Micro Four Thirds system

The  is a standard released by Olympus and Panasonic in 2008, for the design and development of mirrorless interchangeable lens digital cameras, camcorders and lenses. Camera bodies are available from Blackmagic, DJI, JVC, Kodak, Olympus, Panasonic, Sharp, and Xiaomi. MFT lenses are produced by Cosina Voigtländer, DJI, Kowa, Kodak, Mitakon, Olympus, Panasonic, Samyang, Sharp, Sigma, SLR Magic, Tamron, Tokina, Veydra, and Xiaomi, amongst others.

MFT shares the original image sensor size and specification with the Four Thirds system, designed for DSLRs. Unlike Four Thirds, the MFT system design specification does not provide space for a mirror box and a pentaprism, which facilitates smaller body and lens designs via the shorter flange focal distance of 19.25mm. The short flange distance, when combined with an adapter of proper depth, allows MFT bodies to use almost any lens ever made for a camera with a flange distance larger than 19.25mm. Still-camera lenses produced by Canon, Leica, Minolta, Nikon, Pentax and Zeiss have all been successfully adapted for MFT use - as well as lenses produced for cinema, e.g., PL mount or C mount.

Comparison with other systems

For comparison of the original Four Thirds with competing DSLR system see Four Thirds system#Advantages, disadvantages and other considerations

Compared to inexpensive digital compact cameras and many bridge cameras, MFT cameras have better, larger sensors, and interchangeable lenses. There are many lenses available. On top of this, a large number of other lenses (even from the analogue film era) can be fitted using an adapter. Different lenses yield greater creative possibilities. However, Micro Four Thirds cameras also tend to be slightly larger, heavier and more expensive than compact cameras.

Compared to most digital SLRs, the Micro Four Thirds system (body and lenses) is smaller and lighter. However, their sensors are smaller than full-frame or even APS-C systems. The small lenses do not allow the noise depth-of-field tradeoffs of larger lenses in other systems. Micro Four Thirds cameras use an electronic viewfinder. Resolutions and refresh speeds on these EVF displays were originally compared negatively to optical viewfinders, but today's EVF systems are faster, brighter and much higher resolution than the original displays. Original Micro Four Thirds cameras used a contrast-detection autofocus system, slower than the phase-detect autofocus that is standard on DSLRs. To this day most Micro Four Thirds cameras continue to use a contrast-based focussing system. Although some current models, such as the Olympus OM-D E-M1 Mark II, feature a hybrid phase-detect/contrast detect system, Panasonic Lumix cameras have continued to use a contrast-based system called DFD (Depth from Defocus). Both systems today provide focussing speeds to rival or even surpass many current DSLRs.

Sensor size and aspect ratio

The image sensor of Four Thirds and MFT measures 18 mm × 13.5 mm (22.5 mm diagonal), with an imaging area of 17.3 mm × 13.0 mm (21.6 mm diagonal), comparable to the frame size of 110 film. Its area, ca. 220 mm², is approximately 30% less than the quasi-APS-C sensors used in other manufacturers' DSLRs; it is around 9 times larger than the 1/2.3" sensors typically used in compact digital cameras.

The Four Thirds system uses a 4:3 image aspect ratio, like compact digital cameras. In comparison, DSLRs usually adhere to the 3:2 aspect ratio of the traditional 35 mm format. Thus, "Four Thirds" refers to both the size and the aspect ratio of the sensor. However, the chip diagonal is shorter than 4/3 of an inch; the 4/3 inch designation for this size of sensor dates back to the 1950s and vidicon tubes, when the external diameter of the camera tube was measured, not the active area.

The MFT design standard also specifies multiple aspect ratios: 4:3, 3:2, 16:9 (the native HD video format specification), and 1:1 (a square format). With the exception of a few MFT cameras, most MFT cameras record in a native 4:3 format image aspect ratio, and through cropping of the 4:3 image, can record in 16:9, 3:2 and 1:1 formats.

In addition, all current Micro Four Thirds cameras excluding the Olympus Air A01 have sensor dust removal technologies.

Lens mount

The MFT system design specifies a bayonet type lens mount with a flange focal distance of 19.25 mm. By avoiding internal mirrors, the MFT standard allows a much thinner camera body.

Viewfinders for a mirrorless camera
Viewing is achieved on all models by live view electronic displays with LCD screens. In addition, some models feature a built-in electronic viewfinder (EVF), while others may offer optional detachable electronic viewfinders.
An independent optical viewfinder typically matched to a particular non-zoom prime lens is sometimes an option.

Backward compatibility
The throat diameter is about 38 mm, 6 mm less than that of the Four Thirds system. Electrically, MFT uses an 11-contact connector between lens and camera, adding to the nine contacts in the Four Thirds system design specification. Olympus claims full backward compatibility for many of its existing Four Thirds lenses on MFT bodies, using a purpose built adapter with both mechanical and electrical interfaces.

Adapters to other lens mounts
The shallow but wide MFT lens mount also allows the use of existing lenses including Leica M, Leica R, and Olympus OM system lenses, via Panasonic and Olympus adapters.  Aftermarket adapters include Leica Screw Mount, Contax G, C mount, Arri PL mount, Praktica, Canon, Nikon, and Pentax, amongst others. In fact, almost any still camera, movie or video camera interchangeable lens that has a flange focal distance greater than or marginally less than 20 mm can often be used on MFT bodies via an adapter.  While MFT cameras can use many of these "legacy" lenses only with manual focus and manual aperture control mode, hundreds of lenses are available, even those designed for cameras no longer in production.

While lens manufacturers seldom publish lens mount specifications, the MFT mount has been reverse-engineered by enthusiasts, with CAD files available.

Autofocus design
MFT cameras usually use contrast-detection autofocus (CDAF), a common autofocus system for mirrorless compact or "point-and-shoot". By comparison, DSLRs use phase-detection autofocus (PDAF). The use of separate PDAF sensors has been favored in DSLR systems because of mirror box and pentaprism design, along with better performance for fast-moving subjects.

The (non-Micro) Four Thirds system design standard specifies a 40 mm flange focal length distance, which allowed for using a single lens reflex design, with mirror box and pentaprism. Four Thirds DSLR cameras designed by Olympus and Panasonic initially used exclusively PDAF focusing systems. Olympus then introduced the first live view DSLR camera, which incorporated both traditional DSLR phase focus and also optional contrast detection focus. As a result, newer Four Thirds system lenses were designed both for PDAF and contrast focus. Several of the Four Thirds lenses focus on Micro Four Thirds proficiently when an electrically compatible adapter is used on the Micro Four Thirds cameras, and they focus on Micro Four Thirds cameras much quicker than earlier generation Four Thirds lenses can.

Some MFT cameras, such as the OM-D E-M1 and E-M1 Mark II incorporate phase-detection hardware on the sensor to support legacy lenses. These camera bodies perform better with legacy lenses (e.g. focus performance of the 150mm f/2 and 300mm f/2.8 lenses are as quick and accurate as a native Four Thirds body).

Flange focal distance and crop factor
The much shorter flange focal distance enabled by the removal of the mirror allows normal and wide angle lenses to be significantly smaller because they do not have to use strongly retrofocal designs.

The Four Thirds sensor format used in MFT cameras is equivalent to a 2.0 crop factor when compared to a 35 mm film (full frame) camera. This means that the field of view of an MFT lens is the same as a full frame lens with twice the focal length. For example, a 50 mm lens on a MFT body would have a field of view equivalent to a 100 mm lens on a full frame camera. For this reason, MFT lenses can be smaller and lighter because to achieve the equivalent 35 mm film camera field of view, the MFT focal length is much shorter. See the table of lenses below to understand the differences better. For comparison, typical DSLR sensors, such as Canon's APS-C sensors, have a crop factor of 1.6.

Equivalents

This section gives a brief introduction to the subject of "equivalence" in photography. Equivalent images are made by photographing the same angle of view, with the same depth of field and the same Angular resolution due to diffraction limitation (which requires different f-stops on different focal length lenses), the same motion blur (requires the same shutter speed), therefore the ISO setting must differ to compensate for the f-stop difference. The use of this is only to let us compare the effectiveness of the sensors given the same amount of light hitting them. In normal photography with any one camera, equivalence is not necessarily an issue: there are several lenses faster than f/2.4 for Micro Four Thirds (see the tables under Fixed Focal Length Lenses, below), and there are certainly many lenses faster than f/4.8 for full frame and no one hesitates to use them even though they can have shallower depth of field than a Nikon 1 at f/1.7, in fact that can be seen as advantageous, but it has to be taken into consideration that a further aspect of image resolution is limitation by optical aberration, which can be compensated the better the smaller the focal lengths of a lens is. Lenses designed for mirrorless camera systems such as Nikon 1 or Micro Four Thirds often use image-space telecentric lens designs, which reduce shading and therefore light loss and blurring at the microlenses of the image sensor. Furthermore, in low light conditions by using low f-numbers a too-shallow depth of field can lead to less satisfying image results, especially in videography, when the object being filmed by the camera or the camera itself is moving. For those interested in producing equivalent images, read on.

Equivalent focal lengths are given, if the angle of view is identical.

The depth of field is identical, if angle of view and absolute aperture width are identical. Also the relative diameters of the Airy disks representing the limitation by diffraction are identical. Therefore, the equivalent f-numbers are varying.

In this case, i.e., with the same luminous flux within the lens, the illuminance quadratically decreases and the luminous intensity quadratically increases with the image size. Therefore, all systems detect the same luminances and the same exposure values in the image plane, and as a consequence of this the equivalent exposure indexes (respectively equivalent ISO speeds) are different in order to get the identical shutter speeds (i.e., exposure times) with the same levels of motion blur and image stabilisation. Furthermore, for a given guide number of a photoflash device all systems have the same exposure at the same flash-to-subject distance.

The following table exemplarily shows a few identical image parameters for some popular image sensor classes compared to Micro Four Thirds: The smaller the focal length, the smaller is also the displacement in the image space between the last principal plane of the lens and the image sensor in order to focus a certain object. Therefore, the energy needed for focussing as well as the appropriate delay for shifting the focussing lens system are shorter, the smaller the focal length is.

Advantages of Micro Four Thirds over DSLR cameras

Micro Four Thirds has several advantages over larger format cameras and lenses:
 Smaller and lighter
 The shorter flange focal distance means that most manual lenses can be adapted for use, though C-mount lenses have a slightly shorter flange focal distance and are trickier to adapt.
 The shorter flange focal distance may also allow for smaller, lighter and lower cost lenses. This is especially true for wide angle lenses.
 Forward or back focus does not occur with contrast focus like it can when using DSLR phase focus, and likewise each lens does not have to be individually calibrated to each camera, which can be required for DSLRs to have accurate focus.
 The absence of a mirror eliminates the need for an additional precision assembly, along with its "mirror slap" noise and resultant camera vibration/movement.
 Viewfinders can be used when filming videos.
 In continuous mode (video takes continuous or sequential shots) the smaller sensor can be cooled better to avoid the increase of image noise.
 The autofocus performance is the same for stills and videos, so the speed is much faster than conventional DSLRs in video mode.
 Because of the reduced sensor-flange distance, the sensor is easier to clean than with a DSLR, which also have delicate mirror mechanisms attached.
 The smaller sensor size may allow for smaller and lighter telephoto-lens equivalents.
 Smaller and lighter cameras and lenses allow discretion and portability.
 The smaller sensor size gives deeper depth-of-field for the same field of view and equivalent f-number. This can be desirable in some situations, such as landscape and macro shooting as well as video shooting in low light conditions.
 Electronic View Finders (see below)

Advantages of the Electronic Viewfinder

Though many DSLRs also have "live view" functionality, these function relatively poorly compared to a Micro Four Thirds electronic viewfinder (EVF), which has the following advantages:
 Real-time preview of exposure, white balance, and tone.
 Can show a low-light scene brighter than it is.
 The viewfinder can zoom into one's preview, which a mirror-based viewfinder cannot do. This is why using manual focus through a zoomed EVF is more precise than manual focus through a mirror.
 The viewfinder displays how the sensor sees the potential picture, rather than an optical view, which may differ.
 The view can appear larger than some optical viewfinders, which often have a tunnel-like view.
 Not reliant on a moving mirror and shutter, which otherwise adds noise, weight, design complexity, and cost.
 No weight or size penalty for better quality of materials and design. Optical viewfinder quality varies greatly across all DSLRs.

Olympus and Panasonic approached the implementation of electronic viewfinders in two ways: the built-in EVF, and the optional hotshoe add-on EVF.

Until the introduction of the OM-D E-M5 in February, 2012, none of the Olympus designs included a built-in EVF. Olympus has four available add-on hotshoe viewfinders.  The Olympus VF-1 is an optical viewfinder with an angle of view of 65 degrees, equivalent to the 17mm pancake lens field of view, and was designed primarily for the EP-1.  Olympus has since introduced the high resolution VF-2 EVF, and a newer, less expensive, slightly lower resolution VF-3 for use in all its MFT cameras after the Olympus EP-1.  These EVF's not only slip into the accessory hotshoe, but also plug into a dedicated proprietary port for power and communication with Olympus cameras only.  Both the VF-2 and VF-3 may also be used on high-end Olympus compact point and shoot cameras such as the Olympus XZ-1.  Olympus announced the VF-4 in May 2013, along with the fourth generation PEN flagship, the E-P5.

As of mid-2011, Panasonic G and GH series cameras have built in EVF's, while two of the three GF models are able to use the add-on LVF1 hotshoe EVF.  The LVF1 must also plug into a proprietary port built into the camera for power and communication.  This proprietary port and the accessory is omitted in the Panasonic Lumix DMC-GF3 design.  Similar to Olympus, the LVF1 is usable on high-end Panasonic compact point and shoot cameras, such as the Panasonic Lumix DMC-LX5.

Disadvantages of Micro Four Thirds compared to DSLRs

 The Four Thirds sensor (2.0× crop factor) is 32% smaller in area than Canon APS-C (1.6x crop factor), 39% smaller than Nikon/Sony APS-C (1.5x crop factor), and 75% smaller (i.e. one quarter of the area) than a full frame sensor (1.0× crop factor, 35 mm equivalent). This can mean lower image quality when all other variables are the same, including poorer color transitions and more noise at identical ISO settings, especially in low light, when compared with the larger sensors.
 Contrast detect autofocus systems such as those used in Micro Four Thirds cameras were initially slower than the phase detect systems used in advanced DSLRs.  This gap was eliminated with the Olympus OM-D E-M5 when shooting static subjects. The tracking of subjects moving towards or away from the camera was also difficult with contrast detection, however this issue was eliminated in 2013 with the introduction of the Olympus OM-D E-M1's hybrid phase detection auto-focus system. Its successor Olympus OM-D E-M1X even uses technology trained by artificial intelligence in order to predict the area of interest and its behaviour.
 Due to the absence of a mirror and prism mechanism, there is no ability to use a through-the-lens optical viewfinder. A through-the-lens electronic viewfinder, an attachable not-through-the-lens optical viewfinder (similar to a rangefinder or TLR), or the universally supplied LCD screen must be used instead.
 Theoretically, changing lenses can expose the sensor to more dust in a "mirrorless" camera design, compared to DSLRs that have both a mirror and a closed shutter protecting the sensor.  Mirrorless cameras have dust-removal systems that try to minimize this problem, and in practice they experience fewer dust problems than a DSLR. Many micro-four third users report never having found dust on the sensor at all.
 A larger crop factor (2× multiplier versus quasi-APS-C's 1.5× ) means greater depth-of-field for the same equivalent field of view and f/stop when compared with quasi-APS-C and especially full frame cameras. This can be a disadvantage when a photographer wants to blur a background, such as when shooting portraits.
 Micro Four Thirds cameras are smaller than DSLRs or quasi-APS-C cameras, and this can result in relatively poor ergonomics for bigger-handed users, while it benefits most others. This applies especially to handling, the depth of the right-hand grip, and the size and placement of buttons and dials.
 Micro Four Thirds lenses cannot be used on 35mm equivalent and APS-C cameras due to lens vignetting.

Advantages of Micro Four Thirds over compact digital cameras
 Greatly increased sensor size (5–9 times larger area) gives much better image quality, e.g.  low light performance and greater dynamic range, with reduced noise.
 Interchangeable lenses allow more optical choices including niche, legacy, and future lenses.
 Shallower depth of field possible (e.g. for portraits, for bokeh ... ).

Disadvantages of Micro Four Thirds compared to compact digital cameras
 Increased physical size (camera and lenses are both larger due to increased sensor size);
 Extreme zoom lenses available on compacts (such as 30× to 120× models) are more expensive or simply not available on large sensor cameras due to physical size, cost, and practicality considerations;
 Similarly, larger sensors and shallow depth-of-field make bundled macro capability and close focusing more difficult, often requiring separate, specialized lenses.
 Higher cost.

Popularity with adapted/legacy lenses

Due to the short native flange distance of the Micro Four Thirds System, the usage of adapted lenses from practically all formats has become widely popular.  Because lenses can be used from old and abandoned camera systems, adapted lenses typically represent good value for the money.  Adapters ranging from low- to high-quality are readily available for purchase online.  Canon FD, Nikon F (G lenses require special adapters), MD/MC, Leica M, M42 Screw Mount, and C-mount Cine lenses to name a few are all easily adaptable to the Micro Four Thirds system with glassless adapters resulting in no induced loss of light or sharpness.

Adapted lenses retain their native focal lengths but field of view is reduced by half —i.e., an adapted 50mm lens is still a 50mm lens in terms of focal length but has a narrower FOV equivalent to a 100mm lens due to the Micro Four Thirds System 2x crop factor. Therefore, most adapted glass from the 35mm film era and current DSLR lineups provide effective fields of view varying from normal to extreme telephoto. Wide angles are generally not practical for adapted use from both an image quality and value point of view.

Using older adapted lenses on micro four thirds sometimes leads to a slight losses in image quality.  This is the result of placing high resolution demands on the center crop of decade old 35mm lenses.  Therefore, 100% crops from the lenses do not usually represent the same level of pixel-level sharpness as they would on their native formats.  Another slight disadvantage of using adapted lenses can be size.  By using a 35mm film lens, one would be using a lens that casts an image circle that is far larger than what is required by Micro Four Thirds Sensors.

The main disadvantage of using adapted lenses however, is that focus is manual even with natively autofocus lenses.  Full metering functionality is maintained however, as are some automated shooting modes (aperture priority).  A further disadvantage with some LM and LTM lenses is that lenses with significant rear protrusions simply do not fit inside the camera body and risk damaging lens or body.  An example is the Biogon type of lens.

Overall, the ability to use adapted lenses gives Micro Four Thirds a great advantage in overall versatility and the practice has gained a somewhat cult following. Image samples can be found readily online, and in particular on the MU-43 adapted lenses forum.

Micro Four Thirds system cameras

As of , Olympus, Panasonic, Cosina Voigtländer, Carl Zeiss AG, Jos. Schneider Optische Werke GmbH, Komamura Corporation, Sigma Corporation, Tamron, Astrodesign, Yasuhara, and Blackmagic Design have a commitment to the Micro Four Thirds system.

The first Micro Four Thirds system camera was Panasonic Lumix DMC-G1, which was launched in Japan in October 2008.  In April 2009, Panasonic Lumix DMC-GH1 with HD video recording added to it. The first Olympus model, the Olympus PEN E-P1, was shipped in July 2009.

In August 2013 SVS Vistek GmbH in Seefeld, Germany introduced the first high-speed industrial MFT lens mount camera using 4/3" sensors from Truesense Imaging, Inc (formally Kodak sensors), now part of ON Semiconductor. Their Evo "Tracer" cameras range from 1 megapixels at 147 frames per second (fps) to 8 megapixels at 22 fps.

In 2014, JK Imaging Ltd., which holds the Kodak brand, released its first Micro Four Thirds camera, the Kodak Pixpro S-1; several lenses and niche camera makers have products made for the standard. In 2015, DJI provided its drone with optional MFT cameras. Both cameras can capture 16MP stills and up to 4K/30fps video with an option of 4 interchangeable lenses ranging from 12mm to 17mm. In 2016, Xiaomi introduced the YI M1, a 20MP MFT camera with 4K video capability.

Blackmagic design has a range of cameras made for cinematography.

Micro Four Thirds lenses

Because the flange focal distance of Micro Four Thirds cameras are shorter than DSLRs, most lenses are smaller and cheaper.

Of particular interest in illustrating this fact are the Panasonic 7–14 mm ultra-wide angle (equivalent to 14–28 mm in the 35 mm film format) and the Olympus M.Zuiko Digital ED 9–18 mm ultra wide-angle lens (equivalent to an 18–36 mm zoom lens in the 35 mm film format). This feature also permitted the lens designers to develop the world's fastest fisheye lens with autofocus, the Olympus ED 8 mm f/1.8.

On the telephoto end, the Panasonic 100–300 mm or the Leica DG 100-400 mm as well as the Olympus 75–300 mm zooms show how small and light extreme telephotos can be made. The 400 mm focal length in Micro Four Thirds has the same angle of view as an 800 mm focal length in full frame cameras.

When compared to a full frame camera lens providing a similar angle of view, rather than weighing a few kilograms (several pounds) and generally having a length of over 60 cm (2 ft) end to end, the optically stabilized Panasonic Lumix G Vario 100–300 mm lens weighs just 520 grams (18.3 oz), is only 126 mm (5.0 in) long, and uses a relatively petite 67 mm filter size.  As a point of comparison, the Nikon 600 mm f5.6 telephoto weighs 3600 grams (7.9 lb), is 516.5 mm (20.3 in) in length and uses a custom 122 mm filter.

Image stabilization approaches
Olympus and Panasonic have both produced cameras with sensor-based stabilization, and lenses with stabilization. However, the lens stabilization will only work together with body stabilization for cameras of the same brand. Before 2013, Olympus and Panasonic approached image stabilization (IS) differently. Olympus used sensor-shift image stabilization only, which it calls IBIS (In-Body Image Stabilization), a feature included all of its cameras. Until 2013, Panasonic used lens-based stabilization only, called Mega OIS or Power OIS. These stabilize the image by shifting a small optical block within the lens.

In 2013, Panasonic began including sensor-based stabilization in its cameras, beginning with the Lumix DMC-GX7. Panasonic called the combination of lens and body stabilization "Dual IS," and this function won an award of the European Imaging and Sound Association (EISA) in the category Photo Innovation 2016–2017. In 2016, Olympus added lens-based stabilization to the M. Zuiko 300mm f/4.0 Pro telephoto prime lens and the M. Zuiko 12-100mm f/4.0 IS Pro lens.

Panasonic claims that OIS is more accurate because the stabilization system can be designed for the particular optical characteristics of each lens. A disadvantage of this approach is that the OIS motor and shift mechanism must be built into each lens, making lenses more expensive than comparable non-OIS lenses. Of all Panasonic lenses only few with short focal lengths, and therefore wide angles of view and low susceptibility to image shaking, are not image stabilized, including the 8 mm fisheye, 7–14 mm wide angle zoom, 14 mm prime, the 15 mm prime, the 20 mm prime and the 25 mm prime.

The advantage of in-body IS is that even unstabilized lenses can make use of the in-body stabilization.

Lens compactness and mount adaptability
Since most Micro Four Thirds lenses have neither a mechanical focusing ring nor an aperture ring, adapting these lenses for other camera mounts is impossible or compromised. A variety of companies manufacture adapters to use lenses from nearly any legacy lens mount (such lenses, of course, support no automatic functions.) For the Four Third lenses that can be mounted on MFT bodies, see Four Thirds system lenses. For the Four Third lenses that support AF, see the Olympus website.  For those that support fast AF (Imager AF), see the Olympus website.

Zoom lenses

Wide zoom lenses

Standard zoom lenses

Telephoto zoom lenses

Superzoom lenses

Fixed focal length lenses
On Jan 9, 2012 Sigma announced its first two lenses for Micro Four Thirds, the "30mm 2.8 EX DN and the 19mm 2.8 EX DN lenses in Micro Four Thirds mounts". In a press release posted on January 26, 2012, Olympus and Panasonic jointly announced that "ASTRODESIGN, Inc., Kenko Tokina Co., Ltd. and Tamron Co., Ltd. join[ed] the Micro Four Thirds System Standard Group". On January 26, 2012, Tokina and Tamron have indicated they would be designing lenses for the Micro 4/3 system as well. To date, both have released a single lens for the system, each.

Prime lenses with autofocus
This list does not include fisheye and macro lenses (see below).

Table notes

Macro lenses

Fisheyes

Prime lenses without autofocus

Other lenses
3D lenses
 Panasonic Lumix G 12.5mm 3D lens 12 (35mm EFL and aperture = 65mm24) when using 16:9 format on Panasonic Lumix DMC-GH2.  This lens is only compatible with newer Panasonic bodies and the Olympus OMD E-M5. Not compatible with Panasonic Lumix DMC G-1, GF-1 and GH-1. Not compatible with any Olympus PEN digital cameras.

Digiscoping lenses
 SLR Magic 12-36x50 ED spotting scope for micro four thirds 8-25 (announced September 2011)(35mm EFL and aperture = 840–2520 mm 16-50)

Pinhole
 SLR Magic x Toy Lens Pinhole 128 'lens' cap (announced March 2012)(35mm EFL and aperture = 12mm 256)
 Wanderlust Pinwide 96 - f/128 'lens' cap

3D
On July 27, 2010 Panasonic announced the development of a three-dimensional optic solution for the Micro Four Thirds system. A specially designed lens allows it to capture stereo images compatible with VIERA 3D-TV-sets and Blu-ray 3D Disc Players.


Velké Poříčí

Velké Poříčí () is a market town and municipality in Náchod District in the Hradec Králové Region of the Czech Republic.


Dorlestone Hall

Dorlestone Hall was a manor house at Darlaston, a locality also known as Dorlestone, near Stone, Staffordshire, England, on the Trent.

The Hall was built prior to the Reformation.  Prior to 1503, the Hall was leased by Jacobus Colyar, who had probably fought in Spain during the Reconquista, as he was given a letters patent with symbols of prowess in the Crusades.   In 1503, the Hall was leased by his son, Robert Colyar.  He became a wool trader and married Agnes Venables de Kinderton.  His son, Thurston, also leased the Hall.  In 1537, its ownership passed from Burton Abbey to Thurston's son, James Collier.  The abbey was dissolved two years later.  In 1685, a descendant, James Collier, sold the Hall to William Jervis.

The property is associated with Richard Barnfield, who is one of the candidates for Shakespeare's "Rival Poet". A "Richard Barnfield of Dorlestone in the Countie of Stafford Esquire" who died here in 1627, was formerly believed to be the poet, but current thinking is that the death recorded was that of his father whose name he shared.

In 1880 the estate was acquired by the Meakin family from the Jervis family.
The house was demolished after the Second World War.


Yuxarı Astanlı

Yuxarı Astanlı (also, Yukhary Astanly and Verkhniye Astanly) is a village in the Yardymli Rayon of Azerbaijan.


Armalcolite

Armalcolite () is a titanium-rich mineral with the chemical formula (Mg,Fe2+)Ti2O5. It was first found at Tranquility Base on the Moon in 1969 during the Apollo 11 mission, and is named for Armstrong, Aldrin and Collins, the three Apollo 11 astronauts. Together with tranquillityite and pyroxferroite, it is one of three new minerals that were discovered on the Moon. Armalcolite was later identified at various locations on Earth and has been synthesized in the laboratory. (Tranquillityite and pyroxferroite were also later found at various locations on Earth). The synthesis requires low pressures, high temperatures and rapid quenching from about 1,000 °C to the ambient temperature. Armalcolite breaks down to a mixture of magnesium-rich ilmenite and rutile at temperatures below 1,000 °C, but the conversion slows down with cooling. Because of this quenching requirement, armalcolite is relatively rare and is usually found in association with ilmenite and rutile, among other minerals.

Occurrence

Armalcolite was originally found on the Moon, in the Sea of Tranquility at Tranquility Base, and also in the Taurus–Littrow valley and the Descartes Highlands. The largest amounts were provided by the Apollo 11 and 17 missions. It was later identified on Earth from samples of lamproite dikes and plugs taken in Smoky Butte, Garfield County, Montana, US. On the Earth, it also occurs in Germany (Nördlinger Ries impact crater in Bavaria), Greenland (Disko Island), Mexico (El Toro cinder cone, San Luis Potosí), South Africa (Jagersfontein, Bultfontein and Dutoitspan kimberlite mines), Spain (Albacete Province and Jumilla, Murcia), Ukraine (Pripyat Swell), United States (Knippa quarry, Uvalde County, Texas and Smoky
Butte, Jordan, Montana) and Zimbabwe (Mwenezi District). Armalcolite was also detected in lunar meteorites, such as Dhofar 925 and 960 found in Oman.

Armalcolite is a minor mineral found in titanium-rich basalt rocks, volcanic lava and sometimes granite pegmatite, ultramafic rocks, lamproites and kimberlites. It is associated with various mixed iron-titanium oxides, graphite, analcime, diopside, ilmenite, phlogopite and rutile. It forms elongated crystals up to about 0.1–0.3 mm in length embedded in a basalt matrix. Petrographic analysis suggests that armalcolite is typically formed at low pressures and high temperatures.

Synthesis
Armalcolite crystals up to several millimeters in length can be grown by mixing powders of iron, titanium and magnesium oxides in the correct ratio, melting them in a furnace at about 1,400 °C, letting the melt crystallize for a few days at about 1,200 °C, and then quenching the crystals to the ambient temperature. The quenching step is required both for laboratory and natural synthesis in order to avoid conversion of armalcolite to a mixture of magnesium-rich ilmenite (Mg-) and rutile (TiO2) at temperatures below 1,000 °C. This conversion threshold temperature increases with pressure and eventually crosses the melting point, meaning that the mineral cannot be formed at sufficiently high pressures. Because of this conversion to ilmenite, armalcolite has a relatively low abundance and is associated with ilmenite and rutile. Consequently, the relative amount of ilmenite and armalcolite can be used as an indicator of the cooling rate of a mineral during its formation.

Properties

Armalcolite has a general chemical formula (Mg,Fe2+)Ti2O5. It forms opaque masses which appear gray (ortho-armalcolite) to tan (para-armalcolite) in reflection, with gray varieties being most common, especially in synthetic samples. The crystal structure is the same for the ortho- and para-armalcolite. Their chemical composition does not differ significantly, but there is a difference in the MgO and Cr2O3 content which was attributed to dissimilar coloration. Armalcolite is a part of the pseudobrookite group which consists of minerals of the general formula X2YO5. X and Y are usually Fe (2+ and 3+), Mg, Al, and Ti. End members are armalcolite ((Mg,Fe)Ti2O5), pseudobrookite (Fe2TiO5), ferropseudobrookite (FeTi2O5) and "karrooite" (MgTi2O5). They are isostructural and all have orthorhombic crystal structure and occur in lunar and terrestrial rocks.

Chemical composition of most armalcolite samples can be decomposed into a sum of metal oxides as follows: TiO2 (concentration 71–76%), FeO (10–17%), MgO (5.5–9.4%), Al2O3 (1.48-2%), Cr2O3 (0.3-2%) and MnO (0-0.83%). Whereas the titanium content is relatively constant, the ratio of magnesium to iron varies and is usually lower than 1. A so-called Cr-Zr-Ca variety of armacolite is distinguished which has an elevated content of Cr2O3 (4.3–11.5%), ZrO2 (3.8–6.2%) and CaO (3-3.5%). These varieties are not distinct and intermediate compositions are also found. The iron-poor (magnesium-rich) modification of armacolite has the same crystal structure and occurs in the Earth's crust as the mineral unofficially named "karrooite".

Most titanium is present in armalcolite in the 4+ state, owing to the reducing synthesis environment, but there is a significant fraction of Ti3+ in lunar samples. The Ti3+/Ti4+ ratio in armalcolite can serve as an indicator of fugacity (effective partial pressure) of oxygen during the mineral's formation. It also allows one to distinguish lunar and terrestrial armalcolite, as Ti3+/Ti4+ = 0 for the latter.

Since armalcolite's formula is (Mg,Fe2+)Ti2O5, it follows the general formula of XY2O5 where the X=(Mg and Fe2+), Y=Ti, and O is oxygen. Both X and Y sites are octahedrally coordinated and the radius ratio between the cations and the anions in armalcolite are at three to five ratio equaling 0.6 making the structure octahedral. Armalcolite is a titanium-rich mineral that falls under the magnesianferropseudobrookite mineral group with Fe2+Ti2O5 and MgTi2O5 as end members. Due to having octahedral symmetry, armalcolite has solid solution (cation substitution) between multiple elements Fe2+, Fe3+, Mg, Al, and Ti; this is because of their similarities in atomic radii and charge. The crystallographic structure exhibited by armalcolite is an orthombic-dipyramid, thus falls in the orthorhombic category and has a 2/m 2/m 2/m point group and space group of Bbmm. Inside the M1 sites for armalcolite it is ideal for iron to reside there due to the larger size of iron and for M2, magnesium and titanium have a distribution between the two sites. In the metal sites, titanium has an eightfold; magnesium and iron with a four coordination. The magnesium and iron ratio in armalcolite decreases with decreasing temperature from 0.81 at 1,200 °C to 0.59 at 1,150 °C. Once the armalcolite reaches 1,125 °C it is replaced with ilmenite, FeTiO3, which lacks both magnesium and iron.

The crystal structure of armalcolite is close to that of distorted brookite. It is based on deformed octahedra, with a titanium atom in the center and six oxygen atoms at the corners. Magnesium or iron ions are located in the interstitial sites; they do not contribute significantly to the lattice framework, which is held by Ti-O bonds via the corners of the octahedra. However, these ions affect optical properties, rendering the mineral opaque in contrast to the transparent titanium dioxide TiO2.


Tokyo Gas

, founded in 1885, is the primary provider of natural gas to the main cities of Tokyo, Kanagawa, Saitama, Chiba, Ibaraki, Tochigi, Gunma, Yamanashi, and Nagano. , Tokyo Gas is the largest natural gas utility in Japan.

Timeline
October 1, 1885, Tokyo Gas was founded by Shibusawa Eiichi and Asano Sōichirō by acquiring business of Tokyo Prefecture Gas Bureau.
1912, Tokyo Gas merged with Chiyoda Gas.
1913, Tokyo Gas merged with Kawasaki Gas.
1944, Tokyo Gas acquired business of Yokohama City Gas Bureau.
May 2016, Tokyo Gas merged with Chiba Gas, Tsukuba Gakuen Gas Corporation, and Miho Gas.

External links
Tokyo Gas website (Japanese)
Tokyo Gas website (English)


Shirak Poghosyan

Shirak Poghosyan (, born September 24, 1969 in Yerevan, Armenian SSR) is an Armenian long jumper. He competed at the 2000 Summer Olympics in the men's long jump. Poghosyan's best jump is 8.08 meters, achieved in 2000.


Luis Tiant Sr.

Luis Eleuterio Tiant Bravo () (August 27, 1906 – December 10, 1976) was a pitcher in Negro league baseball, as well as Cuba, the Dominican Republic, and Mexico. He also performed with barnstorming teams.
Tiant's career extended from 1926 through 1948. In the Negro Leagues, he played for the Havana Red Sox, Cuban Stars West and New York Cubans, between 1928 and 1947.

Tiant featured a screwball. Bill James and Rob Neyer ranked it the seventh-best screwball of all time.

Tiant's son, Luis Clemente Tiant, was a major league starting pitcher from 1964 to 1982. In August 1975, the elder Tiant and his wife were granted permission by Cuban leader Fidel Castro to visit the United States, so they could watch their son pitch in the major leagues. The Tiants' visit to the US is featured in the 2009 documentary film about their son, The Lost Son of Havana. The Tiants remained in the US, and the elder Luis Tiant died 16 months later in Milton, Massachusetts. He was often referred to as "Luis Tiant Sr." by contemporary press to differentiate him from his son.


Lasiognathus dinema

Lasiognathus dinema is a species of wolftrap angler found in the deep waters of the northern Gulf of Mexico. It is found at depths of around 3,280 to 4,900 feet (1,000 to 1,500 meter).

This species is part of the Angler Fish species. This species has an illicium that is 15-47mm long. The illicium is surrounded by a posterior extension that helps protect it and has a this translucent posterior escal (umbrella like).

This species get its name due to its escal hooks Greek prefix di- 'two' and nemo- 'thread'.


The Singles, Volume II: 1960–1963

The Singles, Volume II: 1960–1963 is the second compilation in a series of releases by Hip-O Select Records compiling the singles of James Brown. This compilation features all 7" single releases, including re-issues and cancelled singles. Many of the songs in this collection feature backing vocals by his singing group, The Famous Flames.

Track listing
Disc 1
"The Bells" (Billy Ward) – 2:59 – James Brown
"And I Do Just What I Want" (James Brown) – 2:26 – James Brown
"Hold It" (Clifford Scott, Billy Butler) – 2:12 – James Brown Presents His Band
"The Scratch" (James Alston) – 1:47 – James Brown Presents His Band
"Bewildered" (Leonard Whitcup, Teddy Powell) – 2:27 – James Brown & the Famous Flames
"If You Want Me" (James Brown) – 2:26 – James Brown & the Famous Flames
"Suds" (Nathaniel Kendrick) – 2:22 – James Brown Presents His Band
"Sticky" (James Brown, J.C. Davis) – 2:46 – James Brown Presents His Band
"I Don't Mind" (James Brown) – 2:47 – James Brown & the Famous Flames
"Love Don't Love Nobody" (Roy Brown) – 2:08 – James Brown & the Famous Flames
"Cross Firing" (James Brown) – 2:25 – James Brown Presents His Band
"Night Flying" (James Brown) – 2:18 – James Brown Presents His Band
"Baby, You're Right" (Joe Tex, James Brown) – 3:05 – James Brown & the Famous Flames
"I'll Never, Never Let You Go" (James Brown) – 2:22 – James Brown & the Famous Flames
"I Love You, Yes I Do" (Guy Wood, Edward Seiler, Sol Marcus, Sally Nix, Henry Glover) – 2:49 – James Brown & the Famous Flames
"Just You and Me, Darling" (James Brown) – 2:49 – James Brown & the Famous Flames
"Lost Someone" (James Brown, Eugene Stallworth, Bobby Byrd) – 3:08 – James Brown & the Famous Flames
"Night Train" (Oscar Washington, Lewis Simpkins, Jimmy Forrest) – 3:33 – James Brown & the Famous Flames
"Why Does Everything Happen to Me" (James Brown) – 2:11 – James Brown & the Famous Flames
"Bewildered" (Demo) (Leonard Whitcup, Teddy Powell) – 2:54 – James Brown & the Famous Flames

Disc 2
"Shout and Shimmy" (James Brown) – 2:52 – James Brown & the Famous Flames
"Come Over Here" (James Brown) – 2:46 – James Brown & the Famous Flames
"Mashed Potatoes U.S.A." (James Brown) – 2:54 – James Brown & the Famous Flames
"You Don't Have To Go" (James Brown) – 2:50 – James Brown & the Famous Flames
"(Can You) Feel It-Part 1" (James Brown) – 2:59 – James Brown Presents His Band
"(Can You) Feel It-Part 2" (James Brown) – 2:38 – James Brown Presents His Band
"Three Hearts in a Tangle" (R.S. Pennington, Sonny Thompson) – 2:55 – James Brown & the Famous Flames
"I've Got Money" (James Brown) – 2:32 – James Brown & the Famous Flames
"Like a Baby" (Jesse Stone) – 2:54 – James Brown & the Famous Flames
"Every Beat of My Heart" (Johnny Otis) – 3:46 – James Brown & the Famous Flames
"Prisoner of Love" (Leo Robin, Clarence Gaskill, Russ Columbo) – 2:29 – James Brown & the Famous Flames
"Choo-Choo" (James Brown) – 2:55 – James Brown & the Famous Flames
"These Foolish Things" (Holt Marvell, Jack Strachey, Harry Link) – 2:56 – James Brown & the Famous Flames
"(Can You) Feel It-Part 1" (James Brown) – 2:59 – James Brown Presents His Band
"Devil's Den-Part 1" (James Brown) – 2:40 – The Poets
"Devil's Den-Part 2" (James Brown) – 2:34 – The Poets
"Signed, Sealed, and Delivered" (Cowboy Copas, Syd Nathan) – 2:51 – James Brown & the Famous Flames
"Waiting in Vain" (Ivory Joe Hunter) – 2:48 – James Brown & the Famous Flames
"Oh Baby Don't You Weep-Part 1" (James Brown) – 2:58 – James Brown & the Famous Flames
"Oh Baby Don't You Weep-Part 2" (James Brown) – 3:03 – James Brown & the Famous Flames

External links
 The Singles, Volume II: 1960–1963 at Pitchfork Media


Maizilly

Maizilly is a commune in the Loire department in central France.

Population


Flo Bilton

Florence "Flo" Bilton (1921 – 22 July 2004) was an English association football coach and administrator. She was an officer of the Women's Football Association (WFA) from its formation in 1969 until its incorporation into The FA in 1993.

Bilton's involvement in football began in 1963, when she put together a female team from the Reckitt & Colman factory where she worked to play a nearby Smith & Nephew factory. Reckitt & Colman won 2–1, with Bilton playing as a veteran goalkeeper. She remained as Reckitt & Colman manager and was secretary of the nascent Hull League. She later helped local players Carol Thomas and Gail Borman progress to the England national team.

As a founding member of the WFA, Bilton undertook a variety of unglamorous but important off-field roles during the organisation's 24-year history. She borrowed an England national football team cap from her neighbour Raich Carter and then made copies for England's female national team players.

Former England player Wendy Owen praised Bilton in her 2005 autobiography: "She was a wonderful person who could and did turn her hand to just about anything that might help other women to get enjoyment out of the game." In 1997 Sue Lopez declared: "Flo Bilton is one of the unsung heroines and one of the greatest supporters of women's football."

In 2018 Bilton was awarded a commemorative plaque by her home city of Kingston upon Hull. At the Guildhall unveiling, former England captains Karen Walker and Carol Thomas both made speeches in Bilton's honour.


Héctor Arredondo

Héctor Arredondo Casillas (November 12, 1970 – November 16, 2014), was a Mexican television, film and stage actor. He worked with TV Azteca as an actor of telenovelas.

Personal life and death
The actor was romantically linked with actress Carla Hernández, with whom he had his daughter Camila; He also had another daughter, Kia, from a previous relationship.

Arredondo was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer in September 2014. The actor died of the disease on November 16, 2014. The news was confirmed by the press Department of Azteca, company with which he collaborated for 13 years.

Filmography


Dave Dir

David Dir (born June 23, 1959) is a United States soccer coach and broadcaster and a former player. He played professionally in Nasl and usisl. He has coached in the American Professional Soccer League, NCAA, Major League Soccer, and the United States under-20 national team. Dir was one of the original ten head coaches in Major League Soccer, coaching the Dallas Burn from 1996 until 2000. At the time of his departure in 2000, Dir had amassed a regular-season record of 81-75-4, which was at the time more than any other head coach in MLS history.

Playing career
Dir played youth soccer with the Chicago Kickers.  He attended Western Illinois University, where he majored in broadcasting.  In 1980, the Chicago Sting of the North American Soccer League drafted Dir with their first selection in the 1980 NASL College Draft.  He suffered an injury in his first season and never played in a league game for the team.  He later played for the Colorado Comets in the USISL.

Coaching career

Amateur
In 1989, Dir began his coaching career as an assistant with the Colorado Foxes in the American Professional Soccer League.
In 1990, Regis University hired Dir as head coach of the men's soccer team. His teams won the Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference both seasons with a record of 10-5-2 in 1990 and 9-5-4 in 1991. He was voted the 1990 RMAC Coach of the Year.

In 1992, he left Regis to become head coach of the Colorado Foxes of the American Professional Soccer League. In his two and a half seasons with the team, he won the APSL championship twice, as well as the pro cup and regular season championship in each year. In May 1994, he resigned as head coach when his wife, who was a flight attendant, was transferred to a new location.

MLS and U.S. U-20 team
Dir was approached by Major League Soccer (MLS), which was preparing for its first season, to become the head of player personnel in charge of all scouting and creation of the original MLS player pool. Dir was the first employee hired by MLS. Dir worked with Sunil Gulati as a director of player personnel for the new league for two years.

In 1994, Dir left the league position and became the first head coach of the Dallas Burn, a position he held from 1996, the club's inaugural year, until 2000. In 2000, the club fired Dir. Dir was the longest serving of the original ten MLS head coaches, winning the 1997 U.S. Open Cup.  Dir remains in the top ten for all time MLS wins as a head coach with eighty-four.

Dir served as an assistant coach with the U-20 men's national team from 2002 to 2011. Dir has been a coach through four cycles of the U-20 program with various head coaches.

Dir served as chief scout for the Vancouver Whitecaps from 2011 to 2012. He has consistently been linked to many of MLS's head coaching and technical director vacancies as a candidate for those positions.

Broadcasting career
Dir became a soccer broadcaster with ESPN and Fox Sports.  He hosted World Cup Tonight in 2002 and was a co-host on MLS Primetime.  He also provided color commentary for national team broadcasts as well as MLS Cup on ABC.  Currently he works on MLS broadcasts for multiple clubs in the league.

In 2002 Dir became a partner and is serving as president of the Associated Soccer Group, a national soccer education company which operates and oversees the operations of clubs in Dallas, Georgia and Florida.


Monster House (film)

Monster House is a 2006 American 3D computer-animated supernatural horror film directed by Gil Kenan in his directorial debut from a screenplay by Dan Harmon, Rob Schrab and Pamela Pettler, about a neighborhood being terrorized by a sentient haunted house during Halloween. The film features the voices of Mitchel Musso, Sam Lerner, Spencer Locke, Steve Buscemi, Maggie Gyllenhaal, Kevin James, Nick Cannon, Jason Lee, Fred Willard, Jon Heder, Catherine O'Hara and Kathleen Turner, as well as human characters being animated using live action motion capture animation, which was previously used in The Polar Express (2004).

Produced by Robert Zemeckis' ImageMovers and Steven Spielberg's Amblin Entertainment, the film was released theatrically by Columbia Pictures on July 21, 2006 to generally positive reviews from critics. It grossed $140 million worldwide against a production budget of $75 million.

Plot

While the parents of 12-year-old D.J. Walters are away for the weekend, he is left in the care of his negligent babysitter Zee. D.J. has been spying on his elderly neighbor Mr. Horace Nebbercracker, who scares away children and confiscates their belongings that land in his front yard. After D.J.'s best friend Chowder loses his basketball on Nebbercracker's lawn, D.J. is caught attempting to retrieve it, but the enraged Nebbercracker suffers a heart attack and is taken away by ambulance. That night, D.J. gets phone calls from the house with no one there and eavesdrops on Zee's boyfriend Bones, who tells her about losing his kite on Nebbercracker's lawn when he was younger and that Nebbercracker supposedly ate his wife.

Later, Bones sees his lost kite in the house's front door, but is suddenly devoured by the house while attempting to retrieve it. D.J. meets up with Chowder and the two investigate, but retreat when the house comes to life and attacks them. The next morning, schoolgirl Jenny Bennett sells Halloween candy and goes to the house; D.J. and Chowder rush out to save her before she gets eaten. Jenny promptly calls police officers Landers and Lister, who unfortunately do not believe the trio because the house is inactive when adults are present.

The trio then consult local video gamer Reginald "Skull" Skulinski, supposedly an expert on the supernatural. They learn from him that the house is a rare monster created when a human soul merges with a man-made structure and that it can only be killed by destroying its heart. Concluding the heart must be the furnace, the trio create and bring a dummy containing cold medicine taken from Chowder's father's pharmacy to the house. Before the dummy reaches the house however, Landers and Lister return, thwart their plan and arrest them after Landers discovers the stolen medicine inside the dummy. The house eats the two officers and their police car where D.J., Chowder and Jenny have been shut.

After the house falls asleep, the three begin exploring. In the basement, they find toys accumulated from Nebbercracker's lawn as well as a door opening to a shrine containing the encased-in-cement body of Nebbercracker's late wife, Constance the Giantess. The house becomes aware of their presence and attacks them, though they force it to vomit them outside by grabbing its uvula. Nebbercracker returns alive, revealing that Constance's spirit is within the house and that, instead of eating her, he had given her the happiest times in her life. As a young man, he met Constance, then an unwilling member of a circus freak show, and fell in love with her despite her obesity. One Halloween, as children tormented her due to her size, Constance tried chasing them away but lost her footing and fell to her death in the unfinished basement. Nebbercracker had finished building the house, knowing it was what she would have wanted. Aware that Constance's spirit made the house come alive, however, he pretended to hate children in order to protect them.

D.J. convinces Nebbercracker to let Constance go, much to the house's anger. It breaks free from its foundation and chases the group to a construction site. Nebbercracker realizes the recent trouble Constance caused and attempts to blow the house up with dynamite, but it attacks him. As Chowder fights off the house with an excavator, D.J. and Jenny climb to the top of a crane and D.J. throws the dynamite given to him by Nebbercracker into the house's chimney, causing it to explode and release Constance's ghost. D.J. apologizes to Nebbercracker for his losses, but Nebbercracker thanks the trio for freeing him and his wife from being trapped for 45 years. Later that night, children in their Halloween costumes line up at the site of the house where Nebbercracker, D.J., Chowder and Jenny return their toys to them. After Jenny's mother picks her up and D.J.'s parents return, Chowder and D.J. go trick-or-treating, which they earlier felt they were too old for. Those who were eaten by the house emerge from the basement.

Voice cast

 Mitchel Musso as Dustin Jay "D.J." Walters
 Sam Lerner as Charles "Chowder"
 Spencer Locke as Jennifer "Jenny" Bennett
 Steve Buscemi as Horace Nebbercracker
 Maggie Gyllenhaal as Elizabeth "Zee"
 Kevin James as Police Officer Landers
 Nick Cannon as Police Officer Lister
 Jon Heder as Reginald "Skull" Skulinski
 Jason Lee as Bones
 Catherine O'Hara as Mrs. Walters
 Fred Willard as Mr. Walters
 Kathleen Turner as Constance Nebbercracker, Horace's wife
 Ryan Newman as Eliza, a six-year-old who trespasses on Nebbercracker's lawn

Production
The film was initially set up at DreamWorks Animation, based on a pitch by newcomer Gil Kenan. By 2004, the studio put the film in turnaround, to which Sony Pictures picked up the project and began production on August 24 of that year.

The film was shot using performance capture, in which the actors performed the characters' movement and lines while linked to sensors, a process pioneered by Robert Zemeckis for his film The Polar Express (2004). A stereoscopic 3D version of the film was created and had a limited release in digital 3D stereo alongside the "flat" version. It was also released in approximately 200 theaters equipped with the new RealD Cinema digital 3D stereoscopic projection. The process was not based on film, but was purely digital. Since the original source material was "built" in virtual 3D, it created a very rich stereoscopic environment. For the film's release, the studio nicknamed it Imageworks 3D.

Reception

Critical response
Review aggregation site Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a 75% approval rating, based on 161 reviews with an average rating of 6.83/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Monster House offers adults and children alike into a household full of smart, monstrous fun." On Metacritic the film has a score of 68 out of 100 based on 32 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews." Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale.

Ian Freer of Empire gave the film 4 out of 5 stars, stating "A kind of Goonies for the Noughties, Monster House is a visually dazzling thrill ride that scales greater heights through its winning characters and poignantly etched emotions. A scary, sharp, funny movie, this is the best kids’ flick of the year so far." Jane Boursaw of Common Sense Media also gave it 4 stars out of 5, saying "This is one of those movies where all the planets align: a top-notch crew (director Gil Kenan; executive producers Steven Spielberg and Robert Zemeckis), memorable voices that fit the characters perfectly; and a great story, ingenious backstory, and twisty-turny ending." Roger Moore of the Orlando Sentinel also gave the film four stars out of five, saying "This Monster House is a real fun house. It's a 3-D animated kids' film built on classic gothic horror lines, a jokey, spooky Goonies for the new millennium." Scott Bowles of USA Today gave the film a positive review, saying that "The movie treats children with respect. Monster'''s pre-teens are sarcastic, think they're smarter than their parents and are going crazy over the opposite sex. Amy Biancolli of the Houston Chronicle wrote, "It's engineered to scare your pants off, split your sides and squeeze your tear ducts into submission." Michael Medved called it "ingenious" and "slick, clever [and] funny" while also cautioning parents about letting small children see it due to its scary and intense nature, adding that a "PG-13 rating would have been more appropriate than its PG rating." A. O. Scott of The New York Times commented, "One of the spooky archetypes of childhood imagination—the dark, mysterious house across the street—is literally brought to life in "Monster House," a marvelously creepy animated feature directed by Gil Kenan."

However, the film was not without its detractors. Frank Lovece of Film Journal International praised director Gil Kenan as "a talent to watch" but berated the "internal logic [that] keeps changing.... D.J.'s parents are away, and the house doesn't turn monstrous in front of his teenage babysitter, Zee. But it does turn monstrous in front of her boyfriend, Bones. It doesn't turn monstrous in front of the town's two cops until, in another scene, it does." In a dismissive review, Todd McCarthy of Variety wrote: "Alert 'Harry Potter' fans will notice the script shamelessly lifts the prime personality traits of J. K. Rowling's three most important young characters for its lead trio: Tall, dark-haired, serious-minded DJ is Harry, semi-dufus Chowder is Ron and their new cohort, smarty-pants prep school redhead Jenny (Spencer Locke), is Hermione.... it is a theme-park ride, with shocks and jolts provided with reliable regularity. Across 90 minutes, however, the experience is desensitizing and dispiriting and far too insistent."

Box officeMonster House opened theatrically on July 21, 2006, alongside Clerks II, Lady in the Water and My Super Ex-Girlfriend, and grossed $22,217,226 in its opening weekend, ranking number two at the North American box office. The film ended its theatrical run on October 22, 2006, having grossed $73,661,010 domestically and $66,513,996 overseas for a worldwide total of $140,175,006 against a production budget of $75 million.

Awards and nominations

In 2008, the American Film Institute nominated this film for its Top 10 Animation Films list.

Video game

A video game based on the film was released by THQ on July 18, 2006 for the PlayStation 2, Nintendo GameCube, Game Boy Advance and Nintendo DS.


Folu Erinle

Folu Erinle (born 29 January 1940) is a Nigerian former hurdler who competed in the 1964 Summer Olympics.


Naval Aviation Depot Alameda

Naval Aviation Depot Alameda is a former United States Navy aviation depot which was located at Naval Air Station Alameda until it was closed by the 1993 Base Realignment and Closure Commission.

External links
Information on workers at the depot


Kent Cullers

Kent Cullers (born 1949) is an American astronomer, who was a manager of SETI's Project Phoenix. In 2005, he retired from the SETI Institute.

Early life and education
Cullers was born 1949 in El Reno, Oklahoma, the son of an oil field engineer. His birth was premature and to save his life he was placed in an incubator filled with pure oxygen. The excess oxygen damaged his retinas, leaving him totally blind. His father, a physicist, read astronomy books to Cullers as a child, influencing the boy's later aspirations. He grew up in Temple City, California, where he was a highly ranked student. He first studied psychology at nearby Pomona College, but against great resistance changed his major to physics midway through college. He received his Ph.D. in physics from the University of California, Berkeley in 1980. He is the first totally blind physicist in the United States, and is believed to be the first astronomer who was blind from birth (although some astronomers have become blind in their old age, most notably Galileo Galilei).

Career
Kent Cullers worked for NASA's Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI) program upon graduating from Berkeley. From 1985 to 1990, he was the Targeted Search Signal Detection Team Leader with the SETI Institute. He developed advanced computer algorithms for detection of continuous and pulsed signals originating from distant Earth-like planets.

From 1990 to March 1994, he was the signal detection subsystem manager for the High Resolution Microwave Survey (HRMS) Project at NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California. He supervised the development of hardware and software for signal detection for HRMS. From 1993 to March 1994, Cullers led the SETI Research & Technology effort and managed the upgrading and replication of all the digital data processing equipment for HRMS. NASA's HRMS Project was cancelled by the United States Congress in October 1993, but Cullers still participated in Project Phoenix, the SETI Institute's continuation of the Targeted Search portion of HRMS. He resigned from NASA in October 1995, and rejoined the SETI Institute as a senior scientist and project manager for Project Phoenix. Dr. Cullers retired from the SETI Institute in 2005.

In popular culture
Kent Cullers was the subject of a short documentary film produced by his wife, photographer Lisa Powers. In 1997, he was portrayed by actor William Fichtner as the fictional character Kent Clark in the movie Contact.


Iryna Glibko

Iryna Glibko (; born 18 February 1990) is a Ukrainian professional handballer who plays for Liga Națională club SCM Râmnicu Vâlcea and the Ukrainian national team.

Trophies
Liga Națională:
Winner: 2015, 2019
Supercupa României:
Winner: 2018
Bucharest Trophy:
Winner: 2014

Individual awards
 Liga Națională Top Scorer: 2013, 2018
 Cupa României Top Scorer: 2018
 Gala Premiilor Handbalului Românesc Liga Națională Left Back of the Season: 2019
 Gala Premiilor Handbalului Românesc Liga Națională Foreign Player of the Season: 2019


Martine Coulombe

Martine Coulombe is a Canadian politician, who was elected to the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick in the 2010 provincial election. She represented the electoral district of Restigouche-La-Vallée as a member of the Progressive Conservatives until the 2014 election, when she was defeated by Gilles LePage in the redistributed riding of Restigouche West.

She is the sister of federal Member of Parliament Bernard Valcourt.


Mauritian rupee

The Mauritian rupee (sign: ₨; code: MUR; ) is the currency of Mauritius. One rupee is subdivided into 100 cents. Several other currencies are also called rupee.

Coins

In 1877, coins for 1, 2, 5, 10 and 20 cents were introduced, with the lower three denominations in copper and the higher two in silver. Coin production ceased in 1899 and did not recommence until 1911, with silver coins not produced again until 1934, when ¼-, ½- and 1-rupee coins were introduced. In 1947, cupro-nickel 10 cents were introduced, with cupro-nickel replacing silver in 1950.1000

In 1971 a new set of coins and banknotes were introduced by the Royal Mint.  This set has Queen Elizabeth II on the obverse and a range of heraldic motives on the reverse. Some of the reverse designs for this set were designed by Christopher Ironside OBE including the 10-rupee, 200-gold-rupee and 250-gold-rupee (issued 1988).

In 1987, a new series of coins was introduced which, for the first time, did not feature the portrait of the monarch (Mauritius did not become a republic until 1992) but that of Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam. This coinage consisted of copper-plated-steel 1 and 5 cents (the 5 cents was substantially reduced in size), nickel-plated-steel 20 cents and ½ rupee, and cupro-nickel 1 and 5 rupees. Cupro-nickel 10 rupees were introduced in 1997. Coins currently in circulation are the 5 cents, 20 cents, ½ rupee, 1, 5, 10 and 20 rupees. Coins below 1 rupee in value are generally regarded as "supermarket" small-change. The 1 cent coin has not been seen in circulation for many years, and the last series of 1 cent coins issued in 1987 are only seen as collectors' items.

In 2007, a bi-metallic 20-rupee coin was issued to commemorate the 40th anniversary of the Bank of Mauritius, and this has now become a coin in general circulation.

Banknotes

The first banknotes were issued by the government dated 1876 in denominations of 5, 10 and 50 rupees. 1-rupee banknotes were added in 1919. In 1940, emergency issues were made of 25 and 50 cents and 1 rupee. In 1954, 25 and 1000 rupees were introduced.

The Bank of Mauritius was established in September 1967 as the nation's central bank and has been responsible for the issue of banknotes and coins since that time. The bank issued its first notes in 1967, comprising four denominations: 5, 10, 25, and 50 rupees, all undated and featuring a portrait of Queen Elizabeth II on the obverse. Over the years, some denominations were revised with new signatures of the Bank's Governor and Managing Director but were otherwise unchanged.

In 1985, the Bank of Mauritius issued a completely new set of banknotes of 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 500 and 1000 rupees. A close study of these banknotes reveals an interesting array of subsets which were printed by two banknote printing companies (Bradbury Wilkinson and Thomas de La Rue). The banknotes were also designed at different time periods as there are very few identical and consistent design features appearing on all the denominations. Varying banknote numbering systems, different types of security threads, variations in the design and size of the Mauritian Coat of Arms, different ultraviolet light latent printing, inconsistent variations in the size incrementation between the denominations and multiple different typesets are just a few of the differences. This issue lasted up to 1998.

In 1998, The Bank of Mauritius made a new issue of banknotes consisting of 7 denominations, viz. 25, 50, 100, 200, 500, 1,000 and 2,000 rupees. These banknotes had a standard format and were all issued simultaneously in November 1998. All the banknotes of this issue were printed in England by Thomas de la Rue Limited. These first banknotes were withdrawn from circulation in June 1999 following controversies due to the ordering of the text (English, Sanskrit, Tamil) while the population of Mauritius was mostly Tamil.

The Bank of Mauritius made its latest issue of banknotes, which is still current, after June 1999.

Currently circulating banknotes

Obverse designs

Each denomination bears a hand engraved portrait of a prominent Mauritian figure, which appears on the left.

The top of the bill says "Bank of Mauritius". The portrait is toward the center-left of the bill and below the portrait is the name of the person in the portrait and their year of birth to year of death. On the bottom-left is the coat of arms of Mauritius. There is also a drawing of the Bank of Mauritius building and a portrayal of the statue of justice in the background of each of the denominations in the center of the bill. The value of the bill is in the top-right corner with the "₨" symbol in front the value. Below the value in the top-right corner is a feature to aid the visually impaired. This is in addition to the differences in sizes between the banknotes of various denominations. The left side of the note says the numerical value of the note, with the "₨" symbol to the left of the value, written sideways left-faced up. On top of the numerical value on the left side is the serial number of the bill. The serial number is also on the center-right of the bill. On the top-center of the bill is states "This Note Is Legal Tender For", then it states the bill's value written out in English (ex: "One Hundred"), and below that it says "Rupees". Below that it says the value of the bill in Tamil, and below that it says the value of the bill in Bhojpuri-Hindi. Below that is the signature of the Governor of the Bank of Mauritius and next to that is the signature of the  Managing Director, or it could have the signatures of the First Deputy Governor, then the Governor, then the Second Deputy Governor. Below that is the year the bill was printed.

Reverse Designs
The top left of the note on the reverse says "Bank of Mauritius". The left side of the note says the numerical value of the note, with the "₨" symbol to the left of the value, written sideways left-faced up. The top right of the note has the numerical value of the note with the "₨" symbol to the left of the value. Each denomination carries a different vignette, depicting various aspects of Mauritius. The Bhojpuri-Hindi value of the note can be found on the left side of the bottom of the vignette, with the Bhojpuri-Hindi abbreviation of ruppee, "रु" ("ru") in front of the value. The Tamil and Gujarati numerical value of the note can be found on the right side of the bottom of the vignette. The Tamil value is above the Gujarati value.

Features for authenticity verification

 The feel of banknotes paper
 Three-dimensional watermark in the form of a dodo: When held up to the light the head of the dodo can be clearly viewed.
 See-through in the form of a conch shell: this image completes when viewed against direct light.
 Windowed security thread reading "Bank of Mauritius" when held up to the light, this can be seen as a continuous band running through the paper. Viewed flat, the metallic areas can be seen on the surface of the paper.
 Engraved Portrait in Intaglio ink.
 Latent image: when viewed at eye level, the image of "BM" becomes visible.
 Micro-text reading "BM": under a magnifying glass, these letters are clear to see.
 Under ultra-violet light: figures corresponding to the face value of the banknote become apparent.

100-, 200-, 500-, 1000-, 2000-rupee banknotes

Iridescent band in gold: when held under the light, this band visualizes and disappears when the viewing angle is changed.

100-, 200-rupee banknotes

Silver metallic ink: dull silver metallic band running from top to bottom on front, left of note. Metallic strip also beneath top right value numeral.

500-, 1000-rupee banknotes

Silver Foil: two different images, value numeral or geometric shape, can be seen when viewed from different angles.

2000-rupee banknote

Hologram containing images of the dodo and the value "2000"

200-, 500-, 1000-rupee banknotes

Hologram containing images of the dodo and the denomination on the 200-rupee banknote, a deer and the denomination on the 500-rupee banknote and the Bank of Mauritius tower and the denomination on the 1000-rupee banknote.

25-, 50-, 500-rupee banknotes

Revised security features and the change of material from paper to polymer.

2000-rupee banknote
Revised security features and the change of material from paper to polymer.

Commemorative coins


Sedation

Sedation is the reduction of irritability or agitation by administration of sedative drugs, generally to facilitate a medical procedure or diagnostic procedure. Examples of drugs which can be used for sedation include isoflurane, diethyl ether, propofol, etomidate, ketamine, pentobarbital, lorazepam and midazolam.

Medical uses
Sedation is typically used in minor surgical procedures such as endoscopy, vasectomy, or dentistry and for reconstructive surgery, some cosmetic surgeries, removal of wisdom teeth, or for high-anxiety patients. Sedation methods in dentistry include inhalation sedation (using nitrous oxide), oral sedation, and intravenous (IV) sedation. Inhalation sedation is also sometimes referred to as relative analgesia.

Sedation is also used extensively in the intensive care unit so that patients who are being ventilated tolerate having an endotracheal tube in their trachea. Also can be used during a long term brain EEG to help patient relax.

Risks
There are studies claiming that sedation accounts for 40 percent to 50 percent procedure-related complications, that is why this process has attracted attention. Airway obstruction, apnea and hypotension are not uncommon during sedation and require the presence of health professionals who are suitably trained to detect and manage these problems. Aside from the suppression of respiration, risks also include unintended levels of sedation, postoperative somnolence, aspiration, and adverse reactions to sedation medications. Complications could also include perforation, bleeding, and the stimulation of vasovagal reflexes. To avoid sedation risks, care providers conduct a thorough pre-sedation evaluation and this process includes pre-sedation history and physicals with emphasis on the determining characteristics that indicate potential risks to the patient and potential difficult airway management. This process can also reveal if the sedation period needs to be prolonged or additional therapeutic procedures are required.

Levels of sedation
Sedation scales are used in medical situations in conjunction with a medical history in assessing the applicable degree of sedation in patients in order to avoid under-sedation (the patient risks experiencing pain or distress) and over-sedation (the patient risks side effects such as suppression of breathing, which might lead to death).

Examples of sedation scales include MSAT (Minnesota Sedation Assessment Tool), UMSS (University of Michigan Sedation Scale), the Ramsay Scale (Ramsay, et al. 1974) and the RASS (Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale).

The American Society of Anesthesiologists defines the continuum of sedation as follows:
 Minimal sedation – normal response to verbal stimuli.
 Moderate sedation – purposeful response to verbal/tactile stimulation. (This is usually referred to as "conscious sedation")
 Deep sedation – purposeful response to repeated or painful stimulation.
 General anesthesia – unarousable even with painful stimulus.

In the United Kingdom, deep sedation is considered to be a part of the spectrum of general anesthesia, as opposed to conscious sedation.

Patient screening process

Prior to any oral sedation methods being used on a patient, screening must be done to identify possible health concerns. Before using sedation, doctors try to identify any of the following that may apply: known drug allergies and sensitivities, hypertension, heart defects, kidney disease, other allergens, such as latex allergy, history of stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA) (certain oral sedation methods may trigger a TIA), neuromuscular disorders (such as muscular dystrophy), or a current list of medications and herbal supplements taken by the patient. A patient with any of these conditions must be evaluated for special procedures to minimize the risk of patient injury due to the sedation method.

In addition to the aforementioned precautions, patients should be interviewed to determine if they have any other condition that may lead to complications while undergoing treatment. Any head, neck, or spinal cord injuries should be noted as well as any diagnosis of osteoporosis.

Intravenous Sedation
The most common standard conscious sedation technique for adults is intravenous sedation using midazolam. This requires a needle to be put into a vein to deliver the medication, this is known as an IV cannula.

Indications:

 Reduced dental anxiety and phobia
 Traumatic or prolonged dental procedures
 Patients with gag reflex
 Medical conditions potentially aggravated by the stress of dental treatment
 Special care (mild intellectual or physical disability)
 Some disorders involving its spasticity due to its muscle relaxant properties

Contraindications:

 Uncooperative patient
 Psychologically immature individuals
 Patients unable to provide a suitable escort
 Difficult oral surgery or prolonged surgical procedure
 Muscle diseases or diseases which cause muscle wastage
 ASA III or above
 Allergy or hypersensitivity to benzodiazepines
 Pregnancy and breast feeding
 History of psychiatric disorders
 Kidney or liver dysfunction
 Acute pulmonary insufficiency
 Preexisting respiratory conditions as patients are susceptible to respiratory depression
 Alcohol or drug addiction
 Lack of visible superficial veins
 Psychiatric disorders
 CNS depressant medications which can alter reaction to sedation


That Time I Joined the Circus

That Time I Joined the Circus is a 2012 young adult novel set in the United States and written by J. J. Howard.

Plot

That Time I Joined the Circus is about Xandra Ryan, or Lexi, who lives in New York city with her father Gavin, who unexpectedly dies, the same night she betrays one her best friends. Once she realizes that her father left her with absolutely nothing she is told by her dad's lawyer that she works for a traveling circus so she goes to Florida to find her mother that left her and her father. She takes a Greyhound bus to the location of the circus and ends up having an encounter with the owner of the circus, Louie, and realizes that her mother is not there. So knowing that she has nothing and can't go anywhere she accepts a job from Louie and starts her new life working at the novelties.

While getting a job at the circus wasn't what she had planned she made it her new life. As Lexi gets use to her jobs she meets new people that make her feel very welcome to their home. The first day she was there she had breakfast with the crew that she was going to be working with for now. She then meet Jamie who also works there and showed her around. Then he let her into the circus rehearsal to see all the talented people who perform on a daily basis. She meet the daughters of Louie, Lina and Liska, and Lexi believed that they would be stereotypical teenagers but they welcomed her and invited her to go places with them and hang out with her and Lina invited her to live in her trailer so she does not have to live with the crew. Louie doesn't think she should be working on the crew anymore so he lets her add her talent into the circus. She claimed that she didn't really have a talent but then she remembered that she use to read tarot cards for her friends and the lady that use to do that had just left so she became the replacement. Lexi stopped reading cards and now her and Lina worked at the carnival game Go Fish. One night while they were working she got an unexpected visit from Eli her ex-best friend that she had left behind in New York. Seeing him made him so distraught that she fainted.

Now it was the holidays and they didn't have to work. She had asked Jamie if he could teach her how to drive a car. So with Lexi not knowing Jamie borrowed Eli's car. They drove for a long time and then stopped at a motel to stay in for the night. Jamie got a little Christmas tree for the hotel room and they decorated it together. That night they went to find Nick, Lexi's love at club that he works at. When they walk into the club they see a lady singing on the stage and Lexi realized that it was her mother. When they meet they talked and  her mother apologized for what she did. After, they all went home to New York. She finished the school year and graduated. Lina invited her back to visit the circus to give her some new, she was getting married and she wanted her to be a bridesmaid. She also wanted her to be part of a tradition that they had at the circus. Where the crew does the circus show and the performers watch. Lexi did impersonations of the performers. When she went back home afterwards, her and Eli began dating. So she had to decide where she wanted to go to college. If she should stay with Eli or go where she wanted to go. She ended up staying in New York with Eli and they would see each other everyday after school.

Reception

The book That Time I Joined the Circus has gotten very good reviews. Many have been about the setting of the book, the circus setting was a big hit. It is said to be "well-paced debut is a contemporary twist on the old fashioned notion of running away to join the circus," "the circus setting and carnival-esque atmosphere are among my favorite things about this book," "for any reader who ever has felt like running away to the circus." Another thing that was complimented in the reviews was the alternating chapters between the circus and the days before her father dies, "effectively builds suspense by alternating chapters between Lexi's gradual adaption to an itinerant life with the circus and the earlier days in New York leading to Gavin's death." But because it is a new book there is something that could always be improved, "title and cover art are okay and they do both encompass the story well enough," "I just don't see TTIJTC flying off my selves, the 'okay' packaging just does not do this book justice."

Style

The style of the book is said to be "notably sarcastic but nonetheless charming attitude." The narration is described as "entertaining." It has a very circus feel when you read this book "you can almost hear the screams from the midway rides and taste that fluffy pink cotton candy."

Background

Howard explains how "at first, it was homework," this book began as a school assignment for a class on novel writing. She says "the circus setting....was the biggest challenge," but to help her focus she had a "project playlist" to help her tune out the world. The novel was originally called "Reversed from the Very Beginning.

Publication History

Howard explains how the publication process was very "long."


Buntay

Barangay Buntay is a barangay in the town of Dagami, Leyte, Philippines. It is bounded in the north by Barangay Abaca, in the east by Barangay Poponton, in the west by Cambuyacao Creek with Barangay Hinabuyan, and in the south by Barangay Culawin of the town of  Pastrana, Leyte.

Its primary source of income is rice planting, coconuts and other crops such as sweet potato, cassava, legumes.

People

Buntayanon celebrates their feast in the month of May with festivities in honor of its patron saint.

History

Long ago, before Buntay was considered as one of the barangays of Dagami, it lies silently as a place unknown to many. The people were far from each other and the place was just a little forested land and a little pathway for travelling from one place to another as well as their way of transportation to the town. The name 'Buntay' refers to a small longitudinal patch of land with vegetations situated in an open or rice fields.

The people who call it as 'Buntay' which according to their native tongue means "pahalaba". The barrio is a long parcel of land wherein the residents are living at the bank of the main road. There, in that shape of the place, Buntay, got its name. But though the natives called it as such, it was far from their mind that their place is a barrio, even to call their place officially as Buntay, is not a concerned of them.So they just live their peacefully as if isolated from the outside world. When colonization occurs globally, the Westerners lost their way to Buntay. One of the group that gave a great impact to the origin of the name of Buntay were the religious group which they called as "Pulahanes." Along their track, they met some of the natives and as an introduction to friendship, they (Pulahanes), asked the name of the place. Though Buntay was in the mind of the natives, because it was not yet officially declared as such, they can not give the name of the place. They called the elderly people of the place as well as some of the noble men during their time just to answer the friendly question of the stranger. To their surprised about the question, they can not officially gave the name, but rumors and some words that comes out from their lips, Buntay. To settle the problem, it was then that the Pulhanes decided to call the place as Buntay and from that time, it will be called as such. So, from that moment until now, that long time ago, a silent and peaceful land, unofficially known to many, was known as Barangay Buntay.

Barangay Officials

 Francisco Vertulfo (called as Tenyente del Baryo)
 Eustaqiuo Gardiola
 George Bandoles
 Remegio Maat (appointed by the people)
 Roberta Calderon
 Emeterio Sosing
 Anacita Abino
Anacita Calderon
 Pacifico Candalo
 Demeterio Arguilles
 Clarita Superable

This is according to the knowledge of the former Barangay Chairwoman of the said barrio, Anacita Abino.*

Education
Buntay has been blessed by first two buildings for elementary education long before. It was Mr. Geronimo Guerilla who first opened the mind of the pioneers of Buntay to the learning of the world outside when he became the first mentor of the children there. When he died, he was succeeded by Mrs. Marciana Nielo.

The two buildings before were then given by five more. So as of 2007, Buntay had seven small buildings for the education of the Buntayanons.

Election Process

As of 2007, there are about 891 headcounts of qualified voters in Buntay. The census of non-voters are not yet done as of 2008 but more or less, the population may reach to about a thousand people, according to the Census Department of Buntay.

Religion

Some of the intermixed religions in Buntay are; Roman Catholicism, which comprises the large mass of the population and minor religions like "Born Again" (Apostolic Church Of Jesus Christ), "An Tulda Han Ginoo", The Church of Jesus Christ and the Latter-day Saints (Mormons), and other minor religious institutions.


Jiří Vašíček

Jiří Vašíček (born 31 December 1980) is a Czech professional ice hockey defenceman who plays for HC CSOB Pojistovna Pardubice of the Czech Extraliga.

Vašíček previously played for KLH Vajgar Jindřichův Hradec and HC Rebel Havlíčkův Brod.


An Evening of Long Goodbyes

An Evening of Long Goodbyes is a 2003 comic novel by Irish author Paul Murray. It was shortlisted for the 2003 Whitbread First Novel Award and for the 2003 Kerry Group Irish Fiction Award.

Synopsis
An Evening of Long Goodbyes is about a 24-year-old wealthy layabout who prefers to watch Gene Tierney movies in his chaise longue, with a gimlet in hand, rather than go out and find a job.

Charles Hythloday is a Trinity College dropout living with his sister, Christabel ("Bel"), in their parents' mansion, Amaurot (named after the capital city of More's Utopia). There are only two things that Charles loves more than the film actress, Gene Tierney; his home and his struggling actress sister.  While Charles loves his childhood home, Bel notices it makes people become phony, and wants out of the mansion.  Charles argues that his time is well spent building a folly in the back garden and perfecting sprezzatura, the art of acting like a gentleman while making it appear like one is doing nothing at all.  Charles dreams of a return to a time when men wear top coats and women have white gloves.

But the fantasy ends when the bills pile up and the bank threatens to repossess the house.  Charles devises a plan to blow up the folly, fake his death, use the insurance money to save Amaurot and move to South America.  His plans go awry when he finds out that his Bosnian maid, Mrs P, has her children living in the folly.  The folly explodes and a large stone gargoyle falls on Charles's head, putting him into a coma for a few weeks.  He dreams of living in Chile with W. B. Yeats, where they spend their time perfecting sprezzatura, drinking gimlets, wearing sombreros, and tending the vineyard.

Eventually, Charles is forced to work in a Latvian factory.  In his spare time, Charles pens a play entitled There's Bosnians in my Attic! A Tragedy in Five Acts.  The Latvian factory suddenly upgrades and swindles its employees out of their wages, leaving Charlie and hundreds of immigrants jobless.  In order to make some fast cash, Charles lays down all his winnings on the local underdog, An Evening of Long Goodbyes, who narrowly wins the race despite being severely injured in the process.  Affected by the little dog's plight, Charles decides to give him to Bel to smooth their rift.

Charles is shocked to learn that Bel is planning a trip to Chekhov's home town in Russia to study The Cherry Orchard, her favorite play.  The next morning, however, Bel drives her car into a wall at full speed, smashing through the windshield and flying into the sea. The circumstances surrounding her death are strange and mysterious, and life for everyone in the house falls into disarray.  Charles takes a night job, sweeping the floor of a factory.  He has begun writing a novel describing his fall from wealth, and that he likes his new life, in a way.

One night, he finds Bel's mobile phone and receives a mysterious call from her.  She says that she might come back to him one day, and Charles ends his story walking out into his decayed Ireland, bleakly anticipating her return.

Reception
The book has received good reviews. Stephen Amidon in The New York Times wrote that Murray "writes with the cunning and confidence of a seasoned pro", and that "the novel achieves an unexpected poignancy".  A reviewer for RTÉ described the book as "cleverly written".

Film adaptation
A film adaptation, with a script by Kieran Carney, was in development during 2012 by Subotica Films.


Los Muertos (Fear the Walking Dead)

"Los Muertos" (Spanish for The Dead) is the ninth episode of the second season, and the 15th episode overall of the post-apocalyptic horror television series Fear the Walking Dead, which aired on AMC on August 28, 2016.

Plot
Nick begins to observe Luciana's community, and is shocked to see Luciana's people banish an infected man, where he voluntarily allows himself to be eaten by walkers. Luciana explains that those who are infected or terminally ill sacrifice themselves to help build the "Wall", a barrier of walkers meant to protect the community from outside threats. Nick then accompanies Luciana on a supply run to a nearby supermarket, which is controlled by an armed gang. Nick is caught trying to shoplift, but he manages to bargain for his life and more supplies by threatening to cut off the supply of medicine the community has been trading with the gang. Luciana scolds Nick for his recklessness, as now the gang will be interested in finding out where her community is. Nick is then brought before the community's leader, Alejandro, who explains to Nick that he keeps the community together by preaching that the undead plague is merely a test from God, and those that survive will inherit the Earth. Meanwhile, Madison, Strand, Alicia, and Ofelia flee Celia's burning estate, intending to get back to the Abigail. However, they find out that the Abigail has been stolen, and are forced to scavenge a nearby hotel for supplies. While Alicia and Ofelia search the rooms, the two momentarily decide to clean up. After Alicia returns from taking a shower, she comes to realise that Ofelia has taken off. Meanwhile, Madison and Strand get drunk in the bar as they express their various frustrations with life. However, a large horde of walkers attack the hotel, trapping all four inside.

Reception
"Los Muertos" received mixed reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, it garnered a 62% rating, with an average score of 6.96/10 based on 13 reviews. The site consensus reads, "While fully investing in the characters at this point seems a questionable undertaking, "Los Muertos" manages to present its two intriguing storylines in an appealing manner."

Matt Fowler of IGN gave "Los Muertos" a 7.5/10.0 rating stating; ""Los Muertos" took the Abigail out of the equation, gave us some quiet moments with the members of Madison's group, and then showed us that Nick had, once again, managed to link up with some survivors who possessed rather peculiar and fanatical ideas about the undead. Overall it was good, though I wish Madison and Strand's drinking hadn't been the cause of their attack - and that the episode didn't leave us hanging the way it did."

Ratings
"Los Muertos" was seen by 3.66 million viewers in the United States on its original air date, slightly below the previous episodes rating of 3.86 million.


Big Blue Bubble

Big Blue Bubble, Inc. is an independent Canadian developer, and publisher of mobile video games headquartered in London, Ontario, Canada, with an office in San Francisco, California. The company is best known for the My Singing Monsters mobile game franchise.

History

Founded in 2004 by industry veteran Damir Slogar, along with co-founders Claudette Critchley and Mark Maia, Big Blue Bubble specialized in casual games. Its first game, Bubble Trouble, was used in marketing campaigns by Nokia and it was followed by space thriller Captain Lunar, which was used as a launch title for the Sony Ericsson T610.  Soon after, Big Blue Bubble began adapting film and television franchises, such as 24 for handheld devices. In the mid to late 2000's, the company started moving towards console development, to include the Wii and PlayStation 2 platforms.

Present
More recently, Big Blue Bubble has returned to its roots in mobile gaming, and following the 'freemium' business model. They have also begun focusing on original intellectual properties such as My Singing Monsters, Thumpies, and Burn the Rope.

Awards and recognition
2006 BAFTA The Gamer's Award for 24™, The Mobile Game
IGN Editors' Choice Award for 24™, The Mobile Game
2007 PopVox People's Choice Award: Best Mobile Game for Elven Chronicles
2007 PROFITguide PROFIT HOT 50: Ranked 38th
2008 London's Featured Company
2008 London Chamber of Commerce: Business of the Year Award, Business Achievement Award
2009 London Chamber of Commerce: Business Achievement Award
London Economic Development Corporation: Featured Company Award
Jamster Award: Best Mobile Game
Mobile Game FAQ: Best Puzzle Game
Telefilm Canada's Great Canadian Video Game Competition: Finalist
2008 Canadian New Media Awards: Finalist for Company of the Year
2010 Canada New Media Awards
2010 Mobile Content Awards: Winner in Mobile Entertainment for Thumpies
2011 Pocket Gamer.biz Top 50 developer
2011 Digi Awards: Best in Gaming for Burn the Rope
2012 London Chamber of Commerce Finalist in Innovation
2012 Digi Awards: Best in Mobile Gaming for My Singing Monsters
2013 London Chamber of Commerce Finalist in Innovation
2013 GMIC - Global Game Stars Award for My Singing Monsters
2014 TechAlliance Techcellence Award
2014 Profit 500
2014 Technology Fast 500
2015 Tabby Kids Education and Family Award
2015 Tabby Users Choice Award
2015 Profit 500
2015 Fast 50
2016 Branham 300 Top 25 Movers and Shakers
2016 Branham 300 Top 5 Canadian Digital Media and Entertainment Companies
2016 Profit 500
2017 Branham 300 Top 25 Movers and Shakers
2017 Branham 300 Top 5 Canadian Digital Media and Entertainment Companies
2017 Branham 300 Top 250 Canadian ICT Companies
2017 Profit 500
2017 Technology Fast 50
2017 Fast 500
2018 Pocket Gamer Gold Award for Chaos Reborn: Adventures


Tolpygo

Tolpygo (, ) is a Russian and Ukrainian surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 Boris Tolpygo, Soviet communist politician
 Kirill Tolpygo, Soviet Ukrainian scientist
 Sergey K. Tolpygo, scientist working on superconductivity


Alcamenca District

Alcamenca District is one of twelve districts of the province Víctor Fajardo in Peru.

Ethnic groups
The people in the district are mainly indigenous citizens of Quechua descent. Quechua is the language which the majority of the population (93.45%) learnt to speak in childhood, 6.30% of the residents started speaking using the Spanish language (2007 Peru Census).

References


Cyrille Estève

Cyrille Estève aka Cyrille the Spoonman is a busker in the city of Montreal, Quebec, Canada.  In 1999 and 2004, his disputes with the city of Montreal over his right to legally play spoons in the street were covered by newspapers, radio and television all around North and Central America, as well as in Europe. In 2001, he was mentioned in The National Geographic Traveler Magazine as a living symbol of French-Canadian culture.

External links
Cyrille the Spoonman


Rastorfer Glacier

Rastorfer Glacier () is a glacier draining south from the Admiralty Mountains and entering upper Tucker Glacier just east of Homerun Range. Mapped by United States Geological Survey (USGS) from surveys and U.S. Navy aerial photography, 1960-63. Named by Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) for James R. Rastorfer, United States Antarctic Research Program (USARP) biologist at McMurdo Station in 1967-68 and Palmer Station in 1968-69.