Fred Hando

Frederick James Hando MBE (23 March 1888 – 17 February 1970) was a Welsh writer, artist and schoolteacher from Newport who chronicled the history, character and folklore of Monmouthshire, which he also called Gwent, in a series of nearly 800 newspaper articles and several books published between the 1920s and 1960s.

Biography
Hando was born in Maindee, Newport, the son of a postmaster Alfred and his wife Miriam, and attended school there. He had two younger brothers, Frank and Harry. He trained at Borough Road College, London, before returning to Newport as a teacher. He served as a gunnery officer with the Royal Engineers in the First World War, where his experiences in Flanders had a profound effect on him.

Hando married Alice Stanton, the daughter of a Newport builder, and the couple had two children – Margaret and John. Alice died while still young. After a number of years, Hando married again to Daisy, a staff member at his school. The couple soon had a son, Robert.

In 1925 he was appointed as the first headmaster of Hatherleigh Road school in Newport, where one of his pupils was Johnny Morris, later a noted radio and television presenter. Hando adopted an open and progressive teaching style and was described by Miriam Andrews, a former teacher at the school, as "a wonderful headmaster and he made the children very proud of Hatherleigh".

His interest in local history was given an impetus when he was asked to provide sketches to illustrate Sir Joseph Bradney's multi-volume A History of Monmouthshire from the Coming of the Normans into Wales down to the Present Time and his first articles about Monmouthshire were published in the South Wales Argus in 1922. The then editor, William Collins agreed to an initial run of 15 articles. In total, he contributed 795 articles to the newspaper between 1922 and 13 February 1970, a few days before his death. Due to their high readership, the page of the Argus on which his articles appeared became particularly prized as advertising space. Many of his articles and drawings were republished in anthologies of his work. In his early writings, Hando was particularly interested in ley lines and the alignment of the sun with stone circles. He said that he wanted to add to what was already on the map and that by studying leys he could reach back in history far beyond Roman Britain.

Hando was organist and choirmaster of Summerhill Baptist Church Newport for many years". In 1953 he was awarded the MBE for services to education and to Monmouthshire".

Hando died on 17 February 1970, at St. Joseph's Nursing Home in Newport, at the age of 81. His last article, on District and Street Names, appeared in the South Wales Argus four days before his death.

Works

Hando's aim in writing his articles was set out in the preface to his The Pleasant Land of Gwent, published in 1944; "to persuade readers to see the little places of a shy county". Monmouthshire's set pieces, such as Raglan Castle and Tintern Abbey were not his focus, he wrote of lesser known sites such as the "Virtuous Well" at Trellech, "the tallest house in Monmouthshire" at Treowen, and the medieval boundary marker at Croes Llwyd. His scope was broader than buildings; in his Foreword to the 1964 volume, Here and There in Monmouthshire, Edwin Morris, the then Archbishop of Wales, describes Hando's canvas as "reminiscence, folklore, local history, place names and introductions to interesting people, past and present, illustrated by his own beautiful drawings". He took a relatively early interest in conservation. In his article on Allt-y-Bela, published in Journeys in Gwent in 1951, he wrote of the house's perilous state of dilapidation, noting "unless immediate and drastic action is taken, we shall lose priceless relics". Fifty years later, in the Gwent/Monmouthshire Pevsner, the architectural historian John Newman described Allt-y-Bela as "miserably derelict". His concern for preservation extended beyond individual buildings to the wider Monmouthshire landscape. An article published in Monmouthshire Sketch Book in 1954, was entitled "The Threat to Machen Vale" and condemned plans by the Central Electricity Generating Board to construct an electricity generating station in the Vale.

The vanishing folklore and customs of Monmouthshire were of particular interest to Hando. More than one article covered the Mari Lwyd, a horse's skull covered by a sheet and borne aloft on a pole, which formed part of Christmas celebrations in the county. In a number of articles, including one on The Skirrid in Monmouthshire Sketch Book, he wrote of the legends of Jack o' Kent, who was said to have caused the cleft in the Skirrid's summit by jumping to it from the Sugar Loaf, some four miles distant.

Monmouthshire's pubs were another topic of abiding interest. Hando wrote of, and drank and smoked in, a large number of the country's hostelries, the Robin Hood Inn, Monmouth being a particular favourite. In his Monmouth Town Sketch Book, he recalls a visit in 1947, when he encountered "the last of the Monmouth 'cards'".

Hando's Pictorial Guide to the Wye Valley and the Forest of Dean is the only one of his books which took the form of a conventional travel guide, as opposed to a collection of articles.

Legacy
After his death the Monmouthshire Local History Council set up several "Hando seats" at viewpoints in the county that he had considered to be particularly fine. Funded by public subscription, the seats were located in Dixton churchyard; at Llandegfedd Reservoir; on Lawrence Hill, Newport; at the top of the Wyndcliff, St. Arvans; and near Keeper's Pond on the Blorenge near Blaenavon. Nearly 50 years after his death, Hando and his work are still cited in 21st century controversies. His detailed chronicling of the county's history was referenced in the debate on the construction of an extension of the M4 motorway across the Gwent Levels; and the late Paul Flynn, former member of parliament for Newport West, recalled the "halcyon days" of Hando's columns in a discussion about declining journalistic standards at the South Wales Argus.

From November 2007, the South Wales Argus re-published his weekly "Rambles in Gwent" column, giving readers the opportunity to again enjoy his material which captured, as Argus editor Kenneth Loveland described it, "The shy beauty of this delectable county".

Family
His daughter, Margaret, was born in April 1916. She graduated from St Anne's College, Oxford, and later married Charles Smith, later Delacourt-Smith, in 1939.  Her husband became a Labour MP in 1945 and later a Government minister, and was ennobled in 1967.  She was a councillor and Justice of the Peace in Windsor in the 1960s. After her husband's death, she was herself raised to the peerage in 1974 as Baroness Margaret Delacourt-Smith of Alteryn.  She remarried in 1978 and died in 2010 at the age of 94. Margaret's brother, from Hando's first marriage, to Alice, was John.

Hando also had a son, Robert, from his second marriage.

Bibliography

Books by Fred Hando
(all published by R. H. Johns, Newport)
 Rambles in Gwent (1924)
 The Pleasant Land of Gwent (1944) With an introduction by Arthur Machen. (including limited Deluxe Edition of 220 copies, signed by the author)
 Journeys in Gwent (1951) (including limited Deluxe Edition of 350 copies, signed by the author), OCLC 754992827
 Pictorial Guide to the Wye Valley and the Royal Forest of Dean (1952), (Edited by W. A. Stoker)
 Monmouthshire Sketch Book (1954)
 Out and About in Monmouthshire (1958)
 Monmouth Town (1964)
 Here and There in Monmouthshire (1964)

Collections and appreciations
Collections of Hando's articles, edited by Chris Barber:
 Hando's Gwent (1987)
 Hando's Gwent Volume 2 (1989)

An appreciation of Hando's work, Fred J Hando, A Proud Son of Gwent (), including some of his writings and drawings, was published by his relative David Hando in 2014.

Footnotes


Dahgawan

Dahgawan (Hindi: दहगवां) is a Block and a nagar panchayat in Dahgawan block, Badaun District in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. 0179 is the block number of Dahgavan. It is located  away from Budaun railway station.


Ahnenpass

The Ahnenpaß (literally, "ancestor pass") documented the Aryan lineage of citizens of Nazi Germany. It was one of the forms of the Aryan certificate (Ariernachweis) and issued by the "Reich Association of Marriage Registrars in Germany" (Reichsverband der Standesbeamten in Deutschland e. V.).

The term Aryan in this context was used in a sense widely accepted in scientific racism of the time, which assumed a Caucasian race which was sub-divided into Semitic, Hamitic and Aryan (Japhetic) subraces, the latter corresponding to the Indo-European language family; the Nazi ideology limited the category Aryan to certain subgroups, while excluding Slavs as non-Aryan. Nevertheless, the de facto primary objective was to create extensive profiling based on racial data.

The investigation for lineage was not obligatory as it was a major undertaking to research the original documents for birth and marriage. Many Nazi followers had already begun to research their lineage even before law required it (soon after the NSDAP took power on 30 January 1933).

One important law which was issued on 7 April 1933 (after the Nazi assumption of power) was called the Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service, and it required all public servants to be of Aryan descent. The law, however, did not define the term "Aryan" and a subsequent regulation was issued on 11 April as the first legal attempt by the Third Reich to define who was, and who was not, a Jew. Germans aspiring for the document had to prove they were of Aryan descent. The Ahnenpass could be given out to citizens of other countries, under the condition that they were of "German blood" and it itself stated that Aryans could be located "wherever they might live in the world"    The Reich Legislative Gazette, i.e. the official Reichsgesetzblatt, did not use the phrase "of German blood", but instead used the terminology "German or racially related blood".

Those Poles, Czechs and others from  German minorities who held citizenship of other countries were also known as Volksdeutsche. Ethnic (non-German) Poles, Czechs and other Slavs weren't considered Aryans by Nazi Germany A definition of Aryan that included all non-Jewish Europeans was deemed unacceptable by Nazis, and Expert Advisor for Population and Racial Policy included a definition defining Aryan as someone who is "tribally" related to "German blood"

The implementing decree followed the pre-Nazi trend found in the Aryan Paragraph and read in pertinent part that:

The applicable fields were later enlarged under different laws to include lawyers, teachers, medical doctors and finally requiring a proven Aryan lineage even to attend high school or to get married. Usually, the lineage was investigated two generations back.  The Ahnenpass cost 0.6 Reichsmarks.

The Ahnenpass was not public record; the document was shown where required and returned to the bearer.

As a result, genealogical research particularly flourished in Germany during the Third Reich.  Opposition clergy helped many racially persecuted individuals by providing them with fake passports as a personal document necessary for survival.


Charles Hallam

Charles Hallam (17 January 1902 – 20 March 1970) was an English footballer who played in the Football League for Crystal Palace, Port Vale and Stoke.

Playing career
Hallam played for Sandford Hill Primitives, before joining Port Vale in September 1922. His only appearance was at inside-left in a goalless draw with Rotherham County at The Old Recreation Ground on 25 November 1922. He was released in August 1923 and moved on to Sandbach Ramblers. Hallam then joined Stoke in September 1924 and played 19 Second Division games in 1924–25, scoring twice against Blackpool and Stockport County. He played six times in each of the next two seasons and helped Stoke to win the Third Division North title in 1926–27. He then moved on to Crystal Palace, scoring in both of his two appearances, and later played for non-league sides Stafford Rangers and Hednesford Town.

Statistics
Source:

Honours
Stoke City
Football League Third Division North champion: 1926–27


Zähmet Stadium

Zähmet Stadium is a stadium in Türkmenabat, Turkmenistan. It is currently used mostly for football matches. It has a capacity of 10,000 people.


Cyprian Bamwoze

Cyprian Bamwoze was the inaugural Bishop of Busoga in Uganda.

Bamwoze was educated at the Uganda Christian University. He was ordained  in 1964. He served in the Diocese of Namirembe until 1972 and his appointment as bishop.

He died on 11 February 2019.


Arlington Park (Birmingham, Alabama)

Arlington Park in Birmingham, Alabama, also known as Arlington-West End Historic District, is a historic district which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1926.  The listing included 68 contributing buildings on about .  The contributing buildings were all built during 1920 to 1929.

The district is L-shaped and includes 800-840 First St. W., 815-909 Second St. W. and 100-269 Munger Ave. It is adjacent to Birmingham's only antebellum farmhouse, the Mudd-Munger House, also known as "Arlington", and is on lands formerly part of that farm/estate.  It is bounded "on the southeast by the tracks of the Southern (now Norfolk-Southern) Railroad, on the west by Fourth Street (earlier Montevallo Road), on the north by Cotton Avenue, and on the east by the alley between First and Center Streets West. Interior boundaries are formed by McMillon Avenue and Second Street that border the Arlington House's grounds."

It includes a work by architects Miller, Martin & Lewis, the Munger-Barr House, at 815 Second Street, built in 1920.  It is a two-and-a-halfstorey English or Tudor-influenced house, butilt for Robley Charles Munger.

It includes a stucco-over-concrete block house built as a demonstration house by the Lehigh Portland Cement Company.


Gordon Campbell (scholar)

Gordon Campbell (born 1944) is a professor of Renaissance Studies at the University of Leicester known for his work on Milton and on the King James Bible.  Campbell is one of the "world's leading authorities on the King James Bible."

Campbell on Milton
The Guardian called Campbell's book on Milton the "definitive biography" of our era.

Books
  Bible: the Story of the King James Version 1611-2011 (Oxford University Press, 2010)

Media
 Oxford University Press; Gordon Campbell - Bible: The Story of King James Version, 1611-2011
  Bible Society Australia; Interview with Gordon Campbell


Mathías Olivera

Mathías Olivera Miramontes (born 31 October 1997) is an Uruguayan footballer who plays as a left back for Spanish club Getafe CF.

Club career

Uruguay
Born in Montevideo, Olivera was a Nacional youth graduate. After progressing through the youth setup, he made his first team – and Primera División – debut on 13 February 2016, starting and being booked in a 3–0 away win against River Plate.

Olivera appeared in only one further match for the club, a 0–2 loss at Plaza Colonia on 29 February 2016. In December of that year, he was bought outright by his agent Daniel Fonseca and assigned to Atenas de San Carlos in Segunda División.

In July 2017, Oliveira passed a medical at Galatasaray SK, but eventually did not sign a contract and subsequently returned to Uruguay.

Getafe
On 14 August 2017, Olivera signed a six-year deal with La Liga club Getafe CF. He scored his first goal for the club the following 21 April, netting the game's only in an away defeat of SD Eibar. He was sent off and his football license was taken away after breaking a defender’s leg. He was also fined €500,000


Turbonilla nodulyrata

Turbonilla nodulyrata is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies.

Description
The shell grows to a length of 3.2 mm.

Distribution
This species occurs in the Pacific Ocean off the Solomons.


Khawlah bint al-Azwar

Khawlah bint al-Azwar (Arabic خولة بنت الأزور) was a Muslim warrior during the life of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and later a military leader. She has been described as one of the greatest female military leaders in history and was once compared with Khalid Bin Walid by the opponents in the battlefield. She was the sister of Dhiraar bin Al-Azwar, the soldier and commander of the Rashidun army during the 7th century Muslim conquest. Born sometime in the seventh century, daughter of Malik or Taken bin Awake, one of  the  chiefs of the Banu Assad tribe, Khawlah was well known for her leadership in battles of the Muslim conquests in parts of what are today Syria, Jordan, and Palestine. She fought side by side with her brother Dhirrar in many battles, including the decisive Battle of Yarmouk in 636 against the Byzantine empire. On the 4th day of the battle she led a group of women against the Byzantine army and defeated its chief commander and later was wounded during her fight with a Greek soldier.

History

Early life

Born sometime in the seventh century in Arabia (modern-day Saudi Arabia), Khawlah was the daughter of one of the chiefs of Bani Assad tribe. Her family was among the first converts to Islam. Her father's name was either Malik or Tareq Bin Awse; he was also known as al-Azwar.

Siege of Damascus

Her talent first appeared during the Battle of Sanita-al-Uqab in 634, fought during the Siege of Damascus, in which her brother Zirrar (or Deraar) was leading the Muslim forces and was wounded and taken prisoner by the Byzantine army. Khalid ibn Walid took his mobile guard to rescue him. Khawlah accompanied the army and rushed on the Byzantine rearguard all alone. In her armor and typical loose dress of Arabian warriors she was not recognized as a woman, until she was asked by Khalid about her identity.

In the Battle of Adnajin, Khawlah had accompanied the Muslim forces to provide medical attention to wounded soldiers. After her brother Diraar was captured by the Byzantine forces, Khawlah took a knight's armor, weapons, and mare, wrapping herself in a green shawl. She fought the Byzantine battalion, who were attacking Muslim soldiers. Khalid bin Walid, the leader of the Muslim forces, ordered the soldiers to charge the Byzantine. Many of the Muslim soldiers thought that Khawlah was Khalid until Khalid appeared. The Muslims defeated the Byzantines, who fled the battlefield. When Khalid found Khawlah, she was covered in blood. He asked her to remove her veil. After refusing several times, Khawlah revealed her identity. Khalid ordered his army to chase the fleeing Byzantines, with Khawlah leading the attack. After a search, the Muslim prisoners were found and freed.
One of the Rashidun army commanders, Shurahbil ibn Hassana, is reported to have said about her that:

Other campaigns
In another battle, Khawlah was captured after falling from her horse. After being taken to a camp with other women prisoners, Khawlah was to be taken to the leader's tent as he intended to rape her. Instead, Khawlah roused the other prisoners, who used the tent poles as weapons and attacked the Byzantine guards. According to Al Waqidi, they managed to kill thirty Byzantine knights with Khawlah taking credit for five, including the Byzantine who insulted her.

Modern References
Many streets and schools in her native home land, Saudi Arabia, are named after her. Jordan issued a stamp in her honor as part of the "Arab Women in History." Many Arab cities have schools and institutions carrying the name of Khawla Bint al-Azwar. Today, an Iraqi all-women military unit is named the Khawlah bint al-Azwar unit in Khawlah's honor. In the United Arab Emirates, the first military college for women, Khawlah bint Al Azwar Training College, is also named for her.


Pierre Baratin

Pierre Baratin (7 September 1920 – 23 May 1995) was a French racing cyclist. He rode in the 1948 Tour de France.


Samiu Mohi

Samiu Mohi (born circa 1962) is a Tongan former rugby union player. He played as centre.

Career
Mohi's first test cap for Tonga was on 12 June 1986, against Wales, in Nuku'alofa. He was also part of the 1987 Rugby World Cup Tonga squad, where he played all the three pool matches, with his last test cap being against Ireland, on 3 June 1987, in Ballymore.


Armada Music

Armada Music is a Dutch independent record label that specialises in releasing electronic music. The name Armada derives from the first two letters of the founders' first names: Armin van Buuren, Maykel Piron and David Lewis.

As of December 2015, the label had won the "Best Global Record Label" award for five years in a row at the International Dance Music Awards (IDMA's). Armada received two nominations at the 2014 IDMAs. The Academy of Electronic Music, a joint venture between Armada, Google, Point Blank, and DJ Mag, was the recipient of the 'People's Voice Award' at the 2014 Webby Awards. In 2016, Armada Music was one of the 21 labels nominated for the IMPALA FIVEUNDERFIFTEEN campaign shining a light on Europe's most inspiring young labels. The label received the IMPALA Young Label Spotlight Award.

Sublabels

 Armada Captivating
 Armada Chill
 Armada Deep
 Armada Electronic Elements
 Armada Subjekt
 Armada Trice
 Armind
 A State of Trance
 Darklight Recordings
 Days Like Nights
 Delecta Records
 #DLDKMusic (Don't Let Daddy Know Music)
 Found Frequencies
 Garuda Music
 inHarmony Music
 In My Opinion
 Interplay Records
 KMS Records
 Maktub Music Records
 Modena Records
 Pilot6 Recordings
 Rave Culture
 Reaching Altitude
 Sono Music
 Statement! Recordings
 The Bearded Man
 Who's Afraif Of 138?!
 Yellow Productions

Former sublabels

 2-Dutch Records
 6K Music
 68 Recordings
 Aerys Records
 Alteza Records
 Armada North America
 Armada Various
 Armada Zouk
 Aropa Records
 AVA Recordings
 AVA Blue
 Bambossa Records
 Bandung
 Bits And Pieces
 Black Book Audio
 Black Sunset Music
 Brobot Records
 Buygore
 Captivating Sounds
 Club Elite
 Coldharbour Recordings
 Coldharbour Red
 Cryon Recordings
 Cyber Records
 Danse Club Records
 Denis Kenzo Recordings
 Different Pieces
 Eclypse Records
 Electronic Elements
 Energetic Sounds
 Fame Recordings
 Fine Human Records
 FSOE (Future Sound of Egypt) Recordings
 FSOE (Future Sound of Egypt) Excelsior
 Gangsta Audio
 Geousus Records
 Goldkid Records
 #Goldrush Recordings
 Got Me Baby! Records
 Ignite Recordings
 IHU Records
 Jee Productions
 JUMMP Records
 KLASH Records
 Intuition Deep
 Intuition Recordings
 M Recordings
 Magic Island Records
 Mainstage Music
 Morrison Recordings
 No Art
 NoFace Records
 Organized Nature
 Perfecto Records
 Perfecto Black
 Planet Love Classics
 Planet Love Records
 Plus 39 Group
 Re*Brand
 Release Records
 S107 Recordings
 Showland Records
 Skink Records
 Sondos
 Soundpiercing
 State Recordings
 Stealth Records
 Stoney Boy Music
 Subculture
 Subjekt Recordings
 Subliminal Records
 Top Flite Records
 Trice Recordings
 Undr The Radr
 Vaypor
 Wake Your Mind Recordings
 Waxbox
 WOLV
 Vandit Records
 Wall Recordings
 Zouk Recordings

Signed artists
Artists currently signed by Armada Music include:

 Afrojack
 Alexander Popov
 Allen Watts
 Alpha 9
 Andrew Rayel
 Armin van Buuren
 Arston
 Arty
 Ashley Wallbridge
 Atfc
 Ben Gold
 Bob Sinclar
 Carl Nunes
 Cedric Gervais
 Chicane
 Chris Schweizer
 Dash Berlin
 Dave Winnel
 Davey Asprey
 David Gravell
 De Hofnar
 Dennis Kruissen
 DubVision
 Eelke Kleijn
 Erick Morillo
 Estiva
 Fatum
 Fedde le Grand
 Feenixpawl
 Felon
 Firebeatz
 First State
 Francisco Allendes
 Frank Pole
 Gareth Emery
 Goldfish
 Harry Romero
 Heatbeat
 Husman
 Jan Blomqvist
 Jeremy Vancaulart
 Jerome Isma-Ae
 Jorn van Deynhoven
 Junior Sanchez
 Kevin Saunderson
 KhoMha
 Kokirl
 Lost Frequencies
 Loud Luxury
 Low Steppa
 Luke Bond
 Luminn
 Maor Levi
 Marco Lys
 Mark Sixma
 MaRLo
 Mokita
 Morgan Page
 Omnia
 Orjan Nilsen
 Protoculture
 Radion6
 Rai
 Remy Unger
 Rodg
 Roger Sanchez
 Ruben de Ronde
 Sander Kleinenberg
 Sean Sines
 Sem Vox
 Sonny Bass
 Standerwick
 Stereoclip
 Sultan & Shepard
 Sunnery James & Ryan Marciano
 Super8 & Tab
 Swanky Tunes
 Thomas Gold
 Vigel
 Vini Vici
 W&W

Other artists
Note: These are artists who have released tracks through the label, including artists that were previously signed by the label.

 3LAU
 Alex M.O.R.P.H.
 Alok
 Aly & Fila
 Andy Moor
 Antillas
 ATB
 Audien
 Avicii
 Bassjackers
 Borgore
 Brodanse
 BT
 Chico Rose (a.k.a. Ravitez)
 Coone
 Cosmic Gate
 Dillon Francis
 DIMMI
 Dimitri Vegas & Like Mike
 Disfunktion
 Drianu
 Hardwell
 JETFIRE
 Jewelz & Sparks
 John O'Callaghan
 Juicy M
 Kenneth G
 KRONO
 Laurent Wolf
 Maison & Dragen
 Mastrovita
 MATTN
 Markus Schulz
 Marshroom
 Maurice West
 Max Graham
 Max Vangeli
 Mischa Daniels
 Mordkey
 Möwe
 Nato Medrado
 NERVO
 Nicolas Haelg
 Paul Oakenfold
 Paul Van Dyk
 Pelari
 Planet Of Sound
 Pretty Pink
 Robert Nickson
 Roger Shah
 Funk Machine
 Sandro Silva
 Scooter
 Shapov
 Shogun
 Sick Individuals
 Sunlounger
 Third Party
 Tim Berg
 Tom Fall
 Twopauz
 Ummet Ozcan


1st Oklahoma Legislature

The First Oklahoma Legislature was the first meeting of the legislative branch of the government of Oklahoma, composed of the Oklahoma Senate and the Oklahoma House of Representatives. The meeting took place from December 2, 1907, to May 26, 1908, in the Guthrie City Hall Building during the first year of the only term of Governor Charles Haskell.

Both houses of the state legislature had large Democratic majorities. William H. Murray, who had served as the president of the state constitutional convention, was elected by his colleagues as the first Speaker of the Oklahoma House of Representatives. Henry S. Johnston, who had served as the presiding officer of the state constitutional convention, was elected to serve as the first President pro tempore of the Oklahoma Senate.

Dates of session
Regular session: December 2, 1907 – May 26, 1908
Next: 2nd Legislature

Major legislation
Prohibition - State Senator Richard Billups authored legislation to prohibit the manufacture, transportation and possession of liquor. The bill was amended by William H. Murray to allow state liquor dispensaries for medicinal and scientific purposes. It was signed by the governor on March 24, 1908.

Party composition

Senate

House of Representatives

Leadership

Senate
With the Democratic caucus controlling the Oklahoma Senate, Henry S. Johnston of Perry, Oklahoma, was selected to serve as the first President pro tempore of the Oklahoma Senate. Johnston had served as the presiding officer of the state constitutional convention. Lieutenant Governor George W. Bellamy served as the President of the Senate, which gave him a tie-breaking vote and allowed him to serve as a presiding officer.

House
After much deliberation over who would serve as Speaker of the Oklahoma House of Representatives, the Democratic caucus chose William H. Murray of Tishomingo, Oklahoma, a former Chickasaw Nation representative and the president of the state constitutional convention. Sworn into office on November 16, 1907, Murray pushed for legislation to curb business excesses and support agriculture during his single term as speaker. State Representative A. H. Ellis, of Garfield County, Oklahoma, was elected by his peers to serve as speaker pro tempore.

Staff
Charles H. Pittman served as the first chief clerk of the Oklahoma House of Representatives.

Members

Senate

Table based on cross-references of three sources.

House of Representatives

Table based on government database.


Ectenessa fenestrata

Ectenessa fenestrata is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Gounelle in 1909.


Hartschier

Hartschiere (singular form: Hartschier) were predominantly members of the Bavarian residence guards before 1918, a historic military branch of the former
Duchy and the later Electorate and at last Kingdom of Bavaria.

History
According to Meyers Konversations-Lexikon, the Germanized word Hartschier originally derived from the Italian word arciere for archer, but it might also be possible that it has Spanish roots, because the Bavarian Duke William IV received a Spanish archer company () of Charles I of Spain and added Bavarian court bodyguards with notable roots in the deep Middle Ages. On April 13, 1669, Ferdinand Maria transformed this unit to the Hartschier-Garde. The name of the former Austrian  equivalent, the k.u.k. Arcièren-Leibgarde, is similar-sounding.

The Bavarian palace guard troop, later called Königlich-Bayerische Leibgarde der Hartschier (L.G.H.), In addition to the Hartschiere, the kings of Bavaria had a royal house regiment from the end of the Napoleonic Wars until the fall of the kingdom after World War I, the so-called Infantry Lifeguards Regiment.

Entrance to this Guard was only possible for soldiers of impeccable character and conduct. The commander of the Hartschier troop had the title Generalkapitän (see also Captain General), associated with the highest class ranking in the Hofrangordnung (court order of precedence). He was appointed personally by the king.

In 1852 the Hartschiere got new uniforms with white supra vests over their jackets and helmets instead of the former caps, made of nickeled tin and gilded cast brass. The golden helmet plate showed the royal coats of arms and on top of the helmet was a standing golden lion figure. The helmet was worn with the lion for normal service, which was replaced by a white horsehair plume on full dress occasions. Older helmets had obviously two-headed eagle figures on top instead of the lion. The embroidered patch on the chest of the Hartschiere showed a large version of the Order of Saint Hubertus (Hubertusorden) with its motto "in trau vast" (means: be firm in fidelity). The Hartschiere were armed with épées and the halberd-like "couse".

On the occasion of the 200th anniversary a commemorative medal (2 Ducats) with a portrait of Ludwig II of Bavaria was given out in 1869.

Notable members
 Maximilian Graf Seyssel d’Aix, Generalkapitän from 1837 to 1845
 Christian Frhr. von Zweibrücken, Generalkapitän
 Leonhard Frhr. von Hohenhausen, Generalkapitän after 1861
 Siegmund von Pranckh, Generalkapitän after 1876
 Maximilian Graf von Verri della Bosia, Generalkapitän
 Felix Graf von Bothmer, last Generalkapitän from 1909 to 1918


Ángel Guirado

Ángel Guirado Aldeguer (born 9 December 1984) is a Filipino professional footballer who plays for Gibraltar National League club St Joseph's as a right winger or a striker.

His professional career in Spain consisted of ten Segunda División matches for Córdoba and Vecindario. He went on to appear for teams in the Philippines, India, Thailand, Iceland, Gibraltar, Italy and Malaysia.

Guirado represented the Philippines at international level.

Club career
Born in Málaga, Andalusia, Guirado was an unsuccessful youth graduate at hometown club Málaga CF, going to play for two other clubs before completing his formation. He started his senior career in 2003 with CE Mataró (preseason games only), moving to Catalonia neighbours CE Manresa in Tercera División shortly after and returning to his native region after the year was over, signing for Córdoba CF in Segunda División; during his spell in that tier he appeared in only nine games (out of 42) as the 2004–05 season ended in relegation, and represented mainly the B-side in both the fourth division and the regional leagues.

Following a brief loan spell with Atlético Madrid B in Segunda División B, Guirado joined Deportivo de La Coruña for €50.000, but only appeared officially for the reserves, also being loaned twice during the 2006–07 campaign, playing a combined 17 games for UD Vecindario (second level) and CD Lugo (third). He spent the following three seasons in division three with as many teams, being relegated twice.

In early October 2010, Guirado signed for fourth-tier club CD Ronda. However, in the summer of 2011, he decided not to renew his contract in order to explore other possibilities, with scouts from China, Indonesia, Japan and the United Arab Emirates following his progress.

On 13 August 2011, Guirado signed a deal with Global Cebu F.C. in the Philippines. He was sent off in his first match against Philippine Army FC, and scored his first goal on 30 January 2012 in a 5–1 win over Manila Nomads FC.

On 17 August 2012, Guirado signed a one-year contract with I-League side Salgaocar FC. Before the end of the year the club terminated his contract, citing poor performances and prolonged absence due to national team duty. In total he made a combined eight appearances and scored three goals, between the league and the Federation Cup.

In January 2015, Guirado joined Udon Thani F.C. in the Thai Regional League Division 2. Seven months later, he signed for Icelandic club Knattspyrnudeild UMFG.

In late January 2017, Guirado moved to Italian amateur football with A.C. Palazzolo. In May of the following year, he joined Malaysia Super League side Negeri Sembilan FA.

International career
On 26 February 2011, it was reported that Guirado would join the Philippines national team due to his ancestry. He made his debut in the 1–1 draw against Myanmar on 21 March, in the 2012 AFC Challenge Cup qualification tournament.

On his third appearance, for the same competition, Guirado scored two goals in the second half of the 3–0 away win against Bangladesh. In November 2017, after a four-year absence, he was recalled to the national team and included in the squad for the 2017 CTFA International Tournament in Taiwan, netting once in the 3–1 victory over Laos.

International goals
 (Philippines score listed first, score column indicates score after each Guirado goal)

Personal life
Born to a Filipina mother who hailed from Ilagan, Isabela, Guirado started playing football when he was six years old. He was a cousin of Caloy Garcia, a Filipino basketball assistant coach (including with the Rain or Shine Elasto Painters in the Philippine Basketball Association), and was also a distant uncle of ABS-CBN star model and actress Coleen Garcia.

Guirado's older brother, Juan Luis, was also a footballer. A defender, he spent most of his career in amateur football, appearing in 104 games in the third division for six teams, and also represented the Philippines internationally.

Honours

Club
Global
UFL Division 1: 2012

International
Philippines
Philippine Peace Cup: 2013
AFC Challenge Cup: Third place 2012


Gozi

Gozi is a town in the Niaogho Department of Boulgou Province in south-eastern Burkina Faso. As of 2005, the town has a population of 1,025.


Edgar Sidney Clinch

Edgar Sidney Clinch (1866 – 1937) was a farmer, grain dealer, rancher and political figure in Saskatchewan. He represented Shellbrook in the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan from 1915 to 1934 as a Liberal.

He was born in Anoka, Minnesota, the son of Edward Stanley Clinch and Anna Brockway, and was educated there. He worked as superintendent for logging operations in Minnesota and then, after coming to Canada in 1906, in northern Saskatchewan. He married Scleda Burnham Sproul. Clinch served as president of the Shellbrook Agricultural Association. He was first elected to the provincial assembly in a 1915 by-election held after Samuel James Donaldson ran for a seat in the Canadian House of Commons.


Adam Crooks (activist)

Rev. Adam Crooks (May 3, 1824 – December 15, 1874) was a Wesleyan Methodist minister who promoted total abstinence from alcohol and the abolition of slavery.

"If Orange Scott can be called the founder of the Wesleyan Methodist Connection, Adam Crooks would have to be named its perpetrator."

"Duty Respecting the Temperance Movement"
Rev. Crooks wrote, "Not enough that we do our neighbor no harm. Not enough that we do him all the good we can personally. We may not innocently stand by and permit the infliction of injuries by others.
These principles are fundamental to the social compact; and applied to the subject of Temperance, they(1.) Forbid all agency, direct and/or indirect, in the manufacture, sale, purchase, or use of intoxicating liquors, as a beverage.(2.) Require that we should do our utmost to influence all others to practice habits of strictest temperance.(3.) That, by forces, both moral and legal, we prevent all others from the worse than murderous traffic in liquors that can intoxicate."

Freedom's Hill Church
"In October of 1847, a Wesleyan Methodist Minister, who loved God and hated slavery accepted a call to pastor a new congregation of Southern Christians who had taken the same courageous stand in the turbulent years before the Civil War. Unwilling to wait for better weather in the spring, they broke ground during the winter months of 1847-48." "He arrived in North Carolina in October of 1847 and began an evangelistic and church organizing ministry ... A log church was built that first winter nearby in Alamance County, called 'Freedom's Hill' (although opponents nicknamed it 'Free Nigger Hill')." "Freedom's Hill Church" was the first Wesleyan Methodist church built in the South. It has been renovated, and relocated to the Southern Wesleyan University campus.

"By the end of Crook's first year, he had established eight congregations in North Carolina and Virginia, with a total of 140 members."

External links
 Life of Rev. A. Crooks (HTML)
 Life of Rev. A. Crooks (DjVu, PDF,  TXT, FlipBook)
 Freedom's Hill Church


Colonial Pipeline

Colonial Pipeline, headquartered in Alpharetta, Georgia,  "is the largest U.S. refined products pipeline system and can carry more than 3 million barrels of gasoline, diesel and jet fuel between the U.S. Gulf Coast and the New York Harbor area."  The company was founded in 1961 and construction of the pipeline began in 1962. The pipeline is 5,500-miles (8,850-km) long.

Colonial had seven spills in four years in the late 20th century, three of which (1996 to 1999) caused significant environmental damage to waterways in the Southeast. The Environmental Protection Agency alleged these were the result of gross negligence, and in 2000 filed a complaint for violations of the Clean Water Act against Colonial. They reached a settlement in 2003 which included a civil penalty to Colonial of $34 million. The settlement was governed by a consent decree by which Colonial would upgrade environmental protections, at a cost of $30 million.

Background

Colonial consists of more than 5,500 mi (8,900 km) of pipeline, originating at Houston, Texas, on the Gulf Coast and terminating at the Port of New York and New Jersey.  The pipeline travels through the coastal states of Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey. Branches from the main pipeline also reach Tennessee. It delivers a daily average of 100×106 (100,000,000) US gallons (3.8×108 L) of gasoline, home heating oil, aviation fuel and other refined petroleum products to communities and businesses throughout the South and Eastern United States.

The main lines are  and  in diameter, with one primarily devoted to gasoline and the other carrying distillate products such as jet fuel, Diesel fuel, and home heating oil. The pipeline connects directly to major airports along the system. Fifteen associated tank farms store more than  of fuel and provide a 45-day supply for local communities.

Products move through the main lines at a rate of about . It generally takes from 14 to 24 days for a batch to get from Houston, Texas to the New York harbor, with 18.5 days the average time.

Colonial Pipeline's owners include Koch Industries (a.k.a. Koch Capital Investments Company LLC, 28.09% stake ownership), South Korea's National Pension Service and Kohlberg Kravis Roberts (a.k.a. Keats Pipeline Investors LP, 23.44% stake ownership), Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec (16.55% stake ownership via CDPQ Colonial Partners LP), Royal Dutch Shell (a.k.a. Shell Pipeline Company LP, 16.12% stake ownership), and Industry Funds Management (a.k.a. IFM (US) Colonial Pipeline 2 LLC, 15.80% stake ownership).

History and timeline

Eight major oil companies began discussing a Gulf Coast-to-East Coast pipeline in 1956. On June 7, 1961, Sinclair Pipeline Co., Texaco Inc., Gulf Oil Co., American Oil Co., The Pure Oil Co., Phillips Petroleum Co., The Cities Service Co. and Continental Oil Co. filed incorporation papers in Delaware to establish Suwannee Pipe Line Company "for the purpose of building a 22-inch line from Houston to the Baltimore-Washington area capable of delivering 300,000 barrels of refined products a day." Construction of Colonial Pipeline's original system started in 1961.

1962
In February 1962, the board of the Suwannee Pipe Line Company met to rename the company. It chose Colonial Pipeline Company to reflect the number of Colonial America states the proposed pipeline would traverse from Houston, Texas to New York harbor. Mobil joined the other eight companies in 1962.
On March 6, 1962, Colonial Pipeline Company formally announced its plans. A press release stated, the nine companies "launched the largest single, privately financed construction project in the history of the United States." The initial investment by the nine companies approached $370 million. R.J. Andress was named President of the newly formed company.

Constructing the Colonial Pipeline required 600,000 tons of steel; and trenching 16.7 million cubic yards of earth to bury the pipeline. It initially included 27 pumping stations to move refined product between Houston, Texas and Linden, New Jersey.

A ceremonial ground-breaking near Atlanta, the pipeline's eventual headquarters, on June 20, 1962, was attended by U.S. Commerce Secretary Luther Hodges and company, city and state officials.
On July 2, 1962, Colonial Pipeline Company solicited bids from contractors to build 15 segments of the pipeline's mainline. Each segment averaged 100 miles and 200-300 workers. Work progressed at roughly one mile per day for each of the segments. The first lengths of pipe were delivered by rail, barge, and on specially constructed trailers to handle 80-foot double joints on the road. Construction started on August 1, 1962, in Mississippi.

In December 1962, Ben "Tex" Leuty was named president of Colonial Pipeline Company. He had earlier served as vice president and general manager overseeing construction of the pipeline.

1963
Engineers faced many challenges in constructing the pipeline. Chief among these was designing and constructing valves capable of opening and closing 2-ton steel gates in a timely manner to prevent the intermingling of different products. Electric motors took 3 minutes to close the massive gates; this allowed 2,400 barrels of product to intermix, rendering the product unusable. To reduce this intermixing, Colonial engineers designed a hydraulic system which reduced the intermixing (and loss) to 120 barrels as changes were made in products shipped.

The first "linefill" of Colonial began the morning of September 16, 1963 in Houston. It was shut down that day, because of forecasts of a developing major storm. Two days later Hurricane Cindy (1963) struck the Gulf Coast. Product reached Greensboro, North Carolina for the first time in November 1963. Over the next several months, product was delivered to markets farther north in the Southeast and Mid-Atlantic states.

1964
On April 27, 1964, the first batch of refined product was delivered to the Roanoke, Virginia area. On June 2, 1964, Colonial made its first delivery to the Baltimore, Maryland – Washington, D.C. area. On December 1, 1964 mainline construction of the Colonial Pipeline was completed, and the Linden Junction Tank Farm and Delivery Facility in New Jersey was activated. The Colonial Pipeline system was fully operational on December 18, 1964.

1965
The Colonial system averaged a throughput of 636,553 barrels of refined product a day in 1965, its first full year of operation.

Fred Steingraber was elected president of Colonial Pipeline Company on July 26, 1965, taking control in October.

1966
By February 1966, Colonial was averaging a daily throughput of 776,883 barrels of refined product each day, surpassing the 600,000 barrel per day estimated when construction began just a few years before. In May 1966, Colonial began phase one of an expansion project to add 18 intermediate booster stations to add horsepower to the system. This resulted in increasing product flow through the mainline between Selma, North Carolina and Greensboro, North Carolina. The Colonial pipeline board of directors approved phase 2 and 3 of its early expansion projects to increase capacity on its mainline to 1 million barrels per day.

1967
Phase two of the expansion was completed in November 1967, adding additional pump units and a new stubline from Mitchell, Virginia to Roanoke, Virginia.

1971
"Looping", or adding a second line parallel to the first, began in 1971. This construction continued through 1980, essentially doubling the capacity of the pipeline system. The second line was staffed by 593 employees.

1972
Colonial's average throughput increased to an average of 1,584,000 barrels per day.
Colonial's ownership increases to 10 shareholders that included: Atlantic Richfield Company; BP Oil Company; Cities Service Company; Continental Pipe Line Company; Mobil Pipe Line Company; Phillips Investment Company; Texaco, Inc.; The American Oil Company; The Toronto Pipe Line Company and Union Oil Company.

1975
Colonial Pipeline Company named Tom Chilton as President and CEO.

1977
Colonial Pipeline announced the construction of a 40-inch loop line from Atlanta, Georgia to Greensboro, North Carolina, and a 16-inch lateral loop between Greensboro, North Carolina and Selma, North Carolina. These improvements were estimated to increase system capacity by nearly 20 percent to two million barrels per day.

1978
On November 3, 1978, the new 40-inch line from Atlanta, Georgia to Greensboro, North Carolina was placed into service. Colonial became the first company to equip gasoline storage tanks with geodesic domes. Colonial updated its Atlanta control center with a new generation of its computerized SCADA system.

1980
A three expansion project totaling $670 million nears completion. The Colonial Pipeline system capacity was 83 percent more than when the system first opened in 1964.

1984
Colonial begins deliveries to Department of Defense, Defense Fuel Supply Command (DFSC).

1985
Colonial begins using caliper and magnetic pigs to detect anomalies in its pipeline system.

1987
Donald Brinkley is named president and CEO of Colonial Pipeline Company. Colonial Pipeline Company celebrated its 25th anniversary, serving 79 shipper companies and 67 suppliers.

1988
Colonial's annual throughput reaches 635.6 million barrels. In September 1988, Colonial replaced 7,700 feet of mainline pipe across the Delaware River at a cost of $10 million.

1990
Colonial's annual throughput hits 667.8 million barrels, a record volume for the company.

1991
Colonial Pipeline Company moves its corporate headquarters in Atlanta from Lenox Towers to Resurgens Plaza.

1992
Colonial's annual throughput reaches 676.2 million barrels. Colonial completes 4,000 miles of pipeline inspections with caliper pigs and corrosion inspections on 3,000 miles of pipe with magnetic pigs.

1996
Colonial introduces elastic-wave pigs to inspect and detect microscopic cracks in the pipeline walls.

1997
On March 26, 1997, Colonial Pipeline Company is one of ten companies recognized for quality service by the Department of Defense, Military Traffic Management Command. Colonial president and CEO Donald Brinkley retires, David Lemmon named president and CEO.

1998
Colonial replaces Pipeline Instruction and Proficiency Examination with a computer-based training program for operations and environmental field staff. Colonial expands crack-pig internal inspection program, a key element of system integrity.

1999
As a precautionary measure, on December 31, 1999, Colonial Pipeline shut down operations for a few hours before and after midnight to prevent any Y2K-related power outages.

2000
Colonial announces plans to increase pump power on the mainline, which would increase daily capacity by 144,000 barrels to 2.35 million barrels per day. On July 27, Colonial Pipeline announced that it acquired Alliance Products Pipeline and Terminal System from BP Amoco.

2001
Colonial Pipeline Company was recognized by API for its safety and environmental record, receiving the first "Distinguished Environmental and Safety Award".

In September 2001, Colonial Pipeline Company moved its headquarters from Atlanta to suburban Alpharetta, Georgia. In the wake of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on the United States, Colonial increased security at each of its facilities and created a comprehensive security plan. This was later recognized by the Federal Government as a model for the pipeline industry.
Colonial Pipeline marked a record year with an annual throughput of 2.3 million barrels per day.

2008
Following the passage of Hurricane Ike in September 2008, this pipeline was operating at a severely reduced capacity due to a lack of supply from refineries in the Gulf Coast that had closed, causing gasoline shortages across the southeastern United States.

Operations
Colonial Pipeline's field operations are divided into three districts:

 The Gulf Coast District includes Texas, Louisiana and Mississippi, and is primarily responsible for the originating deliveries of Colonial. Colonial primarily draws products from refineries along the U.S. Gulf Coast. It also uses a few refineries in the Northeast.
 The Southeast District includes Alabama, Tennessee, Georgia, South Carolina and North Carolina. The company's second-largest tank farm is in suburban Atlanta. Local supplies are delivered from here, and it is the origin of pipelines serving Tennessee and southern Georgia. The company's largest tank farm is in Greensboro, North Carolina, where the two mainlines originating in Houston terminate. Deliveries to the Northeast originate from Greensboro.
 The Northeast District's operations include Virginia, Maryland and New Jersey. Colonial's Northeast operations also serve Delaware and Pennsylvania. In Linden, New jersey, Colonial operates the Intra-Harbor Transfer system, which provides numerous customers the ability to transfer products among themselves and access barge transportation for exporting product.

Colonial connects directly to several major airports, including Atlanta, Nashville, Charlotte, Greensboro, Raleigh-Durham, Dulles, and Baltimore-Washington. It serves metropolitan New York airports via connections with Buckeye Pipeline.

Colonial's approved product list includes more than 86 different products. Approximately 15 to 20 of these products move with great regularity on the pipeline. Primarily, shipments are fungible, but segregated shipments are possible and occur regularly. Fungible shipments are products commingled with other quantities of the same product specifications. Segregated batches preserve a fuel property not allowed in the fungible specifications.

All products delivered on Colonial must pass a rigorous, oversight test program to assure quality. Colonial protects the quality of the products it carries to the point of excluding certain products. For example, bio-Diesel contains fatty-acid methyl esters (FAME), which cannot be allowed to mix into jet fuels moving in the same pipeline.

Innovations
1978 -Colonial became the first company to equip gasoline storage tanks with geodesic domes.
1985 -Colonial begins use of caliper and magnetic pigs to detect anomalies in the lines.
1994 - following a historic flood that ruptured a number of pipelines at the San Jacinto River near Houston, Texas, Colonial directionally drilled 30 feet beneath the river and floodplain to install two new 3,100-foot permanent pipelines.

Spill history

Early on September 2, 1970, residents of Jacksonville, Maryland, detected gasoline odors and noticed gasoline in a small creek flowing beneath a nearby road. That afternoon, a resident notified Colonial at 6:19 p.m. of concern. Colonial had 30-inch-diameter pipeline situated about 1,700 feet east of the point where the creek passed under the road, and shut down the Dorsey Junction, Maryland, pump station (the initial pump station for this section of the pipeline) at 6:34 p.m. About 12 hours later, on the morning of September 3, an explosion and fire occurred in a ditch in which Colonial contract workers were manually digging to expose the pipeline and catch gasoline trickling from the ground. Five persons were injured, none fatally. The leak point was found four days later. The failure resulted in a release of 30,186 gallons (718 barrels) of gasoline and kerosene.
At 9:51 p.m. on December 19, 1991, Colonial's Line 2, a 36-inch-diameter petroleum products pipeline, ruptured about 2.8 miles downstream of the company's Simpsonville, South Carolina, pump station. The rupture allowed more than 500,000 gallons (13,100 barrels) of Diesel fuel to flow into Durbin Creek, causing environmental damage that affected 26 miles of waterways, including the Enoree River, which flows through Sumter National Forest. The spill also forced Clinton and Whitmire, South Carolina, to use alternative water supplies.
On Sunday, March 28, 1993 at 8:48 a.m., a pressurized  petroleum product pipeline owned and operated by Colonial Pipeline Company ruptured near Herndon, Virginia, a Washington, DC suburb. The rupture created a geyser that sprayed diesel fuel more than  into the air, coating overhead power lines and adjacent trees, and misting adjacent Virginia Electric & Power Company buildings. The diesel fuel spewed from the rupture into an adjacent storm water management pond and flowed overland and through a network of storm sewer pipes before reaching Sugarland Run Creek, a tributary of the Potomac River.
In October 1994, after heavy rainfall in the Houston area, failures of eight pipelines occurred with damage to 29 others. Two of the failures included Colonial Pipeline lines. The failures occurred at a crossing of the San Jacinto river.  The river, which normally flows at 2.5 feet above sea level, crested at 28 feet above sea level on October 21.  The flooding caused major soil erosion. Colonial's 40-inch gasoline pipeline failed on October 20 at 8:31 a.m. and by 9:51 a.m., explosions and fires erupted on the river. Colonial's 36-inch (Diesel) pipeline ruptured about 2 p.m. on the same day, although it had previously been temporarily out of service, limiting the amount of the spill.
On June 26, 1996, a 36-inch diameter Colonial pipeline ruptured at the Reedy River, near Fork Shoals, South Carolina. The ruptured pipeline released about 957,600 US gallons (3,625,000 L) of fuel oil into the Reedy River and surrounding areas. The spill polluted a 34-mile (55 km) stretch of the Reedy River, causing significant environmental damage. Floating oil extended about 23 miles (37 km) downriver. Approximately 35,000 fish were killed, along with other aquatic organisms and wildlife. The estimated cost to Colonial Pipeline for cleanup and settlement with the State of South Carolina was $20.5 million. No one was injured in the accident. The pipeline was operating at reduced pressure due to known corrosion issues, but pipeline operator confusion led to an accidental return to normal pressure in that pipeline section, causing the rupture.
On May 30, 1997, Colonial Pipeline spilled approximately 18,900 US gallons (72,000 L) of gasoline, some of which entered an unnamed creek and its adjoining shoreline in the Bear Creek watershed near Athens, Georgia. During the spill, a vapor cloud of gasoline formed, causing several Colonial employees to flee for safety. This spill resulted from a calculation error related to a regular procedure. No one checked the calculations, nor did Colonial have a procedure in place to check such calculations.
In February 1999, in Knoxville, Tennessee, Colonial spilled approximately 53,550 gallons (1275 barrels) of fuel oil, some of which entered Goose Creek and the Tennessee River, polluting approximately eight miles of the Tennessee River. The released fuel saturated 10 homes in the area and caused the evacuation of six homes. The day before the spill, Colonial found anomalies on the pipeline, including on the area where the rupture later occurred, but did nothing. At the time of the spill, Colonial received information of a sudden drop in pipeline pressure. Despite receiving this information indicating a leak, Colonial continued to send fuel oil through the line. Colonial briefly shut down the pipeline, but reopened it and sent fuel oil again, despite continued indications of a leak, until they were alerted by the Knoxville Fire Department that Colonial's fuel was running into Goose Creek.
On Wednesday, October 3, 2012, Colonial Pipeline shut down line 19 and 20 in Chattanooga, Tennessee due to reports of gasoline odors. Reuters reported that about 500 gallons of gasoline may have been released.  The line carrying gasoline was repaired and the distillate line, which carries Diesel fuel, jet fuel and other products, was inspected and found to be undamaged. Both lines were restarted two days later on October 5, 2012.
September 21, 2015, a leak was discovered in Centreville, Virginia by a local restaurant employee. The leak was estimated to have released 4,000 gallons of hydrocarbon product over the course of the preceding 2 weeks. Product was located and removed from the downstream retention pond adjacent to a townhome community.
On Friday, September 9, 2016, a leak was detected in Shelby County, Alabama, spilling an estimated 252,000 US gallons (954,000 L) of summer-grade gasoline, requiring a partial shutdown of the pipeline and threatening fuel shortages in the southeastern United States. This was Colonial's "biggest spill in nearly two decades." It caused a "12-day interruption in the flow of about 1.3 million barrels per day of the fuel from the refining hub on the Gulf Coast to the Northeast."
On October 31, 2016, a Colonial Pipeline mainline exploded and burned in Shelby County, Alabama, after accidentally being hit by a trackhoe during repairs related to the September event. One worker died at the scene, and five others were hospitalized, one of whom later died of his injuries. The explosion occurred several miles from the September 9, 2016 breach. On November 1, 2016, the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration had control of the site, where the fire was still burning. The shutdown was affecting primarily the Southeast, as Northeast markets can receive some oil by water. The line returned to service November 6.

Safety and environmental record

As a result of seven different spills on Colonial Pipeline in four years in the 1990s, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) filed a complaint in 2000 against Colonial for violations of the Clean Water Act. It alleged gross negligence specifically in three cases noted above: 1996 Reedy River, 1997 Bear Creek, and 1999 Goose Creek/Tennessee River. The parties reached a settlement with Colonial Pipeline that was announced on April 1, 2003. Colonial was required to pay a civil penalty of $34 million, the "largest a company has paid in EPA history." "Under the consent decree, Colonial will upgrade environmental protection on the pipeline at an estimated cost of at least $30 million."

In this period, Colonial received the American Petroleum Institute (API)'s Distinguished Environmental and Safety award for four consecutive years (1999–2002). Some of these awards were made after EPA had filed a complaint against the company for violations of the Clean Water Act, and prior to the landmark civil penalty assessed in the settlement of the civil case.

In 2005, Hurricane Katrina knocked out power in large parts of Mississippi and Louisiana, forcing Colonial to operate at reduced flow rates. The company rented portable generators to help restore partial service as utilities recovered and restored normal service. When Hurricane Rita hit a month later, Colonial used these generators to help load product stranded in refinery storage tanks that did not have power. By the time hurricanes Gustav and Ike struck in 2008, Colonial owned and operated this set of emergency generators. It purchased a new set of generators in 2012 and stationed them in Mississippi, inland and out of the direct path of most storms.

Representation in media

The enormous scale of the Colonial Pipeline Project attracted considerable media attention. Fortune Magazine featured the project as its cover story in February 1963. Colonial was featured in an August 1964 edition of TIME Magazine in an article titled, "The Invisible Network: A Revolution Underground." An article in a late 1965 edition of Pipeline Magazine included: "Colonial Pipeline will perhaps do more to change America's transportation and marketing operations in the East and South than any single undertaking in which our country has participated in recent years."


Dyckia densiflora

Dyckia densiflora is a plant species in the genus Dyckia. This species is native to Brazil.


James Cowan (bishop)

James Cowan (born 1952) was the twelfth Anglican Bishop of British Columbia, serving from 2004 to 2012.

Cowan was educated at the University of Saskatchewan and ordained in 1977. He worked in the Diocese of Qu’Appelle for 20 years before coming to British Columbia to be its Diocesan Executive Officer, a post he held until his appointment to the episcopate.


Red Sky (album)

Red Sky is the third album by American jazz trio Moon Hooch, released on June 10, 2016 by Hornblow/Palmetto Records.

Track listing
All songs composed by Moon Hooch.

Personnel
Moon Hooch
James Muschler - drums, tabla, synthesizers
Michael Wilbur - tenor saxophone, soprano saxophone, synthesizers, bass saxophone, vocals
Wenzl McGowen - tenor saxophone, baritone saxophone, contrabass clarinet, synthesizers


Dasht-e Shur

Dasht-e Shur (, also Romanized as Dasht-e Shūr, Dasht-i-Shūr, and Dasht Shūr) is a village in Efzar Rural District, Efzar District, Qir and Karzin County, Fars Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 601, in 118 families.


Wheelchair basketball at the 2016 Summer Paralympics – Women's team rosters

This is a list of players that participated in the women's wheelchair basketball competition at the 2016 Summer Paralympics.

Group A

Group B


Dolný Lopašov

Dolný Lopašov is a village and municipality in Piešťany District in the Trnava Region of western Slovakia.

History
In historical records the village was first mentioned in 1394.

Geography
The municipality lies at an altitude of 207 metres and covers an area of 22.934 km². It has a population of about 979 people.

Genealogical resources

The records for genealogical research are available at the state archive "Statny Archiv in Bratislava, Slovakia"

 Roman Catholic church records (births/marriages/deaths): 1698-1897 (parish A)


Dinizia

Dinizia is a genus of flowering plants in the legume family, Fabaceae. It was monotypic until 2017, when Dinizia jueirana-facao was described. Dinizia is native to Brazil (North Region and Central-West Region), Guyana and Suriname.

The fossil of leaves and fruit discovered in North America provide evidence of a Dinizia-like ancestor that first occurred in south-eastern North America during the Eocene epoch. Although, today it can be found growing in non-flooded parts of the Amazonian forests of Guyana, Suriname and seven states of North and Central-West Brazil.

Species
, Plants of the World Online accepted two species:
Dinizia excelsa Ducke
Dinizia jueirana-facao G.P.Lewis & G.S.Siqueira


San Emidio Geothermal Plant

San Emidio Geothermal Plant, in Washoe County, Nevada, is a geothermal power plant with a design capacity of . The upgraded plant went online on May 25, 2012.

History
The plant is the second to occupy the site.  The older  plant, originally known as the Empire Geothermal Plant, which was sold by Empire Geothermal Power LLC to U.S. Geothermal Inc. in 2008, was commissioned in 1987. Phase I of the reconstruction added an  generator.

In January, 2020, the BLM initiated an environmental assessment concerning a possible new  power plant, substation, as many as 25 geothermal and injection wells, a 7.5 mile above ground pipeline and a 58 mile long power line terminating in Fernley, NV.  The powerline will parallel an existing 500kV line and use existing access roads.

Future expansions
Phase II (Initially planned for 3Q 2013) (2020)
Phase III with

Notes


That'll Be the Day (film)

That'll Be the Day is a 1973 British drama film directed by Claude Whatham, written by Ray Connolly, and starring David Essex, Rosemary Leach and Ringo Starr. It is set in the late 1950s/early 1960s and was partially filmed on the Isle of Wight.

Plot summary
Jim MacLaine's seaman father left the family when Jim was a young child. As MacLaine (David Essex) becomes a teenager, his shopkeeper mother wants her bright son to go to university but he drops out of school just before the exams, leaves home and becomes a deckchair attendant before a friend, Mike (Ringo Starr), helps him get a job as a holiday camp barman and then with the fun fair. The initially shy MacLaine quickly becomes a heartless fairground Romeo, having one nighters with everyone from schoolgirls to mature women and young mothers, and coping with a dishonest and dangerous environment. He is attracted to rock 'n' roll and plays the harmonica but does not act on this. His schoolfriend, Terry, has gone to university and stands as a reminder of what MacLaine could have been.

After two years, MacLaine returns home to find his resentful mother struggling with running the store and caring for her invalid father. MacLaine  stays to help run the family store and her mother still has hopes that he can continue his education. He marries his conventional girlfriend but, despite the birth of a son, still feels the lure of rock ’n’ roll and goes to rock concerts when his mother thinks he is at night school. After talking with friends in a band, he leaves home. The film ends as he buys a guitar.

Characters
The Liverpool days of the Quarrymen/the Beatles and Rory Storm & the Hurricanes were said to be the inspiration for the fictional group called "Stray Cats" in the film.

Many of the characters were played by musicians who had lived through the era portrayed in the film including Ringo Starr of the Hurricanes and the Beatles, Billy Fury, Keith Moon of the Who and John Hawken of the Nashville Teens.

The film was produced by David Puttnam and is loosely based on the Harry Nilsson song "1941".

Cast
David Essex . . . Jim Maclaine
Ringo Starr . . . Mike
Rosemary Leach . . . Mary Maclaine
James Booth . . . Mr. Maclaine
Billy Fury . . . Stormy Tempest
Rosalind Ayres . . . Jeanette Sutcliffe
Keith Moon . . . J. D. Clover
Robert Lindsay . . . Terry Sutcliffe
Deborah Watling . . . Sandra
Brenda Bruce . . . Doreen
Beth Morris . . . Jean
Daphne Oxenford . . . Mrs. Sutcliffe
Kim Braden . . .Charlotte
Johnny Shannon . . . Jack
Karl Howman . . . Johnny
Sue Holderness . . . Shirley
Érin Geraghty  . . . Joan
Sacha Puttnam . . . Young Jim Maclaine
Peter Turner . . . Teddy Boy

Reception and reputation

Box office
The film was a hit at the box office (by 1985 it had earned an estimated profit of £406,000).

Nat Cohen, who invested in the film, said it made more than 50% its cost. It was one of the most popular movies of 1973 at the British box office.

Critical reception
According to Anne Billson in the Time Out Film Guide, the film was a "hugely overrated dip into the rock 'n' roll nostalgia bucket, ... " also commenting "Youth culture my eye: they're all at least a decade too old. But good tunes, and worth catching for Billy Fury's gold lamé act."

Soundtrack

Buddy Holly and the Crickets – "That'll Be the Day"
Billy Fury – "A Thousand Stars"
Billy Fury – "Long Live Rock"
Billy Fury – "Get Yourself Together"
Billy Fury – "That's Alright Mama"
Billy Fury – "What Did I Say"
Wishful Thinking – "It'll Be Me"
Dion and the Belmonts – "Runaround Sue"
The Everly Brothers – "Bye Bye Love"
The Everly Brothers – "Devoted To You"
The Everly Brothers – "Till I Kissed You"
The Everly Brothers – "Wake Up Little Suzy"
The Platters – "Smoke Gets In Your Eyes"
Big Bopper – "Chantilly Lace"
Jerry Lee Lewis – "Great Balls of Fire"
Little Richard – "Tutti Frutti"
Danny and the Juniors – "At the Hop"
Frankie Lymon – "Why Do Fools Fall In Love"
Johnny Tillotson -"Poetry In Motion"
Jimmie Rodgers – "Honeycomb"
Larry Williams – "Bony Moronie"
Del Shannon – "Runaway"
Ritchie Valens – "Donna"
Eugene Wallace – "Slow Down"
Jerry Lee Lewis – "Great Balls of Fire"
Brian Hyland – "Sealed With a Kiss"
Bobby Vee – "Take Good Care of My Baby"
Del Shannon – "Hats Off to Larry"
Bobby Darin – "Dream Lover"
The Paris Sisters – "I Love How You Love Me"
The Poni-Tails – "Born Too Late"
Johnny and the Hurricanes – "Red River Rock"
The Monotones – "The Book of Love"
Bill Justis – "Raunchy"
Johnny Preston – "Running Bear"
The Diamonds – "Little Darlin' "
Ray Sharpe – "Linda Lu"
Lloyd Price – "(You've Got) Personality"
Buddy Holly and the Crickets – "Well All Right"
Dante and the Evergreens – "Alley Oop"
Viv Stanshall – "Real Leather Jacket"
Stormy Tempest ( Viv Stanshall ) – "What in the World"
Wolverine Cubs Jazz Band – "Weary Blues" (featured in the film but not on Soundtrack recording)
Buddy Knox - "Party Doll"
Maurice Williams & The Zodiacs - "Stay"

Chart positions

Award nominations

BAFTA Best Supporting Actress: Rosemary Leach.

BAFTA Most Promising Newcomer to Leading Film Roles: David Essex.

Sequels
Essex returned as Jim Maclaine the following year, in the 1974 sequel, Stardust, which continues the story into the early 1970s.

An independent radio drama recording project, That'll be the Stardust!, was released in 2008. The story follows the musical journey of Jim Maclaine's son, Jimmy Maclaine Jr.


Canadian Oil Sands

Canadian Oil Sands Limited was a Canadian company that generates income from its oil sands investment in the Syncrude Joint Venture. Syncrude operated an oil sands facility and produced crude oil through the mining of oil sands from ore deposits in the Athabasca region of northern Alberta, Canada.

In 2016, Suncor Energy purchased all of the shares of Canadian Oil Sands Limited.

History
In 1978, Syncrude produced its first barrel of oil.

PanCanadian Petroleum (later Encana, now Ovintiv) formed Canadian Oil Sands Trust in 1995 with a 10% interest in Syncrude.  The following year, Gulf Canada formed Athabasca Oil Sands Trust with an 11.74% interest in Syncrude.  Canadian Oil Sands Trust and Athabasca Oil Sands Trust merged in 2001, continuing as Canadian Oil Sands Trust.  Canadian Oil Sands Trust increased its interest in Syncrude to 35.5% in 2003.  A further purchase of a 1.25% incremental interest brought the trust's interest in Syncrude to its current level of 36.74%.  Other investors with a significant shareholding in Syncrude are Suncor Energy Inc., Imperial Oil Ltd., and two major Chinese oil outfits.  The trust is reliant on Syncrude for its income, while its partners have other investments.

In 2011, Canadian Oil Sands Trust converted from a royalty trust to a corporation, becoming Canadian Oil Sands Limited.

In October 2015, the company was subject to a hostile takeover bid from Suncor Energy, worth around $3.29 billion. The bid followed rejected advances earlier in the year in March and April.

On March 21, 2016 Suncor Energy completed acquisition of Canadian Oil Sands with the support of the Boards of Directors of both companies. The total aggregate transaction value was approximately $6.6 billion including company's estimated debt of $2.4 billion Their former website now redirects to Suncor Energy's site.

Operations
Canadian Oil Sand's primary business operation was through its 36.74 per cent interest in Syncrude.

The company also held some arctic natural gas interests through a wholly owned subsidiary, Canadian Arctic Gas Limited.

The corporate head office was located in Calgary, Alberta.


1917 Camp Upton football team

The 1917 Camp Upton football team represented the United States Army's 77th Division that trained at Camp Upton in Yaphank on Long Island, New York, during the 1917 college football season. Former Princeton halfback Frank Glick was the team's coach.

By October 1917, 30,000 recruits were stationed at Camp Upton, and athletic competition was part of the camp's training regimen. Regimental football teams competed against one another before an all-cantonment team was formed in November 1917.

Former Harvard All-American Robert Treat Paine Storer played for the Camp Upton all-cantonment team.

On November 24, the team lost a close game to Camp Devens (coached by Harvard's Percy Haughton) at the Polo Grounds in New York City.

The 77th Division was deployed to France in 1918.  The Lost Battalion, part of the 77th, sustained heavy losses in the Argonne Forest in October 1918.

Schedule


Kazashko

Kazashko (Bulgarian: Казашко) is a village in north-eastern Bulgaria. It is located in the municipality of Varna, Varna Province.

As of March 2015 the village has a population of 349 and is home to a significant Russian minority.


Fulgurofusus nanshaensis

Fulgurofusus nanshaensis is a species of large sea snail, marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turbinellidae.

Description

Distribution


Night Things (band)

Night Things (formerly known as Badlands) is an Los Angeles-based new wave band comprising Zach Shields and Maize LaRue.

History
Main singers/songwriters Zach Shields and Maize LaRue met in 2008 when Shields’ prior band, Dead Man's Bones, was recording and performing with The Silverlake Conservatory Children’s Choir, which LaRue belonged to. Soon the two began singing together, covering everything from Echo and the Bunnymen to The Everly Brothers, often performing at LaRue’s grandmother’s retirement home. Not long after this, Shields and LaRue began to experience recurring dreams about one another. In these dreams, Shields would often have to come to LaRue’s rescue, struggling in vain to save her from a horde of faceless tormentors.

Inspired by this narrative, the duo began writing original music, culminating with the 2013 release of their first song and video, “Sleeping Beauty” under their former band name Badlands. Pitchfork described the track as "an impeccable mix of whispery vocals, layered guitar and piano work, and steady bass drum that invokes Phil Spector". Since then, Night Things has used dreams as the creative engine behind their content, both musical and visual, including in their 2017 LP, Cost Of The Summer.

In April 2017 the band released track "Cost Of The Summer" accompanied by a Ryan Heffington-directed video via NPR Music. It was followed by another track, "Reasons", which was praised by Stereogum "breathy and dynamic ’80s pop throwback with a thoughtful arrangement and tremendous emotional power".


Acacia effusifolia

Acacia effusifolia is a tree belonging to the genus Acacia and the subgenus Juliflorae. It is native to an area in the Mid West and the Wheatbelt regions of Western Australia.


Enzso (album)

ENZSO is the eponymous debut album by the ENZSO project led by Eddie Rayner. The orchestral recording sessions were held at Symphony House in Wellington and National Radio Studios for the New Zealand Youth Choir.

Track listing
"Poor Boy" performed by Dave Dobbyn
"Message to My Girl" performed by Neil Finn
"I Hope I Never" performed by Annie Crummer
"Straight Old Line" performed by Neil Finn
"Stuff and Nonsense" performed by Neil Finn
"Albert of India" performed by Eddie Rayner
"My Mistake" performed by Dave Dobbyn
"Voices" performed by Neil Finn
"I See Red" performed by Tim Finn
"Under the Wheel" performed by Sam Hunt
"Dirty Creature" performed by Tim Finn
"Stranger Than Fiction" performed by Tim Finn, Neil Finn, Sam Hunt + "Time for a Change" performed by Tim Finn

Notes
 Some versions have a slightly different track listing, presumably due to a mastering error (?); 13 tracks are listed, but Stranger Than Fiction and Time for a Change are joined together as one long track, making for a total of 12.
 For unknown reasons, only 11 tracks are listed in reference to the official site of ENZSO Project, "Strait Old Lines" and "Albert of India" are excluded. However, according to most online music shops 12 tracks are listed, although Albert of India is still neglected and Stranger than Fiction and Time for a Change are listed separately.
Albert of India （Instrumental） is performed by Eddie Rayner， it is also included in the ENZSO "Poor Boy" Single CD.
 I Hope I Never is also included in Annie Crummer's compilation album, Shine: The Best of Annie Crummer (2002)


Azad, Goranboy

Azad is a village in the municipality of Dəyirmanlar in the Goranboy Rayon of Azerbaijan.


Scopula walkeri

Scopula walkeri is a moth of the family Geometridae. It is found on Sri Lanka.

Description
Its wingspan is about 34 mm. In male, antennae possess serrations and the fascicles of cilia longer than female. Color ochreous grey with more irrarated fuscous. The medial line diffused, and on hindwing embracing the cell-spot. The patches beyond the postmedial line replaced by black marks. Female more irrorated with fuscous color, often prominently so, and with diffused prominent lines.


De Laval nozzle

A de Laval nozzle (or convergent-divergent nozzle, CD nozzle or con-di nozzle) is a tube that is pinched in the middle, making a carefully balanced, asymmetric hourglass shape. It is used to accelerate a hot, pressurized gas passing through it to a higher supersonic speed  in the axial (thrust) direction, by converting the heat energy of the flow into kinetic energy. Because of this, the nozzle is widely used in some types of steam turbines and rocket engine nozzles. It also sees use in supersonic jet engines.

Similar flow properties have been applied to jet streams within astrophysics.

History

The nozzle was developed (independently) by German engineer and inventor Ernst Körting in 1878 and Swedish inventor Gustaf de Laval in 1888 for use on a steam turbine.

This principle was first used in a rocket engine by Robert Goddard. Most modern rocket engines that employ hot gas combustion use de Laval nozzles.

Operation

Its operation relies on the different properties of gases flowing at subsonic and supersonic speeds. The speed of a subsonic flow of gas will increase if the pipe carrying it narrows because the mass flow rate is constant. The gas flow through a de Laval nozzle is isentropic (gas entropy is nearly constant). In a subsonic flow sound will propagate through the gas. At the "throat", where the cross-sectional area is at its minimum, the gas velocity locally becomes sonic (Mach number = 1.0), a condition called choked flow. As the nozzle cross-sectional area increases, the gas begins to expand and the gas flow increases to supersonic velocities where a sound wave will not propagate backwards through the gas as viewed in the frame of reference of the nozzle (Mach number > 1.0).

Conditions for operation

A de Laval nozzle will only choke at the throat if the pressure and mass flow through the nozzle is sufficient to reach sonic speeds, otherwise no supersonic flow is achieved, and it will act as a Venturi tube; this requires the entry pressure to the nozzle to be significantly above ambient at all times (equivalently, the stagnation pressure of the jet must be above ambient).

In addition, the pressure of the gas at the exit of the expansion portion of the exhaust of a nozzle must not be too low. Because pressure cannot travel upstream through the supersonic flow, the exit pressure can be significantly below the ambient pressure into which it exhausts, but if it is too far below ambient, then the flow will cease to be supersonic, or the flow will separate within the expansion portion of the nozzle, forming an unstable jet that may "flop" around within the nozzle, producing a lateral thrust and possibly damaging it.

In practice, ambient pressure must be no higher than roughly 2–3 times the pressure in the supersonic gas at the exit for supersonic flow to leave the nozzle.

Analysis of gas flow in de Laval nozzles

The analysis of gas flow through de Laval nozzles involves a number of concepts and assumptions:

 For simplicity, the gas is assumed to be an ideal gas.
 The gas flow is isentropic (i.e., at constant entropy). As a result, the flow is reversible (frictionless and no dissipative losses), and adiabatic (i.e., there is no heat gained or lost).
 The gas flow is constant (i.e., steady) during the period of the propellant burn.
 The gas flow is along a straight line from gas inlet to exhaust gas exit (i.e., along the nozzle's axis of symmetry)
 The gas flow behaviour is compressible since the flow is at very high velocities (Mach number > 0.3).

Exhaust gas velocity

As the gas enters a nozzle, it is moving at subsonic velocities. As the throat contracts, the gas is forced to accelerate until at the nozzle throat, where the cross-sectional area is the smallest, the axial velocity becomes sonic. From the throat the cross-sectional area then increases, the gas expands and the axial velocity becomes progressively more supersonic.

The linear velocity of the exiting exhaust gases can be calculated using the following equation:

Some typical values of the exhaust gas velocity ve for rocket engines burning various propellants are:

 1,700 to 2,900 m/s (3,800 to 6,500 mph) for liquid monopropellants,
 2,900 to 4,500 m/s (6,500 to 10,100 mph) for liquid bipropellants,
 2,100 to 3,200 m/s (4,700 to 7,200 mph) for solid propellants.

As a note of interest, ve is sometimes referred to as the ideal exhaust gas velocity because it is based on the assumption that the exhaust gas behaves as an ideal gas.

As an example calculation using the above equation, assume that the propellant combustion gases are: at an absolute pressure entering the nozzle p = 7.0 MPa and exit the rocket exhaust at an absolute pressure pe = 0.1 MPa; at an absolute temperature of T = 3500 K; with an isentropic expansion factor γ = 1.22 and a molar mass M = 22 kg/kmol. Using those values in the above equation yields an exhaust velocity ve = 2802 m/s, or 2.80 km/s, which is consistent with above typical values.

The technical literature often interchanges without note the universal gas law constant R, which applies to any ideal gas, with the gas law constant Rs, which only applies to a specific individual gas of molar mass M.  The relationship between the two constants is Rs = R/M.


(532037) 2013 FY27

, provisional designation , is a trans-Neptunian object and binary system that belongs to the scattered disc (like Eris). Its discovery was announced on 31 March 2014. It has an absolute magnitude (H) of 3.2.  is a binary object, with two components approximately  and  in diameter. It is the ninth-intrinsically-brightest known trans-Neptunian object, and is approximately tied (to within measurement uncertainties) as the largest unnamed object in the Solar System.

Orbit

 orbits the Sun once every 449 years. It will come to perihelion around June 2201, at a distance of about 35.2 AU. It is currently near aphelion, 80 AU from the Sun, and, as a result, it has an apparent magnitude of 22. Its orbit has a significant inclination of 33°.
The sednoid  and the scattered-disc object  were discovered by the same survey as  and were announced within about a week of one another.

Physical properties
 has a diameter of about , placing it at a transition zone between medium-sized and large TNOs. Using the Atacama Large Millimeter Array and Magellan Telescopes, its albedo was found to be 0.17, and its colour to be moderately red.  is one of the largest moderately red TNOs. The physical processes that lead to a lack of such moderately red TNOs larger than  are not yet well understood.

The brightness of  varies by less than  over hours and days, suggesting that it either has a very long rotation period, an approximately spheroidal shape, or a rotation axis pointing towards Earth.

Brown estimates that  is very likely to be a dwarf planet, due to its large size. However, Grundy et al. calculate that bodies such as , less than about 1000 km in diameter, with albedos less than ≈0.2 and densities of ≈1.2 g/cm3 or less, may retain a degree of porosity in their physical structure, having never collapsed into fully solid bodies.

Satellite
Using Hubble Space Telescope observations taken in January 2018, Scott Sheppard found a satellite around , 0.17 arcseconds away and  fainter than the primary. The discovery was announced on 10 August 2018. Assuming the two components have equal albedos, they are about  and  in size, respectively. Follow up observations have been taken between May and July 2018 in order to determine the orbit of the satellite, but the results of those observations have not yet been released. Once the orbit is known, the masses and densities of the two components can be determined.


Althoff Catholic High School

Althoff Catholic High School is a secondary education, Roman Catholic, private school, in Belleville, Illinois, in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Belleville.

History
In 1960, Albert R. Zuroweste, the Bishop of Belleville, met with lay leaders of the Belleville area concerning conditions existing at the Cathedral High School for boys and the Academy of Notre Dame for girls.  Since both schools were overcrowded, it was decided that new, co-ed facilities must be provided for students coming in from the area's Catholic grade schools.  The high school was dedicated on August 30, 1964, and named in honor of the previous Bishop, Henry J. Althoff. The new high school opened its doors on September 3, 1964.

As of 2008, Althoff has graduated 9123 students, including 1105 Illinois State Scholars, 2 National Merit Finalists (top 1% of the nation), 91 National Merit commended Students (top 5% in nation), and 22 National Merit Finalists (top 1% in the nation).

Admissions
For potential students, a "Spend-A-Day Program" is offered. When a grade school student does not have school, but Althoff does, they are able to attend classes and lunch with a current ACHS student. This is helpful in the decision making process of which high school to attend.

Incoming freshmen must take a placement test. This is used along with 7th and 8th grade transcripts to determine placement in classes. Classes are generated for the average and above average. Students with strong grades and score in the 90% on the placement test are placed in Honors classes.

Transfer students are admitted for the first three years. However, seniors are typically not accepted, but it is at the principal's discretion. Transfer requirements include two letters of recommendation, grades, standardized test scores, and transcripts showing that classes taken are similar to Althoff's curriculum.

Academics
Althoff Catholic High School has ten academic departments. These are: art, business, English, foreign language, mathematics, music, physical education, science, social studies, and theology.

Students must take 24 hours to graduate and have more than 100 courses to choose from. Students are required to take four years of theology and English. Three years are required for mathematics, science, and social studies. In addition, Health, Technology Skills, and Information Processing are all required courses for graduation. Two years of an art, music, or foreign language is necessary as well.

To fulfill Althoff's Mission Statement, a retreat each year is required for graduation. Freshmen and Sophomores attend a "Day of Recollection." Juniors attend a closed retreat that is overnight. Lastly, seniors participate in a Senior Service Project. For the first three weeks of January they spend their time giving back to the community. Popular places for this include day cares, grade schools, and nursing homes.

Athletics
The Althoff Crusaders offer both girls and boys athletics, as well as co-ed teams.

Boys athletic teams include: lacrosse, curling, cricket,  baseball, basketball, football, golf, hockey, soccer, swimming, tennis, volleyball, and wrestling. Girls sports include: basketball, cheerleading, golf, poms, soccer, softball, swimming, tennis, and volleyball. In addition, the co-ed sports are: bowling, track & field, and cross country.

Notable alumni
 Kevin Lisch, member of the 2016 Australian Men's Olympic Basketball team.
 DaRond Stovall, professional baseball player.

Notes and references

External links
 School website


Joe Ryan (politician)

Joseph Patrick "Joe" Ryan (July 5, 1936 — November 7, 2016) was an American businessman and politician.

Born in Cleveland, Ohio, Ryan served in the United States Air Force following high school. He settled in Canton, Ohio during the early 1960s, then moved to Fairbanks, Alaska in 1975. Ryan worked as a mechanic during the construction of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System and later as an airline transport pilot. He served on the Fairbanks North Star Borough Assembly for a single term, from 1987 to 1990, winning election by defeating an eleven-year incumbent. Ryan was a Republican and active in the Alaska Republican Party, serving as the organization's platform chair at one point. From 1997 to 1999, Ryan served in the Alaska House of Representatives representing east Anchorage. Ryan returned to Fairbanks in later life, where he died on November 7, 2016.


Duggingen railway station

Duggingen railway station () is a railway station in the municipality of Duggingen, in the Swiss canton of Basel-Landschaft. It is an intermediate stop on the Basel–Biel/Bienne line and is served by local trains only.

Services
Duggingen is served by the S3 of the Basel S-Bahn:

 : half-hourly service from Porrentruy or Laufen to Olten.


2018 Djurgårdens IF season

The 2018 season is Djurgårdens IF's 118th in existence, their 63rd season in Allsvenskan and their 18th consecutive season in the league. They are competing in Allsvenskan and Svenska Cupen and qualified for the 2018–19 UEFA Europa League.

Squad

Out on loan

Transfers

Winter

In:

Out:

Summer

In:

Out:

Competitions

Allsvenskan

Results summary

Results by round

Results

League table

2017–18 Svenska Cupen

Group stage

Knockout stage

Final

2018–19 Svenska Cupen

Group Stages took place during the 2019 season.

UEFA Europa League

Qualifying round

Squad statistics

Appearances and goals

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|colspan="14"|Players who left Djurgårdens during the season:

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Goal scorers

Disciplinary record