Rajnarayan Chandavarkar

Rajnarayan Chandavarkar (1953 – 23 April 2006) was a reader in the history and politics of South Asia and fellow at Trinity College, Cambridge.

Background
Chandavarkar's work engaged most directly with the processes involved in the formation of the industrial working classes in Mumbai. He worked toward defining a new interdisciplinary approach for understanding processes of urbanisation, the nexus between the city and the countryside, and the evolution of industrial capitalism.  His insights prompted research on a wide range of topics in South Asian social history and politics.  This was particularly evident in the work of the research students whom he supervised at Cambridge. A new generation of scholars, who now work in India, the United Kingdom, Israel, Japan, the United States and Canada owes much of its achievements to his mentorship. As a participant in seminars at Cambridge, in international conferences, and in other forms of academic gatherings, he provided inspiration for scholars in fields far removed from his own.

Chandavarkar grew up in Bombay before going to England for his advanced education.  He completed the final years of his schooling at Lancing College in West Sussex. The rest of his academic career was closely connected to the University of Cambridge in England and to the city of Mumbai. He did his undergraduate studies at Gonville and Caius College from 1973 to 1976, where he was deeply influenced by Gareth Stedman Jones, his undergraduate supervisor. He went on to finish his PhD under the direction of Anil Seal at Trinity College, Cambridge.  He became a fellow at Trinity in 1979, and remained associated with the college until his death.  He has also served as the director of the Centre for South Asian Studies at Cambridge since 2001. Despite his lifelong association with Cambridge, he maintained strong ties with India, retaining his Indian citizenship, returning frequently to visit and do research, and participating directly in circles related to his intellectual interests, his social commitments and cricket.

Beginning his research on Mumbai during the late 1970s, he quickly developed a strong command over the resources available in libraries such as the India Office Library, the Maharashtra State Archives and the Mumbai Police Archives. While he devoured historical materials, he never worshipped 'facts'.  He interrogated his records, deconstructed evidence critically, and sought to unravel the wider social and political processes his data revealed.  He thus moved far beyond the narrow confinement of a straightforward "empiricism".  Nonetheless he was suspicious of any research not based upon the rigorous analysis of archival materials, and he exhorted his students to ground themselves solidly in their sources.

Rajnarayan Chandavarkar died of a sudden heart attack on 23 April 2006 at the Dartmouth–Hitchcock Medical Center in Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA. He had been attending a conference at nearby Dartmouth College. At the time of his death, he was fifty-two years old.

Publications

Publications based upon his dissertation research began to appear in the early 1980s, and scholars of Mumbai's history awaited his study of the city and its working class with considerable anticipation. When The Origins of Industrial Capitalism (1994) first appeared in 1994, it was regarded with a sense of admiration, even awe, in some circles.  The book was characterised by formidable research and represented a depth of local historical knowledge that went beyond anything that existed in the labour history of South Asia at the time. Origins challenged many existing interpretations; indeed it questioned the assumptions of what working class history should be.  The study reached beyond the industrial workplace and trade unions into the larger informal economy of Mumbai, into the neighbourhoods where workers lived, and out to the rural areas, such as Ratnagiri and the Deccan, from which workers originated.   The origins of capitalism, in Chandavarkar's view, lay not just in the initiatives of a few captains of industry but in a host of social forces that all played an active part in shaping the new economic structures of late colonial Mumbai.

Origins was followed in 1998 by Imperial Power and Popular Politics. This was a diverse range of essays on industrial capitalism, workers' politics, the police in Mumbai, the plague, colonial discourse and the nature of the colonial state.  Some of these essays were as rich empirically as Origins, while others were thought-provoking interpretive pieces.

Contributions
Together these two books and related articles set out coherent and fundamentally new ways of thinking about the history of western India and its economy. First, Chandavarkar's work offered new understandings of the processes of industrialisation and capitalist transformation. Rather than see the development of large-scale production as a simple matter of technological diffusion from Europe to India or as evidence of the triumph of entrepreneurial pioneers, Chandavarkar placed this process squarely within a historical context conditioned by imperialism, rural poverty, insecure markets, and the agency of workers. He argued that the formation of factories was often a risk-minimizing effort by almost marginal figures in the nineteenth century economy, men who were in positions of subordination to foreign businessmen in the export trades, who faced constant difficulties in mobilising capital, and who rushed around from one form of investment to another in hopes of making quick profits in this uncertain business climate. Chandavarkar especially highlighted the role of the workforce in conditioning the form of industrial capitalism in Mumbai. He saw industrialists and workers as participating in a common theatre of interaction; both sets of actors constrained the other's behaviour. Labour recruitment needs and workers' resistances consistently limited the power of capitalists to develop uniform policies that might have maximised profits; the strategies of industrialists served to promote divisions among their workers.

A second set of contributions in these studies lay in their analysis of the social organisation of the working class. He looked at social formations ranging from the workplace to urban neighbourhoods to the workers' rural-urban connections. His research went beyond most previous studies of labour, which had often attempted to identify some kind of solid, enduring structure – whether caste, class, or place of origin – as the essence of working-class society. Chandavarkar viewed workers as involved in an extremely heterogeneous and constantly shifting set of relationships. For example, he thoroughly questioned the dominance of jobbers in working-class society, thus calling into question a major orthodoxy of labour history. He demonstrated that jobbers in Mumbai competed with other figures in workers' neighbourhoods, and their power was limited by their need to satisfy the requirements of their clients. Chandavarkar also argued that there was no straightforward tendency for class-based social ties to develop in the context of industrial employment. Indeed, the characteristics of the workplace and the competition of various leaderships for followings could produce new divisions as well as new unities. In its case for the diffuse, fragile and continuously changing character of social organisation, Chandavarkar's scholarship had profound implications for understanding urban society in South Asia more generally.

The third major area of contribution in these books concerned their understanding of working-class politics. Chandavarkar's work stretched beyond the usual studies of labour politics in that it explored not just workers' participation in trade unions and the Communist Party but also their involvement with the full range of groups and parties with which they became affiliated. This approach allowed him to question views that interpreted political developments as evidence of the continuous evolution of "class consciousness" or that, conversely, sought to explain the failure of workers to develop such commitments. Chandavarkar argued persuasively that workers' political affiliations and identities, including those of class, were dynamic and shifting, and were constantly being constructed in changing political contexts.  As circumstances changed, workers moved between support for communist, nationalist and communalist organisations, between expressions of extensive activism and relative passivity.

"Class" and "Culture"
The most controversial aspect of Origins and Imperial Power was perhaps their treatment of "culture". Chandavarkar reacted against approaches that attributed workers' behaviours to "traditional" commitments rooted in rural India.  He insisted, for instance, that the maintenance of rural connections should be seen as a strategy for subsistence by workers rather than as evidence of emotional attachments held over from an earlier period. His dissatisfaction with any static representation of workers' culture led him to be a strong critic of some of the members of the Subaltern Studies group. Writing perhaps his most polemical piece in 1997, he insisted:

“Caste and kinship ties were vital to the social organization of workers:  but so were the affinities of region and religion, workplace and neighbourhood, trade unions and political parties, all of which cut across each other.  To insist that the culture of migrant workers was characterized by ‘strong primordial ties of community, language, religion, caste and kinship’ is to obscure the extent to which their interaction produced something quite different and it is to remain blind to the extent to which their ‘culture’ was also informed by work and by politics, and indeed, by the daily struggles of workplace and neighbourhood" (Chandavarkar 1997, p. 187).

But as historical research continued to develop more dynamic portraits of working class culture and identity, and as his own scholarship sought to appreciate the growth in enthusiasm on the part of workers for movements of regional chauvinism and communalism, Chandavarkar increasingly acknowledged the role of cultural phenomena and processes in his work and he encouraged his students to deal seriously with cultural issues.

Chandavarkar's most important recent work is his introduction (2004) to One Hundred Years, One Hundred Voices: The Millworkers of Girangaon, Neera Adarkar and Meena Menon’s wonderful oral history of the Girangaon neighbourhood in Mumbai. This long essay proved to be far more than an ordinary introduction; it was an original work of research and a sweeping history of the working class in the city from the 1880s to the 1980s that may long remain the standard work on the subject. The essay focused primarily on the transformations of working class allegiances over time, from the height of trade union and Communist activity to the Samyukta Maharashtra and Shiv Sena movements to the Great Strike of 1982. Drawing upon the accounts provided by Adarkar and Menon, it offered a multifaceted explanation for these developments that addressed the rich popular culture of Girangaon, the role of capitalists, the appeals and strategies of different political parties and leaderships, and the workers' own actions and interests.  The essay also highlighted the increasing political impotence of workers after 1982.   It is probably the work that best reflects the evolution of Chandavarkar's scholarship in recent years.  However, several other publications were still in process at the time of his death, including a Modern Asian Studies special issue on labour history he was editing (in which he will have an individual contribution on the decline of jobbers in Mumbai) and a long essay on colonialism and democracy. In recent years, he had become increasingly interested in the larger history of Mumbai. Less than twenty-four hours before his death, he gave a brilliant paper on the city from the seventeenth century to the present in the conference at Dartmouth. Other writing, unfortunately, was probably not so far along, and we fear that much of Chandavarkar's voluminous research in many different areas may now go unpublished.

Legacy
Chandavarkar also left a rich legacy in South Asian history writing through his students. He mentored about eighteen research students.  His intense personality and critical no-nonsense engagement with students' work could be initially overpowering for his tutees but also reflected rich and sincere intellectual mentoring. His relentless criticism often enabled students to develop their ideas more fruitfully and at the same time to form richer research insights. His iconoclasm also facilitated their abilities to question received wisdom about historical theories and his formidable engagement with archival material prepared them to treat evidence in original ways.

Chandavarkar's influence is reflected in research by his students in such diverse fields as the politics of the urban poor in the towns of Uttar Pradesh; the interplay of gender, class and community among jute workers in Bengal; and the shifting patterns of community formation and the development of Communism in Malabar. Many of his students explored labour history in the context of new perspectives such as the relationship between nationalism and labour radicalism in Solapur, comparisons between Bengal's jute workers and Dundee's working classes in the context of British imperialism, and the meaning of class in the context of popular movements in the jute mill towns outside Calcutta. Others explored wider fields, including the language of politics and the ideological predilections of nationalists in Uttar Pradesh, and the concerns of the urban middle class in Gujarat during the colonial period. A recent study of communalism in contemporary Ahmedabad sought to unravel the wider theoretical underpinnings of the role of ethnicity in politics. Others of his students have examined the making of regional identity in Orissa, the politics of Tamil Muslims, and childhood and child labour in India. Through his students Chandavarkar not only mentored a new cohort of historians but stimulated scholarship in wide-ranging and eclectic fields, embracing the most diverse aspects of South Asian history.

On a more amusing note Chandavarkar had a reputation as a draconian taskmaster. Academic life in Cambridge was rich with the folklore of Chandavarkar's interesting and complex ways of handling his students. Indeed, according to rumour, one student of Chandavarkar hid under a bridge to evade him and another calibrated her movement in Trinity College by spotting his car. For his part Chandavarkar jokingly blamed his students for his proverbial ever-receding hairline. However, his students' loyalty and deeply held affection for their supervisor created lasting bonds between them and their intellectual mentor. He warned them not to rush for the most fashionable product in the market, and he encouraged them to explore beyond what is apparent. This serious, critical spirit of enquiry and refusal to compromise his own firmly held convictions remains a lasting legacy of Chandavarkar.


Port Burwell Wind Farm

Port Burwell Wind Farm (formerly known as the Erie Shores Wind Farm) is a large wind farm near Port Burwell, Ontario, Canada. The facility stretches approximately  to the west of the town, and  to the southeast.

In 2004, Port Burwell was awarded a generation contract by the Government of Ontario as part of its renewable energy plan. This wind farm was officially opened on April 13, 2006.

The project comprises 66 GE 1.5 MW Wind Turbines (model 1.5 SLE). Each turbine has a blade diameter of , and is mounted on an 80-metre (260 ft) tubular tower.

An important measure of renewable energy generation is the capacity factor (actual output per year divided by the nameplate output). In 2009 the output was  and in 2010 the output was , so the capacity factor was 26.8% and 26.2% respectively. Published reports show that the developers were expecting the capacity factor to be higher – 28.6% to 32%.


Clarence Seamans

Clarence Walker Seamans (June 5, 1854 – May 30, 1915) was an American typewriter manufacturer and executive of several organizations involved in the production and sale of the Remington typewriter, including the Union Typewriter Company and the Remington Typewriter Company.

History

Early life
Seamans was born June 5, 1854 in Ilion, New York to Abner Clark Seamans and Caroline Matilda Williams.  Seamans began work as a clerk at E. Remington and Sons, the firm at which his father was a purchasing agent, at the age of fifteen.  In 1875, he began a three year stint of overseeing a silver mine in Bingham Canyon, Utah.  Upon returning to the state of New York, Seamans became a bookkeeper and salesman at Fairbanks & Company, a scale manufacturer.  Fairbanks had become the sole marketer of the Sholes and Glidden typewriter, produced by Seaman's former employer, E. Remington and Sons.  After 1879, Seamans lived in Brooklyn with his wife Ida Gertrude Watson and their two daughters, Mabel and Dorothy.

Involvement with the Remington typewriter
In 1881, marketing of the typewriter returned to Remington.  Seamans had been a "star typewriter salesman" and was retained and made manager of sales.  The following year, Seamans partnered with Harry H. Benedict, a Remington director, and William O. Wyckoff, a Remington sales agent, to form the firm of Wyckoff, Seamans & Benedict.  In 1886, Wyckoff, Seamans & Benedict purchased the typewriter business from Remington and, in 1892, formed the Remington Standard Typewriter Company with Seamans as the treasurer and general manager.  A year later, Seamans was made president of the Union Typewriter Company, a trust formed from the merger of Remington Standard with several prominent typewriter manufacturers.  Seamans presided over the acquisition of the Wahl Adding Machine Company, which made Union the world's largest typewriter company.  Seamans remained president until being elected to chairman of the board in 1913.  During this time, Seamans held a director position at several trust companies and an insurance company.

Seamans died at his summer home in Pigeon Cove, Massachusetts on May 30, 1915.

Notes


Immelmann turn

The term Immelmann turn, named after German World War One Eindecker fighter ace Leutnant Max Immelmann, refers to two different aircraft maneuvers:
 In World War I aerial combat, an Immelmann turn was a maneuver used after an attack on another aircraft to reposition the attacking aircraft for another attack.
 In modern aerobatics, an Immelmann turn (also known as a roll-off-the-top, or simply an Immelmann) is an aerobatic maneuver that results in level flight in the opposite direction at a higher altitude.

Historical combat maneuver

In World War I aerial combat, an Immelmann turn (named for the German air ace Max Immelmann) was a maneuver used after an attack on another aircraft to reposition the attacking aircraft for another attack.

After making a high-speed diving attack on an enemy, the attacker would then climb back up past the enemy aircraft, and just short of the stall, apply full rudder to yaw his aircraft around.  This put his aircraft facing down at the enemy aircraft, making another high-speed diving pass possible. This is a difficult maneuver to perform properly, as it involves precise control of the aircraft at low speed. With practice and proper use of all of the fighter's controls, the maneuver could be used to reposition the attacking aircraft to dive back down in any direction desired.

In modern aerobatics, this maneuver, if executed pre-stall with a non-zero turning radius at the top of the climb, is known as a wingover. If the rudder turn is executed right at the initiation of the stall, the resulting yaw occurs around a point within the aircraft's wingspan and the maneuver is known as a stall turn or hammerhead.

Aerobatic maneuver

The aerobatic Immelmann turn derives its name from the dogfighting tactic, but is a different maneuver than the original, now known as a "wingover" or "hammerhead".

In modern aerobatics, an Immelmann turn (also known as a roll-off-the-top, or simply an Immelmann) is an aerobatic maneuver. Essentially, the aerobatic Immelmann comprises an ascending half-loop followed by a half-roll, resulting in level flight in the exact opposite direction at a higher altitude. It is the exact opposite of a Split S, which involves a half-roll followed by a half-loop, resulting in level flight in the exact opposite direction at a lower altitude.

To successfully execute the aerobatic Immelmann turn, the pilot accelerates to sufficient airspeed to perform a loop in the aircraft. The pilot then pulls the aircraft into a climb, and continues to pull back on the controls as the aircraft climbs. Rudder and ailerons must be used to keep the half-loop straight when viewed from the ground. As the aircraft passes over the point at which the climb was commenced, it should be inverted and a half loop will have been executed. Sufficient airspeed must be maintained to recover without losing altitude, and at the top of the loop the pilot then executes a half-roll to regain normal upright aircraft orientation. As a result, the aircraft is now at a higher altitude and has changed course 180 degrees.

Not all aircraft are capable of (or certified for) this maneuver, due to insufficient engine power, or engine design that precludes flying inverted. (This usually applies to piston engines that have an open oil pan. However, when properly flown, the aircraft will maintain positive G throughout the maneuver, eliminating the requirement for an inverted oil system.) In fact, few early aircraft had sufficiently precise roll control to have performed this maneuver properly.


Saint-Ouen-sur-Loire

Saint-Ouen-sur-Loire is a commune in the Nièvre department in central France.


Lionel Avard Forsyth

Lionel Avard Forsyth (1 August 1890 – 1 January 1957) was a Canadian businessperson. He served as President of the Dominion Steel and Coal Corporation beginning in 1950.

Forsyth graduated from University of King's College and Harvard University. He then was employed by the Bank of Nova Scotia in 1913. He became a professor at King's College and later passed the Nova Scotia bar.


United States Post Office (Carthage, New York)

US Post Office-Carthage is a historic post office building located at Carthage in Jefferson County, New York. It was designed and built in 1934-1935, and is one of a number of post offices in New York State designed by the Office of the Supervising Architect of the Treasury Department, Louis A. Simon.  The one story brick building is in the Colonial Revival style. It features a central pavilion with the entrance and flanking tripartite windows, set beneath a portico supported by four Doric columns.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.


Keith Prosser

Rt Rev Charles Keith Kipling Prosser (27 March 1897 – 27 June 1954) was an Anglican clergyman who was the fifth Bishop of Burnley from 1950 until 1954.

Born in Coleshill, Warwickshire, he was the son of grocer Charles Richard Prosser and Annie May Cox, daughter of Rev. William Kipling Cox. Educated at King Edward's School, Birmingham, he served during World War I with the Royal Garrison Artillery after which he studied at Queens' College, Cambridge before ordination in 1923. Successively curate of Bishop Latimer's Church, Birmingham, Rector of Alert Bay, British Columbia  and Rural Dean of Leigh he was ordained to the episcopate in 1950. He died in post four years later.


Geography Cup

The Geography Cup is an online, international competition between the United States and the United Kingdom, with the aim of determining which nation collectively knows more about geography. It was also intended to raise awareness of the importance of world geography in the modern world. Any resident of the U.S. or UK could participate to test their own geographic knowledge and to support their nation. The first (and so far only) competition took place between 12 November and 31 December 2006 to coincide with Geography Awareness Week, the third week in November.

Creation
The Geography Cup was created in late 2006 by two geography enthusiasts: Roger Andresen from Atlanta, Georgia, and Daniel Raven-Ellison from Reading, Berkshire. Both became committed to expanding public awareness of the importance of geography after seeing the results of polls illustrating Americans' and Britons' startling lack of geographical knowledge. A poll of young Americans conducted in the United States  by National Geographic in 2006 found that only 37% of those polled could find Iraq on a map, and half could not even find the state of New York.
Andresen and Raven-Ellison created the competition for two main reasons. One reason was to determine whether people who live in the United States or people who live in the United Kingdom knew more about world geography. However, the main reason was to encourage people to learn more about world geography and to understand the importance of geography. The two creators plan to hold the competition yearly beginning in the third week in November to coincide with Geography Awareness Week, established in the United States by Ronald Reagan in 1987.

Quiz
Any citizen of the USA or the UK was eligible to participate in the contest. Upon signup, the website determined which country a user lived in based on their IP address and automatically put the user into the correct team. The quiz consisted of thirteen random, geography-related questions that had to be answered in a total of two minutes. The first ten questions consisted of placing randomly selected countries onto a blank political map. The final three questions consisted of geography-related trivia questions that were answered by selecting the correct country on the blank map. Each user could practice, affect their own score, and learn about geography by playing as many times as they wanted to, but only three plays per 24-hour period could affect their nation's score.

The randomly selected countries could be any country (or territory) in the world. This included the large and well-known regions (Russia, Canada, United States, etc.) as well as smaller and more obscure nations (Palau, Djibouti, Togo, etc.). Most participants had little trouble recognizing the major European and Asian countries but many people on both teams had trouble locating small Pacific Islands and some African countries.

The trivia questions were sometimes related directly to geography, e. g., "Made up of 33 atolls, which country straddles both the equator and the International Date Line?". However, some were about current events to test if participants knew where, geographically, news stories were taking place, e. g., "Which Asian country recently made its first test of a nuclear weapon?".

Scoring

Scoring method
Due to the large difference in population between the United States and the United Kingdom, the score of each team was determined by an average percentage based on the percentage scores of each individual player. After each game, a player could see how he or she affected their nation's score and their own personal percentage. Because there were 13 questions, each question was worth approximately 7.7%.

2006 final score
The USA won with a final accuracy score of 62.368% after trailing for a few days, while the UK lagged behind slightly at the end with an accuracy of 57.947%. The USA had 41,885 participants while the UK team had 10,820, indicating about 30% greater per capita participation in the UK.

Website problems
Users in Britain using Internet Explorer reported some problems with the website. Also, some US and UK residents were rejected or put into the incorrect team because their internet service provider used overseas servers. Finally, after the surge of media attention following the Reuters and Christian Science Monitor articles, the number of users exceeded the capacity of the servers, causing a temporary suspension of the competition.

Sponsors and supporters

Sponsors
The Geography Cup was sponsored by A Broader View, founded by Roger Andresen to decrease geographical ignorance with geography puzzles and games. It is also sponsored by Give Geography Its Place, founded by Daniel Raven-Ellison and David Rayner to raise awareness of the importance geography in UK media. The third sponsor is Nelson Thornes, a UK-based educational publisher owned by Wolters Kluwer.

Support
The Geographic Alliance in Nevada (GAIN), part of National Geographic EdNet, encouraged its members to participate in the competition in the belief that "It is only fitting that these two countries compete in a geography competition, as they both share the same widely-publicized affliction." Polls in the United States, including the National Geographic-Roper poll, and similar polls in the UK, which include a magazine poll cited by the BBC, illustrate a glaring lack of geographic knowledge by young people on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean. In addition, a group of geography teachers and enthusiasts from the UK on a Staffordshire Learning Net geography forum supported the competition and encouraged students to try to improve their nation's score.


V. S. Thurairajah

Velupillai Suppiah Thurairajah (; 8 August 1927 – 14 December 2011) was a Sri Lankan Tamil architect who designed many buildings in Sri Lanka and abroad.

Early life and family
Thurairajah was born on 8 August 1927. He was the son of Vellupillai Suppiah and Thangacchimuttu from Navaly in northern Ceylon. He was educated at Green Memorial School, Manipay and Manipay Hindu College. After school Thurairajah joined the Sir J. J. School of Art in Bombay in 1948, graduating in 1951 with a diploma in architecture.

Thurairajah married Selvaranee (Rani), daughter of T. Thirunavukarasu. They had a son (Surendran) and three daughters (Vathsala, Manjula and Sashikala).

Career
After returning to Ceylon Thurairajah joined the Public Works Department (PWD) in 1951 as a junior architect. He then joined the Architectural Association School of Architecture in London in 1954 as a Colombo Plan scholar, graduating in 1957 with a A.A. diploma specialising in tropical architecture. He then resumed his career at the PWD before retiring in 1964 in due to government policies.

After retirement Thurairajah started a private practice known as Thurairajah Associates in 1964. The practice grew and in 1968 a branch office was opened in Jaffna. Thurairajah designed many of the tropical modernist buildings in Jaffna. During a long career Thurairajah designed numerous buildings including factories, Hindu temples, hospitals, hotels, office buildings, residential buildings and university buildings in Sri Lanka, India, Australia and Middle East.

Thurairajah was a fellow of the Royal Institute of British Architects (1967), Australian Institute of Architects (1989), Indian Institute of Architects (1965), Sri Lanka Institute of Architects (1976) and Chartered Institute of Arbitrators (1968). He was editor and publisher of a quarterly journal called Architecture and Arts in Sri Lanka from 1975 to 1981. He was chairman of Eelanadu, a Tamil language newspaper, in 1975 and one of the secretaries of the International Association of Tamil Research. Thurairajah was one of the key organisers of the 4th International Tamil Research Conference held in Jaffna in 1974. He was deputy district governor of the Lions International Sri Lanka District in 1981 and secretary of the Ananda Coomaraswamy Cultural Society. Thurairajah produced the Tamil language film Kuthu Vilakku (Sacred Lamp) in 1972.

Thurairajah migrated to Australia. He died on 14 December 2011 in Sydney, Australia.

Works
Thurairajah's numerous work include:

Banks
 Bank of Ceylon, Hambantota
 Bank of Ceylon, Moratuwa
 Bank of Ceylon, Vavuniya
 Co-operative Bank, Jaffna
 Co-operative Bank, Mannar (1978)
 Co-operative Bank, Paranthan

Factories
 Ajantha Textile Factory, Ratmalana
 Baxon Textile Factory, Ratmalana
 Busalwatha Pharmaceutical Factory, Busalwatha
 Ceylon Synthetic Mills, Colombo
 Ceylon Tin Factory, Colombo
 Favourites Textile Factory, Ratmalana (1972)
 Modern Confectionery Works, Colombo
 Nagindas Textile Factory, Ratmalana
 Paragons Textile Factory, Ratmalana
 St. Anthony's PVC Factory, Colombo
 Uswatha Confectionery Factory, Ratmalana
 Visaka Textile Factory, Ratmalana

Hindu temples

 Galle Hindu Temple, Galle (gopuram)
 New Kathiresan Temple, Colombo (1982)
 Old Kathiresan Temple, Colombo
 Perth Sivan Temple, Perth, Australia.
 Ramboda Hanuman Temple, Ramboda
 Sri Ponnambalavaneswarar Temple, Colombo (gopuram)
 Sydney Murugan Temple, Sydney, Australia (1998)

Hospitals
 Gampaha Base Hospital, Gampaha (2001)
 Kandy General Hospital, Kandy (cardiothoracic building) (2000)
 Kandy General Hospital, Kandy (surgical building)
 National Hospital of Sri Lanka, Colombo (cardiology building) (1997)
 Negombo Base Hospital, Negombo (2001)
 Tissamaharama Hospital, Tissamaharama

Hotels
 Brighton Hotel, Colombo
 Hindu Pilgrims' Rest, Kataragama
 Holiday Inn, Colombo (1980)
 Hotel Amali Nivas, Polonnaruwa
 Sapphire Hotel, Colombo (1968)
 Subhas Hotel, Jaffna

Office buildings
 All Ceylon Hindu Congress Building, Colombo (1982)
 Batticaloa DIG's Office, Batticaloa (1980)
 Ceylon Printers Building, Colombo
 Eye Donation Society Headquarters, Colombo (1983)
 Government Clerical Services Union Building, Colombo (1966)
 Jaffna DIG's Office, Jaffna
 Matara Merchants Building, Matara
 Naleem's Building, Colombo
 Northern Division Cooperative Federation Building, Jaffna

Residential buildings
 Batticaloa Housing Scheme, Batticaloa
 Dubai Housing Scheme, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
 Kubrah, Colombo
 Leedons Apartments, Colombo (1980)
 Nugegoda Housing Development, Nugegoda
 Siffani Flats, Colombo
 VST Buildings, Colombo (1969)

University buildings
 Ramanathan Academy of Fine Arts, Maruthanarmadam
 University of Colombo, Colombo (administration building)
 University of Jaffna, Jaffna (mathematics and computer science building)
 University of Jaffna, Jaffna (faculty of medicine)
 University of Jaffna, Jaffna (faculty of science)

Others

 Anti-malaria Campaign Building, Narahenpita (2000)
 Army Buddhist Temple, Panagoda
 Batticaloa Market, Batticaloa
 CMS Girls College, Jaffna
 Duraiappah Stadium, Jaffna
 Farm, Mankulam
 Girls' Hostel, Colombo
 Jaffna Market, Jaffna
 Jaffna Public Library, Jaffna (second stage) (2001)
 Kathiresan Hall, Colombo
 Luxmi Cinema, Ratnapura
 Nava Cinema, Colombo
 Navalar Cultural Hall, Jaffna
 Ramakrishna Mission Library, Colombo (1985)
 Rio Cinema, Colombo
 S. J. V. Chelvanayakam memorial, Jaffna (1982)
 Vaddukoddai Technical College, Vaddukoddai
 Veerasingam Hall, Jaffna
 Vipulanandar School of Music and Dance, Batticaloa
 Vivekananda Hall, Colombo


Weedon–Marton Junction line

The Weedon–Marton Junction line (also known as the Weedon–Leamington line) was a rural branch line in England that linked the West Coast Main Line at Weedon, running via Daventry to Marton Junction, where it joined the Rugby–Leamington line and thus connected to Leamington Spa.

Opening in stages between 1888 and 1895, the line was closed to passengers in 1958, and to freight in 1963, however a short section of the line at the western end from Marton Junction to Southam, remained open for freight trains serving the cement works until 1985.

Route and stations
There were six stations on the line:
 Weedon (which allowed interchange with the West Coast Main Line)
 Daventry
 Braunston
 Flecknoe
 Napton & Stockton
 Southam & Long Itchington

Trains to Leamington called at the now closed Leamington Spa (Avenue) station, and either terminated at the now closed Milverton station, or continued to .

Weedon, Daventry and Braunston stations were in Northamptonshire, while the remainder were in Warwickshire.

The line was single track throughout with passing loops at each of the stations except Flecknoe. Provision was made for a passing loop at Flecknoe, but it was never used. The line passed under the Great Central Main Line at Wolfhampcote between Braunston and Flecknoe, but there was never any physical connection between the two lines.

History
The market town of Daventry had been bypassed by the construction of the London and Birmingham Railway (L&BR) in the 1830s (now part of the West Coast Main Line) which passed to the east of the town through Weedon. Desiring a railway connection to their town, in 1861 a group of Daventry businessmen founded the Daventry Railway Company to promote the construction of a branch line to Daventry from Weedon. However the company was unable to raise sufficient funds for the scheme and it was abandoned.

The scheme was revived in the 1880s by the London and North Western Railway (LNWR) the successor to the L&BR, who constructed the line in two phases; Firstly they obtained powers in 1885 to construct a four-mile (6 km) long branch to Daventry from Weedon, this was opened on 1 March 1888. In 1890 the LNWR obtained powers to build a 14-mile (22 km) extension of the branch to reach their existing Rugby–Leamington line at Marton Junction (just south of the village of Marton). The extension was opened on 1 August 1895.

The line was built with economy in mind, and contained some steep gradients of up to 1 in 80, especially near Daventry. In 1906 a railmotor was experimentally used on the line, however it proved to be underpowered. Passenger services reverted to push–pull operation with a conventional locomotive for the rest of the line's existence.

Ownership of the line passed to the London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS) in 1923. And then British Rail in 1948.

Passenger services originally consisted of four trains each way per day, with additional services between Weedon and Daventry, however by the 1920s and 30s this had grown to eleven trains each way per day, some of which continued to either Nuneaton or Northampton (requiring reversal at Blisworth). Additional trains also ran in the mornings and afternoons between Leamington and Flecknoe (later cut back to Napton) for the benefit of schoolchildren. A short lived slip coach service from London was introduced for a while in the 1900s but was not a success. The service was cut back sharply during World War II, and the pre-war timetable was never fully reintroduced. The growth in bus and car traffic meant that the passenger numbers declined from the 1940s onwards.  Flecknoe station was the most remote station on the line and closed to passengers in 1952 but remained open for freight until 1956. All passenger services on the line were withdrawn on 13 September 1958.

The main source of freight traffic on the line was the cement works at Long Itchington, and this provided enough traffic to keep the line open for a number of years after passenger services had been withdrawn. However, the line was closed as a through route in December 1963, and the tracks between Weedon and Long Itchington were lifted the following year. A short section was retained between Marton Junction and Long Itchington to serve the cement works, along with a stretch of the Rugby-Leamington line from Rugby. Freight trains running to Long Itchington had to reverse at Marton Junction. This last stretch was closed on 20 June 1985, and the tracks were lifted in 1987.


Blue Hawaii (disambiguation)

Blue Hawaii is a 1961 musical film starring Elvis Presley.

Blue Hawaii may also refer to:

Blue Hawaii (soundtrack), a soundtrack album by Elvis Presley to the 1961 film Blue Hawaii
Blue Hawaii (Nora Aunor album), 1971
"Blue Hawaii" (song), a popular song written for the 1937 film Waikiki Wedding
"Till mitt eget Blue Hawaii", 1989 Vikingarna song
Blue Hawaii (drink), a tropical cocktail
Blue Hawaii (band), a musical duo from Montreal


Uaipán-tepui

Uaipán-tepui, also spelled Waipán, is a tepui in Bolívar state, Venezuela. It is a southern satellite peak of the vast Auyán Massif, with a maximum elevation of around . Its mostly forested summit plateau has an area of . The mountain's slope area has been estimated at .


Simon Snootle and Other Small Stories

Simon Snootle and Other Small Stories () is the first book of children’s short stories by Lorin Morgan-Richards. Published in 2009, the stories are described as being strange, gently absurb, wry, and dark whimsy.

Humor
While the stories contain dark humor the underlying themes play off of social awkwardness and individuality, and remind the reader to not take life to seriously. Richards introduces Simon Snootle who falls into his parents well with the neighborhood cats:
He is not aware of any tragedy of the situation, but rather makes the best of it, knowing that eventually more things will fall in as he did.

He also writes of a boy named Boil who hides in a school bus cushion to be more like his pet earwig, Peter Puddlestick who has a life changing moment when he happens upon a dead bird, a shrub that enjoys stealing hats and hairpieces, and Mr. Slowbug whose slow demeanor causes him to become a fashion accessory.

Illustration
Richards ink and graphite illustration style is considered reminiscent of Edward Gorey and Tim Burton.

Table of Contents
 Simon Snootle was such a Gracious Host
 Mr. Slowbug and Ms. Shellquick
 Peter Puddlestick and the Precious Plot
 The Life of Otto Loud
 The Callous Shrub
 The Earwig and Mrs. Snipit
 The Boy Who Loved Beef Sandwiches

Editions
In 2009, Richards crafted the first edition of the book by hand using black faux leather for the hardback cover, and hand sewn linen pages. The cover was foiled stamped with a cat logo designed by Richards. The second edition was also handmade by the author but the cover included a primarily yellow illustration of Simon Snootle in the well with the cats and a hose lowering down into it. Both of these editions were numbered and signed by the author and are collectible.
In 2016, Simon Snootle and Other Small Stories was released in paperback with a cover emphasizing the various stories as a whole featuring Ms. Shellquick, Simon Snootle and the child named Boil with his earwig.

Audiobook
Jason Shepherd narrated the audiobook with a special introduction by Jay & Jaywest, and Tae Sung Jie.


Nannfeldtiella

Nannfeldtiella is a genus of fungi in the family Pyronemataceae.

External links
Index Fungorum


Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 2014

The Billboard Hot 100 is a chart that ranks the best-performing singles of the United States. Its data, published by Billboard magazine and compiled by Nielsen SoundScan, is based collectively on each single's weekly physical and digital sales, as well as airplay and streaming. Throughout a year, Billboard will publish an annual list of the 100 most successful songs throughout that year on the Hot 100 chart based on the information. For 2014, the list was published on December 9, calculated with data from December 7, 2013 to November 29, 2014.

This was the first time in eight years that a male artist topped the chart with a non-collaboration.

List

[[File:Wetten dass 20130323 6475.jpg|thumb|190px|OneRepublic is the highest-charting band on the list with their single "Counting Stars" (number 5), which charted on the Hot 100 for 68 weeks and peaked at number 2. They also had their song "Love Runs Out" at (number 67).


Robert Thurston Hopkins

Robert Thurston Hopkins (1884-1958) was a British writer and ghost hunter.

Hopkins was born in Bury St. Edmunds, Suffolk in 1884.

Hopkins wrote biographical works on Rudyard Kipling and Oscar Wilde. He also wrote books on the English countryside.

Hopkins was a ghost hunter known for his books on ghosts. He described his experiences in his book Adventures with Phantoms (1946). He claimed to have encountered the ghost of a hanged man in a woodland near Burwash on two occasions in the 1930s.

His son was Godfrey Thurston Hopkins (1913 - 2014), known as Thurston, well-known Picture Post photojournalist.

Publications

Oscar Wilde: A Study of the Man and His Work (1913)
War and the Weird (1916)
Kipling's Sussex (1921)
Rudyard Kipling, a Character Study: Life, Writings and Literary Landmarks (1921)
H. G. Wells: Personality, Character, Topography (1922)
Thomas Hardy's Dorset (1922)
Rudyard Kipling's World (1925)
The Kipling Country (1925)
The Literary Landmarks of Devon & Cornwall (1926)
Old English Mills and Inns (1927)
This London: Its Taverns, Haunts and Memories (1927)
London Pilgrimages (1928)
In Search of English Windmills (1931)
Old Windmills of England (1931)
The Man Who Was Sussex (1933)
Life and death at the Old Bailey (1935)
Moated Houses of England (1935)
Adventures with Phantoms (1946)
The Heart of London (1951)
Ghosts Over England (1953)
Cavalcade of Ghosts (1956)


Plocamopherus pilatectus

Plocamopherus pilatectus is a species of sea slug, a nudibranch, a shell-less marine gastropod mollusk in the family Polyceridae.

Distribution
This species was described from the Grenadines. It has subsequently been reported from nearby islands in the Caribbean Sea.


Mian Aminuddin

Mian Aminuddin () was a civil servant in the Indian Civil Service (British India) and the first Mayor of Lahore, Pakistan. He also was the Chief Commissioner of Balochistan between 1949 and 1952.

Early life and career
Mian Aminuddin was among the very few and early Muslim members of the Indian Civil Service (British India).
"At independence Pakistan faced an acute shortage of experienced senior administrators. In the government of undivided India, there were only two Muslim ICS officers and one Muslim Indian Political Service (IPS) officer who had risen to the position of joint secretary, namely Mian Aminuddin (ICS, 1923), Ikramullah Khan (ICS, 1927), and Lieutenant (retired) Iskander Mirza."British Indian Civil Service's Joint Secretary Mian Aminuddin on GoogleBooks Retrieved 16 January 2019

In Pakistan, Mian Aminuddin later served as Governor of Punjab, Pakistan also from 2 May 1953 to 24 June 1954.


Richard Sheppard

Richard or Dick Sheppard may refer to:
 Dick Sheppard (priest) (1880–1937), English clergyman and pacifist
 Richard Sheppard (architect) (1910–1982), English architect
 Dick Sheppard (footballer) (1945–1998), English footballer


Heteroglenea fissilis

Heteroglenea fissilis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1953. It is known from Myanmar, India, Bangladesh, Laos, China, and Thailand. It feeds on Dialium cochinchinense.


National service in Singapore

National Service (NS) is the national policy in Singapore mandated by statutory law that requires all male Singaporean citizens and second-generation permanent residents to serve a period of compulsory service in the uniformed services. It was first instituted in 1967 to help build Singapore's military forces soon after its independence, and has since been expanded to involve the police and civil defence force as well.

Upon enlistment, male Singaporean citizens and second-generation permanent residents serve for 2 years in active duty as full-time national servicemen (NSFs) in the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF), Singapore Police Force (SPF) or Singapore Civil Defence Force (SCDF), following which they transition to an operationally-ready reservist state as operationally-ready national servicemen (NSmen)

A two-month reduction in full-time National Service is offered for all pre-enlistees who are able to pass their (now-modified) three-station Individual Physical Proficiency Test (IPPT) consisting of push-ups, sit-ups and a 2.4 km run, with a minimum of 61 points (previously, the IPPT consisted of six single stations, which were the 2.4 km run, sit-ups, pull-ups, standing-broad jump, sit-and-reach stretch and shuttle-run).

The majority of NSFs serve in the Army as part of the SAF. The reasons for this include the relative manpower needs of the Army compared to the Navy and Air Force, the SPF, and SCDF. Moreover, as compared to the Army, the Air Force (RSAF) and Navy (RSN) are smaller armed services composed primarily of regular servicemen. As the manpower requirements of the RSAF and the RSN tend to be more specialized, the constant periodic turnover of NSFs is considered to be very disruptive.

The statutory age cap for reservist obligation is 40 for WOSEs (other ranks) and 50 for commissioned officers (lieutenants onwards in the SAF and the SCDF and police-inspectors and above in the SPF) and they are known as ex-NSmen.

History
The NS (Amendment) act was passed on 15 March 1967, making National Service (NS) compulsory for all 18-year-old male Singapore citizens and permanent residents. The Singapore government felt that it was necessary to build a substantial military force to defend itself. The country had only about 1,000 soldiers at independence. In the late 1960s, the British government had decided to withdraw its troops and bases from the East of Suez, including troops stationed in Singapore. That prompted the government to implement a conscription program for the country's defence needs. It adopted a conscription model drawing on elements from the Israeli and Swiss national conscription schemes. Some 9,000 male youths born between 1 January  and 30 June 1949 became the first batch of young men to be called up for NS. Singapore had sought assistance through official diplomacy from other countries, but their refusal to provide help prompted Israeli diplomats to extend a helping hand to the new sovereign nation in the establishment of the Singapore armed forces.

The stated rationale behind conscription is twofold. Firstly, because Singapore has a population of about five and a half million (as of 2014), an army solely of regulars would not be practical to defend the country. Secondly, national service is supposed to support racial harmony among the Chinese, Malay and Indian communities.
The Malays were virtually excluded from conscription from the beginning of the draft in 1967 until 1977 and, after the policy was eased, were assigned mainly to serve in the police and civil defence (fire brigade), not in military roles.

In 1987, Lee Hsien Loong (then Second Minister for Defence) stated that "If there is a conflict, if the SAF is called to defend the homeland, we do not want to put any of our soldiers in a difficult position where his emotions for the nation may be in conflict with his religion".

In the past, the duration of the conscription for a typical Singaporean male spanned over a period of either 2 or 2 years and six months depending on his educational qualifications. In 2004, the duration was reduced to 2 years, driven by the technological transformation into the 3rd Generation SAF and the surge in NS intake for the next 10 years. As a bonus incentive, the NS duration can be cut by a further two months when the combat-fit PES A/B1 enlistees are able to obtain a silver or gold for their physical fitness test (NAPFA) prior to enlistment. However, non-combat-fit enlistees (PES B2 and below) will still serve the full 24 months of NS.

Enlistment

According to the Enlistment Act, conscription is mandatory for all "persons subject to [the] act", defined as those who are not less than 16.5 years of age and not more than 40 years of age, with some exemptions and with no specific bias to gender (not limited to males).

Male Singapore citizens and second-generation Permanent Residents (PRs) who have registered for their NRIC are required to register for National Service upon reaching the age of 16 years and six months, during which they would also be required to undergo a mandatory medical examination (PULHHEEMS) to determine their medical status, known as Physical Employment Standards (PES) status, which determines which vocational groups the pre-enlistee is physically able to be posted to.

Pre-enlistees who ran afoul with the law and sentenced to Changi Prison are never released back into Singapore Armed Forces.

Early enlistment
There is a voluntary early enlist scheme by the Central Manpower Base (CMPB) for pre-enlistees who opt for early enlistment, with the consent of their parents, to begin their full-time national service at the earliest age of 16 years and six months.

Mono intake
Mono-intake refers to a type of enlistment where conscripts are directly enlisted into an active battalion unit and undergo their Basic Military Training in Pulau Tekong before returning to their battalion. As of November 2017, the 1BMT programme was fully implemented with the exception of the Naval Diving Unit, Commandos and support vocations. Before November 2017 conscripts underwent their basic military training at their battalion's camp and not in Pulau Tekong.

Second generation male Permanent Residents
Sons who take up permanent residency under the sponsorship of their Permanent Resident parent, are required by law to serve National Service, just like Singaporean male citizens. The rationale is that they too enjoy the socio-economic national benefits of schooling and living in "peacetime" Singapore. Their failure to serve NS will be taken into account should they decide to study, work or travel in Singapore in future. The government advises of such consequences at the point of renunciation.
]
After completing mandatory full-time national service, they can qualify to apply for the accelerated Singapore citizenship scheme. However, citizenship is not guaranteed for all applicants, as there are certain criteria that must be met such as educational qualification, income qualification and NS work performance/ conduct appraisal in the NS Certificate of Service issued upon ORD. From 2006 to 2010, about 2% of 3,000 Second Generation Permanent Residents who completed full-time national service and applied for Singapore citizenship were rejected.

If the person is not granted Singapore citizenship but still holds Singapore permanent residency, he is still obliged by law to serve the national service obligations, i.e. operationally-ready reservist duties/in-camp trainings

Singapore Permanent Residents who served national service but did not acquire Singapore citizenship will be treated equally to those permanent residents without service obligation; they would not have access to the privileges granted to Singapore citizens.

Deferment
Pre-enlistees are allowed to defer NS to complete full-time tertiary studies, up to the 1st pre-university qualification bar (GCE 'A' Levels or Polytechnic Diploma, or their equivalent) before enlistment for Basic Military Training (BMT), following these criteria:
JC students will automatically be granted deferment, if less than 19 years old (Sec 4) or 20 years old (Sec 5)
Polytechnic students from secondary school will automatically be granted defermentif less than 19 years old (Sec 4) or 20 years old (Sec 5)
Polytechnic students from ITE will automatically be granted deferment if less than 21 years old, or 22 years old depending on the academic stream (DPPDirect Poly Progression students will be given priority. Those going on a longer way will not be given priority.)
ITE students will automatically be granted deferment
Cross-ITE streams (NITEC to Higher NITEC) will be granted deferment if less than 21 years old. A grace period may be issued if you are entering the 2nd year Higher Nitec if you are just reached 21 years old before the entry date.
Private schools will be granted deferment if less than 19 years old (Sec 4) or 20 years old (Sec 5)

Those granted approval in national sports teams to compete in national/ overseas events will be drafted as soon as they returned from one of the national level events. As of July 2018, only three people namely Joseph Schooling, Quah Zheng Wen both national swimmers and Maximilian Soh, national sailor, had been granted deferment, no national footballers had been granted deferment.

Disruption

Under special circumstances, Singaporean males are able to leave National Service before their completion, if they fulfill one of the following conditions:

 Accepted an offer into a local undergraduate medical school (there are only two in Singapore, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine and Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine) and wishes to begin tertiary studies. Upon completion of the curriculum, as well as a mandatory year of Postgraduate Year 1 (PGY1) work, they would then be required to complete the remainder of their National Service as a Medical Officer after going through the Medical Officer Conversion Course (MOCC). This form of disruption falls under the Local Medicine Disruption scheme, and is offered to those who:
 Have more than a year of National Service obligation
 Have less than a year of National Service obligation, but must extend their duration of service until a total of one year remains.
 Be a recipient of a Public Service Commission (PSC) Scholarship (Overseas Merit Scholarship included). NSFs awarded the PSC Overseas Merit Scholarship (OMS) are granted disruption in the first year of full-time NS to pursue their university studies.

Exemption
Complete NS exemptions are rare, usually resulting from permanent disabilities or severe medical conditions to be graded PES F by the SAF Medical Board. National policies have been progressively tightened to close up any loopholes that are exploited by draft evaders.

Failure to enlist
Those who are liable to serve national service as a national duty to the country but refuse are charged under the Enlistment Act. If convicted, they face up to both three years' imprisonment and a fine of S$10,000. Draft defaulters' penalties were increased significantly in January 2006 after Melvyn Tan, who was born in 1956 in Singapore, received a composition fine for defaulting on his National Service obligations in the 1970s after attaining British citizenship.

There have also been cases whereby defaulters who return to Singapore to renew their passports and visas are detained and arrested. Defaulters above 40 will also have to face a maximum of three years of imprisonment and a fine of up to $10,000.

Some NS pre-enlistees are court-martialled for their failure to enlist or refusal to be conscripted. Most of them were Jehovah's Witnesses, who are usually sentenced to three years' imprisonment by default at the SAF detention barrack facility, and are separated from other conscription offenders. The government does not consider conscientious objection to be a legal reason for refusal of national service.

NS Defaulters
Since 2017, Singapore's High Court set out new sentencing benchmarks for those who default on national service (NS). A NS defaulter is essentially known as a draft evader.

In a written judgment, the court said that the length of sentences should be amplified for those who have defaulted for a longer period of time, to "reflect the decline in a person's physical fitness with age" and also to create a "progressive disincentive" for defaulters to delay their return.

There are four tiers of punishment, which vary in severity according to the length of default period:

Those who evade NS for two to six years will face a minimum jail sentence of between two to four months;

Those who evade NS for seven to 10 years will face a minimum jail sentence of between five to eight months;

Those who evade NS for 11 to 16 years will face a minimum jail sentence of 14 to 22 months

Those who evade NS for 17 or more will face a minimum jail sentence of two to three years.

Type of services

Military service
There are several types of Basic Military Training (BMT) conducted by the SAF at its BMT Centre on Pulau Tekong, an offshore island off the north-east coast of Singapore, or at selected battalion units which directly draft mono-intake recruits. Combat-fit NSFs with higher education undergo a 9-week Enhanced BMT program. NSFs with other educational certificates and mono-intake recruits undergo a similar program (standard BMT program), less a Situational Test (Sit Test), for assessing recruits in the selection posting to command schools, the Specialist Cadet School (SCS) and Officer Cadet School (OCS). Also, a selected handful of top candidates are transferred to the Singapore Police Force to get accelerated advanced training as an Inspector at the Home Team Academy for a period of 9 months, likewise for the Singapore Civil Defence Force where a few are also carefully groomed to become lieutenants. Recently, selected NSFs having at least NITEC certificates who perform exceptionally well are recommended to undergo the Situational Test model to deem assessment suitability for commander training.

NSFs who are medically graded PES C and E (non-combat-fit), go through a 9-week Modified BMT where they are trained for combat service support vocations NSFs who are graded PES A and B1, but did not pass the pre-enlistment National Physical Fitness Award (NAPFA) test, will have to undergo an additional 2-month Physical Training Phase (PTP), making it a 17-week BMT program for additional physical conditioning. Conscripts who are considered medically obese go through a weight-loss 19-week BMT. The obesity of a conscript is determined by his body mass index (BMI) during the pre-enlistment medical checkup. A BMI of above 27 is considered indicative of obesity, as opposed to the World Health Organization's guideline of 30 and above.

Police service
Though a majority will serve in the SAF (predominantly in the Army) for their National Service, a number of enlistees will serve their NS years in the Singapore Police Force (SPF). Those who have been chosen to serve in the SPF undergo training at the Home Team Academy where they study the Penal Code and standard police protocol. After training at the Academy, they will be posted to various departments of the SPF, such as Special Operations Command (SOC), Logistics, Land divisions, Airport Police Division (APD). Those posted to the Police Coast Guard (PCG) or Police KINS will undergo further training. Selection of Officer Cadets (OCTs) to undergo the NS Probationary Inspector Course (NSPI) is a stringent process for Police National Servicemen (Full-time). A very small number, usually one who is awarded the Best Trainee Award, from each cohort will be selected, with the majority of the OCTs being carefully chosen from the Singapore Armed Forces' National Servicemen (Full-time) who have completed their Basic Military Training (BMT) forming the senior officers corps for the Singapore Police Force.

The national service ranks in the SPF differ from the Military and Civil Defence forces slightly and official usage within official correspondence within the organization clearly differentiates an NS officer versus a regular.

Civil defence service
The Singapore Civil Defence Force (SCDF) is the emergency rescue force of Singapore and they provide firefighting, rescue and ambulance services, and has been one of the three National Service postings since 1972. Those enlisted into the SCDF typically undergo 12 weeks of training at the Basic Rescue Training Centre (BRTC), where they are given basic rescue training (BRT), exposed to regimental discipline, and trained to maintain a level of fitness required of all NSFs in Singapore.

Much like the SAF's SISPEC course, selected NSFs are also posted to the Civil Defence Academy (CDA) to undergo the Firefighter Course (FFC) or the Emergency Response Specialist Course (ERSC) within the first two weeks of their BRT stage, passing out as Firefighters for FFC trainees, and as Fire & Rescue Specialists for ERS trainees who would also simultaneously be conferred with the Sergeant rank (Firefighters mostly pass out as Lance Corporals prior to station posting). Firefighters would typically be posted out to the various fire stations island-wide after passing out, while Fire & Rescue Specialists would be posted as Section Commanders at territorial division, fire stations or at the Special Rescue Battalion; based largely on rankings at the time of course completion, a small number may also be posted as Instructors back in the CDA to staff the Command and Staff Training Center (CSTC), Specialist Training Center (STC), or Firefighting Training Center (FFTC).

While a certain level of health and fitness pre-requisites are expected by both the FFC and ERSC administrators before one can be selected for these courses, admission into the ERS course typically requires a certain set of additional qualifications, namely either a minimum of a GCE Advanced Level certificate, a Diploma or a Higher Nitec Certificate. These added pre-requisites are viewed as necessary in the light of a Section Commander's operational and administrative role when posted out. One marked difference between the FFC and ERSC is the added rescue and emergency training received by ERS Specialist Cadet Trainees (SCTs), as well as the General Command & Control Term, which includes the Basic Home Team Course held at the Home Team Academy and an outward-bound Brunei trip which serves to equip and develop the necessary leadership skills required of a specialist junior officer. In terms of administration and duration, the FFC is under the charge of the FFTC and lasts three months, while the ERSC is under the purview of the CSTC and lasts six months.

In addition, there is also the Basic Officer Course under the charge of the CSTW, designed to train NSFs and regulars as Senior Officers of the SCDF, with NSFs graduating as Lieutenants (LTA). While the BOC is traditionally largely made up of NSFs from the SAF who had just completed their Basic Military Training (BMT) at Pulau Tekong, the top 5-10% of the ERSC will also be offered to cross over to the Basic Officer Course (BOC) to be trained and commissioned as Senior Officers after passing out, spending the last three months of the BOC together with Officer Cadet Trainees (OCTs).

NSFs who undergo the full 7-week basic rescue training at the BRTC are subsequently posted and trained to become medical orderlies (medics), dog handlers, provosts, information and communications and logistics specialists or instructors (such as Physical Training Instructors) among many other vocations upon passing out from the BRTC.

Controversies

Alleged discrimination
Military analyst Sean Walsh who authored The Roar of the Lion City (2007), claimed that "official discrimination against the Malay population remains an open secret".

The Ministry of Defence contests the charge, noting that there are "Malay pilots, commandos and air defence personnel" and stating that "the proportion of eligible Malays selected for specialist and officer training is similar to the proportion of eligible non-Malays."

Melvyn Tan
Melvyn Tan, a classical pianist, left Singapore at the age of 12 to study at Yehudi Menuhin School in 1969. He did not return to serve his national service when he reached the age for enlistment. He came back only in 2005 and was given a $3000 fine for defaulting NS. Since his conviction, Tan has returned to Singapore several times to perform. The lack of a custodial sentence for his offence and his ability to perform in Singapore despite objections drew ire from members of the public who criticised the government for allowing the reputation of the nation and SAF to be sullied.

Janil Puthucheary
Janil Puthucheary, a PAP MP, who did not serve national service, as first-generation new naturalised citizens are exempted. Having been compared to Chen Show Mao, a foreign-born new candidate of the Workers' Party who volunteered for national service at naturalisation, Janil retorted that he has instead spent the last 10 years saving kids' lives. He was criticised for his frank comment due to the advantages of a professional career compared with national service. His candidacy has led to Low Thia Khiang, the leader of the Workers' Party, to call for an amendment to the Singapore constitution to allow only male candidates who have served their national service to run for elections.

Patrick Tan
During the lead up to the 2011 presidential election, PAP's endorsed candidate Tony Tan's son, Patrick Tan, was accused of receiving preferential treatment because he received 12 years disruption from full-time NS and was deployed as a medical scientist in the Defence Medical Research Institute (DMRI) when he resumed for national service, both of which are quite rare.

Benjamin James Davis

Ben Davis was a national footballer who signed a professional contract with Fulham Football Club (FC) in 2017 and was offered a second professional contract to Davis in 2018. As Davis is due to serve National Service in 2019, he applied for an application to defer NS to play for Fulham FC and was rejected. He then signed the contract on 29 June 2018.

In a Parliament session in August 2018, it was explained that the deferment for Davis to play for Fulham Football Club (FC) was not granted as there was no commitment to serve Singapore or our national interests. As of 11 January 2019. MINDEF had not received further appeals for deferment from Davis.

Public opinion was divided on his deferment over MINDEF's rigidity and the Ministry's position.

Davis was issued with an Enlistment Notice in September 2018 and is scheduled due enlistment for NS in February 2019.

Since as of 18 February 2019, Mr Benjamin Davis is a National Service (NS) defaulter. He failed to report for NS as required. He is also staying overseas without a valid Exit Permit.

In a MINDEF official press release on 18 February 2019, Mr Davis has committed offences under the Enlistment Act, and is liable upon conviction to a fine of up to $10,000 and/or imprisonment of up to 3 years.

Kevin Kwan

On 22 August 2018, Mindef revealed that Kevin Kwan the author of the novel Crazy Rich Asians which was adapted into a film, is wanted for defaulting on his NS obligations. Kwan in an interview implied that he returned to Singapore on a few occasions and was not arrested despite being wanted. The Ministry of Home Affairs clarified there were no records of him entering Singapore after the year 2000.

Ekawit Tangtrakarn
On 28 August 2018, 24-year-old Thai national Ekawit Tangtrakarn pleaded guilty to breaching the Enlistment Act. On 18 September 2018, Ekawit was sentenced to a $6,000 fine. District Judge John Ng acknowledged that Ekawit was "first and foremost a Thai national" and that there was "there was nothing to show that he had intentionally placed his personal pursuits above his obligations or chose to do his NS at his convenience". This was different from other cases where  individuals wanted to take on citizenship in other countries without fulfilling their NS obligations.

In 2006, Deputy Prime Minister and then Defence Minister Teo Chee Hean stated that "only those who have emigrated at a young age and have not enjoyed substantial socio-economic benefits are allowed to renounce their citizenship without serving national service."

Jonathan Lee Han Wen
In November 2019, a Singapore-born man who grew up in Hong Kong was sentenced to nine weeks' jail for defaulting on his National Service (NS) obligations for almost five years.

In popular culture

Literature
 From Boys To Men: A Literary Anthology Of National Service In Singapore - edited by Koh, Buck Song and Bhatia, Umej (2002) Landmark Books, Singapore.
 Shoulder To Shoulder: Our National Service Journal - Ministry of Defence, Singapore (2002)

Film
Army Daze directed by Ong Keng Sen (1996)
Ah Boys to Men series (2012–present), directed by Jack Neo and produced by J Team and mm2 Entertainment, which includes three sequels:
Ah Boys to Men 2 (2013, filmed back-to-back with the first)
Ah Boys to Men 3: Frogmen (2015, to celebrate the Singapore's golden jubilee)
Ah Boys to Men 4 (2017, to celebrate the golden jubilee of National Service)
Zombiepura directed by Jacen Tan (2018) (also produced by mm2 Entertainment, a horror thriller film)

Television
The Recruit Diaries (2013)
When Duty Calls (2017)

Theatre
Army Daze by Michael Chiang (1987, 2006)
Full Tank! (2008)
Radio Silence (2008)
Botak Boys (2008)
Charged (2010)
FRAGO (2017)

Documentary
Every Singaporean Son (2010)
Every Singaporean Son - Epilogue (2011)
Making The Cut: Guards Conversion Course (2011)
Every Singaporean Son II - The Making of an Officer (2012)
Commandos: Documentary (2015)


Vukovije Donje

Vukovije Donje (Cyrillic: Вуковије Доње) is a village in the municipality of Kalesija, Bosnia and Herzegovina.


Murgah Kakan

Murgah Kakan (, also Romanized as Mūrgāh Kākān; also known as Mūrgā) is a village in Kakan Rural District, in the Central District of Boyer-Ahmad County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 61, in 11 families.


American Academy of Craniofacial Pain

American Academy of Craniofacial Pain is the largest association of dentists and others with an interest in temporomandibular disorders, craniofacial pain, and dental sleep medicine.

It was started in 1985 by a group of founders who desired to promote clinical skills as well as education in this field.  It provides a summer conference in the United States and many times a winter conference as well.  Being a 501c3 organization, it promotes the educational needs of dentists.  These dentists are able to achieve the Fellowship award by meeting certain requirements as listed on their website at aacfp.org.  In the past it also offered the achievement awards of Distinguished Fellow and Master of Excellence.  The AACP also serves as an educational arm of two credentialing 501c6 organizations:  the American Board of Craniofacial Pain and the American Board of Craniofacial Dental Sleep Medicine.  The AACP offers two mini-residency programs, one in craniofacial pain, and one in sleep dentistry.  It also offers other advertised courses which may be found on its website.  It has two international branches: Canadian and Australian.

It is overseen by a board of directors and executive committee and is based in Reston, Virginia.


Bill Conoulty

Thomas William "Bill" Conoulty (1899 or 1901 – 1961) is an Australian automotive engineer, automobile manufacturer and automobile racer, who was active in the 1920s, 1930s and 1940s and who is lauded for his improved, high performance, sports designs of the, also, legendary, Austin 7. His technically remarkable high performance versions of the Austin 7 included the astounding ‘’’Musso’’’ or, as the Australian racing public preferred to refer to it, the Conoulty Special Austin Comet. Bill won numerous New South Wales, Australia Light Car Club Meets with this automobile, including a 1934 fastest time in Mountain Trials. Conoulty’s Sydney, Australia built Comet 65 roadster is also noteworthy.

Conoulty did not turn to automobiles, though, until 1927 and to competition automobile racing until 1929. Prior, thereto, he was, instead, famed as a motorcyclist and motorcycle racer. He set many Australian speed records on his 500 cc Douglas (motorcycles). In early 1923, Bill became the first person in New South Wales to attain a speed of 100 mph on a motorcycle. In 1925, he set a grass track record in Deagon, Queensland of 101.6 mph that stood for 18 years. In front of some 5000 spell bound spectators at Maroubra Speedway, he set a track record of 92.6 mph during a neck and neck race of 2 Australian leaders of an international assemblage of racers.

One of Conoulty’s novel and peculiar inventions was a tractor, powered by a gasoline fueled internal combustion engine, but, that could be used indoors without hazarding the carbon monoxide poisoning of a building’s inhabitants. Such a tractor was used in the late 1930s to haul a trolley of heavy soiled linen carts at the Royal Prince Alfred Hospital in Sydney, Australia. He also devised one of the earliest "Globe of death", where a modified Austin 7 and a Douglas motorcycle traveled in opposite directions.


Khenut

Khenut was the Queen of Egypt, the wife of King Unas. She lived during the time of the Fifth dynasty of Egypt. She was a suspected mother of Queen Iput I.

Burial
Khenut was buried in a double mastaba with another queen named Nebet next to the Pyramid of Unas in Saqqara. The mastaba was excavated by Peter Munro.

The pyramid of the Queen mother Sesheshet lies near the pyramid which belong to Khenut.

Titles
Khenut’s titles are: "Great One of the hetes-sceptre" (wrt-hetes), "She who sees Horus and Set" (m33t-hrw-stsh), "Great of Praises" (wrt-hzwt), "King’s Wife, his beloved" (hmt-nisw meryt.f), "Companion of Horus, his beloved" (smrt-hrw-meryt.f), "Consort and Beloved of the Two Ladies" (sm3yt-mry-nbty), and "Companion of Horus" (tist-hrw). Khenut may have been mentioned in the mortuary temple of Unas. Her tomb, unlike that of Queen Nebet, has suffered extensive damage.


Colin Bodill

Colin Bodill (born 1952) is an adventurer and pilot from Nottingham, England.

Colin has won the UK microlight championships several times and became the World Champion in 1995. In 1998 he set a new World Speed Record for flying an open-cockpit aircraft from London to Sydney.

In 2000 Colin along with British helicopter pilot Jennifer Murray formed the NOW Challenge - a microlight versus helicopter race around the globe in support of the charity Operation Smile. The flight was sponsored by NOW (Network of the World) and Tommy Hilfiger. Colin became the first person to circumnavigate the globe solo in a weight-shift microlight (a Mainair Blade 912). It was on this flight that he had his first helicopter lesson and went on to set another world record from London to Sydney in a helicopter (2001).

Colin and Jennifer launched another record attempt, to be the first to fly a helicopter around the world from Pole to Pole, in October 2003 in support of the WWF. On 20 December, only 58 days into their journey and two days after reaching the South Pole, they crashed in whiteout conditions. Both Colin and Jennifer were seriously injured.

Colin is a BMAA test pilot and inspector, microlight instructor and a CAA Examiner.

Awards
2001 Britannia Trophy – The Royal Aero Club's highest award

1998 Air League Award

1998 Colibri Diamond Award

2000 Colibri Diamond Award

External links
 operation smile
 Polar first challenge


Little Mac

is the main protagonist in Nintendo's Punch-Out!! series of video games. He first appeared in Mike Tyson's Punch-Out!!. He is the smallest and youngest of all the boxers in the games, and his signature attack is the "Star Uppercut". His design was changed for the SNES Super Punch-Out!!, but reverted to his original design in the Wii title. In the NES and Wii games, Little Mac is accompanied by Doc Louis, his trainer.

In addition to his own series, Little Mac has made multiple cameo appearances in and out of video games; video games include Captain Rainbow, Fight Night Round 2 and the Super Smash Bros. series, while he appeared in a variety of comic books, including those created by Valiant Comics. Little Mac has received positive reception since his debut and has been regarded as one of the best protagonists in video games by multiple publications.

Appearances
Little Mac first appeared in the NES video game Mike Tyson's Punch-Out!!, a sequel to the arcade game Punch-Out!!. He has appeared as the main protagonist in every Punch-Out!! game since. His next appearance was in Super Punch-Out!! for the Super NES, which gave him a drastically different design. Most recently in his series, he appeared in the Wii video game Punch-Out!!.

Little Mac has made multiple cameo appearances. His first was in the GameCube version of Fight Night Round 2, where his SNES incarnation is featured as a playable character alongside the ability to play the entire SNES game. He appeared in the Wii video game Captain Rainbow, which featured a variety of obscure Nintendo characters, as an "overweight has-been". He was also featured in Super Smash Bros. Brawl, where he could be summoned using an item called an "Assist Trophy". However, he became playable starting with Super Smash Bros. for 3DS and Wii U.

Little Mac's green headgear is featured as downloadable content in the Wii game Animal Crossing: City Folk, which players could put on their characters in the game. The game Abobo's Big Adventure, a fan game which features numerous Nintendo characters, featured Little Mac as its final boss.

Little Mac is also featured as the protagonist in the Punch-Out!! stories featured in Valiant Comics' Nintendo Comics System. He appears in the stories "The First Fight", "Outsiders", and "Fox and Hounds." Mac also makes a cameo in the prologue short of the Captain N comic books.

Concept and creation
Little Mac has traditionally been depicted as Caucasian with black hair; he usually wears a black tank top, green shorts, and green boxing gloves. He was originally going to be named Peter Punch, but this was changed before the game's debut. He is 17 years old, 140 centimeters tall (170 cm in the Wii version), and hails from The Bronx. This makes him the shortest and youngest boxer in all of the Punch-Out!! games. In the NES game, players took control of Mac against the taller opponents, where Mac could only dodge in various directions, block, and perform stomach punches, uppercuts, and the "Star Uppercut". Mac can perform the Star Uppercut by collecting stars, which are obtained by attacking opponents in specific ways. Mac has a stamina meter; if it runs out, he turns pink and must be given time to recover. If he is knocked down, players must mash the A button to make him stand up.

The identity of the player character in Super Punch-Out!! is the source of contention; Bryce Holliday, one of the main developers of the Wii version of Punch-Out, states that the player character in Super Punch-Out is not Little Mac. However, during the North American and European Virtual Console releases of the SNES title, Nintendo of America and Europe have claimed that Little Mac is in the SNES game. The history section of the official website for the Wii version of Punch-Out!! also states that the character is Little Mac. According to Nintendo of America, the SNES title takes place after the events of the NES and Wii titles of the series; Little Mac looks different because he was given a makeover, and his repertoire has expanded since separating from Doc Louis, including the "Knockout Punch" and the "Rapid Punch".

Before the SNES Super Punch-Out!! was finished and released, some screenshots and video footage of the prototype seen in gaming magazines showed him with a different look compared to his final version seen in the finished and released version. and two official television commercials Instead of using stars to do powerful attacks, Little Mac builds up a strength meter by doing well against his opponents, like in the arcade versions of Punch-Out!!. It will lower when he is hit or when the opponent blocks his attack.

He was voiced in Punch-Out!! for Wii by Matt Harty, a sound designer for Next Level Games. Unlike his opponents, his design in Punch-Out!! for Wii has not changed much. They specifically kept him as a silent protagonist due to how similar the Wii game is to the NES game as well as the tradition of silent Nintendo protagonists such as Kirby, Link, and Ness. The designers also wanted Mac to be an avatar for the player. They were originally going to allow players to upgrade Little Mac's abilities; however, they felt that it would take away from the challenge of overcoming opponents, as well as diminish peoples' interests in Little Mac. In 2009, he was portrayed by former professional boxer Paulie Malignaggi in an American commercial for Punch-Out!! on the Wii. In an interview, Malignaggi commented that he was asked to play a "young Italian-American guy, good looking with a cocky attitude and a heavy New York accent". The Wii game adds a multi-player mode, where a second player can take control of an alternate Mac. In this mode, either player can transform into Giga Mac, a larger and more powerful version of Mac. Giga Mac's name was planned to be "Big Mac" in keeping with the "little" in Little Mac's name, but this was changed to avoid comparison to McDonald's Big Mac.

Reception
Since his appearance in the Punch-Out!! series, Little Mac has received generally positive reception, and is regarded as a major Nintendo character. GameSpot featured him in a user poll as part of the "all time greatest video game hero" contest. Nintendo Power listed Little Mac as their 11th favorite hero, stating that he taught gamers that more intimidating foes can be overcome by patience, persistence, and "pattern recognition". GamesRadar listed him as the 68th greatest video game hero, and called him the "definition of an underdog hero", due to fighting much larger opponents than himself. GamesRadar's Mikel Reparaz listed Mac's Star Uppercut as one of the most satisfying uppercuts in video games.

However, Little Mac has also received criticism. Both his updated design and Doc Louis' absence were listed by NintendoWorldReport's Neal Ronaghan as weak points of Super Punch-Out!! In their list of the top five racist video games, 1UP.com listed the Punch-Out!! franchise, and referred to Little Mac as the "Great White Hope" relative to the stereotypical character designs of his opponents. The Escapists Sumantra Lahiri wrote that Little Mac was the only boxer in the game who did not have a "negative stereotype associated with him".

After being a long-time requested inclusion within the Super Smash Bros. series, Little Mac made his debut in the series in Super Smash Bros. Brawl as an "Assist Trophy", a non-playable character that assists the fighter who summoned them. The series' subsequent installments, Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U, transitioned Mac into a full-fledged playable character. In addition to using his updated design from the Wii version of Punch-Out!!, his Giga Mac transformation from that same game is also featured as his "Final Smash", a one-use special move that can only be activated upon breaking a "Smash Ball". Little Mac also appears as a playable character in Super Smash Bros. Ultimate, although his Final Smash has been modified like other transformation-esque Final Smashes. Little Mac's reputation as an underdog has also made its way into the Smash fanbase, as his moveset in Smash Brothers Ultimate has been met with harsh criticism as he is one of the easiest characters to defeat once off stage, but maintains one of the best ground games in the entire series, leaving fans polarized about his playstyle. Prior to his inclusion in the Super Smash Bros. series, Gamasutra's Kyle Orland commented that Little Mac's absence from it was "mind-boggling". The qualities listed included his popularity, fighting ability, and "retro cred"; Orland felt that it did not make sense to feature characters such as Ice Climbers and Mr. Game & Watch instead of Mac. IGN's Lucas M. Thomas and Matt Casamassina expressed disappointment that Little Mac was not playable in Brawl, and suggested that perhaps series creator Masahiro Sakurai could not think of a good moveset for him.

Little Mac has also been featured in a number of merchandise items and collectibles. As part of a "boxing challenge" held by Nintendo at its Nintendo World store in Rockefeller Plaza, Nintendo awarded, in part, a training sweatshirt similar to Little Mac's. Nintendo also released a pair of Little Mac-signed green boxing gloves on Amazon.com, which were contained in a wood frame and casing. The band Game Over created a song called "Little Mac's Confession", which follows Little Mac's "crushing KO" against Mr. Dream.

Notes


Acanthobunocephalus nicoi

Acanthobunocephalus nicoi is the only species of catfish (order Siluriformes) in the genus Acanthobunocephalus of the family Aspredinidae. This species is known from only three localities and appears to be restricted to the upper Orinoco River system of Venezuela and possibly the upper Rio Negro system of Brazil.

Acanthobunocephalus nicoi can be differentiated from other aspredinids by the presence of a dorsal fin spine locking mechanism and a rigid dorsal fin spine. The lateral line is truncated at about the dorsal fin level. The head is depressed and the caudal peduncle is slender, tapering to the caudal fin. The mouth is terminal, with the jaws and lips equal. The dorsal and anal fin membranes are not adnate with the body. These fish reach sexual maturity at just over 16 millimetres (.63 in) SL, and have not been observed to exceed 20 mm (.79 in) SL.

This species is found in flooded plants, primarily grasses and sedges, in black water (stained by tannin).

External links


Great Bosullow

Great Bosullow (, meaning dwelling of the house of light) is a hamlet south-east of Morvah in west Cornwall, England, UK. Bosullow Common is an extensive area of heathland. Great Bosullow lies within the Cornwall Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB). Almost a third of Cornwall has AONB designation, with the same status and protection as a National Park.

The freehold of Great Bosullow was put up for auction on 24 April 1883. The property consisted of a house, barn, stable, cattle-house, piggeries and other outbuildings. There was  of arable and pasture land, about  of enclosed crofts and about  of shared common land, including Castle Downs and any minerals beneath. Also for sale was Little Bosullow which contained  of arable and pasture lane, about  of enclosed croft and the rights over Bosullow and other commons, containing about  and the minerals thereunder. The commons including a portion of Choone Castle, where there was good quantities of good building stone.


José María Cirarda Lachiondo

José María Cirarda Lachiondo (May 23, 1917 – September 17, 2008) was a Spanish Bishop of the Roman Catholic Church.

Lachiondo was born in Baquio, Spain and was ordained a priest on July 5, 1942. Lachiondo was appointed auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of Seville as well as Titular Bishop of Drusiliana on April 9, 1960 and ordained a bishop on June 29, 1960. He was appointed bishop of the Diocese of Santander on July 22, 1968 and then the Diocese of Córdoba in Spain on December 3, 1971. On December 31, 1978 Lachiondo was appointed to the Archdiocese of Pamplona y Tudela and would remain at diocese until retirement March 26, 1993.


Richard Goodmanson

Richard Goodmanson is an American businessman.

Education
Goodmanson's degrees include an MBA, BEc and BCom, B Eng (Civil).

Career
Goodmanson was Director of Rio Tinto plc and Rio Tinto Limited beginning in 2004. He was elected by shareholders in 2005 and stood for re-election in 2008. Goodmanson was also the chairman of the Committee on social and environmental accountability.

Goodmanson worked at senior levels for McKinsey & Company, PepsiCo and America West Airlines, where he was president and CEO.

Goodmanson joined DuPont in early 1999 and became executive vice president and chief operating officer at that time. In that role he was responsible for global functions, and the non US operations of DuPont, with particular focus on growth in emerging markets.

Goodmanson retired from DuPont in September 2009.

Goodmanson was also chairman of the United Way of Delaware since 2006 and the Director since 2002.


Elachista pocopunctella

Elachista pocopunctella is a moth of the family Elachistidae. It is found in Austria.