Union Township, Union County, New Jersey

Not to be confused with Union Township, Hunterdon County, New Jersey; Union City, New Jersey in Hudson County; or the historical Union Township, Hudson County, New Jersey.

Union Township is a township in Union County, New Jersey, United States. In the 18th century, the area that is now Union was then called Connecticut Farms. As of the 2010 United States Census, the township population was 56,642, the highest recorded in any decennial census, reflecting an increase of 2,237 (+4.1%) from the 54,405 counted in the 2000 Census, which had in turn increased by 4,381 (+8.8%) from the 50,024 counted in the 1990 Census.

History
Settled in 1667, Union was the third English speaking settlement in New Jersey after Elizabeth and Newark, with the area that is now Union then called Connecticut Farms.

Union Township was the site of the Battle of Connecticut Farms. On June 6, 1780, British troops, led by Hessian General Wilhelm von Knyphausen, boarded boats on Staten Island bound for Elizabeth, New Jersey.  At midnight, 5,000 troops started to land. They expected the Continental Army to give little resistance, believing that they were tired of the war and were poorly fed and paid.  They also expected the citizens of New Jersey to welcome them. They were wrong on both counts and were unable to make their way to and through the Hobart Gap.

Union Township was incorporated as a township by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on November 23, 1808, from portions of Elizabeth Township, while the area was still part of Essex County. It became part of the newly formed Union County on March 19, 1857. Portions of the township have been taken to form Linden Township (March 4, 1861), Roselle Park, (March 22, 1901), Kenilworth (May 13, 1907) and Hillside (April 3, 1913). In 1946, a group of residents pushed for the township's name to be changed to "Connecticut Farms", citing the potential benefits to area residents and businesses from the broad awareness of the historical significance of the name.

Geography
The Township of Union is located on the northern-central edge of Union County and is bordered by eight municipalities: Hillside to the east, Elizabeth to the southeast, Roselle Park and Kenilworth to the south and  Springfield Township to the west. Northwest of the township lies Millburn, to the north lies Maplewood and to the northeast lies Irvington, all in Essex County.

According to the United States Census Bureau, Union township had a total area of 9.092 square miles (23.548 km2), including 9.071 square miles (23.494 km2) of land and 0.021 square miles (0.055 km2) of water (0.23%).

Unincorporated communities, localities and place names located partially or completely within the township include Battle Hill, Connecticut Farms, Galloping Hill, Headlentown, Putnam Manor, Salem, Townley and Vauxhall.

Neighborhoods
Five Points, area around the junction of Galloping Hill Road, Chestnut Street, Salem Road, Delaware Avenue, Walton Avenue, and Tucker Avenue.
Brookside Heights (Curreyville), west of Vauxhall Road.
Vauxhall, area of Union north of I-78 and west of Stuyvesant Avenue, with its own ZIP code 07088.
Union Center, area around the intersection of Morris and Stuyvesant Avenues.
Putnam Ridge, a section between Suburban Road, Morris Avenue, Twin Oaks Road, and Colonial Avenue.
Putnam Manor, an historic section between Colonial Avenue and Salem Road.
Orchard Park
Parkside Manor, a three-road section off of Union Terrace, featured in the movie She Devil with Roseanne Barr.
Larchmont Estates, area bordered by Larchmont Reservation (NW and NE edges), Morris Avenue (SW), Liberty Avenue (SE), and Joe Collins Park/Larchmont Reservation (NE edge).
Battle Hill, area served by Battle Hill Elementary School in west Union, bordered by Rahway River (W edge), Morris Avenue (N), the west branch of the Elizabeth River (E), and Route 22 (S).
Green Lane, new community between Kean University and Union Station.
Fairway Drive, community bordering the Galloping Hill Golf Course.

Demographics

2010 Census

The Census Bureau's 2006-2010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income was $73,722 (with a margin of error of +/- $4,858) and the median family income was $86,705 (+/- $3,822). Males had a median income of $54,811 (+/- $1,998) versus $47,144 (+/- $2,316) for females. The per capita income for the township was $31,135 (+/- $1,104). About 3.7% of families and 4.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.7% of those under age 18 and 5.6% of those age 65 or over.

2000 Census
As of the 2000 United States Census of 2000, there were 54,405 people, 19,534 households, and 14,162 families residing in the township.  The population density was 5,968.1 people per square mile (2,303.3/km²).  There were 20,001 housing units at an average density of 2,194.1 per square mile (846.8/km²).  An example of a diverse city in the United States, the racial makeup of the township was 67.66% White, 19.76% African American, 0.15% Native American, 7.72% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 2.44% from other races, and 2.24% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 8.93% of the population.

There were 19,534 households out of which 32.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.5% were married couples living together, 13.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.5% were non-families. 23.8% of all households were made up of individuals and 13.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.  The average household size was 2.71 and the average family size was 3.25.

In the township the population was spread out with 22.3% under the age of 18, 8.9% from 18 to 24, 29.3% from 25 to 44, 22.3% from 45 to 64, and 17.3% who were 65 years of age or older.  The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 87.9 males.  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.2 males.

The median income for a household in the township was $59,173, and the median income for a family was $68,707. Males had a median income of $45,299 versus $35,604 for females. The per capita income for the township was $24,768.  About 3.0% of families and 4.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.6% of those under age 18 and 5.5% of those age 65 or over.

Government

Local government
Union Township is governed under the Township form of government. The five-member Township Committee is elected directly by the voters at-large in partisan elections to serve three-year terms of office on a staggered basis, with either one or two seats coming up for election each year as part of the November general election in a three-year cycle. At an annual reorganization meeting, the Township Committee selects one of its members to serve as Mayor. The Mayor, in addition to voting as a member of the Township Committee, presides over the meetings of the committee and carries out ceremonial duties.

, members of the Union Township Committee are Mayor Michele S. Delisfort (D, Deputy Mayor Joseph M. Florio (D), Suzette Cavadas (D), Manuel T. Figueiredo (D) and Clifton People Jr. (D).

Mayors of Union

Federal, state and county representation
Union Township is split between the 7th and 10th Congressional Districts and is part of New Jersey's 20th state legislative district. Prior to the 2010 Census, Union Township had also been split between the 7th and 10th Congressional Districts with different boundaries, a change made by the New Jersey Redistricting Commission that took effect in January 2013, based on the results of the November 2012 general elections. The redistricting plan that took effect in 2013 placed 31,611 residents living in the central and western portions of the township into the 7th District, while 25,031 residents in a semicircle that runs along the northern, eastern and southern borders of the township were placed into the 10th District.

Politics
As of March 23, 2011, there were a total of 31,155 registered voters in Union Township, of which 12,061 (38.7% vs. 41.8% countywide) were registered as Democrats, 3,928 (12.6% vs. 15.3%) were registered as Republicans and 15,157 (48.7% vs. 42.9%) were registered as Unaffiliated. There were 9 voters registered to other parties. Among the township's 2010 Census population, 55.0% (vs. 53.3% in Union County) were registered to vote, including 69.7% of those ages 18 and over (vs. 70.6% countywide).

In the 2012 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 16,423 votes (70.7% vs. 66.0% countywide), ahead of Republican Mitt Romney with 6,464 votes (27.8% vs. 32.3%) and other candidates with 155 votes (0.7% vs. 0.8%), among the 23,235 ballots cast by the township's 33,589 registered voters, for a turnout of 69.2% (vs. 68.8% in Union County). In the 2008 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 15,625 votes (63.8% vs. 63.1% countywide), ahead of Republican John McCain with 8,462 votes (34.5% vs. 35.2%) and other candidates with 189 votes (0.8% vs. 0.9%), among the 24,505 ballots cast by the township's 32,622 registered voters, for a turnout of 75.1% (vs. 74.7% in Union County). In the 2004 presidential election, Democrat John Kerry received 12,751 votes (57.9% vs. 58.3% countywide), ahead of Republican George W. Bush with 8,987 votes (40.8% vs. 40.3%) and other candidates with 174 votes (0.8% vs. 0.7%), among the 22,013 ballots cast by the township's 30,383 registered voters, for a turnout of 72.5% (vs. 72.3% in the whole county).

In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Democrat Barbara Buono received 53.4% of the vote (6,269 cast), ahead of Republican Chris Christie with 45.4% (5,334 votes), and other candidates with 1.2% (135 votes), among the 12,013 ballots cast by the township's 33,305 registered voters (275 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 36.1%. In the 2009 gubernatorial election, Democrat Jon Corzine received 7,628 ballots cast (53.0% vs. 50.6% countywide), ahead of Republican Chris Christie with 5,734 votes (39.8% vs. 41.7%), Independent Chris Daggett with 741 votes (5.1% vs. 5.9%) and other candidates with 113 votes (0.8% vs. 0.8%), among the 14,397 ballots cast by the township's 31,972 registered voters, yielding a 45.0% turnout (vs. 46.5% in the county).

On October 15, 2014, President Barack Obama visited the township to attend a Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee fundraising event.

Education

The Union Public School District serves students in pre-kindergarten through twelfth grade. As of the 2011-12 school year, the district's 10 schools had an enrollment of 7,466 students and 572.0 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 13.05:1. The schools in the district (with 2011-12 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are six PreK-4 elementary schools —
Battle Hill Elementary School (427 students),
Hannah Caldwell Elementary School (701),
Connecticut Farms Elementary School (500),
Franklin Elementary School (476),
Livingston Elementary School (445) and
Washington Elementary School (596) —
Jefferson Elementary School (262 in grade 5),
Burnet Middle School (1,077; 6-8),
Kawameeh Middle School (665; 6-8) and
Union High School for grades nine through twelve (2,317).

Union was threatened with being the first municipality north of the Mason–Dixon line to suffer from penalties as a result of school segregation. The area of Vauxhall was primarily black and Jefferson Elementary School was disproportionately black compared to the rest of the town. Union avoided problems by converting Jefferson Elementary into a sixth-grade only school called Central 6 and bused the Jefferson students to all the other elementary schools. It was later renamed Central 5 and is now Jefferson School, which is used as a one-year school for fifth-grade students.

Union is also home to several private nursery schools and the Deron School, a private school for learning disabled students ages 5–13. St. Michael's Parish School and Holy Spirit School (founded in 1965) operate under the supervision of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Newark.

Kean University, dating back to 1855, serves a total student population of almost 16,000. Called New Jersey State Teachers College when it was located in Newark, the school moved to Union in 1958, was renamed Kean College in 1973 and was granted university status in 1997.

Transportation

Roads and highways
, the township had a total of  of roadways, of which  were maintained by the municipality,  by Union County and  by the New Jersey Department of Transportation and  by the New Jersey Turnpike Authority.

Union is traversed by the Garden State Parkway, Interstate 78, U.S. Route 22 and Route 82 (Morris Avenue).

The Parkway connects Kenilworth in the south to Hillside in the north. The Parkway includes interchanges 139A (Chestnut Street) / 139B (Route 82 West Union), interchanges 140 (Route 22 / Route 82 west) / 140A (Route 22 / Route 82 west) and interchange 141 (Vauxhall Road / Union).

Public transportation
NJ Transit offers rail service at the Union train station providing service on the Raritan Valley Line (formerly the mainline of the Lehigh Valley Railroad) to Newark Penn Station. The station opened in 2003 and includes a parking lot with over 450 spaces.

NJ Transit also provides bus service to New York City and New Jersey points on the 113, 114 and 117 routes to the Port Authority Bus Terminal in Midtown Manhattan, on the 65, 66 70 and 94 routes to Newark and local service on the 26 and 52.

Former Rahway Valley Railroad freight line, now abandoned, crosses through Union. This line, presently licensed to Morristown and Erie Railway, is in the process of revitalization after which it will link to NJ Transit's Morris and Essex Lines at Summit and connect to Staten Island.

Newark Liberty International Airport is approximately  east of Union.

Notable buildings

 The Union Watersphere, for many years the tallest water tower of its type in the world, stands 212 feet tall, holds 250,000 gallons of drinking water and is now also used as a cell phone tower. The landmark and icon inspired a former Union resident to create a website and museum (in Austin, Texas) dedicated to it.
 Union is home to several houses constructed totally of poured concrete, an experiment of Thomas Edison. The homes on Ingersoll Terrace include poured concrete interior walls with formed concrete plumbing.
 Union is home to a building in the shape of a ship at 2262 U.S. Route 22. Originally a restaurant and night club, it has changed ownership over the years, becoming a furniture store known as "The Flagship" and later The Wiz Home Electronics. It is currently a P. C. Richard & Son store.
 Union is home to the largest Home Depot store in the United States, covering .

Notable people

People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with Union Township include:
 Aminat Ayinde, the second runner-up from Cycle 12 of America's Next Top Model.
 C. Louis Bassano (born 1942) politician who served in both the New Jersey General Assembly and the New Jersey Senate.
 Isaiah Briscoe (born 1996), basketball player for the Kentucky Wildcats men's basketball team.
 Freddie 'Red' Cochrane (1915–1993), professional boxer in the welterweight (147lb) division who became World Champion in 1941 in that class.
 Joe Collins (1922–1989), first baseman for the New York Yankees from 1948 to 1957. A park on Liberty Avenue is named after him.
 Tom Coyne (1954-2017), mastering engineer.
 Joseph Cryan (born 1961), represents the 20th legislative district in the New Jersey General Assembly.
 Quenton DeCosey (born 1994), professional basketball player for Koroivos of the Greek Basket League.
 Jamie Fox (1954–2017), political strategist.
 Gina Genovese (born 1959), businesswoman and politician who has served as mayor of Long Hill Township.
 Kayla Hoffman (born 1988), artistic gymnast.
 Mildred Barry Hughes (1902–1995), the first woman elected to the New Jersey Senate, in 1965.
 Ron Karkovice (born 1963), Major League baseball catcher from 1986 to 1997.
 Amalya Lyle Kearse (born 1937), a judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit.
 Larry Kubin (born 1959), linebacker who played with the Washington Redskins from 1981 to 1984.
 Kelly Kulick (born 1977), professional bowler who became the first woman ever to win a regular Professional Bowlers Association tour title.
 Artie Lange (born 1967), comedian, actor, and former Howard Stern Show sidekick.
 Ray Liotta (born 1954), actor.
 Elliott Maddox (born 1947), professional baseball player with both the New York Yankees 1974-76 and the New York Mets 1978-80.
 Conde McGinley (born 1890), publisher of the anti-Communist and anti-Semitic weekly paper, Common Sense.
 Matthew John Rinaldo (born 1931), represented New Jersey in the United States House of Representatives for twenty years, in the 12th congressional district (1973–1983) and in the 7th congressional district (1983–1993).
 Tyler Roberson (born 1994), professional basketball player for the Agua Caliente Clippers of the NBA G League.
 Anthony E. Russo (born 1926), former member of the New Jersey Senate who served as Mayor of Union.
 Karl Schellscheidt (born 1968), soccer player, educator and entrepreneur.
 Manfred Schellscheidt (born 1941) German-American soccer coach and former player and member of the National Soccer Hall of Fame.
 Amy Simon (born 1971), planetary scientist at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center.
 Darnell Stapleton (born 1985), former offensive guard for the Pittsburgh Steelers who was a member of the Steelers' Super Bowl XLIII championship team.
 Travis Taylor (born 1990), professional basketball player.
 Bill Wenzel (1918–1987), cartoonist best known for his good girl art.
 Robert Wuhl (born 1951), actor.
 Darren Young (born 1983), professional wrestler signed to WWE where he is one half of The Prime Time Players with Titus O'Neil.


Connor Drought

Connor Drought (born June 14, 2001) is an American soccer player who plays as a left back for Cornell Big Red.


Henry Burchard Fine

Henry Burchard Fine (September 14, 1858 – December 22, 1928) was an American university dean and mathematician.

Life and career
Fine was born at Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, and was educated at Princeton University (A.B., 1880) and the University of Leipzig (Ph.D., 1885) universities.  His Ph.D. thesis, On the singularities of curves of double curvature, was written under the supervision of Felix Klein and Carl Neumann.

At Princeton he was assistant professor (1885–1890), then became professor in 1890, and he also was dean of the faculty from 1903–1912 and dean of the department of science after 1909.

He was president of the American Mathematical Society in 1911–12.

Fine wrote:
 Euclid's Elements (1891)
 The Number System of Algebra (1891; second edition, 1903)  PDF/DjVu copy from Internet Archive.
 A College Algebra (1904)
 Coördinate Geometry, with Henry Dallas Thompson (1909) PDF Copy from University of Michigan Historical Math Collection.
 Calculus (1927)

Fine Hall, the building housing the Mathematics Department at Princeton, was named after him, in recognition of his key role in developing the mathematics faculty.

Obituary
 Oswald Veblen, Henry Burchard Fine—In memoriam, Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society 35, (1929), pp. 726–730.


John Coape Sherbrooke

General Sir John Coape Sherbrooke, GCB (baptised 29 April 1764 – 14 February 1830) was a British soldier and colonial administrator. After serving in the British army in Nova Scotia, the Netherlands, India, the Mediterranean (including Sicily), and Spain, he was appointed Lieutenant-Governor of Nova Scotia in 1811. During the War of 1812, his policies and victory in the conquest of present-day Maine, renaming it the colony of New Ireland, led to significant prosperity in Nova Scotia.

Spain
He served under the Duke of Wellington as a Major General in the Peninsular War from 1807 until his reassignment to Nova Scotia. Simultaneously, he was a Lieutenant General of Portuguese forces.

Nova Scotia
Sherbrooke arrived at Halifax on 16 October 1812 as commander of the forces in the Atlantic provinces. The five years of Sherbrooke's administration were dominated by war with the United States, which broke out in June 1812, and matters relating to the colony's defence. He mounted guns at harbour entrances across the colony and placed the militias in a state of readiness.  The war proved to be profitable for Nova Scotia. Sherbrooke's commercial policies turned the Atlantic provinces into a thriving entrepôt for international trade.

From 1813–1830 Sherbrooke was Colonel of the 33rd Regiment of Foot.

New Ireland
Deciding to strike at the long-disputed borderland between Passamaquoddy Bay and the Penobscot River, Sherbrooke led an expeditionary force that August which successfully landed at Castine and proceeded to subdue the entire region between the Penobscot and the St Croix. He renamed the region the colony of New Ireland. The eight-month occupation of Castine yielded customs revenues which were subsequently used to finance the Cambridge Military Library in Halifax and found Dalhousie College.

The financing of Dalhousie college, now Dalhousie University in Halifax had largely come from custom duties collected by Sir John Coape Sherbrooke, then lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia during the occupation of Castine, Maine during the War of 1812, investing £7000 as the initial endowment and £3000 reserved for the actual construction of the college.

British North America
His active defence of the colony during the War of 1812 led to his appointment as Governor General of British North America in 1816.  His talent as a mediator helped settle disputes, and he won the confidence of Louis-Joseph Papineau.

Ill health (probably a stroke) forced Sherbrooke to resign after only two years, and he retired to Nottinghamshire in England.  However, his brief tenure was remembered as a period of calm before the coming storm (see Rebellions of 1837).

While he resided in Nova Scotia, his home was at Birch Cove on Bedford Basin, near Halifax. Named Sherwood, it eventually lent its name to the neighbourhoods of Sherwood Park and Sherwood Heights. The community of Sherbrooke, Nova Scotia also bears his name. Other honorific eponyms are listed below.

Honorific eponyms
Geographic locations
  Nova Scotia: Sherbrooke
  Nova Scotia: New Ross, formerly known as Sherbrooke
  Quebec: Sherbrooke
  Quebec: Rue Sherbrooke, Montreal

Buildings
  Quebec: Sherbrooke Station, Montreal
 Sherbrooke Martello Tower (1814–1828; four guns), at McNabs Cove, opposite York Redoubt at Halifax harbour.
 Fort Sherbrooke (Maine)

Vessels
 Sir John Sherbrooke
 Sir John Sherbrooke
 Barbados


1947 Baltimore Colts season

The 1947 Baltimore Colts season was their inaugural season in the AAFC. In their first season as a franchise, they finished last in their division, winning only two games.

The team's statistical leaders included Bud Schwenk with 2,236 passing yards, Bus Mertes with 321 rushing yards, and Billy Hillenbrand with 702 receiving yards and 60 points scored.

Season schedule

Division standings


Stębark

Stębark  (During 1945-1946 Sztymbark, ) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Grunwald, within Ostróda County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. The village is chiefly known for two historic battles which took place there: the 1410 Battle of Grunwald and the (Second) Battle of Tannenberg in World War I.

Geography
It is situated on the western edge of the historic Masuria region, southeast of the Dylewska Góra range. It lies approximately  south-east of Ostróda and  south-west of the regional capital Olsztyn. The village has a population of 630. From 1975 to 1998 it belonged to Olsztyn Voivodeship.

History
The settlement was first mentioned as Tannenberge about 1335, when the area was part of the State of the Teutonic Order. The Old Polish name Sztambark was already documented in 1426.

On 15 July 1410 a united army of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania led by King Władysław II Jagiełło and Grand Prince Vytautas, with additional mercenary troops from Bohemia, defeated the Teutonic Knights under Grand Master Ulrich von Jungingen in the Battle of Grunwald. The site of the cavalry battle, one of the largest in the whole Middle Ages, was actually the heath between the villages of Tannenberg and neighboring Grünfelde, mentioned by King Władysław as "loco conflictus nostri ... dicto Grunenvelt". Adopted as Grunwald by the Polish chronicler Jan Długosz (1415–1480), the battle was called Bitwa pod Grunwaldem in Polish, while German historiography named it Schlacht bei Tannenberg, after the deployment area of the Teutonic troops.

Upon the 1411 Peace of Thorn, the Teutonic Knights had a lady chapel erected at the site, where Ulrich von Jungingen was killed in the battle. After the 1525 Prussian Homage, the area became part of the Duchy of Prussia, an autonomous fief of the Polish Crown. Ravaged by Lipka and Crimean Tatar forces during the Deluge of the Second Northern War in 1656, Stębark, along with Masuria, was annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia in the 1772 First Partition of Poland and incorporated into the Province of East Prussia.

In 1914 during World War I the German Army under the command of General Paul von Hindenburg won an important victory over the Russian Imperial forces invading East Prussia in the Battle of Tannenberg. The combat lasted from 26 to 30 August and actually included a wide range of battlegrounds centered on Olsztynek, then known as Hohenstein. It was, however, named after nearby Tannenberg by the victorious Germans at Hindenburg's request, for propaganda purposes and to cast it as a kind of revenge for the medieval defeat. In 1934 von Hindenburg's funeral occurred there. In World War II, the Tannenberg myth lent the name to the German Operation Tannenberg extermination actions directed at the Polish people, while the Battle of Tannenberg Line refers to an Eastern Front campaign which took place in Estonia.

After the German defeat in 1945, Stębark with Masuria fell to the Republic of Poland according to the Potsdam Agreement and the remaining German population was expelled.

Sights
The main sights of Stębark are the  and the historic Holy Trinity church. The Grunwald Battlefield is located nearby.


A single human poll represents the 1980–81 AIAW Division I women's basketball rankings, the AP Poll, in addition to various publications' preseason polls. The AP poll was initially a poll of coaches conducted via telephone, where coaches identified top teams and a list of the Top 20 team was produced. The contributors continued to be coaches until 1994, when the AP took over administration of the poll from Mel Greenberg, and switched to a panel of writers. The AP poll is currently a poll of sportswriters. The AP conducts polls weekly through the end of the regular season and conference play.

Legend

AP Poll
Source


Ronald Hearns

Ronald Hearns (born 19 March 1978 in Detroit, Michigan, United States) is an American professional boxer and the son of Thomas "Hitman" Hearns.

Hearns fights at both the light middleweight and middleweight divisions.

Background
Hearns began boxing as a teenager at Kronk and Butzel Gym’s in Detroit. However,  his father, a former world champion had him barred from the gyms in order that he would concentrate on his education.

Hearns attended American University where he graduated with a degree in Criminal Justice. During his time at AU he played for the university basketball team, the Eagles.

Following this his father became supportive of his boxing and Hearns Jr. gained a record of 10-0 (10 KO) during his brief amateur career and won the 2004 National Middleweight Championship Title.

Professional career
Hearns turned professional in April 2004 at the Joe Louis Arena, Detroit, Michigan. In his debut Hearns defeated unbeaten novice Alex Black with a first round knockout.  On March 28, 2009, in a televised bout, he was knocked out by Harry Joe Yorgey his first professional loss.
He faced middleweight champion Felix Sturm February 19, 2011 and lost by KO in the 7th round.


Michele Gorman

Michele Gorman is an American-born British author.

Gorman is represented by Hardman & Swainson. Her debut, Single in the City, was published by Penguin Books; Gorman has now published more than a dozen books with Notting Hill Press in the US and Orion/Trapeze and HarperCollins in the UK and the rest of the world. She also writes cosy romantic comedies under the pen-name Lilly Bartlett.

Career
Gorman was raised in Pittsfield, Massachusetts, and her background is financial rather than literary. She went back to school full-time in Chicago for her master's degree in Sociology. In 1998 she moved to London where she worked as a market analyst for more than a decade.

Her first book, Single in the City, was published by Penguin Books in June 2010. In 2014 she signed with Avon (publisher), an imprint of HarperCollins  and in 2017 she moved to HarperImpulse for the publication of her Lilly Bartlett pen-named books. In 2020 she signed with Orion/Trapeze for the publication of The Staycation. Today she is a full-time author living in London.

In 2012, Gorman joined forces with fellow chick lit authors Talli Roland and Belinda Jones to found Notting Hill Press.

Books


SAP CRM

The SAP CRM applications have been initially an integrated on-premise customer relationship management (CRM) software manufactured by SAP SE which targeted business software requirements for marketing, sales and service of midsize and large organizations in all industries and sectors. The first SAP CRM release 2.0 has been made generally available in November 2000. The current release 7.0 is being updated with quarterly enhancement packs (EHPs) since 2012.

In 2007 SAP started to develop a cloud based CRM which has been renamed from Sales on Demand to SAP Cloud for Customer in 2013 . Since 2018 SAP has consolidated all of its cloud based marketing, sales, service and commerce applications as SAP C/4HANA suite.

Overview
After the acquisition of Hybris in 2013, SAP has gradually realigned their CRM strategy mainly to take on the market leader Salesforce.com which is a cloud-based software. In a bid to be more competitive and future focused, SAP has been shifting towards cloud based CRM applications since 2011 rather than traditional on-premise software. Still SAP CRM is being used by thousands of companies and there are according to SAP no plans to sunset the product.

SAP has consolidated its CRM applications under the terms "Customer Engagement and Commerce" (CEC) and since 2018 under "Customer Experience" (CX). SAP offers a variety of (partially acquired) applications:

 Customer Profile Management
 SAP Customer Data Cloud (acquired and formerly known as Gigya)
Marketing
 SAP Marketing Cloud (formerly known as SAP Hybris Marketing)
SAP CRM Marketing (On Premise)
 Commerce
 SAP Commerce Cloud (acquired and formerly known as Hybris Commerce)
Sales
 SAP Sales Cloud (formerly known as Cloud for Sales or C4C)
Callidus Cloud CPQ (acquired)
 SAP CRM Sales (On Premise)
 Service
 SAP Service Cloud (formerly known as Cloud for Service or C4S)
SAP Customer Engagement Center (formerly known as Hybris Service Engagement Center)
Core Systems (acquired)
 SAP CRM Service (On Premise)
SAP CRM Interaction Center (On Premise)
 Billing
 SAP Subscription Billing (formerly known as Hybris Revenue Cloud)
SAP Billing and Revenue Management (On Premise and formerly known as SAP BRIM or Hybris Billing)

History
SAP started working on CRM related capabilities in the early 1990s as embedded CRM modules of the SAP R/3 ERP. The "Sales and Distribution" (SD) module of SAP R/3 ERP covered functionalities for:

 Customer management and Product catalog (MM).
 Pre-sales actions for inquiry, activities and quotation management.
 Sales order and delivery management
 Pricing, tax and billing including credit management

SAP offered its first stand-alone CRM software in 2000. The initial release of "SAP CRM" 2.0 had been pushed by the acquisition of the German salesforce automation specialist Kiefer & Veittinger with its "Mobile Sales" application.

In parallel to the new focus for stand-alone SAP CRM, SAP continued to invest in the embedded CRM scenarios as part of its ERP software in 2005. This allowed SAP in 2007 to copy the CRM codeline from the newly developed cloud ERP SAP Business ByDesign and to create the independent "Cloud for Sales" and "Cloud for Service" applications (also known as "Cloud for Customer"). Another example for this copy and paste approach was the decision to move the SAP CRM codelines for service and sales into the S/4HANA ERP which allowed SAP to offer the new "S/4HANA for Customer Management" option.

Major milestones of the SAP CRM development:

SAP R/3 Sales and Distribution (SD) was initially released as part of R/3 Enterprise Edition 1.0 A in 1992
SAP CRM 2000 (2.0) initially released in 2000
SAP CRM 2006 (5.0) released in 2005
SAP CRM 2007 (6.0) released in 2007
SAP CRM 2008 (7.0) released in 2009 as Part of SAP Business Suite 7.0
SAP Business ByDesign Cloud ERP including CRM initially released in 2007
SAP Cloud for Customer initially released in 2011
Hybris acquisition in 2013 and afterwards renaming of its CRM portfolio to SAP Hybris Customer Engagement and Commerce in 2014
CallidusCloud (CPQ, Sales Enablement) and Coresystems (Field Service) acquisition in 2018
Introduction of SAP S/4HANA for Customer Management in 2018 which added the SAP CRM 7.0 service and sales capabilities to S/4HANA ERP core
SAP C/4HANA Customer Experience announced 2018


Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study Group

The Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study Group (IRS) was a U.S. and Canadian clinical trial cooperative group created with the mission of studying childhood cancers. In 2000, IRS merged with several other pediatric cooperative groups to form the Children's Oncology Group (COG). This merger has seen its fair share of problems, especially with regard to integrating the various databases associated with each individual cooperative group. One such initiative to consolidate these databases involves caBIG, or cancer BIG, which is guided and supported by the National Cancer Institute (NCI) in Bethesda, Maryland. They published a report on cancer treatment protocols published by the National Institute of Health in 2001, and a separate report in 2011 on improving outcomes for patients with low-risk embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma.

Quality Assurance Review Center
The Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study Group used to have all of its protocol driven cases reviewed at the Quality Assurance Review Center (QARC). As formerly mandated by the National Cancer Institute (NCI), every radiotherapy department participating in an IRS study used to have to submit their data to QARC for review. QARC is located in Providence, Rhode Island and reviews thousands of cases per year. The center was founded in 1977 as a not-for-profit healthcare organization designed initially to provide quality assurance for CALGB studies. Radiotherapy data from around one-thousand hospitals in both the United States and abroad is reviewed and archived at QARC.

Another center for quality assurance is the Radiological Physics Center (RPC) in Houston, Texas. The primary responsibility of the RPC is to assure the National Cancer Institute (NCI) and its former cooperative group IRS that all participating institutions were following the guidelines set-forth for the physics-related aspects of radiotherapy. Established in 1968, the RPC has consistently received funding from the NCI in order to perform the aforementioned mission.


Cryptantha angustifolia

Cryptantha angustifolia is a species of wildflower in the borage family known by several common names, including Panamint catseye and bristlelobe cryptantha. This plant is native to northern Mexico and the Southwestern United States from California to Texas, where it grows in desert scrub and woodland.

Description
Cryptantha angustifolia is an annual herb usually under half a meter in height and covered in long hairs and bristles. It has a number of small linear leaves mostly toward the base of the plant. The erect stems are covered by inflorescences in a cane-shaped curl similar to the flowers of fiddlenecks. Each flower is white with yellow throat parts and a few millimeters wide.


Project workforce management

Project workforce management is the practice of combining the coordination of all logistic elements of a project through a single software application (or workflow engine). This includes planning and tracking of schedules and mileposts, cost and revenue, resource allocation, as well as overall management of these project elements.  Efficiency is improved by eliminating manual processes, like spreadsheet tracking  to monitor project progress. It also allows for at-a-glance status updates and ideally integrates with existing legacy applications in order to unify ongoing projects, enterprise resource planning (ERP) and broader organizational goals. There are a lot of logistic elements in a project. Different team members are responsible for managing each element and often, the organisation may have a mechanism to manage some logistic areas as well.

By coordinating these various components of project management, workforce management and financials through a single solution, the process of configuring and changing project and workforce details is simplified.

Introduction
 A project workforce management system defines project tasks, project positions, and assigns personnel to the project positions. The project tasks and positions are correlated to assign a responsible project position or even multiple positions to complete each project task. Because each project position may be assigned to a specific person, the qualifications and availabilities of that person can be taken into account when determining the assignment. By associating project tasks and project positions, a manager can better control the assignment of the workforce and complete the project more efficiently.

When it comes to project workforce management, it is all about managing all the logistic aspects of a project or an organisation through a software application. Usually, this software has a workflow engine defined. Therefore, all the logistic processes take place in the workflow engine.

About

Technical field
This invention relates to project management systems and methods, more particularly to a software-based system and method for project and workforce management.

Software usage
Due to the software usage, all the project workflow management tasks can be fully automated without leaving many tasks for the project managers. This returns high efficiency to the project management when it comes to project tracking proposes. In addition to different tracking mechanisms, project workforce management software also offer a dashboard for the project team. Through the dashboard, the project team has a glance view of the overall progress of the project elements.

Most of the times, project workforce management software can work with the existing legacy software systems such as ERP (enterprise resource planning) systems. This easy integration allows the organisation to use a combination of software systems for management purposes.

Background
Good project management is an important factor for the success of a project. A project may be thought of as a collection of activities and tasks designed to achieve a specific goal of the organisation, with specific performance or quality requirements while meeting any subject time and cost constraints. Project management refers to managing the activities that lead to the successful completion of a project. Furthermore, it focuses on finite deadlines and objectives. A number of tools may be used to assist with this as well as with assessment.

Project management may be used when planning personnel resources and capabilities. The project may be linked to the objects in a professional services life cycle and may accompany the objects from the opportunity over quotation, contract, time and expense recording, billing, period-end-activities to the final reporting. Naturally the project gets even more detailed when moving through this cycle.

For any given project, several project tasks should be defined. Project tasks describe the activities and phases that have to be performed in the project such as writing of layouts, customising, testing. What is needed is a system that allows project positions to be correlated with project tasks. Project positions describe project roles like project manager, consultant, tester, etc. Project-positions are typically arranged linearly within the project. By correlating project tasks with project positions, the qualifications and availability of personnel assigned to the project positions may be considered.

Benefits of project management
 Good project management should:
 Reduce the chance of a project failing
 Ensure a minimum level of quality and that results meet requirements and expectations
 Free up other staff members to get on with their area of work and increase efficiency both on the project and within the business
 Make things simpler and easier for staff with a single point of contact running the overall project
 Encourage consistent communications amongst staff and suppliers
 Keep costs, timeframes and resources to budget

Workflow engine
When it comes to project workforce management, it is all about managing all the logistic aspects of a project or an organisation through a software application. Usually, this software has a workflow engine defined in them. So, all the logistic processes take place in the workflow engine.

The regular and most common types of tasks handled by project workforce management software or a similar workflow engine are:

Planning and monitoring project schedules and milestones
Regularly monitoring your project’s schedule performance can provide early indications of possible activity-coordination problems, resource conflicts, and possible cost overruns. To monitor schedule performance. Collecting information and evaluating it ensure a project accuracy.

The project schedule outlines the intended result of the project and what’s required to bring it to completion. In the schedule, we need to include all the resources involved and cost and time constraints through a work breakdown structure (WBS). The WBS outlines all the tasks and breaks them down into specific deliverables.

Tracking the cost and revenue aspects of projects
The importance of tracking actual costs and resource usage in projects depends upon the project situation.

Tracking actual costs and resource usage is an essential aspect of the project control function.

Resource utilisation and monitoring
Organisational profitability is directly connected to project management efficiency and optimal resource utilisation. To sum up, organisations that struggle with either or both of these core competencies typically experience cost overruns, schedule delays and unhappy customers.

The focus for project management is the analysis of project performance to determine whether a change is needed in the plan for the remaining project activities to achieve the project goals.

Other management aspects of project management

Project risk management

Risk identification consists of determining which risks are likely to affect the project and documenting the characteristics of each.

Project communication management

Project communication management is about how communication is carried out during the course of the project

Project quality management

It is of no use completing a project within the set time and budget if the final product is of poor quality. The project manager has to ensure that the final product meets the quality expectations of the stakeholders. This is done by good:

 Quality planning: Identifying what quality standards are relevant to the project and determining how to meet them.
 Quality assurance: Evaluating overall project performance on a regular basis to provide confidence that the project will satisfy the relevant quality standards.
 Quality control: Monitoring specific project results to determine if they comply with relevant quality standards and identifying ways to remove causes of poor performance.

Project workforce management vs. traditional management
There are three main differences between Project Workforce Management and traditional project management and workforce management disciplines and solutions:

Workflow-driven
All project and workforce processes are designed, controlled and audited using a built-in graphical workflow engine. Users can design, control and audit the different processes involved in the project. The graphical workflow is quite attractive for the users of the system and allows the users to have a clear idea of the workflow engine.

Organisation and work breakdown structures
Project Workforce Management provides organization and work breakdown structures to create, manage and report on functional and approval hierarchies, and to track information at any level of detail. Users can create, manage, edit and report work breakdown structures. Work breakdown structures have different abstraction levels, so the information can be tracked at any level. Usually, project workforce management has approval hierarchies. Each workflow created will go through several records before it becomes an organisational or project standard. This helps the organisation to reduce the inefficiencies of the process, as it is audited by many stakeholders.

Connected project, workforce and financial processes
Unlike traditional disconnected project, workforce and billing management systems that are solely focused on tracking IT projects, internal workforce costs or billable projects, Project Workforce Management is designed to unify the coordination of all project and workforce processes, whether internal, shared (IT) or billable.

Summary
A project workforce management system defines project tasks, project positions and assigns personnel to the project positions. The project tasks and project positions are correlated to assign a responsible project position or positions to complete each project task. Because each project position may be assigned to a specific person, the qualification and availabilities of the person can be taken into account when determining the assignment. By correlating the project tasks and project positions, a manager can better control the assignment of the workforce and complete projects more efficiently.

Project workflow management is one of the best methods for managing different aspects of project. If the project is complex, then the outcomes for the project workforce management could be more effective.

For simple projects or small organisations, project workflow management may not add much value, but for more complex projects and big organisations, managing project workflow will make a big difference. This is because that small organisations or projects do not have a significant overhead when it comes to managing processes. There are many project workforce management, but many organisations prefer to adopt unique solutions.

Therefore, organisation gets software development companies to develop custom project workflow managing systems for them. This has proved to be the most suitable way of getting the best project workforce management system acquired for the company.

Literature


Abbey of Our Lady of Gethsemani

The Abbey of Our Lady of Gethsemani is a monastery near Bardstown, Kentucky, in Nelson County, a part of the Order of Cistercians of the Strict Observance (Ordo Cisterciensis Strictioris Observantiae), better known as the Trappists. Founded on 21 December 1848 and raised to an abbey in 1851, Gethsemani is considered to be the motherhouse of all Trappist and Trappistine monasteries in the United States of America. Gethsemani is the oldest monastery in the United States that is still operating.

Following the Rule of Saint Benedict, the Trappist monks live a contemplative life of faithful prayer and work.  The monastery is situated on a working farm of .  The monks support themselves and the abbey through its store, Gethsemani Farms, offering handmade fruitcake, and bourbon fudge (both onsite and by mail order).

Gethsemani was the home of Trappist monk, social activist and author Thomas Merton from 1941 until his death in 1968.

History

Establishment

In September 1805, French Trappists from the Abbey of La Valsainte in Switzerland traveled from Pennsylvania to Louisville, Kentucky. From Louisville, they traveled south to the area of Bardstown to meet with Stephen Badin, the first Catholic priest ordained in the United States. Badin invited the monks and members of their Order to make their home in the area.  Their stay was short-lived and they left in 1809 after a season of bad flooding.

Four decades later, in 1847, Dom Maxime, Abbot of the Abbey of Melleray in France, sent two monks to Kentucky to find a tract of land on which the Order could build a monastery. Bishop Benedict Joseph Flaget in Louisville greeted the pair and guided them to Nelson County, to a tract of land owned by the Sisters of Loretto that was called Gethsemani where the previous community of Trappists had lived.  The two monks were able to contract a deal for the land.

On 26 October 1848, 44 monks of the Abbey of Melleray left France with their leader, Father Eutropius Proust, O.C.S.O. It was a timely departure as France was verging toward a revolution inspired by socialism and rising secularism had made the environment hostile toward the church. One of the monks died during the voyage, and the other 43 arrived on 11 December 1848 in New Orleans, Louisiana.  They journeyed up the Mississippi River on the Martha Washington, a steamboat, and arrived at Gethsemani on 21 December, celebrating mass on Christmas a few days later.

Beginnings

Life at Gethsemani at this time was exceedingly harsh. Shortly after their arrival, Proust came down with pneumonia and nearly died—recovering only after being administered the Last Rites. By 1849 the fledgling community had torn down the old cabins on the property and constructed a second chapel, and soon began planning for the c that place. So, in 1851, the grounds at Gethsemani were declared the "Proto-Abbey of the New World" and Proust became Dom Eutropius Proust—first Abbot of Gethsemani.

With Proust having been installed as abbot the previous year, plans for construction of the three-storey monastery finally began in October 1852—to be designed by the architect William Keely. It was during these pre-Civil war years that the monastery was built, modeled after the Abbey of Melleray. It was made of brick walls with timber roof supports with a rectangular abbatial church (meaning a church belonging to an abbey) constructed as well, the interior of which was made of lath and plaster in a Neo-Gothic style. The bricks were made on the work site, while the foundation was of limestone rock from Indiana. Later, windows were installed, and atop the church a large steeple was mounted. The steeple could be seen from great distances, and the new monastery stood out from its rural surroundings. Many local members of the community helped the monks in the construction process, some of whom were slaves. In exchange for the hard work of Gethsemani's neighbors, Proust promised the locals free schooling for their children. In 1859 Proust resigned as abbot and he returned to the Abbey of Melleray in France. At this time Gethsemani had a total of 65 monks. He later died in 1874 while serving as Abbot of the Abbey of Tre Fontane near Rome, Italy.

Second Abbot

Dom Benedict Berger, O.C.S.O., was installed as the next abbot, just after the American Civil War had commenced on April 19, 1861, though he had been leading the community since January of that year. Berger was known to have an astute business-sense about him and was diligent in ensuring his monks lived an austere existence—in fact, many locals viewed the monks as a strange and unhappy lot. He was equally remembered for his generosity and kindness to soldiers on both sides of the Civil War, accepting them in the abbey to provide nourishment, horses and/or distilled spirits. Berger did sympathize with the Union, however, and his monks enjoyed the protection of Union troops in the area. On May 1, 1864, the abbey opened their church in the public wing of their basilica to the general community, and France sent a priest by the name of Jerome Moyen to lead them.

On November 15, 1866, Gethsemani's abbatial church was consecrated by Archbishop Purcell of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cincinnati, assisted by the Bishops of Louisville and Buffalo, New York. Present at the consecration was Bishop Spalding of Baltimore, who gave the homily. That same year Gethsemani was given control over a nearby parish and Dom Benedict also founded a religious order for women—the Sisters of the Third Order Regular of St. Francis—who were assigned to teach at an all-girls school in Mount Olivet, Kentucky. Meanwhile, the abbey was not doing well to bring in new postulants, in part due to the strict leadership of Dom Benedict. In 1878 the abbey had roughly the same number of monks as when it was founded, and none of those present were American. As a result, Gethsemani leased some of its land to local farmers to avoid closure.

In 1884 the abbey suffered a devastating blow. Their grain mill—which had been a major source of income and nourishment—was burned to ashes. Despite this, Gethsemani managed a very large and productive farm by this time. In 1885 the community received its first lifelong American monk, a former cowboy from Texas. The number of monks at Gethsemani, however, had dropped to thirty-four by the end of Dom Benedict's tenure as Abbot. In ailing health, Berger retired in 1889 and was confined to the abbey's infirmary until his death in August 1891.

Third Abbot
Dom Edward Chaix-Bourbon was the next Abbot of Gethsemani, installed on May 9, 1890. He was a much different kind of Abbot in comparison to his predecessors—having entered the monastery in 1861, and having ruled the abbey in a much more relaxed fashion. Dom Edward applied himself to caring for the all-boys school the abbey ran on the grounds, transforming it into Gethsemani College, following receipt of a loan of $10,000. Soon the college was flooded with applications from all over Kentucky.

Today
The current abbot is Dom Elias Dietz, O.C.S.O.

Silence is still encouraged. The 40-odd monks who make up the community mingle with visitors and leave the monastery grounds for medical appointments and business concerning the abbey. The monastery uses hired help for some of their maintenance, construction tasks and to staff their mail-order phone center. Mass is held every weekday at 6:15 a.m., and at 10:30 a.m. on Sundays in the main chapel. There are also  vespers and other services interspersed throughout most days.

List of Abbots
I. Dom Eutropius Proust (1848–1859)
II. Dom Benedict Berger (1861–1889)
III. Dom Edward Chaix-Bourbon (1890–1896)
IV. Prior Benedict Dupont (1896–1898)
V. Dom Edmond Obrecht (1898–1935)
VI. Dom Frederic Dunne (1935–1948)
VII. Dom James Fox (1948–1968)
VIII. Fr. Flavian Burns (1968–1973)
IX. Fr. Timothy Kelly (1973–2000)
X. Fr. Damien Thompson (2000–2008)
XI. Dom Elias Dietz (2008–present)

Thomas Merton

Life at the Abbey

Monastic admission
Admission into the abbey is a difficult process for those interested in entering monastic life. The monastery requires applicants to make several visits to Gethsemani and encourages them to look into other communities as well. Finally, before being admitted they must pass psychological testing. Once accepted, an individual spends six months as a postulant and is then given his white robe. He then spends two years as a novice monk. If the monk is then found to be competent, he is approved by a council of "fully professed" monks and spends an additional three years as a "junior professed" monk. After these three years the monk can request to take his final, solemn vows, and become a "fully professed" monk.

Gethsemani Farms
Gethsemani once sustained itself solely through donations, by growing its own foods and selling timber. Today, in keeping with the observance of the Rule of St. Benedict, the monks of Gethsemani bring money to the monastery by producing fruitcake and fudge—in addition to royalties received from sales of Thomas Merton's books. The fruitcake is made with Kentucky bourbon as well as cherries, pineapples, raisins, dates and nuts. They sell their products both on-site and via mail order. The fruitcake was once rated "best overall" by The Wall Street Journal. The months of November and December are particularly busy for Gethsemani Farms, with the monks receiving and filling large orders for the holiday season.

Retreats

The tradition of Gethsemani accepting guests on the grounds dates back to its foundation in 1848, a tradition informed by Saint Benedict's Rule for Monasteries. Guests have ample room to roam around at the abbey, with trails, woodlands and expansive fields suitable for quiet walks and reflection. Gethsemani has a retreat house with thirty rooms for visitors complete with private baths and air conditioning, available by reservation. Retreats are silent and unstructured at the abbey. Both men and women are welcome to book a stay at the retreat house, though depending on the time they are housed there on different weeks. It is advised that visitors book their stays four months in advance, as the available slots tend to fill up fairly fast. Male visitors are discouraged, and female visitors are barred, from entering the enclosure. Speaking is allowed only in designated areas and visitors are expected to speak only in those areas.

Cemetery

The cemetery at The Abbey of Our Lady of Gethsemani is marked by its uniform small white metal crosses, resting on a buttressed embankment overlooking the valley and woodlands below. The monks buried there were buried in the traditional Trappist manner, in their monastic habit and without a casket. Thomas Merton's grave is located here and it is often filled with various mementos left for him by visitors to the abbey. His grave marker reads, in the same terse style as all the others there: "Fr. Louis Merton, Died Dec. 10, 1968."

Monastic interreligious dialogue

Gethsemani Encounter I
For a week in July 22—27 in 1996, The Abbey of Gethsemani played host to its first groundbreaking dialogue between monastics of various Catholic and Buddhist orders. Among the issues discussed were topics on prayer, meditation, work ethics, and monastic roles. According to the 14th Dalai Lama—who was present at the encounter—these discussions were important in paving the way for future dialogues between the two religions. The idea to establish such a connection between them first came about at the Parliament of the World's Religions in 1993, when Julian von Duerbeck and Wayne Teasdale asked the Monastic Interreligious Dialogue (MID) to host an interfaith dialogue between Buddhists and Catholics; MID accepted, and that morning they held a meeting at the Parliament.

Gethsemani Encounter II
The second Gethsemani Encounter was held at the abbey during the week of April 13 to April 18, 2002.


Jerónimo de Vivar

Jerónimo de Vivar  was a Spanish historian of the early conquest and settlement of the Kingdom of Chile, and author of Crónica y relación copiosa y verdadera de los reinos de Chile.

Little is known about his life except that according to his own conclusion to the Crónica he was born in Burgos, Spain.  He had come to the Indies some time before coming to Chile but no record of his passage was recorded. It is thought he arrived in Chile with the forces returning in 1549, from Peru with Francisco de Villagra overland. This gave him an opportunity to make detailed observation on the places and people in northern Chile that appear in the Crónica.

Vivar was an eyewitness to some events, like Pedro de Valdivia's overland expedition to settle Concepcion and the Battle of Andalien in 1550, some of the sea voyages described, and the expedition to settle Valdivia and the exploration of the surrounding area.  He often wrote based on reports of others that had witnessed the events from the time of the first settlement, including official documents.  Because of similarities to these documents some historians believed he was actually Valdivia's secretary, Juan de Cárdenas writing under a pseudonym.  However a study of their known movements and activities precluded that being the case.

It is thought that he was working to compile a detailed account of the history of the conquest and an account of the land of Chile promised by Pedro de Valdivia to the king of Spain in a letter of 1552.  This task he finished while in Santiago, in 1558 according to his colophon in the book.  Nothing more is known about him.  His book remained a manuscript. It was known to the Chilean historian Diego de Rosales writing in the following century and listed by a few other compilers of historical documents at that time. It then disappeared and was only found in the middle of the Twentieth century, being first published by the Fondo Histórico y Bibliográfico José Toribio Medina in 1966.


Arduin of Ivrea

Arduin (; c.955 – 14 December 1015) was an Italian nobleman who was King of Italy from 1002 until 1014.

In 990 Arduin became Margrave of Ivrea and in 991 Count of the Sacred Palace of the Lateran in Rome. In 1002, after the death of Emperor Otto III, the Italian nobles elected him King of Italy in the Basilica of San Michele Maggiore in Pavia, making him the first non-German on the Italian throne in 41 years. Arduin was considered the choice of the nobility and opposed by the episcopate, but he was initially supported by the Archbishop of Milan.

In Germany, however, Henry II was elected to succeed Otto, and he contested Arduin's election in Italy. In 1004, Henry invaded Italy, defeated Arduin and was crowned king in Pavia. He soon withdrew back to Germany, and Arduin was able to reassert his authority at least in the northwest of Italy for the next decade. Henry II invaded Italy again in 1014 and was proclaimed Emperor in Rome, at which point Arduin was finally forced to relinquish his crown. He died soon after at the Abbey of Fruttuaria, ending the independence of the Kingdom of Italy from Germany.

The study of Arduin's reign has been bedeviled by the many forged diplomas in his name. These caused older scholarship to overrate his importance after Henry's first expedition in 1004, but it is now clear that Arduin's sphere of influence was restricted to a small part of Italy after that. He did, however, have continuing support in Pavia.

Background

Arduin was born around 955 in Pombia during a period in which the Kingdom of Italy was struggling to maintain its independence from the ambitions of the Holy Roman Empire. Italy was conquered in 961 by Emperor Otto I, and the Italian King Berengar II was deposed. Arduin, Berengar's grand-nephew, was only a boy when this happened. Although Otto unified the crowns of Italy and Germany, this did not erase the influence of Berengar's Anscarid dynasty in northern Italy, as the March of Ivrea was inherited by Berengar's third son Conrad.

In the subsequent years, the political situation in Northern Italy was marked by the struggle between the bishops (who at the time were high-ranking nobles appointed by the Emperor himself to rule the largest fiefs, and who thus owed their fortune to their personal relationship with him) and the minor nobles, whose only source of livelihood were small, rural fiefs, and who were threatened by the expansionism of the bishops.

Biography

Margrave of Ivrea
Arduin was born around 955 in Pombia and named after his maternal grandfather, Arduin Glaber. His father, Dado, Count of Pombia, was a nephew of King Berengar II. Arduin married Bertha, who is often said to be the daughter of Otbert II, Margrave of Milan. They had three sons: Arduin (sometimes called Ardicino), Otto, and Guibert. From them descended the later counts of Ivrea and in turn those of Agliè, Brosso, Castellamonte, Front and Rivarolo.

In 990, Arduin succeeded his kinsman Conrad in the March of Ivrea. Conrad was Berengar II's son and was married to a daughter of Arduin Glaber. It is unclear if Arduin was appointed to Ivrea by the king–emperor Otto III or if he succeeded as Conrad's heir. The March of Ivrea, since its restructuring under Berengar II in 950, consisted of the counties of Burgaria, Ivrea, Lomello, Ossola, Pombia, Stazzona and Vercelli, and the dioceses of Ivrea, Novara, Vercelli, and Vigevano, plus part of the dioceses Pavia and Milan. Arduin became Count of the Sacred Palace of the Lateran in Rome in 991.

During his rule in Ivrea, Arduin backed the claims of the monastic orders and of the minor nobles, a policy that inevitably led to clashes with the imperially appointed bishops. The hostility turned into open conflict in the year 997, when the Emperor Otto III granted to Pietro, Bishop of Vercelli, the fief of Caresana. Arduin did not recognise the donation. There were riots in the city of Vercelli between the knights and the bishop's followers, during which the bishop was killed. Arduin intervened in the city, formally to restore order; during the clashes, the cathedral, where the bishop had been interred, was burned. The bishop-count Warmund of Ivrea condemned Arduin for the killing of Pietro, excommunicated him, and obtained from the Emperor a proclamation that the city of Ivrea, along with the land for three miles outside the walls, was free from Arduin's rule.

In the year 1000 Arduin was in Rome to explain his position to the newly appointed Pope Sylvester II. Otto III was also present in the city, and Warmund and Leone, successor of Pietro as the bishop of Vercelli, probably were as well, and the pope confirmed Arduin's excommunication and demanded he abdicate to his title in favor of his son. Arduin did not accept the sentence. He returned in his lands, and, instead of abdicating, expelled Warmund from Ivrea and rapidly conquered the cities of Vercelli and Novara, while his followers took control of Como and several cities of the Piedmont.

King of Italy
At that point a clash with the Emperor seemed inevitable, but Otto III suddenly died near Rome on 23 January 1002 without leaving a direct heir, throwing the empire into a succession crisis. On 15 February, a diet of feudal lords and knights in Pavia acclaimed Arduin King of Italy. According to the chronicler Arnulf of Milan, Arduin was "elected by the Lombards in Pavia and was called 'caesar' [emperor] by all". He then made the rounds of the kingdom with the Archbishop of Milan publicly at his side. However, while Arduin had the loyalty of the minor nobles, that of the bigger landlords, more tied to the imperial power, was much more questionable, and opposition to his rule was instigated by the bishops, led by Frederick, Archbishop of Ravenna.

In Germany, Henry II was acclaimed king on 7 June 1002, and he did not recognize Arduin's coronation. Henry granted the March of Verona to Duke Otto I of Carinthia, and then sent Otto to Italy to depose Arduin; but in the spring of 1003, Arduin defeated Otto in a pitched battle at Fabrica near the Brenta River.

This was only the beginning. Henry personally invaded Italy with a large force that left Germany in March 1004 and arrived at Trento on 9 April 1004. He met Arduin outside Verona, where Arduin was disappointed by a poor showing from his erstwhile supporters. Henry entered Pavia, the traditional Lombard capital, and had himself crowned King of Italy on 14 May in San Michele in the face of a disapproving crowd. Then he burned the city that had given shelter to Arduin to the ground. This had its effect: "All of Italy was horrified by this and likewise extremely fearful. As confidence in Arduin waned from this time on, Henry's power prevailed everywhere."

King in the northwest
At this point, Henry was satisfied by his formal recognition as ruler of Italy and returned to Germany in the early summer of 1004. Arduin had withdrawn to his stronghold in the Orco Valley, and Henry chose not to pursue him with the main body of his army. Some imperial forces besieged the valley until the winter 1004-1005 but then withdrew; afterwards, Arduin rapidly regained control of all of his previous possessions.

Arduin's rule lasted until 1014, when Henry descended into Italy again, this time to be crowned Holy Roman Emperor in Rome by Pope Benedict VIII. There were several skirmishes between Henry's army and Arduin's followers, both in Rome and as Henry began to withdraw back into Germany. But at that point the old king, probably sick and tired, chose to abdicate the Italian throne. He secured the possession of the main part of the March of Ivrea for his son Arduin II (the March was dissolved, but the younger Arduin was appointed Count of Ivrea), renounced all of his titles, and retired to the Benedectine Abbey of Fruttuaria, which he had founded in 1003. He died there on 14 December 1015.

Coinage
Arduin's coinage was designed to resemble that of Otto III as closely as possible. Unusually, the character ∂, a rounded minuscule D, was used in his name to make it resemble Otto's monogram. Two types of denarius, both minted at Pavia, are known for Arduin. The first bears the inscription AR∂O +HINVS REGEM (Arduin king) on the obverse and +IHPERATOR (emperor) on the reverse. It is not clear if the latter is simply a holdover from Otto III's coinage or represents Arduin's anticipation of a future imperial coronation. The second type reads AR∂O IN GRACIA DI REX (Arduin in the grace of God king) and PAPIA CIVITAS +GLORIO (Pavia glorious city). Arduin may have been able to mint coins in Pavia after Henry returned to Germany in 1004. There are no known coins of Henry II from the period before 1014, although coins of Otto III may have continued to be struck in the confusion.

Notes

Sources

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Dakota Jazz Club

The Dakota Jazz Club and Restaurant is a jazz club in Twin Cities, Minnesota. The club opened in 1985 at Bandana Square in St. Paul as a restaurant with local jazz in the bar. In 1988, the programming expanded to national artists with performances by McCoy Tyner and Ahmad Jamal. In 2003, the Dakota moved to downtown Minneapolis on Nicollet Mall.

The Dakota gained a national reputation as a jazz presenter, and many of the jazz greats have played there. The list of musicians who have played the Dakota includes Ray Brown, McCoy Tyner, Toots Thielemans, Joey DeFrancesco, Ahmad Jamal, Chucho Valdés, Benny Green, Joe Williams, Bobby Hutcherson, Roy Haynes, Arturo Sandoval, Wallace Roney, Charles Lloyd, Roy Hargrove, Nicholas Payton, Larry Coryell, Pat Martino, Jack McDuff, Jimmy McGriff, Sonny Fortune, Frank Morgan, Zakir Hussain, Kurt Elling, Joshua Redman, James Carter, Madeleine Peyroux, Regina Carter, Patricia Barber, Von Freeman, Billy Higgins, and Charles Brown.

Von Freeman, Nachito Herrera, and Barbara Morrison have recorded live at the Dakota Jazz Club.

The Dakota started expanding from a pure jazz schedule through an affinity for New Orleans. Dr. John was performing solo shows at the Dakota when Hurricane Katrina hit New Orleans, and soon after, they began a policy of bringing Louisiana artists to the Dakota as close to monthly as possible. Since then, they have presented Allen Toussaint, Dr. John, Aaron Neville, Charles Neville, Charmaine Neville, John Boutte, Jon Cleary, Irma Thomas, Dirty Dozen Brass Band, The Subdudes, Bonerama, Preservation Hall, CJ Chenier, Zachary Richard, and more.  New Orleans naturally spreads into blues and other forms of American music, and they've presented Honey Boy Williams, Pinetop Perkins, Super Chikan, Duke Robilliard, Marty Stuart, Rosanne Cash, Dan Penn, and Bobby Emmons.

Shows are now pretty eclectic in range. Recent shows include -

Prince, Judy Collins, Stacey Kent, Lucinda Williams, Philip Glass (solo piano), Bob Mould, Rickie Lee Jones, Suzanne Vega, Cowboy Junkies, Joe Henry, Raul Malo, Alex Cuba, Bettye LaVette, Angelique Kidjo, Dan Wilson, Shawn Colvin, CeU,  Bebel Gilberto, Mavis Staples, Rachelle Ferrell, Mike Doughty, Josh Rouse, Anoushka Shankar, Shelby Lynne, Madeleine Peyroux, Raul Midon, Max Weinberg, Asleep at the Wheel, Tower of Power, Ely Guerra ("Best Alternative" at 2010 Latin Grammy), Aimee Mann, Nick Lowe, Katie Melua, Jimmy Webb, Ruthie Foster, Pieta Brown, The Pines, Ronnie Spector, Brian McKnight, James Hunter, Vusi Mahlesela, Lizz Wright, Les Nubians, Dirty Dozen Brass Band, Iris Dement, Joyann Parker, and Mark Lamoine .....

Food at the Dakota

The Dakota originally opened primarily as a restaurant with jazz that featured jazz in the bar. Even though music has become what it is now most widely known for, food has continued to be a significant part of the Dakota. The Dakota was one of the first Minnesota restaurants featuring "farm-to-table," working closely with Minnesota growers and developing a new "Midwestern Cuisine" under original Chef Ken Goff. The Dakota was one of three midwestern restaurants (along with Prairie in Chicago) to be featured in a major New York Times article about the emergence of a regional cuisine in the Midwest. Since then, the Dakota has continued to emphasize fresh ingredients from sustainable sources and continues its creative culinary approach.

"What’s the most underrated restaurant in Minnesota? It’s gotta be the Dakota. Everyone knows the Nicollet jazz-and-dining venue for its world-class music, but does anyone pay attention to the world-class food being produced by young co-chefs Kristin Tyborski and Derik Moran? We should be paying attention, because this is good stuff." - Dara Moskowitz Grumdahl, Sept 18, 2013

Trivia
This was among the last places Prince visited 2 days before his death on April 21, 2016.


Mutual Savings Life

Mutual Savings Life provides life insurance products, annuities, and other insurance products to individuals and businesses. Founded in 1927 in Decatur, Alabama, Mutual Savings is 100% owned by Primesco, a company founded for the purpose of acquiring Mutual Savings.

In April 2008, Primesco was acquired by Unitrin and the Mutual Savings policies are now serviced by its Career Agency Group.

In August 2011, Unitrin Inc. changed its name to Kemper Corp.


Robert McCance

Robert Alexander McCance, CBE, FRS (9 December 1898 in Ulster– 3 March 1993 in Cambridge) was a paediatrician, physiologist, biochemist and nutritionist and was the first Professor of Experimental Medicine at the University of Cambridge.

Life
Born in Ulster, the son of a linen merchant, he was educated at St. Bees School, before wartime service in the Royal Naval Air Service flying an observation aircraft from the warship HMS Indomitable.<ref>Ashwell, M.[editor] McCance & Widdowson – A Scientific Partnership of 60 years McCance and Widdowson: A Scientific Partnership of 60 Years 1993 </ref> From 1919 he read Natural Sciences at Cambridge University, after an initial start on the Agriculture course. In 1925 he went on to study medicine at King's College Hospital in London. While studying with R. D. Lawrence at his diabetic clinic and McCance became interested in diabetes, particularly in one of the complications of diabetic coma, sodium chloride (salt) deficiency. He then began a scientific career in the study of nutrition.

Career
Remaining at Kings College in the 1930s, McCance conducted research on himself, studying the physiological effects of salt. He would use volunteers who would eat a salt free diet, and lie sweating under heat lamps for two hours a day for 10 days, to remove salt from the body, and become salt deficient. This would lead to suffering in the volunteers including cramps and Shortness of breath as well as anorexia and nausea. This led to further research which established that infants with salt deficiency, excreted little salt. A later line of research, initiated with a patient who had polycythaemia subra led to research which established that the amount of iron in the body is regulated, not by intestinal excretion as had been taught, but by controlled absorption.

With colleague H. Shipp, he published The  Chemistry of Flesh Foods and their Losses on Cooking in 1933. In 1936, he delivered the Goulstonian Lecture to the Royal College of Physicians, on the subject of Medical problems in mineral metabolism, the keystone based on his research on salt deficiency. In 1938, at the invitation of J. A. Ryle,  he was promoted to Reader and moved to Cambridge.  He wrote the long-standard text and reference book The Chemical Composition of Foods'' in 1940 in collaboration with his colleague Elsie Widdowson. Their work became known as the basis for modern Western nutritional thinking, with editions in print from 1940 to 2002. McCance and Widdowson played a leading part in wartime rationing and 1940s government nutrition efforts.

Research conducted by McCance led to the introduction of the National Loaf when he conducted  research into the absorption and excretion of calcium and other nutrients, which led to a long series of metabolic studies. This research described the result, which shown that phytate in brown flour interfered with calcium absorption, which could be mitigated by adding calcium carbonate to the bread mix during preparation.. This led to legislation, which is still in effect today, which ensures that chalk is added to the bread mix, to ensure sufficient calcium uptake.

After the war, in 1945 a personal chair was created for him and he became the first professor of experimental medicine in the UK. He was later the director of the Medical Research Council's infantile malnutrition unit in Kampala, Uganda. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1948, and appointed CBE in 1953. He died on 5 March 1993 in Cambridge.


Spiez Castle

Spiez Castle () is a castle in the municipality of Spiez of the Swiss canton of Bern. It is a Swiss heritage site of national significance.

History
According to Elogius Kiburger, the author of the Strättliger Chronicle, in 933 the King of Burgundy, Rudolph II, built the Castle.  Shortly thereafter, the Freiherr von Strättligen settled in the castle.  Portions of the current castle shield walls and main tower were built during the 12th century and by the 13th century the town of Spiez existed outside the castle walls.  By 1280 the castle was listed as an Imperial fief under Vogt Richard de Corbières.  In 1289 the Freiherr von Strättligen was co-owner of the castle along with a succession of other noble families.  In 1308 King Albert I of Habsburg was murdered at Windisch on the Reuss, by his nephew Duke John Parricida.  As part of their retaliation for the murder, the Habsburgs withdrew half of the Spiez fief from Thüring von Brandis and granted the whole fief to Johannes von Strättligen.  Thirty years later, in 1338, Johannes sold the castle, town, church and surrounding villages to Johann II von Bubenberg who was the Schultheiss of Bern.  By 1340, the Bubenberg appointed vogt took orders from Bern, but was obligated to raise troops for the Habsburgs.  As Bern was de facto independent from their former overlords, the Habsburgs, this created an unstable situation which remained for over 40 years.  After the Bernese and Swiss Confederation victory over the Habsburgs in the Battle of Sempach in 1386, the Habsburgs gave up their land claims west of the Aare, which included Spiez.

The castle and surrounding land remained with the Bubenberg family until their extinction in 1506, when it was acquired by Ludwig von Diesbach.  Von Diesbach held it for ten years before Ludwig von Erlach acquired the castle and lands.  The von Erlach family ruled the town and villages until the 1798 French invasion.  After the invasion and the creation of the Helvetic Republic, the von Erlach family lost their land rights and jurisdiction over the village, but retained ownership of the castle until 1875.

The old castle was expanded in several stages during the Late Middle Ages but little is known about the specific dates or what was changed.  In 1600 the great hall and the northern buildings were expanded and renovated.  During the 17th and 18th centuries the south "New Castle" was built and then expanded and redecorated in the late Baroque style.  The castle was surrounded with gardens, vineyards and forests.  After 1875, the castle passed through several owners until a foundation bought the castle and associated church.  The gardens are now open to the public and the castle rooms are used for conferences, concerts, exhibitions and other events.

Construction

The massive square keep was built around 1200.  The lower walls are about  thick though they become thinner higher up.  At the bottom it is .  The tower increased in height several times over the following centuries before the final construction phase in 1600.  In this final phase the tower was raised and crowned with hipped roof that brought its total height to .

The keep was originally surrounded by several free standing wooden buildings.  Over the following centuries these buildings were replaced with a stone curtain wall and a ring of two concentric ditches.  A gatehouse was built adjacent to the keep, which opened toward the west.

Around 1300 a residence wing was added north of the keep.  It was probably lower at that time than it is today and was connected to the keep by a wooden gallery.  During the second half of the 13th century a number of tournaments must have been held around the castle because the visiting knights carved graffiti into the plaster of the main chimney.  In the 14th century an additional north wing was added onto the residence wing.

From the 15th to the 18th century, the castle was gradually renovated to its present appearance.  The gallery was expanded and another story was added to the residence hall.  The Trüel was added to the north-west side of the keep in the 16th century.  Then, in the 17th and 18th centuries, the Baroque "New Castle" was built on the south side of the gatehouse.


Minnesota Senate, District 9

The Minnesota Senate, District 9, includes communities in Cass, Morrison, Todd and Wadena counties in the north central part of the state. It is currently represented by Republican Senate Majority Leader Paul Gazelka.

List of Senators


Redjan Krali

Redjan Krali (born 28 August 1983) is an Albanian businessman and politician who is the current mayor of Kavajë Municipality.

Redjan Krali was born on August 28, 1983 in Kavajë.  He studied Law in the Bachelor System in Tirana and later graduated with a master's degree in Civil Law.

Mr. Krali began his career in the private sector. During the period between 2010-2011 he held the position of administrator at the Intex Fiber Ltd company. From 2011 onwards he has managed the operations of another company, Alb Spugna shpk.

Political career

Mr. Krali was nominated for the post of Mayor of Kavajë Municipality by the Assembly of the Socialist Party of Kavajë, receiving the support of all forums. He was declared winner in the 2019 Albanian local elections, defeating his opponent Bledar Sinella by a vote of 7426-122. He was sworn in as mayor on July 30 of that same year.

Personal life
Redjan Krali is a cousin of Albania's former prime minister, Fatos Nano. He is fluent in English and Italian. He and his wife have 2 daughters.


Zangui

Zangui () may refer to:
 Zangui, Nehbandan
 Zangui, Qaen


Zhanna Gureyeva

Zhanna Gureyeva (; born 10 June 1970) is a Belarusian female former track and field athlete who competed in the triple jump. She was a three-time representative of her native country at the World Championships in Athletics, featuring in 1993, 1995 and 1997, and making the final on the latter two occasions. Her lifetime best of  came in the qualifying round of the 1997 World Championships.

Her first international medal came at the 1998 European Cup, where she took bronze. She was also bronze medallist at the 1997 Summer Universiade. Gureyeva was a four-time national champion, winning at the Belarus Athletics Championships in 1995, 1997 and 1999, and indoors in 2002.

Born in Voronezh Oblast, she was invited to try out for athletics by a local coach, Alexander Sinkevich. She began training in seriousness with Eugene Rusakov. She studied sports at university and joined with the main coach of her career, Valery Bunin, in 1987. Following her retirement from competitive athletics, she continued in the sports field as a professor at the Belarusian State University of Physical Training.

International competitions

National titles
Belarus Athletics Championships
Triple jump: 1995, 1997, 1999
Belarus Indoor Championships
Triple jump: 2002


Jack Call

John Arthur Call (born July 30, 1935) is a former American football halfback who played for the Baltimore Colts and Pittsburgh Steelers. He played college football at Colgate University, having previously attended Cortland High School.


Poręby

Poręby may refer to the following places in Poland:
Poręby, Lower Silesian Voivodeship (south-west Poland)
Poręby, Lublin Voivodeship (east Poland)
Poręby, Podlaskie Voivodeship (north-east Poland)
Poręby, Gmina Bełchatów in Łódź Voivodeship (central Poland)
Poręby, Opoczno County in Łódź Voivodeship (central Poland)
Poręby, Wieluń County in Łódź Voivodeship (central Poland)
Poręby, Zduńska Wola County in Łódź Voivodeship (central Poland)
Poręby, Subcarpathian Voivodeship (south-east Poland)
Poręby, Sanok County in Subcarpathian Voivodeship (south-east Poland)
Poręby, Garwolin County in Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
Poręby, Mińsk County in Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
Poręby, Otwock County in Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
Poręby, Greater Poland Voivodeship (west-central Poland)
Poręby, Pomeranian Voivodeship (north Poland)
Poręby, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship (north Poland)


Yamuna biodiversity park

Yamuna biodiversity park, located on Yamuna river front is a 9770 hectares biodiversity area in Delhi, India. It is developed by Delhi Development Authority (DDA) with the technical help of Centre for Environmental Management of Degraded Ecosystems (CEMDE), University of Delhi. It serves as an ideal alternative habitat for migratory and resident bird species. It also is designed to conserve the wild genetic resources of agricultural crops and enhance groundwater recharge and augment freshwater availability.

History

Delhi has 7,884 hectares of fragmented forests which are deprived of wild animals due to the unplanned urbanisation and of the 400 wetlands fewer than 3 or 4 were left. In 2015, Delhi already had Aravalli Biodiversity Park and Yamuna biodiversity park. Delhi Development Authority (DDA) engaged the scientist of Delhi University to develop four more biodiversity parks in Delhi, including the Northern ridge biodiversity park (Kamla Nehru Ridge), Tilpath valley biodiversity park, Neelahauz biodiversity park and phase-2 of the Yamuna Biodiversity Park. Phase-I of Yamuna biodiversity park focused on barren floodplains commenced in 2005 and phase-2 focused on the active floodplains commenced in 2015.

Restoration
In 2005 restoration of floodplains of Yamuna commenced, which had been lying barren due to sodic soil making it difficult for plants to grow. In Phase-I, 157 acres ecosystem was restored by developing two wetlands, a grassland and forest communities. Native plant species were reintroduced to reduce the salt content in the soil. The pH level (scale of acidity) of the soil was not neutral and detrimental to the success of the native Indian plants. Researchers form Delhi University had to plant one specific species of grass that brought the pH level from 10 to seven (neutral) level.

Flora
According to prof. C R Babu of Delhi University, initially only mongooses, lizards and 31 species of birds were there in the park up until 2004.
By 2014 the biodiversity park already had 900 species of native plants. The native species reintroduced included adina, sal, teak and hardwickia . As of 2019, it has about 1,500 species of plants and animals, and 200 species of birds.

Fauna
By 2014, the wetlands was already attracting thousands of migratory birds from Siberia, Central Asia Asia and Europe. It had 200 species of birds, 75 species of butterflies, 10 species of snakes, and big mammals like porcupine, small Indian civet and wild boars.


Digitivalva christophi

Digitivalva christophi is a moth of the family Acrolepiidae. It is found in Ukraine and Russia.