Eurobalise

An Eurobalise is a specific variant of a balise being a transponder placed between the rails of a railway. These balises constitute an integral part of the European Train Control System, where they serve as "beacons" giving the exact location of a train as well as transmitting signalling information in a digital telegram to the train.

Overview
A balise typically needs no power source. In response to radio frequency energy broadcast by a  (BTM) mounted under a passing train, the balise transmits information to the train ('Uplink'). The provisions for Eurobalises to receive information from the train ('Downlink') has been removed from the specification. The transmission rate is sufficient to transmit at least 3 copies of a 'telegram' to be received by a train passing at any speed up to 500 km/h.

Eurobalises are typically placed in pairs on two sleepers in the center of the track. For ETCS they are typically spaced 3 metres apart. With the balises being numbered the train will know whether it travels in nominal (1→2) or reverse direction (2→1). Singular balises exist only when linked to a previous balise group or when their function is reduced to provide only the exact position. There may be up to 8 balises in an balise group.

Balises are differentiated as being either a 'Fixed Data Balise' transmitting the same data to every train, or a 'Transparent Data Balise' which transmits variable data, also called a 'Switchable' or 'Controllable Balise'. (Note that the word 'fixed' refers to the information transmitted by the balise, not to its physical location. All balises are immobile).

Fixed Data Balise
A 'Fixed Data Balise', or short 'fixed balise' is programmed to transmit the same data to every train. Information transmitted by a fixed balise typically includes: the location of the balise; the geometry of the line, such as curves and gradients; and any speed restrictions. The programming is performed using a wireless programming device. Thus a fixed balise can notify a train of its exact location, and the distance to the next signal, and can warn of any speed restrictions.

Transparent Data Balise
A 'Transparent Data Balise', or short 'controllable balise' is connected to a Lineside Electronics Unit (LEU), which transmits dynamic data to the train, such as signal indications. Balises forming part of an ETCS Level 1  signalling system employ this capability. The LEU integrates with the conventional (national) signal system either by connecting to the lineside railway signal or to the signalling control tower.

Euroloop
A balise transmits telegrams at a specific site. To allow a continuous transmission the telegrams may be sent along leaky feeder cable being up to 1000 metres long. The Euroloop cable is always connected with a balise at its end which serves as the End of Loop Marker (EOLM). The telegram structure is the same as for the balise it is connected to. Originally the Euroloop used the same frequency as the Eurobalises but that was changed for specification 2.0.1 in September 2004. Euroloops had been used in Switzerland which completed the change in July 2010.

Modulation
The downlink uses an amplitude modulation on the 27.095 MHz frequency. This frequency is used to power the passive balises (it is the intermediate channel 11A in CB radio).

The uplink uses frequency-shift keying with 3.951 MHz for a logical '0' and 4.516 MHz for a logical '1'. The data rate of 564.48 kBit/s is enough to transmit 3 copies of a telegram to a train passing at 500 km/h.

The Euroloop frequency was moved to a centre of 13.54750 MHz (exactly half of the Eurobalise power frequency).

In a practical setup the BTM requires 65 Watt to power the Eurobalises and to receive the telegrams with the BTM mounted  above top of rail on a bogie.

Encoding

Each pair of balises usually consists of a switchable balise and a fixed balise. A balise transmits a 'telegram' of either 1023 bits (93*11) or 341 bits (31*11) in the channel encoding with 11 bit per symbol. The user data block is cut into 10-bit user symbols before the scrambling and shaping operation - the effective payload of signalling information is 830 bit (83*10) for the long telegram and 210 bit (21*10) for the short telegram. The final telegram consists of
 shaped data (913 bit or 231 bit) containing the payload (830 or 210 bit)
 control bits (Cb, 3 bit)
 scrambling bits (Sb, 12 bit)
 extra shaping bits (Esb, 10 bit)
 checksum (CheckBits, 85 bit)

The telegram is broadcast in a cyclic manner as the train passes over the balise. To avoid transmission errors the payload is scrambled (avoiding burst errors), substituted with a symbol code of different Hamming distance, and a checksum is added for validity checks. Since the checksum is computed after the symbol substitution the telegram contains extra shaping bits to allow the resulting checksum bits to be filled up in a way that only valid symbols of the chosen channel code are in the telegram where each symbol has 11 bits.

The payload data consists of a header followed by multiple packets defined in the ERTMS protocols. Typical packets are:
 Packet 5 - Linking
 Packet 12 - Movement Authority
 Packet 21 - Gradient Profile
 Packet 27 - International Static Speed Profile
 Packet 255 - End of information

Many applications include optional packets like Packet 3 - National Values, Packet 41 - Level Transition Order, and Packet 136 - Infill Location Reference. If the telegram maximum of 830 bits is reached then more packets can be sent in the following balises of the same balise group - with up to 8 balises in a balise group the maximum ERTMS message per balise group can encompass 8 * 830 = 6640 bits (note that every telegram must contain a header and the trailer packet 255). A fixed balise transmits a stable message which typically can include the linking information, gradient profile, and speed profile. It may also contain track information such as route suitability data for different train types and axle load restrictions.

Almost all packet types contain a parameter flagging whether its information is relevant for the "nominal" or "reverse" direction (or both). If a train sees balise 1 before balise 2 then it passes over the group in the nominal direction. Consequently, some packets may be dropped by the application software of the receiver if they are not designated for the relevant direction. The ERTMS header block of 50 bits contains the ETCS version, the current number and total count of balises within a balise group (up to 8 balises), a flag whether it is a copy (up to 4 copies) that increases chances for the receiver to see the telegram of the balise in a group, a serial number flagging whether the message has changed lately, a 10-bit country identifier along with the 14-bit balise group identifier allowing for a unique ID of every balise group. The linking information informs about the distance to the next balise group (one linking packet per direction) and the required train reaction if the next balise group is missed (e.g. train stop). The movement authority packet defines a maximum speed that may be used for a given maximum distance and maximum time - setting the maximum speed to zero will force the train to stop. The gradient profile may have a variable length based on the contained pairs of section length (scalar and number in the metric system) and section gradient (uphill/downhill flag and a number in %). Similarly the international static speed profile is given in a variable count of section parts with each part denoting the section length (number in meters - the scale is only given once at the start of the packet for all sections), the maximum speed (number * 5 km/h - allowed numbers are 0-120 i.e. some spare values are left over) and a flag if the speed restriction applies to the front or rear end of the train (possibly allowing for a delay). The trailer packet only contains its packet id with no parameters where 255 equals the state of all bits set in the 8-bit packet id field (11111111).

Manufacture

The history of ETCS has seen the formation of UNISIG (Union of Signalling Industry) in 1998 to promote the development of the system. The founding members were Alstom, Ansaldo, Bombardier, Invensys, Siemens and Thales. The group has ensured that Eurobalises may be made by several different companies; while the balises may vary in the details, they are manufactured to meet the same standards. The principal manufacturers of Eurobalises belong to a group of seven firms (Alstom, Ansaldo STS, Bombardier, Invensys, Siemens, Sigma-Digitek, Thales) within the UNIFE federation of railway suppliers.  This group cooperated in developing the specifications for Eurobalises. Specifications for Eurobalises are governed by the European Railway Agency.

Usage
Eurobalises are not only used in the ETCS/ERTMS train protection system. There are alternative implementations that pick up on the telegram structure to encode only some packet types and adding additional specific information. ETCS trains may decode the telegrams possibly translating them like any other Class-B signalling information. It is also possible that a balise transmits telegrams for different systems allowing for a transitional phase from one variant to another as typically used when switching from a national train protection system to ETCS.

The following automatic train protection systems are based on Eurobalises:
 ETCS – the European-wide train protection system
 Chinese Train Control System versions CTCS-2 and CTCS-3, used on high speed rail lines in China
  – a variant of the earlier Swiss Integra-Signum train protection system
  – a variant of the earlier Swiss ZUB 121 train protection system
 SCMT – an Italian train protection system
 TBL1+ – a train protection system used in Belgium
 GNT – the system to control tilting trains in Germany
 ZBS – a new rapid transit control system for the S-Bahn Berlin

Eurobalises have also been used in Germany to transmit tilting instructions for curves to tilting trains while keeping the traditional train protection system. The original GNT (Geschwindigkeitsüberwachung Neigetechnik) from Siemens had used specific coupling coils in 1992 (ZUB 122) and it was switched to Eurobalises in 2005 (ZUB 262). The additional telegram packet types for tilting trains have been added to the Baseline 3 series of ETCS.

History
The direct predecessor of Eurobalises are the balises of the Ebicab train protection system. The Ebicab system was developed in Sweden (and Norway) by LMEricson and SRT. The Ebicab system was developed after a crash in Norway in 1975 (Tretten). Trial runs started in 1979, and in Norway the first line fully equipped with the system was operational in 1983. The adaptation of the Ebicab system in France is the KVB system. It had been developed after a crash in 1985 and it was deployed in the early 1990s on French lines. The name for the beacons: "balise" was however in use in the Ebicab system in the late 1970s.

About the same time the idea came up to develop a common train protection system for Europe leading to the 91/440/EEC as of 29 July 1991. Since 1993 the organizational framework was in place to publish TSI standards. This allowed for the first drafts of the new technology and since 1996 the elements were tested by six railway operators which had joined the ERTMS user group.

The Ebicab technology did already use the 27 MHz carrier frequency as well as putting the beacons in the center of the track.. With Ebicab a single balise transmission had only 12 bit but it allowed for 2 to 5 balises in a balise group providing 24 to 80 bit of signalling information. Most of the patents on that encoding are held by GEC Alsthom. It was then to ABB to extend the telegram size from 12 bit in EBICAB 700 to 180 bit in EBICAB 900 (after encoding 255 bit) as used in the Mediterranean Corridor in Spain. In that time Ansaldo adopted the balise type for the digital evolution of the Italian SCMT also becoming a second supplier for the balise type to other railways. These balise types were later collectively named KER balises from their usage in KVB, Ebicab and RSDD (Ripetizione Segnali Discontinua Digitale).

Another source for the technology comes from the Siemens ZUB 100 family where they used coupling coils at the side of the tracks to augment the existing train protection system with additional signalling. The first ZUB 111 beacon did just allow for 21 states (using 2 out of 7 frequencies). The successor ZUB 122 switched to a digital telegram modulated on an 850 kHz carrier. The latter was used first in the  for Switzerland since 1992 and  for Denmark since 1992. The telegram types of these systems are compatible with the ORE A46 specification for the German LZB telegrams (about 83 bits).

Siemens published a report showing the advantages of the balise technology for railway operations in 1992 and in the fall of 1995 they delivered prototypes of Siemens type S21 Eurobalise. ABB, Alsthom and Ansaldo did also cooperate in the development and the S21 balise along with other Eurobalise prototypes were tested from July to October 1996 at the Velim railway test circuit and the Austrian railways test lab (Forschungs- und Prüfzentrum Arsenal).

The Eurobalise FFFIS (Form Fit Function Interface Specification) was introduced to the ERMTS range of specifications as SUBSET-036. Its foreword describes the specification to be based on the results of EUROSIG consortium (ACEC Transport, Adtranz Signal, Alcatel SEL, GE C Alsthom Transport, Ansaldo Trasporti, CSEE Transport, SASIB Railway, Siemens, and Westinghouse Signal) that got financial support from the European Commission. The EUROSIG formed after the initial Eurobalise/Euroloop Project 92/94 leading into the actual ERTMS/EUROSIG Project 95/98 supported by the parallel EMSET Project 96/00 (testing the Eurocab specification).

When the EUROSIG project had ended the ETCS was still not ready for real world application. So 1998 saw the formation of UNISIG (Union of Signalling Industry), including Alstom, Ansaldo, Siemens, Bombardier, Invensys and Thales which were to take over the finalisation of the standard. The first baseline specification has been tested by six railways since 1999 as part of the European Rail Traffic Management System The railway companies defined some extended requirements that were added to ETCS including telegram packet types for RBC-Handover and track profile information - the resulting Class 1 Version 2.0.0 specification of ETCS was then published in April 2000.


Shahlan Ismail

Datuk Shahlan Ismail was the Political Secretary of Dato' Seri Najib Razak the former Prime Minister of Malaysia.

Personal life
Shahlan was born in Kampung Sungai Durian, Pokok Sena, Kedah, Malaysia. He is married to Datin Dr. Noralaini Binti Ismail a dentist by profession.  the couple have 7 children Khairul Aiman Nasution (34), Zatil Hanan (32), Muhammad Kasyful Azim (27), Syahidatul Qistina (25), Muhammad Syamil Faruqi (23), Alya Dalilah (20) and Anis Salsabila (17).

Education
He received his primary education at Sekolah Kebangsaan Gajah Mati, Pokok Sena (Sekolah Kebangsaan Wan Abdul Samad), Sekolah Menengah Pokok Sena Kedah, Sekolah Menengah Sains Pengkalan Chepa Kelantan and Sekolah Alam Shah Kuala Lumpur.

He received his Ijazah Sarjana Muda Sastera Dengan Kepujian Dan Diploma Pendidikan from Universiti Malaya.

Career
Education Officer in Sekolah Menengah Tunku Putra Baling, Kedah. After that he continue his service as an officer for the Biro Tata Negara (BTN) in the Prime Minister office, Special officer to the Minister of Education (1987–1995), Minister of Defence (1995–2000), Deputy Prime Minister (2004–2008) and currently serving the Prime Minister of Malaysia.

Egyptian crisis
During the Arab Spring in Egypt, Shahlan Ismail was sent to Cairo to handle the situation that effected Malaysian there. He is also the coordinator for the evacuation of Malaysians in Cairo. He was responsible for arranging flight plans for Malaysians to save them from chaos that crippled Egyptian economy and government administration.

2010 big flood In Kedah
Shahlan Ismail was also in charged in helping the flood victims in Jitra, Kedah, Malaysia. There, he initiated the distribution of 10,000 stoves for people who were affected.  The stoves were sponsored by Proton Holding Berhad, Bank Muamalat, Bank Rakyat, Perak state government and Bakti.

Rice project for the Penan people
On 16 December 2010, three Catholic Priest discovered that the bridge that was connecting the Penan people to the main population was swept away by the strong current of the river. The Prime Minister Department led by Shahlan Ismail was dispatched to the scene. They carried with them 2,000 kg in 200 bags of rice for the victims.

Election results


Leung Chau-ting

Leung Chau-ting (梁籌庭), born around 1950, is the chairperson of the Federation of Civil Service Union, which he helped found in 1984. He was also involved in the founding of the Clerical Grades Civil Servants General Union in 1979.

Having represented civil servants for over 20 years at the Labour Advisory Board, he lost his seat after Federation of Trade Union, a pro-China trade union, switched support to another candidate.

Leung supports the same-sex spouse of civil servants who are in a married overseas be entitled to the same fringe benefits as their different-sex couple counterpart.


Alteromonas litorea

Alteromonas litorea is a marine bacterium.

External links

Type strain of Alteromonas litorea at BacDive -  the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase


Dolichoderus monoceros

Dolichoderus monoceros is a species of ant in the genus Dolichoderus. Described by Emery in 1897, the species is endemic to New Guinea.


Rodolphe Cadart

Rodolphe Cadart (born 8 August 1978) is a former professional tennis player from France.

Career
As a junior, Cadart made the boys' quarter-finals at the 1995 Australian Open and was also a quarter-finalist in the doubles at Wimbledon that year, partnering Jean-François Bachelot.

In the 1999 ERA Real Estate Clay Court Championships, held in Orlando, Cadart had a win over Australian Open winner Petr Korda.

Cadart lost a four set match to Stefan Koubek in the opening round of the 2000 Australian Open. It would be his only Grand Slam singles appearance, although he took part in the doubles at the 2003 French Open, with Richard Gasquet. The pair were defeated in the first round by Zimbabweans Wayne Black and Kevin Ullyett.

He had his best result on the ATP Tour in 2003, at Marseille, where he made the quarter-finals, beating world number 45 Max Mirnyi en route.

Challenger titles

Doubles: (1)


Campina GmbH

Based in Heilbronn, about 60 km north of Stuttgart, Campina GmbH is a leading German dairy and subsidiary of the Dutch dairy cooperative FrieslandCampina. The company was formed in 1996 after the Stuttgart-based Südmilch AG was renamed.

History

Milchversorgung Heilbronn GmbH (MVH)
MVH was founded in July 1924 in the town of Heilbronn. A follow-on company from the local "dairy department", MVH was owned by the town and a cooperative group of dairy buyers and sellers. In 1933 MVH acquired local dairies in the nearby towns of Ilsfeld, Bretzfeld, Neuenstadt am Kocher and Mainhardt. In 1968 a new dairy factory was built in the Neckargartach area of Heilbronn. At the time it was one of the most modern milk processing plants of its kind. Branch dairies were closed down and merged into the one factory.

Südmilch AG
In 1969, founded by Friedrich Wilhelm Schnitzler, MVH entered into an alliance with the interregional dairy Interessengemeinschaft Milch (Intermilch), Stuttgart-based Württ. Milchverwertung Südmilch AG (WMV) and Dauermilchwerk Hohenlohe-Franken GmbH from Künzelsau, to form the largest milk-processing company in Germany. In 1972 MVH merged with WMV to become Südmilch AG. The company went into receivership in 1993 following a scandal over government subventions and company investments in former East Germany. This resulted in the chairman going into hiding in South America and a takeover by the Dutch dairy cooperative Campina Melkunie.

Throughout the 1970s and 80s, Südmilch AG operated from a head office in north Stuttgart directly next to the tram stop Milchhof (which translates as 'milk yard'). The tram stop still exists to this day but only one of the former buildings still remains.

Campina GmbH
In 1996 the former Südmilch AG company was renamed Campina AG. There followed a string of mergers with other Campina Melkunie subsidiaries in Germany culminating in the new company Campina GmbH in 1999. At this point Campina closed down its head office in Stuttgart to centralise all operations in Heilbronn. In 2002 the company was renamed Campina GmbH & Co. KG. In 2000 the former cooperative of Milchwerke Köln-Wuppertal was merged into the company, along with former factors in Cologne, Wuppertal, Essen, Iserlohn and Lindlar. Other companies, formerly acquired by the mother company in the Netherlands, were merged under Campina in Heilbronn: Emzett, Kutel and Molkerei Strothmann. In September 2007 the company was named Campina GmbH, a German limited liability company.

Key company data

Campina currently employs around 2200 people in Germany. Its works process around 1.4 billion litres of milk p.a. (Basis:March 2004).
Turnover in 2005: €846 million (Campina worldwide: €3.569 billion).
Since 2005, Campina GmbH has been headed by managing director Michael Feller, reporting into the Dutch Campina unit "Consumer Products Europe" (CPE).

Criticism
The company came under fire from environmental campaigners in 2005 for sourcing milk from farmers who also grew genetically modified maize|corn]]. Greenpeace demanded that the company ensures that farmers were not feeding corn to their dairy cows, a move already taken by competitive dairies. Chairman of German watchdog Foodwatch, renewed the attack on Campina in October 2007.

In October 2008 Campina reacted to public criticism by removing genetically modified ingredients from animal feeds used in the production of milk for its Landliebe brand. The company plans to start making "GM-Free" yogurts and desserts in April 2009.

Selection of brands


Hodin

Hodin is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 Oleksiy Hodin (born 1983), Ukrainian midfielder
 J. P. Hodin (1905–1995), Czechoslovak art historian


1982–83 Rudé Právo Cup

The 1982–83 Rudé Právo Cup was the fifth and last edition of the Rudé Právo Cup ice hockey tournament. It was played in stages from September 8, 1982, to September 8, 1983. Four teams participated in the tournament, which was won by the Soviet Union.

Tournament

Results

Final standings


Oost-Graftdijk

Oost-Graftdijk is a town in the Dutch province of North Holland. It is a part of the municipality of Alkmaar, and lies about 11 km west of Purmerend.

In 2001, the town of Oost-Graftdijk had 145 inhabitants. The built-up area of the town was 0.031 km², and contained 58 residences.
The statistical area "Oost-Graftdijk", which also can include the peripheral parts of the village, as well as the surrounding countryside, has a population of around 340.


Carlens

Carlens may refer to the following people
Given name
Carlens Arcus (born 1996), Haitian association football player

Surname
Stef Kamil Carlens (born 1970), Belgian musician


Jean-Luc Préel

Jean-Luc Préel (30 October 1940 – 3 September 2015)
was a member of the National Assembly of France.  He represented the Vendée department,  and was a member of the New Centre.


Gustav Vasa (disambiguation)

Gustav Vasa may refer to:

 Gustav I of Sweden, King of Sweden from 1523 to 1560
 MV Gustav Vasa, a ferry that operated between Sweden and Germany
 Gustavus Vassa (Olaudah Equiano), prominent African involved in the abolition of the slave trade


Velarifictorus micado

Velarifictorus micado is a cricket in the subfamily Gryllinae (family Gryllidae) and tribe Modicogryllini.  A common name for Velarifictorus micado is the Japanese burrowing cricket.
The distribution range of Velarifictorus micado includes North America and Southern Asia.


John Jebb (bishop)

John Jebb (7 September 1775 – 9 December 1833) was an Irish churchman and writer.

Biography
He was born in Drogheda, younger son of John Jebb senior, an  alderman  of  the town of Drogheda, and Alicia  Forster. His father  had an estate at  Leixlip  in County Kildare: his grandfather Richard Jebb had  come to Ireland from Nottinghamshire.  His father was in reduced financial circumstances for  a time, but  later recovered his fortunes, and at his death in 1796 left John  £2000. He was  educated at the local school in Celbridge,  then at Free Grammar School, Derry (later renamed Foyle College, now part of Foyle and Londonderry College) where he formed a lifelong friendship with the theologian  Alexander Knox,    and  at Trinity College Dublin.

Ordained in 1799, he became curate of Swanlinbar, County Cavan; and in 1801 of Mogorbane, County Tipperary. In 1805 he  became private chaplain to  Charles Brodrick,  Archbishop of Cashel, and in 1809  he became rector of Abingdon, County Limerick, where his curate  was Charles Forster, his lifelong friend and first biographer.   He spent some time in England, where he became a friend  of William Wilberforce and of Hannah More.  In 1812 he was seriously injured in a carriage accident; the injuries were poorly treated by his medical advisers,  and he  probably never fully  recovered his health.

In 1821 he became  archdeacon of Emly. For his services in maintaining order in the district of Emly  during the disturbances that followed the outbreak of famine  in the west of Ireland in 1822, he was made Bishop of Limerick, Ardfert and Aghadoe in that year. As bishop,    he is credited with raising the  academic standard for candidates for holy orders: he often  quoted an old saying that candidates might deceive him about their Godliness, but not about their scholarship.

In 1827 he had a stroke, which left him largely incapacitated physically,  and afterwards he  spent his time in various places in England, devoting himself to writing, in particular the celebrated correspondence with his friend Alexander Knox, for which he is chiefly  remembered.   He favoured the High Church  approach to ritual and is regarded as a forerunner of the Oxford Movement.  He died  unmarried in East Hill, near Wandsworth, Surrey. He was remembered as a man of great   learning, and a churchman of strong convictions and broad sympathies. His close friend Charles Forster published his Life of  John Jebb in 1836.

Richard Jebb,  justice of the Court of King's Bench (Ireland) (1766-1834)  was his elder brother. Richard was the father of John Jebb (1805-1886), canon in residence  of Hereford Cathedral.

Works
Sermons (London, 1815)
Sacred Literature (1820)
Practical Theology (2 vols., 1830)
Biographical Memoir of William Phelan (1832)
His correspondence with Alexander Knox was edited by C. Forster (2 vols., 1834).


Francisco Uranga

Francisco Uranga (born 1905, date of death unknown) was an Argentine swimmer. He competed in two events and the water polo tournament at the 1928 Summer Olympics.


Iron Liege

Iron Liege (March 11, 1954 – December 14, 1972) was an American Thoroughbred racehorse best known for winning the 1957 Kentucky Derby.

Background
Iron Liege was a bay horse bred and owned by Calumet Farm. He was sired by Calumet's leading sire Bull Lea, out of the mare Iron Maiden a daughter of the 1937 U.S. Triple Crown champion, War Admiral. Iron Maiden also produced Iron Reward, the dam of Swaps.

He was trained throughout his racing career by Hall of Fame trainer Jimmy Jones.

Three-year-old season

As a three-year-old colt in 1957 leading up to the Kentucky Derby, Jones frequently ran his stablemates Iron Liege and the more highly regarded Gen. Duke coupled.  These races included an Allowance win by Iron Liege over Gen. Duke at Hialeah, and a third-place finish to victorious Gen. Duke and Bold Ruler in the Florida Derby.  Both were entered in the Derby Trial preceding the Kentucky Derby, with Gen. Duke finishing second and Iron Liege fifth.  After the race Jones determined that Gen. Duke was not fit to run in the Derby, which left Iron Liege his sole entrant against perhaps the greatest field ever assembled for the race, including: Bold Ruler, Round Table, and Gallant Man.  Future Hall of Fame jockey Bill Hartack, who was Gen. Duke's regular rider, was assigned to ride Iron Liege in the Derby.

In the Derby Iron Liege took the lead over pacesetter Federal Hill, but would encounter a fast-charging Gallant Man in deep stretch.  As the two passed the  mile pole, Gallant Man's rider, future Hall of Fame jockey Bill Shoemaker, stood up in his irons long enough for Gallant Man to briefly lose his stride.  Iron Liege would go on to hold off Gallant Man and win by a nose in a driving finish, with Round Table third and Bold Ruler fourth.  After first blaming his actions on a bad step by Gallant Man, Shoemaker later admitted that he misjudged the  mile pole as the finish line, and he was suspended 15 days by the Churchill Downs stewards for "gross carelessness".  Shoemaker's gaffe has been noted in books, in articles, and on online sites, as one of the biggest blunders in racing history.

Following up his Kentucky Derby win, Iron Liege finished second to Bold Ruler in the Preakness, but did not compete in the Belmont Stakes.  Iron Liege also finished second in the American Derby to Round Table.  As a three year old Iron Liege also posted stakes wins in the Forerunner Stakes, Sheridan Stakes, Laurance Armour Memorial Handicap, and the Jersey Stakes. As a four year old, Iron Liege won the McLennan Handicap.

Stud record
Iron Liege stood as a breeding stallion in Japan and died at the Shizunai stud in Hokkaido in 1972. The best of his offspring included:

 Strong Eight (Arima Kinen, Naruo Kinen, American Jockey Club Cup)
 Taiho Hero (Naruo Kinen, Megro Kinen, Sapporo Kinen)
 Adjar (Prix Perth)

Pedigree

 Iron Liege was inbred 3 × 4 to the stallion Teddy and the mare Plucky Liege, meaning that these horses appear in both the third and fourth generations of his pedigree.


John Milton Harney

John Milton Harney (1789–1825) was an American physician and poet.

Life

He was born in Delaware, 9 March 1789. He studied medicine and settled in Kentucky. After the death of his wife in childbirth, he took work with the New York Enquirer.

He then travelled to Europe, accepted a naval appointment, and spent several years in South America.

On his return he edited a paper, the Savannah Georgian. He became a Catholic, joined the Dominicans, then beginning their mission in Kentucky.

He died at Somerset, Kentucky, on 15 January 1825.

Works

He was the author of a number of poems printed in various magazines. In 1816 he published anonymously Crystallina; a Fairy Tale, in Six Cantos. Works published posthumously were The Fever Dream, from his time in Savannah, Georgia, and "Echo and the Lover".

Family

He was the elder brother of William Selby Harney; their father, Thomas Harney, was an officer in the Revolutionary War.

He married Eliza Cooper, daughter of Judge John Rowan. She died in 1815.

Notes


New Bandon, New Brunswick

New Bandon is the name for a service district and two different rural communities in the Canadian province of New Brunswick:

 New Bandon-Salmon Beach
 New Bandon, Gloucester County, New Brunswick, a rural community
 New Bandon, Northumberland County, New Brunswick


Andrew Krakouer (footballer, born 1971)

Andrew L. Krakouer (born 9 July 1971) is an Indigenous Australian former Australian rules footballer who played for North Melbourne in the Australian Football League.

He is the younger brother of Jim and Phil Krakouer and the uncle of Collingwood's Andrew J. Krakouer.


Yacht Club Games

Yacht Club Games, LLC is an American independent video game development studio and publisher founded in 2011 by former WayForward Technologies director Sean Velasco. The company announced their first title, Shovel Knight, on March 14, 2013, and released it on June 26, 2014, after a successful Kickstarter campaign. In 2016, the company announced that it would start publishing games from other companies, and that their first published game would be  Azure Striker Gunvolt: Striker Pack, a compilation containing Azure Striker Gunvolt and Azure Striker Gunvolt 2. The second will be Cyber Shadow, a game developed by Mechanical Head Studios.

List of games developed

List of games published

Notes


1703 in Denmark

Events from the year 1703 in Denmark.

Incumbents
 Monarch — Frederick IV
 Grand Chancellor — Conrad von Reventlow

Events

Undated

Births
 1 September – Just Fabritius,  businessman (died 1766)
 29 September — Baltzer Fleischer, civil servant (died 1767)
 October 13 — Otto Thott, Count, minister of state and bibliophile (died 1785)
 12 December — Simon Carl Stanley, sculptor (died 1761)
 24 December – Christen Lindencrone, merchant and landowner (died 1772)

Deaths
 15 July — Christian Gyldenløve, Christian V's son (born 1674)
 14 October — Thomas Kingo, bishop, poet and hymn-writer (born 1634)


Ioanna-Maria Gertsou

Ioanna-Maria Gertsou was born on January 20, 1979 in Athens Greece and she is visually impaired due to retinopathy of prematurity. She is mostly known as representative of the guide dog movement, through "Lara Guide-Dog School Hellas" a non - profit organisation that she co-founded in 2008. She is an activist, promoting human diversity, guide dog access, physical and electronic accessibility and animal rights.

She is also a scientist with superior studies in experimental psychology and cognitive science. From 2006 to 2012, she worked as a researcher in the Human/computer Interaction Laboratory, located at the Foundation for Research and Technology – Hellas (FORTH) which is considered to be a major scientific center worldwide. In 2008, during a visit at FORTH the President of the Hellenic Republic, Karolos Papoulias was moved by her presentation and did something extraordinary: he bowed and kissed her hand to show his respect. Ioanna-Maria is one among the very few visually impaired / disabled researchers around the world and the only one, employed in Greece. Additionally, she is considered to be a rare case of a person who is blind since birth to exhibit visual synesthesia. That is why, she is being asked to contribute to experiments, studies and projects regarding perception and the crossing of the senses. Every year, she is invited and participates in numerous conferences, arising matters varying from psychological research to guide dogs and contemporary issues as youth unemployment., Her knowledge in psychology is often shared on newspapers and blogs. She was the first person to enter with her guide dog (and a dog in general), into the Hellenic Parliament and the European Parliament. In 2009, she protested through the web because her guide dog was denied in two restaurants. She wrote a letter which went viral and caused great awareness. Following this incident, one year later a Spanish tourist named Antonia Pons Losada was not permitted into the new Acropolis Museum with her guide dog. As a result of local and international outcry regarding issues of guide dog access in Greece on August 2010, Ioanna contributed to the voting of the first national law, related to guide dogs. As soon as the law was approved by the Hellenic Parliament, she took her guide dog "May" and a Television crew for a visit to the Acropolis Museum. Today on the Museum's website we are informed that "guide and assistance dogs, are welcome". According to the law 3868/2010, guide, assistance and therapy dogs are allowed practically everywhere in Greece. The law was recently reviewed, including guide/assistance/therapy dogs who are still in training and clarifying that they can enter into transportation means, without a muzzle. While transforming Greece into a role model for guide dog access, she joined the board of directors of the European Guide Dog Federation to defend the rights and access of guide dog teams, throughout the European Union. In 2013 at the European Parliament, she and former MEP Jorgo Chatzimarkakis were the main rapporteurs for the voting of an E.U. direction, aiming to promote e-accessibility on governmental websites. The direction was approved in 2014. Ioanna-Maria, was two times a political candidate. One in the 2009 Hellenic National Elections with the Ecogreens Party  and one in the 2014 European Elections with the "Greek European Citizens Party". She was a paracycling athlete. Always accompanied by her two guide dogs "Lara" and "May", she had appeared on several documentaries, TV shows, movies and public events., The references are mainly in Greek.


Leslie Thomas

Leslie Thomas, OBE (22 March 1931 – 6 May 2014) was a Welsh author best known for his comic novel The Virgin Soldiers.

Early life

Thomas was born in Newport, Monmouthshire, Wales. He was orphaned at the age of 12, when his mariner father was lost at sea and his mother died only a few months later from cancer. He was subsequently brought up in a Dr Barnardo's home; the story of this upbringing was the subject of his first, autobiographical, book, This Time Next Week.

Thomas attended Kingston Technical School and he then took a course in journalism at South-West Essex Technical College in Walthamstow. In 1949 he was called up for National Service and embarked on a two-year tour of duty in Singapore with the Royal Army Pay Corps.  While there he was briefly involved with the military action against communist rebels in the Malayan emergency. He also began to write short articles for publication in English newspapers.

Career

Upon his return to England in 1951, Thomas resumed his work for the local newspaper group in north London where he had worked before his National Service, but within five years he was working for the Exchange Telegraph news agency, now Extel, and eventually with the London Evening News newspaper, first as a sub-editor, later as a reporter.  He stayed with the Evening News until 1965, when he embarked full-time on his writing career.

In 1984, Thomas published In My Wildest Dreams recounting his childhood in South Wales, his days in Doctor Barnardo's homes in London, his National Service in the Far East, and his career in journalism. His novels about 1950s British National Service such as The Virgin Soldiers spawned two film versions, in 1969 and 1977, while his Tropic of Ruislip and Dangerous Davies, The Last Detective have been adapted for television (the former as Tropic in 1979 and the latter having also spawned a film version, in 1981 and a TV series in 2003 with Peter Davison). He was a subject of the television programme This Is Your Life in 1979 when he was surprised by Eamonn Andrews.

His experiences as a British Army conscript in the Far East during the height of the Malayan emergency were recalled when he appeared in the BBC Radio 2 documentary Caught In The Draft in 1985. He joined ex-RAF national serviceman Bob Monkhouse and BBC Radio 2 drivetime presenter John Dunn in a programme filled with reminiscences about their years in uniform. He was also featured in the short-lived BBC One show Time of My Life in 1983. The show was presented by Noel Edmonds and Thomas was reunited with National Service colleague Reg Wilcock for the first time in 32 years. They duetted on "Tumbling Tumbleweeds", a song they used to sing frequently at the Liberty Club in Singapore.

Thomas was the subject of the first edition of BBC Wales' series Great Welsh Writers, broadcast on BBC One Wales on 25 February 2013. The programme featured interviews with Thomas, Peter Grosvenor, Frederick Forsyth and Tim Rice, as well as archive clips of earlier programmes.

Honours
In the New Year Honours List published 31 December 2004, he was made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire for services to literature.

He died in Salisbury, Wiltshire after a lengthy illness on 6 May 2014, aged 83.

Bibliography

Biographical
This Time Next Week (1964)
In My Wildest Dreams (1984)

Novels
The Virgin Soldiers (1966)
Orange Wednesday (1967)
The Love Beach (1968)
Come to the War (1969)
His Lordship (1970)
Onward Virgin Soldiers (1971)
Arthur McCann and All His Women (1972)
The Man with the Power (1973)
Tropic of Ruislip (1974)
Stand Up Virgin Soldiers (1975)
Bare Nell (1977)
Ormerod's Landing (1978)
That Old Gang of Mine (1979)
The Magic Army (1981)
The Dearest and the Best (1984)
The Adventures of Goodnight and Loving (1986)
Orders for New York (1989)
Evening News Short Stories (1990)
The Loves and Journeys of Revolving Jones (1991)
Arrivals and Departures (1992)
Running Away (1994)
Kensington Heights (1996)
Chloe's Song (1997)
Other Times (1999)
Waiting for the Day (2003)
Dover Beach (2005)
Soldiers and Lovers (2007)

Dangerous Davies novels
Dangerous Davies, the Last Detective (1976)
Dangerous in Love (1987)
Dangerous by Moonlight (1993)
Dangerous Davies and the Lonely Heart (1998)

Travel
Some Lovely Islands (1971)
Hidden Places of Britain (1981)
A World of Islands (1993)

Miscellaneous
Midnight Clear: A Christmas Story (1978)
Almost Heaven: Tales from a Cathedral (2010)


Local Interstellar Cloud

The Local Interstellar Cloud (LIC), also known as the Local Fluff, is the interstellar cloud roughly  across through which the Solar System is moving. It is unknown if the Sun is embedded in the Local Interstellar Cloud, or in the region where the Local Interstellar Cloud is interacting with the neighboring G-Cloud.

Structure
The Solar System is located within a structure called the Local Bubble, a low-density region of the galactic interstellar medium.  Within this region is the Local Interstellar Cloud, an area of slightly higher hydrogen density. The Sun is near the edge of the Local Interstellar Cloud. It is thought to have entered the region at some point between 44,000 and 150,000 years ago and is expected to remain within it for another 10,000 to 20,000 years.

The cloud has a temperature of about , about the same temperature as the surface of the Sun. However, its specific heat capacity is very low because it is not very dense, with . This is less dense than the average for the interstellar medium in the Milky Way (), though six times denser than the gas in the hot, low-density Local Bubble () which surrounds the local cloud. In comparison, Earth's atmosphere at the edge of space has around 1.2 molecules per cubic centimeter, dropping to around 50 million (5.0) at .

The cloud is flowing outwards from the Scorpius–Centaurus Association, a stellar association that is a star-forming region.

In 2019, researchers found interstellar iron in Antarctica which they relate to the Local Interstellar Cloud.

Interaction with solar magnetic field
In 2009, Voyager 2 data suggested that the magnetic strength of the local interstellar medium was much stronger than expected (370 to 550 picoteslas (pT), against previous estimates of 180 to 250 pT). The fact that the Local Interstellar Cloud is strongly magnetized could explain its continued existence despite the pressures exerted upon it by the winds that blew out the Local Bubble.

The Local Interstellar Cloud's potential effects on Earth are prevented by the solar wind and the Sun's magnetic field. This interaction with the heliosphere is under study by the Interstellar Boundary Explorer (IBEX), a NASA satellite mapping the boundary between the Solar System and interstellar space.


Here's to the Heartache

"Here's to the Heartache" is a song by American rock band Nothing More. It was their fourth single off of their album Nothing More. It peaked at number 4 on the Billboard Mainstream Rock Songs chart in February 2016.

Background
The song was first released as a single on October 13, 2015. A music video was released a month later. The video was directed by Josh Sobel, with help from cinematographer Alex Bergman, who the band had previously worked with on prior single "Jenny". It features black and white footage of the band performing the song, intermixed with footage of a female figure, representing situations covered in the song's lyrics.

Themes and composition
Lyrically, the song is about celebrating the hardships the band had experienced up to the point of recording their self-titled album. The song is about the concept of coming out as stronger after enduring personal struggles such as ended romantic relationships. Hawkin's stated that the lyrics were inspired by the Steve Maraboli quote of "As I look back on my life, I realize that every time I thought I was being rejected from something good, I was actually being re-directed to something better." He also explained that it was inspired more directly by the band member's past experiences as well:

Loudwire described the song as a "chugging rocker".

Personnel
Credits from album inlay booklet.

Band

 Jonny Hawkins – lead vocals
 Mark Vollelunga – guitar, backing vocals
 Daniel Oliver – bass, keyboards, backing vocals
 Paul O'Brien – drums

Production
 Will Hoffman - production

Charts


Ophrys omegaifera

Ophrys omegaifera, the omega bee-orchid, is a species of orchid native to the Mediterranean region from Portugal and Morocco to Syria.

Subspecies and varieties
Numerous subspecific and varietal names have been proposed. At present (May 2014), 6 such names are recognized:

Ophrys omegaifera var. basilissa (C.Alibertis, A.Alibertis & H.R.Reinhard) Faurh - Greece
Ophrys omegaifera subsp. dyris (Maire) Del Prete - Spain, Portugal, Morocco, Balearic Islands
Ophrys omegaifera subsp. fleischmannii (Hayek) Del Prete - Crete and other Greek islands
Ophrys omegaifera subsp. hayekii (H.Fleischm. & Soó) Kreutz  - Sicily, Algeria, Tunisia
Ophrys omegaifera subsp. israelitica (H.Baumann & Künkele) G.Morschek & K.Morschek - Israel, Palestine, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey, Cyprus, Greece
Ophrys omegaifera subsp. omegaifera - Turkey, Greek islands
Ophrys omegaifera subsp. apollonae - Turkey, Greek islands


Margarita Cota-Cárdenas

Margarita Cota-Cárdenas (born November 10, 1941) is a Mexican American poet and author. A voice for Chicano literature, Cota-Cárdenas is known for her 1985 novella Puppet: A Chicano Novella and her works of poetry. She is a professor emerita of Spanish at Arizona State University.

Biography

Early life
Cota-Cárdenas was born in Heber, California to two migrant workers, her father Jesús Cota from Mexico and her mother Margarita Cárdenas de Cota from New Mexico. Her parents established permanent residence in California and worked as contractors. Along with her seven younger siblings, she was raised in the Imperial Valley of California, an area in Southern California that blends Mexican and American cultures due to its geographical proximity to the nations' border and its regional history.

Her interest in writing began at a young age, though she had other aspirations throughout her childhood as well. She first intended to become a nun, but promptly changed her mind. From 1955 to 1959, she attended Orestimba High School, where she wrote for the school newspaper and succeeded in several writing competitions. She was a top student and received many honors in high school. During these years, Cota-Cárdenas transitioned from pursuing medical school to pursuing acting. She eventually received a scholarship from the Department of Theatre Arts at the University of California, Los Angeles, which she turned down.

Education
Cota-Cárdenas attended Modesto Junior College and California State University, Stanislaus, where she received her Bachelor of Arts degree in 1966. She earned a master's degree from the University of California, Davis in 1968. The next year, she began writing poetry seriously. After teaching at her alma mater for two years, she earned her doctoral degree from the University of Arizona in 1980. During her time of education, Cota-Cárdenas was a divorced mother of three children and had little time to devote to the Chicano movement. Beginning in 1981, she taught courses in bilingual Spanish, Chicano and Chicana literature, and Mexican literature at Arizona State University.

Career
Cota-Cárdenas and Eliana Suárez Rivero founded the publishing company Scorpion Press, which was funded by the National Endowment for the Arts and designed to publish works by bilingual, bicultural women. In 1976, her collection of poems Noches despertando in conciencias was published by Scorpion Press in Spanish and was well-received. "Nostalgia," published in Siete Poetas in 1978 under Scorpion Press, is one of her more popular poems, inspired by her childhood experience of viewing a drive-in movie starring María Félix as a heroic nun. As a girl, Cota-Cárdenas then enrolled in the Convent of Good Shepherd in New Mexico to become a nun and changed her mind shortly after, unsatisfied by the strict lifestyle and homesickness she experienced.

In 1985, Cota-Cárdenas published Puppet, her first extended fiction piece. The novella is based on some real-life events and is somewhat autobiographical in nature. In 2000, a bilingual translation of Puppet was published. She has published other poems, collections, and fictional works, and has been included in several anthologies such as Infinite Divisions: An Anthology of Chicana Literature (1993) edited by Tey Diana Rebolledo and Eliana Suárez Rivero. In 2003, Cota-Cárdenas retired from her teaching position at Arizona State University, but continues to write and publish more pieces.

Analysis of literature
Cota-Cárdenas' writing has focused on women's issues and feminism, just as it has been centered on the Mexican American experience in the U.S. Unlike many other writers of bilingual literature, and unlike most Chicana writers, she relies more on Spanish and code-switching between Spanish and English in many of her works. In the past, Cota-Cárdenas has expressed a deeper connection to her literature through the use of the Spanish language. Cota-Cárdenas' interest in developing Chicana representation in male- and Anglo-dominated societies is evident, since her works confront language barriers, the Chicanx identity and its representation, and feminism, especially as these pertain to bilingual literature.

Puppet: A Chicano Novella
Her first work of fiction and her most famous work, Puppet was published in Spanish in 1985, then reissued in a bilingual edition in 2000. The novella fuses fiction and reality, as Cota-Cárdenas explores ideas about social issues, activism, and race, gender, and ethnicity during the Chicano movement. Based on real-life events, the story follows a nineteen-year-old Chicano named Puppet, who is shot to death by the police. Puppet is silenced not only by linguistic barriers and by his speech impediment, but also by authority figures. In the story, Petra Levya, a Spanish professor, writes a novel in response to the death of Puppet, all while exploring her own values and identities through social and political lenses.

The narrative style in Puppet is disjointed, while the form is nonlinear, making the work experimental and postmodern. Information is given in complex ways that often disregard time order and the completion of thoughts. While capturing Petra's emotions, the novella's chaotic narration also connects with the actions of the police and of the community. Cota-Cárdenas plays with language through her irregular grammatical choices, which reflect the narrator's internal conflicts and confusion, as well as her usage of humor and irony. Simultaneously, her emphasis on understanding cultural reality necessitate the novella's inclusion of the Spanish language, even in translation.

Puppet is often studied in Spanish in university Chicanx courses and has become an underground classic. In Cota-Cárdenas' second novel, Sanctuaries of the Heart/Santuarios del corazón (2005), Petra Levya returns once more in a work that addresses social justice, the impact of culture on literature, and the complexities of Chicana consciousness.

Poetry
Many of Cota-Cárdenas' poems share a similar social awareness, though some reflect her childhood and familial experiences, as well as her pathway to adulthood. "Nostalgia," for example, reflects on her uninhibited capacity to dream and her perceived freedom as a child, which is then contrasted by her realization of the restrictions on these dreams as an adult. "Chicano Nocture" includes the intersection between her Chicana identity and her innocence as a child, discussing her fear of "THE IMMIGRATION PATROL," as she writes, and its ability to suddenly cut family connections. Other poems she has written focus on her motherhood, and how her identities and her children's identities are impacted by time and perspective.

Publications

Books
 Noches despertando in conciencias (1976)
 Puppet: A Chicano Novella (1985)
 Marchitas de mayo (1989)
 Sanctuaries of the Heart/Santuarios del corazón (2005)

Others
 Siete poetas (1978), edited by Cota-Cárdenas and Eliana Suárez Rivero and includes poems by Cota-Cárdenas
 "El velorio del Wimpy" in Avanzando: gramática española y lectura, Cuaderno B (1978), edited by Sara Lequerica de la Vega and Carmen Salazar Parr
 The Third Woman: Minority Women Writers of the United States (1980), edited by Dexter Fisher and includes poems by Cota-Cárdenas
 Chicanos: Antología histórica y literaria (1980), edited by Tino Villanueva and includes poems by Cota-Cárdenas
 Flor y Canto IV and V: An Anthology of Chicano Literature (1980), includes poems by Cota-Cárdenas
 "Malinche's Discourse" from Puppet (1985, 2000) in Infinite Divisions: An Anthology of Chicana Literature (1993), edited by Tey Diana Rebolledo and Eliana Suárez Rivero


Salt Lick Creek (Susquehanna River tributary)

Salt Lick Creek is an  tributary of the Susquehanna River in Susquehanna County, Pennsylvania in the United States.

Salt Lick Creek rises at the outlet of Page Lake at the village of Lakeside in New Milford Township and flows northwest to the borough of New Milford, then turns north and joins the Susquehanna at the borough of Hallstead. Interstate 81 and U.S. Route 11 follow the creek from New Milford to the Susquehanna River.

This north-flowing section of Salt Lick Creek follows the "Summit Sluiceway", a gently-sloping 24-mile long channel formed by glacial erosion during the Pleistocene epoch.  On the other side of New Milford, Martins Creek follows the Summit Sluiceway south into Tunkhannock Creek.


Dyfnan

Saint Dyfnan was an obscure Welsh saint. He was sometimes accounted a son of Brychan, the invading Irish king of Brycheiniog.

Legacy
Llanddyfnan ("St Dyfnan's") was dedicated to him on Anglesey and claimed his relics.  He is commemorated on April 24.


Bede Callaghan

Sir Bede Bertrand Callaghan CBE (16 March 1912 – 19 September 1993) was an Australian banker and university administrator. He was managing director of the Commonwealth Bank of Australia from 1965 to 1976 and chancellor of the University of Newcastle from 1977 to 1988.

Early life
Callaghan was born in Wickham, New South Wales, to Amy Mabel (née Ryan) and Stanislaus Kostka Callaghan. He grew up in Newcastle and attended Newcastle High School until the age of 14, when he began working as an office boy in a mining company.

Banking career
In 1927, aged 15, Callaghan began working at a Newcastle branch of the Commonwealth Bank. He moved to Cootamundra in 1934 and to Sydney in 1935, and thereafter progressed through the ranks of the company. In 1952, he moved to England to become assistant manager of the bank's London office. From 1954 he lived in Washington, D.C., as the bank's representative on the boards of the International Monetary Fund and International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. Callaghan returned to Australia in 1960 to become manager of the Commonwealth Development Bank. In May 1965, he succeeded Ernest Biggs Richardson as managing director of the Commonwealth Banking Corporation, a position he held until 1976. He was also president of the Bankers' Institute of Australasia from 1972 to 1974.

University of Newcastle
In 1966, Callaghan was appointed to the inaugural council of the University of Newcastle, located in his home town. He was made deputy chancellor in 1973, and finally served as chancellor from 1977 to 1988. After his retirement the suburb of Callaghan, containing the university, was named in his honour.

Honours
Callaghan was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 1968. He was knighted in 1976 for services to banking.

Personal life
Callaghan married Mary (Mollie) Brewer in 1940. His three daughters include Kathryn Greiner, who was married to Nick Greiner, premier of New South Wales.


Polycentropus denningi

Polycentropus denningi is a species of tube maker caddisfly in the family Polycentropodidae. It is found in North America.


Zahir Shah (actor)

Zahir Shah (1947 – 13 June 2017) was a Pakistani film actor working in Lollywood, the Punjab language film industry. He was best known for playing villainous roles in several films. He has been credited for working in over 600 films. He was introduced to film industry through the film Yaari Dosti by director Altaf Hussain. After the film industry collapsed, Shah experimented with theatre but not for long.

Shah died on 14 June  at the age of 70 in a hospital at Lahore. He was buried at a graveyard Sargodha, Sargodha.

Selected filmography
Punjabi cinema's iconic villain Zahir Shah passes away at 70

Shah has worked in following films:
	Budha Sher (Punjabi - Color - Friday, 12 July 2002)
2.	Double Cross (Urdu - Color - Wednesday, 13 August 1980)
3.	Geo Shera (Punjabi - Black & White - Friday, 5 June 1981)
4.	Halaku Khan (Pashto - Color - Friday, 6 January 1995)
5.	Hitler (Punjabi - Color - Monday, 9 June 1986)
6.	Ilaqa Incharge (Punjabi - Color - Friday, 27 April 1984)
7.	Imtehan (Pashto - Black & White - Friday, 15 April 1983)
8.	Karma (Punjabi - Color - Friday, 16 June 1989)
9.	Malka (Punjabi - Color - Friday, 7 August 1987)
10.	Marshal (Punjabi - Color - Wednesday, 4 July 1990)
11.	Miss Allah Rakhi (Punjabi - Color - Sunday, 7 May 1989)
12.	Remand (Punjabi - Color - Friday, 27 April 1979)
13.	Shikra (Punjabi - Color - Thursday, 20 June 1985)
 Yaari Dosti
 Jaanbaaz
 Qatil
 Remaand
 Shehnai
 Zulm Da Toofan
 1984 - Kalia
he makes 750 movies
his age 70 years.

LAHORE: Renowned Punjabi film actor Zahir Shah was declared dead after being rushed to a hospital on Tuesday night. The 70-year-old was laid to rest in a graveyard near Iqbal Town in Lahore.

Leaving behind a legacy of 600 films, Zahir became popular during the golden era of Punjabi cinema. Having started his career with film-maker Altaf Hussain's Yaari Dosti and following it up with a string of hits including Jaanbaaz, Qatil, Remaand, Shehnai, Zulm Da Toofan, he is arguably one of the most iconic villains of Punjabi film industry.

Much like his contemporaries, Zahir was left with little choice but to leave the industry after Lollywood's downfall. He had quit acting but still visited film studios in the hope of a new dawn.
Zahir's passing brought veterans of Punjabi cinema together, all of whom praised and remembered the late star for his contributions to the industry. “It was because of his talent and hard work that I chose Zahir for so many of my films,” Altaf told The Express Tribune. “He managed to carve his own niche and became a star whose acting style was copied by many others.”
Altaf's sentiments were echoed by actor Ashi Khan. “Zahir Shah was a teacher to all of us, especially actors who played villains more often. He was the purest villain of Punjabi cinema. It’s tragic how he had to face so much hardship after the downfall of the industry.”

Renowned stage and film actor Sheeba Butt recalled Zahir's easy-going nature, saying he was a very “cool” person. “It cannot be denied that Zahir Shah was a very, very humble man. Outside of work, he was a very cool person to hang out with, one who never had any issue or any fights with his friends or colleagues,” she said of the late artist.

According to Sheeba, theatre was the next best option for Zahir, following the crisis in Lollywood. Being a senior actor, the Kalia star was even given a lot of respect and work in Lahore's theatre circuit but even that could not make him feel at home. “Zahir left theatre soon,” explained Sheeba. “He always thought he was made for films and couldn’t do justice to any other medium.”


Port Arthur, Texas

Port Arthur is a city in Jefferson County within the Beaumont–Port Arthur metropolitan area of the U.S. state of Texas. A small, uninhabited portion extends into Orange County. It is  east of Houston.  The largest oil refinery in the United States is located in Port Arthur.

The population of Port Arthur was 53,818 at the 2010 census, down from 57,755 at the 2000 census. Early attempts at settlements in the area had all failed. However, in 1895, Arthur Stilwell founded Port Arthur, and the town quickly grew. Port Arthur was incorporated as a city in 1898 and soon developed into a seaport. It eventually became the center of a large oil refinery network. The Rainbow Bridge across the Neches River connects Port Arthur to Bridge City.

History
Aurora was an early settlement attempt near the mouth of Taylor Bayou on Sabine Lake, about  long and  wide. It is a saltwater estuary formed by the confluence of the Neches and Sabine Rivers. Through its tidal outlet,  Sabine Pass, Sabine Lake drains some  of Texas and Louisiana into the Gulf of Mexico.

The town was conceived in 1837, and in 1840 promoters led by Almanzon Huston were offering town lots for sale. Some were sold, but Huston's project failed to attract many settlers. The area next was known as "Sparks", after John Sparks, who moved his family to the shores of Sabine Lake near the site of Aurora. The Eastern Texas Railroad, completed between Sabine Pass and Beaumont, Texas, passed  west of Sparks. However, the American Civil War soon began, and rail lines were removed. In 1886, a destructive hurricane hit the coast, causing the remaining residents to dismantle their homes and move to Beaumont. By 1895, Aurora had become a ghost town.

Arthur Stilwell led the resettling of the area as part of his planned city of Port Arthur. Pleasure Island now separates the city from the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway. The  man-made island was created between 1899 and 1908 by the Corps of Engineers to support development of the port.

Arthur Stilwell founded the Port Arthur Channel and Dock Company to manage the port facilities. The port officially opened with the arrival of the British steamer Saint Oswald in 1899. (The ship later sank in 1915, after colliding with the French battleship Suffren during World War I.)

When oil was discovered in the region, Port Arthur developed for a time as the center of the largest oil refinery network in the world.

Geography
Port Arthur is located on the eastern edge of Jefferson County at  (29.884864, −93.939902), on the west side of Sabine Lake. It is bordered to the northeast by Orange County, Texas, and to the southeast, across Sabine Lake, by Cameron Parish, Louisiana. The Port Arthur city limits extend south along the west side of Sabine Pass, the outlet of Sabine Lake, as far as the Gulf of Mexico on the city's southern border. To the north, the city limits extend across the Neches River into Orange County. Port Arthur is bordered to the northwest by the cities of Nederland, Groves, and Port Neches, and to the northeast by Bridge City in Orange County.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which  are land and , or 46.61%, are covered by water.

Communities
Communities in Port Arthur include:
 El Vista
 Griffing Park
 Lakeview
 Pear Ridge
 Port Acres
 Sabine Pass

Climate
Port Arthur is tied with Lake Charles, Louisiana, and Astoria, Oregon, as the most humid city in the contiguous United States. The average relative humidity is 90% in the morning, and 72% in the afternoon.

Demographics

2010 census data
As of the 2010 census, 53,818 people, 20,183 households, and 13,191 families resided in the city. The population density was 654.6 people per square mile (250.5/km²). The 23,577 housing units averaged 284.4 per square mile (109.8/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 41.7% African American, 37.9% White, 1.2% Native American, 6.3% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, and 15.3% from other races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 29.6% of the population.

Of the 20,183 households, 30.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 39.2% were married couples living together, 19.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.6% were not families; 30.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.63 and the average family size was 3.31.

In the city, the population was distributed as 27.0% under the age of 18, 9.7% from 18 to 24, 24.7% from 25 to 44, 25.2% from 45 to 64, and 13.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35.3 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.1 males.

2000 census data
As of the census of 2000, the median income for a household in the city was $26,455, and for a family was $32,143. Males had a median income of $30,915 versus $21,063 for females. The per capita income for the city was $14,183. About 22.9% of families and 25.2% of the population were below the poverty line. Of the total people living in poverty, 35.2% were under age 18 and 14.4% were age 65 or over.

Economy

Home to a large portion of United States refining capacity, Port Arthur is now seeing renewed investment in several key installations. Motiva Enterprises is undertaking a major addition to its western Port Arthur refinery, expanding capacity to . This $10.0 billion project is the largest US refinery expansion to occur in 30 years. Premcor Refining (now Valero) completed a $775 million expansion of its petrochemical plant, and BASF/Fina commenced operations of a new $1.75 billion gasification and cogeneration unit on premises of its current installation, which had just completed its own $1 billion upgrade. These operations are supported by the Port of Port Arthur, one of Texas' leading seaports. Port Arthur still suffers, though,  from one of the highest unemployment rates in the state.

The city was the site of an oil spill in 2010, when an oil tanker and barge collided, causing 450,000 gallons of oil to spill into the Sabine/Neches waterway alongside the city.

Central business district disintegration
The commercial center of Port Arthur was at its peak in the early 1900s. Together with the effects of suburbanization, which drew off wealthier residents to new housing away from town, gradually taking businesses with them, from 1960 until 1974, successive waves of economic recession caused much distress in the town. The central business district has many boarded up and vacant locations.

Hotel Sabine
The Hotel Sabine opened at 600 Proctor Street in 1929 and operated as the Vaughn Hotel until the mid-1930s. At 118 feet, 10 stories, and the tallest building in Port Arthur, the building is of Beaux-Arts architecture style, built with steel-reinforced concrete and brick on 640 steel-laced wooden cypress pilings driven 60 ft into the ground. It was designed to withstand the most severe coastal storms. The hotel closed down in the mid-1980s.

The Port Arthur News reported August 28, 2010, that "DWA (Digital Workforce Academy) Buys Sabine Hotel", By November 2011, the hotel was reported to be slated for demolition. The cost of renovations were estimated at $10– 12,000,000 dollars and demolition estimates as $500,000 to 1.2 million.

Hurricane Rita struck a direct hit on the Proctor Street Seawall, and damaged many downtown businesses and homes. As economic activity picked up in the region, calls for downtown revitalization have been advanced. The true center of commercial activity has gravitated from downtown to other areas. The main shopping center is Central Mall, opened outside the downtown in 1982.

Arts and culture
Port Arthur's Museum of the Gulf Coast is recognized as the area's definitive collection of items and displays for figures from Port Arthur and the surrounding communities.

Government

The mayor of Port Arthur is Thurman “Bill” Bartie.

The county operates the Jefferson County Sub-Courthouse in Port Arthur.

Politics

 Nat R. Strong, 1898–1899
 Charles Eugene Smith, 1899–1902
 Rome H. Woodworth, 1902–1905
 Joseph P. Landes, 1905–1906
 J.H. Drummond, 1906–1908
 P.C. Pfeiffer, 1908–1911
 George N. Bliss, 1911–1915
 R.H. Dunn, 1915–1917
 John W. Tryon, 1917–1921
 James Pinckney Logan, 1921–1929, 1931–1932, 1950–1952
 J.W. O'Neal, 1929–1931
 H.M. Smith, 1932–1933
 H.O. Preston, 1933–1934
 E.R. Winstel, 1934–1935
 Fred L. Bachert, 1935–1936, 1939–1940
 Inman H. Wheless, 1936–1937
 Frank J. Imhoff, 1937–1938
 Neal D. Rader, 1938–1939
 L.C. Heare, 1940–1942
 R.L. Rutan, 1942–1944
 Leland Lacy, 1944–1945
 Walter H. Bailey, 1945–1947
 H.L. Crow, 1947–1948
 James Walter Long, 1948–1950
 Chris F. Petersen, 1952–1953
 Myron J. Babin Jr., 1953–1954
 Nick Norris, 1954
 A.L. Gillman, 1954
 C.R. Eisler, 1954–1957, 1959–1960, 1960–1961
 Zane Q. Johnson, 1957–1958
 M.B. Avila, 1958–1959
 Herman T. Schneider, 1960
 Harvie A. Parker, 1961–1963
 R. B. McCollum, 1963
 Lloyd Hayes, 1963–1969
 Bernis Sadler, 1969–1984
 Malcolm Clark, 1984–1990
 Mary Ellen Summerlin, 1990–1994
 Robert T. Morgan Jr., 1994–1998
 Oscar Ortiz, 1998–2007
 Delores "Bobbi" Prince, 2007–2016
 Derrick Freeman, 2016–2019
 Thurman Bartie, 2019–present

The United States Postal Service operates the Port Arthur Post Office, the Port Acres Post Office, and the Sabine Pass Post Office in Sabine Pass.

Education

Colleges

Lamar State College-Port Arthur

Located in downtown Port Arthur, celebrated its 100th birthday in 2009. Offering a full variety of basic core curriculum classes in which credits are transferable throughout Texas public universities, Lamar State College is recognized for associate programs in commercial music, nursing, legal assistant, and process technology.  The college also fields competitive teams in men's basketball and women's softball. The section of Port Arthur within the Sabine Pass School District is assigned to Galveston College in Galveston.

Career and Technical Education Center
It was formerly named Stilwell Technical Center and is the second college in Port Arthur. The Port Arthur Independent School District is now headquartered at its former location on 9th Avenue. In 2012 the school was relocated to a new building built on the same property of Memorial High School at 3501 Sgt Lucian Adams Dr.

Primary and secondary schools
Most of the city is served by the Port Arthur Independent School District. It operates a single high school, Memorial High School, formed in 2002 by the consolidation of three high schools: Stephen F. Austin, Abraham Lincoln, and Thomas Jefferson.

The portion around Southeast Texas Regional Airport is served by the Nederland Independent School District. Some parts are served by Port Neches-Groves Independent School District. The Sabine Pass community is served by the Sabine Pass Independent School District.

The Bob Hope Charter School is located in Port Arthur.

It formerly had a Catholic high school, Bishop Byrne High School, which closed in 1983.

Public libraries
The Port Arthur Public Library, at 4615 9th Avenue at Texas State Highway 73, serves as the public library system for the city.

Media

Newspapers
The Port Arthur News is the only daily newspaper serving Port Arthur. Operating since 1897 The News is one of the oldest continually operated businesses in Port Arthur. It is currently owned and operated by Boone Newspapers. From 1932–1941 Port Arthur had a second newspaper called The Peoples Press.

Television
 KBTV (Fox) channel 4

Radio

Transportation

Air
The Jack Brooks Regional Airport in the northwest part of Port Arthur serves Beaumont and Port Arthur.

Bus
Local bus service is provided by Port Arthur Transit.

Tropical cyclones

Hurricane Audrey
In June 1957, Hurricane Audrey made landfall just east of Port Arthur in Cameron Parish, Louisiana, as a category 3 hurricane. The storm caused extensive wind damage around the city and significant storm surge flooding just east in Southwest Louisiana.

Hurricane Rita
On September 24, 2005, Hurricane Rita made landfall between Sabine Pass, Texas, and Johnson Bayou, Louisiana, as a category 3 hurricane. A wind gust of  was recorded in Port Arthur. The storm caused widespread significant wind damage throughout the city, with power outages lasting several weeks in some locations. Some areas of the city also received flooding due to Rita.

Hurricane Humberto
On September 13, 2007, Hurricane Humberto made landfall west of Port Arthur as a category 1 hurricane. The storm moved northeast across the Golden Triangle, causing widespread wind damage; however, most of the damage was relatively minor. An  wind gust was recorded at the Southeast Texas Regional Airport just northwest of the city.

Tropical Storm Edouard
On August 5, 2008, Tropical Storm Edouard made landfall just west of Port Arthur. The effects felt in the city were light; however, wind gusts up to  were recorded.

Hurricane Ike
On September 13, 2008, Hurricane Ike made landfall on Galveston Island as a category 2 hurricane. Due to the storm's unusually large size, effects were widespread and were felt across much of Southeast Texas. Port Arthur sustained significant wind damage and many of the city's residents lost power. The Port Arthur seawall protected the city from the major flooding that surrounding cities experienced.

Hurricane Harvey
On August 29, 2017, after Harvey made a second landfall at tropical storm status, 26 inches of rain fell in a single day at the airport near Port Arthur, triggering widespread flash flooding in the city. According to the Port Arthur mayor Derrick Freeman, 20,000 homes were flooded with up to 6 ft of water. On August 30, Freeman posted on Facebook, "Our whole city is underwater right now."

Notable people
 Lucian Adams, recipient of Medal of Honor, Bronze Star, and Purple Heart
 Jonathan Babineaux, professional football player
 Jordan Babineaux, professional football player
 G.W. Bailey, actor
 Zachary Breaux, jazz musician
 Aaron Brown, professional football player
 Jamaal Charles, professional football player
 C. J. Chenier, musician
 Ted Dunbar, jazz musician
 Kevin Everett, professional football player
 Mitch Gaspard, college baseball coach
 John Warne Gates, Wire & Steel magnate, railroad and oil financier
 Danny Gorrer, professional football player
 Jason Halbert, musical director for Kelly Clarkson
 Kree Harrison, runner-up on American Idol, 12th season
 Lee Hazlewood, musician, was raised in Port Arthur.
 Tom Hicks,  former owner of Texas Rangers, Dallas Stars, Liverpool FC, and Dr Pepper/7-UP
 Jim Hurtubise, race car driver, moved to Port Arthur as an adult.
 Stephen Jackson, former professional basketball player, who played in the NBA for 14 seasons
 Jimmy Johnson, football broadcaster, player, coach, and executive
 Janis Joplin, singer/songwriter
 Bobby Leopold, professional football player
 Inika McPherson, track and field athlete
 Donald Narcisse, player in Canadian Football League
 Pimp C & Bun B of UGK, rappers
 Johnny Preston, pop singer
 Robert Rauschenberg, painter and graphic artist
 Leah Rhodes, Hollywood costume designer
 J.P. Richardson aka "The Big Bopper", singer and songwriter born in the Port Arthur neighborhood of Sabine Pass
 Elandon Roberts, professional football player
 Raymond Strother, political consultant
 Joe Washington, college and professional football player
 Ken Webster, actor and director


Alex Alfthan

Karl Gustaf Alexander (Alex) Alfthan (17 November 1865 - 3 July 1922) was a Finnish farmer, bank director and politician, born in Hausjärvi. He was a member of the Parliament of Finland in 1922, representing the National Coalition Party.


Jarkko Niemi (actor)

Jarkko Niemi (born 30 October 1984, in Tuusula) is a Finnish actor.

Selected filmography

Young Gods (2003)
Glass Jaw (2004)
Game Over (2005)
Kamome Shokudo (2006)
One Foot Under (2009)
Forbidden Fruit (2009)
Let My People Go! (2011)
Risto (2011)
Ja saapuu oikea yö (2012)
21 tapaa pilata avioliitto (2013)
Nymphs (2014)


Devil's torture chamber

__NOTOC__

The Devil's Torture Chamber is a magic stage illusion of the classic type involving a female magician's assistant in a large box and is probably best categorised as a penetration or restoration-type illusion.

Description
The magician presents an upright cabinet that is just big enough to hold a person with a little space above their head. The magician then presents a rack of metal spikes. Spectators are offered the chance to tap the spikes with a metal implement to prove they are real and solid. The spikes are fitted into the top of the cabinet pointing downwards. An assistant is introduced and steps into the cabinet. The door is closed and the spikes are forced downwards using handles that protrude through slots in the side of the cabinet. The implication is that the assistant must have been impaled by the spikes. However the door is opened to reveal the assistant alive and unharmed.

There are several slight variations. Sometimes the assistant carries a string of inflated balloons when he or she steps into the cabinet. These are burst as the spikes descend to give an added audible dimension to the illusion. Another description has a small door opened to show the assistant alive when the spikes are at the bottom of the cabinet; the small door is then closed again and the spikes lifted to the top before the assistant is finally fully revealed.

French magician Don José de Murcia performs a version of this illusion under the title "La Herse Infernal".

History
The illusion is thought to be the creation of Floyd Thayer, founder of the Thayer Magic Company. Blueprints for it appeared in the Thayer catalog #7 supplement, which dates it to the early 1930s.


Sarkis Zabunyan

Sarkis Zabunyan (), known as Sarkis, (; born September 26, 1938) is a French conceptual artist.

Biography

Born in Istanbul in 1938, Sarkis studied French, painting and interior design before moving to Paris in 1964. In 1967, he won the painting prize at the Biennale de Paris and presented his work Connaissez-vous Joseph Beuys ? at the Salon de Mai, in a reference to the man he considered the most important artist of the day. In 1969 he was invited by the critic and curator Harald Szeemann to take part in the now legendary show When Attitudes Become Form. Teaching and the sharing of experience are key concerns of this artist. From 1980 to 1990 he was director of the Art Department at the École des Arts Décoratifs in Strasbourg, and from 1988 to 1995 he ran a seminar at the Institut des Hautes Etudes en Arts Plastiques created by Pontus Hulten.
Since the 1980s, Sarkis has taken part in numerous international exhibitions (including Documenta and the biennials in Venice, Sydney, Istanbul and Moscow) and had his work shown in the world’s leading museums.

In the exhibition Passages at the Pompidou Centre in 2010, works by Sarkis were allowed to dialogue with works by Kasimir Malevich, the wall from André Breton’s studio, and Plight by Joseph Beuys, who is one of Sarkis’s sources of inspiration, along with the Russian filmmaker Andrei Tarkovsky, one of whose films he explored in the Brancusi studio. Passages evoked both the permanent back-and-forth between an artist’s studio and the museum, and Walter Benjamin’s great unfinished work about the arcades of Paris. The exhibition featured a series of recent or specially created works produced by the Pompidou Centre. These works, standing as the artist’s KRIEGSSCHATZ (trophies), comprised found objects, art works and ethnographic objects from different civilizations.

In 2011 the Musée d’Art Moderne et Contemporain in Geneva (MAMCO) devoted an important retrospective to the artist entitled Hôtel Sarkis. The presentation on four floors brought together 200 works created between 1971 and 2011, and explored the artist’s different practices (video and sound installations, watercolours, photographs, films) and thus amplified the resonance of a body of work produced in response to other artists, whether musicians, architects, writers, philosophers, painters, sculptors or filmmakers.

In 2012, Sarkis presented Ballads in the 5000 square metres of the underwater Hangars, at the invitation of the Museum Boijmans van Beuningen and the Port of Rotterdam, as well as Ailleurs, Ici on the estate of Chaumont-sur-Loire, following a commission by the regional council of Centre. He has also taken part in the group show La Triennale – Intense Proximité at the Palais de Tokyo with his Frise des Trésors de Guerre, showed at Néon, who’s afraid of red, yellow and blue? at La Maison Rouge – Fondation Antoine de Galbert, and Istanbul Modern at the Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen.

In 2013, Sarkis took part in the exhibition When Attitudes Become Form, Bern 1969/Venice 2013 at the Prada Foundation as part of the 55th Venice Biennale. He also showed at Passages Croisés en or at the Château d’Angers, and was invited to present his Frise de Guerre at the Museum of Old and New Art (MONA) in Tasmania as part of the exhibition The Red Queen. Sarkis also participated in the exhibition Ici, Ailleurs as part of the Marseille – Provence, European Capital of Culture programme, and the exhibition Modernity? Perspectives from France and Turkey at the Istanbul Modern, and in his solo exhibition titled Sarkis – Cage/Ryoanji Interpretation at the ARTER – Space for Art in Istanbul.
In 2014 he exhibited his Ring Portraits at the Huis Marseille Museum voor Fotografie in Amsterdam, and was presented in three places: the CIAC, the MNAC and the Museum of the Romanian Peasant in Bucharest. A solo exhibition devoted to his work appeared at the Musée du Château des Ducs de Wurtemberg in Montbéliard.


Star Lake, Wisconsin

Star Lake is an unincorporated community located in Vilas County, Wisconsin, United States. Star Lake is located on the northeast shore of Star Lake northwest of Eagle River.  It is one of two unincorporated communities in the town of Plum Lake, the other being Sayner, Wisconsin. Star Lake has a post office, which was downgraded to a Community Post Office  on February 8, 1997.


North East Express

The North East Express is a daily superfast train of Indian Railways, which runs between Guwahati (capital of Assam and the largest city of North Eastern region of India) and Anand Vihar near New Delhi (capital of India). It connects North Eastern India to New Delhi, hence the name. The train belongs to NF railway zone of Indian Railways (headquarters at Guwahati). The coaches of this train belongs to Guwahati coaching depot of Lumding Division of NF Railway.

The North East Express succeeded the legendary Assam Mail in 1986. But halt pattern and timings of later introduced Sikkim Mahananda Express (first introduced between Delhi and Katihar) corresponds more to the Assam Mail's BG segment.

The train runs along the Guwahati-Barauni line, Barauni-Mokama line and Howrah-Delhi main line.

Service
The train is numbered as 12505/12506. Originally North east express was not a superfast and had service numbers 921 and 922 when introduced in 1986. In 1988, the train was assigned with new set of numbers as 2521 and 2522 which were later replaced with 5621 and 5622. It used to ply between Guwahati and New Delhi. In the Railway Budget 2005-06, it was sped up to the Broad Gauge Super fast category (broad gauge trains with 55 km/h or above average commercial speed) without withdrawing any previous intermediate stops. The new number assigned in the Superfast category were 2505 from Guwahati and 2506 from New Delhi. With the new five digit numbering scheme introduced during the tenure of Mamata Banerjee as Railway Minister, the service numbers are now 12505 and 12506. The train now starts from Kamakhya Junction Railway Station at Maligaon and run up to Anand Vihar Terminal instead of Guwahati & New Delhi.

Coaches
The train has AC as well as Non AC accommodation. The composition of the train is as follows - 2A - 1 (A-1), 3A - 3 (B-1, B-2, B-3), SL - 14 (S-1 to S-14), PC - 1, GENL - 3 & SLR - 2. The total rake length is 24 coaches. New LHB Rakes are introduced on 03/03/2019.

Station Stops

Delhi to Guwahati
List of Stops on the North East Express from Delhi to Guwahati.

Guwahati to Delhi
List of Stops on the North East Express from Guwahati to Delhi.


Evandro

Evandro is a given name. Notable people with the name include:

Evandro Agazzi (born 1934), Italian philosopher
Evandro Chagas (1905–1940), Brazilian physician and biomedical scientist specializing in tropical medicine
Evandro Soldati (born 1985), Brazilian male model
Evandro Carlos Escardalete (born 1974), Brazilian footballer
Clesly Evandro Guimarães (born 1975), Brazilian footballer known as "Kelly"
Evandro Adauto da Silva (born 1980), Brazilian footballer
Evandro Roncatto (born 1986), Brazilian footballer
Evandro Teixeira Magalhães (born 1986), Brazilian footballer
Evandro Goebel (born 1986), Brazilian footballer
Evandro Silva do Nascimento (born 1987), Brazilian footballer known as "Evandro Paulista"
Evandro Oliveira (born 1990), Brazilian beach volleyball player
Evandro (footballer) (born 1993), Brazilian footballer


The  City of Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality is a metropolitan municipality that forms the local government of the East Rand region of Gauteng, South Africa. The name Ekurhuleni means place of peace in XiTsonga.  Ekurhuleni is one of the five districts of Gauteng province and one of the eight metropolitan municipalities of South Africa. The seat of Ekurhuleni is Germiston. The most common native language spoken by its 3.17 million people is IsiZulu, as of the 2001 Census. OR Tambo International Airport falls in the Kempton Park area of Ekurhuleni.

History
The municipality was established in 2000, superseding the Eastern Gauteng Services Council, the Khayalami Metropolitan Council, and the previous administrations of Alberton, Benoni, Boksburg, Brakpan, Edenvale/Lethabong, Germiston, Kempton Park/Tembisa, Nigel and Springs.

The planned abolition of the Lesedi Local Municipality, which includes Heidelberg, and its absorption into Ekurhuleni after the 2016 municipal elections, were blocked by the High Court of South Africa in 2015.

The name Ekurhuleni meaning place of peace alludes to the fact that the East Rand townships were the site of severe political violence between supporters of the Inkatha Freedom Party and the ANC in the early 1990s, prior to South Africa's first multiracial elections in 1994.

Geography
Ekurhuleni lies on the plateau that is the highveld at about 1600 metres in altitude. The highest elevation is at the Gillooly's Ridge – Bill Stewart Side – Fisher's Hill at 1772m asl. The lowest point is at 1552m asl. The city is rich in wetlands, pans, streams and rivers. The city is highly urbanised; however, the north especially has high-potential agricultural land.

Climate
Ekurhuleni has a subtropical highland climate (Cwb) according to the Köppen-Geiger Climate classification. This classifies a warm temperate climate of warm summers and dry winters. In the winter months (May - October) the city has a diurnal temperature pattern with a high amplitude, as temperatures can range from freezing at night to mid 20s °C in the day.

The main precipitation falls between October and March with a monthly average precipitation of up to 148mm  which falls usually in convective thundershowers. The daily maximum temperatures in October–March are on average 27 °C.  The Winter is mostly dry with only a few cold fronts reaching the highveld from the southern Atlantic Ocean.

Main places

The 2011 census divided the municipality into inter alia the following main places:

Parks and nature
Ekurhuleni has over 206 wetlands and lakes.

Germiston Lake is a natural pan in the Elsburgspruit system and has a catchment area of 1174ha. It is fed mostly by surface runoff water and stormwater drains. The lake is one of the cleanest bodies of water in South Africa. It has a size of 57.4 ha and a maximum capacity of 2839×. Its depth is approximately 8 metres. On the banks of the lake are a recreational park with playground equipment and Braai areas as well as a rowing club and golf club.

A wetland of note is the Blesbokriver wetland which stretches over an area of 1858ha.

Flamingoes can be found in the Marievale Bird sanctuary.

The Bullfrog Pan is almost 10 hectares and is home to more than 150 bird species.

Landmarks

In 2017 the Chris Hani memorial at Thomas Nkobi Memorial Park in Boksburg was revealed during the 22nd commemoration of his death. The Chris Hani memorial site consists of the Monument, the Walk of Remembrance and the Wall of Remembrance which recognizes the historical events, places and people associated with the liberation struggle of South Africa.

The Thokoza Wall of Remembrance commemorates the people who died in the fight between the Inkatha Freedom Party and the residents.

Arts and culture

Ekurhuleni has a rich cultural life. In 2017 the Thami Mnyele Fine arts award had its 30th anniversary.

The local music scene is well and alive and Ekurhuleni gave rise to a few notable music stars.

O.R. Tambo Narrative Centre tells visitors all about the lives and contributions of the Tambo couple towards the dismantling of Apartheid in South Africa. It is situated on the banks of the Leeupan Wetland. It also has an exhibition of environmental education aimed at children.

Since 2016 Ekurhuleni has hosted the Ekurhuleni International Film Festival.

Demographics

In 2016 3,379,104 people lived in Ekurhuleni, of whom 22.7% were under 15 years old, 71.2% were between the ages of 15-64 and 6.1% were older than 65 years old.
Ekurhuleni had 1,299,490 households with an average people per household number of 2.6. 80.2% of people lived in formal dwellings and 52.9% owned housing.

The following statistics are from the 2014 census.

Gender

Ethnic groups

Education

Ekurhuleni has two school districts: Ekurhuleni North and Ekurhuleni South. There are 671 schools in Ekurhuleni, of which 137 are independent.
Ekurhuleni has two colleges of further education and training (FET) as well as two centres of adult education and training (AET). There are plans to establish a university in Ekurhuleni.

Politics
The city has scored best in governance out of all metros in South Africa.

The municipal council consists of 224 members elected by mixed-member proportional representation. 112 are elected by first-past-the-post voting in 112 wards, while the remaining 112 are chosen from party lists so that the total number of party representatives is proportional to the number of votes received. In the election of 3 August 2016 the African National Congress (ANC) lost its majority on the council for the first time. The ANC subsequently formed a coalition with the African Independent Congress, the Pan Africanist Congress, the Patriotic Alliance and the Independent Ratepayers Assosciation of South-Africa.

The following table shows the results of the 2016 election.

Economy
 the GDP of Ekurhuleni was estimated at over US$55 billion (PPP), being US$17,361 per person.
Ekurhuleni has an active workforce of 1.6 million people of whom 28.8% are unemployed. Ekurhuleni makes up 6.2% of national production.

Ekurhuleni has in Rand Refinery the largest integrated single-site precious metals refining and smelting complex in the world.

Manufacturing

The city is an important manufacturing centre in South Africa, contributing 32% of manufacturing production. The city has been described as "the workshop of the country". It contributes 11% to the GVA of South Africa.

Ekurhuleni has held the "Manufacturing Indaba" Conference every year since 2014. This two-day conference provides contacts and networking between business owners, industry owners, capital providers, experts and the government.

Infrastructure

Road network
Ekurhuleni is connected to the main motorways in South Africa via the M2, N3, N17, R21, R24 and R59 highways. As Ekurhuleni is part of the Johannesburg Conurbation, Transport routes in Ekurhuleni share the same metropolitan route numbering system as Johannesburg.

The road network in Ekurhuleni spans 8,024 km  of  paved  roads  and  approximately  1,200 km of gravel  road.

Public transport
Ekurhuleni is one of 13 cities and towns in South Africa to implement the bus rapid transit (BRT) system.
Phase 1 of the project runs from Tembisa to Vosloorus via Kempton Park and the OR Tambo International Airport. New routes have been integrated from Katlehong to Rhodesfield, from Vosloorus to Rhodesfield, and from Reiger Park to Rhodesfield. Passengers are served by Metrorail which sustains the passenger rail network in the Western Cape, Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal and the Eastern Cape. Seven train lines serve Ekurhuleni.

Rail
Ekurhuleni has the largest rail hub in South Africa used by Transnet.

Aviation

Several airline companies are headquartered in the Kempton Park area of Ekurhuleni.

Ekurhuleni is Gauteng's first aerotropolis. This is a metropolis with an airport at its centre. One should be able to get to the airport from anywhere in Ekurhuleni in 25 min. The major aim will be logistics and connecting the local industry and agriculture to the world markets.

O.R. Tambo International Airport has two terminals handling domestic and international flights. Terminal A handles international traffic and Terminal B domestic flights. The airport services airlines from all five continents and plays a vital role in serving the local, regional, intra- and inter-continental air transport needs of South Africa and sub-Saharan Africa. It is the biggest and busiest airport in Africa. OR Tambo International handles more than 20 million passengers per year and employs more than 18,000 people.

South African Airways, the flagship air carrier of South Africa, and its subsidiary South African Express Airways have their head offices in Ekurhuleni. Mango, a low cost airline owned by SAA, is headquartered on the grounds of OR Tambo International Airport.

The headquarters of Comair and Kulula.com are at an intersection within Ekurhuleni in close proximity to OR Tambo International Airport.  Federal Air also has its headquarters on the OR Tambo International Airport grounds. 1Time has its head office in the Isando Industrial Park. Safair's head office is in Kempton Park.

Airports Company South Africa has its head office in Bedfordview, Ekurhuleni. TAAG Angola Airlines has an office in Bedfordview.

Stormwater systems
There are 11,318 stormwater systems and a total lengths of pipes and channels of more than 3800 km.

Sports and recreation

Ekurhuleni has at least 16 golf courses and is home to the international Golf Tournament the South African Open held at Glendower Golf Club.

There is an over 100 year old rowing club at the bank of Germiston Lake, and over 30 swimming pools can be found in the city.

Ekurhuleni United FC play in the fourth division of South African Football.

Ekurhuleni has the Ekurhuleni masters league, a soccer league of retired pros and talented players who did not make the cut.

38 eco "outdoor gyms" can be found in Ekurhuleni.

Notable people from Ekurhuleni
Bonginkosi Moloi Jr.
Willem Coertzen
Ernie Els
Chris Hani
Sibusiso Khumalo
Kwesta
Sbusiso Leope
Senzo Meyiwa
Pearl Modiadie
Khethi Ngwenya
Charlize Theron
Oliver Tambo
Vusi Thembekwayo
Skhumba Hlophe
Japie Mulder
Chris Rossouw (rugby union born 1969)
Lood de Jager
Jakkals Keevy
Jaco Taute
Mabaye Calvin


Conospermum polycephalum

Conospermum polycephalum is a shrub endemic to Western Australia.

The spindly or semi-prostrate shrub typically grows to a height of . It blooms between July and September producing blue-white-pink flowers.

It is found in the Wheatbelt region of Western Australia where it grows in gravelly soils over laterite.


Lagos railway station

The Lagos railway station is the western terminus of the Algarve line, which serves the city of Lagos, in the Faro District, in Portugal. It opened on the 7th of July 1922. The building was replaced by a new structure in 2003.

Bibliography


Scholar (disambiguation)

A scholar is a person who devotes themselves to scholarly pursuits. Scholar may also refer to:

 Academic
 Researcher
 Expert
 Intellectual
 Professor, especially one at university
 Student, especially one at university
 Someone holding an academic degree, especially a university diploma
 The recipient of a scholarship
 Anyone following the scholarly method

Others
 Scholar-official, a bureaucrat official of Imperial China
 Torah scholar, one well versed in Jewish law
 Independent scholar

People
 Tom Scholar (born 1968) UK civil servant

Places
 Scholars Academy, South Carolina high school
 Scholars' Academy, New York high school

Publications
 The Scholar (journal), St. Mary's Law Review on Minority Issues
 The Scholars (poem) A poem by the Irish poet William Butler Yeats
 Unofficial History of the Scholars (Rúlín wàishǐ), a Chinese novel by Wu Jingzi completed in 1750

Music
 The Scholars (vocal group), a UK band
 The Scholars (band), a US band
 A 1950s Texas pop music group, that is now famous as the first band Kenny Rogers recorded with.

Film and television
 The Scholar (film), (1918 film) an American film featuring Oliver Hardy
 The Scholar (TV series), a 2005 American reality television series

Other uses
 Google Scholar, Google scholarly papers search engine