Glucose meter

A glucose meter is a medical device for determining the approximate concentration of glucose in the blood.  It can also be a strip of glucose paper dipped into a substance and measured to the glucose chart. It is a key element of home blood glucose monitoring (HBGM) by people with diabetes mellitus or  hypoglycemia. A small drop of blood, obtained by pricking the skin with a lancet, is placed on a disposable test strip that the meter reads and uses to calculate the blood glucose level. The meter then displays the level in units of mg/dl or mmol/l.

Since approximately 1980, a primary goal of the management of type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus has been achieving closer-to-normal levels of glucose in the blood for as much of the time as possible, guided by HBGM several times a day.  The benefits include a reduction in the occurrence rate and severity of long-term complications from hyperglycemia as well as a reduction in the short-term, potentially life-threatening complications of hypoglycemia.

History
Leland Clark presented his first paper about the oxygen electrode, later named the Clark electrode, on 15 April 1956, at a meeting of the American Society for Artificial Organs during the annual meetings of the Federated Societies for Experimental Biology.
In 1962, Clark and Ann Lyons from the Cincinnati Children's Hospital developed the first glucose enzyme electrode. This biosensor was based on a thin layer of glucose oxidase (GOx) on an oxygen electrode. Thus, the readout was the amount of oxygen consumed by GOx during the enzymatic reaction with the substrate glucose. This publication became one of the most often cited papers in life sciences. Due to this work he is considered the “father of biosensors,” especially with respect to the glucose sensing for diabetes patients.

Another early glucose meter was the Ames Reflectance Meter by Anton H. Clemens. It was used in American hospitals in the 1970s.  A moving needle indicated the blood glucose after about a minute.

Home glucose monitoring was demonstrated to improve glycemic control of type 1 diabetes in the late 1970s, and the first meters were marketed for home use around 1981.  The two models initially dominant in North America in the 1980s were the Glucometer, introduced in November 1981,  whose trademark is owned by Bayer, and the Accu-Chek meter (by Roche).  Consequently, these brand names have become synonymous with the generic product to many health care professionals.  In Britain, a health care professional or a patient may refer to "taking a BM": "Mrs X's BM is 5", etc.  BM stands for Boehringer Mannheim, now part of Roche, who produce test strips called 'BM-test' for use in a meter.

In North America, hospitals resisted adoption of meter glucose measurements for inpatient diabetes care for over a decade. Managers of laboratories argued that the superior accuracy of a laboratory glucose measurement outweighed the advantage of immediate availability and made meter glucose measurements unacceptable for inpatient diabetes management. Patients with diabetes and their endocrinologists eventually persuaded acceptance. Some health care policymakers still resist the idea that the society would be well advised to pay the consumables (reagents, lancets, etc.) needed.

Home glucose testing was adopted for type 2 diabetes more slowly than for type 1, and a large proportion of people with type 2 diabetes have never been instructed in home glucose testing.  This has mainly come about because health authorities are reluctant to bear the cost of the test strips and lancets.

Non-meter test strips
Test strips that changed color and could be read visually, without a meter, have been widely used since the 1980s. They had the added advantage that they could be cut longitudinally to save money. Critics argued that test strips read by eye are not as accurate or convenient as meter testing. The manufacturer cited studies that show the product is just as effective despite not giving an answer to one decimal place, something they argue is unnecessary for control of blood sugar. This debate also happened in Germany where "Glucoflex-R" was an established strip for type 2 diabetes. As meter accuracy and insurance coverage improved, they lost popularity.

"Glucoflex-R" is Australia manufacturer National Diagnostic Products alternative to the BM test strip. It has versions that can be used either in a meter or read visually. It is also marketed under the brand name Betachek.  On May 1, 2009, the UK distributor Ambe Medical Group reduced the price of their "Glucoflex-R" test strip to the NHS, by approximately 50%. This was expected to allow the NHS to save money on strips and perhaps loosen the restrictions on supply a little. Another low cost visually read strip is soon to be available on prescription according to sources at the NHS.

Types of meters

Hospital glucose meters
Special glucose meters for multi-patient hospital use are now used. These provide more elaborate quality control records. Their data handling capabilities are designed to transfer glucose results into electronic medical records and the laboratory computer systems for billing purposes.

Blood testing with meters using test strips

There are several key characteristics of glucose meters which may differ from model to model:

 Size: The average size is now approximately the size of the palm of the hand, although hospital meters can be the size of a remote control. They are battery-powered.
 Test strips: A consumable element containing chemicals that react with glucose in the drop of blood is used for each measurement. For some models this element is a plastic test strip with a small spot impregnated with glucose oxidase and other components. Each strip is used once and then discarded. Instead of strips, some models use discs, drums, or cartridges that contain the consumable material for multiple tests.

 Coding: Since test strips may vary from batch to batch, some models require the user to manually enter in a code found on the vial of test strips or on a chip that comes with the test strip. By entering the coding or chip into the glucose meter, the meter will be calibrated to that batch of test strips. However, if this process is carried out incorrectly, the meter reading can be up to 4 mmol/L (72 mg/dL) inaccurate. The implications of an incorrectly coded meter can be serious for patients actively managing their diabetes. This may place patients at increased risk of hypoglycemia.  Alternatively, some test strips contain the code information in the strip; others have a microchip in the vial of strips that can be inserted into the meter.  These last two methods reduce the possibility of user error.  One Touch has standardized their test strips around a single code number, so that, once set, there is no need to further change the code in their older meters, and in some of their newer meters, there is no way to change the code.

 Volume of blood sample: The size of the drop of blood needed by different models varies from 0.3 to 1 μl. (Older models required larger blood samples, usually defined as a "hanging drop" from the fingertip.)  Smaller volume requirements reduce the frequency of unproductive pricks.
 Alternate site testing: Smaller drop volumes have enabled "alternate site testing" – pricking the forearms or other less sensitive areas instead of the fingertips. This type of testing should only be used when blood glucose levels are stable, such as when before meals, when fasting, or just before going to sleep.
 Testing times: The times it takes to read a test strip may range from 3 to 60 seconds for different models.
 Display: The glucose value in mg/dl or mmol/l is displayed on a digital display. The preferred measurement unit varies by country: mg/dl are preferred in the US, France, Japan, Israel, and India. mmol/l are used in Canada, Australia and China. Germany is the only country where medical professionals routinely operate in both units of measure. (To convert mmol/l to mg/dl, multiply by 18. To convert mg/dl to mmol/l, divide by 18.) Many meters can display either unit of measure; there have been a couple of published instances in which someone with diabetes has been misled into the wrong action by assuming that a reading in mmol/l was really a very low reading in mg/dl, or the converse.  In general, if a value is presented with a decimal point, it is in mmol/l, without a decimal it is most likely mg/dl.

Glucose vs. plasma glucose: Glucose levels in plasma (one of the components of blood) are higher than glucose measurements in whole blood; the difference is about 11% when the hematocrit is normal. This is important because home blood glucose meters measure the glucose in whole blood while most lab tests measure the glucose in plasma.  Currently, there are many meters on the market that give results as "plasma equivalent," even though they are measuring whole blood glucose. The plasma equivalent is calculated from the whole blood glucose reading using an equation built into the glucose meter. This allows patients to easily compare their glucose measurements in a lab test and at home.  It is important for patients and their health care providers to know whether the meter gives its results as "whole blood equivalent" or "plasma equivalent." One model measures beta-hydroxybutyrate in the blood to detect ketosis for measuring both unhealthy ketoacidosis and healthy nutritional ketosis.

 Clock/memory: Most meters now include a clock that is set by the user for date and time and a memory for past test results. The memory is an important aspect of diabetes care, as it enables the person with diabetes to keep a record of management and look for trends and patterns in blood glucose levels over days and weeks. Most memory chips can display an average of recent glucose readings. A known deficiency of all current meters is that the clock is often not set to the correct time (i.e., due to time changes, static electricity, etc.) and therefore has the potential to misrepresent the time of the past test results making pattern management difficult.

 Data transfer: Many meters now have more sophisticated data handling capabilities. Many can be downloaded by a cable or infrared to a computer that has diabetes management software to display the test results. Some meters allow entry of additional data throughout the day, such as insulin dose, amounts of carbohydrates eaten, or exercise.  A number of meters have been combined with other devices, such as insulin injection devices, PDAs, cellular transmitters, and Game Boys. A radio link to an insulin pump allows automatic transfer of glucose readings to a calculator that assists the wearer in deciding on an appropriate insulin dose.

Cost
The cost of home blood glucose monitoring can be substantial due to the cost of the test strips. In 2006, the consumer cost of each glucose strip ranged from about $0.35 to $1.00. Manufacturers often provide meters at no cost to induce use of the profitable test strips. Type 1 diabetics may test as often as 4 to 10 times a day due to the dynamics of insulin adjustment, whereas type 2 typically test less frequently, especially when insulin is not part of treatment. A recent study on the comparative cost-effectiveness of all options for the self-monitoring of blood glucose funded by the National Health Service in the UK uncovered considerable variation in the price paid, which could not be explained by the availability of advanced meter features. It estimated that a total of £12 m was invested in providing 42 million self-monitoring of blood glucose tests with systems that fail to meet acceptable accuracy standards, and efficiency savings of £23.2 m per annum are achievable if the National Health Service were to disinvest from technologies providing lesser functionality than available alternatives, but at a much higher price.
Batches of counterfeit test strips for some meters have been identified, which have been shown to produce inaccurate results.

Noninvasive meters

The search for a successful technique began about 1975 and has continued to the present without a clinically or commercially viable product. , only one such product had ever been approved for sale by the FDA, based on a technique for electrically pulling glucose through intact skin, and it was withdrawn after a short time owing to poor performance and occasional damage to the skin of users.

Continuous glucose monitors

Continuous glucose monitor systems can consist of a disposable sensor placed under the skin, a transmitter connected to the sensor and a reader that receives and displays the measurements. The sensor can be used for several days before it needs to  be replaced. The devices provide real-time measurements, and reduce the need for fingerprick testing of glucose levels. A drawback is that the meters are not as accurate because they read the glucose levels in the interstitial fluid which lags behind the levels in the blood.

Accuracy
Accuracy of glucose meters is a common topic of clinical concern. Blood glucose meters must meet accuracy standards set by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). According to ISO 15197 Blood glucose meters must provide results that are within ±15% of a laboratory standard for concentrations above 100 mg/dL or within ±15 mg/dL for concentrations below 100 mg/dL at least 95% of the time. However, a variety of factors can affect the accuracy of a test. Factors affecting accuracy of various meters include calibration of meter, ambient temperature, pressure use to wipe off strip (if applicable), size and quality of blood sample, high levels of certain substances (such as ascorbic acid) in blood, hematocrit, dirt on meter, humidity, and aging of test strips. Models vary in their susceptibility to these factors and in their ability to prevent or warn of inaccurate results with error messages. The Clarke Error Grid has been a common way of analyzing and displaying accuracy of readings related to management consequences. More recently an improved version of the Clarke Error Grid has come into use: It is known as the Consensus Error Grid. Older blood glucose meters often need to be "coded" with the lot of test strips used, otherwise, the accuracy of the blood glucose meter may be compromised due to lack of calibration.

Future

One noninvasive glucose meter has been approved by the U.S. FDA: The GlucoWatch G2 Biographer made by Cygnus Inc.  The device was designed to be worn on the wrist and used electric fields to draw out body fluid for testing. The device did not replace conventional blood glucose monitoring. One limitation was that the GlucoWatch was not able to cope with perspiration at the measurement site. Sweat must be allowed to dry before measurement can resume. Due to this limitation and others, the product is no longer on the market.

The market introduction of noninvasive blood glucose measurement by spectroscopic measurement methods, in the field of near-infrared (NIR), by extracorporal measuring devices, has not been successful because the devices measure tissue sugar in body tissues and not the blood sugar in blood fluid. To determine blood glucose, the measuring beam of infrared light, for example, has to penetrate the tissue for measurement of blood glucose.

There are currently three CGMS (continuous glucose monitoring system) available. The first is Medtronic's Minimed Paradigm RTS with a sub-cutaneous probe attached to a small transmitter (roughly the size of a quarter) that sends interstitial glucose levels to a small pager sized receiver every five minutes. The Dexcom System is another system, available in two different generations in the US, the G4 and the G5. (1Q 2016). It is a hypodermic probe with a small transmitter. The receiver is about the size of a cell phone and can operate up to twenty feet from the transmitter. The Dexcom G4 transmits via radio frequency and requires a dedicated receiver. The G5 version utilizes Bluetooth low energy for data transmission, and can transmit data directly to a compatible cellular telephone. Currently, only Apple's iPhone can be used as a receiver, but Dexcom is in the process of getting an Android version approved, and anticipates availability in the second half of 2016. Aside from a two-hour calibration period, monitoring is logged at five-minute intervals for up to 1 week. The user can set the high and low glucose alarms. The third CGMS available is the FreeStyle Navigator from Abbott Laboratories.

There is currently an effort to develop an integrated treatment system with a glucose meter, insulin pump, and wristop controller, as well as an effort to integrate the glucose meter and a cell phone.  These glucose meter/cellular phone combinations are under testing and currently cost US$149 retail.  Testing strips are proprietary and available only through the manufacturer (no insurance availability).  These "Glugophones" are currently offered in three forms: as a dongle for the iPhone, an add-on pack for LG model UX5000, VX5200, and LX350 cell phones, as well as an add-on pack for the Motorola Razr cell phone. In US, this limits providers to AT&T and Verizon. Similar systems have been tested for a longer time in Finland.

Recent advances in cellular data communications technology have enabled the development of glucose meters that directly integrate cellular data transmission capability, enabling the user to both transmit glucose data to the medical caregiver and receive direct guidance from the caregiver on the screen of the glucose meter. The first such device, from Telcare, Inc., was exhibited at the 2010 CTIA International Wireless Expo, where it won an E-Tech award. This device then underwent clinical testing in the US and internationally.

In early 2014 Google reported testing prototypes of contact lenses that monitor glucose levels and alert users when glucose levels cross certain thresholds.

Technology

Many glucose meters employ the oxidation of glucose to gluconolactone catalyzed by glucose oxidase (sometimes known as GOx). Others use a similar reaction catalysed instead by another enzyme, glucose dehydrogenase (GDH). This has the advantage of sensitivity over glucose oxidase but is more susceptible to interfering reactions with other substances.

The first-generation devices relied on the same colorimetric reaction that is still used nowadays in glucose test strips for urine. Besides glucose oxidase, the test kit contains a benzidine derivative, which is oxidized to a blue polymer by the hydrogen peroxide formed in the oxidation reaction. The disadvantage of this method was that the test strip had to be developed after a precise interval (the blood had to be washed away), and the meter needed to be calibrated frequently.

Most glucometers today use an electrochemical method. Test strips contain a capillary that sucks up a reproducible amount of blood. The glucose in the blood reacts with an enzyme electrode containing glucose oxidase (or dehydrogenase). The enzyme is reoxidized with an excess of a mediator reagent, such as a ferricyanide ion, a ferrocene derivative or osmium bipyridyl complex. The mediator in turn is reoxidized by reaction at the electrode, which generates an electric current.  The total charge passing through the electrode is proportional to the amount of glucose in the blood that has reacted with the enzyme. The coulometric method is a technique where the total amount of charge generated by the glucose oxidation reaction is measured over a period of time. The amperometric method is used by some meters and measures the electric current generated at a specific point in time by the glucose reaction. This is analogous to throwing a ball and using the speed at which it is travelling at a point in time to estimate how hard it was thrown. The coulometric method can allow for variable test times, whereas the test time on  a meter using the amperometric method is always fixed. Both methods give an estimation of the concentration of glucose in the initial blood sample.

The same principle is used in test strips that have been commercialized for the detection of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). These  test strips use a beta-hydroxybutyrate-dehydrogenase enzyme instead of a glucose oxidizing enzyme and have been used to detect and help treat some of the complications that can result from prolonged hyperglycemia.

Blood alcohol sensors using the same approach, but with alcohol dehydrogenase enzymes, have been tried and patented but have not yet been successfully commercially developed.

Meter use for hypoglycemia
Although the apparent value of immediate measurement of blood glucose might seem to be higher for hypoglycemia than hyperglycemia, meters have been less useful. The primary problems are precision and ratio of false positive and negative results. An imprecision of ±15% is less of a problem for high glucose levels than low. There is little difference in the management of a glucose of 200 mg/dl compared with 260 (i.e., a "true" glucose of 230±15%), but a ±15% error margin at a low glucose concentration brings greater ambiguity with regards to glucose management.

The imprecision is compounded by the relative likelihoods of false positives and negatives in populations with diabetes and those without. People with type 1 diabetes usually have a wider range of glucose levels, and glucose peaks above normal, often ranging from 40 to 500 mg/dl (2.2 to 28 mmol/l), and when a meter reading of 50 or 70 (2.8 or 3.9 mmol/l) is accompanied by their usual hypoglycemic symptoms, there is little uncertainty about the reading representing a "true positive" and little harm done if it is a "false positive."  However, the incidence of hypoglycemia unawareness, hypoglycemia-associated autonomic failure (HAAF) and faulty counterregulatory response to hypoglycemia make the need for greater reliability at low levels particularly urgent in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus, while this is seldom an issue in the more common form of the disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus.

In contrast, people who do not have diabetes may periodically have hypoglycemic symptoms but may also have a much higher rate of false positives to true, and a meter is not accurate enough to base a diagnosis of hypoglycemia upon. A meter can occasionally be useful in the monitoring of severe types of hypoglycemia (e.g., congenital hyperinsulinism) to ensure that the average glucose when fasting remains above 70 mg/dl (3.9 mmol/l).


Abdulla Shaig

Abdulla Shaig () (25 February 1881, Tbilisi – 24 July 1959, Baku), born Abdulla Mustafa oglu Talibzadeh, was an Azerbaijani writer.

Early life and education
Shaig was born to Marneuli-native Azerbaijani parents, Mustafa Talibzadeh and Mehri Bayramli. His father was an akhoond at the Caucasus Muslim Clerical Board, who taught Islamic law, Persian and Arabic at a secondary school in Tbilisi (then Tiflis). In 1883, due to a strained relationship with her husband, Shaig's mother moved with her two sons and a daughter to Khorasan (Iran), where Abdulla Shaig later attended a school. As a teenager, he wrote ghazals and translated a number of pieces from the Russian literature into Persian. In 1901, at the age of 20, he permanently settled in Baku and passed an examination at the First Alexandrian Gymnasium becoming a certified teacher. He worked in the field of public education for the next 33 years.

Works
Shaig was a romanticist and a children's author. His plays and folklore-oriented tales first started being published in local newspapers and magazines in 1906. Later he was also known for writing short stories that illustrated bitter consequences of poverty and economic ordeals faced by the working class in pre-Soviet Russia. This made Shaig's works particularly popular in the Soviet Union. His celebration of internationalism and pacifism earned him great success as a writer. Despite his academic work aimed at promoting Azerbaijani culture and somewhat open anti-Stalinist views, he is not believed to have been persecuted by the state.

Shaig managed literature with his teaching career. He was the author of many language and literature textbooks, published from 1909 through 1920. During the brief independence of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic in 1918–1920 he showed strong ideological support for the ruling party of Musavat.

He also translated numerous works by Shakespeare, Defoe, Pushkin, Lermontov, Krylov, Gorky, Nekrasov, Nizami, and Firdowsi into Azerbaijani and Russian landuages.

Some of Shaig's famous works include:
Undelivered Letter
Lady Tigtig
We're all Rays from the Same Sun
Heroes of Our Century

Museum

In 1916, he moved to a five-bedroom apartment on the 2nd floor of House No. 21 on Upper Mountain (now on A.Shaiq Street), which is named "Abdulla Shaig's House Museum", where he lived until 1957. A. Shaig's friends Najaf bey Vazirov, Suleyman Sani Akhundov, Huseyn Javid, Bulbul (singer), Yusif Vazir Chamanzaminli, Ahmad Javad, and Samad Vurgun were guests here.

The writer met in this apartment with aspirants, students, and even school pupils who have come up with scientific and creative advice, read their new works, gave conversations and advice. Abdulla Shaig's House Museum is under the control of the Ministry of Culture and Tourism of the Republic of Azerbaijan.


Bob Hill (American football)

Robert Haskell Hill (April 2, 1892 - December 28, 1942), aka War Horse, was a professional football player who played in the National Football League during the 1922 season. That season, he joined the NFL's Oorang Indians. The Indians were a team based in LaRue, Ohio, composed only of Native Americans, and coached by Jim Thorpe. Hill was a member of the Mohawks.


Ormocarpopsis

Ormocarpopsis is a genus of legume in the family Fabaceae, and was recently assigned to the informal monophyletic Dalbergia clade of the Dalbergieae. It contains the following species:
 Ormocarpopsis aspera R. Viguier
 Ormocarpopsis calcicola R. Viguier
 Ormocarpopsis itremoensis Du Puy & Labat
 Ormocarpopsis mandrarensis Dumaz-le-Grand
 Ormocarpopsis nitida (Du Puy & Labat) Thulin & Lavin
 Ormocarpopsis parvifolia Dumaz-le-Grand

 Ormocarpopsis tulearensis Du Puy & Labat


Willie Wilde

William Charles Kingsbury Wilde (26 September 1852 – 13 March 1899) was an Irish journalist and poet of the Victorian era and the older brother of Oscar Wilde.

Background

Willie was the oldest son born into an Anglo-Irish family, at 21 Westland Row, Dublin, to Sir William Wilde and his wife Jane Francesca Wilde (née Elgee) (her pseudonym being 'Speranza'). Their second son, Oscar, was born in the same house in 1854. Jane Wilde was a successful writer, being a poet for the revolutionary Young Irelanders in 1848 and a lifelong Irish nationalist. Sir William was Ireland's leading Oto-Ophthalmologic (ear and eye) surgeon and was knighted in 1864 for his services to medicine. William also wrote books on archaeology and folklore. He was a renowned philanthropist, and his dispensary for the care of the city's poor, in Lincoln Place at the rear of Trinity College, Dublin, was the forerunner of the Dublin Eye and Ear Hospital, now located at Adelaide Road.

In June 1855, the family moved to 1 Merrion Square in a fashionable residential area, where Wilde's sister, Isola, was born in 1856. Here, Lady Wilde held a regular Saturday afternoon salon with guests including Sheridan le Fanu, Samuel Lever, George Petrie, Isaac Butt and Samuel Ferguson.

In February 1864, Willie and Oscar were sent to board at the Portora Royal School at Enniskillen in Ulster, where Willie became known for his good-humour and friendliness, later being described by a classmate as "clever, erratic and full of vitality". Oscar became known to his school fellows by the nickname 'Grey Crow', which he disliked, while Willie was 'Blue Blood'. Willie was "an accomplished pianist and an artist of little talent' Oscar Wilde later recalled that the headmaster, Dr Steele, had told him that “If I went on studying as I had been during the last year I might yet do as well as my brother Willie, and be an honour to the school and everyone connected with it.”

Willie was already a student at Trinity College, Dublin when Oscar joined him in 1871, the two sharing rooms during their second and third years there. In 1876 'Willie' published several of his poems in the College magazine Kottabos, which he also edited.

Life

After graduating from Trinity College Willie Wilde studied law and was called to the Irish Bar, but he never actually practised law. His father died in 1876, and in early 1879 Willie and Lady Wilde moved to London, where he became a journalist, serving as a drama critic for Punch and Vanity Fair, as a leader writer for The Daily Telegraph, and as editor of Christmas numbers of several magazines.

Willie was a regular guest at the Fielding Club, which during its short life opened its doors at eight o'clock in the evening and remained open all night. The club was famous for its grills, its brandy and its Pol Roger '74, but its tripe and onions on Saturdays were an especial draw.  One member listed Willie among those who were "constant guests" on Saturdays, along with Henry Irving, Herbert Beerbohm Tree, J. Comyns Carr, Edward Dicey, Carlo Pellegrini, Frederic Clay and Oscar Wilde.

Ralph Nevill, the son of Lady Dorothy Nevill, said of Willie Wilde:

"Willie Wilde was a clever journalist who, had he been less careless in his habits, might have achieved considerable success.  As it was, a number of the articles which he wrote for the Daily Telegraph were little short of brilliant, while as a talker, few could equal him.  He was, however, his own enemy, and could not resist the attractions of the moment or settle down long to regular work – in truth, though not very old in years, he belonged to the now almost extinct school of journalists which, taking ‘sufficient is the day for the evil there of’ as their motto, never gave a thought to the future (or anything else) if they happened to have a few pounds in their pockets."

By the time of Oscar's marriage, in 1884, Willie was seriously in debt and drinking heavily. On 4 October 1891, aged 39, Willie married a wealthy widow,  Mrs Frank Leslie (1836–1914), the owner of the Frank Leslie Publishing Company in New York. She was initially attracted by Willie's humour and wit. He proceeded to spend much of his time in New York drinking at the fashionable Lotos Club, gossiping about London Society and reciting parodies of his brother's poems, which perhaps suggests that he was jealous of Oscar's success. His marriage was short-lived, Mrs Leslie starting divorce proceedings within a year on the grounds of Willie's drunkenness and adultery. They were finally divorced on 10 June 1893. It was Mrs Leslie who approached Oscar Wilde with the idea that he give a series of lectures in the United States. Oscar lectured throughout the year 1882, so this attribute to Mrs. Leslie can't possibly be accurate.

On his return to London, early in 1892, Willie found that Oscar was the toast of the town for his successful play Lady Windermere's Fan. It is believed that Willie wrote the ambivalent review of the play that was published unsigned in Vanity Fair on 27 February 1892 (he had previously been a drama critic for the magazine). The reviewer, whoever he really was, wrote that "The play was 'brilliantly unoriginal,' but the dialogue was 'uniformly bright, graceful and flowing.' He concluded that it was 'an undeniably clever piece of work; and even though it has its weaknesses, it reflects credit on its author. ... It is emphatically a play to see.'" Oscar, believing that he recognised his brother's hand behind the anonymous review, was by then writing A Woman of No Importance, in which one character says: "After a good dinner, one can forgive anybody, even one's own relations."

By now Willie Wilde was in serious financial difficulties and Oscar began giving him money, but bad feeling between the brothers heightened when Oscar discovered that Willie was pestering their mother for money even though she was far from well-off. Oscar once said of Willie, "He sponges on everyone but himself." Max Beerbohm saw the brothers as mirror images and portrayed them as such in his caricatures of them. In a letter to the painter William Rothenstein Beerbohm wrote, "... did I tell you that I saw a good deal of [Oscar's] brother Willie at Broadstairs? Quel monstre! Dark, oily, suspect yet awfully like Oscar: he has Oscar's coy, carnal smile & fatuous giggle, & not a little of Oscar's esprit. But he is awful – a veritable tragedy of family-likeness".

Beerbohm later wrote:
"My sister Constance came home one day and summoned my mother and me; she was quivering to tell us what had happened.  She knew in advance it was the sort of thing my mother would adore.  Well, Constance had been walking along the street and met Willie Wilde – Oscar's brother. In one hand, he was carrying a huge leg of mutton by the narrow part; with his free hand he swept off his hat and bent over double in a grand, ceremonial bow.  There was something so grotesquely funny in the way he did it, conveying both the mutton and the bow.  We decided it was a first class thing."

In January 1894 Willie married Sophie Lily Lees (1859–1922), with whom he had been living. She has been described as "an emotional woman with a tendency to early panic ... she believed (incorrectly) that she was pregnant" She tried to induce an abortion by taking a powder. The marriage caused further distress to Lady Wilde when the couple moved in with her. She wrote to Oscar on 4 February 1894, telling him of the marriage: "Miss Lees has but £50 a year and this just dresses her. She can give nothing to the house and Willie is always in a state of utter poverty. So all is left upon me." Willie and Lily had their only child, Dorothy 'Dolly' Ierne Wilde, in July 1895.

Lady Wilde wrote Oscar a lengthy letter seeking reconciliation between him and Willie, who, she said, was "sickly and extravagant". She added that she was "miserable at the present position of [her] two sons" and "at the general belief that you hate your brother". She then asked Oscar to hold out his hand to Willie, a request she repeated several times in the letter: "Come then & offer him yr. hand in good faith – & begin a new course of action."

Later years
Following Oscar's arrest and first trial in April 1895, Willie claimed that he gave his brother shelter when he was unable to find rooms in London. Willie said that Oscar "fell down on my threshold like a wounded stag". Standing by his brother, Willie wrote to Bram Stoker, "Bram, my friend, poor Oscar was not as bad as people thought him. He was led astray by his Vanity – & conceit, & he was so 'got at' that he was weak enough to be guilty – of indiscretions and follies – that is all.... I believe this thing will help to purify him body & soul."<ref>Barbara Belford, ;;Bram Stoker: A Biography of the Author of Dracula, 1996.</ref> Willie did not meet Oscar after he was released from prison in 1897.

On 13 March 1899 Willie died, aged 46, at 9 Cheltenham Terrace in Chelsea from complications related to his alcoholism. After Robert Ross wrote to Oscar in France informing him of Willie's death, Oscar replied: "I suppose it had been expected for some time. ... Between him and me there had been, as you know, wide chasms for many years. Requiescat in Pace''."

Willie's widow remarried in 1900.  Her second husband, who became Dolly's stepfather, was the Dutch-born translator Alexander Teixeira de Mattos.


Dio-et-Valquières

Dio-et-Valquières (Languedocien: Dian e Valquièiras) is a commune in the Hérault department in southern France.

Population


Vuyo Mbuli

Vuyo Mbuli (1967–2013) was a South African television personality and news presenter.

Career
Mbuli worked for state broadcaster South African Broadcasting Corporation and made his television debut in 1993 for TopSport Surplus (to become SABC 3) as a continuity presenter, and worked his way up to sports presenting and news anchor. He worked on Morning Live on SABC 2 since its inception on 1 November 1999.

Death
Mbuli died of pulmonary embolism while watching a rugby game at the Free State Stadium. More than one thousand people including dignitaries and celebrities attended his funeral service.


Mark Littlewood

Mark James Littlewood (born 28 April 1972) is the director general of the libertarian,  free market think-tank, the Institute of Economic Affairs (IEA). He has formerly been the chief press spokesman for the Liberal Democrats and the Pro-Euro Conservative Party  and was an advisor to Conservative Party Prime Minister David Cameron. Having previously been in favour of deeper European integration, Littlewood later adopted a eurosceptic position and advocated voting Leave in the 2016 referendum on Membership of the European Union.

Early life
Littlewood attended The Forest School in Winnersh in the Borough of Wokingham, then in the county of Berkshire. He studied philosophy, politics and economics at Balliol College, Oxford, from 1990 to 1993, and was President of the UK branch of the Young European Federalists in 1996. His first job was working for the European Movement, and he was campaigns director of Liberty from June 2001 to April 2004. While on sabbatical, he became the chief spokesperson of the campaign group NO2ID.

Career
Littlewood was appointed head of media for the Liberal Democrats in December 2004. He resigned from the Liberal Democrat position in May 2007, after saying that the introduction of proportional representation should not be a deal-breaker when negotiating for Liberal Democrat involvement in a coalition. He was the director of Liberal Vision from 2008 to 2009, a classical liberal group within the Liberal Democrats, before taking up the directorship of the Thatcherite think-tank the Institute of Economic Affairs in December 2009. Since taking up this role, Littlewood has appeared several times as a panelist on the BBC's Question Time.

Littlewood has spoken extensively against regulation of tobacco producing multinationals on behalf of the IEA, who receive long-term funding from British American Tobacco, Japan Tobacco International, Imperial Tobacco and from the cigarette manufacturer Philip Morris International. Littlewood was accused of a "clear conflict of interest" by the All Party Parliamentary Group on Smoking and Health, which stated that he "clearly has a pro-tobacco agenda", while Jean King of Cancer Research UK stated that "for any organisation [such as the IEA] to promote a report saying that plain [cigarette] packaging can't and won't work without making clear that the authors are tobacco industry apologists is unacceptable".

In October 2017, Littlewood was listed as the 45th most influential person on the British right by the broadcaster and former Conservative Party candidate Iain Dale, up one place on his position in Dale's 2016 ranking of right-wing figures. He rose to 38th in the 2018 list.

In 2018, Littlewood was recorded telling an undercover reporter that the Institute of Economic Affairs is in the 'Brexit-influencing game', offering potential US donors access to government ministers and civil servant as it raises cash for research to suport the free-trade deals demanded by hardline Brexiteers. Littlewood has been further cited by The Guardian to say that he has "absolutely no problem with people who have business interests, us faciliatitng those" An investigation by Unearthed has come to find out that the IEA has been working with US donors to capitalise on the opportunity presented by Brexit to alter the rules and regulations that determine how products in the UK are being consumed.


Cradock Provincial Hospital

Cradock Provincial Hospital is a Provincial government funded hospital for the Inxuba Yethemba Local Municipality area in Cradock, Eastern Cape in South Africa.

The hospital departments include Emergency department, Paediatric ward, Maternity ward, Out Patients Department, Surgical Services, Medical Services, Operating Theatre & CSSD Services, Pharmacy, Anti-Retroviral (ARV) treatment for HIV/AIDS, Post Trauma Counseling Services, X-Ray Services, Physiotherapy, NHLS Laboratory, Laundry Services, Kitchen Services and Mortuary.


2002 Singapore Open (badminton)

The 2002 Singapore Open in badminton was a four-star tournament held in Singapore, from August 19 to August 25, 2002.

Venue
Singapore Indoor Stadium

Final results


Kadambur (state assembly constituency)

Kadambur was a state assembly constituency in Tamil Nadu. It was in existence from 1952 to 1962 state elections.

Madras State


Wykagyl (New Rochelle)

Wykagyl is a suburban community in New Rochelle, Westchester County, New York. It is conterminous with ZIP code 10804, encompassing much of the city's 'North End'. According to Forbes, in 2010 Wykagyl's 10804 ZIP code, with a median home price of $806,264, ranked 333rd on its list of the 500 most expensive ZIP codes in the U.S. The Washington Post ranks Wykagyl among the nation's 650 Super Zips, or those with the highest percentile rankings for median household income and the share of adults with college degrees or higher.

Overview

Wykagyl consists primarily of sprawling, residential parks and planned communities built in the early to mid twentieth century, featuring large period-style homes and large well landscaped lots.  Architectural styles include Elizabethan and Cotswold Tudors, Mediterranean-style villas, and classic colonials. Colonial, ranch and split level homes typical of the 1950s and 60's dominate the northernmost end of the community. At the center of the community is an 18-hole golf course and country club as well as a small business district of retail stores and offices, garden apartment complexes and condominium developments, public and private educational institutions, and assorted houses of worship.

The area's unusual name (pronounced WIHK'-uh-gihl or WICK-uh-gill) is commonly believed to have originated through the combination of two Native American words: wigwos, meaning birch bark, and keag, meaning country. The name most likely resulted from the shortening  the name of an Algonquian-speaking band of Lenape who originally inhabited the area.

History

Around the end of the 19th century, this area of "Upper Rochelle" was still primarily farm land with the exception of the adjoining Wykagyl Country Club, which relocated to its current site in 1905. By 1912, New Rochelle's home development was rapidly extending northward, with North Avenue serving as the central thoroughfare. A syndicate of bankers and investors began amassing expansive tracts of forest and farm land surrounding the club, eventually incorporating under the name Wykagyl Reservation. The reservation was ideally located to take advantage of the new transportation facilities afforded by the recently completed New York, Westchester and Boston Railway commuter line through the area. Alfred Feltheimer, the architect who designed and named the railroad's stations, chose "Wykagyl" in association with the  its location adjacent to the golf club. The new rail line spurred new construction and commercial activity, prompting a population boom.

Developers immediately set to the task of providing them with fine homes and desirable communities on the waiting large tracts of farmland. "Wykagyl Gardens", one of the largest apartment complexes in the country at the time, was built adjacent to the station.

Demographics

As of the census of 2010, there were 14,146 people, 4,961 households, and 3,957 families residing in the Wykagyl ZIP code area. There were 5,183 housing units, 94.8% of which were owner occupied. The racial makeup of Wykagyl was 85.2% White, 7.9% Black or African American, 0.06% Native American, 4.1% Asian, and 2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3% of the population.

There were 4,961 households out of which 1,808 had children under the age of 18 living with them. 3,689 were married couples living together, 224 had a female householder with no husband present, and 828 were non-families. 490 households constituted someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average family size was 3.3 people.

In the Wykagyl ZIP code area, the population was spread out with 27% under the age of 18, 11% from 18 to 24, 11% from 18 to 34, 44% from 35 to 64, and 17% who were 65 years of age or older. 4,104 residents of Wykagyl were enrolled in school, with 16% (658) in pre-school or kindergarten, 1,857 (40%) in elementary school, 909 (22%) in high school, and 680 (17%) in college or graduate school. 85% of the population completed "college" or higher, with 42% attaining a "graduate degree" or higher.

About 2% of the population was below the poverty line, including 2% of those under age 18 and 1% of those age 65 or over. The total civilian labor force was 7,001 residents, out of which 6,884 (97.8%) were employed. The median income for a household in Wykagyl is $165,154, and the median income for a family is $199,061. 3,001 households (62%) earned $100,000 or more, with 1,970 (41%) earning in excess of $150,000 annually.

Education

Public
The area is served by the City School District of New Rochelle, which operates a public high school, two junior high schools, and ten elementary schools. Located within Wykagyl are:

 Albert Leonard Middle School - grades 6 through 8
 Henry Barnard Early Childhood Center
 New Rochelle High School
 William B. Ward Elementary School - grades pre-k through 5

Private
Several private primary and secondary schools are located within the Wykagyl area, including:

 Iona Grammar School - grades 1 through 8
 Iona Prep - grades 9 through 12
 The Ursuline School - grades 6 through 12
 Thornton-Donovan School -  grades k through 12
 Hudson Montessori School - grades pre-k through 2

Points of interest

Historic sites
 Several sites in Wykagyl commemorate the life of  Thomas Paine, American pamphleteer and Revolutionary War hero, including his home, his burial site, and a museum.  Paine's home, the Thomas Paine Cottage, was built in 1793 after a fire destroyed the previous home.  The cottage was moved to its current location, which is on land that was part of the  farm owned by Paine.  The house, which is a National Historic Landmark, is currently operated as a museum. The Thomas Paine Memorial Museum building, which houses the library and museum collection of the Thomas Paine National Historical Association, was built in 1925.
 Israel Secord House, 1337 North Avenue at Quaker Ridge Road. The original section of the house on this site is believed to have been constructed in the 1770s by Israel Secord, on land deeded to him by his father, James. During the Revolutionary War, Sir Lord William Howe, commander of British forces, made his headquarters in the Secord farmhouse before marching his troops to the Battle of White Plains, October 1776. In the rear of the home stood the “hanging tree”, an oak tree from the 1700s reportedly used to execute prisoners during the Revolutionary War. It was struck by lightning in the 1950s and subsequently cut down, though pieces of the tree were kept by area residents.  Although the Israel Secord farmhouse was enlarged and remodeled over the years, it still retains many of its historical elements. The farm’s cider mill is now the home at 22 Quaker Ridge Road. Records show that the land remained in the Secord family until the turn of the 20th century, when it was purchased by Charles and Regina Niehaus. Charles was a nationally recognized sculptor who created many notable sculptures in Washington; Regina became a renowned horticulturist. The farmland was sold off, bit by bit, to the developers of Bonnie Crest neighborhood. From approximately 1946 to 1970, the Israel Secord House was home to Daniel F. Sheehy, a packaging executive and prominent Roman Catholic layman, his wife Ruth and their six children. During that time, the interior of the home was decorated with early American and Victorian furnishings, and quality Colonial style reproductions. During that time, more of the land was lost, especially frontage on North Avenue and Quaker Ridge Road taken by the city for road improvements. The family received several offers to sell the property for commercial development, and at one point, the City of New Rochelle considered constructing their new library on the site. The home received a 2008 New Rochelle Heritage Award.
 The Brewster Schoolhouse - one of the oldest structural relics in Westchester County, dates back to the 18th century, and is  by  in dimensions.
 Norman Rockwell's studio - home and studio where the artist created much of his iconic Saturday Evening Post work
 St. John's Wilmot Church - a historic Episcopal parish located in the northern end of the City at the intersection of North Avenue and Wilmot Road, formerly referred to as "Cooper's Corner."

Parks and recreation
 Wykagyl Country Club - a private facility that has hosted Ladies Professional Golf Association tournaments.
 Ward Acres - a combination of untouched forest, wild lawns and meadows, acres of hiking and exercise trails, and historic horse stables and cemeteries. It encompasses , with the forests divided into four main sections (North Woods, Northwest Woods, Central Woods, and Southeast Woods), each distinct in both general characteristics and species presence.
 Leatherstocking Trail - a  long, inter-municipal hiking trail situated between New Rochelle and Mamaroneck, eventually linking into Saxon Woods County Park. It is part of a larger Colonial Greenway Trail in which it connects to Twin Lakes/Nature Study and Saxon Woods parks.
 Sheldrake Lake, a former reservoir that is now a  park and nature conservancy promoting an increased understanding of the local ecology.
 Twin Lakes Park and Nature Study Woods - together these sites comprise  of woods, marsh, lakes, ponds, and some fields along the Hutchinson River. There are many foot trails weaving through woods, marshlands, and fields and around two large lakes.
 Lake Isle - a man-made reservoir located in the north-western section of Wykagyl along the Eastchester border. The lake is currently used for recreational purposes and is the only inland body of water in lower Westchester County that is used for swimming and boating. Large mouth bass, perch, catfish, eel, sunfish, and shiners are some of the fish that are indigenous to the lake. When the Hutchinson River Parkway was reconstructed around 1988, a horse trail with two new bridges was built between the parkway and the dam allowing equestrians to ride their horses along the edge of the lake.

Wykagyl in film
 Scenes in Goodfellas were filmed on Alfred Lane, off Quaker Ridge Road and down the street from Albert Leonard Middle School. The house of the parents of Henry Hill's eventual wife, Karen, is on Alfred Lane. Henry goes across the street and pistol whips the neighbor after the neighbor sexually attacks Karen. The scene where Karen is on a pay phone calling Henry and crying about her next-door neighbor bothering her was filmed in the parking lot next to Wykagyl Country Club.
 The movie Catch Me If You Can, based on the life of Frank Abagnale Jr., is set in New Rochelle in the 1960s. In the film, the Abagnale family resides in Wykagyl and Frank Abagnale Senior is inducted as the 58th life member of the New Rochelle Rotary Club.

Other information


John Stachel

John Stachel (; born 29 March 1928) is an American physicist and philosopher of science.

Biography
Stachel earned his PhD at Stevens Institute of Technology in Physics about a topic in General relativity in 1958. After holding different teaching positions at Lehigh University and the University of Pittsburgh, he went 1964 to Boston University where he was professor of physics until his emeritation.

In 1977, Stachel became the first editor of the Einstein Papers Project, then at Boston University. The first two volumes (out of a projected twenty-five) of The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein were published during his tenure.

He is head of the Boston University Center for Einstein Studies and, together with Don Howard, publishes the book series Einstein Studies.

Stachel also authored a text, entitled Einstein: From B to Z.

Bibliography (selection)
 A. Einstein; J. Stachel, D.C. Cassidy, et al., eds., The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein, Vol. 1: The Early Years, 1879-1902, Princeton University Press 1987,
 A. Einstein; J. Stachel, D.C. Cassidy, et al., eds., The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein, Vol. 2: The Swiss Years: Writings, 1900-1909, Princeton University Press 1989,
 A. Ashtekar, J. Stachel, Conceptual Problems of Quantum Gravity, Springer 1991,
 D. Howard, J. Stachel, Einstein, The Formative Years 1879-1909, Birkhäuser 2000,
 J. Stachel, Einstein from 'B' to 'Z''', Birkhauser 2001,
 A. Ashtekar et al., eds., Revisiting the Foundations of Relativistic Physics: Festschrift in Honor of John Stachel'', Kluwer 2003,


Hundred of Stow

The Hundred of Stow is the cadastral unit of hundred on the northern Adelaide Plains. It is one of the 16 hundreds of the County of Stanley. It was named in 1867 by Governor Dominick Daly after Randolph Isham Stow (1828–1878), twice Attorney-General of South Australia. Parts of the localities of Mount Templeton, Stow, Whitwarta, Watchman and Balaklava are within the hundred.

Local government
On 14 November 1878, the entire Hundred of Stow was annexed to the District Council of Balaklava along with an eastern strip of the Hundred of Goyder, following petitioning by resident landowners.

The hundred was locally governed by District Council of Wakefield Plains from 1983 following the amalgamation of Balaklava council with Port Wakefield and Owen councils. In 1997 the merger of Wakefield Plains and Blyth-Snowtown councils brought hundred under the governance of Wakefield Regional Council with the North ward and Central ward boundary passing east to west through the middle of the hundred.


Céspedes

Céspedes is a Spanish surname derived from césped, meaning "grass" or "lawn." It can refer to:

Alba de Céspedes y Bertini, a Cuban-Italian writer
Carlos Manuel de Céspedes, a Cuban independence fighter
Carlos Manuel de Céspedes y Quesada, a Cuban writer, politician, diplomat, and President of Cuba
Gonzalo de Céspedes y Meneses, a Spanish novelist
Gregorious de Cespedes, a Portuguese missionary
Katherine David Céspedes, winner of the 2007 Miss Bolivia pageant
Manuel Hilario de Céspedes y García Menocal, a bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Matanzas, Cuba
Pablo de Céspedes, a Spanish painter, poet, and architect
Vincent Cespedes, a French philosopher, writer and composer
Yoenis Céspedes, a center fielder for the New York Mets of Major League Baseball
Jair Céspedes, Peruvian soccer player


2014 World Cup of Softball

The ninth World Cup of Softball was held between July 7–13, 2014 in Irvine, California. The competing national teams was the United States, Japan, Canada, Mexico, the Philippines, Chinese Taipei and Venezuela.

Standings

Schedule
all times PDT

13 July, 2014

6th 7th places

 7-4

5th 6th places

 0-4

Bronze medal game

 3-1

FINAL

 5-2


SS Eider

SS Eider was a 4,179 ton German ocean liner built for Norddeutscher Lloyd in 1884 by John Elder & Co. of Glasgow as the fourth ship in the . She had four masts and was a two-funnelled steamer  long, with a crew of 167, and capable of carrying 1,204 passengers. However, she had a short service history, being lost in what is remembered as one of the most impressive and memorable shipwrecks on the coast of the Back of the Wight, a region on the Isle of Wight, England.

Wreck
On 31 January 1892, Eider was heading up the English Channel to Bremen through thick fog. Around 10 p.m. the ship ran hard aground on the Atherfield Ledge, a hard outcrop of rock projecting from the large bay of the Back of the Wight. Captain Heinecke jettisoned cargo and called for tugs. The new Atherfield lifeboat approached from a recently established station on the cliffs, but the captain refused her offer of help.

The tugs did reach Eider, but a gale had arisen that made it impossible for them to get close enough in case they struck the rocks as well. At 10 a.m. the captain decided to evacuate the passengers; however, it was now too rough for the small Atherfield lifeboat, Catherine Swift, to be launched. The bigger lifeboats located at Brook and Brighstone were launched, but they had much farther to travel. The Brighstone lifeboat, Worcester Cadet, arrived first and carried a dozen women and children to Atherfield beach. The Brook lifeboat, William Slaney Lewis, reached Eider five hours after being launched and rescued another load of women and children.

By 2 p.m. the sea had worsened to the point where rollers were reaching over the stern, but by 3 p.m. the water had calmed and the lifeboats were relaunched. All the passengers were saved, but the crew stayed on board.

On Tuesday the gale reached storm force and the lifeboats evacuated the crew and bullion from the now badly holed and sinking vessel.

Result
The rescue brought praise for those involved from all around the world. The Royal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI) awarded medals to some crew members, and Kaiser Wilhelm II gave each coxswain an engraved gold watch and donated £200 to the RNLI. The ship was later salvaged and declared a total loss.

Notable passengers
Friedrich Trump, grandfather of 45th U.S. President Donald Trump, immigrated from Bremen, Germany, to New York aboard Eider in 1885 at the age of 16.


St. Anthony Hospital (Pendleton, Oregon)

St. Anthony Hospital is an acute care hospital in Pendleton in the U.S. state of Oregon. The 25-bed facility, licensed for 49 beds, is a level 4 trauma center. Opened in 1902, it is part of the Catholic Health Initiatives and is accredited by the Joint Commission. The new campus sits along U.S. Route 395 on the south side of the city.

History
The Sisters of St. Francis of Assisi, based in Philadelphia, began fundraising for a hospital in Pendleton in 1901, and the next year the three-story, 40-bed hospital opened at a cost of $75,000. As part of the fundraising, one of the nuns placed donation cans in saloons in the city, which raised $8,000. St. Anthony's added a nursing school in 1909, which later closed in 1955. The hospital expanded to 75 beds in 1922 after a $200,000 addition.

The hospital spent $2.1 million in 1961 to remodel the hospital, which included demolishing the first hospital building in 1962. A $17 million upgrade started in 2002 that included a new addition and $6 million in new imaging equipment. In May 2004, the hospital was listed as a critical access hospital by the state.

The city's planning commission approved a new hospital campus on  on the south side of the city along U.S. Route 395 in February 2012. Construction began in May 2012 on what was planned to be a $70 million,  project that included an office building and helipad. Originally the hospital was to open on November 20, 2013, but the Oregon Health Authority had not issued a license for the hospital, so the opening was delayed until December 20 after a license was granted on November 26. The new $70 million,  hospital was two stories tall.

Details
The hospital is licensed for 49 beds, but as of 2013 only had 25 beds available. Services at the hospital include emergency services, a maternity ward, imaging, hospice, an intensive care unit, a sleep disorders laboratory, operating rooms, cancer care, and cardiac services, among others. The , two-storey hospital sits on a  campus along U.S. Route 395. The campus also has a medical office building and a helipad.

The state of Oregon classifies the hospital as a Type A Rural hospital and as a critical access facility. It is also a level four trauma center, and accredited by the Joint Commission. St. Anthony is part of the Catholic Health Initiatives hospital network.

For 2012, the hospital had a total of 1,471 discharges, with 4,374 patient days, and 11,531 emergency room visits. Also that year were 341 births and 680 inpatient surgeries. For the fiscal year ending in 2011, the hospital had total revenues of $54.4 million and a profit of $7.9 million. That year St. Anthony Hospital also provided $4.7 million in charity care.


José Maria Pires

José Maria Pires (March 15, 1919 – August 27, 2017) was a Brazilian bishop of the Roman Catholic Church. Pires was the oldest living Catholic bishop in Brazil at the time of his death at age 98.

Biography
Pires was born in Córregos, Brazil and was ordained a priest December 20, 1941. Pires was appointed bishop of the Diocese of Araçuaí on May 25, 1957 and consecrated on September 22, 1957, becoming the first black bishop in the history of Catholic church in Brazil.

On December 2, 1965, Pires was appointed archbishop of the Archdiocese of Paraíba until his retirement on November 29, 1995. He died in Belo Horizonte on 27 August 2017, at the age of 98, due to a respiratory failure caused by pneumonia.

Publishing
 O grito de milhões de escravas: a cumplicidade do silêncio (1983)
 A cultura religiosa afro-brasileira e seu impacto na cultura universitária (2014)
 Meditações diante da cruz (2015)
 O sacerdote, imagem de Cristo (2016)


Integral test for convergence

In mathematics, the integral test for convergence is a method used to test infinite series of non-negative terms for convergence. It was developed by Colin Maclaurin and Augustin-Louis Cauchy and is sometimes known as the Maclaurin–Cauchy test.

Statement of the test
Consider an integer  and a non-negative function  defined on the unbounded interval , on which it is monotone decreasing. Then the infinite series

converges to a real number if and only if the improper integral

is finite. In other words, if the integral diverges, then the series diverges as well.

Remark
If the improper integral is finite, then the proof also gives the lower and upper bounds

for the infinite series.

Proof
The proof basically uses the comparison test, comparing the term  with the integral of  over the intervals
 and , respectively.

Since  is a monotone decreasing function, we know that

and

Hence, for every integer ,

and, for every integer ,

By summation over all  from  to some larger integer , we get from ()

and from ()

Combining these two estimates yields

Letting  tend to infinity, the bounds in () and the result follow.

Applications
The harmonic series

diverges because, using the natural logarithm, its antiderivative, and the fundamental theorem of calculus, we get

Contrary, the series

(cf. Riemann zeta function)
converges for every , because by the power rule

From () we get the upper estimate

which can be compared with some of the particular values of Riemann zeta function.

Borderline between divergence and convergence
The above examples involving the harmonic series raise the question, whether there are monotone sequences such that  decreases to 0 faster than  but slower than  in the sense that

for every , and whether the corresponding series of the  still diverges. Once such a sequence is found, a similar question can be asked with  taking the role of , and so on. In this way it is possible to investigate the borderline between divergence and convergence of infinite series.

Using the integral test for convergence, one can show (see below) that, for every natural number , the series

still diverges (cf. proof that the sum of the reciprocals of the primes diverges for ) but

converges for every . Here  denotes the -fold composition of the natural logarithm defined recursively by

Furthermore,  denotes the smallest natural number such that the -fold composition is well-defined and , i.e.

using tetration or Knuth's up-arrow notation.

To see the divergence of the series () using the integral test, note that by repeated application of the chain rule

hence

To see the convergence of the series (), note that by the power rule, the chain rule and the above result

hence

and () gives bounds for the infinite series in ().


Ken Nicol (musician)

Kenneth Stephen Nicol (born 27 May 1951) is a British guitar player, vocalist and songwriter. He was a member of The Albion Band for many years and for eight years (2002–2010) played in British folk rock band Steeleye Span.

Early years
Nicol was born in 1951 in Preston, Lancashire. He grew up in Deepdale, close to Preston North End's ground, but was educated from the age of eleven at Penwortham Secondary Modern. Nicol didn't like school, experiencing the discipline as brutal. These were the days when teachers inflicted physical punishment. Nicol rebelled against the notion of grown men being able to hit boys across the buttocks with canes and slippers. He didn't flourish academically, in spite of his intelligence, but made good friendships. His musical abilities weren't recognised by the school. He received his first guitar at the age of twelve, but did not start playing seriously until the age of fifteen. He did, however, exchange musical ideas with fellow pupils and friends, though his talent was superior. He got to know Kevin Brown, a Preston guitarist of about the same age, now an established musician. Aged 17, he began performing on the regional folk club circuits, and at the age of twenty moved to London where he lived for nine years.

Breakthrough

Nicol formed the band Nicol & Marsh with his then brother-in-law Peter Marsh in 1974, and it wasn't long before they landed their first major record contract with CBS. Together with Richard James Burgess, the band became Easy Street. They went on to produce a total of four albums on the CBS/Epic and Polydor labels; the last album, titled Nicol and Marsh, being recorded in Los Angeles. Working there prompted Nicol to make his home in the USA, moving there in 1979. He performed as a solo artist, and later as lead singer and co-writer for the band Versailles.

Nicol's career floundered during what turned out to be a turbulent and unsettling period in America. As a result of this he decided to return to England in 1988, and went back to work on the club circuit as a solo performer, releasing the albums Tidings (1990), Living in a Spanish Town (1993) and 2 Frets from the Blues (1995).

Later years

In the 1990s, Nicol became a member of The Ashley Hutchings Dance Band. He later joined The Albion Band as lead guitarist and singer, writing much of the band's material himself, though also co-writing with Ashley Hutchings. The Albion Band produced four albums during Nicol's time in the band: Happy Accident, Before Us Stands Yesterday, The Christmas Album and Road Movies.

In December 2002, Nicol successfully joined forces with the legendary folk-rock band Steeleye Span on their 'UK Reunion Tour'. In 2004, Steeleye Span released two albums: They Called Her Babylon and Winter. This was also the year of Steeleye Span's 35th Anniversary World Tour which took the band to Australia, New Zealand, Denmark, and to theatres and festivals throughout the UK. They released the album Bloody Men in 2006, and in October 2009 the album Cogs, Wheels and Lovers.

In June 2010, he announced that he was leaving Steeleye Span. He continues to write, tour and record as a solo artist, releasing the albums Thirteen Reasons in 2005 and Initial Variations in 2008. He also regularly appears in duos with comedian/musician Phil Cool and with Albion Band/Steeleye Span founder Ashley Hutchings. In November and December 2010 he is to perform as "special guest guitarist" with Lancashire folk group The Houghton Weavers. Nicol also co-hosts a folk and roots music podcast called "FolkCast".

In recent years (2017-2018), Nicol has formed a trio with Steeleye Span bass player Rick Kemp and 10cc drummer Paul Burgess.

Discography
Nicol & Marsh / Easy Street
 Nicol & Marsh's Easy Street (LP) (1974)
 "I've Been Praying" (single) (1974)
 "Midnight Cat" (single) (1974)
 "Sinking Down" (single) (1975)
 Easy Street (LP) (1976)
 "I've Been Loving You" (single) (1976)
 "Feels Like Heaven" (single) (1976)
 Under the Glass (LP) (1977)
 "Flying" (single) (1977)
 Nicol and Marsh (LP) (1978)
 "Hurt By Love" (single) (1978)
 "Streets of the Angels" (single) (1978)

Ken Nicol solo
 Ken Nicol (cassette) (1988)
 Little Children's Blues (cassette) (1988)
 Holywood This, Hollywood That (cassette) (1989)
 Tidings (1990)
 Across the Spectrum (live) (1991)
 Living in a Spanish Town (CD) (1993)
 2 Frets from the Blues (CD) (1995)
 Clean Feet, No Shoes (CD) (1998)
 The Bridge (CD) (2001)
 Thirteen Reasons (CD) (2005)
 Live in Florence (CD) (2006)
 Tidings (CD) (2006)
 Ken Nicol (CD) (2007)
 Little Children's Blues (CD) (2007)
 Initial Variations CD (2008)
 Historic Events and Other Subjects CD (2012)
 Things CD (2015)

Ken Nicol and John St Ryan
 "Last Night in Paris" (single) (1994)

Ken Nicol and Chris While
 Shadows on the Wall (1995)

The Albion Band
 Happy Accident (1998)
 Before Us Stands Yesterday (1999)
 Christmas Album (1999)
 Road Movies (2001)
 An Evening with the Albion Band (2002)

Steeleye Span
 They Called Her Babylon (2004)
 Winter (2004)
 The Official Bootleg (2005)
 Bloody Men (2006)
 Cogs Wheels and Lovers (2009)

Ken Nicol & Phil Cool
 Nicol & Cool (2008)

Ken Nicol & Ashley Hutchings
 Copper, Russet and Gold (2010)

Session recordings

 23 Carrots (Al Stewart) (1980)
 Shot in the Dark (1980)
 Road dreams (Kevin Brown) (1983)
 Some Love (Les Barker) (1992)
 Look at me Now (Chris While) (1992)
 Spun from a Silken Web (Ron Lister) (1994)
 Blue Moon on the Rise (Chris While & Julie Matthews) (1995)
 Such is Life (Julie Matthews) (1995)
 Nice Work (Clare Teal) (1996)
 A Batter Pudding for John Keats (Ashley Hutchings) (1996)
 The Guv'nor vol 4 (various artists) (1996)
 The HTD Summer Folk Selection (various artists) (1996)
 Piecework (Chris while and Julie Matthews) (1997)
 Folk Aerobics (Ashley Hutchings) (1997)
 Kate Howden and Paul Jones (Kate Howden and Paul Jones) (1999)
 Ridgeriders (The Ridgeriders) (1999)
 Pete (Pete Abbott) (2000)
 Pendle Moon (Phil Brown) (2000)
 Stages (Chris While and Julie Matthews) (2000)
 Classic Folk No. 1 (various artists) (2000)
 Along the Downs (various artists) (2000)
 Silver Waters (Kate Howden and Paul Jones (2001)
 Street Cries (Ashley Hutchings) (2001)
 Grandson of Morris On (Ashley Hutchings) (2002)
 Against the Wall (Pete Abbott) (2002)
 Human Nature (Ashley Hutchings) (2003)
 Great Grandson of Morris On (Ashley Hutchings & various artists) 2004
 The Magic of Morris (various artists) (2005)
 Midwinter (various artists) (2006)
 Manic Morning Music (Ernesto de Pascale) (2007)

External links
http://www.kennicol.co.uk/


Saint-Pierre-des-Échaubrognes

Saint-Pierre-des-Échaubrognes is a commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France.


Bball Córdoba

Bball Córdoba is a Basketball team based in Córdoba, Andalusia. The team currently plays in league Liga EBA.

History
Bball Córdoba was founded in 2008 with the name of Club Deportivo Baloncesto Córdoba 2016, as a merger of the two top teams in the city, when they were playing LEB Bronce:

 CB Juventud de Córdoba (former LEB Oro team)
 CB Ciudad de Córdoba

The team played in LEB Plata until it was relegated to Liga EBA in 2010. Later, in 2012, the club changed was renamed as Bball Córdoba, its current denomination.

In 2016, the team was not admitted in Liga EBA and subsequently registered in Primera División, one tier below.

Season by season

Juventud de Córdoba

Ciudad de Córdoba

Bball Córdoba


Hatugoda

Hatugoda is a village in Sri Lanka. It is located within Central Province.


Administrative divisions of Albania

Since the Declaration of Independence in 1912, Albania has undergone administrative territorial reforms a total of 21 times. Its administrative boundaries have been divided and/or merged into regions (krahina), prefectures, sub-prefectures, counties (qarqe), districts (rrethe), municipalities (bashki), cities, communes (komuna), neighborhoods (lagje), villages () and localities. The country is presently divided into 61 municipalities and 373 units of local governance.

Current administrative divisions (since 2014)

Counties

Counties are the first level of local governance and are administered by the prefect (prefekti) and a county council (). The  is appointed as a representative of the Council of Ministers. After 2000, there are 12 counties in total.

Municipalities

The second level of government is constituted by the municipalities (bashki), which have resulted from merging several former municipalities and communities. They are run by a mayor (kryebashkiak or kryetar bashkie) and a municipal council (këshilli bashkiak), elected every 4 years. The municipalities are further subdivided into units of local governance (njësi të qeverisjes vendore). After 2014, there are 61 municipalities in total.

History

1912 to 1924
Following the proclamation of Albania's independence from the Ottoman Empire, the first Albanian government led by Ismail Qemali accepted the administrative organization sanctioned in the "Appropriate Kanun of the Albanian Civil Administration" announced on November 22, 1913, according to which the country was divided into three main levels. In the first level, the territory was divided into 8 prefectures (Durrës; Berat; Dibër; Elbasan; Gjirokastër; Korcë; Shkodër and Vlorë) governed by prefect. The second and third administrative divisions were the  sub-prefectures and provinces.

1925 to 1945
Albanian Kingdom

During 1925-1945, the Albanian administrative territory was divided into several divisions. According to the "Municipal Organic Law" adopted in 1921 and thereafter, with the "Civil Code" adopted in February 1928, the administrative division was:

Municipality (). Became operational after 1928. It was mainly an element used in settlements of urban areas or cities. They were governed by the mayor and municipal council elected by citizens every three years.

Village (). The village was the initial unit of the local administration. The villages was ruled by the chief of village who was elected by the rural population where he ruled.

Commune (). The communes also became operational after 1928 (before 1928 was called Provinces (Krahinë)). It included several villages on the basis of tradition and social relations, ease of communication, the possibility of realizing the needs of residents, etc. The communes center become the village where there were facilities to move the inhabitants or the goods of all the villages that were part of the commune.

Sub-prefecture (). It was the third level of local government, led by the sub-prefect, who was nominated by the prefect. The functions of the sub-prefecture consisted in the organization of order, civil status services etc.

Prefecture (). Was the largest local government unit. The prefecture and the sub-prefecture exercised only executive functions.

In 1927 Albania had 10 prefectures, 39 sub-prefectures, and 69 provinces with 2351 villages.
In 1934 there were 10 prefectures, 30 sub-prefectures, 160 communes with 2351 villages.
In 1940 there were 10 prefectures, 30 sub-prefectures, 23 municipalities, 136 communes and 2551 villages.

1945 to 1992
Socialist People's Republic of Albania

After the end of World War II, by mid-1946, Albania continued with the existing administrative division with 10 prefectures (prefekturë) and 61 sub-prefectures (nënprefekturë), but was abolished the element of commune (komunë) and municipality (bashki).

In September 1945, population census was conducted. By Law No. 284, dated August 22, 1946, the new administrative division was approved, which maintained as the first division level  of 10 prefectures and lowered the number of sub-prefectures in 39 units, introducing a new element to the locality (lokalitet), but not much extended. In 1947, the locality gained extensive use by dividing the country into 10 prefectures, 2 subdivisions called districts (rrethe), and further into localities, villages and towns.

By law no. 1707, in 1953, was moved to a new administrative division, where as the largest administrative unit was admitted to be 10 counties (qark), divided into 49 districts and 30 localities.

In July 1958, the county was abolished, dividing the country into 26 districts. The city of Tirana maintained the level of the district. According to this division, there were 26 districts, 203 localities, 2655 villages, 39 cities and some of them had neighborhoods as the smallest administrative unit.

After 1967 a new sub-division called united villages () was introduced. In 1968 there were 26 districts, 437 united villages, 2641 villages, 65 cities and 178 urban neighborhoods. This administrative division was preserved until the late 1980s, with some minor changes. In 1990 there were 26 districts, 539 united villages, 2848 villages, 67 cities, 306 urban neighborhoods. The city of Tirana consisted of three regions, which included several neighborhoods.


Cotaena plenella

Cotaena plenella is a species of sedge moth in the genus Cotaena. It was described by August Busck in 1914. It is found in Panama and Costa Rica.


Yeshiva Gedola of Bridgeport

Yeshiva Gedola of Bridgeport was a Jewish study institution in Bridgeport, Connecticut based in the Agudas Achim Synagogue on Arlington Street.

History
The Yeshiva closed in 2012 has been replaced by the Bridgeport Community Kollel. These men dedicate their time to further their own personal studies, and to develop the growing city of Bridgeport. The Kollel has been a very successful endeavor.
The Kollel is led by Rav Yitzchok Ruvain Elchonen.
In 2016 The Kollel published "Refuah Sheleimah: The concise guide to the Laws of Healing on Shabbos.

Programs
The Kollel gives many shiurim and lectures on all levels.
 Study for Rabbinical Ordination
 Study independently with a chavrusa.

The typical academic year runs from September to July. Students study in the Yeshiva in the traditional Lithuanian study method, as practiced by Yeshivas such as the Mir yeshiva in Jerusalem and Beth Medrash Govohain Lakewood, New Jersey.


Sandawana FC

Sandawana Football Club is a Lesotho football club based in Mpharane.
It is based in the city of Makheka, Thaba-Tseka District in the region Thaba-Tseka District.

The team currently plays in Lesotho Second Division.

In 2014 the club was renamed from Mpharane Celtics to Sandawana.

Stadium
Currently the team plays at the 1,000 capacity St. Michaels Stadium.

Performance in CAF competitions
Lesotho Premier League: 2011–2013
Lesotho Second Division: ????–2011, 2013–


Kathy O'Rourke

Kathleen "Kathy" O'Rourke (born c. 1965) is a  Canadian curler from Summerside, Prince Edward Island. She is a six-time provincial champion and is a former Canadian Mixed Champion.

Career
O'Rourke played in her first national women's championship in 1989, playing second for Kathie Gallant. The team finished 4-7. In 1991, she made it again, playing second for Angela Roberts, finishing 2-9. She made her third trip in 1996, playing third for Susan McInnes, finishing 6-5. This qualified the team for a tie-breaker match, which they lost to the defending champion Connie Laliberte (Team Canada) rink. In 1999, she returned once again, playing third for Rebecca Jean MacPhee, finishing with a 6-5 record once again, but missing the playoffs. In 2002, she made her fifth national championship, her first as skip. She finished the round robin with a 3-8 record. She won her sixth provincial championship in 2010, throwing second stones and skipping for Erin Carmody, and later won a silver medal at the 2010 Scotties Tournament of Hearts.

In mixed curling, O'Rourke won the Canadian Mixed Curling Championship in 1989, playing lead for Robert Campbell. She played third at the 1999 Canadian Mixed, for Peter MacDonald, but did not win. She is married to Mark O'Rourke, her teammate in her 1989 Mixed Championship win.

At the end of the 2010-2011 season O'Rourke retired from competitive curling. Her decision was made when teammates Erin Carmody and Geri-Lynn Ramsay decided to move to Calgary, Carmody to further her University studies at U of Calgary and Ramsay to relocate alongside her boyfriend.

O'Rourke returned to curling in the 2012-2013 curling season, taking over the skip position of Megan Hughes' team. Hughes throws last rock, with O'Rourke skipping and throwing third stones. Jackie Reid and Tricia Affleck round off the team at second and lead.

Grand Slam record

Former Events


Thanh Nghiem

Thanh Nghiem is a French engineer. She was a partner at McKinsey & Company.

Life
She graduated from École des Mines de Paris, and INSEAD.
She became a partner at McKinsey, France.
She is a management consultant.

She founded the Angenius Institute.

Works
Des abeilles et des hommes : Passerelles pour un monde libre et durable, Bayard Jeunesse, 2010.
Cedric Villani, Thanh Nghiem Le manifeste du crapaud fou, Massot Editions, 2017.


Steffen Bohl

Steffen Bohl (born 28 December 1983) is a German football player for SV Elversberg.

Career
Bohl started to play football with TuS Wachenheim, where he stayed until 1997. At the age of 14, he joined VfL Neustadt/Weinstraße and later SV Weingarten. As an important player in Weingarten he had the opportunity to go to the reserve squad of 1. FC Kaiserslautern in the third-tier Regionalliga, where he scored six times in 23 games during the 2005–06 season. He played in two of the final three games of the first squad in the Bundesliga, but had to see his club going down to the 2. Bundesliga.

There he became a frequent starter and scored six times during the 2006–07 season. He demonstrated his prowess during the game against TuS Koblenz, when he scored two times after a 0–2 and lead his squad to a 4–3 victory.

After the 2007–08 season, Bohl left Kaiserslautern and joined 3. Liga club VfR Aalen. On 2 June 2009, he signed a contract with SV Wehen Wiesbaden and transferred to Eintracht Braunschweig in January 2011. With Braunschweig, Bohl won promotion twice – from the 3. Liga to the 2. Bundesliga in 2011, and from the 2. Bundesliga to the Bundesliga in 2013. However, his contract in Braunschweig was not renewed after the 2012–13 season.

He joined MSV Duisburg for the 2014–15 season.

On 16 July 2016, he moved to SV Elversberg.


Booth, Texas

Booth is a small unincorporated community in Fort Bend County, Texas, United States. It is located along Farm to Market Road 2759 and the BNSF Railway southeast of Richmond, Texas. There are number of houses, an RV-park, a restaurant, a landscaping business and a historical marker in the area.

Geography
The BNSF Railway tracks run parallel to and south of FM 2759 through the area. Both railroad and highway come into Booth from the west-northwest. They curve slightly and leave Booth heading southeast. An historical marker is at the corner of FM 2759 and Agnes Road. The Old Trading Post restaurant is nearby. Agnes Road continues north-northeast  to the Riverbend RV Park; beyond that point it becomes a one-lane trail and dead ends before reaching the Brazos River. The Enchanted Forest nursery is located  southeast on FM 2759 at Insurance Road. The Royal Lakes subdivision entrance is  to the west-northwest on the south side of the railroad tracks. Velasquez Elementary School is  west-northwest on FM 2759 at Macek Road.

History
The property on which today's community stands was granted to Henry Jones (1789-1861) in Stephen F. Austin's Texas colony. Freeman Irby Booth, a wealthy landowner who owned a cotton gin, general store, lumberyard and syrup mill, founded the settlement in the 1890s. The community received a post office in 1894. Two years later there was a school, Baptist church and 150 residents. By 1914, a population of about 300 was served by a bank and telephone connections. The community's segregated schools taught 85 white and 177 black students in 1926. From the mid-1920s through 1948, about 100 people lived in the settlement. During the 1940s Booth had a school and two churches but by the end of the decade there were only 40 persons living there. In the 1980s there were two businesses and by 1990 there were about 60 residents.

Education
Booth is zoned to schools in the Lamar Consolidated Independent School District. The schools include William C. Velazquez Elementary School, Reading Junior High School and George Ranch High School.


Nico Claesen

Nicolaas "Nico" Pieter Claesen (born 1 October 1962) is a former Belgian football player who works as head coach of RFC Liège.

Career

Claesen was signed by Tottenham Hotspur in October 1986 by David Pleat who bought him from Standard Liege for £600K. He made his debut against Liverpool at Anfield. In August 1988 When Terry Venables arrived Claesen fell out of favour and sold him for £550K to Antwerp FC. He also played for VfB Stuttgart.

International career
He earned 36 caps and scored 12 goals from 1983 to 1990 for the Belgium national football team, and was in the squad for three major tournaments: UEFA Euro 1984, the 1986 FIFA World Cup, where he scored three goals as Belgium finished in fourth, and the 1990 FIFA World Cup.


John Callahan (cartoonist)

John Michael Callahan (February 5, 1951 – July 24, 2010) was an American cartoonist, artist, and musician in Portland, Oregon, noted for dealing with macabre subjects and physical disabilities.

Accident and career
Callahan became a quadriplegic in an auto accident at age 21.
The accident happened in Callahan's car after a day of drinking; his car was being driven by a man with whom he had been bar hopping.

Following his accident, he became a cartoonist, drawing by clutching a pen between both hands, having regained partial use of his upper body. His visual artistic style was simple and often rough, although still legible. It has been likened to that of William Steig, James Thurber, Richard Condie, and Ben Wicks.

Callahan's cartoons dealt with subjects often considered taboo, including disabilities and disease. His black humor may be exemplified by the title of his "quasi-memoir," Will the Real John Callahan Please Stand Up? The subject matter and treatment of his cartoons share something with the work of Charles Addams, Gahan Wilson, and especially Charles Rodrigues, although it is much more aggressive than even the Playboy cartoons by these cartoonists.

From 1983 until his death 27 years later, Callahan's work appeared in the Portland newspaper Willamette Week. The controversial nature of his cartoons occasionally led to boycotts and protests against the paper.

Callahan scoffed at the reactions of critics who labeled his work politically incorrect, while delighting in the positive reactions he received from fans with disabilities. "My only compass for whether I’ve gone too far is the reaction I get from people in wheelchairs, or with hooks for hands." Callahan said. "Like me, they are fed up with people who presume to speak for the disabled. All the pity and the patronizing. That’s what is truly detestable."

Two animated cartoon series have been based on Callahan's cartoons: Pelswick, a children's show on Nickelodeon; and John Callahan's Quads!, a Canadian-Australian co-production.

Friends said Callahan realized that his cartooning was a form of emotional venting, which led him to pursue a master's degree in counseling at Portland State University. However, his deteriorating health prevented him from finishing his first term.

In 2005, Dutch filmmaker Simone de Vries directed a documentary about Callahan titled Raak me waar ik voelen kan (Touch Me Where I Can Feel).

Callahan died on July 24, 2010, following surgery for chronic bed sores. His brother stated the causes of his death were complications of quadriplegia and respiratory problems. He was 59 years old.

A biographical film, Don't Worry, He Won't Get Far on Foot, starring Joaquin Phoenix, Rooney Mara, Jack Black, and Jonah Hill and directed by Gus Van Sant, and based on Callahan's memoir of the same name, was released in 2018.

Other careers

Graphic art
John Callahan worked on nudes and a portrait project, shown in several galleries throughout its progression.

Songwriting
Callahan was also a songwriter. He released a CD, Purple Winos in the Rain, in 2006. He wrote and composed his own lyrics, and sang and played the harmonica and ukulele. The record was released on BoneClone Records and produced by blues musician Terry Robb, who also plays guitar accompaniment on several tracks, with a special cameo appearance by Tom Waits. Callahan personally illustrated the album cover. In 2018, track 14, "Texas When You Go," a duet recording of Callahan and Robb, was included in the film score for Don't Worry, He Won't Get Far On Foot.

The Independent of London calls his songs "beautiful, but dark." He wrote all the music and lyrics himself and was backed up by many notable musicians. A Dutch film crew recorded the studio sessions in which Callahan played a simplified piano version of "Roll Away The Day."

Personal life
John Callahan was adopted as an infant and grew up in The Dalles, 80 miles east of Portland, with five siblings.  He attended a Roman Catholic elementary school, St Mary’s Academy, and graduated from a public high school. At age 8, he was sexually molested by a female teacher. He began drinking at the age of 12. "I used the alcohol to hide the pain of the abuse," Callahan said. After the car accident that caused his spinal cord injury, he went through extensive rehabilitation. At the age of 27, he gave up drinking alcohol. He made his home in Portland, Oregon.

Notes


Benelli Argo EL

The Benelli Argo EL rifle is manufactured by Italian arms manufacturer Benelli Armi SpA. It is a limited edition version of the Benelli Argo, the only Benelli rifle to be produced as a limited series.

Design details
The Benelli Argo EL's receiver is finely engraved and gilded with scenes of wild animals. The craftsmanship is of the master engravers of the Cesare Giovanelli studio. The stock and fore-end are in walnut with a fine oil finish.

The rifle has a rotating bolt head with three lugs, which combine to provide an effective locking surface. The fully tempered steel cover is equipped with holes for attaching scopes and is firmly connected to the barrel. This results in a greater accuracy at range. The free-moving barrel gives greater precision more akin to bolt-action models.

The plate kit used to adjust stock deviation and drop, together with the interchangeable sights, make the Benelli Argo EL a versatile and multi-purpose rifle.


Stanfieldiella

Stanfieldiella is genus of flowering plants within the Commelinaceae family, first described in 1960. It is endemic to sub-Saharan Africa.

 Species
 Stanfieldiella axillaris J.K.Morton - Ghana, Nigeria
 Stanfieldiella brachycarpa (Gilg & Ledermann ex Mildbr.) Brenan - from Nigeria to Congo
 Stanfieldiella imperforata (C.B.Clarke) Brenan - from Liberia to Ghana; also Angola
 Stanfieldiella oligantha (Mildbr.) Brenan - from Liberia to Gabon

References and external links


Jean Hardisty

Jean V. Hardisty (June 18, 1945 – March 16, 2015) was a political scientist and lesbian feminist activist who became a national resource for human rights movements seeking social and economic justice and an end to bigotry based on race, gender, or class. She was a senior scholar with the Wellesley Centers for Women.

Biography
Hardisty received her PhD from Northwestern University in Illinois, taught briefly and, in the 1980s, left academia to conduct a study of the anti-feminist women's movement for the American Civil Liberties Union of Illinois. She predicted a massive organized right-wing backlash which saw the rise of the New Right and the election of Ronald Reagan as President in 1980.

She then founded the think tank which became Political Research Associates in Massachusetts to study right-wing movements nationwide. She worked as an adviser to the legal team that overturned Colorado Amendment 43. Her study "Constructing Homophobia" was included in her book Mobilizing Resentment: Conservative Resurgence from the John Birch Society to the Promise Keepers, .

She served on the boards of the  Ms. Foundation for Women, the Sister Fund, the Highlander Research and Education Center, the Center for Community Change, and the Women's Community Cancer Project. She was an education consultant to the Ms. Foundation Democracy Funding Circle. Hardisty served for many years on the board of the Civil Liberties Union of Massachusetts.

She received a Lifetime Achievement Award from the Center for Community Change and has been inducted into The City of Chicago Gay and Lesbian Hall of Fame.

Articles by Hardisty have appeared in The Nation magazine, The Women's Review of Books, The Public Eye, and other publications.

A video interview with Hardisty is at the Chicago Gay History website.

Sources

 Murphy, Timothy F. 2000. Reader's guide to lesbian and gay studies Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers.

External links
 Wellesley Centers for Women
 The Nation Magazine
 Political Research Associates
 Religion Dispatches
 Chicago Gay History
 Astraea Foundation
 Jean Hardisty Website


Rea Vaya

Rea Vaya (which means "we are going" in Scamto) is a bus rapid transit system operating in Johannesburg, South Africa. It opened in phases starting on 30 August 2009. Rea Vaya links the Johannesburg CBD and Braamfontein with Soweto. It is currently expanding towards Sandton, Rosebank and Midrand as well. It is one of the first bus rapid transit systems in Africa.

Routes

Rea Vaya routes are divided into three classifications: trunk routes on the main highways and between major destinations; complementary routes running on circular routes that connect to trunks; and feeder routes that radiate out from trunk routes to outlying suburbs.

 the following routes are in operation:

Trunk routes:
 T1: Thokoza Park (Soweto) to Johannesburg CBD and Ellis Park East (Doornfontein)
 T2: Thokoza Park to Ellis Park East via Civic Centre (Braamfontein)
 T3: Thokoza Park to Parktown and Library Gardens East

Complementary routes:
 C1: Dobsonville (Soweto) to CBD and Ellis Park East
 C2: Dobsonville to Maponya Mall
 C3: Inner City Loop - Chancellor House to Johannesburg Art Gallery
 C4: Windsor West and Cresta to Parktown and Inner City
 C5: Florida North to Parktown and Library Gardens
 C6: Meadowlands to Millpark

Feeder routes in Soweto and adjacent areas:
 F1: Naledi to Thokoza Park to CBD
 F2: Protea Glen to Thokoza Park to CBD
 F3: Jabavu to Lake View to CBD
 F4: Mofolo to Boomtown to CBD
 F5: Eldorado Park to Lake View to CBD
 F6: Lea Glen to Bosmont
 F7: Amalgam to Bosmont Station
 F8: Westbury Station to Greymont
 F9: Mapetla to Thokoza Park
 F10: Pimville to Lakeview
 F11: Bellevue/Yeoville to City
 F12: Parktown distribution route

Strike action
As of February 2014, there have been three strikes which have disrupted service of the transit system.


Eder Arreola

Éder Arreola (born November 13, 1991) is a Mexican-American professional soccer player who currently plays for San Diego 1904 FC in the National Independent Soccer Association.

Career

College and Amateur
He played four years of college soccer at the University of California, Los Angeles at the age of 16 between 2008 and 2011.

While at college, Arreola also appeared for USL PDL club Orange County Blue Star in 2009.

Arreola also played club soccer for CZ Elite under head coach Cherif Zein winning a U.S. Youth National Championship in 2009. Also played in the Super-20 League for LA Galaxy u20s in 2010.

Professional
Arreola was drafted 18th in the 2012 MLS Supplemental Draft by Houston Dynamo, but didn't earn a contact with the team.

Arreola was part of the Cal FC team that has a successful US Open Cup run in 2012, and later signed with Mexican third division club Delfines.

In February 2014, Arreola joined LA Galaxy II for their inaugural season in the USL Pro.

Arreola was signed by Phoenix Rising FC of the United Soccer Leagues on April 28, 2017.

Following the United Soccer League season, Arreola joined California United FC II in the United Premier Soccer League where he contributed to the team winning the 2017 Fall Season National Championship.

In October 2018, Arreola and fellow American Pablo Cruz left Shirak SC.

In August 2019, he joined San Diego 1904 FC, an expansion team in the National Independent Soccer Association.

International
Arreola was a member of the U.S. residency program in Bradenton, Florida, and played for the U.S. Under-17 for two years. He later moved on to the U-20 national team, whom he has represented the U.S. at the 2011 CONCACAF U-20 Championship 2011 CONCACAF U-20 Championship squads. Has also represented the U.S. in lower ages U-15 & U-16.


Antonio del Ceraiolo

Antonio del Ceraiolo (also known as Antonio di Arcangelo) was an Italian painter, active in Florence in a Renaissance style, between 1520 and 1538. He was a pupil of  Ridolfo Ghirlandaio, and then Lorenzo di Credi.


Romanenko

Romanenko () is a Ukrainian surname which is derived from the first name Roman (Роман).  It can refer to the following people:

 Alexei Romanenko, Russian-American cellist
 Prokofy Romanenko (1897–1949), Soviet general
 Roman Romanenko (born 1971), Russian cosmonaut, son of Yuri Romanenko
 Tetyana Romanenko, Ukrainian football striker
 Vitali Romanenko (1926 – 2010), Ukrainian sport shooter
 Vladimir Romanenko (born 1987), Russian professional footballer
 Volodymyr Romanenko, professional Ukrainian football midfielder
 Vsevolod Romanenko (born 1977), Ukrainian football player
 Yuri Romanenko (born 1944), Soviet cosmonaut

and fictional characters:
 Nastasha Romanenko, fictional character in the Metal Gear series


Gold(I) bromide

Gold(I) bromide can be formed by synthesis from the elements or partial decomposition of gold(III) bromide by careful control of temperatures and pressures. It occurs in two modifications. One (I-AuBr) is isostructural with gold(I) chloride and has a body centered tetragonal unit cell with a=6.734A and c=8.674A and space group I41/amd. The other is isostructural with gold(I) iodide and has a primitive tetragonal cell a=4.296A and c=12.146A and space group P42/ncm. Single crystals of both modifications have been grown by chemical vapor transport. Small amounts of Al,Ga or Fe were used as catalysts for the transport process to obtain the I-AuBr modification.

The two structures both consist of -Br-Au-Br-Au-Br- polymeric zigzag chains, but they are stacked in a different arrangement. In the primitive tetragonal phase the chains form layers (see figure) in contrast to the body centered one, where they are more interwoven. Another difference is that the Au-Br-Au angle is only 77° in the former, but 92.3° in the latter.

Density functional calculations on the monohalides of group 11 (Cu, Ag, Au) have tried to shed light on the question why gold halides form rather different, low symmetry structures rather than the cubic zinc blend or rock salt structures of the silver and copper halides. It was shown that this calculation technique accurately predicts which structure type should be stable. The peculiar structures of the gold halides are mostly a result of the relativistic effects that occur for the elements of the later periods of the periodic table.