Joseph Henry Shorthouse

Joseph Henry Shorthouse (9 September 1834 – 4 March 1903) was an English novelist. His first novel, John Inglesant, was particularly admired as a "philosophical romance".

Biography
Shorthouse was born in Great Charles Street, Birmingham, on 9 September 1834, as the eldest of the three sons of Joseph Shorthouse (1797–1880) and his wife, Mary Ann, née Hawker, and grew up in Calthorpe Street, Edgbaston. His father had inherited a family chemical works manufacturing vitriol, and his mother's father had founded the first glasshouse in Birmingham. Both families were Quakers. He was educated partly at home and partly at Grove House School, Tottenham, and became a chemical manufacturer. He married a childhood friend, Sarah Scott (1832–1909), the eldest daughter of John and Elizabeth Scott, at the Friends meeting house in Warwick on 19 August 1857.

Two events of importance ensued. He and his wife joined the Church of England in 1861, and he had the first of many attacks of epilepsy in January 1862. Shorthouse later identified himself with "the new Oxford school of High Churchmen", but he preferred the freedom and reason of the Anglican church to the authority over private judgement that he saw exercised by Roman Catholicism.

Shorthouse's health began to deteriorate in 1900 and he died at his home, 60 Wellington Road, Edgbaston, on 4 March 1903. He left no children.

John Inglesant
Shorthouse spent ten years up to 1876 working on his first book, John Inglesant, which initially appeared privately. It was eventually noticed by Mrs Humphry Ward and through her intervention by Alexander Macmillan, who published it commercially in 1881. A story of 17th-century religious intrigue and faith, it hinges on a man who fights on the Royalist side in the Civil War, moves between Anglican and Catholic circles, and forgives the man who murdered his brother.

The book at once made Shorthouse famous. Though said to be deficient in its structure as a story and unappealing to the populace, it fascinated people by the charm of its style, by a "dim religious light", with which it was suffused, and by occasional striking scenes. More recently it has been described as "one of the best examples of the philosophical romance in English literature". Shorthouse dedicated it to Rawdon Levett, his friend and fellow teacher at King Edward's School, Birmingham. Other admirers of the work included T. H. Huxley, Charlotte Yonge and Edmund Gosse. He was invited to breakfast by the prime minister, Gladstone, at 10 Downing Street. The book sold 9000 copies in its first year.

Other works
Shorthouse's other novels, The Little Schoolmaster Mark (1883), Sir Percival (1886), The Countess Eve (1888), A Teacher of the Violin (1888) and Blanche, Lady Falaise (1891) have some of the same characteristics, but less successful than the first. Shorthouse also wrote literary essays, including one called "The Platonism of Wordsworth".

The Life, Letters, and Literary Remains of J. H. Shorthouse were edited by the author's wife and published in 1905. A biographical study of Shorthouse appeared in 1995.

Notes


Ilyes Chaïbi

Ilyes Chaïbi  (born 12 October 1996) is a French-Algerian footballer who plays as a forward who currently plays for Thonon Évian.

Club career
Chaïbi is a youth exponent from AS Monaco. He made his league debut on 30 January 2016 in a 3–0 away defeat against Angers SCO replacing Bernardo Silva after 80 minutes.

On 1 August 2016, Chaïbi joined Ligue 2 club AC Ajaccio on loan for a season.

In September 2019, after over one year without club, Chaïbi returned to his chilhood Thonon Évian F.C. in the Régional 1.


Who Laughs Last

Who Laughs Last () is a 1954 Soviet Belarusian comedy film directed by Uładzimier Korš-Sablin.

Plot
The film tells about the scientist Tulaha, telling his colleagues the story of how one person on the street thought that Tulaha walking by is the White Guard Podgaetski himself, as a result of which Tulaha was frightened and asked the passer-by to keep silent about it. But, as it turned out, they were eavesdropped by the gossip Ziołkin, who later passed this information on to the director of the institute, or, to be more exact, ignorant, by the blame that got this post, to Harłachvacki. Ziołkin also spreads rumors that the new work of Čarnavus, who abused Ziołkin, received negative reviews. The director decides to use the situation for personal purposes. But, as we all know well, he laughs best who laughs last.

Starring
 Leanid Rachlenka as Alaksandar Piatrovič Harłachvacki
 Lidzija Šynko as Hanna Paŭłaŭna Harłachvackaja
 Hleb Hlebaŭ as Mikita Siamionovič Tulaha
 Uładzimier Uładamirski as Alaksandar Piatrovič Čarnavus
 Liliya Drozdova as Viera Michajłaŭna
 Ivan Šaciła as Michaił Paŭłavič Levanovič
 Barys Płatonaŭ as Ziołkin
 Zinaida Bravarskaja as Zina Ziołkina
 Lidzija Ržeckaja as Kacia
 Hienrych Hryhonis as Ničypar
 Pavał Małčanaŭ as Mikałaj Vasiljevič Anikiejeŭ


Edinburg, Missouri

Edinburg (also Edinburgh) is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Grundy County, Missouri, United States,  west of Trenton. As of the 2010 census, Edinburg had a population of 92.

It is the birthplace of Enoch Crowder, founder of the United States Selective Service.

The hamlet was the first in Grundy County and was called "Buck Snort" in 1838 when Grundy County's first white settler William Preston Thompson established his house. A home of Thompson, for whom the Thompson Branch of the Grand River is named, is in nearby Crowder State Park.

A post office called Edinburg was established in 1857, and remained in operation until 1907. It is named for the Scottish city of Edinburgh.

Edinburg was home to Grand River College from 1850 until 1892 when it moved to Gallatin, Missouri, where it operated for a period under the auspices of William Jewell College before permanently closing in 1910 following a fire.


Saadia Gaon

Sa'adiah ben Yosef Gaon ( / Saʻīd bin Yūsuf al-Fayyūmi,  Sa'id ibn Yusuf al-Dilasi, Saadia ben Yosef aluf, Sa'id ben Yusuf ra's al-Kull; ; alternative English Names: Rabbeinu Sa'adiah Gaon ("our Rabbi [the] Saadia Gaon"), often abbreviated RSG (RaSaG), Saadia b. Joseph, Saadia ben Joseph or Saadia ben Joseph of Faym or Saadia ben Joseph Al-Fayyumi; (882/892 – 942) was a prominent rabbi, Jewish philosopher, and exegete of the Geonic period who was active in the Abbasid Caliphate.

The first important rabbinic figure to write extensively in Arabic, he is considered the founder of Judeo-Arabic literature. Known for his works on Hebrew linguistics, Halakha, and Jewish philosophy, he was one of the more sophisticated practitioners of the philosophical school known as the "Jewish Kalam" . In this capacity, his philosophical work The Book of Beliefs and Opinions represents the first systematic attempt to integrate Jewish theology with components of Greek philosophy. Saadia was also very active in opposition to Karaism, in defense of rabbinic Judaism.

Biography

Early life
Saadia, in "Sefer ha-Galui", stresses his Jewish lineage, claiming to belong to the noble family of Shelah, son of Judah, and counting among his ancestors Hanina ben Dosa, the famous ascetic of the first century. Expression was given to this claim by Saadia in calling his son Dosa (this son later served as Gaon of Sura from 1013–1017). Regarding Joseph, Saadia's father, a statement of Aaron ben Meir has been preserved saying that he was compelled to leave Egypt and died in Jaffa, probably during Saadia's lengthy residence in the Holy Land. The usual epithet of "Al-Fayyumi" refers to Saadia's native place, the Fayyum in upper Egypt; in Hebrew it is often given as "Pitomi," derived from a contemporary identification of Fayum with the Biblical Pithom (an identification found in Saadia's own works).

At a young age he left his home to study under the Torah scholars of Tiberias. At age 20 Saadia began composing his first great work, the Hebrew dictionary which he entitled Agron.  At 23 he composed a polemic against the followers of Anan ben David, particularly Solomon ben Yeruham, thus beginning the activity which was to prove important in opposition to Karaism, in defense of rabbinic Judaism. In the same year he left Egypt, Saadia is thought to have visited the Land of Israel. In the year, 928 CE, at the age of forty-six, David ben Zakkai, the Exilarch of Babylonian Jewry, petitioned Saadia, who was then a rabbi in Fayyum, Egypt, to take-up residence in Babylonia, where he was appointed that same year the Gaon of the academy of Sura at Mata Mechasya, a position which he held for 14 years, until his death. After only two years of teaching, R. Saadia recused himself from teaching, because of a dispute that had fallen out between him and the Exilarch. In the end, R. Saadia was recociled with the Exilarch.

Dispute with Ben Meir
In 922, six years before Saadia was appointed Gaon of Babylonia, a controversy arose concerning the Hebrew calendar, that threatened the entire Jewish community. Since Hillel II (around 359 CE), the calendar had been based on a series of rules (described more fully in Maimonides' Code) rather than on observation of the moon's phases. One of these rules required the date of Rosh Hashanah to be postponed if the calculated lunar conjunction occurred at noon or later. Rabbi Aaron ben Meir, the Gaon of the leading Talmudic academy in Israel (then located in Ramle), claimed a tradition according to which the cutoff point was 642/1080 of an hour (approximately 35 minutes) after noon. In that particular year, this change would result in a two-day schism with the major Jewish communities in Babylonia: according to Ben Meir the first day of Passover would be on a Sunday, while according to the generally accepted rule it would be on Tuesday.

Saadia was in Aleppo, on his way from the East, when he learned of Ben Meir's regulation of the Jewish calendar.  Saadia addressed a warning to him, and in Babylon he placed his knowledge and pen at the disposal of the exilarch David ben Zakkai and the scholars of the academy, adding his own letters to those sent by them to the communities of the Diaspora (922). In Babylonia he wrote his "Sefer ha-Mo'adim," or "Book of Festivals," in which he refuted the assertions of Ben Meir regarding the calendar, and helped to avert from the Jewish community the perils of schism.

Appointment as Gaon
His dispute with Ben Meir was an important factor in the call to Sura which he received in 928. The exilarch David ben Zakkai insisted on appointing him as Gaon (head of the academy), despite the weight of precedent (no foreigner had ever served as Gaon before), and against the advice of the aged Nissim Nahrwani, a Resh Kallah at Sura, who feared a confrontation between the two strong-willed personalities, David and Saadia. (Nissim declared, however, that if David was determined to see Saadia in the position, then he would be ready to become the first of Saadia's followers.)

Under his leadership, the ancient academy, founded by Rav, entered upon a new period of brilliancy. This renaissance was cut short, though, by a clash between Saadia and David, much as Nissim had predicted.

In a probate case Saadia refused to sign a verdict of the exilarch which he thought unjust, although the Gaon of Pumbedita had subscribed to it. When the son of the exilarch threatened Saadia with violence to secure his compliance, and was roughly handled by Saadia's servant, open war broke out between the exilarch and the gaon. Each excommunicated the other, declaring that he deposed his opponent from office; and David b. Zakkai appointed Joseph b. Jacob as gaon of Sura, while Saadia conferred the exilarchate on David's brother Hassan (Josiah; 930). Hassan was forced to flee, and died in exile in Khorasan; but the strife which divided Babylonian Judaism continued. Saadia was attacked by the exilarch and by his chief adherent, the young but learned Aaron ibn Sargado (later Gaon of Pumbedita, 943-960), in Hebrew pamphlets, fragments of which show a hatred on the part of the exilarch and his partisans that did not shrink from scandal. Saadia did not fail to reply.

Influence
Saadia's influence upon the Jews of Yemen has been exceptionally great, as many of Saadia's extant works were preserved by the community and used extensively by them. The basis for the Yemenite Siddur (Tiklāl) is founded upon the prayer format edited originally by Saadia. The Yemenite Jewish community also adopted thirteen penitential verse written by Saadia for Yom Kippur, as well as the Hosh'anah liturgical poems composed by him for the seventh day of Sukkot. Saadia's Judeo-Arabic translation of the Pentateuch (Tafsir) was copied by them in nearly all their handwritten codices, and they originally studied Saadia's major work of philosophy, Beliefs and Opinions, in its original Judeo-Arabic, although by the early 20th-century, only fragments had survived.

Method of translation
As much as Saadia's Judeo-Arabic translation of the Pentateuch (Tafsīr) has brought relief and succor to Jews living in Arabic-speaking countries, his identification of places, fauna and flora, and the stones of the breastplate, has found him at variance with some scholars. Abraham ibn Ezra, in his own commentary of the Pentateuch, wrote scathing remarks on Saadia's commentary, saying: "He doesn't have an oral tradition […] perhaps he has a vision in a dream, while he has already erred with respect to certain places […]; therefore, we will not rely on his dreams." However, Saadia assures his readers elsewhere that when he rendered translations for the twenty odd unclean fowl that are mentioned in the Hebrew Bible (Leviticus 11:13–19; Deuteronomy 14:12–18), his translation was based on an oral tradition received by him. In fact, Saadia's method of conveying names for the fowls based on what he had received by way of an oral tradition, prompted him to add in his defense: "Every detail about them, had one of them merely come unto us [for identification], we would not have been able to identify it for certain, much less recognize their related kinds." The question often asked by scholars now is whether Saadia applied this principle in his other translations. Re'em (Heb. ), as in Deut. 33:17, improperly translated as "unicorn" in some English translations, is a word that is now used in Modern Hebrew to represent the "oryx," although Saadia understood the same word to mean "rhinoceros", and writes there the Judeo-Arabic word אלכרכדאן for the creature. He interprets the zamer (Heb. ) in Deuteronomy 14:5 as meaning the giraffe.

In Saadia's translation and commentary on the Book of Psalms (Kitāb al-Tasābiḥ), he has done what no other medieval writer has done before him, bringing down a biblical exegesis and noting where the verse is to be read as a rhetorical question, and where the verse itself derides the question with good humor:

Saadia's approach to rabbinic exegesis and midrashic literature was ambivalent. Although he adopted them in his liturgies, he did not recoil from denouncing them in his commentary on the Bible whenever he thought that they broke-away from the plain and ordinary meaning of the text. Saadia adopts in principle the method of the Sages that even the episodic-like parts of the Bible (e.g. story of Abraham and Sarah, the selling of Joseph, etc.) that do not contain commandments have a moral lesson to tell.

Later years
He wrote both in Hebrew and in Arabic a work, now known only from a few fragments, entitled "Sefer ha-Galui" (Arabic title, "Kitab al-Ṭarid"), in which he emphasized with great but justifiable pride the services which he had rendered, especially in his opposition to heresy.

The fourteen years which Saadia spent in Babylonia did not interrupt his literary activity. His principal philosophical work was completed in 933; and four years later, through Ibn Sargado's father-in-law, Bishr ben Aaron, the two enemies were reconciled. Saadia was reinstated in his office; but he held it for only five more years. David b. Zakkai died before him (c. 940), being followed a few months later by the exilarch's son Judah, while David's young grandson was nobly protected by Saadia as by a father. According to a statement made by Abraham ibn Daud and doubtless derived from Saadia's son Dosa, Saadia himself died in Babylonia at Sura in 942, at the age of sixty, of "black gall" (melancholia), repeated illnesses having undermined his health.

Mention in Sefer Hasidim
An anecdote is reported in Sefer Hasidim about Saadia ben Yosef "the sage," in which he ends a dispute between a servant who claims to be the heir of his deceased master and the man's true son and heir by having them both draw blood into separate vessels. He then took a bone from the deceased man and placed it into each of the cups. The bone in the cup of the true heir absorbed the blood, while the servant's blood was not absorbed in the bone. Using this as genetic proof of the son's true inheritance, Saadia had the servant return the man's property to his son.

Works

Exegesis
Saadia translated the Torah and some of the other books of the Hebrew Bible into Judeo-Arabic, adding a Judeo-Arabic commentary.
 Torah
 Isaiah
 Megillot
 Tehillim, Iyyov (translated to English by Dr. Goodman), and Mishlei
 Daniel
Saadia translated Megillath Antiyuchas into Judeo-Arabic and wrote an introduction.

Hebrew Linguistics
 Agron
 Kutub al-Lughah, also known as Kitāb faṣīḥ lughat al-‘ibrāniyyīn, “The Book of Eloquent Language of the Hebrews”
 "Tafsir al-Sab'ina Lafẓah," a list of seventy (properly ninety) Hebrew (and Aramaic) words which occur in the Hebrew Bible only once or very rarely, and which may be explained from traditional literature, especially from the Neo-Hebraisms of the Mishnah. This small work has been frequently reprinted.

Halakhic Writings
 Short monographs in which problems of Jewish law are systematically presented. Of these Arabic treatises, little but the titles and extracts is known, and it is only in the "Kitab al-Mawarith" that fragments of any length have survived.
 A commentary on the thirteen rules of Rabbi Ishmael, preserved only in a Hebrew translation by Nahum Ma'arabi. An Arabic methodology of the Talmud is also mentioned, by Azulai, as a work of Saadia under the title "Kelale ha-Talmud".
Responsa. With few exceptions these exist only in Hebrew, some of them having been probably written in that language.
 The Siddur of Saadia Gaon (Kitāb jāmiʿ al-ṣalawāt wal-tasābīḥ), containing the texts of the prayers, commentary in Arabic and original synagogal poetry. Of this synagogal poetry the most noteworthy portions are the "Azharot" on the 613 commandments, which give the author's name as "Sa'id b. Joseph", followed by the title "Alluf," thus showing that the poems were written before he became gaon.

Philosophy of Religion
 Emunoth ve-Deoth (Kitāb al-amānāt wa-al-iʿatiqādāt), the Book of Beliefs and Opinions: This work, first compiled in 933 CE, of which several revisions were made until its final redaction, is considered to be the first systematic attempt to synthesize the Jewish tradition with philosophical teachings. Prior to Saadia, the only other Jew to attempt any such  fusion was Philo . Saadia's objective here was to show the parallelism between the truths delivered to the people of Israel by Divine revelation, on the one side, and the necessary conclusions that can also be reached by way of rational observation, on the other. The effect of these ideas expressed in his philosophical books are clearly reflected in Saadia's story of creation, especially when he comes to deal with the theological problems, such as in the verse of Deuteronomy 4:24: “For the LORD your God is a devouring fire,” which constitutes an example of a verse that cannot be understood in its plain context, but should rather be understood in such a way as not to contradict one's definite knowledge that God does not change, nor can anything corporeal be associated with him.
 Tafsīr Kitāb al-Mabādī, an Arabic translation of and commentary on the Sefer Yetzirah, written while its author was still residing in Egypt (or Israel), and intended to explain in a scientific manner how the universe came into existence. On the linguistic aspect, Saadia combines a debate on the letters and on their attributes (e.g. phonemes), as well as a debate on related linguistic matters.

Polemical writings
 Refutations of Karaite authors, always designated by the name "Kitab al-Radd," or "Book of Refutation." These three works are known only from scanty references to them in other works; that the third was written after 933 is proved by one of the citations.
"Kitab al-Tamyiz" (in Hebrew, "Sefer ha-Hakkarah"), or "Book of Distinction," composed in 926, and Saadia's most extensive polemical work. It was still cited in the twelfth century; and a number of passages from it are given in a Biblical commentary of Japheth ha-Levi.
There was perhaps a special polemic of Saadia against Ben Zuta, though the data regarding this controversy between is known only from the gaon's gloss on the Torah.
A refutation directed against the rationalistic Biblical critic Hiwi al-Balkhi, whose views were rejected by the Karaites themselves;
 "Kitab al-Shara'i'," or "Book of the Commandments of Religion."
 "Kitab al-'Ibbur," or "Book of the Calendar," likewise apparently containing polemics against Karaite Jews;
 "Sefer ha-Mo'adim," or "Book of Festivals," the Hebrew polemic against Ben Meir which has been mentioned above.
 "Sefer ha-Galui," also composed in Hebrew and in the same flowery biblical style as the "Sefer ha-Mo'adim," being an autobiographical and apologetic work directed against the Exilarch (rosh galuth), David b. Zakkai, and his chief patron, Aharon ibn Sargado, in which he proved his own uprightness and equity in the matter of controversy between them.

Significance

Saadia Gaon was a pioneer in the fields in which he toiled. The foremost object of his work was the Bible; his importance is due primarily to his establishment of a new school of Biblical exegesis characterized by a rational investigation of the contents of the Bible and a scientific knowledge of the language of the holy text.

Saadia's Arabic translation of the Torah is of importance for the history of civilization; itself a product of the Arabization of a large portion of Judaism, it served for centuries as a potent factor in the impregnation of the Jewish spirit with Arabic culture, so that, in this respect, it may take its place beside the Greek Bible-translation of antiquity and the German translation of the Pentateuch by Moses Mendelssohn. As a means of popular religious enlightenment, Saadia's translation presented the Scriptures even to the unlearned in a rational form which aimed at the greatest possible degree of clarity and consistency.

His system of hermeneutics was not limited to the exegesis of individual passages, but treated also each book of the Bible as a whole, and showed the connection of its various portions with one another.

The commentary contained, as is stated in the author's own introduction to his translation of the Pentateuch, not only an exact interpretation of the text, but also a refutation of the cavils which the heretics raised against it. Further, it set forth the bases of the commandments of reason and the characterization of the commandments of revelation; in the case of the former the author appealed to philosophical speculation; of the latter, naturally, to tradition.

The position assigned to Saadia in the oldest list of Hebrew grammarians, which is contained in the introduction to Abraham ibn Ezra's "Moznayim," has not been challenged even by the latest historical investigations. Here, too, he was the first; his grammatical work, now lost, gave an inspiration to further studies, which attained their most brilliant and lasting results in Spain, and he created in part the categories and rules along whose lines was developed the grammatical study of the Hebrew language. His dictionary, primitive and merely practical as it was, became the foundation of Hebrew lexicography; and the name "Agron" (literally, "collection"), which he chose and doubtless created, was long used as a designation for Hebrew lexicons, especially by the Karaites. The very categories of rhetoric, as they were found among the Arabs, were first applied by Saadia to the style of the Bible. He was likewise one of the founders of comparative philology, not only through his brief "Book of Seventy Words," already mentioned, but especially through his explanation of the Hebrew vocabulary by the Arabic, particularly in the case of the favorite translation of Biblical words by Arabic terms having the same sound.

Saadia's works were the inspiration and basis for later Jewish writers, such as Berachyah in his encyclopedic philosophical work Sefer Hahibbur (The Book of Compilation).

Saadia likewise identifies the definitive trait of "a cock girded about the loins" within Proverbs 30:31 (Douay–Rheims Bible) as "the honesty of their behavior and their success", rather than the aesthetic interpretations of so many others, thus identifying a spiritual purpose of a religious vessel within that religious and spiritual instilling schema of purpose and use.

Relations to Mysticism
In his commentary on the "Sefer Yetzirah", Saadia sought to render lucid and intelligible the content of this esoteric work by the light of philosophy and scientific knowledge, especially by a system of Hebrew phonology which he himself had founded. He did not permit himself in this commentary to be influenced by the theological speculations of the Kalam, which are so important in his main works. In introducing "Sefer Yetzirah"'s theory of creation he makes a distinction between the Biblical account of creation ex nihilo, in which no process of creation is described, and the process described in "Sefer Yetzirah" (matter formed by speech). The cosmogony of "Sefer Yetzirah" is even omitted from the discussion of creation in his magnum opus "Kitab al-Amanat wal-I'tiḳadat." Concerning the supposed attribution of the book to the patriarch Abraham, he allows that the ideas it contains might be ancient. Nonetheless, he clearly considered the work worthy of deep study and echoes of "Sefer Yetzirah"'s cosmogony do appear in "Kitab al-Amanat wal-I'tiḳadat" when Saadia discusses his theory of prophecy.


Ruth Marshall

Ruth Marshall (born June 7, 1965) is a Canadian actress from Toronto, Ontario. She is known for her role in the hit television series Flashpoint. She graduated with a degree in English from McGill University in Montreal, Quebec and then returned to Toronto to pursue a career in acting.

She has appeared the television series Degrassi: The Next Generation and Doc, for which she earned a Gemini Award nomination in 2003 for Best Performance by an Actress in a Featured Supporting Role in a Dramatic Series.  She played herself in the television movie The Path to 9/11.  She was also in the films Dolores Claiborne and Love and Human Remains and Heartland. Her first screen appearance was in The Myth of the Male Orgasm.

Marshall released her first book, "Walk It Off" in 2017. The book chronicles Marshall's experience after being diagnosed with a non-malignant tumour, and details her journey back to health.

Ruth Marshall lives in Toronto, Ontario, Canada with her husband and two sons.

Filmography

Film

Television

Books


Mychocerus striatus

Mychocerus striatus is a species of minute bark beetle in the family Cerylonidae. It is found in North America.


Black Flags: The Rise of ISIS

Black Flags: The Rise of ISIS is a 2015 non-fiction book by the American journalist Joby Warrick.  The book traces the rise and spread of militant Islam behind the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant.  It won the 2016 Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction.

Reception

Critical response
Black Flags has been praised by journalists.  Michiko Kakutani of The New York Times called it a "gripping new book" and wrote, "Mr. Warrick [...] has a gift for constructing narratives with a novelistic energy and detail, and in this volume, he creates the most revealing portrait yet laid out in a book of Abu Musab Al-Zarqawi, the founding father of the organization that would become the Islamic State (also known as ISIS or ISIL)."  He added, "for readers interested in the roots of the Islamic State and the evil genius of its godfather [...] there is no better book to begin with than Black Flags."  Bob Drogin of the Los Angeles Times similarly described it as "invaluable for anyone struggling to understand the gruesome excesses and inexplicable appeal of ISIS," despite noting that it works better as a biography of al-Zarqawi than "explaining the subsequent 'rise of ISIS,' as the title promises."  P. D. Smith of The Guardian said the book "has the narrative drive of a thriller" and observed, "From the mistakes made before and after the invasion of Iraq, to the continuing tragedy of Syria's civil war, Warrick's account is both compelling and authoritative."

Awards
The book received the 2016 Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction.  The Pulitzer citation described the book as "a deeply reported book of remarkable clarity."

Television adaptation
In 2016, HBO was reported to have started work of adapting the book for TV mini series. It will be produced by Bradley Cooper and Todd Phillips (via their joint production banner Joint Effort), directed by Helmer Tim Van Patten (also directed Game of Thrones and Boardwalk Empire) and television adapted by Gregg Hurwitz. The series is expected to be named "Black Flags".


Pterophorus ebbei

Pterophorus ebbei is a moth of the family Pterophoridae. It is known from New Guinea.


Carina, Queensland

Carina is a suburb of Brisbane, Australia. It is located  east of the CBD, and borders Carindale, Carina Heights, Cannon Hill and Camp Hill.

Carina is a mostly residential suburb. The Clem Jones Centre (a large sporting complex) is located in Zahel street, and a Brisbane City Council bus depot is situated on Creek Road Carina. The suburb is home to the Carina Tigers Rugby League Football Club.

Toponymy
Carina took its name from an estate on Creek Road constructed in the 1850s. The property belonged to Ebenezer Thorne, and was itself named after Thorne's daughter Kate Carina.

History
Carina was originally inhabited by Murris; most likely the Jagera.

The area was first settled by Europeans in the 1850s, with the land mainly used for farming and timber-getting.  Growth occurred during the 1880s and early 1900s, when it was the main place of settlement in the Shire of Belmont. However the area remained mostly rural until after World War II, when the construction of public housing contributed to a rapid population increase in the 1950s and 1960s.

One of the public housing projects in 1952 involved the use of prefabricated houses from Italy. Unfortunately one of the shipments was found to have infestations of the sirex woodwasp and all the timber on board had to be sprayed and fumigated before it could be used.

Between 1954 and 1969 the suburb was served by trolleybuses operated by the Brisbane City Council, which ran along Stanley Road, terminating at the intersection of Creek Road. Trams ran along Old Cleveland Road with the service terminating at Carina. The Old Cleveland Road Tramway Tracks are still visible and are listed on the Queensland Heritage Register.

The Carina Library opened in 1966 with a major refurbishment in 2016.

Public Transport
There has been no railway station in Carina since the closure of the Belmont Tramway in 1926. However, the suburb is served effectively by three radial bus corridors; Richmond Road along its northern border, Meadowlands Road-Stanley Road centrally, and Old Cleveland Road along its southern border. Richmond East is an express bus stop on Richmond Road that is serviced relatively frequently by two alternating, direct routes between Cannon Hill bus station and Brisbane's central business district. Numerous stops on Stanley Road are serviced relatively frequently by two alternating, direct all-stops routes between Fortitude Valley, and Cannon Hill bus station and Carindale bus station respectively. These routes largely follow the corridor of the former trolleybus routes that closed in 1969. A peak period limited-stops route also services Stanley Road. Old Cleveland Road has numerous stops, the most significant being Carina bus stop at Carina's shopping precinct, which is serviced by a regular all-stops route that largely follows the corridor of the former tram route that closed in 1969, along with two alternating, high frequency express routes that travel between Brisbane's central business district and Carindale, and an express route that travels between The University of Queensland and Carindale bus station. Additional peak-only routes service Old Cleveland Road.

Carina is also serviced by three limited-stops bus routes along the Creek Road corridor, which strategically connect key metropolitan centres across Brisbane including Carindale shopping centre and Cannon Hill shopping centre. These routes service Meadowlands, Carina Depot, Carina North, and Old Stockyards express stops. One route operates frequently, seven days per week between Brisbane's north east and south east suburbs. The other two operate less frequently and not at all on Sunday, but circumnavigate Brisbane's outer suburbs, one clockwise and the other anti-clockwise.

The suburb straddles TransLink Zones 2 and 3 from west to east. The western portion of the suburb is marginally more attractive to city commuters with respect to relatively cost effective transit travel.

Walking and Cycling
Carina's terrain varies from flat on the Bulimba Creek floodplain in the suburb's east, to hilly in the suburb's west towards Seven Hills and Camp Hill. Traffic conditions are busy along its major roads including Old Cleveland Road, Meadowlands Road and Stanley Road, Richmond Road, and Creek Road. Recreational cycling opportunities are consequently limited on the west side of the suburb. However, the presence of Porter's Paddock parkland including the Bulimba Creek Cycleway provides for good opportunities on its east side. As at February 2016 several citywide, on-road cycle routes pass through Carina. Old Cleveland Road is a radial route that includes intermittent, formal bicycle lanes. Meadowlands Road is a radial route that contains paved shoulders that serve as informal cycle lanes, while Stanley Road is line-marked as a Bicycle Awareness Zone (yellow stencil stylized bicycle marked on edge of vehicle travel lane). Richmond road contains a formal bicycle lane westbound and a Bicycle Awareness Zone eastbound, while parts of Creek Road have paved shoulders that serve as informal cycle lanes. Packs of cyclists are commonplace along Old Cleveland Road early on weekend mornings.

The hilly terrain in the suburb's west side and busy traffic conditions also impose some impediment to local walking opportunities. However, the grid structure of the road and street network and the presence of urban borders (verges) on almost all roadways promote relatively direct and safe walking conditions. The higher order local streets and the major roads mostly have paved footpaths on one or both sides. The major roads contain numerous signalised intersections with pedestrian control, which are typically located adjacent to bus stops. Refuge islands support safe crossing of certain other roads and streets. In addition to local pocket parks, nearby recreational walking attractions include Seven Hills Bushland Reserve to the northwest, and Potter's Paddock parkland in the suburb's east.

Demographics
The 2011 Census recorded 10,301 residents in Carina, of whom 52.7% were female and 47.3% were male. The median age of the population was 34; 3 years younger than the Australian average.

71.6% of people living in Carina were born in Australia, with the next most common countries of birth being New Zealand (4.8%), England (3.3%), India (1.3%), South Africa (0.9%), and the Philippines (0.7%). 81.4% of people spoke English as their first language, while the other most common responses were Spanish (1.3%), Cantonese (1%), Italian (0.9%), Mandarin (0.8%), and Greek (0.6%).

Education
Mayfield State School opened on 27 August 1956. The school is coeducational, caters from Prep -Year 6 and has 315 enrolled students.

Amenities
The Brisbane City Council operates a public library at 41 Mayfield Road. The library facility opened in 1966, and has publicly accessible Wi-Fi.


Heliodorus of Catania

Heliodorus of Catania (, ; died Catania, 778) is a semi-legendary personage accused by his contemporaries of being a necromancer practicing witchcraft.

Son of a noble Sicilian family, he at first professed he was a Christian, and he was even a candidate to assume the Episcopal Diocese of Catania. In that period the Etnean City came under the jurisdiction of the Eastern Roman Empire governed by then-Emperor Leo III the Isaurian.

Having failed to achieve this religious appointment, conferred on an Archdeacon
from Ravenna (Saint Leo of Catania), he apostatized to begin taking an interest in magic. Leo later became a "Saint", a "Miracles' Operator", and the "Fifteenth Bishop of Catania".

Besides the accusation of necromancy, Heliodorus was pointed to as an "idolmaker" and "a Disciple of the Jews". He remained a vocal opponent of Saint Leo the Thaumaturgus (="The Wonderworker"), Bishop from A.D. 765 to 785.


Ghulam Ahmad Faroghi

Hafiz Ghulam Ahmad Faroghi (1861–1919) was a scholar of repute of Arabic and Persian language at Bhopal state. He was first appointed as ‘Head Maulvi’ at Sulaimania School and then worked as a teacher at Jahangiria School. These two schools were very famous for affluent class during the princely state of Bhopal.

Biography
Ghulam Ahmad was born in Tijara on 22 Muharram 1278 AH/ 1861 AD. At the age of 6 years in 1867, he came to Bhopal with his father Ghulam Mansoor. He learned the Quran by heart at the age of 9 years. Apart from his father, he took tutoring from Maulana Fida Ali Farigh Moradabadi. He was appointed a teacher in the Madrasa Farsi at Jahangirabad, Bhopal and then ‘Head Maulvi’ at Sulaimania School. He also taught at Jahangiria School.

Although he is not famous as a physician, he treated many patients. He had a pharmacy shop at Mohallah Ibrahimpura and used to prepare many compound drugs. Many drugs of his prescriptions are mentioned in the “Bayaz” of Hakim Syed Karam Husain.

Books
As a scholar, he authored many books which were prescribed as text books in various schools. He also authored five dictionaries in the field of education at the pattern of Ḳhāliq Bārī, a versified glossary of Persian, Arabic, and Hindawi words and phrases attributed to Amir Khusrow:

Five dictionaries:
 Faiz Shah Jahani
 Nisab BeNazir
 Hayat Azizi
 Qadir Nama Faroghi
 Nazr-i Sultani

Teaching and students
He was against of taking tutoring at home. Nawab Sultan Jahan Begum wanted him to accompany Nawab Hamidullah Khan at Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College, Aligarh for education as a Persian teacher, but Ghulam Ahmad Faroghi denied. Similarly, Mir Bakshi who was a strong (Faujdar) at the Bhopal state requested him to teach Arabic and Persian for his son. After his denial, Mir Bakshi started sending his son to Ghulam Ahmad Faroghi in a Baggi along with Artillery Sepoys as a guard.

Again when his services were requested to teach outside the school by General Muhammad Ubaidullah Khan for his sons Wahiduzzafar Khan and Saeeduz Zafar Khan, he remarked “I don’t sell teaching and go to any home”. Major-General Al-Haj Mohsin ul-Mulk, Nawab Hafiz Muhammad Ubaidu'llah Khan Sahib Bahadur, CSI was Brigadier and Commander-in-Chief of the Bhopal State Forces and Imperial Service Troops.

Ghulam Ahmad Faroghi had many students. Several learned scholars were turned up as his students. To name a few, Abdul Jalil Mail Naqvi, Maulvi Ibrahim Khalil, Maulvi Haji Ahsan Husain (Head master Jahangiria School), Master Shiv Dayal (Head master Model School), Master Gya Prasad, Liaqat Husain (District Judge), Muniruddin Munir, Vakil Mohammad Ismail Ramzi Tirmizi, Narbada Prasad Nigam (Personal secretary of the Prime Minister Raja Sarwadh Narain), Maulvi Mazhar Hasan Adhami (Caliph Ashraf Ali Thanwi) and Aizazudddin, etc.

"Syed Muhammad Yusuf Qasar writes that among his friends were his teachers Ghulam Ahmad Faroghi and Maulvi Abdul Qadir Nazim. Faroghi was Head Maulvi of Jahangiria High School. He had a small book shop also, where Barkatullah used to visit in the evenings. He wore long kurta, pyjama and sadri"

The State of Bhopal is fortunate in having had Rulers who have been deeply interested in the advancement of education among the people. The first regular school in the State was opened in the year 1860, and about ten years later it was decided by the Durbar that the people might be induced to have their children instructed even in primary knowledge if they were to publish an order that appointments to positions in the State departments would not thereafter be given to any individuals who had not obtained a certificate from a recognised college of school. A Regulation to that effect was actually issued, and progress was noted almost immediately afterwards. The principal educational institution at the present time is the Sulaimania High School, affiliated to the University of Allahabad, in which instructions is given in the Persian, Urdu, and Hindi languages, and in the text of the Koran. The students are more than 800 in number. The Alexandra High School has a daily attendance roll of about 185 youths, and the good work performed by the teachers is apparent from the satisfactory percentage of pupils who have been successful in matriculation examinations. The institution in which English was first taught in Bhopal is the Jahangiria School, in which there are about 320 pupils. There are also the “Madrassa Ahmadia”, specially reserved for instruction in religious subjects; the Victoria Girls’ School, erected in 1891 and the Sultania School, for daughters of parents in good positions, which has a large number of pupils on the rolls. There are also 75 primary schools, a medical school for instruction in the Unani system of medicine and surgery, and an Art School, commenced in 1905, for the purpose of enabling widows and destitute women to earn a decent livelihood

Marriage and children
He was first married to Imtiazi Begum (daughter of Qazi Wahiduddin, Kotwal, Ajmer), at the age of 12 years at Tijara on 22 Shawwal 1390 AH/1873 AD. Mohammad Zubair, Abussalam, Mukhtar Jahan, Bilqees Begum, Marghoobun Nisan and Masood Jahan were born. With second wife (Maboobun Nisan), Abdur Raqeeb, Abdul Haseeb and Mastoor Jahan were born. Thus, he had nine children.

 Mohammad Zubair (died on 15 Safar 1385 AH / 1965 AD on Wednesday) was married to his cousin Mumtaz Begum (daughter of Riyazi Begum). He left India and migrated to Medina on 9 Shawwal 1354 AH / 5 January 1936.
 Abussalam (1897 – February 1977) was married to Abida and Jamila Salam and had one son Mohammad Ikram (21 March 1919 – 17 September 1982).
 Mukhtar Jahan was married to Liaquat Hussain and had one daughter Hashimi Begum (wife of Dr. Qazi Jamaluddin ibn Qazi Fayyazuddin). After the death of Mukhtar Jahan, Liaquat Hussain remarried with Nazeer Begum with whom, two daughters were born namely Basheeran Bano (wife of Mohammad Siddiq) and Raoufa Bano (wife of Syed Ahmad Hasan Jafri).
 Bilqees Begum was married to Irshad Husain
 Marghoobun Nisan was married to Sufi Riyaz Mustafa of Bulandshahr
 Masood Jahan was married to Haji Mohammad Yunus
 Abdur Raqeeb
 Abdul Haseeb
 Mastoor Jahan was married to Hafiz Qazi Nasimuddin

Death
He died on 30 Dhu al-Hijjah 1337 AH / 1919 AD and is buried at the graveyard Jhadda, Jahangirabad, Bhopal.


Siberian Army

The Siberian Army () was an anti-Bolshevik army during the Russian Civil War, which fought from June 1918 – July 1919 in Siberia – Ural Region.

Background
After the Bolsheviks' seizure of power in Petrograd, the All-Siberian Extraordinary Congress of Delegates from Public Organizations was convened in Tomsk on December 7, 1917. The SR-dominated assembly refused to recognize Soviet authority or its decrees, and during its last session on December 15 called for the convocation of an “all-socialist” Siberian Regional Duma and appointed a Provisional Siberian Council, answerable to the Duma, that would “act as a government”. The opening of the Duma was set for January 8, 1918.

As it happened, the Duma could not open on the date the congress had set for it due to lack of a quorum requiring that a minimum of one-third of the delegates, or 93, be present. Many of the delegates had already been arrested by local Bolshevik authorities; others had not been able to reach Tomsk.

Three weeks later, on the night of January 28–29, some 40 delegates finally succeeded in meeting. They expeditiously elected a government known as the Provisional Government of Autonomous Siberia (PGAS), under the chairmanship of a young Socialist-Revolutionary Pyotr Derber. Another member of SR Party—Col. Arkady Krakovetsky—became Minister of War; his task was to organize an anti-Bolshevik rebellion in Siberia. Krakovetsky appointed two representatives, stabskapitän Frizel in West-Siberian Military District and praporshchik Kalashnikov (both members of SR Party). However, there also were many independent underground military organizations with experienced officers as members. Hence, SR members quickly became driven into underground organizations. In western Siberia the main person became Col. Aleksey Grishin-Almazov, in Eastern Siberia Col. A. Ellerts-Usov. To coordinate the efforts they created the Central Staff in Novonikolaevsk; Grishin-Almazov became the chief of this staff.

Creation of the Army

The Revolt of the Czechoslovak Legion in May 1918, radically changed the situation in Siberia. On May 25 legionaries captured Mariinsk, the next day Chelyabinsk and Novonikolaevsk. On May  28 A. Grishin-Almazov came to Novonikolaevsk and proclaimed himself commander of all troops in the Western Siberian Military District. At that time most members of PGAS (including Derber and Krakovetsky) were in Vladivostok; hence, it was necessary to create a structure of government without them. On May 30 a meeting took place in Novonikolaevsk, the so-called "Council of representatives of PGAS", which organized the provisional Western Siberian Commissariat.

On June 12, 1918, Grishin-Almazov ordered the renaming of the Staff of the Western Siberian Military District (located in Omsk) to the Staff of the Western Siberian Independent Army. Members of the Staff were officers of the old Russian Imperial Army, so there was no longer any influence of the deposed Socialist-Revolutionary Party.

On June 30, 1918, the Western Siberian Commissariat transferred its power to the Provisional Siberian Government (PSG), headed by Petr Vologodskii. Grishin-Almazov was appointed Minister of War, but he decided not to create a Ministry of War; he preferred to use the structure of the Staff of the Western Siberian Independent Army as a Ministry of War.

Structure of the Army

On June 13, 1918, all troops under the command of Grichin-Almazov were concentrated into two corps:
 the Steppe Siberian Corps (with its headquarters in Omsk, commanded by Col. Pavel Ivanov-Rinov) and
 the Middle Siberian Corps (with its headquarters in Novonikolaevsk, commanded by Lt-Col. Anatoly Pepelyayev).

On July 11
 the Ural Corps (with its headquarters in Chelyabinsk, commanded by Col. Mikhail Hanzhin) was formed and organized.

By August 1918 the Siberian Army had three corps of 2 or 3 four-regimental divisions each (23,147 infantrymen, 14,888 cavalrymen and 22,224 unarmed volunteers).

At first the Siberian Army was a volunteer one, but it soon became obvious that in order to create a real army it was necessary to organize a program of conscription. The conscription began on August 25, 1918, and by October 1918 the Siberian Army had 10,754 officers and 173,843 soldiers.

It was divided eventually into five corps:
1st Middle Siberian Corps,
2nd Steppe Siberian Corps,
3rd Ural Corps,
4th Eastern Siberian Corps (with its headquarters in Irkutsk, commanded by Major-Col. Alexander Ellerz-Usov),
5th Pri-Amur Corps (with its headquarters in Khabarovsk, commanded by Major-Col. Grigory Semyonov).

It was clearly apparent that by the summer of 1918 the main military force in the eastern part of Russia was the Czechoslovak Legion. During the meeting in Chelyabinsk, which took place on July 13, 1918, it was decided that before the appointment of the Chief of all allied forces in Russia the Siberian troops on the front line would be placed under the command of the head of the Czechoslovak Legion, Maj. Gen. Vladimir Shokorov (he was an officer in the Russian Army during the First World War). At the end of summer, when the Siberian Army became more powerful and Shokorov was replaced by Jan Syrový as the head of the Czechoslovak Legion, tensions began to develop between the Russians and the Czechoslovaks.

Reorganization

In September 1918, during the State Conference in Ufa, it was decided that the Provisional Government of Autonomous Siberia and the Committee of Members of the Constituent Assembly should form a united Provisional All-Russian Government with Nikolai Avksentiev as its head. Lt. Gen. Vasily Boldyrev replaced Jan Syrový as head of all allied forces in Russia. Pavel Ivanov-Rinov from the Siberian Army became the new Minister of War and new head of the Siberian Army. Boldyrev reorganized all anti-Bolshevik forces in Eastern Russia into three fronts:
Western Front,
South-Western Front
Siberian Front.
Ivanov-Rinov became commander-in-chief of the entire Siberian Front.

After a military coup d'état in November 1918, when Adm. Alexander Kolchak proclaimed himself the Supreme Ruler of Russia, Boldyrev was forced to emigrate. In December 1918 Kolchak dissolved the old Siberian Army and created a new one on the base of the Ekaterinburg Group (included the 1st and 3rd Corps of the Siberian Army and some other troops) with Radola Gajda as its commander. Three other independent forces were created.
 Western Army, from the Samara and Kamskaya group of troops, including the 3rd and 6th Ural Corps, led by Gen. Mikhail Hanzhin
 Orenburg Independent Army , on the base of the South-Western Front troops, under the command of General Alexander Dutov
 2nd Steppe Siberian Corps, reorganized from the Siberian Front, with Gen. Brzhezovsky as its commander.

In July 1919, after the Spring Offensive of the Russian Army and the Counteroffensive of the Eastern Front, the Siberian Army, now under command of Mikhail Diterikhs, was divided into the
 1st Army (Tyumen direction under command of Anatoly Pepelyayev)
 2nd Army (Kurgan direction under command of Konstantin Akintievskij).
Together with the 3d Army of Konstantin Sakharov, they formed an Eastern Front of the White Movement. After several crushing defeats at the hands of the resurgent Red Army, the Eastern front largely collapsed, and dissolved by November 1919. The last troops of the Siberian Army retreated to the Transbaikal Region and were incorporated into the Far East Army.

Commanders
 Aleksei Grishin-Almazov (June - September 1918)
 Pavel Ivanov-Rinov (September - December 1918)
 Radola Gajda (January - July 1919)
 Mikhail Diterikhs (July - November 1919)


Val-Couesnon

Val-Couesnon is a commune in the Ille-et-Vilaine department in the Brittany in northwestern France. It was established on 1 January 2019 by merger of the former communes of Antrain (the seat), La Fontenelle, Saint-Ouen-la-Rouërie and Tremblay.


Meadow Hall School

Meadow Hall School is a school, junior school and secondary school in Lekki, Lagos, Nigeria. It was founded in July 2002 and offers a combination of the British National Curriculum and the Nigerian Curriculum. Meadow Hall was founded by Mrs. Kehinde Nwani. The school is primarily a British curriculum  school but makes sure it incorporates the Nigerian culture as well.

Mrs. Kehinde Nwani founded Meadow Hall in 2002.  She obtained her Bachelor of Law degree from the then University of Ife (now Obafemi Awolowo University) and was called to the Nigerian Bar over 25 years ago. She practised law for about 14 years before setting up an educational institution.

What began as Meadow Hall Infant and Junior school in 2002 has since grown into a group which consists of the Infant and Junior schools on two sites (Lekki and Ikoyi) and a College in Lekki, with a total population of about 1,100 students.

The sports facilities include an Astro-turf, a 25m swimming pool and a 100m running track.

It is located in Elegushi Beach Road, By The 4th Roundabout, Lagos-Epe Express Road, Lekki.


Landmark Communications, Inc. v. Virginia

Landmark Communications v. Virginia, 435 U.S. 829 (1978), was a United States Supreme Court case that was argued on January 11, 1978 and decided on May 1, 1978.

The court reversed a lower court's conviction of the publisher of Norfolk's The Virginian-Pilot for illegal disclosure of confidential proceedings before the Judicial Inquiry and Review Commission about a judge's misconduct.

Background
Floyd Abrams represented Landmark Communications, which owned The Virginian-Pilot. The Pilot had reported on October 4, 1975, that Judge H. Warrington Sharp, who sat on the Virginia Juvenile and Domestic Relations District Court, was under an investigation by a judicial fitness panel. They were deciding whether or not to begin disciplinary proceedings against Sharp.

Under Virginia statute, each complaint against a judge was to be reviewed in secret; it would be announced only if it deemed serious enough to require a public hearing. All states had confidentiality requirements to avoid use of the disciplinary inquiry as retribution against a judge, but only Virginia and Hawaii provided for criminal penalties for disclosure.

There was a quick trial and conviction of the publisher of a misdemeanor and a $500, fine plus the costs of prosecution. Landmark appealed to the Supreme Court of Virginia, which affirmed the conviction by 6–1. The court concluded that the "requirement of confidentiality in Commission proceedings" served three purposes:
 protection of the judge's reputation;
 protection of public confidence in the judicial system; and
 protection of complainants and witnesses from possible recriminations.

Arguments
Abrams wrote that his primary argument was straightforward: the newspaper published a true account and had obtained the information legally, and the alleged offense was simply reporting a complaint about how a public official performed his civic role. In his brief, Abrams argued that the case raised "anew a question which penetrates to the core of our concept of self-government: whether the press may be punished for printing the truth about a public official with his public duties."

In his memoir Speaking Freely, Abrams stated that it was the first case he argued by himself before the Supreme Court. He continued that he devoted most of their preparation for the case with three overlapping issues, "ones that have consumed my attention in every later Supreme Court argument as well."

The first was jurisprudential: what rule of law would they urge the Court to adopt? What would be its effect as stare decisis and its impact on the First Amendment.

The second was tactical. Justices are known for taking up the 30 minutes of allotted argument time with question-and-answer sessions. Abrams felt he needed to figure out his core message.

The Third question was what the court might ask that would be exceptionally difficult to respond to, and what should such responses be?

Assistant Attorney General James Kulp defended the Virginia Supreme Court opinion with the above-mentioned three reasons for the statute. Justice Byron White questioned Kulp about whether the case was really about not criticizing public officials, a constitutional right, and whether he would defend a statute calling for confidentiality for protection of the judge. "No, sir," responded Kulp. "I think the cases from this Court have been clear in that respect, that, in other words, a judge, as any public official, may certainly be criticized, the administration of justice may be criticized, and we don't have any argument about that." White said if that was so, his arguments about protection the judiciary and the system held no weight. Kulp agreed.

Virginia's time before the Court dealt with the scope of the statute.

Abrams declined his rebuttal time, as he was confident in Landmark's victory.

"During one exchange, Justice William Rehnquist asked a question for which Mr. Abrams said he was "totally unprepared," but Justice Potter Stewart came to his rescue. Of all the justices, Mr. Abrams found Justice Byron R. White the most unnerving. White "invariably asked questions that were both pointed and powerful," he recalls, and Mr. Abrams never once "had the sense that anything I said pleased him." He confides that during oral argument he often felt like a mouse with "a tormenting cat." Nonetheless, he won a unanimous victory."

"It had been quite an introduction for me to arguing for a complete thirty minutes in the Supreme Court: fifty-four judicial questions and comments. Years later, when I saw Albert Brooks play a television journalist in Broadcast News who perspired so much when on the air that his shirt looked like he had just returned from a swim, I wondered if I had presented the same appearance after my Landmark argument."

Decision
The Court held unanimously in favor of Landmark. Chief Justice Burger wrote the opinion for himself and the other five members (Justices Brennan and Powell recused themselves). The Court did not adopt Abrams's categorical approach (all truth reporting in reference to public duties was insulated from criminal sanctions by the First Amendment). However, the Court rejected the argument that these interests were sufficient grounds for criminal sanctions on nonparticipants in proceedings.

In its conclusion, the Court wrote: "the [clear and present danger] test requires a court to make its own inquiry into the imminence and magnitude of the danger said to flow from the particular utterance and then to balance the character of the evil as well as its likelihood against the need for free and unfettered expression."


Music of New Mexico

New Mexico is a state of the Southwest United States. The state has music traditions dating back to the ancient Anasazi and Pueblo people, Navajo, Apache, and the Spanish Santa Fe de Nuevo México; these old traditions are found in both their original folk forms and as a modern folk genre known as New Mexico music. In the 1940s town of Clovis was home to the Norman Petty Studios, where Buddy Holly, Roy Orbison, and Waylon Jennings recorded. A well-known  1960s group hailing from New Mexico was The Fireballs scoring a #1 Hot 100 hit in 1963 called "Sugar Shack". Native American rock group Xit were signed and recorded Plight of the Redman (1972) and Silent Warrior (1973) for a subsidiary of Motown Records, Rare Earth Records. During the 1970s and 80s, New Mexico musicians Al Hurricane and Al Hurricane, Jr. became recognized on the nationally and internationally syndicated Val De La O Show.

The English-language state song of New Mexico is "O Fair New Mexico", adopted by the state legislature in 1917. In 1971, "Así Es Nuevo México" was adopted as the Spanish-language state song. In 1989, the legislature adopted "Land of Enchantment" by Michael Martin Murphey as the official state ballad; and in 1995, the legislature adopted "New Mexico - Mi Lindo Nuevo México" by Pablo Mares as the state's official bilingual state song.

History

New Mexico's heritage studies and inquiries into the unique past of the area reveal that the violin was introduced into New Mexico long before Europeans brought polka and other folk forms to the east coast; several studies confirm the long history of violin playing in New Mexico. The New Mexico Musical Heritage Project continues to play the music of early New Mexico, while learning the violin building techniques used in the pueblos to convert the natives through music.

The first inhabitants of New Mexico were Native Americans, followed by Spaniards in the sixteenth century. In 1821 the land was ceded to Mexico, and in 1848 it became a territory of the United States. The cultures of each of these groups has influenced the music of New Mexico in unique ways.

Genres

Native American music

Native American music has wide representation in New Mexico, as the state is home to the second largest Native American population percentage in the US. One such example is Taos Pueblo's Robert Mirabal who received two Grammy Awards. An entirely unique genre of Latin music, directly related to the Pueblo, mestizo Hispano, and other Native affiliated groups, called New Mexico music has a sizable audience in the state.

New Mexico music

Pioneered by the ancient Pueblo people, and by the folk music of Hispanos of New Mexico. Artists such as Antonia Apodaca and Al Hurricane popularized the genre, with Al Hurricane blending Country, Western, Rock, and Jazz into the sound. Modern Latin Pop musicians Lorenzo Antonio and Sparx have continued to crossover New Mexico with other popular music styles. The largest radio market in the state, Albuquerque, has two major FM stations primarily broadcasting the genre, those being KANW and KNMM. There are several annual series' of albums, including; KANW's New Mexico Music series, New Mexico Spanish Super Stars, and Los 15 Grandes de Nuevo México.

Orchestral and classical music
The New Mexico Philharmonic continues the long tradition of the now defunct New Mexico Symphony Orchestra, who had been performing since 1932. Other Classical music institutions in the state include the Taos School of Music, the Santa Fe Community Orchestra and the Santa Fe Symphony Orchestra and Chorus.

Country music
New Mexico's country music heritage includes Red River's Michael Martin Murphey, a cowboy singer and popular local attraction, as well as the Old West town of Las Vegas, New Mexico. The town of Ruidoso is home to the Lincoln County Cowboy Symposium.
Glen Campbell started his career by playing guitar with his uncle in Albuquerque bars.
More recently a country/Americana duo Handsome Family moved from Chicago to Albuquerque, making it their home.

Rock music
In 2002, a song called "New Slang" was heard on TV commercials across the country. The group was The Shins, which became a perennial favorite among indie folk/pop/rock fans worldwide. The next international success came when a young Santa Fe and Albuquerque resident Zach Condon formed an ethno/world influenced band called Beirut.

Music festivals
The city of Santa Fe, New Mexico is home to the Santa Fe International Festival of New Music, the Santa Fe Chamber Music Festival, and the Santa Fe Opera.  Taos is home to the Taos Solar Music Festival. June is the month for many festivals in New Mexico. Besides Taos Solar Music Festival at the end of June, there is Southwest Roots Music Festival, also called the Thirsty Ear Music Festival that takes place in the middle of June just outside Santa Fe at the famous western movie set. Festival features well-known artists representing the roots of folk, blues, bluegrass, and world music.

The University of New Mexico's John Donald Robb Composers’ Symposium has been and continues to be one of the central contemporary music events in the US Southwest. The symposium began in 1972 when UNM Music Professor William Wood invited his former teacher, Norman Lockwood, to the campus, where his compositions were performed, along with the works of UNM music composition students. In 1999, the symposium was renamed the John Donald Robb Composers’ Symposium. The symposium is now presented jointly by the John Donald Robb Musical Trust and the UNM Department of Music. The Symposium brings international composers and performers to the University of New Mexico campus for four to six long days of concerts, seminars, masterclasses, and public talks. The numerous concerts and events are all made free to the public, making the Symposium an inclusive listening opportunity that welcomes in audiences and serves them entirely new sonic experiences, as well as showcasing the talents of UNM faculty and students, alongside national and international guest artists. Guest composers have included Robert Ashley,  Milton Babbitt, Anthony Braxton, Martin Bresnick, John Cage, Raven Chacon, Chen Yi, Michael Colgrass, George Crumb, Julio Estrada, Lukas Foss, Lou Harrison, Alan Hovhaness, Karel Husa, John Harbison, Ernst Krenek, Libby Larsen, Lei Liang, John Lewis, Thea Musgrave, Pauline Oliveros, Hilda Paredes, Vincent Persichetti, Roger Reynolds, Ned Rorem, Maria Schneider, Gunther Schuller, Cecil Taylor, James Tenney, Joan Tower, Christian Wolff.
Directors of the Symposium include: Christopher Shultis, Peter Gilbert, and Karola Obermüller.

Another festival in New Mexico is Globalquerque taking place at the end of every September since 2005 at the Hispanic Cultural Center in Albuquerque. It features music from all continents (folk/ethno/pop) as well as some Native American and Hispanic acts.

Small venues

In Las Cruces, Starbucks coffee shop is known for hosting an open mic on Friday or Sunday nights. Popular artists at these venues include the group: "Raw Material," as well as Clay King, a local guitar player, Codeword Zefferina, and Jon Paz, a local multi-instrumentalist.

Red River in Northern New Mexico has a Bluesfest in early June and Larry Joe Taylor's Music Festival and Chili Cookoff featuring well-known songwriters such as Richard Leigh, Keith Sykes, Joe Ely and Michael Hearn.

In Taos, the Taos Inn host nightly music performances.

Musicians
Musicians and bands associated with New Mexico include:

 Rahim AlHaj
 ¡para!helion
 Bob Andrews
 Anxiety of Silence
 Antonia Apodaca
 Beirut
 Andru Bemis
 Freddie Brown
 Glen Campbell
 John Denver
 Bo Diddley
 Deuter
 Dynamo Stairs
 The Echoing Green
 Elephant
 Bradley Ellingboe
 The Eyeliners
 The Fireballs
 Eliza Gilkyson
 Handsome Family
 A Hawk and a Hacksaw
 Joy Harjo
 Hazeldine
 Tish Hinojosa
 Al Hurricane
 The Jonny Cats
 Last Day Parade
 Leiahdorus
 Ottmar Liebert
 John Aaron Lewis
 Demi Lovato
 Consuelo Luz
 Herbie Mann
 Eric McFadden
 Old Man Gloom
 Robert Mirabal
 Michael Martin Murphey
 Romanovsky and Phillips
 The Rondelles
 Scared of Chaka
 Bernadette Seacrest
 The Sextants
 The Shins
 Sonny Throckmorton
 Treadmill
 Venus Diablo
 Tony Vincent
 Wagogo
 Waltz Bop Shop
 XIT

Notes

External links
 New Mexico Music Educators Association
 New Mexico Folk Music and Dance Society
 New Mexico Territorial Brass Band
 New Mexico Philharmonic

New Mexico


The Great Jewel Robber

The Great Jewel Robber is a 1950 American drama film directed by Peter Godfrey and written by Borden Chase. The film stars David Brian, Marjorie Reynolds, John Archer, Jacqueline deWit, Perdita Chandler and Stanley Church. The film was released by Warner Bros. on July 15, 1950.

Plot

Gerard Dennis (David Brian) is a suave, controlling character dependent on filching jewels in ingenious ways from their owners, often women whom he inveigles into his clutches by seducing them, in order to support himself.  Relying mostly on conniving and trickery, he is not above also resorting to violence when necessary to enable him to escape apprehension by the law.  He pulls off a series of amazingly clever seductions, heists and escapes from the police before one of his conquests, whom he had married, helps the police catch him, and the film ends with his being sentenced to prison for some 25 years, when he will be 55.

Cast
David Brian as Gerard Graham Dennis
Marjorie Reynolds as Martha Rollins
John Archer as Police Detective Lou Sampter
Jacqueline deWit as Mrs. Arthur Vinson
Perdita Chandler as Peggy Arthur
Stanley Church as Stanley Church
Alix Talton as Brenda Hall


Space Giraffe

Space Giraffe is a fixed shooter video game by Jeff Minter and Ivan Zorzin of Llamasoft. The game was released on 22 August 2007 for Xbox 360 through Xbox Live Arcade. The main graphics engine is based on the Neon Xbox 360 light synthesizer visualisation software built into the console. Llamasoft released a version for Windows on 15 December 2008. It was made available on Steam on 19 March 2009.

Gameplay
Although the game is aesthetically similar to the arcade game Tempest, Minter has strongly denied that Space Giraffe is an update to Tempest, as it introduces significant gameplay changes.

The player controls the Space Giraffe as it moves around the outer rim of a 3-dimensional extruded surface.  Enemies appear in notably greater quantities than in Tempest, beginning at the opposite end of the third dimension and approaching the player, firing bullets.  The Giraffe can destroy these enemies by firing at them.

A line on the surface behaves as a VU meter, indicating the "power zone".  Damaging or destroying enemies extends the Power Zone, and at all other times it slowly contracts, contracting more quickly when the giraffe is stationary.  While the power zone is not at zero:
 The Giraffe can safely collide with enemies on the rim, knocking them off in the process (referred to as "bulling").  This attracts higher scores, especially if a large chain of enemies are bulled off the rim at one time.  It can also increase the global bonus multiplier.
 Enemy shots are slowed down when travelling within the power zone;
 The Giraffe fires an additional two shots, which can be steered with the right analog stick;
 When an enemy spawns multiple other enemies, the spawned enemies appear at the power zone boundary.

The player can collect power-up "pods" which allow the Giraffe to jump; jumping also fills the entire power zone.  The Giraffe can store up to five pods, and one is lost each time it jumps.  Collecting extra pods when the giraffe already has five provides extra benefits: the first extra pod grants an extra life, the second grants Fast Bullets, and the third awards a token which counts towards accessing the bonus round, but only if no other pods were missed during the stage.  Further pods collected provide bonus points.

Enemy shots can be targeted by the Giraffe's own shots, which has the effect of pushing them back.  Although they can be pushed back beyond the far edge of the surface, they are never destroyed, and will resume moving forward again when able, possibly returning onto the surface and even destroying the Giraffe.

When a stage is completed, the Giraffe flies along the surface to the far end.  During this period, all enemy shots remaining on the surface are harmless to the player, and the player scores a bonus for each one the Giraffe passes, based on the length of time that has passed since it was fired.  If the player happens to collect a Pod while the Giraffe is leaving the surface, they are awarded Fast Bullets on the following round.

The player can use a Smart Bomb once per life, which automatically attacks the enemies nearest them.

PC version

The PC version (released 15 December 2008) differs in a number of ways to the Xbox 360 version, including using a re-worked Neon engine which makes everything more presentable, less psychedelic and easier to see what's going on within the game. The new version also includes an "Acid Mix" that resembles the more intense graphics in the Xbox 360 release. On 20 March 2009 the game was made available for download from Steam. The PC version is priced noticeably higher than the console version. This is due to Minter's belief that people avoided the console version because of a poor perception of value.

Development
The name "Space Giraffe" originated from Minter's posts on the Jeff Minter fan forum YakYak and on his blog in which he semi-seriously referred to the player's character in the game as resembling a giraffe.  This immediately attracted calls from readers and forum posters that the entire game should be named Space Giraffe, and this was used as the working title for the game, and then adopted for the final release because by that time it had already been the subject of widespread publicity.  Minter in an interview related:

The game includes humor and references that are common to Minter's games, including allusions to Super Mario Bros., Pro Wrestling for the NES, The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy, the Commodore 64, and even to Microsoft's J Allard.  Some of the early screenshots of the game include obscenity, though such obscenity does not appear in the release version.  The inclusion of obscenity is Minter's known way of preventing mainstream gaming media from reproducing early work-in-progress screenshots, by rendering them unprintable.

Reception

Reviews for Space Giraffe from both game critics and game players have been polarized.  Jeff Minter has stated of the game, "It’s like Marmite. You won’t know unless you try."

The first published professional review of Space Giraffe came in Official Xbox Magazine's September 2007 issue. Dan Amrich ("OXM Dan") gave Space Giraffe a 2/10 rating, stating "You'll frequently die because you couldn't pick out the pulsating assassin from the warped playfield floating over the throbbing LSD nightmare that is the background, which makes this game uniquely aggravating."  Minter has noted that the OXM review "basically spoiled our launch completely" stating that by the time more positive reviews came out the game was no longer getting promoted by Microsoft. OXM later named Space Giraffe the "Worst Game of the Year" for 2007 in March 2008.

Space Giraffe has received a more positive review from Angry Gamer, scoring an unusual "Holy crap this is awesome hell yes / 10".  The reviewer 'Flamey' praised the addictive mood of the game, although on the Angry Gamer podcast, Space Giraffe was called "annoying and pointless", with a reviewer commenting of the creator of the game; "Jeff, we love you, we just don't love Space Giraffe." Conversely, veteran video game journalist Stuart Campbell described Space Giraffe as "one of the best games released this year at any price" but Campbell used the first letter of each paragraph to spell the phrase "MINTER IS A BIG TWATTY SPACKER TRUFAX". The February 2009 issue of PC Gamer awarded the PC version of the game a score of 92%.

Space Giraffe was also listed as 94th in Edge magazine'''s "The 100 Top Games to Play Today" list in the Edge 200th anniversary issue.Space Giraffe was included as one of the titles in the book 1001 Video Games You Must Play Before You Die.

SalesSpace Giraffe sold almost 10,000 copies in its first two weeks of release.  Minter himself has expressed disappointment at the low sales of Space Giraffe, especially in being outsold 10-to-1 by a remake of Frogger.stinkygoat: jesus fucking christ

 Sound

 Music Flossie's Frolic was created using Fruityloops by Jeff Minter.  The song was later lost by Jeff, but recovered by a member of YakYak.org, eventually finding its way into Space Giraffe.  The sheep vocals for the song were done by Flossie, Jeff's pet sheep, who has since died.  The song also went by the name of "Silly.mp3."Welsh Numbers Station uses a sequence of specially recorded Welsh numbers in the style of numbers stations.  The bonus level music, Gardening By Numbers, also has similar numbers spoken in the background.

Before release, there was interest in licensing music used in Tempest 2000 (also used in Tempest 3000) from Atari, but no deal ever went through.  Per Ivan Zorzin, one of the developers who worked on the game:Now to make a bad story really short let's say so "forget to talk about anything with 'Atari' unless you have a really big wallet and you want to be raped".

 Sound effects
Some of the sound effects that appear in the game also appeared previously in Gridrunner++'', another game by Llamasoft released in 2002. The "mu-mu" noise that is heard when the player collects a power pod is a The KLF sample from the track What Time Is Love?.


Ariake Station

Ariake Station (有明駅) is the name of two train stations in Japan:

 Ariake Station (Nagano)
 Ariake Station (Tokyo)


Journeys School

Mountain Academy of Teton Science Schools (formerly Journeys School) is a Pre-K through 12th grade independent school affiliated with Teton Science Schools.

History
Teton Science Schools operate in partnership with Grand Teton National Park and were founded in 1967 when Ted Major, a high school biology teacher, led twelve high school students on six weeks of field research in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. The organization began offering outreach programs to regional public and independent schools in 1991, developing what would eventually be formalized as the Journeys Curriculum. Mountain Academy of Teton Science Schools was officially established as an independent school and a program of Teton Science Schools in 2001. Mountain Academy of Teton Science Schools partners with the Teacher Learning Center of Teton Science Schools to offer professional development to visiting teachers.

Academics
Mountain Academy of Teton Science Schools is an accredited member of the Pacific Northwest Association of Independent Schools. As an independent, non-profit school that has received full accreditation from an approved accrediting program, Mountain Academy of Teton Science Schools is a full member of the National Association of Independent Schools. Mountain Academy of Teton Science Schools is an International Baccalaureate World School and is authorized to offer the IB Diploma Program to students aged 16–19. Classes in the Pre-K are based on the Reggio Emilia approach. All students in grades 9 - 11 take the PSAT (Pre-Scholastic Aptitude Test).

Honor code
According to the school's website, three of the values most important to the Mountain Academy of Teton Science Schools community are as follows:

 Students and faculty try hard by working to their full potential at all times
 Students and faculty treat others with respect by honoring diverse opinions and backgrounds, representing themselves and the school with high standards
 Students and faculty take responsibility for their own actions and their own learning

Campus and buildings

The Jackson Campus is housed approximately  from Jackson, Wyoming. It comprises 9 new buildings totalling , all designed and constructed on environmental principles, and occupying less than 2% of the site's area.  In addition to classrooms, dining facilities and administrative areas, the campus includes two lodges for visiting students and summer workshops, and a Teachers' Learning Center. The architects were Mithun of Seattle.


Sun Red Sun

Sun Red Sun was an American heavy metal project created by guitarist Al B. Romano. It also featured several prominent musicians: vocalists Ray Gillen of Badlands and Black Sabbath, and John West of Artension and Royal Hunt; drummer Bobby Rondinelli of Rainbow; bassists Mike Starr of Alice in Chains and John McCoy of Gillan; and lead guitarist Chris Caffery of Savatage and Trans-Siberian Orchestra.

Personnel
Vocals: Ray Gillen, John West, Al B. Romano
Guitar: Romano, Chris Caffery
Bass guitar: John McCoy, Mike Starr, Romano
Drums: Mike Sciotto, Bobby Rondinelli

Discography

Sun Red Sun

Origin. New York city


Wang Yongnian

Wang Yongnian (; 17 March 1927 - 21 July 2012) was a Chinese translator. He was the first person who translated Giovanni Boccaccio's The Decameron in whole texts into Chinese. He was among the first few in China who translated the works of Jorge Luis Borges's into Chinese language. His translations are well respected by domestic and over scholars.

Wang was a member of the China Democratic League.

Biography
Wang was born in Dinghai District, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, on March 17, 1927. His father was the director of the Yunnan Salt Bureau during the Republic of China (1912-1949). He graduated from St. John's University, Shanghai, where he studied alongside Eileen Chang. During the Second Sino-Japanese War, he studied Japanese and Russian. After the establishment of the Communist State, he worked at Translation Publishing House in Shanghai. In late 1950s, the Xinhua News Agency wanted to set up a Spanish Foreign Reporting Group, they looked for talents in Shanghai and through the Shanghai Municipal Committee of the Communist Party of China knew that Wang Yongnian of the Translation Publishing House understands Spanish, than he was transferred to Beijing. In the 1980s, he worked as a reporter for Xinhua News Agency in Mexico. He retired in the 1990s. He died of bowel infarction at Xuanwu Hospital in Beijing, on July 21, 2012.

Personal Life
Wang had one son and two daughters. His eldest daughter named Wang Jiang ().

Translations
 The Decameron ()
 Selection of O. Henry's Short Stories ()
 Alice's Adventures in Wonderland ()
 The Garden of Forking Paths ()
 The Book of Sand ()
 The Aleph ()
 Ficciones ()
 The Moon in front of Saint Martin's Notes ()
 El informe de Brodie ()
 A Universal History of Infamy ()
 Song of Shadow for Six Strings ()
 Tales of the Night ()
 Discussion Set ()
 The Other ()
 Dante Alighieri ()


Paul Roland

Paul Roland (born 6 September 1959 in Kent, England), is a singer-songwriter, author, journalist and paranormal researcher.

Since the release of his first (shared) single "Oscar Automobile" in 1979, Roland has been spinning his tales against a backdrop of gothic rock, psychedelic pop, folk and, occasionally, baroque strings. His character creations include a Regency magistrate, various 19th Century murderers, a retired executioner, an opium addict, and an entire court of medieval grotesques.

Paul has been called "the male Kate Bush" by one-time label-mate Robyn Hitchcock, and "The Lord Byron of Rock" by influential French music magazine Les Inrockuptibles.

“Paul Roland has remained a cherished figure on the gothic rock and psychedelic pop periphery for 30 years…a treasury of detail and eloquence…Roland's impeccable narratives (and) formal, baroque instrumentation…creates the antiquated yet timeless ambience his songs deserve"
(Marco Rossi, Record Collector, May 2010).

Joshua Pfeiffer of Vernian Process is quoted as saying "As for Paul Roland, if anyone deserves credit for spearheading steampunk music, it is him. He was one of the inspirations I had in starting my project. He was writing songs about the first attempt at manned flight, and an Edwardian airship raid in the mid-80s long before almost anyone else…."

“Paul Roland writes nice melodies and has a very particular personality but he is too intellectual for me!" (Frank Zappa, 1988).

Early life
Paul Roland was born in England in 1959. Roland's father was a writer of short stories and TV comedy scripts and his mother an actress.

Music career
Roland's first album The Werewolf of London (1980), with historical and supernatural themes was picked up by Armageddon Records in the UK. It was there that Roland met Robyn Hitchcock who later appeared on tracks for Roland's second album. After an abortive flirtation with the music business, when he was managed by David Enthoven (manager of Roxy Music) and June Bolan (widow of Marc Bolan), Roland returned to Armageddon Records for the mini-album Burnt Orchids. Its title track was the first to feature Roland backed by a small string and woodwind ensemble, a trademark of many of his albums of the 80s and 90s.

The success of the album led to Roland's first tours in Europe, label deals in France (New Rose Records), Germany (Pastell), Greece (DiDi Music), Italy (Diva Records), the United States (Revolver) and Japan (Century Records) and offers to work with film composer Michael Nyman and members of the Velvet Underground. Other cult figures such as Robyn Hitchcock, Nick Saloman (a.k.a. The Bevis Frond), Nick Nicely, and Andy Ellison (of John's Children) made guest appearances on Roland's subsequent albums, several of which are now listed as highly collectable including the psychedelic classic Danse Macabre, the acoustic based mini-albums A Cabinet of Curiosities and Happy Families with stories of eccentric characters, the rockier Duel with its medieval-tinged three-song suite The King Must Die and the folk rock outing Masque, Roaring Boys, a mini-album of cover versions entitled Strychnine, Sarabande and Gargoyles which completed the first chapter of the Roland discography in 1997. That year, Roland took a seven-year break from music to raise his two young sons, and write a series of books on mysticism and true crime.

In 2002 Roland returned with an appearance at the Herbstnächte-Festival in Berlin in September of that year. After that a series of re-issues appeared, beginning with Duel which was released by Haunted Forest Records in Greece (2002).

In 2004 Roland returned with his first new album in seven years, the largely acoustic Pavane, which was released on Roland's own (revamped) label Gaslight Records. The album provided a further glimpse into his mind including a brief baroque instrumental piece that he had discussed recording with film composer Michael Nyman many years earlier. This album was re-issued by Black Widow Records in Italy in 2006.

In 2007 Roland released Re-Animator, his first rock album for many years. It featured musicians who have recorded with Caravan, Jimi Hendrix, Steve Hillage and many great musicians of the 1960s Canterbury music scene. This album was released by Black Widow Records in Italy and re-issued as an expanded edition by Syborgmusic in Germany.

In 2008 Roland’s album Nevermore was released on Syborgmusic in Germany. This album has a selection of songs in a variety of styles from seafaring folk to psychedelic pop and more whimsical fantasy this time inspired by Poe and Jules Verne. The album contained the three song cinematic soundtrack suite "The Last Voyage of the Nautilus".

The album Grimm (2011) is a true solo album. Roland played every instrument on the album and engineered the recording in his own studio. All of the songs are based on the dark fairy tales by the Brothers Grimm, so there is a touch of the macabre and the doomed romantic about the lyrics although the musical setting is baroque acoustic psychedelic pop.

In 2015 the album Bitter and Twisted was released by the independent record label Sireena Records in Germany.

In February 2016 Cherry Red Records in the UK released a compilation album (as a double CD) called In The Opium Den - The Early Recordings 1980-87. Compiled and curated by the artist, In The Opium Den is a comprehensive anthology of Roland’s early works, including his first three albums plus A and B sides, EP tracks and unreleased tracks from the period, spanning his output up until 1987.

In december, 2016 Paul released "White Zombie" for Unifaun Productions, a subsidiary of Italian underground label Dark Companion. Initially intended as a soundtrack for the 1931 film starring Bela Lugosi, it turned into a songs collection with incidental music. Recorded mainly in Italy, the album was very well reviewed and eventually became "album of the month" by Italian magazine "Blow Up".  Produced by Max Marchini stars many italian artists such as Annie Barbazza on drums and voice, Paula Tagliaferro on main vocals as the High Priestess, Area's guitarist Paolo Tofani and Marchini on bass. A single, "Mambo Jo" was cut from the album plus many outtakes.

In November 2018 the Italian label Dark Companion released the album Grimmer Than Grimm. In tune with his habit of revisiting his old material, Roland has returned to his 2011 album Grimm (long time deleted and sought after collector’s item) and strengthened it with the participation of Mick Crossley (of Flyte Reaction), who added some psychedelic flourishes to the songs and gave the record an entirely new tone.

Literary career
Roland is the author of more than 40 books on the subject of mysticism, crime and the occult. His books, which have been translated into more than 15 languages including Russian, Chinese, Japanese, Greek and Hebrew, cover spiritual and occult traditions, which culminated in his creation of The Kabbalah Cards (AGMuller/Urania) in collaboration with artist Sylvia Gainsford. The cards are a radical reinterpretation of the Jewish mystical teachings with a serious psychological orientation which distinguished them from the Kabbalah themed tarot packs which preceded them.

Several of Roland's books include forewords by authorities and experts in their respective fields, including: Colin Wilson, Warren Kenton, Senior FBI profiler Roy Hazelwood and Professor Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke.

Personal life
In 2006 Roland left England to live in Germany. He returned to the UK in 2010 and now lives in Cambridgeshire with his wife and two sons.

Selected discography
The complete Paul Roland discography (1979–2019) is extensive and comprises 113 releases and appearances on 56 Various Artists compilations.

Albums
The Werewolf Of London (LP – 1980, as Midnight Rags)
Burnt Orchids (LP – 1985)
Danse Macabre (CD/LP – 1987)
A Cabinet Of Curiosities (CD/LP – 1987)
Happy Families (CD/LP – 1988)
Duel (CD/LP – 1989)
Acoustic Radio Sessions 1986–88 (LP – 1989)
Live In Italy (CD/LP – 1990)
Masque (CD/LP – 1990)
Roaring Boys (CD/LP – 1991)
Strychnine (CD – 1992)
Sarabande (CD – 1994)
Live In Germany (CD – 1995)
Gargoyles (CD – 1997)
Duel (reissued CD – 2002)
Pavane (CD/LP – 2004)
Strychnine…And Other Potent Poisons (reissue CD/LP – 2004)
Re-Animator (CD/LP – 2007)
Nevermore (CD – 2008)
Demos (CD – 2009)
Duel – 20th Anniversary Reissue (CD – 2010)
Grimm (CD – 2011)
Masque (reissue CD – 2011)
Roaring Boys & Sarabande (reissue CD – 2012)
Bates Motel (CD – 2013)
The Werewolf Of London (reissue CD – 2013)
Hexen (CD – 2013 / LP – 2014)
Bitter And Twisted (CD – 2015)
House Of Dark Shadows (reissue CD – 2016)
White Zombie (CD – 2017)
Unreleased Songs (CD – 2018, free with Paul Roland - The Devil's Jukebox biography by Roberto Curti)
Grimmer Than Grimm (CD/LP – 2018)
1313 Mocking Bird Lane (CD - 2019)

Compilations
House Of Dark Shadows (compilation LP – 1986)
Confessions Of An Opium Eater ('best of' LP – 1987)
Waxworks ('best of' 2CD – 1995)
Gaslight Tales ('best of' CD – 2003)
Danse Macabre & Burnt Orchids (reissue two albums on one CD – 2008)
A Cabinet Of Curiosities & Happy Families (reissue two albums on one CD – 2009)
In Memorium 1980–2010 (2CD released to mark Roland's 30-year recording career – 2010)
Professor Moriarty's Jukebox (CD – 2014)
In The Opium Den - The Early Recordings 1980-87 (compilation 2CD - 2016)
Alice's Curiosities - A Tribute to Paul Roland (Tribute Compilation, digital download - 2017)

Singles and EPs
Oscar Automobile (shared double A-side 7" single – 1979)
Public Enemy (7" EP – 1979)
The Cars That Ate New York (7" – 1980)
Hot George (7" – 1982)
Dr. Strange (7" – 1982)
Blades Of Battenburg (12" EP – 1983)
Death Or Glory (12" EP – 1986)
In The Opium Den (7" - 1986)
Blades Of Battenburg (7" EP - 1986)
Gabrielle (12" EP – 1987)
Alice's House (12" EP – 1987)
Sword And Sorcery (7" – 1987)
Werewolves Of London (7" – 1988)
At The Edge Of The World (7" – 1989)
Mambo Jo (CDS – 2017)
Summer of Love (CDS – 2019)

Publications
The Curious Case of Richard Fielding and Other Short Stories (1987)
Revelations: The Wisdom of the Ages (1995)
Prophecies and Predictions (1996)
Complete Guide to Dreams (1997)
Angels – A Piaktus Guide (1999)
Kabbalah – A Piaktus Guide (1999)
Teach Yourself... Rock & Pop (1999)
Jazz Singers (1999)
New Age Living (2000)
Investigating the Unexplained (2000)
How to Meditate (2000)
Chrysalis CD Guide to Rock & Pop (2001)
Meditation (2002)
Meditation Solutions (2002)
How Psychic Are You? (2002)
Kabbalah Cards (2003)
Explore Your Past Lives (2004)
Contact Your Guardian Angel (2005)
The Complete Kabbalah Course (2005)
Crime Scenes – Revealing the Science behind the Evidence (2006)
I Remember Dying – Remarkable True Stories of People Who Return from Heaven (2006)
The Crimes of Jack the Ripper (2007)
The Complete Book of Ghosts (2007)
Guitar Chords – All the Chords You’ll Need… And More (2007)
The Nazis and the Occult (2007)
The Complete Book of Ghosts (2007)
In the Minds of Murderers (2007)
Reincarnation – Remarkable Stories of People Who Recall Past Lives (2008)
Hauntings: True Stories of Unquiet Spirits (2008)
Illustrated History of the Nazis – The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich (2009)
The Magician of Grimm (2009)
The Nuremberg Trials (2010)
Dark History of the Occult (2011)
Cosmic Dancer - The Life and Music of Marc Bolan (biography 2012)
The Nazi Files (2014)
Nazi Women - The Attraction Of Evil (2014)
Ghosts and the Spirit World (2014)
Steampunk - Back to the Future with the New Victorians (2014)
The Curious Case of H.P. Lovecraft (2014)
Nazi Woman of the Third Reich (2018)
Life After The Third Reich - The Struggle to Rise from the Nazi Ruins (2018)
Life Under Nazi Occupation - The Struggle to Survive During World War II (2019)


Ann-Christine Albertsson

Ann-Christine Albertsson is a Swedish chemist currently Professor at Royal Institute of Technology and the Editor-in-Chief of American Chemical Society's Biomacromolecules. Her research interest are biomacromolecules and polymers.

Education
She earned her Doctorate from Royal Institute of Technology in 1977.

Career
She started as a lecturer at Royal Institute of Technology in 1980 before serving as acting professor in 1986 until being official appointed as professor in 1989. She has also been visiting scholar at Polytechnic University of New York, University of Kyoto, University of Massachusetts at Amherst and Research Institute for Polymers and Textiles.

Selected publications
 Recent developments in ring opening polymerization of lactones for biomedical applications, AC Albertsson, IK Varma - Biomacromolecules, 2003, ACS Publications
 The mechanism of biodegradation of polyethylene, Polymer Degradation and Stability, Volume 18, Issue 1, 1987, Pages 73–87.

Recent publications
  J. Undin et al., "Controlled copolymerization of the functional 5-membered lactone monomer, alpha-bromo-gamma-butyrolactone, via selective organocatalysis," Polymer, vol. 87, pp. 17–25, 2016.
 V. Arias et al., "Forecasting linear aliphatic copolyester degradation through modular block design," Polymer degradation and stability, vol. 130, pp. 58–67, 2016.
 L. Maleki, U. Edlund and A.-C. Albertsson, "Green Semi-IPN Hydrogels by Direct Utilization of Crude Wood Hydrolysates," ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING, vol. 4, no. 8, pp. 4370–4377, 2016.
 R. W. N. Nugroho et al., "Highlighting the Importance of Surface Grafting in Combination with a Layer-by-Layer Approach for Fabricating Advanced 3D Poly(L-lactide) Microsphere Scaffolds," CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS, vol. 28, no. 10, pp. 3298–3307, 2016.


Arado Ar 76

The Arado Ar 76 was a German aircraft of the 1930s, designed as a light fighter with a secondary role as an advanced trainer in mind.

Development
Arado's response to a requirement by the Reichsluftfahrtministerium (RLM) for a light / emergency fighter aircraft, was the Ar 76 which was evaluated against the Heinkel He 74, Focke-Wulf Fw 56, the Henschel Hs 121 and Hs 125 in 1935. Although the Fw 56 was selected for the main production contract, the RLM was sufficiently impressed by the Ar 76 to order a small number of production aircraft as well.

Design
The Ar 76 was a parasol-wing monoplane with fixed, tailwheel undercarriage. The wings were constructed of fabric-covered wood, and the fuselage was fabric-covered steel tube.

Operational history
Production Ar 76A aircraft were used by Jagdfliegerschulen (fighter pilot schools) from 1936.

Variants
Data from:
Ar 76a
First prototype, (regn. D-ISEN).
Ar 76 V2
Second prototype, (regn. D-IRAS).
Ar 76 V3
Third prototype.
Ar 76A
Single-seat advanced trainer, lightweight fighter aircraft. Built in small numbers.

Operators

Luftwaffe

Specifications (Ar 76A-0)