1.1m).  Kalac was unable to gain a work permit for Wolves and returned to Australia, but Corica remained.  In four-and-a-half seasons at Wolves, Corica made over 100 appearances, although hampered by a series of knee injuries.

Sanfrecce Hiroshima
Corica left Wolves in 2000, moving to Japan with J1 League side Sanfrecce Hiroshima for two seasons, then returning to England at Walsall. In September 2004, unable to work his way into the first team, Walsall agreed to release him.

Sydney FC

He finally decided to return home to Australia after spending 10 years abroad, joining new A-League club Sydney FC.  It was a shaky start to the new competition for Corica, sent off in Sydney's third A-League match against Newcastle for a dangerous foul. After serving a one match suspension, he repaid the club scoring just five minutes in against Queensland Roar, and following up with a second goal later in the match.  Corica retained a place in the side for much of the year as Sydney progressed to the Grand Final.  A set-up from Dwight Yorke in the second half, gave Corica the only goal in Sydney FC's 1–0 victory over the Central Coast Mariners to help the team win the inaugural A-League Championship.

He remained with the club in 2006/07 and 2007/08 seasons, playing a key role in Sydney's 2007 Asian Champions League campaign, scoring four goals in six matches. On 1 April 2008 he signed a 1-year contract to remain at Sydney, and given his age is possible he will retire afterward. Corica had a great start to the 2008–09 A-League Season after scoring a double in the Round 2 match against Central Coast Mariners. He became Sydney's highest goalscorer after overtaking Sasho Petrovski's former record of 14, with a Penalty in Sydney's 5–2 thrashing of Perth Glory. He became Sydney's 3rd player to reach 100 professional games for the club, with their 2–1 loss to Perth Glory on 19 November 2008 at Members Equity Stadium. On 11 February 2010 he announced his retirement at the end of the season.

On the final day of the regular season in the 2009/10 season against Melbourne Victory, Corica limped off in the 20th minute due to hamstring problems. Sydney went on to win the game 2–0 and claimed the Premiership. After later examination of his injury, it was discovered that he had torn his hamstring muscle off the bone and required surgery thus ending his season. He then announced his full retirement from professional football.

International career
Corica has represented Australia at all youth (U17, U20, U23) and at national team level, the first Australian to achieve the feat.

He represented Australia at the FIFA U-17 World Championship in Scotland in 1989. Although his team finished last in a very tough group, he did have his moments, such as scoring against Brazil in a 3–1 loss. In 1991, he was selected for the FIFA World Youth Championship in Portugal, where Australia performed remarkably well and reached the semi finals before losing to the hosts. He then went on to play in two Olympic Games football tournament, the first being the 1992 Olympics in Barcelona, where Australia made another impressive run to the semi finals, this time falling to Poland at the penultimate stage. Four years later, he was part of the 1996 Olympics team in Atlanta. He was part of a generation of Australian players (including Paul Okon, Ned Zelic, Mark Bosnich and Zeljko Kalac) dubbed the "Golden Generation".

On 16 April 1993 Corica was given his full national team debut by Eddie Thomson (former national coach) against Kuwait in a friendly match in Singapore. He then went on to play for the national team, earning over 40 caps (some in non-'A' internationals) and scoring 6 goals including appearances at the 1997 and 2001 Confederations Cups. After a five-year absence from the national team, he appeared in an Asia Cup qualifier against Kuwait on 16 August 2006 as one of eight Sydney FC players called up to the national team.

Managerial career
Corica took over as coach for the Sydney FC National Youth League team from the 2010–11 season.

It was announced in July 2011, that Corica would become one of two Assistant Coaches to Manager Vitezslav Lavicka, along with Ian Crook, who was the assistant coach at Sydney FC, under Pierre Littbarski during Sydney FC's Inaugural season, in which they won the 2005–06 Championship.

In 2012, Corica acted as caretaker coach of Sydney FC, after the resignation of Ian Crook and until the hiring of replacement Frank Farina.

In the 2013–14 season Corica became Head Coach of the Sydney FC National Youth League once again guiding them to the Championship in a stellar season. He continued in this role in 2014–15 but towards the end of the NYL season in which Sydney FC finished fourth he was drafted into the role of Assistant Coach to Graham Arnold with the Sydney FC A-League team where they finished runners up in the Premiership and Grand Final. From 2015 to May 2018, Corica continued as the Assistant Coach to Graham Arnold on a full-time basis.

On 16 May 2018, following Graham Arnold's appointment by the Australian national team, Corica was appointed the Head Coach of Sydney FC's senior team.

His first season coaching the Sydney FC club was a success, with Sydney FC winning the A-League 2019 Grand Final. During that match, Corica was given a yellow card due to arguing with the referee.

Career statistics

Club

National team

International goals

Managerial statistics

Honours
With Australia:
 OFC Nations Cup: 2000
With Sydney FC:
 A-League Premiership: 2009–2010
 A-League Championship: 2005–2006, 2009–2010
 Oceania Club Championship: 2004–2005
With Marconi-Fairfield:
 NSL Championship: 1992–1993

Individual
 Sydney FC Member's Player of the Year: 2006–2007, 2007–2008
 NSL Papasavas Medal (U-21): 1992–1993
 PFA A-League Team of the Decade: 2005-2015

Individual records
 Most AFC Champions League Goals: 4
 Most Goals in an AFC Champions League Tournament: 4 (2007)
 Most Goals in an AFC Champions League Match: 2 (Sydney FC v Persik Kediri - 25 April 2007)
 Most consecutive appearances: 48 (25 November 2007 - 7 November 2009)

Honourable distinctions
 First A-League Finals goalscorer: Sydney FC v Adelaide United - 12 February 2006
 First A-League Grand Final goalscorer: Sydney FC v Central Coast Mariners - 5 March 2006
 First AFC Champions League goalscorer: Sydney FC v Shanghai Shenhua - 7 March 2007


Masio

Masio (Mas in Piedmontese) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Alessandria in the Italian region Piedmont, located about  southeast of Turin and about  southwest of Alessandria.

Masio borders the following municipalities: Cerro Tanaro, Cortiglione, Felizzano, Incisa Scapaccino, Oviglio, Quattordio, and Rocchetta Tanaro.


My Yiddishe Momme

"My Yiddishe Momme" is a song written by Jack Yellen (words and music) and Lew Pollack (music), first recorded by Willie Howard, and was made famous in Vaudeville by Belle Baker and by Sophie Tucker, and later by the Barry Sisters. Sophie Tucker began singing "My Yiddishe Momme" in 1925, after the death of her own mother. She later dedicated her autobiography Some of These Days to Yellen, "A grand song writer, and a grander friend". Sophie Tucker made 'Mama' a top 5 U.S. hit in 1928, English on one side and Yiddish on the B-side. Leo Fuld combined both in one track and made it a hit in the rest of the world."

Etymology
The song, in English and Yiddish, sadder in the original Yiddish than in the English translation, the mother implicitly symbolizes a sense of nostalgia for the "old world", as well as guilt for having left it behind in assimilating into American society.

Versions
There are several versions of the song, under different names:
"My Yiddishe Mama": by Yiddish star Leo Fuld (in English and Yiddish)
"On katseessa äidin": by Annikki Tähti (in Finnish)
"The Jewish Mother (A Yiddishe Mamme)": by classical violinist Itzhak Perlman
"My Yiddishe Momme": pop version by Connie Francis, jazz/bossa nova piano version by the Irving Fields Trio
"A Yiddishe Mama (A Jewish Mama)": klezmer version by the Maxwell Street Klezmer Band
 My Yiddishe Momme (Egy őszhajú asszony) instrumental version by Hungarian guitarist Faragó "Judy" István. Hungarian lyrics by G. Dénes György, sung by Fényes Kató, Vámosi János and others. This version was prominently featured in the Hungarian film Eldorado (1988).
 My Yiddishe Mama by Yosef Rosenblatt
 Mein Idishe Mame by Marian Hemar, recorded by, among others, Hanka Ordonówna and Hanna Skarżanka.  Hemar's lyrics are not a translation of the original text, rather, they are a tragic story of a Jewish mother in Poland and her son who immigrated to America.

Recordings
The song was included in the 1965 Horst Jankowski album The Genius of Jankowski!

Neil Sedaka covered the song in English and Yiddish in 1966.

A Spanish version of the song, titled "A mi madre querida" (To my beloved mother) and containing some of the Yiddish text, was recorded as a  bolero in the late 1950s by  La Sonora Matancera with Carlos Argentino (who was an Argentinean Jew) singing.

Another Spanish version was made in the early 1970s called "Mi Querida Mama" (My beloved Mama); it was sung by singer Nino Bravo.

Tom Jones performed a live version on his 1967 album Tom Jones Live! at the Talk of the Town. He reprised this as a duet with John Farnham first on the Australian television show Hey Hey It's Saturday in 1990, and then on the 2005 CD/DVD album Together in Concert.

French singer Charles Aznavour recorded a French version on 16 March 2003, on his album Plus bleu.

Ray Charles performed a short cover version of the song in a fifth-season episode of The Nanny, wherein he plays the fiancé of Fran Fine's Jewish grandmother, Yetta.

Ivan Rebroff sang a German version (Mutters Hände) in 1981.


Coenraad Laurens Coolen

Coenraad Laurens Coolen (1775 Ungaran – 2 July 1873, Mojokerto) is one of the lay evangelists who did some of the first evangelical work in East Java.

Biography
Coolen was born in Ungaran in 1775. Despite his Dutch surname and given names, his father supposedly was from Russia and his mother was a daughter of Prince Kojaran of the noble family of Mataram. Coolen was educated in ELS and then went into military service. While there, he came into contact with a group of pious commoners named "the Surabaya Saints" led by the German watchmaker Johannes Emde. In Surabaya Coolen married an English woman and had five children. Possibly after her death, he remarried Sadiyah and had three children with her. After some years working for the military and the forestry service, Coolen obtained permission to clear forest in the Ngoro region near , Jombang). He founded a village, which had around 1000 Javanese inhabitants in the 1840s. Unlike Emde in Surabaya, he did not baptize his people until 1854 and never had them change their names or cut their hair. His assistants Paul Tosari and Abisai Ditatruna founded a new village , which for the next century would become the center of Christianity in East Java.


Zulm

Ẓulm is the Arabic word used interchangeably for cruelty or unjust acts of exploitation, oppression, and wrongdoing, whereby a person either deprives others of their rights or does not fulfill his obligations towards them. In Turkish, it is known as zulüm and other cognates of this word are prevalent in several Semtic and Indo-European languages.

A person who commits zulm is called a ظالم zaalim.

In the Islamic context injustice or acts of cruelty are attributed to human acts and not to Allah: God does not do injustice to anyone. It is the people who do injustice to themselves.


Robert LeFevre

Robert LeFevre (October 13, 1911 – May 13, 1986) was an American libertarian businessman, radio personality, and primary theorist of autarchism.

Early life
LeFevre was born in Gooding, Idaho, on October 13, 1911, but when he was a child LeFevre's family moved to Minneapolis, Minnesota. LeFevre attended Hamline University studying English and drama. He then worked at a variety of jobs during the Great Depression, such as acting and radio announcing. For a short time, LeFevre was a Shakespearean actor.

LeFevre was a follower of the "I AM" movement from 1936 to 1940 or so. He and one Pearl Diehl wrote a book in 1940 of their experiences in the organization called "I AM" – America's Destiny (Twin City House, St. Paul, Minnesota). LeFevre told how one day, when he was in the radio station studio, he was struck by the Great I AM presence, who spoke to him personally. LeFevre also claimed a number of supernatural experiences: driving a car while asleep for over twenty miles without an accident (this was accomplished with the help of his "Higher Mental Body"), leaving his physical body for a trip through the air to Mount Shasta, and seeing Jesus.

In 1940, I AM leaders Edna Ballard and her son Donald were indicted by a grand jury in Los Angeles for use of the mails to defraud. Twenty-four other I AM leaders were also named in the first indictment; a supplemental indictment named LeFevre and Diehl as being defendants.  During World War II, LeFevre served as an officer in the education and orientation division of the Army Air Corps before being discharged  in 1945 after spending a year in Europe and being injured in an accident. Soon after, he and his wife went on a cross-country lecture tour "in a pilgrimage for world peace." Their tour was bankrolled by the Falcon Lair Foundation, a nonprofit group interested in religion, philosophy and government whose headquarters were Falcon Lair, Beverly Hills, California (the former home of actor Rudolph Valentino).

After the war, LeFevre went to California and worked in the real estate business and unsuccessfully ran for Congress in the Republican primary of 1950. He then became radio and television broadcaster becoming involved in anti-leftist causes, including work for an anti-union organization named the Wage Earners Committee. A year later the committee was sued by two movie producers, Stanley Kramer and Dore Schary, for picketing and libeling their films as being pro-Soviet. LeFevre and Ruth Dazey were among the defendants, but the case died when the Wage Earners Committee disintegrated.

A few years later he  became vice-president of Merwin K. Hart's National Economic Council; a director of the Congress of Freedom; a director of the U.S. (sometimes United States) Day Committee—whose purpose it was to diminish in importance the observation of October 23 as United Nations Day—and an adviser to Harry Everingham's "We, The People!".  The U.S. Day Committee made headlines in 1954 when LeFevre led an attack on the Girl Scout Handbook as having too many references to the United Nations. The Scouts retreated, reporting that more than forty changes had been made—about half of which were due to LeFevre's protests.

That same year LeFevre relocated to Colorado Springs and started to write editorials for R. C. Hoiles' Gazette-Telegraph. Two years later he founded the Freedom School.

What animated LeFevre personally and the Freedom School ideologically—indeed, forms the bedrock upon which all courses were based—is a complicated philosophy that, in essence, rejects all government of modern times.

Freedom School
In 1956, LeFevre founded the Freedom School, which he ran until 1973, in Larkspur, Colorado. In 1965, after a flood devastated the campus, the school and college moved to Santa Ana, California. The Freedom School was designed to educate people in LeFevre's philosophy about the meaning of freedom and free-market economic policy. LeFevre added Rampart College, an unaccredited four-year school, in 1963. Both institutions shared the same campus, and had a press, The Pine Tree Press, which published works for both, including a newsletter for the Freedom School, the Rampart Journal of Individualist Thought (1965–68), and a tabloid for the Press itself.

After Rampart College's closure in 1975, LeFevre carried on his work in South Carolina under the patronage of business giant Roger Milliken, and he also published Lefevre's Journal from 1974 to 1978. In 1979, LeFevre selected Freedom School graduate Kevin Cullinane to take over the teaching of Freedom School Seminars, including the Milliken Contract. Cullinane, who taught the principles of LeFevre's philosophy to students at Academy of the Rockies, which he had founded in 1972, taught Freedom School from 1979 until 2005 as part of Milliken's management training. He expanded its reach to include Sherman College, Wofford College, and individual seminars from coast to coast. Freedom School continues today from Tennessee, where Cullinane moved in 2000 to found Freedom Mountain Academy.

Notable teachers at the Freedom School or Rampart College include Rose Wilder Lane, Milton Friedman, F.A. Harper, Frank Chodorov, Leonard Read, Gordon Tullock, G. Warren Nutter, Bruno Leoni, James J. Martin, and Ludwig von Mises.

Notable graduates include Roy Childs, Kerry Thornley, and Roger MacBride.

Rampart Institute
In the late 1970s, LeFevre became involved with the Rampart Institute in Santa Ana, California. Along with Lawrence Samuels and Richard Deyo, LeFevre was one of the driving forces to found the institution, presenting two speeches that were turned into booklets: "Good Government: Hope or Illusion?" and "Does Government Protection Protect?" Not long after receiving its non-profit, tax-deductible status, Rampart Institute was officially launched at The Future of Freedom Conference banquet on April 19, 1980 at Cypress College.  From that event came the "Liberty Book Project," which sought to edit and publish LeFevre's 52-week audio home study-course called "The Fundamentals of Liberty". The hardback book was published posthumously in 1988, two years after LeFevre's death.

Views

LeFevre believed that natural law is above the law of the state and that for American society to prosper economically, free-market reforms were essential. He also believed that bestowing the good deeds of society on its government was no different from rewarding criminals for abstaining from illegal activity. All government consists of  and  that control our lives by stealing our property, restricting our freedom, and endangering our lives with the rationale of protecting us from ourselves.

To this end, he adopted the term Autarchism to represent the idea of ruling over your own life, being responsible for yourself, your needs, and the consequences of your choices and actions. In a speech in 1977 and published the next year in the book Good Government: Hope or Illusion?, he said:

Pacifism
LeFevre was also famously a pacifist, and taught his brand of libertarianism during the 1960s at the Freedom School, later Rampart College. Given his dedication to pacifism, LeFevre also spoke out against war as a product of the state. He once gave a speech called "Prelude to Hell" to a local Lions Club about what it would be like for a typical American city to get nuked as a result of "those mighty, terrible, pointless conflicts that the modern state inevitably creates." According to Doherty, LeFevre was "capable of facing down angry lieutenant colonels, who raged at his pacifistic refusal to fight for the flag, and explaining his theory of human rights so patiently, so guilelessly, that in the end the crusty colonel had to admit that LeFevre was right to stand his ground."
According to Robert Smith, LeFevre became convinced of the power of non-violent resistance after a run-in with a union. "I remember him telling the story," says Smith, "of union goons busting into a radio station he worked at. And he just fell flat on the ground and lay there. They were so nonplussed they walked out without beating the shit out of him. That convinced him of the principles of nonviolence."

In popular culture
 Some such as Brian Doherty claim that LeFevre's movement was a basis for Robert A. Heinlein's book The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress and that LeFevre was the basis for the character Professor Bernardo de la Paz, organizer of the Lunar revolution.
 In the alternate history novel The Probability Broach by L. Neil Smith as part of the North American Confederacy Series in which the United States becomes a libertarian state in 1794 after a successful Whiskey Rebellion and the overthrowing and execution of George Washington by firing squad for treason, LeFevre served as the 23rd President of the North American Confederacy from 1960 to 1968.

Bibliography
 Anarchy (1959)
 The Nature of Man and His Government (Caxton Printing, 1959)
 This Bread is Mine (American Liberty Press, 1960)
 Constitutional Government in the Soviet Union (Exposition Press, 1962; Pine Tree Press, 1966)
 Limited Government – Hope or Illusion? (Pine Tree Press, 1963)
 Role of Private Property in a Free Society (Pine Tree Press, 1963)
 Anarchy v. Autoarchy (Pine Tree Press, 1965)
 Money (Pine Tree Press, 1965)
 The Philosophy of Ownership (Pine Tree Press, 1966, 1985; Ludwig von Mises Institute, 2007)
 Justice (Rampart College, 1972)
 Lift Her Up Tenderly (Pine Tree Press, 1976)
 Does Government Protection Protect? (Society for Libertarian Life ed, Rampart Press, 1978)
 Good Government: Hope or Illusion?(Society for Libertarian Life ed, Rampart Press, 1978)
 The Libertarian (Bramble Minibooks, 1978?)
 Protection (Rampart College, n.d.)
 The Fundamentals of Liberty (Rampart Institute, 1988) (posthumously)
 A Way to Be Free (Pulpless, 1999) (posthumously) (autobiography) Vol 1 , Vol 2

Notes

Further reading

External links

 LeFevre's essay, "Who Was the Original Aunt Jemima and What Did She Do?"
 LeFevre's essay, "Autarchy"
 LeFevre's essay, "The Nature of Man and His Government" (1959)
 Audio archive of 50 LeFevre commentaries hosted by the Ludwig von Mises Institute. These commentaries have made their mark in the history of libertarian ideas for their clarity, eloquence, and pedagogical value. Drawing on great thought from all ages, and specifically influenced by Rothbardian political economy, Robert LeFevre asks and answers fundamental questions about the relationship between man, property, society, and the state.
 Guide to the Robert LeFevre papers from 1946–1981 at the University of Oregon.
 Robert LeFevre's FBI file hosted at the Internet Archive


Villa Aldobrandini

The Villa Aldobrandini is a villa in Frascati, Italy. Still the property of, and still lived in by, the Aldobrandini family, it is known as Belvedere for its charming location overlooking the valley toward the city of Rome.

It is the only grand Papal garden not owned by the state.

Construction
Vatican prelate Alessandro Rufini built the original villa in 1550. Pope Clement VIII gave his nephew Cardinal Pietro Aldobrandini the villa in 1598 as a reward for the negotiations he undertook with France which resulted in the peace treaty of 1595 and for his role in annexing Ferrara to the Papal States. Clement's gift also ensured the property remained in the family as Popes are not allowed to own property.

Conversion
Aldobrandini commissioned the Roman architect Giacomo della Porta to convert the villa into suitable accommodation in which a Cardinal could live and also entertain a Pope. Works started in 1598. While the core of the villa was completed by the time of Giacomo della Porta's death in 1603, work continued for another 20 years on the various aspects of the villa and the garden under the supervision of Carlo Maderno who added the loggia and Giovanni Fontana.

The villa is aligned with the cathedral down its axial avenue that is continued through the town as Viale Catone. The villa has an imposing 17th century facade and some other interesting architectural and environmental features, such as the double gallery order on the rear facade, the spiral-shaped flights, the large exedra of the Water Theatre and a magnificent park.

Art
Inside the villa are paintings of Mannerist and Baroque artists like Taddeo Zuccari and his brother Federico, Cavalier D'Arpino and Domenichino. On the grounds is a monumental gate by Carlo Francesco Bizzaccheri (early 18th century).

Water Theater
A noted feature of the garden is the Teatro delle Acque ("Water Theater") by Carlo Maderno and Orazio Olivieri. To provide water for this feature and for the rest of the garden, Aldobrandini constructed a new  long aqueduct from the Modena spring on Monte Algido to the villa.

The top of the garden in the villa has remained derelict and damaged since the American bombing during the Allied invasion in World War II, and the fountains of Teatro delle Acqua sustained damage as well from the bombing, with current owner Prince Camillo Aldobrandini's father carrying out repairs to the fountains shortly after. However having used  cement, the fountains were in a bad state when Prince Camillo began restoration works in 2011.  Prince Camillo stated that Napoleon, who was related to the Aldobrandini's through marriage, took statues that were all along the top of the balustrade of the Teatro and said he would pay Aldobrandini after coming back from Russia.


Kazumasa Hashimoto

Kazumasa Hashimoto (born 1974 in Tokyo, Japan) is a Japanese composer, mastering engineer and web designer.

As a child, Hashimoto learned classical piano, starting to compose in high school while making music on his computer. He majored in composition at Tokyo College of Music. His minimalistic music is a rich blend of electronic textures and acoustic instruments such as cello, violin and clarinet. Hashimoto makes extensive use of the piano, as well as nonsense, collage-like lyrics constructed from digitally edited voice samples.

As a pianist he has collaborated with Japanese electronica artist World's End Girlfriend, world music artist Souichiro Suzuki, and singer Yukawa Shione. In 2005 he was featured on Childish Music, an anthology of music compiled by Ekkehard Ehlers in "an attempt to define a new genre" of "naive sounds".  In 2008, Hashimoto scored the critically acclaimed film, Tokyo Sonata.

Discography
 Yupi (2003)
 Epitaph (2004)
 Gllia (2006)
 Euphoriam (2007)
 "Tokyo Sonata" (2008)
 strangeness (2010)

Contributions
 out (2001)
 warter garden (2003)
 cinema soundtrack ー間ー (2003)
 fork ends (2004)
 Childish Music (2005)
 We are all cotton hearted (2006)


San Miguel, Panamá Province

San Miguel   is a corregimiento in Balboa District, Panamá Province, Panama with a population of 1,044 as of 2010. It is the seat of Balboa District. Its population as of 1990 was 1,179; its population as of 2000 was 817.

The town is on the northern shore of Isla del Rey, the largest island in the Pearl Islands archipelago. It is served by San Miguel Airport.