Chevrolet small-block engine

The Chevrolet small-block engine is a series of V8 automobile engines used in normal production by the Chevrolet division of General Motors between 1954 and 2003, using the same basic engine block. Referred to as a "small-block" for its comparative size relative to the physically much larger Chevrolet big-block engines, the family spanned from  to  in displacement. Engineer Ed Cole is credited with leading the design for this engine.

Generation I and Generation II LT engines are distinct from subsequent LS based small-block engines. The Generation II engine is largely an improved version of the Generation I, having many interchangeable parts and dimensions. Later generation engines have only the rod bearings, transmission-to-block bolt pattern and bore spacing in common with the Generation I and II engines.

Production of the original small-block began in late 1954 for the 1955 model year, with a displacement of , growing over time to  by 1970. Among the intermediate displacements were the , , and numerous  versions. Introduced as a performance engine in 1967, the 350 went on to be employed in both high- and low-output variants across the entire Chevrolet product line.

Although all of Chevrolet's siblings of the period (Buick, Cadillac, Oldsmobile, Pontiac, and Holden) designed their own V8s, it was the Chevrolet  small-block that became the GM corporate standard. Over the years, every American General Motors division except Saturn and Geo used it and its descendants in their vehicles.

Finally superseded by the Generation III LS in the 1997 and discontinued in 2003, the engine is still made by a GM subsidiary in Mexico as a crate engine for replacement and hot rodding purposes. In all, over 100,000,000 small-blocks have been built in carbureted and fuel injected forms since 1955 as of November 29, 2011. The small-block family line was honored as one of the 10 Best Engines of the 20th Century by automotive magazine Ward's AutoWorld.

In February 2008 a Wisconsin businessman reported that his 1991 Chevrolet C1500 pickup had logged over 1 million miles without any major repairs to its small block V8 engine. (Source: The Flint Journal, February 17, 2008).

Overview
The first generation of Chevrolet small-blocks began with the 1955 Chevrolet 265 cu in V8 offered in the Corvette and Bel Air. It quickly gained popularity among stock car racers, nicknamed the "Mighty Mouse", for the then-popular cartoon character, later abbreviated to "Mouse". By 1957 it had grown to . Fitted with the optional Rochester mechanical fuel injection (FI), it was one of the first production engines to make  per . The 283 was adopted by other Chevrolets, replacing the 265 V8s. A high-performance  variant followed, turning out as much as  (SAE gross power, not SAE net power or the current SAE certified power values) and raising horsepower per cubic inch to . From 1954 to 1974, the small-block engine was known as the "Turbo-Fire" or "High Torque" V8. But it was the  series that became the best known Chevrolet small-block. Installed in everything from station wagons to sports cars, in commercial vehicles, and even in boats and (in highly modified form) airplanes, it is the most widely used small-block of all time. Though not offered in GM vehicles since 2003, the 350 series is still in production at General Motors' Toluca, Mexico, plant under the company's "Mr. Goodwrench" brand, and is also manufactured as an industrial and marine engine by GM Powertrain under the "Vortec" name.

3.875 in. bore family (1955–1973)
All Chevrolet V8s, from the big-blocks to today's LS7 and LS9, evolved from the  small-block family. Of the three engines in this family, two of them, the 265 and the 283, have gone down in automotive history. The first of this family was the 265, introduced in 1954. The 265 had a  bore. The stroke of the 265 was , like the 283. The 283, famous for being one of the first engines to make one hp per cubic inch, is also famous for being the evolutionary stepping stone that would later give rise to small blocks and to the "W" blocks, ultimately culminating in the Chevrolet big-blocks. The last of this family was the , which was a stroked 283 with a medium journal.

265

The  "Turbo-Fire" V8 was the first Chevrolet small-block, although the first Chevrolet V8 was produced from 1917 to 1918. Designed by Ed Cole's group at Chevrolet to provide a more powerful engine for the 1955 Corvette than the model's original " Blue Flame" in-line six, the  2-barrel debut version went from drawings to production in just 15 weeks.

Cole's design borrowed the valve train design scheduled to be used at the time in the Pontiac V8. Internal GM rules at that time were that once an automotive division had introduced a technological innovation no other GM division could use it for a period of two years. The stud mounted independent ball rocker arm design patented by Pontiac engineer Clayton Leach was scheduled for introduction in the Pontiac 1955 V8. GM forced the Pontiac division to share its valvetrain design in Chevrolet's new 265 V8 in 1955, so that in the end both engines were introduced the same year with the same valve train design. A side note to Pontiac's V-8 was the engine was supposed to be introduced on 1953 cars, and all 53 & 54 Pontiac's chassis and suspension were designed for the engine that didn't make it into a Pontiac until late 1954. The reason this happened is that Buick division lobbied the corporation to hold back Pontiac's release because it affected Buick's release of the new Buick V-8.

A pushrod engine with hydraulic lifters, the small-block was available with an optional four-barrel Rochester carburetor, increasing engine output to , or  in the Corvette. The short-stroke  bore x stroke engine's  bore spacing would continue in use for decades.

Also available in the Bel Air sedan, the basic passenger car version produced  with a two-barrel carburetor. Upgraded to a four-barrel Rochester, dual exhaust "Power Pack" version, the engine was conservatively rated at , and with the "Super Power Pack" it was boosted up to the power level of the Corvette.

A shortcoming of the 1955 265 was its lack of any provision for oil filtration built into the block, instead relying on an add-on filter mounted on the thermostat housing, and that was an "option only". In spite of its novel green sand foundry construction, the '55 block's lack of adequate oil filtration leaves it typically only desirable to period collectors.

The 1956 Corvette introduced three versions of this engine –  with a single 4-barrel carburetor,  with twin 4-barrels, and  with two four-barrel carburetors and a high-lift camshaft.

283

The  V8 engine was bored out to  in 1957, giving it a  displacement. The first 283 motors used the stock 265 blocks. However, the overbore to these blocks resulted in thin cylinder walls. Future 283 blocks were recast to accept the 3.875 bore. Five different versions between  and  were available, depending on whether a single carb, twin carbs, or fuel injection was used. Fuel injection yielded the most power topping out at  in 1961. Horsepower was up a bit each year for 1958, 1959, and 1960. The 1957 Rochester Ramjet mechanical fuel injection version produced an even one hp per one cu in (/), an impressive feat at the time. This was the third U.S.-built production V8 to produce one horsepower per cubic inch.

Besides being available in the Chevrolet line, it was optional in Checker Taxis beginning in 1965.
A version of it that was built by GM Canada was also available in Studebaker vehicles produced in Canada for 1965 & 1966.

307
A  version was produced from 1968 through 1973. Engine bore and stroke was . All 307s had large  journals - the crankshaft is sourced from the 327. Pistons used with the 307 share the same pin height as the 327 but retaining the 283s bore size (prior to 1968 it was possible to stroke a 283 into a 307 where aftermarket pistons had to be used).

4.000 in bore family (1962–2002)
Originally intended as the performance block, this engine family through the  became an all purpose engine that saw use in many applications from Corvettes to vans. All engines in this family share the same block dimensions and sometimes even the same casting number; the latter meaning engines were of the same block, but with different strokes (e.g. the casting number 3970010 was used by all three engines: 302, 327, and 350).  This engine family was updated in 1968 for the use of  medium-sized journals. The first engine in this family was the small journal 327 in 1962 and the last being 2000s medium journal 350 in pickup trucks and commercial vehicles. The medium journal 350 was further developed into the Generation II LT1/4 350 in the early 1990s.

302
In 1966, General Motors designed a special  engine for the production Z/28 Camaro in order for it to meet the Sports Car Club of America (SCCA) Trans-Am Series road racing rules limiting engine displacement to  from 1967 to 1969. It was the product of placing the   stroke crankshaft into a  bore  cylinder-block. The 1967 302 used the same nodular cast-iron crankshaft as the 283, with a forged steel crank that was also produced. This block is one of three displacements, 302/327/350, that underwent a crankshaft bearing diameter transformation for 1968 when the rod-journal size was increased from the  diameter small-journal to a  large-journal and a main-journal size that was increased from  to .

The large-journal connecting rods were thicker (heavier) and used  diameter cap-bolts to replace the small-journal's 11/32. 1968 blocks were made in 2-bolt and 4-bolt versions with the 4-bolt center-three main caps each fastened by two additional bolts which were supported by the addition of heavier crankcase main-web bulkheads. When the journal size increased to the standard large-journal size, the crankshaft for the 302 was specially built of tufftride-hardened forged 1053-steel and fitted with a high-rpm  diameter harmonic balancer. It had a 3/4-length semi-circular windage tray, heat-treated, magnafluxed, shot-peened forged 1038-steel 'pink' connecting rods, floating-pin in '69, forged-aluminum pistons with higher scuff-resistance and better sealing single-moly rings.

Its solid-lifter cam, known as the "30-30 Duntov" cam named after its /0.030 in hot intake/exhaust valve-lash and Zora Arkus-Duntov (the first Duntov cam was the / 1957 grind known as the '097, which referred to the last three digits of the casting number) the "Father of the Corvette", was also used in the 1964-1965 carbureted 327/365 and fuel injected 327/375 engines. It used the '202' / valve diameter high-performance 327 double-hump '461 heads, pushrod guide plates, hardened 'blue-stripe' pushrods, edge-orifice lifters to keep more valvetrain oil in the crankcase for high-rpm lubrication, and stiffer valvesprings. In 1967, a new design high-rise cast-aluminum dual-plane intake manifold with larger smoother turn runners was introduced for the Z/28 that the LT-1

1969 Corvette and 1970 Z/28 engines were equipped with until the Q-jet carburetor returned in 1973. Unlike the Corvette, the exhaust manifolds were the more restrictive rear outlet 'log' design to clear the Camaro chassis's front cross-member. It had a chrome oil filler tube in the front of the intake manifold next to the thermostat housing from 1967 to 1968. The first year had unique chrome valve covers with Chevrolet stamped into them without an engine displacement decal pad. In 1968, the engine had the chrome covers, but without the Chevrolet name, connected to a PCV valve and a chrome  drop-base open-element air cleaner assembly fitted with a crankcase breather on a  vacuum secondary Holley 4-Bbl carburetor. A 'divorced' exhaust crossover port heated well-choke thermostat coil was used to provide cleaner and faster engine warm-up. Its single-point distributor had an ignition point cam designed to reduce point bounce at high rpm along with a vacuum diaphragm to advance ignition timing at idle and part-throttle for economy and emissions.

Pulleys for the balancer, alternator, water-pump, as well as optional power steering, were deep-groove to retain the drive belt(s) at high rpm. In 1969, the 302 shared the finned cast aluminium valve covers with the LT-1 350 Corvette engine. Conservatively rated at  (SAE gross) at 5800 rpm and  at 4800, actual output with its production 11.0:1 compression ratio was around  with  primary x  collector Sanderson tubular headers that came in the trunk when ordered with a 1967 Z/28, and associated carburetor main jet and ignition timing tuning[citation needed]. In 1968, the last year for factory headers, they had  primaries x  collectors. A stock 1968 Z/28 with the close-ratio transmission, optional transistorized-ignition and 4.88 gear, fitted with little more than the factory cowl plenum cold-air hood induction and headers, was capable of running 12.9 second/  times on street tires.

After the 1967 Trans-Am campaign with the 4-Bbl induction system producing more horsepower than the competing auto makers' 8-Bbl systems, for 1968 Chevrolet developed a factory 'cross-ram' aluminum intake-manifold package using two Holley  mechanical secondary carburetors for Trans-Am racing. It was available only as off-road service parts purchased over the Chevrolet dealership parts counter. With the Chevrolet '140 1st-design off-road cam, the package increased a stock 302's horsepower from  to approximately . Chevrolet went so far as to carry the positive crankcase ventilation system (PCV) over to the cross-ram induction system to retain emissions compliance mandated for US-produced cars beginning in 1967, that also provided full-throttle crankcase pressure venting to the intake air to burn its vapors.

Engines prepared for competition use were capable of producing  with little more than the 8-Bbl induction, ported heads with higher pressure valvesprings, roller rocker arms, and the '754 2nd-design road-race cam. 1967/1968 models' cowl-induction system had an enclosed air-cleaner assembly ducted from its passenger side into the firewall cowl above the heater core.

In 1969, factory Z/28's could be ordered with the ZL-1 aluminum-block 427 adaption of the 1967 L-88 427 Corvette cowl-induction 'ZL-2' hood available for both single and dual four-barrel induction systems that were sealed to the air cleaner base ensuring dense cooler, high-pressure, oxygen-laiden air from the center of the base of the windshield was supplied to the engine for combustion smoothness and maximum power production.

Another popular service-parts-only component used on the 302 was the magnetic-pulse Delco transistor-ignition ball bearing distributor. Introduced in 1963 on Pontiac's  drag racing engines, General Motors fitted it to the 1967 Z/28 before they used it on the L88  Corvette. It eliminated the production breaker-point ignition allowing greater spark energy and more stable ignition timing at all engine speeds including idle. This was one of the least talked about yet most transformative and comprehensive performance and durability upgrades of its time. Many of the 302s off-road service parts were the development work of racers like Roger Penske. Every part in a SCCA Trans-Am engine had to be available through local Chevrolet parts departments to encourage their use by anyone who wanted them.

While the 302 became a strong Limited Sportsman oval track racing engine in the hands of racers like Bud Lunsford in his 1966 Chevy II, its bore/stroke and rod/stroke geometries made it a natural high-rpm road-racing engine and were responsible for its being among the more reliable production street engines homologated for full competition across all the American makes, winning back-to-back Trans-Am Championships at the hands of Mark Donohue in 1968 and 1969. However, with engines built by Al Bartz, Falconer & Dunn and Traco Engineering, the pinnacle of the 302's use in professional racing was its being the primary engine that powered the outstanding but overshadowed 1968-1976 Formula 5000 Championship Series, a SCCA Formula A open-wheel class designed for lower cost.

The engine was also popular in Formula 5000 racing around the world, especially in Australia and New Zealand where it proved more powerful than the Repco-Holden V8. Weighing , with a  iron block and head engine positioned near the car's polar moment of inertia for responsive turn pivoting, a Hewland 5-spd. magnesium transaxle, and  wide  front/ wide  rear magnesium wheels, it produced incredibly exciting racing. They ran  in 2.8 seconds and over .

Reminiscing about the series, mid-70s Australian F5000 driver Bruce Allison said, “We never used first gear at the start. We started in second, and even then there was so much torque, you’d get wheelspin through third and fourth gears.” Prepared with a Lucas-McKay mechanically timed individual-stack magnesium fuel-injection induction system that was paired with ported production car double-hump iron heads, a rev-kit fitted roller lifter camshaft, roller bearing rocker arms, and a virtually stock production crankshaft, it had a lasting impact on the series' ability to conduct high car-count finishes and close competition events by the degree of mechanical success it provided to a series filled with star international Grand Prix drivers like David Hobbs, Brian Redman, Jody Scheckter and Mario Andretti.

327

The  V8, introduced in 1962, had a bore of  and a stroke of . The exact displacement is . Power ranged from  depending on the choice of carburetor or fuel injection, camshaft, cylinder heads, pistons and intake manifold. In 1962, the Duntov solid lifter cam versions produced ,  with single Carter 4-barrel, and ,  with Rochester fuel-injection. In 1964, horsepower increased to  for the newly named L-76 version, and  for the fuel injected L-84, making the L-84 the most powerful naturally aspirated, single-cam, production small block V8 until the appearance of the ,  Generation III LS6 in 2001. This block is one of three displacements that underwent a major change in 1968 when the main journal size was increased from . In 1965 Chevrolet released the now-legendary L-79, which was nothing more than an L-76 (11.0:1 forged pop-up pistons, forged steel rods and crank, 2.02 Corvette heads), but with the 30-30 Duntov cam replaced by the No. 151 hydraulic cam.

In 1966, Checker began offering the 327 as an option. The Avanti II and its successors were powered by the 327 and later versions of the small-block V8.

The 327 was fitted in the English Gordon Keeble. 99 cars were made between 1964 and 1967. It was also installed in many Isos, until 1972 when General Motors started demanding cash in advance and the Italian manufacturer switched to the Ford Cleveland V8.

In 1968, the 327 L73 developing  was part of the CKD packages exported to Australia from Canada for use in the locally assembled (by General Motors Holdens) Chevrolet Impala and Pontiac Parisienne. GMH used the same specification engine in the Holden HK Monaro GTS327. The engine was used in the Monaro GTS327 to make it the new Holden Muscle Car, and so it could compete in the local improved production (Australian Group C). The car had modified suspension just before release to also be used in local Series Production racing (Australian Group E). A special build 327 was built for GMH for the final run of the HK GTS327 by the Canadian McKinnon Industries. It was a lower compression version of the 1968 engine first used on the HK GTS327, and was dressed as a 1969 engine sporting all 1969 parts. The 327 was replaced in the mid 1969 HT Monaro by the 350 L48 developing .

350

The , with a  stroke, first appeared as a high-performance L-48 option for the 1967 Camaro. The exact displacement is . One year later it was made available in the Chevrolet Nova, and finally in 1969 the rest of the Chevrolet line could be ordered with a 350. As had been the case with earlier versions of the small-block, the 350 was available in the Beaumont sold by Pontiac Canada, which unlike its US counterparts, used Chevrolet chassis and drivelines.

Many variants followed.

L46
Years: 1969-1970

The L46 became an optional engine for the 1969 Chevrolet Corvette. It was a higher performance version of the base  V8 with casting number 186  valve heads and had an 11.0:1 compression ratio requiring high octane gas and produced (SAE GROSS POWER). It was also available in 1970 with 4bbl Quadrajet carburetor and L46 hydraulic cam, dome piston (+), 186 heads, and a four-bolt block.

L48
Years: 1967–1980

The L48 is the original , solely available for 1967 in the Super Sport (SS) version of Camaro (1967-up) or Chevy II/Nova in 1968-1979. In 1969 it was used in almost all car lines; Camaros, Caprices, Impalas, El Caminos, Chevelles & Novas. The 1969 L48s use a hydraulic cam, 4bbl Quadrajet carburetor, cast pistons, 4-bolt main casting number 010 Blocks & casting number 041 or 186 heads. Power output was  SAE and  torque. Compression ratio was 10.25:1. The compression ratio of the L48 was lowered to 8.5:1 in 1971.

In 1972 the L48 (4bbl V8) option for the Nova was part of the SS package. This is indicated by the fifth digit in the VIN being a K. Nineteen seventy-two was the only year the SS package could be verified by the VIN.

The L48 engine was exported to Australia, where it appeared in the Holden Monaro from 1969 through 1974, and in the Statesman from 1971 through 1974. Towards the end of the HQ series in 1973-74, due to US emissions regulations, the performance of these engines had dropped to the same or lower than Holden's locally manufactured  V8, which was not yet subject to similar regulations, so Holden discontinued using the engine.

The L48 V8 was the standard engine in the 1975–1980 Chevrolet Corvette. The L48 V8 Corvette engine produced  in 1975. Power increased to  in 1976 and stayed the same in 1977. The 1978 saw  for California or high altitude areas and  for everywhere else. Power increased to  in 1979 and decreased to  in 1980.

L65
The 2bbl carburetor  version of the LM1 350. It was produced until the 1976 model year. It had 255 lb/ft (346 nm) of torque.

LM1
The LM1 is the base 350 cu in with a 4-barrel carburetor (usually with a Rochester Quadrajet)  engine in passenger cars to 1979 as a retail option (its final use in a retail passenger car was the 1981 Camaro Z28) and police package 9C1 A/G (Malibu to 1981) and B-bodies (Caprice, Impala) until 1988 retail market GM rear wheel drive/V8s sold to the general public had a maximum 5.0 liters displacement with the exception of its muscle car survivors e.g. Corvette and F-bodies (Camaro IROC Z or Trans Am). Throughout its lifespan, it used mechanical ignition points, electronic, or computer-controlled spark system, and conventional or feedback carburetors.
The LM1 was superseded by the L05 powerplant after 1988.

ZQ3
Years: 1969-1974

The ZQ3 is the standard engine in the 1969–1974 Chevrolet Corvette.

In 1969 and 1970 it was a  version of the  small-block, with 10.25:1 compression and hydraulic lifters. It used a Rochester "4MV" Quadra-Jet 4-barrel carburetor and a L48 camshaft.

In 1971, power decreased to  (gross) and  (gross) of torque with a lower 8.5:1 compression. 1972 saw  (net) and  (net) of torque. In 1973 power decreased to , but increased slightly in 1974 to .

Post-1971 blocks possibly had a lower nickel content but thicker cylinder deck, and post 1974 heads of the small block Chevrolet used less iron, and were lighter weight, crack-prone, and were less powerful because of the lower compression ratios used.

LT-1
For the Generation II V8 used from 1991-1997, see LT1

For the new Generation V V8, see LS-based GM LT1.

Years: 1970–1972

The LT-1 was the ultimate  V8, becoming available in 1970. It used solid lifters, 11.0:1 compression, the "178" high-performance camshaft, and a  Holley four-barrel carburetor on a special aluminum intake, with rams' horn exhaust manifolds in the Corvette, Delco transistor ignition and a low-restriction exhaust factory rated at  in the Corvette, and  at 6000 rpm and  at 4000 in the Camaro Z28 (the NHRA rated it at  for classification purposes). Redline was 6,500 rpm but power fell off significantly past 6,200 rpm. The LT-1 was available in the Corvette, and Camaro Z28. Power was down in 1971 to dual-rated  (gross)/ (net) and  of torque with 9.0:1 compression, and again in 1972 (the last year of the LT-1, now rated using net only, rather than gross, measurement) to  and .

L82
Years: 1973–1980

The 1973–1974 L82 was a "performance" version of the 350 that still used the casting number 624 76cc chamber "2.02" heads but with a Rochester Quadra-jet 4bbl carburetor and dual-plane aluminum intake manifold, the earlier L46  350 hydraulic-lifter cam, and 9.0:1 compression forged-aluminum pistons producing  (1971 was the first year for SAE net hp rating, as installed in the vehicle with accessories and mufflers) and  of torque. Its cast-aluminum LT-1 valvecovers were painted crinkle-black contrasting with the aluminum manifold and distributor housing. It was down to  and  of torque for 1975.  It produced  in the Corvette for 1976-1977. The 1978 L82 recovered somewhat, producing  and  in the Corvette and in 1979 it produced  in the Corvette. In 1980, its final year, it produced a peak of . This engine was also available on the Chevrolet Camaro in 1973 and 1974.

L81
Years: 1981

The L81 was the only  Corvette engine for 1981. It produced  and  of torque from 8.2:1 compression, exactly the same as the 1980 L48, but added hotter cam and computer control spark advance, replacing the vacuum advance. The L81 was the first Corvette engine to employ a "smart carburetor." The 1980 Rochester Quadrajet was modified to allow electronic mixture control, and an ECM (Engine Control Module) supplied with data from an exhaust oxygen sensor, modified the fuel-air mixture being fed to the engine.

LS9
Years: 1969-1986

The LS9 was GM's 350 cubic inch truck engine used in C/K/G 10/20 models under  GVWR (gross vehicle weight rating). The LS9 used a Rochester 4 bbl carburetor, and its power ratings for 1984 were  at 3800 rpm, and  torque at 1600 rpm. A version using a closed-loop carburetor was used with the California emissions package in its final years. The LS9 and LT9 engines were replaced for 1987 by the L05 TBI (throttle-body fuel injection) engines. Most of the small block engines in this timeframe were built at either the Flint engine plant in south Flint, Michigan or at St. Catharines, Ontario. The Flint plant was producing about 5,200 engines per day in the mid-1980s, and had a slower, separate line for the TPI engines used in the Camaro and Corvette. (Source: 1984 Chevrolet Truck Data Book.)

LT-9
Years: 1981-1986

The LT-9 served as GM's truck-based heavy emissions variant of the  supplied in K20/K30 pickups, G model passenger and cargo vans (built in Lordstown, OH and later in Flint, MI)  and with the P30 chassis used for motorhomes and stepvans.

The LT-9's listed specifications are  at 3,800 rpm and  of torque at 2,800 rpm with 8.3:1 compression. LT-9's were carbureted with Rochester Quadrajets from factory and are generally 4-bolt mains. The LT-9 is often known by VIN code as the "M-code 350." The LT9 was used in models with GVWRs (gross vehicle weight ratings) over .

L83
Years: 1982, 1984

The 1982 L83 was again the only Corvette engine, producing  and  of torque from 9.0:1 compression. Since GM did not assign a 1983 model year to production Corvettes, there was no L83 for 1983. This was also the only engine on the 1984 Corvette, at  and  of torque. The L83 added "Cross-Fire" fuel injection (twin throttle-body fuel injection).

L98
For the new Generation IV V8, see GM L98.

Years: 1985–1992

The new 1985 L98 350 added tuned-port fuel injection "TPI", which was standard on all 1985–1991 Corvettes. It was rated at  for 1985–1986,  for 1987-1989 ( with 3.08:1 rear axle ratio (1988-1989 only)), and  in 1990-1991 ( with 3.08:1 rear axle). Aluminum cylinder heads (Corvette only) were released part way through the 1986 model run, modified for 1987 with D-ports, and continued through the end of L98 Corvette production in 1991 (still used on ZZx 350 crate engines until 2015 when the ZZ6 received the fast burn heads).  The L98 V8 was optional on Jan. '87–'92 Chevrolet Camaro & Pontiac Firebird models (rated at - and -)
The 1987 versions had  and  more and a change to hydraulic roller camshaft. Compression was up again in 1990 to 9.5:1 Camaro/Firebird and 10:1 Corvettes, but rated output stayed the same.

Vehicles using the L98:
1985-1991 Chevrolet Corvette
1987-1992 Chevrolet Camaro(optional)
1987-1992 Pontiac Firebird(optional)

L05
The L05 was introduced in 1987 for use in Chevrolet/GMC trucks in the GMT400 (introduced in April 1987 as 1988 models) and the R/V series trucks such as the K5 Blazer, Suburban, and rounded-era pickups formerly classed as the C/K until 1991 which includes chassis cabs and 4-door crew cabs. The L05 was also used in the G van models and the P30 step vans. Additionally, the L05 was used in 9C1-optioned police package Caprices, and in the following vehicles:

1992/1993 Buick Roadmaster sedan and station wagon
1990–1992 Cadillac Brougham (optional engine)
1993 Cadillac Fleetwood
1989-1993 Chevrolet Caprice 9C1 police package (roller cam); 1A2-optioned special service station wagon
1992/1993 Chevrolet Caprice wagon (optional engine)
1993 Chevrolet Caprice LTZ
1992 Oldsmobile Custom Cruiser wagon (optional engine)
1995-1996 AM General Hummer H1

L05s were used primarily with casting number 14102193 (64cc combustion chambers) cylinder heads with swirled intake ports - the intake ports were designed for fuel economy (the design was also shared with the 103 heads used on the 4.3L with TBI). The swirl ports (known to GM as a vortex chamber) along with the irregular shape of the combustion chambers limit the airflow and horsepower output where they did not provide a fast burn, later phased in with the 1996 Vortec heads. A majority of the L05s used with the trucks and vans had conventional flat tappet camshafts, while the Caprice 9C1 (1989–93) had a roller cam. L05 usage was replaced by the LT1 after 1993 in GM B-Bodies until production ceased in 1996.

A single belt (serpentine belt) accessory drive was introduced on the L05, the 5.0L L03 and the 4.3L V6 LB4 engines used in the 1988 GMT400 models but not on the older R/V models (R/V models received the serpentine belt drive in 1989 when the front grille was facelifted in appearance to the GMT400 lineup). In mid-1996 the L05 was equipped with heads used in the 1996 G30. In February 2008, a Wisconsin businessman reported that his 1991 Chevrolet C1500 pickup had logged over 1 million miles without any major repairs to its L05 engine.  (Source: The Flint Journal, February 17, 2008)  The article also mentioned that the Flint engine plant that built the engine, had produced 45 million engines in its 45-year history, before closing in 1999.

L31
The Vortec 5700 L31 (VIN code 8th digit "R") is a V8 truck engine. Displacement is 5.7 L. It is the last production Generation I small-block from Chevrolet. The cylinder heads feature combustion chambers and intake ports very similar to those of the LT1 V8, but without the reverse-flow cooling. As such, the L31 head is compatible with all older small-blocks, and is a very popular upgrade. It offers the performance of more expensive heads, at a much lower cost. It does, however, require a specific intake manifold (A 5.7L, 350 CI L31, Vortec engine has eight bolts attaching the intake manifold or four per head, as opposed to the "traditional" six bolts per head; twelve in total found on older Chevrolet small blocks). The L31 was replaced by the 5.3 L LM7. The 2002 model year was the final year for the L31 5.7 L small block V8 whose origins date back to 1954. The Vortec 5700 produces  to   at 4,600 rpm and  to   of torque at 2,800 rpm. It is currently  being produced as a crate engine for marine applications and automotive hobbyists as the 'RamJet 350' with minor modifications. Known as the GEN 1+, this was the final incarnation of the 1955 era-vintage small block, ending production in 2005 with the last vehicle being a Kodiak/Topkick HD truck. Volvo Penta and Mercury Marine still produces the L31. The "Marine" intake is a potential upgrade for L31 trucks despite its cast iron construction. Using this "Marine" intake will allow the use of common types of Bosch-style injectors with various flow rates while still maintaining emission compliance.

 1996–2002 Chevrolet Express/GMC Savana full-size vans
 1996–1999 Chevrolet/GMC C/K full-size trucks
 1996–1999 Chevrolet Suburban/GMC Suburban full-size long-wheelbase SUVs
 1996–2000 Chevrolet Tahoe/GMC Yukon (and 2000 Tahoe Limited and 2000 Tahoe Z71 models) full-size short-wheelbase SUVs
 1999–2000 Cadillac Escalade

TBI L31 applications
 1996 G-Series vans over  GVW w/ 4L80E transmission

Special applications
 Oscar Mayer Wienermobile
Isuzu box trucks

4.125 in bore family (1970–1980)

400

The  is the only engine in this family and was introduced in 1970 and produced for 10 years. It has a  bore and a  stroke. The 400 differed from other small blocks in that the cylinders were siamesed and therefore required 'steam' holes in the block, head gaskets, and heads to help alleviate 'hot-spots' in the cooling system at the point above the siamesed cylinders. Overheating and damage are likely if head gaskets or heads without 'steam' holes are used on a 400 block. The 400 is the only engine that uses a  main bearing journal and a  rod bearing journal. The connecting rod was also 400 specific being  as opposed to the  rod used in all other small block Chevrolet engines. The 400 was made in 4-bolt main journal from 1970 to 1972 and in 2-bolt main journal from 1973 to 1980. The 400 can have either 2 or 3 freeze-plugs per side though all 400 blocks have the provisions for a 3rd freeze-plug on each side. The 400 was rated at  gross ( SAE net) through its life. The 400 saw extensive use in full-size Chevrolet and GMC trucks; K5 Blazer/Jimmy, 1/2-ton, 3/4-ton, 1-ton, and even larger 'medium duty' trucks had an option to be equipped with a 400. The engine was available in midsize A-Body and full-size B-Body passenger cars until the end of the 1976 model year. Early models produced  with a two-barrel carburetor. All 400s came with a two-barrel carburetor until 1973. A four-barrel carburetor option became available in 1974.

The 400 was never intended as a high-performance engine and never saw large factory horsepower numbers; nevertheless, it developed a reputation for creating tremendous torque (up to  in 1970) and has since become popular for many types of racing, both on- and off-road. It was also used for the limited production Avanti for a few years in the 1970s.

3.671 in bore family (1975–1976)

262
The 1975–1976 262 was a  90° pushrod V8 with an iron block and heads. Bore and stroke were . Power output for 1975 was  at 3600 rpm and  at 2000 rpm. The 262 was replaced by the 305 for the 1977 model year.

This was Chevrolet's second 4.3 L-displacement power plant; four other Chevrolet engines displaced 4.3 L: the Vortec 4300 (a V6 based on the Chevrolet , with two cylinders removed), the original  V8 in 1954, a bored version of the stovebolt-era 235 inline six displacing , and a derivative of the Generation II LT engines known as the L99 (using the 305's  bore, -long connecting rods, and a  stroke).

This engine was used in the following cars:
1975–1976 Chevrolet Monza
1975 Chevrolet Nova
Early 1977 Pontiac Ventura

3.736 in bore family (1976–1998)

305
Designed and built during the era of the gas embargo, CAFE mandates, and tighter emissions, this engine family was designed to become Chevrolet's cost-effective, all-purpose "economy V8" engine line. Introduced in 1976 models, it had a displacement of . It was intended to fill the gap where the venerable 283 and 307 had been. Bore and stroke were , using the 350's crankshaft throw. This new engine family would provide better gas economy than the 350, share its basic architecture and many parts with the 350 (thus reducing production costs), and provide customers with more horsepower and torque than Chevrolet's 1970s-era inline 6 and V6 engines. During the early 1980s, when GM was streamlining their engine lineups, the Chevrolet 305 would rise to prominence as General Motors' "corporate" engine, signified by being the standard (and often only) V8 in many GM vehicles. Through much of the 80's, the 305 became General Motors' most common V8, followed closely by Oldsmobile's 307. The 305 also became the standard V8 in GM's C/K truck series, and was even used in the Corvette for California in 1980.

Crankshafts used with the 305 had the same casting number as the 350 with one discernible difference - the 305 crank is lighter in weight to compensate for engine balancing. As a result, the counterweights are smaller, which makes it unsuitable for use in a 350 where metal would have to be welded back on. The medium journal 305, like its big-brother 350, would be further developed in the 1990s, although with a reduced  stroke using  connecting rods, into the Generation II LT engine L99 263.
1976–1992 Chevrolet Camaro
1977–1993 Chevrolet Caprice
1977-1985 Chevrolet Impala
1980 Chevrolet Corvette (California only)
1976–1988 Chevrolet Malibu, Chevrolet El Camino/GMC Caballero, and Chevrolet Monte Carlo
1976–1979 Chevrolet Monza
1976–1979 Chevrolet Nova (also GM X-body clones after 1976)
1977–2003 Chevrolet/GMC Trucks, SUVs, Vans
1978–1987 Buick Regal
1975–1979 Buick Skylark
1991–1992 Cadillac Brougham
1977–1981 Checker Marathon
1991–1992 Oldsmobile Custom Cruiser
1977      Oldsmobile Omega
1978–1980 Oldsmobile Cutlass (U.S. market only, Canadian market 1978–1987)
1977–1981 Pontiac Catalina (B-body)
1977–1981 Pontiac Bonneville (B-body)
1982–1986 Pontiac Bonneville (G-body)
1977–1992 Pontiac Firebird
1981–1987 Pontiac Grand Prix
1978–1981 Pontiac Grand LeMans (A/G-body, includes Grand Am)
1982–1986 Pontiac Parisienne (B-body)
1982–1986 Pontiac Parisienne Safari (B-body wagon)
1979 Pontiac Sunbird

The Chevrolet 305 is a reliable, fuel efficient V8, easily capable of 200,000 miles, if maintained. From 1976 onward into the early 1980s, these engines were prone to wearing out their camshaft lobes prematurely due to a combination of improper manufacturing and poor quality controls (a result of GM cost-cutting measures). The 305 is sometimes dismissed in performance circles because of its lackluster performance, small bore size, and difficulty flowing large volumes of air at high rpms. However, two variants of the 1983 to 1992 305 were notable performers: the 1983 to 1988 L69 High Output 5.0L (only used in late 1983 to early 1986 F-body and late 1983 to 1988 Monte Carlo SS) and the 1985 to 1992 LB9 Tuned Port Injection 5.0L (F-body only).

After 1993, its usage was limited to light trucks and SUVs until the 2000 model year while vans and commercial vehicles continued until 2003. The 305 was sold as a crate motor under the Mr. Goodwrench brand as a replacement motor and as a boat engine for Mercury Marine until late 2014 when it was discontinued. The cylinder block is still in production by GM (part number 10243869) for Sprint Car Spec Racing.

LG3

The first iteration of the 305, the LG3 was introduced in 1976. This variant used a Rochester 2GC carburetor from 1976 to 1978.  In 1979, the more fuel-efficient Rochester Dual-Jet 2bbl carburetor replaced the older 2GC. This change also resulted in a drop in power to  and  for California emissions cars.  All years had an 8.5:1 compression ratio. It was discontinued in 1982.

LG4
The LG4 produced  and . Introduced in 1978, the LG4 was essentially an LG3 with the addition of a 4-bbl carburetor and larger valves.  The engine saw a series of gradual improvements, increasing reliability, mpg, and power output through its production run. In 1981 (1980 for California models) Chevrolet added GM's new "Computer Command Control" (CCC) engine management system to the LG4 engines (except Canadian models).  The CCC system included the electronic Rochester 4-bbl E4ME Quadra-Jet, with computer-adjusted fuel metering on the primary venturis and a throttle position sensor allowing the CCC to calculate engine load.  In the ignition system, CCC was fully responsible for the timing curve; mechanical and vacuum advances were eliminated from the distributor.  The more precise spark timing provided by the CCC made possible a series of increases in compression ratio from a pre-CCC 8.4:1, to 8.6:1, to a knock-sensor-assisted 9.5:1, all while still only requiring 87 AKI regular unleaded fuel.

In 1983, Chevrolet replaced the cast-iron intake with an aluminum version and used either 14014416 ("416") or 14022601 ("601") heads with 1.84 inch intake valves, 1.50 inch exhaust valves, 58 cc chambers, and 178 cc runners. For 1985, the 4-valve-relief, flat top pistons from the L69 were added to the LG4, which resulted in another increase in compression. Also added was a knock sensor to allow the "CCC" engine management system to compensate for the increase in compression and a more aggressive spark-timing map in the ECM. As a result, power increased for the 1985 models to  from the  rating in 1984. For 1986, Chevrolet changed over to a one-piece rear main seal engine block design to minimize leaks and warranty claims; however, some early 1986 blocks retained a two-piece rear main seal.

For 1987, Chevrolet once again made some revisions to increase overall reliability, many of them borrowed from the TBI L03, which was to replace the LG4. The coil-in-cap HEI distributor was retired, and an all-new electronic distributor design was used. The intake manifold to head bolt pattern was redesigned to improve gasket integrity - four of the center intake manifold bolts were drilled at 72 degrees instead of 90 degrees for the cast iron cylinder heads. Changes to the valve covers were also made. Ribbing was added to the top of the valve covers to increase surface area, acting as a heat sink. To improve intake gasket sealing, the mounting bolts were relocated to the valve cover centerline, placing all sealing pressure evenly upon the mounting flange perimeter. Thus, these became known as centerbolt valve covers, first introduced in 1985 on the LB4 4.3L V6 and the Corvette a year earlier (the aluminum cylinder heads used with the Corvette were the first to have the centerbolt valve covers). Another improvement was use of a hydraulic lifter/roller camshaft on most 1987 LG4s. Some early engines have lifter retainer provisions, but use the older, non-roller camshaft. 1987 would also be the last year for the LG4 production, however a run of LG4 engines was made to supplement the carry-over production for the 1988 Monte Carlo and the 1988 Chevrolet Caprice.

LU5
Years: 1982 – 1984

The LU5 "Crossfire EFI 5.0L" featured a dual Throttle Body Injection set-up, based upon the original "Crossram Intake" supplied by Chevrolet for the 1969 Camaro Z28. Unlike, the original '69 version, Chevrolet did not place it in the trunk for owners to install. The system used a special version of GM's still-new "CCC" engine management system. Fuel was supplied by the two TBI units, set diagonally apart from each other, atop the unique, aluminum intake manifold. Unfortunately, the system was placed atop the basic LG4 and lacked any significant performance capability. The engine was originally planned for the long-awaited '82 Camaro Z28, however due to a last-minute GM-mandated cancellation of Pontiac's 301 V8 production & Turbo 4.9L Project (T301), the Crossfire 305 was made available in the '82 Trans Am. A 350 cubic inch version was also used in the Corvette from 1982 to 1984. Since it was fairly early into GM's electronic engine management development and electronic fuel injection programs, few dealerships had the technology, equipment, or properly trained mechanics capable of dealing with these engines. These problems were compounded by widely varying fuel quality standards, production issues, poor quality control by GM, & owners who tinkered with a system they did not understand. In a very short time, these engines obtained the notorious nickname; "Ceasefire Engine". Today, owners with these engines note that they are fairly reliable, and that a significant upgrade can be made by simply using the L69/LB9 TPI/L98 TPI exhaust manifolds/ exhaust systems... When combined with performance-built stock 305 heads w/larger valves or aftermarket heads, plus a camshaft upgrade, these engines can perform surprisingly well. Thanks mostly to a somewhat cult-like following, a number of aftermarket performance parts are also available through Crossfire-specialized manufacturers.

L69

Years: late-1983 – 1988

The L69 High Output 5.0L was released late into the 1983 model year. It was optional in the Firebird Trans Am, Camaro Z28, and IROC-Z, and was standard in the revived Monte Carlo Super Sport.

The L69 features a compression ratio of 9.5:1 and a relatively aggressive stock camshaft. It also uses a performance-tuned CCC ECM/PROM, a knock sensor, a performance-tuned E4ME  Rochester Quadra-Jet 4 barrel carburetor, and a special, free-flowing exhaust system with large diameter exhaust manifolds, Y-pipe and catalytic converter.

The L69 F-body exhaust system components would be revised slightly and used again on the later LB9 305 and L98 350 TPI engines. Additionally, the engines came equipped with a functional cold air induction hood on the 1983-1984 Trans Am, a dual snorkel air cleaner assembly on the 1983-1986 Camaro Z28 and IROC-Z and 1985-1986 Trans Am, a large, single snorkel on the 1983-1988 Monte Carlo SS (also, rare optional dual snorkel in 1987-1988), an aluminum intake manifold, high stall torque converter on the Monte Carlo SS and 1984 F-bodies, or a lightweight flywheel on T-5 equipped F-bodies.

The L69 engine produced  at 4800 and  of torque at 3200 rpm in the F-Body and was rated at  in the Monte SS.

LE9

Years: 1981–1986

The LE9  was a truck/van/car version 4BBL  that also had a 9.5:1 compression ratio, the LM1 cam and 14010201 casting heads featuring 1.84/1.50" valves and  chambers. The engine produced  at 4,400 and  at 2,000 rpm.

LB9

Years: 1985–1992

The LB9 "Tuned Port Injection 5.0L" was introduced in 1985. At its core was the stout L69 shortblock and it used the same aggressive L69 camshaft profile. The induction system was unlike any system used previously by GM. It featured a large plenum made of cast aluminum, with individual runners made of tubular aluminum, feeding air to each cylinder. And each cylinder had its own fuel injector fed by a fuel rail mounted above each bank. In 1985, this engine was optional only in the Camaro Z28, IROC-Z and Trans Am equipped with the WS6 performance suspension. The LB9 was also available in the '87-92 GTA and Firebird Formula.
 and  and varied between  (with  of torque) over the years offered.

L03
Years: 1987–95

The L03 produced  at 4,400 rpm and  of torque at 2,400 rpm in 1993–1995 GM trucks. This engine used the TBI throttle-body fuel injection. It featured "swirl port" heads and served as the base V8 engine in all C/K 1500 Series GMC/Chevrolet Trucks/Vans.  (The LB4 4.3L V6 was the standard engine in these models.).

The L03 used hydraulic roller lifters, which allowed it to recover some of the lost horsepower from its factory design, while further increasing efficiency (reduced rotational drag). Despite downfalls in its aspiration restrictions, the L03 had one thing going for it: reliability (87-90 F-bodies that carry the L03 did not use a rev limiter). They used dished pistons with a 9.3:1 to 9.5:1 compression ratio (thanks to the dished pistons, and varying head gasket thicknesses over the years) that left a lot to be desired. The L03 TBI featured a 3.736" bore and 3.48" stroke, the same as its TPI cousin, the LB9. Performance junkies would bore these engines to 3.766" and stroke to 3.75", which brings the engine to 334 c.i. (5.47L). However it is advised not to overbore these blocks more than 30 thousandths, as the cylinder wall thickness is dangerously decreased beyond that point.

L30
Years: 1996-2003

The Vortec 5000 L30 is a V8 truck engine. Displacement is 5,013 cc, (305.9 cubic inches). Bore is , stroke is . The compression ratio is 9.1:1.  It is a based on the Generation I small-block from Chevrolet. It was replaced by the 4.8 L Vortec 4800 LR4 for the 2003 full-size vans. In C/K truck configuration it produces  net flywheel at 4,600 rpm and   net flywheel torque at 2,800 rpm. In van configuration it produces  net flywheel at 4,600 rpm and    net flywheel torque at 2,800 rpm.  The engine uses a hydraulic roller cam and high flowing, fast burn style vortec heads.  Differences include bore and stroke, intake valve size, and smaller combustion chambers.
L30 applications:
 Chevrolet Express/GMC Savana
 General Motors C/K full-size trucks

3.50 in bore family (1979–1982)

267
The 267 was introduced in 1979 for GM F-body (Camaro), G-bodies (Chevrolet Monte Carlo, El Camino, and Malibu Classic) and also used on GM B-body cars (Impala and Caprice models). The  engine had the 350's crankshaft stroke of  and the smallest bore of any small-block, , shared with the 200 V6 introduced a year earlier.

It was only available with a M2ME Rochester Dualjet 210 – effectively a Rochester Quadrajet with no rear barrels. After 1980, electronic feedback carburetion was used on the 267. The 267 also saw use in 1980 to 1982 Checker Marathons.

While similar in displacement to the other  V8 engines produced by General Motors (including the Oldsmobile 260 and Pontiac 265), the small bore 267 shared no parts with the other engines and was phased out after the 1982 model year due to inability to conform to emission standards. Chevrolet vehicles eventually used the  as their base V8 engine.

The 267 when introduced in the GM F-Body as the L39 4.4 L it made  at 3600 RPM and  of torque at 2000 RPM (SAE NET). Power output would drop in subsequent years of the engine. The  had a low 8.3:1 compression ratio.

Major changes
The original design of the small block remained remarkably unchanged for its production run, which began in 1954 and ended, in passenger vehicles, in 2003. The engine is still being built today for many aftermarket applications, both to replace worn-out older engines and also by many builders as high-performance applications. The principal changes to it over the years include:

1956 – Full-flow oil filtration was introduced, using a paper element filter in a canister that was mounted to a boss that was added to the left rear cylinder block casting and machined for this purpose.
1957 – The displacement of the base V8 continued at 265 cubic inches, but optional V8 engines were introduced with a displacement of 283 cubic inches.
1958 – Bosses for side motor mounts were added to the block casting, used for production mounts for this and all future model years.  However, the features for front motor mounts as used in 1955–1957 remained part of the block casting in this and future years.  The 265-cubic-inch version of the engine was discontinued.  Also, the cylinder head valve cover mounting bolt holes were changed from the top row staggered (relative to the bottom row of bolts) to the "straight-across" pattern that remained the way of identifying the early heads from the newer ones with a valve cover design which lasted until the 1987 center-bolt-style covers.
1962 – The block's cylinder wall casting was revised to allow four-inch bores, and the 327-cubic-inch version of the engine, using this bore diameter and increased stroke, was introduced.
1967 - The oil filter mounting now came from the factory with an adapter and machining to allow the use of spin-on filters; canister mounting was possible by removing the adapter.
1968 – The main-journal diameter was increased from 2.30" (small) to 2.45" (medium), and the connecting-rod journal diameter was increased from 2.00" to 2.10". This allowed the use of cast-iron crankshafts; the previous crankshafts were made of forged steel, which was more expensive. The rod bolts were changed from 11/32" diameter to 3/8". The oil-fill location was moved from a tube on the front of the intake manifold to a cap on the left- or right-side valve cover, depending upon the application.
1970 - The "400" is introduced in September 1969 for the 1970 model year, with a bore of 4.125" and a stroke of 3.75".  This engine introduced the "large-journal" crankshaft with a main journal size of 2.65" and rod bearing journals of 2.10".  This engine also introduced "Siamese bores" to the Chevrolet small-block line, requiring "steam holes" in the cylinder heads and head gaskets, which were used to prevent hot spots and subsequent overheating.  The connecting rods, due to the long stroke, are also shorter at 5.565", differing from the 5.7" length of all other Generation I small-block connecting rods.
1980 – Weight reduction though thinner cylinder wall block and light weight head castings.  Heads are prone to cracking and blocks typically cannot tolerate an overbore more than .040".
1986 – The rear main seal was changed from a 2-piece rubber design to a 1-piece rubber design that used a mounting appliance to hold it in place. This necessitated a change in the flywheel/flexplate bolt pattern as well as requiring an externally balanced flexplate/flywheel.
1987 – The valve cover surfaces were changed so that the mounting lip was raised and the bolt location was moved from 4 bolts on the perimeter to 4 bolts along the centerline of the valve covers (this design debuted on the Corvette in 1986, and the Chevrolet 4.3L 90 degree V6 the year before).  Also changed were the mounting angles of the two center bolts on each side of the intake manifold (from 90 to 73 degrees), and the lifter bosses were increased in height to accept roller lifters; the aluminum-alloy heads for use on the Corvette engines retained the non-angled bolts. Also, all carburetors(except some 1987-89 F-body and B-body models, also the 30 and 3500 model 1-ton trucks through 1989 with either the M-code 350 or W-code 454 engines, in which all retained the 4bbl rochester E4ME carbs) were replaced by TBI (throttle-body injection) fuel injection.
1996 – The cylinder heads were redesigned, using improved ports and combustion chambers similar to those in the Generation II LT1, resulting in significant power increases. The intake manifold bolt pattern was also changed to four bolts per cylinder head instead of the "traditional" six bolts. The cylinder block timing cover lip was thickened for use with the plastic timing cover (redesigned for use with a crankshaft position sensor with integrated dowel pins - cylinder blocks for 1996+ do not have dowel pins in the timing cover flange) held with 8 bolts and the water pump bypass hole on the RH deck and below the water pump passage undrilled. Also the fuel pump boss is still present but undrilled (which dates back to the 1992 model year for production engines without a fuel pump blockoff plate - some marine/industrial blocks and crate motors sold over the counter via GM dealerships e.g. Goodwrench, ZZ6, 350 H.O. retain the use of a mechanical fuel pump).

This was the last change for the Generation I engine, which continued through the end of the production run in 2003; all 1997–2003 Generation I engines were "Vortec" truck engines.

Details

Chevrolet Generation I V8 Small Block Engine Table
note 1: depending upon vehicle application; horsepower, torque, and fuel requirements will vary.

Generation II GM small-block (1992–1997)

General Motors' Generation II LT1 is a small block V8 engine. Making its debut in the 1992 Chevrolet Corvette, the new LT1 sought to draw upon the heritage of the 1970 Chevrolet LT-1.

A significant improvement over the original Generation I V8 is the Generation II LT1's "reverse cooling" system, allowing coolant to start at the heads and flow down through the block. This keeps the heads cooler, affording greater power through a higher compression ratio and greater spark advance at the same time it maintains higher and more consistent cylinder temperatures.

Some parts from the Generation II are interchangeable with the Generation I one-piece rear main seal engine. The interchangeable parts include the rotating assembly (crank shaft, pistons, connecting rods, and flywheel/flexplate) one piece rear main seal housing, oil pan and valve cover gaskets and valvetrain assembly (not including timing set, which includes a gear to drive the water pump). The LT1 uses a new engine block, cylinder head, timing cover, water pump, intake manifold and accessory brackets.  The harmonic damper also does not interchange; it is a unique damper/pulley assembly. Engine mounts and bell housing bolt pattern remain the same, permitting a newer engine to be readily swapped into an older vehicle.

4.00 in bore blocks

5.7 L

LT1

In 1991, GM created a new-generation small-block engine called the "LT1 350", distinct from the high-output Generation I LT-1 of the 1970s. It displaced , and was a 2-valve pushrod design. The LT1 used a reverse-flow cooling system which cooled the cylinder heads first, maintaining lower combustion chamber temperatures and allowing the engine to run at a higher compression than its immediate predecessors.

This engine was used in:

 Y-body:
 1992–1996 Chevrolet Corvette C4
 F-body:
 1993–1997 Chevrolet Camaro Z28, B4C and SS
 1993–1997 Pontiac Firebird Formula and Trans Am
 B-body:
 1994-1996 Buick Roadmaster
 1994–1996 Chevrolet Caprice
 1994–1996 Chevrolet Caprice Police Package
 1994–1996 Chevrolet Impala SS
 1994–1996 Chevrolet Caprice Wagon
 1994–1996 Buick Roadmaster Wagon
 D-body:
 1994–1996 Cadillac Fleetwood

There were a few different versions of the LT1. All feature a cast iron block, with aluminum heads in the Y and F bodies, and cast iron heads in the B and D bodies. Corvette blocks had four-bolt main caps, while most other blocks were two-bolt main caps. Block castings remained the same between 2 and 4 bolt mains.

The 92–93 LT1s used speed density fuel management, batch-fire fuel injection and a dedicated Engine Control Module (ECM). In 94 the LT1 switched to a mass airflow sensor and sequential port injection. A new, more capable computer controlled the transmission as well as the engine and got a new name: Powertrain Control Module (PCM). Where the ECM held its calibration information in a replaceable PROM chip, the 94-95 OBD1 PCMs are reprogrammable through the diagnostic port.

The early Optispark distributor had durability problems and a revised version was introduced with vacuum vents to remove moisture and ozone on the 1994 B-Bodies and in 1995 on the Y and F-Bodies; the vacuum vents can be added onto earlier distributors. 1996 saw major revisions for OBD-II: a second catalytic converter on the F-body cars and rear oxygen sensors to monitor catalyst efficiency. Some OBD-II features had been added to the Corvette starting in 1994 for testing purposes. The 1997 model year Camaro and Firebird were the last year for this engine in a GM production car before it was replaced by the LS1, which was already in the Corvette for 1997.

The 1992 LT1 in the Y-body was factory rated at  and . 96 LT1 Y-bodies were rated at  and . The 93–95 F-bodies were rated at  and , while the 96–97 cars were rated at  and .
The 96–97 WS6 and SS F-bodies were rated at . The 94–96 B- and D-body version was rated at  and .

LT4

The LT4 was a special high-performance version of the new-generation LT1. With the addition of a slightly more aggressive camshaft profile, 1.6:1 aluminum roller rocker arms, larger fuel injectors, performance crankshaft, higher 10.8:1 compression ratio and high-flow intake manifold (painted red) with extra material above the port available to allow port matching to the raised port LT4 cylinder heads, it was conservatively underrated at  and . It was introduced in the 1996 model year, for the last year of the C4 Corvette, and came standard on all manual transmission (ZF 6-speed equipped) C4 Corvettes. The engine was passed down to special versions of the Camaro and Firebird the next model year.

The LT4 was available on the following vehicles:
 1996 Chevrolet Corvette when equipped with 6-speed manual transmission (includes all Grand Sports) (Production: 6,359)
 1997 Chevrolet Camaro SLP/LT4 SS 6-speed (Production: 100 for the U.S., 6 for Canada.  There were 2 prototypes)
 1997 Pontiac Firebird SLP/LT4 Firehawk 6-speed (Production: 29)

All 135 production engines for the Firehawks and Camaro SS were completely disassembled, balanced, blueprinted and honed with stress plates. One in 5 engines was tested on a Superflow engine dyno and every car was tested on a chassis dyno in addition to performing a short  road test.

3.90 in bore blocks

5.7 L

LT5

For model year 1990, Chevrolet released the Corvette ZR-1 with the radical Lotus Engineering-designed double overhead cam LT5 engine.  Engineered in the UK but produced and assembled in Stillwater Oklahoma by specialty engine builder Mercury Marine, the all-aluminum LT5 shared only the 4.4 inch bore spacing with any previous sbc engine. It does not have reverse cooling and is generally not considered a small block Chevrolet.

Used only in Corvettes, the LT5 was the work of a team headed by Design manager David Whitehead, and was hand built by one headed by project engineer Terry D. Stinson. It displaced  and had a bore x stroke  instead of the usual  and featured Lotus-designed DOHC 4 valves per cylinder rather than the usual Chevrolet 16-Valve OHV Heads. The preproduction LT5 initially produced , but was reduced to  and  for the 1990-1992 Corvette ZR-1. The power ratings jumped to  at 5800 rpm and  of torque at 5200 rpm from 1993 until its final year in 1995, thanks to cam timing changes and improvements to the engine porting. 1993 also added 4-bolt main bearing caps and an exhaust gas recirculation system.

A second generation of the LT5 was in the testing phase as early as 1993. What little information survived showed that it would have used a dual plenum system similar to the first generation Dodge Viper as well as variable valve timing. The next generation LT5 was set to produce between  and . Unfortunately, the cost to produce the LT5 along with its weight, dimensions (would not fit the C5 pilot cars without extensive modifications) and internal GM politics over using an engine that was not designed and built in house killed the LT5 after six years of production. GM canceled the ZR-1 option beginning model year 1993. Engines that were to be installed in the as yet unbuilt ZR-1's were sealed and crated for long term storage. After they were built at the Mercruiser plant in Stillwater, Oklahoma they were shipped to Bowling Green, Kentucky and stored in the Corvette assembly plant until the 1994 and 1995 ZR-1s went down the assembly line. A total of 6,939 cars were produced.  The LT5 however wasn't an evolutionary dead end.  Despite being discontinued, a new class of premium V8s for Cadillac and eventually Oldsmobile, the dual overhead cam V8 Northstar and its derivatives, drew heavily from the LT5's design and lessons learned from its production.  GM also took lessons learned from producing a completely aluminum engine and applied them to the new LS series of engines.

The LT5 was available on the following vehicles:
 1990-1995 Chevrolet Corvette C4 ZR-1 equipped with 6-speed manual transmission (Production: 6,939).  Although the LT5 was never used in another production GM vehicle, it did make its way into several Corvette concepts, race cars and even into a limited run of the Lotus Elise GT1.

3.74 in bore blocks

4.3 L

L99
The L99  V8 shared a  cylinder bore with the  but had a  stroke compared to  of the . The pistons used in the 4.3 L V8 were the same as the Vortec 5000's, but  connecting rods were used to compensate for the shorter stroke. It was designated by the RPO code L99, and was introduced in the 1994 model year. This base engine was only used in 1994-1996 Chevrolet Caprice sedans, including 9C1 police package sedans, and was not available in any other vehicles.

The L99 featured updated Generation II block architecture, and is externally identical to the larger 5.7 L LT1 Generation II V8. Like the LT1, it features sequential fuel injection, reverse-flow cooling, and an optical ignition pickup. Output is  and . Due to its smaller displacement, the L99 provided higher EPA fuel economy ratings than the 5.7 L LT1, but at reduced horsepower and torque levels. The L99 was produced for the 1994-1996 model years.

LT6 and LT7

The LT6 and LT7 are not part of the LT family. See Oldsmobile Diesel engine for more information.


David Brailer

David J. Brailer (born July 16, 1959) is known for his leadership and advocacy for health information technology specifically founding and investing in leading health IT companies.

On May 6, 2004, Brailer was appointed by the administration of President George W. Bush as the nation's first 'Health Information Technology Czar'. Brailer's official title was National Health Information Technology Coordinator. In this role, he developed the nation's strategy for electronic records, information sharing, consumer empowerment and transformation of research and public health with the goal of widespread deployment of health information technology within 10 years.

Brailer remained in his government post for two years. Following his public service, he transitioned to the private sector where he has held several executive and advisory positions.

Education
Brailer holds doctoral degrees in both medicine and economics. He earned his Ph.D. in managerial economics from the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania in 1992 and his M.D. from West Virginia University School of Medicine in 1986.

While in medical school, he was a Charles A. Dana Scholar at the University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine. Brailer was among the first medical students to serve on the board of trustees of the American Medical Association. He completed his medical residency at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania and became board certified in internal medicine along the clinical investigator pathway. Brailer was a Robert Wood Johnson Clinical Scholar at the University of Pennsylvania.

He earned his bachelor's degree in science and political science from West Virginia University.

Career

University of Pennsylvania
After completing a general medicine residency at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania in 1991, Brailer cared for patients at the University of Pennsylvania as a physician in general medicine and immune deficiency.

Brailer holds an adjunct professorship at the Wharton School, is an associate professor in internal medicine for the University of Pennsylvania Health System, and is a senior fellow for the Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics.

Previously at the Wharton School, he founded the health management program's health information technology program, taught in the MBA program, and lectured in the executive education program.

CareScience
In 1992, Brailer left academia and founded a company spun out of his Ph.D. thesis, inventing ways to measure health-care quality. This became CareScience Inc., a Philadelphia software firm that helped hospitals improve efficiency and prevent errors. Under Brailer, CareScience established the nation's first health care Application Service Provider (ASP). Brailer led the company through several financings, strategic partnerships, an initial public offering in 2000, and sale to global software firm Quovadx in 2003.

Health Technology Center
After CareScience, Brailer took an advisory role at Health Technology Center, a non-profit research and education organization that provides strategic information and resources to health care organizations about the future impact of technology in health care delivery. There, he advised the Center on a number of regional and national data sharing projects.

HEP
In mid-2007, Brailer founded HEP, a private equity fund with a mission to “invest in things that can reduce the crushing costs of health care.” The California Public Employees' Retirement System (CalPERS) invested $700 million in the fund.  Notable HEP investments include Halcyon Home Health, Prolacta Bioscience, Optimal IMX, Mollen Immunization Clinics, Kisimul, Freedom Innovations, CenseoHealth and CambridgeSoft. On March 23, 2011, CambridgeSoft was acquired by PerkinElmer, Inc. in a $220 million deal.

Brailer serves on a number of boards of directors, including Prolacta Biosciences and Walgreens.

Health Evolution
In 2011, Brailer founded Health Evolution, an education and research firm.  The firm is known for the Health Evolution Summit, an annual gathering of the nation's top health care leaders.  Brailer remains Chairman of Health Evolution.

US Department of Health and Human Services
On May 6, 2004, Brailer was appointed as the first National Health Information Technology Coordinator, pursuant to  by President George W. Bush on April 27, 2004, which called for widespread deployment of health information technology within 10 years.

In this role, Brailer designed and directed a bipartisan effort to encourage the digitalization of health care. His work led to the formation of both the National Health Information Network and the Meaningful Use incentives program for the adoption of electronic health records.

Awards and achievements
Brailer was the first recipient of the National Library of Medicine Martin Epstein Award for Medical Computing Research for a student paper on expert systems.

He was also one of the first medical students to serve on the board of trustees for the American Medical Association.

Most notably, he was the country’s first health IT czar, leading the national effort to digitalize healthcare.


Canadian IT Body of Knowledge

Canadian Information Technology Body of Knowledge (CITBOK) is the project sponsored and undertaken by Canadian Information Processing Society (CIPS) to define and outline the body of knowledge that defines a Canadian Information Systems Professional (ISP).

CIPS recognizes that in order to strengthen the criteria of the ISP designation successfully while still maintaining high standards, the association needs to develop a Canadian Information Technology Body of Knowledge (CITBOK) that will set standards for knowledge.  The CITBOK is an outline of the knowledge bases that form the intellectual basis for the IT profession.  CIPS has identified a core CITBOK that all professionals would be expected to master and specialty bodies of knowledge that would depend on your area of practice.  When setting this Canadian standard for Information Technology (IT) knowledge, CIPS looked to other organizations and internationally for standards and bodies of knowledge that CIPS could adopt or adapt, especially for the specialty areas.  For example, in 2004, CIPS adopted the British Computer Society (BCS) Professional Examination Study Guide Syllabus Diploma level (Core and 11 specialist modules) as the initial Body of Knowledge for CIPS.

The CITBOK aims to:

 be an industry structure model that can be used to define the set of performance, training and development standards for all IT practitioners (CIPS members and non-members) in Canada;
 create alternate paths to certification based on concepts of CITBOK;
 establish guidelines for accreditation criteria based on concepts of CITBOK; and
 create a professional development model that sets the standards criteria for the knowledge base including knowledge, skills, and professional activities for IT practitioners.


Joy Belmonte

Joy Belmonte Alimurung is a Filipino politician currently serving as the 11th Mayor of Quezon City since June 30, 2019. She previously became Vice Mayor of Quezon City and presiding officer for the 18th Quezon City Council from 2010 to 2019.

Early life and education
Born as Maria Josefina Tanya Go Belmonte on March 15, 1970, she is the only daughter of the late journalist Betty Go-Belmonte and former House Speaker Feliciano Belmonte Jr., who also served as the 9th Mayor of Quezon City.
. She has three brothers, namely Isaac Belmonte, the current head of the editorial board of The Philippine Star, Kevin Belmonte, the vice-chairman of Nuvoland Philippines, and Miguel Belmonte, the current president and CEO of The Philippine Star.

She attended Saint Pedro Poveda College for her grade school and high school education, where she became the first student council chairman of the school. She graduated with a Jose Segovia Award for Service and Gerry Roxas Award.

In 1992, Belmonte graduated from the Ateneo de Manila University with a Bachelor of Arts in Social Sciences. Afterwards, in 1995, she took up her graduate studies in the University of Leicester where she earned her Masters in Museum Studies.

In 1996, she again took up her graduate studies in University College London where she earned her Masters in Archeology. For the duration of her masters program, she focused on studying about Southeast Asia and its culture, which led her to take up an internship in Thailand. She became an archeologist, and eventually ended up teaching the subject in the Philippines.

Political career

2010-2019: Vice Mayor of Quezon City
Her political career began when she was elected as the Vice Mayor of Quezon City on June 30, 2010. In an interview with The Manila Times, Belmonte said that it was Mayor Herbert Bautista that encouraged her to run for Vice Mayor in 2010. She stepped up because she felt the need to hold a leadership position in order to pursue her many advocacies.

As the Vice Mayor of Quezon City, her first project was the construction of a local history museum inside the Quezon City Memorial Circle called the Quezon City Experience (QCX). Her flagship projects include: the QC Protection Center for Women, Children and LGBT, which provided an all-in-one facility for abused victims situated at the Quezon City General Hospital. Various services, namely, legal, medical, and psychiatric are freely provided for the victims, the QC Hall Breastfeeding Station, which aims to assist nursing mothers who are attending to matters in the City Hall and the Values Formation for Parents, which intends to mold the attendees into responsible parents and members of the society

She has also instigated projects aimed at specific sectors such as women, children and senior citizens, namely the Maternal Health Care Project, Breastfeeding Advocacy Program, Breast Cancer Awareness and Examination Program, Cleft Lip/Palate Care Program, Nutri-Juice Feeding Program and the Zero Cataract Program

On July 27, 2017, Belmonte made headlines when she was in-charge as acting mayor during a monsoon because she refused to suspend classes early but still did when the students were stranded already. She predicted that  "there would be only light rains" based on a bulletin contrary to what happened. Belmonte said she acknowledges her "shortcomings in this situation", and stated that the residents "'deserve a better leader" because of the incident.

On November 6, 2018 the "Batas QC" was launched, spearheaded by Belmonte. This initiative is the first mobile application in the Philippines to feature local ordinances. Its aim is to raise awareness regarding the rules and the corresponding penalties of non-compliance in order to minimize the violations among the people in the city.

On February 2019, Belmonte was accused of graft by Manuel Morato, a former chairman of the Philippine Charity Sweepstakes Office. Belmonte denied the accusations and filed a libel case against 11 people including Morato..

2019-present: Mayor of Quezon City
On February 14, 2018, she announced that she intends to run for the mayoral position of Quezon City in the 2019 General Elections. She had agreed to run under the Hugpong ng Pagbabago with incumbent councilor & actor Gian Sotto as her running mate.

Her platform includes furthering women's rights, the addition of closed-circuit television cameras along the streets, upgrading the systems of documentation, and intensification of the anti-drug campaign. This platform was created with the help of 50 experts in multiple fields. Other more concrete points of her platform include child-minding centers; creating homes for abandoned senior citizens; a 24/7 emergency hotline; discounts for solo parents and PWDs. Joy has signed a covenant with women leaders of the Quezon City Community Women Leaders’ Federation. This covenant assured that the points of the Quezon City Community Women Leaders’ Federation ten-point agenda such as specialty clinic for women illnesses and mental health, and livelihood training center for the women entrepreneurs.

She won against her closest rival, then-incumbent 1st District representative Vincent Crisologo, in a large margin and was proclaimed the 11th Mayor of Quezon City.

On her first months in office, she led the operations to clear out any road-blocking vehicles from highways within the city and asked for an extension of the 60-day deadline given by President Rodrigo Duterte to local executive chiefs to "reclaim all public roads". Belmonte said that Quezon City is "too large" for the mandate to be done within the required duration. By September 2019, she ordered to remove Senator Benigno Aquino, Jr.'s monument in Quezon Avenue, dismantle stalls inside the Quezon City Memorial Circle and formed the "Task Force 60 Days" and the "Solid-Waste Collection Task Force".

Personal life
Joy Belmonte is the wife of Raymond Alimurung, the first Filipino CEO of Lazada. They have a son named Gael.

From 2001 up until 2010, Joy served as the President of the Quezon City Ladies Foundation, Inc.

In 2010, she was awarded the Gawad Lingkod Masa Award by Gabriela Women's Party due to her exceptional work on protecting and helping out distressed women.

In 2011, she became an Ambassador of Peace for the Universal Peace Foundation. She also became a Paul Harris Fellow at the Rotary Foundation of Rotary International.

On July 12, 2017, Belmonte accepted her appointment as part of the new Metro Manila Film Festival executive committee.


Sonero: The Music of Ismael Rivera

Sonero: The Music of Ismael Rivera is an album by Miguel Zenón. It received a Grammy Award nomination for Best Latin Jazz Album.


Wirecard

Wirecard AG is a global internet technology and financial services provider which is listed on the German stock exchange (DAX) and is headquartered in Aschheim, district of Munich. The company offers its customers electronic payment transaction services and risk management, as well as the issuing and processing of physical and virtual cards.

Wirecard Card Solutions Ltd. (WDCS) is a wholly owned subsidiary headquartered in Newcastle upon Tyne, with an e-money licence which allows it to issue virtual cards. It provides numerous mobile payment applications and Wirecard's own mobile payment app boon.

The subsidiary Wirecard Bank AG holds a German banking licence, in addition to licences from Visa and Mastercard. Moreover, it has contracts with American Express, Discover/Diners, JCB, Alipay, WeChat Pay, Apple Pay and China UnionPay, among others.

In March 2017, Wirecard acquired Citi Prepaid Card Services and created Wirecard North America, introducing its internet technology, issuing and acquiring services and omnichannel payment applications to the US market.

In January 2020, Wirecard announced that a contract extension will be offered to chief executive Markus Braun.

History

Founding and stock listing
The predecessor company of Wirecard regarding the IPO was InfoGenie AG based in Berlin, whose shares had been listed in the Neuer Markt stock market segment since October 2000. This company was active as an information service provider offering telephone advice hotlines on various topics. When the shares became Penny stocks following price losses, the stock exchange operator Deutsche Börse wanted to exclude InfoGenie from the Neuer Markt, which was prohibited by court in April 2002. In mid-December 2004, an extraordinary general meeting of InfoGenie decided to transfer the non-listed Wire Card, whose core business was real-time payment processing on the Internet including risk assessment, to InfoGenie AG by way of a capital increase against investment in kind on January 1, 2005 and to rename InfoGenie to Wire Card. Thus, Wire Card became a stock corporation listed in the Prime Standard stock market segment through a reverse IPO. In 2006, Wirecard was included in the TecDAX and in September 2018 in the DAX.

International expansion
Wirecard Asia Pacific was founded in Singapore in 2007. In 2008, Wirecard introduced virtual prepaid credit cards for online payments and in the following year a fraud prevention suite for fraud detection that also uses AI and machine learning. In 2014, Wirecard expanded to New Zealand, Australia, South Africa and Turkey. With the purchase of Prepaid Card Services from Citigroup, Wirecard has also been represented in North America since 2016. In the same year, the company acquired a South American Internet payment service provider in Brazil.

In 2019, SoftBank invested in Wirecard. With the acquisition of AllScore Payment Services from Beijing, Wirecard has also been represented in China since November 2019.

Products and services
Wirecard is an international supplier of electronic payment and risk management services. Wirecard offers products and services in the areas of mobile payments, e-commerce, digitization and finance technology. This traditionally comprises the integration of payment methods, payment transactions via e-commerce as well as payment transactions at the stationary checkout (POS). In these areas, Wirecard currently works in cooperation with 280,000 companies (as of December 2018), including Allianz, KLM, Qatar Airways, Rakuten.com  and Transport for London, among others. The transaction volume in 2018 was US$125 billion. In the first half of 2019 the transaction volume grew by 37.5 percent to EUR 77.3 billion.

Mobile payments
Since 2015, Wirecard offers consumers the fully digitalized, mobile payment-app boon., which works independently of banks or network operators. boon. is based on a virtual Mastercard and runs on mobile devices with the Android or iOS operating systems. The Android version is currently available in Germany, Austria, Belgium, the Netherlands, Spain and Ireland. In addition, boon. can be used via Apple Pay in France, Great Britain, Switzerland, Spain, Italy, Ireland and Germany. Google Pay supports boon. in France. boon. offers contactless payments via smartphone and tablet through NFC as well as online payments and peer-to-peer transactions.

In the mobile payments sector, Wirecard has negotiated several contracts with telecommunications providers for technical services with regard to mobile smartphone payments based on near-field communication (NFC). The payment processor offers its partners a mobile card reader as a white label programme for the acceptance of card payments via smartphones or tablets.

eCommerce
In terms of acquiring, one focus is travel and transport. Already in 2007, Wirecard took over payments and credit control for the tour operator TUI, and in 2014 for KLM Royal Dutch Airlines. The product Supplier and Commission Payments (SCP) by Wirecard is also made to measure the travel sector. It is based on the automatic output of virtual credit cards and enables electronic payments to partners and suppliers, for instance for commission payments. In this way international payments can be made via electronic transmission of virtual credit card numbers.

Since 2014, Wirecard has offered its Checkout Portal – a fully automated application for easily connecting different payment methods in online shops, with a focus on SMEs and virtual marketplaces.

Digitalization of the retail sector
Wirecard also supports high-street retail with digitisation; an example of this is the collaborative project with T-Systems. In 2016, together with the WMF Group, Wirecard developed a mobile app which connects store purchases with online sales.

Alternative Chinese payment methods
Wirecard has been collaborating with Alipay since 2015, to offer Chinese tourists a familiar payment method during their travels in Europe. As part of this, Wirecard has integrated this alternative payment method into the till systems of retailers such as Printemps, The Body Shop and The National Bank of Greece. The payment procedure has also been integrated with retailers at Munich Airport.

Since July 2017, Wirecard has partnered with Tencent to also offer WeChat Pay.

Finance technology
Many FinTech companies work with Wirecard, for instance, using their banking licence. Some well-known partnerships include: Curve, Funding Circle; start-up banks such as Atom and Tandem; money apps including Revolut, Monese and Pockit; spending management apps such as Loot, U Account and Soldo and business accounts like Tide.

mycard2go has been part of Wirecard Bank's portfolio since 2010. It is a prepaid card which can be purchased in stores and is ready to top up following online activation.

Wirecard and the Financial Times controversy
On January 30, 2019, Wirecard shares plunged after the Financial Times reported that a senior executive was suspected of “falsification of accounts” and “money laundering” in the company’s Asia-Pacific operations. Wirecard issued a statement calling the report “false, inaccurate, misleading and defamatory.” Wirecard also announced a lawsuit against the Financial Times for "unethical reporting" and a lawsuit for market manipulation.

The public prosecutor's office Munich I in February 2019 launched criminal investigations against Financial Times journalist Dan McCrum because of alleged violations of the German Securities Trading Act (Wertpapierhandelsgesetz, WpHG). The German Federal Financial Supervisory Authority BaFin banned short selling Wirecard shares on 18. February 2019 until 18. April 2019. According to BaFin, the measure is not meant to take sides in the controversy between Wirecard and the Financial Times. On 15 October 2019, Financial Times published documents which it claimed to be Wirecard's internal accounting spreadsheets.

Financial data

List of subsidiaries
Wirecard is a global company founded in 1999, which operates across all continents worldwide since 2017.

It entered the U.S. market in 2017 following completion of the takeover of Citi Prepaid Services.  Wirecard took over the Brazilian company MOIP in 2016. The previous year, in 2015, it entered the Indian market with the acquisition of the Great Indian Retail Group's payment business. Wirecard has been strengthening its operations in the Asia-Pacific region, the Middle East and Africa since 2014.

See below a list of some Wirecard subsidiaries (not complete):


Joakim Latonen

Joakim Latonen (born 24 February 1998) is a Finnish professional footballer who plays for TPS, as a midfielder.


CopperCube

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CopperCube is a game engine with graphical editor developed by Ambiera. It is aimed primarily at non-programmers, for creating 3D applications in a drag-and-drop format based on a behavior and action-oriented logic system.

The editor runs on Windows and macOS and creates games and interactive 3D simulations as applications for Windows, Mac, Android and as website embedded programs using either WebGL or Adobe Flash.


Queensland, Calgary

Queensland is a residential neighbourhood in the southeast quadrant of Calgary, Alberta. It is bounded to the north by the community of Diamond Cove, to the east by the Bow River and Fish Creek Provincial Park, to the south by Canyon Meadows Drive, and to the west by Bow Bottom Trail.

The land was annexed to the City of Calgary in 1961 and Queensland was established in 1973. It is represented in the Calgary City Council by the Ward 14 councillor.

Demographics
In the City of Calgary's 2012 municipal census, Queensland had a population of  living in  dwellings, a -2.2% increase from its 2011 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of  in 2012.

Residents in this community had a median household income of $60,175 in 2000, and there were 13.2% low income residents living in the neighbourhood. As of 2000, 16.2% of the residents were immigrants. A proportion of 2.4% of the buildings were condominiums or apartments, and 15.4% of the housing was used for renting.

Education
The community is served by Haultain Memorial Elementary and Wilma Hansen Junior High School public schools.


Atalophlebia darrunga

Atalophlebia darrunga is a species of pronggill mayfly in the family Leptophlebiidae.


Polányi

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Polányi, Polanyi is a surname. There have been a number of prominent individuals in the Polanyi family, illustrated in the following family tree:

Adolf Pollacsek (1820–1871) ∞ Zsófia Schlesinger
Mihály Pollacsek (March 21, 1848, Bánhegy (Dluha) – January 10, 1905), prominent member of the bourgeoisie involved in railroads ∞ (1881 in Warsaw) Cecília Wohl (, ; 1862, Vilnius – 1939, Budapest),  daughter of Lithuanian Rabbi Alex Wohl, held a literary salon in Budapest
Laura Polanyi, later Striker (1882–1957), ∞ Sándor Striker
Eva Striker Zeisel, American industrial designer
Adolf Polányi
Karl Paul Polanyi (, 1886, Vienna – 1964, Pickering, Ontario), a Hungarian-Canadian political economist and author of The Great Transformation ∞ Ilona Duczyńska
Kari Polanyi Levitt (born 1923, Vienna), the Emerita Professor of Economics at McGill University
Sophia (Zsófia) Polányi
Michael Polanyi (; 1891, Budapest – 1976, Manchester), Hungarian chemist, philosopher of science, economist∞ Magda Elizabeth Polanyi
John Charles Polanyi (born 1929, Berlin), Canadian Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry
Paul (Pál) Polányi
Lujza Pollacsek
Ervin Szabó (1877–1918)
Vilma Pollacsek
Irma Seidler, early love of György Lukács
Ernő Seidler, founding member of the Communist Party of Hungary

Other
The name is also referenced in:
 Michael Polanyi Center (MPC), Baylor University
 The Eyring-Polanyi equation
 Bell–Evans–Polanyi principle


Neuroendocrine cell

Neuroendocrine cells are cells that receive neuronal input (neurotransmitters released by nerve cells or neurosecretory cells) and, as a consequence of this input, release message molecules (hormones) into the blood. In this way they bring about an integration between the nervous system and the endocrine system, a process known as neuroendocrine integration. An example of a neuroendocrine cell is a cell of the adrenal medulla (innermost part of the adrenal gland), which releases adrenaline to the blood. The adrenal medullary cells are controlled by the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system. These cells are modified postganglionic neurons. Autonomic nerve fibers lead directly to them from the central nervous system. The adrenal medullary hormones are kept in vesicles much in the same way neurotransmitters are kept in neuronal vesicles. Hormonal effects can last up to ten times longer than those of neurotransmitters. Sympathetic nerve fiber impulses stimulate the release of adrenal medullary hormones. In this way the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system and the medullary secretions function together.

The major center of neuroendocrine integration in the body is found in the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland. Here hypothalamic neurosecretory cells release factors to the blood. Some of these factors (releasing hormones), released at the hypothalamic median eminence, control the secretion of pituitary hormones, while others (the hormones oxytocin and vasopressin) are released directly into the blood.

APUD cells are considered part of the neuroendocrine system, and share many staining properties with neuroendocrine cells.

Major neuroendocrine systems
Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis (HPA axis)
Hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid axis (HPT axis)
Hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis (HPG axis)
Hypothalamic–neurohypophyseal system

Pulmonary neuroendocrine cells
Pulmonary neuroendocrine cells (PNECs), are specialized airway epithelial cells that occur as solitary cells or as clusters called neuroepithelial bodies (NEBs) in the lung. Pulmonary neuroendocrine cells are also known as Kulchitsky cells or K cells. They are located in the respiratory epithelium of the upper and lower respiratory tract. PNECs and NEBs exist from fetal and neonatal stages in the lung airways.

These cells are bottle- or flask-like in shape, and reach from the basement membrane to the lumen. They can be distinguished by their profile of bioactive amines and peptides, namely serotonin, calcitonin, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), chromogranin A, gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP), and cholecystokinin.

These cells can be the source of several types of lung cancer- most notably, small cell carcinoma of the lung, and bronchial carcinoid tumor.

Function
PNECs may play a role with chemoreceptors in hypoxia detection. This is best supported by the presence of an oxygen-sensitive potassium channel coupled to an oxygen sensory protein in the rabbit lumenal membrane. They are hypothetically involved in regulating localized epithelial cell growth and regeneration through a paracrine mechanism, whereby their signaling peptides are released into the environment.  In addition, they contain neuroactive substances which are released from basal cytoplasm. These substances induce autonomic nerve terminals or vasculature in the deep lamina propria.

Role in fetal lung
In the fetal lung, they are frequently located at the branching points of airway tubules, and in humans are present by 10 weeks gestation. Peptides and amines released by PNEC are involved in normal fetal lung development including branching morphogenesis. The best-characterized peptides are GRP, the mammalian form of bombesin, and CGRP; these substances exert direct mitogenic effects on epithelial cells and exhibit many properties akin to growth factors.

Example

Specialized groups of neuroendocrine cells can be found at the base of the third ventricle in the brain (in a region called the hypothalamus). This area controls most anterior pituitary cells and thereby regulates functions in the entire body, like responses to stress, cold, sleep, and the reproductive system. The neurons send processes to a region connecting to the pituitary stalk and releasing hormones are delivered into the bloodstream. They are carried by portal vessels to the pituitary cells where they may stimulate, inhibit, or maintain the function of a particular cell type.


Sunday Times of Ceylon

The Sunday Times of Ceylon was an English language weekly newspaper in Ceylon published by Times of Ceylon Limited (TOCL). It was founded in 1923 and was published from Colombo. In 1966 it had an average net sales of 34,856. It was published under different names during its existence, including Times of Ceylon Sunday Illustrated, Times Weekender and Sunday Times. It had an average circulation of 29,613 in 1970, 29,054 in 1973 and 18,500 in 1976.

TOCL was nationalised by the Sri Lankan government in August 1977. The state-run TOCL faced financial and labour problems and on 31 January 1985 it and its various publications closed down. Ranjith Wijewardena, chairman of Associated Newspapers of Ceylon Limited (ANCL) before it was nationalised in July 1973, bought the trade names and library of the TOCL publications in 1986. Wijewardena's company, Wijeya Newspapers, subsequently started various newspapers using the names of former TOCL publications. The Sunday Times started publishing in 1987.


Pioneers of Alaska

The Pioneers of Alaska is a fraternal organization that was founded in 1907 to preserve the early history of Alaska.

Originally restricted to white males who entered Alaska before 1900, the organization today has about 5000 members, who must be residents of Alaska for at least 20 years to be eligible to join. Once led by men, women became eligible for all leadership positions in 2012.

Founded in Nome, Alaska, the organization works at "gathering and preserving the relics and early history of Alaska", and at improving its economic and social conditions.

The organization has 35 local chapters, which are called "igloos". The group operates the Pioneer Museum at Pioneer Park, in Fairbanks.

Noel Wien was made an honorary member of the northernmost chapter, Igloo No. 8, after successfully landing at Wiseman, Alaska on 5 May 1925.


Bintou

Bintou (also known as A Close-Up on Bintou) is a 2001 Burkinabé short film directed by Fanta Régina Nacro. It formed part of the 2002 collection Mama Africa.

Plot
Mother-of-three Bintou, is beaten by her husband Abel, for using housekeeping money to pay for her daughter to go to school to receive the education that she was denied in her own childhood. He believes that only his sons should be educated. Since her husband refuses to pay for a daughter to be educated, Bintou is determined to earn the money herself, however, the only skill she has is growing millet sprouts. She has to find the pots, and obtain sacks of millet from the storekeeper, while her husband continually sabotages her efforts.

Cast
Hyppolite Ouangrawa as Abel, Bintou's husband
Alima Salouka as Bintou

Awards
Bintou won several festival awards in 2001 and 2002 including at the Cannes Film Festival, Amiens International Film Festival, Bermuda International Film Festival, Clermont-Ferrand International Short Film Festival, Marrakech International Film Festival and the Ouagadougou Panafrican Film and Television Festival.