Dorothy Howell Rodham

Dorothy Emma Rodham (née Howell; June 4, 1919 – November 1, 2011) was an American homemaker and the mother of former First Lady, U.S. Senator, United States Secretary of State, and 2016 Democratic presidential nominee Hillary Clinton.

Early life
Dorothy Howell was born in Chicago, the daughter of Edwin John Howell, Jr. (1897–1946), a Chicago firefighter, and Della Murray (1902–1960). She had a younger sister, Isabelle (born 1924). Her ancestry consisted of Welsh, English, Scottish, French, and distant Dutch heritage; her paternal grandfather was an immigrant from Bedminster, Bristol in England, and many of her recent forebears had lived in Canada.

Her childhood has been described as Dickensian. The family lived as boarders in a crowded house. The parents were dysfunctional and unhappy and sometimes prone to violent fights; they moved Dorothy around various schools, and paid only occasional attention to the children, before divorcing in 1927.

The children were then sent on a train by themselves, unsupervised (Dorothy was eight years old, Isabelle only three), to live with their paternal grandparents in the Los Angeles suburb of Alhambra, California. The sisters endured harsh and unloving treatment from their grandparents. The grandmother favored black Victorian dress and punished the girls for trifling acts. After Dorothy was caught trick-or-treating one Halloween, an activity the grandparents forbade, she was confined to her room for an entire year except for attending school, and was not even allowed to eat in the kitchen or play in the yard.

Having had enough, Dorothy left home at the young age of fourteen in the depths of the Great Depression, working as a housekeeper, cook, and nanny for a San Gabriel, California family, being paid $3 a week. Encouraged by her employer to read and go to school, Dorothy attended Alhambra High School, where she joined several clubs and benefited from two teachers. After graduating from Alhambra in 1937, she moved to Chicago for a failed reunion with her mother, who by then had gotten married to Max Rosenberg. Subsequently, she moved into her own apartment there and took office jobs to support herself. She later said, "I'd hoped so hard that my mother would love me that I had to take the chance and find out. When she didn't, I had nowhere else to go." Hillary Rodham Clinton later attributed her interest in children's welfare to her mother's life as well as her belief that caring adults outside of family can fill a child's emotional voids.

Marriage and family
While applying for a job as a clerk typist at a textile company, she met a traveling salesman named Hugh Ellsworth Rodham, eight years her senior, in 1937. After a lengthy courtship, they married in early 1942.

Their first child and only daughter, Hillary, was born on Sunday October 26, 1947. At the time of her birth, they were living in a one-bedroom apartment in the Edgewater neighborhood of Chicago. The second child, a son named Hugh, was born in 1950 and during that year, the growing Rodham family moved into a two-story, three-bedroom house in suburban Park Ridge, Illinois. The couple's third child, a son named Tony, was born in 1954. Dorothy was a full-time homemaker.

Dorothy encouraged Hillary to have a love for learning and to pursue an education and a career, though she had never done so herself. As she later recalled, "I never saw any difference in gender, as far as capabilities or aspirations were concerned. Just because [Hillary] was a girl didn't mean she should be limited." In contrast to her husband's staunch Republican views, Dorothy Rodham was, as her daughter later wrote, essentially a Democrat, "although she kept it quiet in Republican Park Ridge."  She taught Sunday school at the First United Methodist Church of Park Ridge.

During the 1970s, once her children were grown up, Rodham took courses at Oakton Community College in a variety of subjects, receiving high grades and earning an associate's degree in liberal arts. She was among the first mothers of that generation to return to school. In 1987, Rodham and her husband moved to Little Rock, Arkansas, to be closer to their daughter and help care for their young granddaughter, Chelsea. She took courses in subjects that happened to interest her, focusing on psychology but including logic and child development, although she never gained a further degree. Her daughter later wrote in her 2003 memoir Living History, "I'm still amazed at how my mother emerged from her lonely early life as such an affectionate and levelheaded woman."

Subsequent life

Her husband Hugh Rodham died in 1993, shortly after their daughter became First Lady of the United States. Dorothy Rodham remained active but valued her privacy and almost never spoke to the media. She spent more time at the White House and accompanied Hillary and Chelsea on visits to France, India, and China; she also enjoyed life in Washington, D.C.

At the 1996 Democratic National Convention, when Bill Clinton was nominated for re-election, she appeared in a video message, saying "Everybody knows there is only one person in the world who can really tell the truth about a man, and that's his mother-in-law." Following the Lewinsky scandal she was reportedly angry at Bill, but encouraged Hillary to seek her own political career.

When her daughter was elected to the U.S. Senate in 2000, she moved to Washington, D.C., living along Connecticut Avenue. She appeared on The Oprah Winfrey Show in 2004. Once living alone became too much for her, in 2006, she moved into the Clintons' large Whitehaven house in the Kalorama neighborhood of Washington, D.C. There she would often sit and discuss the day when her daughter came home from work.

Starting in December 2007, she made a rare public appearance in Iowa and other early primary states to campaign for Hillary Clinton's 2008 presidential campaign. She appeared at some events concerning women's issues and also appeared in a Clinton campaign television advertisement. She was in attendance when her daughter was sworn in as Secretary of State on January 21, 2009.

In her final years, her health began to fail due to heart problems.

Rodham died at George Washington University Hospital on November 1, 2011, in Washington, D.C., with Secretary Clinton cancelling a trip overseas, to be by her side; no cause was given. Other family members were present as well. A small memorial service was held for her at Whitehaven.

Legacy
The William J. Clinton Presidential Center held an exhibit featuring Dorothy Howell Rodham and Virginia Dell Kelley, the mother of Bill Clinton, in 2012. It was introduced by a video from Chelsea Clinton in which she talked about the influence her grandmothers had had on her.

In her 2014 memoir Hard Choices, Hillary Rodham Clinton wrote of Dorothy Howell Rodham, "No one had a bigger influence on my life or did more to shape the person I became." The struggles that she went through became a major theme of the June 2015 kickoff event to Clinton's 2016 presidential campaign. They were repeated when Clinton gave a victory speech upon becoming the Democratic nominee in early June 2016, saying, "I wish she could see her daughter become the Democratic nominee for President of the United States."


Yank Rachell

James "Yank" Rachell (March 16, 1903 or 1910 – April 9, 1997) was an American country blues musician who has been called an "elder statesman of the blues." His career as a performer spanned nearly seventy years, from the late 1920s to the 1990s.

Career
Rachell grew up in Brownsville, Tennessee.  There is uncertainty over his birth year; although his gravestone shows 1910, researchers Bob Eagle and Eric LeBlanc conclude, on the basis of a 1920 census entry, that he was probably born in 1903.

In 1958, during the American folk music revival, he moved to Indianapolis. He recorded for Delmark Records and Blue Goose Records. He was a capable guitarist and singer but was better known as a master of the blues mandolin. He bought his first mandolin at age 8, in a trade for a pig his family had given him to raise. He often performed with the guitarist and singer Sleepy John Estes.  "She Caught the Katy," which he wrote with Taj Mahal, is considered a blues standard.

He appeared in the 1985 documentary film Louie Bluie (directed by Terry Zwigoff), about the musician Howard Armstrong. Rachell performed with John Sebastian and the J-Band in the film.

By the mid-1990s, Rachell and Henry Townsend were the only blues musicians still active whose careers started in the 1920s. Late in his life Rachell suffered from arthritis, which shortened his playing sessions, but he recorded an album just before his death, Too Hot for the Devil.

Film
Louie Bluie (1985), directed by Terry Zwigoff


DMDC

DMDC may stand for:

Defense Manpower Data Center, a facility that keeps data on military personnel in the United States.
Dimethyl dicarbonate, a beverage preservative.
Dansk Medicinsk Data Center ApS, a Danish EMR-systems development company
Slang acronym for "Doesn't Matter, Don't Care."


HMS Achilles (1905)

HMS Achilles was a  armoured cruiser built for the Royal Navy in the first decade of the 20th century. She served with the 2nd Cruiser Squadron for most of the First World War. The ship did not participate in the Battle of Jutland in 1916, but did sink the German raider Leopard in 1917. Achilles became a training ship in 1918 and was sold for scrap in 1921.

General description

Achilles displaced  as built and  fully loaded. The ship had an overall length of , a beam of  and a draught of . She was powered by four-cylinder triple-expansion steam engines, driving two shafts, which developed a total of  and gave a maximum speed of . The engines were powered by 19 Yarrow water-tube boilers and six cylindrical boilers. The ship carried a maximum of  of coal and an additional  of fuel oil that was sprayed on the coal to increase its burn rate. At full capacity, she could steam for  at a speed of .

Armament
Her main armament consisted of six BL  Mark X guns in single Mk V turrets distributed in two centerline turrets (one each fore and one aft) and four turrets disposed in the corners about the funnels. Her secondary armament of four BL  Mark II or Mark V guns in single Mk II turrets was carried amidships, between the wing 9.2-inch guns. Twenty-six Vickers QF 3-pounders were fitted, ten on turret roofs and eight each on the forward and aft superstructures. The last four ships of the  cruisers had a secondary armament of turreted 7.5-inch guns rather than the  guns in open barbettes of the first two ships; these latter four were sometimes referred to as the Warrior class. Because of the extra topweight of the turrets in comparison to their half-sisters their stability was reduced which made them very good seaboats and steady gun platforms because they did not roll as much. The ship also mounted three submerged  torpedo tubes, one of which was mounted in the stern.

Wartime modifications
A single Hotchkiss QF 6-pounder anti-aircraft gun on a high-angle Mark Ic mounting was mounted on the quarterdeck in 1915. It had a maximum depression of 8° and a maximum elevation of 60°. The gun fired a  shell at a muzzle velocity of  at a rate of fire of 20 rounds per minute. They had a maximum ceiling of , but an effective range of only . Achilless foremast was converted to a tripod mast to support the weight of a fire-control director after the Battle of Jutland in 1916, but when the director was actually fitted is not known.

Service
Achilles was ordered as part of the 1903–04 naval construction programme as the third of four armoured cruisers. She was laid down on 22 February 1904 at Elswick by Armstrong Whitworth. The ship was launched on 17 June 1905 and completed on 22 April 1907 at the cost of £1,191,103. Like her sister ships, she joined the 5th Cruiser Squadron in 1907, and made a port visit to Russia in 1908. The ship was later transferred to the 2nd Cruiser Squadron in 1909. Achilles, accompanied by her sister , and three other armoured cruisers were sent to reinforce the defences of the Shetland Islands on 2 August 1914, days before the start of the First World War. She, and her squadron, was assigned to the Grand Fleet after the beginning of the war.

Achilles missed the Battle of Jutland on 31 May 1916 because she was refitting. On the evening of 18 August, the Grand Fleet put to sea in response to a deciphered message that the High Seas Fleet, minus the II Battle Squadron, would be leaving harbour that night. The Germans planned to bombard the port of Sunderland on 19 August, with extensive reconnaissance provided by airships and submarines. The Germans broke off their planned attack to pursue a lone British battle squadron reported by an airship, which was in fact the Harwich Force under Commodore Tyrwhitt. Realising their mistake, the Germans then set course for home. During the Grand Fleet's sortie, Achilles spotted a U-boat. During another sortie by the High Seas Fleet on 18 October 1916, Achilles and three other armoured cruisers were ordered to patrol the northern end of the North Sea, between the approaches to Pentland Firth and Hardangerfjord in Norway, but they saw no German ships.

On 16 March 1917, Achilles and the armed boarding steamer  were patrolling north of the Shetland Islands when they encountered the disguised German auxiliary cruiser Leopard. The latter ship heaved to when commanded, but manoeuvred to prevent Dundee from boarding her and then fired two torpedoes which missed. Dundee retaliated by raking Leopards stern, badly damaging the German ship and then Achilles opened fire herself. The German ship sank an hour later with no survivors. Achilles was transferred to the North America and West Indies Station in August 1917 for convoy escort duties, but returned to Britain for a refit between February and December 1918. Upon completion of this refit Achilles became a stoker's training ship at Chatham. The ship was sold for scrap on 9 May 1921.

Footnotes


Wolfson Stadium

The Wolfson Stadium is a sports stadium in KwaZakele, Ibhayi just outside Port Elizabeth in South Africa. The stadium is able to hold 10,000 people. and is occasionally used to host rugby union matches by the  and Southern Kings and football matches by Chippa United.

The regular tenants of the stadium are Zwide United, PE Villagers, St. Cyprian and Sunday Stars amateur rugby clubs.

It was also the home of the now-defunct football team Bay United F.C..


Nakhla (name)

Nakhla is a short cut for the Arabic version of Michael (Mikhail) in upper Egypt (south of Egypt). So some Mikhails in upper Egypt are referred to as Nakhla.

Nakhla is also an Arabic word for palm tree.

People
 Adel Nakhla, an American-Egyptian civilian translator
 Ahmed Nakhla (born 1971), footballer
 Margaret Nakhla (1908–1977)
 Melanie Nakhla
 Michel Nakhla, professor and researcher


Under the Same Skin

Under the Same Skin () is a 1962 Argentine drama film directed by Daniel Tinayre. It was entered into the 12th Berlin International Film Festival.

Cast
 Mirtha Legrand
 Silvia Legrand
 Jorge Mistral
 Mecha Ortiz as Madre Superiora
 Maurice Jouvet


Sarah Patterson

Sarah Patterson (born ) is an English film actress.

For her acting debut, Patterson starred as Rosaleen, a Little Red Riding Hood counterpart, in the Neil Jordan and Angela Carter film The Company of Wolves (1984). In 1987 she starred in another fairy tale-inspired film, playing the titular heroine in Cannon Films' Snow White. Neither of these films were great commercial successes; however, the actress did develop somewhat of a cult following. She has only appeared in a couple of films since, both produced by Valiant Doll: her friend Lisa Gornick's independent film production company. The Valiant Doll film Do I Love You? marked her return to film after an absence of over a decade.

Filmography


North Irwin, Pennsylvania

North Irwin is a borough in Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 846 at the 2010 census.

Geography
North Irwin is located at  (40.338119, -79.710966).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough has a total area of , all of it land.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 879 people, 381 households, and 243 families living in the borough. The population density was 4,307.2 people per square mile (1,696.9/km²). There were 393 housing units at an average density of 1,925.8 per square mile (758.7/km²). The racial makeup of the borough was 98.29% White, 0.11% African American, 0.46% Native American, and 1.14% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.23% of the population.

There were 381 households out of which 28.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.9% were married couples living together, 9.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.2% were non-families. 33.3% of all households were made up of individuals and 13.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.31 and the average family size was 2.96.

In the borough, the population was spread out with 22.5% under the age of 18, 8.1% from 18 to 24, 30.8% from 25 to 44, 22.5% from 45 to 64, and 16.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.1 males.

The median income for a household in the borough was $33,750, and the median income for a family was $40,217. Males had a median income of $29,318 versus $19,881 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $15,665. About 4.8% of families and 5.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.0% of those under age 18 and 9.4% of those age 65 or over.


Minoo Purshottam

Minoo Purshottam is an Indian playback singer who sang Bollywood songs, and was most popular during the 1960s and 1970s.

Career
Minoo Purshottam's career started in 1963 when she was 16. The composer Roshan offered her a singing role in the film Taj Mahal. The song eventually became a duet with Suman Kalyanpur.

Awards

Popular songs

Discography

 Minoo purshottam ranj mein raahat (1980)
 Rehguzar Ghazals (1981)


Calinda

Calinda (also spelled kalinda or kalenda) is a martial art, as well as kind of folk music and war dance in the Caribbean which arose in the 1720s.

Calinda is the French spelling, and the Spanish equivalent is calenda.

History
Calinda is a kind of stick-fighting commonly seen practiced during Trinidad & Tobago Carnival. It is the national martial art of Trinidad & Tobago. French planters with their slaves, free coloreds and mulattos from neighboring islands of Grenada, Guadeloupe, Martinique and Dominica migrated to Trinidad during the Cedula of Population. Carnival had arrived with the French; slaves who could not participate formed a parallel celebration called canboulay, the precursor for Trinidad's Carnival. After Emancipation of slavery, a lead vocalist or chantwell (chantuelle) would sing call-and-response chants called lavways lionizing and cheering on champion stickfighters. There, Carnival songs are considered to be derived from calinda chants and "lavways". This form of music gradually evolved into the modern calypso.

Before the Emancipation from slavery and its integration into Carnival, Calinda was used as a type of performance to provide ways of entertainment for slaves. Once the French came to Trinidad, stick fighters were no longer known as stick men but as boismen (bois meaning stick in French). There were different factors involved in stick fighting, including a costume that the performers would have to wear and the gayelles (or arenas) they would fight in. There are also special rituals that are done in the gayelle before the fight starts that include different ceremonial songs.

Though it is more commonly practiced as a dance because of the violent outcome of stick-fighting, its roots are still that of a martial art originating from Kingdom of Kongo, and stick-fights still occur in Trinidad. They also have been formalised into annual Carnival competitions.

Elsewhere in the Caribbean
It is practiced in other parts of the Caribbean, such as Martinique. or Guadeloupe (under various names such as l'agya, damaye and mayolé).

Kalenda is one name assigned to an Afro-Caribbean form of stick fighting as practiced in Haiti and entering the United States through the port city of New Orleans.

Similar forms of this martial art exist elsewhere in the Caribbean. For example, in Barbados it is commonly referred to as "stick-licking" or "stick science."

In Louisiana

The well-known Cajun song "Allons danser Colinda" is about a Cajun boy asking a girl named Colinda to do a risqué dance with him; probably derived from the Calinda dance which was reported to have been performed in New Orleans by Afro-Caribbean slaves brought to Louisiana.

Dancing the "Calinda" is also referred to in one of Louisiana writer Kate Chopin's most famous stories from Bayou Folk (1894), "La Belle Zoraïde," which stresses the strong Afro-Caribbean presence in Louisiana.


Antonio Pérez de Olaguer

Antonio María Pérez de Olaguer Feliu (1907–1968) was a Spanish writer and a Carlist militant. As a man of letters he was recognized by his contemporaries for travel literature, novel and drama, gaining much popularity in the 1940s and 1950s. Today he is considered mostly a typical representative of early Francoist culture and his works are denied major value. As a Carlist he remained in the back row, though enjoyed enormous prestige among the Catalan rank and file. For decades he worked to bridge the gap between two groups of Catalan Carlists, the Javieristas and the Sivattistas.

Family and youth

Antonio Pérez de Olaguer descended from distinguished families both along the paternal and the maternal line. The ancestors of his father originated from Andalusia; his grandfather, Manuel Pérez Marqueti (1829-1889), came from Cádiz. A physician serving in the navy, in the mid-19th century he engaged in trade with the Philippines, then managed state contracts in the islands, and eventually developed own retail and real estate business in Manila. He became one of the Philippine tycoons and left a fortune. The business was inherited by his sons: Antonio's father Luis Pérez Samanillo (1868–1936) and Rafael, who enlarged it further on managing two family-owned companies, R. Pérez Samanillo y Cía and Pérez Samanillo Hermanos. They contributed to urbanization of Manila; the brothers owned much of the Paco district, dried the area and commenced residential development; a street in the city still bears their name. One of few art-decó buildings in Manila used to be their department store.

Antonio's maternal ascendants were related to overseas; his great-great-grandfather Antonio Olaguer Feliu Heredia served as virrey del Rio de la Plata, his son and Antonio's great-grandfather José Olaguer Feliu Azcuenaga opted for Argentine nationality; his son and Antonio's grandfather José María Olaguer Feliu Dubonet (1827-1881) was born and lived in the Philippines. His son and Antonio's maternal uncle general José Olaguer Feliú Ramirez became the minister of war in 1922 and later remained active as a primoderiverista politician. His daughter and Antonio's mother, Francisca de Olaguer Feliú Ramirez (1865–1908), also born and raised in the Philippines, married Luis Pérez; the couple settled in Manila.

The collapse of Spanish rule in 1898 did not affected the Pérez business much. However, Luis started to invest in Spain, mostly in Catalonia. In the early 20th century the family permanently settled in a luxury Barcelona residence, managing their overseas economy remotely. They had 9 children, some of them born in the Philippines; Antonio was the youngest one. There is almost no information on his childhood and early teenage years, except that he was raised in Barcelona and very early orphaned by his mother. As in 1911 his father remarried with Asunción Lladó (1884-1963), Antonio was brought up by his step-mother. He studied commerce in an unidentified Jesuit institution; and travelled heavily, accompanying his father during voyages to the Philippines. Later he inherited at least part of the overseas business.

In the late 1920s or very early 1930s Antonio married Sara Moreno Calvo y Ortega (1905-1968). She was the daughter of an Andalusian winegrower and Liberal cacique Guillermo Moreno Calvo; he passed into history when later sub-secretary of the Lerroux cabinet, becoming the key protagonist of the 1935 Nombela affair. The couple settled at calle Muntaner in Barcelona; they had 5 children, all of them sons and all cultivating literary interest of their father in editorial, publishing, theatrical and librarian fields. The best-known of them, Gonzalo Pérez de Olaguer Moreno, became an iconic personality of the Catalan theatre and drama. Antonio lived to see 17 grandchildren.

Writer

Pérez de Olaguer was a prolific writer and claimed fathering some 50 books. The genre which prevails is non-fiction; it may be subdivided into 4 sub-genres. Pérez de Olaguer commenced literary career in 1926 with travel literature, followed – as he travelled around the world 6 times – with subsequent volumes in 1929, 1934, 1941 and 1944; the last one is an account of truly amazing tour around the world in the midst of the Second World War. Historiography is about three volumes featuring Catholic personalities from the recent past (1933-1940) and a book on his own father (1967). Four volumes of essays anchored in daily life (1950-1953) were written "to cheer up in the dark times". However, Pérez de Olaguer became best known for his works intended to document Republican horror and Nationalist heroism during the Spanish Civil War. He issued 3 volumes discussing Republican atrocities and 2 volumes honoring the Carlist volunteers (1937-1939). The work falling into the same testimonial literature which gained him international recognition was a 1947 work documenting the Japanese barbarity in the Philippines.

Another genre favored by Pérez de Olaguer was novels. They form two distinctly different groups. Four works are marked by grotesque style; except one case the plot is set in contemporary times and the protagonists are involved in twisted intrigues which seem to underline absurdities of daily life, all told in a farcical, optimistic, amusing manner. In terms of content they are benevolent reflections on human confused nature. Entirely different are three novels written during the Civil War. Light message gave way to moralizing objectives related to promotion of the Nationalist cause and grotesque gave way to the horror of wartime setting; what remained was author's optimism and a penchant for a plot anchored in relations between males and females.

In terms of drama Pérez de Olaguer underwent internship period in the early 1930s; working for Enrique Rambal he co-adapted novels for stage performance, tasked with providing intriguing episodic dramas which merged high action with musical interludes. Likewise he adapted his own novel into a 3-act play (1933), which was actually staged. His greatest success as a playwright came with Más leal que galante (1935), written together with Benedicto Torralba de Damas. Set in the Third Carlist War and written in a light verse, the comedy featured a complex romance intrigue with clear Carlist message in the background; its popularity stemmed from smart and pacy intrigue, well-written rhymed dialogues and a blend of romantic and patriotic features. The play was performed countlessly especially in the Nationalist zone and later in the Francoist Spain; there were great Spanish actors like Carmen Díaz starring and great political personalities like Queipo de Llano attending. Another comedy followed in 1935; it failed to repeat the success, though it was later performed in the Philippines and attended by president Quirino. In the 1950s Pérez de Olaguer kept adapting novels for Rambal and wrote libretto for a zarzuela. Only one of his own late plays was performed commercially; others were one-act dramas performed at amateur or religious stages.

Publisher, manager, periodista

For some 35 years Pérez de Olaguer remained active in a broadly defined culture; perhaps his most important role was this of a publisher, who animated a number of Catholic cultural initiatives. The key one was La Familia, a Barcelona-based review set up by his father in 1908 and following some periods of lesser activity still issued in the early 1930s. It was at this time that the young Antonio assumed management of the weekly; following the Civil War La Familia, already as his own property, was re-launched and enjoyed its heyday in the 1950s. Pérez de Olaguer kept running the review as its director until the late 1960s; at some stage he tried to build a satellite infrastructure, launching periodical veladas literarias. Until his death La Familia was one of key platforms of popular Catholic culture in Catalonia, though its importance declined as secularization and consumer lifestyles advanced. Other of Pérez de Olaguer's editorial activities were less successful: Traditionalist weekly Alta Veu and humorous reviews Don Fantasma and Guirigay, launched in the mid-1930s, proved short-lived, though Momento kept appearing in 1951-1954.

Pérez de Olaguer himself started contributing to press titles in 1930. He soon commenced co-operation with La Vanguardia and by the board was dubbed "nuestro collaborador". Starting 1933 he kept supplying pieces to established Barcelona reviews La Cruz and especially to Hormiga de Oro though also to minor titles. Initially his contributions were related to his experience as a traveler and later focused also on theatre; starting 1933 they were increasingly flavored with Catholic and Traditionalist outlook. This thread climaxed during the Civil War; once Pérez de Olaguer resumed writing in October 1936 his light and humorous style gave way to serious if not pathetic tone. He kept publishing especially in El Pensamiento Alavés and a Carlist infantile weekly Pelayos; after 1937 his activity decreased. Following the war Pérez de Olaguer contributed to Enciclopedia universal ilustrada europeo-americana, and to Catholic reviews; the popular ones were intended for La Familia, more sophisticated ones were published in Cristiandad; his credo was laid out in a 1957 essay Ante la supuesta inexistencia del escritor católico.

In the Francoist era Pérez de Olaguer remained engaged in numerous Catalan Catholic cultural initiatives, those flavored by Traditionalism rather than those advancing a Christian-Democratic outlook. He was the moving spirit behind 1954-co-founded Asociación de San Francisco de Sales, acted in Amigos de Sagrada Familia and Congregaciones Marianas, lectured at Schola Cordis Iesu and galvanized Patronato O.F.O.R.S. In terms of literature he presided over Agrupación Literaria Ibero-Americana; in terms of theatre headed Fomento del Espectáculo Selecto y del Teatro Asociación, contributed to Congreso Regional de Teatro de Aficionados and the CAPSA amateur theatre. In terms of charity he animated Asociación de Amigos de San Lázaro and especially supported Leprocomio de Fontillas, apart from countless other involvements in educational or religious events.

Carlist: early decades

Pérez de Olaguer's ancestors lived mostly overseas and seemed detached from daily Spanish politics; the only information on their preferences available is that his father was a fervent Catholic. The young Antonio initially did not reveal any penchant; it is only in the early 1930s that his writings got saturated with Traditionalism. Exact mechanism of his access to Carlism is not known, yet in 1933 it seemed apparent, perhaps confirmed in 1934. His writings and publications aside there is no confirmation of his engagement in Carlist structures. It is not clear whether Antonio joined requeté military gear-up and whether on July 19 he engaged in the coup. In the mayhem that followed he left Barcelona for Genoa. He entered the Nationalist zone some time before November 1936 and offered his services to Junta Nacional Carlista de Guerra; Pérez de Olaguer was seconded to its Prensa y Propaganda section, touring the area controlled and gathering information on the fallen requetés. He also kept advancing the Carlist cause in numerous books and press publications. His position versus the Unification Decree and buildup of the Francoist regime is not clear; after 1937 his activity as author declined sharply, yet in 1939 Franco watched the victory parade in Barcelona from the balcony of Casa Pérez Samanillo.

Pérez de Olaguer spent part of the early 1940s overseas and there is no information on his Carlist activities, except hosting Fal Conde during the 1942 Montserrat festivities. During growing bewilderment of Carlism Pérez de Olaguer did not engage in the daily party business yet due to his standing as a writer, though also thanks to his easy-going, serene, and modest conduct he enjoyed great prestige among the Catalan party rank and file. He remained loyal to leadership of Fal and to sovereignty of Don Javier; the regent appreciated him personally. Taking advantage of his position in the mid-1940s Pérez de Olaguer tried to mediate between two increasingly hostile fractions of Catalan Carlists: cautious supporters of Fal Conde, who stuck to the regentialist solution, and activist supporters of regional leader Maurici de Sivatte, who demanded that Don Javier openly challenges Franco and declares his own reign. In 1947 he addressed the claimant with a letter, asking to take action and prevent forthcoming breakup. Himself he tended to side with the Sivattistas, noting that Spain needed "legitimate chief of state". Don Javier took notice but did not take action and the conflict escalated. In early 1949 Fal travelled to Barcelona seeking last-minute reconciliation, but Pérez de Olaguer informed him that "por aquel camino el carlismo no podía continuar". Few months later in another letter he advocated more open anti-Francoist stand and noted that caudillo's fate might be this of Hitler and Mussolini. However, Fal's strategy prevailed and Sivatte was dismissed from the Catalan jefatura.

Carlist: late decades

Pérez de Olaguer remained embittered about Sivatte's dismissal and protested to Fal; however, while Sivatte soon distanced himself from the party, for Pérez de Olaguer obedience towards Don Javier remained an untouchable principle. The Catalan Carlists held him in high esteem and suggested that it is Pérez de Olaguer who becomes the regional jefe; however, despite insistence on part of the regent Pérez declined the offer, pledging instead that he would work to unite all Catalan Carlists. Indeed, he did, and the early 1950s are marked by his efforts to this end. Unwavering in his loyalty to Don Javier he kept challenging the regency formula. The campaign produced success in 1953; Don Javier issued a vague document, hailed by Consejo de Comunión Tradicionalista as claim of monarchic rights; their communiqué was co-signed by Pérez de Olaguer. The move triggered what looked like rapprochement between Javieristas and Sivattistas; it climaxed when two groups, since 1949 staging 2 separate Montserrat feasts, agreed to have one, very much the result of Pérez de Olaguer's conciliatory work.

In 1956 Pérez de Olaguer together with Sivatte met Don Javier in Perpignan to discuss further alignment and prevent would-be dynastic accord with Don Juan; the Carlist king signed appropriate statement but insisted it is kept private. The document was to be stored by Sivatte but Don Javier soon developed second thoughts and demanded it is to be in custody of Pérez de Olaguer, the king's trusted man in Catalonia. To his great surprise, Sivatte made the Perpignan pledge public during the meeting of Carlist executive in Estella, which heavily damaged Don Javier's relations with Pérez de Olaguer. However, when in 1957 Sivatte launched an openly rebellious Carlist grouping known as RENACE Pérez de Olaguer did not join, in the late 1950s limiting himself to maintaining friendly relations with Sivatte and his collaborators, like Carles Feliu de Travy. His general stand seemed constant; basking in prestige among Catalan Carlists he did not engage in any party activity yet did engage in common, mostly religion-flavored initiatives.

Pérez de Olaguer avoided entanglements in Francoist structures though he used to meet high regional officials of the regime, be it provincial civil governor, capitán general or alcalde. The purpose of these meetings is not clear; it seems he represented various non-political institutions seeking assistance. However, in the early 1960s Pérez de Olaguer started to demonstrate that also politically he sort of acknowledged the stability of Francoist setting. During local elections of 1963 he lent his support to one Carlist candidate and in the Cortes elections of 1967 to another. Following 30 years of the regime his trust in instauration of the Traditionalist monarchy decayed; in a 1966 letter to Don Javier he diagnosed that "el Carlismo, más dividido que nunca, más lleno de rencor que en otras ocasiones, languidece, y por paradoja sólo diríase alimentado, vivificado, por los antiguos partidarios de Sivatte". He repaired relations with the house of Borbón-Parma and hosted Don Carlos Hugo and his wife Irene in his house during their mid-1960s interview with Sivatte; it is not clear whether he shared Sivatte's damning opinion about the prince.

Reception and legacy

Pérez de Olaguer's early attempts were acknowledged with patronizing tone; critics admitted potential, unbiased fresh look and writing ease yet stayed cautious and some alluded to a premature debut, though Jacinto Benavente approvingly prologued his 1934 volume. Pérez de Olaguer gained some attention due to his grotesque novels and plays; commended for gracious style, original humor and optimistic humanism they were placed in the farcical tradition of Rabelais or Molière. In the mid-1930s his works started to collect praise in conservative realm, which noted Christian spirit and Traditionalist vision. Más leal que galante earned Pérez de Olaguer great popularity among the Carlists; in 1935 he was already invited as a literary arbiter and received homages. During the Civil War and early Francoism Pérez de Olaguer emerged among more popular writers; some of his works were re-printed 4 times, Más leal was continuously staged commercially and occasionally he kept attending literary juries. He remained an author catering to popular taste and was rewarded by the public rather than by critics and awards. Starting mid-1950s his literary production declined as he focused on Catholic Barcelona reviews instead. Since their circulation remains unknown also their impact remains to be gauged, yet it seems that La Familia counted among key platforms of popular Catalan Catholicism.

After his death Pérez de Olaguer went into oblivion; none of his works has been re-published. In the post-Francoist era the skyrocketing popularity of Gonzalo Pérez de Olaguer – never referred to as the son of Antonio – has entirely eclipsed the memory of his father. Pérez de Olaguer has not made it to history of the Spanish literature and is disregarded not only in synthetic accounts but also ignored or barely mentioned in detailed studies. If referred, he merits scholarly attention as a representative of cultural outlook of early Francoism rather than as an individual. Scholars quote his name when presenting typical features, clichés and traits of Francoist culture, and if admitted importance it is only because some counted him among key contributors to or "más destacados cultivadores" of most characteristic cultural features in the nationalist zone. The ones listed are: lambasting the Republicans as foreign-inspired anti-Spain, depicting them as bestial brutes, disseminating the vision of judeo-masonic plot, idealizing own heroic men, constructing the Cruzada logic, building a myth of Traditionalist Navarre, bending historical truth to serve own political preferences and cultivating sex stereotypes. His individual literary contribution is dismissed as "cuentos escritos en un tono didáctico-moralizante".

In the Carlist realm Pérez de Olaguer is occasionally recorded on private blogs and official Comunión Tradicionalista sites. His testimonial literature on Republican terror was widely quoted during the Francoist era. As a documentary it has not been proven incorrect until today; at times it remains quoted by scholars though they usually stigmatize Pérez de Olaguer as a Nationalist partisan, a source which "does not inspire confidence" or "ideologically committed lay Catholic". Internationally he was acknowledged mostly thanks to work on Japanese atrocities in the Philippines and until today the volume is considered "deeply and broadly researched platform" that every scholarly investigation of the issue must commence with.


Chanderi

Chanderi, is a town of historical importance in Ashoknagar District of the state Madhya Pradesh in India. It is situated at a distance of 127 km from Shivpuri, 37 km from Lalitpur, 55 km from Ashok Nagar and about 45 km from Isagarh.  It is surrounded by hills southwest of the Betwa River. Chanderi is surrounded by hills, lakes and forests and is spotted with several monuments of the Bundela Rajputs and Malwa sultans. It is famous for ancient Jain Temples.
Its population in 2011 was 33,081.

History

Chanderi is a block in Ashok Nagar District. Chanderi is located strategically on the borders of Malwa and Bundelkhand. History of Chanderi goes back to the 11th century, when it was dominated by the trade routes of Central India and was proximate to the arterial route to the ancient ports of Gujarat as well as to Malwa, Mewar, Central India and the Deccan. Consequently, Chanderi became an important military outpost. The town also finds mention in Mahabharata. Shishupal was the king of Chanderi during the Mahabharata period.

Chanderi is mentioned by the Persian scholar Alberuni in 1030.
Ghiyas ud din Balban captured the city in 1251 for Nasiruddin Mahmud, Sultan of Delhi. Sultan Mahmud I Khilji of Malwa captured the city in 1438 after a siege of several months. In 1520 Rana Sanga of Mewar captured the city, and gave it to Medini Rai, a rebellious minister of Sultan Mahmud II of Malwa. In the Battle of Chanderi, the Mughal Emperor Babur captured the city from Medini Rai and witnessed the macabre Rajput rite of jauhar, in which, faced with certain defeat and in an attempt to escape dishonor in the hands of the enemy, women with children in their arms jumped in a fire pit to commit suicide, which was made for this specific purpose, against the background of vedic hymns recited by the priests. Jauhar was performed during the night and in the morning the men would rub the ashes of their dead women folk on their forehead, don a saffron garment known as kesariya, chew tulsi leaves (in India tulsi leaves are placed in the mouth of a dead body), symbolizing their awareness about impending death and resolve to fight and die with honour. This method of fighting & dying for the cause of retaining honour was called "SAKA".

In 1540 it was captured by Sher Shah Suri, and added to the governorship of Shujaat Khan.
The Mughal Emperor Akbar made the city a sarkar in the subah of Malwa. According to Ain-e-Akbari, the autobiography of Akbar, Chanderi had 14000 stone houses and boasted of 384 markets, 360 sapcious caravan sarais (resting place) and 12,000 mosques.

The Bundela Rajputs captured the city in 1586, and it was held by Ram Sab, a son of Raja Madhukar of Orchha. In 1680 Devi Singh Bundela was made governor of the city, and Chanderi remained in the hands of his family until it was annexed in 1811 by Jean Baptiste Filose for the Maratha ruler Daulat Rao Sindhia of Gwalior.
The city was transferred to the British in 1844.
The British lost control of the city during the Revolt of 1857, and the city was recaptured by Hugh Rose on 14 March 1858. Richard Harte Keatinge led the assault, for which he was awarded the Victoria Cross. The city was transferred back to the Sindhias of Gwalior in 1861, and became part of Isagarh District of Gwalior state.

After India's independence in 1947, Gwalior became part of the new state of Madhya Bharat, which was merged into Madhya Pradesh on 1 November 1956.

Geography
Chanderi is located at . It has an average elevation of 456 metres (1496 feet).

Demographics
 India census, Chanderi had a population of 28,313. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%.

Places of interest
 Shri Choubisi Bada Mandir
 shri Parasnath digambar jain Purana Mandir Jain Temple
 Shri Khandargiri Jain temple
 Shri Thobon Ji Jain temple
 Shri Chandraprabha Digambar Jain temple
 Bawari masjid
 Jami Masjid, Chanderi
 kati ghati
 battesi wabri
 koshiq mahal
 Shahzadi ka Rauza
 Jageswari devi Temple
 Chanderi Museum
 Khandar Giri Atishay Khetra
 Malan Kho
 Baiju Bawra's Samadhi(Cenotaph)
 Janki Nath Temple

Access
There is a good roadway network in Chanderi. The town lies at State Highway 20 with connections to Ashoknagar, ISHAGARH, Lalitpur etc.
There is no Railway line in Chanderi neither nearby. A proposed Railway line was enacted in 2014 as Pipraigaon-Chanderi-Lalitpur line of Northern Railways, Which will be in progress soon.

One can easily visit Chanderi via
 Lalitpur 40 km from Chanderi. Well connected by road Lalitpur is situated on the Bhopal-Jhansi railway route and is also a stop for a number of important trains.
 Mungaoli 38 km from Chanderi. Mungaoli is well connected by road and is situated on the Bina-Kota railway route and express trains from Bina Etawa and Kota halt at Mungaoli.
 Ashok Nagar 65 km from Chanderi. Situated on the Bina-Kota railway route. Many passenger trains and few express like the Ahemdabad-Varanasi Express (Sabarmati Exp), Jabalpur-Jaipur-Ajmer Express (Dayodaya Superfast Exp), Okha-Gorakhpur Express, Santragachi-Ajmer Express, Ujjain-Dehradun Express (Ujjaini Exp), Puri-Bikaner Express, Durg-Jaipur Express, Tambaram (Chennai) - Bhagat Ki Kothi (Jodhpur) Express, Durg-Ajmer Express, Surat-Muzaffarpur Express, Ajmer-Kolkata Express, Bhopal-Gwalior Express, Indore-Jabalpur Express halt at the Ashok Nagar station.

Jainism at Chanderi
The Chanderi area has been a major center of Jain culture. It was a major center of the Parwar Jain community. There are a number of Jain places nearby- Gurilagiri (7 km), Aamanachar (29 km), Bithala (19 km), Bhamon (16 km), Khandargiri (2 km), Thuvanji (22 km) and Bhiyadant (14 km), and Deogarh, Uttar Pradesh (20 km, across the border).

At a distance of 19 km from present Chanderi town is situated the Buddhi (old) Chanderi. Buddhi Chanderi is situated on the banks of Urvashi river. It is believed that the Chaidnagar mentioned in Puranas is same as Buddhi Chanderi. There is a myth that when Raja Nala left Damayanti asleep in the forests of Narwar she moved through dense forests and reached Chaidnagar protecting herself from wild animals. The route through forests from Narwar to Chanderi is very short. A number of 9th and 10th century Jain temples are there in Buddhi Chanderi attracting thousands of Jain pilgrims from all over the country.

The Jain Bhattarakas of Mula Sangh, Balatkara Gana had a center at Chanderi that flourished for several centuries. The lineage, as constructed by Pt. Phulachandra Shastri is as following:

 Devendrakirti (see Balatkara Gana), who awarded Singhai title in 1436 CE (see Parwar (Jain))
 Tribhuvanakirti (anointed in Vikram Samvat 1522),
 Sasasrakirti
 Padmanandi
 Yashahkirti
 Lalitkirti
 Dharmakirt
Padmakirti (died Vikram Samvat 1717)
 Sakalakirti
 Surendrakirti (pratishtha in Vikram Samvat 1746)

A branch of this lineage continued at Sironj.

 Jagatkirti (pupil of Dharmakirti above)
 Tribhuvanakirti
 Narendrakirti
 Unknown
 Rajkirti
 Devendrakirti (pratishtha in samvat 1871)

Jain Temple
List of Jain temples at Chanderi:

 Shri Choubeesee Bara Mandir : This temple has 2 parts with front part is known as Bara mandir and back part called Choubeesee mandir. As suggested by inscription this temple was built around year 1293(V.S. 1350). This temple was renovated in 13th to 18th century. This temple has 24 idols for 24 Tirthankars and these idols are made by the stones of actual colors as the Tirthankar. All idols are same in dimensions, which is very difficult in real.

 Shri Parasnath Digamber Jain Purana mandir Jain temple : It is one of the oldest jain temple in chanderi containing idols of Shri Prasnath ji of 7th century.

 Shri Khandargiri Jain temple : It is one of the most famous religious site in Chanderi. This temple is famous for 45 feet carved idol of Rishabhnatha. Inscriptions suggest that this statue is over 700 years old. Six caves have been cut out of the hillside. Inside there are a number of religious carvings of Jain saints and decorations carved into the existing hillside. The oldest cave is cave 6 that dates back to 1236.
 Shri thobonji Jain temple : This temple belongs to 9th century. Moolnayak of this temple is light blue colored idol colossal of Adinath of height 36 feet 8 inches. The other colossal idols in this temple are Bhagwan ParshVanatha of height 13 feet 4 inches and Bhagwan Parshwanath of height 12 feet 6 inches.
 Shri Chandraprabha digambar Jain temple : This temple is dedicated to Chandraprabha, the 8th tirthankar of Jainism. Oldest inscription date back to year 967 AD.

In popular culture
 Stree – The 2018 horror-comedy film Stree, about a witch who abducts men at night, is set and shot in the town of Chanderi.

 Sui Dhaaga – Some parts of this Anushka Sharma and Varun Dhawan starrer film were shot in Chanderi.

Gudiya Humari Sabhi Pe Bhari serial shot in Chanderi, starting with Chanderi Bus stand whose named Lalitpur Bus Adda and background of Kila Kothi.

In the episode of 1st, 2nd and 3rd January 2020 respectively, they telecast Chanderi's places which filmed in Chanderi's palace, Jageshwari mandir, Laxman mandir, panbeshwar talab and Kuku Taal(Kuku talaiya).


Richard Cholmondeley

Sir Richard Cholmondeley (or Cholmeley) (c. 1460–1521) was an English farmer and soldier, who served as Lieutenant of the Tower of London from 1513 to 1520 during the reign of Henry VIII.  He is remembered because of his tomb at the Tower of London and because he is fictionalized as a character in Gilbert and Sullivan's darkly comic opera, The Yeomen of the Guard.  Cholmeley's name is frequently misspelled as Cholmondeley because of its misspelling in the plaque on his tomb, which led to the misspelling of the character's name in the opera; other branches of Cholmeley's family use the longer spelling.

Knighted in 1497 for valour in battle against the Scots, Cholmeley continued to serve as a soldier until 1513, becoming entrusted with many positions of responsibility for security of castles and fortifications in England.  He was successful as a farmer and a shrewd investor in land, much increasing his family wealth.  As Lieutenant of the Tower of London, he drew criticism for his reaction to the Evil May Day riots of 1517, when he ordered the firing of some of the Tower's artillery at the city to suppress rioting.  He was also responsible for the rebuilding of the chapel of St Peter ad Vincula at the Tower.   His illegitimate son, Roger Cholmeley, became Lord Chief Justice of the court of King's Bench.

Life and career
Cholmeley (pronounced "Chumley") was born at Chorley, a small settlement approximately six miles south west of Nantwich, Cheshire near Cholmondeley, the eldest son of Joan Eyton and John Cholmeley, wealthy sheep farmers and land owners.  See the heading "Tomb and Family Name", below, regarding the family name.  While Richard was very young, his family moved to East Yorkshire, where his maternal grandfather held extensive estates.

Early career
Cholmeley was appointed Bailiff of York in 1492 and High Sheriff of Northumberland in 1495. In 1497, he served under Thomas Howard, Earl of Surrey to repel a Scots assault at Norham Castle, a stronghold of the Bishopric of Durham.  For his service, Cholmeley was knighted in the field at Ayton by Lord Surrey as representative of the king.  In the same year, he was appointed Lieutenant of Berwick upon Tweed and Governor of Kingston upon Hull.  In 1499, Cholmeley and his younger brother Roger were appointed Constables of Pickering Castle, North Yorkshire and Stewards of the Honour and Foresters of the Royal Forest.  While Roger settled in the constable's lodgings at the castle, Sir Richard purchased a small estate and house at nearby Thornton on the Hill (now part of Thornton-le-Dale).  In 1506, Cholmeley was appointed Collector of the Great Custom in the Port of London.

In 1513, the Scots invaded England to meet their treaty obligations to France under the Auld Alliance. At the Battle of Flodden, the English, including a Cheshire levy under Cholmeley's command, successfully repelled the Scots. He had brought with him the Citizen Yeomenry of Hull. With English victory, Lord Surrey was restored as Duke of Norfolk.

Lieutenant of the Tower
In October 1513, Cholmeley was appointed Lieutenant of the Tower of London and Supervisor General of Richmond Castle and eleven other Yorkshire castles and manors. There was no suitable house for Cholmeley and his family within the Tower precincts, and so he purchased a house in nearby Barking, where he lived while serving as Lieutenant of the Tower. The Lieutenant served under the Constable of the Tower, at the time Thomas Lovell. The duties of the Lieutenant included defence, maintenance, and custody of the prisoners at the Tower, including escorting prisoners of note to trial at Westminster Hall which, at that time, housed the courts of law.  Cholmeley's maintenance works included the complete rebuilding of the chapel of St Peter ad Vincula, the parish church of the Tower of London, which had been largely destroyed by fire in 1512.  The construction was carried out in 1519–20.

Cholmeley lost some favour with the City of London authorities because of his reaction to the Evil May Day riots of 1517. During the riots, he furiously ordered the firing of some of the Tower's artillery at the city during rioting by gangs of young Londoners, who attacked foreigners, especially the wealthy foreign merchants and bankers of Lombard Street, London and who took control of London for several days.  This drew the ire of the city elders.  In 1520, he resigned his post at the Tower due to ill health.  He died in March 1521 (1522 by the modern calendar system) in St Katharine's by the Tower.

Cholmeley is the only historical character to appear in a Gilbert and Sullivan opera, The Yeomen of the Guard.  In the story of that opera, while serving as Lieutenant of the Tower, Cholmeley finds that a prominent prisoner, scheduled to be executed, has escaped.  He launches a full-scale investigation.

Legacy
Cholmeley became very wealthy by inheritance and shrewd property investments.  At the time of his death, he held extensive estates in Northumberland, Cumberland, Yorkshire, Cambridgeshire, Essex, Middlesex, Kent and Calais, along with several properties in London.  By his will dated 26 December 1521, he left the bulk of his estate to his widow Elizabeth (nee Pennington), with bequests to his only issue, his illegitimate son, named Roger.  Cholmeley willed specific items of value to his younger brother, also named Roger.

Cholmeley's widow, Elizabeth, later married her third husband, Sir William Gascoigne of Cardington, Bedfordshire (her first husband was Sir Walter Strickland of Sizergh).  She died in 1546.  His illegitimate son, Roger Cholmeley, enrolled at Lincoln's Inn to study law in 1506, eventually becoming Recorder of the City of London (from 1535 to 1545), a member of parliament and Chief Baron of the Exchequer (from 1545).  He was knighted in 1534.  In May 1552, he was appointed as Chief Justice of the King's Bench.  He was Lord Chief Justice for only a year because Queen Mary I would not reappoint him.  Also in 1552, he was imprisoned for six weeks in the Tower of London and fined for signing Lady Jane Grey's instrument of succession as Queen.  He returned to work as a barrister and was a member of parliament for Middlesex in the early 1550s.  Roger died in 1565, survived by two daughters.  He is possibly best remembered for his endowment to found a free grammar school, Highgate School, at London.

Cholmeley's brother, Roger, had a son whom he named Richard, whose descendants are the Cholmeleys of Roxby, Bramston and Whitby.  This is the line of the current 7th Baronet, Sir Frederick Sebastian Cholmeley of Easton Hall, Grantham, Lincolnshire.  Cholmeley's cousin, Richard Cholmondeley of Cholmondeley, Cheshire, was married to Elizabeth Brereton of Malpas, whose brother, William Brereton, was executed in 1536 on suspicion of being Anne Boleyn's lover. That branch of the family's descendants, beginning with Sir Hugh Cholmondeley, included the Marquesses and Earls of Cholmondeley.

Tomb and family name
In 1522, after the rebuilding of St. Peter ad Vincula, a tomb was built in the church covered by effigies of Cholmeley and his wife. The monument is one of the oldest in the chapel, where many famous people who were executed at the Tower are buried.  The alabaster effigies lie fenced in ironwork under the central arcade.

However, Cholmeley is not buried in this tomb.  In his will, he requests that he be buried "within the Chapel of our blessed Lady of Barking beside the Tower of London" (now called "All Hallows, Barking") and that if the Masters and Wardens would not agree, then "my body be buried in the Church of the Crutched Friars beside the Tower of London" (now called "St. Olaf's").  All Hallows was almost totally destroyed during the blitz of London during World War II, and so it is not known whether he was buried there or at St. Olaf's.  There is some evidence that he may have been buried in one of the tombs of the Cholmondeley, Cheshire branch of his family.

Cholmeley's family can be traced back to the 12th century Robert de Chelmundelegh, second son of William le Belward, who inherited parts of the Barony of Malpas (for which Malpas is named), including Cholmondeley, Cheshire, previously held by Robert Fitzhugh.  Over the centuries, the family name was spelled in many variants as middle-English developed away from French influences.  Different branches of the family spell the name differently, and Cholmeley's most famous cousins, of Cholmondeley, Cheshire, spell the name "Cholmondeley".

In Victorian times, Sir Richard's tomb in St. Peter ad Vincula was relocated and had a new name panel fitted.  The panel states that the Lieutenant of the Tower was named Richard "Cholmondeley".  Thus, Gilbert and Sullivan called him "Sir Richard Cholmondeley".  However, Sir Richard's father was John Cholmeley, his grandfather was William Cholmeley, and his brother was Roger Cholmeley.  His will is signed Richard Cholmeley and his illegitimate son was Sir Roger Cholmeley.  After the Cholmondeley branch became the more highly titled branch of the family, Sir Richard Cholmeley, Lieutenant of the Tower, was confused with his cousin, Richard Cholmondeley of Cholmondeley, Cheshire, or one of the five knights named Richard Cholmondeley, Chomondley or Cholmeley living around the same time.

Notes


Sounds That Can't Be Made

Sounds That Can't Be Made is Marillion's 17th studio album, released on 17 September 2012. Besides the standard edition there is also a "deluxe campaign edition" containing a bonus DVD with a feature-length documentary called Making Sounds.

A 5.1 channel surround version of the album was released as part of the A Sunday Night Above the Rain Blu-ray set released on Racket Records in 2014.

Political activism
The 17-minute opening track, "Gaza", is perhaps the most overtly political song Marillion have done since 1989. Its lyrics take the perspective of a boy growing up in the Israeli-occupied Gaza Strip. Singer Steve Hogarth explained, "This is a song for the people – especially the children – of Gaza. It was written after many conversations with ordinary Palestinians living in the refugee camps of Gaza and the West Bank. I spoke also to Israelis, to NGO workers, to a diplomat unofficially working in Jerusalem, and took their perspectives into account whilst writing the lyric. It is not my/our intention to smear the Jewish faith or people – we know many Jews are deeply critical of the current situation – and nothing here is intended to show sympathy for acts of violence, whatever the motivation, but simply to ponder upon where desperation inevitably leads. Many Gazan children are now the grandchildren of Palestinians BORN in the refugee camps - so called "temporary" shelters. Temporary for over 50 years now. Gaza is today, effectively, a city imprisoned without trial."
Like David Gilmour, Roger Waters, Chris Martin and others, Marillion support the "HOPING Foundation", an NGO that supports Palestinian children and adolescents in the refugee camps, and encourage their fans to do the same.

Promotional activities
Like with several previous albums, Marillion used pre-ordering for Sounds That Can't Be Made to finance the album. In return, pre-order buyers received the special edition deluxe campaign edition box-set. The band had previously used the same approach successfully with the albums Anoraknophobia (2001), Marbles (2004) and Happiness Is the Road (2008).

Before the release of Sounds That Can't Be Made, two promotional songs were released on YouTube: "Power" on 17 July 2012 and "Gaza" on 4 September 2012.

Cover
The cover was designed by Simon Ward. The artwork for the booklet was designed by five different artists, photographers and designers: Antonio Seijas, Simon Ward, Andy Wright, Marc Bessant and Carl Glover.

The binary data shown on the cover and the image on the box of the Deluxe Campaign Edition is taken from the Arecibo message.

Track listing
All music written by Marillion, lyrics by Steve Hogarth except "Pour My Love" by Hogarth and John Helmer.

The deluxe campaign edition comes with a DVD that contains a full-length documentary about the making of the album, as well as numerous sound checks for songs on the album, and music videos for  'Lucky Man' and 'Power'. The deluxe edition, like the Marbles campaign edition, comes in a slipcase, and contains a 128-page booklet.

In November 2013 a Special Edition 2CD Digipack was released. This release contains the full album plus a bonus disc featuring 3 tracks recorded for RTL2 radio on 17 January 2013. The 2 live tracks are taken from a forthcoming 'Sounds That Can't be Made' live DVD release due out in 2014. Also included is a special demo arrangement of 'Lucky Man'. The pack features specially created cover art plus a booklet containing song lyrics & artwork from the original album release.

Track listing - Vinyl Edition

After months of speculation on the official Marillion website, the album was finally released on a 33⅓ rpm double-vinyl LP in November 2013. The track listing was identical to the original CD release, although some copies included a manufacturers mistake whereby the labels of side 3 & 4 were stamped on the wrong sides of the actual vinyl discs. In other words, side 3 was actually side 4 and vice versa.

Side one
 "Gaza" – 17:31
Side two
 "Sounds That Can't Be Made" – 7:16
 "Pour My Love" – 6:02
 "Power" – 6:07
Side three
 "Montréal" – 14:04
 "Invisible Ink" – 5:47
Side four
 "Lucky Man" – 6:58
 "The Sky Above the Rain" – 10:34

Personnel

Band members
Steve Hogarth – vocals, keyboards
Mark Kelly - keyboards, backing vocals
Ian Mosley - drums, backing vocals
Steve Rothery - guitars, backing vocals
Pete Trewavas - bass guitar, backing vocals, guitars


2014 Estonian Athletics Championships

The 2014 Estonian Athletics Championships () was the national championship in outdoor track and field for Estonia. It was held from 2–3 August at Kadriorg Stadium in Tallinn.

Results

Men

Women


Ted Chamberlain

Edward Edinborough Chamberlain (5 July 1906 – 2 April 1993) was a New Zealand plant pathologist.

Biography
Born in Masterton in 1906, Chamberlain completed his MSc at Victoria University College with a thesis entitled An investigation of the nature of p-azophenol, graduating in 1929. He was awarded a DSc by the same institution in 1939. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of New Zealand in 1959, and the following year he was awarded the society's Hector Medal, the highest award in New Zealand science.

In World War II, Chamberlain was called up for the New Zealand Artillery in September 1940, and embarked as a sergeant with the Second New Zealand Expeditionary Force in mid-1941. He saw four years active service in the Middle East and Italy and was commissioned while overseas.

Chamberlain's engagement to Geraldine Baylis was announced a few days after he was drafted, and the couple were married on 12 February 1941 at King's College chapel in Otahuhu. Geraldine was also a collector of plant specimens.

He died on 2 April 1993 and was buried at Purewa Cemetery in Meadowbank, Auckland.

Selected publications


The Heart and Soul of Joe Williams and George Shearing is a 1971 album by jazz pianist George Shearing and singer Joe Williams. The album was released on Shearing's own record label, Sheba Records. All the songs on the album have the words "heart" or "soul" in their titles.

Reception

C. Michael Bailey reviewed the album's 2001 reissue for All About Jazz and wrote that "Hitting the streets in 1971, The Heart and Soul... has been a bit hard to find as of late but has now been restored to its previous glory. ...Most striking is getting to hear Joe Williams outside of a blues context. He was a fine ballad and torch singer. "Heart and Soul" absolutely swings while "My Foolish Heart" has a bit of Latin whimsy. "Blues in My Heart" captures Williams in his most familiar territory. Shearing's accompaniment is tasteful (could it be anyway else?)".

Ken Dryden reviewed the album for Allmusic and wrote that Shearing and Williams "...work very well together due to their love of great melodies and their ability to build upon them" and particularly praised "My Heart Stood Still" writing that "the enchanting duo rendition by Williams and Shearing not only restores the often omitted verse but proves that less can be more" and that "The lesser-known tunes are hardly lesser quality. Jimmy van Heusen and Johnny Burke penned the gorgeous yet unjustly forgotten "Humpty Dumpty Heart," while Alec Wilder's "Sleep My Heart" is another long lost treasure".

Track listing
 "Heart and Soul" (Hoagy Carmichael, Frank Loesser) – 3:11
 "Nobody's Heart" (Richard Rodgers, Lorenz Hart) – 2:22
 "Body and Soul" (Frank Eyton, Johnny Green, Edward Heyman, Robert Sour) – 2:24
 "Humpty Dumpty Heart" (Johnny Burke, Jimmy Van Heusen) – 2:33
 "My Heart Stood Still" (Rodgers, Hart) – 2:09
 "My Heart and I" (Frederick Hollander, Leo Robin) – 2:56
 "Blues in My Heart" (Benny Carter, Irving Mills) – 3:20
 "Sleep My Heart" (William Engvick, Alec Wilder) – 2:11
 "My Foolish Heart" (Ned Washington, Victor Young) – 2:49
 "My Heart Tells Me" (Mack Gordon, Harry Warren) – 2:02
 "Young at Heart" (Carolyn Leigh, Johnny Richards) – 2:05
 "I Let a Song Go Out of My Heart" (Duke Ellington, Irving Mills, Henry Nemo, John Redmond) – 3:11

Personnel
George Shearing – piano
Joe Williams – vocals
Andy Simpkins – double bass
Stix Hooper – drums
Gary Ulmer – engineer
Beatrice Bayes Shearing – producer


Jan Korger

Jan Korger (3 November 1937 – 13 May 2016) was a Czech physician and politician for the Civic Democratic Party. He served in the House of Peoples of the Federal Assembly of Czechoslovakia in 1992, the last year of its existence. He went on to serve in the municipal government of Šumperk.


Stone (disambiguation)

A stone is a small piece of rock.

Stone or stones may also refer to:

Materials and minerals
 Building stone, a building material
 Calculus (medicine), a stone formed in the body, such as kidney stones or gallstones
 Dimension stone, stone fabricated to specific sizes or shapes
 Gemstone, an attractive mineral used for adornments
 Stoneware, a ceramic ware
 Peach stone, olive stone, etc.; the shell surrounding a seed in drupe fruits

Unit of measurement
 Stone (unit), a measure of weight formerly used in various Germanic European countries and still commonly used in Great Britain and Ireland for measuring human body weight
 Stone (Chinese weight)

Geography

England
 Stone, Buckinghamshire
 Stone, Gloucestershire
 Stone, Staffordshire
 Stone (UK Parliament constituency) in Staffordshire
 Stone, Worcestershire
 Kent
 Norton, Buckland and Stone
 Stone, Kent
 Stone in Oxney

United States
Stone, California
Stone, Indiana
Stone, Kentucky
Stone, Wisconsin
Stone County (disambiguation)

People
 Stone (singer), the stage name of French singer and actress Annie Gautrat, solo and part of duo Stone et Charden
 Stone (surname), people with the surname Stone
 Stones (surname), people with the surname Stones
 Stone Gossard, an American rock musician
 Stone Hallquist (1902-1981), American football running back
 Stone Johnson (1940-1963), Olympic sprinting athlete, American football kick returner and running back
 Stone Librande (born 1972), American video game designer at Riot Games
 Stone Phillips, an American news anchor

Art, entertainment, and media

Comics
 Stone (manga)
 Dr. Stone, a manga by Riichiro Inagaki

Film and television
 Stone (1974 film), an Australian action-adventure
 Stones (2002 film), a Spanish film
 Stone (2010 film), an American drama
 Stone (2012 film), a Russian dramatic thriller
 Stone (TV series), an American crime-drama television series
 Stone Cates, a character from General Hospital played by Michael Sutton

Games and sport
 Stones, a computer game in Microsoft Entertainment Pack 2
 Curling stone, used in the sport of curling
 Objects used in the game of Go

Literature
 Stone (novel), a science fiction novel by Adam Roberts
 Stone trilogy, a novel series by Graham Edwards
 Stone (1971), a novel by Douglass Wallop
 Stones (novel), a young adult novel by William E. Bell
 "Stone", a 1979 short story by Edward Bryant

Music

Groups
 Stone (band), a thrash metal band from Finland
The Rolling Stones, often referred to as "The Stones"

Albums
 Stones (Neil Diamond album), 1971, or the title song
 Stones (Dan Seals album), 1980
 Stone, an album by Crash Vegas
Stone, a 1997 EP by Unbelievable Truth
Stones (Manafest album), 2017, or the title song

Songs

 "Stone" (Alice in Chains song), 2013
 "Stone" (Cyrus song), 2015
 "Stones" (Zibbz song), 2018
 "Stone", by Prince Alla, 1991
 "Stone", by the Small Faces from First Step
 "Stone", by Stereophonics from Pull the Pin
 "Stone", by Kim Wilde from Close, 1988
 "Stones", by Manafest from Stones, 2017
 "Stones", by Sonic Youth from Sonic Nurse, 2004
 "Stones", a single by Technology, 2007
 "Stones", by Neil Diamond from the album Stones, 1971

Brands and companies
 SS-26 Stone, a ballistic missile system
 Stone Brewing Company
 Stones Bitter

Other uses
 Stone butch
 Stoner (drug user)
 Stoning (metalworking), using a stone to sharpen metal
 Stoning, a form of capital punishment


Padesh Ridge

Padesh Ridge (, ‘Hrebet Padesh’ \'hre-bet 'pa-desh\) is the rocky ridge extending 12.7 km in east-west direction, 2.2 km wide, and rising to 910 m (Mount Baleen) in eastern Aristotle Mountains on Oscar II Coast in Graham Land.  It surmounts Rachel Glacier to the north and Starbuck Glacier to the south.  The feature is named after the settlement of Padesh in Southwestern Bulgaria.

Location
Padesh Ridge is located at .  British mapping in 1976.

Maps
 British Antarctic Territory.  Scale 1:200000 topographic map.  DOS 610 Series, Sheet W 65 62.  Directorate of Overseas Surveys, Tolworth, UK, 1976.
 Antarctic Digital Database (ADD). Scale 1:250000 topographic map of Antarctica. Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR). Since 1993, regularly upgraded and updated.


Tom Peebles

Tom Peebles ( – after 1910) was a Scottish professional golfer who played in the early 20th century. Peebles had one top-10 finish in a golf major championship when he finished tied for seventh place in the 1909 U.S. Open.

Early life
Peebles was born in Scotland, circa 1885. He emigrated to the United States to further his career as a professional golfer.

Golf career

1909 U.S. Open
The 1909 U.S. Open was the 15th U.S. Open, held June 24–25 at Englewood Golf Club in Englewood, New Jersey, north of downtown New York City (Manhattan). George Sargent established a new tournament scoring record to win his only major title, four strokes ahead of runner-up Tom McNamara.

Peebles played fine golf in the tournament by shooting 76-73-73-78=300 in the four-round event. He tied with four other golfers on 300 and took home $35 in prize money.

Results in major championships

Note: Peebles played only in the U.S. Open.

"T" indicates a tie for a place
? = unknown
Yellow background for top-10