Adam Clayton Powell Jr.

Adam Clayton Powell Jr. (November 29, 1908 – April 4, 1972) was a Baptist pastor and an American politician, who represented the Harlem neighborhood of New York City in the United States House of Representatives from 1945 until 1971. He was the first person of African-American descent to be elected from New York to Congress.

Re-elected for nearly three decades, Powell became a powerful national politician of the Democratic Party, and served as a national spokesman on civil rights and social issues. He also urged United States presidents to support emerging nations in Africa and Asia as they gained independence after colonialism.

In 1961, after 16 years in the House, Powell became chairman of the Education and Labor Committee, the most powerful position held by an African American in Congress. As chairman, he supported the passage of important social and civil rights legislation under presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson. Following allegations of corruption, in 1967 Powell was excluded from his seat by Democratic Representatives-elect of the 90th United States Congress, but he was re-elected and regained the seat in the 1969 ruling  by the Supreme Court of the United States in Powell v. McCormack. He lost his seat in 1970 to Charles Rangel and retired from electoral politics.

Early years
Powell was born in 1908 in New Haven, Connecticut, the second child and only son of Adam Clayton Powell Sr. and Mattie Buster Shaffer, both born poor in Virginia and West Virginia, respectively. His sister Blanche was 10 years older. His parents were of mixed race with African and European ancestry (and, according to his father, American Indian on his mother's side). (In his autobiography Adam By Adam, Powell says that his mother had partial German ancestry.) They and their ancestors were classified as mulatto in 19th-century censuses. Powell's paternal grandmother's ancestors had been free persons of color for generations before the Civil War. By 1908, Powell Sr. had become a prominent Baptist minister, serving as a pastor in Philadelphia, and as lead pastor at a Baptist church in New Haven.

Powell Sr. had worked his way out of poverty and through Wayland Seminary, a historically black college, and postgraduate study at Yale University and Virginia Theological Seminary. In the year of his son's birth in New Haven, Powell Sr. was called as the pastor of the prominent Abyssinian Baptist Church in the Harlem neighborhood of New York City. He led the church for decades through major expansion, including fundraising for and the construction of an addition to accommodate the increased membership of the congregation during the years of the Great Migration, as many African Americans moved north from the South. That congregation grew to a community of 10,000 persons.

Due to his father's achievements, Powell grew up in a wealthy household in New York City. Because of his mixed European ancestry, Adam was born with hazel eyes, fair skin and blond hair, such that he could pass for white. However, he did not play with that racial ambiguity until college. He attended Townsend Harris High School, then studied at City College of New York before starting at Colgate University in upstate as a freshman. The four other African-American students at Colgate at the time were all athletes. For a time, Powell briefly passed as white, using his appearance to escape racial strictures at college. The other black students were dismayed to discover what he had done.
Encouraged by his father to become a minister, Powell became more serious about his studies at Colgate, where he earned his bachelor's degree in 1930. After returning to New York, Powell began his graduate work and in 1931 earned an M.A. in religious education from Columbia University. He became a member of Alpha Phi Alpha, the first African-American, intercollegiate Greek-lettered fraternity.

Later, apparently trying to bolster his black identity, Powell would say that his paternal grandparents were born into slavery. However, his paternal grandmother, Sally Dunning, was at least the third generation of free people of color in her family. In the 1860 census, she is listed as a free mulatto, as were her mother, grandmother, and siblings. Sally never identified the father of Adam Clayton Powell Sr., born in 1865. She appeared to have named her son after her older brother Adam Dunning, listed on the 1860 census as a farmer and the head of their household. In 1867 Sally Dunning married Anthony Bush, a mulatto freedman. All the family members were listed under the surname Dunning in the 1870 census.

The family changed its surname to Powell when they moved to Kanawha County, West Virginia, as part of their new life there.  According to Charles V. Hamilton, a 1991 biographer of Powell, Anthony Bush "decided to take the name Powell as a new identity", and this is how they were recorded in the 1880 census.

Adam Jr.'s mother Mattie Buster Shaffer was also of mixed race, with African-American and German ancestry. Her parents had been slaves in Virginia and were freed after the American Civil War. Powell's parents married in West Virginia, where they met. Numerous freedmen had migrated there in the late 19th century for work.

Career

After ordination, Powell began assisting his father with charitable services at the church and as a preacher. He greatly increased the volume of meals and clothing provided to the needy, and began to learn more about the lives of the working class and poor in Harlem.

During the Great Depression in the 1930s, Powell, a handsome and charismatic figure, became a prominent civil rights leader in Harlem. He recounted these experiences in a 1964 interview with Robert Penn Warren for the book Who Speaks for the Negro?. He developed a formidable public following in the community through his crusades for jobs and affordable housing.  As chairman of the Coordinating Committee for Employment, Powell used numerous methods of community organizing to bring political pressure on major businesses to open their doors to black employees at professional levels.  He organized mass meetings, rent strikes, and public campaigns to force companies, utilities, and Harlem Hospital, which operated in the community, to hire black workers at skill levels higher than the lowest positions, to which they had formerly been restricted by informal discrimination.

For instance, during the 1939 New York World's Fair, Powell organized a picket line at the Fair's offices in the Empire State Building. As a result, the Fair hired more black employees, increasing their numbers from about 200 to 732. In 1941, Powell led a bus boycott in Harlem, where blacks constituted the majority of passengers but held few of the jobs; the Transit Authority hired 200 black workers and set the precedent for more. Powell also led a fight to have drugstores operating in Harlem hire black pharmacists. He encouraged local residents to shop only where blacks were also hired to work. "Mass action is the most powerful force on earth," Powell once said, adding, "As long as it is within the law, it's not wrong; if the law is wrong, change the law."

In 1938, Powell succeeded his father as pastor of the Abyssinian Baptist Church. In 1942 he founded People's Voice, a newspaper designed for "a progressive African American audience, and it educated and enlightened readers on everything from local gatherings and events to U.S. civil rights issues to the political and economic struggles of the peoples of Africa.  Reporters and  writers for the papers included influential African Americans such as Powell himself, Powell's sister-in-law and actress Fredi Washington, and journalist Marvel Cooke." It also served as a mouthpiece for his views. After he was elected to Congress in 1944, other people led the paper, but it finally closed in 1948, after being accused of communist connections.

Political career

New York City Council
In 1941, with the aid of New York City's use of the single transferable vote, Powell was elected to the New York City Council as the city's first black Council member. He received 65,736 votes, the third-best total among the six successful Council candidates.

Congress
In 1944, Powell ran for the United States Congress on a platform of civil rights for African Americans: support for "fair employment practices, and a ban on poll taxes and lynching." Requiring poll taxes for voter registration and voting was a device used by southern states in new constitutions adopted from 1890 to 1908 to disenfranchise most blacks and many poor whites, in order to exclude them from politics. Poll taxes in the United States, together with the social and economic intimidation of Jim Crow laws, were maintained in the South into the 1960s to keep blacks excluded from politics and politically powerless.

Powell was elected as a Democrat to represent the Congressional District that included Harlem. He was the first black Congressman elected from New York State.

As the historian Charles V. Hamilton wrote in his 1992 political biography of Powell,
Here was a person who [in the 1940s] would at least 'speak out. '... That would be different ... Many Negroes were angry that no Northern liberals would get up on the floor of Congress and challenge the segregationists. ... Powell certainly promised to do that ...

[In] the 1940s and 1950s, he was, indeed, virtually alone ... And precisely because of that, he was exceptionally crucial. In many instances during those earlier times, if he did not speak out, the issue would not have been raised. ... For example, only he could (or would dare to) challenge Congressman Rankin of Mississippi on the House floor in the 1940s for using the word "nigger". He certainly did not change Rankin's mind or behavior, but he gave solace to millions who longed for a little retaliatory defiance.

As one of only two black Congressmen (the other being William Levi Dawson) until 1955, Powell challenged the informal ban on black representatives using Capitol facilities previously reserved for white members. He took black constituents to dine with him in the "Whites Only" House restaurant. He clashed with the many segregationists from the South in his party. Since the turn of the 20th century, Southern Democrats had commanded a one-party system, as they had effectively disenfranchised most blacks from voting since the turn of the century and excluded them from the political system through barriers to voter registration and voting. The white Congressmen and Senators controlled all the seats allocated for the total population in the southern states, had established seniority, and commanded many important committee chairs in the House and Senate.

Powell worked closely with Clarence Mitchell Jr., the representative of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in Washington, D.C., to try to gain justice in federal programs. Biographer Hamilton described the NAACP as "the quarterback that threw the ball to Powell, who, to his credit, was more than happy to catch and run with it."  He developed a strategy known as the "Powell Amendments". "On bill after bill that proposed federal expenditures, Powell would offer 'our customary amendment,' requiring that federal funds be denied to any jurisdiction that maintained segregation; Liberals would be embarrassed, Southern politicians angered."  This principle would later become integrated into Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

Powell was also willing to act independently; in 1956, he broke party ranks and supported President Dwight D. Eisenhower for re-election, saying the civil rights plank in the Democratic Party platform was too weak.  In 1958, he survived a determined effort by the Tammany Hall Democratic Party machine in New York to oust him in the primary election. In 1960, Powell, hearing of planned civil rights marches at the Democratic Convention, which could embarrass the party or candidate, threatened to accuse Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. of having a homosexual relationship with Bayard Rustin unless the marches were cancelled. Rustin, one of King's political advisers, was an openly gay man.  King agreed to cancel the planned events and Rustin resigned from the Southern Christian Leadership Conference.

Global work
Powell also paid attention to the issues of developing nations in Africa and Asia, making trips overseas. He urged presidential policymakers to pay attention to nations seeking independence from colonial powers and support aid to them. During the Cold War, many of them sought neutrality between the United States and the Soviet Union. He made speeches on the House Floor to celebrate the anniversaries of the independence of nations such as Ghana, Indonesia, and Sierra Leone.

In 1955, against the State Department's advice, Powell attended the Asian–African Conference in Bandung, Indonesia, as an observer. He made a positive international impression in public addresses that balanced his concerns of his nation's race relations problems with a spirited defense of the United States as a whole against Communist criticisms. Powell returned to the United States to a warm bipartisan reception for his performance, and he was invited to meet with President Dwight D. Eisenhower.

With this influence, Powell suggested to the State Department that the current manner of competing with the Soviet Union in the realm of fine arts such as international symphony orchestra and ballet company tours was ineffective. Instead, he advised that the United States should focus on the popular arts, such as sponsoring international tours of famous jazz musicians, which could draw attention to an indigenous American art form and featured musicians who often performed in mixed race bands. The State Department approved the idea. The first such tour with Dizzy Gillespie proved to be an outstanding success abroad and prompted similarly popular tours featuring other musicians for years.

Committee chairmanship and legislation
In 1961, after 15 years in Congress, Powell advanced to chairman of the powerful United States House Committee on Education and Labor. In this position, he presided over federal social programs for minimum wage and Medicaid (established later under Johnson); he expanded the minimum wage to include retail workers; and worked for equal pay for women; he supported education and training for the deaf, nursing education, and vocational training; he led legislation for standards for wages and work hours; as well as for aid for elementary and secondary education, and school libraries. Powell's committee proved extremely effective in enacting major parts of President Kennedy's "New Frontier" and President Johnson's "Great Society" social programs and the War on Poverty. It successfully reported to Congress "49 pieces of bedrock legislation", as President Johnson put it in an May 18, 1966, letter congratulating Powell on the fifth anniversary of his chairmanship.

Powell was instrumental in passing legislation that made lynching a federal crime, as well as bills that desegregated public schools. He challenged the Southern practice of charging Blacks a poll tax to vote. Poll taxes for federal elections were prohibited by the 24th Amendment, passed in 1964. Voter registration and electoral practices were not changed substantially in most of the South until after passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, which provided federal oversight of voter registration and elections, and enforcement of the constitutional right to vote. In some areas where discrimination was severe, such as Mississippi, it took years for African Americans to register and vote in numbers related to their proportion in the population, but they have since maintained a high rate of registration and voting.

Political controversy
By the mid-1960s, Powell was increasingly being criticized for mismanaging his committee's budget, taking trips abroad at public expense, and missing meetings of his committee. When under scrutiny by the press and other members of Congress for personal conduct—he had taken two young women at government expense with him on overseas travel—he responded:I wish to state very emphatically... that I will always do just what every other Congressman and committee chairman has done and is doing and will do."  Opponents led criticism in his District, where his refusal to pay a 1963 slander judgment made him subject to arrest; he also spent increasing amounts of time in Florida.

In January 1967, the House Democratic Caucus stripped Powell of his committee chairmanship.  The full House refused to seat him until completion of an investigation by the Judiciary Committee. Powell urged his supporters to "keep the faith, baby," while the investigation was under way. On March 1, the House voted 307 to 116 to exclude him. Powell said, "On this day, the day of March in my opinion, is the end of the United States of America as the land of the free and the home of the brave."

Powell won the Special Election to fill the vacancy caused by his exclusion, but he did not take his seat, as he was filing a separate suit. He sued in Powell v. McCormack to retain his seat. In November 1968, Powell was re-elected. On January 3, 1969, he was seated as a member of the 91st Congress, but he was fined $25,000 and denied seniority. In June 1969, in Powell v. McCormack, the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that the House had acted unconstitutionally when it excluded Powell, as he had been duly elected by his constituents.

Powell's increasing absenteeism was noted by constituents, which contributed, in June 1970, to his defeat in the Democratic primary for reelection to his seat by Charles B. Rangel. Powell failed to garner enough signatures to get on the November ballot as an Independent, and Rangel won that (and following) general elections. In the fall of 1970, Powell moved to his retreat on Bimini in The Bahamas, also resigning as minister at the Abyssinian Baptist Church.

Marriage and family
In 1933, Powell married Isabel Washington (1908–2007), an African-American singer and nightclub entertainer. Like Powell, she was of mixed race. She was the sister of actress Fredi Washington. Powell adopted Washington's, son Preston, from her first marriage.

After their divorce, in 1945, Powell married the singer Hazel Scott.  They had a son named Adam Clayton Powell III. In the early 21st century, Adam Clayton Powell III became Vice Provost for Globalization at the University of Southern California.

Powell divorced again, and in 1960 married Yvette Flores Diago from Puerto Rico.  They had a son, whom they named Adam Clayton Powell Diago, using the mother's surname as a second surname, according to Hispanic tradition. In 1980, this son changed his name to Adam Clayton Powell IV (dropping "Diago" from his name) when he moved to the mainland of the United States from Puerto Rico to attend Howard University. Adam Clayton Powell IV, also known as A.C. Powell IV, was elected to the New York City Council in 1991 in a special election; he served for two terms. He also was elected as a New York state Assemblyman (D-East Harlem) for three terms and had a son named Adam Clayton Powell V. In 1994, and again in 2010, Adam Clayton Powell IV unsuccessfully challenged  incumbent Rep. Charles B. Rangel for the Democratic nomination in his father's former congressional district.

Family scandal
In 1967, a U.S. Congressional committee subpoenaed Yvette Diago, the former third wife of Powell Jr. and the mother of Adam Clayton Powell IV. They were investigating potential "theft of state funds" related to her having been on Powell Jr.'s payroll but doing no work. Yvette Diago admitted to the committee that she had been on the Congressional payroll of her former husband, Adam Clayton Powell Jr., from 1961 until 1967, although she had moved back to Puerto Rico in 1961.  As reported by Time  magazine, Yvette Diago had continued living in Puerto Rico and "performed no work at all," yet was kept on the payroll. Her salary was increased to $20,578 and she was paid until January 1967, when she was exposed and fired.

Death
In April 1972, Powell became gravely ill and was flown to a Miami hospital from his home in Bimini. He died there on April 4, 1972, at the age of 63, from acute prostatitis, according to contemporary newspaper accounts. After his funeral at the Abyssinian Baptist Church in Harlem, his son, Adam III, poured his ashes from a plane over the waters of Bimini.

Legacy

Seventh Avenue north of Central Park through Harlem has been renamed as Adam Clayton Powell Jr. Boulevard. One of the landmarks along this street is the Adam Clayton Powell Jr. State Office Building, named for Powell in 1983.

In addition, two New York schools were named after him, PS 153, at 1750 Amsterdam Ave., and a middle school, IS 172 Adam Clayton Powell Jr. School of Social Justice, at 509 W. 129th St. It closed in 2009. In 2011, the new Adam Clayton Powell Jr. Paideia Academy opened in Chicago's South Shore neighborhood.

Representation in other media
Powell was the subject of the 2002 cable television film Keep the Faith, Baby, starring Harry Lennix as Powell and Vanessa Williams as his second wife, jazz pianist Hazel Scott. The film debuted on February 17, 2002, on premium cable network Showtime. It garnered three NAACP Image Award nominations for Outstanding Television Movie, Outstanding Actor in a Television Movie (Lennix), and Outstanding Actress in a TV Movie (Williams). It won two National Association of Minorities in Cable (NAMIC) Vision Awards for Best Drama and Best Actor in a Television Film (Lennix), the International Press Association's Best Actress in a Television Film Award (Williams), and Reel.com's Best Actor in a Television Film (Lennix). The film's producers were Geoffrey L. Garfield, Powell IV's long-time campaign manager; Monty Ross, a confidant of Spike Lee; son Adam Clayton Powell III; and Hollywood veteran Harry J. Ufland. The film was written by Art Washington and directed by Doug McHenry.

Powell is portrayed by Giancarlo Esposito in the 2019 Epix cable series Godfather of Harlem.

Works
(1945) Marching Blacks, An Interpretive History of the Rise of the Black Common Man
(1962) The New Image in Education: A Prospectus for the Future by the Chairman of the Committee on Education and Labor
(1967) Keep the Faith, Baby!
(1971) Adam by Adam: The Autobiography of Adam Clayton Powell Jr.


Ruwanwelisaya

The Ruwanwelisaya is a stupa and a hemispherical structure containing relics, in Sri Lanka, considered sacred to many Buddhists all over the world. Two quarts or one Drona of the Gothama Buddha's relics are enshrined in the stupa, which is the largest collection of his relics anywhere. It was built by King Dutugemunu c. 140 B.C., who became King of all Sri Lanka after a war in which the Chola King Elāra (Ellalan) was defeated. It is also known as "Mahathupa", "Swarnamali Chaitya", "Suvarnamali Mahaceti" (in Pali) and "Rathnamali Dagaba".

This is one of the "Solosmasthana" (the 16 places of veneration) and the "Atamasthana" (the 8 places of veneration in the ancient sacred city of Anuradhapura). The stupa is one of the world's tallest ancient monuments, standing at  and with a circumference of .
The original stupa had been about  in height and was renovated by many kings.The Kaunghmudaw Pagoda in Sagaing, Myanmar is modelled after this stupa. The Mahavamsa contains a detailed account on the construction and the opening ceremony of the stupa.

The stupa was a ruin in the 19th century. After fundraising efforts by a Sinhalese bhikkhu, it was renovated in the early 20th century. The Ruwanveli Seya Restoration Society was founded in 1902 and the final crowning of the stupa took place on 17 June 1940.

Buddha’s Relic

After The Buddha's Mahaparinibbāna, His relics were enshrined and revered in stupas by princes of eight countries two quarts in each country. The two quarts of relics that were enshrined in the village Rāmagāma were, according to The Buddha’s determination, destined to be enshrined in the Great Stūpa Ruvanveli. King Dutthagamini (often spelled as Dutugemunu) who, on the full-moon day of the month of Āsāḷha (June–July), under the constellation of ‘‘Uttarāsāḷha’’, would officiate in the ceremony for the enshrining of the relics in the Great Stūpa, worshipped the Sangha (Order of monks) on the day before the full-moon day, reminded them that tomorrow is the appointed day for the enshrining of the relics and requested them to give him the relics. The Saṅgha ordered then the novice Arahant Soṇuttara, who was gifted with the six supernormal faculties, to procure the relics from Naga-Loka realm, which Arahant Soṇuttara manages to visit and bring and offer to the Sangha.

Then king Dutthagamini received from the Sangha the Buddha’s relics upon his head in a casket and departed from the golden pavilion in the midst of manifold offerings and honours made by gods and ‘‘Brahmas’’. He circumambulated the relic-chamber three times, entered to it from the east, and when laid the relic-casket on a silver couch one ‘‘koṭi’’ worth, that was arranged in the north side. An image of the Buddha was then, according to the Buddha’s determination,
created in the lion’s reclining posture (‘‘sīhaseyya’’), and all the relics were enshrined within that image. When the enshrining of the relics in the Great Stūpa Ruvanveli was completed, the two novices Uttara and Sumana closed the relic-chamber with the stone-blocks that were previously hidden to be used as a lid.

In the Thupavamsa numerous types of beings attended the enshrinement of the relics into the Mahathupa; including the Naga king Mahakala who until recently guarded them. The relics were to be placed atop a golden throne crafted by Visvakarman the divine artificer; the throne brought by Indra. Brahma offers his invisible umbrella of sovereignty, with the king Dutthagamani offering his own. The arhat Indagutta creates a metal canopy over the universe, so that Mara will not interfere, as monks chanted the Sutta Pitaka (the Collection of Discourses delivered by the Buddha). Dutthagamani ceremoniously enters with the urn atop his head; but as he is about to place the urn on the golden throne, the relics rise into the air and form Buddha, with each of the 32 major signs and 80 lesser signs of a great man. In this form he performs the twin miracle of fire and water, fulfilling the fifth of his death bed resolutions. One hundred and twenty million gods and humans gain arhatship from this experience. The relics return to the urn and they are laid to rest and the chamber sealed with forty meter stone slabs.

‘‘"The relic-chamber shall not shake even by an earthquake; flowers such as jasmine that were offered on that day shall not wither till the end of Buddha Gotama’s Dispensation; the lamps that were kindled with ghee-oil shall not be extinguished; the clay that was mixed with perfume and sandalwood shall not dry; even a single scratch shall not appear within the relic-chamber; stains shall not appear in any of the golden goods that were offered.’ All this occurred by the determination-power of all Arahants present. They determined also that inimical persons should
not be able to even see the relic-chamber. Furthermore, by order of king Dutugemunu, the people of Srī Lanka enshrined, along with many other objects such as golden and silver caskets, thousand more of the Buddha's relics over the relic-chamber."

Images


The Public Record (newspaper)

The Public Record is a free weekly tabloid newspaper, published in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania since 1999.  The editorial matter is local and state politics, labor unions, schools and community organization news. The advertising matter is by labor unions, businesses, candidates for public office, elected officials, and official city notices such as legal notices by the courts, election notices and Philadelphia Sheriff's sales.

History
The Public Record began publication in September 1999 as a semi-monthly, and changed to a weekly in April, 2000.

The publisher of the Public Record was James Tayoun, Sr. who was a former City Councilman in Philadelphia and State Representative in Harrisburg who resigned from office after pleading guilty to racketeering, mail-fraud, tax- evasion and obstruction-of-justice.

In 2010, the Public Record announced a new sister publication, "The South Philadelphia Public Record."


Arab Kandi

Arab Kandi (, also Romanized as ʿArab Kandī) is a village in Avajiq-e Jonubi Rural District, Dashtaki District, Chaldoran County, West Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its existence was noted, but its population was not reported.


Mystery blenny

The mystery blenny (Parablennius incognitus) is a species of combtooth blenny found in the eastern Atlantic ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. It is widespread in Madeira, the Canary Islands and Limbe, Cameroon, off Iberian Peninsula to all parts of the Mediterranean including Morocco, the Sea of Marmara, and Black Sea. In the Black Sea it was first found in 2002 near the southern coast of Crimea, Ukraine. In 2003 it was numerously registered in coastal waters from Sevastopol to Cape Fiolent. It can reach a length of  SL.


HMS Velox

Two ships of the Royal Navy have borne the name HMS Velox, Latin for 'swift':

  was a , formerly named HMS Python, launched speculatively in 1902 and purchased that year. She was sunk by a mine in 1915.
  was a V-class destroyer launched in 1917, converted to a long range escort in 1942 and scrapped in 1947.


103rd (Tyneside Irish) Brigade

The Tyneside Irish Brigade was a British First World War infantry brigade of Kitchener's Army, raised in 1914. Officially numbered the 103rd (Tyneside Irish) Brigade, it contained four Pals battalions from Newcastle upon Tyne, largely made up of men of Irish extraction. (Another Newcastle brigade — the 102nd (Tyneside Scottish) — contained Tynesiders with Scottish connections).

History
The brigade's four battalions were known as the 1st to 4th Tyneside Irish. When taken over by the British Army, these became battalions of the Royal Northumberland Fusiliers:
24th Battalion, Northumberland Fusiliers (1st Tyneside Irish)
25th Battalion, Northumberland Fusiliers (2nd Tyneside Irish)
26th Battalion, Northumberland Fusiliers (3rd Tyneside Irish)
27th Battalion, Northumberland Fusiliers (4th Tyneside Irish)
The reserve battalions were the 30th and 34th (Reserve) Battalions, Northumberland Fusiliers (Tyneside Irish).

Along with the 101st and 102nd Brigades, the Tyneside Irish made up the 34th Division which arrived in France in January 1916 and first saw action in the Battle of the Somme that year. On the first day on the Somme, the 34th Division attacked astride the Albert-Bapaume road at La Boisselle. The brigade's task was to follow up the main attack by the 101st and 102nd Brigades and advance on a line from Pozières to Contalmaison.

Advancing at the same time as the main attack, the brigade started from the reserve trenches on the Tara-Usna Line. The four battalions, marching in extended line (from left to right; the 2nd, 3rd, 1st and 4th), advanced down into Avoca Valley and then up the other side to the British front-line trench. From there they had to cross no man's land, pass through the German front-line and advance to their objectives. However, the main attack was an almost complete failure and the Tyneside Irish were utterly exposed to the machine guns of the German defences. The brigade suffered heavy casualties even before its battalions reached the British front-line. Opposite La Boisselle the brigade was halted but on the right, elements of the 1st and 4th battalions were able to advance up 'Sausage Valley' and pass through the German front-line. Two small parties met up behind the German support trench and pushed on towards their objective of Contalmaison. Their effort was in vain as they were eventually killed or captured.

The 1st battalion suffered 620 casualties on 1 July (18 officers and 602 other ranks), its commander, Lieutenant Colonel L.M. Howard, was among the dead. The 4th battalion suffered 539 casualties (20 officers and 519 other ranks). While the commanders of the 2nd and 3rd battalions were both wounded, as was the Brigade commander, Brigadier General N.J.G. Cameron.

The brigade's losses on 1 July were so severe that on the 6th, it, along with the 102nd (Tyneside Scottish) Brigade, was transferred to the 37th Division, swapping with the 112th Brigade. The two brigades returned to the 34th Division on 22 August.

In February 1918 the 1st, 3rd and 4th Tyneside Irish battalions were disbanded and the remaining battalion, the 2nd, was transferred to the 116th Brigade of the 39th Division. From then on the Tyneside Irish Brigade ceased to exist and the brigade was simply the 103rd Brigade.


Álex Díez

Alejandro "Álex" Díez Salomón (born 17 February 1996) is a Spanish professional footballer who plays for Extremadura UD as a right back.

Club career
Díez was born in Cáceres, Extremadura, and represented Atlético Madrid and CD Leganés as a youth. In June 2015 he joined hometown club CP Cacereño, and made his senior debut on 30 August by playing eight minutes in a 1–0 Segunda División B home win against Pontevedra CF.

On 21 June 2016, after suffering relegation, Díez joined fellow third division side Mérida AD. The following 21 May, after featuring sparingly, he signed for Extremadura UD in the same category, achieving promotion to Segunda División at the end of the campaign.

Díez made his professional debut on 19 August 2018, starting in a 1–1 away draw against Real Oviedo.


National Civil Aviation Institute

National Institute of Civil Aviation may refer to

Instituto Nacional de Aviação Civil, the national civil aviation authority of Angola
National Institute of Civil Aviation, the national civil aviation authority of Venezuela


Goblin Sword

Goblin Sword is a 2D action platformer video game created by developer Eleftherios Christodoulatos. The game was released for iOS on 11 September 2014, and Nintendo Switch on February 20th 2020.

Gameplay

The game involves 'slaying as many monsters as a player can, collect loot, avoid dangerous traps and defeat menacing bosses, before facing the evil wizard himself'.

It has 89 levels each with 2 treasure chests, usually hidden behind a 'fake wall'. There are also crystals, which are collected to unlock secret levels. In the game, there is a limited amount of health. Every time a player gets hit, they lose one heart. If the player was to fall down a pit, they would lose all health.

There are currently 24 weapons and relics, as well as 36 achievements.

The game is set in a medieval fantasy genre and has settings such as forests, caves and castles. When you kill a monster, you will receive coins (or a group of coins called a gem). These coins can be used to buy things, such as weapons or armour.

It has main areas, including Great Forest, Ancient Castle, Dark Caves, Lost City and Sacred Ruins.

There are several bosses in the game.

If you clear 100% of each area, you can unlock more things and a different ending if you clear them all.

Critical reception

Goblin Sword has received "generally favorable" reviews according to review aggregator Metacritic.

TouchArcade praised its difficulty level.

MacRumors considered it one of their top 5 iOS apps worth checking out.


Baka people (Congo and South Sudan)

The Baka are an ethnic group from the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Western Equatoria in South Sudan. They are mainly Christian and number about 25,000 people (1993).


Humpback mahseer

The humpback mahseer (Hypselobarbus mussullah) is a species of freshwater ray-finned fish from the Indian endemic genus Hypselobarbus in the carp and minnow family Cyprinidae.

Description
The humpback mahseer has a laterally compressed body which is just over a quarter as deep as it is long (standard length). with a steep dorsal profile forming an obvious hump which runs to the base of the dorsal fin and then slopes gently away to the caudal fin. It has a narrow, thick lipped mouth which is downward facing with two pairs of short barbels behind the mouth. One pair is rostral and one pair is maxillary and this is one of the features that distinguishes it from otherwise similar species. The dorsal fin origin is just in from of the origin of the pelvic fins and the dorsal fin is concave on its uppermargin, with a strong, smooth and stiff spine The caudal fin is deeply forked with small tuberclues on the rays. The overall colour is brown with a paler abdomen and it may have dark tips to the fins. It can grow to a maximum total length of 150 cm and a weight of 90 kg. However, the rod and reel caught record fish was roughly 59 kg and measured 169 cm in length while a fish caught by other means was 93 kg and 183 cm.
The fish was originally described by Sykes  as having "a remarkable projecting prominence between the upper lip and nostrils, giving to the fish the appearance of being Roman-nosed." Among the meristic features he described are: pectoral fin 16 rays; ventral 9 rays; dorsal 12 rays including first branched; anal fin 8 rays.
In the 2013 paper On the identities of Barbus mussulah by Knight et al., which has been instrumental in clearing confusions between Hypselobarbus mussulah and Tor remadevii, the lateral line scale count is shown as 42, which clearly demonstrates this fish is not a mahseer (member of genus Tor).

Distribution
The humpback mahseer is endemic to the Western Ghats in southern India. It has been recorded from the Krishna and possibly the Godavari in the states of Karnataka, Maharashtra and Kerala. It occurs in isolated pockets and the species' distribution is extremely fragmented and the total area of the species range is probably less than 500 km2.

Habitat and ecology
The humpback mahseer shows a preference for the deeper stretches of clear, fast flowing large jungle streams and rivers in upland areas.  It has an omnivorous diet and feeds on  fish, crustaceans, molluscs, frogs, fruits and algae.

Conservation
The humpback mahseer is a sought after fish for anglers from the British colonial times to the present although the actual species involved was not determined as the original description of Barbus mussulah was not considered definitive. The species was redescribed as Hypselobarbus mussullah in the 1990s and 2016 and the species is the type specimen of the genus Hypselobarbus. When this species was classified under Tor mussulah, it was considered synonymous with the orange-finned mahseer (Tor remadevii), a highly endangered species endemic to the Kaveri basin, unlike the humpback which is endemic to the Krishna basin. When the humpback was reclassified to Hypselobarbus, the orange-finned mahseer was split from it for this reason.


Ashurabad, Gilan

Ashurabad (, also Romanized as ‘Āshūrābād; also known as ‘Āshūrābād-e Bālā) is a village in Deylaman Rural District, Deylaman District, Siahkal County, Gilan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 83, in 29 families.


Jacob Benzelius

Jakob Benzelius (25 February 1683 in Uppsala – 29 June 1747) was Archbishop of Uppsala in the Church of Sweden from 1744 to his death.

Jakob Benzelius studied at Uppsala University, graduated as filosofie magister (M.A.) in 1703 and, after a few years teaching in Uppsala, spent several years traveling and visiting foreign universities. He was professor of theology at Lund University 1718–1731, Bishop of Gothenburg 1731–1744 and  succeeded his brother Erik Benzelius the Younger as archbishop in 1744. He was a learned man who wrote several influential books on theology that were used at the universities in Sweden for about a century.


The Kermit Blosser Ohio Athletics Hall of Fame is the shrine which all Ohio University Bobcats greats aspire to enter. Since 1965, inductees to the Blosser Ohio Athletics Hall of Fame are inducted during banquet ceremonies the evening prior to a designated home football game. Inductees are also recognized during a special halftime ceremony at the football game the following day. Inductees are also honored into perpetuity as their portrait and accomplishments are displayed in the Ohio Athletics Hall of Fame currently located in the Convocation Center.

Beginning with the class of 2000, the Ohio Athletics Hall of Fame will receive at least three and no more than five new inductees.

Kermit Blosser
On October 20, 2006, Ohio Athletic Director Kirby Hocutt announced the renaming of the Ohio Athletics Hall of Fame to the Kermit Blosser Ohio Athletics Hall of Fame.

Members by induction year

1965
Frank Baumholtz, '41 (baseball, men's basketball)
Claude Chrisman, '32 (football)
Stanley Dougan, '14 (baseball)
Russ Finsterwald, '19 (football, men's basketball head coach, football head coach)
C. O. Gibson, '12 (baseball, men's basketball, football)
B. T. Grover, '19 (baseball, men's basketball, football)
Don Peden, '14 (baseball head coach, football head coach)
Dutch Trautwein, '38-'49 (men's basketball head coach, football assistant coach)

1966
Kermit Blosser, '32 (football, wrestling, men's basketball assistant coach, men's golf head coach, wrestling assistant coach)
M. Harold Brown, '33 (men's basketball, football)
Blaine Goldsberry, '14 (men's basketball)
Mark Hendrickson, '19 (baseball, men's basketball)
Krum Kahler, '08 (baseball)
Hokie Palmer, '16 (football)

1967
Herbert Bash, '17 (baseball, men's basketball, football)
John E. Brammer, '30 (baseball, men's basketball, football)
Eugene Rinta, '38 (men's basketball)
Jim Snyder, '41 (men's basketball, football, men's basketball head coach)
Frank Szalay, '42 (football)
Jerome Warshower, '31 (baseball, men's basketball, football)
Bob Wren, '43 (baseball, football, baseball head coach)

1968
Joseph W. Begala, '29 (football, wrestling)
Vince Costello, '53 (football)
John R. Goddard, '17 (baseball, football, men's track and field)
Angus E. King, '22 (baseball, men's basketball)
John W. Montgomery, '40 (baseball, football)
Dick Shrider, '48 (men's basketball)
Carroll C. Widdoes, '49-'69 (football head coach, tennis head coach, athletics director)

1969
Sim Earich, '28 (men's basketball, football)
Dow Finsterwald, '52 (men's golf)
Bill Hess, '47 (football, wrestling, football head coach)
Bill Jurkovic, '38 (baseball, football)
Art Lewis, '36 (football)
Pete McKinley, '29 (baseball, men's basketball, football)
Mark Wylie, '49 (baseball)

1970
Chet F. Adams, '39 (football, wrestling)
George M. Brown, '31 (baseball, football)
Carlisle Dollings, '25 (baseball, football)
Clark B. Gabriel, '32 (football)
John T. Malokas, '38 (baseball, men's basketball)
Carl H. Ott, '41 (men's basketball)

1971
Lester N. Carney, '59 (football, men's track and field)
Fletcher Gilders '59-'84 (men's swimming and diving head coach)
William H. Herbert, '25 (football, men's track and field)
Len Janiak, '40 (football)
W.R. "Shorty" McReynolds, '15 (baseball, men's basketball, football)
Thor Olson '16-'51 (wrestling head coach)
Robert A. Snyder, '37 (football)

1972
Bunk Adams, '61 (men's basketball)
Harry Houska, '65 (wrestling, wrestling head coach)
Russell Kepler, '32 (football, men's track and field)
Dutch Littler, '24 (football)
Robert "Fizz" Miller, '42 (men's basketball, football)
Jim Shreffler, '50 (baseball, men's basketball)
Milt Taylor, '50 (football)
Gus White, '21 (baseball)

1973
Elmore Banton, '65 (cross country, track and field/cross country head coach)
O.C. Bird '22-'48 (athletics director)
Joseph W. Colvin, '33 (football)
Raymond C. Davis, '21 (men's basketball, football)
Howard E. Jolliff, '65 (men's basketball)
Dave Solomon, '70 (swimming and diving)
Woodrow "Woody" Wills, '37 (baseball, football)

1974
King Brady, '50 (baseball, football)
Francis "Peg" Fuller, '22 (baseball, men's basketball, football, men's track and field)
Hal Gruber, '37 (baseball)
Tom Nevits, '57 (wrestling)
Dan Risaliti, '41 (football, men's track and field)
Bill Rohr '63-'78 (athletics director)

1975
Robert Brooks, '61 (football)
Cleve Bryant, '70 (football)
Joseph Dean, '61 (football, football assistant coach)
John Eastman, '66 (men's soccer)
Stan Huntsman '57-'71 (men's track and field/cross country head coach)
Fred Schleicher, '47 (football, men's track and field, wrestling)

1976
Robert Bertelsen, '71 (men's cross country, men's track and field)
John Frick, '66 (football, football head coach)
Richard Murphy, '55 (baseball, men's basketball)
Larry Snyder, '60 (men's golf)
W. Neal Wade, '70 (swimming and diving)

1977
Jerry Jackson, '69 (men's basketball)
Bob Littler, '66 (men's golf)
Darnell Mitchell, '65 (men's cross country, men's track and field)
Mike Schmidt, '73 (baseball)
Todd Snyder, '72 (football)
Barry Sugden, '65 (men's cross country, men's track and field)
Bruce Trammell, '71 (wrestling)

1978
Tom Boyce, '61 (swimming and diving)
Terry Harmon, '67 (baseball)
Bob Harrison, '61 (football, men's track and field)
Don Hilt, '66 (men's basketball)
Don "Skip" Hoovler, '65 (football)
Lou Sawchik, '55 (men's basketball, football)

1979
Ken Carmon, '69 (football)
Terry Gray, '68 (6,6HC)
Paul Halleck, '36 (football, men's track and field)
Lamar Jacobs, '59 (baseball)
Steve Rudo, '57 (wrestling)
Wendy Weeden (Devine), '74 (women's field hockey, women's lacrosse)

1980
John "Rosey" Kerns, '47 (football)
Anita Corl Miller, '73 (women's field hockey, women's lacrosse)
Charles Vandlik, '60 (men's golf)
P.J. Woodworth, '31 (team physician)

1981
Don Burnison, '36 (baseball, football)
Fred Picard '54-'84 (faculty representative)
Larry Lee Thomas, '62 (baseball)
Chuck Woodlee, '62 (swimming and diving)
Edward "Zip" Zednik, '47 (football, wrestling)

1982
Richard "Rick" Dowswell, '74 (men's track and field)
Cliff Heffelfinger '52-'78 (football assistant coach)
Bob "Hoss" Houmard, '71 (football)
Robert G. Kappes, '58 (football head coach)
Frank B. Richey '47-'73 (football assistant coach)
Steven E. Swisher, '73 (baseball)
Donna Jean Taylor, '68 (women's field hockey, cross country, track and field)

1983
Andy Daniels, '78 (wrestling)
George R. "Pug" Hood, '38 (men's basketball)
David Juenger, '73 (football)
Tom Murphy, '67 (baseball)
Alfred Ogunfeyimi, '78 (men's track and field)

1984
John Fekete, '46 (football, men's track and field)
Bill Frederick, '56 (football)
Nick Lalich, '38 (men's basketball)
Ihor Miskewycz, '69 (men's soccer)
Henry "Tad" Potter, '57 (swimming and diving)

1985
Bruce Greene, '77 men's track and field
Al Hart, '58 (athletic trainer)
David Rambo, '53 (men's golf)
Barry Reighard, '73 (wrestling)
Ed Robbins, '70 (baseball)
Al Scheider, '52 (football)
Bill Schmidt, '40 (baseball, men's basketball, football)
Janet Schmitt (McDowell), '68 (women's field hockey, track and field, softball)

1986
Catherine Brown, '69 (women's field hockey/lacrosse/track and field head coach)
Roy Cheran, '76 (swimming and diving)
Dan Donofrio, '37 (football)
Walter Luckett, '75 (men's basketball)
Mike Murphy, '69 (baseball)

1987
Lynn Bozentka (Taylor), '79 (women's field hockey, women's tennis)
Bob Brenly, '77 (baseball)
Russ Johnson '73 (wrestling)
Pete Lalich, '42 (baseball, men's basketball)
Eddie Roberts, '73 (men's soccer)
Joseph "Bull" Sintic, '33 (football)

1988
Bob Babbitt, '63 (football)
Roger Gilders, '80 (men's track and field)
Ken Kowall, '71 (men's basketball)
Rhonda Rawlins, '82 (women's field hockey, women's lacrosse)
Dick Smail, '56 (men's golf)
John Turk, '54 (baseball, football)

1989
Don Fish, '69 (men's track and field)
Kathryn MacDonald, '72 (women's basketball, field hockey, lacrosse, track and field))
Dave Tobik, '76 (baseball)
Lenny Sadosky, '33 (football, men's track and field)
Bill Whaley, '62 (men's basketball)

1990
Lowell "Duke" Anderson, '54 (baseball, football)
Elden Armbrust, '35 (football, men's track and field)
Mike Haley, '67 (men's basketball)
Ernie Kish, '42 (baseball)
Robert Tscholl, '73 (wrestling)
Kathy Williams (Thompson), '82 (women's track and field)

1991
Kevin Babcock, '80 (football)
John Canine, '70 (men's basketball)
Frances Daniell (Calcutt), '84 (women's track and field)
Dick England, '54 (baseball, baseball head coach)
Ron Fowlkes, '66 (football)
Caroline Mast (Daugherty), '86 (women's basketball)
Dave Unik, '69 (wrestling)

1992
Marti Heckman, '86 women's basketball
Bill Heller, '65 men's cross country
Bruce Hosta, '73 (wrestling)
Craig Love, '71 (men's basketball)
Dave Moore, '56 (men's golf)
Dick Schulz, '63 (football)
Diane Stamm '79-'85 (women's track and field/cross country head coach)
Becky Walters (Rafferty), '82 women's field hockey

1993
Jim Albert, '66 (football)
John Hrasch, '51 (baseball)
Sherman Lyle, '73 men's soccer
Danny Nee '80-'86 (men's basketball head coach)
Roger Pedigo, '53 (men's golf)
Franko Peters, '69 (football)
Robert Tatum, '86 (men's basketball)

1994
Henry Clark, '88 (swimming and diving)
Selina Christian Safari, '86 (women's track and field)
Mike Echstenkamper, '79 (baseball)
Dave Leveck, '70 (football)
Paul Storey, '64 (men's basketball)

1995
John Bier, '56 (baseball)
Anne Bolyard, '88 (women's basketball, women's track and field)
Gail Hudson Ruffins, '84 (women's basketball, women's field hockey, women's lacrosse)
Dave Jamerson, '90 (men's basketball)
Gus Malavite, '76 (wrestling)
Glenn Romanek, '54 (swimming and diving)
Ted Stute, '63 (baseball, football)

1996
Kurt Blank, '75 (wrestling)
Joy Clark, '91 (swimming and diving)
Roger Hosler, '68 (men's track and field)
Kevin Priessman, '84 (baseball)
Shannan Ritchie, '90 (men's cross country, men's track and field)

1997
Mark Geisler, '80 (football)
Jane Maher, '83 (women's field hockey, women's lacrosse)
Tracy Meyer, '89 (women's cross country, women's track and field)

1999
Courtney Allen (Asher), '92 (swimming and diving)
Christine Eby (Axer), '88 (women's field hockey)
Chris Nichols (Allwine), '91 (women's cross country, women's track and field)
Darla Dutro, '82 (women's basketball, women's lacrosse)
Maureen Newlon (Blandford), '92 (swimming and diving)
Glenn C. Randall, '59 (men's track and field)

2000
Ronnie Harter, '84 (football)
Greg Jones, '91 (men's track and field)
Tim Joyce, '79 (men's basketball)
Steven D. Skaggs, '80 (men's basketball)
Mary Catherine Taylor, '86 (women's basketball, women's track and field)

2001
Marcy Keifer Kennedy, '94 (swimming and diving)
Eric Kimble, '95 (wrestling)
Holly Skeen-Gilbert, '95 (women's basketball)

2002
John Botuchis, '55 (swimming and diving)
Jeri Pantalone, '85 (women's field hockey)
Les Ream, '77 (baseball)
Ned Steele, '71 (swimming and diving)

2003
Vernon Alden, '62 (university president)
Orville Dwight Gardner, '98 (wrestling)
Scott Hammond '89-'95 (swimming and diving head coach)
Nicholas "Nick" Karl, '64 (men's golf)
Lisa MacNicol (Mitchell), '97 (swimming and diving)

2004
Paul Baron, '86 (men's basketball)
Staci Bellville, '96 (softball)
Shawn Enright, '99 (wrestling)
David "Bucky" Wagner, ‘61 (football)

2005
Lewis Geter, '93 (men's basketball)
Joshua Ritchie, '98 (men's cross country, men's track and field)

2006
Bart Leahy, '98 (baseball)
Amy Lockard, '93 (swimming and diving)
Harold McElhaney (athletics director)

2007
Dick Schorr, ’67-’98 (broadcaster)
Dave Zastudil, ’01 (football)
Joe Zychowicz, ’72 (wrestling)

2008
Jackie Conrad, '99 (women's cross country, women's track and field)
Geno Ford, ’97 (men's basketball)
Jen Morris, ’99 (softball)


Palyul Monastery

Palyul Monastery (), also known as Palyul Namgyal Jangchub Choling Monastery and sometimes romanized as Pelyul Monastery, is one of the six mother monasteries of the Nyingma tradition of Tibetan Buddhism. It was founded in 1665 by Rigzin Kunzang Sherab in Dege, on the eastern edge of Tibet, a town in today's Baiyü County, Garzê Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture in China's Sichuan province. The monastery is the seat of the Nam Chö Terma of Terton Migyur Dorje. Drubwang Padma Norbu was the 11th throneholder of the Palyul lineage.  Upon his mahaparinirvana in March, 2009, Karma Kuchen Rinpoche became the 12th throneholder.

Namdroling Monastery in Bylakuppe, India, is where the current throneholder to the Palyul lineage has resided since exile from Tibet during Chinese annexation.

Dzogchen Lineage of Palyul
 Chöku Kuntuzangpo (Dharmakaya Samantabhadra)
 Drugpa Dorjé Changchen (Vajradhara)
 Dorje Sempa (Vajrasattva)
 Thugjé Chenpo Chenrezig (Avalokitesvara)
 Acarya Garab Dorje (Prahevajra)
 Jampal Shenyen (Manjushrimitra)
 Acarya Shiri Sing-ha
 Yeshe Do (Jnanasutra)
 Padma Jyungnas (Padmasambhava)
 Gelong Namkhai Nyingpo
 Khandro Yeshe Tsogyal
 Nanam Dorjé Dudzom
 Lhase Mutri Tsanpo
 Tertön Zangpo Dragpa
 Trulku Rigzin Chenpo
 Kunpang Dönyöd Gyaltsan
 Gyudzin Sönam Chogzang
 Drubthob Thangthong Gyalpo
 Jangsem Kunga Nyima
 Trulzhig Trayaketu
 Tsenchen Trayavajra
 Chöjé Bodhi Sing-ha
 Trulku Tashi Gyamtso
 Drubwang Tonpa Sengge
 Trulku Chönyi Gyamtso
 Terton Migyur Dorje
 Khaschog Karma Chagme

Throneholders
 Rigzin Kunzang Sherab (rig 'dzin kun bzang shes rab, 1636-1398). He built "a temple with a reliquary stupa inside to preserve Mingyur Dorje’s relics, and had a statue of him made."
 Padma Lhundrub Gyatso
 1st Drubwang Padma Norbu
 Karma Tashi
 Karma Lhawang and Karma Dondam
 Gyurme Nyedon Tanzin
 Padma Do-ngag Tanzin
 Do-ngag Chökyi Nyima
 2nd Drubwang Padma Norbu (Padma Kunzang Tanzin Norbu, also known as Rig'dzin dpal chen 'dus pa)
 Karma Thegchog Nyingpo
 3rd Drubwang Padma Norbu Rinpoche (Jigme Thubten Shedrub Chokyi Drayang Palzangpo, Wylie: 'jigs med thub bstan bshad sgrub chos kyi sgra dbyangs dpal bzang po)
 Karma Kuchen (Thubtan Tshultrim Norbu Odsal Thrinlas Kunkhyab Palzangpo)
 Drubwang Migyur Dechen Garwang Zilnon Dorje Palzangpo

Other people
 Jampal Dorje (19th and 20th centuries)

Notes


Tairov OKO-7

The OKO-7 was to have been a heavy fighter produced in the Ukraine region of the USSR in 1940

Designed to a 1940 VVS requirement for a heavy fighter, the OKO-7 was to have been powered by two I,500hp Shvetsov M-90 (Ash-90) or two 1,380hp Mikulin AM-37 engines, with armament of three 20mm ShVAK cannon and two 7.62mm ShKAS machine-guns. The OKO-7. was Tairov's last known design before he was killed in an air crash in December 1941.

Specifications (OKO-7)


Balikpapan

Balikpapan is a seaport city in East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Located on the east coast of the island of Borneo, the city is the financial centre of Kalimantan and the main gateway to the new capital of Indonesia. Balikpapan is the city with the largest economy in Kalimantan with an estimated 2016 GDP at Rp73.18 trillion. The city has both the busiest airport and seaport in Kalimantan, namely Sultan Aji Muhammad Sulaiman Sepinggan Airport and Port of Semayang. With a population of 645,727 as of 2018, Balikpapan is the second most populous city in East Kalimantan, after Samarinda. Balikpapan has been consistently ranked as one of the most livable cities in Indonesia.

Balikpapan was originally a fishing village built by Buginese people in the 19th century. The first oil drilling began in Balikpapan on 10 February 1897, which was later set as the anniversary of the city. In 1899, the Dutch East Indies colonial administration granted a township status to Balikpapan. In 1907, Bataafsche Petroleum Maatschappij (BPM) made the city as its headquarters and imported skilled labourers, engineers and managers from overseas. Subsequently, numerous multi-national companies came to Balikpapan to invest in the oil industry. This resulted in the economic boom of Balikpapan and attracted many migrants and expatriates.

During Second World War, Empire of Japan occupied the city in 1942, as part of the occupation of Indonesia, and it was bombed by the Allies in first Balikpapan Battle in 1942 and second battle in 1945. The battles impacted critical infrastructure, including the oil refinery stations and seaport which were completely burned to ground. Upon Indonesia's independence, BPM extended its activities in Balikpapan until 1965 when Pertamina, the Indonesian state-owned oil company, took control over the ownership of BPM and its oil exploration activities.

Etymology and nicknames
There are several popular stories and legends explain the origin of Balikpapan:

 The 10 pieces of board returned to Jenebora from the 1,000 pieces requested by the Sultan of Kutai as donations of building materials for the construction of the New Kutai Palace. The ten boards that were returned were referred to by the people of Kutai Balikpapan Tu. So that the area along Balikpapan Bay, precisely in Jenebora is called Balikpapan.
 Tribe of Pasir Balik (native people of Balikpapan) is a descendant of grandfather and grandmother named Kayun Kuleng and Papan Ayun. So that the area along Balikpapan Bay by its descendants is called Kuleng-Papan or means Balikpapan (in Paser, Kuleng means Balik).
 In other legends it is also mentioned the origin of Balikpapan, namely from a daughter who was released by her father a king who did not want his daughter to fall into the hands of the enemy. The daughter who was still a toddler was tied up on several pieces of board in a state of lying. Because it was carried away and hit by waves, the board was reversed. When the board was stranded on the shore found by a fisherman and so it turned out that there was a daughter who was still bound. It is said that the princess was named Putri Petung who came from the Kingdom of Sand. So that the area where it was found was called Balikpapan.

The city has had several nicknames throughout its history such as the Oil City, City of Believers (Kota Beriman), which uniquely "BERIMAN" word is acronym from: BERsih (clean), Indah (magnificent), dan nyaMAN (comfortable).

History

Before the oil boom of the early 1900s, Balikpapan was an isolated Bugis fishing village. Balikpapan's toponym (balik = "behind" and papan = "plank") is from a folk story in which a local king threw his newborn daughter into the sea to protect her from his enemies. The baby was tied beneath some planks that were discovered by a fisherman. An alternative story is that, at the time of the Kutai sultanate, Sultan Muhammad Idris sent 1000 planks to aid the Paser Kingdom to build a new palace. The planks were shipped from Kutai to Paser along the Borneo shoreline by roping all the planks together. 10 out of the 1000 planks that were originally shipped resurfaced in a place currently called Balikpapan.

Oil development
On 10 February 1897, a small refinery company, Mathilda, began the first oil drilling. Building of roads, wharves, warehouses, offices, barracks, and bungalows started when the Dutch oil company Bataafsche Petroleum Maatschappij (BPM) arrived in the area.

Second World War

On 24 January 1942, a Japanese invasion convoy arrived at Balikpapan and was attacked by four United States Navy destroyers that sank three Japanese transports. The Japanese army landed and after a sharp but short fight defeated the Dutch garrison. The defenders had partially destroyed the oil refinery and other facilities. After this the Japanese massacred many of the Europeans they had captured.

Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) intelligence determined that half of all lubricating oils used by the Japanese military and 60 percent of all their aviation fuel came from refineries in Balikpapan and was therefore an extremely important target.  The American 380th Bombardment Group under the command of the RAAF, including the famous Shady Lane B-24 Liberator, attacked the oil refineries in August, 1943 from Darwin, Australia.  Amazingly, there were no aircraft losses, despite the crash landing and subsequent repair of the Shady Lane.

In September and October of 1944, the 5th and 13th Air Forces under the command of General George Kenney launched a series of five raids from Noemfoor Island.  Kenney was a strong advocate for using the powerful B-29 Superfortress for this raid but was forced to use the B-24 Liberator instead.  Unbeknownst to the Allied Forces, the Japanese Air Force had conserved much of its dwindling fighters to protect the important oil refineries.  The first two raids did not have fighter cover and suffered severe losses.

The 1945 Battle of Balikpapan concluded the Borneo campaign and Allied Forces took control of Borneo island. Extensive wartime damage curtailed almost all oil production in the area until Royal Dutch Shell completed major repairs in 1950.

CIA air raid
In 1958 the CIA attacked Balikpapan and stopped oil exports. The US was running a CIA covert mission to undermine President Sukarno's government by supporting right-wing rebels in Indonesia. The CIA, Taiwan and the Philippines had provided the Permesta rebels in North Sulawesi with an insurgent air force, the Angkatan Udara Revolusioner (AUREV). On 28 April 1958 a CIA pilot, William H. Beale, flying a B-26 Invader bomber aircraft that was painted black and showing no markings, dropped four  bombs on Balikpapan. The first damaged the runway at Sultan Aji Muhammad Sulaiman Airport, the second set the British oil tanker  on fire and sank her and the third bounced off the British tanker  without exploding. Beale's  fourth bomb set on fire and sank the Indonesian Navy Bathurst class corvette KRI Hang Tuah, killing 18 crew and wounding 28. Before attacking Hang Tuah, Beale also machine-gunned the oil pipes to Shell's wharf.

The CIA had orders to attack unarmed foreign merchant ships in order to drive foreign trade away from Indonesia and weaken its economy, with the intention of undermining Sukarno's government. The day before attacking Balikpapan, Beale had also damaged a Shell complex at Ambon, Maluku. His Balikpapan raid succeeded in persuading Shell to suspend tanker services from Balikpapan and withdraw shore-based wives and families to Singapore. However, on 18 May Indonesian naval and air forces off Ambon Island shot down an AUREV B-26 and captured its CIA pilot, Allen Pope. The US immediately withdrew support for Permesta, whose rebellion rapidly diminished thereafter.

Subsequent history
Shell continued operating in the area until Indonesian state-owned Pertamina took it over in 1965. Lacking technology, skilled manpower, and capital to explore the petroleum region, Pertamina sublet petroleum concession contracts to multinational companies in the 1970s.

With the only oil refinery site in the region, Balikpapan emerged as a revitalized centre of petroleum production. Pertamina opened its East Borneo headquarters in the city, followed by branch offices established by other international oil companies. Hundreds of labourers from Indonesia, along with skilled expatriates who served as managers and engineers, flocked into the city.

Administration
Balikpapan is bordered by Kutai Kartanegara Regency to the North, by the Makassar Strait to the South and East, and by North Penajam Paser Regency to the West. The city is divided into 5 districts (kecamatan) and 34 subdistricts (kelurahan) tabulated below with their 2010 Census population.

Demographics
During the Suharto dictatorship Balikpapan achieved unprecedented economic growth by attracting foreign investments, particularly in the exploitation of natural and mineral resources. The policy was heavily criticized for uncontrolled environmental damage and corrupt bureaucrats and politicians, but it significantly boosted urban development in resource-rich cities. In the 1970s Balikpapan experienced 7% population growth annually, while exports of timber and petroleum increased dramatically.

The indigenous tribe of Balikpapan is the Balik ethnic group which is a minority. Based on its origin, migrants come from neighboring islands such as Java, Madura and Sulawesi. Residents mainly from ethnic migrants who have long settled in Balikpapan, namely from the ethnic Banjar, Bugis, Makassar, Javanese. Other migrants including ethnic Minahasan, Gorontaloan, Madurese, and Sundanese. At the beginning of June 2014, the population reached 684,339 people with the number of arrivals during 2012 of 21,486 people, the highest number in the past three years. The number of migrants was able to exceed the number of newcomers who entered in Singapore in the same year which was as many as 20,693 inhabitants. The highest number of arrivals came from Java, which was 30%, then followed by Banjar and Bugis each by 20%, Toraja by 11%, Madura by 8%, Buton by 7% and Betawi by 4%.

Ecology

In Wain River Protection Forest, which is the main water catchment area and habitat for endangered species of Borneo, the community begins to encroach on how to burn it so that during the dry season some areas become barren and damage 40%. The area of Wain River forest reaches 10 thousand hectares, slowly but surely continues to decrease, leaving 9 thousand hectares with forest conditions that are still good at only 63 percents. Residents around looked for wood to cook in the forest even though the surrounding area had been lined with wire. Previously between 2000 and 2001, illegal logging occurred in 10 to 15 points in the Wain River forest, and in 2009 this forest was hit by a fire along with the Manggar River forest which made 15 hectares of forest area engulfed in fire. The threat of coal mining from the surrounding area which provides mining permits such as Paser and Kutai Kartanegara also disrupts the border ecosystem of Wain River forest.

The urban forest in Telagasari, which was inaugurated in 1996 with an area of 29.4 hectares, has now shrunk to just 8 hectares. The forest in the middle of this city has been surrounded by residential areas. The protected forest of the Manggar River also suffered considerable damage, which is around 60%. The reservoirs in this forest are also threatened because coal mining fields and brick mills were set up so close that there was siltation of reservoir water. The majority of those who founded it were even known to be immigrant communities. In addition, the construction of the Samarinda-Balikpapan toll road planned by the East Kalimantan government which divides the forest for 8 kilometers across the reservoir could damage the quality of the clean water reserve in Balikpapan.

Forest damage resulted in Balikpapan being easily hit by floods and landslides when it was hit by heavy rains. Clean water supply is also decreasing because water absorption is narrowing, erotion is easily to occur and sediment from mining sites that flow into the river worsens and lowers reservoirs, coupled with Balikpapan conditions has few rivers and less fertile land. The population of the Balikpapan's mascot, the sun bear is fewer and only 50 are left. This is due to coal mining which narrows the habitat of sun bears, so its are reluctant to reproduce. In addition to sun bears, other Balikpapan animals that are declared endangered are proboscis monkeys, borneo gibbon, bornean orangutans, pangolin and otter civet. Whereas extinct animals in Balikpapan are Bornean Banteng (Bos javanicus lowi).

Indonesian Most Liveable City
Based on Indonesian Most Liveable City Index which measured 27 indicators in every 2 years, Balikpapan is the best city for living in 2013 and toppled Yogyakarta as the best in 2011 and 2009. Balikpapan mainly maintained city management aspects and environment wellbeing. As part of the Earth Hour City Challenge, the city of Balikpapan, Indonesia was recognized as the Most Loveable City for 2015. In 2016, Balikpapan was nominated for the second time as the most lovable and sustainable city, pending final judgement.

Economy

Some multinational corporations operate in East Borneo. Companies including Baker Hughes (US), ChevronTexaco (US), Halliburton (US), Pertamina (Indonesia), Schlumberger (France), Thiess (Australia), Total S.A. (France) and Weatherford International (US) use Balikpapan as their base of operations in the region. Governmental public services including Bank Indonesia, the Finance Department, Angkasa Pura 1, the Port of Semayang, and several others also attract many people to work in this area.

Balikpapan has been chosen as the site of some important governmental agencies such as Komando Daerah Militer VI Tanjungpura and Kepolisian Daerah Kaltim.

Balikpapan oil refinery is on the shore of Balikpapan Bay and covers an area of . Founded in 1922, it is the oldest refinery in the area. The Allies destroyed it in the Second World War and Shell re-built it in 1950. The refinery has two subunits, Balikpapan I and Balikpapan II.

Balikpapan I has two raw oil refinery units that produce naphtha, kerosene, gasoline, diesel fuel, and residue and one high-vacuum unit that produces  of paraffin oil distillate (POD), used as raw material for wax factories. The wax itself has various grades and is sold domestically and internationally.

Opened on 1 November 1983, Balikpapan II has a hydro-skimming and hydro-cracking refinery and produces petrol, LPG, naphtha, kerosene, and diesel fuel.

Indonesian government and their Pertamina planning as for 2017 expanding the oil refinery including the area of Persiba Balikpapan FC (old) stadium and Pertamina residents near the refinery. Balikpapan's Major Rizal Effendi ask for primarily using Balikpapan peoples as worker that Pertamina needed up to 20.000 new employers.

Geography
The municipality of Balikpapan's topography is generally hilly (85%), with only small areas of flat land (15%), mostly along the coast and surrounding the hilly areas. The hills are less than  higher than the adjacent valleys. The altitude of Balikpapan ranges from 0 to  above sea level. The city proper itself is located on eastern side of Bay of Balikpapan.

Most of the soil in Balikpapan contains yellow-reddish podsolic soil and alluvial and quartz sand, making it extremely prone to erosion.

Climate
Balikpapan features a tropical rainforest climate (Af) as there is no real dry season in Balikpapan. The city sees an average of  of rain per year. Balikpapan generally shows little variation in weather throughout the course of the year. The city does not have significantly wetter and drier periods of the year and average temperatures are nearly identical throughout the course of the year, averaging about 26 to 27 degrees Celsius throughout the year.

Transport

Balikpapan is served by Sultan Aji Muhammad Sulaiman Airport, which was previously known as Sepinggan airport. The airport has capacity to serve 10 million passengers per year, as well as hospitality (immigration, passenger convenience, company reps offices, restaurants, shopping, lodging, and many others).  The airport is equipped with 11 aerobridges, a transit hotel, and four-level parking garages.

There are several public and private sea ports located at Balikpapan Bay. Semayang seaport serves commercial boats to many destinations to Indonesia including Jakarta, Makassar, Manado, Pare Pare and Surabaya. In the 1990s maritime transport was very popular. Today, due to more affordable and efficient airplane travel, more people choose to fly. Taking the ferry is a main choice for traveling to Penajam.

Kariangau Seaport was built to serve containers and all other industrial needs.  It is located in km.13, as part of Kariangau Industrial Estate.

The large coal loading port of Tanjung Bara (TBCT) lies about 180 kilometres to the north of Balikpapan.

Balikpapan is connected by Trans-Kalimantan Highway Southern Route. From Balikpapan to Samarinda, the highway runs in parallel with the first controlled-access expressway in Borneo, the Samarinda-Balikpapan Expressway, which is now under construction, and expected to be operational by the end of 2018.

Tourism
As a coastal city, Balikpapan has many beaches, including Manggar Beach, Segara Beach, Monument Beach, Kemala Beach, and Brigade Mobile Beach near the police academy. Melawai Beach is the most popular for local citizens.

Balikpapan is a departure point for nature tourism. Wain River Protected Forest, a Balikpapan natural reserve covering 10,000 hectares and also the habitat to a number of endangered animals, like the Beruang Madu (honey bear) which are sun bears endemic to the area, Orangutans and Proboscis monkeys or Bekantan. Wain river reserve, moreover, houses a number of endangered plants. Near Balikpapan is also a crocodile farm called Teritip, in Lamaru.

There is also a well-known forest site which has been developed for visitors at Bukit Bangkirai rainforest, about 45 minutes by car from Balikpapan.

A mangrove forest at Kariangau is a worthwhile tourist attraction at Balikpapan. There are still some Japanese artillery sites from World War II, and there is a military monument at Kampung Baru.

Balikpapan Botanical Garden
It is the first Botanical Garden in Kalimantan as a part of Hutan Lindung Sungai Wain (Wain River Conservation Forest) with total area 10,000 hectares and still has orangutan, sunbear, deer and some endemic Kalimantan birds. Balikpapan Botanical Garden, which is located at kilometer 15 on Jalan Soekarno Hatta, was officially opened on 20 August 2014. It has 1,200 types of lowland hardwood trees, covers 309.22 hectares and is known as the "green open space" of the city. At the opening ceremony, Forestry Minister Zulkifli Hasan expressed the hope that the Botanical Garden would rival Gardens by the Bay in Singapore.

Shopping
As one of the fastest developing cities in the nation, Balikpapan has been supported by the rise of shopping centers. There are six major shopping malls in town which are Plaza Balikpapan, Balikpapan Superblock, Pentacity Mall Balikpapan, Balcony City, Mall Fantasy in Balikpapan Baru, and Plaza Kebun Sayur.


Sarah Orne House

The Sarah Orne House is an historic house at 10 Coolidge Hill Road in Cambridge, Massachusetts.  The oldest portion of this house was built in 1807 by John Orne, and originally functioned as a store.  It was moved in 1809 and expanded into a house by Orne's mother Sarah.  It is now a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, five bays wide, with a single story porch spanning its front.  The central window on the second floor has a rounded arch.  The house was associated with the city's last working farm, which operated in the Coolidge Hill area.  The former service wing of the house was separated from it in the 1930s, and now stands as a separate residence at 8 Coolidge Hill Road.

The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.


Lady Catherine de Bourgh

Lady Catherine de Bourgh (née Fitzwilliam) is a character in the 1813 novel Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen. According to Janet Todd, Lady Catherine de Bourgh can be seen as a foil to the novel's protagonist Elizabeth Bennet as Elizabeth is seen as wild while Lady Catherine is seen as strict to the rules of society and Elizabeth seems to contradict in her actions many of the ideals that Lady Catherine presents.

Family

Lady Catherine is the widow of Sir Lewis de Bourgh. The two had a single daughter, Anne de Bourgh.

Lady Catherine was the sister of Lady Anne Darcy, mother of Mr. Fitzwilliam Darcy and Georgiana Darcy. Both Lady Catherine and Lady Anne were the daughters of an earl and their brother is the sitting earl during the events of the novel.  At the end of the novel, Lady Catherine becomes the aunt-in-law of Elizabeth Bennet after Elizabeth marries Mr. Darcy. Lady Catherine desired to marry her own daughter Anne to Mr. Darcy. She also considers that Mr. Darcy is marrying someone much below him.

Lady Catherine is the daughter of an earl, thus she and her sister are always styled as Lady Catherine and Lady Anne, regardless of marriage. If she were not noble, she would be styled as Lady de Bourgh, since her husband was a knight.

Rosings
Rosings is the home of Catherine de Bourgh. It is noted many times within the novel as being a luxurious house with many fine fittings. One such feature is a fireplace with glazing worth over five hundred pounds. The elegance and correctness of Rosings underline the side of Mr. Darcy's background that impresses Elizabeth, although she refuses to be overawed by it.

Depictions in film and television

Film

Television


Etheridge Knight

Etheridge Knight (April 19, 1931 – March 10, 1991) was an African-American poet who made his name in 1968 with his debut volume, Poems from Prison.  The book recalls in verse his eight-year-long sentence after his arrest for robbery in 1960.  By the time he left prison, Knight had prepared a second volume featuring his own writings and works of his fellow inmates. This second book, first published in Italy under the title Voce negre dal carcere, appeared in English in 1970 as Black Voices from Prison. These works established Knight as one of the major poets of the Black Arts Movement, which flourished from the early 1960s through the mid-1970s. With roots in the Civil Rights Movement, Malcolm X and the Nation of Islam, and the Black Power Movement, Etheridge Knight and other American artists within the movement sought to create politically engaged work that explored the African-American cultural and historical experience.

Knight is also considered an important poet in the mainstream American tradition. In his 2012 book Understanding Etheridge Knight, Michael S. Collins calls Knight "a mighty American poet....He and Wallace Stevens stand as 'two poles of American poetry,' according to his better-known fellow writer Robert Bly. Or, rather, Knight was, as he often said, a poet of the belly: a poet of the earth and of the body, a poet of the feelings from which cries and blood oaths and arias come, while Stevens was a poet, arguably, of the ache left in the intellect after it tears itself from God. 'Ideas are not the source of poetry,' Knight told one interviewer. 'For me it's passion and feeling....'"

Biography
Knight was born on April 19, 1931 as one of eight children to Belzora Cozart  Knight and Etheridge "Bushie" Knight in rural Corinth, Mississippi, but moved with his family to Paducah, Kentucky, where his father, a failed farmer, worked as a laborer on the Kentucky Dam. During this time, Knight frequently ran away from home, and so, was sent back to Corinth during the summer to stay with an uncle. Although he was an extremely bright student, Knight decided to drop out of school at the age of 16. His first job was as a shoe shiner in a small Kentucky town, where he first became more attuned to nuances of language as he absorbed the world and activity around him. In addition to his work, Knight spent much of his time at juke joints, pool halls, and underground poker games, which furthered his interest in language. It was during this time that Knight became exposed to "toasts," which are narrative-style oral poetry which relates a story. In 1947, Knight enlisted in the army and served as a medical technician in the Korean War until November 1950, during which time he sustained serious wound as well as psychological trauma, which led him to begin using morphine. By the time Knight was discharged from the army and returned to Indianapolis, Indiana, where his family had moved, he had become addicted to opiates. He spent much of the next several years dealing drugs and stealing to support his drug addiction.

In 1960, after a few previous run-ins with the police, Knight and two of his associates were arrested for armed robbery. Knight was initially so furious about his sentence that he was later unable to recall much of what happened during his first few months of his sentence. But after realizing that such anger was counterproductive, he turned his attention to reading as much as he could and dedicated himself to poetry.

During the following years, Knight became increasingly well known for his poetry writings. After working as a journalist for prison publications, he began submitting poetry to the Negro Digest in 1965.  He also started establishing contacts with significant figures in the African-American literary community, including well-known poets like Gwendolyn Brooks, Dudley Randall, Sonia Sanchez and Haki Madhubuti, many of whom came to visit him in prison. The poems he had written during his time in prison were so effective that Dudley Randall, a poet and owner of Broadside Press, published Knight’s first volume of verse, Poems from Prison, and hailed Knight as one of the major poets of the Black Arts Movement. The book’s publication coincided with his release from prison.

Upon his release from prison in 1968, Knight married poet Sonia Sanchez. Over the next few years, he held the position of writer-in-residence at several universities, including two years, 1968 and 1969, spent at the University of Pittsburgh. While living in Pittsburgh with his wife and their family, Knight spent time as poetry editor for Motive magazine. Because of his ongoing drug addiction, his marriage to Sanchez did not last long, and they were divorced in 1970 while still in Pittsburgh. He continued writing his third book, Belly Song and Other Poems, which was published in 1973. His third work incorporates new life experiences and attitudes about love and race, and Knight was praised for the work’s sincerity. Belly Song was nominated for the National Book Award and the Pulitzer Prize. Knight’s time in Pennsylvania was very important to his career: his work during this period won him both a National Endowment for the Arts grant in 1972 and a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1974.

He married Mary McAnally in 1972, and she adopted two children. They settled in Minneapolis, Minnesota, until they separated in 1977. He then resided in Memphis, Tennessee, where he received Methadone treatments. Knight rose from a life of poverty, crime, and drug addiction to become exactly what he expressed in his notebook in 1965: a voice that was heard and helped his people.

Knight continued to write throughout his post-prison life. Belly Song and Other Poems (1973) dealt with themes of racism and love. Knight believed the poet was a "meddler" or intermediary between the poem and the reader. He elaborated on this concept in his 1980 work Born of a Woman. The Essential Etheridge Knight (1986), which is a compilation of his work.

In 1990, he earned a bachelor's degree in American poetry and criminal justice from Martin Center University in Indianapolis. Knight taught at the University of Pittsburgh, the University of Hartford, and Lincoln University, before he was forced to stop working due to illness. He also continued to be known as a charismatic poetry reader. Knight died in Indianapolis, Indiana, of lung cancer on March 10, 1991.

Style and themes
Knight’s poetry uses Black vernacular and includes a number of haiku among its forms, including this poem titled ″Vigo County″: ″Beyond the brown hill / Above the silent cedars, / Blackbirds flee the April rains.″. This message aligns with the Black Arts Movement in that the artists were no longer going to be imprisoned by silence; they would use their voices and art to escape.

Joyce Ann Joyce places Knight "in the context of an African philosophical/aesthetic tradition." His "tribute to the ancestors," she writes, "emerges as a ritualistic drama in which the values of the poet's ancestors are reborn, redefined, reaffirmed and reinterpreted, at once giving them added viability and sacralizing their new form." This ethnophilosophical perspective, she finds, "differs significantly from the Eurocentric concept of intertextuality that confines itself to reading texts only within the context of other texts.” Joyce calls him “a truly African oral performer," whose subjects "grew out of his and his people's lives" so that "viewed in the context of an African philosophical/aesthetic tradition, his poetry places him among those at the vanguard of any discussion of the history of African-American poetic letters." In his poem, ″Cell Song″ Knight articulates his desire to create good from his time in prison. He speaks to himself:

Night Music Slanted

Light strike the cave of sleep. I alone

tread the red circle

and twist the space with speech

Come now, etheridge, don't

be a savior; take your words and scrape

the sky, shake rain

on the desert, sprinkle

salt on the tail

of a girl,

can there anything

good come out of

prison

Knight places the reader within the cell; he capitalizes the first three words to show emphasis – this is not actual music, but the quiet and intermittent noises expected to be heard at night in prison. In the dark and light of the "red circle," he paces and ruminates over the words and ideas in his head. He attempts to project to that life beyond the prison walls, to use his talents for good, to use his words to make an impact. The reader can imagine Knight walking in small circles within his cell, as the words of the poem wind tighter and tighter. He concludes rather than questions that ″good″ can ″come out of prison.″

His exploration of themes of freedom and imprisonment, including his tributes to Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X, are noted in a biographical study by Cassie Premo, who writes that his life and work dwell on "the theme of prisons imposed from without (slavery, racism, poverty, incarceration) and prisons from within (addiction, repetition of painful patterns) [which] are countered with the theme of freedom. His poems of suffering and survival, trial and tribute, loss and love testify to the fact that we are never completely imprisoned. Knight's poetry expresses our freedom of consciousness and attests to our capacity for connection to others.”

In his prison-era poem, "The Warden Said to Me the Other Day," Knight "limns his feelings of emotional, imaginative, and perceptual confinement."

The warden said to me the other day

(innocently, I think), "Say etheridge,

why come the black boys don't run off

like the white boys do?"

I lowered my jaw and scratched my head

And said (innocently, I think), "Well, suh,

I ain't for sure, but I reckon it's cause

We ain't got no wheres to run to."

Written in a vernacular style reminiscent of a tale by Uncle Remus, Knight expresses the doubtfulness of black autonomy and white motives, for "Knight[sees] American as a prison where, no matter how benevolent a warden wishes to be, his gestures remain part of what locks his charges in." Knight's true prison, then, is the ways in which the Law, controlled by white America, imprisons black bodies and black voices, regardless of their presumed physical freedom.

Knight's poem, ″A WASP Woman Visits a Black Junkie in Prison″ shows how humans must only find a common interest to make a connection, in this case, both the black man and white woman have children. According to Premo, the "encounter leaves the man touched and softened by the woman, as are many of Knight's male speakers. In ″Belly Song,″ the speaker "sings of love: all the emotion, pain, memory, and passion of living.″  In ″The Stretching of the Belly," Knight contrasts the stretchmarks of his third wife, Charlene Blackburn with his own scars. His wife's representing ″growth and life″ while his are from ″war, violence, and slavery.″

Works
 Poems from Prison. Detroit: Broadside Press, 1968.
 2 Poems for Black Relocation Centers, 1968.
 The Idea of Ancestry, 1968.
 Black Voices from Prison (with others). New York: Pathfinder Press, 1970.
 A Poem for Brother Man, 1972.
 For Black Poets Who Think of Suicide, 1972.
 Belly Song and Other Poems. Detroit: Broadside Press, 1973.
 Born of a Woman: New and Selected Poems. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1980.
 The Essential Etheridge Knight. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1986.


Veselá (Semily District)

Veselá is a village and municipality in Semily District in the Liberec Region of the Czech Republic.


Bugsy McGraw

Michael Davis (born November 1, 1945), best known as Bugsy McGraw, is a retired American professional wrestler.  He also wrestled under the name The Skull.  He is not to be confused with the other wrestler named Mike Davis. McGraw is known for his long beard and for his philosophical, crazed rants during wrestling interviews. He was a major star in significant territories during the 1970s and 1980s, including major runs in Vancouver, Australia, Florida, Dallas and Memphis.

Professional wrestling career

Career in the 1960s and 1970s
Davis started his career as The Big "O" in 1967 in Florida, Detroit, and Central Areas Wrestling, wrestling under a mask. In 1971, he competed in Florida as Beautiful Brutus, first managed by The Great Malenko (aka Boris Malenko), who he would go on to feud with after firing Malenko as his manager.
"Beautiful Brutus" went on to defeat Malenko for the Brass Knuckles title in the Florida territory. Their feud led to a bloody series of matches across the Florida territory.

Under the name Bugsy McGraw, he wrestled all over the world, including a brief stay in the World Wide Wrestling Federation. But his reputation was primarily built in Florida, where career highlights included beating Dusty Rhodes for the Florida TV title and Don Muraco for the Florida Heavyweight Championship in 1980. McGraw also feuded with major Florida stars Barry Windham, Dory Funk Jr. and Terry Funk.

Texas (1981–1982)
In late 1981, McGraw moved to Texas and World Class Championship Wrestling became a huge star there, first as a babyface feuding with The Great Kabuki and defeating him for the NWA American Heavyweight Championship. He also competed as a heel, feuding with Bruiser Brody, Kerry Von Erich, and Kevin Von Erich.  He also wrestled in a Body Slam Battle Royal, losing to André the Giant at Texas Stadium in 1982. McGraw wrestled in Memphis in the early '80's in CWA mostly as a member of Jimmy Hart's heel First Family.

For part of his run as a heel, he was part of the heel stable of wrestlers managed by the managerial team of H&H Armand Hussein & Gary Hart. McGraw made a face turn once again after both of his H&H managers turned on him, later defeating them in a handicap match at Wrestling Star Wars in August 1982.

Jim Crockett Promotions (1983)
After leaving Texas, McGraw would go to several territories, finally settling in Jim Crockett Promotions in North Carolina.  He feuded with The Assassins, teaming mostly with Rufus R. Jones. McGraw and Jones won the NWA Mid-Atlantic Tag Team Championship and wrestled in the first Starrcade event, losing to The Assassins.

Return to Florida (1985–1987)
McGraw returned to the promotion he had the longest and most prominent run in, Championship Wrestling from Florida, and would start off in a big angle with The Fabulous Freebirds turning heel right away and jumping Mike Graham only to have him make the save and get the feud rolling often teaming with Mike Graham and Brian Blair and later Wahoo McDaniel. The Freebirds would eventually leave Florida and along with Blackjack Mulligan would feud with Percy Pringle, team of The Missing Link, The Assassin, and Abdullah the Butcher. He would have one more feud with Rip Rogers that would have Rip Rogers valet giving him a bottle with something in it to blind McGraw in early 1986. He would not be seen for over a year and would return in 1987 once again with Blackjack Mulligan feuding with Kevin Sullivan only to have Sullivan become a baby face to feud with Oliver Humperdink and Dory Funk Jr. and Terry Funk. Florida would later on merge and be absorbed by JCP and even with a brief teaming with Jimmy Valiant he would not be held on to by The Crocketts and would be let go.

End of career
He would show up for several Independent Promotions and would even join the reformed Florida Championship Wrestling as a heel and feud with old partner Blackjack Mulligan. He would retire from active competition in 1991. He would return to the ring a few times. On October 30, 2004 U of Virginia Children’s Medical Center Benefit Show Bugsy McGraw beat Masked Superstar. And January 29, 2005 at WrestleReunion participated in a Legends Battle Royal that was won by Greg Valentine.

Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (2009)
On the June 18, 2009, edition of Total Nonstop Action Wrestling's Impact! television show Davis appeared as the new head of security hired by Mick Foley.

Autobiography
On March 26, 2019, the release of Bugsy McGraw's autobiography was announced through a partnership between WOHW Publishing and the Darkstream Press imprint. The book was coauthored by Ian Douglass, the writer of Dan Severn's autobiography and a contributing writer of Hornswoggle's autobiography. It also included a foreword by Rocky Johnson and an afterword from Brian Blair. Davis insisted on using the two-G spelling of his wrestling name on the cover of the book, which he said he always tried to use in place of the one-G spelling for the sake of "being different."

Personal life
After retiring from full-time wrestling, Davis enrolled in nursing school in 1988 and subsequently worked as a registered nurse for more than 20 years before retiring from nursing in 2014. While working as a nurse, he assisted with the care of Jack Brisco during the former world champion's health difficulties following open-heart surgery.

Championships and accomplishments
American Wrestling Association
AWA Midwest Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
Big Time Wrestling (San Francisco)
NWA United States Heavyweight Championship (San Francisco version) (1 time)
Championship Wrestling from Florida
NWA Brass Knuckles Championship (Florida version) (1 time)
NWA Florida Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
NWA Florida Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Thor The Viking
NWA Florida Television Championship (3 times)
NWA United States Tag Team Championship (Florida version) (1 time) - with Dusty Rhodes
Mid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling
NWA Mid-Atlantic Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Rufus R. Jones
NWA All-Star Wrestling
NWA Canadian Tag Team Championship (Vancouver version) (3 times) - with Mike Webster (1), Gene Kiniski (1) and Mr. X (1)
NWA Pacific Coast Heavyweight Championship (Vancouver version) (1 time)
NWA Big Time Wrestling / World Class Championship Wrestling
NWA Americas Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
NWA American Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with King Kong Bundy
NWA Brass Knuckles Championship (Texas version) (3 times)
WCCW Television Championship (1 time)
NWA Tri-State
NWA North American Heavyweight Championship (Tri-State version) (1 time)
NWA United States Tag Team Championship (Tri-State version) (1 time) - with Dr. X
World Championship Wrestling (Australia)
NWA Austra-Asian Tag Team Championship (2 times) - with Butcher Brannigan (1) and Mario Milano (1)
World Brass Knuckles Championship
Wrestling Observer Newsletter awards
Worst Tag Team (1987) with Jimmy Valiant
Other titles
(Montreal) International Tag Team Championship (1 time)
SWF Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Jumping Jack Flash


Rahatabad, Tehran

Rahatabad (, also Romanized as Rāḩatābād) is a village in Lavasan-e Kuchak Rural District, Lavasanat District, Shemiranat County, Tehran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 16, in 5 families.


Phryganodes chrysalis

Phryganodes chrysalis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by George Hampson in 1908. It is found in Sri Lanka.


Zone Interdite (TV program)

Zone interdite (, literally "Prohibited area") is a French newsmagazine that has been broadcast since  on M6, the second-most watched TV network in the French-speaking world. Well known for its investigative journalism, the show has long been considered one of the most influential in France and has been awarded the 7 d'or (France's most prestigious TV award) for best newsmagazine on TV. It is currently presented by Ophélie Meunier.

Broadcasting

Zone Interdite (often nicknamed Zone) is broadcast on M6 once every two weeks on Sunday prime time, and the following Tuesday at night. Summer shows are broadcast on a different schedule in July and August.

Format and public

Each episode features several investigative journalism reports, each one followed by a panel featuring experts, lawmakers, interviewees etc. who discuss the issue the report deals with.

The idea behind the show is best defined by its name: Zone Interdite meaning Forbidden Zone in French. It deals with the most important and sensitive social and political issues of the time, in order to give the public the best possible insight and to drive general and political attention on them.

Public

With an average of 3 to 5 million viewers and an average of 10% to 30% of the target market shares per episode, it is one of the most-watched newsmagazines on French TV.

Influence in France

With its large public, sensitive topics and high-end panels,

Zone Interdite is famous for being the first French TV show ever to expound anorexia and its dangers at a time the mental illness was almost unknown to the general public.

It was also instrumental in putting road traffic safety into national debate in the early 2000s, which has led to a complete re-writing of the French road safety laws in 2002 and 2007.

It has also been at the edge of such sensitive social issues as Prostitution, Poverty, Cults and Right to housing, driving public, media and political attention to these issues at a time they were not properly addressed by policymakers.

History

The show was created by famous French journalist Patrick de Carolis and was first aired on 7 March 1993. At that time Carolis - who later become CEO of France Television - was M6's Head of Programming.

Starting in December 1995, the show was broadcast every two weeks, instead of once a month.

In June 1999, 7.5 million people watched the special show about prostitution, which has been considered as a starting point for France's renewed lawmaking on the issue.

In 2000, the show was awarded the 7 d'or (France's most prestigious TV award) for best newsmagazine on TV.

In 2002, Zone Interdite celebrated its 200th show, in 2003, its 10 years on air, in 2008 its 15th anniversary. In 2011, it started its 19th season, making it one of the longest running French TV shows.

In 2006, Melissa Theuriau was appointed Zone Interdite'''s new anchor. The same year, the Daily Express voted her the world's most beautiful news reporter. She was similarly voted "TV's sexiest news anchor" by readers of the US edition of Maxim. In May 2007, she was voted most beautiful woman in the world in the French edition of FHM''.

Anchors

Zone Interdite was presented by:

Patrick de Carolis from 1993 to 1997
Florence Dauchez from 1997 to 1998
Bernard de la Villardière from 1998 to 2005
Anne-Sophie Lapix from 2005 to 2006
Mélissa Theuriau since 2006
Claire Barsacq, interim from November 2008 to August 2009

External links
 Zone Interdite on imdb

Notes and references


Zelamkhin-Kotar

Zelamkhin-Kotar (, ), also known by Russian name Oktyabrskoye, is a rural locality (a selo) in Vedensky District, Chechnya.

Administrative and municipal status
Municipally, Zelamkhin-Kotar is incorporated into Vedenskoye rural settlement. It is one of the four settlements included in it.

Geography

Zelamkhin-Kotar is located between the Khulkhulau and Akhkinchu rivers. It is on the northern outskirts of the village of Vedeno.

The nearest settlements to Zelamkhin-Kotar are Tsa-Vedeno in the north-west, Agishbatoy in the north-east, Vedeno in the south, and Elistanzhi and Eshilkhatoy in the south-west.

History
The village of Zelamkhin-Kotar was originally formed by immigrants from the villages of Eshilkhatoy and Kharachoy. Later, around 10 families moved from Tsa-Vedeno to Zelamkhin-Kotar due to landslides.

Population
 1990 Census: 780
 2002 Census: 839
 2010 Census: 1167
 2019 estimate: ?

According to the results of the 2010 census, the majority of residents of Zelamkhin-Kotar were ethnic Chechens.