Verband für das Deutsche Hundewesen

Verband für das Deutsche Hundewesen (VDH) is Germany's Kennel club for dogs and represents the world federation Fédération Cynologique Internationale. It is headquartered in Dortmund, Germany.

As the country wide controlling body, the VDH represents 167 member organizations with more than 650,000 members.  In addition, there are over 250 different breeds of dog in the VDH.

History
On July 16, 1906, the :de:Kartell der Stammbuchführender Spezialklubs für Jagd- und Nutzhunde was founded as the second German umbrella organization alongside the delegate commission; first president was :de:Albert de Gingins. In 1914, the cartel changed its name to "Kartell der Rassezuchtvereine und allgemeine Verbände" and in 1925 to "Deutsches Kartell für Hundewesen" (DKH). After Hitler's seizure of power in 1933, the Reichsverband für die Deutsche Hundewesen (RDH) was established as a "unitary organization" and the German Cartel for Dogs, Delegates Commission and Association of Clubs for Examination of working dogs for hunting  were incorporated into these. The breed breeding societies became student councils. Hans Glockner is appointed chairman by the Reich Sportführer. In 1934 Glockner was elected by the FCI as its president. In 1937, the Reichsverband, from which the hunting federations had been separated, became the Reichsfachgruppe Deutsches Hundewesen e.V. in the Reichsverband Deutscher Kleintierzüchter e.V. Managing Director of the RDH Konrad Most was appointed in 1933 to the Reichsabrichtewart für Diensthunde. In 1939 the RDH was spun off from the Reichsverband Deutscher Kleintierzüchter and became independent as the 'Reichsverband für Hundewesen e.V.' (RH). This was placed under the supervision of the High Command of the Army. In 1941, the RH resigned from the FCI.

Until 1941, :de:Arno Manthey was president of the Reichsverband, after whose death Forstmeister Mueller was appointed president of the RH in November by order of Reichsführer SS and the dog trade of  SS.

After the dissolution of the Reichsverband für Hundewesen, ordered by the Allies, on 1 January 1946was his board member Franz Bazille (1933 Reichsausstellungswart in the RDH) involved in the founding of the VDH on June 11, 1949. The former managing director of the "German Cartel for Dogs" from 1933 Franz Bazille was appointed honorary president in 1952 and remained that until his death on 12 October 1952.

 Function
The Association for the German Canine Dog represents Germany in the Fédération Cynologique Internationale.
As an umbrella organization of nationwide 176 member organizations (pedigree breed clubs and dog sport clubs), the VDH represents more than 650,000 members. Over 250 different dog breeds are looked after in the breeding clubs of the VDH.

The member associations of the VDH are the 16 VDH regional federations, 156 breed dog breeding societies as well as the German dog sport federation and the German federation of the working dog sport clubs German association of the working dog sport federations. In addition there are the extraordinary members of the :de:Jagdgesichtshundverband (JGHV), which is responsible for the testing of hunting dogs, and two greyhound racing clubs.

In the breeding books of the member clubs in 2017 75,621 puppies were registered - bred according to the breeding regulations of the VDH and with appropriate throwing controls. According to the VDH, pedigrees of the VDH should ensure that the information contained therein is correct and that strict litter and breeding controls have been carried out.

 Breeder
According to the VDH, about 8,000 breeders are organized in 156 breeding clubs. For the breeding of dogs in the VDH there is a breeding order, which sets minimum requirements for the breeding, whose adherence is controlled. In addition, there are special breeding programs, the hereditary diseases of breed dogs to push back. the consortium of breed clubs (the working dog breeds) and utility dog associations (AZG). Their original task was to promote the Dienstgebrauchshundwesens, he working dog being in the VDH was their responsibility. Only clubs in the AZG were allowed to issue certificates of performance / performance certificates in the VDH and to carry out examinations with the awarding of recognized training marks, in particular the   Versatility Test for Working Dogs . In the AZG is since 1998

Their original task was the promotion of service dog, the working dog being in the VDH was their responsibility. Only clubs in the AZG were allowed to issue certificates of performance / performance certificates in the VDH and to carry out examinations with the awarding of recognized training signs, in particular the Vielseitigkeitsprüfung für Gebrauchshunde.

In the AZG is since 1998 The :de:Begleithundprüfung  ie compulsory examination, ie condition for participation in Dog sports. In 2008, AZG members had about 5000 practice sites in Germany.

In the meantime VDH there are separate committees for the different sports. The abbreviation AZG is used for the committee for the working dog being.

 Association of breeding clubs and working dog associations
The VDH existed since September 30, 1956 the Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Zuchtvereine(working group of breeding societies)  (the Working dog ) and utility dog associations (AZG). Their original task was to promote the working dog being in the VDH was their responsibility. Only clubs in the AZG were allowed to issue certificates of performance / performance certificates in the VDH and carry out examinations with the award of recognized training signs, in particular the Vielseitigkeitsprüfung für Gebrauchshunde''. In the AZG is since 1998 The :de:Begleithundprüfung compulsory examination, ie condition for participation in dog sports.  In 2008, the AZG members had about 5000 practice sites in Germany.

Members of the AZG:

 :de:Allgemeiner Deutscher Rottweiler-Klub
 Boxer-Klub
 Internationaler Boxer Klub
 Deutscher Bouvier-Club von 1977 (Bouvier des Ardennes and Bouvier des Flandres)
 :de:Deutscher Hundesportverband
 Deutscher Malinois Club
 Dobermann-Verein
 :de:Klub für Terrier
 :de:Pinscher-Schnauzer-Klub 1895
 Rassezuchtverein für Hovawart-Hunde
 :de:Verein für Deutsche Schäferhunde

The VDH now has its own committees for the various sports. The abbreviation AZG is used for the "Committee for the Working Dog".

Literature
 Anne Dreesbach, Britta Kägler, Susanne Vers: Geschichte der Hunde. Vom Kaiserreich bis heute. 100 Jahre VDH. Kosmos (Franckh-Kosmos), Stuttgart 2007, .


Swing (United Kingdom)

Swing, in British politics, is a number used as an indication of the scale of voter change between two political parties. It originated as a mathematical calculation for comparing the results of two constituencies. Britain uses a first-past-the-post voting system. The swing (in percentage points) is the percentage of voter support minus the comparative percentage of voter support corresponding to the same electorate or demographic.

The swing is calculated by comparing the percentage of voter support from one election to another. The percentage value of the comparative elections results are compared with the corresponding results of the substantive election. An electoral swing analysis shows the extent of change in voter support from one election to another. It can be used as a means of comparison between individual candidates or political parties for a given electoral region or demographic.

Original mathematical calculation
The original mathematical construct Butler swing is defined as the average of the Conservative percentage-point gain and Labour percentage-point loss between two elections, calculated on the basis of the total number of votes (including those cast for candidates other than Conservative or Labour). There is an alternative version called Steed swing which calculates the swing on the basis of votes cast for Conservative and Labour only. It is possible for the same election to have a Butler swing of one sign and a Steed swing of the other.

As an example, assume that a constituency had two sequential election results as follows:

The Butler swing to the Conservatives is therefore:

The Steed swing is slightly more complicated to calculate, as it focuses on the shift between two specific parties (ignoring all others). In the above case, the swing to the Conservatives would be:

Labour would have a corresponding loss in the same amount:

Creation
Swing was originated by David Butler, a political science academic at Nuffield College, Oxford. In a contribution to The British General Election of 1945 he wrote "this measurement of 'swing', admittedly imperfect, does give us a broad idea of the movement of opinion from Conservative to Labour" and went on to compare the swings in each area of the country.

The concept became important in the general elections of the 1950s when it was found that there was a relatively uniform swing across all constituencies. This made it easy to predict the final outcomes of general elections when few actual results were known, as the swing in the first constituencies to declare could be applied to every seat.

Only a relatively small proportion of seats in most British general elections are "marginal" and thus likely to change party.  The swing enabled prediction of outcomes to be made even while "safe" seats were returning results whose victors were not in doubt.  In several elections, such as 1970, the swing correctly predicted a majority for the then opposition even while government party victories seemed to predominate.

Taking the national vote shares in an opinion poll could also easily be translated into likely seat outcomes. Election-night television programmes from 1955 have usually featured a device known as the "swingometer" which consisted of a pendulum which could point to the swing nationally and illustrate the outcome.

Problems and development
During the post-war period British politics was characterised by a strong two-party system. Almost all voters who changed their preference from one election to another, swung between the two main parties. There has been a much greater variety in change since the re-emergence of three-party politics in the 1970s. The original calculation of swing did not make any allowance for other parties and when the votes for other parties rose, demands arose for a more sophisticated measurement. The continuation of the first-past-the-post system, and the tendency for smaller parties to only run in some constituencies, made it increasingly difficult to use measures of swing to predict results.

The Liberals (and, later, Liberal Democrats) have been the main catalyst for this change, providing a credible nationwide alternative to the two main parties. The success of the SNP in Scotland and Plaid Cymru in Wales, especially in elections to the Scottish Parliament and Welsh Assembly, has also had an effect. Two other mass parties – the Green Party, which emerged in the 1980s, and UKIP, which emerged in the 1990s – won no seats in Parliament until the Greens took Brighton Pavilion in the 2010 general election, but have had a significant effect on the swing in certain areas, most notably the Greens in Brighton Pavilion.

Swing has also been complicated since the 1970s as the constituent areas of Britain have become increasingly fractured. This has led to swings being very different in different areas – for instance, 1992 saw a swing to the Conservatives in Scotland, but a swing to Labour in South East England.

At the same time, other parties began to win significant levels of representation in the House of Commons. This has led to swing becoming a measurement of the changes in votes of the two biggest parties in the constituency in question, rather than just Labour and the Conservatives.

Simply substituting the Liberal Party for the Labour Party in the calculation provides a measure of a 'swing between Conservative and Liberal'. However election results showed that this was not a useful predictor in seats which were being fought by these parties. It came to be used as a measure of the significance of the change of the vote.  Almost all published election results are derived from the Press Association results service which in recent years shows the swing as between the two parties that came first and second, rather than strictly between Conservative and Labour. For this reason, the direction of swing is explicitly stated, rather than simply indicated through the sign as applies to Butler Swing.

Analysis of relative party strengths
As swing analysis can be applied to the results of any two parties relative to each other, it is possible to assess parties' relative strengths, as seen in analysis of the 2010 United Kingdom general election:

Measurements
Butler swings of more than 10 points are very rare. Taking British politics after 1945 exclusively (as that election occurred ten years after its predecessor, and in a completely different political climate), only the 1997 general election had a national swing of more than 10 points (−10.23 points). The table below shows the national swing across Great Britain, and the number of individual constituencies out of more than 600 which had a swing of more than 10 points.

Conventional swing is much more volatile, and many more constituencies have large conventional swings.  In addition, the conventional swing in a constituency where the top two candidates are not Conservative and Labour cannot be meaningfully compared with the national or regional swing.


Eliane Ekra

Eliane Ekra was Chief of the Ministry of Health and AIDS Control in the Republic of the Ivory Coast from 2013 to 2018. Ekra is on the Board of Directors of the MTN Foundation. She was awarded the 2014 Harambee Spain Award for the Promotion and Equality of African Women.


Isasumi Shrine

is a shrine in Aizumisato, Fukushima, Japan.  Isasumi was designated as the chief Shinto shrine (ichinomiya) for the former Iwashiro province. From 1871 through 1946, Isasumi was officially designated one of the , meaning that it stood in the mid-range of ranked, nationally significant shrines.

Though not backed by accurate historical records, some believe the place name Aizumisato derives from this shrine. The shrine is also the locale for the annual taue-shinji, or rice planting, Shinto ritual. This ritual has been performed in this shrine for centuries, and the Fukushima Prefecture has designated the shrine an  Important Intangible Folk Cultural Property. Currently, the festival of the rice planting is known as the Otaue Festival. The festival falls on July 11 or 12 annually. The rice planting ceremony, held during the daytime, is considered as important and reverential as the Asataue, or morning planting, ceremony of the Ise Grand Shrine and the Yutaue (evening planting) held at the Atsuta Shrine. The rice planting ceremony at the Isasumi Shrine is widely regarded as one of the highlights of the Shinto rituals.

Notes

External links

 Official website


Critical ethnography

Critical ethnography applies a critical theory based approach to ethnography. It  focuses on the implicit values expressed within ethnographic studies and, therefore, on the unacknowledged biases that may result from such implicit values. It has been called critical theory in practice.  of critical theory, this approach seeks to determine symbolic mechanisms, to extract ideology from action, and to understand the cognition and behaviour of research subjects within historical, cultural, and social frameworks.

Critical ethnography incorporates reflexive inquiry into its methodology. Researchers employing this approach position themselves as being intrinsically linked to those being studied and thus inseparable from their context. In addition to speaking on behalf of subjects, critical ethnographers will also attempt to recognize and articulate their own perspective as a means of acknowledging the biases that their own limitations, histories, and institutional standpoints bear on their work. Further, critical ethnography is inherently political as well as pedagogical in its approach. There is no attempt to be purely detached and scientifically objective in reporting and analysis. In contrast to conventional ethnography which describes what is, critical ethnography also asks what could be in order to disrupt tacit power relationships and perceived social inequalities.

History
Critical ethnography stems from both anthropology and the Chicago school of sociology. Following the movements for civil rights of the 1960s and 1970s some ethnographers became more politically active and experimented in various ways to incorporate emancipatory political projects into their research. For example, some ethnographers with political agendas for change chose to conduct fieldwork in unconventional environments such as modern workplaces that were not necessarily considered exotic, as previous anthropologists had typically done. Other ethnographers consciously attempted to conduct research on so-called deviant or suppressed groups from outside the paradigm of hegemonic cultural positionings to provide new avenues for dissent and dialogue on societal transformation.

Notable contributors to critical ethnography

Phil Carspecken
D. Soyini Madison
Geoffrey Walford


Takeshi Yamanaka

is a former professional Japanese ice hockey player and current coach. He competed with Team Japan as a defenceman in the men's ice hockey tournament at the 1998 Winter Olympics.

Having coached professionally in the Asia League, he is currently the assistant coach for the Jr. A Kanata Lasers in the CCHL. He is also takes time to give back to his hockey community through volunteer coaching for the Kanata Blazers Major Midget Rep. B ice hockey team.

Playing career
Yamanaka made his professional debut with the Oji Seishi in the 1989-1990 season. The following year, he made his international debut with the Japanese Under-20 men's national ice hockey team at the World Junior Championships. Over 11 seasons with Oji, he played in 393 games, scoring 43 times and totalling 119 points. After the conclusion of the 2001-2002 season, Yamanaka retired from playing professional hockey.

Coaching career
Yamanaka made his coaching debut with the Oji Eagles in the 2007-2008 season and later that year would coach Team Japan to a bronze medal at the World Championships. After leaving the Eagles organization at the conclusion of the 2013-2014 season, Yamanaka took up the position of coaching Smile Japan. In the 2018-2019 season, he was the head coach of the U18 Team Japan.

At the beginning of the 2019-2020 season, Yamanaka began coaching as the assistant coach of the Kanata Lasers in preparation for becoming the head coach of Japan's men's national ice hockey team. He also volunteers as the assistant coach of Kanata Blazers in the OBMHL.

Reputation
Yamanaka has a highly regarded reputation as a professional hockey coach. His style of coaching captivates the players' attention no matter the style of a practice drill or the situation in the game. Yamanaka's revered calmness is believed to have led him to his coaching successes.


Winamac Southern Railway

The Winamac Southern Railway  is a short-line railroad in northern Indiana, United States, operated under lease by the Toledo, Peoria and Western Railway. It owns two lines radiating from Logansport to Kokomo and Bringhurst, and formerly a third to Winamac, all former Pennsylvania Railroad lines acquired from Conrail in 1993. It hauls mainly outbound grain and inbound agricultural supplies, connecting with the Toledo, Peoria and Western Railway at Logansport and with the Central Railroad of Indianapolis at Kokomo. Until 2009, the Central Railroad of Indianapolis (a RailAmerica subsidiary) operated the company as agent.

History
As the Pennsylvania Railroad assembled its system in northern Indiana, Logansport became a major hub, with seven lines radiating in all directions (the only other service to the city was a line of the Wabash Railroad, now Norfolk Southern Railway). Conrail took over four of these in 1976, and abandoned the line to Marion in the 1980s. The remaining lines to Winamac, Kokomo, and Bringhurst, known as the "Logansport Cluster", were spun off to the Winamac Southern, which began operations in March 1993. The new railroad was controlled by Daniel R. Frick of Frick Services, a storage and handling company, who also owned J.K. Line, Inc. to the north.

In September 1995, Winamac Southern sold the line from Winamac to the yard at 18th Street in Logansport to A&R Line, Inc., another new shortline owned by Frick, which was operated by J.K. Line employees using a locomotive leased from that company. Winamac Southern retained trackage rights through Logansport, in order to connect its Bringhurst and Kokomo lines. Subsequently, the Central Railroad of Indianapolis (CERA), which serves Kokomo, began operating the remaining Winamac Southern lines as agent.

The arrangement between Winamac Southern and CERA was to end at the end of 2008, and the U S Rail Corporation filed with the Surface Transportation Board to lease and operate the Winamac Southern, as well as a CERA-operated segment near Kokomo owned by the Kokomo Grain Company. However, the parties discovered that the trackage rights over A&R, which had since been merged into the Toledo, Peoria and Western Railway, had never been authorized, and concurrently filed for approval of the 1995 agreement. The STB rejected the latter notice of exemption, citing the opposition of the TP&W to continuance of trackage rights, thus requiring a more extensive proceeding. U S Rail began operating the Winamac Southern as its Kokomo Division in early 2009.


Party of Truth (Yemen)

The Party of Truth (, Hizb al-Haqq) is a Zaydi Islamist political party in Yemen.

History
Established by Ahmad al-Shami in 1990 in order to oppose al-Islah, the party won two seats in the House of Representatives in the 1993 elections, the first after unification. However, the 1997 elections saw its vote share drop from 0.8% to 0.2%, and it lost both seats. In 2002 it joined the opposition Joint Meeting Parties alliance. It received only 0.1% of the vote in the 2003 elections, remaining without parliamentary representation.


Frederick Roberts (cricketer, born 1848)

Frederick Roberts (24 September 1848 – 13 July 1903) was an English first-class cricketer active 1867–68 who played for Surrey. He was born in Kennington; died in Rotherhithe.


Hope Memorial Bridge

The Hope Memorial Bridge (formerly the Lorain–Carnegie Bridge) is a  art deco truss bridge crossing the Cuyahoga River in Cleveland, Ohio. The bridge connects Lorain Avenue on Cleveland's west side and Carnegie Avenue on the east side, terminating just short of Progressive Field. Pairs of statues designed by sculptor Henry Hering and architect Frank Walker – titled the "Guardians of Traffic" – stand on pylons at each end of the viaduct, symbolizing progress in transportation.

History
A bond issue to pay for the bridge was passed in 1921, but construction was delayed for years due to squabbles over how the money would be spent. The bridge was completed in 1932 at a cost of $4.75 million ($ with inflation). It stands 93 feet (28 meters) above the river's waterline in order to allow shipping to pass unobstructed. A second, lower deck designed to carry truck and commercial traffic was never put into service.

The bridge was listed in the National Register of Historic Places on October 8, 1976, after a controversy in which county engineer Albert S. Porter threatened to remove the historic pylons to widen the span, stating, "Those columns are monstrosities and should be torn down and forgotten. There is nothing particularly historic about any one of them. We're not running a May Show here."  The bridge was renovated in the early 1980s.  On September 1, 1983, the Lorain–Carnegie bridge was officially renamed the "Hope Memorial Bridge"; initial reports claimed the new name was chosen in honor of William Henry "Harry" Hope, a local stonemason who helped build the "Guardians of Traffic" sculptures, and the father of comedian and former Cleveland resident Bob Hope. In the years since the dedication, however, claims have varied as to who exactly the bridge's name honors.  Some have claimed the bridge was renamed specifically for Bob Hope; others the entire Hope family; and still others have claimed it recognizes Harry Hope along with the other workers who helped erect the giant sandstone pylons.

On December 10, 2012, officials opened a  multi-use path on the north side of the bridge, part of a project which will also add lighting to the Guardians of Traffic.

A pair of peregrine falcons nest under the bridge.

During the 2016 Republican National Convention, the bridge was a site of peaceful demonstration where a group to "Circle the City with Love" held hands while standing in silence, designed as an initiative to promote a moment of love and reflection.

The inaugural Guardian Mile road race will be run across the bridge on August 11, 2018. The elite field boasts multiple olympians and $14,000 up for grabs in prize money, as well as races for runners of all ages and levels.


Dobje pri Planini

Dobje pri Planini () is a settlement in the Municipality of Dobje in eastern Slovenia. It is the administrative center of the municipality. It was traditionally part of the Styria region. It is now included with the rest of the municipality in the Savinja Statistical Region. It has its own primary school and post office.

Name
The name of the settlement was changed from Dobje to Dobje pri Planini in 1953.

Church
The parish church in the settlement is dedicated to the Virgin Mary and belongs to the Roman Catholic Diocese of Celje. It was first mentioned in written documents dating to 1545, but was extensively rebuilt in the 18th and 19th centuries.

Notable people
Notable people that were born in Dobje pri Planini include:
Jože Brilej (1910–1981), communist political commissar and Yugoslav politician


1996 Sicilian regional election

The Sicilian regional election of 1996 was held on 16 June 1996.

The Sicilian Regional Assembly ended up very fragmented after the election and it was difficult to form a stable governing coalition. Between 1996 and 2001 the Region was thus governed by a succession of short-lived governments.

Results


Mohammad Hanif Balkhi

Mohammad Hanif Balkhi was Minister of Hajj (Pilgrimage) in the Afghan Interim Authority, that was put in place by the Bonn Conference, after the fall of the Islam. Balkhi was not a member of the Northern Alliance or the Rome Group that dominated the interim administration, but was an independent shiite.


Federación de Escultismo en España

Spain has 53,184 Scouts (as of 2011) served by Federación de Escultismo en España (Federation of Scouting in Spain), a federation of several organizations. Scouting was founded in Spain in 1912 and was among the charter members of the World Organization of the Scout Movement in 1922.

In 1940, as a consequence of the Spanish Civil War, Scouting was suspended until 1977 when the Asociación de Scouts de España movement was legalized to replace the Asociación Nacional de Exploradores de España (ANEDE) ().

In 1978, the World Office of the Scouting Movement consolidated membership of three organizations (Scouts de España, Movimiento Scout Católico and ACDE - Asociació Catalana d'Escoltisme) as the Federación de Escultismo en España.

Members
Current full members of the federation are
 the Movimiento Scout Católico (MSC, Catholic, coed)
 the Federación de Scouts-Exploradores de España (ASDE, interreligious, coed).

The Federació Catalana d'Escoltisme i Guiatge (FCEG) recently changed its former full membership to associated membership within the national federation. It is only active in Catalonia and consists again of three associations:
 the Minyons Escoltes i Guies de Catalunya (MEG, Catholic, coed)
 the Escoltes Catalans (EC, laic, coed)
 Acció Escolta de Catalunya (AE, interreligious; coed; WOSM-Member only).

The FCEG, along with the Federación Española de Guidismo (FEE), make the Comité de Enlace del Guidismo en España which is the Spanish member of the World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts.


Pleasant Hill, Tennessee

Pleasant Hill is a town in Cumberland County, Tennessee, United States. The population was 563 at the 2010 census.

History

Pleasant Hill was first settled by European Americans before 1819. In 1884 a teacher from the American Missionary Association (AMA) established the Pleasant Hill Academy to provide broad liberal arts education for rural youth, while also giving vocational training in agriculture and local skills. Supported by the Congregational Church, the school operated until 1947. Its main building, Pioneer Hall, is still standing.

May Cravath Wharton, an early woman physician from Minnesota, established a medical clinic at the academy, where her husband was the director. Wharton also cared for people in the community. They invited her to stay after the death of her husband Edwin.

Wharton created a small hospital and, with successful fundraising in New England through the AMA, she was able to add a sanatorium annex for the care of people with tuberculosis. As no antibiotic was known at the time, rest and good nutrition were the only treatment. The Uplands Sanatorium was adapted as a retirement home when the hospital was relocated to Crossville, the county seat. The hospital is now known as the Cumberland Medical Center.

Camp Crossville, a site just east of Pleasant Hill, was used as a prisoner of war camp during World War II, housing German and Italian officers from November 1942 until the end of the war.

Geography
Pleasant Hill is located at  (35.976915, -85.200229). The town is situated in a hilly area along the western Cumberland Plateau. In the northwestern part of the town, Frey Branch is impounded by two dams, Lake Laura Dam and Lake Alice Dam, to create two small lakes, Upland Lake and Lake Alice, respectively.

U.S. Route 70 passes through the southern portion of Pleasant Hill, connecting the town with Crossville to the east and Sparta to the west.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , of which  is land and 0.64% is water.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 544 people, 273 households, and 143 families residing in the town. The population density was 350.0 people per square mile (135.5/km²). There were 314 housing units at an average density of 202.0 per square mile (78.2/km²). The racial makeup of the town was 98.53% White, 0.37% African American, 0.55% Native American, 0.18% Asian, and 0.37% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.18% of the population.

There were 273 households out of which 11.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.2% were married couples living together, 5.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 47.3% were non-families. 45.8% of all households were made up of individuals and 40.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.77 and the average family size was 2.40.

In the town, the population was spread out with 11.2% under the age of 18, 2.4% from 18 to 24, 11.2% from 25 to 44, 11.4% from 45 to 64, and 63.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 72 years. For every 100 females, there were 64.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 58.9 males.

The median income for a household in the town is $29,554, and the median income for a family was $37,375. Males had a median income of $23,750 versus $20,250 for females. The per capita income for the town was $21,384. About 7.0% of families and 10.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 30.0% of those under age 18 and 5.5% of those age 65 or over.

Notable people
Dora Read Goodale (1866–1952), a poet and teacher from Massachusetts, director of the Uplands Sanatorium in the late 1930s through 1941. Her book of poetry, Mountain Dooryards (1941), incorporated the traditional Appalachian dialect of the area.
Helen S. Mitchell (1895–1984), died at Uplands Sanatorium.
Earl Webb, baseball player.
May Cravath Wharton (1873–1959), an early woman physician from Minnesota, who created the first hospital and sanatorium in the area at Pleasant Hill, and later established Cumberland Medical Center in Crossville.

Further reading
May Cravath Wharton, Doctor Woman of the Cumberlands: the Autobiography of May Cravath Wharton (1953).


2002 FIFA World Cup qualification – CONCACAF semi-finals

The CONCACAF Semi-final Round of the CONCACAF zone of the 2002 FIFA World Cup qualification, was contested between the 12 remaining teams of the qualification process. The teams were divided into 3 groups of 4 teams each. They would play against each other on a home-and-away basis. The group winners and runners-up would advance to the Final Round.

Group 1

Group 2

Group 3

Costa Rica and Guatemala finished level on points, goal differential, goals scored and head-to-head record. A play-off on neutral ground was played to determine who would advance to the Final Round.

Play-off

Costa Rica qualified for the Final Round

External links
FIFA official page
RSSSF - 2002 World Cup Qualification
Allworldcup

3
Qual
Qual
Q1
Q1
Q1

de:Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft 2002/Qualifikation#CONCACAF Zwischenrunde
es:Clasificación de Concacaf para la Copa Mundial de Fútbol de 2002#Segunda fase
ko:2002년 FIFA 월드컵 북아메리카 지역 예선#준결승라운드

lt:XVII pasaulio futbolo čempionato atranka#Pusfinalis
ru:Чемпионат мира по футболу 2002 (отборочный турнир, КОНКАКАФ)#Второй этап


Schaechter-Gottesman

The Schaechter-Gottesman family is a leading family in Yiddish language and cultural studies.

Members include:
Lifshe Schaechter-Widman née Gottesman  (1893-1974) – author of Yiddish autobiography, folksinger
Beyle Schaechter-Gottesman (1920-2013) - Yiddish poet, songwriter and folksinger
Mordkhe Schaechter (1927-2007) - Yiddish expert, linguist, researcher, teacher, and writer
Charlotte (Charne) Schaechter née Saffian (1927-2014) - Yiddish piano accompanist and translator
Itzik Gottesman (1957-) - Yiddish journalist with The Forward; expert on Yiddish folklore
Rukhl Schaechter (1957-) - Yiddish journalist with The Forward; host of on-line cooking show, Est gezunterheyt
Gitl Schaechter-Viswanath (1958-) - Yiddish poet, and editor
Eydl Reznik née Schaechter (1962-) - Yiddish teacher and choir director, as well as artist
Binyumen Schaechter (1963-) - Yiddish composer, choral conductor, piano accompanist, and translator
Reyna Schaechter (1995-) - leading exponent of Yiddish song


Andressa Alves da Silva

Andressa Alves da Silva (born 10 November 1992), commonly known as Andressa Alves or simply Andressa, is a Brazilian footballer who plays as a forward for Serie A club Roma. She previously played for Barcelona of the Spanish Primera División. She won her first cap for the Brazil women's national football team in 2012 and has represented her country at multiple World Cups.

Club career

Andressa transferred from Centro Olímpico to Ferroviária in May 2013. In November 2013, Andressa left Ferroviária to sign for 2013 Copa Libertadores Femenina winners São José.

In November 2014 she ended her stay in São José and signed a contract with NWSL team Boston Breakers. Ultimately she never joined the Breakers as she was instead called into Brazil's residency camp for the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup. During the World Cup, French club Montpellier announced that they had concluded the transfer of Andressa.

Andressa left Montpellier after one season, signing for FC Barcelona in June 2016. She left the Spanish club in 2019.

International career

After representing Brazil in the 2010 and 2012 editions of the FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup, Andressa made her senior debut at the 2012 Torneio Internacional Cidade de São Paulo de Futebol Feminino.

At the 2014 Copa América Femenina, Andressa scored the second goal in Brazil's 6–0 rout of Argentina. At the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup she scored the only goal in Brazil's group match against Spain, which secured her team's place in the second round. After Brazil's subsequent elimination by Australia, she remained in Canada as part of the winning Brazilian team at the 2015 Pan American Games in Toronto.

International goals

Style of play
Barcelona described their new signing Andressa as: "a left-footed player who can slot in anywhere on the left hand side of the park, and who is especially attack-minded in her approach to the game". It was also noted that she is versatile enough to play on the right or as a centre-forward, and that she is relatively experienced for a 23-year-old after playing international football for four seasons.


Pervasive Coalition of Reformists

Pervasive Coalition of Reformists: The Second Step (), named The List of Hope () by Mohammad Khatami, was the sole coalition and electoral list affiliated with the Iranian reform movement for the 2016 legislative election. The group also endorsed candidates for the 2016 Assembly of Experts election. Reformists backed a list of 236 candidates for the Parliament and 77 for the Assembly of Experts, even though many of them are not reformists but moderate-leaning figures.

The coalition includes Council for Coordinating the Reforms Front member groups, National Trust Party (close to Mehdi Karroubi), newly established Union of Islamic Iran People Party, Moderation and Development Party (close to Hassan Rouhani) and the principlist Followers of Velayat faction led by Ali Larijani.

Allied groups
 Council for Coordinating the Reforms Front

 Moderation and Development Party
 National Trust Party
 Union of Islamic Iran People Party
 Followers of Wilayat

Endorsing non-members
 Freedom Movement of Iran
 Council of Nationalist-Religious Activists of Iran

Electoral performance

Endorsements

Presidents

Speakers of the Parliament

Political figures

Directors, actors and actresses


Jorge Orrico

Jorge Omar Orrico Miraldi is a Uruguayan deputy, actor and lawyer.

Biography
Jorge Orrico was born 25 October 1946 in Montevideo.

Acting career
Orrico acted in theatre plays in the late 1970s and early 1980s. He also acted in the 2001 Uruguayan movie Estrella del Sur, directed by Luis Nieto.

Political career
Orrico had an early start at the Colorado Party, but then quickly moved to the Broad Front when it was founded in 1971.
He is one of the founders of Uruguay Assembly, a subdivision of the party that he started in 1994 with Danilo Astori.

In 2012 he was chosen President of the Chamber of Deputies of Uruguay.


Dušan Pirjevec

Dušan Pirjevec, known by his nom de guerre Ahac (20 March 1921 – 4 August 1977), was a Slovenian Partisan, literary historian and philosopher. He was one of the most influential public intellectuals in post–World War II Slovenia.

Early years and revolutionary activity
Dušan Pirjevec was born in Solkan, which was then a suburb of the Italian town of Gorizia. His birthplace is now located in the Slovenian town of Nova Gorica. His father was the literary historian Avgust Pirjevec from Gorizia; his mother, Iva née Mozetič, came from a wealthy merchant family from Solkan. His sister, Ivica Pirjevec, later became a anti-Nazi agitator and was captured and killed by the Nazis in 1944 (a street in the Ljubljana neighbourhood of Tacen in the Šmarna Gora District bears her name). Soon after Dušan's birth, the family moved to Ljubljana, in what was then the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, where his father worked as the chief librarian of the National Research Library. Dušan attended the Ljubljana Technical High School, and in 1939 he enrolled in the University of Zagreb, where he studied agronomy. In 1940, he joined the Communist Party of Yugoslavia.

Already in his teenage years, Pirjevec developed an interest in literature, especially in the French poètes maudits. In the years before World War II, he published several articles under different pseudonyms in the distinguished liberal-progressive literary journal Ljubljanski zvon. Together with the young poet Karel Destovnik Kajuh, he was the co-editor of the radical magazine Svobodna mladina ("The Free Youth").

In the early 1940s, he took part of the "Conflict on the Literary Left", a polemics involving the critical Croatian left-wing writer Miroslav Krleža against the Communist Party's ideological hardliners around Boris Ziherl and Edvard Kardelj. In the polemics, was largely evolving around the relation between personal artistic freedom and collective revolutionary engagement, Pirjevec defended Krleža's insistence on artistic freedom, trying to show that it is not in conflict with a Marxist Leninist position.

Partisan

Soon after the Axis invasion of Yugoslavia in April 1941, Pirjevec joined the Partisan resistance in the Liberation Front of the Slovenian People, adopting the battle name Ahac, by which he remained known for the rest of his life. In late 1941, he was involved in the fight against the Italian Fascist occupation regime in the so-called Province of Ljubljana. He chose the fighting name Ahac (Agathius). The choice was highly symbolic: since the late 16th, Saint Agathius was venerated in the Slovene Lands as the patron saint against Turkish invasions, and in the 17th century he was also venerated as the saint protector of Carniola.

His talent in organization was spotted by the communist leader Aleš Bebler who secured Pirjevec's promotion to the rank of political commissar in the military units active in Lower Carniola. During this time, he became notorious for his bellicosity and brutal treatment of opponents. In a highly controversial memoir published posthumously in 1990, fellow fighter and famous essayist Jože Javoršek even accused Pirjevec of burning war prisoners alive. He was also involved in an internal enquiry over the massacre of a group of Romani people in the region of White Carniola in 1942, but was acquitted. In 1943, he was sent to organize the resistance fight to the Slovenian Littoral and to Friulian Slovenia in Italy, and in 1944 to southern Carinthia.

After the end of the War, Pirjevec was placed in the propaganda units of the newly established communist regime in Slovenia. Between 1945 and 1947, he worked as the editor of the daily newspaper Ljudska pravica (People's Justice), the main communist newspaper in Slovenia. There, he met the literary critic Bojan Štih, who introduced him to contemporary trends in literature. In 1947, Pirjevec became the chairman of the Agitprop section at the University of Ljubljana. During this period, he became a close personal friend with Vitomil Zupan, with whom he engaged in several provocations of what they saw as the "reactionary and petit bourgeoise" cultural scene in Ljubljana. In summer 1948, he was arrested and trialed in a show trial for numerous severe crimes, such as subversive activity, immoral acts and rape. Unlike his close personal friend  who was arrested and accused of the same crimes in the same trial, Pirjevec was sentenced to a relatively mild sentence of two years in prison. He was released already after half a year, and put on probation. He was excluded from the Communist Party and stripped of all his war honours.

The scholar

Between 1948 and 1952, Pirjevec studied French language and comparative literature at the University of Ljubljana under the supervision of the famous literary historian Anton Ocvirk. Between 1952 and 1961, he was employed as a clerk at the Institute for Literature of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts, later rising to the position of personal assistant to the Institute's president Josip Vidmar.

In 1958, Pirjevec became an assistant at the Department for Comparative Literature of the University of Ljubljana. In 1959, he was actively involved the so-called "Slodnjak affair", when the conservative-minded literary historian Anton Slodnjak was dismissed from his post of professor of Slovene literature for having published an anthology of Slovene literature in Germany, which included several authors which were not well viewed by the communist regime. The same year, Pirjevec was admitted again to the Communist Party.

Between 1961 and 1962, Pirjevec started a long polemic with the Serbian writer Dobrica Ćosić regarding the cultural policies in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. In contrast to Ćosić, who argued for a more unified and centralized cultural policy in Yugoslavia, Pirjevec defended the cultural autonomy of the single republics in the Yugoslav federation. The polemic gave Pirjevec a high degree of public visibility.

In 1961, Pirjevec achieved his PhD in comparative literature and in 1963 he became a professor at the Faculty of Arts of the University of Ljubljana. In the late 1960s, he rose to prominence among students as a charismatic professor. The Department of Comparative Literature, where he taught, became one of the most vibrant centers of Slovene intellectual scene of the 1960s and 1970s. Among Pirjevec's pupils were Dimitrij Rupel, Niko Grafenauer, Rudi Šeligo, Andrej Inkret and many other intellectuals who later formed the core of the intellectual movement focused around the alternative journal Nova revija. In this period, Pirjevec also developed a close friendship with literary historian Taras Kermauner and philosopher Ivo Urbančič, who represented critical positions towards the communist system. In 1964, Pirjevec criticized the regime's decision to prohibit the publication of the alternative journal Perspektive, and was again expulsed from the Party for this reason.

In the 1960s, Pirjevec published several monographs on modern Slovene literature, focusing especially on the fin-de-siecle period. Most famous were his studies on the writer and essayist Ivan Cankar. He also published numerous studies of classical works of the western canon, in which the most famous is his treatise on the problem of evil in the works of Dostoyevski. He based his scholarly research on the esthetic theories of Hegel, Georg Lukács and Mikhail Bakhtin, but also on Sartre's existential philosophy and Roman Ingarden phenomenology of the literary science. He was also receptive to currents coming from the new historicism.

During this period, Pirjevec maintained close contacts with the Praxis School, which was trying to formulate an alternative and humanist vision of Marxism. He was also member of the Committee of the famous Korčula Summer School organized by the Praxis group. Between 1969 and 1971, he served as editor of the Slovenian journal Sodobnost.

In the late 1960s and early 1970s, Pirjevec was sympathetic to the student movement that developed at the University of Ljubljana. In 1971, he joined the protests against the arrest of two students of the University, Frane Adam and Milan Jesih, which escalated in the occupation of the Faculty of Arts by the students.

From the 1970s, Pirjevec gradually left his previous Marxist positions. Under the influence of the philosopher Ivan Urbančič, he grew increasingly closer to the philosophy of Martin Heidegger, whom he personally met in 1974.

He died in Ljubljana on August 4, 1977 and was buried in the cemetery in Šmartno pod Šmarno Goro.

Personal life
Pirjevec was married twice. His first wife was his partisan co-fighter, the university professor of French language Marjeta Vasič, the second was the actress and later writer Nedeljka Kacin. His daughter Alenka Pirjevec is a famous theatre actress and puppeteer. His second daughter with Slovenian journalist Olga Ratej is a Slovenian dramaturg Ira Ratej.

Influence and legacy

Together with Edvard Kocbek, Pirjevec is considered one of the most influential intellectuals in Slovenia in the period between 1945 and 1980. He influenced not only literary critic and history, but also philosophers such as Tine Hribar, Ivan Urbančič, Dean Komel and Croatian philosopher Mario Kopić. He was crucial in the intellectual development of several public figures, among whom the most famous was writer and sociologist Dimitrij Rupel, who later became the first Slovenian foreign minister. Pirjevec was portrayed in several novels and memoirs, including Gert Hofmann's Die Fistelstimme (1982), Milan Dekleva's Oko v zraku ("The Eye in the Air"), Iztok Osojnik's Braşow, Rudi Šeligo's Izgubljeni sveženj ("The Lost Bundle"), and Taras Kermauner's Navzkrižna srečavanja ("Crossed Encounters"), as well as in Boris A. Novak's epos Vrata nepovrata ("The Door of No Return").

Pirjevec's view on the national question, articulated in polemics with the ideologue of Yugoslav Socialism Edvard Kardelj, was particularly influential among the dissident Slovene intellectuals of the late 1970s and 1980s. Pirjevec was the single most quoted author in the "Contributions to the Slovenian National Program", a public manifesto written by 16 non-communist intellectuals in 1987, which is frequently seen as the beginning of the Slovene movement for independence that culminated in the declaration of independence of Slovenia in 1991.

In 1997, a bust of Pirjevec was erected in the hall of the Faculty of Arts of the University of Ljubljana. In 1998, a memorial plaque was placed in his native house in Nova Gorica.


Bossche bol

A Bossche bol (, Dutch for 'Bosch ball'), sometimes called chocoladebol ('chocolate ball') in its city of origin, is a pastry from the Dutch city of 's-Hertogenbosch (also called Den Bosch). It is effectively a large profiterole (cream puff), about 12 cm (5 in.) in diameter (i.e., somewhat larger than a tennis ball), filled with whipped cream and coated entirely or almost entirely with (usually dark) chocolate fondant icing.

Eating
Bossche bollen (chocoladebollen) are usually eaten as an accompaniment to coffee, etc., rather than as a dessert.

They are traditionally eaten with the fingers, which can be quite messy. The best way to avoid spillage is by eating the pastry upside down, so that the hard layer of chocolate serves as a bottom. It is also possible (though frowned upon by traditionalists) to use a knife and fork.

History
Even before the start of the 20th century, a predecessor of the Bossche Bol was being sold in Den Bosch by baker Lambermont, who had a store in a building called "De Kat" on the Vischstraat number 61b. The ball made by Lambermont resembled a moorkop and was filled with custard.

In 1920 a baker from The Hague called Henri van der Zijde took up shop in the same street on number 25 and invented a variation filled with whipped cream and covered with real chocolate, which his heirs see as the first real Bossche Bol. In the twenties Lambermont started selling a chocolate ball much like this one.

The name "Bossche bol" only became common when the treat became popular outside of the city. The exact recipe varies between bakers, although the recipe that is acknowledged as the "real Bossche Bol" is the one made and sold by the confectionery Jan de Groot.

Similar foods
There is a version of the Bossche Bol twice the size, called a reuzenbol ("giant ball").

A similar but smaller Dutch pastry is called a moorkop—a profiterole which is usually not glazed with chocolate, but with a chocolate-flavoured glaze made with cocoa powder. Sometimes a puff of whipped cream is added to the top of a moorkop. Many other regional chocolate-coated marshmallow treats such as the German Mohrenkopf exist.


Rehe Province

Rehe (), also romanized as Jehol, was a former Chinese special administrative region and province.

Administration
Rehe was north of the Great Wall, west of Manchuria, and east of Mongolia. Its capital and largest city was Chengde. The second largest city was Chaoyang, followed by Chifeng. The province covered 114,000 square kilometers.

History
Rehe was once at the core of the Khitan-led Liao Dynasty. Rehe was conquered by the Manchu banners before they took possession of Beijing in 1644. Between 1703 and 1820, the Qing emperors spent almost each summer in their summer Mountain Resort in Chengde. They governed the empire from Chengde, and received there foreign diplomats and representatives of vassal and tributary countries. The Kangxi emperor restricted the admission to the forests and prairies of Rehe to the court's hunting expeditions and to the maintenance of the imperial cavalry. Agricultural settlements were at first forbidden to Han Chinese. In the early 19th century, by which time Rehe had become part of the province of Zhili, migrants from Hebei and Liaoning settled in Rehe and displaced the Mongol communities.

The  Republic of China created the Rehe Special Area (熱河特別區) in 1914, and the Province of Jehol in 1923. To form a buffer zone between China proper and Japanese-controlled Manchukuo, the Imperial Japanese Army invaded Jehol in Operation Nekka on 21 January 1933. It was subsequently annexed by the Empire of Manchukuo, as the anto (province) of Rehe. The seizure of Jehol poisoned relations between Japan and China, and was one of the incidents that led to the Second Sino-Japanese War.

At the end of World War II, when the Republic of China resumed control of Manchuria, the Kuomintang government continued to administer the area as a separate province, reverting its name to Jehol Province, with its capital in Hailar. In 1955, the administration of the People's Republic of China divided the area between Hebei province, Liaoning Province, Tianjin Municipality, and the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region.

Bibliography
Hedin, Sven (1933). Jehol: City of Emperors. Reprint (2000): Pilgrim's Book House, Varanasi. .
Forêt, Philippe (2000). "Mapping Chengde. The Qing Landscape Enterprise". 2000: University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu. .

*


The 2016 United States presidential election in Missouri was held on November 8, 2016, as part of the 2016 General Election in which all 50 states plus the District of Columbia participated. Missouri voters chose electors to represent them in the Electoral College via a popular vote pitting the Republican Party's nominee, businessman Donald Trump, and running mate Indiana Governor Mike Pence against Democratic Party nominee, former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and her running mate, Virginia Senator Tim Kaine.

On March 15, 2016, in the presidential primaries, voters expressed their preferences for the Democratic, Republican, and Libertarian parties' respective nominees for president. Voters could choose any one party's primary in which to vote.

Donald Trump won the election in Missouri with 56.4% of the vote. Hillary Clinton received 37.9% of the vote. Trump's 18.5-point margin of victory in the state was almost double that of Mitt Romney's from 2012. Clinton carried only four jurisdictions: Boone County, home to Columbia and the University of Missouri; Jackson County, which includes most of Kansas City; St. Louis County; and St. Louis City.

With 37.9% of the vote, Hillary Clinton obtained the lowest percentage as a Democratic presidential nominee in the state since George McGovern's 37.7% in 1972, further cementing the state's drift towards the Republican Party, and away from its long held status as a bellwether state. Missouri was also one of the eleven states that voted for Bill Clinton in 1992 and 1996 which Hillary Clinton lost in 2016.

Primary elections

Democratic primary

Nine candidates appeared on the Democratic presidential primary ballot:
Hillary Clinton
Henry Hewes
Rocky De La Fuente
Bernie Sanders
Keith Judd
Willie L. Wilson
Martin O'Malley (withdrawn)
John Wolfe Jr.
Jon Adams

Republican primary

Twelve candidates appeared on the Republican presidential primary ballot:
Jeb Bush (withdrawn)
Ben Carson (withdrawn)
Chris Christie (withdrawn)
Ted Cruz
Carly Fiorina (withdrawn)
Mike Huckabee (withdrawn)
John Kasich
Rand Paul (withdrawn)
Marco Rubio (withdrawn)
Rick Santorum (withdrawn)
Donald Trump

Libertarian primary
The Missouri primary ran on March 15, 2016, alongside those of the Republican, Democratic, and Constitution parties. 40% of the electorate voted to stand uncommitted to any candidate. Austin Petersen, running in his home state, finished second, with 29% of the statewide vote, which was double that of Steve Kerbel from Colorado, who finished third, with 14%. Petersen comfortably won the support of voters in the state's capital, Jefferson City, and its surrounding counties, but was fell heavily behind the uncommitted vote in the state's two largest cities, Kansas City and St. Louis. Kerbel won three counties around Springfield, while Marc Allan Feldman, Cecil Ince, and Rhett Smith all won a sprawl of counties across the state; in most of these counties, however, only a single vote was cast. No votes were cast for Libertarian Party candidates in the northwestern counties of Harrison, Holt, Mercer, and Worth.

General election

Polling

Predictions
The following are final 2016 predictions from various organizations for Missouri as of Election Day.
 New York Times: Solid Trump
 FiveThirtyEight: Solid Trump
 Los Angeles Times: Leans Trump
 RealClearPolitics: Likely Trump

Results
The statewide election results were as follows. The total vote count was 2,828,266.

By county

By congressional district
Trump won 6 of 8 congressional districts.


Shota Akiyoshi

is a Japanese professional golfer who plays on the Japan Golf Tour.

Akiyoshi won twice on the 2018 Japan Golf Tour, the Gateway to the Open Mizuno Open and the Dunlop Srixon Fukushima Open. His win in the Mizuno Open gave an entry to the 2018 Open Championship. He also qualified for the 2018 U.S. Open through sectional qualifying in Japan. He missed the cut in both his major starts.

Akiyoshi also has three wins on the Japan Challenge Tour.

Professional wins (5)

Japan Golf Tour wins (2)

Japan Challenge Tour wins (3)
2014 ISPS Charity Challenge Tournament
2015 Seven Dreamers Challenge, Everyone Project Challenge Golf Tournament


Netherlands Antilles at the 1960 Summer Olympics

The Netherlands Antilles competed at the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome, Italy.  The nation returned to the Olympic Games after boycotting the 1956 Summer Olympics, joining the Netherlands in protest of the Soviet Union's invasion of Hungary.


Machine embroidery

Machine embroidery is an embroidery process whereby a sewing machine or embroidery machine is used to create patterns on textiles. It is used commercially in product branding, corporate advertising, and uniform adornment. It is also used in the fashion industry to decorate garments and apparel.  Machine embroidery is used by hobbyists and crafters to decorate gifts, clothing, and home decor.  Examples include designs on quilts, pillows, and wall hangings.

There are multiple types of machine embroidery. Free-motion sewing machine embroidery uses a basic zigzag sewing machine.  Designs are done manually.  Most commercial embroidery is done with link stitch embroidery. In link stitch embroidery, patterns may be manually or automatically controlled.  Link Stitch embroidery is also known as chenille embroidery, and was patented by Pulse Microsystems in 1994.  More modern computerized machine embroidery uses an embroidery machine or sewing/embroidery machine that is controlled with a computer that embroiders stored patterns. These machines may have multiple heads and threads.

Free-motion machine embroidery
In free-motion machine embroidery, embroidered designs are created by using a basic zigzag sewing machine. As this type of machine is used primarily for tailoring, it lacks the automated features of a specialized machine.

To create free-motion machine embroidery, the embroiderer runs the machine and skillfully moves tightly hooped fabric under the needle to create a design. The "feed dogs" or machine teeth are lowered or covered, and the embroiderer moves the fabric manually. The embroiderer develops the embroidery manually, using the machine's settings for running stitch and fancier built-in stitches. In this way, the stitches form an image on a piece of fabric. An embroiderer can produce a filled-in effect by sewing many parallel rows of straight stitching.  A machine's zigzag stitch can create thicker lines within a design or be used to create a border. Many quilters and fabric artists use a process called thread drawing (or thread painting) to create embellishments on their projects or to create textile art.

Free-motion machine embroidery can be time-consuming. Since a standard sewing machine has only one needle, the operator must pause to re-thread the machine manually for each subsequent color in a multi-color design. He or she must also manually trim and clean up loose or connecting threads after the design is completed.

As this is a manual process rather than a digital reproduction, any pattern created using free-motion machine embroidery is unique and cannot be exactly reproduced, unlike with computerized embroidery.

With the advent of computerized machine embroidery, the main use of manual machine embroidery is in fiber art and quilting projects. Though some manufacturers still use manual embroidery to embellish garments, many prefer computerized embroidery's ease and reduced costs.

Computerized machine embroidery
Most modern embroidery machines are computer controlled and specifically engineered for embroidery. Industrial and commercial embroidery machines and combination sewing-embroidery machines have a hooping or framing system that holds the framed area of fabric taut under the sewing needle and moves it automatically to create a design from a pre-programmed digital embroidery pattern.

Depending on its capabilities, the machine will require varying degrees of user input to read and sew embroidery designs. Sewing-embroidery machines generally have only one needle and require the user to change thread colors during the embroidery process. Multi-needle industrial machines are generally threaded prior to running the design and do not require re-threading. These machines require the user to input the correct color change sequence before beginning to embroider. Some can trim and change colors automatically.

A multi-needle machine may consist of multiple sewing heads, each of which can sew the same design onto a separate garment concurrently. Such a machine might have 20 or more heads, each consisting of 15 or more needles. A head is usually capable of producing many special fabric effects, including satin stitch embroidery, chain stitch embroidery, sequins, appliqué, and cutwork.

History
Before computers were affordable, most machine embroidery was completed by punching designs on paper tape that then ran through an embroidery machine. One error could ruin an entire design, forcing the creator to start over.

Machine embroidery dates back to 1964, when Tajima started to manufacture and sell TAJIMA Multi-head Automatic Embroidery machines.

In 1973 Tajima introduced the TMB Series 6-needle (6 color) full-automatic color-change embroidery machine.  A few years later, in 1978, Tajima started manufacturing the TMBE Series Bridge Type Automatic Embroidery machines.  These machines introduced electronic 6-needle automatic color change technology.

In 1980 the first computerized embroidery machines were introduced to the home market.  Wilcom introduced the first computer graphics embroidery design system to run on a minicomputer. Melco, an international distribution network formed by Randal Melton and Bill Childs, created the first embroidery sample head for use with large Schiffli looms. These looms spanned several feet across and produced lace patches and large embroidery patterns. The sample head allowed embroiderers to avoid manually sewing the design sample and saved production time. Subsequently, it became the first computerized embroidery machine marketed to home sewers.

The economic conditions of the Reagan years, coupled with tax incentives for home businesses, helped propel Melco to the top of the market.  At the Show of the Americas in 1980, Melco unveiled the Digitrac, a digitizing system for embroidery machines. The digitized design was composed at six times the size of the embroidered final product. The Digitrac consisted of a small computer, similar in size to a BlackBerry, mounted on an X and Y axis on a large white board. It sold for $30,000. The original single-needle sample head sold for $10,000 and included a 1" paper-tape reader and 2 fonts.  The digitizer marked common points in the design to create elaborate fill and satin stitch combinations.

In 1982, Tajima introduced the world's first electronic chenille embroidery machine, called the TMCE Series Multi-head Electronic Chenille Embroidery Machine.  In  the same year, they developed the automatic frame changer, a dedicated apparatus for rolled textile embroidery.  Also in 1982, Pulse Microsystems introduced Stitchworks, the first PC based embroidery software, and the first software based on outlines rather than stitches.  This was monumental to decorators, in that it allowed them to scale and change the properties and parts of their designs easily, on the computer.  Designs were output to paper tape, which was read by the embroidery machine.  Stitchworks was sold worldwide by Macpherson.

Melco patented the ability to sew circles with a satin stitch, as well as arched lettering generated from a keyboard. An operator digitized the design using similar techniques to punching, transferring the results to a 1" paper tape or later to a floppy disk. This design would then be run on the embroidery machine, which stitched out the pattern. Wilcom enhanced this technology in 1982 with the introduction of the first multi-user system, which allowed more than one person to work on the embroidery process, streamlining production times.

In 1983, Tajima created the TMLE Series Multi-Head Electronic Lock Stitch Chenille Embroidery machine, followed by the TMEF Series 9-needle Type Electronic Embroidery Machine in 1984.

In 1986, Tajima introduced the world's first sequin embroidery machine, enabling designers to combine sequin embroidery with plain embroidery.

In 1987, Pulse Microsystems introduced a digital asset management application called DDS, which was a design librarian for embroidery machines.  This made it more efficient for machine operators to access their designs.  In 1988 Tajima designed the TMLE-D5 series embroidery machines, with a pair arrangement of lock-stitch-handle embroidery heads, which were capable of sewing multiple threads.

Brother Industries entered the embroidery industry after several computerized embroidery companies contracted it to provide sewing heads. Pulse Microsystems developed a software for them called PG1.  PG1 had a tight integration with the embroidery machine using high level protocol, enabling the machine to pull designs from software, rather than having the software push designs to the machine.  This approach is still used today. Singer failed to remain competitive during this time. Melco was acquired by Saurer in 1989.

The early 1990s were quiet for machine embroidery, but Tajima introduced a 12 needle machine into their series along with a noise reduction mechanism.

In 1995, Tajima added a multi-color (6-color) type to chenille embroidery machines, and announced the ability to mix embroidery machines with plain chenille embroidery.  They also began sales of the TLFD Series Laser-cut Embroidery Machines.  In 1996, Pulse Microsystems introduced the computational geometry based simulation of hand created chenille using a spiral effect.  Following this in 1997, Tajima introduced 15-needle machines, in response to the "multi-color-age".

In the late 1990s, Pulse Microsystems introduced networking to embroidery machines.  It added a box, which allowed them to network and then pull designs from a central server.  It also provided machine feedback, and allowed machines to be optically isolated to protect machines in an industrial environment. Since then, computerized machine embroidery has grown in popularity as costs have fallen for computers, software, and embroidery machines. Many machine manufacturers sell their own lines of embroidery patterns. In addition, many individuals and independent companies also sell embroidery designs, and there are free designs available on the internet.

In the year 2000, Pulse Microsystems introduced Stitchport, which is a server based embroidery engine for embroidery in a browser.  This allowed for the factory automation of letter creation.  Although they were not yet ready for it, this transformed the apparel industry by allowing manufacturers, stores, and end users access to customized versions of the mass-produced garments and goods they had been buying throughout their lives, with no margin of error.

In 2001, Tajima created heater-wire sewing machines, which were innovative, combination machines.

In an environment that was finally ready for the individuality that mass-customization allowed, the principles developed for Stitchport were adapted in 2008 for the creation of PulseID.  PulseID allows for the automation of personalization, even on the largest industrial scale.

In 2013, Tajima released the TMAR-KC Series Multi-Head Emrboidery Machine, equipped with a digitally controlled presser foot.

The major embroidery machine companies and software developers are continuing to adapt their commercial systems to market them for home use, including Janome, RNK, Floriani, Tacony Corporation and many more.  As costs have fallen for computers, software and home market embroidery machines, the popularity of machine embroidery as a hobby has risen, and as such, many machine manufacturers sell their own lines of embroidery patterns.  In addition, many individuals and independent companies also sell embroidery designs, and there are free designs available on the internet.

The computerized machine embroidery process

Machine embroidery is a multi-step process with many variables that impact the quality of the final product, including the type of fabric to be embellished, design size, stabilizer choice and type of thread utilized. The basic steps for creating embroidery with a computerized embroidery machine are as follows:
 Create an embroidery design file or purchase a stitchable machine embroidery file. Creation may take hours depending on the complexity of the design, and the software can be costly.
 Edit the design and/or combine with other designs.
 Export the design file to a (proprietary machine) embroidery file that mostly just contains commands for the embroidery machine. If you bought such a file, you may have to convert the file.
 Load the embroidery file into the embroidery machine, making sure it is the correct format for the machine and that the stitched design will fit in the appropriate hoop.
 Determine and mark the location of embroidery placement on the fabric to be embellished.
 Secure the fabric in a hoop with the appropriate stabilizer, and place it on the machine.
 Center the needle over the start point of the design.
 Start and monitor the embroidery machine, watching for errors and issues. Troubleshoot any problems as they arise. The operator should have plenty of needles, bobbins, a can of air (or small air compressor), a small brush, and scissors..
 Remove the completed design from machine. Separate the fabric from the hoop and trim the stabilizer, loose threads, etc.

Design files
Digitized embroidery design files can be either purchased or created with industry-specific embroidery digitizing software. Embroidery file formats broadly fall into two categories. The first, source formats, are specific to the software used to create the design. For these formats, the digitizer keeps the original file for the purposes of editing. The second, machine formats, are specific to a particular brand or model of embroidery machine, they contain primarily stitch data (offsets) and machine functions (stitch, trims, jumps, etc.) and are thus not easily scaled or edited without extensive manual work. However, because these files easy to decode, they serve as easy exchange formats, with some formats such as Tajima's .dst and Melco's .exp being so prevalent that they have effectively become industry standards and are often supported directly by machines built by rival companies, or through provided software to convert them for the machine.

Many embroidery designs can be downloaded in popular machine formats from embroidery websites. However, since not all designs are available for every machine's specific format, some machine embroiderers use conversion programs to convert from one machine's format file to another, with various degrees of reliability.

A person who creates a design is known as an embroidery digitizer or puncher. A digitizer uses software to create an object-based embroidery design, which can be easily reshaped and edited. These files retain important information such as object outlines, thread colors, and original artwork used to punch the designs. When the file is converted to a stitch file, it loses much of this information, rendering editing difficult or impossible.

Software vendors often advertise auto-punching or auto-digitizing capabilities. However, if high-quality embroidery is essential, then industry experts highly recommend either purchasing solid designs from reputable digitizers or obtaining training on solid digitization techniques.

Editing designs
Once a design has been digitized, an embroiderer can use software to edit it or combine it with other designs. Most embroidery programs allow the user to rotate, scale, move, stretch, distort, split, crop, or duplicate the design in an endless pattern. Most software allows the user to add text quickly and easily. Often the colors of the design can be changed, made monochrome, or re-sorted. More sophisticated packages allow the user to edit, add, or remove individual stitches. Some embroidery machines have rudimentary built-in design editing features.

Loading the design
After editing the final design, the file is loaded into the embroidery machine. Different machines require different formats that are proprietary to that company. Common design file formats for the home and hobby market include .ART, .HUS, .JEF, .PES, .SEW, and .VIP.  Embroidery patterns can be transferred to the computerized embroidery machines through cables, CDs, floppy disks, USB interfaces, or special cards that resemble flash or compact cards.

Due to some commonality between the controllers and the software manufacturers, some of the formats are headers and additional information surrounding similarly encoded stitches. .TAP is a .DST file without the header. .EXP file stitches are very close to .JEF, .SHV and .SEW but without the surrounding data about thread color and hoop positioning. .10o is encoded in the same manner as .F01, .GT, .DSB, .DAT, .INB and .U01 but with different headers and surrounding information.

Stabilizing the fabric
To prevent wrinkles and other problems, the fabric must be stabilized. The method of stabilizing depends on the type of machine, the fabric type, and the design density. For example, knits and large designs typically require firm stabilization. There are many methods for stabilizing fabric, but most often one or more additional pieces of material called stabilizers or interfacing are added beneath or on top of the fabric, or both. Stabilizer types include cut-away, tear-away, solvy water-soluble, heat-n-gone, filmoplast, and open mesh, sometimes in various combinations. Stabilizer helps to keep the embroidered piece from rubbing or irritating the skin like in left chest polo shirt designs or in children's wear.

For embroidered wearable items, the fabric is placed in a hoop. This is then attached to the machine . An X and Y drive mechanism moves the hoop under the needle following the design coordinates created when the design was digitized for embroidery.

Embroidering the design
Finally, the embroidery machine is started and monitored. For commercial machines, this process is more automated than for the home machines. Many designs require more than one color and may involve additional processing for appliqués, foam, or other special effects. Since home machines have only one needle, every color change requires the user to cut the thread and change the color manually. In addition, most designs have one or more jumps that need to be cut. Depending on the quality and size of the design, sewing a design file can require anywhere from a few minutes to over half a day.

Embroidery machines
Not all machines are solely used for embroidery; some are also used for sewing. Some of the more advanced computerized embroidery machines have an array of easy to navigate features. Some of the main ones include LCD touchscreens, a USB connectivity, auto threading, built-in design editing software, embroidery adviser software, and design file storage systems. Commercial embroidery machines can be purchased with a set number of needle colors per head (1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12, 15,18 or more colors). Industrial embroidery machines are available with 1 to 56 heads.

Commercial and contract embroidery factories
Factories can have a few small machines or many large machines, or any combination of machines.
Contract embroidery is done on goods that the customer supplies to the embroidery house and is limited to the trade, "ASI" and marketing firms use these services almost exclusively. A company offering contract embroidery sews designs onto wearable items for brokers, other embroiderers, specialty firms, and screen printers at a wholesale rates. The customer of a contract embroiderer usually supplies the items to the factory and only pays for the embroidery service.

Commercial embroiderers, and some contract embroiderers, offer their services to the public, and can supply the wearable items, and usually have a vast collection of stock designs and text available, Keeping up with current market trends, and offering names and personalization as well as designs for embroidery.

Other supplies
Almost any type of fabric can be embroidered, given the proper stabilizer. Base materials include paper, fabric, and lightweight balsa wood.

Machine embroidery commonly uses polyester, rayon, or metallic embroidery thread, though other thread types are available. 40 wt thread is the most commonly used embroidery thread weight. Bobbin thread is usually either 60 wt or 90 wt. The quality of thread used can greatly affect the number of thread breaks and other embroidery problems. Polyester thread is generally more color-safe and durable.

Other associated costs are thread, stabilizer, purchased designs, needles, bobbins, and other miscellaneous tools and supplies.

Embroidery glossary
 Appliqué French term meaning applying, usually by sewing, one piece of fabric to the surface of another. A cut piece of material stitched to another adds dimension and texture and reduces the stitch count.

 Backer/Stabilizer Backing and stabilizer are often used interchangeably to refer to materials, generally non-woven textiles, which are placed inside or under the item to be embroidered. The backing provides support and stability to the garment which will improve the quality of the finished embroidered product. Backings come primarily in two types: cutaway and tear-away. With cutaway, the excess backing is cut with a pair of scissors. With tear-away, the excess is torn away after the item is embroidered. Additional types of stabilizer can be dissolved by water or heat.

 Bobbin A small spool of thread inside the rotary hook housing of a sewing machine. The bobbin thread forms the stitches on the underside of the garment.  Bobbin thread holds the top embroidery thread to the garment. The bobbin on an embroidery machine works in the same manner and for the same purpose as on a standard sewing machine.

 Digitize The computerized technique of turning a design image into an embroidery program. Special software is used to create plotting commands for the embroidery machine. The commands are transferred to the machine's logic head by a designated embroidery language.

 Fill Stitch Fill stitches are a series of running stitches sewn closely together to form broad areas of embroidery with varying patterns and stitch directions.

 Hoop A clamping device used to hold the backing and fabric in place in the machine.

 Running Stitch One straight line of stitches, often used for fine details, outlining, and underlay.

 Satin Stitch Also known as zigzag stitch, a satin stitch is a line, border or edge produced by thread being alternately stitched to either side of a baseline. Satin stitches are generally limited to a maximum of 1/2" in stitch length before some alternate technique must be used, such as split stitching or fill stitching.

 Underlay A stabilizing pattern of embroidery which, if used, precedes the main body of satin or fill stitching. It consists of one or a combination of running stitches for centering, edging, paralleling, or zigzagging the design area.  A money and time saving technique is to use, instead of a large amount of embroidery thread for underlay, a fancy specialty stitch saver patch material that simulates underlay.


Saint-Nizier Church

The Church of Saint-Nizier is a church in the Presqu'ile district of Lyon, France, in the 2nd arrondissement, between the Place des Terreaux and the Place des Jacobins. Its name refers to Nicetius of Lyon, a bishop of the city during the 6th century.

History
The first religious building on the site of the present church was a Roman monument, perhaps a temple of Attis, whose worship was probably the cause of the Christian persecution in Lyon from 177. In the 5th century, according to tradition, Eucherius of Lyon, 19th bishop of Lyon, built on the ruins of the building a basilica to contain the relics of the martyrs in Lyon, tortured in 177. The church received the name "Church of Holy Apostles". In the 6th century, the bishops were buried in the church, particularly Nicetius of Lyon, the 28th bishop. The body of the latter attracted a crowd and his presumed great miracles led the church to take his name.

Saint Austregisilus was abbot here during the 7th century.

In the early 8th century, the church has been ravaged by the Saracens and by Charles Martel. It was rebuilt in the 9th century, at the behest of the bishop Leidrade. Peter Waldo, in the 13th century, was a parishioner. His disciples, shocked by the wealth of the church, even set fire in 1253.

From the 14th century to the late 16th century, the church was gradually rebuilt. In 1562, the notables gathered in the church, and in the 17th century, the aldermen were elected in the nave. It suffered the damage caused by several bands of Huguenot, which plundered the bishops of Lyon's tombs, then those of the French Revolution.

After the French Revolution, the church served as flour warehouse. In the late 18th century, the project to transform the church into a gallery was abandoned after a petition signed by 100 notables.

The sacristy was built in 1816, and the organ was installed in 1886.

The church was in the 1970s the center of a popular neighborhood. Its presence was highlighted during its occupation by some prostitutes of the neighborhood in 1975 to express their anger towards police and social harassment. This church has often been perceived as a place of refuge and hospitality in the city.

In the beginning in 1968, renovations undertaken by the management of the monument historique and the city of Lyon began, and they ended in 1998.

Architecture
The church is mainly built in the Gothic style with a Renaissance portal. Among its particularities are:
 a crypt
 Several side chapels
 The tomb of Pauline-Marie Jaricot
 Mosaics by Gaspard Poncet, representing the Virgin Mary and the 48 martyrs of Lyon
 A statue of the Virgin made by Antoine Coysevox
 A neogothic pulpit made after a design by Benoît
 The stale of the chapter of canons
 Stained glasses by Bégule, Gruber and Lavergne
 A 17th-century clock
 A plaque about the marriage of Frederic Ozanam

Famous people

In the 17th century, theologian Bédien Morange was cantor and canon of Saint-Nizier. In the 19th century, the parish hosted famous spiritual people such as Frederic Ozanam, founder of the Saint-Vincent de Paul conferences, and Pauline-Marie Jaricot, foundress of the Propagation of the Faith. The church has been directed by priests and laity of the Emmanuel Community since 1996.


Apoorva (given name)

Apoorv or Apurv is the common English spelling of two related Indian given names: the feminine अपूर्वा  and the masculine अपूर्व . The masculine name is often spelled Apurv or Apoorv, as in many modern Indo-Aryan languages it is pronounced without the vowel at the end, for example in Hindi: . In Sanskrit  and  are respectively the masculine and feminine forms of the adjective meaning 'unprecedented', 'new', 'extraordinary'.
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List of people with the name

Masculine given name
 Apurva Asrani (born 1978), Indian film director
 Apurva Agnihotri (born 1972), Indian TV actor
 Apoorva Lakhia, Indian film director
 Apoorva D. Patel, Indian physicist
 Apoorva Sengupta (1938–2013), Indian army officer and cricketer

Feminine given name
 Apoorva Arora (born 1996), Indian actress and model
 Apoorva Muralinath (born 1989), Indian basketball player

Other
 Pratiksha Apurv (born 1964), Indian painter


Żelazno, Lower Silesian Voivodeship

Żelazno (Polish pronunciation: ; ) is a historical village in the administrative district of Gmina Kłodzko, within Kłodzko County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. It lies approximately  south of Kłodzko and  south of the regional capital Wrocław. The population as of 2017 is 973.

The history of Żelazno/Eisersdorf goes back to the 13th century when it was part of an ancient trade route called the Amber Road. The settlement was first mentioned as Eyserzdorf in 1326. The settlement's prosperous medieval history left its legacy, which can be seen to this day. The village also features a 15th-century Gothic tower, an 18th-century palace and a manor house that once belonged to the famous Münchhausen aristocratic family. Prior to 1945 Eisersdorf was part of Germany and after World War II it was renamed Żelazno upon being transferred to Poland.

Gallery


John of Sweden

John of Sweden - Swedish: Johan, Jon and Hans - may refer to:

John I, King of Sweden 1216
John II, King of Sweden 1497
John III, King of Sweden 1569
John, Swedish prince, died 1152, son of King Sweartgar I
John, Swedish prince, died 1205, son of King Canute I
John, prince and heir apparent 1520, son of King Christian II
John, Duke of Östergötland, Swedish prince 1589
John II Casimir Vasa, pretender to the Swedish throne as of 1609
John Casimir, Count Palatine of Kleeburg, Swedish prince 1652


Malmö City FC

Malmö City FC is a Swedish football club located in Malmö.

Background
Malmo City Football Club was formed for the 2009 season following the merger of the Kirseberg IF and Rörsjöstaden IF clubs. Kirseberg IF was founded in Kirseberg in Malmo in 1937 under the name BK Vargo.

Since their foundation Malmö City FC has participated in the middle divisions of the Swedish football league system.  The club currently plays in Division 3 Södra Götaland which is the fifth tier of Swedish football. They play their home matches at the Kirseberg IP in Malmö. This was previously the home venue of Kirseberg IF.

Malmö City FC are affiliated to the Skånes Fotbollförbund. In 2009 the club was running 20 teams with approximately 600 members.

Recent history
In recent seasons Malmö City FC have competed in the following divisions:

2014 – Division IV, Västra Skåne
2013 – Division IV, Västra Skåne
2012 – Division III, Södra Götaland
2011 – Division III, Södra Götaland
2010 – Division III, Södra Götaland
2009 – Division III, Södra Götaland

Attendances

In recent seasons Malmö City FC have had the following average attendances:

Footnotes

External links
 Malmö City FC – Official Website
  Malmö City FC Facebook


Christopher D. Pappas

Christopher Daniel Pappas is a special advisor to the CEO of Trinseo S.A., a Berwyn-based global materials company that manufactures plastics, latex, and synthetic rubber, among others. Pappas previously served as the company's president and chief executive officer, beginning in June 2010 when the Dow Chemical Company sold a group of its businesses and assets to Bain Capital under the name Styron (later renamed Trinseo). Pappas retired from the position of CEO as of March 4, 2019.

Pappas is credited for his leadership in establishing the company's vision and culture,
and was awarded an ACS Leadership Award for Outstanding Corporate Reinvention in  2017.
He serves on a number of boards and was the 2017 chair of SCI America.

Education
Pappas earned a Bachelor of Science degree in civil engineering at Georgia Institute of Technology and a Master of Business Administration from the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania.

Career
Pappas entered the chemicals and plastics industry when he joined The Dow Chemical Company in 1978.
He became vice president of Ethylene Elastomers for DuPont Dow Elastomers LLC. in 1996 and commercial vice president in 1999.

In 2000 he joined Nova Chemicals Corporation, where he held positions including
senior vice president and president of Styrenics (July 2000 – September 2006);
president and chief operations officer (October 2006 – April 2009); and
president and chief executive officer (May 2009 – November 2009).

In 2010, Pappas became president and chief executive officer when the Dow Chemical Company spun off a group of its businesses and assets as Styron (later Trinseo).  He also served on Trinseo's Executive Leadership Team and board of directors. Pappas retired as of March 4, 2019, being succeeded by Frank Bozich.

Pappas is a current member of the board of directors of
FirstEnergy (2011-) (NYSE: FE) and
Univar (2015-) (NYSE: UNVR), and a former board member of
Methanex (2004-?)
Nova Chemicals, and
Allegheny Energy (2008–2011).
As of 2017, Pappas was the chair of SCI America.

Since 2015, Pappas has served on the external advisor board of the School of Civil & Environmental Engineering at Georgia Tech. He and his wife Susan, both civil engineers from Georgia Tech, have established the Susan G. and Christopher D. Pappas Professorship in the School of Civil and Environmental Engineering.

Awards
 2018, voted top CEO among mid-cap publicly traded chemical companies in Institutional Investors yearly survey of top executives.
 2017, Leadership Award for Outstanding Corporate Reinvention, American Chemical Society’s New York Section, for the "visionary leadership needed to transform a collection of separate commodity businesses into a unified company with a clear strategy and vision".


Paulinskill Viaduct

The Paulinskill Viaduct, also known as the Hainesburg Viaduct, is a reinforced concrete railroad bridge that crosses the Paulins Kill in Knowlton Township, New Jersey. When completed in 1910, it was the largest reinforced concrete structure in the world.

History

The viaduct was built by the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad as part of the Lackawanna Cut-Off, a project that replaced an older route with a straighter and flatter route through the mountains of northwestern New Jersey. (A sister bridge of similar design but smaller dimension, the Delaware River Viaduct, carries the Lackawanna Cut-Off over the river, Interstate 80, and the New Jersey-Pennsylvania state line.) Designed by the DL&W's engineering staff under the supervision of chief engineer Lincoln Bush and built by the Philadelphia contracting firm of Reiter, Curtis & Hill, the bridge was considered a pioneering work that opened the door to the building of even larger concrete viaducts by the Lackawanna, most notably the Tunkhannock Viaduct in Pennsylvania in 1915.

Opened to regular rail traffic on Christmas Eve 1911, the Paulinskill Viaduct, supported by its seven graceful arches, carried DL&W trains until 1960, when the railroad merged with the Erie Railroad to form the Erie Lackawanna Railroad. The E-L in turn operated the Cut-Off until 1976 when the railroad was conveyed into Conrail, which ran trains until 1979, abandoned the line in 1982, and removed the tracks in 1984.

New Jersey Transit is working to restore commuter service along the Cut-Off, with the  section from Lake Hopatcong, New Jersey, to Andover, New Jersey, currently under construction and slated to open in 2020. NJT has proposed to restore the rest of the Cut-Off, including the Paulinskill Viaduct, and restore passenger service into northeastern Pennsylvania, possibly as far as Scranton.

The Paulinskill Viaduct is also known for its internal chambers (used to inspect the structural integrity of the bridge), which are popular among those who enjoy urban exploration. The graffiti-filled chambers have been featured on Weird NJ.

Notes


El Bitché

El Bitché is the third studio album by the American band Pushmonkey, released in 2001 (see 2001 in music).

Track listing
All songs composed by Pushmonkey

"Chemical Skin" – 3:30
"Pissant" – 3:15
"Woman Named Dope" – 2:53
"Mine to Waste" – 3:56
"Myself" – 3:24
"Carbomb" – 3:34
"Thing" – 3:51
"Number One" – 3:48
"Masterbraker" – 3:47
"Diamond" – 4:06
Untitled instrumental – 1:21
"Core" – 8:20
"Tits" – 2:08

Personnel

Tony Park – lead vocals, trumpet
Darwin Keys – drums, vocals
Will Hoffman – guitar, vocals
Pat Fogarty – bass, vocals
Howie Behrens – guitar, vocals


Helen Novikov

Helen Novikov (born November 26, 1976) is an Estonian architect and former Olympic luger. She represented Estonia at the 1994 and 1998 Winter Olympics.

Biography
Novikov was born in Tallinn and grew up in Tõrva. She attended the Estonian Academy of Arts in architecture. Following the 1988 Olympics, she got her Bachelor of Applied Science degree at the Tallinn University of Applied Sciences.

Novikov began luging in 1987. She trained in Sigulda, Latvia with coaches Viljo Grauding and Peter Kirdi.

She is currently an architect for Ritsu AS, a company that designs and produces wooden houses.

Winter Olympics
Novikov made her Olympic debut in the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer, Norway. She was the sole Estonian luger at the games. She participated in the women's singles event finishing 19th overall.

Novikov returned in 1998 to the following Winter Olympics in Nagano, Japan. She came in 20th in the women's singles.


Pepón Osorio

Pepón Osorio is a Latino artist who uses different objects as well as video in his pieces to portray political and social issues in the Latino community. He was born in 1955 in Santurce, Puerto Rico and studied at the Interamerican University of Puerto Rico, Lehman College, and also Columbia University where he obtained his MA in sociology in 1985.

His work is held by the Walker Arts Center, the Smithsonian American Art Museum, Whitney Museum of American Art, El Museo del Barrio, el Museo de Arte de Puerto Rico, and by the Puerto Rico Museum of Contemporary Art.

He shows at Ronald Feldman Gallery.
He lives in Philadelphia.  Pepón currently teaches at Tyler School of Art, part of Temple University.

Early life
In 1975 Osorio moved to the Bronx, New York. During 1987-1988 Osorio focused primarily on Puerto Rican identity through the perspective of an individual who lived there. He worked mostly with different objects of popular Latino culture during this time.

In 1985 Osorio changed his artistic approach to focus more on self-identity and cultural reaffirmation. This change in his visual vocabulary is what lead him to create one of his most popular pieces of work, La Cama (the bed). As a way to address and make clear the Latino culture, Osorio began to work in group shows while also working with choreographer Merían Soto as a set and installation designer. Osorio integrated performance and dance into his work as a way to more clearly portray the Latino body. In his piece La Cama there was an implied but physically absent body.

Focusing on the AIDS pandemic
In 1991 Pepón created a piece inside of New York’s El Museo Del Barrio called El Velorio – AIDS in the Latino Community in which 7 coffins were left to represent the victims of Puerto Rican people who died from AIDS. Each coffin was filled with information about the victims who died which included different items such as heartwarming notes from friends and family, flowers, and even a mirror which was meant to help the viewer connect more personally to the piece.

Discovering film
During the 1990s Osorio began to work with video which prompted his entrance into the mainstream art world. His piece Scene of the Crime (Who’s Crime?) was featured in a New York Times review as well as the Whitney Biennial. In this piece there is a mannequin on the floor that represents a woman who was murdered by her husband. Her body is separated from the viewer by  police tape along with personal items that would have belonged to the murdered lady. Through this piece Osorio brings to the public’s attention the issue of misrepresentation through the U.S. mainstream media, more specifically with the film industry.  Films depicting negative Latino stereotypes frame the space of the installation in order to more clearly emphasize the message. Pepón uses film as a way to be there in the piece when he can’t physically. Osorio decided after having his work at the Whitney Biennial that he wouldn’t have any more work in mainstream art museums unless it is first shown to the Puerto Rican community. This decision was made in response to the controversy of what kind of art and which social groups could/should be shown in the museum. His focus on the Latino body didn’t fulfill his intentions of shedding more light upon the Puerto Rican community, although it did bring attention to his own personal work.

Gender Roles
In 1994 Osorio created an installation called En La barberia, no se llora (no crying in the barber shop) which he used to explore Latino masculinity. He described the barber shop as a place where men would go on the weekends as a sort of social gathering to do business and also play dominoes. There was no crying allowed in the barbershop because crying was a sign of being feminine which is strictly forbidden in a place that was meant only for men. Osorio had many different men from all ages featured in the videos for the installation as a way to portray and explore the issue of machismo in the Latino community. Osorio also brought women into the video installations as a way to try and break the gender boundary of the barbershop. Sixteen video monitors were put on display showing the different men in different physical and emotional states of masculinity along with 2 color monitors displaying men crying without any audio. The walls of the barbershop were lined with portraits of different Latino men, Benjamin Osorio (his father) being the biggest portrait.

Awards
 1985 Bessie Award
 1999 MacArthur Foundation Program