Calendar (New Style) Act 1750

The Calendar (New Style) Act 1750 (c.23) (also known as Chesterfield's Act after Philip Stanhope, 4th Earl of Chesterfield) was an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain. The Act had two parts: first, it reformed the calendar of England and the British Dominions so that the new legal year began on 1 January rather than 25 March (Lady Day); and, second, Great Britain and its Dominions adopted (in effect) the Gregorian calendar, as already used in most of western Europe.

Chesterfield introduced the Bill into Parliament on 25 February 1750/1. It was passed by the Commons on 13 May and received royal assent on 27 May 1751.

Reasons for change
The Parliament held that the Julian calendar then in use, and the start of the year on 25 March, were

Great Britain and the British Colonies
In England and Wales, the legal year 1751 was a short year of 282 days, running from 25 March to 31 December. 1752 began on 1 January. To align the calendar in use in England to that on the continent, the Gregorian calendar was adopted, and the calendar was advanced by 11 days: Wednesday 2 September 1752 was followed by Thursday 14 September 1752. The year 1752 was a leap year so that it consisted of 355 days (366 days less 11 omitted).

As well as adopting the Gregorian rule for leap years, Pope Gregory's rules for the date of Easter were also adopted. However, with religious strife still on their minds, the British could not bring themselves to adopt the Catholic system explicitly: the Annexe to the Act established a computation for the date of Easter that achieved the same result as Gregory's rules, without actually referring to him. The algorithm, set out in the Book of Common Prayer as required by the Act, includes calculation of the Golden Number and the Sunday Letter, which (in the Easter section of the Book) were presumed to be already known. The Annexe to the Act includes the definition: "Easter-day (on which the rest depend) is always the first Sunday after the Full Moon, which happens upon, or next after the Twenty-first Day of March. And if the Full Moon happens upon a Sunday, Easter-day is the Sunday after." The Annexe subsequently uses the terms "Paschal Full Moon" and "Ecclesiastical Full Moon", making it clear that they only approximate to the real Full Moon.

Scotland
Scotland had already partly made the change: its calendar year had begun on 1 January since 1600. The remainder of the act applied equally to Scotland, a part of the Kingdom of Great Britain since the Acts of Union 1707.

Ireland
At the time, the Kingdom of Ireland was a semi-autonomous kingdom in a personal union with the Kingdom of Great Britain. So that the calendar in Ireland would remain harmonised with that of Great Britain, the Parliament of Ireland passed similarly worded legislation as the "Calendar (New Style) Act, 1750".

United States
The Calendar (New Style) Act 1750 applied to Britain’s American colonies and some British law, including the 1750 Act, is still applicable in some States. When American Independence was declared in 1776, it was not practical for these former colonies to create an entirely new body of American law to replace British law. The practical solution adopted was to continue to apply British law as it stood in 1776 but subject to the proviso that it could be overridden by any subsequent provision of American law.

Florida provides a suitable example: the Territory was ceded by Spain to the United States in 1819. The new State of Florida repealed Spanish law and enacted a provision which said (and continues to say):

James Bryan Whitfield, a former Florida Supreme Court judge, together with others, produced in 1941 a comprehensive list of the relevant measures. This built on earlier work by Missouri. The list includes the key part of the Calendar (New Style) Act 1750.

There is no Federal calendar law.

Other former British colonies

The Calendar (New Style) Act 1750 applies directly or indirectly in other former British colonies. The Act remains directly in force in Canada.

Early Australian colonial legislation applied British law. Subsequently various reviews have considered the relevance of old British statutes. Australian States eventually repealed British statutes but re-enacted those which remained relevant, such as the Calendar (New Style) Act 1750. For example, New South Wales passed the Imperial Acts Application Act 1969 No 30. Section 5 and Schedule 1 repeals various British statutes including the Calendar (New Style) Act 1750. At the same time section 16 continues the operation of the British Calendar Act by restating key parts and by referring to that Act for the details. Other Australian States passed similar measures.

New Zealand also passed early legislation at various times applying British law. New Zealand undertook a comprehensive review in the 1980s to clarify which statutes still applied, drawing on Australian research, and produced the Imperial Laws Application Act 1988. This did not repeal old British statutes and re-enact relevant measures. Instead section 1(1) says that British statutes listed in Schedule 1 “are hereby declared to be part of the laws of New Zealand”. This includes the Calendar (New Style) Act 1750. Section 4 said that any other British statutes were not part of New Zealand law and so were, in effect, repealed.

Reaction and effect

The "calendar riot" myth

Some history books say that some people rioted after the calendar change, asking that their "eleven days" be returned. However this is very likely a myth, based on only two primary sources: The World, a satirical journal of Lord Chesterfield; and a painting by William Hogarth.

Chesterfield was behind the Act. He wrote to his son, "Every numerous assembly is a mob, let the individuals who compose it be what they will. Mere sense is never to be talked to a mob; their passions, their sentiments, their senses and their seeming interests alone are to be applied to. Understanding have they collectively none." Here, he was boasting of his skill in having the Bill passed through the Lords; the 'mob' in question was his fellow peers.

When the son of the Earl of Macclesfield (who had been influential in passing the Act) stood for Parliament in Oxfordshire as a Whig in 1754, dissatisfaction with the calendar reform was one of a number of issues raised by his Tory opponents. In 1755, William Hogarth produced a painting (and an engraved print from the painting) loosely based on these elections, entitled An Election Entertainment, which shows a placard carrying the slogan "Give us our Eleven Days" (on floor at lower right). An example of the resulting incorrect history is by Ronald Paulson, author of Hogarth, His Life, Art and Times, who wrote that "the Oxfordshire people … are specifically rioting, as historically the London crowd did, to preserve the 'Eleven Days' the government stole from them in September 1752 by changing the calendar".

Thus the "calendar riot" fiction was born. The election campaign depicted concluded in 1754, after a very lengthy contest between Court Whigs and Jacobite Tories. Every issue between the two factions was brought up, including the question of calendar reform. The Tories attacked the Whigs for every deviation, including their alleged favouritism towards foreign Jews and the "Popish" calendar. Hogarth's placard, part of a satire on the character of the debate, was not an observation of actual crowd behaviour.

Legitimate concerns
There were, however, legitimate concerns lest tax and other payments arise any earlier under the new calendar than they would otherwise have done. Consequently, Provision 6 (Times of Payment of Rents, Annuities) of the Act stipulated that monthly or yearly payments would not become due until the dates that they originally would have done had the Julian calendar continued or, in the words of the Act, "[Times of Payment of Rents, Annuities] at and upon the same respective natural days and times as the same should and ought to have been payable or made or would have happened in case this Act had not been made".

This provision applied to defer payment of Window Tax which was a permanent tax. It did not apply to Land Tax which was re-enacted each year (see the next section below). The Land Tax Act for the year from 25 March 1752 became law after the Calendar (New Style) Act 1750 and therefore over-rode the provision governing the time of payment.

Other effects: Why the United Kingdom income tax year begins on 6 April
Several theories have been proposed for the odd beginning of the British tax year on 6 April. The one most commonly found on British tax websites stems from a book published in 1921 by Alexander Philip. In a brief passage Philips says that eleven days were added to the old tax year which began on 25 March. Then from 1753 until 1799 the tax year began on 5 April. He goes on to say that in 1800 a further day was added so that thereafter the tax year began on 6 April. The extra day was added, he says, because 1800 had 366 days in the Julian calendar but only 365 in the Gregorian calendar. He does not say why it was necessary to add another day. Further, he continues, the tax year was not changed when a thirteenth Julian leap day was skipped in 1900, so the tax year in the United Kingdom still begins on 6 April.

Philip does not give any reason for his view. He does not cite any legislation or other authority.

Jane Frecknall-Hughes, Professor of Accounting and Taxation at the University of Nottingham, takes the same view in a number of articles. The Professor, like Philip, gives no reasons for her view. A good many websites for accountants have repeated versions of these articles.

Other commentators believe the Philip view is wrong and the correct explanation is that the old tax year used to begin on 26 March, the day after the quarter day. Hence, to deal with the omission of eleven days in September 1752, eleven days were eventually added to the start of the tax year and that led to a tax year beginning on 6 April. There was no need to add a further day in 1800. The taxes charged by the year (Land Tax and Window Tax) applied to a year "from" 25 March and, under a legal rule of interpretation dating back at least to Sir Edward Coke's landmark work of 1628, the Institutes of the Lawes of England, this meant the tax year began a day later on 26 March:

Coke's Institutes were an important source of education for lawyers and editions were published up to the nineteenth century. This why tax acts in the eighteenth century used 'from' 25 March in an exclusive sense to mean a period beginning on the following day. Numerous court cases have arisen because the technical meaning of from a date in acts and documents has been misunderstood. The Office of the Parliamentary Counsel, which drafts legislation today, has published online drafting guidance which urges against the use of the "from a date" formulation because it is ambiguous.

Contrary to popular belief, the British tax authorities did not add eleven days to the end of the tax year which began on 26 March 1752. Some commentators suggest eleven days were added to avoid the loss of tax. Professor Frecknall-Hughes takes this view as did, remarkably, the Inland Revenue in a note issued on the 200th anniversary of income tax in 1999. But the eighteenth century Treasury did not need to add eleven days because the taxes charged by the year captured artificial, deemed income, and not actual income. This was a fixed annual value for Land Tax (the more important of the two) and so much per window for Window Tax. You paid the same regardless of the year length. Window Tax was a permanent tax and its year did not change till 1758 when the tax was recast and the tax year moved by eleven days to run "from" 5 April. That meant a year which began on 6 April because of Sir Edward Coke's 1628 interpretation rule.

The Land Tax year never changed and continued to run from 25 March. Land Tax was re-enacted each year throughout the eighteenth century until 1798 when it was made permanent. Moreover, the entire code, running to 80 pages, was re-enacted each year until 1798. Hence there was ample opportunity to revise the date on which the Land Tax year began but no change was made. Because of the transitory value of the annual Act, later editions of the statutes which are available online, omitted the Land Tax Acts. However, the last annual Land Tax Act for the year for the year from 25 March 1798 is available online. The National Archives at Kew holds printed statute series which include copies of all the Land Tax Acts. Key Land Tax Act are also available in Why the Tax Year Begins on Sixth April. The 1798 Act uses the standard "from" formula and provided in section 2:

The following year William Pitt made Land Tax permanent by passing the Land Tax Perpetuation Act 1798. Section 3, for example, refers to "an assessment made in the year ending on the twenty fifth day of March 1799".

When William Pitt introduced the first income tax in 1799 he followed the Window Tax precedent and adopted a year which ran "from" 5 April. That meant, once again, a year which began on 6 April and this has remained the start of the year ever since. Examination of tax acts confirms that there was no change in 1800. For example, Addington's Income Tax Act 1803 continued to apply "from" 5 April—in this case from 5 April 1803. Again, this meant a year beginning on 6 April 1803. Since taxing statutes before and after 1800 used the from 5 April formula to define the year it is clear that a day was not added in 1800. Compare the Window Tax Act 1758 and Addington's Income Tax Act 1803.

The legal analysis is buttressed by accounting practice from time immemorial. A quarter day, such as Lady Day on 25 March, marked the end of an accounting period and not the beginning. This view is taken by leading authorities including The Exchequer Year, A Handbook of Dates, The Pipe Roll Society and Dr Robert Poole in two works. In the 1995 work Calendar Reform Dr Poole cites Treasury Board Papers at the National Archives under reference T30 12 and explains that the accounts carried on being drawn up to the same four days in the real world but the dates had moved on by eleven days. He says:

These were the old quarter days of 25 December, 25 March, 24 June and 29 September plus eleven days. Dr Poole's analysis is confirmed by a minute of the Board of Customs on 19 September 1752, shortly after the omission of the eleven days 3 to 13 September 1752 and not long before the first quarter day affected by the omission—Michaelmas 29 September 1752. The minute says:

It was not until 1860 that tax legislation consistently adopted a formulation of the kind recommended today by the Office of the Parliamentary Counsel to identify the income tax year. For 1860-61 the tax was applied "for a year commencing on 6 April 1860".

Section 48(3) of the Taxes Management Act 1880 provided a definition of the income tax year for the first time:

Curiously the draftsman here incorrectly uses "from" 6 April but still makes the year clear.

Section 28 Finance Act 1919 provided a new shorthand way to refer to the tax year:

Finally, following a review aimed at simplifying tax legislation, a new definition appeared in section 4 Income Tax Act 2007:

Religious dissent

In Appalachia, some Scots-Irish settlers resisted the changeover mandated by the Calendar Act by continuing to celebrate Christmas on January 6 (N.S.), referring to the day as Old Christmas.


Sturdy Maxwell

Thomas "Sturdy" Maxwell was a Scottish football forward who played in Scotland, England and the United States.

Career
In 1921, Maxwell took part in a tour of North America, organised by Third Lanark. At the time he played for Dunfermline Athletic. Maxwell played in a 9 July 1921 game against Canada during the tour. The game was not officially an international match and therefore he did not receive a cap. In October 1921, Maxwell signed with Arsenal, but played only one game and he then moved to Clyde.

In January 1923, Maxwell signed with Bethlehem Steel of the American Soccer League. He played three seasons with Bethlehem, winning the 1924 American Cup with them. In March 1924, he was ejected from the Easter final of the 1923-24 National Challenge Cup for an altercation with Alec Lorimer. In 1925, Bethlehem released Maxwell who signed with the New Bedford Whalers. In 1928, Maxwell began the season with the Whalers. In October 1928, the Whalers briefly moved to the Eastern Soccer League, then rejoined the American Soccer League a few games later. During this turmoil, Maxwell left the Whalers and joined Centennial of the ESL. On 31 December 1928, the Centennials loaned Maxwell to Bethlehem Steel for one league game. In March 1929, Philadelphia sent Maxwell to Bethlehem Steel.

External links
 Arsenal: Thomas Maxwell


AMY2A

Pancreatic alpha-amylase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the AMY2A gene.

Amylases are secreted proteins that hydrolyze 1,4-alpha-glucoside bonds in oligosaccharides and polysaccharides, and thus catalyze the first step in digestion of dietary starch and glycogen. The human genome has a cluster of several amylase genes that are expressed at high levels in either salivary gland or pancreas. This gene encodes an amylase isoenzyme produced by the pancreas.


Batsto River

The Batsto River is a  tributary of the Mullica River in the southern New Jersey Pine Barrens in the United States. The river also drains 49.42 square miles of land.

Originating in Tabernacle Township, the Batsto River is joined by Skit Branch, Deep Run, Springer's Brook, Penn Swamp Branch and Goodwater Run before reaching Batsto Village where a dam forms Batsto Lake.  From Batsto Village, the stream continues on for a few miles before its confluence with the Mullica River at The Forks.

The Batsto River passes through multiple historic landmarks along its journey to the Mullica River.  These landmarks include Hampton furnace, Lower Forge and Quaker Bridge, each being places of small settlements at one time.


More Light Presbyterians

More Light Presbyterians is a coalition of congregations and individuals in the Presbyterian Church (USA) committed to increasing the involvement of all people in the church, regardless of sexuality. More Light churches endorse the mission statement:

"Following the risen Christ, and seeking to make the Church a true community of hospitality, the mission of More Light Presbyterians is the full participation of gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender people of faith in the life, ministry, and witness of the Presbyterian Church (USA)."

History
The informal beginning of the More Light movement was in 1974, when David Bailey Sindt, at a meeting of the Presbyterian General Assembly, held up a sign reading "Is anybody else out there gay?"

Sindt invited sympathetic individuals within the church to join what he first called the "Presbyterian Gay Caucus," later changing the name to "Presbyterians for Gay Concerns," and then "Presbyterians for Lesbian and Gay Concerns (PLGC)." At that time all national Presbyterian organizations were required to submit an annual report to the General Assembly, and the PLGC was invited to do so by William P. Thompson, Stated Clerk of the assembly. However, after two hours of debate, the assembly refused to accept the group's report. Subsequently, reports from the group were written, submitted, and rejected every year until 1979.

It was after the 190th meeting of the General Assembly in 1978, when the assembly approved a statement that "homosexuality is not God's wish for humanity" and "unrepentant homosexual practice does not accord with the requirements for ordination" that several Presbyterian congregations  adopted policies welcoming lesbian and gay members and affirming their right to ordination as deacon and elder if elected by the congregation and found qualified by the session.

Although there were other Presbyterian congregations which had been actively welcoming lesbian and gay members (notably the Munn Avenue Presbyterian Church and the West Hollywood Presbyterian Church in Los Angeles), the first congregation to make a formal statement from the pulpit declaring itself a More Light Church was West Park Presbyterian Church in Manhattan in 1978 [Glaser, Chris (1997) "Writings of Our Movement in the Presbyterian Church - Part Two - The Early Middly Years 1978-1979" in Illuminations 1997].

At that time, Rev. Robert Davidson, pastor of West Park made the following statement from the pulpit:

"In harmony with the General Assembly of the United Presbyterian Church, West-Park Church affirms the civil rights of all person. Further, in keeping with our General Assembly’s guidelines, this community of faith welcomes as members homosexual persons who both seek and have found Christ’s love.

This local congregation will not select one particular element from a person’s total humanity as a basis for denying full participation and service in the body of Christ. Nor will this community of faith condemn or judge our brothers and sisters who declare their faith in Jesus Christ as Lord and Savior and promise discipleship to Him. We affirm that in meeting each other in Christian love. God’s spirit frees us all to live and grow, liberated from the oppression invoked upon us by ourselves and others.

Within this context, West-Park Presbyterian Church reaches out to Christian and non-Christian homosexual persons with a ministry of support, caring and openness—a ministry in which the creative, liberating power of the Holy Spirit rules and guides."

The More Light Churches Network (MLCN) was formalized in 1992, and in June 1998 the group combined with the former Presbyterians for Gay and Lesbian Concerns to make a single organization, More Light Presbyterians.

More Light is one of several American Christian LGBT-welcoming church programs working for gay inclusion in America. Similar groups in other denominations are "Reconciling Congregations" among the Methodists, "Open and Affirming Congregations" in the United Church of Christ and Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), "Association of Welcoming and Affirming Baptists" in the Baptist church, "Reconciled in Christ Congregations" among the Evangelical Lutherans and Integrity USA in the Episcopal Church.

Origin of the name "More Light"
John Robinson, spiritual leader of the pilgrims who founded the Plymouth colony, died in England before he could join his followers in the New World. In 1646, governor Edward Winslow recalled Robinson's farewell to the pilgrims as they set sail on the Mayflower. Robinson had urged the pilgrims to be open to new religious teaching, and:

...if God should reveal anything to us by any other instrument of his, to be as ready to receive it, as ever we were to receive any truth by his Ministry. For he was very confident the Lord had more truth and light yet to break forth out of his holy Word.

No teacher yet had perfect knowledge of God, Robinson had said:

"For though they were precious shining lights in their Times, yet God had not revealed his whole will to them; and were they now living," saith he, "they would be as ready and willing to embrace further light as that they had received."

In the 1850s the Congregationalist hymnwriter George Rawson (1807-1889) used Robinson's speech as the basis of his hymn "We Limit Not the Truth of God," with the lyric:

We limit not the truth of God to our poor reach of mind --
By notions of our day and sect -- crude, partial, and confined

That universe, how much unknown! that ocean unexplored
For God hath yet more light and truth to break forth from the Word.

Eternal God, Incarnate Word, Spirit of flame and dove,
enlarge, expand all living souls to comprehend your love;

and help us all to seek your will with wiser powers conferred
O God, grant yet more light and truth to break forth from the Word.''


NBA Conference Finals

The National Basketball Association  Conference Finals are the Eastern and Western championship series of the National Basketball Association (NBA), a major professional basketball league in North America. The NBA was founded in 1946 as the Basketball Association of America (BAA). The NBA adopted its current name at the start of the 1949–50 season when the BAA merged with the National Basketball League (NBL). The league currently consists of 30 teams, of which 29 are located in the United States and 1 in Canada. Each team plays 82 games in the regular season. After the regular season, eight teams from each of the league's two conferences qualify for the playoffs. At the end of the playoffs, the top two teams play each other in the Conference Finals, to determine the Conference Champions from each side, who then proceed to play in the NBA Finals.

Overview

Initially, the BAA teams were aligned into two divisions, the Eastern Division and the Western Division. The Divisional Finals were first played in , the league's third season. The first two seasons used a playoffs format where Eastern and Western Division teams would face each other before the BAA Finals, hence there were no divisional finals. In the , the league realigned itself to three divisions, with the addition of the Central Division. However, the arrangement was only used for one season and the league went back into two divisions format in . The two divisions format remained until , when the NBA realigned itself into two conferences with two divisions each, which led to the renaming to Conference Finals. The finals was a best-of-3 series from 1949 to 1950 to; a best-of-5 series from 1951–56, and a best-of-7 series since 1957. Currently, the Conference Finals are played in a best-of-7 series like the NBA Playoffs and Finals. The two series are played in late May each year after the first and second rounds of the Playoffs and before the Finals. At the conclusion of the Conference Finals, winners are presented with a silver trophy, caps, and T-shirts, and advance to the NBA Finals.

The Los Angeles Lakers have won the most conference titles with 31, which consists of 30 Western Conference titles and one title in the now-defunct Central Division. They have also made 40 appearances in the Conference Finals, more than any other team. The Boston Celtics have won 21 Eastern Conference titles, the second most of any team. The Celtics also hold the record for consecutive titles; they won 10 consecutive Eastern Division titles from 1957–66. The Golden State Warriors and the Detroit Pistons hold the distinction of being the only teams to have won both East and West titles. Twenty-four of the 30 active franchises have won at least one conference title. The Denver Nuggets, Minnesota Timberwolves and Memphis Grizzlies have each played in at least one Conference Finals (Denver has played in three), but they have each failed to win their respective conference title. Three other franchises, the Charlotte Hornets, Los Angeles Clippers, and New Orleans Pelicans have never appeared in the Conference Finals. Of the 143 conference and divisional champions, 46 were won by the team who had or tied for the best regular season record for that season.

Key

Eastern Division/Conference

NBA history officially begins with three Basketball Association of America (BAA) seasons. In its first two postseason tournaments, BAA Eastern and Western Division champions were matched in a long first-round series while four runners-up played off to determine the other finalist.
 1946–1947: Washington Capitols(), lost to the Western champion
 1947–1948: Philadelphia Warriors, defeated the Western champion, lost the BAA Finals

Eastern Division Finals

Line "1949" refers to the last BAA Playoffs. In its inaugural 1949–50 season only, the NBA used a three-division arrangement. Syracuse won the Eastern Division championship in the first two rounds of the 1950 NBA Playoffs and advanced to the Finals as the one of three division champions with the best regular season record.

Eastern Conference Finals

Western Division/Conference

NBA history officially begins with three Basketball Association of America (BAA) seasons. In its first two postseason tournaments, BAA Eastern and Western Division champions were matched in a long first-round series while four runners-up played off to determine the other finalist.
 1946–1947: Chicago Stags, defeated the Eastern champion, lost the BAA Finals
 1947–1948: St. Louis Bombers(), lost to the Eastern champion

Western Division Finals

Line "1949" refers to the last BAA Playoffs. In its inaugural 1949–50 season only, the NBA used a three-division arrangement. Anderson won the Western Division championship in the first two rounds of the 1950 NBA Playoffs but did not thereby advance to the Finals as every other Western playoff champion has done, and it was defeated by the Central champion in their semifinal series.

Western Conference Finals
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Champion !! Coach !! class="unsortable|Result !! Runner-up !! Coach
|-
| 1971 || bgcolor=#FFFF99|Milwaukee Bucks† ||  || align=center|4–1 || Los Angeles Lakers ||
|-
| 1972 || bgcolor=#FFFF99|Los Angeles Lakers† ||  || align=center|4–2 || Milwaukee Bucks ||
|-
| 1973 || Los Angeles Lakers ||  || align=center|4–1 || Golden State Warriors ||
|-
| 1974 || Milwaukee Bucks† ||  || align=center|4–0 || Chicago Bulls ||
|-
| 1975 || bgcolor=#FFFF99|Golden State Warriors ||  || align=center|4–3 || Chicago Bulls ||
|-
| 1976 || Phoenix Suns||  || align=center|4–3 || Golden State Warriors† ||
|-
| 1977 || bgcolor=#FFFF99|Portland Trail Blazers ||  || align=center|4–0 || Los Angeles Lakers†  ||
|-
| 1978 || Seattle SuperSonics ||  || align=center|4–2 || Denver Nuggets ||
|-
| 1979 || bgcolor=#FFFF99|Seattle SuperSonics ||  || align=center|4–3 || Phoenix Suns ||
|-
| 1980 || bgcolor=#FFFF99|Los Angeles Lakers ||  || align=center|4–1 || Seattle SuperSonics ||
|-
| 1981 || Houston Rockets||  || align=center|4–1 || Kansas City Kings ||
|-
| 1982 || bgcolor=#FFFF99|Los Angeles Lakers ||  || align=center|4–0 || San Antonio Spurs ||
|-
| 1983 || Los Angeles Lakers ||  || align=center|4–2 || San Antonio Spurs  ||
|-
| 1984 || Los Angeles Lakers ||  || align=center|4–2 || Phoenix Suns ||
|-
| 1985 || bgcolor=#FFFF99|Los Angeles Lakers ||  || align=center|4–1 || Denver Nuggets ||
|-
| 1986 || Houston Rockets ||  || align=center|4–1 || Los Angeles Lakers ||
|-
| 1987 || bgcolor=#FFFF99|Los Angeles Lakers† ||  || align=center|4–0 || Seattle SuperSonics ||
|-
| 1988 || bgcolor=#FFFF99|Los Angeles Lakers† ||  || align=center|4–3 || Dallas Mavericks ||
|-
| 1989 || Los Angeles Lakers ||  || align=center|4–0 || Phoenix Suns ||
|-
| 1990 || Portland Trail Blazers ||  || align=center|4–2 || Phoenix Suns ||
|-
| 1991 || Los Angeles Lakers ||  || align=center|4–2 || Portland Trail Blazers† ||
|-
| 1992 || Portland Trail Blazers ||  || align=center|4–2 || Utah Jazz ||
|-
| 1993 || Phoenix Suns† ||  || align=center|4–3 || Seattle SuperSonics ||
|-
| 1994 || bgcolor=#FFFF99|Houston Rockets ||  || align=center|4–1 || Utah Jazz ||
|-
| 1995 || bgcolor=#FFFF99|Houston Rockets ||  || align=center|4–2 || San Antonio Spurs†  ||
|-
| 1996 || Seattle SuperSonics ||  || align=center|4–3 || Utah Jazz ||
|-
| 1997 || Utah Jazz ||  || align=center|4–2 || Houston Rockets ||
|-
| 1998 || Utah Jazz† ||  || align=center|4–0 || Los Angeles Lakers ||
|-
| 1999 || bgcolor=#FFFF99|San Antonio Spurs† ||  || align=center|4–0 || Portland Trail Blazers ||
|-
| 2000 || bgcolor=#FFFF99|Los Angeles Lakers† ||  || align=center|4–3 || Portland Trail Blazers ||
|-
| 2001 || bgcolor=#FFFF99|Los Angeles Lakers ||  || align=center|4–0 || San Antonio Spurs† ||
|-
| 2002 || bgcolor=#FFFF99|Los Angeles Lakers ||  || align=center|4–3 || Sacramento Kings† ||
|-
| 2003 || bgcolor=#FFFF99|San Antonio Spurs† ||  || align=center|4–2 || Dallas Mavericks† ||
|-
| 2004 || Los Angeles Lakers ||  || align=center|4–2 || Minnesota Timberwolves ||
|-
| 2005 || bgcolor=#FFFF99|San Antonio Spurs ||  || align=center|4–1 || Phoenix Suns† ||
|-
| 2006 || Dallas Mavericks ||  || align=center|4–2 || Phoenix Suns ||
|-
| 2007 || bgcolor=#FFFF99|San Antonio Spurs ||  || align=center|4–1 || Utah Jazz ||
|-
| 2008 || Los Angeles Lakers ||  || align=center|4–1 || San Antonio Spurs ||
|-
| 2009 || bgcolor=#FFFF99|Los Angeles Lakers ||  || align=center|4–2 || Denver Nuggets ||
|-
| 2010 || bgcolor=#FFFF99|Los Angeles Lakers ||  || align=center|4–2 || Phoenix Suns ||
|-
| 2011 || bgcolor=#FFFF99|Dallas Mavericks ||  || align=center|4–1 || Oklahoma City Thunder ||
|-
| 2012 || Oklahoma City Thunder ||  || align=center|4–2 || San Antonio Spurs† ||
|-
| 2013 || San Antonio Spurs ||  || align=center|4–0 || Memphis Grizzlies ||
|-
| 2014 || bgcolor=#FFFF99|San Antonio Spurs† ||  || align=center|4–2 || Oklahoma City Thunder ||
|-
| 2015 || bgcolor=#FFFF99|Golden State Warriors† ||  || align=center|4–1 || Houston Rockets ||
|-
| 2016 || Golden State Warriors† ||  || align=center| 4–3 || Oklahoma City Thunder ||
|-
| 2017 || bgcolor=#FFFF99|Golden State Warriors† ||  || align=center| 4–0 || San Antonio Spurs ||
|-
| 2018 || bgcolor=#FFFF99|Golden State Warriors || || align=center| 4–3 || Houston Rockets† ||
|-
| 2019 || Golden State Warriors ||  || align=center| 4–0 || Portland Trail Blazers ||
|}

Central Division
Before the , the BAA merged with the NBL and became the NBA. The number of teams competed increased to 17 and the league realigned itself to three divisions, creating the Central Division. In that season, 4 teams with the best win–loss records from each division advanced to the divisional playoffs. Then, the winner of the Western and Central Division Finals met in the NBA Semifinals in order to determine who would face the Eastern Division champion Syracuse Nationals in the NBA Finals. The Minneapolis Lakers defeated the Western Division champion Anderson Packers in the best-of-3 series 2–0 to advance to the Finals. The Lakers eventually won the Finals against the Nationals. It disbanded before the , after 6 teams folded and the league realigned itself back into two divisions. It returned in  as one of the divisions in the newly formed Eastern Conference.

Division Finals

Results by team
Stats updated through May 26, 2019
Total number of appearances

Consecutive appearances
 13 Boston Celtics: (1957–1969)
 8 Los Angeles Lakers: (1982–1989)
 6 St. Louis Hawks: (1956–1961)
 6 Los Angeles Lakers: (1968–1973)
 6 New York Knicks: (1969–1974)
 6 Detroit Pistons: (2003–2008)
 5 New York Knicks: (1949–1953)
 5 Minneapolis Lakers: (1951–1955)
 5 Minneapolis/Los Angeles Lakers: (1959–1963)
 5 Boston Celtics: (1984–1988)
 5 Chicago Bulls: (1989–1993)
 5 Detroit Pistons: (1987–1991)
 5''' Golden State Warriors: (2015–2019)


Irish Workers' Party (1926)

The Irish Workers' Party was a communist party in Ireland.  It was founded in 1926 by former members of the Communist Party of Ireland and other communists. Among its members were Roddy Connolly (son of James Connolly), who served the party leader, Nora Connolly (daughter of James Connolly), Tom Lyng, the trade unionist P. T. Daly, Walter Carpenter Jnr, and Jack White. Many of the members had been active in Jim Larkin's Irish Worker League, and the party attempted to affiliate with the Communist International in place of the IWL.

The party published Irish Hammer and Plough, edited by Roddy Connolly, and focused on work in the Irish National Unemployed Movement, but disintegrated later that year. It was dissolved in 1927 and many of the members (like Connolly) ended up joining the Irish Labour Party, others migrated back to the Irish Worker League and many others featured in other left wing, socialist and communist movements and parties, such as the Republican Congress.


Palletoori Bava

Palletoori Bava () is a 1973 Telugu drama film, produced by A. V. Subba Rao under the Prasad Art Productions banner and directed by K. Pratyagatma. It stars Akkineni Nageshwara Rao, Lakshmi with music composed by T. Chalapathi Rao. The film is a remake of the Tamil film Pattikada Pattanama (1972). The film was remade in Kannada as Putnanja (1995) and in Hindi as Banarasi Babu (1997).

Plot
The film begins on, Eedukondalu (Akkineni Nageshwara Rao), a young & energetic guy and Zamindar of a village, Seetapuram who holds high esteem by the villagers. Lalitha (Lakshmi) foreign-returned English rose is his maternal Bheema Rao's (Nagabhushanam) daughter. Once Bheema Rao visits Seetapuram along with his family where Lalitha is fascinated by Eedukondalu's prowess. Knowing it, Deepa Lakshmi (Sukumari) a shrew & arrogant wife of Bheema Rao forcibly try to couple up Lalitha with her nephew Madhu (Chandra Mohan) debauchery person. So, Bheema Rao seeks Eedukondalu's help when he gamely elopes Lalitha from the venue and they are espoused. Soon after the marriage, small disputes & differences arise between the couple as Lalitha unable to tune for the village atmosphere. Here Eedukondalu tries to alter his beloves behavior with the goodness. Meanwhile, on the occasion of Lalitha's birthday, she throws carousing to her Hippie friends when one of the men tries to molest Eedukondalu's niece Rangi (Shubha). Spotting it, furious Eedukondalu smacks everyone including Lalitha. Thereafter, egoistic Lalitha leaves to her mother who sends divorce notice to Eedukondalu. Now he decides to get her back, by teaching a lesson and succeeds in making her pregnant. After conceiving, Deepa Lakshmi discards the child in an orphanage and Lalitha gets shocked by her mother's deed. By the time she goes to recovery, Eedukondalu walks away with the child. At present, Eedukondalu threatens Lalitha by announcing has remarriage with Rangi. During the time of the wedding, Lalitha appears, pleads pardon and wants her husband & child back. At last, Eedukondalu avows all this was his play. Finally, the movie ends on a happy note on the reunion of Eedukondalu & Lalitha.

Cast
Akkineni Nageshwara Rao as Eedukondalu
Lakshmi as Lalitha
Chandra Mohan as Madhu
Nagabhushanam as Bheema Rao
Relangi as Lawyer Bhajagovindam
Ramana Reddy as Kotaiah
Raja Babu as Minor Babu
Gokina Rama Rao as Edukondalu's uncle
Mada as butler
Chitti Babu as rickshaw puller
Sarathi as Dosakaya
Rama Prabha as Chittamma
Shubha as Rangamma
Sukumari as Deepalakshmi
Nirmalamma as Edukondalu's grandmother

Crew
Art: G. V. Subba Rao
Choreography: Sundaram, Taara, Pasumarthi, Saleem
Dialogues: Bhamidipaati Radha Krishna
Lyrics: Acharya Aatreya, C. Narayana Reddy, Kosaraju, Aarudhra
Playback: Ghantasala, P. Susheela, S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, V. Ramakrishna, Jayadev, Sharavathi
Music: T. Chalapathi Rao
Story: Balamurugan
Editing:J. Krshna Swamy, Balu
Cinematography:P. S. Selvaraj
Producer: A. V. Subba Rao
Screenplay - Director: K. Pratyagatma
Banner: Prasad Art Productions
Release Date: 11 June 1973

Soundtrack

Music composed by Chakravarthy. Lyrics were written by Veturi Sundararama Murthy. Music released on Audio Company.


Björneborgarnas marsch

{{Infobox anthem
|title         = Björneborgarnas marschPorilaisten marssiPorilaste marss
|image         = Björneborgarnas marsch, akvarell av Albert Edelfelt från 1900.jpg
|caption      = March, painting by Albert Edelfelt, 1900
|transcription =
|english_title = March of the Björneborgers or March of the Pori Regiment
|prefix        = Military
|country       =  Finnish Defence Force

Song of the  President of FinlandMilitary Anthem of the  Estonian Defence Forces

Song of the  President of Estonia
|composer      = Unknown, 18th century
|author        = Johan Ludvig Runeberg (Swedish), 1860Paavo Cajander (Finnish)
|lyrics_date   = 1889
|adopted       = 1918
|until         =
|sound         = Björneborgarnas marsch.MID
|sound_title   =
}} Björneborgarnas marsch' (original Swedish title; Porilaisten marssi in Finnish; Porilaste marss in Estonian; in English 'March of the Björneborgers' or 'March of the Pori Regiment') is the honorary march of the Finnish Defence Forces since 1918, composed by an unknown composer in the 18th century. The original text was written in Swedish by the Finnish national poet Johan Ludvig Runeberg in his epic poem The Tales of Ensign Stål. The most commonly used Finnish translation was written by Paavo Cajander in 1889, along with Cajander's translation of The Tales of Ensign Stål. The name of the march refers to the Pori Regiment in Finnish. It contains a jambic meter.

UseBjörneborgarnas marsch is the honorary march of the Finnish Defence Forces and is played (only rarely sung) for the Commander-in-Chief, i.e. the President of Finland. The President has, however, the right to delegate this position to another Finnish citizen; the only time this has occurred was during the World War II, when Marshal Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim acted as Commander-in-Chief instead of then-President Risto Ryti. Thus, Ryti is the only President of Finland not to have been Commander-in-Chief at any point of his two terms (1940−1944).

Traditionally, Björneborgarnas marsch'' is played in radio or television every time a Finnish athlete wins a gold medal in Olympic games. It is also played on Christmas Eve during the Declaration of Christmas Peace ceremony, which has caused minor controversy due to the violent lyrics of the march, even though the lyrics are not sung on the occasion.

As Finland and Estonia share similarities in both their languages and also through their respective military traditions, it is also the Estonian Defence Forces' official honorary march, played for the Commander of the Estonian Defence Forces, its commander in chief under constitutional provisions.

Lyrics

Lyrics in Finnish
Translation by Paavo Cajander, 1889.

Pojat, kansan urhokkaan,
mi Puolan, Lützin, Leipzigin
ja Narvan mailla vertaan vuoti,
viel' on Suomi voimissaan,
voi vainolaisten hurmehella peittää maan.
Pois, pois rauhan toimi jää,
jo tulta kohta kalpa lyö
ja vinkuen taas lentää luoti.
Joukkoon kaikki yhtykää,
meit' entisajan sankarhenget tervehtää.

Kauniina väikkyy muisto urhojemme,
kuolossa mekin vasta kalpenemme.
Eespäin rohkeasti vaan,
ei kunniaansa myö
sun poikas milloinkaan!

Uljaana taistolippu liehu,
voitosta voittohon
sä vielä meitä viet!
Eespäin nyt kaikki, taisto alkakaa,
saa sankareita vielä nähdä Suomenmaa!

Lyrics in Swedish (original)
Johan Ludvig Runeberg, 1860

Söner av ett folk, som blött
På Narvas hed, på Polens sand, på Leipzigs slätter, Lützens kullar,
Än har Finlands kraft ej dött,
Än kan med oväns blod ett fält här färgas rött!
Bort, bort, vila, rast och fred!
En storm är lös, det ljungar eld och fältkanonens åska rullar;
Framåt, framåt led vid led!
På tappre män se tappre fäders andar ned.

Ädlaste mål
Oss lyser på vår bana;
Skarpt är vårt stål
Och blöda är vår vana.
Alla, alla käckt framåt!
Här är vår sekelgamla frihets sköna stråt.

Lys högt, du segersälla fana,
Sliten av strider sen en grånad forntids dar,
Fram, fram, vårt ädla, härjade standar!
Än finns en flik med Finlands gamla färger kvar.

Lyrics in Estonian
Üles, vaimud vahvamad
kes Pärnu piirilt Peipsini
kes terves Eestis elamas
sest veel on Eestis vaimustust
mis kaitsma valmis kodupinna vabadust
Ja kuni särab meile tähte hele läik
meeles kõigil Riia võidukäik
Sest vahvad vaimud ärgake
Taas Eesti lippu lehvitage võidule
Välgu nüüd mõõk!
Värise vaenlane!
Paukuge püssid, vastu rõhujatele
surma ei karda eesti maleva!
Ei iial Eestit orjastada lase ta!
Pojad rahva vahvama
kes Pihkva, Jamburi ja Võnnu
väljadele külvand surma
Veel võib Eesti võidelda
veel vaenulise verega võib värvi maa
Kuulsuse täht toob hiilgust meie teile
Kõik koos tulle tormake
Me vabaduse kindlustuse tee on see
Välgu nüüd mõõk...

Lyrics in English
Modern translation.

Sons of a people whose blood was shed,
On the field of Narva; Polish sand; at Leipzig; on Lützen's dark hills;
Not yet is Finland defeated;
With the blood of foes a field may still be tinted red!
Rest, begone, away, and peace!
A storm unleashed; lightning swarms and cannons thunder on,
Forward! Forward, line by line!
Brave fathers look down on brave sons.

No nobler aim,
Could light our way,
Our steel is sharp,
To bleed is our custom,
Man by man, brave and bold!
Behold our ancient freedom's march!

Shine bright, our victorious banner!
Torn by distant battles of days gone,
Be proud, our noble, tattered Standard!
There is still a piece of Finland's ancient Colours left!


Emperor Shenzong of Song

Emperor Shenzong of Song (25 May 1048 – 1 April 1085), personal name Zhao Xu, was the sixth emperor of the Song dynasty in China. His original personal name was Zhao Zhongzhen but he changed it to "Zhao Xu" after his coronation. He reigned from 1067 until his death in 1085.

Reign

During his reign in 1068, Emperor Shenzong became interested in Wang Anshi's policies and appointed Wang as the Chancellor. Wang implemented his famous New Policies aimed at improving the situation for the peasantry and unemployed, which some have seen as a forerunner of the modern welfare state. These acts became the hallmark reform of Emperor Shenzong's reign.

Emperor Shenzong sent failed campaigns against the Vietnamese ruler Lý Nhân Tông of the Lý dynasty in 1076.

Emperor Shenzong's other notable act as emperor was his attempt to weaken the Tangut-led Western Xia state by invading and expelling the Western Xia forces from Gansu Province. The Song army was initially quite successful at these campaigns, but during the battle for the city of Yongle, in 1082, Song forces were defeated. As a result, Western Xia grew more powerful and subsequently continued to be a thorn in the side of the Song Empire over the ensuing decades.

During Emperor Shenzong's reign, Sima Guang, a minister interested in the history of the previous 1000 years, wrote a very influential history book, the Zizhi Tongjian or A Comprehensive Mirror for Aid in Government. This book records historical events from the Zhou dynasty to the Song dynasty. Another notable literary achievement which occurred during his reign was the compilation of the Seven Military Classics, including the alleged forgery of the Questions and Replies between Tang Taizong and Li Weigong.

Aside from the ancient Roman embassies to Han and Three-Kingdoms era China, contact with Europe remained sparse if not nonexistent before the 13th century. However, from Chinese records it is known that Michael VII Doukas (Mie li sha ling kai sa 滅力沙靈改撒) of Fo lin (i.e. the Byzantine Empire) dispatched a diplomatic mission to China's Song dynasty that arrived in 1081, during the reign of Emperor Shenzong.

Emperor Shenzong died in 1085 at the age of 36 from an unspecified illness and was succeeded by his son, Zhao Xu who took the throne as Emperor Zhezong. Emperor Zhezong was underage and so Shenzong’s mother Empress Gao ruled as regent until her death.

Family
 Parents:
 Zhao Shu, Yingzong (; 1032–1067)
 Empress Xuanren, of the Gao clan (; 1032–1093)
 Consorts and Issue:
 Empress Qinsheng, of the Xiang clan (; 1046–1101)
 Princess Shuhuai (; 1067–1078), first daughter
 Empress Qincheng, of the Zhu clan (; 1052–1102)
 Zhao Xu, Zhezong (; 1077–1100), sixth son
 Zhao Shi, Prince Churongxian (; 1083–1106), 13th son
 Princess Xianjing (; 1085–1115)
 Married Pan Yi () in 1104, and had issue (two sons)
 Empress Qinci, of the Chen clan (; 1058–1089)
 Zhao Ji, Huizong (; 1082–1135), 11th son
 Guifei, of the Xing clan (; d. 1103)
 Zhao Jin, Prince Hui (; 1071), second son
 Zhao Xian, Prince Ji (; 1074–1076), fifth son
 Zhao Jia, Prince Yudaohui (; 1077–1078), seventh son
 Zhao Ti, Prince Xuchonghui (; 1078–1081), eighth son
 Guifei, of the Yang clan ()
 Guifei, of the Song clan (; d. 1117)
 Zhao Yi, Prince Cheng (; 1069), first son
 Zhao Jun, Prince Tang'aixian (; 1073–1077), third son
 Princess Xianxiao (; d. 1108), fourth daughter
 Married Wang Yu () in 1097
 Shufei, of the Zhang clan (; d. 1105)
 Princess Xianke (; d. 1072), second daughter
 Defei, of the Zhu clan ()
 Princess Xianmu (; d. 1084)
 Xianfei, of the Wu clan (; d. 1107)
 Zhao Bi, Prince Wurongmu (; 1082–1106), ninth son
 Princess Xianhe (; d. 1090)
 Xianfei, of the Lin clan (; 1052–1090), personal name Zhen ()
 Zhao Yu, Prince Yan (; 1083–1127), 12th son
 Princess Xianling (; d. 1084)
 Zhao Cai, Prince Yue (; 1085–1129), 14th son
 Cairen, of the Guo clan ()
 Zhao Wei, Prince Yi (; 1082), tenth son
 Lady, of the Xiang clan ()
 Zhao Shen, Prince Bao (; 1074), fourth son
 Unknown
 Princess Xianmu (; d. 1111), third daughter
 Married Han Jiayan (; d. 1129)
 Princess Xiankang (; d. 1085)
 Princess Xianyi (; d. 1085)


Palazzo Morosini Gatterburg

The Palazzo Morosini Gatterburg, also referred to as the Palazzo Morosini at Santo Stefano, is a 17th-century palace facing the Campo Santo Stefano in the sestiere of San Marco, Venice, Italy.

The palace, bought by the Morosini family in 1628, was originally refurbished by Francesco Morosini, known as the Peloponnesian for his victories against the Ottomans in Morea (as parts of Greece were referred to by Venetians), and doge from 1688-1694. The Palace was still held in the 19th century by a descendant, Lauredana Morosini Gatterburg, but in 1884, many of the possessions were sold, and others came into the possession of the Museo Correr. The paneling and furniture of one of the rooms is now on display in the Gardner Museum of Boston.

The palace still contains some of the original stucco decoration and frescoes of a mythologic theme in what was once a hall displaying some of the loot from Morea. Also there are frescoes completed for the 1688 wedding of Francesco Morosini and Paulina Mocenigo. The palace is now owned by Assicurazioni Generali, a bank, and serves for display of their collections.

Bull-fights took place in the campo in front of the palace as late as 1802 At one time, the palace also had portraits of eight Doges of the Morosini family, as well as of Tomasina Morosini, queen of Hungary, and Costanza Morosini, queen of Croatia.


Misener

Misener is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Zeola Hershey Misener (1878–1966), American suffragist and one of the first women elected to the Indiana General Assembly
Dorothy Misener Jurney (1909–2002), American journalist


Botryosphaeria obtusa

Botryosphaeria obtusa is a plant pathogen that causes Frogeye leaf spot, black rot and cankers on many plant species. On the leaf it is referred to as Frogeye leaf spot; this phase typically affects tree and shrubs. In fruit such as the apple, cranberry and quince, it is referred to as black rot, and in twigs and trunks it causes cankers.

Symptoms

Black rot

Botryosphaeria obtusa enters the fruit through wounds. These can be made by insects, birds or growth cracks. At first a brown spot, near the calyx, appears on the fruit. The spot on the fruit then enlarges and black/brown rings appear on the fruit. The fruit holds its shape, however, unlike other fruit diseases. The fruit will then wither up and can remain on the tree for another year before falling off. During this time pycnidia appear on the surface of the rotted fruit.

Frogeye leaf spot

In leaves the fungus begins by causing purple specks on infected leaves. These then enlarge to cause large spots on the leaf, developing a brown color. The spots appear to have rings of brown with a purple margin, thus giving it its frogeye appearance. The spots can then produce pycnidia which can separate this species of fungus from other possible leaf fungi.

Canker

On twigs, branches and trunks B. obtusa can infect where there has been a winter injury or fire blight cankers. Slightly sunken reddish/brown spots appear on the infected areas of bark. These then enlarge to form cankers, which can then enlarge slightly more each year. The bark usually dies and can, after time, be pulled away from the tree. In older cankers the pycnidia appear on the bark.

Black dead arm disease of grapevine

B. obtusa is the pathogen of black dead arm disease of grapevine. It has been shown to be able to oxidise wood δ-resveratrol into delta-viniferin.

Treatment and control
The most effective treatment is to prune out the infected areas on trees, to ensure transfer between trees does not occur. Fruit that is infected can stay on the tree for over a year, and therefore remaining fruit should be removed to avoid another source of inoculation for other trees. The trimmed branches or dead fruit should then be burned or disposed of immediately as the organism can survive on the dead tissue for a long period of time. Infection of leaves and fruit can be avoided by spraying them with a fungicide. The treatment for the fungicide should be also kept up to date via the manufacturer's instructions.


Cambridge, OH µSA

REDIRECT Guernsey County, Ohio


Sithon nedymond

Sithon nedymond, the plush, is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It was described by Hans Fruhstorfer in 1912. It is found in the Indomalayan realm.

Subspecies
Sithon nedymond nedymond (Sundaland)
Sithon nedymond ismarus Fruhstorfer, 1912 (southern Burma, Langkawi, Thailand)
Sithon nedymond mastanabal Fruhstorfer, 1912 (south-eastern Borneo)
Sithon nedymond klossi Riley, 1945 (Mentawai Island)


Pedro Torres

Pedro Torres Cruces (born 27 April 1949 in Humilladero) is a Spanish former road bicycle racer. He won the mountains classification in the 1973 Tour de France.

Major results

1973
Tour de France:
Winner stage 14
Winner Mountains classification
1974
Tour de France:
10th place overall classification
1977
Vuelta a España:
Winner stage 15
Winner mountains classification
1978
Trofeo Masferrer (with Miguel Maria Lasa Urquia)

External links

Official Tour de France results for Pedro Torres


Bureau des Longitudes

The Bureau des Longitudes () is a French scientific institution, founded by decree of 25 June 1795 and charged with the improvement of nautical navigation, standardisation of time-keeping, geodesy and astronomical observation.  During the 19th century, it was responsible for synchronizing clocks across the world.  It was headed during this time by François Arago and Henri Poincaré.  The Bureau now functions as an academy and still meets monthly to discuss topics related to astronomy.

The Bureau was founded by the National Convention after it heard a report drawn up jointly by the Committee of Navy, the Committee of Finances and the Committee of State education.  Henri Grégoire had brought to the attention of the National Convention France's failing maritime power and the naval mastery of England, proposing that improvements in navigation would lay the foundations for a renaissance in naval strength. As a result, the Bureau was established with authority over the Paris Observatory and all other astronomical establishments throughout France.  The Bureau was charged with taking control of the seas away from the English and improving accuracy when tracking the longitudes of ships through astronomical observations and reliable clocks.

The ten original members of its founding board were:

Geometers:
Joseph-Louis Lagrange;
Pierre-Simon Laplace;
Astronomers:
Joseph Jérôme Lefrançais de Lalande;
Pierre Méchain;
Jean Baptiste Joseph Delambre;
Dominique, comte de Cassini;
Jean-Charles de Borda, who carried out work related to the mechanics of fluids and precursor of Carnot because of his insights on thermodynamics;
Jean-Nicolas Buache, geographer;
Louis Antoine de Bougainville, celebrated navigator; and
Noël Simon Caroché, manufacturer of telescopes.

By a decree of 30 January 1854, the Bureau's mission was extended to embrace geodesy, time standardisation and astronomical measurements.  This decree granted independence to the Paris Observatory, separating it from the Bureau, and focused the efforts of the Bureau on time and astronomy.  The Bureau was successful at setting a universal time in Paris via air pulses sent through pneumatic tubes.  It later worked to synchronize time across the French colonial empire by determining the length of time for a signal to make a round trip to and from a French colony.

The French Bureau of Longitude established a commission in the year 1897 to extend the metric system to the measurement of time. They planned to abolish the antiquated division of the day into hours, minutes, and seconds, and replace it by a division into tenths, thousandths, and hundred-thousandths of a day.  This was a revival of a dream that was in the minds of the creators of the metric system at the time of the French Revolution a hundred years earlier. Some members of the Bureau of Longitude commission introduced a compromise proposal, retaining the old-fashioned hour as the basic unit of time and dividing it into hundredths and ten-thousandths. Poincaré served as secretary of the commission and took its work very seriously, writing several of its reports. He was a fervent believer in a universal metric system. But he lost the battle. The rest of the world outside France gave no support to the commission's proposals, and the French government was not prepared to go it alone. After three years of hard work, the commission was dissolved in 1900.

Since 1970, the board has been constituted with 13 members, 3 nominated by the Académie des Sciences. Since 1998, practical work has been carried out by the Institut de mécanique céleste et de calcul des éphémérides.

Publications
Connaissance des temps, astronomical ephemerides, published annually since 1679;
Annuaire du Bureau des longitudes, almanac and calendar for public and civil use, published annually since 1795;
Éphémérides nautiques, (from 1889) for marine navigation;
Éphémérides aéronautiques, (from 1938) for civil and military aerial navigation.
Procès-verbaux du Bureau des longitudes


Volutomitra tenella

Volutomitra tenella is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Volutomitridae.

Description

Distribution


İrem Yaman

İrem Yaman (born August 4, 1995) is a twice world champion Turkish female taekwondo athlete competing in the lightweight division, and an amateur kickboxer.

Private life
İrem Yaman was born on August 4, 1995. She began practising taekwondo at the age of eight.

She studied Physical Education and Sports at Hacettepe University in Ankara, and was a member of the university's taekwondo team. After earning her Bachelor's degree, she went on to conduct study for a Master's degree at Selçuk University's Sports Department in Konya.

Sports career
Kickboxing
İrem Yaman won the bronze medal in the +70 kg semi-contact category at the 2012 WAKO World Kickboxing Championships for Cadets and Juniors held in Bratislava, Slovakia. The next year, she fought a silver medal at the W.A.K.O. European Kickboxing Championships 2013 for Juniors held in Krynica-Zdrój, Poland.

Taekwondo
Yaman debuted internationally in taekwondo in 2014, and became gold medalist at the European Under 21 Championship in Innsbruck, Austria in 2014, and continued her success by winning another gold medals at tournaments in 2015 including Turkish Open in Antalya, Luxor Open in Luxor, Egypt, Ukraine Open in Kharkov and Moldova Open in Chisinau. At age 18, she became world champion at the 2015 World Taekwondo Championships held in Chelyabinsk, Russia.

As of 2018, she ranks first in the World Taekwondo's 62 kg list with 253.81 points.

Turkish world champion Irem Yaman won the gold medal in women’s 62 kg category in 2019 World Taekwondo Championships in Manchester, UK on Sunday. Beating her Brazilian opponent Caroline Santos 21-7 in the final match, Yaman protected her title as the world champion she won in 2015 and became the first Turkish female athlete to win the gold medal twice in taekwondo. She is expected to represent Turkey in 2020 Tokyo Olympics. 23-year old Irem Yaman becomes first female Turkish athlete to win gold twice in taekwondo.


6–2 defense

In American football, the 6–2 defense is a defensive alignment consisting of six down linemen and two linebackers.

Historical

The 6-2 is a defense that became popular in the 1930s due to the demands of the improving passing attacks of the time. In the early 1930s, pro football's passing rules were liberalized. By the late 1930s, the two standard defenses in college and the NFL were the 6-2 and the 5-3. The 5-3 was regarded as a pass defense, and the 6-2, for most teams, was the base defense.

By the 1940s, you could see this defense overshifted or undershifted. Pass defenses were man-to-man, zone, or a combination, the three man secondary lending itself to a Cover 3. Players would pull out of the line, to fall into short zones, as zone blitz teams do today, rushing four and having four players in short zones. Secondary rotations were common as an adjustment to a "man in motion" from the T.

The usage of the 6–2 defense waned as the T formation became more popular and more effective. By 1950, the base defenses in the NFL were all five man line defenses, either the 5-3 or the 5-2 Eagle. 8 man front defenses were still popular in the college ranks, and the six man line evolved. The defensive lines grew tighter, to gain numerical advantages over the five interior linemen. Gap control concepts were introduced, and to defend against the original option offense, the Split-T, rotating backfields were introduced.

Modern Usage

Types of 6-2 defenses
Steve Belichick differentiates between three fundamental forms of the 6-2, based on the position of the linebackers. If the linebackers are in the interior of the formation, with three defensive linemen to either side of them, then  the formation is called the Split 6. If two guards are found between the two linebackers, then the formation is called the Wide 6 or the Wide Tackle 6. A formation where the linebackers are over the ends, in a fashion akin to the 5-2 Eagle, then the formation is referred to as the Tight 6.

Stemming from the Wide Tackle 6 front is the Stacked 6-2.  In this formation, the linebackers line up behind the guards instead.

Play of the ends in the six man front
An important function of ends in the original 6-2 or 5-3 defense were as penetrating linemen. Ends were often asked to crash (rush) at 30 to 45 degree angles from the vertical. Even into the early 1940s, as Aldo Forte noted, the crashing ends of the 6-2 could present considerable problems for an opponent. Only occasionally were they asked to fall back into pass defense, take on the role of a "wide" linebacker, or cover an offensive end man-for-man.

By the 1950s, however, new contain concepts, such as the "five spoke" unit emerged. In a "five spoke" contain strategy, ends, along with the three man defensive backfield, become part of the contain unit. This means that the ends acquire pass coverage responsibilities, and may have to step off the line and away from the defensive tackles to defend against certain pass patterns. So, instead of being pure run defenders and pass rushers, as 4-3 ends are, 6 man defensive ends with contain responsibilities function in ways much like outside linebackers in other defenses.


Chris Rest

Chris Rest is an American guitarist best known for his work with the bands Rich Kids on LSD and Lagwagon. He was Rich Kids on LSD's only constant member, having participated in every album and tour.

Musical career

Chris Rest was a founding member of hardcore punk band Rich Kids on LSD (RKL) when they formed in 1982. He remained the only consistent throughout the band's entire career. Through their influential career spanning three decades RKL released four full-length studio albums and one live album. RKL went on hiatus in 1995. In 1996 Rest formed a band called The Other with RKL's Bomer Manzullo and drummer Boz Rivera. This group produced one self-titled album released in 1997 on Honest Don's Records, a subsidiary label set up by Fat Wreck Chords to release material by bands that didn't fit within the roster at Fat. That same year Rest played guitar on Buck Wild's album Beat Me Silly. In 1997 Rest replaced guitarist Ken Stringfellow as a member of Lagwagon. Rest has appeared on all subsequent Lagwagon releases. Rest also contributed his guitar on Mad Caddies 2001 release Rock the Plank, and Hotbox's 2001 release Lickety Split.

In 2002 Rest reformed RKL with original members Jason Sears and Bomer Manzullo. The line-up fluctuated over the next few years and new material was being written and recorded, however the death of lead singer Sears in 2006 ended any plans of a release.

Chris Rest is also a member of the San Francisco-based group King City.

Rest contributed guitar to The Real McKenzies's 2008 release Off the Leash and played guitar for the group District of Columbias in 2009. In 2008 he also recorded a guitar solo for the song "Stroudsburg" for the band I Know the Struggle. Rest joined No Use for a Name in 2008 replacing Dave Nassie and remained a member until their final show following the death of lead singer Tony Sly in 2012.


Order of precedence in Alberta

The Alberta order of precedence is a nominal and symbolic hierarchy of important positions within the province of Alberta. It has no legal standing but is used to dictate ceremonial protocol at events of a provincial nature.

 Queen of Canada in Right of Alberta: Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II
 Lieutenant Governor of Alberta: The Honourable
 Premier of Alberta: The Honourable Jason Kenney
 The Chief Justice of The Court of Appeal of Alberta: The Honourable Justice Catherine Fraser
 Former Lieutenant Governors of Alberta
 The Honourable Donald Ethell
 Former Premiers of Alberta
 Ed Stelmach
 Alison Redford
 Dave Hancock
 Rachel Notley
 Speaker of the Legislative Assembly of Alberta: Nathan Cooper
 Ambassadors and High Commissioners accredited to Canada
 Members of the Executive Council of Alberta, in relative order of precedence as determined by the Premier
 The Honourable Sarah Hoffman, Deputy Premier & Minister of Health
 The Honourable Brian Mason, Minister of Infrastructure & Transportation & House Leader
 The Honourable David Eggen, Minister of Education
 The Honourable Deron Bilous, Minister of Economic Development and Trade
 The Honourable Joe Ceci, Minister of Finance, President of the Treasury Board
 The Honourable Kathleen Ganley, Minister of Justice and Solicitor General
 The Honourable Shannon Phillips, Minister of Environment and Parks & Climate Change Office
 The Honourable Oneil Carlier, Minister of Agriculture and Forestry
 The Honourable Danielle Larivee, Minister of Municipal Affairs
 The Honourable Marg McCuaig-Boyd, Minister of Energy
 The Honourable Irfan Sabir, Minister of Human Services
 The Honourable Lori Sigurdson, Minister of Seniors and Housing
 The Honourable Richard Feehan, Minister of Indigenous Relations
 The Honourable Christina Gray, Minister of Labour & Democratic Renewal
 The Honourable Stephanie McLean, Minister of Service Alberta & Status of Women
 The Honourable Ricardo Miranda, Minister of Culture and Tourism
 The Honourable Marlin Schmidt, Minister of Advanced Education
 The Honourable Brandy Payne, Associate Minister of Health
 Leader of the Official Opposition: Rachel Notley
 Current members of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada resident in Alberta
Members of the Canadian Cabinet
 The Honourable Amarjeet Sohi, Minister of Infrastructure and Communities
 The Honourable Kent Hehr, Minister of Veterans Affairs and Associate Minister of National Defence
Members not in Cabinet
 Helena Guergis PC (October 30, 2008)
See List of current members of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada
 Members of the Legislative Assembly of Alberta with precedence governed by the date of their first election to the Legislature
 Members of the Senate of Canada, who represent Alberta by date of appointment
 The Honourable Elaine McCoy
 The Honourable Grant Mitchell
 The Honourable Claudette Tardif
 The Honourable Betty Unger
 The Honourable Doug Black
 The Honourable Scott Tannas
 Members of the House of Commons of Canada who represent Alberta constituencies by date of election
 See Canadian federal election results in Calgary, Canadian federal election results in Edmonton and environs, and Canadian federal election results in rural Alberta
 Superior court justices
 Chief Justice of the Court of Queen's Bench of Alberta: The Honourable Justice M.T. Moreau
 Justices of the Court of Appeal of Alberta
 Justices of the Court of Queen's Bench of Alberta
 Heads of religious denominations
 Heads of Consular Posts: Consuls-General; Consuls; Vice-Consuls; Consular Agents (Precedence is determined by the date that definitive recognition is given by the Governor General)
 Judges of the Provincial Court of Alberta
 Chief Judge of the Provincial Court of Alberta
 Other judges by seniority of appointment
 Mayors of Alberta municipalities
 Aboriginal Leaders
 Chiefs of the Treaty First Nations in Alberta, in order of seniority of election to office;
 President of Métis Settlements General Council
 President of Métis Nation of Alberta: Audrey Poitras
 Deputy Minister to the Premier and Cabinet Secretary
 Clerk of the Legislative Assembly
 Ombudsman
 Provincial Auditor
 Chief Electoral Officer: Glen Resler
 Ethics Commissioner: Marguerite Trussler  replacing  Neil R. Wilkinson.
 Information and Privacy Commissioner: Jill Clayton
 Deputy Ministers
 Senior Alberta government officials with rank of Deputy Minister as determined by the Executive Council
 Chief Executive Officers of Crown Corporations (relative precedence determined by date of appointment)
 Leadership of Alberta universities
 Chancellor of the University of Alberta: Ralph B. Young
 Chancellor of the University of Calgary: Jim Dinning
 Chancellor of the University of Lethbridge: Shirley McClellan
 Chairman of the Board, University of Alberta
 Chairman of the Board, University of Calgary
 Chairman of the Board, University of Lethbridge
 Chairman of the Board, Athabasca University
 Chairman of the Board, Mount Royal University
 Chairman of the Board, MacEwan University
 President of the University of Alberta: David H. Turpin
 President of the University of Calgary: Ed McCauley
 President of the University of Lethbridge: Michael J. Mahon
 President of Athabasca University: Frits Pannekoek
 President of Mount Royal University: David Docherty
 President of Grant MacEwan University: David W. Atkinson
 Police and military
 Commanding Officer, "K" Division, Royal Canadian Mounted Police: Dale McGowan
 Commander, 3rd Canadian Division: Brigadier-General J.C.G. Juneau
 Commanding Officer,
 Commanding Officer, 1 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group
 Commanding Officer, 1 Area Support Group
 Commanding Officer, 41 Canadian Brigade Group
 Commanding Officer, 4 Wing

Sources
Government of Alberta: Order of Precedence


Josef Goldschmidt

Josef Goldschmidt (* unknown; † unknown) was a German footballer who played for FC Basel. He played mainly in the position as midfielder.

Between the years 1905 and 1914 Goldschmidt played a total of 77 games for Basel, scoring a total of 4 goals. 56 of these games were in the Swiss Serie A, two in the Anglo-Cup and 19 were friendly games. He scored one goal in the domestic league, the other three were scored during the test games.

In the 1912–13 season Basel won the Anglo-Cup. Goldschmidt was part of the team that won the final on 29 June 1913 in the Hardau Stadium, Zürich against FC Weissenbühl Bern 5–0.

Sources and References
 Rotblau: Jahrbuch Saison 2017/2018. Publisher: FC Basel Marketing AG.


Dry-bulb temperature

The dry-bulb temperature (DBT) is the temperature of air measured by a thermometer freely exposed to the air, but shielded from radiation and moisture.  DBT is the temperature that is usually thought of as air temperature, and it is the true thermodynamic temperature. It indicates the amount of heat in the air and is directly proportional to the mean kinetic energy of the air molecules. Temperature is usually measured in degrees Celsius (°C), kelvins (K), or degrees Fahrenheit (°F).

Unlike wet-bulb temperature, dry bulb temperature does not indicate the amount of moisture in the air. In construction, it is an important consideration when designing a building for a certain climate.  Nall called it one of "the most important climate variables for human comfort and building energy efficiency."

DBT is an important variable in Psychrometrics, being the horizontal axis of a Psychrometric chart.


He Was Too Good to Me

"He Was Too Good to Me" is a song with music by Richard Rodgers and lyrics by Lorenz Hart. It was introduced in the tryouts of their 1930 Broadway musical Simple Simon, but was dropped before the show's New York opening. Despite its inauspicious beginning, the song has become a jazz standard, and has been recorded by such artists as Eileen Farrell, Natalie Cole, Barry Galbraith, Chet Baker, Thad Jones, Nina Simone, Shirley Horn, Chris Connor, Jeri Southern (When Your Heart's on Fire (1957)) and Carmen McRae (Book of Ballads (1958)).

The song is occasionally sung as “She was too good to me”, especially by male singers, including The Vogues on their album Till (1999)

The song was covered by Carly Simon on her album My Romance (1990) and by Bette Midler on her album Some People's Lives also in 1990, as a medley paired with Since You Stayed Here. Australian singer Renée Geyer recorded the song on her album Difficult Woman in 1994. On Midler's version the second verse contains the revised line "I was a queen to him. Who's gonna light my way now?", while Geyer's version reprises the original "I was a queen to him. Who's gonna make me gay now?".

This song, sung by Bob Shane, is featured in The Kingston Trio album called Something Special released in 1962 with orchestral accompaniment which was unusual for the group. This song was also recently released by Bob Shane, of the Kingston Trio, on his new album "The World Needs a Melody".


Atlanta, Caldwell County, Texas

Atlanta is a ghost town in Caldwell County in the U.S. state of Texas. It sits near the current site of Luling in southern Caldwell County.

History
Atlanta started out as a farming community. Its first settlers may have arrived at the area as early as the 1850s. A railroad track was laid in Atlanta by the Galveston, Harrisburg, and San Antonio Railway, in which it started in Columbus, and ended at Luling, which became a new town in 1874. Atlanta became a part of Luling that same time, and it started to disappear afterwards. The settlement had its own school which continued to function until there were new school districts established in Caldwell County in 1887. It did not appear on county highway maps, nor did it have any population estimates at that same time. A copy of its original platting was reproduced in 1986 by the Plum Creek Almanac.

Reference


Edison Chouest Offshore

Edison Chouest Offshore (ECO), started as Edison Chouest Boat Rentals in 1960, is family of companies in the marine transportation business based in Cut Off, Louisiana. ECO owns and operates a fleet of Platform supply vessels, Subsea Construction / IMR vessels, a Riserless Light Well Intervention vessel, Anchor handling tug supply vessels, Oil Spill Response Vessels, and Well Stimulation Vessels, as well as an independently owned fleet of Research Vessels and Ice Breakers.

ECO operates five shipyards: North American Shipbuilding (NAS) in Larose was started in 1974. Chouest added North American Fabricators, (NAF), in Houma, in 1996 (now part of LaShip), Estaleiro NavShip, in Brazil, in 2005, Gulf Ship, in Gulfport MS, in 2007, Tampa Ship, the former Tampa Bay Shipbuilding, in 2008, and La Ship, in Houma, in 2011.

ECO's offshore vessels range from 109 feet to 525 feet.


Toni Tetzlaff

Toni Tetzlaff (1871–1947) was a German stage and film actress.

Selected filmography

 Alkohol (1919)
 Lilli (1919)
 Lilli's Marriage (1919)
 The World Champion (1919)
 Devoted Artists (1919)
 Princess Woronzoff (1920)
 In the Whirl of Life (1920)
 The Adventuress of Monte Carlo (1921)
 Waves of Life and Love (1921)
 Lola Montez, the King's Dancer (1922)
 Louise de Lavallière (1922)
 Should We Get Married? (1925)
 Reluctant Imposter (1925)
 The Ascent of Little Lilian (1925)
 The Three Mannequins (1926)
 Lace (1926)
 Countess Ironing-Maid (1926)
 His Greatest Bluff (1927)
 Heads Up, Charley (1927)
 Love in the Cowshed (1928)
 Panic (1928)
 Immorality (1928)
 When the Mother and the Daughter (1928)
 From a Bachelor's Diary (1929)
 The Woman Everyone Loves Is You (1929)
 Sinful and Sweet (1929)
 Fräulein Else (1929)
 Jenny's Stroll Through Men (1929)
 Hans in Every Street (1930)
 The Woman Without Nerves (1930)
 Busy Girls (1930)
 End of the Rainbow (1930)
 That's All That Matters (1931)
 Queen of the Night (1931)
 Elisabeth of Austria (1931)
 The Concert (1931)
 Waves of Life and Love (1921)
 Spoiling the Game (1932)
 Madame Makes Her Exit (1932)
 So Ended a Great Love (1934)
 Playing with Fire (1934)
 The Valiant Navigator (1935)
 The Castle in Flanders (1936)
 Tomfoolery (1936)
 The Court Concert (1936)
 The Irresistible Man (1937)
 Diamonds (1937)
 Dangerous Game (1937)
 Love Can Lie (1937)
 Serenade (1937)
 A Prussian Love Story (1938)
 Congo Express (1939)
 The Girl at the Reception (1940)
 No Place for Love (1947)
 The Court Concert (1948)


Metacommunity

An ecological metacommunity is a set of interacting communities which are linked by the dispersal of multiple, potentially interacting species.  The term is derived from the field of community ecology, which is primarily concerned with patterns of species distribution, abundance and interactions. Metacommunity ecology combines the importance of local factors (environmental conditions, competition, predation) and regional factors (dispersal of individuals, immigration, emigration) to explain patterns of species distributions that happen in different spatial scales.

There are four theoretical frameworks, or unifying themes, that each detail specific mechanistic processes useful for predicting empirical community patterns.  These are the patch dynamics, species sorting, source–sink dynamics (or mass effect) and neutral model frameworks.  Patch dynamics models describe species composition among multiple, identical patches, such as islands. In this framework, species are able to persist on patches through tradeoffs in colonization ability and competitive ability, where less competitive species can disperse to unoccupied patches faster than they go extinct in others.  Species sorting models describe variation in abundance and composition within the metacommunity due to individual species responses to environmental heterogeneity, such that certain local conditions may favor certain species and not others. Under this perspective, species are able to persist in patches with suitable environmental conditions resulting in a strong correlation between local species composition and the environment.  This model represents the classical theories of the niche-centric era of G. Evelyn Hutchinson and Robert MacArthur.  Source-sink models describe a framework in which dispersal and environmental heterogeneity interact to determine local and regional abundance and composition.  This framework is derived from the metapopulation ecology term describing source–sink dynamics at the population level.  High levels of dispersal among habitat patches allows populations to be maintained in environments that are normally outside the species environmental range. Finally, the neutral perspective describes a framework where species are essentially equivalent in their competitive and dispersal abilities, and local and regional composition and abundance is determined primarily by stochastic demographic processes and dispersal limitation.  The neutral perspective was recently popularized by Stephen Hubbell following his groundbreaking work on the unified neutral theory of biodiversity.


Gonahran

Gonahran (, also Romanized as Gonahrān and Gonharān; also known as Golharān, Gūlhārūn, and Qolharān) is a village in Karvan-e Olya Rural District, Karvan District, Tiran and Karvan County, Isfahan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 1,021, in 286 families.


Local government in Kraków

Each president of the city of Kraków (known as the Mayor) fulfills his duties with the help of the City Council, city managers and the city inspectors. Their joint responsibilities include drafting and implementing resolutions, enacting city bylaws, managing city budget as well as its administration, and preparing against floods and natural disasters. The Kraków Council resides at the Wielopolski Palace at All Saints 3-4 Square in a historic building erected originally in 1560; purchased by the Municipality in 1864.

The city budget of Kraków
The budget of the city of Kraków, which is presented by the Mayor of Kraków on 15 November each year, in 2006 had a projected revenue of 2,150 million złoty.
The sources of revenue were as follows: 14% from the municipal taxation on real estate properties as well as on the use of amenities, 3% in taxes collected by Collections Office, 7% from sale and lease of city-owned properties, 30% in transfers from the national budget based in federal income tax, 34% in state subsidies, 3% in union fees, 1% from tax on liquor sales permits, and 8% from vehicle registrations, passport fees and others.

Projected expenditures, to the total amount of 2,349 million złoty, included: 79% in city maintenance costs, and 21% in city development costs. The maintenance costs were divided as follows: 39% toward education and childcare, 9% for the city infrastructure and lighting, 31% toward social services, 4% for culture and recreational facilities, 3% for mortgage repayments, 1% in transfers to poorer districts and 13% for other expenses including city administration.

City of Kraków development costs were divided as follows: 41% toward road building, transport and communication, 25% — city's infrastructure and environment, 2% for social housing, 8% for modernization of cultural facilities including museums, 15% for sports facilities, and 9% for hospitals, daycare centres and schools.

Budget of Krakow for the year 2006: revenue and expenditures

The Kraków City Council
The Kraków City Council has forty-three elected members, one of whom is the mayor, or the President of Kraków, elected every five years in an election by city voters through a secret ballot. The election of City Council and the local head of government, which takes place at the same time, is based on legislation introduced on 20 June 2002. The current President of Kraków, re-elected for his second, third, fourth and fifth term in 2018 is Prof. Jacek Majchrowski, lawyer, historian, professor of Jagiellonian University and doctor honoris causa of Bordeaux University.

Kraków City Council of the 8th term (2018-2023)
Chairperson: Dominik Jaśkowiec (KO)
Vice-Chairperson:
Michał Drewnicki (PiS)
Sławomir Pietrzyk (Friendly Kraków)
Łukasz Wantuch (Friendly Kraków)

City Councillors


Warmesberg railway station

Warmesberg railway station () is a railway station in Altstätten, in the Swiss canton of St. Gallen. It is an intermediate stop on the  Altstätten–Gais line and is served by local trains only.

Services
Warmesberg is served by the S24 of the St. Gallen S-Bahn:

 : hourly service between Gais and Altstätten Stadt.