Psalm 58

Psalm 58 is the 58th psalm of the Book of Psalms, generally known in English by its first verse, in the King James Version, "Do ye indeed speak righteousness, O congregation?". In the Greek Septuagint version of the bible, and in its Latin translation Vulgate, this psalm is Psalm 57 in a slightly different numbering system. In Latin, it is known as "In finem ne disperdas David".

It is one of six psalms labeled a michtam, which may mean an "engraving", "sculpture", "golden", or "secret". It is also classified as one of the Imprecatory Psalms. Psalm 58 is a companion piece to Psalm 57, which also describes David's difficult relationship with Saul.

The psalm is a regular part of Jewish, Catholic, Anglican and Protestant liturgies.

Themes
The Midrash Tehillim connects the words Al taschet (, do not destroy) in the Hebrew verse 1 to the episode when David took Abishai into Saul's camp and had the opportunity to kill Saul as he slept. David said, "Al tashhitahu (, do not destroy him" (), which echoes these words, setting Saul's animosity toward David as the theme of this psalm. The psalm also alludes to Abner, the chief of Saul's army, who would not admit to David's righteousness when David refrained from killing Saul in the cave. Henry suggests that David composed Psalm 58 after Saul used the force of law to brand David as a traitor to the crown.

David exhorts at length against either wicked people or wicked judges, the latter possibly referring to those who sided with Saul. David uses highly descriptive language comparing the wicked to snakes, serpents, cobras, and lions, and prays to God to "smash their teeth in their mouth, shatter the molars of young lions…His arrows, may they be as if crumbled to pieces".

Quoting Jerome, George Haydock avers that the depiction of the wicked judges refers "to the proceedings of the Jews against Christ", and adds that the psalm decries "hypocrites" and "detractors".

Text

Hebrew Bible version
Following is the Hebrew text of Psalm 58:

King James Version
To the chief Musician, Altaschith, Michtam of David.
 Do ye indeed speak righteousness, O congregation? do ye judge uprightly, O ye sons of men?
 Yea, in heart ye work wickedness; ye weigh the violence of your hands in the earth.
 The wicked are estranged from the womb: they go astray as soon as they be born, speaking lies.
 Their poison is like the poison of a serpent: they are like the deaf adder that stoppeth her ear;
 Which will not hearken to the voice of charmers, charming never so wisely.
 Break their teeth, O God, in their mouth: break out the great teeth of the young lions, O LORD.
 Let them melt away as waters which run continually: when he bendeth his bow to shoot his arrows, let them be as cut in pieces.
 As a snail which melteth, let every one of them pass away: like the untimely birth of a woman, that they may not see the sun.
 Before your pots can feel the thorns, he shall take them away as with a whirlwind, both living, and in his wrath.
 The righteous shall rejoice when he seeth the vengeance: he shall wash his feet in the blood of the wicked.
 So that a man shall say, Verily there is a reward for the righteous: verily he is a God that judgeth in the earth.

Uses

Judaism
Verse 9 in the Hebrew is said by the snail in Perek Shirah.

The entire chapter is recited as protection from an aggressive dog.

Catholic Church
From the early Middle Ages monasteries used this psalm at the Matins office on Tuesday, according to the Rule of St. Benedict of Nursia which was established around 530.

In the revision of the Liturgy of the Hours following the Second Vatican Council, this psalm was deemed unsuitable for continued use in the Office, and is therefore omitted from the 1971 Liturgy of the Hours.


Onamo, 'namo!

"Onamo, 'namo!" (Serbian Cyrillic: Онамо, 'намо!; ) also known as the Serbian Marseillaise (Српска марсељеза) was a popular anthem in Montenegro in the late 19th to early 20th century. The royal state anthem of Montenegro at the time was To Our Beautiful Montenegro, while the education anthem was the Hymn to Saint Sava.

The music was composed by Davorin Jenko or Franjo Vimer, partly drawing upon a song of Garibaldi's fighters, Si scopron le tombe, Si levano i morti, with words written by prince Nicholas I of Montenegro. Having words that were considered too inflammatory, evoking provocation of the Ottoman Empire, it could not be used as the official state anthem.

In 1992 the government of Montenegro considered using it as the official anthem, but decided against it. In 2003 it was nominated to be the official anthem of Serbia and Montenegro. There are some who believe that it should become the anthem of Montenegro in the future.

A variation of the song was created by the Bosnian Serbs in the beginning of the 20th century known as "Here, o'er Here!" (Ovamo, 'vamo!; Овамо, 'вамо!) dedicated to calling Montenegro and Serbia to free Bosnia and Herzegovina from Ottoman and Habsburg dominance.

Onamo, 'namo! is the anthem of the People's Party of Montenegro.

Lyrics

Footnotes
 * This verse is used as a refrain after every verse when performed.
 † These verses are considered antiquated and are often left out  in contemporary renditions of the song.

Sources
 Serb Land of Montenegro: There, Over There! (initial translation by Aleksandar Rakovic; correction of first translation and the final English version by an anonymous American of Serbian origin)


Chester County, Pennsylvania

Chester County (Pennsylvania German: Tscheschter Kaundi), colloquially known as Chesco, is a county in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. As of the 2010 census, the population was 498,886, increasing by 4.1% to a census-estimated 522,046 residents . The county seat is West Chester. Chester County was one of the three original Pennsylvania counties created by William Penn in 1682. It was named for Chester, England.

Chester County is part of the Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD Metropolitan Statistical Area. Eastern Chester County is home to many communities that comprise part of the Main Line western suburbs outside of Philadelphia, while part of its southernmost portion is considered suburban Wilmington, along with southwest Delaware County.

History

Philadelphia, Bucks, and Chester were the three Pennsylvania counties initially created by William Penn on August 24, 1682. At that time, Chester County's borders were Philadelphia County to the north, the ill-defined western edge of the colony (approximately the Susquehanna River) to the west, the Delaware River to the east, and Delaware and Maryland to the south. Chester County replaced the Pennsylvania portion of New Netherland/New York’s "Upland", which was officially eliminated when Pennsylvania was chartered on March 4, 1681, but did not cease to exist until June of that year. Much of the Welsh Tract was in eastern Chester County, and Welsh place names, given by early settlers, continue to predominate there.

The fourth county in the state, Lancaster County, was formed from Chester County on May 10, 1729.  On March 11, 1752, Berks County was formed from the northern section of Chester County, as well as parts of Lancaster and Philadelphia counties.

The original Chester County seat was the City of Chester, a center of naval shipbuilding, at the eastern edge of the county. In an effort to accommodate the increased population of the western part of the county, the county seat was moved to a more central location in 1788; in order to mollify the eastern portion of the county, the village, known as Turk's Head, was renamed West Chester. In response to the new location of the county seat, the eastern portion of the county separated and formed the new Delaware County in 1789 with the City of Chester as its county seat.

Much of the history of Chester County arises from its location between Philadelphia and the Susquehanna River.  The first road to "the West" (meaning Lancaster County) passed through the central part of Chester County, following the Great Valley westward; with some re-alignments, it became the Lincoln Highway and later U.S. Route 30. This road is still named Lancaster Avenue in most of the Chester County towns it runs through.  The first railroad (which became the Pennsylvania Railroad) followed much the same route, and the Reading Railroad progressed up the Schuylkill River to Reading.  Industry tended to concentrate along the rail lines. Easy transportation allowed workers to commute to urban jobs, and the rise of the suburbs followed. To this day, the developed areas form "fingers" extending along major lines of transportation.

During the American Revolutionary War, the Battle of Brandywine was fought at what is now the southeastern fringe of the county.  The Valley Forge encampment was at the northeastern edge.

Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which  is land and  (1.1%) is water. The topography consists of rolling hills and valleys and it is part of the region known as the Piedmont.

Watersheds that serve Chester County include the Octoraro, the Brandywine, and Chester creeks, and the Schuylkill River. Many of the soils are fertile, rich loam as much as twenty-four inches thick; together with the temperate climate, this was long a major agricultural area. Because of its proximity to Philadelphia, Chester County has seen large waves of development over the past half-century due to suburbanization. Although development in Chester County has increased, agriculture is still a major part of the county's economy, and the number of horse farms is increasing in the county. Mushroom growing is a specialty in the southern portion of the county.

Elevations (in feet):
High point—1020 Welsh Mt., Honeybrook Twp. Other high points—960 Thomas Hill, Warwick Twp; 960 Barren Hill, West Caln Twp. Low point—66 Schuylkill River, Chester-Montgomery county line. Cities and boroughs: Coatesville 314; Downingtown 255; Kennett Square 300; Oxford 535; Parkesburg 542; Phoenixville 127; Spring City 114; West Chester 459.

Adjacent counties
Berks County (north)
Montgomery County (northeast)
Delaware County (east)
New Castle County, Delaware (southeast)
Cecil County, Maryland (south)
Lancaster County (west)

National protected area
Valley Forge National Historical Park (part)

State protected areas
French Creek State Park
Marsh Creek State Park
White Clay Creek Preserve

Major highways

Economy and environment
Lanchester Landfill, located on the border of Chester and Lancaster Counties, captures methane which is sold for renewable natural gas credits, and piped to seven local businesses. This reduces the county's methane emissions, and provides an alternative to fracking for shale gas.

Demographics

As of the 2010 census, the county was 82.1% White Non-Hispanic, 6.1% Black or African American, 0.2% Native American or Alaskan Native, 3.9% Asian, 0.0% Native Hawaiian, 1.8% were two or more races, and 2.4% were some other race. 6.5% of the population were Hispanic or Latino.

As of the census of 2000, there were 433,501 people, 157,905 households, and 113,375 families residing in the county. The population density was 573 people per square mile (221/km²). There were 163,773 housing units at an average density of 217 per square mile (84/km²). The racial makeup of the county was 89.21% White, 6.24% Black or African American, 0.15% Native American, 1.95% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 1.35% from other races, and 1.06% from two or more races. 3.72% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 18.0% were of Irish, 17.3% German, 13.1% Italian, 10.1% English and 5.6% American ancestry. 91.4% spoke English and 3.7% Spanish as their first language.

There were 157,905 households out of which 35.10% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.50% were married couples living together, 8.10% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.20% were non-families. 22.60% of all households were made up of individuals and 7.60% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.65 and the average family size was 3.15.

In the county, the population was spread out with 26.20% under the age of 18, 7.90% from 18 to 24, 30.40% from 25 to 44, 23.80% from 45 to 64, and 11.70% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females there were 96.40 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.10 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $65,295, and the median income for a family was $76,916 (these figures had risen to $80,818 and $97,894 respectively as of a 2007 estimate). Males had a median income of $51,223 versus $34,854 for females. The per capita income for the county was $31,627. About 3.10% of families and 5.20% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.10% of those under age 18 and 5.50% of those age 65 or over.

The region was originally occupied by the Lenni Lenape people, who greeted European settlers in the seventeenth century with amity and kindness. British settlers were mostly English, Scotch-Irish and Welsh in ethnicity. From the late 19th to early 20th century, the industrial areas of the region, such as Coatesville, attracted immigrants and job seekers from Germany and Ireland, Eastern Europe, Italy, and the American rural South, with both black and white migrants coming north. Later Hispanic immigrants have included Puerto Ricans and, most  recently, Mexicans.

Long a primarily rural area, Chester County is now the fastest-growing county in the Delaware Valley; it is one of the fastest growing in the entire Northeastern section of the United States.

Religion

In keeping with its colonial history, Chester County is home to a number of historic Quaker buildings, including Birmingham, Birmingham Orthodox, Bradford, Caln, Old Kennett, Parkersville, Westtown, and Uwchlan meeting houses. Other historic religious buildings include St. Malachi Church, southeastern Pennsylvania's oldest active Catholic mission church, and the Episcopal St. Mary's, St. Paul's, and St. Peter's churches, and Washington Memorial Chapel. Also located in the county are the First Presbyterian Church of West Chester, Coventryville United Methodist Church, which is part of the Coventryville Historic District, and Beth Israel Congregation of Chester County, a Conservative synagogue in Coatesville, a site of Eastern European immigration in the 20th century.

Politics
Election results

, there are 354,316 registered voters in Chester County.

 Republican: 155,439 (43.87%)
 Democratic: 136,893 (38.64%)
 Other Political parties and no affiliation: 61,984 (17.49%)

Chester County has historically been reliably Republican at the county level; traditionally, it was the most conservative county near Philadelphia in Pennsylvania. In recent elections, however, it has been trending Democratic, though not as overwhelmingly as the rest of the Philadelphia suburbs. In 2000 Al Gore lost it by almost 10 percent but in 2004 George W. Bush defeated John Kerry by a much smaller margin of only 4.5 percent. Bob Casey, Jr. carried it by 10% when he unseated incumbent Republican US Senator Rick Santorum in 2006. In 2008, Chester County sided with the rest of Pennsylvania and voted for Barack Obama by a much larger margin of 9%, making him the first Democrat to carry it in a Presidential election since 1964. But, in 2009, with a smaller turnout, Republican candidates swept all county-row offices, winning with an average margin of 20%. In 2012 the county voted for Republican candidate Mitt Romney, by a very small margin of about 500 votes.

In 2016, despite Pennsylvania voting for a Republican presidential candidate for the first time since 1988, Chester County voted more Democratic than in 2012, with Hillary Clinton leading Donald Trump by over 25,000 votes or 9.4 percentage points; a 4.8 percentage point swing from 2012. The only two statewide winners in 2016 to carry Chester County were U.S. Senator Pat Toomey (R) and Pennsylvania State Treasurer Joe Torsella (D). Republican candidates John Brown and John Rafferty carried Chester County, though both lost their races for Auditor General and Attorney General, respectively (Rafferty, a State Senator whose district includes northern Chester County, carried the county by a slim margin of 50 votes)

Democrats have made gains in Chester County state legislative seats in recent elections. Democrat Andy Dinniman picked up the 19th Senate District in May 2006 in the special election to replace the late Robert Thompson. Democrat Barbara McIlvaine Smith picked up the open 156th House district in November 2006, winning by 28 votes and tipping the State-House majority to the Democrats. This was the first time that a Democrat had served part of Chester County as State Representative since Jim Gerlach (who represented much of Chester County for 12 years in Congress) unseated Sam Morris in 1990. In 2008, two more open House seats in the county went Democratic—to Tom Houghton in the 13th and Paul Drucker in the 157th. In 2010, however, Chester County swung back to the GOP, with Republicans Dan Truitt (who defeated McIlvaine Smith), Warren Kampf (who defeated Drucker), and John Lawrence (who defeated Houghton) all elected to the State House.

On November 8, 2017, Democrats made historic inroads in Chester County by winning their first County Row Office seats since 1799, picking up 4 row office seats. On November 5, 2019, Democrats swept countywide row office seat elections and took a majority on the Board of Commissioners, for a first time in county history.

Government

Commissioners
Chester County is administered by a three-person Board of Commissioners, who serve four-year terms. Elections occur in the odd-numbered years that precede U.S. Presidential elections, with the next election falling in 2023.  The Commissioners have selective policy-making authority to provide certain local services and facilities on a county-wide basis.  Accordingly, the commissioners are responsible for the management of the fiscal and administrative functions of the county.

As of the November 2019 election:

County Row Officers
As of the November 2019 election:

United States House of Representatives

United States Senate

State House of Representatives

As of the November 2018 election.

State Senate

As of the November 2018 election.

Education

Colleges and universities

Cheyney University of Pennsylvania (partially in Delaware County)
Delaware County Community College (locations in Exton, Downingtown, Phoenixville and West Grove)
Immaculata University
Lincoln University
Penn State Great Valley
University of Valley Forge
West Chester University of Pennsylvania

Public school districts

Avon Grove School District
Coatesville Area School District
Downingtown Area School District
Great Valley School District
Kennett Consolidated School District
Octorara Area School District
Owen J. Roberts School District
Oxford Area School District
Phoenixville Area School District
Spring-Ford Area School District
Tredyffrin-Easttown School District
Twin Valley School District
Unionville-Chadds Ford School District
West Chester Area School District

Charter schools
 Achievement House Charter School grades 9-12, Exton
 Avon Grove Charter School grades K-12, West Grove
 Chester County Family Academy Charter School grades K-2, West Chester
 Collegium Charter School grades K-12, Exton
 Pennsylvania Leadership Charter School K-12, West Chester
 Renaissance Academy Charter School grades K-12, Phoenixville
 Sankofa Academy Charter School grades 5-8, West Chester
 21st Century Cyber Charter School grades 6-12. Downingtown.

There are 11 public cyber charter schools and 144 bricks and mortar charter schools in Pennsylvania that are available for free statewide, to children K-12. See: Education in Pennsylvania.

Independent schools
Bishop Shanahan High School (Archdiocese of Philadelphia)
Center for Arts and Technology (Administered by Chester County Intermediate Unit)
Church Farm School (now called CFS the School at Church Farm)
Delaware Valley Friends School
Devon Preparatory School
Fairville Friends School (Chadds Ford , Pennsylvania)
Goshen Friends School (West Chester, Pennsylvania)
Kimberton Waldorf School (Kimberton, Pennsylvania)
London Grove Friends Kindergarten (Kennett Square, Pennsylvania)
Malvern Preparatory School
The Concept School - 6th through 12th Grade
Upattinas School and Resource Center (Glenmoore, Pennsylvania)
Upland Country Day School (UCDS) - Pre-K through 9th Grade
Villa Maria Academy (Malvern, Pennsylvania)
West-Mont Christian Academy
West Chester Friends School
West Fallowfield Christian School
Westtown School
Windsor Christian Academy - K through 6th Grade
Windsor Christian Preschool
Regina Luminis Academy

Libraries
The Chester County Library System in southeastern Pennsylvania was organized in 1965. It is a federated system composed of a District Center Library in Exton and sixteen member libraries. The system provides materials and information for life, work and pleasure.

Communities

Under Pennsylvania law, there are four types of incorporated municipalities: cities, boroughs, townships, and, in at most two cases, towns. The post office uses community names and boundaries that usually do not correspond to the townships, and usually only have the same names as the municipalities for the cities and boroughs.  The names used by the post office are generally used by residents to describe where they live. The following cities, boroughs and townships are located in Chester County:

City
Coatesville

Boroughs

Atglen
Avondale
Downingtown
Elverson
Honey Brook
Kennett Square
Malvern
Modena
Oxford
Parkesburg
Phoenixville
South Coatesville
Spring City
West Chester (county seat)
West Grove

Townships

Birmingham
Caln
Charlestown
East Bradford
East Brandywine
East Caln
East Coventry
East Fallowfield
East Goshen
East Marlborough
East Nantmeal
East Nottingham
East Pikeland
East Vincent
East Whiteland
Easttown
Elk
Franklin
Highland
Honey Brook
Kennett
London Britain
London Grove
Londonderry
Lower Oxford
New Garden
New London
Newlin
North Coventry
Penn
Pennsbury
Pocopson
Sadsbury
Schuylkill
South Coventry
Thornbury
Tredyffrin
Upper Oxford
Upper Uwchlan
Uwchlan
Valley
Wallace
Warwick
West Bradford
West Brandywine
West Caln
West Fallowfield
West Goshen
West Marlborough
West Nantmeal
West Nottingham
West Pikeland
West Sadsbury
West Vincent
West Whiteland
Westtown
Willistown

Unincorporated communities

Birchrunville
Brandamore
Bucktown
Cedar Knoll
Chester Springs
Compass
Coventry
Coventryville
Daylesford
Devault
Doe Run
Dowlin Forge
Embreeville
Fisherville
Frazer
Glenmoore
Hayti
Hephzibah
Humphreyville
Ironsides
Jennersville
Kimberton
Knauertown
Landenberg
Lenape
Longwood
Ludwigs Corner
Lyndell
Marchwood
Marshallton
Mortonville
Nantmeal Village
Newlinville
Parker Ford
Phillipsville
Pine Swamp
Pocopson
Pomeroy Heights
Pughtown
Romansville
Sadsburyville
Schades Corner
Strafford
Suplee
Unionville
Warwick
Weatherstone
Wilsons Corner
Valley Forge

Census-designated places
Census-designated places are geographical areas designated by the U.S. Census Bureau for the purposes of compiling demographic data. They are not actual jurisdictions under Pennsylvania law.

Berwyn
Caln
Chesterbrook
Cheyney University
Cochranville
Devon
Eagleview
Exton
Kenilworth
Lincoln University
Lionville
Paoli
Pomeroy
South Pottstown
Thorndale
Toughkenamon
Westwood

Historic community
Barnestown

Population ranking
The population ranking of the following table is based on the 2010 census of Chester County.

† county seat

Climate
Chester County has four distinct seasons and has a hot-summer humid continental climate (Dfa) except for some far southern lowlands which have a humid subtropical climate (Cfa). The hardiness zones are 6b and 7a.

Public health

Opioid crisis

In both 2018 and 2019, deaths from drug overdoses in Chester County declined. Of the 104 drug overdoses recorded by the coroner, an estimated 77 percent involved the presence of fentanyl. One of the reasons for the decline in overdose deaths was "the saturation across the county of Narcan, the anti-opioid nasal spray that can revive someone suffering an overdose." In 2019, any resident of Chester County could obtain a free Narcan dose at community training events across the county.

Notable people
  Jesse B. Aikin (1808-1900), first to produce a song book with a seven-shape note system
  Mifflin E. Bell (1847-1904), architect who served from 1883 to 1886 as Supervising Architect of the US Treasury Department
  Scott Brunner (born 1957), NFL quarterback during the 1980s
  Anthony Wayne (1745-1796), American Revolutionary War General known as "Mad" Anthony Wayne
  Samuel Van Leer (1747-1825), Captain during the American Revolution and well known Iron business owner. Owned Warwick Furnace Farms and other nearby historical places.
  Robert Grace (1709–1766) was the first manufacturer of the Franklin stove.
  Isaac Israel Hayes (1832-1881), Arctic explorer and physician
  Mifflin Kenedy (1818-1895), South Texas rancher and steamboat operator; partner in King Ranch, born in Chester County
  Rebecca Webb Lukens (1794-1854) first female owner and manager of the company that became the Lukens Steel Mill
  Franklin MacVeagh (1837-1934), banker and Secretary of the US Treasury
  Bam Margera (born 1979), professional skateboarder, television and radio personality, and daredevil
  Ryan Dunn (1977-2011), actor, television personality, and daredevil. Died in a car crash in West Goshen, Pennsylvania.
  Jon Matlack (born 1950), baseball pitcher for the New York Mets and Texas Rangers (1971–83), All Star and N.L. Champion
  Charles Follen McKim (1847-1909), one of the most prominent American Beaux-Arts architects of the late nineteenth century
  Herb Pennock (1894–1948), Hall of Fame baseball pitcher also known as the Squire of Kennett Square.
  Thomas Buchanan Read (1822-1872), poet and portrait painter
  Bayard Rustin (1912-1987), American civil rights leader posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom.
  John Wallace Scott (1832-1903), Medal of Honor recipient during the American Civil War
  M. Night Shyamalan (born 1970), film director
  William Thomas Smedley (1858-1920), artist; member of the National Academy of Design
  James Smith (1719-1806), signer to the United States Declaration of Independence
  Richard Troxell, international opera star, aka America's Tenor. Resides in Chester County.
  George Alexis Weymouth (born 1936), artist (painter); "whip" stager; founder of The Brandywine Conservancy and The Brandywine River Museum
  Thomas Wharton Jr. (1735-1778), served as the first President of Pennsylvania (an office akin to Governor) following the Declaration of Independence from Great Britain
  William (Amos) Wilson (1762-1821), famous folklore figure known as "The Pennsylvania Hermit"
  Andrew Wyeth (1917–2009), artist, son of N.C. Wyeth
  Jamie Wyeth (born 1946), artist, son of Andrew Wyeth
  N.C. Wyeth (1882-1945), artist
  Bernardhus Van Leer (1687–1790), Notable Doctor with rare at home practice and one of first doctors in New York
  Matt Ryan (born 1985), American Football quarterback for the Atlanta Falcons, born in Exton.
 Kyle Gallner (Born 1986) Actor
 Kerr Smith  (Born 1972) Actor
 Smedley Butler (1881–1940) Twice recipient of the Medal of Honor, thwarted the Business Plot, advocate for veterans, author.
 Bartholomew Fussell (1794-1871) Abolitionist active in the Underground Railroad, Early advocate for women's careers in medicine.


Multimark

The Multimark was a logo introduced by Canadian Pacific Railway on July 17, 1968 to identify each of its various operations.

The Multimark was created by the international marketing and design firm Lippincott and Margulies. It was composed of a circle representing global activities, a triangle representing motion or direction, and in contrast, a square (sometimes elongated into a rectangle) indicating stability.  By the 1990s, the logo was sometimes referred to as the "Pac-Man logo" by railfans for its resemblance to the early video game character.

Industry Changes

The Multimark was gradually eliminated in the 1980s as the various components of Canadian Pacific Limited changed names. CP Air became Canadian Pacific Airlines and was later sold off. CP Hotels became Canadian Pacific Hotels and Resorts and much later sold off. CP Express & Transport went out of business due to deregulation. CP Telecommunications was merged into CN-CP Telecommunications which soon went out of business due to the changing industry. (Unitel was then created to acquire what remained.) CP Ships became Canadian Pacific Ships and was finally sold off in 2005.  CP Rail became known as CP Rail System in January 1991, with the acquisition of the bankrupt American Delaware and Hudson Railway. The marketing name included Soo Line Railroad which had become 100% owned. (CPR had long had controlling interest in it).

The use of the Multimark on CP Rail slowly faded away with no official announcement. September 1987 saw the first diesel to be repainted without it, a GP7 yard engine numbered 1684.

Colours
Each operating division was assigned a different colour while taking on a new identity:


Domingos Fernandes Calabar

Domingos Fernandes Calabar (c. 1600–1635) was a Brazilian soldier, smuggler, and plantation owner during the time of the Netherlands intrusion into Brazil. He first fought for Portugal against the Netherlands before switching sides and fighting for  the Netherlands. He was eventually captured and executed by the Portuguese for treason.

Personal life

Little is known of Calabar's life in Brazil. Calabar was born around 1600 in Alagoas, then part of the Captaincy of Pernambuco. He was baptized as a Catholic on 15 March 1610. Calabar studied with the Jesuits, and it is believed that he made money from smuggling. It is also believed that he was a mulatto; however, several chroniclers dispute this and claim that he was a mameluco.

With the Portuguese

In 1580, Portugal passed under the Spanish rule by marriage of King Philip II with a Portuguese Princess after the death of her brother the King. The Netherlands were an ally of Portugal until then, but an enemy of the Spaniards. Strong merchant ties between the Netherlands and Portugal resulted in the establishment of a truce which lasted until 1621, when fighting between the Dutch and Portuguese began. The Dutch West India Company invaded Bahia, a state of Brazil, and was subsequently expelled in 1625 by a Spanish and Portuguese army.

The grandson of Duarte Coelho, Matias de Albuquerque, Calabar traveled from Spain to Brazil in order to coordinate the defense of the country from Dutch attacks. Portugal gave him only 27 soldiers, but he also recruited native men to serve as soldiers under him. Calabar retreated after Olinda fell to the Dutch and engaged in guerrilla warfare, which was highly effective against the Dutch due to Calabar and his men's superior knowledge of the terrain, which included bays, swamps, rivers, and beaches on the coast and deep jungles in the interior. With his assistance, the Dutch were forced out of Olinda.

Calabar Joins the Dutch

For unknown reasons, Calabar began to fight for the Dutch against the Portuguese in April 1632. For two years he had served among his countrymen, in the process getting wounded twice, gaining fame and becoming renowned. Robert Southey writes (History of Brazil, vol. I, page 349):

If committing a crime, he fled to escape punishment if the treatment they received from the commanders dislike, or, if it is more likely, with treason, expected to improve their fortune, is what you do not know. But it was the first Pernambuco who defected to the Netherlands, and if among all these were given to selection of one, would not have chosen another, so active, shrewd, enterprising and desperate he was, neither was there any better knew the country and the coast.

The Dutch had gained the upper hand, conquering more and more territories, including the towns of Goiás and Igaraçu, the island of Itamaracá, and the fort of Rio Formoso.

Calabar's help was so valuable that even the Three King's Fortress (Forte dos Reis Magos), in Rio Grande do Norte, fell under the domination of the Dutch. Calabar directly participated in the destruction of Ferreira Torto's sugarmill. His dominion extended at that time from the Rio Grande to Recife.

Pudsey, an English mercenary in the service of Holland, described Calabar with great admiration:

Capture

The conflict between the Spanish and Portuguese and the Dutch lasted five years. Forced to retreat more and more, Matias de Albuquerque went to Alagoas, taking about 8,000 men. Close to Porto Calvo was a group of approximately 380 Dutch, among them Calabar. One resident of this place, Sebastião do Souto, volunteered to infiltrate the Dutch ranks. Souto went to the Dutch commander, Picard, saying that he had changed sides, and convinced him to attack the Portuguese forces of Albuquerque, who Souto said had no more than 200 men.

The trap worked, and when the Dutch troops attacked, they were defeated by Matias de Albuquerque's Portuguese troops and Calabar was captured in the process.

Execution

Calabar was executed for treason against Portugal. He was garroted, quartered, and displayed openly on the palisade fortress. Robert Southey, a historian, says of this:

With much patience received the death, giving many signs of sincere contrition for all his misdeeds, accompanied by so devout hope of forgiveness.  the priest confessor Fr Manuel do Salvador who watched the last moments had kept no doubt on the salvation of the sufferer.Asked if he knew some Portuguese who were in treacherous correspondence with the enemy, Calabar replied that he knew much about this chapter, not being of the lowest people involved

In Porto Calvo, now under the command of Arciszewski, the Netherlands paid him funeral honors.

Two years later, in 1637, Prince Maurice of Nassau came to Brazil. Prince Maurice contributed to the idea that the Dutch colonization would be better than others, something inconsistent compared to the same look on his retirement from Brazil, where he was accused of prejudice to the Company of the West Indies, and have taken the classic model of exploitation exhaustive - which forced the revolt of Brazilians, among them André Vidal de Negreiros, Shrimp and Felipe Henrique Dias - treated as heroes of the expulsion of the Netherlands.

In popular culture

The composer Chico Buarque, along with Ruy Guerra, made in 1973 a play entitled: "Calabar: The Praise of Treason" where he first traitor to the condition of Calabar was revisited. This position could be more to report the situation at the time dictatorial than a historiographical overview of the events of the seventeenth century.

In Salvador (Bahia), there are neighborhoods with the name "Calabar." Along these "tributes," some historians try to justify the attitude towards Calabar. They fail to note, however,  that he was first the ally of the Portuguese, and had earned their trust, and then served the enemies in highly privilleged position.

Bibliography

Southey, Robert (1774–1843). History of Brazil (Translated by Luis Joaquim de Oliveira and Castro). Belo Horizonte: Ed Itatiaia, New York: Ed University of São Paulo, 1981.
CINTRA, Assisi. "REHABILITATION OF HISTORIC Calabar. Documented study, which proves that Calabar was not a traitor." Ed Brazilian Civilization. Rio de Janeiro. 1933


Ørnulf Ranheimsæter

Ørnulf Ranheimsæter (6 June 1919 – 31 October 2007) was a Norwegian illustrator, graphical artist and essayist.

He was born in Skien, and educated at the Norwegian National Academy of Craft and Art Industry, where he also later worked as instructor and eventually professor. He is known for his many book designs, and received the Bokkunstprisen award in 1967 and 1987. He was awarded the Fritt Ord Honorary Award in 1998.


Phil Miller (American football)

Philip Miller (born c. 1933) is a former American football coach.  He was the head football coach at Bethany College in Lindsborg, Kansas, serving for four seasons, from 1961 to 1964, and compiling a record of 16–18–2.


Swimming at the 1994 Asian Games

Swimming was contested at the 1994 Asian Games in Hiroshima Big Wave Pool, Hiroshima, Japan from October 3 to October 8, 1994.

Medalists

Men

Women

Medal table


Riudecols

Riudecols is a village in the province of Tarragona and autonomous community of Catalonia, Spain.


Grevillea oleoides

Grevillea oleoides, also known as red spider flower, is a  shrub which is endemic to New South Wales in Australia.

Description

The species is an erect shrub, growing up to 3 metres in height. Its leaves are usually narrow-obovate and occasionally sublinear. The flowers which are red, or occasionally pink, appear  predominantly from late winter to late spring (August to November in Australia) but appear sporadically throughout the year.

Distribution
The species occurs in Sydney and the surrounding area in dry sclerophyll woodland or heathland in moist locations near creeks or swamps.

Taxonomy
The species was first formally described in 1827 by Franz Sieber.

Synonyms include:
Grevillea seymouriae Sweet ex Meisn.
Grevillea oleoides Sieber ex Schult. & Schult.f. var. oleoides
Grevillea oleoides Sieber ex Schult. & Schult.f. subsp. oleoides
Grevillea speciosa subsp. oleoides (Sieber ex Schult. & Schult.f.) McGill.


2004–05 FC Basel season

The 2004–05 season was Fussball Club Basel 1893's 112th in existence and the club's 11th consecutive season in the top flight of Swiss football. FC Basel started the season of with various warm-up matches. These included teams from the Swiss lower league as well as teams from Liechtenstein, France and Germany. The FC Basel aims for the 2004–05 season were to defend their league title, to win the cup and as well as to qualify for the UEFA Champions League group stage.

Overview
As reigning champions Basel were favourites to retain their title and as Swiss champions, they entered the UEFA Champions League in third qualifying round. Basel's biggest signing in advance of the 2004–05 season was Kléber from Hannover 96. But in the other direction the Cameroonian international Timothée Atouba and Swiss international Mario Cantaluppi left the club. During the winter break they signed Patrick Müller from Mallorca.

The Campaign

Domestic League
Basel's priority aim for the season was to win the league championship for the second time in a row. The season started somewhat difficult, of first four home matches only two were won. Nevertheless, Basel moved to the top of the league table and one of the season's highlights was the 8–1 home win against Grasshoppers in which Giménez scored four goals. During September the team lost two away games in a row, but despite this they led the league table by seven points by the winter break.

Basel completed the season's seventeen home ties undefeated, winning thirteen and drawing four. The highest home attendance being 31,383 in the 4–1 win against their title rivals Thun on 7 May 2005. Just four days later Basel secured the championship in their third last round of the season. At the end of the season they completed their championship aim, winning the title ten points clear of Thun, their nearest rivals.

Domestic Cup
Basel's clear aim for the Swiss Cup was to win it. In the first two rounds of the 2004–05 Swiss Cup Basel were drawn away games against lower league teams. In the third round they were drawn away against Thun but lost 5–4 after penalties. Thus Basel missed their aim.

Europe
Because Basel entered the Champions League in the third qualifying round their aim was to reach the group stage. However they were drawn against Internazionale and lost 5–2 on aggregate and were subsequently dropped into the UEFA Cup.

In the First Round of the UEFA Cup Basel defeated the Russian side FC Terek Grozny 3–1 on aggregate. In the Group Stage they faced considerably tougher opponents, being drawn in Group E with Feyenoord Rotterdam, FC Schalke 04, Ferencvárosi TC and Heart of Midlothian. They drew 1–1 away to Schalke, but were defeated 2–1 at home by Hearts. In the away tie at the Stadium Puskás Ferenc they beat Ferencváros 2–1 and finally winning 1–0 at home against Feyenoord. They finished third in the group on seven points and qualified for the Round of 32 where they were defeated 2–0 on aggregate by Lille OSC. Despite this defeat, the aim for this campaign could be considered as achieved.

Club

The Management

Kit

|
|

Other information

Players

First team squad

Transfers Summer 2004

In

Out

Transfers Winter 2004–05

In

Out

Results and fixtures

Friendlies

Pre-season/First Half Season friendlies

Sempione Cup
The Sempione Cup was a club football tournament played in summer at Sportanlage Moos, Balsthal, during the years 1987 to 2004.

Uhrencup
The Uhrencup is a club football tournament, held annually in Grenchen.

Winter Break/Second Half Season friendlies

Swiss Super League

First half of season
The Swiss Super League season was originally contested by ten teams.

Second half of season
On 4 February 2005 the parent company of Servette FC was declared bankrupt. It had run debts of over 10 million Swiss francs, having not paid the players since the previous November, and consequently the club suffered an exodus of players looking for paying clubs. As a consequence of the bankruptcy Servette FC had their license revoked, the club's second half matches were entirely cancelled. The second half of the season was therefore competed with only nine clubs. These each played another double round-robin schedule. Each of the nine clubs had played 34 matches at the end of the season.

Final league table

Swiss Cup

2004–05 Swiss Cup

UEFA Champions League
For more information, see 2004–05 UEFA Champions League

Third qualifying round

F.C. Internazionale Milano won 5 – 2 on aggregate.

UEFA Cup

First round

Basel won 3 – 1 on aggregate.

Group stage / Group A

Round of 32

Lille OSC won 2 – 0 on aggregate.

Sources and references
 Rotblau: Jahrbuch Saison 2015/2016. Publisher: FC Basel Marketing AG.
 Switzerland 2004–05 at RSSSF

External links
 FC Basel official site

Basel


Cape Government Railways

The Cape Government Railways (CGR) was the government-owned railway operator in the Cape Colony from 1874 until the creation of the South African Railways (SAR) in 1910.

History

Private railways
The first railways at the Cape were privately owned. The Cape Town Railway and Dock Company started construction from Cape Town in 1859, reaching Eerste River by 1862 and Wellington by 1863. Meanwhile, by 1864 the Wynberg Railway Company had connected Cape Town and Wynberg. For the moment, railway development at the Cape did not continue eastwards beyond Wellington because of the barrier presented by the mountains of the Cape Fold Belt.

Formation of CGR

The discovery of diamonds, and the consequent rush to Kimberley that started in 1871, gave impetus to the development of railways in South Africa.
Shortly afterwards, in 1872, the Cape Colony attained responsible government under the leadership of Prime Minister John Molteno, who presented plans for an enormous network of railways to connect the Cape Colony's main ports to its interior and, importantly, to the Diamond fields. In his very first speech to the Cape Parliament he announced the purchase of all existing lines and the founding of the Cape Government Railways.

The announced expansion was to see the construction of a network over ten times more extensive than the total length of railway that existed in the whole of southern Africa at the time. The management of this system – which was to become the nucleus of the future South African Railways – initially fell under his Public Works Department, until July 1873, when Molteno established a separate Railway Department under the renowned engineer William Brounger.

Cape Gauge

The first few rudimentary lines at Cape Town were built at dimensions close to  , the British Empire's standard. However their width, designed for England's landscape, made it impossible at the time to penetrate the mountains of the rugged southern African escarpment. Most of the sub-continent was effectively landlocked. In 1871 Molteno had written to the British Governor of the Cape Henry Barkly about the gauge which was used to penetrate the mountainous terrain near Trieste in modern Italy, believing it would work in crossing the South African mountains. A narrower gauge enabled tighter turns and traversing steeper terrain. When the first elected Cape government took power the next year, its select committee set the gauge for all new railways at 3’-6”. The use of a dual system was briefly kept, to ease the transition for the existing wider lines, but in only a few months the government standardised all railway development on what became known as the "Cape Gauge" of .

Although it was first meant just to ease construction of railways through mountainous terrain, this gauge later went on to become the standard for all railways in southern and central Africa.

Expansion
The government's 1872 plan was for lines to strike northwards, from the three ports of Cape Town, Port Elizabeth and East London, towards Kimberley and the developing hinterland. These three lines became known as the "Cape Western", "Cape Midland" and "Cape Eastern" lines respectively. They were intended to bring the towns of southern Africa's vast hinterland into direct railway connection with the country's ports, thus driving the development of the interior and building an export economy.

The Cape Western Line was charted by the Prime Minister himself (allegedly with only a map, pen and ruler). Cape Town was cut off from the highland interior by a triple barrier of steep mountain ranges, but the lines nonetheless progressed fast inland, once the primary obstacle of the Hex River Mountains was overcome in 1876 with a major system of bridges and tunnels. 1876 also saw the building of a new central station for Cape Town, and over the next few years the line was rapidly extended through the Karoo desert to the town of Beaufort West, De Aar, and thence to Kimberley.

The Cape Midland Line was begun in 1872, when the Cape Government took over the rudimentary and incomplete line of the Port Elizabeth and Uitenhage Railway Company. However building accelerated massively over the next few years, with twin lines reaching northwards to Graaff-Reinet, and eastwards to Grahamstown. These connected with the Cape Western Line at De Aar and thus to Kimberley.

The Cape Eastern Line was built partially to serve the frontier, and its network of military forts. The port of East London was likewise chosen partly for strategic reasons, being the closest port to the frontier for landing and transporting troops. The line was begun in 1873, when the Prime Minister turning the first spades for both the East London harbour and the Eastern Railway Line on 20 August 1873. Though frontier wars disrupted construction from time to time, the line reached Queenstown in 1880.

By 1885 the separate sections were connected and the Cape Western line reached Kimberley, marking the end of an epic which had begun in 1872, with the network completed faithfully according to the original 1872 plans. From an initial total of 92 kilometres in 1872, the Cape was now criss-crossed with over 2,000 kilometres of railway.

Considerable development and economic growth followed the construction of the railway system, and the news of the Cape's immense railway programme inspired similar moves in neighbouring states, such as the project of the Natal Government Railways to extend its few miles of railway inland towards the Drakensberg, and President Burgers' ill-fated attempt to link the Transvaal Republic to Lourenço Marques.

In 1886 gold was discovered in the South African Republic (the Transvaal), setting off the Witwatersrand Gold Rush. The Cape government and the government of the Orange Free State (OFS) reached an agreement, by which the Cape Government Railways would build and operate a railway line, through the OFS, to the rapidly growing city of Johannesburg. This line reached Bloemfontein (the capital of the OFS) in 1890, and the first trains operated from Cape Town to Johannesburg in 1892. In 1897 the OFS government took over control of its portion of the line.

Formation of SAR
The Cape railway network played a significant role in supporting and supplying the British forces during the Second Boer War. After the war, when the Union of South Africa was formed in 1910, all railways in South Africa, including the CGR, the Natal Government Railways and the Central South African Railways, were taken over by the newly formed South African Railways (SAR).

Impact
According to a 2017 study, "Built largely to support the early mining industry, the Cape Colony’s railway substantially reduced the cost of transport to the interior and account for 22–25 percent of the increase in the Colony’s labor productivity from 1873 to 1905... traffic data for 1905 suggest that the railway contributed to the expansion of the mining areas and to the growth of the Western Cape district on the basis of domestic demand."


Norwegian Women's Lobby

The Norwegian Women's Lobby (NWL; ) is a politically independent human rights political advocacy organisation, and is the umbrella organisation for the Norwegian women's rights organisations. Its principal aim is to eliminate all forms of discrimination against women and girls on the basis of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, the Beijing Platform for Action and other fundamental international agreements relating to women's human rights. It works to integrate women's perspectives into all political, economical and social processes.

The Norwegian Women's Lobby has ten member organizations and was founded in 2014 by the Norwegian women's organisations on the initiative of Torild Skard, the former chairman of UNICEF, and in accordance with the recommendations of the government-appointed Gender Equality Commission. The current president is Ragnhild Hennum, Professor of Public Law and former pro-rector of the University of Oslo.

__TOC__

History and organisation

The Norwegian Women's Lobby was founded on 27 January 2014 by eight nationwide women's rights organisations. The establishment followed several years of prior discussion in the Norwegian women's movement, where Torild Skard, the former chairman of UNICEF, had been the key proponent for the establishment. The organisation currently has ten member organisations. Its establishment was in accordance with the recommendations of the government-appointed Gender Equality Commission (chaired by Hege Skjeie) of 2010. It is modelled after similar organisations in other countries, particularly the Swedish Women's Lobby and the European Women's Lobby at the EU level. The first president was Margunn Bjørnholt and the first vice president was Fakhra Salimi. In 2017 Ragnhild Hennum, the pro-rector of the University of Oslo and a professor of public law, was elected president of the organisation. Hennum was also the director of the Norwegian Centre for Human Rights in 2018.

The organisation aims to promote women's human rights, based on the United Nations Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, the Beijing Platform for Action and other fundamental international agreements. Its member organisations include all the significant women's rights organisations of Norway and have been championing women's human rights since 1884; the founding organisations were described by the Equality and Anti-Discrimination Ombud Sunniva Ørstavik as "the very foundation of the efforts to promote women's rights in Norway." As a civil society umbrella organisation, the Norwegian Women's Lobby only accepts nonpartisan organisations as members. The Norwegian Women's Lobby is led by an elected political leadership, the executive board. The organisation is advised by an independent body of experts, the Expert Committee.

The Norwegian Women's Lobby has a particular focus on the United Nations system and prepares shadow reports to the United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women on Norway's implementation of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women; the 2017 report was coordinated by Supreme Court Justice Karin Bruzelius, a member of the Norwegian Women's Lobby's expert committee. The first Norwegian NGO CEDAW shadow report was initiated by the Norwegian Association for Women's Rights during Torild Skard's tenure as president, and the Norwegian Women's Lobby's reports represent a continuation of that work.

Most of the member organisations are also participating in the Forum for Women and Development, which focuses on development issues in the Global South. The Norwegian Women's Lobby by contrast has a broader focus on women's issues nationally and internationally.

In 2018 the Norwegian Women's Lobby and five other key NGOs organised the customary torchlight parade in Oslo in honour of that year's Nobel Peace Prize laureates, Denis Mukwege and Nadia Murad, who were awarded the prize for their work to end the use of sexual violence as a weapon of war.

The Norwegian Women's Lobby receives funding from the centre-left city government of Oslo.

Member organisations
 Norwegian Association for Women's Rights (NKF)
 MiRA Resource Centre for Black, Immigrant and Refugee Women (MiRA-Senteret)
 Legal Aid for Women (JURK)
 Norwegian Female Lawyers' Association (NKJF)
 Secretariat of the Shelter Movement (Krisesentersekretariatet)
 Women's International League for Peace and Freedom Norway
 Nordic Women's University (NWU)
 Women's Front of Norway
 Feminist Group Ottar
 Sámi Women's Network (SNF)

Presidents
Margunn Bjørnholt (2014–2016), research professor at the Norwegian Centre for Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies and president of the Norwegian Association for Women's Rights
Gunhild Vehusheia (2016–2017), attorney-at-law, former executive director of Legal Aid for Women
Ragnhild Hennum (2017–), Professor of Public Law, pro-rector of the University of Oslo and director of the Norwegian Centre for Human Rights

Expert Committee on Women's and Gender Equality Policies
The Expert Committee on Women's and Gender Equality Policies is a permanent body of experts tasked with making policy recommendations in fields that affect women and girls and gender equality, and works under the sponsorship of the Norwegian Women's Lobby. The expert committee is chaired by professor of sociology Cathrine Holst. The additional members of the committee are supreme court justice Karin Bruzelius, professor of gender studies Beatrice Halsaa, professor of public law Anne Hellum, professor of history Eirinn Larsen and professor of political science Hege Skjeie, the former chair of the government-appointed Gender Equality Commission.


Hilary Wainwright

Hilary Wainwright (born 1949) is a British sociologist, political activist and socialist feminist, best known for being editor of Red Pepper magazine.

Early life and education
Wainwright's father was the Liberal MP Richard Wainwright. Her brother, Martin, was formerly the Northern Editor of The Guardian, to which she has occasionally contributed.

Wainwright was educated at the Mount School, York, and St Anne's College, Oxford, where she studied PPE. She graduated in 1970. She gained a BPhil in Sociology from St Antony's College, Oxford in 1973.

Life and career
Until 1979, Wainwright was a research fellow at the Department of Sociology at Durham University. From 1979–81, she was a researcher at the Technology Department of the Open University. In 1982, she became Ken Livingstone's Deputy Chief Economic Advisor to the  Greater London Council (GLC).

Wainwright is a Fellow of the international think tank for progressive politics, the Transnational Institute, Amsterdam; Senior Research Associate at the International Centre for Participation Studies at the Department for Peace Studies, University of Bradford, UK and previously research fellow at the Centre for the Study of Global Governance at the London School of Economics. She has also been a visiting Professor and Scholar at the University of California, Los Angeles; Havens Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison and Todai University, Tokyo. Formerly on the editorial board of New Left Review, she was also on the National Council of the Catalyst think tank.

A researcher and writer, Wainwright is concerned with the emergence of new forms of democratic accountability within parties, movements and the state. She has documented examples of resurgent democratic movements in many countries around the world and the lessons they provide for progressive politics.

In July 2015, Wainwright endorsed Jeremy Corbyn's campaign in the Labour Party leadership election. She said: "To be honest, the Labour Party isn't worth that valuable three quid. But a platform for someone who not only insists that there is an alternative, but stretches himself to support everyone who is fighting for it, is beyond anything that money can buy." She added: "I believe Jeremy Corbyn should be supported not as an attempt to 'reclaim the Labour Party' but as a transition to a political organisation beyond the Labour Party and beyond parliamentary politics".

Wainwright has written for The Guardian, The Nation, New Statesman, openDemocracy, Jacobin (magazine), Carta, Il Manifesto and , as well as appearing as a commentator on the BBC. Wainwright is a founding member and co-editor of the Red Pepper political magazine.

Personal life and honours
In 1971, Wainwright married the British philosopher Roy Bhaskar. The couple remained close lifelong friends after their separation and never divorced. She received an Honorary DLitt from the University of Huddersfield on 28 November 2007, along with Martin Wainwright, for "services to journalism".

Select bibliography
 Reclaim the State: Experiments in Popular Democracy (Seagull books, 2009),
 Public service reform - But not as we know it! (Compass/UNISON, 2009),
 Reclaim the State: Experiments in Popular Democracy (Verso books, 2003),
 Arguments for a New Left: Answering the Free-market Right (Blackwell, 1994),
 Labour: A Tale of Two Parties (Hogarth Press/Chatto Windus, London, 1987).
A Taste of Power: The Politics of Local Economics (Verso Books, London, October 1987) (co-edited with Maureen MacIntosh).
The Lucas Plan: A New Trades Unionism in the Making? (Schocken Books, 1981) (co-authored with David Elliott), .
 Beyond the Fragments: Feminism and the Making of Socialism (Merlin Press, 1980) (co-authored with Sheila Rowbotham and Lynne Segal).
The Workers Report of Vickers (Pluto Press, 1978) (Co-authored with Huw Benyon).


Hans Föllmer

Hans Föllmer (20 May 1941 in Heiligenstadt, Thuringia, Germany) is a German mathematician, currently Professor Emeritus at the Humboldt University of Berlin, Visiting Professor at the National University of Singapore, and Andrew D. White Professor-at-Large at Cornell University. He was awarded the Cantor medal in 2006. He specialized in Stochastics and Mathematical finance.

In 2007 he became doctor honoris causa at the Paris Dauphine University.


Malacopterus tenellus

Malacopterus tenellus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Johan Christian Fabricius in 1801.


Barbados 4–2 Grenada (1994 Caribbean Cup qualification)

On January 27, 1994, the Barbados national football team and Grenada national football team played against each other as part of the qualification round for the 1994 Caribbean Cup. Due to an unusual scoring rule, as well as the two teams' respective positions in the tournament, it was alternately in the best interest of first Barbados, then Grenada, to score an own goal. The result has been described as "one of the strangest football matches ever".

The organizers of the tournament imposed a rule requiring all matches to have a winner and had chosen an unusual variant of the golden goal rule, which meant that the first goal scored in extra-time not only won the match, but also counted as double. Barbados started the match needing to win by a margin of at least two goals to qualify for the final tournament. When Grenada scored late in normal time to bring the scoreline to 2–1, Barbados deliberately scored an own goal to force extra-time, where they could get the two-goal winning margin they needed thanks to the unconventional golden goal rule.  This meant that for the last 3 minutes of the match, Grenada was trying to score on either their own goal, or the Barbados goal, as either outcome (either 3–2 or 2–3) would have advanced them to the finals.  Ultimately, Barbados was able to prevent Grenada from scoring, obtained the 30-minute time extension, and scored the golden goal as hoped.

Background

The 1994 Caribbean Cup was the fifth edition of the Caribbean Cup and was played in Trinidad and Tobago. Qualification took place in various other locations around the Caribbean in early 1994. Barbados, Grenada, and Puerto Rico were drawn into Group 1. Tournament organizers had decided that any matches where the score was tied at the end of the normal 90 minutes should go to extra-time, with a golden goal to count as double. On January 23, the round-robin tournament kicked off in Barbados, with the home team falling 0–1 to Puerto Rico. Two days later, Grenada defeated Puerto Rico 2–0 after a golden goal in extra-time. This put Grenada at the top of the group with three points and a +2 goal difference. Thus, the only way that Barbados could advance to the finals would be if they could beat Grenada by a margin of at least two goals.

Before the match the table was as follows:

Match
The match was played at the Barbados National Stadium in Saint Michael.

The match started off routinely, and Barbados scored two goals, establishing the two-goal winning margin they needed. In the 83rd minute, however, the game changed when Grenada scored a goal. This late goal would take Grenada through to the finals unless Barbados could score again. Barbados attempted to score for the next few minutes, but because they were unable to, they switched to a different strategy, of tying up the game so that they could try to achieve the two-goal margin in extra-time. In the 87th minute they stopped attacking, and the defender Terry Sealey and the goalkeeper Horace Stoute passed the ball between each other before Sealey intentionally scored an own goal.

Now the game was at 2–2, with just three minutes of normal time left. The Grenadian players caught on to Barbados's plan, and realized that they would advance in the tournament by scoring a goal in either net. This left the match in the highly unusual position of no clear side of the field for one team versus the other, but rather one team trying to score a goal in either net, and the other team trying to defend both. For the next three minutes, Barbadian players successfully defended both sides. Still drawing at 2–2, the game went on to extra-time, where the winning "Golden Goal" would count double — so Barbados only had to score once to qualify for the 1994 Caribbean Cup. Thorne scored the winner for Barbados and they advanced to the next round. The score was 4-2 yet they had only scored 3.

The final table was:

Response
The game did not receive much attention, although reports were published in the United Kingdom in The Guardian and The Times. The story has since been told in the 2005 book Sports Law. The lack of immediate attention to the subject may have contributed to the game becoming something of an urban legend in the sport.

In a press conference after the game, Grenadian manager James Clarkson said:

The golden goal rule was used five times over the course of qualification in 1994, and then never used again in the Caribbean Cup.

Post-match
Barbados went on to achieve third place in Group A of the 1994 Caribbean Cup after drawing against Guadeloupe and Dominica and losing to the home team Trinidad and Tobago, which went on to win the tournament.


Skirroceras macrum

Skirroceras macrum is a Stephanoceratacean (ammonite) species belonging to the family Stephanoceratidae.

These fast-moving nektonic carnivores lived during the Jurassic period, in the Bajocian age.

Description
Skirroceras macrum has an evolute shell reaching about  of diameter. These ammonites are heavily ribbed, with characteristic nodes.

Distribution
Fossils of Skirroceras macrum are found in the Middle Jurassic Bajocian age marine strata of England and France.


Boisemont, Eure

Boisemont is a former commune in the Eure department in Normandy in northern France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune Frenelles-en-Vexin.

Population


Rochester

Rochester refers to:

Places

Australia
 Rochester, Victoria

Canada
 Rochester, Alberta

United Kingdom
Rochester, Kent
City of Rochester-upon-Medway (1982–1998), district council area
History of Rochester, Kent
HM Prison Rochester, a Young Offenders Institution in Rochester
Rochester Castle, a medieval building in Rochester
Rochester, Northumberland

United States
 Rochester, Illinois
 Rochester, Indiana
 Rochester, Iowa
 Rochester, Kentucky
 Rochester, Massachusetts
 Rochester, Michigan
 Rochester, Minnesota, second largest city by population with the name Rochester
 Rochester, Missouri
 Rochester, Nevada
 Rochester, New Hampshire
 Rochester, New York, the largest city by population with the name Rochester
 Rochester, Ulster County, New York
 Rochester, Ohio (in Lorain County)
 Rochester, Noble County, Ohio
 Rochester, Pennsylvania
 Rochester, Texas
 Rochester, Vermont
 Rochester, Washington
 Rochester, Wisconsin

Ecclesiastical areas
 The Diocese of Rochester, within the Church of England Province of Canterbury, United Kingdom
 The Roman Catholic Diocese of Rochester, New York, United States
 The Episcopal Diocese of Rochester, New York, United States
 The Roman Catholic Diocese of Winona-Rochester, Minnesota, United States

Events
 The 2014 Rochester and Strood by-election

People
 Rochester (surname)
 John Wilmot, 2nd Earl of Rochester, 17th century English poet
 Eddie "Rochester" Anderson (1904–1977), an actor sometimes known as "Rochester", after his character "Rochester Van Jones" on The Jack Benny Program
 Baron Rochester
 Earl of Rochester

Sports
Rochester Americans or Amerks, an American Hockey League team
Rochester Braves, a pro football (American) team in 1936 also known as the Syracuse Braves
Rochester Flash, an American Soccer League (1981-1983, 1984) and United Soccer League team
Rochester Honkers, a Northwoods League baseball team
Rochester Jeffersons, an original National Football League team
Rochester Knighthawks, a National Lacrosse League team
Rochester Lancers, an American Soccer League (1967-1969) and North American Soccer League (1970-1980) team
Rochester Raiders, an indoor football team
Rochester Rattlers, a Major League Lacrosse team
Rochester Red Wings, an International League baseball team
Rochester Royals, a National Basketball Association team now known as the Sacramento Kings
Rochester Tigers, a pro football (American) team in 1936 also known as the Brooklyn Tigers
Rochester United F.C., a football (soccer) club
Rochester Zeniths, a basketball team in the Continental Basketball Association (1977-1982)

Transport
 HMS Rochester, the name of four ships of the Royal Navy
 USS Rochester, the name of three ships in the U.S. Navy

Rochester Airport
In the United States:
 Greater Rochester International Airport, in New York state
 Rochester International Airport, in Minnesota

In the United Kingdom:
 Rochester Airport (Kent), England

Companies
 Rochester Products Division, former name of manufacturer of General Motors fuel system components (especially carburetors)

Educational establishments
 King's School, Rochester founded in 604 AD in Kent, UK
 Rochester City School District, New York, USA
 Rochester College, Michigan, USA
 Rochester Community Schools (disambiguation)
 Rochester Grammar School, Kent, UK
 Rochester High School (disambiguation)
 Rochester Institute of Technology, New York, USA
 Rochester Maths, Sir Joseph Williamson's Mathematical School, founded in 1701 in Kent, UK
 University Center Rochester, Minnesota, USA
 University of Minnesota Rochester, Minnesota, USA
 University of Rochester, New York, USA


King and Queen County, Virginia

King and Queen County is a county in the U.S. state of Virginia, located in that state's Middle Peninsula on the eastern edge of the Richmond, VA metropolitan area. As of the 2010 census, the population was 6,945. Its county seat is King and Queen Court House.

History
King and Queen County was established in 1691 from New Kent County. The county is named for King William III and Queen Mary II of England. King and Queen County is notable as one of the few counties in the United States to have recorded a larger population in the 1790 census than in the 2010 one.

Among the earliest settlers of King and Queen County was Roger Shackelford, an English emigrant from Old Alresford, Hampshire, after whom the county's village of Shacklefords is named. Shackelford's descendants continued to live in the county, and by the nineteenth century had intermarried with several local families, including Taliaferro, Beverley, Thornton, and Sears.

In 1762 when he was 11, future president James Madison was sent to a boarding school run by Donald Robertson at the Innes plantation in King and Queen County. Robertson was a Scottish teacher who tutored numerous prominent plantation families in the South. From Robertson, Madison learned mathematics, geography, and modern and classical languages—he became especially proficient in Latin. He attributed his instinct for learning "largely to that man (Robertson)."  At age 16, Madison returned to his father's Montpelier estate in Orange County.

On March 2, 1864, the Battle of Walkerton, an engagement of the American Civil War took place here, resulting in a Confederate victory.

Virginia Longest, national director of Nursing Service for the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, was a county native.

Richard and Mildred Loving lived in a remote part of the county, hoping to avoid arrest by the authorities while their legal challenge to Virginia’s anti-miscegenation laws moved through the courts.

For many years, county publications noted that the county lacked any traffic lights. This is now no longer the case, as a traffic light has been installed on U.S. Route 360 at St. Stephen's Church.

The county contains no incorporated towns and is among the more rustic of the counties of Virginia.

Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which  is land and  (3.4%) is water.

Adjacent Counties
 Caroline County – north
 Essex County – northeast
 Middlesex County – east
 Gloucester County – southeast
 James City County – south
 New Kent County – southwest
 King William County – west

Major Highways

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 6,630 people, 2,673 households, and 1,897 families residing in the county.  The population density was 21 people per square mile (8/km²).  There were 3,010 housing units at an average density of 10 per square mile (4/km²).  The racial makeup of the county was 61.22% White, 35.67% Black or African American, 1.42% Native American, 0.27% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.15% from other races, and 1.25% from two or more races.  0.87% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 2,673 households out of which 26.80% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.60% were married couples living together, 13.50% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.00% were non-families. 24.60% of all households were made up of individuals and 11.00% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.  The average household size was 2.48 and the average family size was 2.94.

In the county, the population was spread out with 22.70% under the age of 18, 7.00% from 18 to 24, 26.80% from 25 to 44, 27.00% from 45 to 64, and 16.40% who were 65 years of age or older.  The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females there were 95.20 males.  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.50 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $35,941, and the median income for a family was $40,563. Males had a median income of $33,217 versus $21,753 for females. The per capita income for the county was $17,236.  10.90% of the population and 7.80% of families were below the poverty line.  Out of the total people living in poverty, 8.10% are under the age of 18 and 14.80% are 65 or older.

Government

Board of Supervisors
 Buena Vista District: James M. Burns
 Newtown District: Sherrin C. Alsop (I)
 Shanghai District: R.F. "Rusty" Bailey, Jr. (I)
 St. Stephens Church District: James Lawrence Simpkins (I)
 Stevensville District: Doris H. Morris (I)

Constitutional officers
 Clerk of the Circuit Court: Vanessa D. Porter
 Commissioner of the Revenue: Kelly N. Lumpkin(I)
 Commonwealth's Attorney: Charles E. Adkins (I)
 Sheriff: John R. Charboneau
 Treasurer: Irene B. Longest

King and Queen is represented by Republican Thomas K. "Tommy" Norment in the Virginia Senate, Republican M. Keith Hodges in the Virginia House of Delegates, and Republican Robert J. "Rob" Wittman in the U.S. House of Representatives.

Communities
 King and Queen Court House (a census-designated place)
 Newtown
 St. Stephen's Church
 Shacklefords


L'Estrange v F Graucob Ltd

L'Estrange v F Graucob Ltd [1934] 2 KB 394 is a leading English contract law case on the incorporation of terms into a contract by signature. There are exceptions to the rule that a person is bound by his or her signature, including fraud, misrepresentation and non est factum.

Lord Denning, as a young barrister, represented the company in this action, but later - for instance, speaking in Parliament in 1977 - made clear that he regarded the decision as wrong.

Facts
Miss Harriet Mary L'Estrange had a cafe in Great Ormes Road, Llandudno. Two travelling salesmen, Mr Page and Mr Berse, representing Mr Graucob's slot machine business in City Road, London, came to visit her. She was persuaded to purchase a cigarette machine and signed a document entitled 'Sales Agreement', stating:

"Please forward me as soon as possible: One Six Column Junior Ilam Automatic Machine... which I agree to purchase from you on the terms stated below...."

Further along, in small print, an exclusion clause was stated:

"This agreement contains all the terms and conditions under which I agree to purchase the machine specified above, and any express or implied condition, statement, or warranty, statutory or otherwise not stated herein is hereby excluded.) H. M. L'Estrange."

She did not read the document. She was supposed to pay for the machine in instalments. But after machine was delivered it got jammed and did not work, despite mechanics coming to fix it. Miss L'Estrange thus refused to continue paying her installments and brought an action in the Carnarvonshire County Court at Llandudno for the sums already paid, arguing the machine was not fit for purpose. Mr Graucob contended that any warranties for fitness were expressly excluded by the contractual agreement she signed.

Judgment

County Court
The judge held, following the Lord Herschell LC in Richardson, Spence & Co v Rowntree, that Mr Graucob was not entitled to rely on the exclusion clause. Lord Herschell had asked three questions: (1) Did the plaintiff know that there was writing or printing on the document? (2) Did she know that the writing or printing contained conditions relating to the terms of the contract? (3) Did the defendants do what was reasonably sufficient to give the plaintiff notice of the conditions? The judge held that question (3) was not satisfied.

Mr Graucob appealed. Alfred Thompson Denning, at that time a barrister, represented F Graucob Ltd. Fifty years later, as Master of the Rolls, Denning described the case as emblematic of a "bleak winter for our law of contract" in his judgment on George Mitchell (Chesterhall) Ltd v Finney Lock Seeds Ltd.

Court of Appeal
Scrutton LJ found the exclusion clause formed part of the contract. It was immaterial that L'Estrange had not read the clause. The fact that she signed it meant that she was bound by it. She is deemed to have read and agreed to the terms of the contract.

Maugham LJ concurred, though expressing his regret at the result. He held he was bound to do so. He said the only two possibilities were that the document was signed non est factum, or that the document was induced to be signed by a misrepresentation.

Significance
The case still holds significance, not because it would be decided the same today in relation to a consumer, but because it establishes the basic principle that one is bound by their signature, as a general starting point. This is particularly important among businesses. If the same facts arose again today, the case would be regulated by unfair terms legislation, and Miss L'Estrange would have won, despite having signed. The Sale of Goods Act 1979 section 14(3) implies that goods for sale have a warranty from the seller as to their fitness. Between two businesses dealing as commercial parties of equal bargaining strength, this term could be excluded. But when one party is a consumer, the Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 section 6(2)(a) stipulates that the warranty about fitness cannot be excluded. So Graucob would have been in breach of contract for providing a faulty machine in any event.

In any event, one commentator, Spencer, argued that Graucob’s representatives knew Miss L’Estrange was making a mistake, and therefore should not have won. He argued refusal to apply the law on unilateral mistake where there is a signature comes from misunderstanding the parol evidence rule and non est factum rules.

In the Canadian case, Tilden Rent-A-Car Co. v. Clendenning the Ontario Court of Appeal held the signature would only bind if it was reasonable for the party relying on the signed document to believe the signer assented to onerous terms (i.e. unlike Grogan, where the document is intended to have contractual effect). By contrast, in 2004 in Toll (FGCT) Pty Ltd v Alphapharm Pty Ltd, the High Court of Australia challenged the Clendenning decision robustly and affirmed L'Estrange. In the UK, in Peekay Intermark Ltd v Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Ltd Moore-Bick LJ was at pains to emphasise that L’Estrange sets out ‘an important principle of English law which underpins the whole of commercial life; any erosion of it would have serious repercussions.’


Rotherham Main Colliery

Rotherham Main Colliery was situated in Canklow, about 0.5 miles south of Rotherham town centre in the Rother Valley. The area was the site of an ancient crossing of the river set below the crag on which were Canklow Woods, an ancient woodland area.

History
The first shaft was commenced in 1890 with the pit going into production in 1894. The owners of the colliery and later the coke ovens and by-products plant were Sheffield-based steel makers John Brown and Company who also built houses for their workers and a school for the children of the colliers.

An accident occurred in 1891 when 8 miners fell  from their wooden platform.

The colliery had problems, the area was prone to flooding but prior to World War I it employed around 2,000 miners. Following the General Strike in 1926 the colliery was virtually closed and needed just 300 employees to maintain it.

The colliery closed in 1954 and nowadays there are no signs of its existence, the last of what did remain being swept away under a road scheme which followed the Rother Valley linking the town's relief road to the M1 via Rother Way to Junction 33.

The Railway Connection
The colliery was linked to the main railway network by a branch line from the Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway at a junction known as "Rotherham Main", situated about  on the Sheffield side of Rotherham Central.

This branch line was also the subject of an agreement between the  Great Central Railway Company and steel makers Steel, Peech and Tozer giving access to the steel company's locomotives and wagons across the main line tracks and to tip furnace waste (slag etc.) on land adjacent to the line.


Gaston Brière

Gaston Brière (1 December 1871, 11th arrondissement of Paris – 22 June 1962, 16th arrondissement of Paris) was a French art historian and head curator of France's national museums. He specialised in 17th and 18th century French painting and taught a noted course at the École du Louvre from 1912 to 1938. In 1903 he joined the staff of the château de Versailles, becoming its chief curator from 1932 to 1938.

External links


Sydney R1-Class Tram

The R1-class trams were a class of trams operated on the Sydney tram network. Their design was a development of the R class.

History
When Clyde Engineering were delivering the last of the R class in 1935, it was decided to modify the final five to a design with a reduced drop-centre, eight more seats, no internal partitions, and one less door each side. These modified trams were classified as R1 class, and a further 50 were ordered from Clyde. In the late 1940s, a further 250 were ordered from Commonwealth Engineering. Steel shortages delayed their construction, with the first not delivered until September 1950. During construction the order was reduced to 100, with the last delivered to North Sydney depot on 17 September 1953.

The original five tramcars modified in 1935 (numbers 1933 to 1937) could be distinguished from later production runs by their side windows (which indicated the original door spacing for the R class) and the underframe which was built to accommodate a larger drop-centre.

One (2018) was written off after a single day in a traffic accident at Petersham. Most remained in service until the end of tram operations in 1961.

When the Sydney tramway system closed, some of the class were disposed of by burning at Randwick Workshops, despite some being less than 8 years old at time of being burnt.

Preservation
Ten have been preserved:
1933, 1951, 1979, 2001 and 2044 at the Sydney Tramway Museum
1971 on loan from the Sydney Tramway Museum to the Tramway Museum, St Kilda
1995 the last tram to run in Sydney, statically displayed Tramsheds in the old Rozelle Tram Depot
1936 at The Brisbane Tramway Museum, Ferny Grove (yet to be restored)
1948 and 2064 retained privately


Blepharomastix leuconephralis

Blepharomastix leuconephralis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by George Hampson in 1918. It is found in Colombia.

The wingspan is about 20 mm. The forewings are silvery white, with a pale red-brown costal area. The antemedial line is pale red-brown and there is a small pale red-brown annulus in upper part of the middle of the cell. The reniform is white, defined by pale red-brown and the postmedial line is also pale red-brown. There is a diffused very pale red-brown patch on the terminal area below apex, then a very pale red-brown terminal line. The hindwings are silvery white with a faint pale red-brown discoidal bar. The postmedial line is pale red-brown.


KolourPaint

KolourPaint is a free and open-source raster graphics editor by KDE. It is similar to Microsoft Paint before the version shipped with Windows 7, but has some additional features such as support for transparency, color balance and image rotation.

It aims to be conceptually simple to understand, providing a level of functionality targeted towards the average user. KolourPaint is designed for casual work such as:
 Painting: drawing diagrams and "finger painting"
 Image Manipulation: editing screenshots and photos; applying effects
 Icon Editing: drawing clipart and logos with transparency

In version K Desktop Environment 3.3, KolourPaint replaced KPaint as the standard simple painting application.

KolourPaint has a port to Microsoft Windows as part of the KDE on Windows initiative. KolourPaint also has ports to MacOS.


Mission Mangal

Mission Mangal () is a 2019 Indian Hindi-language drama film directed by Jagan Shakti and jointly produced by Cape of Good Films, Hope Productions, Fox Star Studios, Aruna Bhatia, and Anil Naidu. The film stars an ensemble cast of Akshay Kumar, Vidya Balan, Taapsee Pannu, Nithya Menen, Kirti Kulhari, Sharman Joshi, H. G. Dattatreya, Vikram Gokhale, and Sonakshi Sinha. The film is loosely based on the life of scientists at the Indian Space Research Organisation who contributed to the Mars Orbiter Mission, India's first interplanetary expedition.

Mission Mangal was announced in November 2018. Shakti, who worked as associate director on Pad Man (2018), pitched the script to Kumar. Principal photography for the film began in November 2018. The film's soundtrack was composed by Amit Trivedi and Tanishk Bagchi with lyrics written by Baghchi along with Amitabh Bhattacharya, and released under the banner Zee Music Company. Mission Mangal was theatrically released in India on 15 August 2019, India's Independence Day. It received positive reviews from critics and earned 290.59 crore worldwide, becoming a commercial success.

Plot
After the failed launch of GSLV-F06 on 25 December 2010, due to a small mistake by Project Director Tara Shinde, Rakesh Dhawan, a fellow scientist working with her, takes the blame for her. As a result, he is relocated to work on Mangalyaan as punishment. The new GSLV missions are given to Rupert Desai, a NASA scientist of Indian origin.  The MoM (Mars Orbiter Mission) is thought of as an impossible mission by his coworkers due its aim of reaching Mars with its tight budget.

Rakesh learns that MoM cannot take off on the PSLV since the available technology has a payload of only 1500 kg and not enough fuel to fire the rocket to be carried to a distance of almost 5.5*10^7 kilometres. GSLV, if it had succeeded, could have taken the satellite to Mars as it had a payload of 2300 kg. However, recent significant failures of GSLV have jeopardised the planned future missions.

Back at home, Tara is badly caught in between balancing her career and her family. One day at home, while frying 'Puris', Tara's maid informs of insufficient gas to cook all the 'Puris', to which Tara tells her to heat the oil and turn off the gas, and turn it back on if oil cools down, which sparks her an idea to launch the MoM using PSLV. They would use bursts of gas to push the MoM satellite further into Earth's outside orbit, and then slingshot it using Earth's gravitational sphere, successfully saving fuel. She approaches Rakesh with the idea, who is convinced. The duo tries to get the other team members on board, but instead are mocked, though they later are convinced too along with Director of ISRO. When Tara and Rakesh ask Rupert to lend them expert members of his team, Rupert instead gives them junior scientists and engineers, who have little to no experience in mission launches.

First, there is Eka Gandhi, propulsion control expert, a youngster that hates most Indian things and looking for any chance to get away to NASA. Then there is the spacecraft autonomy designer Neha Siddiqui, who is struggling with rejection as a result of her intercommunal background. Navigation expert Krittika Agarwal is a devoted wife tending to her ex-serviceman husband Rishi Agarwal, who was severely wounded in action. Varsha Pillai, the satellite designer and payload expert, battles with her mother-in-law's taunts at home for not being able to bear a child. Parmeshwar Joshi, payload expert, relies more on the priest and his advice to and develops a romantic interest in Eka. Lastly, there is Ananth  Iyenger, the team's structural engineer.

However, after the announcement of India's second Moon mission, Chandrayaan-2, the mission's budget is cut by 50%. In between the tight schedule and minuscule budget, Tara and Rakesh continue to work on their MoM project by making several compromises. Tara and Rakesh realise that the junior scientists working on the project have low morale and motivation to make this mission happen, leading to the team slowing down. Tara soon realises that in order to meet their budget and schedule, she must make the team members change their attitudes, and motivate them to make their dream jobs into a reality. She is successful with this, and the team puts all their hardwork and energy into solving the issues with the mission, and making it happen.

The MoM satellite is finally launched on PSLV on 5 November 2013(after an 8-day delay due to weather), and is named Mangalyaan (Sanskrit: Mars-Craft) and is successfully inserted into Earth's orbit. Rakesh and his team celebrates the successful launch. However, while doing the sixth orbit-raising manoeuvre, the jets fail to launch, pushing the mission 6 days behind. Rupert mocks the team, while Tara continues to keep hope that something will happen. Couple months later, on the way to Mars, the satellite is hit by a solar radiation wave, heavily damaging the communication systems of the satellite. When the team manages to regain communications, they realise that the solar radiation had increased the speed of the satellite and pushed it further, making up the 6 day gap they had incurred while doing the orbital manoeuvres with Earth. After spending 298-day transit to Mars, MoM satellite is inserted into Mars orbit on 24 September 2014, making the country 4th in the world to do so and the first country to do it in the first attempt.

Cast

Akshay Kumar as Rakesh Dhawan
Vidya Balan as Tara Shinde
Vikram Gokhale as Chandesh Malik
Sonakshi Sinha as Eka Gandhi
Taapsee Pannu as Kritika Aggarwal
Nithya Menen as Varsha Pillai
Kirti Kulhari as Neha Siddiqui
Sharman Joshi as Parmeshwar Joshi
H. G. Dattatreya as Ananth Iyengar
Sanjay Kapoor as Sunil Shinde
Dalip Tahil as Rupert Desai
Mohammed Zeeshan Ayyub as Rishi Aggarwal
Purab Kohli as Vivek Pillai
Mohan Kapoor as Swami
Arjan Kapoor as Reporter
Rohan Joshi as Dilip Shinde
Anirban Bhattacharyya as TV Presenter
Kashmira Pardeshi as Anya Shinde
Manish Borundia as an ISRO employee

Production
On 5 November 2018, to coincide with 5 November 2013, the day the Mars Orbiter Mission was launched, Mission Mangal was announced. Principal photography for the film began later in mid-November. In early February, Pannu finished her schedule of shooting. Shakthi initially had Mohanlal and Sridevi in mind for the roles played by Akshay Kumar and Vidya Balan. Shakthi pitched the idea to Kumar while working as an associate director to R. Balki in Kumar's Pad Man.

In November 2018, a copyright infringement lawsuit was filed against the makers of the film by the filmmaker Radha Bharadwaj.

Soundtrack

The music of the film is composed by Amit Trivedi while the lyrics are penned by Amitabh Bhattacharya.

Tanishk Bagchi was roped in as a guest composer, and wrote and composed a promotional song, "Tota Udd".

Marketing and release

On 4 July 2019, Kumar unveiled the first look poster of the film. The official teaser of the film was released on 9 July 2019 by Fox Star Studios. The first official trailer of the film was released on 18 July 2019 by Fox Star Studios. The second official trailer of the film was released on 8 August 2019 by Fox Star Studios.

The film was released in India on 15 August 2019, along with Batla House, on the occasion of India's Independence Day.

Reception

Critical response
Mission Mangal received generally positive reviews from critics.

Box office
On its first day of release, Mission Mangal earned 29.16 crore nett in India to become the third highest-opening for a Bollywood film in 2019, and Kumar's highest opening ever. It recorded collections of 16.75-17 crore on the second day, outperforming in the regions of Mumbai, Mysore and West Bengal. On its third day of release, a Saturday, the film collected 23.5 crore nett. It earned 27.5 crore nett on Sunday, marking the highest earning for a Bollywood film in 2019 on a single day. The following day, it showed a drop of 50 percent from Friday's earnings to collect 8.5-8.75 crore nett.

, with a gross of 238.80 crore in India and 51.79 crore overseas, the film has earned 290.59 crore worldwide and have become sixth Highest gross Bollywood movie of 2019.


Jerry Naylor

Jerry Naylor Jackson (March 6, 1939 – December 5, 2019), known as Jerry Naylor, was an American country and rock and roll artist and broadcaster and inspirational speaker. From late 1961 thru 1964 he was lead vocalist of The Crickets.

Early life and career
Naylor was born in Chalk Mountain, Texas to a great depression farming family. His mother played piano in their local church and encouraged his love of music. He listened to the greats of Country music such as Hank Williams, Sr., Lefty Frizzell, Bob Wills (with whom he shared his birthday) and Slim Whitman, and Whitman's steel guitar player, Hoot Raines, led the 9-year old Naylor to purchase and learn to play a steel guitar with money he earned picking cotton. By the age of 12 years, Naylor was playing that steel guitar at local honky tonks in and around Carlsbad and San Angelo, Texas, with his brother-in-law, Tommy Briggs' Hillbilly band which also featured Sherman Hamblin on fiddle and Earnest Smith lead guitar and vocals.

In 1953, at the age of 14, Naylor began working at a new radio station in San Angelo, Texas called KPEP. Veteran broadcaster, Joe Treadway, who with his wife Matilda (Tillie) would become Naylor's foster parents when his mother died in 1955, hired Naylor and taught him to be a disc jockey, radio commercial salesman and radio maintenance engineer. Joe Treadway encouraged Naylor to continue his performing, but on the insistence of his mother, gave him the opportunity to be the lead singer of the band. KPEP was co-owned by Joe Treadway and Dave Stone (Pinkstone) who also owned the, now legendary, KDAV radio station in Lubbock, Texas where Buddy Holly was also an on-air performer with Bob Montgomery, "Buddy & Bob".

These two West Texas radio stations were the first full-time country music radio stations in America and promoted live touring shows throughout West Texas with stars from the Grand Ole Opry in Nashville, Tennessee, and the Louisiana Hayride in Shreveport, Louisiana.

Joe Treadway and his close friend, Tillman Franks, Talent Coordinator for the Louisiana Hayride, managed Naylor's young singing career and booked him and his band on these touring shows.  It was here at KPEP that Naylor first heard rockabilly music, at its very beginning. After hearing and playing Elvis Presley's "That's Alright Mama" Sun Records recording, Naylor was backed by a Trio from San Angelo called the Cavaliers at a talent show there in 1956. At the time Alton Baird was the band's original lead singer. In c.1957 after Baird went into the military, Naylor became the lead singer of the rockabilly band The Cavaliers.

Career with The Crickets
In 1961, Naylor became the lead singer for the Crickets. This was two years after the tragic death of Buddy Holly and the departure of other singers from the group. Jerry Allison, Buddy Holly's drummer and co-songwriter, owned the name and trademark of "The Crickets". Allison, now the sole owner of "The Crickets" and their manager, H. Daniel Whitman, offered Naylor the lead singer position with The Crickets following their signing with Liberty Records, Hollywood, California. He recorded as lead singer with the Crickets until 1964. Their first hit for the label was "Don't Ever Change", a Carole King/Gerry Goffin written song, which reached the number 5 position on the national charts in the UK.  The very first song the new Beatles group performed live on BBC, in 1963, was The Crickets' hit, "Don't Ever Change." and the Beatles all acknowledged the Crickets influence in a letter sent to them following a Crickets tour of the UK in 1962.  More hit singles followed and the Bobby Vee Meets the Crickets Album was a best-selling album in the UK and Europe. The Crickets also had a hit EP recording on EMI/Liberty Records in 1963, featuring four tracks including, "My Little Girl" and "Teardrops Fall Like Rain," both featured in the Columbia Motion Pictures Movie, Just for Fun.

Personal life and family

Jerry Naylor Jackson was born in Erath county, TX. At age 5 his family moved to Carlsbad, Texas which is 12 miles from San Angelo, TX. Joe Treadway owner of KPEP radio station in San Angelo became interested in the young teenager and trained him as a DJ. It seems he also sang on KPEP radio with the station's band. Jerry Jackson was a student at San Angelo's 'Lakeview High School' when he entered a talent contest in 1956. It was here that he met the founders of the Cavalier rockabilly band. They were Sid Holmes, Alton Baird and Carroll Smith. It would be the spring of 1957 when Jerry Naylor Jackson would join this band, as lead vocalist but only temporarily. By late 1957 he joined the Army and went to Germany after basic.
During 1962 while living in California Jerry joined The Crickets, alternating with Sonny Curtis in singing lead with the band until March 1965. He appeared with the Crickets in the UK movie "Just for Fun" in 1963, and also "The Girls on the Beach" in 1965. After his time with The Crickets, Jerry had a successful solo  career in different genres and was inducted into the Rockabilly Hall of Fame.
On January 30, 1966, Naylor married Pamela Ann Robinson. Jerry and Pamela, married over four decades, have three children and six grandchildren.

Naylor died in December 2019 at the age of 80.