West Brandywine Township, Chester County, Pennsylvania

West Brandywine Township is a township in Chester County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 7,394 at the 2010 census.

History
The Hatfield-Hibernia Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of , of which , or 0.22%, is water.

Demographics

At the 2010 census, the township was 92.0% non-Hispanic White, 3.5% Black or African American, 0.1% Native American, 0.9% Asian, and 1.0% were two or more races. 2.6% of the population were of Hispanic or Latino ancestry.

As of the census of 2000, there were 7,153 people, 2,552 households, and 2,003 families living in the township.  The population density was 534.5 people per square mile (206.4/km²).  There were 2,610 housing units at an average density of 195.0/sq mi (75.3/km²).  The racial makeup of the township was 95.39% White, 3.27% African American, 0.14% Native American, 0.39% Asian, 0.27% from other races, and 0.55% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.70% of the population.

There were 2,552 households, out of which 38.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 68.8% were married couples living together, 6.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 21.5% were non-families. 17.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.  The average household size was 2.78 and the average family size was 3.17.

In the township the population was spread out, with 27.1% under the age of 18, 5.6% from 18 to 24, 30.1% from 25 to 44, 23.6% from 45 to 64, and 13.7% who were 65 years of age or older.  The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.1 males.  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.2 males.

The median income for a household in the township was $62,500, and the median income for a family was $69,514. Males had a median income of $46,558 versus $31,362 for females. The per capita income for the township was $25,211.  About 2.6% of families and 3.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.6% of those under age 18 and 1.0% of those age 65 or over.


Virginia State Route 314 (1924-1925)

REDIRECT U.S. Route 1 in Virginia


Switzerland in the Eurovision Song Contest 1987

Switzerland was represented by Carol Rich, with the song Moitié, moitié at the 1987 Eurovision Song Contest, which took place on 9 May.

Before Eurovision

Concours Eurovision 1987
Swiss Italian broadcaster RTSI was in charge of broadcasting the selection for the Swiss entry for the 1987 Contest. The national final was held at the studios of RTSI in Lugano, hosted by Letizia Brunati. Nine songs were submitted for the 1987 national final and the winning song was chosen by 3 regional juries, a press jury, and an expert jury.

At Eurovision
On the night of the Contest Rich performed last of the evening, following Yugoslavia. At the close of voting Moitié, moitié had picked up 27 points (the highest mark being seven points from the Netherlands) placing Switzerland in 17th position out of 22 entries. The Swiss jury awarded its 12 points to Ireland.

External links
 Swiss National Final 1987

Eurovision


Tukon Chapel

Tukon Chapel is a chapel located in Basco, Batanes.


A Season on the Brink

A Season on the Brink is a 1986 book by John Feinstein which detailed the 1985-86 season of Indiana University's men's basketball team, led by the controversial coach Bob Knight. Granted almost unprecedented access to the Indiana University basketball program, as well as insights into Knight's private life, the book spawned a new genre, as a legion of imitators wrote works covering a single year of a sports franchise.

Writing the book

Feinstein was paid a $17,500 advance to write the book, and had to take a leave of absence from The Washington Post. Feinstein expected to lose money doing the book, but proceeded with the project anyway in the hopes that it would be good and convince someone to have him write a second book.

Feinstein spent six months with the 1985-86 team. He had previously covered Bob Knight in his role as the National College Basketball Writer for The Washington Post. Remarking on his relationship with Bob Knight, Feinstein said the following:

The book is noted for showing many facets of Knight's personality, leadership, and character. Feinstein depicts a smart coach who is often quick with sarcasm and a sometimes violent temper, but also a honest coach who never cheats and strictly follows all of the NCAA's rules.

Reception and impact

"A Season on the Brink" was extremely well received when first published, and is often referred to as "the bestselling sports book of all time." Although it has sold more than two million copies worldwide, it is not in fact the bestselling of all time. The initial book tour for "Season on the Brink" was two days in the state of Indiana, but because of its popularity the promotional tour ended up being much larger.

As a result of the book, the NCAA passed a rule banning members of the media from being in the locker room of a team before or during a game. Moreover, if one member of the media was allowed, then the locker room was then opened to all members of the media.

Film version

A film version of A Season on the Brink was made in 2002, becoming the first ESPN television movie. The movie was filmed in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, and is notable for its prevalent use of profanity, intended to accurately represent Knight's tirades.


Ricordi (song)

"Ricordi" (English: "Memories") is a song by the Italian band Finley, from their studio album, Adrenalina 2.

Information
The song was released as single on February 26, 2008 on iTunes and other digital stores. The song was written by the members of the band Danilo Calvio, Stefano Mantegazza, Marco Pedretti, Carmine Ruggiero, Daniele Persoglio.

The song participated on the Sanremo Music Festival 2008 and obtained the fifth place. In March 2008, the band released an English version of the song titled "Your Hero", featuring the Mexican singer Belinda. This version was included on the Belinda's second studio album, Utopía, as a bonus track on its international edition.

Video
The music video of "Ricordi" shows the band singing in different places, while rotating images of people suffering without peace, featuring scenes with Belinda. In the music video of the English version, it shows the band and Belinda performing the song. This version was released on iTunes on May 5, 2008.

Track listing

Charts


The General's Garden (Tangut translation)

The Tangut translation of The General's Garden (Tangut:  Gia¹-bju̱² Lhejr²-bo¹ Tśhji² ) is a unique manuscript translation in the Tangut language and script of a Chinese military text, The General's Garden ().  The manuscript was collected from the abandoned fortress city of Khara-Khoto by Aurel Stein in 1914, and is held at the British Library in London, where it is catalogued as Or.12380/1840.  The translation dates to the 12th or early 13th century, and predates any of the extant Chinese editions by some two hundred years.  The Tangut text may therefore represent a version that is closer to the original Chinese text than the extant Ming Dynasty (1368–1644) Chinese editions.

Description of the manuscript
The manuscript is a paper scroll.  When found by Stein it was twisted up, but has since been mounted on backing paper as a scroll, 230 cm long and 20 cm high.  The beginning of the scroll, comprising about a half of the text, is missing, but the end is intact.  Additionally, the bottom of the scroll along its entire length has been severely damaged (apparently torn off), with the result that each column of Tangut text is missing a few characters at the bottom.  There are a total of 115 surviving columns of text, each column comprising between 4 and 18 Tangut characters, depending upon the level of damage.  Imre Galambos estimates that the undamaged manuscript would have had twenty characters per column.

The Tangut characters are written in an elegant calligraphy in standard (non-cursive) character forms.  Red marks and editorial signs are used to indicate copying errors such as reversed characters or characters that should be deleted.

Contents of the manuscript
The surviving text of the manuscript is divided into 18 sections, with the title and number of each section given at the bottom of the first column of each section.  However, as the bottom of the manuscript is damaged, the section titles and numbers are missing or incomplete in most cases.  Fortunately, the section numbers for the last few sections can be made out, from which it can be inferred that the complete Tangut text comprised thirty-seven sections numbered one through 37.  This contrasts with the Ming editions of the Chinese text, which comprise fifty sections.  Only the last 18 sections of the Tangut manuscript have survived, corresponding to sections 21–23, 26–29, 32, 34–36, 38–40, 42–43, 45, and 46/50 of the Chinese version (sections 46 and 50 are merged into a single section, with the intervening sections omitted).  Thus the missing first half of the Tangut text must have comprised 19 sections corresponding to sections 1-21 of the Chinese version.  Whereas the missing first half of the Tangut text seems to have been close to the Chinese version (apparently only omitting one section), the surviving second half omits eleven sections, and in particular the final five sections relating to "barbarians" are reduced to a single section discussing the "Northern barabarians" only.

The final line of the manuscript states "End of the Book of the General's Grove", and notes that it has been collated or proofed, thereby indicating that there are no missing sections after last section of Tangut text in the manuscript.  The title of the Ming Dynasty Chinese editions of the General's Garden is the Book of the Heart () or the New Book (), and the title General's Garden () is only recorded for lost Song Dynasty editions, so the fact that the Tangut title translates as "General's Grove" (equivalent to the Chinese title translated in English as "General's Garden") can be seen as evidence that the original text was called the General's Garden rather than the Book of the Heart or the New Book.

Significance
As the vast majority of surviving texts in the Tangut language are Buddhist in nature, the General's Garden is important as one of a relatively small number of secular Tangut texts.  However, it is not the only Tangut translation of a Chinese military text.  Tangut translations of Sun Tzu's Art of War () with three commentaries, the Six Secret Teachings (), and the Three Strategies of Huang Shigong () are also preserved in the collections of the Institute of Oriental Manuscripts in Saint Petersburg.  These three Tangut translations all exist in printed editions, and were probably published during the second half of the 12th century as part of a state-sponsored translation and publishing project, which indicates the important position that military treatises were held in by the Tangut state.

In contrast to the printed editions of the Tangut translations of the three military classics, the Tangut version of the General's Garden only exists in manuscript form.  That it was not published as a printed edition probably reflects the lower status of the General's Garden as a military text, but at the same time, the fact that Tangut scholars were translating minor military texts such as the General's Garden indicates the importance that was given to military texts in general.

The General's Garden is considered to be a Song Dynasty (960–1279) forgery incorporating elements of Sun Tzu's Art of War and other earlier military treatises.  For this reason there are few surviving editions of the Chinese version of the General's Garden, and the earliest known edition dates to the early Ming Dynasty (1368–1644), at least a hundred years after it was written.  The Tangut manuscript probably dates to the second half of the 12th century or the early 13th century, and as such it predates the earliest Chinese edition by about two hundred years, and so may more closely reflect the original form of the text than the existing Chinese editions.

The Tangut translation differs from the Chinese version in two important respects.  Firstly, the Tangut translation comprises 37 sections, whereas the earliest Chinese version of the text comprises fifty sections.  It is not certain whether this difference is due to the Song Dynasty source for the translation having fewer sections than the later version of the text, or whether the Tangut translator deliberately omitted sections that were not considered relevant to the situation of the Western Xia.  The other major difference is the treatment of the final four sections of the text, relating to the "barbarians" of the north (Beidi), south (Nanman), east (Dongyi) and west (Xirong), which China traditionally saw itself as being surrounded by.  The Tangut translation only discusses the "Lords of the Steppes" in the north, and omits any description of the barbarians of the south, east and west.  Galambos sees this as a deliberate change so that the text reflects the geopolitical situation of the Western Xia state rather than the Chinese state.  Ksenia Kepping suggests that the "Lords of the Steppes" mentioned in the Tangut translation refers to the Mongols who mounted raids on the Western Xia from 1205 onwards.  On the other hand, Galambos notes that the "Lords of the Steppes" could equally have been intended to refer to other nomadic peoples living in the grasslands to the north of the Western Xia state, such as the Khitans and Jurchens.

Kepping and Galambos have analysed some phrases that are common to several different Chinese military treatises that were translated into Tangut, including the General's Garden, and they note that the Tangut translations of the same Chinese phrases vary considerably.  This shows that terminology and names were translated ad hoc by translators as they came across them, and that there was no attempt to maintain any consistency between translations.  This is in marked contrast with Tangut translations of Buddhist texts, which were done in a very methodical and literal manner.


Artesunate/amodiaquine

Artesunate/amodiaquine, sold under the trade name Camoquin among others, is a medication used for the treatment of malaria. It is a fixed-dose combination of artesunate and amodiaquine. Specifically it recommended for acute uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria. It is taken by mouth.

Common side effects include loss of appetite, nausea, abdominal pain, sleepiness, trouble sleeping, and cough. Safety in pregnancy is not clear; however, the medication may be used if others are not possible. It is believed to be safe for use during breastfeeding. Artesunate and amodiaquine are both antimalarial medication; however, work by different mechanisms.

Artesunate/amodiaquine was commercially launched in 2007. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the safest and most effective medicines needed in a health system. Artesunate/amodiaquine is available as a generic medication. The wholesale cost in the developing world is about US$0.85 to US$1.52 for a course of treatment. As of 2014 it is not commercially available in the United States or United Kingdom.

Medical uses
Early clinical trials showed that a once-a-day dosage was effective. It was subsequently clinically shown to be equally effective as artemether/lumefantrine, although it is likely to be more effective in the field due to its simpler once-a-day dosage compared to artemether/lumefantrine twice-per-day dosage.

Society and culture
Artesunate/amodiaquine was commercially launched in 2007 as an affordable treatment for malaria, devised by DNDi in partnership with Sanofi-Aventis. ASAQ was handed over to the MMV Access and Product Management Team in May 2015.


Marie-Christine Deurbroeck

Marie-Christine Deurbroeck (born 1 February 1957 in Geraardsbergen, Oost-Vlaanderen) is a retired female long-distance runner from Belgium.

Deurbroeck competed for her native country at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, California. There she ended up in 24th place in the women's marathon. Deurbroeck set her personal best in the classic distance (2:32.32) in 1984.

Achievements


Pietro Generali (basketball)

Pietro Generali (born October 19, 1958, in Bologna) is a former basketball player from Italy, who won the silver medal with his national team at the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow.


Philip Stack

Philip Stack (born John Philip Stack; December 27, 1900 in St. Albans, Vermont – March 4, 1948 in Manhattan, New York), also known under the alias of Don Wahn, was an American poet who was active during the 1930s and 40s. He is known for contributing sonnets to Walter Winchell's widely syndicated Hearst Newspapers column and was also known as the quatrain-writer for Vargas drawings in Esquire. In 1932, Liveright published his book of love poems titled "Love in Manhattan." In 1936 his poem "Admonition" (as Philip Stack) was published by Doubleday in The Best Loved Poems of the American People and the book received a re-printing in 2008.

On March 4, 1948, when he was 47 years old and after battling depression for many years, Philip Stack jumped to his death from the 12th floor of his Manhattan studio at the Goodhue House Apartments. His final contribution to Walter Winchell's column, titled Summary and containing Don Wahn's last despairing lines, was published one day later.


Kartia: The Word of Fate

Kartia: The Word of Fate, known as Legend of Kartia in Europe and  in Japan, is a tactical role-playing game developed and published by Atlus for Sony's PlayStation video game console in 1998. It is best known for the work of its art designer, Yoshitaka Amano, who had previously worked on the Final Fantasy series. Shigenori Soejima, another artist who would later be known for his work on the Persona series, also contributed to the game as an item graphics artist. The game was re-released on the Japanese PlayStation Network in 2011.

Gameplay
The game is divided into two "volumes", each centering on a different main character and their friends. The first volume tells the story of Toxa Classico and the second volume is about Lacryma Christi. While each volume tells a complete story, the storylines intertwine in one major plot.

Each "chapter" of both volumes revolves around phantoms, beings which can be summoned by certain humans using "Kartia", magical cards which create whatever is written on them, such as Fire or Water. The player must summon and control phantoms to fight for him/her, as well as managing Kartia supplies, casting magic with Kartia and creating weapons for the human combatants. Kartia cards can be combined to create more powerful spells or phantoms. While phantoms may die during battle, if a human party member dies, the game ends and the chapter must be restarted.

Plot
The story takes place in the world of Rebus, primarily within the areas of Cross Land, Idorus, Nordia and Pentagram. The game is broken into 36 chapters, 18 in Toxa's scenario and 18 in Lacryma's scenario.

Story

In the Nordia Encrypter School, Akueldo rebel leaders plan to transport the druid Mona through Cross Land and into Idorus. Mona carries a forbidden original Nothingness Kartia that can destroy all of existence. Using a local band of thieves, Mona is escorted from Cross Land to eastern Idorus lands belonging to Count Shinon. The Count's daughter, Ele, discovers this plot and mounts a rescue with the free knight Toxa and two members of Vigilance, Alana and Duran. They save Mona and capture the Akueldo contact Misty. The remaining thieves attack the estate and Misty joins the party to redeem herself. Meanwhile, at Vigilance headquarters in the city of Kainas, Lacryma is left in command while chief Rimazan is away at Pentagram with her adopted father, Bishop Aile. Lacryma, along with Vigilance members Troy, Posha and Kun arrive at an inn overrun with stray Phantoms. The following morning, Troy is arrested by Encrypter police who suspect him of Kartia theft. One of the guards on duty is questioned using evidence found at the inn and exposed as the Akueldo rebel Zakuro. He is subdued and jailed, but later released by a fellow rebel named Cross. Rimzan returns to Kainas to defend the local Shrines' World Tree from the Akueldo agent Karis. Aile is forced to reveal to the Shrine council that Lacryma is the blood daughter of the hero Kainas, whom the city is named after. Many on the council want to make her an Inquirer - a Shrine Warrior that is unrestricted by the law.

Misty encounters Zakuro, and unaware of her desertion, he reveals the plans to attack Vigilance. Duran, Alana, Toxa and Misty set out for Kainas, while Ele sneaks along without permission. Toxa supports Rimzan against the thieves' attack on the headquarters, and using Misty's knowledge, they plan a counter-offensive. Former Vigilance member Bachstail arrives and re-enlists, much to the chagrin of Lacryma. Rimzan assigns two parties to fight the thieves, each led by Lacryma and Duran. Before leaving, Troy gives Alana sketches of an illegal text and later asks Bachstail to read another copy. Bachstail states that they pertain to a forbidden original Kartia. Each party runs into problems during the operation. Toxa repeatedly leaves for the Shinon estate to visit Mona when he should be fighting, Ele accidentally tells Lacryma about Misty's past and Bachstail's actions causes Karis to retreat as soon as she spots him. After dealing with these struggles, the two teams are able to stop the thieves led by Cross and Zakuro. Rimzan departs for Nordia, leaving Lacryma in charge of Vigilance. Rimzan is seriously injured fighting Akueldo leader Saradiart, while Karis observes with Akueldo commander Raguruzet. Saradiart seems immortal, but Raguruzet states that he can be killed with the original Death Kartia. After the battle, Karis stays behind to treat Rimzan's wounds and vows to stop Saradiart. She later discovers both the original Death and Life Kartias in the Idorus Encrypter School and plans to inform Bachstail.

Cross threatens to fully expose Misty's past connections with Akueldo, resulting in her divulging that Mona is still at Shinon's estate. She confesses what she knows about the rebels to Duran and he pledges to stay with her. Bachstail receives Karis' note and lets the messenger know that Lacryma can be made an Inquirer, even without Aile's permission. Bachstail compares the two sketches of the forbidden Kartia from Karis and Troy and concludes that one of them is fake. A missive from the King of Cross Land orders Vigilance to support the Cross Land knights against Akueldo. Lacryma's group accepts and heads to the frontlines, while Toxa's party declines and returns to Shinon's estate to secure Mona. Before leaving, Lacryma visits the Kainas Shrine where she spots Bachstail confronting Aile about Kainas' death. Aile denies using an original Kartia as doing so would also kill the user. Bachstail's presence on the mission clearly distracts Lacryma and hinders her ability to lead. Kun ends up going on patrol on his own and runs into the Akueldo commander Vandor. Kun recognizes the commander from a painting as Kainas and asks him to meet Lacryma. Vandor declines, stating that his old life is long gone but he will wait for her at Idorus Fortress. Kun tells Troy, Ele and Bachstail what he has learned and they agree to keep it secret from Lacryma. After defeating the rebels within Cross Land, Lacryma receives orders to join the Inquirers. To further convince her, Bachstail states that Kainas is alive and has joined the rebels.

After fighting off the rebels at the Shinon estate, Mona reveals that druids like herself are half-elves and that Saradiart is her twin brother. The rebels wish to create the floating paradise of Eden, which requires the original Heaven and Earth Kartias made of elven bone and blood. Despite Toxa's objections, Shinon and Duran send Mona away to Pentagram. After she leaves the estate, Duran and Misty realize that the escort was a disguised rebel. Toxa's party pursues Mona, but are blocked by Idorus knights that have joined the rebellion. Misty distracts a large number of the enemy but is captured, while Karis comes to Toxa's rescue. She reveals that she and Bachstail are Inquirers and that she will help Toxa free Mona and Misty if he takes the Death Kartia from the Idorus Encrypter School. Toxa agrees to the plan and is able to retrieve the original. Lacryma volunteers to bait the rebels in Idorus, both to see her father and prove she doesn't need to be an Inquirer to do her job. At Idorus Fortress she questions Vandor as to why he has joined the Akueldo rebels. He reveals that  her deceased mother, Shell, can be revived using the original Human Kartia located on Eden. Mona visits Lacryma in her cell and gives her the Nothingness Kartia, believing she'll do right with it. Back at Vigilance's camp, Karis arrives and informs Bachstail of the plan to rescue Lacryma, Mona and Misty from the rebels.

Toxa's party attacks Idorus Fortress from the front, while Lacryma's friends break her out of the dungeon and escape by boat. Karis is able to free Misty, but Mona has been moved to the Akueldo headquarters. Saradiart arrives and Toxa uses the original Death Kartia from the Idorus Encrypter School, which seems to kill Saradiart. Later, the Pentagram Cardinal Belthshumeltz cuts off Saradiart's left arm to create a new original Heaven Kartia. Back at the Kainas Shrine, Lacryma confronts Aile about her parents. He recounts how Lacryma died from disease twelve years ago and that Shell used the original Life Kartia to bring her back, killing Shell in the process. Lacryma opens Shell's grave but discovers no remains and runs off, but Bachstail stays behind and finds the real original Death Kartia inside. Since Toxa used a forgery, Saradiart revives and swears vengeance on his former allies. He summons Eden with the original Earth Kartia, which falls and crushes Idorus. Saradiart's elven blood allows him to use an original without fear of death.

Bachstail abandons Vigilance with the real Death Kartia in his possession and Lacryma accepts the position of Inquirer. Both parties make their way towards Nordia to confront the remains of Akueldo. Lacryma meets up with Rimzan, who seized part of a broken text from the rebels. Troy uses it to complete his illegal sketches, determines that it is the original Human Kartia and that Vandor will be unable to create a copy without it. Meanwhile, Toxa meets with an elder elf and learns that Eden is the native home of Phantoms. The elder elf also mentions that Mona's powers can stop Saradiart and end the chaos. The elves give Toxa's party flying dragons to hasten their journey towards Nordia. They head towards the Nordia Encrypter School, where Lacryma's group awaits. Toxa gives a speech to rouse the troops, but Ele notices that Lacryma is still visibly shaken. Lacryma's party fights Vandor, but Kun stops her from killing her father. With new found resolve, Vandor calls himself Kainas once again and Troy gives him the finished text for the Human Kartia. Kainas asks Lacryma to stop Belthshumeltz while he battles Raguruzet.

Toxa's party fights Saradiart, but the half-elf proves too powerful. Before Saradiart can defeat them, Bachstail enters with the real original Death Kartia and kills Saradiart, but vanishes soon after. Lacryma takes the flying dragons to Pentagram Cathedral and stops Belthshumeltz, but he unleashes the original Heaven Kartia before dying. To prevent another disaster, Lacryma uses Mona's Nothingness Kartia to counter the destructive sky created by Heaven. Lacryma disappears from Rebus but finds herself on Eden. She encounters Bachstail, who explains that Kartia is merely a means of transporting materials and creatures from Eden to Rebus, and that those that use originals are transported back. Eden's resources have depleted with the heavy use of Kartia and Bachstail now wishes to find a way to restore balance to both dimensions. Kainas uses the original Human Kartia to bring Lacryma back to Rebus and is transported to Eden himself. During the interim, father and daughter say goodbye to each other. Toxa learns that Saradiart actually made clones of himself and only a single copy was destroyed. Mona seals her brother's power and gives Toxa a fighting chance. After finally beating Saradiart, all of Eden returns to their home dimension, including the wild Phantoms, Mona and the other elves. However, Mona makes a clone of herself to simultaneously live on Rebus with Toxa.

Development
Atlus USA originally released Kartia as a Blockbuster Video rental exclusive, though it was later released for retail sale. There is a slight variant in the packaging: the BBV rental version does not have foil lettering for the title "Kartia" on the front cover – it is a blue that nearly blends in with the background. The BBV rental version has a different disc number as well – it is PSRM-010600.

Reception
Next Generation reviewed the PlayStation version of the game, rating it four stars out of five, and stated that "With an excellent soundtrack, a competent translation, and a host of immersive and innovative features, Atlus succeeds in showing that is has what it takes to go to bat against the competition in the role-playing genre and emerge a winner."

Kartia: The Word of Fate was praised by GameSpot for its presentation, music, and the number of options available during gameplay, but found it to be too linear and the battles slightly monotonous. The website scored it a 7.7 out of 10.


Sompujärvi

Sompujärvi  is a village in the municipality of Keminmaa in Lapland in north-western Finland.


Owd Bob

Owd Bob: The Grey Dog of Kenmuir, also titled Bob, Son of Battle for US editions, is a children's book by English author Alfred Ollivant. It was published in 1898 and became popular in the United Kingdom and the United States, though most of the dialogue in the book was written in the Cumbrian dialect. The name "Owd Bob" is a rendering of the phrase "Old Bob" in a dialect style.

Plot
The story emphasizes the rivalry between two sheepdogs and their masters, and chronicles the maturing of a boy, David, who is caught between them.  His mother dies, and he is left to the care of his father, Adam M'Adam, a sarcastic, angry alcoholic with few redeeming qualities.   M'Adam is the owner of Red Wull, a huge, violent dog who herds his sheep by brute force.  The other dog is Bob, son of Battle.  He herds sheep by finesse and persuasion.  His master is James Moore, Master of Kenmuir, who acts as surrogate father to David.  David and Moore's daughter Maggie become romantically intrigued by each other.  The dogs compete for the Shepherd's Trophy, the prize in an annual sheep-herding contest which is the highlight of the year in the North Country.  A dog who wins three competitions in a row wins the Shepherd's Cup outright, which has never yet happened.  Complications arise—a rogue dog is killing sheep, and both Bob and Red Wull are suspected of being the culprit. The story chronicles David's boyhood and early manhood, his struggle to live with his father, his frequent escapes to Kenmuir, and his intermittent friendship with Maggie Moore.

In other media

Films
 Owd Bob (1924), UK
 Owd Bob (1938), UK
 Thunder in the Valley (1947), US
 Owd Bob (1998), UK–Canada

Comics
 Bob, Son of Battle Dell Comics one-shot, issue #729 in Dell's catch-all nigh-weekly comic book, Four Color Comics. Adaptation written by Gaylord Du Bois. Art by Mike Sekowsky.

External links
Public domain copies at Internet Archive
 Owd Bob (UK edition)
 Bob, Son of Battle (US edition)


The Road Rights and Liabilities of Wheelmen written by George B. Clementson at the height of the bicycle's golden age, in 1895, was the first treatise on bicycle law. In the 1880s and 1890s, the prevailing legal issue cyclists (or wheelmen as they were then called) faced was the question of the right to the road. In a series of seminal right to the road cases, cyclists gained legal rights that form the basis of cyclist's legal rights today. Although bicycle law has developed substantially since 1895, The Road Rights and Liabilities of Wheelmen continues to serve as an outstanding resource for those early right to the road cases.


John Kirby (bishop)

The Most Rev. Dr John Kirby (born 29 October 1938) is a prelate of the Catholic Church who was the Bishop of Clonfert from 1988 to 2019.

He was born in Baylough, Athlone, County Roscommon, Ireland.  He was educated at Garbally College,where he later taught. He went to St. Patrick's College, Maynooth to study for the priesthood.  He was ordained a priest on 23 June 1963 for his home diocese.

He coached the rugby team where he was the first to notice the skills of Ciaran Fitzgerald who would go on to captain the national team. Dr Kirby was later appointed to the Presidency of the College.

On 18 February 1988 he was appointed Bishop.  He was ordained a bishop on 9 April. The Principal Consecrator was Archbishop Gaetano Alibrandi, the Apostolic Nuncio to Ireland; his Principal Co-Consecrators were two of his predecessors Archbishop Joseph Cassidy, and Bishop William Philbin.

The role of Bishop of Clonfert "ex-officio" includes the roles of Parish Priest of Ballinasloe and senior governor of the Garbally College.

Pope Francis accepted his resignation on 16 July 2019.


Kliever, Missouri

Kliever (also spelled Kleiver) is an unincorporated community in eastern Moniteau County, in the U.S. state of Missouri. The primary road which passes through Kliever is Missouri Route 87. The community is about five miles northeast of California and five miles south of Jamestown.

History
A post office called Kliever was established in 1891, and remained in operation until 1907. The community was named after one Mr. Kleiver, the original owner of the town site.


Prix Amerigo Vespucci

The prix Amerigo-Vespucci is a French literary award established in 1990, during the first  (IFG) at Saint-Dié-des-Vosges. It rewards works on the theme of adventure and travel and refers to the Italian navigator Amerigo Vespucci.

Featuring 2500 euros (in 2014), it is traditionally awarded at the inauguration of the Book Fair. An Amerigo Vespucci Youth Award is also presented.

Laureates of prix Amerigo Vespucci
 1990: Claude Leborgne, La Prison nomade (François Bourin)
 1991: Pierre-Jean Rémy, Chine (Albin Michel)
 1992: Anka Muhlstein, Cavelier de la Salle (Éditions Grasset)
 1993: Liliane Sichler, La Chinoise du Pacific Railway (Grasset)
 1994: Michel Marty, L'Île rouge Éditions Phébus
 1995: Isabelle Jarry, 23 Lettres d'Amérique (Fayard)
 1996: Yves Ouahnon, Le Calendrier de Cordoue (Éditions Autrement)
 1997: Éric Fottorino, Cœur d'Afrique (Stock)
 1998: Gisèle Pineau, L'Âme prêtée aux oiseaux (Stock)
 1999: Gilles Lapouge, Besoin de mirages (Éditions du Seuil)
 2000: Ahmadou Kourouma, Allah n'est pas obligé (Le Seuil)
 2001: Jean-Luc Coatalem, Je suis dans les mers du Sud, sur les traces de Paul Gauguin (Grasset)
 2002: Abdelkader Djemaï, Camping (Le Seuil)
 2003: Marc Durin-Valois, Chamelle (JC Lattès)
 2004: France Huser, Le Murmure des sables (Le Seuil)
 2005: Jean-Paul Delfino, Corcovado ()
 2006: Pierre Pelot, L'Ombre des voyageuses (Éditions )
 2007: Bernard Giraudeau, Les Dames de nage (Éditions Métaillié)
 2008: Patrice Pluyette, La Traversée du Mozambique par temps calme (Le Seuil)
 2009: Isabelle Autissier, Seule la mer s'en souviendra (Grasset)
 2010: Hugo Boris, Je n'ai pas dansé depuis longtemps ()
 2011: Olivier Weber, Le Barbaresque (Flammarion)
 2012: François Garde,  (Éditions Gallimard)
 2013: Laurent-Frédéric Bollée and Philippe Nicloux for Terra Australis (Glénat)
 2014: Laurent Mauvignier, Autour du monde (Les Éditions de Minuit)
 2015: Grégoire Polet, Barcelona ! (Gallimard)
 2016: Doan Bui, Le Silence de mon père (L'Iconoclaste)

Laureates of the prix Amerigo Vespucci for youth
 1990: John Howe and Gérard Jaegger, Amerigo Vespucci (La Joie de lire).
 1991: Sylvie Girardet, Claire Merleau-Ponty and Anne Tardy, Les Routes de la soie (Bayard)
 1992: Daniel Pennac, L'Agence Babel et L'Évasion de Kamo (Gallimard)
 1993: Joëlle Wintrebert, Les Diables blancs (Gallimard)
 1994: Bertrand Solet, La Troupe sans pareille (Hachette jeunesse)
 1995: Danielle Martinigol, Les Oubliés de Vulcain (Hachette Jeunesse)
 1996: Jean-François Chabas, Une moitié de Wasicum (Casterman)
 1997: François Place, Du pays des Amazones aux îles Indigo (Casterman)
 1998: Éric Boisset, Nicostratos (Magnard jeunesse).
 1999: Daniel Vaxelaire, En haut la Liberté (Flammarion, Castor Poche)
 2000: Catherine Porte and Rose-Claire Labalestra, Le roi Vagabond (Rageot, Cascade)
 2001: Erik L'Homme, Livres des étoiles (Gallimard Jeunesse)
 2002: Frédéric Toussaint and Anne Romby, La nuit de l'Ylang-Ylang (Actes Sud Junior)
 2003: Jean-Baptiste de Panafieu, Planète eau douce (Gallimard Jeunesse) and Pierre-Marie Beaude, La maison des Lointains (Gallimard Jeunesse, Scripto)
 2004: Didier Daeninckx and Laurent Corvaisier, L'Enfant du zoo ().
 2005: Xavier-Laurent Petit, Le col des Mille Larmes (Flammarion, Castor poche)
 2006: Carole Saturno, Enfants ici, parents d'ailleurs (Gallimard Jeunesse)
 2007: François Place, Le Roi des Trois Orients (éditions Rue du Monde).
 2008: Isabelle Collombat, Bienvenue à Goma ().
 2009: Guillaume Duprat, Le livre des terres imaginées (Seuil)
 2010: Xavier-Laurent Petit, Mon petit cœur imbécile (École des Loisirs)
 2011: Jean-Philippe Blondel and Florence Lebert (phot.), Qui vive ? ()
 2012: Yves-Marie Clément, Sur les traces de Walipo (Seuil Jeunesse)
 2013:  Geneviève Clastre and Lucie Placin, Le Goût de voyages chez Gallimard Jeunesse.
 2014: Daniel Picouly and Nathalie Novi, Et si on redessinait le monde (éditions Rue du monde)
 2015: Fleur Daugey and Sandrine Thommen, Les Oiseaux globe-trotters (Actes Sud Junior).
 2016: Julien Billaudeau and Sébastien Gayet, À la découverte de la grotte Chauvet-Pont d'Arc (Actes Sud Junior).

External links
 Prix Amerigo-Vespucci
 Règlement du prix Amerigo-Vespucci (2014)
 Prix Amerigo-Vespucci Jeunesse
 Règlement du prix Amerigo-Vespucci Jeunesse (2014)


Menemerus pilosus

Menemerus pilosus is a jumping spider species in the genus Menemerus that lives in Namibia. The male was first described by Wanda Wesołowska in 1999.


Teófilo Cubillas

Teófilo Juan Cubillas Arizaga (; born 8 March 1949) is a Peruvian former footballer who played as an attacking midfielder. He was selected as Peru's greatest ever player in an IFFHS poll, in which he was also included in the world's Top 50. He was renowned for his technique, shooting ability and free kick ability.

Nicknamed El Nene (The Kid), he was part of the Peru national football team that won the 1975 Copa América. He helped Peru reach the quarter finals at the 1970 FIFA World Cup and again at the 1978 World Cup and was elected the South American Footballer of the Year in 1972.

In 2004, Pelé selected Cubillas as one of the FIFA 100, a list of 125 footballing greats. In February 2008, to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the first Brazilian World Cup victory, he was selected in the All-Star First Team of South America of the past 50 years. Cubillas is one of only three players to score five or more goals in two different World Cups, the other two being Miroslav Klose and Thomas Müller.

Club career
Nicknamed "Nene" (the babe) for his boyish looks, Cubillas began his career with Alianza Lima at the age of 16 in 1966. Whilst at Alianza he was top scorer in the Peruvian Primera División in 1966 and 1970.

In 1972, he had his most successful season in several years. He was Libertadores Cup top scorer and South American Footballer of the Year.

In 1973, he transferred to Swiss football club FC Basel for a fee of £97,000. He scored two goals for Basel in the 1973–74 European Cup, the second of which was scored on 20 September 1973. He only remained at the club for six months, which was not long enough for him to show the extent of his talent.

Later on, for the second half of the 1973–74 season he joined Portuguese club FC Porto for a fee of £200,000.

In 1977, he returned to Alianza Lima.

In 1979, Cubillas joined the NASL, signing for Fort Lauderdale Strikers, where he spent five seasons, scoring 59 league goals, including three goals in seven minutes against the Los Angeles Aztecs in 1981.

Following the December 1987 Alianza Lima air crash Cubillas returned from his Miami home to play for free for Alianza, who lost most of their players in the crash. He also managed the club for a period in 1988.

In May 1988 Cubillas signed with the newly resurrected Fort Lauderdale Strikers of the American Soccer League. The Strikers went to the ASL title game where they fell to the Washington Diplomats. Following the loss to the Diplomats, the Strikers released Cubillas.

In March 1989, he signed with the Miami Sharks but was released on 3 July after scoring only one goal in eight games. As of June 1991 he was playing and coaching at Miramar Illusiones of the Gold Coast Soccer League in Florida.

International career
Cubillas played in three World Cups between 1970 and 1982.

1970 World Cup

Cubillas helped Peru advance to the quarter-finals of the 1970 FIFA World Cup in Mexico. He scored in all of Peru's four matches: once against Bulgaria, twice against Morocco, and once against West Germany, all in the first round. Cubillas then scored another goal in the quarter-final loss against eventual champions Brazil, and he thus finished as the third highest goal scorer in the tournament.

He won the FIFA World Cup Young Player Award, and was third in the Golden Shoe award.

1975 Copa America
Peru did not qualify for the 1974 FIFA World Cup in West Germany, but a year later, Cubillas helped the Peruvian team win its second South American title, the Copa América 1975. Cubillas scored against Brazil in the semi-final, and then played in the play-off match in the final.

1978 World Cup
In the 1978 FIFA World Cup in Argentina, he scored five goals for Peru, finishing co-second highest goal scorer after Mario Kempes. Peru advanced to the second phase of the tournament thanks to goals from Cubillas: he scored two goals in the opening match against Scotland (one of which was an excellent free-kick), and he then scored a hat-trick in the game against Iran, including two penalties.

However, Peru subsequently lost to Brazil, Poland, and Argentina, although Cubillas played in all six Peruvian matches in the tournament.

1982 World Cup
He was also in the Peru national football team for 1982 FIFA World Cup. He played in all three group games but did not score any goals.

Honours

Club
Porto
Taça de Portugal: 1976–77

Alianza Lima
Peruvian Primera División: 1977, 1978

Fort Lauderdale Sun
United Soccer League: 1984, 1985

International
Peru
Copa América: 1975

Individual
1966 Peruvian Championship: Top Scorer
1970 Peruvian Championship: Top Scorer
1970 FIFA World Cup Best Young Player
1970 FIFA World Cup Bronze Boot
1972 Libertadores Cup Top Scorer
1972 South American Footballer of the Year
1973 CONMEBOL All-Star Team
1975 Copa America Best Player
1978 FIFA World Cup Silver Boot
1978 FIFA World Cup All-Star Team
1980 NASL All-Star teams, all-time
1981 NASL: Best Midfield
1981 NASL All-Star teams, all-time
1984 Fort Lauderdale Strikers: Top Scorer, all time.
2000 France Football: World Cup Top-100 1930–1990
2000 World Soccer: The 100 Greatest Footballers of All Time
2000 Placar: The 100 Players of the Century
2000 Placar: The 100 Players FIFA World Cup
2004 FIFA 100
2006 IFFHS' Best Players of the Century for Peru
2006 World – Player of the Century: Ranking Nº 48
2006 South American – Player of the Century: Ranking Nº 17
2007 The Best of The Best – Player of the Century: Top 50
2008 CONMEBOL All-Star first team 1958–2008
2008 Peru national football team all-time scoring leader

Career statistics

Club

International goals


Blacklight

A blacklight (or often black light), also referred to as a UV-A light, Wood's lamp, or ultraviolet light,  is a lamp that emits long-wave (UV-A) ultraviolet light and very little visible light.

One type of lamp has a violet filter material, either on the bulb or in a separate glass filter in the lamp housing, which blocks most visible light and allows through UV, so the lamp has a dim violet glow when operating.  Blacklight lamps which have this filter have a lighting industry designation that includes the letters "BLB".  This stands for "blacklight blue".

A second type of lamp produces ultraviolet but does not have the filter material, so it produces more visible light and has a blue color when operating.  These tubes are made for use in "bug zapper" insect traps, and are identified by the industry designation "BL".

Blacklight sources may be specially designed fluorescent lamps, mercury-vapor lamps, light-emitting diodes (LEDs), lasers, or incandescent lamps; although incandescents produce almost no blacklight (except slightly more for halogen types), and so are not considered true blacklight sources.   In medicine, forensics, and some other scientific fields, such a light source is referred to as a Wood's lamp, named after Robert Williams Wood who invented the original Wood's glass UV filters.

Although many other types of lamp emit ultraviolet light with visible light, black lights are essential when UV-A light without visible light is needed, particularly in observing fluorescence, the colored glow that many substances emit when exposed to UV.  Black lights are employed for decorative and artistic lighting effects, diagnostic and therapeutic uses in medicine, the detection of substances tagged with fluorescent dyes, rock-hunting, the detection of counterfeit money, the curing of plastic resins, attracting insects and the detection of refrigerant leaks affecting refrigerators and air conditioning systems. Strong sources of long-wave ultraviolet light are used in tanning beds.  Although the low-power UV-A emitted by black lights is not a hazard to skin or eyes and can be viewed without protection, powerful ultraviolet sources present dangers and require personal protective equipment such as goggles and gloves.

Types

Fluorescent

Fluorescent black light tubes are typically made in the same fashion as normal fluorescent tubes except that a phosphor that emits UVA light instead of visible white light is used.  The type most commonly used for black lights, designated blacklight blue or "BLB" by the industry, has a dark blue filter coating on the tube, which filters out most visible light, so that fluorescence effects can be observed.  These tubes have a dim violet glow when operating.  They should not be confused with "blacklight" or "BL" tubes, which have no filter coating, and have a brighter blue color.  These are made for use in "bug zapper" insect traps where the emission of visible light does not interfere with the performance of the product.   The phosphor typically used for a near 368 to 371 nanometer emission peak is either europium-doped strontium fluoroborate (:) or europium-doped strontium borate (:) while the phosphor used to produce a peak around 350 to 353 nanometres is lead-doped barium silicate (:). "Blacklight blue" lamps peak at 365 nm.

Manufacturers use different numbering systems for black light tubes. Philips uses one system which is becoming outdated (2010), while the (German) Osram system is becoming dominant outside North America. The following table lists the tubes generating blue, UVA and UVB, in order of decreasing wavelength of the most intense peak. Approximate phosphor compositions, major manufacturer's type numbers and some uses are given as an overview of the types available. "Peak" position is approximated to the nearest 10 nm. "Width" is the measure between points on the shoulders of the peak that represent 50% intensity.

Wood's glass tubes manufactured by Osram use a fairly narrow-band emitting phosphor, europium activated strontium pyroborate with a peak at about 370 nm, whereas North American and Philips Wood's glass tubes use lead-activated calcium metasilicate that emits a wider band with a shorter wavelength peak at about 350 nm. These two types seem to be the most commonly used. Different manufacturers offer either one or the other and sometimes both.

BLB fluorescent lamps tend to run with efficiencies in the 25% range, with an example being a Phillips 40W BLB T12 lamp emitting 9.8W of UVA for 39 Watts of power input.

"Bug zapper" tubes
Another class of UV fluorescent bulb is designed for use in "bug zapper" flying insect traps.  Insects are attracted to the UV light, which they are able to see, and are then electrocuted by the device. These bulbs use the same UV-A emitting phosphor blend as the filtered blacklight, but since they do not need to suppress visible light output, they do not use a purple filter material in the bulb. Plain glass blocks out less of the visible mercury emission spectrum, making them appear light blue-violet to the naked eye. These lamps are referred to by the designation "blacklight" or "BL" in some North American lighting catalogs.  These types are not suitable for applications which require the low visible light output of "BLB" tubes lamps.

Incandescent

A black light may also be formed by simply using a UV filter coating such as Wood's glass on the envelope of a common incandescent bulb. This was the method that was used to create the very first black light sources. Although incandescent black light bulbs are a cheaper alternative to fluorescent tubes, they are exceptionally inefficient at producing UV light since most of the light emitted by the filament is visible light which must be blocked. Due to its black body spectrum, an incandescent light radiates less than 0.1% of its energy as UV light. Incandescent UV bulbs, due to the necessary absorption of the visible light, become very hot during use. This heat is, in fact, encouraged in such bulbs, since a hotter filament increases the proportion of UVA in the black-body radiation emitted. This high running-temperature drastically reduces the life of the lamp, however, from a typical 1000 hours to around 100 hours.

Mercury vapor

High power mercury vapor black light lamps are made in power ratings of 100 to 1,000 watts. These do not use phosphors, but rely on the intensified and slightly broadened 350–375 nm spectral line of mercury from high pressure discharge at between , depending upon the specific type. These lamps use envelopes of Wood's glass or similar optical filter coatings to block out all the visible light and also the short wavelength (UVC) lines of mercury at 184.4 and 253.7 nm, which are harmful to the eyes and skin. A few other spectral lines, falling within the pass band of the Wood's glass between 300 and 400 nm, contribute to the output.
These lamps are used mainly for theatrical purposes and concert displays. They are more efficient UVA producers per unit of power consumption than fluorescent tubes.

LED

Ultraviolet light can be generated by some light-emitting diodes, but wavelengths below 380 nm are uncommon and the emission peaks are broad, so only the very lowest energy UV photons are emitted, within predominant not visible light.

Medical applications

A Wood's lamp is a diagnostic tool used in dermatology by which ultraviolet light is shone (at a wavelength of approximately 365 nanometers) onto the skin of the patient; a technician then observes any subsequent fluorescence. For example, porphyrins—associated with some skin diseases—will fluoresce pink. Though the technique for producing a source of ultraviolet light was devised by Robert Williams Wood in 1903 using "Wood's glass", it was in 1925 that the technique was used in dermatology by Margarot and Deveze for the detection of fungal infection of hair. It has many uses, both in distinguishing fluorescent conditions from other conditions and in locating the precise boundaries of the condition.

Fungal and bacterial infections
It is also helpful in diagnosing:
 Fungal infections. Some forms of tinea, such as Trichophyton tonsurans, do not fluoresce.
 Bacterial infections
Corynebacterium minutissimum is coral red
Pseudomonas is yellow-green
 Cutibacterium acnes, a bacterium involved in acne causation, exhibits an orange glow under a Wood's lamp.

Ethylene glycol poisoning

A Wood's lamp may be used to rapidly assess whether an individual is suffering from ethylene glycol poisoning as a consequence of antifreeze ingestion. Manufacturers of ethylene glycol-containing antifreezes commonly add fluorescein, which causes the patient's urine to fluoresce under Wood's lamp.

Other
Wood's lamp is useful in diagnosing conditions such as tuberous sclerosis and erythrasma (caused by Corynebacterium minutissimum, see above).  Additionally, detection of porphyria cutanea tarda can sometimes be made when urine turns pink upon illumination with Wood's lamp. Wood's lamps have also been used to differentiate hypopigmentation from depigmentation such as with vitiligo. A vitiligo patient's skin will appear yellow-green or blue under the Wood's lamp. Its use in detecting melanoma has been reported.


Gilah Leder

Gilah Chaja Leder  (born 1941) is an adjunct professor at Monash University and a professor emerita at La Trobe University.  Her research interests are in mathematics education, gender, affect, and exceptionality.  Leder was the 2009 recipient of the Felix Klein Medal.

Early life
She was born in the early part of the II World War in Holland. Being a Jewish child, she was hidden and protected by the catholic Zwanikken family of Laren. The father of the house, Cornelis Zwanikken worked at the municipality department of Social Affairs. Here, she was accepted as one of their own and affectionately called “zusje” (little sister). She learned to read and write in her early childhood. After the war she was reunited with her family. They started to live in Netherlands, where she visited coeducational elementary school. In November 1953 she moved to Adelaide, Australia. She started her 7th grade there at Woodwille High School, a coeducational government school. She got her bachelor's degree with honours in mathematics at University of Adelaide.

Career
She started her career teaching math at a high school in Melbourne. Later she was offered a position at Melbourne Secondary Teachers College.
After having given birth to her 2 children, she completed her PhD and a doctorate at Monash University. Later she was appointed as a lecturer in the Faculty of Education at Monash University.

In 1990 she edited and published a journal Mathematics and Gender together with Elizabeth Fennema.
In 1993 she was named Monash's University 'Supervisor of the Year' for her talent in supervising postgraduate students.
In 1994 she was appointed a professor of Education at La Trobe University.

In 2010 she was honoured by the International Commission on Mathematical Instruction for her achievements in mathematics education, research and development.

She is a Fellow of the Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia. She is past President and life member of the Mathematics Research Group of Australasia and of the International group of Psychology of Mathematics Education.

Leder was made a Member of the Order of Australia (AM) in the 2019 Queen's Birthday Honours in recognition of her "significant service to higher education, and to the Jewish community of Victoria".

Publications
Leder has almost 200 scholarly publications, including:

 Mathematics and gender: Changing perspectives. Handbook of research on mathematics teaching and learning: A project of the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics.  Leder, Gilah C. In Grouws, Douglas A. (Ed). (1992).  Handbook of research on mathematics teaching and learning: A project of the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics. (pp. 597–622). New York, NY, England: Macmillan Publishing Co, Inc.


Ocular immune system

The ocular immune system protects the eye from infection and regulates healing processes following injuries. The interior of the eye lacks lymph vessels but is highly vascularized, and many immune cells reside in the uvea, including mostly macrophages, dendritic cells, and mast cells. These cells fight off intraocular infections, and intraocular inflammation can manifest as uveitis (including iritis) or retinitis.  The cornea of the eye is immunologically a very special tissue. Its constant exposure to the exterior world means that it is vulnerable to a wide range of microorganisms while its moist mucosal surface makes the cornea particularly susceptible to attack. At the same time, its lack of vasculature and relative immune separation from the rest of the body makes immune defense difficult. Lastly, the cornea is a multifunctional tissue. It provides a large part of the eye's refractive power, meaning it has to maintain remarkable transparency, but must also serve as a barrier to keep pathogens from reaching the rest of the eye, similar to function of the dermis and epidermis in keeping underlying tissues protected. Immune reactions within the cornea come from surrounding vascularized tissues as well as innate immune responsive cells that reside within the cornea.

Immune difficulties for the cornea

The most important function of the cornea is to transmit and refract light so as to allow high-resolution images to be produced on the back of the retina. To do this, collagen within the cornea is highly ordered to be 30 nanometers in diameter and placed 60 nanometers apart so as to reduce light scatter. Furthermore, the tissue is not vascularized, and does not contain lymphoid cells or other defense mechanisms, apart from some dendritic cells (DC). Both of these factors necessitate the small number of cells within the cornea. However, this necessitates keeping immune cells at a relative distance, effectively creating a time delay between exposures to a pathogen and mounting of an immune response. Therefore, many immune and protective responses within the cornea, such as moistening and nutrition, come from non-local sources, such as the conjunctiva.

Immune responses of the Cornea

Innate immune responses defend against pathogens and toxin in a non-discriminatory manner. They provide an inherent barrier against corneal infection while also serving as a primary mode of defense that is present from birth. For instance, the orbit and the eyelid can guard against both traumatic events  and exterior debris that may contain microorganisms. Other components of the ocular innate immune system include tears, epithelial cells, keratocytes, corneal nerves, the complement system, and interferons.

Acquired immune responses are much more pathogen-specific than their innate immune counterparts. These pathways are cell-mediated and are understood to be controlled in part by Langerhans cells in the cornea.  These Langerhans cells are antigen-presenting cells, which pick up pieces of invading pathogens and use them to elicit an immune response. Cell-mediated immune responses are much slower acting but more efficient, but can cause damage to surrounding tissue, resulting in damage to the vision.

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue
Both innate and acquired responses are important in ocular defenses. One major pathway in which both are incorporated is the network of lymphoid cells that form the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT). MALT is a major component in all mucosal organs, including the respiratory, genital, digestive, and ocular tracts. Regulated migrations of immune cells are known to occur between these mucosal organs. However, the role of MALT in human ocular defenses is not fully understood. However, it is known that the lacrimal glands and the conjunctiva contribute to ocular defenses via secretion of both immunoglobulins and lymphoid tissues. The latter is understood to be organized into clumps of lymphoid follicles as well as diffuse lymphoid tissues.
In the follicular form of MALT, antigens are taken up by the follicles and presented to lymphocytes by antigen presenting cells. This leads to activation of B and T cells that carry out the immune reaction. Diffuse lymphoid tissues, on the other hand, is composed mainly of interspersed effector cells. Generally, both pathways lead to activation and migration of immune cells within the mucosal tissues, including the conjunctiva.

Conjunctival immune response

The conjunctiva covers the sclera, or whites of the eyes, as well as the insides of the eyelids and provides nutrients to underlying and surrounding tissue. The conjunctiva is also one of the closest vascularized tissues to the cornea. As such, it provides a major source of immune components in the cornea. Not only does the conjunctiva produce IgA, like the lacrimal glands, but it also contains macrophages, neutrophilic granulocytes, mast cells, lymphocytes, and other aspects of the general mucosal immune system. Like the rest of the MALT pathway, the conjunctiva has been found to possess lymphoid follicles, which develop at puberty and decline in old age, as well as diffuse lymphoid tissues. The conjunctiva also possess macrophages that play a part in modulating the T-cell immune response and mediating both the innate and acquired immune responses.

Lacrimal immune response

The tear film is composed of three layers: the lipid, aqueous, and mucin. These play a role in creating a smooth surface to facilitate refraction, lubricating the movement of the eyelid, passively transporting gases such as oxygen and carbon dioxide, and protecting the cornea. This last function is achieved through functions of various layers within the tear film. Tears bathe corneal epithelial cells in a moist environment, preventing them from drying out and weakening. However, the liquid layer of the tear film also contains antimicrobial properties resulting from the presence of lysozymes, lactoferrins, lipocalin, and beta-lysine, which facilitate pathogen defenses such as lysis of bacterial cell walls, prevention of bacterial and viral binding, inflammation, and detoxification. Furthermore, white blood cells can be transported to the corneal surface via the tear film, and both toxic agents as well as debris can be diluted and washed away by the tear film. The tear film also contains immunoglobulins, especially IgA, which is found in concentrations significantly higher than in serum. IgA has been shown to prevent bacterial binding. Along with another immunoglobulin present in the tear film, IgG, IgA can also neutralize viruses and bind to bacteria, aiding in their detection via other pathways.

Corneal epithelial cells

Corneal epithelial cells present a physical barrier to prevent microbes from reaching the interior of the eye chamber, which is effectively separated from the rest of the body via tight junctions. At the same time, corneal epithelial cells also secrete cytokines to activate microbial defense. One cytokine, interleukin (IL)-1α, is stored in epithelial cells and automatically released when the cell membrane is ruptured by infection or trauma. However, long-term effects of IL-1α can lead to not only enhanced immune infiltration of the cornea, but also neovascularization (formation of new blood vessels), which can lead to a loss of corneal transparency. Therefore, the cornea has also been found to secrete an IL-1α antagonist, IL-1RN, which decreases leucocyte invasion of the cornea and suppresses neovascularization, both of which can help preserve vision.

Corneal keratocytes

Keratocytes are flattened cells found dispersed within the corneal stroma. The primary role of this sparse population of cells is thought to be in maintaining the extracellular matrix of collagen lamellae that surround them. However, keratocytes also play a defensive role during pathogenic invasion. They can be influenced by IL-1α (secreted by corneal epithelial cells) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α to produce both IL-6 and defensins. Of these, the former is found to combine synergistically with other interleukins to increase co-stimulation of other immune aspects as well as increase antibody secretion. The latter, defensins, have a wide range of antimicrobial affects against bacteria, fungi, and viruses, as well as effects in accelerating healing of damaged epithelial cells. It has also been found that the presence of secreted defensins secreted by corneal keratocytes is correlated with cases of corneal transplant rejection, suggesting that these peptides may have a role in tissue rejection. Furthermore, keratocytes have also been found to secrete IL-8, which attracts neutrophils, in infections involving the herpes simplex virus.

Corneal nerves

Corneal nerves serve as a form of defense by detecting the presence of foreign bodies on the corneal surface. This leads to reflexive reactions such as increased lacrimal secretion, blinking, and release of neuropeptides, which can induce cytokine activation.


Ipswich railway station

Ipswich railway station is on the Great Eastern Main Line in the East of England, serving the town of Ipswich, Suffolk. It is  down the line from London Liverpool Street and on the main line it is situated between  to the south and  to the north.

Ipswich is also the terminus of the East Suffolk Line to , a branch line to , and a branch line to , Cambridgeshire. Its three-letter station code is IPS.

The station is operated by Greater Anglia, which also operates all trains serving it, as part of the East Anglia franchise.

History

The Eastern Union Railway (EUR) opened its first terminus in Ipswich, called , in 1846 on Station Road at the other end of the current tunnel close to the old quay for the steamboats and the aptly named Steamboat Tavern. The Ipswich Steam Navigation Company had been formed in 1824/25 during a period of "steamship mania" and briefly offered services from the quay between Ipswich and London calling at .

The current station is just to the north of Stoke tunnel, which was constructed as part of the Ipswich to Ely Line which opened as far as St. Edmunds in late 1846.

The station was re-sited to its present location in 1860 and the main building was thought to be principally the work of Peter Bruff; who had certainly started the structure. The actual design was in the Italianate style and submitted by architect Sancton Wood (1816-1886) as part of a competition. When the new station was completed, a new road (Princes Street) linking the station to the town was also opened.

By the 1860s the railways in East Anglia were in financial trouble and most were leased to the Eastern Counties Railway (ECR). Although they wished to amalgamate formally, they could not obtain government agreement for this until 1862, when the Great Eastern Railway (GER) was formed by the amalgamation. The island platform at Ipswich was added by the GER in 1883.

Ipswich engine shed (later shed code 32B) opened in 1846 and was at the south end of Stoke tunnel. It was the third-largest shed in the Great Eastern area during the steam era, after those at  and .

At the beginning of World War 1 soldiers of the Norfolk Yeomanry regiment were deployed to Ipswich to guard key railway bridges in the area. They were relieved by the 9th field company Royal Engineers.

In 1923 the GER amalgamated with other railways to form the London and North Eastern Railway (LNER).

On 30 April 1932 the LNER arranged an exhibition of railway stock at Ipswich. The show was opened by Sir Arthur Churchman, of tobacco family fame, and over 16,000 visited the show. The proceeds were divided between the Ipswich and East Suffolk Hospital and railway charities. The exhibits were (class/wheel arrangement/number/name):

 'Hush Hush'  W1 class 4-6-4 No. 10000;
 A1 Class 4-6-2 No. 4476 Royal Lancer with corridor tender and "Flying Scotsman" headboard;
 Class D49 4-4-0 No. 201 "The Braham Moor".  This last locomotive was brand new and had not been in service.

The show also included a sleeping car and a new composite corridor coach.

In 1948 following nationalisation of the railways Ipswich became part of the British Railways Eastern Region.

By the late 1970s the costs of running the dated mechanical signalling systems north of Colchester was recognised and in 1978 a scheme for track rationalisation and re-signalling was duly submitted to the Department of Transport.  This was followed by a proposal to electrify the Great Eastern Main Line in 1980.

The early 1980s saw track rationalisation and signalling work carried out in the Ipswich area and on 9 April 1985 the first electric train consisting of two Class 305 electric multiple units (EMU) worked into Ipswich station. The previous year another member of the class had been dragged to Ipswich by a diesel locomotive and was used for crew training. The first passenger carrying train was formed of British Rail Class 309 EMUs which ran on 17 April 1985. The plan was for most trains to be formed of British Rail Class 86 locomotives which, until the line to Norwich was electrified, would changeover with the Class 47s at Ipswich and this arrangement commenced from 1 May 1985. During 1985-87 the line to Norwich was electrified and through electric working commenced in May 1987.

The station's original lifts were removed in 1983 when the line was electrified.

Following the privatisation of British Rail, services from Ipswich were operated by Anglia Railways from 1997 until 2004, after which the franchise was won by National Express East Anglia (operating under the 'one' brand, including 'one' Great Eastern and 'one' Anglia, until February 2008).

In the five years between 2004–05 and 2008–09, patronage rose by 50% from 2 million per year to 3 million per year. Ticket barriers were installed in the station building in 2009 and the exit gate on platform 2 was closed permanently.

New lifts, which had been promised for many years since they were removed in 1983 were opened in June 2011.

In October 2011 the Department for Transport awarded the new franchise to Abellio, the services formerly operated by National Express transferring to Greater Anglia in February 2012. Abellio then became responsible for the operation of Ipswich station.

Description

Platform 1 is a bay platform for trains to/from  and . As well as some Cambridge and Peterborough Services
Platform 2 is used for through-trains to London from  as well as most Felixstowe services.
Platform 3 is used for through-trains to Norwich from London as well as some  services.
Platform 4 (4A, 4B and 4C) is used for services to Cambridge, Lowestoft and , and stopping services to London.

There is an avoiding line between the lines that serve the main through platforms 2 and 3.

Prior to electrification there were two short sidings at the London end of the "up" platform which were used for locomotive changes on up trains when required.

Platforms 3 and 4 can be accessed via the footbridge or lift.

Opposite platform 4 is a stabling point used by Freightliner diesel and electric locomotives. Classes 66, 70, 86 and 90 are the most common, although locomotives of other companies have been known to use the point in the past. In July 2019 Freightliner was granted planning permission to build a maintenance depot within the yard.

The station has extensive facilities including self-service ticket machines, ticket counters, a convenience store, two cafes, a multi-storey car park, taxi stand, bus station and ATMs. The whole stations is now fully accessible, with lifts having been installed in 2011.

The entrance to the station was remodelled during 2015 in a £1 million scheme.

Services

Historic overview
Passenger train services to and from Ipswich have always been dominated by the main line to London Liverpool Street however to the north as well as Norwich some services used the East Suffolk Line with trains for Great Yarmouth South Town station or, after that was closed, Lowestoft. Through-trains operated until the 1980s and were briefly revived in the early part of the 21st century although the need for more commuter seats south of Colchester saw these terminating at Ipswich (although  two daily services are extended to Harwich International).

Many minor local stations closed during the 1960s as did branch lines to Framlingham and Aldeburgh. Branch services on the Felixstowe line have, with the exception of the first few years of that line’s existence, started from Ipswich as have local stopping services on the East Suffolk, Norwich and Cambridge lines. One interesting working in the 1920s and 1930s was a train that operated from Sheffield via Worksop, Spalding, March and Ely to Felixstowe during the summer months.

By far the most interesting working was the “Boat Train” which operated between Harwich Parkeston Quay and various destinations until the 1990s. The privatisation of British Rail in the 1990s saw this service terminated at Peterborough. Another long-distance working was from Colchester to York via Lincoln which ran for a number of years.

Throughout the steam era trains were predominantly hauled by Great Eastern Railway locomotives and indeed when steam ended in Suffolk in 1960 some of these locomotives were still operated. After the grouping of 1923, LNER designed locomotives were also employed in the area with the B17 4-6-0 class working many main line services. After nationalisation in 1948 British Railways introduced the Britannia class 4-6-2 class which worked main line services until succeeded by diesels in the late 1950s.

East Anglia was the first area to be worked completely by diesel trains with Class 40s taking over main line express workings. The first one of these ran in June 1958 complete with a headboard with the wording "First Diesel Hauled train on the GE in public service".  These were succeeded by Class 37 and Class 47 up until electrification in the 1980s when Class 86 and then Class 90 locomotives took over.

Local services in the diesel era were worked by Diesel Multiple Units although smaller diesel locomotives such as Class 31 worked local trains such as Ipswich - Birmingham during the 1980s.

Former train operating company Anglia Railways ran services known as London Crosslink from Norwich to  via Stratford. This service started in 2000 and ended in 2002 and employed British Rail Class 170 DMUs.

Current timetable

The following services typically call at Ipswich:

Goods facilities

Ipswich has a number of goods facilities and a myriad of private sidings as well as extensive railways in the docks.

Upper Yard

This is located between Ipswich and East Suffolk Junction on the east side of the line. The yard is still active (as of 2018) with Freightliner (container) trains recessing or running round before running to/from the docks at Felixstowe.

In the past a branch from this yard ran down and across Ranelagh Road, crossed the River Gipping  to Ipswich Lower Yard and the eastern part of Ipswich docks but traffic ceased in circa 1990. The remains of the branch line are still visible today (2018).

In the main yard a transhipment shed existed for a number of years where small consignments were transferred between wagons; there was no public or road access to this facility, which closed in 1951.

Local and regional freight trains serving local stations as well as the other goods facilities in the Ipswich area were re-marshalled in this yard. Regional destinations included Goodmayes and Temple Mills in London and Whitemoor (March) in Cambridgeshire.

The yard was developed for longer trains during 2014 with improved access to and from the East Suffolk Line and longer sidings. The majority of trains are traffic to or from Felixstowe Docks.

Ranelagh Road sidings

Another branch further to the north crossed over Ranelagh Road to a headshunt and then served a warehouse. This was built circa 1920 and was at one time going to be a new route into Ipswich docks avoiding the level crossing on the other branch. The warehouse served a number of companies including Boots, J Lyons & Co, McFarLanes Biscuits, and Swift and Co. The site was also used to dump redundant permanent way materials and in the 1970s travelling circuses used the site.

The bridge was demolished in 1967 and an abutment remains (in 2013). The rest of this site has been redeveloped with retail facilities.

Lower Yard

This yard contained a wooden goods shed where goods for the town were loaded or unloaded. Cattle pens were also located close to this yard (traffic ceased in the 1960s) and there was a siding to Constantine Road power station. A small engine shed was located in this area for locomotives that worked in the docks (although they were officially allocated to Ipswich engine shed). At the east end of the yard the railway lines crossed over Bridge Street (which until the 1980s was the first road crossing over the River Orwell) and from 1903 there was a tram line necessitating special signaling arrangements between the two systems.

In the latter part of the 20th century a construction terminal and a British Oxygen Company terminal were also located in this area. Most of the site has now been redeveloped into retail premises.

Ipswich docks
The docks were served by a myriad of dockside lines which fell out of use during the 1990s although some remnants of the dockside lines are still evident today.

This was built as a branch off the Bury line in 1848 crossing the River Gipping adjacent to the station and served the northern side of the docks area . The town corporation would not allow steam engines to pass over Stoke Bridge so the dockside tramway was worked by horses until the corporation relented in 1880. However even then the locomotives had to be fitted with animal guards and side valances, an arrangement that continued until 9 May 1969.

An early customer of this line was a carriage building company called Quadling. Initially starting business as Catt and Quadling they built a number of carriages for the Eastern Union Railway at a works in Handford Road, Ipswich. This premises which had no railway access was blown down in a gale in February 1847 damaging several carriages under construction and after that Catt withdrew from the rail side of the business but continued making road carts. Quadling relocated to new premises (located in the modern day Quadling Street in Ipswich) and had a siding off the branch. The company built further carriages for the EUR and Great Western Railway as well as some coal wagons. However this premises also suffered significant gale damage in February 1863 leading to Quadling becoming bankrupt.

Ipswich Lower Goods Yard was constructed by the ECR on this line in 1860.

After 1880 the lines were worked by small locomotives with enclosed wheels such as J70 tram engines. The dockside tramways covered both sides of the dock and crossed the 1881 lock gates at the south end of the dock. Freight was switched between trains and ships on the dockside.

Sidings were provided for the following businesses (list not complete or date specific):

 Fisons (fertiliser)
 Packards (fertiliser)
 Esso/Shell/National Benzole/BP (Oil)
 Tolly Cobbold (Brewery)
 Cliff Quay Power station (which closed in 1983)
 Ipswich Gas works
 Cranfields (Mill)
 William Brown (Timber)

Freight traffic to the docks ceased when freightliner (container) and grain traffic to Cliff Quay ceased in 1992.

East Suffolk Junction
This is where the main line for Norwich and the East Suffolk Line split. There were industrial sidings serving Eastern Counties Farmers, Petters (Ipswich) Limited and Manganese Bronze and Brass. These companies had their own locomotives which worked to and from the upper yard.

An extensive site with loading and unloading platforms was developed in 1934 to serve the needs of the 1934 Royal Agricultural Show which was held on 3–7 July 1934  at Chantry Park. A civil engineers depot was developed here afterwards.

In 2013 it was suggested that this area will be the site of the locomotive fuelling point which will be relocated from the station. However no such move had materialised by the September 2018.

Sproughton Sugar Beet Factory
A British Sugar Corporation owned facility (which traded as Ipswich Beet Sugar Factory until 1936) which had its own fleet of industrial locomotives although on occasion shunting locomotives from Ipswich engine shed were also hired out to the factory. The sidings were established in 1925 and at times were used as an overflow when the upper yard at Ipswich was congested. Rail traffic ceased in 1982.

West Bank
This branch still exists (as of 2018) but traffic has been sporadic over the last few years, In 2013 it was not until 20 August that traffic in the form of sea dredged aggregate was operated on the branch. It was hoped this would be a weekly trip and sand traffic to Watford was also expected.

Originally known as the Griffin Wharf Branch it had sidings serving dockside sidings such as (note list not complete or date specific):
 Ransomes and Rapier (Engineering works)
 Cooksedge & Co Ltd
 Christopherson
 Watkins
 Coal Depot (GER/LNER).

A couple of shunting horses were based at this location during Great Eastern days (pre-1923).
The West Bank Ferry terminal was developed in 1973.

Derby Road railway station and Westerfield railway station both had goods yards and a number of industrial facilities were located on the Felixstowe Branch Line.

Horse Box and Carriage truck traffic
A small set of sidings existed at the south end of Ipswich station on the up side of the tracks adjacent to the tunnel. Only one track was accessible from the main line the other sidings being accessed from a wagon turntable. Shunting horses were used in this location to position the vehicles and Ipswich had an allocation of around 30 horses in the 1890s. One track off the wagon turntable led to a small shed which housed a steam fire engine mounted on a flat truck.

By the 1970s only a single siding remained which was used to occasionally stable locomotives and was lifted c1980.

Signalling
The following is a list of signal boxes found during the period during Ipswich was controlled by mechanical signaling. The last of these boxes closed in 1985 when the area was re-signalled and electrified. Currently all signals are controlled from Colchester Power Signal Box.

 Halifax Junction (access from main line to West Bank/Griffin Wharf Branch and Ipswich engine shed)
 Ipswich Station (south end of Ipswich station on platform 3/4)
 Ipswich Goods Junction (120 levers for signals and points manned by 3 shifts of signalmen supported by two box lads)
 Ipswich Upper Yard (known locally as No.2 Box)
 Ipswich East Suffolk Junction
 Sproughton (opened 1925 and replaced the signal box at Bramford).
 Westerfield Bank (1898-1926)
 Westerfield Junction
 Derby Road
 Ranelagh Road Crossing Box
 Lower Yard

Water troughs
Water troughs were installed at Halifax Junction in 1897 south of Ipswich tunnel. These were used by trains to pick up water using a scoop operated by the engine crew,  although water cranes were located on the platforms at the station as well. Using the troughs was a quicker method of filling the tenders of steam locomotives and they were located between the rails in the centre of the tracks. These were heated in winter to prevent freezing. The Ipswich troughs fell out of use in the 1960s when steam locomotives were withdrawn from East Anglia.

Ipswich tunnel
Ipswich tunnel was built by the Eastern Union Railway's engineer Peter Bruff and opened in November 1846. Trains from Bury St. Edmunds passed the existing station site (at that point undeveloped) and continued to Halifax Junction south of the tunnel where they then reversed into the original Croft street terminus.

The tunnel was built as there was no room between the River Orwell and Stoke Hill to build a railway and is thought to be the first tunnel in the world to be built on a continuous curve. During its construction many fossils were found including those of a wooly mammoth.

There have been two accidents in the tunnel. On 5 May 1910 a wagon examiner was taking a short cut through the tunnel (this was forbidden) when it is believed he tripped whilst trying to get out of the way of an engine. On 21 August 1912 a platelayer (track worker) was hit by the engine of a troop train having failed to get out of the way.

Further excavations in 1908 and 1919 were led by Nina Frances Layard revealed remains of mammoths, a turtle and lions. The latter excavation was as a result of the GER widening the cutting east of the tunnel to accommodate some additional sidings. Further bones were found in 1975 by archeologist John Wymer.

For many years the tunnel was regarded as an obstacle to electrification with insufficient clearance for the overhead wires. In 1985 however the tunnel was temporarily closed and the track bed lowered to accommodate the overhead electric lines.

The tunnel was closed again in 2004 to allow for work to lower the track in order to enable larger containers to pass through on goods trains to and from the port of Felixstowe.

Ipswich Railway Chord
The Ipswich Railway Chord (or 'Bacon Factory Chord' in early documentation), officially the Bacon Factory Curve is a short  section of track constructed to link the East Suffolk Line and the Great Eastern Main Line just North of Ipswich Goods Yard. This chord, which was opened to traffic in March 2014, allows freight trains from the Port of Felixstowe to access the West Coast Main Line using the Ipswich to Ely Line and a cross-country route via Nuneaton, rather than via the Great Eastern Main Line and the North London Line.

The chord was built on the site of an old Bacon Factory, hence its original name. It has been reported that the finished scheme should "take 750,000 lorries off the roads".

Preliminary work for the chord started in August 2012, and the Secretary of State for Transport granted full development consent on 5 September 2012, coming into effect on 26 September 2012. Two new junctions were created by the scheme - Boss Hall Junction at the eastern end of the chord with the East Suffolk Line and Europa Junction with the Great Eastern Main Line located close to the site of the Sproughton sugar beet sidings.

The chord opened to regular traffic on 31 March 2014 although the first revenue earning train headed by Class 66 locomotive 66733 on a Felixstowe - Doncaster container train ran on 24 March.

The first, and so far only passenger train to have used the chord was on 11 November 2017, when Flying Scotsman used the chord to turn around her Norwich to Ipswich "Cathedrals Express" Railtour.

Summary of services


If I Die Young

"If I Die Young" is a song written by Kimberly Perry, and recorded by American country music trio The Band Perry. It was released on June 8, 2010 as the second single from the group's self-titled debut album, which was released on October 12, 2010.

Content
"If I Die Young" is a mid-tempo tune accompanied by acoustic guitar, banjo, accordion, mandolin, fiddle, electric bass, and drums. It is in the key of E Major. The song is about the sadness of dying young ("The sharp knife of a short life") as the narrator describes how she never really got to experience love and worrying about how her loved ones will miss her and deal with the loss. She recognizes that once someone passes away, others seem to pay more attention to that person's life: "And maybe then you'll hear the words I been singin' / Funny when you're dead how people start listenin'." She states that if she dies young, then her family left behind should "save their tears" for a time when "they're really gonna need them." She states that she has had a well-lived life in the line "Well, I've had just enough time."

Critical reception
The Band Perry received at least one letter in response to the song. In its envelope, the members also found a necklace with a ring on it. The letter's author was a young girl who had recently lost her best friend to cancer. Mourning her friend's death, the girl was contemplating suicide. Driving from work one day, she heard "If I Die Young" on the radio. Hearing "so much life in the song", the girl changed her mind. In her letter to The Band Perry, she wrote about the necklace: "I'm sending this to you, because it's the most important thing I own. This song literally saved my life."

Critical
Bobby Peacock of Roughstock spoke positively of the lyrics, saying that they were "very well-developed with interesting little details." He felt that, although the topic is "a little sugarcoated", the vocal performance is a "pleasant listening experience".

Commercial
"If I Die Young" debuted at number 57 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Songs chart for the week of May 29, 2010. It also debuted at number 92 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart for the week of July 24, 2010. In October 2010, it became the group's first top 10 single on the Hot Country Songs chart as well as their first top 20 on the Hot 100 chart. The song became their first number one hit on the Hot Country Songs chart for the week of December 11, 2010.

In early 2011, the song was remixed by Matt Ward and Dean Gillard for pop radio. The remix debuted at number 36 on the U.S. Billboard Pop Songs chart and number 29 on the U.S. Billboard Adult Contemporary chart for the week of June 11, 2011. With the remix impacting pop radio, the song re-entered the Hot 100 chart at number 46 for the week of June 25, 2011. It has since reached a new peak of number 14.

In May 2011, the song sold over 2 million copies, the eleventh country music song to do so, and only the fourth time that a band reached this plateau, following Lady Antebellum, Zac Brown Band and Rascal Flatts. At the time, "If I Die Young" song was the highest-selling single to miss the top ten, and as of August 24, 2015, "If I Die Young" surpassed 5 million downloads.

In July 2011, the song reached the top 15 of the Billboard Hot 100 chart in its thirty-fifth chart week, making it the slowest climb into the top 15. It broke the slowest climb record that was previously held by Carrie Underwood's "Before He Cheats", and Taylor Swift's "Teardrops on My Guitar". Both songs took thirty-three weeks to reach the top 15. The song spent 53 weeks on Billboard Hot 100 chart and is their best-selling single to date. It is also the only song with 53 or more weeks that ended its chart run in 2011.

Music video
The music video, which was directed by David McClister, premiered on CMT on May 27, 2010. In the video, the band is shown setting Kimberly Perry in a canoe before pushing it off into the river. Perry is holding a book containing poems by Tennyson, including The Lady of Shalott, which the book is opened to at the end of the music video. The video echoes a scene in Anne of Green Gables in which Anne attempts to appear as the Lady of the poem. Kimberly's mother and her love interest (played by Kyle Kupecky) are shown plucking flower petals and visibly depressed that she has left them. Eventually, her canoe begins to take on water, she sits up. Once this occurs her brothers come back for her. When she gets back to her house, her mother and love interest embrace her.  The video was filmed on location at Two Rivers Mansion outside of Nashville, Tennessee. Throughout the video, the band is also shown performing with their instruments inside of the house.

In popular culture
In 2013, Naya Rivera performed the song as her character Santana Lopez in the fifth season tribute episode "The Quarterback" of the television series Glee, in honor of Cory Monteith, who played character Finn Hudson on the show. The song peaked at number eighty-eight on the UK Singles Chart.

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications

Awards and nominations

Release history


Șagu

Șagu (, ) is a commune in Arad County, Romania, is situated on the Vingăi Plateau and it stretches over 10266 hectares. It is composed of five villages: Cruceni (Temeskeresztes; Kreuzstätten), Firiteaz (Féregyház), Fiscut (Temesfűzkút), Hunedoara Timișană and Șagu (situated at 15 km from Arad).

Population
According to the last census, the population of the commune counts 3862 inhabitants, out of which 91.5% are Romanians, 3.8% Hungarians, 2.7% Roma, 1.2% Germans and 0.8% are of other or undeclared nationalities.

History
The first documentary record of Șagu dates back to 1333. Cruceni was attested documentarily in 1772, Firiteaz in 1256, Fiscut in 1493, while Hunedoara Timișană in 1925.


Gökçepınar, Gercüş

Gökçepınar is a village in the District of Gercüş, Batman Province, Turkey. As of 2011 it had a population of 744  people.


Ninepoints, Pennsylvania

Ninepoints (also known as Nine Points) is an unincorporated community in Bart Township in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, United States. Ninepoints is located at the intersection of Pennsylvania Route 896 and Noble Road.


Diamphipnoidae

Diamphipnoidae is a family of stoneflies in the order Plecoptera. There are at least two genera and about nine described species in Diamphipnoidae.

Genera
These two genera belong to the family Diamphipnoidae:
 Diamphipnoa Gerstaecker, 1873
 Diamphipnopsis Illies, 1960


Basilica of the Omni-mediatress of All Glories

The church in Niepokalanów, devoted to the Blessed Virgin Mary the Immaculate, the Omni-mediatress of All Glories, was designed by the architect from Cracow - Zygmunt Gawlik. It was built between 1948-1954, in difficult times for Poland. In June 1950 it became a parish church for a new parish in Niepokalanów.

Three-nave church can accommodate up to five thousand people. The height of the church tower is 47 m. Three massive, double winged doors hold symbols of the most famous places of Marian apparitions around the world. In April 1980, Pope John Paul II granted the church the title of the basilica minor.

Plans and construction of the church
The first idea to build a new church in Niepokalanów (or at least a large chapel), appeared before the Second World War. In 1933 the magazine "Rycerz Niepokalanej" ("The Knight of the Immaculate") wrote: It is necessary to build a new chapel, or - as some of the readers want - the church, because there is no room to accommodate all of us. Unfortunately, at that time, the Franciscans did not have adequate funds to start the building.

Construction plans were prepared and approved in December 1938 in Warsaw. An external company was hired for analysis of the land on which the church was to stand. In May 1939, there was blessed a cross on the square assigned for building the church. The outbreak of war in September 1939, stopped the work for a long time.

After the war, in June 1948, the first brick was put for the building of a new church. The design was made by the architect Zygmunt Gawlik. The church, devoted to the BVM the Immaculate, the Omni-mediatress of All Glories, could hold up to 5000 people. It was consecrated on 3 October 1954 by Bishop Wacław Majewski, who replaced the imprisoned cardinal Stefan Wyszyński.

Professional co-friars worked at decoration of the interior of the church: sculptors, stonemasons, blacksmiths and so on. Many of the sculptures were made by Artist-Friar Maurycy Kowalewski, with the help of Friar Abel Dziełyński and the other friars. On the church tower there were mounted four clock bells, named: Knight of the Immaculata, Maximilian, Francis and Anthony.

Architecture and specifications
Entering the church, a visitor can see the statue of Our Lady Immaculate in the main altar. This statue is a work of Maurycy Kowalewski and Abel Dziełyński, friars-sculptors from Niepokalanów. In the chapel of St. Joseph (on the right side of the church) there are two important mosaics. The first of them (round mosaic) commemorates the baptism of Poland. The Latin inscription says: Mesco dux baptizatur - Polonia semper fidelis - 966-1966 (Prince Mieszko baptized - Poland is always faithful - 966-1966). The second, huge mosaic (placed on the wall) shows Jesus the Merciful and the Immaculate Heart of Our Lady.

The chapel on the left side is dedicated to St. Maximilian Kolbe. A marble statue of the saint, placed in the central part of the chapel, offers the entire globe to the Mother of God. On the chapel walls there are hung many votive offerings, in thanksgiving for the graces received. A round mosaic, located next to them, presents a speech of St. Maximilian to the co-prisoners in the Auschwitz camp. Near, in the central part of the church there is situated a Carrara marble ambo. Bas-reliefs of the Holy Trinity, Christ teaching in the boat and the Evangelists, can attract the attention of visitors in the nave.

The specifications of the basilica are:
- the length from the beginning of the stairs to the end of the apse - 84,8 m.
- the length of the interior of the basilica - 69 m.
- the height of the main nave - 16 m.
- the width of the church - 18 m. (the width with both side chapels - 33 m.)
- the height of the tower clock - 47 m.

Pope John Paul II and other pilgrims
Since the time of the beatifications of Fr. Maximilian Kolbe (1971), many important guests visited Niepokalanów and the local basilica. There were bishops, cardinals and high rank politic officials among them. Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski, Primate of Poland, who visited Niepokalanów several times, said once: "Before the war Niepokalanów grew far and wide. After the war the hard times came, and then the Franciscans, unable to keep up their common job, did the wisest thing they could - they built a church."

On 18 June 1983, during the 2nd Pastoral Visit in Poland, Pope John Paul II visited the basilica and the monastery in Niepokalanów. In the basilica he met the representatives of religious orders to which he gave a speech. Then, during the Holy Mass at the field altar he preached a sermon to over 300,000 people. The visit of the pope increased the number of pilgrims coming to Niepokalanów. Many people wanted to visit the place, sacred by activity of St. Maximilian, and to pray in the local basilica.

Small photo gallery

Source materials (books and links)
 Niepokalanów. Pilgrimage and tourist guide, red. fr. Roman Soczewka OFMConv. Wydawnictwo ZET, Wrocław 2004,
 o. Cezar Czesław Baran OFMConv., Franciszkańskie sanktuaria maryjne w Polsce. Wydawnictwo Pelikan, Warszawa 1990,  (book in Polish language)
  The monastery of Niepokalanów. Basilica English version of the monastery's official site
 Miasto Niepokalanej (City of the Immaculate - art. in Polish language), p. 216-219, in: Rycerz Niepokalanej (The Knight of the Immaculate) nr 7-8/2010, Niepokalanów, ISSN 0208-8878


Ron Tompkins

Ronald Everett Tompkins (born November 27, 1944) is an American former professional baseball pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Kansas City Athletics (1965) and Chicago Cubs (1971).

External links
, or Retrosheet, or Pura Pelota (Venezuelan Winter League)


John Kenny (trombonist)

John Kenny (born 1957) is a British trombonist, actor and composer.

He is a professor at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama and at the Royal Conservatoire of Scotland. He received the International Trombone Association Lifetime Achievement Award in 2017.