Teo Soh Lung v Minister for Home Affairs

Teo Soh Lung v. Minister for Home Affairs is the name of two cases of the Singapore courts, a High Court decision delivered in 1989 and the 1990 judgment in the appeal from that decision to the Court of Appeal. The cases were concerned with the constitutionality of amendments made to the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore and the Internal Security Act ("ISA") in 1989. The latter statute authorizes detention without trial on security grounds. These amendments had the effect of changing the law on judicial review of executive discretion under the ISA by re-establishing the subjective test enunciated in the 1971 High Court decision Lee Mau Seng v. Minister for Home Affairs which had been overruled in 1988 by Chng Suan Tze v. Minister for Home Affairs, and limiting the right of judicial review to ensuring compliance with procedures specified in the ISA. In other words, the amendments were intended to render the exercise of power by the President and the Minister for Home Affairs under the ISA to detain persons without trial not justiciable by the courts. Both the High Court and Court of Appeal found that these amendments were constitutional because Parliament had done nothing more than enact the rule of law relating to the law applicable to judicial review. Thus, the amendments validly operated to deprive the applicant Teo Soh Lung of the ability to apply to the courts for judicial review.

Another significant feature of these cases was the "basic features doctrine". An doctrine developed by the Indian Supreme Court and now a part of Indian constitutional law, the High Court held that the doctrine, which curtails Parliament's ability to amend the Constitution, did not apply in Singapore
as this would amount to usurpation of Parliament's legislative function contrary to Article 58 of the Constitution. A contrary opinion is that the basic features doctrine is necessary to provide a legal safeguard for the basic structure of the Constitution.

Facts

On 21 May 1987, Teo Soh Lung, a lawyer, was detained under the Internal Security Act ("ISA") of Singapore together with other persons for purported involvement in a conspiracy to overthrow the Government by force and replace it with a Marxist state. The detention order was suspended on 26 September 1987 subject to the execution of a bond and compliance with certain conditions. However, the suspension direction was later revoked by the Minister for Home Affairs on 19 April 1988 and Teo was rearrested and detained. Teo's application for a writ of habeas corpus succeeded before the Court of Appeal in Chng Suan Tze v. Minister for Home Affairs ("Chng Suan Tze") as there was insufficient evidence of the President's satisfaction that her detention without trial was necessary to prevent her from acting in a manner prejudicial to the security of Singapore or the maintenance of public order, pursuant to section 8(1) of the ISA. Although Teo was released on 8 December 1988, she was re-arrested almost immediately under a new detention order.

The Government responded to Chng Suan Tze within two weeks after the decision was made. It amended the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore and the ISA by enacting the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment) Act 1989 and the Internal Security (Amendment) Act 1989, which respectively came into force on 27 and 30 January 1989. The amendments were expressed to operate retrospectively. The constitutional amendment inserted into Article 149 the italicized portions shown below:

Article 149 is primarily directed against subversion and confers power on Parliament to make laws contrary to certain fundamental liberties guaranteed by the Constitution. The enactment of the ISA, which provides for detention without trial for up to two years, was a conspicuous exercise of this power. The 1989 amendments to the ISA inserted the following provisions into the Act:

The legislative amendments were intended to revert the law to its position before Chng Suan Tze was decided, thus rendering the exercise of power by the President and the Minister under the ISA not justiciable by the courts. In addition, the addition of a reference to Articles 11 and 12 of the Constitution to Article 149(1) ensured that the ISA is valid even if it is inconsistent with five out of the eight fundamental liberties enshrined in Part IV of the Constitution. Parliament was able to pass these legislative amendments without difficulty to diminish the effect of Chng Suan Tze because a large majority of the Members of Parliament belong to one political party, the People's Action Party. Further, Singapore has a unicameral legislature, so all legislative power is concentrated in one body. The legislative body is "practically fused with the executive via the Cabinet".

In Teo Soh Lung, Teo applied again for habeas corpus to be released from detention. She sought to argue that the amendments did not deprive her of the right to judicial review of the legality, rationality and constitutionality of her detention and, in the alternative, if they did, the amendments were unconstitutional.

High Court judgment

Exclusion of judicial review

Before the High Court, counsel for Teo, Anthony Lester Q.C., sought judicial review of the acts and decisions of the President or the Minister for Home Affairs which were purported to have been exercised under the powers conferred by section 8 of the ISA, submitting that the powers had been used for improper purposes, and in a manner which was illegal, irrational and unconstitutional. He also argued that since the Minister and the President, acting on advice of the Cabinet, had acted in bad faith and for improper purposes, they had acted outside the scope of the powers conferred by the ISA. Hence, the acts and decisions were null and void.

Justice Frederick Arthur Chua ruled that the amendments to Article 149 and to the ISA did have the effect of depriving the applicant of her right to judicial review of the legality, rationality and constitutionality of her detention under the ISA. The court observed that the Court of Appeal in Chng Suan Tze had allowed the appeal solely on a technical ground – that the respondents had not adduced sufficient evidence of the President's satisfaction. Other matters mentioned in that judgment were merely obiter dicta. Therefore, although it had been held in Chng Suan Tze that the President's satisfaction under section 8(1) of the ISA was objective and thus reviewable by the court, these observations did not apply to the present proceedings in the light of the new provisions in the ISA. Section 8B(1), which stated that the law governing the judicial review of any decision made or act done in pursuance of any power conferred upon the President or the Minister by the Act shall be the same as was applicable and declared in Singapore on 13 July 1971, reaffirmed the law governing judicial review as laid down in the High Court's 1971 decision Lee Mau Seng v. Minister for Home Affairs, which was rendered on that date. Thus, the section had the effect of making a subjective test applicable to the exercise of powers under sections 8 and 10 of the ISA. Section 8B(2) provided that there was to be judicial review only in regard to any question relating to compliance with any procedural requirement of the ISA governing such act or decision. If the discretion exercised by the President and the Minister under sections 8 and 10 was subjective, the court could not assess whether the powers conferred on the President and the Minister by sections 8 and 10 were exercised legally. The applicant had the burden of proof of showing that her detention was unlawful as the respondents had adduced a valid detention order and evidence of the President's subjective satisfaction that she should be detained. Furthermore, Lee Mau Seng had held that bad faith is not a justiciable issue in the ISA context.

Counsel for Teo argued that the House of Lords decision in Anisminic Ltd. v. Foreign Compensation Commission was applicable on the facts. In Anisminic it was held that an ouster clause in a statute does not deprive a court from exercising judicial review. Chua J. took the view that Anisminic was distinguishable. At the most, the case decided there was a presumption that an ouster clause did not prevent a court from inquiring whether a public authority had been acting outside its jurisdiction when making an administrative decision. However, it was clear from the provisions of the ISA that it was for the Executive to determine whether, as a matter of policy and judgment, certain activities were prejudicial to national security. Since the Minister had stated that the Cabinet and the President acting in accordance with the Cabinet's advice were satisfied that Teo had acted in a manner prejudicial to the security of Singapore by being involved in a Marxist conspiracy to establish a socialist state, allowing the court to investigate into the good faith of the President or the Minister would be inconsistent with the scheme intended by Parliament.

Constitutionality of the amendments and the basic features doctrine

Counsel for Teo also argued that the purported amendments to Article 149 of the Constitution were contrary to the supreme law of the Constitution and thus were not valid amendments. Alternatively, if the Article 149 amendments were valid, the ISA amendments did not come within the legislative powers conferred by Article 149 and were thus void. Under Article 5(1), the Constitution may be amended by a law enacted by the Legislature. However, the purported Article 149 amendments were not a "law" within the meaning of Article 5(1), as they were an attempt by the Government to cause Teo's pending court proceedings (a tort claim, a judicial review application and the present habeas corpus application) to fail. Therefore, they amounted to judicial rather legislative action. Further, relying on the Indian Supreme Court cases Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (1973), Minerva Mills Ltd. v. Union of India (1980) and P. Sambamurthy v. State of Andhra Pradesh (1986), Parliament's powers to amend the Constitution were limited by implied limitations derived from the basic structure of the Constitution itself. Since the Constitution was founded on the basis of separation of powers, Parliament was not empowered to amend the Constitution in a manner which acted retrospectively and allowed it to usurp judicial power, which amounted to judicial action.

Teo's counsel also submitted that Article 149(1) imposed the overriding requirement that legislation enacted pursuant to the new Article 149(3) had to be "designed to stop or prevent" subversive action of the kind specified in Articles 149(1)(a) to (e). The purported ISA amendments were void because they were not intended to stop or prevent subversive action. Rather, they were enacted to prevent "acts done and decisions made in bad faith, for improper purposes, irrelevant to the stopping or prevention of subversive action" from being judicially reviewed by a court, and to retrospectively deprive the applicant of the benefit of the judgment in her favour in Chng Suan Tze.

Chua J. rejected the application of the basic features doctrine in Singapore. He reasoned that a constitutional amendment, being part of the Constitution itself, can never be invalid if the procedure for amendment is complied with. If the framers of the Constitution had intended limitations on the power of amendment, they would have expressly provided for such limitations. Furthermore, if the courts were allowed to impose limitations on the legislative power to amend, they would be usurping Parliament's legislative function, contrary to Article 58. In any case, Chua J. did not agree that Parliament had violated the basic structure of the Constitution. The subjective test reinserted into the ISA had served the national security interests of Singapore for a long time. The amendments merely reaffirmed the law which the courts had followed since Lee Mau Seng, and ensured that the legislative intent behind the ISA was not disregarded. Moreover, nothing in the amendments was unrelated to national security. A reaffirmation of the original principles could not be said to be objectionable as usurping judicial power or being contrary to the rule of law. The rule of law had not been abolished by legislation, as Parliament had done no more than to enact the rule of law relating to judicial review. The legislation did not order the court to decide a case in a particular way or to dismiss it – the court was left to deal with the case on the basis of the amendments.

Court of Appeal judgment

On appeal to the Court of Appeal, Teo made primarily the same arguments that had been raised before the High Court. Notably, regarding the freezing of common law via the statute, the Court of Appeal observed that the language of section 8B(1) of the ISA was plain and unambiguous, and excluded the application of any law in any Commonwealth country "before, on or after" 13 July 1971, the date of the decision of Lee Mau Seng. It reinstated Lee Mau Seng as "the applicable and declared law governing judicial review" under the ISA. The appeal was dismissed.

Significance of the decisions

Exclusion of judicial review
The Teo Soh Lung decisions cannot be read apart from Chng Suan Tze and the series of legislative and constitutional amendments made by Parliament. The amendments had the effect of ousting review by the Judiciary and the Privy Council in situations of preventive detention.

Chng Suan Tze has been dubbed the "single most important constitutional decision in the Singaporean nation". It declared that the idea of any official power being non-justiciable is contrary to the Constitution. The Court's endorsement of the objective standard of review meant that judges could examine whether the Executive's action was in fact based on national security considerations, as well as whether such action fell within the scope of section 8(1) of the ISA. Chng Suan Tze departed from decades of the court abiding by the policy of non-justiciability, and held that "the notion of a subjective or unfettered discretion is contrary to the rule of
law. All power has legal limits and the rule of law demands that the courts should be able to examine the exercise of discretionary power." It declared that the idea of any official power being non-justiciable violated equality before the law and equal protection of the law because a limitless power is a licence for the Executive to take arbitrary action.

Following the amendments to the Constitution and the ISA, the High Court in Teo Soh Lung had the opportunity to reassert the principles set down in Chng Suan Tze. However, it declined to strike down the amendments, instead holding that the amendments were constitutional because, among other reasons, Parliament had satisfied the formal requirements laid down in the Constitution for making the amendments. The view has been expressed that the Court took a "thin" and positivist approach, and that this reasoning seems to imply that the courts will not question any legislation as long as it is procedurally sound, a regression from Chng. Confining judicial review to ensuring compliance with procedures set out in the ISA diminishes the protective role of the Judiciary, and the Court failed to consider whether the safeguards in the ISA are sufficient once judicial supervision is removed.

Whether judicial review can be excluded through executive decision remains a live issue because the 1989 amendments to the ISA reverted the law on judicial review applicable to the ISA to the date that Lee Mau Seng was decided. However, Lee Mau Seng appears to be bad law since it was overruled by the Court of Appeal in Chng Suan Tze. Furthermore, as a High Court decision, Lee Mau Seng may not be the final word on judicial review of action taken under the ISA. In addition, if detainees allege procedural impropriety, this allows a court to consider if there are procedural defects in the Executive's decision-making process, such as the taking into account of irrelevant considerations. Finally, ouster clauses are not barriers to judicial review in modern administrative law because courts can still step in to prevent jurisdictional errors of law.

It is difficult to reconcile the Government's attempt to freeze the law relating to judicial review of acts and decisions taken under the ISA as at 13 July 1971 with doctrines such as the rule of law, judicial independence and the separation of powers. One academic view is that courts should not assume that the ISA has frozen the entirety of the law on judicial review as at 13 July 1971. This is because the statute "does not substitute a new, detailed regime covering all the various issues, such as grounds of review, the rules of natural justice, the meaning of ultra vires, remedies and locus standi". The further development of such matters in the common law should not be ignored. Furthermore, the freezing of the law rejects judicial independence. Rutter believes that as long as the subject matter of judicial review remains within the common law, "courts are the proper and only authentic expositors of what the law is at any given time".

Basic features doctrine
Teo Soh Lung is also significant because the High Court denied the application of the basic features doctrine in Singapore. This doctrine, first developed in Indian case law, prevents attempted constitutional amendments which abrogate any of its "basic structure" or "essential features" even if the procedural requirements for constitutional amendments are met. Chua J. held that the doctrine was not applicable to the Singapore Constitution: "Considering the differences in the making of the Indian and our Constitution, it cannot be said that our Parliament's power to amend our Constitution is limited in the same way as the Indian Parliament's power to amend the Indian Constitution."

In Malaysia, the basic features doctrine was also found to be inapplicable by the Federal Court in Phang Chin Hock v. Public Prosecutor. The Court remarked that the Indian Constitution was not drafted by "mere mortals", while the same could not be said for the Malaysian Constitution. The Indian Constitution was drafted by a constituent assembly representative of the Indian people in territorial, racial and community terms, while both the Malaysian and Singapore Constitutions were enacted by ordinary legislatures. Reliance on the drawing of distinctions between the Indian Constitution on the one hand and the Malaysian and Singapore Constitutions on the other on the basis of the history of their framing has been criticized as weak and inadequate.

A contrary opinion notes that the basic features doctrine is necessary to provide a legal safeguard for the basic structure of the Constitution. The less permanence judges attach to the Constitution the more easily it can be eroded, and the less stability is accorded to the "supreme law of the land". This fear can be reinforced by the example of Hitler's "legal" rise to power in 1933 – the lack of restrictions on constitutional amendment allowed him to diminish the Weimar Constitution and set up his dictatorship. With the dominance of one party in the Singapore Parliament, it is all the more important to protect the essential features of Singapore's Constitution.

Nonetheless, the rejection of the basic features doctrine may have paved the way for fundamental changes to be made to the Singapore Constitution over the years, including the introduction of Group Representation Constituencies, Non-constituency Members of Parliament, Nominated Members of Parliament and the Elected President. Such changes may not have happened or may have faced the possibility of being pronounced unconstitutional by the courts if the basic features doctrine was applicable in Singapore.

Notes


Sangudo

Sangudo is a hamlet in Alberta, Canada within Lac Ste. Anne County. It is located on Highway 43 and the Pembina River, approximately  northwest of Edmonton.

Sangudo was formerly incorporated as a village on April 12, 1937, but dissolved and reverted to hamlet status effective September 16, 2007.

Demographics
As a designated place in the 2016 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Sangudo recorded a population of 299 living in 137 of its 171 total private dwellings, a change of  from its 2011 population of 320. With a land area of , it had a population density of  in 2016.

In the 2011 Census, Sangudo had a population of 320 living in 149 of its 177 total dwellings, a -12.1% change from its 2006 population of 364. With a land area of , it had a population density of  in 2011.

Industry
The main sources of revenue for the hamlet are tourism from traffic along Highway 43, oil production, and agriculture (mostly cattle ranching).

Attractions

The hamlet is the home to Sangudo Speedway – a high-banked dirt oval that is a quarter mile in length. Sangudo also features a sundial tourist monument that can be seen from Highway 43.


Whitewater Region

Whitewater Region is a township on the Ottawa River in Renfrew County, located within the scenic Ottawa Valley in eastern Ontario, Canada . Whitewater Region is made up of the former municipalities of Beachburg, Cobden, Ross and Westmeath, which were amalgamated into the current township on January 1, 2001.

Whitewater Region is named after the stretch of world-famous whitewater on the Ottawa River, popular for rafting and kayaking. This section is part of the Ottawa River Provincial Park.

The township also claims a distinctive place in Canada's history. An astrolabe bearing the date 1613 and believed to have belonged to Samuel de Champlain was discovered within the township. A monument commemorating this historic site is located just outside Cobden on Highway 17.

Communities
The township comprises the communities of: Beachburg, Chenaux, Cobden, Finchley, Foresters Falls, Garden of Eden, The Glen, Grants Settlement, Haley Station, Kerr Line, La Passe, Ledgerwoods Corner, McLaren's Settlement, Meath, Millars Corner, Perretton, Pleasant Valley, Queens Line, Rocher Fendu, Shields Crossing, Snake River and Westmeath.

Beachburg

Beachburg () is one of the larger population centres in the Whitewater Region, having a variety of stores and restaurants, an arena, several halls, a public elementary school and a public library. It was founded by and named after David Beach and became a stop along the Canadian Northern Railway line with a station and grain elevators. In 1853, the entire village, except for two houses, was destroyed by fire. By 1869, Beachburg was a village with a population of 250 in Westmeath County, Renfrew. There were stages to Pembroke and Sand Point. The average price for land was $8.

Beachburg was devastated by a fire in 1931, destroying the station, the grain elevators, and the Main Hall and Dining Hall of the Exhibition Park. In 1959, the Village of Beachburg was separated from Westmeath Township and incorporated.

Cobden

Foresters Falls
Foresters Falls () was founded in the early 1840s by Oliver Forester, a prominent pioneer who was the community's first postmaster. By the 1870s the community had three stores, a grist mill, and a sawmill, all of which were destroyed in a fire later that same year. Foresters Falls is now a small community having regressed since the invention of motorized transport. Attractions include the Ross Township Museum that is located in the heart of Foresters Falls.

Haley Station
Haley Station (also known as Haley, Haleys, Haley's, with or without Station)() derives its name from a station built on the Canadian Pacific Railway(CPR) where the railway right of way crossed the farm of George Haley, an early settler on the second concession of Ross township (now part of Whitewater township). Haley Station once boasted a blacksmith shop, a general store, two churches (United Church and Free Methodist), two service stations, a railway station and an Orange Hall.  With the advent of the automobile, people found it more convenient to go to Renfrew. Of the establishments mentioned, only the United Church remains in operation.

McLaren's Settlement
McLaren's Settlement () originated in the 1840s when members of the McLaren  family came to the area from Scotland.  It was located a short distance upstream from the present Ontario Power Generation (OPG0 Cheneaux Generating Station. The McLarens arrived during the peak of the lumbering industry in the Ottawa Valley, and one of their number constructed a timber slide in the Ottawa River to facilitate the movement of squared timber rafts past the Cheneaux Rapids.  These slides could be described as a sluice about  wide and about  long and steeply sloped through which some river water was diverted. Floating bundles of about 25 pieces of squared timber would be steered toward the upper end of the slide. Once into the sluice, the bundle of timber would descend at a great speed, emerging undamaged into the river below the rapids.

History

Founding and development
Much of the early development in Renfrew County is largely a circumstance of location. As Pembroke and Ottawa grew, so did the gap between them. In the 19th century, the easiest route between the two was the Ottawa River. However, the presence of rapids near Portage-du-Fort necessitated a land route. At this time the area was mostly a vast forest untouched by Europeans. A few settlers had put down near Muskrat Lake, but for the most part there had been little activity since Champlain's visit in the 17th century.

In 1849 Jason Gould built a road from what came to be called Goulds Landing to what would become Cobden on Muskrat Lake. One could catch a steamer down the lake and then go on by road to Pembroke. The traffic on the road could not help but cause growth. In 1850 Gould built a post office and named the fledgling settlement Cobden after Richard Cobden, a member of the British Parliament whom Gould admired. By October 2, 1876, the railway had reached Cobden. The community started to expand from the lake towards the railway station further inland. Main Street began to take shape: the Cobden Sun, the Bank of Ottawa, blacksmith shops, a bakery, a general store, a mill, a surgeon and a jewelry store were all located in the community.

In 1880 a public school was opened to accommodate the strain on nearby S.S. No 1. Cobden was soon the biggest community in Ross Township and became an incorporated village in October 1901.

Cobden has been the victim of many fires, which have destroyed almost all the original buildings. Main Street has suffered worst from fire, including one in 1913 which destroyed the Cobden Sun building and many historical records.

A hydro-electric dam began operating at the falls south of Cobden. It supplied the town, off and on, with power until it was destroyed on April 12, 1934 in a raging flood. Large blocks of ice ripped the dam apart and poured over Highway 17, tearing away sections of pavement. The plant operator, Bill Wall, was stranded in the upper section of his house until flooding subsided. The town then started receiving power from a station in Calabogie.

Council elections in 1949 were dominated by the issue of whether to hold another plebiscite on establishing a waterworks system. A previous plebiscite had come out 82–56 against. But times were changing quickly—after the war a new council was elected and the next vote was 124–46 in favour and by the early 1950s Cobden had water. The waterworks system required constant maintenance until a major retooling in the 1980s. The visibly dominating water tower was built in 1988 replacing the original (built in 1951).

A bigger school was needed by 1903. The present-day school, Cobden District Public, was built in 1938 and served initially as a high school until Opeongo High School was built.

The Astrolabe
In 1613, French explorer Samuel de Champlain, traveled through an area very near Cobden while exploring the Ottawa River. Due to the Chenaux Rapids, Champlain and his men were forced to portage. They presumably took shore in Browns Bay near present-day McKenzie's Hill. In 1953 a large rock was found in this area bearing a chiseled inscription. Though the inscription was hard to read it was determined that it said "Champlain Juin 2, 1613". Champlain's trail from this point is debatable. He may have cut straight across land to the southern tip of Jeffreys Lake, or he may have veered south skirting the far side of what later came to be known as the Champlain Trail Lakes. It is known that he eventually made his way to Green Lake and at this point, according to several 17th-century authors, Champlain lost his astrolabe. It remained there for 254 years, until it was found in 1867 by Edward George Lee, a 14-year-old farm boy helping his father clear trees near Green Lake (now Astrolabe Lake). Lee gave the astrolabe to Captain Comley, a steamboat captain on Muskrat Lake but never received the ten dollars Cowley promised him. Cowley sold the astrolabe to his employer, R.W. Cassels of the Ottawa Forwarding Company. The astrolabe eventually passed to Samuel V. Hoffman of the New York Historical Society in 1942, remaining there for 47 years until it was acquired by the Canadian Museum of Civilization in 1989.

In 1990 a special celebration was held in Cobden in honour of the astrolabe's return.

Culture
The Cobden Farmers' Market, first organized in 1991, is an outdoor market that runs from May to October. It offers a variety of crafts and foodstuffs; everything must be grown or handmade locally. The market has recently moved from the Memorial Hall grounds to the Fair Grounds, but the Christmas Market, the grande finale for the year, is held in the Ag Hall, also on the Fair Grounds.

Overlooking Muskrat Lake, Cobden Park occupies what is thought to be the spot where Champlain met the Native Chief Nibachis. A plaque was erected in the 1960s commemorating this event. The lands for the park were donated by Thomas Robinson and his wife in 1904. In 1988 extensive work was carried out on the beach portion of the park by the Civitans.

Logos Land is a religious-based water park. Built on the site of the Astrolabe's discovery, Logos Land features five water slides, paddle boats, mini-golf and a representation of Noah's Ark which holds a souvenir shop and "The Ark" restaurant.  It is also home to Canada's tallest Christmas tree standing  high. Every year over 3000 local children get together to decorate the tree, which is dedicated to children around the world.

Mussie is a  likely mythical Nessie-like creature said to reside in Muskrat Lake.

Ottawa Valley Pentecostal Camp (OVPC) is a Christian-based family and children's camp at the foot of Muskrat Lake. It has hosted many local community events with its year round facilities. OVPC is owned and operated by the Pentecostal Assemblies of Canada.

Storyland once featured 200 animated characters set in 40 different fairy tale scenes surrounded by a natural woodland environment. Though the park has fallen into disrepair, it still features two large playgrounds, paddleboats, mini-golf and picnic areas. The Champlain Lookout offers a panoramic view of the Ottawa River.

Transportation
The only provincial highway serving the township directly is Highway 17, the main route of the Trans-Canada Highway through Ontario. The planned extension of Highway 417 to Petawawa will see the highway largely rerouted onto a new alignment through Whitewater Region.

Home to The Champlain Flying Club, the Cobden/Bruce McPhail Memorial Airport is located on Highway 17.

Municipal council
The municipal council sits in Cobden. It consists of Mayor Michael Moore, Reeve Cathy Regier, and Councillors Chris Olmstead, Charlene Jackson, Daryl McLaughlin, Dave MacKay and Neil Nicholson.

Demographics

Notable people
Cobden is the hometown of Susie Laska, former professional hockey player for the NWHL and Robert Wellington Mayhew, the first Canadian ambassador to Japan.

Westmeath is the birthplace of D. Allan Bromley, physicist, academic, and Science Adviser to former President of the United States, George H. W. Bush.


The Health Education Exhibition and Resources Centre opened on 17May 1997 in Kowloon Park, Tsim Sha Tsui, Hong Kong. It is under the management of the Food and Environmental Hygiene Department of the Government of Hong Kong.

History
The Health Education Exhibition and Resource Centre is housed in a Grade I historic building (Block S4 of the former Whitfield Barracks) in Kowloon Park. In September 1993 the former Urban Council endorsed a proposal to use the building to house an Urban Council Health Education Exhibition and Resource Centre.

Floor plan
The centre comprises an exhibition area on two floors and an outdoor health education garden.

The exhibition on the ground floor introduce the general information of Food and Environmental Hygiene Department and then focuses on various aspects of food and environmental hygiene - high-risk foods, GM foods and food additives. The topics are thoroughly explained through computer games, videos and photos, etc.

The ground floor lecture room holds regular seminars and visitors can also enjoy a walk in the Health Education Garden while browsing the history and development of the Keep Hong Kong Clean Campaign.

There is also a souvenir counter on the ground floor.

The first floor hosts temporary exhibitions in the centre of the hall and permanent exhibitions on environmental hygiene, kitchen hygiene, public toilets and pest control.

An additional resources center is located on the second floor. The resource center boasts a collection of over 6,000 publications, a lecture room and a small conference room. It is equipped with a great variety of books and audio-visual materials.

Activities
The centre organises extra-curricular programmes such as school and group visits, a volunteer scheme and a health troop membership scheme.


1691 in poetry

Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).

Events

Works published
 Richard Ames:
 The Female Fire-Ships: A satyr against whoring, published anonymously
 Islington-Wells; or, The Threepenny-academy, published anonymously
 Benjamin Keach, Spiritual Melody
 Nahum Tate, Characters of Vertue and Vice, a verse paraphrase of Joseph Hall's Characters of Vertues and Vices, a 1608 prose work
 Edward Ward, The Poet's Ramble After Riches, published anonymously
 John Wilmot, Earl of Rochester, Poems, &c. on Several Occasions: with Valentinian, a Tragedy, London: Printed for Jacob Tonson, posthumously published

Births
 Seán Clárach Mac Domhnaill (died 1754), Irish poet

Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:
 March 1 – Sultan Bahu (born 1628), Muslim Sufi saint and poet
 October 10 – Isaac de Benserade (born 1613), French poet
 Mathias Balen (born 1611), Dutch historian and poet
 Probable date – Samuel Pordage (born 1633), English poet and cleric


Bidar railway station

Bidar railway station (Station code: BIDR) is located in Bidar district in the Indian state of  Karnataka and serves Bidar.

History
The Great Indian Peninsula Railway extended its Mumbai-Solapur line to Raichur in 1871. The Wadi-Secunderabad line was built in 1874. The Vikrabad-Bidar  wide broad gauge  line was opened in 1932.

Construction of the 110-km Gulbarga-Bidar link was completed and inaugurated by Prime minister Narendra Modi on 29 October 2017.

Amenities
Bidar railway station has a Tourist Information Centre, computerized reservation counter,  waiting room, light refreshment stall and tea stall . Bidar has connectivity with Bengaluru, Pune, Hyderabad, Sainagar Shirdi, Latur, Aurangabad and Mumbai (according to railway budget 2014-15)


Grupa Lotos

Grupa Lotos S.A. is a vertically integrated oil company based in Gdańsk, Poland. The company is listed in the Polish index WIG30. Its main activity branches are: crude oil production, refining and marketing of oil products.
The company is a leader in lubricants on the Polish market. Grupa Lotos is a producer of unleaded gasoline, diesel, fuel oils, aviation fuels, motor and industrial lubricants, bitumens and waxes.

Consolidation
Grupa Lotos is a holding composed of Grupa Lotos S.A. - the parent undertaking which manages the refinery in Gdańsk - and 18 direct subsidiaries, including Lotos Czechowice (former Rafineria Czechowice), Lotos Jasło (former Rafineria Jasło), crude oil exploration and production company Petrobaltic. In the end of June 2006 Grupa Lotos employed 5547 people. This is 112 employees more than in the end of 2005.

Subsidiaries

 LOTOS Paliwa
 LOTOS Oil
 LOTOS Asfalt
 LOTOS Gaz w likwidacji
 LOTOS Petrobaltic
 LOTOS Exploration & Production Norge
 LOTOS Infrastruktura
 LOTOS Terminale
 LOTOS Kolej
 LOTOS Lab
 LOTOS Ochrona
 LOTOS Straż
 LOTOS Serwis
 LOTOS Geonafta
 LOTOS-Air BP Polska

Profits
Grupa Lotos holding group consolidated net profit for the first quarter of 2006 financial year, estimated in accordance with IFRS reached approx. PLN 118 million. Grupa Lotos holding group consolidated net profit for whole 2005 financial year, estimated in accordance with IFRS reached approx. PLN 970 million. This is circa PLN 426 million more comparing to financial data from 2004.

Capacity
Gdańsk refinery, owned by Grupa Lotos S.A., refines 6 million tons of crude oil per year. In 2005 Grupa Lotos holding group sold over 5.7 million tons of crude oil based products.

Future
Retail Petrol Stations Network Development Programme, which launched at the end of 2004 assumes expansion of the network stations to 500 outlets. That will allow Grupa Lotos to increase its share in the retail fuel market to approx. 10% in 2012. Purchase of Esso and Slovnaft petrol stations networks in Poland (both networks hold high quality standards and possess sell volume higher than the average petrol station in Poland) indicates concrete acceleration in the process of creation a modern cross-country retail stations network.

Development
Grupa Lotos strategy aims chiefly at: accomplishment of Gdańsk refinery investment programme (10+ Program), development of crude oil production activity and further shares growth in retail and wholesale petrol market.

External links
 Grupa Lotos - Official Website of Grupa Lotos


Lonban

Lonban () is one of the oldest districts of Isfahan in Iran. This district is famous for its mosque.


IQA World Cup IV

The IQA World Cup IV was the 2010 edition of the IQA World Cup (now the US Quidditch Cup), a quidditch club tournament then organized by the International Quidditch Association.

The tournament was hosted in New York City at DeWitt Clinton Park. It was the first year that the cup was hosted in outside Middlebury, Vermont.

The World Cup featured 46 teams and 757 players from Canada and the United States. The IQA set a record with 40 media outlets and 20,000 spectators attending the tournament altogether.

On August 15, 2010, the IQA announced that New York University would be hosting the tournament, making it the first time the World Cup was played in a major city.

Bracket
Middlebury College won the bracket 100–50 against Tufts University.


Johnny Sawyer

Johnny Sawyer (7 June 1902 Milwaukee, Wisconsin – 17 June 1989 Milwaukee, Wisconsin) was an American racecar driver.

Indy 500 results


Gula language (Chad)

Gula (Sara Gula) is a Bongo–Bagirmi language of Chad.


Balneario de Rincón

Balneario de Rincón is a public beach in Rincon, Puerto Rico.    It hosted the Triathlon events for the 2010 Central American and Caribbean Games.


Robert McCuish

Robert Lorne McCuish (25 May 1923 – 4 May 1998) was a Progressive Conservative party member of the House of Commons of Canada. McCuish was born in Winnipeg, Manitoba and became a claims manager by career.

He represented British Columbia's Prince George—Bulkley Valley after winning this seat in the 1979 federal election. He won re-election in the 1980 and 1984 federal elections. He left federal politics in 1988 and was not a candidate for that year's elections. McCuish served terms in the 31st, 32nd and 33rd Canadian Parliaments.

External links

  House of Commons tribute to McCuish.


Residue depth

Residue depth (RD) is a solvent exposure measure that describes to what extent a residue is buried in the protein structure space. It complements the information provided by conventional accessible surface area (ASA).

Currently, predictions in regards to whether a residue is exposed or buried are used in a wide variety of protein structure prediction engines. Such prediction can provide valuable information for protein fold recognition, functional residue prediction and protein drug design. Several biophysical properties of proteins have been shown to correlate with residue depth, including mutant protein stability, protein-protein interface hot-spot, H/D exchange rate of residue and residue conservation.

Residue depth has also been utilized in predicting small molecule binding site on proteins, with accuracy statistically on par with other conventional methods. The method has the advantageous of being simple and intuitive. The method has been reported to detect unconventional flat binding sites.

To date several approaches have been proposed to predict RD values from protein sequences. Yuan and Wang proposed a computational framework that uses sequential evolutionary information contained in PSI-BLAST profiles and the global protein size information to quantify the relationship between RD and protein sequence. Zhang et al. proposed the RDpred method to predict RD values based on predicted secondary structure, residue position and PSI-BLAST profile. More recently, Song et al. described another sequence-based method that also uses support vector regression to quantify the RD-sequence relationship. Their webserver Prodepth, is developed to facilitate RD prediction analysis for sequences submitted by interested users. In addition, Prodepth server can predict the solvent-accessible surface area (ASA) value for each residue for users' submitted sequence. Based on the predicted ASA and RD values, it will further output the two-state solvent accessibility prediction by classifying a residue as being exposed or buried.

Currently, residue depth has been used for several applications. One of these is predicting the pKa of an ionizable group. The pKa equation is a linear combination of a few features, including: depth, number of hydrogen bond, electrostatic energy, solvent accessible surface area. Among these features, depth has a major contribution. The server for pKa prediction is also available DEPTH web server


St. Therese Catholic Church (Beattyville, Kentucky)

St. Therese Church, west of Beattyville, Kentucky, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2012.

It is a wood frame church on a concrete block foundation.  It was built in 1948 from materials of the Contrary Creek Settlement School Church, a previous church located about a mile away, which had been built in the 1920s.  The new church was built to a different design.  Kitchen and living quarters for Catholic nuns and for the circuit-riding priest were added.


Clan MacLea

The Clan MacLea is a Highland Scottish clan, which was traditionally located in the district of Lorn in Argyll, Scotland, and is seated on the Isle of Lismore. There is a tradition of some MacLeas Anglicising their names to Livingstone, thus the Clan Livingstone Society's website also refers to the clan as the Highland Livingstones. The current chief of Clan MacLea was recognised by Lord Lyon as the "Coarb of Saint Moluag" and the "Hereditable Keeper of the Great Staff of Saint Moluag."

Origins

Origin of the names MacLea and Livingstone

There are conflicting theories of the etymology of MacLea, MacLay and similar surnames, and they could have multiple origins. The name may be an Anglicisation of Mac an Léigh (Scottish Gaelic), meaning son of the physician. In addition to MacLea, the Gaelic language surname Mac an Léigh is also anglicized to McKinley (surname) and MacNulty. The leading theory today, however, is that the name MacLea is derived from the patronymic Mac Dhunnshleibhe, meaning son of Donn Sléibhe (son of + the brown haired, or chieftain + of the mountain). In 1910 Niall Campbell, 10th Duke of Argyll maintained that the surname MacLea evolved from the name Maconlea, which was originally Mac Dhunnshleibhe. By the eighteenth century the standard form of the name had become MacLea or other forms with similar spellings (MacLeay, McClay, etc.). This is largely a distinction without significance, though, as Mac an Léigh is a nickname surname which was given to the Mac Dhunnshleibhe by the indigenous populations in both Ulster and the Scottish Highlands and which was, eventually, adopted as a substitute surname by the Mac Dhunnshleibhe themselves. The Mac Dhunnshleibhe royals were also one of Ireland’s ancient hereditary medical families.

The surname Livingstone/Livingston is derived from the placename, modern Livingston, which is in West Lothian, Scotland. Livingston was in turn named after an individual named Leving who appears in the early twelfth century in the charters of David I of Scotland. This Leving was the progenitor of the powerful aristocratic Livingston family. There are multiple theories of the origin of Leving (Anglo-Saxon, Fleming, Frank, Norman, and even Hungarian).

In the mid seventeenth century James Livingston of Skirling, who was of a branch of these Lowland Livingstons, was granted a nineteen-year lease of the Bishoprics of Argyll and the Isles. Sometime before 1648, James Livingston seems to have stayed at Achanduin Castle on Lismore, and it is thought that around this time that the surname Livingstone would have been adopted by MacLeas on the island.

Descent from Dunshleibe

The Duke of Argyll wrote that it was possible that the eponymic progenitor of all the Mac(Duns)leves, (MacLeas, highland Livingstones, etc.), of Lismore may be Dunshleibe son of Aedh Alain O'Neill. Aed Alain was the son of the Irish prince Anrothan O'Neill, who traditionally is said to have married a Princess of Dál Riata, inheriting her lands of Cowal and Knapdale. Anrothan in turn was a son of Aodh O'Neill, King of Ailech (r.1030-1033). From him the family would ultimately descend from Niall of the Nine Hostages, High King of Ireland, who reigned in the fifth century, although the O'Neill dynasty actually take their name from his descendant Niall Glúndub, a High King of Ireland living five centuries later. Dunshleibe is also thought to have been the common ancestor of clans in western Argyll including the Lamonts, the MacEwens of Otter, the Maclachlans, the MacNeils of Barra, and the MacSweens.

Dunshleibe Ua Eochadha
An alternative and the modernly accepted theory, however, is that the MacLea are descended of Ruaidhri Mac Duinnsleibhe, the 54th Christian and last king of Ulidia.

The Coarbs of Saint Moluag are proposed to be closely related to the rigdamnai or Royal Family of Ulster and their use of the name Mac Duinnshleibhe to be a proud reminder and declaration of that fact.

According to Byrne the Ulaid rigdamnai alone used the name Mac Duinnshleibhe

“ So for instance when after 1137 the Dál Fiatach kingship was confined to the descendants of Donn Sleibe Mac Eochada (slain in 1091), the rigdamnai set themselves apart from the rest of the family by using the name Mac Duinnshleibhe (Donleavy)."  Francis John Byrne, Irish Kings and High-Kings page 128.

It seems as though Ruaidhri Mac Duinnsleibhe was the last king of Ulidia, dying at the end of the twelfth century. Rory, son of Dunsleve, is number 54 on O'Hart's roll of the kings of Ulidia and described as "the last king of Ulidia, and its fifty-fourth king since the advent of St. Patrick to Ireland."

In Irish Pedigrees – The Stem of the Dunlevy family, Princes of Ulidia, O'Hart says

"Tuirmach Teamrach, the 81st Monarch of Ireland, had a son named Fiach Fearmara, who was ancestor of the Kings of Argyle and Dalriada, in Scotland: this Fiach was also the ancestor of MacDunshleibe and O’Dunsleibhe, anglicised Dunlevy, Dunlief, Dunlop, Levingstone and Livingstone. …

According to Dr O’Donovan descendants of this family (Cu-Uladh the son the last MacDunshleibe King of Ulidia), soon after the English invasion of Ireland, passed into Scotland, where they changed their name."

Coarb of Saint Moluag

Saint Moluag was a Scottish missionary, and a contemporary of Saint Columba, who evangelized the Picts of Scotland in the sixth century. According to the Irish Annals, in 562 Saint Moluag beat Saint Columba in a race to the large Isle of Lismore. The nineteenth-century historian William F. Skene claimed the Isle of Lismore was the sacred island of the Western Picts and the burial place of their kings whose capital was at Beregonium, across the water at Benderloch.

The Coarb, or successor, of the saint was the hereditary keeper of his pastoral staff. The Great Staff of Saint Moluag, or Bachuil Mor is thought to be the sixth-century saint's crozier or staff. The Bachuil Mor is a plain wooden staff that is about 38 inches long. There is evidence that the Bachuil Mor was at one time covered with plates of gilt copper of which some remain. On 21 December 1950 on the petition of Livingstone of Bachuil, the Lord Lyon King of Arms ruled that Livingstone was the Coarb of Saint Moluag. Livingstone's ancestor Iain McMolmore Vic Kevir appears in a charter of 1544 as "with keeping of the great staff of the blessed Moloc, as freely as the father, grandfather and great-grandfather and other predecessors of the said Iain."

Since St. Moluag was the founder and head of three schools (Lismore, Rosemarkie and Mortlach) and several subordinate monasteries, he is viewed as a "sovereign lord" by the Lord Lyon. As his successor, the Coarb is viewed as a sovereign baron and is granted a unique Cap of Maintenance of Gules doubled Vair to place in his coat of arms.

History

Despite claiming ancient heritage the clan was not formally recognised by the Lord Lyon until 2003. The first clan chief of Clan MacLea to be recognised was William Jervis Alastair Livingstone of Bachuil, in 2003. The late chief represented the clan as a member of the Standing Council of Scottish Chiefs. William Jervis Alastair Livingstone of Bachuil died in February 2008 and was succeeded by his son The Much Hon. Niall Livingstone.

Civil War and Jacobite risings

During the Scottish Civil War of the 17th century the Livingstones remained loyal to the Crown and as a result their estates suffered, firstly at the hands of the Scottish Covenanters and later at the hands of Oliver Cromwell's Parliamentarians.

During the 18th century the Clan Livingstone supported the Jacobite rising of 1715 and as a result their titles were forfeited. The MacLeas (later referred to as Livingstones) fought in the Appin Regiment at the Battle of Culloden in 1746. Donald Livingstone, Bun-a-mhuilinn, Morvern, was of the Livingstones of Achnacree, Benderloch and was 18 when he fought at Culloden saving the Appin Standard.

Clan battles

Battle of Bealach na Broige. The Battle of Bealach na Broige was fought between various north-western highland clans from the lands of Ross, against the Earl of Ross and his followers. Though the date of the battle is obscure, what is known is that the rising consisted of the "Clan-juer" (Clan Iver), "Clantalvigh" (Clan-t-aluigh, i.e. Clan Aulay), and "Clan-leajwe" (Clan-leaive, i.e. Clan Leay). The Munroes and Dingwalls pursued and overtook the rising clans at Bealach na Broige, where a bitter battle ensued, fed by old feuds and animosities. In the end, the MacIvers, MacAulays and MacLeays were almost utterly extinguished and the Munroes and Dingwalls won a hollow victory, having lost many men including their chiefs.
Achnacree. 1557. The McLeays of Achnacree were almost wiped out, losing 80 men supporting the MacDougalls of Lorn against the Clan Campbell of Inverawe in a clan battle. McLea Manuscript, Highland Papers, Vol. IV, 1296 to 1752, third Series, Scottish History Society, pp 94 to 103.
Dunaverty. 1647. Many of the clan MacLea seem to have been killed when they took the side of the Clan MacDougall against the Campbells of Inverawe, a conflict exemplified by the Dunaverty Massacre. Placed prominently at the top of the second column of a list of those massacred at Dunaverty, 1647, supporting the MacDougalls were these McLeas: Iain Mc Iain Vc ein dui alias Mc onlea, Dunsla M'ein Vc onlea and Iain M'onlea, his brother, (Highland Papers, II, p. 257).

Clan profile

Crest badge, clan badge and clan chief

Crest badge: Note: the crest badge is made up of the chief's heraldic crest and motto.
Chief's crest: A demi-man representing the figure of Saint Moluag Proper, his head ensigned of a circle of glory Or, having about his shoulders a cloak Vert, holding in his dexter hand the great Staff of Saint Moluag Proper and in his sinister hand a cross crosslet fitchée Azure, and in an Escrol over the same this Motto CNOC AINGEIL.
Chief's motto (slogan): CNOC AINGEIL (translation from Scottish Gaelic: "Hill of fire"). Note: this motto or slogan is derived from a Pictish burial mound behind the chief's house at Bachuil.
Chief's motto (alternate, not used in crest badge): NI MI E MA'S URRAIN DHOMH (translation from Scottish Gaelic: "I shall do it if I can"). Note: This motto is said to be a play on words of the unrelated Livingston's heraldic motto: Si Je Puis ("If I can").
Clan badge: The Flower of the Grass of Parnassus.
Clan chief: Niall Livingstone of Bachuil, Baron of the Bachuil, Coarb of St Moluag, Abbot of Lismore

Tartans

{| class="wikitable" width=100%
!style="background: #e3e3e3;" width=10% |Tartan image
!style="background: #e3e3e3;" width=90% |Notes
|-
| || Modern Livingstone tartan. Livingstone Sett, or Livingstone. Although the Livingstones or MacLeas are associated with the Buchanans, MacDougalls and the Stewarts of Appin, the tartan sett does not resemble that of any of these clans. The tartan most closely resembles the MacDonell of Keppoch tartan.
|-
| || Livingston Dress tartan. 'Livingstone Dress, also known as Livingston Dress.
|-
| || Livingstone or MacLay tartan. Livingstone / MacLay. This tartan is based upon the MacLaine of Lochbuie tartan which dates before 1810. The Maclaine of Lochbuie tartan dates before 1810 and was first published in 1886.
|}


Antares

Antares , designated α Scorpii (Latinised to Alpha Scorpii, abbreviated Alpha Sco, α Sco), is on average the fifteenth-brightest star in the night sky, and the brightest object in the constellation of Scorpius. Distinctly reddish when viewed with the naked eye, Antares is a slow irregular variable star that ranges in brightness from apparent magnitude +0.6 to +1.6. Often referred to as "the heart of the scorpion", Antares is flanked by σ Scorpii and τ Scorpii near the center of the constellation.

Classified as a red supergiant of spectral type M1.5Iab-Ib, Antares is a red supergiant, a large evolved massive star.  Its exact size remains uncertain, but if placed at the center of the Solar System it would reach to somewhere between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. Its mass is calculated to be around 12 times that of the Sun.

Antares is the brightest, most massive, and most evolved stellar member of the nearest OB association, the Scorpius–Centaurus Association. Antares is a member of the Upper Scorpius subgroup of the association, which contains thousands of stars with a mean age of 11 million years, about  from Earth.

Antares appears as a single star when viewed with the naked eye, but it is actually a binary star, with its two components called α Scorpii A and α Scorpii B.  The brighter of the pair is the red supergiant, while the fainter is a hot main sequence star of magnitude 5.5.

Nomenclature

α Scorpii (Latinised to Alpha Scorpii) is the star's Bayer designation. Antares has the Flamsteed designation 21 Scorpii, as well as catalogue designations such as HR 6134 in the Bright Star Catalogue and HD 148478 in the Henry Draper Catalogue. As a prominent infrared source, it appears in the Two Micron All-Sky Survey catalogue as 2MASS J16292443-2625549 and the Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS) Sky Survey Atlas catalogue as IRAS 16262-2619. It is also catalogued as a double star WDS J16294-2626 and CCDM J16294-2626.  Antares is a variable star and is listed in the General Catalogue of Variable Stars but as a Bayer-designated star it does not have a separate variable star designation.

Its traditional name Antares derives from the Ancient Greek , meaning "rival to-Ares" ("opponent to-Mars"), due to the similarity of its reddish hue to the appearance of the planet Mars. The comparison of Antares with Mars may have originated with early Mesopotamian astronomers. Some scholars have speculated that the star may have been named after Antar, or Antarah ibn Shaddad, the Arab warrior-hero celebrated in the pre-Islamic poems Mu'allaqat. In 2016, the International Astronomical Union organised a Working Group on Star Names (WGSN) to catalog and standardise proper names for stars. The WGSN's first bulletin of July 2016 included a table of the first two batches of names approved by the WGSN, which included Antares for the star α Scorpii A. It is now so entered in the IAU Catalog of Star Names.

Observation
Antares is visible all night around May 31 of each year, when the star is at opposition to the Sun. Antares then rises at dusk and sets at dawn as seen at the equator. For two to three weeks on either side of November 30 Antares is not visible in the night sky, because it is near conjunction with the Sun. In higher northern latitudes, Antares is only visible low in the south in summertime. Higher than 64º northern latitude, the star does not rise at all. On the other side in the whole of Antarctica, the star is circumpolar as the whole continent is above 64º S latitude.

History
Radial velocity variations were observed in the spectrum of Antares in the early 20th century and attempts were made to derive spectroscopic orbits.  It became apparent that the small variations could not be due to orbital motion, and were actually caused by pulsation of the star's atmosphere.  Even in 1928, it was calculated that the size of the star must vary by about 20%.

Antares was first reported to have a companion star by Johann Tobias Bürg during an occultation on April 13, 1819, although this was not widely accepted and dismissed as a possible atmospheric effect.  It was then observed by Scottish astronomer James William Grant FRSE while in India on 23 July 1844. It was rediscovered by Ormsby M. Mitchel in 1846, and measured by William Rutter Dawes in April 1847.

In 1952, Antares was reported to vary in brightness.  A photographic magnitude range from 3.00 to 3.16 was described.  The brightness has been monitored by the American Association of Variable Star Observers since 1945, and it has been classified as an LC slow irregular variable star, whose apparent magnitude slowly varies between extremes of +0.6 and +1.6, although usually near magnitude +1.0. There is no obvious periodicity, but statistical analyses have suggested periods of 1,733 days or  days. No separate long secondary period has been detected, although it has been suggested that primary periods longer than a thousand days are analogous to long secondary periods.

Research published in 2018 demonstrated that Ngarrindjeri Aboriginal people from South Australia observed the variability of Antares and incorporated it into their oral traditions as Waiyungari (meaning 'red man').

Occultations and Conjunctions

Antares is 4.57 degrees south of the ecliptic, one of four first magnitude stars within 6° of the ecliptic (the others are Spica, Regulus and Aldebaran), so it can be occulted by the Moon. On 31 July 2009, Antares was occulted by the Moon. The event was visible in much of southern Asia and the Middle East. Every year around December 2 the Sun passes 5° north of Antares. Lunar occultations of Antares are fairly common, depending on the 18.6-year cycle of the lunar nodes. The last cycle ended in 2010 and the next begins in 2023. Shown at right is a video of a reappearance event, clearly showing events for both components.

Antares can also be occulted by the planets, e.g. Venus, but these events are rare. The last occultation of Antares by Venus took place on September 17, 525 BC; the next one will be November 17, 2400. Other planets have been calculated not to have occulted Antares over the last millennium, nor will they in the next millennium, as most planets stay near the ecliptic and pass north of Antares. Venus will be extremely near Antares on October 19, 2117 and every eight years thereafter through to October 29, 2157 it will pass south of the star.

Stellar system
α Scorpii is a double star that are thought to form a binary system. The best calculated orbit for the stars is considered to be unreliable.  It describes an almost circular orbit seen nearly edge-on, with a period of 1,218 years and a semi-major axis of about .  Other recent estimates of the period have ranged from 880 years for a calculated orbit, to 2,562 years for a simple Kepler's Law estimate.

Early measurements of the pair found them to be about  apart in 1847-49, or  apart in 1848.  More modern observations consistently give separations around  - .  The variations in the separation are often interpreted as evidence of orbital motion, but are more likely to be simply observational inaccuracies with very little true relative motion between the two components.

The pair have a projected separation of about 529 astronomical units (AU) (≈ 80 billion km) at the estimated distance of Antares, giving a minimum value for the distance between them. Spectroscopic examination of the energy states in the outflow of matter from the companion star suggests that it is over  beyond the primary (more than 110 billion km).

Antares

Antares is a red supergiant star with a stellar classification of M1.5Iab-Ib, and is indicated to be a spectral standard for that class. Due to the nature of the star, the derived parallax measurements have large errors, so that the true distance of Antares is approximately  from the Sun.

The brightness of Antares at visual wavelengths is about 10,000 times that of the Sun, but because the star radiates a considerable part of its energy in the infrared part of the spectrum, the true bolometric luminosity is around 100,000 times that of the Sun. There is a large margin of error assigned to values for the bolometric luminosity, typically 30% or more. There is also considerable variation between values published by different authors, for example  and  published in 2012 and 2013.

The mass of the star has been calculated to be about , or . Comparison of the effective temperature and luminosity of Antares to theoretical evolutionary tracks for massive stars suggest a progenitor mass of  and an age of 12 million years (MYr), or an initial mass of  and an age of 11 to 15 MYr. Massive stars like Antares are expected to explode as supernovae.

Like most cool supergiants, Antares's size has much uncertainty due to the tenuous and translucent nature of the extended outer regions of the star. Defining an effective temperature is difficult due to spectral lines being generated at different depths in the atmosphere, and linear measurements produce different results depending on the wavelength observed. In addition, Antares appears to pulsate, varying its radius by  or 19%. It also varies in temperature by 150 K, lagging 70 days behind radial velocity changes which are likely to be caused by the pulsations.

The diameter of Antares can be measured most accurately using interferometry or observing lunar occultations events. An apparent diameter from occultations 41.3 ± 0.1 milliarcseconds has been published. Interferometry allows synthesis of a view of the stellar disc, which is then represented as a limb-darkened disk surrounded by an extended atmosphere. The diameter of the limb-darkened disk was measured as  in 2009 and  in 2010. The linear radius of the star can be calculated from its angular diameter and distance. However, the distance to Antares is not known with the same accuracy as modern measurements of its diameter.

The Hipparcos satellite's trigonometric parallax of  leads to a radius of about . Older radii estimates exceeding  were derived from older measurements of the diameter, but those measurements are likely to have been affected by asymmetry of the atmosphere and the narrow range of infrared wavelengths observed; Antares has an extended shell which radiates strongly at those particular wavelengths. Despite its large size compared to the Sun, Antares is dwarfed by even larger red supergiants, such as VY Canis Majoris, which is almost 30 times larger in terms of volume, or VV Cephei A and Mu Cephei.

Antares, like the similarly-sized red supergiant Betelgeuse in the constellation Orion, will almost certainly explode as a supernova, possibly in the next ten thousand years. For a few months, the Antares supernova could be as bright as the full moon and be visible in daytime.

Antares B
Antares B is a magnitude 5.5 blue-white main-sequence star of spectral type B2.5V; it also has numerous unusual spectral lines suggesting it has been polluted by matter ejected by Antares.  It is assumed to be a relatively normal early-B main sequence star with a mass around , a temperature around , and a radius of about .

Antares B is normally difficult to see in small telescopes due to glare from Antares, but can sometimes be seen in apertures over . It is often described as green, but this is probably either a contrast effect, or the result of the mixing of light from the two stars when they are seen together through a telescope and are too close to be completely resolved. Antares B can sometimes be observed with a small telescope for a few seconds during lunar occultations while Antares is hidden by the Moon.  Antares B appears a profound blue or bluish-green color, in contrast to the orange-red Antares.

Etymology and mythology

In the Babylonian star catalogues dating from at least 1100 BCE, Antares was called GABA GIR.TAB, "the Breast of the Scorpion". In MUL.APIN, which dates between 1100 and 700 BC, it is one of the stars of Ea in the southern sky and marks breast of the Scorpion goddess Ishhara. Later names that translate as "the Heart of Scorpion" include  from the Arabic . This had been directly translated from the Ancient Greek  .  translated above Greek name into Latin.

In ancient Mesopotamia, Antares may have been known by the following names: Urbat, Bilu-sha-ziri ("the Lord of the Seed"), Kak-shisa ("the Creator of Prosperity"), Dar Lugal ("The King"), Masu Sar ("the Hero and the King"), and Kakkab Bir ("the Vermilion Star"). In ancient Egypt, Antares represented the scorpion goddess Serket (and was the symbol of Isis in the pyramidal ceremonies). It was called tms n hntt "the red one of the prow".

In Persia Antares was known as Satevis, one of the four "royal stars". In India, it with σ Scorpii and τ Scorpii were Jyeshthā (the eldest or biggest, probably attributing its huge size), one of the nakshatra (Hindu lunar mansions).

The ancient Chinese called Antares 心宿二 (Xīnxiù'èr, "second star of mansion Heart"), because it was the second star of the mansion Xin (心). It was the national star of the Shang Dynasty, and it was sometimes referred to as () because of its reddish appearance.

The Māori people of New Zealand call Antares Rēhua, and regard it as the chief of all the stars. Rēhua is father of Puanga/Puaka (Rigel), an important star in the calculation of the Māori calendar. The Wotjobaluk Koori people of Victoria, Australia, knew Antares as Djuit, son of Marpean-kurrk (Arcturus); the stars on each side represented his wives. The Kulin Kooris saw Antares (Balayang) as the brother of Bunjil (Altair).

In culture

Antares appears in the flag of Brazil, which displays 27 stars, each representing a federated unit of Brazil. Antares represents the state of Piauí.


Security Printing & Minting Corporation of India Limited

The Security Printing & Minting Corporation of India Ltd. (SPMCIL) is a Mini-Ratna Central Public Sector Enterprise (CPSE). It is a wholly owned by Government of India Schedule "A" Company of the Government of India and was incorporated on 13 January 2006 with its registered office at New Delhi. The Corporation is engaged in the manufacture / production of Currency and Bank Notes, Security Paper, Non-judicial Stamp Papers, Postal Stamps & Stationery, Travel Documents viz., Passport and Visa, Security Certificates, Cheques, Bonds, Warrants, Special Certificates with Security Features, Security Inks, Circulation & Commemorative Coins, Medallions, Refining of Gold, Silver and Assay of Precious Metals, etc.

The company was formed in 2006 as the result of corporatisation of security presses and mints functioning under the Indian Ministry of Finance. It contains nine units, four mints, four presses and a paper mill.

History
The Corporation was incorporated by taking over two security presses at Nashik and Hyderabad, two currency note presses at Dewas and Nashik, four mints at Mumbai, Kolkata, Hyderabad and Noida and one security paper mill at Hoshangabad which were working under the direct administrative control of the Ministry of Finance and the Department of Economic Affairs. The Expenditure Reforms Commission in its 3rd Report dated 23 December 2000 gave a set of nine recommendations concerning mints and presses and suggested the exploration of the option of placing India Security Press, Nashik and four India Government Mints under a corporate body. The commission also recommended the government to explore the feasibility of the Department of Posts taking over the Security Printing Press at Hyderabad. The Commission further recommended for the two currency note presses at Dewas and Nashik to be transferred to the control of Bharatiya Reserve Bank Note Mundran Private Limited, setting up of a new security paper mill by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and phasing out or privatization of Security Paper Mill, Hoshangabad.

Neither the RBI nor the Department of Posts agreed to take over the security presses as per the recommendations of the Expenditure Reforms Commission. The feasibility of hiving off the security paper mill at Hoshangabad could not fructify due to operational and logistic constraints. On subsequent review of functions and performance of the Units, it was realized that the main constraints in the existing system of keeping these units as government entities were low productivity, obsolete technology, outdated financial systems and procedures, besides delay in responding technologically to the challenges of counterfeiting. All these factors, in combination, were resulting in inefficient capacity utilization and consequential higher cost of production.

Corporatisation
In view of the above, the Industrial Finance Corporation of India (IFCI) Limited was appointed as consultant to study the working of the nine units and present a feasibility report for their corporatisation. Accordingly, it was decided to form a wholly owned corporation by taking over all the nine security presses/mints/security paper mill. The Union Cabinet in its meeting held on 2 September 2005 approved the formation of a wholly owned corporation, namely, the Security Printing and Minting Corporation of India Limited (SPMCIL). The corporation was incorporated under the Companies Act on 13 January 2006. Following the corporatisation of the India Security Press and the four India Government Mints on 10 February 2006, the newly constituted SPMCIL was saddled with excess and untrained manpower and outdated machinery.

Organisation structure

SPMCIL is headed by a board of directors, presided by the chairman and managing director. The other board members include three functional directors who head the departments of technology, finance and human resource. Apart from the four functional directors, two independent directors are nominated by the Ministry of Finance and one by the Ministry of External Affairs. The board also commissions a Chief Vigilance Officer (CVO) who heads the organisation's internal vigilance department. His functional responsibilities include managing production planning, maintenance, technology, R&D, logistics, procurement and marketing. Every individual functional department is headed by a general manager who functions under the control and directions of the head office.

Finance Department
The finance department handles accounts, taxation, internal audits, costing, budgeting, capital investments corporate finance, co-ordination with auditors, systems and co-ordination, company secretariat etc.

Human Resource
The human resource department handles administration, establishment, training, personnel and industry relations.

Units
According to the information made available, SPMCIL broadly operates through four production verticals i.e. currency printing presses, security printing presses, security paper mill and India Government mints.

Currency Printing Presses
SPMCIL consists of two currency printing presses: the Currency Note Press (CNP) in Nashik and the Bank Note Press (BNP) in Dewas. The two units are engaged in production of bank notes for India as well as a few foreign countries including Iraq, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Myanmar and Bhutan. More than 40% of Currency Notes circulated in India are printed by the two units. These units are equipped with designing, engraving, complete Pre-printing and Offset facilities, Intaglio Printing machines, Numbering & Finishing machines etc.

The CNP was established in 1928 as the first printing press for bank notes in India. They are currently responsible for the printing of the new 500 rupee notes following the demonetisation of the old 500 rupee and 1000 rupee note. Currency is also printed by the two presses of Bharatiya Reserve Bank Note Mudran Private Limited, a wholly owned subsidiary of Reserve Bank of India. They are currently responsible for the printing of the new 2000 rupee notes, and speculations suggest that the printing of the 500 rupee notes will also shift to these presses for better speed and fewer errors. BNP also has an ink factory that produces ink for security printing.

Security Printing Presses
There are two Security printing presses of SPMCIL, namely the India Security Press (ISP) at Nashik  and Security Printing Press (SPP) at Hyderabad. These presses print the 100% requirement of passports and other travel documents, non-judicial stamp papers, cheques, bonds, warrants, postal stamps and postal stationery and other security products. The Security Printing Presses have the capability of incorporating security features like chemically reactive elements, various Guilloche patterns, micro lettering, designs with UV inks, bi-fluorescent inks, optical variable inks, micro perforation, adhesive/glue, embossing, die-cutting and personalization, etc.

Mints
SPMCIL comprises four units of India Government Mint located in the cities of Mumbai, Kolkata, Hyderabad and Noida. These mints produce circulation coins, commemorative coins, medallions and bullion, as required by the Government of India.

Paper mill
Security Paper Mill was established in 1968 at Hoshangabad, Madhya Pradesh. It produces papers for banknotes and non–judicial stamps and further prints with new enhanced unit.
Bank note paper mill India private limited prints paper for Indian currency and located in Mysore.


Paul Poisson (politician)

Paul Poisson   (July 25, 1887 – December 3, 1983), was the first mayor of the town of Tecumseh, Ontario, Canada in 1921.   He also served in the Ontario Legislature from 1926 to 1934. He served in the cabinet of George Stewart Henry as a Minister without Portfolio.  A veteran of both World War I and World War II, he was awarded the Military Cross for his contribution in the Coucelette Campaign in 1915.  He also served as President Medical Board M.D. No. 1 at Medical Headquarters Ottawa, as Officer Commanding Montreal Military Hospital.  Prior to politics and military service, Poisson ran a medical practice in Sandwich East, currently the Town of Tecumseh.

Early life and career
Born to Damas and Helen (Diestbourg) Poisson in Belle River, Ontario, Poisson attended elementary school prior to pursuing high school studies at Paterson in Windsor in 1900.  He joined the militia in Windsor, at the age of 17.  After graduating from Paterson, he attended the University of Western Ontario, at London, Ontario where "he graduated as M.D. with Honours" 9 June 1909, and began his medical practice on 16 October 1910.   At the age of 23, Poisson married Gertrude Connor, daughter of Michael Connor of Kitchener, Ontario, on 11 January 1911.

Political career
After only two years of medical practice, Poisson became active in municipal politics and served a two-year term as a councillor (1912–1913) in the township of Sandwich East.  He then ran as a Conservative in the June 1914 provincial election in the Essex North riding.  In this 1914 election, the 26-year-old Poisson lost by 640 votes to Liberal candidate Severin Ducharme.   Following this provincial election loss, the First World War suspended his political aspirations until 1919 when he unsuccessfully ran for a second time in the riding of Essex North. Alphonse George Tisdelle of the United Farmers of Ontario defeated Poisson by 3,848 votes on 13 October 1919.  The aspiration to sit in Queen's Park took a back seat when he was appointed as Tecumseh's first mayor in 1921, and he remained in this position until 1925.

He returned provincial politics in 1926 by winning the Essex North riding, without opposition, and served as minister without portfolio in the cabinet of Conservative Premier George S. Henry from 1931 to 1934.

Military career
After joining Canada's military unit in Windsor at the age of 17, Poisson's military career took off as a result of both the First and Second World War.  After serving four years, eight months in World War I, Poisson arrived home with the promotion from Captain to Major and decorations from King George V at Buckingham Palace in 1916.  Poisson was awarded the Military Cross for his contribution of the 1916 Courcelette Campaign where he was wounded.  Two other soldiers alongside Poisson, died from injuries resulting from the same explosion.

Despite being away from the battlefield in the Second World War, Poisson's contribution was still vital.  From 1940-1945, he served "as President Medical Board M.D. No. 1, at Medical Headquarters Ottawa, as Officer Commanding Montreal Military Hospital."  After 41 years of military service, he resigned from every rank from private to colonel in 1945.

Final Years and Achievements
Despite the appointment as Registrar of Deeds for Essex County – to which retired from in 1959 – Poisson dedicated his post political and military years to “leadership in various religious, educational and bilingual groups.”  "He received one of the highest honours that can be bestowed upon a layman by the Catholic Church" when Bishop Cody endowed Poisson “with the Order of St. Gregory (K.S.G.).”  His contribution to his faith also included the founding of the Canadian Catholic Club, and serving as a member of the Roman Catholic society of Knights of Columbus.  Other club memberships include the Beach Grove Country Club and Richelieu, to which he was once President.

Poisson and Gertrude Connor (Poisson) raised eight children, and enjoyed the company of 36 grandchildren and ten great grandchildren. Poisson's wife of 60 years, Gertrude Connor, died March 1971.

Poisson died in October 1982.


Oyster Creek (New Jersey)

Oyster Creek is a  tributary of Barnegat Bay in southeastern New Jersey in the United States.

The creek is located approximately  south of Forked River in southern Ocean County.

The Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station is located on an  site at Forked River. It opened in 1969 and was closed down on September 17, 2018.


Moonlight in Hawaii

Moonlight in Hawaii is a 1941 American musical film comedy starring Jane Frazee.

Maria Montez has a small role, with her hair dyed blonde.

Plot
Deciding to quit his singing act and become a tourist guide, Pete Fleming escorts wealthy Mrs. Floto and her three nieces to Hawaii for a vacation. Behind his back, Pete's three bandmates stowaway and tag along.

At a resort, bandleader Clipper Conovan can't hire the musicians, but hotel guest Toby Spencer, taking a shine to Pete, introduces him to her father Walter, who runs a pineapple plantation. Walter is involved in a business dispute with his partner, Lawton, and both men vie for Mrs. Floto's attentions as well.

Toby falls for Pete, who discovers she can sing and wants her to be a part of the band's new act. But one of Mrs. Floto's nieces also wants to sing, and exotic entertainer Ilani catches everyone's eye, too. Toby and Pete ultimately form a partnership, professionally and romantically, while Mrs. Floto, unable to decide between the two pineapple growers, surprises both by deciding to marry Clipper the bandleader.

Cast
Johnny Downs ...  Pete
Jane Frazee ...  Toby
Leon Errol ...  Spencer
Mischa Auer ...  Clipper
Charles Coleman ...  Butler
Sunnie O'Dea ...  Gloria
Marjorie Gateson ...  Aunt Effie Floto
Richard Carle ...  Lawton
Maria Montez ...  Ilani
Janet Warren ...  Doris (as Elaine Morey)
Judd McMichael ...  Ollie Barrett
Ted McMichael...  Red Simpson
Joe McMichael ...  Beans Smith
Mary Lou Cook ...  Mary Lou


Jean-Pascal Fontaine

Jean-Pascal Fontaine (born 11 September 1989) is a French professional midfielder who plays for Ligue 2 side Le Havre AC.

Career
Fontaine was born in Saint-Louis, Réunion. In July 2002 he joined Le Havre AC from JS Saint-Pierroise. He played his first games for Le Havre against Nantes on 20 August 2007.

Honours
Le Havre
 Ligue 2: 2008

External links
 Le Havre Profile


Unwound (Tim Berne album)

Unwound is a live 3-CD set by saxophonist Tim Berne's Bloodcount which was recorded in 1996 and released on Berne's Screwgun label. The album was the label's first release following the demise of Berne's previous label JMT Records.

Reception

The AllMusic review by Joslyn Lane said "This is a great box set, recommended for all big fans of Bloodcount. The uninitiated should start with a smaller dose, such as Saturation Point or Discretion, since Bloodcount's music requires long attention spans (the tracks are over 20 minutes, on average) to reap the musical rewards". Writing for All About Jazz, Glenn Astarita stated "This is not easy listening for the faint at heart (although, it is less avante than one might assume). Bloodcount Unwound is a series of startling "live" performances by this tight and extremely adventurous unit. No place to hide here. It's difficult music to perform with plenty of surprises for almost everyone". JazzTimes correspondent Bill Shoemaker called it "a hard-core album, cubed".

Track listing
All compositions by Tim Berne

Disc One: We're Only In It for the Food
 "Bro'ball" - 16:28
 "No Ma'am" - 21:33
 "Yes Dear" - 24:43

Disc Two: An Average Daze
 "Loose Ends" - 13:05
 "Bloodcount" - 22:15
 "Mr. Johnsons Blues" - 28:08

Disc Three: The Fan
 "The Other" - 28:31
 "What Are the Odds" - 41:19

Personnel
Tim Berne - alto saxophone, baritone saxophone
Chris Speed - tenor saxophone, clarinet
Michael Formanek - contrabass
Jim Black - drums


1987 College Football All-America Team

The 1987 College Football All-America team is composed of college football players who were selected as All-Americans by various organizations and writers that chose College Football All-America Teams in 1987. The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) recognizes five selectors as "official" for the 1987 season. They are: (1) the American Football Coaches Association (AFCA); (2) the Associated Press (AP) selected based on the votes of sports writers at AP newspapers; (3) the Football Writers Association of America (FWAA); (4) the United Press International (UPI) selected based on the votes of sports writers at UPI newspapers; and (5) the Walter Camp Football Foundation (WC).  Other notable selectors included Football News the Newspaper Enterprise Association (NEA), Scripps Howard (SH), and The Sporting News (TSN).

Consensus All-Americans
The following charts identify the NCAA-recognized consensus All-Americans for the year 1987 and displays which first-team designations they received.

Offense

Defense

Special teams

Full selections - offense

Quarterbacks

 Don McPherson, Syracuse (CFHOF) (AFCA, AP-1, FWAA, UPI-1, WC, NEA-1, SH, TSN)
 Troy Aikman, UCLA (CFHOF) (AP-2, UPI-2, NEA-2)
 Steve Taylor, Nebraska (AP-3, FN)

Running backs

 Lorenzo White, Michigan State (AFCA, AP-2, FWAA, UPI-1, WC, FN, NEA-1, SH)
 Craig Heyward, Pittsburgh (AP-1, FWAA, UPI-1, SH, TSN)
 Gaston Green, UCLA (AFCA, UPI-2, WC, FN, NEA-1)
 Bobby Humphrey, Alabama (AP-3, WC, NEA-2, TSN)
 Thurman Thomas, Oklahoma State (CFHOF) (AP-1, UPI-2)
 Lydell Carr, Oklahoma (NEA-1 [FB])
 Eric Metcalf, Texas (AP-2)
 Jamie Morris, Michigan (NEA-2)
 Mel Bratton, Miami (FL) (NEA-2 [FB])
 Blair Thomas, Penn State (AP-3)

Wide receivers

 Tim Brown, Notre Dame (CFHOF) (AFCA, AP-1 [return specialist], FWAA [KR/WR], UPI-1, WC, FN, NEA-1, SH, TSN)
 Wendell Davis, LSU (AFCA, AP-2, FWAA, UPI-1, FN, SH, TSN)
 Sterling Sharpe, South Carolina (CFHOF) (AP-3, FWAA, UPI-2, TSN)
 Ernie Jones, Indiana (AP-1)
 Marc Zeno, Tulane (AP-1, UPI-2)
 Guy Liggins, San Jose State (AP-2)
 Michael Irvin, Miami (FL) (NEA-2)
 Terance Mathis, New Mexico (AP-3)

Tight ends

 Keith Jackson, Oklahoma (CFHOF) (AP-1, FWAA, UPI-1, WC, FN, NEA-2, SH)
 Pat Carter, Florida State (AP-2, UPI-2, NEA-1, TSN)
 Ferrell Edmunds, Maryland (AP-3)

Centers

 Nacho Albergamo, LSU (AFCA, AP-1, FWAA, UPI-1, WC, SH, TSN)
 Chuck Lanza, Notre Dame (AP-2, UPI-2, FN, NEA-1)
 Jake Young, Nebraska (NEA-2)
 Matt Wilson, Texas A&M (AP-3)

Offensive guards

 Mark Hutson, Oklahoma  (AFCA, AP-1, FWAA, UPI-1, WC, FN, NEA-1, SH)
 Randall McDaniel, Arizona State (CFHOF) (AFCA, AP-2, FWAA, UPI-1, WC, SH)
 John Phillips, Clemson (AP-2, NEA-1)
 Steve Wisniewski, Penn State (TSN)
 Harry Galbreath, Tennessee (AP-3, UPI-2, NEA-2, TSN)
 Larry Rose, Alabama (NEA-2)
 Eric Andolsek, LSU (AP-3)

Offensive tackles

 Dave Cadigan, USC  (AP-1, FWAA, UPI-1, WC, NEA-1, SH, TSN)
 Jumbo Elliot, Michigan (AFCA, FWAA, UPI-1, WC)
 John McCormick, Nebraska (AFCA, AP-1 [OG], UPI-2 [OG], FN)
 Paul Gruber, Wisconsin (UPI-2, NEA-1, TSN)
 Stacy Searels, Auburn (AP-1, FN)
 Dave Richards, UCLA (SH)
 Greg Johnson, Oklahoma (AP-2, UPI-2, NEA-2)
 Tony Mandarich, Michigan State (AP-2, FN)
 Louis Cheek, Texas A&M (AP-3)
 Pat Tomberlin, Florida State (AP-3, NEA-2)

Full selections - defense

Defensive linemen

 Chad Hennings, Air Force (CFHOF) (AFCA, AP-1 [DT], FWAA, UPI-1, WC, FN, NEA-1 [DT], SH, TSN)
 Daniel Stubbs, Miami (AFCA, AP-1 [DT], FWAA, UPI-1, WC, FN, NEA-1 [DE], SH, TSN)
 Tracy Rocker, Auburn (CFHOF) (AP-3 [DT], FWAA, UPI-1, WC, FN, SH)
 Ted Gregory, Syracuse (UPI-1, FWAA, FN, NEA-1 [NG], TSN)
 Neil Smith, Nebraska (AP-2 [DT], NEA-1 [DT], TSN)
 Tony Cherico, Arkansas (AFCA, UPI-2, SH)
 Broderick Thomas, Nebraska (AP-2, UPI-2, WC, NEA-1 [DE])
 Michael Dean Perry, Clemson (FWAA, UPI-2, NEA-2 [DT])
 Darrell Reed, Oklahoma (AP-1 [DE], UPI-2, FN, NEA-2 [DE])
 Mark Messner, Michigan (AP-2 [DT], TSN)
 Roy Hart, South Carolina (AP-2 [NG])
 Burt Grossman, Pittsburgh (NEA-2 [DE])
 Carlton Bailey, North Carolina (NEA-2 [NG])
 Kyle Rappold, Colorado (AP-3 [NG])

Linebackers

 Chris Spielman, Ohio State (CFHOF) (AFCA, AP-1, FWAA, UPI-1, WC, FN, NEA-1, SH, TSN)
 Aundray Bruce, Auburn (AFCA [DL], UPI-1, WC, NEA-2, SH, TSN)
 Dante Jones, Oklahoma (AFCA, AP-1, UPI-2, SH)
 John Roper, Texas A&M (AP-1 [DE], FWAA, UPI-2)
 Ken Norton Jr. UCLA (AP-3, UPI-1, WC, FN, TSN)
 Paul McGowan, Florida State (AP-1, FN, NEA-1)
 Kurt Crain, Auburn (AP-1)
 Marcus Cotton, USC (NEA-1)
 Chris Gaines, Vanderbilt  (AFCA, AP-2)
 Clifford Charlton, Florida (TSN)
 Ezekial Gadson, Pittsburgh (FWAA)
 Carnell Lake, UCLA (AP-2)
 Ned Bolcar, Notre Dame (AP-2, NEA-2)
 Van Waiters, Indiana (AP-3, UPI-2)
 Bill Romanowski, Boston College (AP-2)
 Jethro Franklin, Fresno State (AP-3)
 John Brantley, Georgia (NEA-2)
 Pete Curkendall, Penn State (AP-3 [DT])
 George Mira Jr., Miami (FL) (AP-3)
 Galand Thaxton, Wyoming (AP-3)

Defensive backs

 Bennie Blades, Miami (CFHOF) (AFCA, AP-1, FWAA, UPI-1, WC, FN, NEA-1, SH, TSN)
 Deion Sanders, Florida State (CFHOF) (AFCA, AP-1, FWAA, UPI-1, WC, FN, NEA-1, SH, TSN)
 Rickey Dixon, Oklahoma (AP-1, FWAA, UPI-1, SH)
 Chuck Cecil, Arizona (AFCA, AP-2, UPI-1, WC, FN)
 Donnell Woolford, Clemson (AFCA)
 Todd Krumm, Michigan State (UPI-2, SH)
 Jarvis Williams, Florida (WC)
 Gordon Lockbaum, Holy Cross (NEA-1)
 Louis Oliver, Florida (AP-3, UPI-2, TSN)
 Mickey Pruitt, Colorado (AP-2, TSN)
 Brad Edwards, South Carolina (AP-3, UPI-2)
 David Vickers, Oklahoma (AP-2)
 Riccardo Ingram, Georgia Tech (UPI-2, NEA-2)
 Terry McDaniel, Tennessee (NEA-2)
 Gary Richard, Pittsburgh (NEA-2)
 Kip Corrington, Texas A&M (AP-3)

Full selections - special teams

Placekickers

 David Treadwell, Clemson (AFCA, AP-1, UPI-1, WC, FN, NEA-1, SH, TSN)
 Marty Zendejas, Nevada-Reno (FWAA)
 Gary Gussman, Miami (OH) (AP-2)
 Derek Schmidt, Florida State (AP-3, UPI-2, NEA-2)

Punters

 Tom Tupa, Ohio State  (AFCA, AP-1, FWAA, UPI-1, WC, NEA-1, SH)
 Scott Tabor, California (AP-3, NEA-2, TSN)
 Barry Helton, Colorado (AP-2)
 Greg Montgomery, Michigan State (UPI-2, FN)

Returners
 Tim Brown, Notre Dame <small>(CFHOF) (AP-1, FWAA [KR/WR])
 Barry Sanders, Oklahoma State (AP-2, TSN)
 Alan Grant, Stanford (AP-3)

Key

 Bold – Consensus All-American
 -1 – First-team selection
 -2 – Second-team selection
 -3 – Third-team selection
 CFHOF = College Football Hall of Fame inductee

Official selectors

 AFCA – American Football Coaches Association (AFCA), selected by the members of the AFCA for the Kodak All-America team
 AP – Associated Press
 FWAA – Football Writers Association of America
 UPI – United Press International
 WC – Walter Camp Football Foundation, selected by the nation's college coaches and sports information directors

Other selectors

 FN – Football News
 NEA – Newspaper Enterprise Association, the NEA/World Almanac team, "chosen by a sports panel representing the World Almanac, its 140 co-sponsoring newspapers and its publisher"
 TSN – The Sporting News
 SH – Scripps Howard


Quinton Jefferson

Quinton Jefferson (born March 31, 1993) is an American football defensive end for the Seattle Seahawks of the National Football League (NFL). He was drafted by the Seahawks in the fifth round of the 2016 NFL Draft. He played college football at Maryland.

Early years
Quinton Jefferson was born to Larry and Bahiyyah Jefferson in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Jefferson attended Woodland Hills High School in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, where he played both football and basketball.

College career
Jefferson verbally committed to the Maryland on January 24, 2011 and signed on February 2. Jefferson played all four years with the Terrapins, playing in 37 games over that span.

Professional career

Seattle Seahawks
Jefferson was drafted in the fifth round of the 2016 NFL Draft with the 147th overall selection by the Seattle Seahawks after the team swapped seventh round pickss with the New England Patriots while giving them a fourth round pick in the 2017 NFL Draft in order to move up to #147 in order to select Jefferson. On May 6, 2016, the Seahawks announced that they had signed Jefferson to his rookie contract. He was placed on injured reserve on October 25, 2016, after suffering a knee injury.

On September 2, 2017, Jefferson was waived by the Seahawks.

Los Angeles Rams
On September 3, 2017, Jefferson was claimed off waivers by the Los Angeles Rams. He was waived on September 12, 2017 and was re-signed to the practice squad.

Seattle Seahawks (second stint)
On October 2, 2017, Jefferson was signed by the Seahawks off the Rams' practice squad. In Week 14 of the 2017 season, Jefferson was ejected for being involved in a scuffle with some players on the Jacksonville Jaguars. As he was leaving the field, some Jacksonville fans threw drinks at him. Jefferson attempted to climb into the stands in an effort to attack the fans, but was restrained by a team official.

In Week 1 of the 2019 season against the Cincinnati Bengals, Jefferson recorded six tackles and sacked Andy Dalton twice in the 21-20 win.

Statistics
Source: NFL.com

Personal life
Jefferson graduated in December 2015 from the University of Maryland with a degree in family science.

Jefferson is married to Nadia Jefferson  and has three daughters, the youngest are twins.


Falsilunatia notorcadensis

Falsilunatia notorcadensis is a species of predatory sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Naticidae, the moon snails.

Distribution

Description
The maximum recorded shell length is 29 mm.

Habitat
Minimum recorded depth is 302 m. Maximum recorded depth is 604 m.


Petrunino, Volgograd Oblast

Petrunino () is a rural locality (a selo) in Kamyshinsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 942 as of 2010. There are 15 streets.


Benito Juárez Municipality, Sonora

Benito Juárez is one of the 72 municipalities (municipios) of the Mexican state of Sonora. It borders with the municipio of Cajeme. The municipal seat is Villa Juárez.

History
The region was settled in the 1940s after the construction of the Angostura Dam and 151 members of the government division of irrigation were given land in the Mayo Valley in place of what would have been compensation with cash.

In 1943 the ex-employees settled in a place they later appropriately named "Colonia Irrigación" ("Irrigation Colony") and later it became dependent on the town (comisaría) Bacobampo until it itself became a town in 1947. In 1957 "Colonia Irrigación" was renamed as Villa Juárez (after president Benito Juárez). Another settlement in the region was called "Sube y Baja" ("up and down") populated by indigenous inhabitants.

In 1996 the region incorporated into a municipio with the name of Benito Juárez. Before this time the town was part of the municipio of Etchojoa.

Government
The presidents of the municipio have been:
Ernesto Cornejo Valenzuela (2003–2006)
María Cristina Carvajal Pak (2000–2003)
Ramón Marquez Vera (1997–2000)
Luis Herrera Portillo (1994–1997)

External links
 *Benito Juárez, Ayuntamiento Digital (Official Website of Benito Juárez, Sonora)


Hicksville, Ohio

Hicksville is a village in Defiance County, Ohio, United States. The population was 3,581 at the 2010 census.

History
Led by Henry W. Hicks, the Hicks Land Company platted the community in 1835 and 1836. A post office has been in operation at Hicksville since 1838. Hicksville was incorporated as a village in 1871. Hicksville made its debut in American literature in 1885 when Mark Twain mentioned the town in chapter 33 of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.  Tom Sawyer claims to be a stranger from Hicksville, Ohio.

Geography
Hicksville is located at  (41.294281, -84.762078).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of , all land.

Demographics

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 3,581 people, 1,432 households, and 946 families living in the village. The population density was . There were 1,571 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the village was 94.9% White, 0.3% African American, 0.3% Native American, 0.4% Asian, 2.1% from other races, and 2.0% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5.1% of the population.

There were 1,432 households of which 34.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.7% were married couples living together, 14.6% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.7% had a male householder with no wife present, and 33.9% were non-families. 29.8% of all households were made up of individuals and 12.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.47 and the average family size was 3.01.

The median age in the village was 36.9 years. 26% of residents were under the age of 18; 9.2% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 24.6% were from 25 to 44; 24% were from 45 to 64; and 16% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 48.1% male and 51.9% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 3,649 people, 1,476 households, and 957 families living in the village. The population density was 1,450.4 people per square mile (559.1/km²). There were 1,567 housing units at an average density of 622.8 per square mile (240.1/km²). The racial makeup of the village was 96.88% White, 0.14% African American, 0.33% Native American, 0.08% Asian, 1.34% from other races, and 1.23% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.32% of the population.

There were 1,476 households out of which 32.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.9% were married couples living together, 10.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.1% were non-families. 29.9% of all households were made up of individuals and 13.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.43 and the average family size was 3.03.

In the village, the population was spread out with 27.3% under the age of 18, 8.7% from 18 to 24, 28.3% from 25 to 44, 19.8% from 45 to 64, and 15.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females there were 88.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.2 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $39,459, and the median income for a family was $43,571. Males had a median income of $32,066 versus $22,413 for females. The per capita income for the village was $1,385. About 2.1% of families and 3.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2.7% of those under age 18 and 1.9% of those age 65 or over.

Education
The Hicksville Exempted Village School district operates one pre-K–12 school in the village. Hicksville has a public library, a branch of the Defiance Public Library System.

Notable people
 Daeida Wilcox Beveridge, with her husband, developed the Los Angeles suburb of Hollywood
 Amelia Bingham, Broadway actress
 James Purdy, novelist
 Dain Clay, baseball player
 Don Batchelor, football player


Blepephaeus borneensis

Blepephaeus borneensis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1944. It is known from Borneo.