Sport in Papua New Guinea

Sport in Papua New Guinea  is an important part of the national culture. Rugby league is the most popular sport in Papua New Guinea.

Other popular sports include most football codes (like Australian rules football, soccer and rugby union) cricket, volleyball, softball, netball, and basketball. Other Olympic sports are also gaining popularity, such as boxing and weightlifting.

Rugby league

Rugby league is the most popular sport in Papua New Guinea. Rugby league also holds the title as the national sport. About 50% of the population under-20 play rugby league. Since 2010, the sport has been a mandatory part of the curriculum in all schools in Papua New Guinea.

In a nation where communities are far apart and many people live at a minimal subsistence level, rugby league has been described as a replacement for tribal warfare, as a way of explaining the local enthusiasm for the game (a matter of life and death). Port Moresby Governor Powes Parkop has described the role rugby league plays in bonding the nation's 800 disparate tribes and reducing crime, citing its "ability to impact positively on all walks of life in PNG".

The annual Australian State of Origin matches are the most watched sporting event of the year.

Many Papua New Guineans have become instant celebrities by representing their country or playing in an overseas professional league. The West New Britain rugby league player, Marcus Bai, is a national celebrity after he formerly played for the National Rugby League with Melbourne Storm and David Mead who hails from the Central Province he currently  plays for the Brisbane Broncos and is considered one of Papua New Guinea's all-time greatest players. Even Australian rugby league players who have played in the annual (Australian) State of Origin clash, which is celebrated feverishly every year in PNG, are among the best-known personalities throughout the nation.

The Papua New Guinea national rugby league team, known as the Kumuls, are currently ranked eleventh in the world. The team usually plays against the Australian national rugby league team each year in Port Moresby. It is such a popular fixture, that thousands of people can't get into the ground once it's full, causing people to climb onto the stadium roof or up trees outside the ground in order to see the match. The limited capacity of the stadium for this fixture often sparks riots. Spectators clashed with riot police, during this fixture in 2006.

The national competition used to be called the SP Cup but now they call Digicel Cup which was initiated in 1990. Which features eleven teams from throughout PNG most of which hail from the Highlands region where the sport is more popular in.

Australian Rules Football

Australian rules football has experienced considerable growth over the past decade, boasting the second highest number of players in the world (after Australia). Australian rules football was introduced by Australian soldiers during World War II, but has gained popularity with the introduction of players at the top level into the AFL, including Mal Michael and James Gwilt.

The Papua New Guinea national Australian rules football team (The Mosquitos) were crowned International champions in 2008, by defeating the previous title holders New Zealand. In 2008, they also led the international competition in overall medal placings, having previously won silver, in both 2002 and 2005.

AFL-PNG is the governing body of the sport in Papua New Guinea.

Cricket

Cricket has been traditionally most popular in Papua region, where the British had the most influence.

On 8 November 2014 Papua New Guinea created history by beating HONG KONG in its first one-day international match after getting full one-day international status.

In the 2013-14 World Twenty:20 Championship, the national team, known as the Papua New Guinea Barramundis, won the East Asia-Pacific qualifying zone competition in February 2013, beating Vanuatu in the final. In the world qualifying competition in November 2013, PNG beat Kenya and the Netherlands (both significantly higher-ranked countries), but lost to tournament second-favourites Afghanistan and to Nepal and finished 8th (giving the country an implicit world Twenty20 ranking of 18th).

In January 2011, PNG finished 2nd in World Cricket League Division 3, winning promotion to Division 2. In April they finished 3rd in Division 2 after wins over Bermuda, Hong Kong, and Uganda. Thereby PNG ranks 19th in the world at 50-overs-a-side one-day cricket. In August 2012, PNG beat Test-playing country Zimbabwe to finish 14th in the under-19 World Cup.

In October 2019 Papua New Guinea qualified for the 2020 ICC T20 World Cup, after they won Group A of the qualifier tournament, finishing above the Netherlands on net run rate. It was the first time Papua New Guinea had qualified for a World Cup in any format.

Cricket is organised by the Papua New Guinea Cricket Board of Control, headquartered in Port Moresby.

The principal national competitions for men are the T20 Hebou Shield contest, played in April and May, and the 50-overs Hebou Shield played in May and June, competed for by six teams: a Colts team, and five organised on an "area of origin" basis - Northern Diggers, Western Hammers, Central Hearts, Southern Jets, and Central Lagoon Marlins. Each team also bears a sponsor's name.

In 2013, Hebou Western Hammers won the 50-over competition, beating BSP Central Hearts in the final. Hebou Western also won the T20 league.

The women’s Hebou Shields, for 35 overs and for 20 overs leagues, were both won by Dulux Magic.

Most cricketers play in Port Moresby, particularly the Hanuabada area. There are local competitions in Lae and in Central Province. In 2013, Madang Province beat Mount Hagen in the final to win the Highlands Region Championship. Cricket is also organised in Milne Bay and Oro Provinces, and on some of the islands.

In the Trobriand Islands, cricket was introduced in 1903, by Methodist missionaries, and has become a beloved sport. Cricket has become fused with the local culture, and the game is played with stones instead of a ball and unlimited fielders.

Rugby union

Papua New Guinea is a three tier rugby union playing nation. They began playing international rugby union in 1966, and have yet to make the Rugby World Cup. Teams from Papua New Guinea have competed in the Commonwealth Games.

There are currently 8,520 registered players and 57 clubs. There are no registered senior female players.

The national side is ranked 54th in the world (as of December 1, 2006).

Soccer

Soccer is also played in Papua New Guinea. The governing body for the sport in the country is the Papua New Guinea Football Association which was established in 1962. Approximately 20,000 people play Football in Papua New Guinea and it is considered to be a popular sport for men and the single most popular sport for females.

The national team are currently 193 in the FIFA World rankings. The country's highest ranking was 160th in June 2004. Former Australian coach Frank Farina is the current coach of the national side.

Formed in 2006, the PNG Telikom National Soccer League is the top division of Football in Papua New Guinea. The league comprises 8 semi-professional teams from across the country.

Hekari United from Port Moresby are the most successful club having won the domestic league every year since its inception and the 2009–10 OFC Champions League, which made Hekari United the first club outside Australia and New Zealand to win the tournament. It was also the first squad from the South Pacific to qualify for the FIFA Club World Cup.

Basketball

Basketball is a popular sport in Papua New Guinea, especially among the youth. Many of the country's top professional players play in Australia.


Su e zo per i ponti

The Su e zo per i ponti (Up and Down the Bridges) is a non-competitive walk held in Venice in April. The walk starts in the Piazza San Marco, in front of the Doge's Palace. Walkers follow a route characteristic of the city, which leads them through calli (streets), campi (squares) and ponti (bridges). The name makes reference to this route (su and zo are up and down respectively in the Venetian language).

Different routes are laid out for various age groups, and beverage is available along the track.

Walkers receive a commemorative medal on completing the event.

External links
 The official page in Italian
 The official page in English
 Scheda di presentazione 2012 - versione italiana
 2012 Fact Sheet - English version


Ely and Littleport riots of 1816

The Ely and Littleport riots of 1816, also known as the Ely riots or Littleport riots, occurred between 22 and 24 May 1816 in Littleport, Cambridgeshire. The riots were caused by high unemployment and rising grain costs, similar to the general unrest which spread throughout England following the Napoleonic Wars.

The Littleport riot broke out when a group of residents met at The Globe Inn. Fuelled by alcohol, they left the inn and began intimidating wealthier Littleport residents, demanding money and destroying property. The riot spread to Ely where magistrates attempted to calm the protests by ordering poor relief and fixing a minimum wage; see printed bill (reproduced at right). The following day, encouraged by Lord Liverpool's government, a militia of the citizens of Ely, led by Sir Henry Bate Dudley and backed by the 1st The Royal Dragoons, rounded up the rioters. In the ensuing altercation at The George and Dragon in Littleport, a trooper was injured, one rioter was killed, and at least one went on the run.

Edward Christian, brother of Fletcher Christian, had been appointed Chief Justice of the Isle of Ely in 1800 by the Bishop of Ely. As the Chief Justice, Christian was entitled to try the rioters alone. The government, in this case via the Home Secretary, Lord Sidmouth, nevertheless appointed a Special Commission, consisting of Justice Abbott and Justice Burrough. The rioters were tried in the assizes at Ely during the week commencing June 1816. 23 men and one woman were condemned, of which five were subsequently hanged. General unrest and riots such as that at Littleport may have been a factor in the government passing the Vagrancy Act 1824 and subsequently the Metropolitan Police Act 1829.

Background
In 1815, the government increased taxation on imported wheat and grain to help pay for the costs of the Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815). Poor laws, such as the Speenhamland system, were designed to help alleviate financial distress of the poorer communities, but such systems helped to keep wages artificially low as the farmers knew labourers' wages would be supplemented by the system. Basic commodities, like cereals and bread, became heavily over-priced, creating widespread social unrest. The worst hit were the families of the men returning from the Battle of Waterloo (1815) who arrived home at a time when unemployment was already high. One reply to a questionnaire circulated by the Board of Agriculture in February, March, and April 1816 reported that "the state of the labouring poor is very deplorable, and arises entirely from the want of employment, which they are willing to seek, but the farmer cannot afford to furnish."

In early 1816, a quarter (28 pounds) of wheat cost 52 shillings (£), rising through 76 shillings (£) in May to 103 shillings (£) in December. Average wages for the period remained static at 8–9 shillings (£–£), per week. In 1815, a pound of bread was quoted at over 4 shillings (£) and predicted to rise to over 5 shillings (£).

Rioting

Preceding events in the region
There was rioting in the first months of 1816 in West Suffolk, Norfolk and Cambridgeshire. On 16 May riots broke out in Bury St Edmunds (known locally as Bury) and Brandon in West Suffolk and also in Hockwold, Feltwell and Norwich in Norfolk.

On the morning of 20 May, a meeting was held in Southery, Norfolk. The group, including a Thomas Sindall, marched through Denver to Downham Market to meet with the magistrates at their weekly meeting at The Crown public house. Sindall was the only person known to have been at both the riots at Downham Market and Littleport. He was killed by troopers at Littleport—see below. The mob of 1,500, mainly men but some women, besieged The Crown until the magistrates agreed to allow a deputation of eight rioters inside to make their pleas: to have work and two-shillings (£) per day. The magistrates acceded to these demands, but they had already called the yeoman cavalry from Upwell, who arrived at 5 pm. Backed by the troops, the Riot Act was then read in the market place by Reverend Dering, causing further tussles, which subsided after arrests started to be made.

At the Norfolk and Norwich Assizes in August, nine men and six women were sentenced to death. Thirteen of those sentences were commuted, and two of the Downham rioters, Daniel Harwood and Thomas Thody, were hanged on the afternoon of 31 August 1816.

Littleport

Littleport is a large village in Cambridgeshire with a population in 1811 of 1,847. It is just under  south-south-west of Downham Market and just over  north-north-east of Ely.

On 22 May 1816, a group of 56 residents met at The Globe Inn in Littleport to discuss the lack of work and rising grain costs. Fuelled by alcohol, the residents directed their anger at local farmer Henry Martin. He had been overseer of the poor in 1814 and was not well liked by the parishioners. One man went to get a horn from Burgess, the lighterman, and started blowing it outside The Globe Inn, gathering hundreds of villagers to join the first group, and the riot commenced.

The rioters began at Mingey's shop, where stones were thrown through the windows, and then they invaded Mr Clarke's property and threw his belongings into the street. Next, at Josiah Dewey's place, the Reverend John Vachell and his wife arrived to try to calm the rioters. Vachell had been vicar of St George's since 1795 and was also a magistrate; he was an unpopular man, as he dealt harshly with even minor offences. He read or tried to read the Riot Act without effect, as the crowd "told him to go home."

The rioters next visited the premises of disabled 90-year-old Mr Sindall, throwing his furniture into the street; his housekeeper, Mrs Hutt, was intimidated by a rioter wielding a butcher's cleaver. After stopping at the place of Mr Little,  "a nice old gentleman," who gave the mob £2 (£), they continued to Robert Speechly's and demolished his furniture. Next they broke into the house of Rebecca Waddelow looking for Harry Martin, her grandson. He had seen them coming and escaped out the back. Rebecca Cutlack was visiting at the time, and they robbed her and removed property worth between £100 and £200 (£–£).

At about 11 pm, the rioters arrived at the house of the Reverend John Vachell, who, after threatening to shoot anyone who entered his house, was disarmed when three men rushed him. He fled on foot with his wife and two daughters towards Ely. After Vachell had left, the rioters destroyed his goods and chattels and stole some of his silverware. Vachell was later to sue the Hundred of Ely for the damages under the Riot Act. He received over £708 (£), an award which was challenged in the press, as many people complained about the size of the resulting district levies used to pay for it. The rioters then stopped a post-chaise returning with Hugh Robert Evans senior and Henry Martin from a turnpike trust meeting in Downham. They robbed Evans of 14 shillings (£) before allowing them both to proceed. On reaching Ely, Evans alerted the magistrates who sent a carriage for Reverend Vachell, which collected him and his family walking towards Ely.

Ely

Ely, Cambridgeshire, is a city with an 1811 population of 4,249 people. The city is nearly  north-north-east of Cambridge and  north-north-east of London.  When Vachell arrived in Ely, he alerted fellow clergymen and magistrates Reverend William Metcalfe and Reverend Henry Law who dispatched Thomas Archer, as a messenger, to Bury,  to the east.

The rioters in Littleport had in the interim stolen a wagon and horses from Henry Tansley and equipped it with fowling guns front and back. Most of the Littleport mob, armed with guns and pitch-forks, then began the march to Ely, arriving three-quarters of a mile (1.2 km) north of the city between 5 am and 6 am on 23 May. The Reverend William Metcalfe met them, read the Riot Act, and asked what the mob required. On being told that they wanted "the price of a stone of flour per day" and that "our children are starving, give us a living wage," the Reverend agreed but stated that he would have to converse with the other magistrates. He asked everyone to return to Littleport, but they marched on. Metcalfe implored them to go to the market place and many did go there, where they were joined by Ely citizens. Recognising the needs of the rioters, the Ely magistrates, the Reverends William Metcalfe, Peploe Ward and Henry Law drafted a response, offering poor families two-shillings per head per week and ordering farmers to pay two-shillings (£) per day wages. On hearing the proclamation, the mob cheered. The magistrates then "gave the men some beer, told them not to get drunk and tried to persuade them to go home". Some took the advice, whilst others continued the rampage, intimidating shopkeepers, millers and bankers and stealing from some. However, most of the rioters, marching with their wagons and guns, left the city for Littleport before the arrival of the military from Bury.

Meanwhile, the magistrates delegated Henry Law to go to London to discuss the matter with Lord Sidmouth, the Home Secretary. On the way, Law stopped at the barracks of the Royston troop of volunteer yeomanry cavalry and requested they go to Ely. Law was unable to convince Sidmouth of the seriousness of the situation, and Sidmouth asked Reverend Sir Henry Bate Dudley to return with Law and report on the matter.

Restoring order

A detachment of 18 men of the 1st The Royal Dragoons, commanded by Captain Methuen, arrived in Ely from Bury on 23 May in the late afternoon. They marched through the streets as a show of force, remaining all night. The following afternoon, 24 May, the troops marched on Littleport, led by Sir Henry Bate Dudley and John Bacon, a Bow Street constable. They were followed by the Royston troop of volunteer yeomanry cavalry summoned earlier by Henry Law, and a militia of gentlemen and inhabitants of Ely.

Before arrival at the Ely Road, a small detachment of troops were ordered across the Hemp Field to enter the village from the east. The larger group then charged at a hard gallop down the Mill Street incline through to Main Street. The rioters were found making a stand in The George and Dragon near the west end of Station Road. The militia were called to the front when the rioters would not come out after being ordered to by Bate Dudley. Thomas South, shooting from a window, hit trooper Wallace in the forearm. The militia got the rioters out of the public house and assembled them in the street, surrounded by the troopers. Thomas Sindall (it is unclear what relation, if any, he was to the elderly Mr Sindall mentioned above) attempted to take a musket from trooper William Porter but was not successful. Sindall ran away and when he did not stop after being called on to do so by Porter, he was shot through the back of the head. Thomas Sindall was killed; he was the only person known to be at both Downham Market and Littleport. The result of this shooting was to subdue the rest of the rioters. Those captured were taken to Ely gaol and the rest of the rioters were rounded up.

The home secretary, Lord Sidmouth, had dispatched three troops of cavalry (100 men), two six–pounder cannons and three companies of the 69th (South Lincolnshire) Regiment of Foot under Major General Byng to help capture the leading rioters.

Two rioters were hidden in Lakenheath by a labourer who eventually betrayed them for £5 each (£). One rioter, William Gotobed, a bricklayer, escaped and was eventually pardoned a few years later. He returned to Littleport after seven years and then went to America. The rioting spread to nearby areas such as Little Downham, Cambridgeshire, although such areas were not as badly affected. It took until 10 June before the areas were finally cleared of trouble and all of the rioters had been captured.

Trial
The assizes for the 82 persons, 73 of whom were in prison and nine on bail, lasted from Monday 17 June 1816 through to the following Saturday.

Special Commission
From AD 970 until 1837 the Bishop of Ely retained exclusive jurisdiction in civil and criminal matters, and was also keeper of the records (custos rotulorum). As part of this right, the bishop appointed a Chief Justice of the Isle of Ely; Edward Christian had held the post since 1800. In these special assizes, the Crown, via Lord Sidmouth, created a Special Commission. Sidmouth appointed two judges, Mr Justice Abbott and Mr Justice Burrough to preside over it. Christian, nevertheless, felt he should attend and indeed was in attendance throughout. After the trial Christian said, "It was suggested to me in London, ... that it would be more conducive to the great object of the Commission, ... if I declined my rotation of duty, and left the trial of all the prisoners to them [the appointed commissioners]."

Monday
Shortly after 10 am, the three judges went to the courthouse, in the market place at that time, and the Special Commission was read. The judges then breakfasted at the bishop's palace, after which a service was held in the cathedral and attended by 50 of the principal inhabitants of Ely. The sermon, preached by Henry Bate Dudley, was "that the law is not made for a righteous man, but for the lawless and disobedient".

After the service, around 1 pm, the court reconvened; the grand jury was sworn in, and Mr W. Dunn Gardner elected the foreman. Mr Gurney, Mr Bolland and Mr Richardson, were counsel for the Crown, led by Mr William Hobhouse, Treasury solicitor. For the defence, Mr Hunt was counsel for Jefferson, Wyebrow, Harley, Pricke, Cooper, Freeman and Jessop; Mr Hart was counsel for John Easey, Joseph Easey, Benton, Layton, Atkin, Hobbs and another.

Mr Justice Abbott addressed the court:

He then went on to direct the jury at length, commenting at one point that these disturbances "seem to have been the necessity of an advance in the wages of husbandry; but the circumstances of some among the offenders do not correspond with the supposition of such an object". He was probably referring to John Dennis, licensed victualler of Littleport. He outlined the three capital offences that would be presented, namely burglary, robbery from the person and stealing in a dwelling house. He defined burglary as breaking into a house at night with intent, robbery from the person as extortion by violence or threat thereof, and stealing in a dwelling house as an actual act of stealing, not just the threat. He reminded the jury that when offences are carried out by a mob, it is the whole mob that is guilty, not just the person doing the deed. He closed: The court adjourned until the following day.

Tuesday
On Tuesday 18 June the court opened at 9 am; 12 defendants were charged with breaking into the house of Rebecca Waddelow in Littleport and stealing personal property and money. After hearing evidence, the judges held a discussion. Mr Justice Abbott informed the jury that a mistake had been made in the indictment, directing the jury to acquit. All 12 defendants were pronounced not guilty.

Seven defendants were then indicted for breaking into the house of Josiah Dewey in Littleport, stealing money and property and assaulting Dewey. Mr Gurney addressed the jury. Three witnesses testified. The jury recorded a verdict of guilty against Chevall, Easey, Jessop, South and Benton; Dann and Torrington were acquitted. The court adjourned at 5 pm.

Wednesday
On Wednesday 19 June the court opened at 9 am; the indictment on three of the defendants was read for forcibly entering the house of Robert Speechly in Littleport and stealing personal property. Mr Gurney addressed the jury, who later pronounced all defendants guilty.

Five defendants were then indicted for forcing their way in the house of Rev. John Vachell in Littleport, threatening him and stealing £2. Mr Gurney addressed the jury. Two witnesses testified. A verdict of guilty was returned against Harley and Newell whilst Warner and Stibbard were acquitted.

Five defendants were then indicted for stealing £50 from the house of Robert Edwards in Ely. Mr Gurney addressed the jury at length describing the events occurring in the town of Ely on the morning of the 23 May 1816. Eight witnesses were called. The jury returned guilty verdicts against Dennis, Jefferson, and Rutter. Hopkin and Cammell were given not guilty verdicts.

Thursday
On Thursday morning 20 June two defendants were indicted for stealing silverware from the home of Rev. J. Vachell in Littleport and one was charged with receiving the stolen goods. Four witnesses called were Elizabeth Carter following which Mr Justice Burrough summed up. Lavender was pronounced guilty of the theft and Beamiss and Butcher received not guilty verdicts.

John Gaultrip was next, also indicted for stealing spoons at the vicarage. As the evidence was contradictory, Gaultrip was acquitted by the jury.

Next at the bar was William Beamiss indicted for highway robbery of Hugh Robert Evans, of Ely. Two witness were called. Mr Justice Abbott summed up and the jury returned a verdict of guilty on the prisoner Beamiss.

Then nine defendants were charged with threatening W. Cooper of Ely and stealing from him. Mr Gurney addressed the jury, explaining the circumstances of the disturbances carried out by the mob in Ely. Nine witnesses were called. Mr Justice Abbott spoke to the jury for a long time. The jury retired for fifteen minutes. On returning, it pronounced as guilty Dennis, Jessop, Atkin, Layton, Hobbs, Pricke, Cooper, and Jefferson. It acquitted Freeman.

Six defendants were then charged with stealing from George Stevens in Ely. Three witness were examined following which Dennis, Layton, Atkin, and Cammell were all pronounced guilty by the jury. Capital convictions against Aaron Chevall and William Beamiss, for robbing Henry Tansley of two £1 notes, were also returned by the jury. The court adjourned at 6 pm.

Friday
On Friday morning 21 June, seven prisoners were brought to the bar on a similar charge as on Tuesday (breaking into the house of Rebecca Waddelow in Littleport and stealing personal property and money). The prisoners all pleaded not guilty. Mr Gurney addressed the jury explaining that these were the same persons indicted on Tuesday for the same offence. He explained to the jury that the earlier indictment incorrectly described the house to be the property of Rebecca Waddelow, leading to the prisoners' acquittal. He also explained that in the original indictment, other persons had been charged, but as these other persons had since been convicted of capital offences, they had been removed from the indictment. The witness were all brought forward again and made their statements. They said much the same as previously, though this took much of the day. In summing up, Mr Abbott went on a length closing with "the duty which it belonged to them [the jury] to execute – confident that, from experience which the court had now of them, their verdict would be such as good sense would dictate, and the public justice of the country require". It took the jury five minutes to find Walker, Butcher and Crow guilty and Nicholas, Wilson and Jefferson not guilty.

Brought to the bar next was Henry Benson, a farmer who was out on bail, charged with inciting to riot. Benson was held in surety for £400 plus two other sureties for £200 each. He was to appear for trial at the next assizes. Richard Cooper the elder and Richard Cooper the younger were also bound over to the next assizes. Father and son, William Beamiss the elder and the younger, were then brought in and charged with assaulting and stealing from Robert Cheesewright the younger, of Littleport, in the Isle of Ely. Mr Gurney addressed the jury. Mr Burrough summed up and the jury gave their guilty verdict to both prisoners shortly after.

Next, between 20 and 30 prisoners were brought to the bar and "indicted for having committed various felonies and misdemeanour's at Littleport on 22, 23, and 24 of May last". A few were put to the next assizes and the remainder chose to be tried immediately. Mr Gurney addressed the jury explaining that his Majesty's government was keen not to put to the jury more cases than was necessary. If the prisoners now at the bar offered a small surety and remained on good behaviour, there would be no more said. Mr Abbott spoke to the prisoners at length, finally demanding that each of them offer surety of £50 and find two more sureties each of £10 or one more each of £20. Mr Abbott then thanked the jury for their services. The court adjourned.

Sentences
Saturday
On Saturday 22 June 1816 six men were acquitted; 10 were discharged; 36 were bailed; 23 men and one woman were condemned of whom 18 men and the woman, Sarah Hobbs, had their sentences commuted. Of the 19 persons commuted, nine were sentenced to penal transportation. Seven of those nine sailed on the convict ship , which departed for New South Wales on 9 October 1816, captained by Lew E Williams. Records exist for the following known to have sailed: James Newell, Richard Jessop, John Jefferson, Joseph Easey, Aaron Chevell, all of Littleport and all transported for life; Richard Rutter of Littleport for 14 years; John Easey of Littleport for seven years. Two others were also sentenced to transportation for seven years, Mark Benton and John Walker, both of Littleport. 10, including Sarah Hobbs, were committed to Ely gaol for 12 months; five were from Littleport and five, including Sarah Hobbs were from Ely.

The five condemned without commutation were all from Littleport. They were William Beamiss (42) the elder, shoemaker, for stealing from the persons of Henry Tansley and Robert Cheeseright, both of Littleport; George Crow (23), labourer, for stealing in the dwelling-house of Rebecca Waddelow and Henry Martin, both of Littleport; John Dennis (32), a publican, for stealing from the persons of William Cooper, Robert Edwards, and George Stevens, all of Ely; Isaac Harley junior (33), labourer, for stealing from the person of the Reverend John Vachell, of Littleport; and Thomas South the younger (22), labourer, for stealing in the dwelling-house of Josiah Dewey and Robert Speechley, both of Littleport.

Execution

On Friday 28 June 1816 at 9 am, the condemned men, William Beamiss, George Crow, John Dennis, Isaac Harley and Thomas South, were driven from the gaol at Ely market place in a black-draped cart and two horses costing five-pound five-shillings (£) accompanied by the bishop's gaol chaplain, John Griffin, in a hired chaise and pair costing 13 shillings (£). In submitting his expenses on 29 June, chief bailiff F. Bagge noted "We have no power of pressing a cart for the purpose, and 'tis a difficult matter to get one, people feel's so much upon the occasion".

The men arrived at the gallows at Parnell pits around 11 am, and were hanged after praying with the crowd for some time. Griffin was unofficially given the ropes, which cost one-pound five-shillings (£), after hanging, which he kept; he left a collection to his housekeeper, who sold them as a cure for sore throats. Following the hanging, the bodies were placed in coffins and displayed in a cottage in Gaol Street, where many people came to visit. They were buried the next day in St Mary's Church, Ely, with the vicar's blessing. As a warning to others, a stone plaque (pictured) was installed on the west side of St Mary's Church; it concludes, "May their awful Fate be a warning to others".

In 1816, there were a total of 83 people executed in England: 80 men, including the five Littleport rioters, and three women.

Aftermath
A few days after the execution, the ten condemned prisoners who had had their sentences commuted to twelve months' imprisonment were transported to the prison hulk Justitia, moored at Woolwich on the River Thames. Such ships were used as holding areas prior to convicts being transferred to a regular vessel for penal transportation to, at this time, Australia. Residents of Ely tried to hold meetings to complain at this apparent extension of the prisoners' sentences. Despite, or because of, media attention—newspapers of the time took sides depending whether they supported the government or not—the prisoners were returned to Ely gaol; it may all have been a simple mistake by the clerk of the assizes.

On 3 April 1816, lieutenant-colonel William Sorell was appointed lieutenant-governor of Van Diemen's Land, now Tasmania. He sailed on the Sir William Bensley, the same ship transporting the rioters sentenced to penal transportation. Leaving England on 9 October 1816, the ship arrived in New South Wales 152 days later on 10 March 1817. Soon after, Sorrel sailed to Hobart arriving on 8 April 1817, where he distinguished himself as the third lieutenant-governor.

The Reverend John Vachell stayed on as vicar of St George's Littleport in title until 1830; he appointed a curate, George Britton Jermyn from 1817. Some of the St George's church registers were destroyed during the riots. The remaining registers start from 1754 (marriages), 1756 (burials), and 1783 (baptism). General unrest and riots such as that at Littleport may have been a factor in the government passing the Vagrancy Act of 1824. Due in part to some difficulties in enforcing the law and to continued public unease, the Metropolitan Police Act of 1829 was created leading to the first modern police force.


Star Trek: The Next Generation – A World for All Seasons was a Star Trek adventure game under development by Spectrum HoloByte for the 3DO Interactive Multiplayer game console. While the game was promoted in early 1994 in popular media of the time, including the gaming magazine Electronic Gaming Monthly, it was never completed.

Overview
The game was purported to be an adventure built around complex, pre-rendered 3D locations. It was to play as a kind of "choose your own adventure" with the player given options and choices that progress the story depending on how the player decides to proceed. Pre-release screenshots show 3D environments and characters, including alien worlds, alien peoples, the cast of the television show, and the USS Enterprise (NCC-1701-D).

In addition, there was to be a real-time space combat mode. In pre-release screenshots, this mode appeared to be similar in style to space shooter games such as the Wing Commander series.


Racinaea tetrantha

Racinaea tetrantha is a plant species in the genus Racinaea. This species is native to Bolivia, Costa Rica, Venezuela and Ecuador.


Corrigin, Western Australia

Corrigin is a town in the central Wheatbelt region of Western Australia,  east-southeast of the state capital, Perth, Western Australia, along State Route 40. It is mostly a farming community focused on crops and sheep, and holds the world record of 'the most dogs in a ute'.

History
The name "Corrigin", of Noongar indigenous origin, was first recorded in 1877 relating to a well in the area. The meaning of the name is unknown.

Before 1908 Corrigin's only connection with the rest of the state was the railway track that ran to Merredin and it was difficult to get anyone to take up land near the rabbit proof fence. Most of the land as once held by George Walton on a pastoral lease which he ran from his homestead at Wogerlin rock. The first settlers to the area were Mr A. W. Goyder (the son of the South Australian Surveyor General), who took up the area on which the town now stands. He was followed by Jack Crossland then by Messrs Gayfer and Jose Bros.

In 1909, the Government planned to build a railway from Brookton on the Great Southern Railway to the town of Kunjin, 17 km west of Corrigin. Some time after, a line from Wickepin was also proposed, and the Government decided to locate the crossing point at Corrigin.

A storm swept through the area in 1913 lashing the area with hailstones over  in diameter. The town was also deluged with over  of rain in a few hours. Standing crops were flattened, fences in low-lying areas were washed away and most of the town was submerged under at least  of water.

In 1913, a railway siding was built, and named "Dondakin" by railway authorities due to conflict with the name elsewhere. However, after much local protest, the siding was renamed Corrigin and gazetted on 15 May 1914. The railway line from Wickepin, Western Australia opened a month later, and the main office of the local Road Board moved to the town. In 1915, a school was built.

In 1932 the Wheat Pool of Western Australia announced that the town would have two grain elevators, each fitted with an engine, installed at the railway siding. The bulk handling facility had been installed by November the following year and the first trial load of wheat was satisfactorily loaded.

By 1937 the town boasted a hall that cost £8,000 to build, a large state hotel, commercial buildings, bowling green, tennis course, golf course and one of the best showgrounds in the state. The town still had no adequate water scheme, there was no lack of well water but the water drawn was very hard.

The wheatbelt was struck by drought for much of 1939 and nearly all of 1940, described at the time as the worst in the states history until heavy rains arrived in December of that year.  Corrigin received  of drought-breaking rain over a couple of days.

The town was lashed by a violent storm on New Year's Day in 2013. Destructive winds and  of rain tore through over the course of an hour leaving behind fallen powerlines, uprooted trees, sheds torn apart and roofs ripped from homes.

Present day

Corrigin has a population of 903 and is a key agricultural centre for a district focussed mainly on wheat and sheep farming.  It is the location of a CBH management zone office, and in 1973 was the location of a 'type B' wheat bin.

It contains a district high school (originally opened 1915 as a primary school), National Australia bank, shopping facilities, accommodation (hotel, motel, caravan park), council offices and a telecentre. Each year, it hosts an agricultural show.

The town is a stop on the Transwa bus service to Esperance via Kulin/Hyden.

A large rocky outcrop just to the east of town is Corrigin Rock.

About 5 km west of town is the Corrigin dog cemetery, containing over 80 buried dogs.

Climate


El Salvador national football team season 2010

The El Salvador national football team fixtures and results in 2010.  Stats are up to date as of October 12, 2010.

Record

Statistics

Goal scorers

Goal Assists

Bookings

Match results

Friendly matches


Paul Preuning

Paul Preuning (fl. 1540-1550) was a German artist based in Nuremberg. The Preuning family of potters based in Nuremberg is recorded as making high class pottery at their workshop.  He is best known for his Hafner ware, which described jugs and other vessels made by stove makers. Preuning primarily decorated his pottery using the cloisonné technique, utilizing colored glazes kept apart by threads of clay.


UV-B lamps

UV-B lamps are lamps that emit a spectrum of ultraviolet light with wavelengths ranging from 290–320 nanometers. This spectrum is also commonly called the biological spectrum due to the human body's sensitivity to light of such a wavelength. UV-B light does not tan the skin very much, compared to the UV-A lamps that are used in tanning beds.

Treating skin diseases
The main diseases that are treated with UV-B lamps are psoriasis, lichen planus and atopic dermatitis (eczema)., vitiligo (loss of skin color) and some other skin diseases.

There are thousands of dermatology clinics around the world that treat skin ailments with UV-B lamps. Many people who suffer from psoriasis or other skin diseases have their own UV-B lamp for home treatment. A small lamp is used to treat limited areas of the skin, while full body cabins are available in clinics and hospitals.

Overexposure to UV-B light can burn the skin, so the exposure time must be regulated by a timer that turns off the lamp.

Increasing vitamin D3
When the skin is exposed to UV-B light, cholesterol in the skin is transformed into vitamin D3. In general the skin does not need much  UV-B energy to generate vitamin D3, and 15 minutes of strong sunshine every day is usually considered enough.

In Northern European countries especially in the winter when sunlight is scarce, pregnant women may receive UVB light in clinics to assure that their babies have an adequate amount of vitamin D3 when born.

Animals need UV-B light to produce vitamin D3 and strong bones.
Zoos have UV-B lamps for reptiles kept indoors. Reptile keepers in a home environment can purchase UV-B/UVA emitting bulbs from pet stores to provide their reptiles with the required amount of UVB/UVA they need to generate vitamin D3. Such lights are branded Creature World or Repti Glo and used for a period of 10–12 hours per day to give the required exposure.
These lamps simulate the sun spectrum and thus produce mostly visible light and a very small amount of UV-B light, like the sun.

Cancer risks
UV-B treatments for treating skin diseases (psoriasis, vitiligo, atopic dermatitis, etc.) are given in a very low dosage. The treatments take only few minutes.

The maximum dose of broadband UV-B is 0.5 Joules per treatment.
The maximum dose for narrowband UV-B is 3 Joules per treatment.
This low dosage does not increase the risk of skin cancer and
UV-B phototherapy remains a very safe treatment. Research citing ten year of experience of phototherapy in Yonsei Medical Center has not revealed any cases of malignancy in the skin.

Too much UV ultraviolet radiation of an undesirable wavelength may lead to direct DNA damage, sunburn, and skin cancer. In contrast to exposure to UV-B light given at low dosage, it was found that UV-A light increases the risk of skin cancer because of the problematic wavelength and because it is given in a much higher dosage.


Cecile Canqueteau-Landi

Cecile Canqueteau-Landi (born October 3, 1979) is a French gymnastics coach and former artistic gymnast. She competed at the 1996 Olympics and currently coaches at World Champions Centre in Spring, Texas. She coached from 2007 to 2017 at the World Olympic Gymnastics Academy.

Early years
Canqueteau was born on October 3, 1979, in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region of France. In the fall of 1988, she started at Ecole Sainte Anne. In 1990, she resumed secondary education at C.E.S. Roy D'Espagne until 1995. Later, Canqueteau finished at the Lycée-Collège Honoré Daumier school. She started university at Aix-Marseille University, which was University of the Mediterranean at the time but left after her first year of study.

Gymnastics career
Canqueteau started gymnastics at the age of 5 and at 9 years old she moved to Marseille to enter the national center.. She trained at Club Gymnastique Saint-Giniez, a well-known gymnastics club in the Canton of Marseille – Saint-Giniez, which has since been disbanded. Canqueteau trained at this club for the whole of her gymnastics career.

Canqueteau's first major international competition was the 1994 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships in Dortmund, Germany. She finished 39th in the all-around, in the qualification round, but didn't make the all-around final due to the three-per-country rule at the time.

She was later selected for the 1996 Olympics and competed in the qualification round, she finished 8th place with France. She competed at another world and European championships in 1997–1998 and retired from Elite gymnastics in 1999. She competed for her club at nationals until 2002.

Coaching career
After she left university, Canqueteau started coaching at the French National Training Center from 2001 to 2004. Following her four-year stint for the French National Team, Canqueteau moved to Norman, Oklahoma, United States, with then-boyfriend Laurent Landi in August 2004 and started coaching at Bart Conner Gymnastics Academy.

In June 2007, after under three years of coaching at the Bart Conner Gymnastics Academy, both she and husband, Laurent, moved to Texas to coach at the renowned World Olympic Gymnastics Academy. At WOGA, Canqueteau-Landi served as the personal coach to Alyssa Baumann, Briley Casanova, Sophia Lee, and Samantha Ogden, and has also worked extensively with Katelyn Ohashi, Madison Kocian and various other WOGA alumni. Many of her athletes have been full-ride scholarship recipients, state, regional, and national champions.

In October 2017, Canqueteau-Landi joined the coaching staff at World Champions Centre, where she and husband Laurent Landi are personal coaches to Simone Biles, and where she is assistant head coach of the girls' competitive program.

Personal life
Canqueteau married boyfriend and ex-French National Team member, Laurent Landi, on August 20, 2005 at A Little White Wedding Chapel in Las Vegas, Nevada. Ludivine Furnon and Ivan Ivankov were both in attendance at the ceremony.

The couple have a daughter.


Jean-François Joseph Debelle

Jean-François Joseph Debelle (Voreppe, Isère, 22 May 1767 –  Saint-Raphaël, of yellow fever, 15 June 1802) was a French general and soldier. He fought at the Battle of Fleurus (as a brevet général de brigade), headed the Armée d'Italie's artillery in its retreat to France after the Battle of Novi, and participated in the Saint-Domingue expedition, on which he died aged 34 of yellow fever. On 10 March his father was granted a pension of 1,500 francs, which passed to Debelle's widow on his death. Debelle is one of the names inscribed under the Arc de Triomphe, on Column 6 of the north pillar. He was a friend and brother-in-law to general Lazare Hoche and the brother to general César Alexandre Debelle.


Asuka Cambridge

is a Japanese track and field sprinter who competes in the 100 metres and 200 metres. His personal best of 10.08 in the 100m gives him Japan's 9th fastest time. He is a two-time East Asian Games gold medallist and a relay bronze medallist at the World Junior Championships in Athletics. His mother is Japanese and his father is Jamaican.

In the 2016 Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro, Cambridge was part of the 4 × 100 m relay for Japan, which took the silver medal in the final.

Biography
Cambridge was born in Jamaica to a Japanese mother and a Jamaican father. His given name Asuka generally signifies "flying bird" in Japanese language and has also been a city name and period name in Ancient Japan (see Asuka period).
When he was 2 years old, his family moved from Jamaica to Osaka, Japan. He played football until the age of twelve. When he was fourteen, he moved to Tokyo from Osaka.
Cambridge then focused on athletics, running sprinting events for his high school in Tokyo and later at Nihon University, where he studied literature and science. He was fourth in the 100 m at the 2011 National Sports Festival of Japan. At the 2012 World Junior Championships in Athletics he narrowly missed out on the 200 m final, but he excelled in the relay alongside Kazuma Oseto, Akiyuki Hashimoto and Kazuki Kanamori – the team ran an Asian junior record of 39.01 seconds in the heats (the fastest of all the qualifiers) and were just one hundredth slower in the final, where they claimed the bronze medals.

In 2013, Cambridge improved his personal best to 10.33 seconds for the 100 m and 20.62 seconds for the 200 m. He won his first international gold medals at the 2013 East Asian Games by beating compatriot Shōta Iizuka in the 200 m and then teaming up with his rival to help secure the 4×100 metres relay title for Japan. Their time of 38.44 seconds was a new East Asian Games record – an improvement of nearly half a second.

On June 25, 2016, Cambridge won the 100 m final at the Japan Championships in 10.16 to qualify for the Rio Olympics.

On August 19, 2016, Cambridge won a silver medal in the 4 × 100 m relay for Japan at the 2016 Summer Olympics by setting a new Asian record of 37.60 seconds with teammates Ryōta Yamagata, Yoshihide Kiryū, and Shōta Iizuka.

Japan's top 10 records for men's 100m


One FM 94.0

One FM 94.0 in Cape Town, South Africa is a community radio station that broadcasts to the community of the Western Atlantic Seaboard, in Cape Town, South Africa. One FM 94.0 received its Community Broadcast License from ICASA in 2014, but only went live to air on 12 August 2015 with automated programming. The license was granted as a geographically founded community radio station. The official live broadcast date with presenters was 21 March 2016 at 12H00, which coincides with Human Rights in South Africa.

In South Africa, Human Rights Day is celebrated on 21 March, in remembrance of the Sharpeville massacre which took place on 21 March 1960. This massacre occurred as a result of protests against the Apartheid regime in South Africa. South African Human Rights Day was declared a national holiday when the ANC was elected as the government with Nelson Mandela as the first democratically elected leader. Parliament's role on this day is to empower the people so that the democratic processes becomes known to all South Africans.

Broadcast Footprint of One FM 94.0

One FM 94.0 broadcasts to the geographical area of Table View, Blouberg, Big Bay, Milnerton, Bothasig, Monte Vista, Edgemead, Century City, Melkbosstrand, Parklands and includes the areas in between. Being a geographically founded station, the station's programming specifics focusses on 'local' content and news, and delivers information about pertaining to the broadcast areas.

Ownership of One FM 94.0

The broadcast license (No.: Class/Com/R238/Aug14) of One FM 94.0 was issued to the Blouberg Development Foundation NPC (Not-For-Profit Company), which was established to obtain a community broadcast license. The founding directors of the BDF are Ian Ward, Stacey Robertson, Riaan Combrink, Shadrack Dilima, Anne-Marie Jordaan, Pastor Brad Espin, Samantha Africa and Jeanette Jarvis. Pastor Brad Espin was elected as Chairperson, Riaan Combrink as Vice Chairperson, Stacey Robertson as Secretary, and Samantha Africa as Treasurer.

Brainchild behind One FM 94.0

Radio veteran Ian Ward put pen to paper to establish a community radio station for the Western Atlantic Seaboard in 2009. Upon research that was available at the time, no frequencies were available to start a new community radio station. The idea was shelved, and it wasn't until 2013, while Ian Ward was working at Good Hope FM, that he fell ill will colon cancer. He took a sabbatical to have an operation, and it was during his recovery period and chemotherapy that he reignited the idea for a community radio station in the area that he stayed in.

Ian Ward approached Peter Bacon from Broadcast Solutions Electronics (Pty) Ltd to search for a spare frequency. After a frequency was found independently, Ian Ward tasked SENTECH to do a frequency map. SENTECH found similar findings to BSE, and these frequency maps were used to convince ICASA that there was in fact a spare frequency available. After much convincing, a Frequency Spectrum License was issued, and a Community Broadcast application was submitted to ICASA. The license was approved on 6 August 2014.

SENTECH was selected to provide the broadcasting service, and an antenna was erected on the roof of their Milpark offices in Milnerton, Cape Town. The first live transmission was on 12 August 2015 with an automated program, playing music, adverts and pre-recorded content. Meanwhile a studio was built with the communities help at the Pick n Pay Table View Shopping Centre, and the first fully live broadcast went out to air on 21 March 2016, which is also Human Rights Day in South Africa.


Stalingrad (Accept album)

Stalingrad is the 13th studio album by German heavy metal band Accept, which was released on 6 April 2012, by the independent German record label Nuclear Blast Records. It is their second album since their 2009 reunion, and like its predecessor, Blood of the Nations (2010), was produced by Andy Sneap.

Reception

Critical reception of the album has been largely favorable. AllMusic published a review giving the album three-and-a-half stars out of five. Reviewer James Christopher Monger also noted that current vocalist Tornillo does an "awfully convincing Udo Dirkschneider impression." Brave Words & Bloody Knuckles and Thrash Hits also gave the album positive reviews.

The album was successful, debuting at number six on the German albums chart. Stalingrad also debuted at number 81 on the Billboard 200, becoming Accept's first album to crack the top 100 in the United States since Metal Heart (1985), which peaked at number 94.

The album was honored with a Metal Storm Award in 2012, when it was voted Best Heavy Metal/Melodic Album.

Track listing
Music by Wolf Hoffmann and Peter Baltes. Lyrics by Mark Tornillo.

Note
 The limited boxed set slipcase edition by Nuclear Blast contains a DVD from the Bang Your Head!!! (tracks 1-3) and Masters of Rock festivals (tracks 4 & 5) respectively plus two music videos

Personnel
Band
 Mark Tornillo – lead vocals
 Wolf Hoffmann – guitar
 Herman Frank – guitar
 Peter Baltes – bass guitar
 Stefan Schwarzmann – drums

Production
 Produced, engineered, mixed and mastered by Andy Sneap

Chart performance


John Alexander McCreery

Dr. John Alexander McCreery (October 19, 1885 – January 31, 1948) was an American surgeon listed throughout the 1930s and 1940s as one of the top ten surgeons in the United States. Additionally, McCreery was chief of staff at Greenwich Hospital (Connecticut) from 1939-1948, and one of the founders of the American Board of Surgery.

Early life
McCreery was born in New York City, the son of John Alexander McCreery, a respected New York City surgeon, and Louise Dowdal Carrigan. His father was the son of a Scottish immigrant, James McCreery, who settled in New York City in 1831; James McCreery later became a prominent wholesale dry-goods merchant. His mother was a daughter of Andrew Carrigan (1804-1872), a wealthy Irish-born philanthropist and provisions dealer who co-founded the Emigrant Savings Bank. The McCreery family were among the first parishioners at St. Patrick's Cathedral, New York, and several members of the family are interred inside the cathedral. McCreery had two younger sisters, Christine Forbes McCreery Hoguet (1886–1951) and Mary McKay McCreery (1888–1964). The family resided on Fifth Avenue in New York City.

McCreery was educated at the Cutler School (New York) and entered Harvard University in 1902, graduating in 1906. From there McCreery received a degree in medicine from Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons in 1910. During World War I, McCreery served as a Major in the Medical Corps, and was stationed in France. It was there in 1918 that he met Miss Eileen Birkett Ravenshaw of England, an ambulance driver stationed in France as well. Miss Ravenshaw, a member of the prominent Ravenshaw family of England, was a daughter of Charles Withers Ravenshaw, a lieutenant colonel in the Indian Political Service appointed by Queen Victoria  who later served as a governor of the British colony of Nepal from 1902-1905. The Ravenshaw Family descends from John Goldsborough Ravenshaw II, chairman and director of the British East India Company between 1819 and 1832, and descends from Sir William Withers, one time Lord Mayor of London. McCreery and Ravenshaw were married on November 26, 1918, and settled in New York City.

Medical career
McCreery started off as a private physician in New York City, however later took a position as chief of surgery at Bellevue Hospital Center during the early 1920s. In 1925, McCreery transferred positions from Bellevue to Greenwich Hospital (Connecticut), and was appointed chief of surgery there. At this point, McCreery was also serving as president of both the New York Surgical and Greenwich Medical Societies, and kept offices in both Greenwich and New York City. In 1937, Dr. McCreery helped establish the American Board of Surgery. Two years later, in 1939, McCreery was appointed chief of staff at Greenwich Hospital, a position he held up until his death in 1948. At Greenwich Hospital, McCreery was widely credited as being responsible for modernizing the technology used during surgery, quickly putting Greenwich Hospital as one of the top hospitals in the New York City area.

McCreery family and personal life

In 1919, while residing in New York, Dr. and Mrs. McCreery gave birth to twin daughters Joan Anne (1919–2005) and Lalande Louise McCreery (1919–1983). Two years later, a third daughter, Sheila Mary McCreery (1921–1997), was born. The McCreery girls were high society debutantes, making their debuts in 1938 and 1939, respectively. The three girls were also highly recognized equestriennes. After moving to Greenwich, Connecticut in 1931, the McCreery family resided at an English estate in the Khakum Wood section known as "Quiet Waters"; the house is currently owned by former U.S. Ambassador to Ireland Thomas C. Foley. The McCreerys additionally owned a historic home on Nantucket, Massachusetts, as well as the McCreery family estate in Stockbridge, "Council Grove".

McCreery died suddenly of pneumonia. He was survived by his wife, Eileen Ravenshaw McCreery; three daughters, Joan (Mrs. John Wynne Gerster), Lalande (Mrs. John William Keeshan), and Sheila (Mrs. Richard Newton Jackson, Jr.); and two sisters, Christine (Mrs. Ramsay Charles Hoguet) and Mary McCreery. The descendants of McCreery continue to reside in Greenwich, New York, Nantucket, and Baltimore.


Cui Yingzi

Cui Yingzi (; born January 26, 1971) is a retired female race walker from PR China, who competed for her native country at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain. She set her personal best (42.47) in the women's 10 km event in 1992.

Achievements


Montmartre (1931 film)

Montmartre (French: Faubourg Montmartre) is a 1931 French drama film directed by Raymond Bernard and starring Gaby Morlay, Line Noro and Florelle. Two sisters struggle to stay above water in the poverty-stricken suburbs of Paris. It was a remake of a 1925 silent film Montmartre that had also starred Morlay.

The film's sets were designed by the art director Jacques Colombier.

Cast
 Gaby Morlay  as Ginette Gentilhomme
 Line Noro as Céline Gentilhomme
 Florelle as Irène
 Pauline Carton as Tante Aurélie
 Nadine Picard as Fernande
 Odette Barencey as Mme Elise
 Ketty Pierson as Louise
 Henriette Leblond  as Mme Chouya-Barca
 Charles Vanel as André Marco, dit Dédé
 André Dubosc as M. Gentilhomme
 Antonin Artaud as Follestat
 Dimitri Dimitriev as L'étranger
 Pierre Bertin as Frédéric Charençon
 Paul Azaïs as Un client de Dédé
 Raymond Cordy as Le boulanger du village
 Robert Tourneur as Le gérant


John Fremantle

Lieutenant-general John Fremantle  (17901845) was a British Army officer of the Napoleonic Era.

Life
He was the eldest son of Colonel Stephen Fremantle, by Albinia, daughter of Sir John Jeffrys, Bart., and after his father died when he was four, he was mentored by his uncle William. He joined the 2nd Foot Guards on 17October 1805 following an education at the Royal Military College, High Wycombe and Lüneburg University. He joined the army in Bremen as an ensign under Lord Cathcart.

He took part in the 1806-07 expedition to seize Buenos Aires from the Spanish Empire as aide-de-camp (ADC) to General John Whitelocke where he was taken prisoner while fighting with the Rifle Corps.

Promoted to Lieutenant and Captain on 2August 1810, as private secretary he accompanied Lord Howden to Lisbon where he served in most of the actions of the Peninsular War as adjutant until 1812 when he was appointed extra ADC. During the war he carried despatchs to England announcing the battles of Vitoria (1813) and Orthez (1814)

In 1813 he was appointed ADC and private secretary to the Duke of Wellington and was present at the Battle of Waterloo.

After hostilities ceased, Fremantle remained in France with the Army of Occupation and was empowered by the Duke of Wellington to ratify the Convention of St. Cloud on 7July 1815.

Fremantle died in London in 1854.

Family
On 17February 1829 he married Agnes, 3rd daughter of David Lyon from whom she inherited £50,000.
They had the following issue:
Arthur Lyon Fremantle (1835-1901) who followed his father into the army and witnessed the Battle of Gettysburg during the American Civil War.
Fitzroy Fremantle, became a major-general in the British Army and served in Crimea under FitzRoy Somerset, 1st Baron Raglan, after whom he was named.
Delvin Fremantle,  whose daughter Lelia Hope Fremantle married noted admiral Sydney Fremantle.
John Fremantle
Augusta Fremantle
Frances Fremantle
Agnes died in Rome on 20February 1864.


Ginani

Ginani is annual crop harvesting festival celebrated in valleys of Hunza and Nagar. General date being 21 June, that coincides with the longest day of the year.

History
Ginani is observed as a celebration of crop that has came into a position to be harvested. Hunza/Nagar valleys were once remote moutainious valleys, that was subjected to sporadic famines. So the farmers celebrated that their crops are not damaged by extreme weather conditions and they can survive the harsh seasons coming their way.

Ginani Celebrations
In Hunza the celebrations starts around ten days before the Ginani. Musicians at Altit Fort play tunes that are called Hareeps in Burushaski, for ten days till the Ginani day.

On the day of Ginani, people gather at the a place called Chattaq, near royal palace. In case of Hunza, people gather at chattaq located at Baltit Fort.

Mir is presented visits the fields of wheat, where butter is spread over the wheat plants. Prayers are offered for prosperity and for betterment of community. A buch of wheat plants are taken with them. Wheat grains are extracted from husk and cooked.

Cooked wheat grains are put into Diltar (Lassi), which is offered to people gathered there.

Then comes the musical and dance performances. Mir dances first to the music. Then music is played, in a specific order tribes dance to the music.

Earlier, for most of the times Bitans used to perform at Ginani, to foretell the future on the orders of Mir.


Songs of a Prairie Girl

Songs of a Prairie Girl is the third (and last) in Canadian singer-songwriter Joni Mitchell's series of compilations. Mitchell writes in the liner notes to the CD that the compilation is her contribution to Saskatchewan's Centennial Celebration and that the songs of the album reference Saskatchewan. Although Mitchell was born in neighboring Alberta, when she was eleven years old her family settled in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, which Mitchell considers her hometown.

Track listing
 "Urge for Going" – 5:08
 "The Tea Leaf Prophecy (Lay Down Your Arms)" – 4:54
 "Cherokee Louise" [Orchestral Version] – 6:01
 "Ray's Dad's Cadillac" – 4:33
 "Let the Wind Carry Me" – 3:56
 "Don Juan's Reckless Daughter" – 6:38
 "Raised on Robbery" – 3:07
 "Paprika Plains" [Mix] – 16:19
 "Song for Sharon" – 8:37
 "River" – 4:05
 "Chinese Cafe/Unchained Melody" – 5:18
 "Harlem in Havana" – 4:27
 "Come In from the Cold" [Edit] – 3:38

(All songs written by Joni Mitchell except "Unchained Melody" written by Hy Zaret and Alex North)


HTC Touch Pro2

The HTC Touch Pro2 (also known as the AT&T Tilt 2, HTC Tytn III; codename: HTC Rhodium, HTC Barium, HTC Tungsten, HTC Fortress) is a slate smartphone, part of the Touch series of Internet-enabled, Windows Mobile, Pocket PC smartphones designed and marketed by HTC Corporation of Taiwan. It is an enhanced version of the HTC Touch Pro with a left-side slide-out QWERTY keyboard, with tilting screen. The Touch Pro2 smartphone's functions include those of a camera phone and a portable media player in addition to text messaging and multimedia messaging. It also offers Internet services including e-mail, instant messaging, web browsing, and local Wi-Fi connectivity. Visual voicemail is not a standard feature for the Touch Pro2, unlike its predecessor the Touch Pro.  The Verizon Wireless version does include a visual voicemail application, however.  All versions feature TouchFLO 3D — a new enhanced version of the TouchFLO interface, unique only to the latest Touch series.  The latest update renamed TouchFLO 3D to SenseUI, to match HTC's Android offering. The Touch Pro2 — along with its sister model, the Touch Diamond2 — were unveiled on February 16, 2009 in Barcelona, Spain at the Mobile World Congress 2009.  Specific enhancements over the original Touch Pro include:

 Larger 3.6-inch WVGA display (0.2" smaller than the Touch HD)
 Improved battery life
 Conference calls with up to five other people using HTC Straight Talk, a new speaker phone system that includes two speakers and two microphones (for increased volume and noise cancellation, respectively)
 Tiltable screen

The Touch Pro2 was released in May 2009.

On August 6, 2009 Telus Mobility in Canada became the first North American carrier to launch the HTC Touch Pro2.  The T-Mobile USA–branded Touch Pro2 was released on August 12, 2009. Sprint's version became available on September 8, 2009 and Verizon's version of the Touch Pro2 became available on September 11, 2009. The AT&T version branded Tilt 2 was released October 18, 2009 with Windows Mobile 6.5

As of November 2009, unofficial firmware for GSM and CDMA versions have been released by third parties.  The XDAndroid project makes it possible to run Android on HTC Windows Mobile phones, including the Touch Pro2.

With a third party SIM card adaptor, the Pro2 is dual-SIM capable.

HTC manufactures Windows Mobile and Android-based Communicators which have a proprietary connector called HTC ExtUSB (Ext[ended] USB) which is present on the Touch Pro2. ExtUSB combines mini-USB (with which it is backwards-compatible) with audio/video input and output in an 11-pin connector.

External links
 HTC News and Updates
 HTC Touch Pro2 Specifications


Rafik Otyrba

Rafik Otyrba is a former Minister for Agriculture of Abkhazia. Otyrba was appointed on 15 October 2014 by newly elected President Raul Khajimba. On 8 April 2015, following the resignation of Prime Minister Beslan Butba, Otyrba was replaced by Timur Eshba.


Phyllomedusa boliviana

Phyllomedusa boliviana is a species of frog in the family Phyllomedusidae. It is found in Argentina, Bolivia, and Brazil (west of Mato Grosso and Rondônia States).
Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, intermittent freshwater marshes, and ponds. It is threatened by habitat loss.

Sources
 De la Riva, I., Colli, G. & Lavilla, E. 2004. Phyllomedusa boliviana. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.  Downloaded on 21 July 2007.


Rodgers, California

Rodgers is a former settlement in Mendocino County, California. It was located on the railroad  west of Willits.


Gömürdəhnə

Gömürdəhnə (also, Gümür Dəhnə, Dəhnə, Gömür-Dəhnə, Gyumyurdekhnya, and Gemir”-dagnya) is a village and municipality in the Quba Rayon of Azerbaijan.  It has a population of 227.  The municipality consists of the villages of Gömürdəhnə and Puçuq.


Charlbury Riverside Festival

The Charlbury Riverside Festival is a regular open-air music festival held in the Cotswold town of Charlbury, Oxfordshire, England on an area of watermeadow which forms an 'island' in the River Evenlode. First held in 1996 it is the largest free festival of its type in Oxfordshire. As well as live music there are stands selling a variety of merchandise, and a beer tent. The festival did not take place in 2006 due to incidents involving the police at the previous year's event, but the festival made a return in 2007.


L. W. Wright

L. W. Wright is an unidentified American confidence trickster. In 1982, he posed as a stock car racing driver to compete in the Winston 500, a NASCAR Winston Cup Series race at Talladega Superspeedway.

1982 Winston 500
In April 1982, William Dunaway of Hendersonville, Tennessee, contacted a Nashville newspaper to promote a driver named L. W. Wright, who declared he was entering the Winston 500 with Music City Racing. Claiming to be a 33-year-old driver with 43 NASCAR Busch Grand National Series starts, Wright also announced country artists Merle Haggard and T. G. Sheppard were to sponsor his team. To participate in the race, Wright submitted a check worth $115 to NASCAR for a competition license; although sanctioning body officials were skeptical of his background, right to work laws required NASCAR to allow him to race if he could pay for the license and $100 entry fee and provide a capable car. As part of Music City Racing, Lloyd Barber and Rick Wright also applied for drivers permits, while Dunaway, Freddy Case, Willis Judd, Michael Smith, and Ellis White requested mechanics licenses.

Wright approached B. W. "Bernie" Terrell, head of Nashville-based Space Age Marketing, for assistance in buying and sponsoring a car. In addition to $30,000 to purchase the vehicle, Terrell gave him a semi-trailer truck and $7,500 to cover expenses. He eventually bought a Chevrolet Monte Carlo from Sterling Marlin for $20,700 with $17,000 in cash and a check for the remainder; suspicious of the excessively high money spending, Marlin followed Wright to Talladega to serve as his crew chief. Other payments included $1,500–1,800 to Goodyear for tires, $1,200 to driver Travis Tiller for parts, and $168 to the Southern Textile Association's Wayne Wilson for racing jackets.

After Wright conducted a newspaper interview to promote his entry, Sheppard denied his involvement in the effort, with Nashville Speedway co-owner and Sheppard's tax attorney Gary Baker adding he "had never even heard of the guy". When he was questioned at Talladega about Sheppard and his racing career, Wright claimed the Sheppard sponsorship was "premature" and admitted he had participated in Sportsman class races that took place at Grand National tracks, but not in a Grand National race. Marlin expressed further suspicion at Wright's behavior at the track, who regularly asked "questions any driver should have known". Wright crashed in practice, but was able to repair his car and qualified 36th. In the race, he was ordered to exit after 13 laps for being too slow and finished 39th. He received $1,545 in prize money but no points in the Cup standings as a late entrant.

Following the race, Wright disappeared and left the car at the speedway, where Terrell recovered it. It was later revealed that the checks which Wright gave were invalid; South Central Bell and Wright's landlord received bad checks worth $700 and $4,500, respectively, while United Trappers Marketing Association owner Dean McIntire lost over $10,000 to Wright. Marlin commented the bounced check "didn't really surprise me. I sort of expected it."

NASCAR arranged for arrest warrants, while Terrell hired a private investigator to search for Wright. The case remains unsolved. Wright has been referred to as the "D. B. Cooper of NASCAR" by a Racing-Reference writer for his immediate disappearance and unknown whereabouts.

Motorsports career results

NASCAR
(key) (Bold – Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. * – Most laps led.)

Winston Cup Series


Ye Hai Reshmi

"Ye Hai Reshmi" (English: "It's Silky") is a Hindi song from the Indian film Mere Sanam (1965). It was composed by O. P. Nayyar and penned by Majrooh Sultanpuri. The song was sung by Asha Bhosle and picturised on Mumtaz. It went on to become one of the most popular Hindi songs. On Bhosle's 83rd birthday, DNA India declared it one of the best 7 songs she had performed.


Instrumentation (computer programming)

In the context of computer programming, instrumentation refers to an ability to monitor or measure the level of a product's performance, to diagnose errors, and to write trace information. Programmers implement instrumentation in the form of code instructions that monitor specific components in a system (for example, instructions may output logging information to appear on the screen). When an application contains instrumentation code, it can be managed by using a management tool. Instrumentation is necessary to review the performance of the application. Instrumentation approaches can be of two types: source instrumentation and binary instrumentation.

Output
In programming, instrumentation means the ability of an application to incorporate:

 Code tracing - receiving informative messages about the execution of an application at run time.
 Debugging and (structured) exception handling - tracking down and fixing programming errors in an application under development.
 Profiling - a means by which dynamic program behaviors can be measured during a training run with a representative input.  This is useful for properties of a program that  cannot be analyzed statically with sufficient precision, such as alias analysis.
 Performance counters - components that allow the tracking of the performance of the application.
 Computer data logging - components that allow the logging and tracking of major events in the execution of the application.

Limitations

Instrumentation is limited by execution coverage.  If the program never reaches a particular point of execution, then instrumentation at that point collects no data.  For instance, if a word processor application is instrumented, but the user never activates the print feature, then the instrumentation can say nothing about the routines which are used exclusively by the printing feature.

Some types of instrumentation may cause a dramatic increase in execution time.  This may limit the application of instrumentation to debugging contexts.


Durrës

Durrës () is the second most populous city in the Republic of Albania. The city is the capital of the surrounding Durrës County, one of 12 constituent counties of the country. By air, it is  northwest of Sarandë,  west of Tirana,  south of Shkodër and  east of Rome. Located on the Adriatic Sea, it is the country's most ancient and economic and historic center.

The city was founded by ancient Greek colonists from Corinth and Corfu under the name of Epidamnos around the 7th century BC on the coast of the Illyrian Taulantii. Later known as Dyrrachium, it essentially developed to become significant as it became an integral part of the Roman Empire and its successor the Byzantine Empire. The Via Egnatia, the continuation of the Via Appia, started in the city and led across the interior of the Balkan Peninsula to Constantinople in the east.

In the Middle Ages, it was contested between Bulgarian, Venetian and Ottoman dominions.

Following the Albanian Declaration of Independence, the city served as the capital of the Principality of Albania for a short period of time. Subsequently, it was annexed by the Kingdom of Italy and Nazi Germany in the interwar period. The city experienced a strong expansion in its demography and economic activity during Communism in Albania.

Durrës is served by the Port of Durrës, one of the largest on the Adriatic Sea, which connects the city to Italy and other neighbouring countries. Its most considerable attraction is the Amphitheatre of Durrës that is included on the tentative list of Albania for designation as a UNESCO World Heritage site. Once having a capacity for 20,000 people, it is the largest amphitheatre in the Balkan Peninsula.

Names

In antiquity, the city was named Epidamnos (Ἐπίδαμνος) and Dyrrhachion (Δυρράχιον) in classical Greek, corresponding to classical Latin Epidamnus and Dyrrachium. The name Dyrrhachion is usually explained as a Greek compound from  'bad' and  'rocky shore, flood, roaring waves', an explanation already hinted at in antiquity by Cassius Dio, who writes it referred to the difficulties of the rocky coastline, while also reporting that other Roman authors linked it to the name of an eponymous hero Dyrrachius. The modern names of the city in Albanian (Durrës) and Italian (Durazzo, ) are derived from Dyrrachium through the Medieval Slavic form Дърачь (Dŭračĭ) (modern Serbian: Драч/Drač (Dratch)), from the era when the city was held by the Bulgarian and Serbian empires. This is also the root of the Ottoman Turkish name Dıraç.

In English usage, the Italian form Durazzo used to be widespread, but the local Albanian name Durrës has gradually replaced it in recent decades.

History

Ancient

Though surviving remains are minimal, Durrës is one of the oldest cities in Albania.

Several ancient people held the site: the presence of the Brygi appears to be confirmed by several ancient writers, the Illyrian Taulantii (their arrival has been estimated to have happened not later than the 10th century BC), probably the Liburni who expanded southwards in the 9th century BC. The city was founded by Greek colonists in 627 BC on the coast of the Taulantii. According to ancient authors, the Greek colonists helped the Taulantii to expel Liburnians and mixed with the local population establishing the Greek element to the port.

Under Agron, the Illyrian Ardiaei captured and later fortified Epidamnus. When the Romans defeated the Illyrians, they replaced the rule of queen Teuta with that of Demetrius of Pharos, one of her generals. He lost his kingdom, including Epidamnus, to the Romans in 219 BC at the Second Illyrian War. In the Third Illyrian War Epidamnus was attacked by Gentius but he was defeated by the Romans at the same year.

For Catullus, the city was Durrachium Hadriae tabernam, "the taberna of the Adriatic", one of the stopping places for a Roman traveling up the Adriatic, as Catullus had done himself in the sailing season of 56.

After the Illyrian Wars with the Roman Republic in 229 BC ended in a decisive defeat for the Illyrians, the city passed to Roman rule, under which it was developed as a major military and naval base. The Romans renamed it Dyrrachium (Greek: Δυρράχιον / Dyrrhachion). They considered the name Epidamnos to be inauspicious because of its wholly coincidental similarities with the Latin word damnum, meaning "loss" or "harm". The meaning of Dyrrachium ("bad spine" or "difficult ridge" in Greek) is unclear, but it has been suggested that it refers to the imposing cliffs near the city. Julius Caesar's rival Pompey made a stand there in 48 BC before fleeing south to Greece. Under Roman rule, Dyrrachium prospered; it became the western end of the Via Egnatia, the great Roman road that led to Thessalonica and on to Constantinople. Another lesser road led south to the city of Buthrotum, the modern Butrint. The Roman emperor Caesar Augustus made the city a colony for veterans of his legions following the Battle of Actium, proclaiming it a civitas libera (free town).

In the 4th century, Dyrrachium was made the capital of the Roman province of Epirus nova. It was the birthplace of the emperor Anastasius I in c. 430. Sometime later that century, Dyrrachium was struck by a powerful earthquake which destroyed the city's defences. Anastasius I rebuilt and strengthened the city walls, thus creating the strongest fortifications in the western Balkans. The  walls were so thick that, according to the Byzantine historian Anna Komnene, four horsemen could ride abreast on them. Significant portions of the ancient city defences still remain, although they have been much reduced over the centuries.

Like much of the rest of the Balkans, Dyrrachium and the surrounding Dyrraciensis provinciae suffered considerably from barbarian incursions during the Migrations Period. It was besieged in 481 by Theodoric the Great, king of the Ostrogoths, and in subsequent centuries had to fend off frequent attacks by the Bulgarians. Unaffected by the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the city continued under the Byzantine Empire as an important port and a major link between the Empire and western Europe.

Middle Ages

The city and the surrounding coast became a Byzantine province, the Theme of Dyrrhachium, probably in the first decade of the 9th century. The city remained in Byzantine hands until the late 10th century, when Samuel of Bulgaria  gained control of the city, possibly through his marriage with Agatha, daughter of the local magnate John Chryselios. Samuel made his son-in-law Ashot Taronites, a Byzantine captive who had married his daughter Miroslava, governor of the city. In circa 1005, however, Ashot and Miroslava, with the connivance of Chryselios, fled to Constantinople, where they notified Emperor Basil II of their intention to surrender the city to him. Soon, a Byzantine squadron appeared off the city under Eustathios Daphnomeles, and the city returned to Byzantine rule.

In the 11th–12th centuries, the city was important as a military stronghold and a metropolitan see rather than as a major economic center, and never recovered its late antique prosperity; Anna Komnene makes clear that medieval Dyrrhachium occupied only a portion of the ancient city. In the 1070s, two of its governors, Nikephoros Bryennios the Elder and Nikephoros Basilakes, led unsuccessful rebellions trying to seize the Byzantine throne. Dyrrachium was lost in February 1082 when Alexios I Komnenos was defeated by the Normans under Robert Guiscard and his son Bohemund in the Battle of Dyrrhachium. Byzantine control was restored a few years later, but the Normans under Bohemund returned to besiege it in 1107–08, and sacked it again in 1185 under King William II of Sicily.

In 1205, after the Fourth Crusade, the city was transferred to the rule of the Republic of Venice, which formed the "Duchy of Durazzo". This Duchy was conquered in 1213 and the city taken by the Despotate of Epirus under Michael I Komnenos Doukas. In 1257, Durrës was briefly occupied by the King of Sicily, Manfred of Hohenstaufen. It was re-occupied by the Despot of Epirus Michael II Komnenos Doukas until 1259, when the Despotate was defeated by the Byzantine Empire of Nicaea in the Battle of Pelagonia. In the 1270s, Durrës was again controlled by Epirus under Nikephoros I Komnenos Doukas, the son of Michael II, who in 1278 was forced to yield the city to Charles d' Anjou (Charles I of Sicily). In c. 1273, it was wrecked by a devastating earthquake (according to George Pachymeres) but soon recovered. It was briefly occupied by King Milutin of Serbia in 1296. In the thirteenth century, a Jewish community existed in Durrës and was employed in the salt trade.

In the early 14th century, the city was ruled by a coalition of Anjous, Hungarians, and Albanians of the Thopia family. In 1317 or 1318, the area was taken by the Serbs and remained under their rule until the 1350s. At that time the Popes, supported by the Anjous, increased their diplomatic and political activity in the area, by using the Latin bishops, including the archbishop of Durrës. The city had been a religious center of Catholicism after the Anjou were installed in Durrës. In 1272, a Catholic archbishop was installed, and until the mid-14th century there were both Catholic and Orthodox archbishops of Durrës.

Two Irish pilgrims who visited Albania on their way to Jerusalem in 1322, reported that Durrës was "inhabited by Latins, Greeks, perfidious Jews and barbaric Albanians".

When the Serbian Tsar Dušan died in 1355, the city passed into the hands of the Albanian family of Thopias. In 1376 the Navarrese Company Louis of Évreux, Duke of Durazzo, who had gained the rights on the Kingdom of Albania from his second wife, attacked and conquered the city, but in 1383 Karl Topia regained control of the city. The Republic of Venice regained control in 1392 and retained the city, known as Durazzo in those years, as part of the Albania Veneta. It fended off a siege by the Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II in 1466 but fell to Ottoman forces in 1501.

Durrës became a Christian city quite early on; its bishopric was created around 58 and was raised to the status of an archbishopric in 449. It was also the seat of a Orthodox metropolitan bishop. Under Ottoman rule, many of its inhabitants converted to Islam and many mosques were erected. The city was renamed Dıraç but did not prosper under the Ottomans and its importance declined greatly. Following the establishment of Ottoman rule in 1501, the Durrës Jewish community experienced population growth.

By the mid-19th century, its population was said to have been only about 1,000 people living in some 200 households. In the late nineteenth century, Durrës contained 1,200 Orthodox Aromanians (130 families) who lived among the larger population of Muslim Albanians alongside a significant number of Catholic Albanians. The decrepitude of Durrës was noted by foreign observers in the early 20th century: "The walls are dilapidated; plane-trees grow on the gigantic ruins of its old Byzantine citadel; and its harbour, once equally commodious and safe, is gradually becoming silted up." Durrës was a main centre in İşkodra Vilayet before 1912.

Modern

Durrës was an active city in the Albanian national liberation movement in the periods 1878–1881 and 1910–1912. Ismail Qemali raised the Albanian flag on 26 November 1912 but the city was occupied by the Kingdom of Serbia three days later during the First Balkan War. On 29 November 1912 Durrës became the county town of the Durrës County () one of the counties of the Kingdom of Serbia established on the part of the territory of Albania occupied from Ottoman Empire. The Durrës County had four districts (): Durrës, Lezha, Elbasan and Tirana. The army of the Kingdom of Serbia retreated from Durrës in April 1913. The city became Albania's second national capital (after Vlora) on 7 March 1914 under the brief rule of Prince William of Wied. It remained Albania's capital until 11 February 1920, when the Congress of Lushnjë made Tirana the new capital.

During the First World War, the city was occupied by Italy in 1915 and by Austria-Hungary in 1916–1918. On 29 December 1915, a Naval Battle was fought off Durazzo. On 2 October 1918, several allied ships bombarded Durazzo and attacked the few Austrian ships in the harbour. Although civilians started to flee the city at the start of the bombardment, many casualties were inflicted on the innocent and neutral population. The Old City being adjacent to the harbour was largely destroyed, including the Royal Palace of Durrës and other primary public buildings. It was captured by Italian troops on 16 October 1918. Restored to Albanian sovereignty, Durrës became the country's temporary capital between 1918 and March 1920. It experienced an economic boom due to Italian investments and developed into a major seaport under the rule of King Zog, with a modern harbour being constructed in 1927. It was at this time the Royal Villa of Durrës was built by Zog as a summer palace, that still dominates the skyline from a hill close to the old city.

An earthquake in 1926 damaged some of the city and the rebuilding that followed gave the city its more modern appearance. During the 1930s, the Bank of Athens had a branch in the city.

Durrës (called Durazzo again in Italian) and the rest of Albania were occupied in April 1939 and annexed to the Kingdom of Italy until 1943, then occupied by Nazi Germany until autumn 1944. Durrës's strategic value as a seaport made it a high-profile military target for both sides. It was the site of the initial Italian landings on 7 April 1939 (and was fiercely defended by Mujo Ulqinaku) as well as the launch point for the ill-fated Italian invasion of Greece. The city was heavily damaged by Allied bombing during the war and the port installations were blown up by retreating German soldiers in autumn 1944.

The Communist regime of Enver Hoxha rapidly rebuilt the city following the war, establishing a variety of heavy industries in the area and expanding the port. It became the terminus of Albania's first railway, begun in 1947 (Durrës–Tiranë railway). In the late 1980s, the city was briefly renamed Durrës-Enver Hoxha. The city was and continues to remain the center of Albanian mass beach tourism.

Following the collapse of communist rule in 1990, Durrës became the focus of mass emigrations from Albania with ships being hijacked in the harbour and sailed at gunpoint to Italy. In one month alone, August 1991, over 20,000 people migrated to Italy in this fashion. Italy intervened militarily, putting the port area under its control, and the city became the center of the European Community's "Operation Pelican", a food-aid program.

In 1997, Albania slid into anarchy following the collapse of a massive pyramid scheme which devastated the national economy. An Italian-led peacekeeping force was controversially deployed to Durrës and other Albanian cities to restore order, although there were widespread suggestions that the real purpose of "Operation Alba" was to prevent economic refugees continuing to use Albania's ports as a route to migrate to Italy.

Following the start of the 21st century, Durrës has been revitalized as many streets were repaved, while parks and façades experienced a face lift.

Geography

Durrës is located in a flat alluvial plain on the southeastern Adriatic Sea at one of the narrower points opposite the cities of Bari and Brindisi in Italy. It lies mostly between latitudes 41° and 19° N and longitudes 19° and 27° E.  By air distance, it is  northwest of Sarandë,  west of Tirana,  south Shkodër and  east of Rome.

Climate

The climate of the city is profoundly impacted by the Mediterranean Sea in the west. Further it experiences mostly mediterranean climate with continental influences. The summers are predominantly hot and dry, the winters relatively mild, and falls and springs mainly stable, in terms of precipitation and temperatures.

Demographics

Durrës is one of largest cities on the Adriatic Sea. The total population of the municipality is 175,110 (2011 census), in a total area of 338.96 km2. The population of the former municipality (current municipal unit) at the 2011 census was 113,249. The Durrës County has a population of 262,785.

Religion

Christianity in Albania has a presence dating back to classical antiquity. Christian traditions relate that the archbishopric of Durrës was founded by the apostle Paul while preaching in Illyria and Epirus and that there were possibly about seventy Christian families in Durrës as early as the time of the Apostles. The Orthodox Church of Albania, which has been autocephalous since 1923 was divided into the archbishopric of Tirana – Durrës, headed by the Metropolitan and sub-divided into the local church districts of Tirana, Durrës, Shkodër and Elbasan. The religious composition of Durrës consists of Muslims, both (Sunni and Bektashi) alongside Christians (Catholic and Orthodox) who form a significant part of the urban population.

Education

Durrës has a long tradition of education since the beginning of civil life from antiquity until today. After the fall of communism in Albania, a reorganization plan was announced in 1990, that would extend the compulsory education program from eight to ten years. The following year, major economic and political crisis in Albania, and the ensuing breakdown of public order, plunged the school system into chaos. Later, many schools were rebuilt or reconstructed, to improve learning conditions especially in larger cities of the country. Durrës is host to academic institutions such as the University of Durrës, Albanian College of Durrës, Kajtazi Brothers Educational Institute, Gjergj Kastrioti High School, Naim Frashëri High School, Sports mastery school Benardina Qerraxhiu and Jani Kukuzeli Artistic Lycee.

Economy

Durrës is an important link to Western Europe due to its port and its proximity to the Italian port cities, notably Bari, to which daily ferries run. As well as the dockyard, it also possesses an important shipyard and manufacturing industries, notably producing leather, plastic and tobacco products.
The southern coastal stretch of Golem is renowned for its traditional mass beach tourism having experienced uncontrolled urban development. The city's beaches are also a popular destination for many foreign and local tourists, with an estimated 800,000 tourists visiting annually. Many Albanians from Tirana and elsewhere spend their summer vacations on the beaches of Durrës.
In 2012, new water sanitation systems are being installed to completely eliminate sea water pollution. In contrast, the northern coastal stretch of Lalzit Bay is mostly unspoiled and set to become an elite tourism destination as a number of beach resorts are being built since 2009. Neighboring districts are known for the production of good wine and a variety of foodstuffs.

According to the World Bank, Durrës has made significant steps of starting a business in 2016. Durrës ranks ninth among 22 cities in Southeastern Europe before the capital Tirana, Belgrade, Serbia and Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Infrastructure

Major roads and railways pass through the city of Durrës thank to its significant location and connect the northern part of the country to the south and the west with the east. Durrës is the starting point of Pan-European Corridor VIII, national roads SH2 and SH4, and serves as the main railway station of the Albanian Railways (HSH).

The Pan-European Corridor VIII is one of the Pan-European corridors. It runs between Durrës, at the Adriatic coast, and Varna, at the Bulgarian Black Sea coast. The National Road 2 (SH2) begins at the Port of Durrës at the Dajlani Overpass, bypasses the road to Tirana International Airport, and ends at the Kamza Overpass in the outskirts of Tirana where it meets National Road 1 (SH1) State Road heading to northern Albania. The Albania–Kosovo Highway is a four-lane highway constructed from 2006 to 2013 between Albania and Kosovo. As part of the South-East European Route 7, the highway will connect the Adriatic Sea ports of Durrës via Pristina, with the E75/Corridor X near Niš, Serbia.  As most tourists come through Kosovo, the laying of the highway make it easier to travel to Durrës.

The very advantageous geographical location makes the port of Durrës to the greatest port of Albania, and among the largest in the Adriatic and Ionian Sea. The port is located in the south-western part of Durrës it is an artificial basin that is formed between two moles, with a west-northwesterly oriented entrance approximately wide as it passes between the ends of the moles.
Port of Durrës is also a key location for transit networks and passenger ferry, giving Durrës a strategic position with respect to the Pan-European Corridor VIII. The port has experienced major upgrades in recent years culminating with the opening of the new terminal in July 2012.
In 2012, The Globe and Mail ranked Durrës at no. 1 among 8 exciting new cruise ports to explore. It is one of the largest passenger port on the Adriatic Sea that handle more than 1.5 million passengers per year.

The rail station of Durrës is connected to other cities in Albania, including Vlorë and the capital of Tirana. The Durrës–Tiranë railway was a  railway line which joined the two biggest cities in Albania: Durrës and Tiranë. The line connects to the Shkodër–Vorë railway halfway in Vorë, and to the Durrës-Vlorë railway in Durrës. In 2015, some rail stations and rolling stock along the Durrës-Tiranë line are being upgraded and latter colored red and white.

In October 2016 they will start building a new railway with the cost of €81.5 million. And it is expected that it will be used around 1.4 million times a year.

Culture

One of the city's main sights is the Byzantine city wall, also called Durrës Castle, while the largest amphitheatre in the Balkans is found close to the city's harbour. This fifth-century construction is currently under consideration for inscription as a UNESCO World Heritage site.

The theatrical and musical life of the city is constituted by the Aleksandër Moisiu Theatre, the Estrada Theater, a puppet theater, and the philharmonic orchestra. The International Film Summerfest of Durrës, founded in 2008, has since takes place every year in late August or early September in Durrës Amphitheatre. In 2004 and 2009 Miss Globe International was held in Durrës.

The city is home to different architectural styles that represent influential periods in its history. The architecture is influenced by Illyrian, Greek, Roman and Italian architecture. In the 21st century, part of Durrës has turned into a modernist city, with large blocks of flats, modern new buildings, new shopping centres and many green spaces.

Museums

Durrës is home to the largest archaeological museum in the country, the Durrës Archaeological Museum, located near the beach. North of the museum are the sixth-century Byzantine walls constructed after the Visigoth invasion of 481. The bulk of the museum consists of artifacts found in the nearby ancient site of Dyrrhachium and includes an extensive collection from the Illyrian, Ancient Greek, Hellenistic and Roman periods. Items of major note include Roman funeral steles and stone sarcophagi, an elliptical colourful mosaic measuring 17 by 10 feet, referred to as The Beauty of Durrës, and a collection of miniature busts of Venus, testament to the time when Durrës was a centre of worship of the goddess. There are several further museums such as the Royal Villa of Durrës and the Museum of History (the house of Aleksandër Moisiu).

Gallery

International relations

Consulates in Durrës
These countries have an honorary consulate in Durrës:

Bosnia has opened a consulate in Durrës in 2011 for  the people of Bosniak origin who live in Durrës, Shijak city and villages around, Koxhas and Borake.

Twin towns — sister cities

Notable people