Kaaba

The Kaaba (  , "Cube"), also referred to as al-Kaʿbah al-Musharrafah (), also spelled Ka'bah, is a building at the center of Islam's most important mosque, Great Mosque of Mecca (), in the Hejazi city of Mecca, Saudi Arabia. It is the most sacred site in Islam. It is considered by Muslims to be the Bayt Allāh (, "House of God"), and has a similar role to the Tabernacle and Holy of Holies in Judaism. Its location determines  the qiblah (, direction of prayer). Wherever they are in the world, Muslims are expected to face the Kaaba when performing Salah, the Islamic prayer.

One of the Five Pillars of Islam requires every Muslim who is able to do so to perform the Hajj (, Pilgrimage) at least once in their lifetime. Multiple parts of the hajj require pilgrims to make Tawaf (, Circumambulation) seven times counter-clockwise around the Kaaba, the first three times fast, at the edge of the courtyard, and the last four times slowly, nearer the Kaaba. Tawaf is also performed by pilgrims during the ʿUmrah (, Lesser Pilgrimage). However, the most significant time is during the hajj, when millions of pilgrims gather to circle the building during a 5-day period. In 2017, the number of pilgrims coming from outside the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia to perform hajj was officially reported as 1,752,014 and 600,108 Saudi Arabian residents bringing the total number of pilgrims to 2,352,122. In the 2019 hajj, The Kingdom reported 2,489,406 foreign pilgrims and 634,379 domestic pilgrims (total 3,123,785).

Lexicology
The literal meaning of the Arabic word kaʿbah (كَعْبَة) is 'cube'. In the Quran, the Kaaba is also mentioned as al-Bayt () and Baytī () [2:125, 22:26], Baytik al-Muḥarram () [14:37], al-Bayt al-Ḥarām () [5:97], al-Bayt al-ʿAtīq () [22:29], and. The mosque surrounding the Kaaba is called al-Masjid al-Haram ("The Sacred Mosque").

Architecture and interior

The Kaaba is a cuboid stone structure made of granite. It is approximately  high (some claim ), with sides measuring  by . Inside the Kaaba, the floor is made of marble and limestone. The interior walls, measuring  by , are clad with tiled, white marble halfway to the roof, with darker trimmings along the floor. The floor of the interior stands about  above the ground area where tawaf is performed.

The wall directly adjacent to the entrance of the Kaaba has six tablets inlaid with inscriptions, and there are several more tablets along the other walls. Along the top corners of the walls runs a green cloth embroidered with gold Qur'anic verses. Caretakers anoint the marble cladding with the same scented oil used to anoint the Black Stone outside. Three pillars (some erroneously report two) stand inside the Kaaba, with a small altar or table set between one and the other two. (It has been claimed that this table is used for the placement of perfumes or other items.) Lamp-like objects (possible lanterns or crucible censers) hang from the ceiling. The ceiling itself is of a darker colour, similar in hue to the lower trimming. A golden door—the bāb al-tawbah (also romanized as Baabut Taubah, and meaning "Door of Repentance")—on the right wall (right of the entrance) opens to an enclosed staircase that leads to a hatch, which itself opens to the roof. Both the roof and ceiling (collectively dual-layered) are made of stainless steel-capped teak wood.

Each numbered item in the following list corresponds to features noted in the diagram image.
 Al-Ḥajaru al-Aswad, "the Black Stone", is located on the Kaaba's eastern corner. Its northern corner is known as the Ruknu l-ˤĪrāqī, "the Iraqi corner", its western as the Ruknu sh-Shāmī, "the Levantine corner", and its southern as Ruknu l-Yamanī, "the Yemeni corner" taught by Imam Ali. The four corners of the Kaaba roughly point toward the four cardinal directions of the compass. Its major (long) axis is aligned with the rising of the star Canopus toward which its southern wall is directed, while its minor axis (its east-west facades) roughly align with the sunrise of summer solstice and the sunset of winter solstice.
 The entrance is a door set  above the ground on the north-eastern wall of the Kaaba, which acts as the façade. In 1979 the 300 kg gold doors made by chief artist Ahmad bin Ibrahim Badr, replaced the old silver doors made by his father, Ibrahim Badr in 1942. There is a wooden staircase on wheels, usually stored in the mosque between the arch-shaped gate of Banū Shaybah and the Zamzam Well. The oldest door that still survives dates back to 1045 CE.
 Mīzāb al-Raḥmah, rainwater spout made of gold. Added in the rebuilding of 1627 after the previous year's rain caused three of the four walls to collapse.
 Gutter, added in 1627 to protect the foundation from groundwater.
 Hatīm (also romanized as hateem), a low wall originally part of the Kaaba. It is a semi-circular wall opposite, but not connected to, the north-west wall of the Kaaba. This is  in height and  in width, and is composed of white marble. At one time the space lying between the hatīm and the Kaaba belonged to the Kaaba itself, and for this reason it is not entered during the tawaf.
 Al-Multazam, the roughly  space along the wall between the Black Stone and the entry door. It is sometimes considered pious or desirable for a hajji to touch this area of the Kaaba, or perform dua here.
 The Station of Ibrahim (Maqam Ibrahim), a glass and metal enclosure with what is said to be an imprint of Abraham's feet. Ibrahim is said to have stood on this stone during the construction of the upper parts of the Kaaba, raising Ismail on his shoulders for the uppermost parts.
 Corner of the Black Stone (East).
 Corner of Yemen (South-West), Rukan e Yamani. Pilgrims traditionally acknowledge a large vertical stone that forms this corner.
 Corner of Syria (North-West), Arabic Rukn e Shaami.
 Corner of Iraq (North-East). This inside corner, behind a curtain, contains the Babut Taubah, Door of Repentance, which leads to a staircase to the roof.
 Kiswah, the embroidered covering. Kiswa is a black silk and gold curtain which is replaced annually during the Hajj pilgrimage. Two-thirds of the way up is a band of gold-embroidered Quranic text, including the Shahada, the Islamic declaration of faith.
 Marble stripe marking the beginning and end of each circumambulation.

 A panoramic digital reconstruction of the interior can be seen on Google Streetview.
 A virtual reality model of the interior and exterior can be seen on Sketchfab Virtual Reality.

Religious significance

The Kaaba is the holiest site in Islam, and is often called by names such as the House of God.

Qibla

The Qibla is the direction faced during prayer. It is the focal point for prayer. The direction faced during prayer is the direction of where the Kaaba is.

Pilgrimage

The Sacred Mosque is the focal point of the Hajj and Umrah pilgrimages that occur in the month of Dhu al-Hijjah in the Islamic calendar and at any time of the year, respectively. The Hajj pilgrimage is one of the Pillars of Islam, required of all able-bodied Muslims who can afford the trip. In recent times, about 1.8 million Muslims perform the Hajj every year.

Some of the rituals performed by pilgrims are symbolic of historical incidents. For example, the incident of Hagar's search for water is emulated by Muslims as they run between the two hills of Safa and Marwah.

The Hajj is associated with the life of the Islamic prophet Muhammad from the 7th century, but the ritual of pilgrimage to Mecca is considered by Muslims to stretch back thousands of years to the time of Prophet Ibrahim.

History

Islamic views on origin
The Quran contains several verses regarding the origin of the Kaaba. It states that the Kaaba was the first House of Worship, and that it was built by Ibrahim and Ishmael on Allah's instructions.

Ibn Kathir, the famous commentator on the Quran, mentions two interpretations among the Muslims on the origin of the Kaaba. One is that the shrine was a place of worship for Angels before the creation of man. Later, a house of worship was built on the location which was lost during the flood in Noah's time and was finally rebuilt by Abraham and Ishmael as mentioned later in the Quran. Ibn Kathir regarded this tradition as weak and preferred instead the narration by Ali ibn Abi Talib that although several other temples might have preceded the Kaaba, it was the first "House of God", dedicated solely to Him, built by His instruction and sanctified and blessed by Him as stated in Quran 22:26–29. A Hadith in Sahih al-Bukhari states that the Kaaba was the First Mosque on Earth, and the Second Mosque was the Temple in Jerusalem.

While Abraham was building the Kaaba, an angel brought to him the Black Stone which he placed in the eastern corner of the structure. Another stone was the Maqam-e-Ibrahim (literally the Station of Abraham) where Abraham stood for elevation while building the structure. The Black Stone and the Maqam-e-Ibrahim are believed by Muslims to be the only remnant of the original structure made by Abraham as naturally the remaining structure had to be demolished and rebuilt several times over history for maintenance purposes. After the construction was complete, God enjoined the descendants of Ishmael to perform an annual pilgrimage: the Hajj and the Korban, sacrifice of cattle. The vicinity of the shrine was also made a sanctuary where bloodshed and war were forbidden.

According to Islamic tradition, over the millennia after Ishmael's death, his progeny and the local tribes who settled around the oasis of Zam-Zam gradually turned to polytheism and idolatry. Several idols were placed within the Kaaba representing deities of different aspects of nature and different tribes. Several rituals were adopted in the Pilgrimage (Hajj) including doing naked circumambulation. A king named Tubba is considered the first one to have a door be built for the Kaaba according to sayings recorded in Al-Azraqi's Kitab Akhbar Makka.

Independent views on origin

In her book Islam: A Short History, Karen Armstrong asserts that the Kaaba was officially dedicated to Hubal, a Nabatean deity, and contained 360 idols which probably represented the days of the year. However, by the time of Muhammad's era, it seems that the Kaaba was venerated as the shrine of Allah, the High God. Once a year, tribes from all around the Arabian peninsula, whether Christian or pagan, would converge on Mecca to perform the Hajj, marking the widespread conviction that Allah was the same deity worshiped by monotheists. Alfred Guillaume, in his translation of the sira of Ibn Ishaq, an early biographer of Muhammad, says that the Kaaba itself might be referred to in the feminine form. Circumambulation was often performed naked by men and almost naked by women. It is disputed whether Allah and Hubal were the same deity or different. Per a hypothesis by Uri Rubin and Christian Robin, Hubal was only venerated by Quraysh and the Kaaba was first dedicated to Allah, a supreme god of individuals belonging to different tribes, while the pantheon of the gods of Quraysh was installed in Kaaba after they conquered Mecca a century before Muhammad's time.

Ptolemy

Writing in the Encyclopedia of Islam, Wensinck identifies Mecca with a place called Macoraba mentioned by Ptolemy. G. E. von Grunebaum states: "Mecca is mentioned by Ptolemy. The name he gives it allows us to identify it as a South Arabian foundation created around a sanctuary. In Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam, Patricia Crone argues that the identification of Macoraba with Mecca is false and that Macoraba was a town in southern Arabia in what was then known as Arabia Felix. A recent study has revisited the arguments for Macoraba and found them unsatisfactory.

Diodorus Siculus
Based on an earlier report by Agatharchides of Cnidus, Diodorus Siculus mentions a temple along the Red Sea coast, "which is very holy and exceedingly revered by all Arabians". Edward Gibbon believed that this was the Kaaba. However, Gibbon had misread the source: Diodorus puts the temple too far north for it to have been Mecca.

Others
Imoti contends that there were numerous such Kaaba sanctuaries in Arabia at one time, but this was the only one built of stone. The others also allegedly had counterparts of the Black Stone. There was a "red stone", the deity of the south Arabian city of Ghaiman, and the "white stone" in the Kaaba of al-Abalat (near the city of Tabala, south of Mecca). Grunebaum in Classical Islam points out that the experience of divinity of that period was often associated with stone fetishes, mountains, special rock formations, or "trees of strange growth."

The Kaaba was thought to be at the center of the world, with the Gate of Heaven directly above it. The Kaaba marked the location where the sacred world intersected with the profane; the embedded Black Stone was a further symbol of this as a meteorite that had fallen from the sky and linked heaven and earth.

According to Sarwar, about 400 years before the birth of Muhammad, a man named "Amr bin Lahyo bin Harath bin Amr ul-Qais bin Thalaba bin Azd bin Khalan bin Babalyun bin Saba", who was descended from Qahtan and was the king of Hijaz had placed a Hubal idol onto the roof of the Kaaba. This idol was one of the chief deities of the ruling tribe Quraysh. The idol was made of red agate and shaped like a human, but with the right hand broken off and replaced with a golden hand. When the idol was moved inside the Kaaba, it had seven arrows in front of it, which were used for divination.

To maintain peace among the perpetually warring tribes, Mecca was declared a sanctuary where no violence was allowed within  of the Kaaba. This combat-free zone allowed Mecca to thrive not only as a place of pilgrimage, but also as a trading center.

Many Muslim and academic historians stress the power and importance of the pre-Islamic Mecca. They depict it as a city grown rich on the proceeds of the spice trade. Crone believes that this is an exaggeration and that Mecca may only have been an outpost trading with nomads for leather, cloth, and camel butter. Crone argues that if Mecca had been a well-known center of trade, it would have been mentioned by later authors such as Procopius, Nonnosus, or the Syrian church chroniclers writing in Syriac. The town is absent, however, from any geographies or histories written in the three centuries before the rise of Islam.

According to the Encyclopædia Britannica, "before the rise of Islam it was revered as a sacred sanctuary and was a site of pilgrimage." According to German historian Eduard Glaser, the name "Kaaba" may have been related to the southern Arabian or Ethiopian word "mikrab", signifying a temple. Again, Crone disputes this etymology.

In Samaritan literature, the Samaritan Book of the Secrets of Moses (Asatir) claims that Ishmael and his eldest son Nebaioth built the Kaaba as well as the city of Mecca. "The Secrets of Moses" or Asatir book was suggested by some opinion to have been compiled in the 10th century, while another opinion in 1927 suggested that it was written no later than the second half of the 3rd century BCE.

Pre-Islamic Era

Prior to the spread of Islam throughout the Arabian Peninsula, the Kaaba was a holy site for the various Bedouin tribes of the area. Once every lunar year, the Bedouin tribes would make a pilgrimage to Mecca. Setting aside any tribal feuds, they would worship their pagan gods in the Kaaba and trade with each other in the city. Various sculptures and paintings were held inside the Kaaba. A statue of Hubal, the principal idol of Mecca, and other pagan deities were in or around the Kaaba. There were paintings of idols decorating the walls. A picture of the Prophet 'Isa and his mother, Maryam, was situated inside the Kaaba and later found by the Prophet Muhammad after his conquest of Mecca. The iconography portrayed a seated Maryam with her child on her lap. This description, which would later become a universal iconography in later times, is similar to Christian art and its portrayal of the seated Virgin Mary holding a young Jesus in her lap. The iconography in the Kaaba also included paintings of other prophets and angels. It is possible the paintings of the prophets and angels were figures associated with the Prophet 'Isa and Maryam. Inside the Kaaba, undefined decorations, money and a pair of ram's horns were recorded to be there. The pair of ram's horns were said to have belonged to the ram sacrificed by the Prophet Ibrahim in place of his son, the Prophet Ismail.

Al-Azraqi provides the following narrative on the authority of his grandfather, whose own source was Da'ud b.'Abd al-Rahman, who said that Ibn Jurayj had said that Sulayman b.Musa al-Shami asked 'Ata' b. Abi Rabah the following:I have heard that there was set up in al-Bayt (the Ka'ba) a picture (timthal) of Maryam and 'Isa. ['Ata'] said: "Yes, there was set in it a picture of Maryam adorned (muzawwaqan); in her lap, her son 'Isa sat adorned."-al-Azraqi, Akhbar Mecca: History of Mecca

Muhammad's era

During Muhammad's lifetime (570–632 CE), the Kaaba was considered a holy site by the local Arabs. Muhammad took part in the reconstruction of the Kaaba after its structure was damaged due to floods around 600 CE. Ibn Ishaq's Sirat Rasūl Allāh, one of the biographies of Muhammad (as reconstructed and translated by Guillaume), describes Muhammad settling a quarrel between Meccan clans as to which clan should set the Black Stone cornerstone in place.

According to Ishaq's biography, Muhammad's solution was to have all the clan elders raise the cornerstone on a cloak, after which Muhammad set the stone into its final place with his own hands. Ibn Ishaq says that the timber for the reconstruction of the Kaaba came from a Greek ship that had been wrecked on the Red Sea coast at Shu'ayba and that the work was undertaken by a Coptic carpenter called Baqum. Muhammad's night journey is said to have taken him from the Kaaba to the Temple Mount and heavenwards from there.

Muslims initially considered Jerusalem as their qibla, or prayer direction, and faced toward it while offering prayers; however, pilgrimage to the Kaaba was considered a religious duty though its rites were not yet finalized. During the first half of Muhammad's time as a prophet while he was at Mecca, he and his followers were severely persecuted which eventually led to their migration to Medina in 622 CE. In 624 CE, the direction of the qiblah was changed from Jerusalem to the Kaaba in Mecca. In 628 CE, Muhammad led a group of Muslims towards Mecca with the intention of performing the minor pilgrimage (Umrah) at the Kaaba, although he wasn't allowed by the people of Mecca. He secured a peace treaty with them, the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah, which allowed the Muslims to freely perform pilgrimage at the Kaaba from the following year.

At the culmination of his mission, in 630 CE, Muhammad conquered Mecca. His first action was to remove statues and images from the Kaaba. According to reports collected by Ibn Ishaq and al-Azraqi, Muhammad spared a painting of Mary and Jesus, and a fresco of Abraham; but according to Ibn Hisham, all pictures were erased.

al-Azraqi further conveys how Muhammad, after he entered the Kaaba on the day on the conquest, ordered all the pictures erased except that of Maryam....Shihab (said) that the Prophet (peace be upon him) entered the Ka'ba the day of the conquest, and in it was a picture of the angels (mala'ika) and others, and he saw a picture of Ibrahim and he said: "May Allah kill those representing him as a venerable old man casting arrows in divination (shaykhan yastaqsim bi 'l-azlam)." Then he saw the picture of Maryam, so he put his hands on it and he said: "Erase what is in it [the Ka'ba] in the way of pictures except the picture of Maryam."-al-Azraqi, Akhbar Mecca: History of Mecca

After the conquest Muhammad restated the sanctity and holiness of Mecca, including its Great Mosque, in Islam. He performed a lesser Pilgrimage (Umrah) in 629 CE, followed by the Greater Pilgrimage (Hajj) in 632 CE called the Farewell Pilgrimage since Muhammad prophesied his impending death on this event.

After Muhammad

The Kaaba has been repaired and reconstructed many times since Muhammad's day. The structure was severely damaged by fire on 3 Rabi I (Sunday, 31 October 683 CE), during the first siege of Mecca in the war between the Umayyads and Abd-Allah ibn al-Zubayr, an early Muslim who ruled Mecca for many years between the death of ʿAli and the consolidation of Umayyad power. Ibn al-Zubayr rebuilt it to include the hatīm. He did so on the basis of a tradition (found in several hadith collections) that the hatīm was a remnant of the foundations of the Abrahamic Kaaba, and that Muhammad himself had wished to rebuild so as to include it.

The Kaaba was bombarded with stones in the second siege of Mecca in 692, in which the Umayyad army was led by al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf. The fall of the city and the death of Ibn al-Zubayr allowed the Umayyads under ʿAbd al-Malik ibn Marwan to finally reunite all the Islamic possessions and end the long civil war. In 693 CE, ʿAbdu l-Malik had the remnants of al-Zubayr's Kaaba razed, and rebuilt on the foundations set by the Quraysh. The Kaaba returned to the cube shape it had taken during Muhammad's time.

During the Hajj of 930 CE, the Qarmatians attacked Mecca, defiled the Zamzam Well with the bodies of pilgrims and stole the Black Stone, taking it to the oasis region of Eastern Arabia known as al-Aḥsāʾ, where it remained until the Abbasids ransomed it in 952 CE. The basic shape and structure of the Kaaba have not changed since then.

After heavy rains and flooding in 1629, the walls of the Kaaba collapsed and the Mosque was damaged. The same year, during the reign of Ottoman Emperor Murad IV, the Kaaba was rebuilt with granite stones from Mecca, and the Mosque was renovated. The Kaaba's appearance has not changed since then.

The Kaaba is depicted on the reverse of 500 Saudi Riyal, and the 2000 Iranian rial banknotes.

Cleaning

The building is opened twice a year for a ceremony known as "the cleaning of the Kaaba." This ceremony takes place approximately thirty days before the start of the month of Ramadan and thirty days before the start of Hajj. The keys to the Kaaba are held by the Banī Shaybah () tribe. Members of the tribe greet visitors to the inside of the Kaaba on the occasion of the cleaning ceremony. A small number of dignitaries and foreign diplomats are invited to participate in the ceremony. The governor of Mecca leads the guests who ritually clean the structure, using a broom.


Bretby Art Pottery

Bretby Art Pottery was an art pottery studio founded in 1882 by Henry Tooth and William Ault in Woodville, Derbyshire, where production began on 25 October 1883. Tooth went into partnership with Ault following his successful leadership of the celebrated Linthorpe Pottery in Middlesbrough where he had been recommended as general manager by the designer Dr Christopher Dresser in  1879.

Henry Tooth continued his creative relationship with Dr Dresser and within a year his partnership with Ault had won a gold medal at the 1884 London International and Universal Exhibition, which was held at the Crystal Palace. They also registered their 'Sunburst' logo as a trademark.

The partnership between Ault and Tooth was dissolved on 1 January 1887 when William Ault set up his own pottery Ault & Co. in Midland Road, Swadlincote. Following which Bretby continued to be produced by Tooth and then his family under Tooth and Co until 1993, when the works were sold presumably sold, trading under the name Tooth and Company Limited until their closure in 1996.

In May 2016 the ownership of the showroom and offices, the factory itself having been demolished some years earlier, was passed to The Heritage Trust  which is now trying to raise funds to restore and preserve the buildings.

Examples in Public Collections

Sharpe's Pottery Museum in Swadlincote holds a substantial collection of early examples. Derby Museum and Art Gallery also holds a large collection.


Eric Nkansah

Eric Nkansah Appiah (born December 12, 1974) is a Ghanaian athlete specializing in the 100 metres.

He is one of the current national record holders in 4 x 100 m relay with 38,12 seconds, achieved at the 1997 World Championships in Athens where the Ghanaian team finished fifth in the final.

Participating in the 2004 Summer Olympics, he achieved sixth place in his 100 metres heat, thus missing out on a placing in Round 2 of the event. He won a bronze medal at the 2006 African Championships

His personal best time is 10.00 seconds, first achieved in June 1999 in Nuremberg. The Ghanaian record currently belongs to Leonard Myles-Mills with 9.98 seconds.


Gaitelgrima

Gaitelgrima is a Lombard feminine name. There are several notable Gaitelgrimas in history.  The identities of these five women (as well as some others of the same name) are often confused because they were all closely related to each other and to two men: Guaimar III of Salerno and his son, Guaimar IV; they were the princes of Salerno from about 983 to 1027 and from 1027 to 1052.

The first was Gaitelgrima of Capua, daughter of Atenulf I of Capua, married Guaimar II of Salerno and was the mother of Gisulf I of Salerno.

The second, also Gaitelgrima of Capua or Gaitelgrima of Benevento (died after 1027), was the daughter of Pandulf II of Benevento and sister of Pandulf IV of Capua.  She was the second wife of Guaimar III and mother of Guaimar IV (his successor), Guy (later duke of Sorrento), and Pandulf (later lord of Capaccio).  She was also the mother of the third Gaitelgrima.

This third was Gaitelgrima of Salerno, also known as Altrude, who married successively two brothers, Drogo of Hauteville and Humphrey of Hauteville, who were counts of Apulia.  Through the latter, she was mother to Abelard and Herman.

The fourth, also named after Gaitelgrima of Benevento, was also a Gaitelgrima of Salerno.  She was the daughter of Guaimar IV of Salerno (see above) and Gemma.  She was married off by her brother Gisulf II of Salerno to Jordan I of Capua as was her sister, Sichelgaita, to Robert Guiscard.

The last was Gaitelgrima, Duchess of Apulia, the second wife of William II, Duke of Apulia.  She was the daughter of Jordan II of Capua. She deeply loved her husband and cut off her hair to cover his coffin at his funeral.


Miriam Tlali

Miriam Tlali (11 November 1933 – 24 February 2017) was a South African novelist. She was the first black woman in South Africa to publish an English-language novel, Muriel at Metropolitan, in 1975. She was also one of the first to write about Soweto. Most of her writing was originally banned by the South African apartheid regime.

Life and work
Miriam Masoli Tlali was born in Doornfontein, Johannesburg, and grew up in Sophiatown. She attended St Cyprian's Anglican School and then Madibane High School. She studied at the University of the Witwatersrand until it was closed to Blacks during the apartheid era; she later went to the National University of Lesotho (then called Pius the XII University) at Roma, Lesotho. Leaving there because of lack of funds, she went to secretarial school and found employment as a bookkeeper at a Johannesburg furniture store.

Tlali drew on her experiences as an office clerk for her first book, Muriel at Metropolitan, a semi-autobiographical novel whose "viewpoint is a new one in South African literature". Although written in 1969, it was not published for six years, being rejected by many publishing houses in South Africa. In 1975 Ravan Press published Muriel at Metropolitan: "only after removing certain extracts they thought would certainly offend the Censorship Board — the South African literary watchdog. But despite this effort, the novel was banned almost immediately after publication because the Censorship Board pronounced it undesirable in the South African political context." The book reached a wider audience after its publication in 1979 by Longman under the title Between Two Worlds, and its subsequent translation into other languages, including Japanese, Polish, German and Dutch. In 1988, Tlali said in a paper delivered in Amsterdam before the Committee Against Censorship: "To the Philistines, the banners of books, the critics.... We black South African writers (who are faced with the task of conscientizing our people and ourselves are writing for those whom we know are the relevant audience. We are not going to write in order to qualify into your definition of what you describe as 'true art'.... Our duty is to write for our people and about them."

Her second novel, Amandla, which was based on the 1976 Soweto uprising, was also banned in South Africa soon after it was published in 1980. Later books by Tlali include Mihloti (meaning "Tears"), a collection of short stories, interviews and non-fiction, published in 1984 by the black publishing house Skotaville, which she co-founded. Her novels were unbanned in 1986. Her 1989 book Footprints in the Quag, published in South Africa by David Philip, was brought out under the title Soweto Stories by Pandora Press.

Tlali co-founded and contributed to Staffrider magazine, for which she wrote a regular column, "Soweto Speaking", as well as writing for other South African publications, including the Rand Daily Mail.

Tlali's literary activities took her to different parts of the world, including the Netherlands, where she worked for a year, and the USA. In 1978, she participated in an international writing programme at Iowa State University, giving lectures in San Francisco, Atlanta, Washington DC, and New York, and between 1989 and 1990 was a visiting scholar at the Southern African Research Program at Yale University.

Awards and honours
In 1995 Tlali was honoured by the South African government's Department of Arts, Culture, Science and Technology with a Literary Lifetime Achievement Award. In 2008, she received the Ikhamanga Silver presidential award.

On 11 November 2018, Google recognized her with a doodle.

Selected bibliography
 Muriel at Metropolitan, Johannesburg: Ravan Press, 1975. Longman, 1979.
 Amandla, South Africa: Vivlia Publishers, 1980, .
 Mihloti, Johannesburg: Skotaville, 1984.
 Footprints in the Quag, David Philip Publishers, 1989, . As Soweto Stories, London: Pandora, 1989.

Further reading

Bernth Linfors and Reinhard Sander, Twentieth-Century Caribbean and Black African Writers, Detroit: Gale Research, 1996.
Derek Attridge and Rosemary Jane Jolly, Writing South Africa: Literature, Apartheid and Democracy 1970 - 1995, Cambridge (UK) and New York: Cambridge University Press (New York), 1998.
Christina Cullhed, Grappling with Patriarchies: Narrative Strategies of Resistance in Miriam Tlali's Writings. Doctoral dissertation, 2006. Published by Uppsala University.
Sarah Nuttall, "Literature and the Archive: The Biography of Texts", in Carolyn Hamilton (ed.), Refiguring the Archive, Cape Town: David Philip, 2002.


Abdul Razak (canoeist)

Abdul Razak (born October 10, 1964) is an Indonesian sprint canoer who competed in the early 1990s. At the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, he was eliminated in the repechages of both the K-2 500 m and the K-2 1000 m events.


Doc Guidry

Oran "Doc" Guidry (April 28, 1918 – November 10, 1992) was an American Cajun and country music fiddler. Some of his best known recordings include "Wondering", "Colinda", "Crowley Two Step", and "Chere Cherie".

Biography
Born April 28, 1918 in Lafayette, Louisiana, Oran Guidry learned to play the fiddle from his father, Cleopha.

Career
Early on, in 1936, he began recording with Happy Fats' Rayne-Bo Ramblers and Hackberry Ramblers' Joe Werner.  There, they recorded a slew of recordings for Bluebird. By 1938, he had scored a chance to record with David Kapp's Decca Records and formed the "Sons of Acadians" band.

After World War II, he would continue performing, recording and broadcasting with Happy Fats forming the group "Happy, Doc and the Boys" (or sometimes listed "Hadacol Boys").  These would be featured on J. D. "Jay" Miller's new Fais Do Do label. However, other groups would also use Doc's fiddle and electric mandolin in their recordings.  Bill Hutto had him playing on his recordings during the 1950s.   He even toured the country with Jimmie Davis where he would make his signature 1953 recording of "Chere Cherie" with L. J. Blanc at a session in Nashville, TN.  Together, they played on the Louisiana Hayride and the Grand Ole Opry.  In May of that year, Billboard Magazine stated the song was a "pretty ballad, sung in English and French by the Cajun folk artist, is presented gracefully.  Might earn some regional action".

In 1962, Vin Bruce had him recording at a session at the KLFT radio station. He jumped in with Aldus Roger and his Lafayette Playboys at the La Louisianne studio in 1964 and 1965.  In 1966, La Louisianne had him record a solo album.  By 1968 in his last recordings, he joined Vin Bruce again in New Orleans at the Cosimo Matassa recording studio.   In his later years, he would play blues, jazz and even some popular lounge music. At some point in the early 1980s, he toured Asia with Cajun legend D. L. Menard.
Chere Cherie (1966)

Legacy
Guidry would eventually be entered into the Cajun French Music Hall of Fame and the Country Music Hall of Fame.

Discography

 Chere Cherie / The Little Fat Man (9-28678 Decca, 1953)
 Doc Guidry: King Of The Cajun Fiddlers (LL-115 LaLouisianne, ca.1966)


Modern Art Week

The Modern Art Week (or Semana de Arte Moderna, in Portuguese) was an arts festival in São Paulo, Brazil, that ran from February 10 to February 17, 1922.  Historically, the Week marked the start of Brazilian Modernism; though a number of individual Brazilian artists were doing modernist work before the week, it coalesced and defined the movement and introduced it to Brazilian society at large. For Brazil, it was as important as the International Exhibition of Modern Art (also known as the Armory Show), held in New York City in 1913, which became a legendary watershed date in the history of American art.

The Week took place at the Municipal Theater in São Paulo, and included plastic arts exhibitions, lectures, concerts, and reading of poems.  In its breadth it differed significantly from the Armory Show, with which it is often compared, but which featured only visual art.  It was organized chiefly by painter Emiliano Di Cavalcanti and poet Mário de Andrade, in an attempt to bring to a head a long-running conflict between the young modernists and the cultural establishment, headed by the Brazilian Academy of Letters, which adhered strictly to academicism. The event was controversial at best and divisive at worst, with one member of the Academy, Graça Aranha, ostracized for attending. He had opened the week with a conference titled "The aesthetic emotion in modern art". Due to the radicalism (for the times) of some of their poems and music, the artists were vigorously booed and pelted by the audience, and the press and art critics in general were strong in their condemnation (such as in a famous episode by editor, writer and art critic Monteiro Lobato).

The group that took part in the Week, contrary to their initial intentions, did not remain a unified movement.  A number of separate groups split off, and the original core members had separated by 1929.  Two divisions predominated: the Anthropophagics (cannibalists), led by Oswald de Andrade, wanted to make use of the influence of European and American artists but freely create their own art out of the regurgitations of what they had taken from abroad (thus the term anthropophagy: they would "eat" all influences, digest it, and throw out new things).  The Nationalists wanted no foreign influences, and sought a "purely Brazilian" form of art. This group was led by writer Plínio Salgado, who later became a fascist political leader (Brazilian Integralism) and was arrested by dictator Getúlio Vargas after a failed coup.

Before the events leading up to 1922, São Paulo was a prosperous but relatively culturally unimportant city.  However, the Week established São Paulo as the seat of the new modernist movement, against the far more culturally conservative Rio de Janeiro.

Participants

Painters
Anita Malfatti
Emiliano Di Cavalcanti
Zina Aita
Vicente do Rego Monteiro
Ferrignac (Ignácio da Costa Ferreira)
Yan de Almeida Prado
John Graz
Alberto Martins Ribeiro
Oswaldo Goeldi

Sculptors
Victor Brecheret
Hildegardo Leão Velloso
Wilhelm Haarberg

Architects
Antonio Garcia Moya
Georg Przyrembel

Writers
Mário de Andrade
Oswald de Andrade
Menotti del Picchia
Sérgio Milliet
Plínio Salgado
Ronald de Carvalho
Álvaro Moreira
Renato de Almeida
Ribeiro Couto
Guilherme de Almeida
Graça Aranha

Composers
Heitor Villa-Lobos
Guiomar Novais
Ernani Braga
Frutuoso Viana


Fackenden Down

Fackenden Down is a   nature reserve  north of Sevenoaks in Kent. It is managed by the Kent Wildlife Trust. It is part of the Kent Downs Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty and the Otford to Shoreham Downs Site of Special Scientific Interest

This site is mainly chalk grassland, with some woodland and scrub. There are a variety of orchids, and butterflies such as the brown argus, common blue and dark green fritillary.

There is access from a road off Shoreham Road opposite Darenth Valley Golf Club.


Orville Hodge

Orville Enoch Hodge (October 1, 1904 – December 29, 1986) was the Auditor of Public Accounts (predecessor to the Office of Comptroller) of the state of Illinois from 1952 to 1956. During his term in office, he embezzled $6.15 million of state funds, mainly by altering and forging checks that were paid on the state's account.

Biography
Hodge was born in Anderson, Indiana, and from the age of four was raised in Granite City, Illinois. He and his family owned land and businesses in that area. In 1946, he married Margaret Coudy of Granite City with whom he had one son.

He was elected to the Illinois House of Representatives, where he served three terms. He was elected Auditor in 1952. He was a Republican.

Embezzlement
His scheme started shortly after his election, when he forged accounting records and created a false paper trail to convince the Illinois General Assembly that his office was insolvent. The legislature gave his office a $525,000 emergency appropriation, which Hodge kept for himself.

With the funds that he stole from the state, Hodge purchased two private jets, 30 automobiles (including a Lincoln, four Cadillacs and a Rolls-Royce imported from Britain), and multiple properties in Florida and Illinois.

The embezzlement scheme was exposed by the Chicago Daily News, whose reporting team (including George Thiem) was awarded a 1957 Pulitzer Prize for their investigation. Upon indictment, Hodge, who was facing the prospect of spending the rest of his life in prison, pleaded guilty to 54 charges of bank fraud, embezzlement and forgery, and was sentenced to 12 to 15 years in prison.

He was released in 1970 and went to work at his sister's hardware store, then as a car salesman and finally as a real estate agent in Granite City until his death at the age of 82 in Edwardsville, Illinois.

Aftermath
The Hodge scandal played a role in the decision by Illinois lawmakers to abolish the office of the State Auditor in the new state constitution of 1970. The office was replaced by the new office of the Comptroller.


Sect (album)

Sect (stylised in all caps) is the debut studio album by Australian electronic producer Golden Features, released on 27 July 2018 via Warner Music Australia. The album was supported by a headline national tour across Australia commencing on Saturday 11 August 2018 until Saturday 26 August 2018. The tour was announced on 4 April 2018 alongside the album, following the release of lead single “Falling Out” on 22 March 2018.

Sect reached number one on the ARIA Dance Albums Chart on 6 August 2018 and peaked at number 11 on the Aria Albums Chart.

"Woodcut" (featuring Romrarin) was later released as a single, accompanied by two remixes of the album track on 14 December 2018.

Background
Thomas George Stell, known professionally as Golden Features, released his first eponymously titled four-track EP Golden Features was on 28 March 2014 with the single "Tell Me" featuring Nicole Millar. This was followed by a second four-track EP XXIV, released on 19 June 2015 with lead single "No One" which peaked at number 58 on the ARIA Singles Chart and was listed at number 92 on the Triple J Hottest 100, 2015. On 29 November 2016, he released a single "Wolfie" (featuring Julia Stone) which reached number 70 in Triple J Hottest 100, 2016.

His debut album Sect arrived two years later on 27 July 2018 via Warner Music Australia. Previous releases such as "Tell Me", "No One" and "Wolfie" had demonstrated his production and songwriting, for which Stell gained attention and has been said to have "amassed a strong legion of fans". During the process of creating Sect, Stell favoured the feel of hardware for the album, stating, "I abandoned a lot of software in favour of hardware as an attempt to limit sound design possibilities, and more importantly I settled on an ethos for the entire record. It's simple. Underneath all of the production flex, does the song stand on its own?"

The Sydney producer took a different approach to the record, stating on Triple J on 27 July 2018 that he had "always felt that an album needs to be a solid body of work and not just a collection of tracks that you've kind of thrown together". He continued by describing his vision for the record, "It was just more writing things with a common goal in mind and a common sound and not repeating myself" and "you gotta cherry pick a lot more which is a tedious process".

Sect has been called a "collaborative affair" rather than a "solitary creation". Stell has credited the help of both Harrison Mills of Odesza and Kim Moyes of the Presets in creating Sect: "I love [Harrison] because we can just critique the shit out of each other and there's no ego there. It's really natural." Stell continued, "I really like Harrison, I trust him, it felt more normal him helping than if it was a stranger pitching it."

Promotion

Singles
The album was preceded by lead single "Falling Out" on 22 March 2018. Sect was announced alongside a national headline tour on 4 April 2018. On 12 June 2018, "Worship" was released as a single, followed by "Always" on 13 July 2018 before the album's release on 27 July 2018.

"Woodcut", featuring Romarin, was later released as a single accompanied by two remixes of the album track on 14 December 2018.

Music videos
A music video for lead single "Falling Out" was released on 10 May 2018, directed and produced by Free the Wolves.

Commercial performance
Sect peaked at number 11 on the ARIA Albums Chart and reached number one on the ARIA Dance Albums Chart on 6 August 2018.

Reception
Sect has generally received critical acclaim from reviewers, with praise towards Golden Features' evolution of his signature sound. The release of the album was highly anticipated, according to EDMTunes editor F. Wilde, and takes an "innovative approach" on tracks like "Medicate" and exposes "creative agency" and "contrast[ing] sharp and soft textures" in tracks like "Woodcut" and "Worship". With the release of the album, Golden Features has been called "one of Australia’s most compelling electronic acts". Sect crosses genre boundaries "[f]rom the melodic tones of house, to the pop structures of indie electro" and Stell has "reinvented these influences into a distinct sound that is all his own". Grant Gilmore of EDM Identity similarly commented on the album as an "electro-fueled journey" "blurring the line of indie and electronic".

J. Phillips similarly called Sect "much-anticipated" and upon release was a "hit with fans".

The 10-track album sees Golden Features "weav[ing] between an eclectic mix of driving beats, dark choruses, blistering drops and ethereal vocals". Upon featuring the album, Triple J further notes that singles "Falling Out" and "Worship" "prove Golden Features can move effortlessly between conventional club music and more traditional songwriting".

Apple Music's editorial comments on the overall tone of Sect and notes its Ed Banger influences: "Themes of disorientation and intoxication are unshielded: 'Medicate, separate' and 'I'm high, all day, all night, always', for instance, are repeated as hypnotic mantras over thumping beats, like the soundtrack of a sweaty, strobe-light rave that picks up where Ed Banger Records' mid-2000s heyday left off."

The Golden Features project has a "quality over quantity element" which has culminated with Sect, according to Pilerats editor, which is "drenched in care and attention to detail". Chris Salce of Acid Stag praises the production of Sect as a body of work — "a truly remarkable meeting of dark and deep house worlds that solidifies the signature sound we've all come to know". He continues, "Always" "showcases the trademark heavy electronica of Golden Features" and "Falling Out" is a "clear standout" with "contagious melodies".

Stell is heavily self-critical, stating "I'm such a hard critic on myself [...] I was gearing up for people to not enjoy [the album], because I'd been working on it for so long I just lost scope of what it sounded like. Then the first single got a mixed response..."

Rudi K of Sputnik Music critiques the Australian electronic dance music scene and the place of the album within it. He states that Sect "won't do anything to dissuade critics of the cliché that Australia is perpetually one step and vast oceans behind everyone else when it comes to breaking new ground", continuing with "Golden Features isn't reinventing the wheel site yet, but there are worse artists to draw inspiration from. For now, Sect introduces a distinctive enough sound to make the future enticingly dark". Rudi K gave the album a score of 4.0.

Track listing

Influences
Golden Features has recognised a wide variety of influences and inspiration in creating his debut album Sect. Stell takes inspiration from "all over the musical spectrum", but has noted being influenced by Ed Banger and the Presets.This album was written around the concept that exclusion forces outliers together in a most beautiful way. Musically my influences are extremely varied. Everything from post-punk and to QOTSA and AIR. Production wise my love for early Ed Banger is worn on my sleeve. I keep reaching back to that 2007 era when producers weren't all crabs in a bucket, fighting to counterfeit the latest hit.During an interview on Triple J following the album receiving a spot as a feature album in the week leading to its release, Stell stated he wanted the tone of the album to be "much darker, much bigger, very operatic". Stell was inspired by his time exploring some of the French artwork on display in the Louvre: "I was really inspired by spending a bit of time in Paris. French art and how just kind of exuberant and expressive it all is, like they really don't pull punches or go for minimalism".

2018 Australian tour
Following the release of the lead single "Falling Out", Golden Features announced a headline national tour to accompany his debut album on 4 April 2018. Tickets for the tour were slated to go on sale at 10am Friday 6 April and the tour was to kick off in Golden Features' hometown of Sydney at Hordern Pavilion on Saturday 11 August 2018. Golden Features would be accompanied by Big Wild and Nyxen. The show was sold out at Hordern Pavilion in Sydney and The Forum in Melbourne and a second show was added for the latter scheduled for the following day.

Prior to the album's release, Stell's time away from live performances, which has been called "self-imposed creative isolation". was said to have been to "realign his approach to his own music".

Stell had previously commented on his perspective towards touring the Golden Features project when his music began to gain recognition. In an interview with THUMP staff for Vice on 9 April 2014, following the release of "Tell Me", the lead single of his first self-titled EP Golden Features, Stell commented:As of yet there have been no shows. We've got a couple in the works, but I don't want to play the whole DJ thing, and go out and play a bunch of other people's tunes. With that, you find yourself eventually becoming a person to fill a spot. You're playing the same songs as everybody else because you know they'll get a reaction. The whole idea of the Golden Features project is to turn myself into an artist that people actually go to see for their own music.The release of the studio album and headline tour saw Golden Features embracing a different approach for the tour; Troy Mutton of Pilerats comments that that tour saw Stell "moving away from DJing, leaning further into not only just his own music and edits, but playing live and building tracks as well". With regards to the 2018 tour, Stell stated, "I've switched everything over from a DJ set to everything being played piece by piece, each song is split up into 8-12 tracks, and all of them are getting edited and mixed live. There's synths on stage, and things that were otherwise done in the studio will be coming out live."

Shows and tour dates
Golden Features went on tour across Australia during August 2018 and visited the following cities.

Merchandise
During promotion of the tour, merchandise was made available through the Golden Features website. The merchandise was distributed by SoundMerch. This included various shirts and hoodies featuring the show list for the Australian 2018 tour and a vinyl and CD of the album featuring the album art.


Save Today

"Save Today" is a song by South African rock band Seether. It was released on 22 September 2015 as the fourth single and final single from their sixth studio album Isolate and Medicate.

This song was inspired by Shaun Morgan's late brother Eugene who committed suicide by jumping out of a hotel window. Shaun said "When I began writing it, it was really simple, but I liked what it was inspiring in me as far as emotion and lyrics. I ran with that." "When we got in the studio with (producer) Brendan O'Brien, it became more interesting. He added some parts and made it prettier."

Charts


European Sports Media

The European Sports Media (ESM), formerly European Sports Magazines, is an association of football-related publications in Europe.

Members
European Sports Media was established in 1989 as an international body for football journalism. Its nine founding members were: A Bola (Portuguese), Don Balón (Spanish), Sport/Foot Magazine (Belgium), La Gazzetta dello Sport (Italian), kicker (German), Onze Mondial (French), Sport (Switzerland), Voetbal International (Dutch), World Soccer (English).
ESM membership has varied over time. Former members also include France Football.

Current members
  A Bola
  Fanatik
  Voetbal International
  kicker
  Sport Express
  Sport Magazine
  Tipsbladet
  telesport
  Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
  World Soccer
  Marca
  SO FOOT
  nemzeti sport
  La Gazzetta dello Sport

Awards
ESM presents the following awards:

 European Golden Shoe. Since the 1996–97 season, ESM annually rewards Europe's most prolific striker with the European Golden Shoe.
 UEFA Men's Player of the Year Award & UEFA Women's Player of the Year Award. Since 2011, in partnership with UEFA, ESM handles the voting and administration for the UEFA Best Men's Player and Women's Player in Europe Awards, which is awarded annually to the outstanding men's and women's players of the European season.
 ESM Team of the Season. After selecting a Team of the Season for 1994–95, ESM instituted the monthly ESM 11. Each of its members selects the 11 best players in the European leagues each month from September to May. The players who most often appear in those teams are elected into the ESM Team of the Season.

ESM Team of the Season

1990s

2000s

2010s

By player


Balde de la Punta

Balde de la Punta is a village and municipality in Catamarca Province in northwestern Argentina.


River Vale, New Jersey

River Vale is a township in Bergen County, New Jersey, United States. River Vale is the most eastern municipality in an area of the county referred to as the Pascack Valley. As of the 2010 United States Census, the township's population was 9,659, reflecting an increase of 210 (+2.2%) from the 9,449 counted in the 2000 Census, which had in turn increased by 39 (+0.4%) from the 9,410 counted in the 1990 Census. The township was ranked #29 on the 100 Best Places to Live 2007 survey published by CNN/Money magazine.

River Vale was formed as a township on April 30, 1906, from portions of both Hillsdale Township (now Hillsdale Borough) and Washington Township. The township was named for its location along the Hackensack River.

On January 5, 1904, the temperature in River Vale fell to , the lowest temperature ever recorded in New Jersey.

History
Before 1841, the area comprising River Vale was part of Harrington Township. It used to be known as the "Over Kill Neighborhood" or just "Over Kill" — it being over the kill (Hackensack River) from Tappan. Its southern part, known as Eastwood (named in contrast to Westwood), became an independent borough in 1894, but was dissolved and re-absorbed into Washington Township in 1896.

River Vale was incorporated as a township in 1906, formed from portions of both Hillsdale and Washington Township. On July 15, 1929, part of River Vale was ceded to Park Ridge. On May 20, 1959, territory was acquired from Montvale.

In 1967, a mass grave site was discovered in River Vale from an event in 1778 during the American Revolutionary War, the Baylor Massacre. This became widely known due to a February 1968 report to the Bergen County Board of Chosen Freeholders, "1778 - The Massacre of Baylor's Dragoons." The burial site was made into a county park that was dedicated on October 15, 1972.

On July 28, 1994, the residents of River Vale voted to recall Mayor Walter Jones, Councilwoman Patricia Geier and Councilman Bernard Salmon, following a battle between residents and the mayor and some council members over the mayor's plan to merge River Vale's 9-1-1 center to a regional dispatch center located in Park Ridge.

A River Vale resident, Henry Hoffman, directed the scrapping of  in Kearny from 1958 to 1960. Following Hoffman's death in 1965, the stern plate of the Enterprise was placed on a Little League baseball field as a memorial.  The field was later named Hoffman Field.  On October 2, 2000, the stern plate was moved to the township's Veterans' Memorial Park.

In March 2004, the township became the first municipality in the state to be placed on probation by the Municipal Excess Liability Joint Insurance Fund, a fund that covers legal expenses of member municipalities and government agencies.  The issue was due to the number and scope of legal cases against the township, its employees and its governance, plus what David Grub, chief executive of the fund, called "a general environment of personal attack".  The fund urged the township to update employment practices and better train managers to avoid liabilities.  As a result of these issues, The New York Times called the township "small but litigious".

Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the township had a total area of 4.275 square miles (11.072 km2), including 4.011 square miles (10.389 km2) of land and 0.264 square miles (0.684 km2) of water (6.17%).

The township is bordered by Montvale to the northwest, Park Ridge, Woodcliff Lake (a very small section) and Hillsdale to the west, Westwood to the southwest, a small section bordering Emerson to the south, Harrington Park to the southeast, Old Tappan to the east, and Pearl River, New York to the north.

Its borders are defined by the Hackensack River to the east, which was dammed to form Lake Tappan, and Pascack Brook to the south. The northern border is defined by the New York-New Jersey state border. The western border has several sections, including a section defined by an unnamed creek and a section defined by Cedar Lane.

The southern portion of the township lies between the Hackensack River and Pascack Brook, and is relatively flat. The northern portion slopes down from rolling hills in the west into Lake Tappan to the east.  Much of the land is developed as suburban single-family residences, but there remain some undeveloped areas.  The undeveloped areas are mostly wooded and are south and west of Lake Tappan, following the Cherry Brook and the Hackensack River watershed. In 1996, plans to develop watershed land received resistance from the community. In the southwest of the township, the Pascack Brook County Park also preserves a wooded area. There are three golf courses in the township, two 18-hole public courses, and a private 27-hole course.

There is a small commercial district surrounding the intersection of Rivervale Road and Westwood Avenue in the southern portion of the township.

Demographics

2010 Census

The Census Bureau's 2006-2010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income was $120,820 (with a margin of error of ± $7,009) and the median family income was $135,612 (± $8,972). Males had a median income of $100,594 (± $8,458) versus $61,516 (± $11,658) for females. The per capita income for the township was $49,586 (± $4,018). About 0.7% of families and 2.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.4% of those under age 18 and 2.4% of those age 65 or over.

Same-sex couples headed 23 households in 2010, an increase from the 9 counted in 2000.

2000 Census
As of the 2000 United States Census there were 9,449 people, 3,275 households, and 2,675 families residing in the township. The population density was 2,317.7 people per square mile (894.2/km2). There were 3,312 housing units at an average density of 812.4 per square mile (313.4/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 92.33% White, 0.58% African American, 5.89% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.43% from other races, and 0.74% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.22% of the population.

There were 3,275 households out of which 40.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 74.1% were married couples living together, 6.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 18.3% were non-families. 15.4% of all households were made up of individuals and 7.8% had someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.87 and the average family size was 3.22.

In the township the population was spread out with 27.2% under the age of 18, 4.8% from 18 to 24, 26.5% from 25 to 44, 28.1% from 45 to 64, and 13.4% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.9 males.

The median income for a household in the township was $95,129, and the median income for a family was $105,919. Males had a median income of $77,794 versus $39,732 for females. The per capita income for the township was $40,709. 2.8% of the population and 2.4% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 2.1% of those under the age of 18 and 5.3% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line.

Government

Local government
River Vale is governed within the Faulkner Act (formally known as the Optional Municipal Charter Law) under the Mayor-Council system of municipal government (Plan E), implemented by direct petition as of January 1, 1979. The Mayor-Council plan consists of two separate and coequal power centers, each directly elected by voters, with the Mayor serving as Chief Executive, while the Council is the municipal legislature.  The Township Council consists of five members elected at-large to four-year staggered terms on a partisan basis, with either two seats (plus the mayor) or three seats coming up for vote in even-numbered years as part of the November general election.

, the Mayor of River Vale is Republican Glen Jasionowski, whose term of office ends December 31, 2022. The members of the Township Council are Council President Mark Bromberg (R, 2022), Vice President Paul J. Criscuolo (R, 2020), Ari Ben-Yishay (R, 2020), John Donovan (R, 2020) and Denise Sieg (Democrat, 2022).

In February 2014, the Township Council selected John Donovan from among a list of three candidates nominated by the Republican municipal committee to fill the vacancy of Noel Matos, who resigned from office in the previous month due to work commitments.

Federal, state and county representation
River Vale is located in the 5th Congressional District and is part of New Jersey's 39th state legislative district.

Politics
As of March 23, 2011, there were a total of 6,881 registered voters in River Vale Township, of which 1,607 (23.4% vs. 31.7% countywide) were registered as Democrats, 1,889 (27.5% vs. 21.1%) were registered as Republicans and 3,381 (49.1% vs. 47.1%) were registered as Unaffiliated. There were 4 voters registered to other parties. Among the township's 2010 Census population, 71.2% (vs. 57.1% in Bergen County) were registered to vote, including 97.1% of those ages 18 and over (vs. 73.7% countywide).

In the 2016 presidential election, Republican Donald Trump received 2,904 votes (50.2% vs. 41.6% countywide), ahead of Democrat Hillary Clinton with 2,609 votes (45.1% vs. 54.8%) and other candidates with 168 votes (2.9% vs. 3.0%), among the 5,781 ballots cast by the township's 7,704 registered voters, for a turnout of 75.0% (vs. 72.5% in Bergen County). In the 2012 presidential election, Republican Mitt Romney received 2,962 votes (55.6% vs. 43.5% countywide), ahead of Democrat Barack Obama with 2,303 votes (43.2% vs. 54.8%) and other candidates with 33 votes (0.6% vs. 0.9%), among the 5,330 ballots cast by the township's 7,189 registered voters, for a turnout of 74.1% (vs. 70.4% in Bergen County). In the 2008 presidential election, Republican John McCain received 2,963 votes (53.2% vs. 44.5% countywide), ahead of Democrat Barack Obama with 2,529 votes (45.4% vs. 53.9%) and other candidates with 33 votes (0.6% vs. 0.8%), among the 5,573 ballots cast by the township's 7,088 registered voters, for a turnout of 78.6% (vs. 76.8% in Bergen County). In the 2004 presidential election, Republican George W. Bush received 2,946 votes (54.4% vs. 47.2% countywide), ahead of Democrat John Kerry with 2,424 votes (44.8% vs. 51.7%) and other candidates with 29 votes (0.5% vs. 0.7%), among the 5,414 ballots cast by the township's 6,646 registered voters, for a turnout of 81.5% (vs. 76.9% in the whole county).

In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 68.3% of the vote (2,067 cast), ahead of Democrat Barbara Buono with 30.5% (922 votes), and other candidates with 1.3% (38 votes), among the 3,083 ballots cast by the township's 7,027 registered voters (56 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 43.9%. In the 2009 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 2,017 votes (56.0% vs. 45.8% countywide), ahead of Democrat Jon Corzine with 1,369 votes (38.0% vs. 48.0%), Independent Chris Daggett with 174 votes (4.8% vs. 4.7%) and other candidates with 12 votes (0.3% vs. 0.5%), among the 3,604 ballots cast by the township's 7,009 registered voters, yielding a 51.4% turnout (vs. 50.0% in the county).

Emergency services

Police
The River Vale Police Department is a full-time department that has provided police services to the township since 1930. As of 2015, there were a total of 21 members of the department: one Chief, two Lieutenant, five Sergeants, 11 Officers, and one Dispatchers.

The force is responsible for all aspects of policing in the township, including responding to fire and medical emergency calls. Each patrol car is equipped with a first aid kit, oxygen tank, and an Automated external defibrillator.

The River Vale Police Department serves as the 9-1-1 call center for River Vale as well as neighboring Old Tappan. The department has Enhanced 911 service, and is staffed 24 hours a day, 365 days a year. Two certified dispatchers are on duty from 8:00am to 11:00pm Monday through Friday, and dispatching duties are handled by patrol officers on weekends and overnights.

Officers of the River Vale Police Department are members of Pascack Valley Local 206 of the New Jersey State Policemen's Benevolent Association.

Fire

The River Vale Volunteer Fire Department (RVFD) is an all-volunteer fire department. Started in 1923, the department consists of one Chief, one Assistant/Deputy Chief, two Captains, and five Lieutenants (one for each apparatus). In addition, there is also a Fire Official who is in charge of the River Vale Bureau of Fire Prevention with 2 Fire Inspectors under his direction. The department is staffed by fully trained firefighters, junior firefighters, and fire police. The RVFD is a municipal-run public volunteer fire department that is funded by taxes. It is a member of the Pascack Valley mutual aid.

The department has two stations. The North Firehouse is located at 620 Rivervale Road, and houses one pumper, Engine 56 and the Fire Prevention Bureau. The South Firehouse is located at 334 Rivervale Road, and houses two pumpers, Engines 57 and 58, one tower ladder, Ladder 59, and one rescue unit, Rescue 54, and one rescue boat, Marine 5. There is also a vehicle for the Chief, a vehicle for the Assistant Chief, both Ford Explorers and known as 55 and 551 respectively, and two vehicles for the Fire Prevention Bureau. Dispatching is provided by the River Vale Police Department's 9-1-1 center, which is central dispatching.

Ambulance
Begun in 1956, and formally incorporated in 1957, the River Vale Volunteer Ambulance Corps, Inc. (RVVAC) is located at 333 Rivervale Road. The corps is run by an executive board, consisting of the business officers and the line officers. The business officers are the President, Vice President, Secretary, and Treasurer, and the line officers are the Captain, 1st Lieutenant, and 2nd Lieutenant. The RVVAC is an all-volunteer independent public emergency medical service. As such, they do not bill for services, and their equipment is not directly paid for by the township. Funding is provided by donations and support from the township.

The corps provides basic life support, and is staffed primarily by certified Emergency Medical Technicians. CPR-trained drivers are also sometimes on duty.  They have two Type III ambulances, Ambulance 50 and Ambulance 60, and three first responder vehicles that on-duty members use to respond to emergency calls. Dispatching is provided by the River Vale Police Department's 9-1-1 center.

The primary jurisdiction of the RVVAC is the Township of River Vale, but the corps also regularly responds to requests for mutual-aid from the neighboring First Aid Squads of Old Tappan, Emerson, Washington Township, Westwood, Hillsdale, and Tri-Boro (Park Ridge, Woodcliff Lake, and Montvale).

The RVVAC is a member of the New Jersey State First Aid Council, the Pascack Valley Volunteer Ambulance Association and the Pascack Valley Mutual Aid Group.

Education
The River Vale Public Schools serve students in pre-kindergarten through eighth grade. As of the 2014-15 school year, the district and its three schools had an enrollment of 1,857 students and 95.8 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 19.4:1. Schools in the district (with 2014-15 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are
Roberge Elementary School with 378 students in kindergarten to fifth grade,
Woodside Elementary School with 379 students in pre-kindergarten to fifth grade and
Holdrum Middle School with 466 students in grades 6 - 8.

River Vale's public high school students attend Pascack Valley High School in Hillsdale, together with students from Hillsdale, as part of the Pascack Valley Regional High School District. During the 1994-96 school years, Northern Valley Regional High School at Demarest was awarded the Blue Ribbon School Award of Excellence by the United States Department of Education. As of the 2014-15 school year, the high school had an enrollment of 1,185 students and 93.6 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 12.7:1.

Public school students from the township, and all of Bergen County, are eligible to attend the secondary education programs offered by the Bergen County Technical Schools, which include the Bergen County Academies in Hackensack, and the Bergen Tech campus in Teterboro or Paramus. The district offers programs on a shared-time or full-time basis, with admission based on a selective application process and tuition covered by the student's home school district.

Transportation

Roads and highways
, the township had a total of  of roadways, of which  were maintained by the municipality and  by Bergen County.

Main roads in River Vale include Westwood Avenue, Rivervale Road and Prospect Avenue.

Public transportation
Daily bus service is provided by Rockland Coaches (Red and Tan Lines) on routes 84 and 14K to the George Washington Bridge Bus Station and on route 14ET to the Port Authority Bus Terminal in Midtown Manhattan.

While there is no rail transport in River Vale, the NJ Transit Pascack Valley Line is available in adjacent communities to the west.  Daily service is available to Hoboken and Secaucus Junction from the Montvale, Park Ridge, Woodcliff Lake, Hillsdale and Westwood stations.

Notable people

People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with River Vale include:
 Mike Bajakian, Tampa Bay Buccaneers quarterbacks coach, former offensive coordinator for the Tennessee Volunteers football team.
 John Campbell (born 1955), harness racing driver and youngest ever person inducted into the Harness Racing Hall of Fame.
 Jack Curry, analyst on the New York Yankees pre and postgame shows on the YES Network.
 Chris Eliopoulos (born 1967), cartoonist.
 Peter Enns (born 1961), author, former professor of Old Testament and hermeneutics at Westminster Theological Seminary.
 Arthur Feuerstein (born 1935), national chess champion.
 Dan Fogelman (born 1976), Hollywood screenwriter.
 Stewart Krentzman (born 1951), former President and Chief Executive Officer of Oki Data Americas, Inc.
 Florence Lawrence (1886–1938), the first ever "movie star" lived in River Vale from 1913 through 1916.
 Bill Maher (born 1956), comedian and actor.
 Daniel S. Nevins (born 1966), rabbi who is Dean at the Jewish Theological Seminary of America.
 Ian O'Connor (born 1964), sports columnist and ESPN radio host who wrote the books Arnie & Jack: Palmer, Nicklaus & Golf's Greatest Rivalry and The Captain: The Journey of Derek Jeter.
 Holly Schepisi (born 1971), member of the New Jersey General Assembly who has represented the 39th Legislative District since 2012.
 Celita Schutz (born 1968), judoka who competed on the women's team in the 1996 Summer Olympics, in the 2000 Summer Olympics and in the 2004 Summer Olympics.
 William J. Snow, (1868-1947), major general in the United States Army
 Harry Solter (1873–1920), silent film actor, screenwriter and director.
 Garrett Zablocki (born 1985), guitarist in the band Senses Fail.

Historical sites
 Baylor Massacre Burial Site, site of the 1778 incident where the British captured 54 Americans and killed 15 Americans.
 River Vale's Veterans Memorial is home to the sixteen-foot, one-ton nameplate from the stern of .

Other points of interest
 River Vale Country Club has an 18-hole golf course and a restaurant.


Joseph Charles Arthur

Joseph Charles Arthur (January 11, 1850 – April 30, 1942) was a pioneer American plant pathologist and mycologist best known for his work with the parasitic rust fungi (Pucciniales). He was a charter member of the Botanical Society of America, the Mycological Society of America, and the American Phytopathological Society. He was a recipient of the first Doctorate in Sciences awarded by Cornell University.

Biography
Joseph Charles (“JC”) Arthur (1850–1942) was born in Lowville, New York, on January 11, 1850. Early in his childhood, his family moved to a farm near Charles City, Iowa, where he grew up. It was during that time that Arthur developed an interest in flowering plants. He was one of the first students to enroll at Iowa State College (now University) in 1869.  Due to his interest in plants, he planned to study botany during college. Much to his dismay, no botanists were at Iowa State during his first year. In his second year, botanist Charles E. Bessey obtained a professorship at Iowa State and it was under his guidance that Arthur began his formal study of botany. To help facilitate Arthur’s studies, Bessey purchased a rust collection from the herbarium of Moses A. Curtis. Arthur graduated from Iowa State in 1872.

In 1876, Arthur took a position as an instructor at Iowa State. He published his first paper that year, which was a catalog of the flowering plants of Iowa. It was during this time that he met E.W.D Holway, another noted botanist and mycologist. The two became friends and colleagues until Holway’s death in 1923.  In 1877, Arthur received his Master's of Science (M.S.) at Iowa State.  After that, he studied briefly at Harvard and Johns Hopkins University. From 1879 to 1881, Arthur was an instructor at the University of Wisconsin and then at the University of Minnesota during the following year.

After his year in Minnesota, Arthur became the first botanist to work at the New York State Agricultural Experiment Station in Geneva, New York. This appointment was the first of its kind in the United States. There, most of his work was with bacterial or fire blight of pear. He was the first to establish that bacteria can cause plant disease.  He was also the first plant pathologist to successfully execute Koch's postulates.

In 1885, while still at the New York Agricultural Experiment Station, he went to an AAAS meeting in New York City. During a break, botanist L.M. Underwood took Arthur to a pasture in the Bronx that was to become the future site of the New York Botanical Garden. Underwood confided in Arthur that the Garden was spearheading an effort to publish systematic descriptions of the entire North American flora and Arthur was most likely going to be in charge of the section on rust fungi. Arthur was elated by this news, as was the New York Agricultural Experiment Station where he was granted increased freedom to study rusts. For his part, Arthur joined a consortium of collaborators to write 12 parts of the North American Flora, totaling 884 pages of descriptions, measurements, and host and distribution records of rust fungi. The first part was published in 1907 and the last in 1931.

The year after Arthur earned his Doctor of Science from Cornell in 1886, he was appointed professor of botany at Purdue University, where he remained until his retirement in 1915. He was also the first botanist at the Purdue University Agricultural Experiment Station. Purdue continued to support his contribution to the North American Flora. One of his first accomplishments while at Purdue was determining that formalin could be used as a fungicide to control potato scab.

It was at Purdue where Arthur began over 19 years of culture experiments with American species of rusts. He was faced with the task of identifying a species concept appropriate for rust fungi, many of which exhibit up to five different spore types and can alternate between two hosts, known as heteroecism.  The life cycle of rusts was not fully known for most species, so Arthur’s goal was to keep rusts under direct observation to note the succession of spore types. Heteroecism of North American rusts was unexplored at that point, so to find the alternate hosts for some species, he performed over 3750 inoculations with 2140 collections on potential hosts. Through those culture studies, Arthur realized the importance of host specialization to the delimitation of species. Arthur also introduced a greater emphasis on morphological, and especially  microscopic characters, such as the number and arrangement of germpores on spores that had up to this point, not been considered in the taxonomy of rust fungi. Later, their taxonomic significance became shown.

During his career, Arthur named 29 genera and 309 species in the North American Flora, and described an additional 50 species from South America, India and the Philippines, many of which he obtained from the collections of Holway.

Arthur was a charter member of the Botanical Society of America (twice serving as President), the Mycological Society of America, American Phytopathological Society (where he also served as President), the American Association of University Professors, and many other learned societies.

His first paper on the rust fungi was published in 1883  and he continued publishing on the subject for over half of a century, his final publication appearing in 1934.

Arthur Herbarium
During his tenure at Purdue, Arthur accumulated over 40,000 rust specimens. Although he housed them at Purdue, Arthur considered these specimens to be his property because he financed most out of his own pocket. When Purdue disagreed, Arthur hired moving vans and quietly packed up the entire herbarium, including cabinets, and moved it to his house. This caused a standoff with Winthrop E. Stone, President of Purdue, who directed that he return all of the specimens, papers, drawings and notes related to his work with the North American flora to the herbarium. Ultimately an agreement was reached between Arthur and the Trustees of Purdue University to reimburse Arthur for expenses he personally incurred to build and maintain the herbarium, paying him the grand sum of $1450 amounting to 3.5 cents per specimen.

Today the Arthur Herbarium is located at Lilly Hall of Science at Purdue University and it still houses Arthur's priceless collections. The collection has grown to almost 100,000 specimens of rust fungi and is considered one of the most important holdings of these fungi in the world. It is currently directed by Dr. M. Catherine Aime.

Personal life
Arthur married Emily Stiles Potter of Lafayette, Indiana in 1901 and the two lived together until her death in 1935. His interests also extended into music. His premier piece was “Vive Purdue.”  Arthur died in 1942 in Brook, Indiana. He is buried in Lafayette.


Cape Elizabeth High School

Cape Elizabeth High School is a public high school in Cape Elizabeth, Maine, United States.

Awards and recognition
During the 2004–05 school year, Cape Elizabeth School was recognized with the Blue Ribbon School Award of Excellence by the United States Department of Education, the highest award an American school can receive.

CEHS is consistently ranked in U.S. News & World Report's list of "America's Best High Schools" and Newsweek Magazine's annual list of "America's Top High Schools".

Academics
Cape Elizabeth High School students undertake a college preparatory curriculum that includes at least 4 years of English, 3 years each of Math and Science courses, 2½ years of history courses, 1 year each of technology, art, and physical education courses, ½ year of government courses, and ½ a year of health education. Students are required to take at least 6 courses every semester and may take as many as 8.

The school offers Advanced Placement courses to earn college credit.  Foreign languages offered include French, Spanish, and Latin.  Cape Elizabeth is well known for its substantial music department supporting a Wind Symphony, Symphonic Band, Concert Choir, Select Choir, and a Treble Choir.  A broad selection of elective courses are also offered, ranging from the more unusual, such as motion picture production, boat building, metal working, drafting, and digital design, to more standard fare like art fundamentals, ceramics, photography, painting and drawing, illustration and design, art studio, and typing.

The average class size is 22 students.  There are 63 professional staff members; 71% have advanced degrees.  Last year 100% of 11th grade students took the SAT in accordance with Maine Law, which requires at least 95% of students in each junior class to take the test in order to meet the standards set up by the No Child Left Behind Act.

Facilities
Cape Elizabeth High School was built in 1969 directly adjacent to the middle school and elementary schools, creating a large campus.  The high school has about 40 classrooms, a theater, auditorium, 10,000 volume library, a computer lab, and cafeteria.  The building was renovated in 2005-06.

Athletic facilities at the high school include a gymnasium, the Don Richards 25-yard swimming pool and weight lifting facility,  a multi-purpose lighted turf field,  six tennis courts, a baseball field, a softball field, a recently resurfaced six-lane track, and two other multi-purpose fields.  In 2003 the Gull Crest Fields were built to support the football program, and in 2006 five kilometers of  multi-purpose trails were added for running and Nordic skiing.

Extracurricular Activities

Athletics

 There are 36 teams at CEHS, 23 of which are varsity.  Sports include Soccer, Cross Country, Basketball, Football, Swimming, Diving, Indoor Track, Nordic Skiing, Lacrosse, Golf, Volleyball, Tennis, Track, Field Hockey, Ice Hockey, Baseball, Softball, and Sailing.  Unlike most other high schools, Cape Elizabeth does not have a mascot.  Sports teams are referred to as The Cape Elizabeth "Capers".

70% of Cape Elizabeth High Schools students participate in athletics.  Teams from all sports in which students currently participate have won at least one state championship except downhill skiing and girls' lacrosse.  The Maine Principals' Association recognized the following teams from Cape Elizabeth as having won state titles in the past 20 years.

 Boys' Basketball- 2015
 Boys' Golf- 1999,2003,2005,2007,2015,2016
 Boys' Ice Hockey – 2003, 2005, 2006
 Boys' Cross-Country – 2005, 2006, 2012, 2013
 Girls' Softball – 2007
 Boys' Baseball – 2004
 Girls' Swimming – 2002, 2003, 2004, 2009, 2013, 2014, 2017
 Girls' Tennis – 2000 and 2007, 2016
 Boys' Tennis – 2002, 2003, 2004, 2010, 2013, 2014, 2015
 Boys' Track and Field – 2005
 Girls' Track and Field – 2000
 Girls' Volleyball - 2014, 2017
 Boys' Lacrosse – 2000, 2002, 2003, 2005, 2010, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2017
 Boys' Nordic Skiing – 2005
 High School Mock Trial - 2002, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017
 Girls' Soccer – 1996, 1997, 2013, 2018
 Girls' Lacrosse – 2018, 2019

Arts
CEHS Music has 3 large Jazz Ensembles, 3 Jazz Combos, Concert Choir, Select Choir and Treble Choir that participate in District, State and National competitions and festivals. CEHS has won first place in the Berklee College Jazz Festival for Small American High Schools five of the past six years.

CEHS Theatre is a leader in State One-Act Festival plays and is often commended for its technical merits and inventive design. Over a hundred students participate in theater each year.

Publications
Students publish the Cape Insight, the school's monthly newspaper.  The Bartleby is a quarterly arts publication featuring student works.  The Nautilus is the CEHS yearbook.

Clubs and more
Student Advisory Council is the high school's student government and provides a student representative to the Cape Elizabeth School Board.

Cape Elizabeth Mock Trial has competed in State Finals seven times since 2002. In 2002, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015 and 2016 the team represented Maine at the National High School Mock Trial Championships. The 2016 team finished #20 in the national competition. The 2017 team finished #8 in the national competition.

Other extracurricular activities include National Honors Society, Boys'/Girls' State, Robotics Team, Math Team, Yearbook Committee, Prom Committee, Graduation Committee, Student Rescue, Amnesty International, Siddartha School Project, Gay/Straight Alliance, Ultimate Frisbee, and the BBQ Team.

Notably, the Cape Elizabeth Educational Foundation is a private not-for-profit charitable corporation that lends additional support to programming in all of the Cape Elizabeth Schools (Elementary, Middle, High).  Their mission statement reads (in part): "CEEF is committed to fostering innovation and excellence in the Cape Elizabeth school district by 1. Funding initiatives that fall outside the school budget; 2. Partnering with the school district to help achieve its vision; and 3. Building community-wide support for the benefit of our schools."

Notable alumni
 Joan Benoit (Olympic Marathon Runner)
 Clare Egan (Olympic Biathlete)
 Eleanor Espling, State Representative


Clor

Clor was a short-lived five-piece band from Brixton, England, formed by Barry Dobbin and Luke Smith in 2003 and which signed to the Parlophone record label after only six gigs. The band released a self-titled first album, in 2005 to critical acclaim. The album was selected by NME journalist Krissi Murison for the list of the "The 100 Greatest Albums You've Never Heard" published by the NME in 2010.

History
The genesis of Clor was a Soho club night entitled Bad Bunny, run by Dobbin and Smith, who wanted to incorporate their own music into their DJ sets. They began recording in Smith's apartment and soon invited associates from the club night into their fold, expanding to a five-piece. Dobbin came upon the name Clor as it "...sounded raw, primitive, and futuristic at the same time". The demo Welcome Music Lovers was recorded in 2004, initially with the idea of being sent out to other clubs to book shows. However, word of mouth saw the offer of a record deal with label Parlophone after just six gigs. The Welcome Music Lovers EP saw release later in 2004, with singles Love + Pain and Outlines preceding debut album Clor in 2005. In May 2006, the band announced that it had split. Their manager stated that the future paths of Dobbin and Smith were unclear, though would likely involve musical pursuits. Smith has since produced Shitdisco's album, Kingdom of Fear (released April 2007), Foals album Total Life Forever (released May 2010), as well as both albums by singer-songwriter frYars. Dobbin went on to form and front a new band called Barringtone.

Discography

Albums
 Clor - July 2005 (UK #77)

EPs
Welcome Music Lovers - July 2004

Singles
"Love + Pain" - April 2005 (UK #48)
"Outlines" - July 2005 (UK #43)
"Good Stuff" - October 2005 (UK #50)


Chromatic circle

The chromatic circle is a clock diagram for displaying relationships among the 12 equal-tempered pitch classes making up the familiar chromatic scale on a circle.

Explanation
If one starts on any equal-tempered pitch and repeatedly ascends by the musical interval of a semitone, one will eventually land on a pitch with the same pitch class as the initial one, having passed through all the other equal-tempered chromatic pitch classes in between. Since the space is circular, it is also possible to descend by semitone.

The chromatic circle is useful because it represents melodic distance, which is often correlated with physical distance on musical instruments.  For instance, to move from any C on a piano keyboard to the nearest E, one must move up four semitones, corresponding to four clockwise steps on the chromatic circle.  One can also move down by eight semitones, corresponding to eight counterclockwise steps on the pitch class circle.

Larger motions on the piano (or in pitch space) can be represented in pitch class space by paths that "wrap around" the chromatic circle one or more times.

One can represent the twelve equal-tempered pitch classes by the cyclic group of order twelve, or equivalently, the residue classes modulo twelve, Z/12Z.  The group  has four generators, which can be identified with the ascending and descending semitones and the ascending and descending perfect fifths.
The semitonal generator gives rise to the chromatic circle while the perfect fifth gives rise to the circle of fifths.

Comparison with circle of fifths

A key difference between the chromatic circle and the circle of fifths is that the former is truly a continuous space: every point on the circle corresponds to a conceivable pitch class, and every conceivable pitch class corresponds to a point on the circle.  By contrast, the circle of fifths is fundamentally a discrete structure, and there is no obvious way to assign pitch classes to each of its points.

Pitch constellation

A pitch constellation is a graphical representation of pitches used to describe musical scales, modes, chords or other groupings of pitches within an octave range.  It consists of a circle with markings along the circumference or lines from the center which indicate pitches.  Most pitch constellations use of a subset of pitches chosen from the twelve pitch chromatic scale.  In this case the points on the circle are spaced like the twelve hour markings on an analog clock where each tick mark represents a semitone.

Scales and modes

The pitch constellation provides an easy way to identify certain patterns and similarities between harmonic structures.

For example.

 A major scale consists of a circle with markings at 0 (or 12), 2, 4, 5, 7, 9 and 11 o'clock.
 A minor scale consists of a circle with markings at 0 (or 12), 2, 3, 5, 7, 8 and 10 o'clock.

The diagrams above show the two scales marked with "scale degrees".  It can be observed that the tonic, second, fourth and fifth are shared, while the minor scale flattens the third, sixth and seventh notes relative to the major scale.  Another observation is that the minor scale's constellation is the same as the major scale, but rotated +90 degrees.

In the following drawing all of the major/minor scales are drawn.  Note that the constellation for all the major scales or all the minor scales are identical.  The different scales are generated by rotating the note overlay.  The notes that need to be sharpened/flattened can be easily identified.

Moreover, if we draw all seven diatonic modes we can see them all as rotations of the Ionian mode.  Note also the significance of the 6 o'clock point.  This corresponds to a tritone.  The modes including pitches a tritone from the tonic (Locrian and Lydian) are least used.  The 5 o'clock and 7 o'clock pitches are also important points corresponding to a perfect fourth and perfect fifth respectively.  The most used scales/modes - major (Ionian mode), minor (Aeolian mode) and Mixolydian - include these pitches.

Symmetric scales have simple representations in this scheme.

More exotic scales - such as the pentatonic, blues and octatonic - can also be drawn and related to the common scales.

A more complete list of musical scales and modes

Other overlays

In previous sections we saw how various overlays (scale degrees, semi-tone numbering, notes) can be used to notate the circumference of the constellation.  Various other overlays can be laid around the constellation.  For example:
 Intervals.
 Solfège.
 Pitch ratios (ratios of pitch frequencies).

Note that once a pitch constellation has been determined, any number of overlays (notes, solfège, intervals, etc.) may be placed on top for analysis/comparison.  Often generating one harmonic relationship from another is simply a matter of rotating the overlay or constellation or shifting one or two pitch locations.

Chords

Similarities between chords can also be observed as well as the significance of augmented/diminished notes.

For triads we have the following:

And for seventh chords:

Circle of fifths

Beginning with a pitch constellation of a chromatic scale, the notes of a  circle of fifths can be easily generated.  Starting at C and moving across the circle and then one tick clockwise a line is drawn with an arrow indicating the direction moved.  Continuing from that point (across the circle and one tick clockwise) all points are connected.  Moving through this pattern the notes of the circle of fifths
can be determined (C, G, D, A ...).

Technical note

The ratio of the frequencies between two pitches in the constellation can be determined as follows.  Take the length of the arc (measured clockwise) between the two points and divide by the circumference of the circle.  The frequency ratio is two raised to this power.  For example, for a fifth (P5, which is located at 7 o'clock relative to the tonic T) the frequency ratio is:


Johan Gustaf Ruckman

Johan Gustaf Ruckman (December 12, 1780 – January 20, 1862) was a Swedish engraver.

Biography
Ruckman was born in Stockholm in 1780.

In 1805, being a pupil of Johan Wilhelm Palmstruch, Ruckman helped with the preparation of tables in Palmstruch's work Svensk botanik ("Swedish Botany"). From the fifth volume of this series, he designed several pages independently. At the same time he helped Palmstruch and Conrad Quensel with the preparation of Svensk zoologi ("Swedish Zoology"). From the seventh volume of Svensk Botanik (1812) until the completion of the eleventh volume (1838), Ruckman personally engraved all the printing plates. Ruckman found time to further develop his artistry and designed a number of portraits. He also illustrated fashion journals, calendars, and children's books; writings of the Swedish Academy of Sciences and other scientific institutions; and about 100 map sheets. Ruckman is well represented in the collection of engravings of the Swedish National Museum.

Selected works

Portraits
 Franzén
 K.P. Hagberg
 A. Hylander
 Ph. von Mecklenburg
 Tegnér
 J. Tengström
 Thunberg
 Wallin

Books and data tables
 Desseins et croquis des plus célèbres maîtres (1 Heft, 1820)
 Scener ur Fredmans epistlar och sånger (1827–28), drawings by E. Chiewitz
 Archiv för nyare resor (1810-11)
 Jorden och dess invånare af Zimmermann (1813–39)


Philip Rogers (businessman)

Sir Philip Rogers, CBE, (19 September 1908 – 16 April 1994) was a British businessman closely associated with Nigeria and Kenya, in both countries making valuable contributions to their progress towards independence.
Rogers was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 1952 for his services to Nigeria and was knighted in 1961.

Early life and career
Rogers was educated at Blundell's School in Tiverton before joining British American Tobacco.

His later positions included:
President, Nigeria Chamber of Commerce, 1948 and 1950;
Chairman, East African Tobacco Co Ltd, 1951–63;
Chairman, Rift Valley Cigarette Co Ltd, 1956–63;
President, Nairobi Chamber of Commerce, 1957;
Chairman, Governing Council, Royal Technical College of East Africa 1958-60 (and served on the board of governors of the College of Social Studies, and was a founder of the University of Kenya);
Chairman, Tobacco Research Council.

Wartime service
During the Second World War, Rogers served with the Royal West African Frontier Force and Intelligence Corps.

Sources
Obituary of Sir Philip Rogers, The Independent, 21 April 1994


1969 Primera División de Chile

The 1969 Campeonato Nacional de Futbol Profesional was Chilean first tier’s 37th season. Universidad de Chile were the champions, winning its seventh title.

First Stage

Torneo Metropolitano

Torneo Provincial

Torneo Nacional

Zona A

Interzone

Zona B

Interzone

Final Stage

Liguilla Final

Relegation play-off

Topscorer

Copa Ganadores de Copa 1970 play-off

Unión Española qualified for the 1970 Copa Ganadores de Copa

Copa Francisco Candelori
Played between the winners of the Torneo Metropolitano 1969 (Universidad de Chile) and Torneo Provincial 1969 (Rangers).

Universidad de Chile won the Copa Francisco Candelori