LGBT stereotypes

Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) stereotypes are conventional, formulaic generalizations, opinions, or images based on the sexual orientations or gender identities of LGBT people. Stereotypical perceptions may be acquired through interactions with parents, teachers, peers and mass media, or, more generally, through a lack of firsthand familiarity, resulting in an increased reliance on generalizations.

Negative stereotypes are often associated with homophobia, lesbophobia, biphobia, or transphobia. Positive stereotypes, or counterstereotypes, also exist.

In general

Religion
While LGBT people are associated with irreligiousness, the Human Rights Campaign promotes the idea that an individual can be gay and religious. Harry Knox, a gay minister, has led this movement since 2005. "Seventy-two percent of adults describe their faith as "very important" in their lives, so do sixty percent of gays and lesbians" (US News). Activists are working to bridge the gap between religion and homosexuality and to make denominations friendlier to the community. Many Protestants have opened their doors and the United Church of Christ has ordained gay ministers since 1972. LGBT clergy are also ordained in the Episcopal Church of America and the Presbyterian Church (US). The National Gay and Lesbian Task Force has worked with Jewish individuals in the LGBT community, and organizations like Keshet continue to work with Jewish members of the community both to raise awareness of LGBTQ issues in Jewish communities and Jewish issues in LGBTQ communities.

In fiction: "Bury your gays"
"Bury your gays" and more specifically "dead lesbian syndrome" describe the trope in fiction that requires that gay or lesbian characters die or meet another unhappy ending, such as becoming insane.

According to Autostraddle, which examined 1,779 scripted U.S. television series from 1976 to 2016, 193 (11%) of them featured lesbian or bisexual female characters, and among these, 35% saw lesbian or bisexual characters dead, but only 16% provided a happy ending for them. Similarly, among all lesbian or bisexual characters in no-longer-airing series, 31% ended up dead, and only 10% received a happy ending. In a study of 242 character deaths in the 2015-2016 television season, Vox reported that "A full 10 percent of deaths [were] queer women." Such statistics led Variety to conclude in 2016 that "the trope is alive and well on TV, and fictional lesbian and bisexual women in particular have a very small chance of leading long and productive lives".

The trope also appears in other fiction, such as video games, where LGBT characters are, according to Kotaku, "largely defined by a pain that their straight counterparts do not share". Facing challenges that "serve as an in-world analogy for anti-LGBTQ bigotry", these characters are defined by tragedy that denies them a chance at happiness.

Media

For years, the media has been moving forward in equally representing members of the LGBT community. While there may still not be many prominent LGBT characters in the mainstream media, the community has completed many milestones in the recent years. In 2016, the coming-of-age drama film Moonlight became the first LGBT movie to win the Best Picture Oscar. In 2018, Love, Simon also became the first film from a major studio that focused on the hardships of being a closeted gay teenager.

On the other hand, LGBT members continue to be underrepresented and typecast. Disney has represented the LGBT community in around 8% of its films as of 2016. Other companies such as 20th Century Fox, Sony, Lionsgate and Warner Bros have featured LGBT characters in up to only 21% of their films.

Murder and violence
LGBT rights activists have fought against fictional representations of LGBT people that depict them as violent and murderous. Columnist Brent Hartinger observed that "big-budget Hollywood movies until, perhaps, Philadelphia in 1993 that featured major gay male characters portrayed them as insane villains and serial killers". Community members organized protests and boycotts against films with murderous gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender characters, including Cruising (1980), Silence of the Lambs (1991), and Basic Instinct (1992). Theatre scholar Jordan Schildcrout has written about the recurrence of the "homicidal homosexual" in American plays, but notes that LGBT playwrights themselves have appropriated this negative stereotype to confront and subvert homophobia. Such plays include The Lisbon Traviata (1985) by Terrence McNally, Porcelain (1992) by Chay Yew, The Secretaries (1993) by the Five Lesbian Brothers, and The Dying Gaul (1998) by Craig Lucas.

Lesbians

Many 20th-century films put a negative connotation on the lesbian community. The 1961 drama The Children's Hour gives viewers the idea that lesbians live a "dark" and almost depressing lifestyle.

In the lesbian television series The L Word, the media refutes the "U-Haul" lesbian stereotype, which is that lesbians move in on the second date. However, the series came under heavy criticism for reinforcing numerous negative stereotypes, reportedly attempting to "reify heteronormativity", for depicting lesbianism or bisexuality as a bad gene passed from mothers to daughters which often causes both to fight over the same woman (as demonstrated in the cases of Lenore and Alice Piezsecki, Cherie and Clea Jaffe, Peggy and Helena Peabody, Phyllis and Molly Kroll, and in an instance when Shane has sex with a mother and her two daughters separately on one of the daughters' wedding day, which leads to all three of them falling in love with Shane and subsequently falling out with each other), and showing lesbian relationships as destined to fail due to lesbians' apparent struggles with monogamy and commitment. Series creator Ilene Chaiken was labelled as "shameless in her professional upbringing" for her depiction of lesbians in general.

In the television series Gotham, the character Renee Montoya is a lesbian and recovering drug addict, while the characters Fish Mooney, Barbara Kean and Tabitha Galvan are bisexual. Fish Mooney is introduced as the second-in-command of mafia boss Carmine Falcone, with a penchant for ruthlessness and ambition to overthrow both Falcone and Sal Maroni and become Gotham's sole crime boss. Montoya does not hide her grudge against James Gordon for being in a relationship with Barbara, her former lover. When rumors surface that Gordon may be corrupt, it is implied that Montoya is not entirely convinced, but she nevertheless becomes determined to put Gordon behind bars in the hopes of winning Barbara back rather than enforcing justice, even though it will cost the Gotham City Police Department one of its few honest cops determined to bring Falcone and Maroni down, and after she briefly succeeds in resuming her affair with Barbara, she pushes Barbara away when Barbara appears to be going back to depression and drug addiction. After Gordon begins a relationship with Leslie Thompkins, Barbara is driven insane with jealousy and eventually progresses to become one of the series' main antagonists. The second season introduces Tabitha Galvan, the bisexual sister of Theo Galvan, and who is also depicted as a ruthless, sadistic mercenary who has an on-again-off-again relationship with Barbara.

Many lesbians are associated with short hair, wearing baggy clothes and playing sports. Further, news coverage of LGBT issues reinforces stereotyped portrayals of lesbians. Often news broadcasts highlight stories on more "masculine" lesbians and fail to give equal coverage to other more faceted lesbian identities. Thus, the populations who receive information about marginalized communities from a news source begin to equate lesbian sexuality with masculine presentation. The way lesbians are portrayed leads people to make assumptions about individuals in everyday life.

Typically, lesbians are stereotyped as belonging to one of the two following categories: "butch and femme". Butch lesbians dress in a more masculine manner than other women. "Dykes" (a pejorative term that the Lesbian community has reclaimed, to an extent) are considered members of a community that is perceived as being composed of strong and outspoken advocates in wider society. Actress Portia de Rossi has been credited for significantly countering the general societal misconception of how lesbians look and function when, in 2005, she divulged her sexual orientation in intimate interviews with Details and The Advocate which generated further discussion on the concept of the "lipstick lesbian" ("femme" women who tend to be "hyper-feminine"). These stereotypes play out within the LGBTIQ+ community itself, with many women reporting feeling rejected by the queer community for not appearing or acting in the accepted way.

Lesbian feminists assert that a sexual component is unnecessary for a woman to declare herself a lesbian if her primary and closest relationships are with women, on the basis that, when considering past relationships within an appropriate historical context, there were times when love and sex were separate and unrelated notions. In 1989, an academic cohort called the Lesbian History Group wrote:

Gay men

Homosexual men are often equated interchangeably with heterosexual women by the heterocentric mainstream and are frequently stereotyped as being effeminate, despite the fact that gender expression, gender identity and sexual orientation are widely accepted to be distinct from each other. The "flaming queen" is a characterization that melds flamboyance and effeminacy, remaining a gay male stock character in Hollywood. Theatre, specifically Broadway musicals, are a component of another stereotype, the "show queen", which generalizes that gay men are involved with the performing arts, and are theatrical, overly dramatic, and camp.

The bear subculture of the LGBT community is composed of generally large, hairy men, referred to as bears. They embrace their image, and some will shun more effeminate gay men, such as twinks, and vice versa.

Appearance and mannerisms

Gay men are often associated with a lisp or a feminine speaking tone. Fashion and effeminacy have long been seen as stereotypes of homosexuality. They are often based on the visibility of the reciprocal relationship between gay men and fashion. Designers, including Dolce & Gabbana, have made use of homoerotic imagery in their advertising. Some commentators argue this encourages the stereotype that most gay men enjoy shopping. A limp wrist is also a mannerism associated with gay men.

Recent research by Cox and colleagues demonstrated that "gaydar" is often used as an alternate label for using stereotypes, especially those related to appearance and mannerisms, to infer orientation.

Sex and relationships

Research also suggests that lesbians may be slightly more likely than gay men to be in steady relationships. In terms of unprotected sex, a 2007 study cited two large population surveys as showing that "the majority of gay men had similar numbers of unprotected sexual partners annually as straight men and women". Another study found that gay men sometimes faced social boundaries because of this stereotype. Participants in the study reported finding it difficult to befriend other gay men on a platonic basis. They found that when they would engage with other gay men there would be an assumption of sexual motivations, and when it became clear that this was not the case the other men would not be interested in continuing socialising. These stereotypes permeate throughout all facets of society, even influencing those subjected to it.

Another persistent stereotype associated with the gay male community is partying. Before the Stonewall riots in 1969, most LGBT people were extremely private and closeted, and house parties, bars, and taverns became some of the few places where they could meet, socialize, and feel safe. The riots represented the start of the modern LGBT social movement and acceptance of sexual and gender minorities, which has steadily increased since. Festive and party-like social occasions remain at the core of organizing and fundraising in the LGBT community. In cities where there are large populations of LGBT people, benefits and bar fundraisers are still common, and alcohol companies invest heavily in LGBT-oriented marketing. Ushered in by underground gay clubs and disc jockeys, the disco era kept the "partying" aspect vibrant and ushered in the more hardcore circuit party movement, hedonistic and associated with party and play.

The relationship between gay men and female heterosexual "fag hags" has become highly stereotypical. The accepted behaviors in this type of relationship can predominantly include physical affections (such as kissing and touching), as in the sitcom Will & Grace.

Sex and drugs

The term party and play (PNP) is used to refer to a subculture of gay men who use recreational drugs and have sex together, either one-on-one or in groups. The drug chosen is typically methamphetamine, known as crystal or tina in the gay community. Other "party drugs" such as MDMA and GHB are less associated with this term. While PNP probably has its genesis in the distinct subculture of methamphetamine users, and is most associated with its use, it has become somewhat generalized to include partying with other drugs thought to enhance sexual experiences, especially MDMA, GHB, and cocaine.

A report from the National HIV Prevention Conference (a collaborative effort by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and other governmental and non-government organizations) describes PNP as "sexual behavior under the influence of crystal meth or other 'party' drugs." It has been referred to as both an "epidemic" and a "plague" in the gay community. British researchers report that up to 20% of gay men from central London gyms have tried methamphetamine, the drug most associated with PNP, despite methamphetamine use being relatively unknown in the UK outside the PNP subculture.

Extreme sex or bondage is also a stereotype in gay men. People often presume that gay men often conform to the stereotype of leather and chaps, including fisting.

Pedophilia and predation

It is a common stereotype that gay men are sexual predators or pedophiles. The former perception can lead to a knee-jerk reaction that created the "gay panic defense", usually in straight men, who fear being hit on by gay men, and can be either a cause or an expression of homophobia. The perception that a greater proportion of gay than straight men are pedophiles or child sexual abusers is one contributing factor of discrimination against gay teachers, despite the stark contrast to statistical figures, which have generally revealed most male child sexual abusers, including those who target boys, are heterosexual and usually married with children of their own, and research on child sexual abuse shows that most instances of child sexual abuse (one cited percentage being over 90%) are perpetrated by heterosexual males raping underage females. Research has consistently indicated that a significant minority of child sex abuse perpetrators are female (5–20%), but other research has indicated that almost 40% of child sexual abuse against boys, and 6% of abuse against girls, is committed by women.

Bisexual people

Bisexuality is romantic or sexual attraction to males and females, or romantic or sexual attraction to people of all gender identities or to a person irrespective of that person's biological sex or gender, though numerous related terms, such as pansexual and polysexual, are also equated with this description and there exists debate with regard to the terms' interchangeability. People who have a distinct but not exclusive preference for one sex over the other may also identify themselves as bisexual. Bisexuality has been observed in various human societies and elsewhere in the animal kingdom throughout recorded history. The term bisexuality, like the terms heterosexuality and homosexuality, was coined in the 19th century.

Woody Allen is quoted saying, "Being bisexual doubles your chance of a date on Saturday night." Common bisexual stereotypes include an inability to maintain a steady relationship or be trustworthy (based on a perception that bisexuals are promiscuous because of their attraction to more than one gender), and indecision as to whether one is gay or straight (which assumes a binary, either-or spectrum of sexuality). Over a person's life, one's sexual desires and activities may vary greatly.

Common stereotypes accepted and joked about within bisexual people can include indecisiveness, bob haircuts, awkward hand gestures (finger guns, peace signs) and outerwear (leather jackets, flannel, hoodies). These stereotypes are often found in internet groups, quite often in the format of 'Which bisexual are you?' posts where commenters will identify themselves with one of the stereotypes listed in the post.

In 1995, Harvard Shakespeare professor Marjorie Garber made the academic case for bisexuality with her Vice Versa: Bisexuality and the Eroticism of Everyday Life, in which she argued that most people would be bisexual if not for "repression, religion, repugnance, denial, laziness, shyness, lack of opportunity, premature specialization, a failure of imagination, or a life already full to the brim with erotic experiences, albeit with only one person, or only one gender".

Rock musician David Bowie famously declared himself bisexual in an interview with Melody Maker in January 1972, a move coinciding with the first shots in his campaign for stardom as Ziggy Stardust. In a September 1976 interview with Playboy, Bowie said, "It's true, I am a bisexual. But I can't deny that I've used that fact very well. I suppose it's the best thing that ever happened to me." In a 1983 interview he said it's "the biggest mistake [he had] ever made", in 2002 elaborating: "I don't think it was a mistake in Europe, but it was a lot tougher in America. I had no problem with people knowing I was bisexual. But I had no inclination to hold any banners or be a representative of any group of people. I knew what I wanted to be, which was a songwriter and a performer ... America is a very puritanical place, and I think it stood in the way of so much I wanted to do."

Regarding the portrayal of bisexual people by Hollywood, stigma is present, especially for men. From the end of the McCarthy era to even today, "The history of male bisexual characters in film has been one of negative stereotyping."

Transgender people
Transgender is an umbrella term that encompasses a wide range of people with more specific identities. In general, a person who is transgender identifies with a gender other than their gender assigned at birth. The term may apply to any number of distinct communities, such as cross-dressers, drag queens, and drag kings, in addition to transsexuals. The beliefs that transgender people are all prostitutes and caricatures of men and women are two of many erroneous misconceptions.

One common stereotype of trans women is that they are assumed to be drag queens. While historically some trans women have been innovators within the drag scene alongside gay men, trans women are not drag queens.

Transsexualism
A transsexual is a person born with the physical characteristics of one sex who psychologically and emotionally identifies with a variant or different gender than their physical sex characteristics. Stereotypes of trans women include them always being taller and having larger hands than cisgender women. Trans men, conversely, are often stereotyped as being cuter, more feminine, and more passive than their cisgender counterparts, being classified as "softboys" (or "softbois"). Both transgender men and women are often conflated with being gay, with trans men being mistaken for lesbians and trans women being mistaken for gay men, respectively.

Transvestites and cross-dressers
Transvestites are often assumed to be homosexuals. The word transvestism comes from the combination of Latin words trans meaning "across, over"  and vestitus meaning dressed. Most transvestites are heterosexual. Transvestism may have a fetishistic component, whereas cross-dressing does not; although many people use the words interchangeably, transvestite has increasingly become a derogatory term. Most prefer to use the term cross-dresser or cross-dressing.

Origins and prevalence

Research
Social scientists are attempting to understand why there are such negative connotations associated with the lesbian community. William James assumed that it was a repulsive instinct that came naturally to each woman and that, when an individual enjoyed same-sex interaction, it was because it became a habit. In short, he assumed that "tolerance is learned and revulsion is inborn" (PBS).  In 1908, James and Edward Westermack attempted to understand the violent actions taken toward homosexuals by Jewish, Christian, and Zoroastrian religions. They believed hostility existed because of the historical association between homosexuality and idolatry, heresy, and criminal behavior. Sigmund Freud asserted in 1905 that homophobia was shaped by society, an individual's environment, and the individual's exposure to homo-eroticism. Sandor Ference (1914) believed that heterosexual women's feelings of repulsion toward those identifying as lesbians was a reaction formation and defense mechanism against affection from the same sex. In other words, he believed heterosexual females feared being labeled as lesbians.

Taking an individual that adheres to stereotypes of LGBT people and putting them in face-to-face interaction with those of the LGBT community tends to lessen tendencies to rely upon stereotypes and increases the presence of individuals with a similar ethnic, religious, or geographical background, and who are accepting of homosexuals.

Intersections between LGBT, race, and class stereotypes

Hispanics
Hispanics generally have a difficult time within the culture of the Hispanic American countries, yet not in Spain, this is due to this cultures being more traditionalist (With the exception of Argentina, Uruguay and Chile). There have been some shifts away from these stereotypes in recent years, but it has been to different extents depending on the culture. The strong belief in "machismo" has caused these shifts in attitude to be so small. Machismo refers to the male dominant role in society that provides more social authority to men that are not experienced by women. Female homosexuality is less explicitly accepted in many of these cultures, while in certain countries and in certain social status it is accepted, they do not enjoy the acceptance similar to that of Western countries.
Many Hispanics stray away from coming out because of religion. The LGBTQ Hispanic community of faith helps people understand that they can be gay and also be religious without judgement.

Asians
Asian American women that identify as lesbian or bisexual may face sexual fetishization by white men or women and are stereotyped as "spicy", leading to frustrations about Asian lesbians feeling they are not taken seriously by society, stereotypes about Asian women as "freaky", and yellow fever. Gay and bisexual Asian men are stereotyped as "effeminate, submissive, and docile". As both ethnocentric and heterocentric minority groups, LGBT Asian Americans face intersectional invisibility, which offers them some protection from stereotyping and active prejudice while also making it difficult for them to establish recognition or be recognized. Asian Americans are typically overlooked in discussion of race, which focuses mostly on a white/black dichotomy and renders Asian Americans invisible. Similarly, gay and lesbian Asian Americans are marginalized within mostly-white LGBT communities at large.

Gay Asian American men in media are portrayed as both hypersexual (as gay men) and asexual (as Asian men). Stereotypes of Asian women as either a Dragon Lady or China doll are dominant in mainstream media representation of Asian women, and butch Asian women are relatively invisible, giving way to more femme, or feminized, depictions. GLAAD is working to have a fair depiction of the Asian community in the media by educating the public on language referring to Asian Americans, including refraining from phrases that are Eurocentric like "The Orient", "Far East", and "Asiatic", among other measures. GLAAD is also working to connect media networks with Asian and Pacific Islander LGBT leaders and organizations in order to create less biased media coverage.

In Japan, adult lesbians (better known as "'bians") are frequently portrayed as smokers in Japanese Media. Japanese culture also heavily fetishizes LGBTQ relationships, often seen in the prevalence of yaoi (male homosexuality) and yuri (female homosexuality/lesbianism). While Japanese culture heavily discourages interest in homosexual fiction matching the reader's sex, certain publications, such as manga magazine Yuri Hime, have repeatedly reported their dominant consumers as the same gender as portrayed for most of their operational life.


Robert Parker (sound engineer)

Robert Noel Parker (24 December 1936 – 30 December 2004) was an Australian sound engineer, jazz expert and broadcaster, well known for his radio series Jazz Classics in Digital Stereo.

Born in Sydney, he worked for the Commonwealth Film Unit then moved to Britain in 1964 to work in the film and television industry. On returning to Australia, he received a commission from the Australian Broadcasting Corporation for a radio series on jazz.

As a collector of records from the age of twelve, he had built up a large collection of vintage music. He developed a system for transferring recordings to digital media, eliminating noise, adding stereo and enhancing acoustics. He first used an analogue machine, the Packburn 323 Audio Noise Suppressor, and later digital equipment from CEDAR Audio Ltd to transfer, retouch and enhance recordings. He also used an Orban model 245 stereo synthesizer to decorrelate the original mono recordings into pseudostereo, further augmenting the results with stereophonic reverb.

With these techniques he produced "reproductions of jazz records of the 1920s and earlier that are not only free of surface noise but reveal details, subtleties and a sense of presence that were not previously evident on the records, even in LP re-issues."

He used his enhanced 78rpm transfers in a long-running radio programme Jazz Classics in Digital Stereo, first broadcast in May 1982 by ABC Radio and later carried by BBC Radio 2, amongst other stations.

His transfer of "Milenberg Joys" performed by McKinney's Cotton Pickers was adopted by him as the theme tune for his broadcasts.

He settled back in Britain and set up his own studio in Devon, and followed on from his radio show with a series of vintage record transfers under the banners Jazz Classics in Digital Stereo and The Classic Years in Digital Stereo.

Select discography
 The Best of Robert Parker: Jazz Classics in Digital Stereo (RPCD641)


Taylorcraft Auster

The Taylorcraft Auster was a British military liaison and observation aircraft produced by the  Taylorcraft Aeroplanes (England) Limited company during the Second World War.

Design and development
The Auster was a twice-removed development of an American Taylorcraft design of civilian aircraft, the Model A. The Model A had to be redesigned in Britain to meet more stringent Civil Aviation standards and was named the Taylorcraft Plus C. After the start of the Second World War, the company developed the model further as an Air Observation Post (AOP)—flown by officers of the Royal Artillery and used for directing artillery fire of British Army Royal Artillery units.

The Plus C was re-engined with the Blackburn Cirrus Minor I engine and redesignated the Taylorcraft Plus D. Most of the civil Plus Cs and Ds were impressed into Royal Air Force service, the Plus Cs were re-engined with the Cirrus Minor I and redesignated as Plus C2.

Prewar tests identified the Taylorcraft Model D as the most suitable aircraft for the AOP role.  Three more Ds were purchased from Taylorcraft and a trials unit, D Flight, under Major Charles Bazeley RA, formed at Old Sarum on 1 February 1940.  The flight with three Austers and one Stinson Voyager, and three artillery and one RAF pilots, moved to France where they trained with artillery and practised fighter avoidance with Hurricanes of Air Component before moving south to train with French artillery.  The flight did not participate in the fighting and withdrew without loss to the UK. However, the War Office then ordered 100 Stinson L-1 Vigilants.  Formation of the RAF's Army Cooperation Command in December 1940 led to the RAF rejecting the very notion of light AOP aircraft.

Intercession by General Alan Brooke led to an accommodation that led to the first AOP pilot course for artillery officers taking place in October 1940 and in 1941, the first AOP squadron, No 651, formed. Stinson Vigilants eventually arrived in early 1942 but most had been severely damaged in transit leading to the adoption of the Taylorcraft Auster 1 and an order for 100 aircraft placed. Some of the Stinsons were resurrected but found to be too big for the AOP role.

The Auster II was a re-engined aircraft with an American 130 hp (97 kW) Lycoming O-290 engine. Due to the shortage of American engines that version was not built but led to the Auster III (Model E), which was the same as the Auster I but had a 130 hp (97 kW) de Havilland Gipsy Major engine. The next development was the Auster IV (Model G) which had a slightly larger cabin with three seats and used the Lycoming O-290. The major production version was the Auster V (Model J) which was an Auster IV with blind flying instruments, and a flap modification.

Post war, the Auster Mark V was used as the basis for the Auster J/1 Autocrat intended for the civilian market; the British firm having changed their name to Auster and stopped licensing from Taylorcraft. Further military aircraft were supplied post war; the Auster AOP6, Auster T7 (a trainer), and the Auster AOP9.

Operational history
The Auster Mark III, IV and V were issued to 12 Royal Air Force (RAF), one Polish and three Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) Air Observation Post (AOP) Squadrons. The first to deploy was No. 651 Squadron RAF. The leading elements landed in Algiers on 12 November 1942 with eight aircraft, 11 Royal Artillery (RA) pilots, 39 RA soldiers and 25 airmen (mostly maintenance technicians). The normal strength of an AOP squadron was 12 aircraft, 19 RA officers (all pilots), 83 RA other ranks and 63 RAF including two administrative officers. Aircraft were fitted with the Army's No 22 Wireless, an HF set providing two-way voice communications with artillery units and formations on the ground.

On 31 March 1943 the  Army Cooperation Command was disbanded, most of its assets being used to form the Second Tactical Air Force.

Four squadrons (No. 651, No. 654 Squadron RAF, No. 655 Squadron RAF and No. 657 Squadron RAF) fought in North Africa and Italy, being joined from August 1944 by No. 663 Polish squadron. The other seven squadrons (Nos. 652, 653, 658, 659, 660, 661 and 662 of the RAF) operated after D-Day in France, the Low Countries and into Germany.

No. 664 Squadron RCAF, No. 665 Squadron RCAF, and No. 666 Squadron RCAF were also issued with the Auster Mk. IV and V, formed in the UK at RAF Andover in late 1944 and early 1945. The RCAF squadrons were manned by Canadian personnel of the Royal Canadian Artillery and the RCAF, with brief secondment to the squadrons with pilots from the Royal Artillery; overall control was maintained in the UK by 70 Group, RAF Fighter Command. The three squadrons deployed from RAF Andover, England, to the Netherlands, to Dunkirk, France, where the last Canadian 'shots' in Europe were fired, and later to occupied Germany.

No. 656 Squadron RAF was assigned to 14th Army and used Austers in Burma, generally with flights assigned to each corps. In European theatres a squadron was generally assigned to each corps, but under command for technical matters of an RAF group.

The Royal Australian Air Force's No. 16 AOP Flight and No. 17 AOP Flight operated Auster Mark III aircraft in support of the Australian Army in the Pacific Theatre from October 1944 until the end of the war.

Postwar Auster AOP aircraft were reorganised into independent flights (probably because the RAF used Wing-Commanders, equivalent to Lieutenant-Colonels, to command squadrons while the army insisted on a major's command) including 1903 Flight in Korea that had artillery pilots from several Commonwealth countries. There was also an Auster-equipped Liaison Flight, No 1913, in that theatre. Air OP flights also operated in the Malayan Emergency. Several AOP squadrons were reformed within the Royal Auxiliary Air Force in 1949 and these operated some AOP.5s, AOP.6s and AOP.9s until at least March 1957, when the Auxiliary Air Force was disbanded. All Auster AOP units were transferred to the Army Air Corps when it was formed in September 1957, with AAC squadrons using numbers starting with 651.

The air observation duties, counter-insurgency and casualty evacuation roles performed by Auster and similar light aircraft were generally taken over by light helicopters from the mid-1960s.

Variants

Taylorcraft Plus C
Original civilian version with a Lycoming O-145-A2 engine, 23 built.
Taylorcraft Plus C2
Plus C re-engined with a 90hp Cirrus Minor I engine for the Royal Air Force, 20 conversions.
Taylorcraft Plus D
Plus C with a 90hp Cirrus Minor I engine, nine built.
Taylorcraft Auster I
Military version of Plus C, 1 conversion and 100 built.
Taylorcraft Auster II
Auster I with a Lycoming O-290 engine, two built.
Taylorcraft Auster III
Auster I with a de Havilland Gipsy Major engine, 470 built.
Taylorcraft Auster IV
Three-seat version with a Lycoming O-290-3/1 H.O. engine, 255 built.
Taylorcraft Auster V
Auster IV with blind flying instruments (Vacuum pump) and flap modification, and removable armour plate installed for pilot only, 790 built.
Taylorcraft Auster Model H
Experimental tandem two-seat training glider converted from a Taylorcraft B.

Operators

Military operators

 Royal Australian Air Force
 No. 2 Communications Unit, RAAF
 No. 16 Air Observation Post Flight RAAF
 No. 17 Air Observation Post Flight RAAF
 No. 3 Squadron, RAAF
 No. 77 Squadron, RAAF
 No. 454 Squadron, RAAF
 Aircraft Research and Development Unit, RAAF
 Royal Australian Navy
 No. 723 Squadron, RAN FAA
 No. 724 Squadron, RAN FAA
 No. 725 Squadron, RAN FAA

 Burma Air Force - Postwar

 Royal Canadian Air Force
 No. 664 Squadron RCAF
 No. 665 Squadron RCAF
 No. 666 Squadron RCAF
 Canadian Army - Postwar

 Czechoslovakian Air Force - three aircraft, in service from 1945 to 1948.

 Hellenic Air Force - Postwar

 Royal Hong Kong Auxiliary Air Force - Postwar

 Indonesian Air Force - Ex-Dutch aircraft

 Israeli Air Force
 (Transjordan)
 Arab Legion
 Royal Jordanian Air Force

 Libyan Air Force

 Royal Netherlands Air Force
 Royal Netherlands Navy
 Dutch Naval Aviation Service
 Royal Netherlands East Indies Army Air Force - Postwar
 Korps landelijke politiediensten Aviation Police - Postwar

 Royal Norwegian Air Force in exile in the United Kingdom -  Nine aircraft in service from 1944 to 1945. Used by Nos 331 and 332 Norwegian Squadrons as communications aircraft.

 Pakistan Air Force - Postwar
 Pakistan Army - Ex-Pakistan Air Force aircraft.
 Pakistan Army Aviation Corps

 Polish Air Force in exile in Great Britain
 663 Polski Szwadron Powietrznych Punktów Obserwacyjnych (1944–1946)

 South African Air Force

 British Army
 Army Air Corps
 Royal Air Force
 No. 651 (AOP) Squadron RAF
 No. 652 (AOP) Squadron RAF
 No. 653 (AOP) Squadron RAF
 No. 654 (AOP) Squadron RAF
 No. 655 (AOP) Squadron RAF
 No. 656 (AOP) Squadron RAF
 No. 657 (AOP) Squadron RAF
 No. 658 (AOP) Squadron RAF
 No. 659 (AOP) Squadron RAF
 No. 660 (AOP) Squadron RAF
 No. 661 (AOP) Squadron RAF
 No. 662 (AOP) Squadron RAF
 No. 663 (AOP) Squadron RAF 1947-1949

Specifications (Auster V)

Notable appearances in media


Levalõpme

Levalõpme  is a village in Muhu Parish, Saare County in western Estonia.


Alexis Giraud-Teulon

Marc Antoine Émile Alexis Giraud-Teulon, better known as Alexis Giraud-Teulon (27 August 1839, Marseille – 30 May 1916, Antibes), was a French academic, lawyer and translator.

Biography
Son of Félix Giraud-Teulon, ophthalmologist, member of the Académie Nationale de Médecine and great-grandson of the conventional Marc Antoine Alexis Giraud, he belonged to a Protestant family from La Rochelle.

Licentiate in law, he became known by a series of publications on the history of institutions such as the mother among certain peoples of the antiquity. In 1874, he published a critical summary of Johann Jakob Bachofen's book, Das Mutterrecht (The Maternal Right, 1861), under the title Les Origines de la famille (The Origins of the Family), which was the most complete presentation, in French, of the doctrine of prehistoric matriarchy and its survivals.

He then taught philosophy of history, aesthetics and prehistory at the University of Geneva. He is credited with a translation of Geschichte der christlichen Kirche (History of the Christian Church, 1833), work of Ignaz von Döllinger, opponent of the dogma of papal infallibility. He also translated the posthumous work of Giovanni Alfonso Borelli, De Motu Animalium (On the Movement of Animals).

On December 23, 1863, he changed his last name from Giraud to Giraud-Teulon.

Works
 La Mère chez certains peuples de l'antiquité (The Mother among Some Peoples of the Antiquity). Paris: Ernest Thorin, 1867.
 La Royauté et la Bourgeoisie (The Royalty and the Bourgeoisie). Paris. 1871.
 Les Origines du mariage et de la famille (The Origins of Marriage and the Family). Geneva: A. Cherbuliez, 1884.
 Double péril social : L'Église et le Socialisme (Double Social Peril: The Church and Socialism). Paris: Guillaumin, 1895.
 L'Exogamie chez les peuples primitifs (Exogamy among Primitive Peoples). Lyon: A. Rey, 1908.

Sources
 Revue archéologique, ed. Edmond Pottier and Salomon Reinach, 5th series, t. III, Paris, Ernest Leroux, January–February 1916, p. 427.


DaWu Mountain

DaWu Mountain (), is a mountain of historical and cultural significance located north of the city of Xinyi in Guangdong province, China. The tallest peak is the Datian Peak (), as the tallest peak in the west of Guangdong province, which is commonly reported as 1703.8 metres (5,588 ft) tall.

DaWu Mountain is associated with the Dawu Mountain Nature Reserve, which was declared set up as municipal natural reserve by Xinyi Government in 1994, promoted as provincial natural reserve. It is known for its plant resources and scenery.

Geography
The area is located in southwest Guangdong, just north of the city of Xinyi and to the south of the city of Gaozhou, located at 22°14′N to 22°17′N and 118°8′E to 111°15′E. It extends from 800 to 1704 metres (2,624 to 5,588 ft) above sea level and covers an area of 3534 hectares (35.3 sq mi) at its base. The Datian Peak is 1703.8 metres(5,588 ft), the second tallest peak reaches 1423 metres(4,667 ft).

Climate
The climate is warm and humid. The area is natural boundary in tropic and subtropics of South China.The yearly average temperature is between 17 ℃ to 18 ℃, the annual precipitation is between 2300 mm to 2600 mm and the annual average relative humidity is about 85%.

Natural resources
The area is between the tropical zone and the subtropical zone, is a transitional zone with distribution of various flora in south China. With superior natural condition, the Dawu Mountain Nature Reserve, as one of the most well-preserved natural ecological system in southwest Guangdong, abounds in animal and plant resources, including a wild range of rare species, and has contained tremendous economic plant resources.

Vegetation
The forest coverage this area is about 98%, which plant resources are rich and there are 195 families, 703 genera and 1453 species of wild higher plants in which 20 species are under national protection and 3 species under provincial protection. Medicinal plants over 500 species and include gynostemma pentaphyllum, Paris polyphylla, dysosma versipellis and Dendrobium nobile, which are renowned throughout the country. Some trees are very old and famous, notably the Han Dynasty Cypresses (planted 2,100 years ago by Emperor Wu Di of the Han Dynasty), 'Welcoming Guest Pine' (500 years old) and 'Fifth Rank Pine' (named by Emperor Qin Shi Huang of the Qin Dynasty and replanted some 250 years ago).

Rare animals
Among them, the first class protected animals are the leopard, Elliot's pheasant, yellow-bellied pheasant, monitor lizard, boa. The second class protected animals are the Crested Serpent Eagle, Palea steindachneri, Rana tigerina, giant salamander, pangolin, rasse, golden cat.

Natural landscape
The area is 38 kilometers far from the downtown of XinYi city. It is one of eight scenic spots of XinYi. Because of the southeast side of it is influenced by the Pacific climate, in addition it has big amplitude of temperature changes, so that the clouds and mist drift through the mountains, providing tourists the wonderful sights to appreciate.

Local legend
At the ancient times, it was a tremendous jade called south jade that in the bottom of the lake. It was said that people who bathed in that lake would have bright white skin. So there were seven fairies from the welkin spending a whole day for bathing in that lake on midsummer every year. One year, a cow boy who gazed his cattle and horses near the lake and then peeped the sight of bathing by those fairies. After one of those fairies called Scarlet who found that they had been peeped by that cowboy, she breathed on the lake surface, leading to make the mountain surrounded by wind and fog so that the cowboy was not able to see them at all, which is the reason of the name of DaWu mountain.


Çıraqlı, Shamakhi

Çıraqlı (also, Chiragly, Chirakhly, and Chyragly) is a village and municipality in the Shamakhi Rayon of Azerbaijan.  It has a population of 242.


Walter Schott

Walter Schott (18 September 1861, Ilsenburg - 2 September 1938, Berlin) was a German sculptor and art professor.

Life
His father, , was a well-known metallurgist who was the manager and inspector at the smelters of Count Heinrich zu Stolberg-Wernigerode. After completing his standard education, he studied in Hanover from 1880 to 1883, at the Prussian Academy of Arts under Fritz Schaper. After 1885, he worked as a free-lance sculptor in Berlin, creating statues in the prevailing Neo-Baroque style.

Over the years, he became almost totally dependent on the Kaiser's patronage and found little work to do after World War I, a fate which befell many creative artists too closely associated with the Imperial government. In 1930, he wrote an autobiography, defending his position and assailing his critics.

He died in poverty. His remains were cremated and his ashes placed in an urn at his father's grave in Ilsenburg.

Selected major works

 Mecklenburg
 Three Dancing Maidens, Nymphenbrunnen (Nymph Fountain), also referred to as Drei tanzende Mädchen. The original is believed to be in the park of Schlitz Castle near Lake Malchin, but there are several copies, most notably one in Central Park, New York, known as the Untermyer Fountain, and another in front of the Kasteel Den Brandt in Den Brandt Park in Antwerp.  Several other three-quarter size copies are also known.
 Berlin
 Figure Group 1 in the Siegesallee (Victory Avenue) project of Wilhelm II, consisting of Albert the Bear (first Margrave of Brandenburg) as the central figure; flanked by Bishop Wigger von Brandenburg (d.1161) and Bishop Otto of Bamberg. The statues were vandalized shortly after their dedication in 1898 and were severely damaged in World War II. They are now on display at the Spandau Citadel.
 Grave memorial for Else von Falckenberg in the Jerusalem II Friedhof am Halleschen Tor.
 Statue of William I, Prince of Orange in front of the Stadtschloss. The original was destroyed in World War II, but a copy of the statue in Wiesbaden, dating from 1908, still exists.
 Diana mit Windhunden (greyhounds), Bronze, 1926. Presented as a gift to the city of Berlin by the AEG in 1953. Currently in Humboldthain Park, Berlin-Gesundbrunnen
 Saalburg
 Bust of Kaiser Wilhelm II. It was placed in storage by the Communist government in 1955 and was restored in 1998 as part of the ceremonies accompanying the 100th anniversary of the Saalburg's restoration.
 Battlefield at Gravelotte in Alsace
 Monument honoring the First Foot Guards. It was unique among monuments relating to the Franco-Prussian War in that it also honored the fallen French soldiers. This was done at the suggestion of the Kaiser. After World War I, when Alsace was once again part of France, the French government removed the central angel figure and offered to sell it back to Germany. When the offer was refused, the statue was melted down. The base of the monument is still there.


Ferenc Mérei

Ferenc Mérei (24 November 1909 – 23 February 1986) was a Hungarian psychologist and educator.

Early life
Born in Budapest into a bourgeois family, Mérei often spent time in his parents' photography studio at the Garay Bazaar. He did not like school, where he felt excluded and his teachers' brutality caused him much pain. He read a lot, even 4-500-page books in one sitting. His mother's liaisons with several men disturbed him.

After graduating from high school, he studied at the Sorbonne from 1928, even though his mother wanted him to study in Berlin. He specialised in political economy, statistics and literature and studied eleven languages. It was child psychology and vocational guidance that really captivated his interest. Henri Wallon received him at the university as his pupil, and directed him in studying child psychology. He joined the French Communist Party in 1930.

He gave his first scientific lecture in 1932. The lecture, in which he criticised Jean Piaget, attracted Wallon's disapproval, and it was then that Mérei developed his key idea, the essence of which is the social determination of humans.

He obtained two degrees, one from a career advising college, and one from the Sorbonne Faculty of Arts in philosophy, sociology, psychology and pedagogy. He made lifelong friends in Paris, where they and his teachers shaped his ideals and his world view.

Career
After his return to Hungary in 1934 for a time he became a pupil of Leopold Szondi, as a fresh graduate he could not find employment, so he worked as a psychologist without pay at the Állami Gyermeklélektani Intézet (State Children's Psychological Institute), founded by János Schnell) until 1938. He was the first to research the social experience affecting the individual and the social role of the formation of rules and norms. He published two theses in 1937: Child playing with buttons and The country-building child.

Between 1938 and 1940 he worked at the Special Education Teacher Training College, once again without a salary, so he lived on the money he received from teaching languages. He married a teacher of special education (Vera Mérei née Molnár). They learned the organisation of examinations and worked together.

He was expelled from the laboratory because of the anti-Jewish laws. From 1940 he worked at the outpatient department of the Patronage Association led by Júlia György. In 1942 he wrote his first book, The Psychology of Choosing a Career, before he was sent away to do labour service. In 1944 he escaped, crossed the front line and joined the Soviet army, where he attained the rank of captain by the time his military service ended.

From 1945 until 1948 he was the leader of the Fővárosi Lélektani Intézet (Budapest Institute of Psychology), a teacher at the Pedagógiai Főiskola (Pedagogical College) and at the Eötvös Kollégium, and the leader of the central seminar of NÉKOSZ (People's National Association of Colleges). He was appointed the head of Országos Neveléslélektani Intézet (National Institute of Educational Psychology) in 1949. During these years he wrote several studies and three books: The Child's World View (1945), Collective Experience (1947) and Study of the Child (1948). His collective experience experiments are among the most important psychological experiments.

In 1949 he was awarded the Kossuth Prize (silver medal) for his pedagogical work. In 1950 the institute was liquidated, Mérei was discharged from his position, and he became a translator for a living. He was rehabilitated in 1956, becoming a key scientific scholar at the Hungarian Academy of Sciences Institute of Psychology, then in 1958 at the Institute of Biochemistry.

He was arrested in October 1958 and charged with seditious organisation and was sentenced to 10 years. He spent his imprisonment first in Budapest, then Sátoraljaújhely and finally in Vác. He started his "Psychological Diary" at the National Prison in Sátoraljaújhely in 1960 (he wrote it on toilet paper for want of any other paper). His health deteriorated while he was in prison and he had a stroke. He received an amnesty in March 1963.

From February 1964 he worked at the National Neurological and Mental Hospital where he founded and became the leader of the clinical psychology laboratory. With the aim of having a workshop, he gathered his colleagues and students around him, including Ferenc Szakács, Lívia Nemes and Ágnes Binét. His laboratory became the centre for the training of psychologists in Hungary. Ágnes Binét became the co-author of two of his successful books, Child Psychology and the Ablak-Zsiráf child encyclopedia.

His sociometric examinations focused on the inner dynamics of groups and the roles of the individual. In his book Child Study he writes about the world view of children and the logic of the child's mind, based on his own experiments. It contains his theories about the development of the knowledge of mores and ethics, social behaviour, the sociometric analysis of the classes, the world view of the children and the development of values.

Between 1965 and 1970 fifty issues of the serial Vademecum, founded by Mérei, were published. Most of these were written by him for his students. They are still used in the education of psychologists. In the 1970s he wrote several significant books: The hidden network of communities (1971), Clinical methods in psychodiagnostics (1974) and Clinical Psychology (1974). From 1976 he led the Hungarian Psychological Society (Magyar Pszichológiai Társaság) and the training of psychodramatists.

In 1982 he was named a doctor of psychology by the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and was awarded the Pál Ranschburg medallion.

An interview film was prepared with him in 1984, when he was recovering after a serious operation. Parts of the interview, in which he was criticising the politics of Hungary, were not shown on TV until 2009.

He first wrote about his views on educational policy in 1948 in the study Democracy in School. This was not published until 1985. The ideal school, according to Mérei, is child-centered, and raises the child to be able to think independently. "If we want to change people, then it is essential to change pedagogy (...) so I studied the possibilities of change during pedagogy." He considered the training of teachers to be very important and did much to improve it.

Studies in English and German

 Indirect modelling: Actometric investigations from the field of developmental social psychology (1980). Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest. pp. 35–48. From Attitudes, interaction and personality.
 Studies in clinical psychodiagnostics and psychotherapy. Authors Mérei at al.; ed.-in-chief Lajos Kardos (1987). Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest. 191 p.
 Ferenc Mérei; Stephen Neiger; Beatrice J. Bouhoutsos: Der Aufforderungscharakter der Rorschach-Tafeln (Innsbruck,  1953)

Prizes (selected)

 Kossuth Prize (1949)
 Ranschburg Pál medallion (1982)

Literature

 Pedagógiai lexikon. Keraban Könyvkiadó, (1997) in Hungarian
 Bagdy E. – Forgács P. – Pál M.: Mérei emlékkönyv. Budapest, (1989) in Hungarian
 Erős F.: Mérei Ferenc fényében és árnyékában. Budapest, (1989) in Hungarian
 Mérei Élet-Mű, Tanulmányok (2006) in Hungarian
 Sárvári Gáborné közlése in Hungarian

Legacy

 The Hungarian Psychological Association founded the Ferenc Mérei Publication Prize, awarded annually to a young scholar.
 By the decision of the Budapest City Assembly, the biggest pedagogical institute of the country bears Mérei's name from the semester starting in Autumn 2008. The naming ceremony was held on 9 October 2008 in the Vas Street building of the Institute. Gábor Demszky, the mayor of Budapest opened the exhibition about Mérei's life and unveiled the memorial plaque on the wall of the institute. The ceremony was attended by Mérei's family members.

Mérei is buried in the Óbuda Jewish Cemetery.


FNAB-43

The FNAB-43 is an Italian designed and developed submachine gun manufactured from 1943 to 1944. The first prototype was built in 1942 and the 7,000 built by the FNA-B (Fabbrica Nazionale d'Armi di Brescia, "Brescia National Arms Factory", hence the name) were issued to German and Italian RSI (Repubblica Sociale Italiana) units fighting in Northern Italy. The FNAB-43 was an expensive weapon to manufacture as it used extensive milling and precision engineering in its manufacture.

Description

The FNAB-43 uses a lever-delayed blowback system firing from the closed bolt position. The bolt is a two-piece unit with a pivoted lever interposed between bolt head and body. On firing the bolt head retracts and begins to rotate the lever, the base of which is against a lug in the body. This lever is pivoted to delay the opening movement to allow the bullet to leave the barrel. The breech pressure then drops before the lever has completed its rotation. The movement of the lever then presses the free end against the bolt body and accelerates the bolt's movement to the rear. The base of the lever then pulls clear of the lug and the whole bolt unit continues to recoil as one piece. On returning, the lever again engages the lug and pivots forward and in doing so removes a coupling which allows the firing pin to move only when the bolt is fully forward. This unusual and complicated system allows the rate of fire to be kept down to very practical 400 rpms without having to use a heavy bolt or strong spring.

The FNAB-43 also uses a muzzle brake and compensator built into the barrel casing similar to some Russian weapons, and the magazine housing is hinged so that the magazine can lie beneath the barrel similarly to the French MAT-49. The single metal bar stock can be folded upwards rendering the weapon more compact.

Notes


Tulsi Ramsay

Tulsi Ramsay (29 July 1944 – 13 December 2018) was an Indian film director. He was the son of F.U. Ramsay and was one of the famous Seven Ramsay Brothers. The other six are Kumar Ramsay, Shyam Ramsay, Keshu Ramsay, Arjun Ramsay, Gangu Ramsay and Kiran Ramsay. Tulsi Ramsay directed several movies in the Horror genre during the 80's and 90's. Movies such as Hotel, Purana Mandir, Tahkhana, Veerana, Bandh Darwaza have acquired a cult following. He has also directed the Zee Horror Show TV series in 1993. The memories of most of the episodes of this TV series are still afresh in the hearts of horror enthusiasts in India. He ran a production company, Tulsi Ramsay Production located at Andheri in Mumbai.  Ramsay died on 14 December, 2018 in a city hospital in Mumbai after complaining of chest pains.

Filmography

Director

 The Zee Horror Show (1993) TV series (unknown episodes)
 Mahakaal (1993)
 Police Mathu Dada (1991)
 Inspector Dhanush (1991)
 Ajooba Kudrat Ka (1991)
 Bandh Darwaza (1990)
 Purani Haveli (1989)
 Veerana (1988)
 Tahkhana (1986)
 Telephone (1985)
 3D Saamri (1985)
 Purana Mandir (1984)
 Ghungroo Ki Awaaz (1981)
 Hotel (1981)
 Sannata (1981)
 Dahshat (1981)
 Saboot (1980)
 Guest House (1980 film) (1980)
 Aur Kaun? (1979)
 Darwaza (1978)
 Andhera (1975)
 Do Gaz Zameen Ke Neeche (1972) ... aka Two Yards Under the Ground (India: English title)
 Nakuli Shaan (1971)
 Penanggalan (1967) ... aka The Headless Terror (USA) [widely dismissed as a hoax]

Producer

 Aatma (2006)
 Bandh Darwaza (1990)
 Tahkhana (1986)
 3D Saamri (1985)

Production Designer

 Bandh Darwaza (1990)
 Na-Insaafi (1989)
 Purana Mandir (1984)

Writer

 Inspector Dhanush (1991) (story) (Credited as Tulsi-Shyam)


Teresa M. Chafin

Teresa Marlene Chafin (born October 4, 1955) is a Justice of the Supreme Court of Virginia

Education

A native of Russell County and the sister of state Sen. Ben Chafin. Chafin received her undergraduate degree from Emory and Henry College and her Juris Doctor from the University of Richmond School of Law in 1987 and was admitted to the practice of law in 1988.

Virginia Court of Appeals and state court service

She was sworn in on June 18, 2012. Prior to her service on the appellate court, Chafin had a private practice based in Lebanon, and sat as Circuit Court judge, primarily in Tazewell County, Virginia from 2005 until 2012, including service as the chief judge of the 29th Circuit in 2008 and 2009. From 2002 until 2005, Judge Chafin served as Tazewell County's Juvenile & Domestic Relations District Court judge. She left office on September 1, 2019, upon her elevation to the Supreme Court of Virginia.

Supreme Court of Virginia

On February 14, 2019, she was elected by the Virginia General Assembly to be a Justice of the Supreme Court of Virginia, replacing Elizabeth A. McClanahan who will retire on September 1, 2019.


José Antonio Pecharromán

José Antonio Pecharromán Fabián (born 16 June 1978 in Cáceres) is a Spanish professional road bicycle racer and former rider of SL Benfica.

Major results

2003 - Costa de Almería-Paternina
1st, Overall and Stage 6, Volta a Catalunya
1st, Overall and Stages 2, 3, 4b, Euskal Bizikleta

External links


Strain partitioning

Strain partitioning is commonly referred to as a deformation process in which the total strain experienced on a rock, area, or region, is heterogeneously distributed in terms of the strain intensity and strain type (i.e. pure shear, simple shear, dilatation). This process is observed on a range of scales spanning from the grain – crystal scale to the plate – lithospheric scale, and occurs in both the brittle and plastic deformation regimes. The manner and intensity by which strain is distributed are controlled by a number of factors listed below.

Influencing factors
All four of these factors below may individually or in combination contribute toward the distribution of strain. Therefore, each of these factors must be taken into consideration when analyzing how and why strain is partitioned:
 Anisotropy such as preexisting structures, compositional layering, or cleavage planes. Isotropic lines "separate mutually orthogonal principle trajectories on each side. In a plane-strain field, the strain is zero at isotropic points and lines, and they can be termed neutral points and neutral lines."
 Rheology
 Boundary conditions – The geometrical and mechanical properties
 Stress orientation – critical angles by which stress is applied

Subdivisions
Strain partitioning across the literature is diverse and has been divided into three subdivisions according to the American Geological Institute.
 Superposition of individual strain components that produce the finite strain
 The accumulation of strain influenced by constituent rock materials
 Individual deformation mechanisms that contribute toward producing the finite strain

Superposition of individual strain components
The superposition of individual strain components can be expressed at the tectonic scale involving oblique convergent margins and transpression / transtension tectonic regimes.

Oblique convergent margins

Convergent margins where the angle of subduction is oblique will often result in the partitioning of strain into an arc parallel component (accommodated by strike slip faults or shear zones) and an arc normal component (accommodated through thrust faults). This occurs as a response to shear stress exerted at the base of the overriding plate that is not perpendicular to the plate margin.

Fundamental factors which control strain partitioning within oblique orogens
Stress Orientation:Subduction angle – Increased subduction angle increases arc parallel component
Rheology and Anisotropy:Mechanical properties of the wedge: (Coulomb vs plastic) influences wedge geometry
Boundary Conditions: Friction and geometry between the backstop and wedge

Example: Himalayan Orogen
The Himalaya is a strain partitioned orogen which resulted from the oblique convergence between India and Asia. Convergence between the two landmasses persists today at a rate of 2 cm/yr. The obliquity of plate convergence increases toward the western portion of the orogen, thus inducing a greater magnitude of strain partitioning within the western Himalaya than in the central.

The table below shows relative velocities of India's convergence with Asia. The lateral variability in velocity between the central and marginal regions of the orogen suggest strain is partitioned due to oblique convergence.

Table reference:

Transpression and transtension
Strain partitioning is common within transpressive and transtensive tectonic domains. Both regimes involve a component of pure shear (transpression – compressive, transtension – extensive) and a component of simple shear. Strain may be partitioned by the development of a strike slip fault or shear zone across the actively deforming region.

Example: Coast Mountains British Columbia

The Coast Mountains of British Columbia are interpreted as a transpressive orogen which formed during the Cretaceous. Oblique subduction induced the development of several shear zones which strike parallel to the orogen. The presence of these shear zones suggest that strain is partitioned within the Coast Orogen which resulted in horizontal translation of terranes for several hundred kilometers parallel to the orogen.

Strain factorization
Strain factorization is a mathematical approach to quantify and characterize the variation of strain components in terms of the intensity and distribution that produces the finite strain throughout a deformed region. This effort is achieved through matrix multiplication. Refer to the figure below to conceptually visualize what is obtained through strain factorization.

Influence of rock material rheology
At the grain and crystal scale, strain partitioning may occur between minerals (or clasts and matrix) governed by their rheological contrasts. Constituent minerals of differing rheological properties in a rock will accumulate strain differently, thus inducing mechanically preferable structures and fabrics.

Example

Rocks that contain incompetent (mechanically weak) minerals such as micas and more competent (mechanically stronger) minerals such as quartz or feldspars, may develop a shear band fabric. The incompetent minerals will preferentially form the C-surfaces and competent minerals will form along the S-surfaces.

Individual deformation mechanisms
Strain partitioning is also known as a procedure for decomposing the overall strain into individual deformation mechanisms which allowed for strain to be accommodated. This approach is performed from geometrical analysis of rocks on the grain – crystal scale. Strain partitioning of deformation mechanisms incorporates those mechanisms which occur both simultaneously and/or subsequently as tectonic conditions evolve, as deformation mechanisms are a function of strain rate and pressure-temperature conditions. Performing such a procedure is important for structural and tectonic analysis as it provides parameters and constraints for constructing deformation models.


Malik Couturier

Malik Couturier (born 21 January 1982 in Jonzac) is a French football defender.

Couturier previously played for Niort and Angers in Ligue 2.

Honours
Chamois Niortais

 Championnat National champions: 2005–06


2016 MXGP of Europe

The 2016 MXGP of Europe will be the third round of the 2016 FIM Motocross World Championship season. It will be held in Valkenswaard, Netherlands on 27–28 March 2016. The race will include the third rounds of the 2016 MXGP and MX2 world championships. It will also include the second round of the 2016 FIM Women's Motocross World Championship and the first rounds of the 2016 UEM European 300cc Championship and 2016 UEM European 250cc Championship.

Entry lists

Entry list

MXGP entry list

1Steven Lenoir will stand in at 24MX Honda due to injuries for the team's riders.

2Riders making their debut in the MXGP class this weekend.

3Rider's entered but did not attend the grand prix for various reasons.

MX2 entry list

1These riders will make their MX2 class debut this weekend.
2De Waal entered but did not attend the grand prix.

WMX Entry List

MXGP

MXGP Practice Times

Free Practice

MXGP Timed Practice

|}

MXGP Qualifying Race

MXGP Races

Race 1

Race 2

1Jasikonis finished in 16th place but was then given a time penalty.

MXGP of Europe Overall

MX2

MX2 Practice Times

Free Practice

MX2 Timed Practice

MX2 Qualifying Race

1Brian Bogers broke his collarbone in an accident on the start straight, he will take no further part in the grand prix.


Villa Tunari Massacre

The Villa Tunari Massacre or Battle of Villa Tunari''' was a 27 June 1988 mass killing committed by UMOPAR (Rural Patrol Mobile Unit) troops against peasants and cocaleros in the town of Villa Tunari in Chapare Province, Bolivia. The cocalero movement had mobilized since late May 1988 in opposition to coca eradication under Law 1008, then on the verge of becoming law. The attack killed 12 people and injured over a hundred. Bolivian president Evo Morales recalls being present at the confrontation: "I was a witness to how the gringos'' from the DEA fired upon us and the Villa Tunari massacre was made. Later, we recovered cadavers drowned in the river and others with bullet wounds. It was all for the defense of the coca leaf against Law 1008."

The massacre helped bring about the consolidation of Chapare unions into the Coordinadora of the Six Federations of the Tropic of Cochabamba.

16 people were killed in an attempt to overrun the UMOPAR outcamp at Villa Tunari, many by running off a cliff into the river below.


Yağcıhüseyin, Kızılcahamam

Yağcıhüseyin, Kızılcahamam is a village in the District of Kızılcahamam, Ankara Province, Turkey.


Leyenda de Plata (2016)

The Leyenda de Plata (2016) was professional wrestling tournament produced by the Mexican wrestling promotion Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLLl; Spanish "World Wrestling Council") that ran from July 15, 2016, over the course of two of CMLL's Friday night shows in Arena México with the finals on July 22, 2016. The annual Leyenda de Plata tournament is held in honor of lucha libre legend El Santo and is one of CMLL's most important annual tournaments. The tournament consists of a torneo cibernetico elimination match as the first round and the winner of that match would face the previous' year's winner in the finals. For the 2016 tournament CMLL it was originally announced that the 2015 tournament winner, Negro Casas, was part of the initial field, but later replaced him with Dragon Lee to keep the original format intact.

The torneo cibernetic competitors included: Bárbaro Cavernario, Dragon Lee, Guerrero Maya Jr., La Máscara, Mephisto, Místico, the Panther, Ripper, Titán, Tritón, Virus and Volador Jr. During the final moments of the torneo cibernetico La Máscara applied the La Campana submission hold on Dragon Lee, when Lee's older brother Rush ran to the ring and attacked La Máscara to cause a disqualification. After the match, Dragon Lee challenged La Máscara to a Lucha de Apuestas match, but La Máscara did not accept the match at the time. After the challenge, La Máscara attacked Dragon Lee and stole Dragon Lee's mask. The following week La Máscara  defeated Negro Casas after interference from Casas' corner man Tiger hit Casas instead.

Production

Background
The Leyenda de Plata (Spanish for "the Silver Legend") is an annual lucha libre tournament scripted and promoted by the Mexican professional wrestling promotion Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL).  The first Leyenda de Plata was held in 1998 and was in honor of El Santo, nicknamed Enmáscarado de Plata (the Silver mask) from which the tournament got its name. The trophy given to the winner is a plaque with a metal replica of the mask that El Santo wore in both wrestling and lucha films.

The Leyenda de Plata was held annually until 2003, at which point El Santo's son, El Hijo del Santo left CMLL on bad terms. The tournament returned in 2004 and has been held on an almost annual basis since then. The original format of the tournament was the Torneo cibernetico elimination match to qualify for a semi-final. The winner of the semi-final would face the winner of the previous year's tournament in the final. Since 2005 CMLL has held two cibernetico matches and the winner of each then meet in the semi-final. In 2011, the tournament was modified to eliminate the final stage as the previous winner, Místico, did not work for CMLL at that point in time The 2016 edition of La Leyenda de Plata was the 14th overall tournament held by CMLL.

Storylines
The events featured a total of number of professional wrestling matches with different wrestlers involved in pre-existing scripted feuds, plots and storylines. Wrestlers were portrayed as either heels (referred to as rudos in Mexico, those that portray the "bad guys") or faces (técnicos in Mexico, the "good guy" characters) as they followed a series of tension-building events, which culminated in a wrestling match or series of matches.

Tournament overview

Cibernetico

Results

July 15, 2016

July 22, 2016


Bekhsimle Dhartigaun

Bekhsimle  is a village development committee in Kavrepalanchok District in the Bagmati Zone of central Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 1210 and had 228 houses in it.


Francesca Clapcich

Francesca Clapcich (28 January 1988, Trieste) is an Italian sports sailor. At the 2012 Summer Olympics, she competed in the Women's Laser Radial class, finishing in 19th place. At the 2016 Olympics, she competed in the women's 49erFX class with Giulia Conti, finishing in 5th place.

Since she has competed with Giulia Conti. The pair scored numerous successes in the newly formed class 49er FX class, including 2015 victory in Italian, European and World Championships. On 27 October 2015 Conti and Clapcich were awarded the Golden Collar sporting merit award, the highest honor conferred by CONES.

In 2016, they came second at the European Championships.

In 2017-18, she was a crewmember on Turn the Tide on Plastic in the Volvo Ocean Race.


Niidiküla

Niidiküla is a village in Hiiumaa Parish, Hiiu County in northwestern Estonia.

According to the 2000 census, the population of Niidiküla was 18.

External links
 Map at nona.net


2001 in M-1 Global

The year 2001 is the fifth year in the history of M-1 Global, a mixed martial arts promotion based in Russia. In 2001 M-1 Global held 5 events beginning with, M-1 MFC: Russia vs. the World 1.

Events list

M-1 MFC: Russia vs. the World 1

M-1 MFC: Russia vs. the World 1 was an event held on April 27, 2001 at The Palace of sport "Jubileiny" in Saint Petersburg, Russia.

Results

M-1 MFC: Exclusive Fight Night 2

M-1 MFC: Exclusive Fight Night 2 was an event held on June 28, 2001 in Saint Petersburg, Russia.

Results

M-1 MFC: Exclusive Fight Night 3

M-1 MFC: Exclusive Fight Night 3 was an event held on September 27, 2001 in Saint Petersburg, Russia.

Results

M-1 MFC: Russia vs. the World 2

M-1 MFC: Russia vs. the World 2 was an event held on November 11, 2001 in Saint Petersburg, Russia.

Results

M-1 MFC: Exclusive Fight Night 4

M-1 MFC: Exclusive Fight Night 4 was an event held on December 27, 2001 at The Arena Fighting Club in Saint Petersburg, Russia.

Results


Thirteenth Air Force

The Thirteenth Air Force (Air Forces Pacific) (13 AF) was a numbered air force of the United States Air Force Pacific Air Forces (PACAF). It was last headquartered at Hickam Air Force Base on the island of Oahu, Hawaii.  13 AF has never been stationed in the continental United States.  It was one of the oldest continuously active numbered air forces in the United States Air Force.

The command plans, commands and controls, delivers, and assesses air, space, and information operations in the Asia-Pacific region—excluding the Korea theater of operations—across the security spectrum from peacetime engagement to major combat operations.

Established on 14 December 1942 at Plaine Des Gaiacs Airfield, on New Caledonia, 13 AF was a United States Army Air Forces combat air force deployed to the Pacific Theater of World War II. It engaged in operations primarily in the South Pacific, attacking enemy forces in the Solomon Islands, Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaigns; Mariana and Palau Islands campaigns and the Philippines campaign (1944–45).

During the Cold War, 13 AF remained in the Philippines, providing air defense of the nation and becoming one of the Numbered Air Forces of Pacific Air Forces (PACAF). During the Korean War, its units provided staging areas for people and equipment destined for the war zone. As the Vietnam War escalated during the late 1960s and early 1970s, 13th AF provided command and control for USAF units stationed in Thailand, its units conducting combat missions throughout Indochina until August 1973. 13 AF units last engaged in combat during the SS Mayaguez Incident in May 1975.

Returning to the Philippines after the Vietnam War ended in 1975, the command remained there until the 1991 evacuation of Clark Air Base after the Mount Pinatubo eruption and the United States withdrawal of military forces afterward.

It was inactivated on 28 September 2012 and its functions merged with PACAF.

Overview
The command is charged with planning, executing, and assessing operations in support of the U.S. Pacific Command commander's objectives. On behalf of the Pacific Air Forces commander, the 13th AF commander is positioned to command Air Force forces, combined or joint force air components, or a joint task force. Thirteenth AF also commands the only Air Force-led standing joint task force, Joint Task Force Support Forces Antarctica, a collaborative Department of Defense and National Science Foundation effort supporting the U.S. Antarctic Program through Operation Deep Freeze.

Headquarters, 13 AF is made up of an A-staff (the Air Force Forces staff), personal staff, 613th Air and Space Operations Center (AOC), known as the Maj Richard Bong AOC, and the 613th Support Group. The 613th AOC is one of the U.S. Air Force's five full-capability AN/USQ-163 FALCONER weapon systems with the ability to plan, task, execute, monitor, and assess full-spectrum air, space, and information operations for the COMAFFOR and/or C/JFACC. The AOC serves as the nerve center of air operations during any campaign.

In June 1991, Mount Pinatubo buried Clark Air Base, Philippines, in volcanic ash, leading to the evacuation of military personnel and their families in Operation Fiery Vigil, eventually forcing the base to close 26 November 1991. Thirteenth AF relocated and officially established its headquarters at Andersen AFB, Guam, on 2 December 1991.

The command was moved from Guam to Hickam AFB in May 2005. In the early 2000s, 13 AF activated the 13th Air Expeditionary Group for a number of exercises, (February 2004-1 April 2004 for Exercise Balikatan 04; February–March 2004 for Exercise Cope Tiger 04; January–February 2005 for Exercise Cope Tiger 05.

Units
Prior to its inactivation, two wings were permanently assigned to 13 AF:

 15th Wing, Hickam AFB HawaiiPartnered with the Hawaii Air National Guard, the 15th WG provides strategic, tactical and command airlift with C-17s, one specially configured C-40 and one C-37. It also includes a squadron of Lockheed F-22s. Finally it serves as an important en-route location for transient aircraft.
 36th Wing, Andersen AFB, GuamThe 36th WG has an expansive mission to support global projection and reach from its strategic location in the Pacific.

On 5 January 2007, Detachment 1, 13 AF was activated at Yokota AB, Japan. Det 1 is responsible for planning, coordinating, and executing air operations around Japan in coordination with the Japan Air Self Defense Force, through the Fifth Air Force staff at Yokota, and the 613th Air and Space Operations Center at Hickam.

The 613th Support Group maintains a consolidated commander's support staff providing personnel support for the entire headquarters; an operational support flight providing facility, training, readiness, and security management; and has two subordinate units: the 56th Air and Space Communications Squadron and the 17th Operational Weather Squadron.

The 13th Air Expeditionary Group, and formerly the 500th Air Expeditionary Group, is activated seasonally to support Operation Deep Freeze in the Antarctic.

History
Thirteenth Air Force has never been stationed in the continental United States; it is also one of the oldest, continuously active, numbered air forces. It engaged in combat in the Pacific Theater during World War II. Since World War II, it has provided air defense in the Far East, primarily the Philippines, until the 1991 eruption of Mt. Pinatubo forced the closure of Clark AB. Numerous Thirteenth Air Force organizations participated in Southeast Asia combat operations in the 1960s and 1970s.

Lineage
 Established as Thirteenth Air Force on 14 December 1942
 Activated on 13 January 1943

Assignments
 U.S. Army Forces Far East, 14 December 1942
 Assigned to Far East Air Forces on 15 June 1944
 Assigned to Pacific Air Force (later, Pacific Air Force/FEAF [Rear]), on 17 May 1955
 Assigned to Pacific Air Forces, on 1 July 1957

Stations

 Plaine Des Gaiacs Airfield, New Caledonia, Melanesia (January 1943)
 Pekoa Airfield, Espiritu Santo, New Hebrides, (January 1943 – January 1944)
 Carney Airfield, Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands, (January – June 1944)
 Momote Airfield, Los Negros, Admiralty Islands, (June – September 1944)
 Hollandia, New Guinea (September 1944)
 Hollandia Airfield, Netherlands East Indies, (September – October 1944)
 Wama Airfield, Morotai, Netherlands East Indies, (October 1944 – March 1945)

 Clark AAFld, Luzon, Philippines, (March 1945 – January 1946)
 Fort William McKinley, Luzon, Philippines, 30 May 1946
 Clark Field, Luzon, Philippines, 15 August 1947
 Kadena AB, Okinawa, 1 December 1948
 Clark AFB (Later Clark Air Base), Luzon, Philippines, 16 May 1949
 Andersen AFB, Guam, 2 December 1991– May 2005
 Hickam AFB, Hawaii, May 2005–28 Sep 2012

World War II

Commands
During World War II, 13th AF consisted of two major commands, XIII Fighter Command and XIII Bomber Command.

XIII Fighter Command
Activated on 13 January 1943. Served in combat with Thirteenth AF until the end of the war. Inactivated in the Philippines on 15 March 1946. Disbanded on 8 October 1948.

Groups
 18th Fighter Group (1943–47) (P-40F, P-39, P-38, P-61, P-70)(Transferred from Fifth Air Force, Hickam Field, Hawaii in March 1943).
 347th Fighter Group (1942–45) (P-39, P-38, P-40, P-400)(Established on New Caledonia on 3 October 1942)
 4th Reconnaissance Group (1943–45) (F-4 (P-38))
 403d Troop Carrier Group (1943–46) (C-46, C-47)
 Unattached Units:
 Det B 6th Night Fighter Squadron (February – September 1943) (P-70, P-38)Reassigned to 7th Air Force, 1943.
 419th Night Fighter Squadron (April – November 1943) (P-38, P-61)Activated April 1943 with P-38s, Reassigned to 18th Fighter Group, November 1943.  Reequipped with P-61s May 1944. Served in New Guinea, Philippines. Inactivated February 1947.
 550th Night Fighter Squadron (1944–46) (P-61)Activated June 1944. Received P-61s January 1945. Served in New Guinea, Philippines. Inactivated January 1946.
 7th Radio Squadron, Mobile (J)

XIII Bomber Command

Activated on 13 January 1943. Served in combat with Thirteenth AF until the end of the war. Inactivated in the Philippines on 15 March 1946. Disbanded on 8 October 1948.

Groups
 5th Bombardment Group (1943–46) (B-17, B-24)(Deployed to Espiritu Santo in November 1942, reassigned from Seventh Air Force in January 1943).
 11th Bombardment Group (1943) (B-17, B-24)(Deployed to New Hebrides in July 1942, reassigned from Seventh Air Force in January 1943.  Reassigned back to Seventh Air Force, May 1943 and transferred to Hawaii)
 42d Bombardment Group (1943–45) (B-25, B-26)(Reassigned from Second Air Force antisubmarine patrol duty, March 1943)
 307th Bombardment Group (1943–45) (B-17, B-24)(Reassigned from Seventh Air Force, February 1943)
 868th Bombardment Squadron (Unattached) (1944–45) (B-24)Formerly 349th Bomb Squadron, 5th Bomb Group. The planes flown by the 868th were often called SB-24s and sometimes LABs (Low Altitude Bomber). They were equipped with SRC-717-B search and navigation radar. Formed into 868th Bomb Squadron in January 1944 and operated independently within the 13th AF.

Operational history

Thirteenth Air Force began operations in November 1942 as an organization composed of many widely separated Seventh Air Force and independent units scattered in the South Central Pacific during the Solomon Islands campaign.

Initially charged with taking a defensive stand against advancing enemy forces, Thirteenth Air Force later took the offensive flying a variety of aircraft, including the B-17 Flying Fortress, B-24 Liberator, B-25 Mitchell, B-26 Marauder, P-38 Lightning, P-39 Airacobra, P-40 Warhawk, P-61 Black Widow, C-46 Commando, C-47 Skytrain, and L-5 Sentinel.

It was Thirteenth Air Force P-38Gs of the 339th Fighter Squadron of the 347th Fighter Group which, on 18 April 1943, flew the mission which resulted in the death of Japanese Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto.

From 1942–1945, Thirteenth Air Force staged out of tropical jungles on more than 40 remote islands including the Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign; Mariana and Palau Islands campaign and the Philippines campaign (1944–45), thus earning the nickname, "The Jungle Air Force." The command's units participated in a total of five different operation areas and 13 campaigns.

Thirteenth Air Force along with Fifth Air Force in Australia and Seventh Air Force in Hawaii were assigned to the newly created United States Far East Air Forces (FEAF) on 3 August 1944. FEAF was subordinate to the U.S. Army Forces Far East and served as the headquarters of Allied Air Forces Southwest Pacific Area. By 1945, three numbered air forces—5th, 7th and 13th—were supporting operations in the Pacific. FEAF was the functional equivalent in the Pacific of the United States Strategic Air Forces (USSTAF) in the European Theater of Operations.

After hostilities ended in 1945, Thirteenth Air Force established its headquarters at Clark Field, Philippines, in January 1946. In May of that year, it moved to Fort William McKinley, Luzon. By August 1947, 13AF returned to Clark Field. In December 1948, the unit moved to Kadena, Okinawa, where it remained for only a few months before returning to Clark in May 1949.

Korean War
On 25 June 1950, 13AF consisted of the following units:

18th Fighter-Bomber Wing/Group (F-80)
21st Troop Carrier Squadron (C-54)
6204th Photo Mapping Flight (RB-17))

The 6204th Photo Mapping Flight, located at Clark AB, Philippines, deployed the Flight's two RB-17 aircraft complete with combat crews and maintenance personnel to Johnson AB, Japan in mid-June 1950. The FEAF deployment order specified that the two RB-17 aircraft be equipped with normal armament insofar as practicable, not to interfere with the photographic capability of the aircraft. This posed a problem for the Flight, since the RB-17s had been flying peacetime missions and were not equipped for combat. However, the 6204th found the necessary gunners and equipment, made the modifications to the aircraft, and by late August 1950 the detachment began flying photo-mapping missions over Korea. By the end of November 1950, it had photographed the entire North Korean area at least once and re-photographed some areas as far north as weather conditions permitted. By early December the detachment returned to Clark AB and resumed the flight's mapping program in the Philippine area.

During the Korean War, 13AF units provided staging areas for people and equipment destined for the war zone. During the decade of peace that followed the war, the command concentrated on training and surveillance activities to maintain a high state of readiness for contingencies.

Vietnam War
From the time of signing of U.S./Taiwan defense arrangements, the 327th Air Division of 13th Air Force maintained units in Taiwan, up until 1979. 327th Air Division reported in this capacity to United States Taiwan Defense Command.

As the Vietnam War escalated during the late 1960s and early 1970s, 13AF again served as a staging base and logistics manager for units fighting in Southeast Asia. As more American aircraft and people were poured into the war effort, combat units and facilities under 13AF in Thailand increased. At its peak, 13AF was composed of seven combat wings, nine major bases, 11 smaller installations and more than 31,000 military members.

With the buildup and execution of Operations Desert Shield and Storm, 13AF provided aircraft and support staff vital to the Gulf war coalition victory in Southwest Asia.

Post Cold War
In June 1991, Mount Pinatubo buried Clark in volcanic ash, forcing the base to close on 26 November and leading to the evacuation of assigned military members and their families in Operation Fiery Vigil. The Thirteenth Air Force relocated and officially established its headquarters at Andersen Air Force Base on 2 December 1991.

In 2005, the Jungle Air Force stood down as a traditional Numbered Air Force and moved to Hickam Air Force Base to assume the role of the new Kenney Warfighting Headquarters for PACAF, which was activated in provisional status in June 2005.

On 6 October 2006, after a one-year transformation of command and control of air, space and information operations in the Pacific, Thirteenth Air Force officially began operations as a component numbered air force headquarters and welcomed a new commander. Former Pacific Air Forces Deputy Commander, Lt. Gen. Loyd S. "Chip" Utterback, assumed command of the unit 6 October, replacing Maj. Gen. Edward A. Rice, Jr., who had commanded Thirteenth Air Force from Andersen Air Force Base, Guam, and Hickam since January 2005. Previously designated as a management headquarters, Thirteenth Air Force became one of 10 organizations designed to enhance the operational level support, planning, command, control and execution of air, space and information operations capabilities across the full range of military operations throughout the U.S. Pacific Command's area of responsibility (minus the Korea theater of operations). In September 2012, 13 AF was inactivated and its functions merged into PACAF.


2018 Challenger Banque Nationale de Gatineau – Men's Singles

Denis Shapovalov was the defending champion but chose not to defend his title.

Bradley Klahn won the title after defeating Ugo Humbert 6–3, 7–6(7–5) in the final.

Seeds

Draw

Finals

Top half

Bottom half


Minatamis na saging

Minatamis na saging (literally "sweetened banana") is a Filipino dessert made with saba bananas cooked in a sweet syrup (arnibal) made with muscovado sugar and water. Some recipes also add a little bit of salt and pandan leaf or vanilla extract. Other ingredients can also be added like sweet potato, sago, or other fruits. It can be eaten on its own or added as an ingredient to other desserts (notably for halo-halo). Adding the dessert over milk and shaved ice also results in another dessert known as saba kon-yelo (spelled sabá con hielo in Spanish).


Neutralism

Neutralism may refer to the following:

 Neutral theory of molecular evolution


Cruthin

The Cruthin (; Middle Irish:  or ; Modern Irish:  ) were a people of early medieval Ireland. Their heartland was in Ulster and included parts of the present-day counties of Antrim, Down and Londonderry. They are also said to have lived in parts of Leinster and Connacht. Their name is the Irish equivalent of Priteni, an ancient name for the Celtic Britons, and was sometimes used to refer to the Picts. However, there is a debate among scholars as to the relationship of the Cruthin with the Britons and Picts.

The Cruthin comprised a number of túatha (territories), which included the Dál nAraidi of County Antrim and the Uí Echach Cobo of County Down. Early sources distinguish between the Cruthin and the Ulaid, who gave their name to the over-kingdom, although the Dál nAraidi would later claim in their genealogies to be na fír Ulaid, "the true Ulaid". The Loígis, who gave their name to County Laois in Leinster, and the Sogain of Leinster and Connacht, are also claimed as Cruthin in early Irish genealogies.

By 773 AD, the annals stopped using the term Cruithne in favour of the term Dál nAraidi, who had secured their over-kingship of the Cruthin.

Etymology

In medieval Irish writings, the name is variously spelt Cruthin, Cruithin, Cruthini, Cruthni, Cruithni or Cruithini (Modern Irish: Cruithne). It is thought to relate to the Irish word cruth, meaning "form, figure, shape". The name is believed to derive from *Qritani, a Goidelic/Q-Celtic version of the Brittonic/P-Celtic *Pritani. Pytheas referred to the old P-Celtic name as 'Pretannia', which was later latinized as Britanni, the Roman name for the Celtic Britons.

It is suggested that Cruthin was not what the people called themselves, but was what their neighbours called them.

The name Cruthin survives in the placenames Duncrun (Dún Cruithean, "fort of the Cruthin") and Drumcroon (Droim Cruithean, "ridge of the Cruthin") in County Londonderry, and Ballycrune (Bealach Cruithean, "pass of the Cruthin") and Crown Mound (Áth Cruithean, "ford of the Cruthin") in County Down. These placenames are believed to mark the edges of Cruthin territory.

Relationship to the Picts
Early Irish writers used the name Cruthin to refer to both the north-eastern Irish group and to the Picts of Scotland. Likewise, the Scottish Gaelic word for a Pict is Cruithen or Cruithneach, and for Pictland is Cruithentúath.<ref>Pict and related words at In Dúin Bélrai]</ref> It has thus been suggested that the Cruthin and Picts were the same people or were in some way linked. Professor T. F. O'Rahilly wrote that the Qritani/Pritani were "the earliest inhabitants of these islands to whom a name can be assigned". It has also been suggested that Cruthin was a name used to refer to all the Britons who were not conquered by the Romans – those who lived outside Roman Britain, north of Hadrian's Wall.

Other scholars disagree, pointing out that although Cruthin was used to translate Picti into Irish, Picti was never used to translate Cruthin into Latin. Professor Dáibhí Ó Cróinín says the "notion that the Cruthin were 'Irish Picts' and were closely connected with the Picts of Scotland is quite mistaken" while Professor Kenneth H. Jackson has said that the Cruthin "were not Picts, had no connection with the Picts, linguistic or otherwise, and are never called Picti by Irish writers". There is no archaeological evidence of a Pictish link and in archaeology the Cruthin are indistinguishable from their neighbours in Ireland. The records show that the Cruthin bore Irish names, spoke Irish and followed the Irish derbfine system of inheritance rather than the matrilineal system sometimes attributed to the Picts.

Relationship to the Dál Riata
Dál Riata was a Gaelic kingdom that included parts of western Scotland and northeastern Ireland. The Irish part of the kingdom lay in the middle of Cruthin territory. Historian Alex Woolf has suggested that the Dál Riata were a part of the Cruthin, and that they were descended from the Epidii.

References in the Irish annals
By the start of the historic period in Ireland in the 6th century, the over-kingdom of Ulaid was largely confined to east of the River Bann in north-eastern Ireland. The Cruthin however still held territory west of the Bann in County Londonderry, and their emergence may have concealed the dominance of earlier tribal groupings.

A certain Dubsloit of the Cruthin is said to have killed the son of the High King Diarmait mac Cerbaill in 555 or 558, and Diarmait himself was killed by a Cruthin over-king of Ulster, Áed Dub mac Suibni, in 565.

In 563, according to the Annals of Ulster, an apparent internal struggle amongst the Cruthin resulted in Báetán mac Cinn making a deal with the Northern Uí Néill, promising them the territories of Ard Eólairg (Magilligan peninsula) and the Lee, both west of the River Bann in County Londonderry. As a result, the battle of Móin Daire Lothair (modern-day Moneymore, County Londonderry) took place between them and an alliance of Cruthin kings, in which the Cruthin suffered a devastating defeat. Afterwards the Northern Uí Néill settled their Airgíalla allies in the Cruthin territory of Eilne, which lay between the River Bann and the River Bush. The defeated Cruthin alliance meanwhile consolidated itself within the Dál nAraidi dynasty.

Their most powerful historical king was Fiachnae mac Báetáin, King of Ulster and effective High King of Ireland. Under their king, Congal Cláen, they were routed by the Uí Néill at Dún Cethirnn (between Limavady and Coleraine) in 629, although Congal survived. The same year, the Cruthin king Mael Caích defeated Connad Cerr of the Dál Riata at Fid Eóin, but in 637 an alliance between Congal Cláen and Domnall Brecc of the Dál Riata was defeated, and Congal was killed, by Domnall mac Aedo of the northern Uí Néill at Mag Roth (Moira, County Down), establishing the supremacy of the Uí Neill in the north. In 681 another Dál nAraide king, Dúngal Eilni, and his allies were killed by the Uí Néill in what the annals call "the burning of the kings at Dún Cethirnn". The ethnic term "Cruthin" was by this stage giving way to the dynastic name of the Dál nAraide. The Annals record a battle between the Cruthin and the Ulaid at Belfast in 668, but the last use of the term is in 773, when the death of Flathruae mac Fiachrach, "rex Cruithne", is noted. By the twelfth century it had fallen into disuse as an ethnonym, and was remembered only as an alternative name for the Dál nAraide.

The Pictish Chronicle names the first king of the Picts as the eponymous "Cruidne filius Cinge".

Modern culture
In modern times, some Unionist writers in Northern Ireland—in particular Ian Adamson—have seen the Cruthin as an ancient reflection of their own northern separatism and affinity with Britain. In his 1974 book Cruthin: The Ancient Kindred, Adamson argues that the Cruthin settled Ireland before the Gaels; that the two groups were at war for centuries, seeing the tales of the Ulster Cycle as representations of this; and that many of the Cruthin were driven to Scotland after their defeat in the battle of Moira (637), only for their descendants to return to Ireland in the 17th century Plantation of Ulster. Historians reject his interpretations, with some accusing him of creating a sectarian narrative in which Ulster Protestants have a prior to claim to Ireland. Adamson denies this, claiming his interpretation of history offers "the hope of uniting the Ulster people at last".Nic Craith 2002, pp. 93-113

The asteroid 3753 Cruithne was named after the group.

Robert E. Howard's pulp hero Bran Mak Morn was characterised as "chief of the Cruithni Picts".


Asterolasia hexapetala

Asterolasia hexapetala is a shrub in the family Rutaceae. The species is endemic to the Warrumbungles in New South Wales in Australia. The Asterolasia grows to about 1.5 meters (4.5 feet) in height, mainly along water and Sclerophyll forest/woodlands in lower altitudes.

The name originates from the Ancient Greek words; aster, lasios, and hexapetala, meaning star, hairy (referring to hairs on the leaves), and six-petals.

Description
The leaves are greenish in colour covered in hair, 2–6 centimetres long, about 1-2 centimetres in width.

The flowers are 1–1.5 centimetres in diameter, usually white or white-yellow, with yellow stamens and rarely grow in clusters.

The aggregate fruit of  Asterolasia hexapetala is a berry-like in structure, brownish in colour, and grows alongside the flower.

Taxonomy
The species was first formally described by French botanist Antoine Laurent de Jussieu in 1825, who gave it the name Phebalium hexapetalum. The species was transferred to the genus Asterolasia in 1917 by English botanist George Claridge Druce.

Cultivation
The species prefers a moist, well drained and lightly shaded situation. Established plants are able to cope with dry periods. Plants may be propagated by cuttings or from seed, with some difficulty.


Mandala (disambiguation)

Mandala is a Sanskrit word meaning "circle". It is a symbol of significance in Hinduism and Buddhism.

It may also refer to:
The Mandala a famous boulder problem in Bishop, California

Geography
 Mandala, California
 Blantyre, a city in Malawi, also called Mandala
 Puncak Mandala, a mountain in Papua, Indonesia

Geopolitical history
 Mandal, another word for Tehsil, an administrative division of some countries of South Asia
 Mandala (Southeast Asian political model), a model of political power in the history of Southeast Asia
 Monthon, a former subdivision of Thailand
 Rajamandala, antiquarian South Asia political model

Companies
 Tigerair Mandala, a low-cost airline based in Indonesia

People
 Mark Mandala (died 2009), American television executive and President of the ABC
 Tommy Suharto (born Hutomo Mandala Putra, 15 July 1962) is an Indonesian businessman, politician and the youngest son of Suharto and Siti Hartinah

Books
 The 10 books of the Rigveda, a Hindu religious text
 Mandala by Hanan Tabaq
 Mandala by Pearl S. Buck

Film and TV
 Mandala (film), a 1981 Korean film
 "Mandala" (Breaking Bad), the eleventh episode of the second season of Breaking Bad

Music
 Synesthesia Mandala Drums, an electronic drum pad

Bands
 Mandalaband, a British progressive rock band
 Mandalas (band), a Spanish electronica group
 Mandala (band),  a Canadian R&B and soul band from the 1960s.
 The Coasters Featuring the Mandala All Star Band

Albums
 Mandala (Rx Bandits album), 2009
 Mandala (Kitarō album), 1994

Songs
 "Mandala" by Sally Oldfield
 "Mandala" by Circa Survive
 "The Great Mandala (The Wheel of Life)" by Peter, Paul and Mary
 "Mandala" by Fatum

Football
Mandala Stadium, a football stadium in Jayapura, Indonesia


Ottoman Siyaq Numbers (Unicode block)

Ottoman Siyaq Numbers is a Unicode block containing a specialized subset of the Arabic script that was used for accounting in Ottoman Turkish documents.

Block

History
The following Unicode-related documents record the purpose and process of defining specific characters in the Ottoman Siyaq Numbers block: