Joshua Eargle

Joshua King Eargle (born January 6, 1979) is an American football coach at the University of Kansas in Lawrence, Kansas. Prior to Kansas, Eargle was the interim head coach and offensive coordinator at Austin Peay. Eargle was the head football coach at East Texas Baptist University (ETBU) from 2013 to 2015, where led his team to  the American Southwest Conference (ASC) championship in 2015. He was named the ASC Coach of the Year in 2015.

Early life and playing career
Eargle was born in Waco, Texas and grew up in Brownwood, Texas. He played football for the seven-time state champions Brownwood Lions. Considered one of the top defensive linemen in the state of Texas in 1996, he was named to the Texas Sportswriters 4A All-State team in 1996, the Defensive Player of the Year in District 15-4A and the All-District 15-4A Team as a defensive tackle. Starting his freshman season, Eargle was called up to the varsity during the Lions playoff run to the quarterfinals. His sophomore season, Eargle started both ways as a Tight End on Offense and Defensive End on Defense playing for Mark Bachtel. His junior season, Eargle continued being a stand-out player playing both ways as an Offensive Guard and Defensive End for W.T. Stapler and Steve Freeman. Eargle transferred to Sulphur Springs High School in Sulphur Springs, Texas to complete his high school campaign under the leadership of Head Coach Chuck King and the Sulphur Springs Wildcats. Playing both Offensive Guard and Defensive Tackle in 1996, he was credited with 69 total tackles, two pass interceptions. He had 12 tackles and 2 pass interceptions in the Whitehouse game, returned both interceptions for touchdowns. He helped lead team to state playoff bid in 1996. Joshua was recruited by Rip Scherer, then head football coach at the University of Memphis. He signed with Memphis after offers from Arkansas and Tulsa. As a Memphis Tiger, Eargle played on the Defensive Line before being moved to Offensive Guard. Eargle was exposed to some highly successful collegiate football coaches while at Memphis: Clay Helton, Randy Fichtner, Rip Scherer, Tommy West, Mac McWhorter, Rusty Burns, Dave Magazu, Russ Huesman, Rick Mallory, Charlie Coe, Tim Walton, and Joe Cullen. Eargle won the inaugural Top Tiger Award given by Head Coach Tommy West to the player who battled back from adversity or overcame difficult circumstances to return to the field.

Coaching career
The Texas native started his coaching career at the University of Southern Mississippi under head coach Jeff Bower. In his first year as a graduate assistant, he was a part of the 2003 Conference USA championship with a perfect 8–0 record. The Golden Eagles earned a bowl bid to the AXA Liberty Bowl in Memphis, Tennessee. The second season the Eagles notched a win in the GMAC Bowl. Eargle became the Offensive Line Coach at Ouachita Baptist University in 2005 before returning to Southern Mississippi as an Assistant Offensive Line Coach for the Golden Eagles as they won the Conference-USA East title and a victory in the New Orleans Bowl in 2006.

From there, Eargle was named the Recruiting Coordinator and Offensive Line Coach at Nicholls State University in Thibodaux, Louisiana. Nicholls State shocked the football world in 2007 when the FCS Colonels knocked off FBS opponent Rice Owls 16-14. In 2009, Eargle took a quality control position at Louisiana State University under Head Coach Les Miles and Offensive Coordinator Gary Crowton, working directly with Greg Studrawa. During the season, the Tigers were ranked #4 in the country winning big matchups against Washington, Louisiana-Lafayette, Georgia, Mississippi State, Vanderbilt, Auburn, Arkansas before being invited to the Capital One Bowl in Orlando, Florida, January 1, 2010.

His versatility in playing both ways in high school and college provided opportunities being able to call plays on both sides of the football as a coach. Eargle would be named Offensive Coordinator at the University of Arkansas at Monticello before being named Defensive Coordinator at Hallsville High School in East Texas. Eargle helped lead the Bobcats to their first bi-district playoff appearance in five years.

In 2010, Eargle became defensive coordinator for the Southeastern Oklahoma State University. The Savage Storm's pass defense finished as the 11th best in the Division II and first in the Great American Conference. The overall defense finished 29th in the nation out of 156 programs and third in the GAC. After the 2010 season, Eargle notched a career total of 10 players earning first-team all-conference and 17 players earning an all-conference award. At every program he had coached for, at least one player had earned a first-team all-conference award.

The Texas native returned home as he was named head football coach at East Texas Baptist University in Marshall, Texas on January 22, 2013. He turned around a struggling program to win the American Southwest Conference Championship in his third season. He led ETBU to a 7-3 record with a 4-1 record in the ASC and received their first national ranking since 2004. Heading into the final week of play, ETBU was 23rd in the D3football.com poll, receiving votes in the AFCA national poll, and 10th in the NCAA regional poll. ETBU had their first winning season and defeated their first nationally ranked opponent (#8 Hardin-Simmons) in 10 years. Eargle was named the ASC Coach of the Year in 2015 for his efforts. At ETBU, Eargle had 5 All-Americans, and 30 All-Conference Players. Quarterback Josh Warbington and running back Kendall Roberson posted back-to-back All-American campaigns in 2014-15. Additionally, he had 30+ ASC All-Academic players, 17 All-ASC Honorable Mention, 4-1000 yard receivers, 4 All-Region Players, 2 Undrafted NFL Players. In total, ETBU established 50+ combined individual or team season records during Eargle's three seasons at the helm.

In 2016, Eargle became the Run Game Coordinator and Offensive Line Coach at Austin Peay State University. He helped to lead one of the most remarkable turnarounds in college football history. Prior to 2017 season, the Governors had just one win in four seasons. The Governors finished 8-1 in FCS play, 8-4 overall, tying the school record for eight wins in one season. With seven Ohio Valley Conference wins, it was the most conference wins in program history. The Governors were 3-0 against the league's other Tennessee-based teams to capture the Sgt. York Trophy for the first time in school history. Overall, the team finished second in the OVC, three of their losses to FBS schools. The running attack headed by Eargle ranked sixth in the FCS, averaging 258.8 rushing yards. Two offensive linemen, Kyle Anderton and Ryan Rockensuess, were named OVC All-Conference in 2017.

Prior to the Austin Peay vs. Morehead State game on September 15, 2018, Eargle was named Offensive Coordinator. In his first game as an Offensive Coordinator for APSU, Eargle’s offense set the OVC record for most points scored against a Division I Opponent in the school’s 78 to 40 victory over Morehead State. That game set a tone as the Governors continued to smash the offensive record books. For the season, the Govs set school records in yards per game (419), points scored (340) touchdowns scored (47), points per game (30.9), yards per play (6.19) and yards per rush (5.39). The Governors finished as the top rushing offense in the OVC and No. 16 in the FCS, averaging 237.5 yards per game on the ground. Third team AP All-Americans Kentel Williams led the FCS with 7.99 yards per carry, and the Govs finished 17th in the nation in rushing yards per carry (5.39). Additionally, the Govs led the OVC and finished 13th nationally in passing yards per completion (15.1). Eargle's Offensive Line finished top ten nationally and led the conference, allowing just nine sacks on the season. Under Eargle's tutelage, Williams earned First-Team All-OVC recognition and offensive linemen Byron Glass and Ethan Self were named Second-Team All-OVC.

Following the 2018 season, Eargle won a national online public vote for his work in raising awareness for his young daughter Landrey's fight against life-threatening illnesses she's been battling her entire life. The Rare Disease Champion award is presented by Uplifting Athletes to "a leader in the world of college football who has realized his or her potential to make a positive and lasting impact on the rare disease community." Eargle will accept this award as a part of the Maxwell Award Ceremony in March of 2019 in Atlantic City, New Jersey.

Personal life
Eargle met his wife, Kristen, while in college at the University of Memphis. After completing her journalism degree at Memphis, Kristen got her start in TV Sports Journalism as sports producer and fill-in reporter at WVUE FOX 8 in New Orleans. She became a sports reporter and anchor for WBRZ in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, and a sideline reporter for WHNO and COX Sports Television in New Orleans, Louisiana. During Joshua's tenure at ETBU in Texas, Kristen was hired by KLTV to be a morning show anchor and launch Good Morning East Texas Weekend in Tyler, Longview, Lufkin and Nacogdoches, Texas TV Markets.

Head coaching record


Ravinder Singh (wrestler)

Ravinder Singh Sangwan (born 3 September 1982, in Kharman, Haryana, India) is a Greco-Roman wrestler.

Singh has won 15 national championships and gold medals in the 2005, 2007, 2009 and 2011 Commonwealth Wrestling Championships. At the 2010 Commonwealth Games, he won a gold in the Men's Greco-Roman 60 kg wrestling category. At the 2010 Asian Games he won a bronze medal in the same category. Singh also competed in the 2013 World Wrestling Championships in Budapest, Hungary where he reached the quarter finals.

Ravinder Singh is employed as a deputy superintendent within the Haryana police force. He received an Arjuna Award in 2011.


Japan Electric Association

The  (JEA) is a membership organisation for the electricity sector in Japan and, although it has roots dating back to 1892, was founded in October 1921. It currently has around 4,800 corporate and individual members.

Activities
The JCA has a number of committees that set national technical guidelines (JEAGs), codes (JEACs) and standards covering areas ranging from electrical safety to the design of nuclear power stations some of which are regarded as optional 'independent standards of the private sectors' while others have official status as the 'standards of academic societies and associations'.

The JCA also acts as the main lobby group for the Japanese power companies and is active in promoting nuclear power.

Among its other work, the JCA promotes education, publishes a range of books and guides, and holds lectures, seminars and cultural events. Since 1942 the ECA has published The Denki Shimbun (The Electric Daily News), founded in 1907 as the Electrical News.

Nuclear power

Through the work of its committees, the JCA prepares and publishes a number of codes and guides for the Japanese nuclear power industry, including the Rules of Quality Assurance for Safety of Nuclear Power Plants (JEAC 4111-2003) and the Guideline for Development and Design of Computerized Human-Machine Interface in the Central Control Room (JEAG 4617-2005), intended to meet the performance requirements specified under the Electricity Utilities Industry Law As of 2007, the Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency were engaged in the process of evaluating certain standards produced by the JEA and others for technical adequacy.

There have been allegations that the JEA wields too much power in setting standards. Professor Katsuhiko Ishibashi, one of the seismologists on a Japanese government subcommittee that produced the 2006 Regulatory Guide for Reviewing Seismic Design of Nuclear Power Reactor Facilities claimed that the review process was 'unscientific' and the outcome rigged to suit the interests of the JEA, which had 11 of its committee members on the 19-member government subcommittee and that among other problems the guide was 'seriously flawed' as a consequence because it underestimated the design basis earthquake ground motion.

History

Between 1923 and January 1, 1965, the JEA was one of the bodies authorised to inspect electricity meters, a function subsequently transferred to the Japan Electric Meters Inspection Corporation (JEMIC).

The Japan Electrical Safety & Environment Technology Laboratories (JET) were founded as the Japan Electrical Testing Laboratories of Japan Electric Association in February 1963.

Past presidents
Goro Inoue
Yasuzaemon Matsunaga


Lake Osveya

Lake Osveya or Lake Osveyskoye ( or ;  or ) is a large freshwater lake in the Vitebsk Region, northern Belarus, near the borders with Latvia and Russia. It has an area of , making it the second largest lake in the country. The Republic of Belarus's most extreme northern point is situated only a few degrees further north of the lake.


Islamic Courts Union

The Islamic Courts Union (ICU; ;  Ittihād al-mahākim al-islāmiyya) was a group of Sharia courts that united themselves to form a rival administration to the Transitional Federal Government (TFG) of Somalia, with Sharif Sheikh Ahmed as their head. They were also known as the Joint Islamic Courts, Union of Islamic Courts (UIC), Supreme Islamic Courts Council (SICC) or the Supreme Council of Islamic Courts (SCIC).

Until the end of 2006, they controlled most of southern Somalia and the vast majority of its population, including most major cities such as Jowhar, Kismayo, Beledweyne, and the capital Mogadishu. The ICU was supported by warlord Yusuf "Indho Ade" Mohamed Siad who ruled Lower Shabelle but later became defense chief of the ICU, who aided in the defeat of the Mogadishu warlords. Only the Northern regions (Puntland, Somaliland), and the furthest interior regions of the south were outside their control. In December 2006, the ICU lost much territory after defeats at the battles of Baidoa, Bandiradley, and Beledweyne, retreating to the capital, Mogadishu. On 28 December they abandoned Mogadishu, leaving the city in chaos while they moved south towards Kismayo, which allowed the TFG and Ethiopian troops to take over the city. After a stand at the Battle of Jilib, the ICU abandoned the city of Kismayo on 1 January 2007. Stripped of almost all their territory, it was speculated the ICU would pursue guerrilla-style warfare against the government.

Instead, hardline Islamists broke ranks from the ICU and formed other militant groups, such as Al-Shabaab and Hizbul Islam, to continue the war against the government.

The less-militant members of the ICU went into exile in Eritrea and Djibouti, where they formed the Alliance for the Re-Liberation of Somalia in September 2007. In the two years following the ICU's ouster from Mogadishu, the hardline Islamist groups concentrated their power in the south and west of Somalia, taking ground from both the TFG and ICU.

By January 2009, a reconciliation and power-sharing deal was brokered between the Transitional Federal Government (TFG) and the Djibouti contingent from the former Islamic Courts Union which resulted in the expansion of the Parliament and the election of Sheik Sharif Ahmed, former leader of the ICU, as President of the Transitional Federal Government.

History

Before the second battle of Mogadishu

After the collapse of the Somali government in 1991, a system of sharia-based Islamic courts became the main judicial system, funded through fees paid by litigants. Over time the courts began to offer other services such as education and health care. The courts also acted as local police forces, being paid by local businesses to reduce crime. The Islamic courts took on the responsibility for halting robberies and drug-dealing, as well as stopping the showing of what it claims to be pornographic films in local movie houses. Somalia is almost entirely Muslim, and these institutions initially had wide public support.  The early years of the courts include such outfits as Sheikh Ali Dheere's, established in north Mogadishu in 1994 and the Beled Weyne court initiated in 1996. They soon saw the sense in working together through a joint committee to promote security. This move was initiated by four of the courts - Ifka Halan, Circolo, Warshadda and Hararyaale - who formed a committee to co-ordinate their affairs, to exchange criminals from different clans and to integrate security forces. In 1999 the group began to assert its authority. Supporters of the Islamic courts and other institutions united to form the ICU, an armed militia. In April of that year they took control of the main market in Mogadishu and, in July, captured the road from Mogadishu to Afgoi. Their system of government, controlled by judges, is known as a krytocracy.

Eritrean assistance
According to the United Nations and various sources, the Eritrean government has armed and financed the ICU for many years. Together (according to a 1999 BBC report) with some Ethiopian opposition groups such as the ONLF, Eritrea sent "shiploads" of arms to the ICU and other rebels in Southern Somalia; it was also reported that the Eritrean government had sent "advisers" and "engineers and mine-laying experts." After many denials from the Eritrean government, Islamic Courts Union leader Aweys admitted that the Eritrean government had been assisting the ICU; although there was no mention of Eritrean troops or advisers. After the Somali transitional government defeated the Islamists and took Mogadishu, the Somali Prime Minister alleged that Eritrean soldiers had been captured in Mogadishu. Further Eritrean fighters were allegedly killed by Somali security officers in June 2007. A governor of one of Somalia's southern districts also confirmed the continued alliance of Eritrean fighters with Al-Qaeda & ICU militants.

According to the Los Angeles Times, various ICU fighters were caught as they tried to escape to Eritrea. Many of the ICU leadership and jihadist leaders are believed to have found refuge in Eritrea.

Other foreign fighters
Various foreign fighters were said to be helping the ICU. As suicide bombing tactics are rare even among extremist Somali Muslims, the use of such bombers suggested deeper foreign jihadist assistance. In January, Somali sources said they had defeated or arrested many Arab fighters. In June, numerous foreign pro-ICU fighters were detected trying to flee in boats from the Puntland region; the regional governor told the media that the Islamist fighters had arrived to cause trouble and that Puntland troops were searching for them. The U.S. military also targeted other jihadist and Al-Qaeda cells, particularly those affiliated with the bombers of the U.S. embassy in Kenya in 1998. The BBC reported a Pentagon claim that a senior Al-Qaeda member associated with the ICU had been captured in Somalia and transferred to the US military prison in Guantanamo Bay.

After conquering Mogadishu

In the year 2000, the courts formed a union of Islamic courts, partly to consolidate resources and power and partly to aid in handing down decisions across, rather than within, clan lines. Yet the ICU remained firmly established in the Hawiye clan.

As the courts began to assert themselves as the dispensers of justice they came into conflict with the secular warlords who controlled most of the city.  In reaction to the growing power of the ICU, a group of Mogadishu warlords formed the Alliance for the Restoration of Peace and Counter-Terrorism (ARPCT).  This was a major change, as these warlords had been fighting each other for many years.  By the beginning of 2006, these two groups had clashed repeatedly, and in May 2006 it escalated into street fighting in the capital, claiming the lives of more than 300 people.  On 5 June 2006, the ICU claimed that they were in control of Mogadishu.

Meanwhile, in the United States the Bush administration neither confirmed nor denied support for either side.  However, it was reported that American officials had anonymously confirmed that the U.S. government was funding the ARPCT, due to concerns that the ICU is linked to al-Qaeda and is sheltering three al-Qaeda leaders involved in past terror attacks, including the 1998 U.S. Embassy bombings in Kenya and Tanzania.

On 6 June 2006, the ICU further claimed it was in control of all the lands up to  inland from Mogadishu.  The warlords were reported to have either been captured or to have fled the city, abandoning most of their weapons, with the majority fleeing to Jowhar, which was taken by the ICU militia on 14 June. This brought the ICU in control of much of the weaponry in the country, which made a resurgence by the warlords difficult without outside support.  The ICU also controlled significant territory outside the capital, including the important town of Balad.  In mid-August, ICU militiamen swept into the port town of Hobyo, 500 kilometers north of Mogadishu, meeting no opposition.  The ICU organized a clean-up campaign for the streets of Mogadishu on 20 July.  This was the first time litter and rubbish had been collected in the entire city since it collapsed into chaos over a decade earlier.

On 15 July 2006, the Islamic Courts reopened Mogadishu International Airport, which had been closed since the withdrawal of the international forces in 1995.  The first airplane chartered by the Arab League flew from the airport for the first time in 11 years picking up Islamic Courts delegates to the Sudanese capital of Khartoum.

On 24 August 2006, the ICU captured Harardhere, some 500 km northeast of Mogadishu, which had become a safe haven for pirates, who had forced shipping firms and international organizations to pay large ransoms for the release of vessels and crews.

On 25 August 2006 the Islamic Courts reopened the historic Mogadishu seaport, which had been one of the busiest in East Africa but had been shut down for the prior ten years.

In September, 2006, the Islamist Courts strengthened their control of Kismayo. The Somalis in Kismayo demonstrated against ICU, shouting "No to Al-Qaeda operatives" but the ICU took control, shooting at protesters, killing at least three people and dispersing the crowd.

On 5 October 2006 the Islamic Courts declared the formation of the supreme Islamic Sharia court of Banadir province, ending all tribal Islamic Courts in the capital.

War with Ethiopia

On 8 December 2006, the Islamic Courts Union claimed to have been involved in heavy fighting with Somali transitional government forces, backed by Ethiopian troops. On 21 December heavy fighting erupted between ICU forces and Ethiopian-backed forces. The battles happened initially in two areas - the military base of Daynuunay and the military base of Iidale.

The ICU made calls for jihad against Ethiopia, which were met by international Mujahideen volunteers arriving in Somalia.

The ICU lost a considerable amount of territory after defeats at the 20–26 December battles of Baidoa, Bay region, Bandiradley, in Mudug, and Battle of Beledweyne, Hiran region, retreating to the capital, Mogadishu.

Resignation of leadership

On 27 December 2006, after a brief skirmish earlier in the day at the Battle of Jowhar, the leaders of the ICU, including Sheiks Hassan Dahir Aweys, Sharif Sheikh Ahmed and Abdirahman Janaqow resigned in a capitulation recognizing the new state of affairs in Somalia. They issued the following decisions:

On 28 December, the ICU withdrew from the capital. Somali Prime Minister Ali Mohamad Gedi stated the legislature would shortly declare a period of martial law.

Pursuit of the ICU

After abandoning control of Mogadishu, leaders from the ICU proceeded to fortify the Jubba River valley area including the towns of Jilib and Kismayo. Days later, on December 31 Ethiopian and Somali forces attacked Jilib, after which ICU forces abandoned Kismayo.

In January 2007, as the ICU retreated, its leaders vowed to wage guerrilla war. They were pursued to Ras Kamboni, where they were militarily engaged by Ethiopian and Somali TFG forces. Kenyan and US forces enforced a border patrol and naval blockade, followed by US airstrikes against suspected Al Qaeda members embedded within the ICU militias.

On 10 January, a report by Somali presidential chief of staff, Abdirizak Hassan stated the US airstrikes had killed Al Qaeda member Fazul Abdullah Mohammed, and leaders of the Islamic Courts Union including Abduallahi Moalim Ali (former chief of security for Mogadishu), Abdirahman Janaqow, and a third unidentified person. The bodies had reportedly been recovered by Ethiopian military personnel. Fazul Abdullah Mohammed was later confirmed by US forces to have survived the US air raid on 8 January 2007. Abdirahman Janaqow survived those attacks to become Justice Minister in his Sharif Sheikh Ahmed's TFG government.

Islamist insurgency

After their fall from power, many ICU militiamen went into hiding. Attacks were carried out against Ethiopian and TFG troops, and the group was reformed as the Popular Resistance Movement in the Land of the Two Migrations (PRM), known more commonly as al-Shabaab. Al-Shabaab would go on to capture large portions of the southern half of the country, leading to the beginning of Operation Linda Nchi in 2011, which saw Kenyan forces cross into Somalia.

Reconciliation with the Transitional Government
The Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia (ARS) was originally formed in September 2007 as a movement to militarily oppose the Somali Transitional Federal Government (TFG) and their main military allies, Ethiopia. Since then, the group split into two major factions: those who sought reconciliation with the TFG and those opposed to reconciliation.

Djibouti Peace Agreement (May–June 2008)
In May–June 2008, the Djibouti-based wing of the ARS and the Transitional Federal Government met in a conference mediated by the U.N., which resulted in an 11-point peace agreement signed and announced on 9 June 2008.

Because of this, the ARS split into two major wings: those based in Eritrea, aligned with former ICU leader Sheikh Hassan Dahir Aweys, who are adamantly opposed to cooperation with the TFG or Ethiopia, and those who were based in Djibouti, aligned with former ICU leader Sharif Sheik Ahmed, who were open to reconciliation with the nascent national government.

Sharif Sheik Ahmed Elected President (February 2009)
On 1 February 2009, the ICU faction leader, and chairman of the ARS Sharif Sheik Ahmed was elected the President of the Transitional Federal Government. Al-Shabab declared war on him and pledged to continue their attacks on the TFG.{{

Structure and composition

Background
The ICU has undergone dramatic and rapid changes. Given their loss of control over Mogadishu and much of the rest of the country, this section may refer to the organization in the past tense. This reflects how the courts were run prior to their retreat from Mogadishu. However, the ICU is still an existing organization. The status of their leaders and their present organization may be subject to change and speculation.

The ICU is a union of Sharia law courts. These courts formed out of the chaos of the 1990s to administer justice in the districts in which they were established. Due to the chaos in Somalia, each court maintained a large militia to act as both police force and military.  In February 2006, 11 of these courts chose to pool their military resources in order to take over Mogadishu. (See Second Battle of Mogadishu.)

Each member of the ICU is a Sharia judge in charge of a specified court in a particular district of Somalia, and it is up to him to determine how Sharia law is enforced.  These interpretations can either be very literal or very broad, with various Hadiths being either regarded or disregarded, and correspondingly has led to varying levels of liberty and repression.  Some courts do not enforce beyond what the Quran requires; others have beaten people for watching Bollywood films and Western movies or playing "licentious" music.  One famous allegation that was cited numerous times, yet was denied by the ICU, was that there was a ban on the viewing of football (soccer) matches.

In order to organize the courts into a more coherent organization, rather than a like-minded collection of independent judges, a "Supreme Islamic Court of Banadir" was created, with the most senior judges forming this high court. This court dealt with wide issues, as well as foreign relations, and commanded the ICU military forces as a whole. The chairman of the Supreme Islamic Court is Sharif Sheikh Ahmed.  A consultative Shura council chaired by Sheikh Hassan Aweys approved the decisions made by the Supreme Islamic Court, and therefore was called the "real power" in the ICU, though the Shura could not act unilaterally. In simplistic terms, this made Ahmed the "President" of the ICU and Aweys the "Prime Minister". When Ahmed was otherwise indisposed (visiting a foreign country, ill, etc.) Sheikh Abdirahman Janaqow was the Acting Chairman.

Below the Supreme Council and Shura Council are the regional courts spread throughout the country, which govern over the day to day issues of justice and law.  These courts have enormous independence, and so the laws and regulations in ICU territory can vary wildly from town to town based on the particular moderation or radicalism of the local court.

ICU Chairman Sharif Sheikh Ahmed is seen as a moderate and repeatedly declared the objective of the ICU was the restoration of order after 15 years of violence. However, of the eleven courts composing the Union, two had reputations as radical. One was led by Sheikh Hassan Dahir Aweys, who is on the U.S. list of terrorism suspects as the former head of the al-Itihaad al-Islamiya (AIAI) group. Western diplomats are also concerned by a second leader, Adan Hashi Ayro, who was trained in Afghanistan and whose militia has been implicated in the deaths of five foreign aid workers and a BBC producer. Suspects from the 1998 U.S. embassy bombings are believed to be hiding in Somalia, and to be aided by the ICU. There were also been reports of foreign mujahideen fighting alongside the ICU. In response, the U.S. provided funding for the secular warlord alliance due to these fears. However, Somalia has little history of radical Islam and the ICU had not embraced the most extreme forms of Islamic law, such as amputation of thieves' hands.

Harakat al-Shabaab Mujahedeen
The Hizbul Shabaab, also known as Al-Shabaab, or simply as "Shabaab", is the Youth Wing of the ICU. It is a radical and somewhat independent organization under the ICU umbrella which is integrated quite tightly with the ICU armed forces, acting as a sort of "special forces" for the ICU.

The Shabab caused difficulties for the ICU in maintaining a good international image on a number of occasions due to their hot-headedness and zealousness, such as abducting critical journalists, harassing overly-hip youngsters, and murdering wounded JVA soldiers in a Bu'aale hospital.

The ICU formally apologized for each of the incidents and attempted to make it clear that these actions did not reflect ICU policy.  Nevertheless, these incidents gave their opponents excellent propaganda ammunition and aided the global perception of the ICU being like the Taliban.

Relationship with other Somali powers
The major powers in Somalia included the Transitional Federal Government, the Juba Valley Alliance (JVA) in the south, plus the autonomous Puntland in the northeast and self-declared independent Somaliland in the northwest. In the midst of the conflict, Galmudug was formed in direct response to stem the rise of the ICU. The ICU was opposed by all the other factions, except for Somaliland, which remained generally neutral throughout the conflict.

As a result of the collapse of the warlords' power, the four warlord representatives in the transitional government were stripped of their cabinet posts. The transitional government was then based in Baidoa, 250 kilometers from Mogadishu. After the ICU victory in Mogadishu, the transitional government voted to request foreign peacekeepers from the African Union in a mission known as IGASOM. The African Union supports the transitional government, though it did not provide forces to defend it against the advances of the ICU. The ICU rejected the need for peacekeepers, arguing Somalia needs aid, not more external troops. The Interim Prime Minister Ali Mohammed Ghedi stated he wished to meet with the ICU leaders. This resulted in the Treaty of Khartoum of 5 September 2006, in which it was agreed the ICU and the Transitional Government would be merged; however, the ICU insisted on the precondition Ethiopian troops would leave the country beforehand. Ethiopian forces did not withdraw, and the treaty agreement fell apart.

The JVA was overrun in the south, and Kismayo was taken. The remaining JVA forces aligned themselves immediately with the TFG. In December 2006—January 2007, as part of the TFG's army, they retook the lost territory of the south.

In November 2006, the Islamic Courts said Puntland's forces had carried out a pre-emptive strike against their fighters who were gathering on the edge of Puntland near Galinsoor. The government of Puntland has vowed to resist any attack by the Islamic Courts. Later, Puntland entered into combat with the ICU at the Battle of Bandiradley, which expelled the ICU from the central interior.

Noted ICU leaders

Sheikh Sharif Sheikh Ahmed was the leader of the executive council of the ICU. Sheikh Sharif was born in the Middle Shabelle region of Somalia and studied at Libyan and Sudanese universities.  He is from the Abgaal branch of the Hawiye clan.
Sheikh Hassan Dahir Aweys was the head of the shura council of the ICU. Aweys is former leader of al-Itihaad al-Islamiya (AIAI). Since November 2001, he has been named under Executive Order 13224 as a supporter of terrorist activities.
 Sheikh Hasan Hersi "Al-Turki" used to be leader of Al-Itihaad al-Islamiya (AIAI); he goes by the name of "Al-Turki" or "The Turk". Since 2004, Hassan Al-Turki has been designated under US Presidential Executive Order 13224 for terrorist financing.
 Sheikh Yusuf Siad Inda'ade (or Inda Ade) served as deputy and financier for Hasan Dahir Aweys. He had been the chief of security of the Islamic Courts. He is controversial because he was a warlord who occupied Lower Shabeele in 2003. He later allied himself with the Islamic Courts. The Islamic Courts advanced to central and south Somalia regions, including the Kismayo area, before Inda'ade pledged his support, giving them control of Lower Shabelle region. In December 2006, during the intense fighting with Ethiopia, he was not present and was on pilgrimage in Mecca.
 Sheikh Mukhtar Robow who goes by the name of "Abu Mansur", was the deputy chief of security for the Islamic Courts. He had been credited with being instrumental in the victory of the Second Battle of Mogadishu against the ARPCT (CIA-backed warlords). In December 2006, during the intense fighting with Ethiopia, he was not present and was in pilgrimage in Mecca. He was trained in Afghanistan and was recently named a commander for the Al-Shabab.
 Professor Ibrahim Hassan Addow (M.Ed., Ph.D.) was the head of foreign affairs department for the ICU. He lived in the United States and worked as an administrator at American University in Washington, D.C., before returning to Somalia in 1999. He is the dean of Benadir University in Mogadishu and had represented the Islamic courts in its negotiations  with the Somali transitional government.
Sheikh Fuad Mohamed Qalaf was the head of the department of youth and education in the ICU. He lived in Sweden for ten years and was an imam at a mosque in Stockholm before returning to Somalia in 2006.

Social policies
The Islamic Courts' claimed mission was to bring social justice and to combat iniquity.  Thus, after capturing Mogadishu, it brought Sharia law back to Somalia and re-instituted the constitution.

In the year 2000, the courts formed a union of Islamic courts, partly to consolidate resources and power and partly to aid in handing down decisions across, rather than within, clan lines.

In an interview featured in the BBC Online Somali section in June 2006, Sheik Sharif Shaykh Ahmed said "the union of Islamic courts was established to ensure that Somali people suffering for 15 years would gain peace and full justice and freedom from the anarchic rule of warlords who refuted their people to no direction."

 On 5 October 2006, the Islamic Courts had declared  the formation of the supreme Islamic Sharia court of Banadir province. The announcement ceremony was attended by all Islamic officials; both consultative and executive councils, intellectuals and civil society members and took place in the former Somali presidential palace in central Mogadishu. That announcement from the central Islamic Court was destined to end all tribal Islamic Courts in the capital.
 On 17 November 2006, the ICU had banned the use, sale and transportation of khat altogether and the Islamic Court of Kismayo banned the sale of cigarettes. This was a controversial move as it was the main source of income for many war widows and orphans and a huge import-export business.
 The ICU fought pirate activity at the Somali coast, which subsequently declined during its rule.

Greater Somalia
In reference to the Ogaden and the North Eastern Province, land traditionally inhabited by ethnic Somalis but now within the borders of Kenya and Ethiopia, the late leader of the ICU, Sheik Hassan Dahir Aweys, said that the ICU would do its best to incorporate said territories into a Greater Somalia:

We will leave no stone unturned to integrate our Somali brothers in Kenya and Ethiopia.

Ethiopia and Kenya have historically resisted such Somali attempts before. While most African countries are made up of multi-ethnic societies, Somalia has been a rare exception where one ethnicity makes up almost 100% of the population. The Islamist leader said his group will "gain back the Somali provinces forcefully annexed to Ethiopia and Kenya.


2016 Indiana Republican primary

The 2016 Indiana Republican primary was held on May 3 in the U.S. state of Indiana as one of the Republican Party's primaries ahead of the 2016 presidential election. This was a winner-take-all election, so Donald Trump, who came in first in the popular vote, won all the delegates.

The Democratic Party held their own Indiana primary on the same day, which was won by Bernie Sanders. Other primaries were not scheduled for that day.

Primary

Pre-primary strategies
By late April, Cruz and Kasich had both been eliminated from getting 1,237 delegates, but they still had a chance to accumulate enough delegates to force a contested convention in Cleveland. Realizing this, Cruz and Kasich attempted to focus their efforts in different states, with Cruz challenging Trump head-to-head in Indiana and Kasich challenging Trump head-to-head in Oregon and New Mexico. However, the alliance was tenuous at best, with Kasich telling voters in Indiana the next day to still vote for him and Cruz downplaying the alliance later in the week; it also met with disapproval from 58% of Indiana voters.

Final attempts to stop Trump
Indiana was seen as the final state for the "Stop Trump" movement.  Indiana, whose delegates were awarded winner-take all statewide and by congressional district, was seen as essential to denying Trump the 1,237 delegates needed to secure the nomination. Following the Acela primaries, Cruz attempted to bolster his chances by announcing that, if nominated, he would name Fiorina as his running mate. Fiorina had served as a Cruz campaign surrogate since March after suspending her own presidential campaign in February and Cruz hoped that Fiorina could help his campaign in Indiana and her home state of California. On April 29, 2016, Governor Mike Pence of Indiana, who eventually became Donald Trump's running mate, announced that he would vote for Cruz in the primary election. However, Cruz's posturing and endorsements proved to be insufficient, as Trump handily won Indiana with 53% of the vote, despite being outspent by a margin of more than 4–1. Cruz lost Indiana by a wide margin to Trump (53% to 37% with Kasich at 8%) and subsequently dropped out of the race.

Trump emerges as Republican nominee
Cruz lost Indiana by a wide margin to Trump (53% to 37% with Kasich at 8%) and subsequently dropped out of the race. As a result, Reince Priebus, Republican National Committee chairman, tweeted that Trump was the presumptive nominee in the GOP. The next day, Kasich also suspended his campaign, leaving Trump as the only candidate in the race. Despite his endorsement of Cruz, Mike Pence went on to become Trump's running mate.

Opinion polling

Results

Trump won Indiana by a considerable margin statewide. He won nearly all regions of the state except for several counties in northeast Indiana containing the Fort Wayne and Elkhart areas, which Cruz won.


Whitefriars, Bristol

Whitefriars was a Carmelite friary on the lower slopes of St Michael's Hill, Bristol, England. It was established in 1267; in subsequent centuries a friary church was built and extensive gardens developed. The establishment was dissolved in 1538.

Much of the site was then redeveloped by Sir John Young, who built a "Great House" there.  This later became a boys' school founded by Edward Colston in the 18th century. The Red Lodge, which survives today as a museum, had its origins as a prospect house for the Prior. The Colston Hall, a venue for concerts, was built on part of the friary site in the 19th century. A 20th-century office block named Whitefriars, built a short distance way, preserves the name.

History
Whitefriars was founded in 1267 by the Prince of Wales, the future king Edward I. The friars, also known as Friars of the Blessed Virgin, wore white habits, hence the name Whitefriars. In the fifteenth century William of Worcester, described the church as having dimensions of , with a tower  high. The friary was described by the antiquary Leyland, writing in the early sixteenth century, as standing on the right bank of the Frome by the quay. He added that it was "the fairest friary in England". The friary had a large expanse of adjoining land extending up St Michael's Hill. This was used for horticulture and the Carmelites sold produce to augment their income.

Writing to Thomas Cromwell in 1538, Richard Yngworth, one of the commissioners or visitors charged with inspecting monastic houses, reported that the contents of the friary only just met the debts owed by the friars. He described a chapel with lead roofing, gardens and a "goodly howse in byldenge, mete for a great man", also a conduit bringing fresh water from Brandon Hill, later taken over by St John's Church. Four remaining friars surrendered their possessions to the commissioner in the presence of the Mayor.

Post-dissolution
Some monastic cells, thought to belong to the friary, survive under the Red Lodge, which had its origins as a prospect house for the prior of Whitefriars. This building became the lodge house of an Elizabethan mansion, the Great House, built in the late 16th century by John Young, who had bought the friary from Bristol Corporation after the Dissolution of the Monasteries. The Great House was where Elizabeth I stayed, as a guest of John Young, in 1574. In the 18th century, the house was acquired by Edward Colston, who established the original Colston's School there. After the school moved to Stapleton in 1857, the Colston Hall Society purchased the premises, and demolished the house to build the Colston Hall, which now occupies the site. Excavations during the building of the adjacent Colston House in the early 20th century found medieval walls, burials and floor tiles.

As part of the post-war redevelopment of Bristol city centre, the name Whitefriars was given to a large multi-storey office development located in Lewin's Mead, a few hundred yards from the site of the original Whitefriars and adjoining the site of the Greyfriars office complex. The building has thirteen floors and stands  high.  It was completed in 1976.


Yuzhnaya Bay

Yuzhnaya Bay is one of the harbour bays in Sevastopol.

On March 22, 2014, during the 2014 Russian military intervention in Ukraine, Russian forces captured the only Ukrainian submarine, known as the Zaporizhya, and took it to Yuzhnaya Bay, according to Vladislav Seleznyov, a spokesman for the Ukrainian military.


Le dossier Toroto

Le dossier Toroto is a 2011 French film directed by Jean-Pierre Mocky.

Cast
 Jean Abeillé (Professeur Toroto)
 Jean-Pierre Mocky (Le professeur Lapine)
 Romain Gontier (Riri)
 Olivier Hémon (Le Brigadier)
 Guillaume Delaunay (Vitupin 1)
 Lionel Laget (Vitupin 2)
 Emmanuel Nakach (Joseph)
 Pamela Ravassard (Marie)
 Jean Luc Atlan (Docteur Klaus)
 Anksa Kara (Irma, l'intendante)
 Raphaël Scheer (Le Nonce du Pape)
 Christian Chauvaud (Marco Le chef des grosses bites)
 Idriss (Marco 2)
 Pascal Lagrandeur (Membre des grosses bites)
 Julie Baronnie (Mme Baron)
 Serge Bos (Le prêtre)
 Fabien Jegoudez (Le professeur Suédois)
 Noël Simsolo (Mr Noir / Blanc)
 Marie Noelle Pigeau (Mme Noir / Blanc)
 Mauricette Gourdon (Ida)
 Jean Christophe Herbert (Père Blanc)
 Jana Bittnerova (Femme du Brigadier)
 Cyrille Dobbels (Politique 1)
 Alain Schlosberg (Politique 2)
 Christophe Bier (Politique 3)
 Patrick Lebadezai (Politique 4)
 Michel Stobac (Colonel Pascal au cul poilu)
 Eric Cornet (Lieutenant)
 Alexis Wawerka (Moine)
 Jean Philippe Bonnet (Moine 2)
 Fabrice Colson (Robert)
 Laure Hennequart (Infirmière)
 Françoise Armelle (Chienne de Garde)
 Clément Bobo (Riri 10 ans)
 Charlotte Ciprey (Cousine Riri)
 Joelle Hélary (Dame Marriage 1)
 Valérie Lejeune (Dame Marriage 2)


Model 1832 foot artillery sword

The Model 1832 foot artillery sword was a  short-sword with a straight, double-edged blade and brass-mounted leather scabbard.

History
The U.S. Model 1832 foot artillery short-sword has a  solid brass hilt, a  crossguard, and a blade usually  in length.  This model was the first sword contracted by the U.S. with the Ames Manufacturing Company of Springfield (later Chicopee), Massachusetts, with production starting in 1832. In later years, it was also imported and supplied by W.H. Horstmann & Sons of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. As a personal side arm, it was intended for use by the regular or foot artillery regiments of the United States Army and remained in service until 1872 for use of foot artillerymen. It was the issue sword for sergeants and musicians of infantry regiments from 1832 until 1840. As most artillery regiments were trained and equipped as infantry prior to 1861 a single weapon for both types of troops made sense. It replaced the earlier Starr pattern sword used throughout the 1820s. While the design was impractical for actual combat, it is believed that artillerymen put this weapon to other uses, such as clearing brush or creating trails.  It was an effective tool for cutting paths through the Florida swamps during the Second Seminole War, which occurred during the time it was issued to infantry sergeants, drummers and fifers. This is somewhat corroborated by the French nickname for their version of the sword, coupe choux (cabbage cutter). The last Ames contract for this sword was completed in 1862, although as a stock item it continued to be listed in company catalogs for decades afterwards.

The design was based on the French foot artillery short sword of 1816, which with minor changes was basically repeated in 1831.  The French model was based on the Roman gladius, the standard sword of the Roman legionaries.

Distinguishing features

French versions can be distinguished from American versions by the hilt design, manufacturers' marks (French manufacturers include Châtellerault, St. Etienne, Talabot, and Thiebaut), and the lack of U.S. markings. Swords supplied by Ames typically bore an eagle on the blade until the Mexican–American War, whereas those made during the civil war by Confederate arsenals were typically unmarked. The Ames Model 1832 has a hilt with an eagle cast into the pommel and a scaled grip surface. French versions have either textured grips (model 1816) or ringed grips (model 1831), and like later English models a plain or smooth pommel on the hilt.


Firebase Gela

Firebase Gela (also known as FSB Ge La) was a U.S. Army firebase located northwest of Lai Khê and southeast of Dầu Tiếng District in southern Vietnam.

History
Gela was constructed in 1969 by the 1st Infantry Division approximately 17 km northwest of Lai Khê.

The Firebase was assaulted by units of the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) 7th Infantry Division on the morning of 13 May 1969, the assault was repulsed for the loss of 3 U.S. and an estimated 39 PAVN soldiers killed.

On 14 September 1969 a shaped charge on the base perimeter accidentally discharged killing 8 U.S. soldiers.

Units based at Gela included:
1st Battalion, 28th Infantry
8th Battalion, 6th Artillery

Current use
The base has reverted to jungle.


Georgia State Route 8 Spur

Georgia State Route 8 Spur may refer to:

 Georgia State Route 8 Spur (Decatur): a former spur route of State Route 8 that existed mostly within Decatur
 Georgia State Route 8 Spur (Hartwell): a former spur route of State Route 8 that partially existed in Hartwell
 Georgia State Route 8 Spur (Royston): a former spur route of State Route 8 that existed entirely within Royston

008 Spur


Conus gonsalensis

Conus gonsalensis is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Conidae, the cone snails, cone shells or cones.

These snails are predatory and venomous. They are capable of "stinging" humans.

Description
The size of the shell attains 11 mm.

Distribution
This marine species occurs in the Atlantic Ocean off Maio Island, Cape Verde.


Silver Urn

Silver Urn (1919 – 1930) was an Irish-bred, British-trained Thoroughbred racehorse and broodmare. As a two year-old she showed little ability but in the following spring she won two valuable handicap races and then recorded her biggest win in the 1000 Guineas. On her next appearance she sustained career-ending injuries in the Epsom Oaks and never raced again. She had some success as a dam of winners.

Background
Silver Urn was a chestnut mare of good size and "excellent lines" bred in Ireland and owned by B W Parr. She was trained throughout her racing career by Henry Seymour "Atty" Persse at Chattis Hill near Stockbridge in Hampshire.

She was sired by Juggernaut, a son of St Simon bred Edward VII. Her dam Queen Silver was a daughter of Sterling Balm, a very fast filly who won the Coventry Stakes and Gimcrack Stakes and was thus a half-sister to Princess Sterling, a broodmare whose descendants included St Louis and Noblesse. Queen Silver, who was bought by Parr for £25 was a successful broodmare in her own right, producing several good winners both on the flat and under National Hunt rules.

Racing career

1921: two-year-old season
Silver Urn's two-year-old career comprised three races within eleven days in the late autumn of 1921 starting with an unplaced effort in the Rangemore Maiden Stakes at Derby Racecourse on 16 November. She then finished unplaced in the Daventry Plate at Warwick Racecourse on the 22nd of the month and then ran unplaced in the County Open Plate at Lingfield Park four days later.

1922: three-year-old season
Silver Urn was well supported in the betting for her 1922 debut at Newbury Racecourse but in a "gale of sleet" she finished well beaten behind Westmead. She recorded her first success shortly afterwards when Stewards Handicap over five furlongs at Kempton Park Racecourse, and then took the Esher Cup at Sandown Park at odds of 7/1. On 28 April over the Rowley Mile course at Newmarket Racecourse Silver Urn, ridden by the Autralian jockey Bernard "Brownie" Carslake started at odds of 10/1 in a twenty-runner field for the 109th running of the 1000 Guineas. She was not among the early leaders but began to make steady progress in the last quarter mile, overtook the 7/4 favourite Golden Corn approaching the final furlong. She won the race by two lengths from Soubriquet with the fading Golden Corn a further three quarters of a length back in third place.

Silver Urn was made 5/1 third choice in the betting for the Epsom Oaks a month late but was injured in the race and came home unplaced behind Pogrom. A post-race examination revealed deep, jagged cuts to her legs, which had caused irreparable damage to the ligaments. It was believed that she had stepped on a broken bottle or other sharp object during the race. She received prompt treatment at the Epsom veterinary hospital, but never fully recovered and did not race again.

Following the death of her owner, Silver Urn was put up for auction at Doncaster and was sold for 4,000 guineas to Lord Dewar.

Assessment and honours
In their book, A Century of Champions, based on the Timeform rating system, John Randall and Tony Morris rated Silver Urn an "average" winner of the 1000 Guineas.

She was described in contemporary reports as one of the best of an exceptional crop of three-year-old fillies.

Breeding record
As a broodmare Silver Urn produced several minor winners but no top-class performers. Her foals included:

Golden Chalice, a chestnut colt, foaled in 1924, sired by Abbots Trace
Christening Cup, chestnut, filly, 1925, by Abbots Trace
Silver Cloud, bay filly, 1927, by Manna. Dam of Silversol (Irish Oaks).
Silverburn, bay colt, 1928, by Phalaris
Loot, bay colt, 1929, by Phalaris
Silver Boy, bay gelding, 1930, by Son-in-Law

Silver Urn died in 1930.

Pedigree


Knuckledust

Knuckledust are a British heavy hardcore band from London. The band was formed in 1996 when Nic, Ray and Wema contacted Pelbu to start a band. The band went on to release many albums, tour the world extensively and continue to do so today without any changes in personnel.

Members
Nic – bass (also in Ninebar, formerly in Deadline and the Business)
Pelbu – vocals (also in Bun Dem Out, formerly in Beat Down Fury and Maldito)
Ray – drums (also in Argy Bargy, formerly in Deadline, Deny Everything and the Business)
Wema – guitar (also in Ironed Out)

Discography

Studio albums
Time Won't Heal This (2000, Blackfish/Rucktion/Thorp Records)
Universal Struggle (2003, GSR Music)
Unbreakable (2005, GSR Music)
Promises Comfort Fools (2007, GSR Music)
Bluffs, Lies & Alibis (2012, GSR Music)
Songs of Sacrifice (2016)

EPs
Demo (1996, self-released)
London Hardcore (1997, Days of Fury)
In Yer Boat (1998, Household Name)

Splits
With Area Effect (1997, Black-Up)
Smash Tradition with Indecision (1998, Household Name)
The Darkside Versus the Eastside with Stampin' Ground (1999, Blackfish)
Together We Stand, Divided We Brawl with Unite (2001, Blackfish)

Compilations
Dustography (2006, Rucktion)

Compilation appearances
Fuck Off Household Name (1998, Household Name)
Time for Some Rucktion (2004, Rucktion)Kirisaki Compilation'' (2009, Kirisaki Records)

Music videos
 "25 Years Dead" (2003)
 "Bluffs, Lies & Alibis" (2012)
 "Foundations" (2014)
 "Life Struggle" (2016)
 "Humanities Nightmare" (2016)


Coviello

Coviello (French: Covielle) is a minor character in the Commedia dell'arte. He falls into the category of the zanni. His name is a double diminutive of the name Giacomo (Jacob or James). In English, he might be called Jimmy or Jackie.

The character dates back to at least the 16th century. He was typically from the southern part of Italy, and could apparently dance and play the mandolin quite well.

His mask usually portrays him with a ridiculously long beak-like nose, often near as long as his whole face. His nose and cheeks are usually painted red. He sometimes wears glasses, and is frequently shown with plumes in his hat. Callot shows him dancing with a slapstick and a sword on his belt.

Niccolo Barbieri says that Coviello entertains the audience by his "grimaces and affected language." Salvator Rosa says that Coviello is "sly, adroit, supple, and conceited." In Molière's "The Bourgeois Gentleman" he disguises his master as a Turk and pretends to speak Turkish. He could apparently be stupid or clever as the actor and scenario saw fit to portray him.

Likewise his costume could vary. He sometimes wears a skintight unitard, other times he is shown clothed in pants and a doublet. The nose and plumed hat seem to be his most consistent features.


The 2018–19 Stephen F. Austin Ladyjacks basketball team represented Stephen F. Austin University during the 2018–19 NCAA Division I women's basketball season. The Ladyjacks were led by fourth year head coach Mark Kellogg and played their home games at the William R. Johnson Coliseum. They are members of the Southland Conference.

The Ladyjacks finished the 2018–19 season 25–7, 16–2 in Southland play to finish in second place. They lost to Texas A&M–Corpus Christi in the semifinal round of the Southland Women's Tournament. They received an at-large bid to the WNIT where they lost in the first round to UT Arlington.

Previous season
The Ladyjacks finished the 2017–18 season 25–7, 12–6 in Southland play to finish in second place. They advanced to the championship game of the Southland Women's Tournament where they lost to Nicholls State. They received an at-large bid to the WNIT where they lost in the first round to George Mason.

Roster

Schedule
Sources:

|-
!colspan=9 style=| Non-conference regular season

|-
!colspan=9 style=| Southland Conference regular season

|-
!colspan=9 style=| Southland Women's Tournament

|-
!colspan=9 style=| NIT Tournament


YSCC Yokohama

, commonly referred to as simply Y.S.C.C. or Y.S.C.C. Yokohama (Y.S.C.C.横浜 or simply YS横浜) is a Japanese multisports club based in Yokohama. Although they compete in a number of different sports, YSCC is best known for its association football team that currently plays in J3 League.

History
The club was formed in 1986 by former ANA players under the name Yokohama Soccer & Culture Club. The "S" was changed to "Sports" in 2002.

Y.S.C.C. Yokohama was the starting point for many Yokohama Flügels and Yokohama F. Marinos players. When the Flügels folded in 1999, they supported the creation of Yokohama F.C. to replace them.

In 2012 they played Japan Football League for the first time and finished in 6th position.

Record

Key
Tms. = Number of teams
Pos. = Position in league
Attendance/G = Average league attendance

Current squad
.


Pascal Hitzler

Pascal Hitzler is a German American computer scientist specializing in Semantic Web and Artificial Intelligence. He is endowed Lloyd T. Smith Creativity in Engineering Chair at Kansas State University, and the founding Editor-in-Chief of the Semantic Web journal.

Education

Hitzler received a Diplom (master's degree equivalent) in Mathematics from the University of Tübingen in Germany. He has a PhD in Mathematics from the National University of Ireland, University College Cork.

Career

Hitzler received the title of 2018 Brage Golding Distinguished Professor of Research during his tenure at Wright State University, where he was endowed NCR Distinguished Professor. From 2004 to 2009 he was at the Institute for Applied Informatics and Formal Description Methods at the University of Karlsruhe in Germany. Between 2001 and 2004 he was a postdoctoral researcher at the International Center for Computational Logic at TU Dresden.

Hitzler has published several books as author and editor, including the textbook "Foundations of Semantic Web Technologies" which was awarded an Outstanding Academic Title award in 2010 by the Choice Magazine.


Prevention of Crime Act 1953

The Prevention of Crime Act 1953 (C.14) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that restricts the carrying of offensive weapons in public. The Act was passed in response to the large rise in violent crime in the United Kingdom, with 800 cases of armed robbery, assault with intent to rob or robbery with violence and 4,445 cases of malicious wounding in 1951 (the last year up to that point with such statistics) while many of these crimes did not include the use of weapons there were calls from politicians, police officers and members of the public for new laws to combat the problem by restricting civilian weapons. Prior to the act it was not a crime to carry a weapon in a public place for offensive or defensive purposes (though carrying or using a weapon during the commission of a crime would earn a greater punishment) unless it was a firearm or imitation firearm. The Prevention of Crime Act was created to under the presumption that banning weapons from all civilians, regardless of their intention, from public places would reduce violent crime, receiving the Royal Assent on 6 May 1953 and coming into force on 6 June. No subsequent studies were carried out afterwards to ascertain what effect, if any, the act had on crime.

Under the original Act, all weapons carried by civilians would be deemed to be offensive weapons (except those persons who were deemed to have a reasonable excuse to have a weapon for self-defence by the courts), persons found in a public place carrying an offensive weapon commits a criminal offence punishable by up to 2 years in prison. A public place includes highways and anywhere to which the public could regularly have access – such as post offices and train stations. The Act makes certain attempts to define an offensive weapon, dividing it into three categories: "articles made for causing injury to the person", such as knuckledusters and batons; "articles adapted for use for causing injury", such as a sock with a brick in it; and "articles intended for use for causing injury to the person", which would include normal, day-to-day items such as scissors. For a conviction under the third category, the prosecution must show evidence that the defendant was intending to use it as an offensive weapon. There is a defence if the defendant had "lawful authority or a reasonable excuse" for carrying the instrument. The onus to provide a reasonable excuse is on the defendant, which is unusual since English criminal law has a principle that defendants are "innocent until proven guilty".. Despite the carrying of an offensive weapon in a public place being a criminal offence, suspected offenders are given the ability to raise a defence on the civil burden of proof, i.e. on the balance of probabilities. This defence is that the offender, on the balance of probabilities, had lawful authority or reasonable excuse for having the weapon in public.


Jean Martianay

Jean Martianay (30 December 1647 – 16 June 1717) was a French Benedictine scholar of the Congregation of St. Maur. He is known for his edition of St. Jerome.

Life

Martianay was born at Saint-Sever-Cap in the Diocese of Aire.  He entered the Benedictines at an early age, and devoted himself to Biblical studies, Greek and Hebrew.

A circular letter of Martianay's is still extant, in which he begs the co-operation of Benedictine abbeys in the work of producing a critical and complete edition of Jerome's writings. He spent over thirty years in searching the libraries of France for information.

Works
Ziegelbauer says (op. cit. below, II, 58) that Martianay completed alone the edition of Jerome's works. The "Divina Bibliotheca" - the Hieronymian edition of the Vulgate - was in fact executed with the collaboration of Dom Antoine Pouget.

Martianay's fame as editor of Jerome has somewhat eclipsed his wider repute as a Biblical scholar. He undertook the work on Jerome to meets the need of such an edition, for all who devoted themselves to Biblical research.

He taught Scripture at Arles, Bordeaux, and Carcassonne. In addition, he published many critical works on Biblical questions; he wrote a treatise on inspiration against Richard Simon; also a vindication of the Hebrew text and of the chronology given in the Latin Vulgate. He died, aged 69, at Saint Germain-des-Prés, Paris.

Martianay also treated of: the history of the Biblical canon; the French versions of the New Testament in the "Tentamen Versionis": and wrote a treatise on "The Method of explaining Holy Scripture". In 1711 he published the life of a nun in the monastery of Beaume.

Martianay contributed to Biblical criticism by his edition of the "Divina Bibliotheca", or Jerome's text of the Vulgate. It attempted to reproduce the text, with scanty materials; he tells us at the close of his prolegomena what manuscripts he had at his disposal, six in all, the most important of which was the MS. Sangermanensis. Martianay published (1695) a separate collation of this text in his edition of the old Latin version of St. Matthew's Gospel and of the Epistle of St. James. This collation, reproduced by Bianchini in his "Evangelium Quadruplex", was considered faulty; a correction of it is in the first volume of Wordsworth and White, "Old Latin Biblical Texts".

Ziegelbauer mentions also another work of Martianay, never printed, namely, an edition of the Vulgate with variant readings suggested by the Hebrew and Greek texts, and furnished with a series of references to the parallel passages. He also published the three psalters of St. Jerome; these appeared in French. Lastly should be mentioned his "New Testament in French" (2 vols., Paris, 1712).


2012 Soul Train Music Awards

The 2012 Soul Train Music Awards were held at Planet Hollywood in Las Vegas, Nevada on November 25, 2012. The show was hosted by actor/comedian Cedric the Entertainer. Performers included New Edition, Miguel, Ne-Yo, Keyshia Cole, Tyrese, Elle Varner, John Legend, 2 Chainz, Stevie Wonder, Eddie Levert, Charlie Wilson, Fantasia, Anthony Hamilton, and Marcus Canty. The evening also featured a tribute to the late Soul Train creator Don Cornelius.

Special awards

Lifetime Achievement Award
 New Edition

Winners and nominees
Winners are in bold text.

Album of the Year
 Frank Ocean – Channel Orange
 Eric Benét – The One
 R. Kelly – Write Me Back
 Nas – Life is Good
 Usher – Looking 4 Myself

Song of the Year
 Tyrese – "Stay"
 Estelle – "Thank You"
 John Legend  – "Tonight (Best You Ever Had)"
 Trey Songz – "Heart Attack"
 Usher – "Climax"
 Wale  – "Lotus Flower Bomb"

The Ashford & Simpson Songwriter's Award
 John Legend  – "Tonight (Best You Ever Had)"
 Written by: Allen Arthur, Christopher Bridges, Keith Justice, Miguel Pimentel, Clayton Reilly and John Stephens
 Estelle – "Thank You"
 Written by: Arden Altino, Akene Dunkley, Jerry Duplessis, Doug F. Edwards, Thomas D. Richardson and Aliaune Thiam
 R. Kelly – "Share My Love"
 Written by: Robert Kelly
 Nas – "Daughters"
 Written by: Nasir Jones, Ernest D. Wilson, Patrick Adams, Gary DeCarlo, Dale Frashuer and Paul Leka
 Usher – "Climax"
 Written by: Usher Raymond IV, Sean Fenton, Thomas Pentz and Ariel Rechtshaid

Best R&B/Soul Male Artist
 Miguel
 Trey Songz
 Robin Thicke
 Tyrese
 Usher

Best R&B/Soul Female Artist
 Beyoncé
 Mary J. Blige
 Keyshia Cole
 Estelle
 Fantasia
 Rihanna
 Elle Varner

Best New Artist
 Elle Varner
 Robert Glasper
 J. Cole
 Luke James
 Emeli Sandé

Centric Award
 Leah LaBelle
 Gary Clark, Jr.
 Daley
 Santigold
 Esperanza Spalding
Rihanna

Best Hip-Hop Song of the Year
 Kanye West  – "Mercy"
 2 Chainz  – "No Lie"
 Nas – "Daughters"
 Wale  – "Lotus Flower Bomb"
 Young Jeezy  – "Leave You Alone"

Best Dance Performance
 Beyoncé – "Love on Top"
 Chris Brown – "Turn Up the Music"
 Nicki Minaj – "Starships"
 Rihanna – "Where Have You Been"
 Usher – "Scream"

CENTRICTV.com Awards

Best Caribbean Performance
 Sean Paul – Tomahawk Technique
 Jimmy Cliff – Rebirth
 Cover Drive – Bajan Style
 Damian Marley – SuperHeavy
 Matisyahu – Spark Seeker
Rihanna - Where Have You Been

Best International Performance
 Estelle – "Thank You"
 Daley  – "Alone Together"
 Rebecca Ferguson – "Nothing's Real but Love"
 Gotye  – "Somebody That I Used to Know"
 Emeli Sandé – "Next to Me"
 Amy Winehouse – "Our Day Will Come"
Rihanna - Where Have You Been

Best Traditional Jazz Artist/Group
 Tony Bennett – Isn't It Romantic? (tie)
 Robert Glasper – Black Radio (tie)
 Chris Botti – Impressions
 Melody Gardot – The Absence
 Kenny Garrett – Seeds from the Underground

Best Contemporary Jazz Artist/Group
 Esperanza Spalding – Radio Music Society
 Brian Culbertson – Dreams
 Ben Tankard – Full Tank
 Peter White – Here We Go
 Cassandra Wilson – Another Country

Performers
 New Edition
 Miguel
 Keyshia Cole
 John Legend
 Tyrese
 Ne-Yo
 2 Chainz
 Stevie Wonder
 Elle Varner
 Eddie Levert
 Charlie Wilson
 Fantasia
 Marcus Canty
 Anthony Hamilton

Telecast
The Soul Train Awards were taped on November 8 and aired on BET and Centric on November 25, 2012.


Instinct

Instinct or innate behavior is the inherent inclination of a living organism towards a particular complex behavior. The simplest example of an instinctive behavior is a fixed action pattern (FAP), in which a very short to medium length sequence of actions, without variation, are carried out in response to a corresponding clearly defined stimulus.
Any behavior is instinctive if it is performed without being based upon prior experience (that is, in the absence of learning), and is therefore an expression of innate biological factors.  Sea turtles, newly hatched on a beach, will automatically move toward the ocean.  A marsupial climbs into its mother's pouch upon being born. Honeybees communicate by dancing in the direction of a food source without formal instruction. Other examples include animal fighting, animal courtship behavior, internal escape functions, and the building of nests. Though an instinct is defined by its invariant innate characteristics, details of its performance can be changed by experience; for example, a dog can improve its fighting skills by practice.

Instincts are inborn complex patterns of behavior that exist in most members of the species, and should be distinguished from reflexes, which are simple responses of an organism to a specific stimulus, such as the contraction of the pupil in response to bright light or the spasmodic movement of the lower leg when the knee is tapped. The absence of volitional capacity must not be confused with an inability to modify fixed action patterns. For example, people may be able to modify a stimulated fixed action pattern by consciously recognizing the point of its activation and simply stop doing it, whereas animals without a sufficiently strong volitional capacity may not be able to disengage from their fixed action patterns, once activated.

Instinctual behaviour in humans has been studied, and is a controversial topic.

History

In animal biology
Jean Henri Fabre (1823-1915), an entomologist, considered instinct to be any behavior which did not require cognition or consciousness to perform. Fabre's inspiration was his intense study of insects, some of whose behaviors he wrongly considered fixed and not subject to environmental influence.

Instinct as a concept fell out of favor in the 1920s with the rise of behaviorism and such thinkers as B. F. Skinner, which held that most significant behavior is learned.

An interest in innate behaviors arose again in the 1950s with Konrad Lorenz and Nikolaas Tinbergen, who made the distinction between instinct and learned behaviors.  Our modern understanding of instinctual behavior in animals owes much to their work.  For instance, there exists a sensitive period for a bird in which it learns the identity of its mother. Konrad Lorenz famously had a goose imprint on his boots. Thereafter the goose would follow whoever wore the boots. This suggests that the identity of the goose's mother was learned, but the goose's behavior towards what it perceived as its mother was instinctive.

In psychology
The term "instinct" in psychology was first used in the 1870s by Wilhelm Wundt. By the close of the 19th century, most repeated behavior was considered instinctual.  In a survey of the literature at that time, one researcher chronicled 4,000 human "instincts," having applied this label to any behavior that was repetitive. In the early twentieth century, there was recognized a "union of instinct and emotion". William McDougall held that many instincts have their respective associated specific emotions. As research became more rigorous and terms better defined, instinct as an explanation for human behavior became less common. In 1932, McDougall argued that the word 'instinct' is more suitable for describing animal behaviour, while he recommended the word 'propensity' for goal directed combinations of the many innate human abilities, which are loosely and variably linked, in a way that shows strong plasticity. In a conference in 1960, chaired by Frank Beach, a pioneer in comparative psychology, and attended by luminaries in the field, the term 'instinct' was restricted in its application. During the 1960s and 1970s, textbooks still contained some discussion of instincts in reference to human behavior.  By the year 2000, a survey of the 12 best selling textbooks in Introductory Psychology revealed only one reference to instincts, and that was in regard to Sigmund Freud's referral to the "id" instincts. In this sense, the term 'instinct' appeared to have become outmoded for introductory textbooks on human psychology.

Sigmund Freud considered that mental images of bodily needs, expressed in the form of desires, are called instincts.

In 1950s, the psychologist Abraham Maslow argued that humans no longer have instincts because we have the ability to override them in certain situations. He felt that what is called instinct is often imprecisely defined, and really amounts to strong drives. For Maslow, an instinct is something which cannot be overridden, and therefore while the term may have applied to humans in the past, it no longer does.

The book Instinct: an enduring problem in psychology (1961) selected a range of writings about the topic.

In a classic paper published in 1972, the psychologist Richard Herrnstein wrote: "A comparison of McDougall's theory of instinct and Skinner's reinforcement theory — representing nature and nurture — shows remarkable, and largely unrecognized, similarities between the contending sides in the nature-nurture dispute as applied to the analysis of behavior."

F.B. Mandal proposed a set of criteria by which a behavior might be considered instinctual:  a) be automatic, b) be irresistible, c) occur at some point in development, d) be triggered by some event in the environment, e) occur in every member of the species, f) be unmodifiable, and g) govern behavior for which the organism needs no training (although the organism may profit from experience and to that degree the behavior is modifiable).

In Information behavior: An Evolutionary Instinct (2010, pp. 35–42), Amanda Spink notes that "currently in the behavioral sciences instinct is generally understood as the innate part of behavior that emerges without any training or education in humans." She claims that the viewpoint that information behavior has an instinctive basis is grounded in the latest thinking on human behavior. Furthermore, she notes that "behaviors such as cooperation, sexual behavior, child rearing and aesthetics are [also] seen as 'evolved psychological mechanisms' with an instinctive basis." Spink adds that Steven Pinker similarly asserts that language acquisition is instinctive in humans in his book The Language Instinct (1994). In 1908, William McDougall wrote about the "instinct of curiosity" and its associated "emotion of wonder", though Spink's book does not mention this.

M.S. Blumberg in 2017 examined the use of the word instinct, and found it varied significantly.

In humans
The existence of simplest instincts in humans is a widely debated topic.

Congenital fear of snakes and spiders was found in six-month-old babies.
Infant cry is a manifestation of instinct. The infant cannot otherwise protect itself for survival during its long period of maturation. The maternal instinct, manifest particularly in response to the infant cry, has long been respected as one of the most powerful. Its mechanism has been partly elucidated by observations with functional MRI of the mother’s brain.
The herd instinct is found in human children and chimpanzee cubs, but is apparently absent in the young orangutans.
Testosterone (main male sex hormone) primes several instincts, especially sexuality; also dominance, manifest in self-affirmation, the urge to win over rivals (see competitiveness), to dominate a hierarchy (see dominance hierarchy), and to respond to violent signals in men (see aggression), with weakening of empathy. In men, a decrease in testosterone level after the birth of a child in the family was found, so that the father’s energies are more directed to nurturing, protecting and caring for the child. Unduly high levels of this hormone are often associated in a person with aggressiveness, illegal behavior, violence against others, such phenomena as banditry, etc.  This is confirmed by studies conducted in prisons. The amount of testosterone in men may increase dramatically in response to any competition.
Squeamishness and disgust in humans is an instinct developed during evolution to protect the body and avoid infection by various diseases.

Reflexes

Examples of behaviors that do not require conscious will include many reflexes. The stimulus in a reflex may not require brain activity but instead may travel to the spinal cord as a message that is then transmitted back through the body, tracing a path called the reflex arc. Reflexes are similar to fixed action patterns in that most reflexes meet the criteria of a FAP.  However, a fixed action pattern can be processed in the brain as well; a male stickleback's instinctive aggression towards anything red during his mating season is such an example.  Examples of instinctive behaviors in humans include many of the primitive reflexes, such as rooting and suckling, behaviors which are present in mammals. In rats, it has been observed that innate responses are related to specific chemicals, and these chemicals are detected by two organs located in the nose: the vomeronasal organ (VNO) and the main olfactory epithelium (MOE).

Maturational

Some instinctive behaviors depend on maturational processes to appear. For instance, we commonly refer to birds "learning" to fly. However, young birds have been experimentally reared in devices that prevent them from moving their wings until they reached the age at which their cohorts were flying. These birds flew immediately and normally when released, showing that their improvement resulted from neuromuscular maturation and not true learning.

In evolution

Imprinting provides one example of instinct. This  complex response may involve visual, auditory, and olfactory cues in the environment surrounding an organism. In some cases, imprinting attaches an offspring to its parent, which is a reproductive benefit to offspring survival. If an offspring has attachment to a parent, it is more likely to stay nearby under parental protection. Attached offspring are also more likely to learn from a parental figure when interacting  closely. (Reproductive benefits are a driving force behind natural selection.)

Environment is an important factor in how innate behavior has evolved. A hypothesis of Michael McCollough, a positive psychologist, explains that environment plays a key role in human behaviors such as forgiveness and revenge. This hypothesis theorizes that various social environments cause either forgiveness or revenge to prevail. McCollough relates his theory to game theory. In a tit-for-tat strategy, cooperation and retaliation are comparable to forgiveness and revenge. The choice between the two can be beneficial or detrimental, depending on what the partner-organism chooses. Though this psychological example of game theory does not have such directly measurable results, it provides an interesting theory of unique thought. From a more biological standpoint, the brain's limbic system operates as the main control-area for response to certain stimuli, including a variety of instinctual behavior. The limbic system processes external stimuli related to emotions, social activity, and motivation, which propagates a behavioral response. Some behaviors include maternal care, aggression, defense, and social hierarchy.  These behaviors are influenced by sensory input — sight, sound, touch, and smell.

Within the circuitry of the limbic system, there are various places where evolution could have taken place, or could take place in the future. For example, many rodents have receptors in the vomeronasal organ that respond explicitly to predator stimuli that specifically relate to that individual species of rodent. The reception of a predatory stimulus usually creates a response of defense or fear. Mating in rats follows a similar mechanism. The vomeronasal organ and the main olfactory epithelium, together called the olfactory system, detect pheromones from the opposite sex. These signals then travel  to the medial amygdala, which disperses the signal to a variety of brain parts. The pathways involved with innate circuitry are extremely specialized and specific.  Various organs and sensory receptors play parts in this complex process.

Instinct is a phenomenon that can be investigated from a multitude of angles: genetics, limbic system, nervous pathways, and environment. Researchers can study levels of instincts, from molecular to groups of individuals. Extremely specialized systems have evolved, resulting in individuals which exhibit behaviors without learning them.


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