Medical school in Canada

In Canada, a medical school is a faculty or school of a university that trains future medical doctors and usually offers a three- to five-year Doctor of Medicine (M.D.) or Doctor of Medicine and Master of Surgery (M.D., C.M.) degree. Although presently most students enter medicine having previously earned another degree, the M.D. is technically considered an undergraduate degree in Canada. There are currently seventeen medical schools in Canada. Some faculties, such as Manitoba, McMaster, and Toronto, in addition to training would-be medical doctors, offer two-year bachelor's or master's degrees to train physician assistants.

As of 2013, approximately 3,900 students were enrolled in Canadian medical schools.

Admissions

Generally, medical students begin their studies after receiving a bachelor's degree in another field, often one of the biological sciences.  However, not all medical schools in Canada require a bachelor's degree for entry.  For example, Quebec's medical schools accept applicants after a two-year CEGEP diploma, which is the equivalent of other provinces' grade 12 plus the first year of university.  Most faculties of medicine in Western Canada require at least 2 years, and most faculties in Ontario require at least 3 years of university study before application can be made to medical school.  The University of Manitoba requires applicants to complete a prior degree before admission. The Association of Faculties of Medicine of Canada (AFMC) publishes a detailed guide to admission requirements of Canadian faculties of medicine on a yearly basis.

Admission offers are made by individual medical schools, generally on the basis of a personal statement, autobiographical sketch, undergraduate record (GPA), scores on the Medical College Admission Test (MCAT), and interviews.  Medical schools in Quebec (Francophones and Anglophone alike), the University of Ottawa (a bilingual school), and the Northern Ontario School of Medicine (a school which promotes francophone culture),  do not require the MCAT, as the MCAT has no French equivalent. Some schools, such as the University of Toronto and Queen's University, use the MCAT score as a cut-off, where sub-standard scores compromise eligibility. Other schools, such as the University of Western Ontario, give increasing preference to higher performance. McMaster University strictly utilizes the Critical Analysis and Reasoning section of the MCAT to determine interview eligibility and admission rank.

The annual success rate for Canadian citizens applying for admission to Canadian medical schools is normally below 10%.  Just over 2,500 positions were available in first-year classes in 2006-2007 across all seventeen Canadian faculties of medicine.  The average cost of tuition in 2006-2007 was $12,728 for medical schools outside of Quebec; in Quebec (for Quebecers only), average tuition was $2,943.  The level of debt among Canadian medical students upon graduation has received attention in the medical media.

Curriculum

Medical school in Canada is generally a 4-year program at most universities.  Notable exceptions include McMaster University and the University of Calgary, where programs run for 3 years, without interruption for the summer. McGill University and Université de Montréal in the province of Quebec both offer a five-year program that includes a medical preparatory year to entering CEGEP graduates. While Université Laval in Quebec City offers a four- to five-year program to all entering students (both CEGEP graduates and university-level students), Université de Sherbrooke offers a formal four-year M.D. program to all admitted students.

The first half of the medical curriculum is dedicated mostly to teaching the fundamentals of, or basic subjects relevant to, medicine, such as anatomy, histology, physiology, pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, ethics, and epidemiology.  This instruction can be organized by discipline or by organ system.  Teaching methods can include traditional lectures, problem-based learning, laboratory sessions, simulated patient sessions, and limited clinical experiences.  The remainder of medical school is spent in clerkship.  Clinical clerks participate in the day-to-day management of patients.  They are supervised and taught during this clinical experience by residents and fully licensed staff physicians.  Typical rotations include internal medicine, family medicine, psychiatry, surgery, emergency medicine, obstetrics and gynecology, and pediatrics.  Elective rotations are often available so students can explore specialties of interest for residency training.

Some medical schools offer joint degree programs in which a limited number of interested medical students may simultaneously enroll in M.Sc. or Ph.D. programs in related fields.  Often this research training is undertaken during elective time and between the basic science and clinical clerkship halves of the curriculum. For example, while Université de Sherbrooke offers a M.D./M.Sc. program, McGill University offers a M.D./Ph.D. for medical students holding an undergraduate degree in a relevant field.

Post-graduate medical education

Students enter into the Canadian Resident Matching Service (CaRMS) in the fall of their final year.  Students rank their preferences of hospitals and specialties.  In turn, the programs to which they applied rank each student.  Both sets of rank lists are confidential.  Each group's preferences are entered into a computerized matching system to determine placement for residency positions.  'Match Day' usually occurs in March, a few months before graduation.  The length of post-graduate training varies with choice of specialty.  Family medicine is a 2-year program accredited by the College of Family Physicians of Canada (CFPC), and third year programs of residency training are available in various areas of practice, including Emergency Medicine, Maternal/Child, Care of the Elderly, Palliative Care or Sports Medicine.  All other medical specialty residencies are accredited by the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada; most are 5 years long.  Internal medicine and pediatrics are 4-year programs in which the final year can be used to complete a fellowship in general internal medicine or general pediatrics, or used towards a longer fellowship (e.g., cardiology).  A few surgical residencies, including cardiac surgery, neurosurgery, and some general surgery programs, last 6 years.  Sub-specialty fellowships are available after most residencies.

There are subtle differences between how residency training is organized in Canada as opposed to the United States.  For example, M.D. graduates proceed directly into their residencies without the intermediate step of internship.  However, this difference is somewhat superficial:  for many residencies, the first postgraduate year (PGY1) in Canada is very similar to a rotating internship, with 1-2 month-long rotations in diverse fields.  On the other hand, in Canada the graduate is often committed to a sub-specialty earlier than a similar American graduate.

Some sub-specialties are organized differently.  For example, in the United States, cardiac and thoracic surgery are rolled into one fellowship (cardiothoracic surgery) following residency in general surgery.  In Canada, cardiac surgery is a direct-entry residency (equivalent training can be obtained by pursuing a cardiac fellowship following residency in general surgery, but this route is far less popular).  A fellowship in thoracic surgery can be pursued following residency in either cardiac or general surgery.

Unlike the United States and United Kingdom, in Canada there are no national guidelines for residents' call schedules or work hours. However, each province in which residency training takes place negotiates such details as part of a collective agreement between the authority and the provincial professional association of residents.  An example of this is the Professional Association of Internes and Residents of Ontario.

Continuing medical education

Both Canadian specialty colleges participate in mandatory continuing medical education (CME) schemes.  Examples of CME activities include attendance at conferences, participating in practice-based small group learning, and taking courses such as advanced cardiac life support.

The CFPC program for family physicians is called MAINPRO, short for 'Maintenance of Proficiency.'   A certain number of credits must be obtained over 5 year cycles.  There are different classes of credits depending on whether the CME activity is considered accredited (e.g., attending accredited workshops or conferences) or non-accredited (e.g., teaching medical students, preparing research papers for publication, reading scholarly journals).

The Office of Professional Affairs of the RCPSC is responsible for a mandatory maintenance of certification (MOC) program as part of its strategy of continuous professional development linked to each Fellow’s professional practice. The framework of CPD options includes a broad spectrum of learning activities linked to a credit system. All Fellows submit their completed learning activities through MAINPORT, the RCPSC learning portfolio. Fellows of the RCPSC must submit a minimum number of credits per year (40 credits) and over a 5-year cycle (400 credits) to maintain their membership with the Royal College and their right to use the designation FRCPC or FRCSC.
That instead gives way to more time.

Evaluation

During the final year of medical school, students complete part 1 of the Medical Council of Canada Qualifying Examination (MCCQE), which is administered by the Medical Council of Canada and organized as a part-multiple choice, part-short answer computer-adaptive test.  Upon completion of the final year of medical school, students are awarded the degree of M.D.  Students then begin training in the residency program designated to them by CaRMS.  Part 2 of the MCCQE, an Objective Structured Clinical Examination, is taken following completion of 12 months of residency training.  After both parts of the MCCQE are successfully completed, the resident becomes a Licentiate of the Medical Council of Canada.  However, in order to practice independently, the resident must complete the residency program and take a board examination pertinent to his or her intended scope of practice. In the final year of residency training, residents take an exam administered by either the RCPSC or the CFPC, depending on whether they are training for specialty or family practice.  They are then eligible to apply for full licensure with their provincial or territorial medical regulatory authority (i.e., provincial college).

Accreditation
Together with the Canadian Medical Association (CMA), the AFMC carries out accreditation surveys and rules on the accreditation status of all of the undergraduate medical programs in Canada, as well as all university-based continuing medical education.  The Liaison Committee on Medical Education, jointly administered by the Association of American Medical Colleges and the American Medical Association, also accredits Canadian medical schools. The M.D. and M.D.C.M medical degrees are the only medical degrees offered in Canada  listed in the WHO/IMED list of medical schools.

Language
In Canada, physician training is available in both official languages: English and French. Postgraduate trainees are referred to as 'residents'.


John Michael Uhrich

John Michael Uhrich, M.D., (June 7, 1877 – June 15, 1951), was the ninth Lieutenant Governor of Saskatchewan from 1948 until 1951.

Early life
Uhrich was born in Formosa, Ontario and received his schooling in Walkerton and was briefly a schoolteacher before earning his medical degree at Northwestern University in Chicago.

During his summer breaks from university he would teach school in Saskatchewan. After graduation, he decided to settle in the province and established his medical practice at Hague, Saskatchewan in 1909.

Politics
He entered politics and was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan in the 1921 provincial election as the Liberal MLA for Rosthern.

Uhrich was appointed to the provincial cabinet in 1922 by Premier Charles Dunning and served as provincial secretary until 1923 when he was appointed the province's first Minister of Public Health. Under Uhrich the province expanded its role in the hospital system, which had been largely locally run to that point, and increased the number of hospitals. He also began public inspection of water and milk supplies and immunization programs against diphtheria and smallpox. In 1929, the government assumed the cost of treating tuberculosis.

After being re-elected in the 1925 provincial election the Liberal government was defeated in 1929 and Uhrich, who was personally re-elected, moved to the opposition benches.

The Liberals returned to power in 1934 and Uhrich again became Minister of Public Health. In 1938, he was given the additional portfolio of Public Works.

Later life
He retired from politics in 1944 and was appointed lieutenant governor in 1948. He died, in office, in 1951.


Oakwood Cemetery (Austin, Texas)

Oakwood Cemetery, originally called City Cemetery, is the oldest city-owned cemetery in Austin, Texas. Situated on a hill just east of I-35 that overlooks downtown Austin, just north of the Swedish Hill Historic District and south of Disch-Falk Field, the once-isolated site is now in the center of the city.

History
The cemetery dates from the mid-1850s. It may have begun even earlier, as legend states that its first tenants were victims of a Comanche attack whose bodies were laid to rest on the same hill.

The cemetery was renamed Oakwood in 1907 per city ordinance. It spreads over , including an annex across Comal Street to the east, and includes sections historically dedicated to the city's black, Latino, and Jewish populations. Paupers were historically buried in unmarked graves on the cemetery's south side. Graves without permanent markers were subject to reburial after a given period.

In 1914 the Oakwood Cemetery Mortuary Chapel was built on a design by Texas architect Charles Henry Page as a site for memorial services. The chapel was later renovated and remodeled in 1944 under the direction of local architect J. Roy White.

The cemetery became a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark in 1972 and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1985; its annex was added on October 30, 2003. The view of the Texas State Capitol from Comal Street in the center of the cemetery became one of the Capitol View Corridors protected under state and local law from obstruction by tall buildings in 1983. Despite its protected status, the cemetery has been subject to crime, vandalism, and decay for decades.

Notable burials
 Wilmer Allison (1904–1977) - Tennis Player
 John Barclay Armstrong (1850–1913) - Texas Ranger, U.S. Marshall, and rancher. Captured the notorious killer John Wesley Hardin and is enshrined in the Texas Ranger Hall of Fame in Waco.
 Thomas N. Barnes (1930 – 2003) Fourth Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force
 Richard Bache, Jr. who represented Galveston in the Senate of the Second Texas Legislature in 1847 and assisted in drawing up the Texas Constitution of 1845. He was also the grandson of Benjamin Franklin, one of the Founding Fathers of the United States of America, and Deborah Read.
 Albert S. Burleson (1863–1937) - United States Postmaster General (1913–1921)
 Oscar Branch Colquitt (1861–1940) - Governor of Texas (1911–1915)
 Jacob Carl DeGress (1842–1894) - First State Superintendent of Schools (1871) and Mayor of Austin (1877–1880)
 Susanna Dickinson (1814–1883) - Alamo survivor
 John Henry Faulk (1913–1990) - Radio Personality
 Rebecca Jane G. Fisher (1831–1926), the only woman elected to the Texas Veterans Association and its last surviving member, the first woman to have her portrait hung in the Senate Chamber at the Texas Capitol.
 Thomas Green (1814–1864) - American Civil War General
 Andrew J. Hamilton (1815–1875) - Governor of Texas (1865–1866)
 Morgan C. Hamilton (1809–1893) - U.S. Senator (1870–1877)
 Peter Heinrich Oberwetter (1830–1915) - Botanist, Landscape artist for the Texas State Capital
 John Hancock (1824–1893) - Member of the United States House of Representatives (1871–1885)
 Ima Hogg (1882–1975) - Philanthropist
 James S. Hogg (1851–1906) - Governor of Texas (1891–1895)
 George W. Littlefield  (1842–1920)  -  Cattleman, Banker, University of Texas Regent
 Seth W. Mabry  (1831–1914)  -  Cattleman
 Henry Green Madison (1843–1912) - First African-American City Councilman of Austin, Texas
 Elisha M. Pease (1812–1883) - Governor of Texas (1853—1857, 1867–1869)
   Porter, Infant of W.S Porter; (1888) - Son of writer, O. Henry
 John Rabb (1798–1861) - One of the Original 297 Texas Settlers with the Stephen F. Austin Colony
 Oran M. Roberts (1815–1898) - Governor of Texas (1879–1883)
 Ben Thompson (1842–1884) - City Marshal of Austin, Texas
 William M. Walton (1832–1915) - Attorney General of Texas (1866–1867)
 Charles S. West (1829–1885) - Texas Supreme Court justice and Secretary of State of Texas
 Dr. Annie Webb Blanton (1870–1945) - First woman elected to statewide office in Texas. Served as State Superintendent for Public Instruction from 1919-1922.


Dimitriu

Dimitriu is a Romanian surname that may refer to:

Anatolie Dimitriu (born June 19, 1973), Moldovan politician
Constantin Dimitriu-Dovlecel (1872–1945), Romanian lawyer and politician
Mihai Dimitriu, Moldovan politician who served in the Moldovan Parliament 1990–1994


Dr. Biju

Bijukumar Damodaran, known mononymously as Dr. Biju, is an Indian film director and screenwriter. He received India's National Film Awards three times. He is considered one of the most important contemporary voices in Indian cinema. He is one of the rare film directors in India who is always raising his voice openly for social justice, gender equality, environmental problems and about marginalized people. He is best known for films such as Saira (2005), Veettilekkulla Vazhi (2010), Akasathinte Niram (2012), Perariyathavar (2013), Valiya Chirakulla Pakshikal (2015)Kaadu Pookkunna Neram (2016),Sound of Silence (2017 film) and Painting Life (2018). His films screened at many international film festivals including Cannes Film Festival, Montreal World Film Festival, Shanghai Film Festival, Telluride Film Festival, Cairo Film Festival, Eurasia International Film Festival, Jeonju International Film Festival, Fajr Film Festival Tehran, Tallinn Black Nights Film Festival, Fantasporto Portugal, International Film Festival of India etc.

Career
Dr. Biju was born at Kudassanad a small village, near Pandalam in Kerala, India on May 31, 1971. He graduated in Homeopathic Medicine and joined in Government Medical service in 2004. He was fascinated with cinema by seeing world classics films at Kerala International Film Festivals during his college time. He then turned as a self-taught filmmaker and made his first feature film in 2005. Biju debuted into films as writer and director with Saira (2005). It was first part of terrorism trilogy and in 2007 premiered at the Cannes International Film Festival in the section Cinema of the world  . His second film Raman (2008) was selected at Cairo International Film Festival (2009) in the Incredible India category. Veettilekkulla Vazhi (The Way Home; 2010) was the last film of the trilogy and earned a National Film Award  for best Malayalam film in 2010.

His fourth film Akasathinte Niram (Color of Sky; 2012), was premiered at 15th Shanghai International Film Festival in the International competition section. Biju's next film, Perariyathavar (Names Unknown, 2014) received two National Film Award in 2014 for the Best Actor Suraj Venjaramoodu  and Best film on Environment conservation, and was screened at the Montreal World Film Festival (2014). The film won the best actor award for Master Govardhan at Fajr International Film Festival Tehran Iran 2015 and best cinematography at Kazan international film festival Russia 2015.

In 2015, he directed Valiya Chirakulla Pakshikal (Birds With Large Wings; 2015) which was premiered at United Nations, Geneva as a part of the United Nations Environment Programme, and received National Film Award (2015) for the Best film on Environment conservation.

His 2016 film Kaadu Pookkunna Neram (When The Woods Bloom) was premiered at the Eurasia International Film Festival, Asia Pacific Screen Awards, International Film Festival of Kerala, and the Montreal World Film Festival, in 2016. The film got National Film Award for Best Sound Design 2017 to Jayadevan Chakkadath.

His eighth film Sound of Silence (2017 film)  is his first Non- Malayalam language film. The film is in Pahari, Tibetan and Hindi Language. The film premiered at Eurasia International Film Festival 2017, Kazakhstan in the main competition section. The film got best director award at Kolkata International Film Festival 2017 and later got a number of international awards.

His next film Painting Life is his first feature film in the English Language. The film premiered at Almaty International film festival and screened at many film festivals across the world. Painting Life won the Critics award at 39th Fantasporto International Film Festival, Portugal 2019 .

His latest film Veyilmarangal (Trees Under The Sun) premiered at 22nd Shanghai International Film Festival in Golden Goblet competition section and won Outstanding Artistic Achievement award. This was the first time an Indian film got an award at Golden Goblet competition at Shanghai since its inception.

Biju has served as jury member of the International Film Festival of Kerala (2011), Fajr International Film Festival (2012),  India's National Film Awards (2013),  2015 Oscar selection jury member for best foreign language film from India. Pune International Film Festival (2018) and Rostov International film festival, Russia 2018.

Filmography

Recognitions

International Awards as Writer-Director

International Awards For Technicians, Actors

 India's National Film Awards

Indian Panorama Selections

Kerala State Film Awards as Writer, Director

Kerala State Film Awards for technicians, actors


CSS Forrest

CSS Forrest was a wooden-hulled Confederate gunboat that saw action in the North Carolina sounds in 1861 to 1862. Despite being considered "worn out", she saw continuous service until destroyed after the battle of Elizabeth City in February 1862.

Ship history
The Forrest was originally named the J. A. Smith when launched in 1855. Designed as a canal boat, she was converted to steam in 1856. The Smith was bought at Norfolk in 1861 and renamed Weldon N. Edwards in honor of the President of the North Carolina Secession Convention.  She was ordered to Hatteras Inlet by Flag Officer Samuel Barron on July 27, 1861:

from which place you will make every exertion to defend the coasts of that State and harass and annoy the commerce of the enemy. Should you make prizes you will send them either to Norfolk, Va., or some port in North Carolina, as your judgment may determine to be most proper, proceeding in accordance with the law of the Confederate States on the subject of prizes. You will ship any seamen that may offer.

The Edwards patrolled Hatteras Inlet in North Carolina under the command of Lt. J. Cooke. In August 1861, Cooke would report to Flag Officer Barron that his ship was "entirely worthless, the boilers worn out and the timbers of his vessel rotten."

By early October, the tug was back in Norfolk, where on the 3rd she received orders from Flag Officer French Forrest to return quickly to Roanoke Island and place the gunboat at the service of local CSN commander William Lynch.

At some point in late 1861, the Edwards name was changed to Forrest. She was part of a five gunboat fleet that attempted to provoke the Union forces at anchor at Hatteras Inlet on November 3, 1861. The Union gunboats did not reply to the Confederate challenge, so the Confederate gunboats retreated with the  towing the Forrest back home.

On December 30, 1861, the Forrest had to be towed by the Curlew to Edenton for repairs. By January 3, 1862, she was back with the rest of the Mosquito Fleet at Roanoke Island. For the rest of the month, the Forrest was involved in towing schooners and performing patrolling duties.

The Forrest participated in the Battle of Roanoke Island on February 7, 1862, during which her commanding officer, Lt. J. L. Hoole, CSN, was seriously wounded.  Furthermore, Forrest was disabled late in the action "by the displacement of her propeller" and towed to Elizabeth City, N.C., for repairs. There, three days later, while out of water on the marine railway, she was burned to prevent capture by Union forces.


Giant (2017 film)

Giant (Original title: Handia) is a 2017 Basque language drama film directed by Aitor Arregi and Jon Garaño. The film is based on the life of Miguel Joaquín Eleizegui Arteaga (1818-1861) who suffered from gigantism and was known as the "Giant from Altzo". The film premiered at the 2017 San Sebastián International Film Festival, where it was awarded the Special Jury Prize. The film was also screened at the 2017 BFI London Film Festival.

At the 32nd Goya Awards, the film won ten awards, including Best Original Screenplay, Best New Actor (Eneko Sagardoy), and Best Original Score (Pascal Gaigne).

Plot
An unwilling conscript in the First Carlist War, Martín returns to his family's farmhouse to find that his younger brother Joaquín has become a giant. Martín sees the commercial opportunity in marketing the "tallest man on Earth" as a freak attraction, and they travel around Europe with the increasingly distressed Joaquín serving as a circus act. Joaquín measures himself each night and is horrified that he continues to grow, well into adulthood, suspecting that the condition is terminal.

For a time Martín believes he is at home with sophisticated medical doctors interested in understanding his brother's condition, yet his background, clothes, and Basque accent betray him, and they laugh at him as a mere farmhand or peasant. Embittered, he travels abroad.

In one scene, the brothers visit Stonehenge, England, where in a surreal, early morning ritual, Joaquín is introduced to a potential female love interest, who is also a giant. She seems interested, but Joaquín is too self-conscious and possessing a self awareness Martin lacks, in the end repulsed by someone of a similar condition.

Critical appraisal
The film won several Goya awards in Spain and has been described as the most technically accomplished to date Basque-language movie. English language critics have been equally enthusiastic, praising especially its visual brilliance while noting that the plot loses momentum towards the end.

Giant has a rating of 71% on Rotten Tomatoes indicating mostly favourable reviews.

Cast
Joseba Usabiaga as Martín
Eneko Sagardoy as Joaquín
Iñigo Aranburu as Arzadun
Ramon Agirre as Antonio
Aia Kruse as María

Awards


John H. Camp

John Henry Camp (April 4, 1840 – October 12, 1892) was a U.S. Representative from New York.

Born in Ithaca, New York, Camp attended the common schools, and was graduated from the Albany Law School in 1860.
He was admitted to the bar the same year and commenced practice in Lyons, New York.
He served as clerk of the surrogate court in 1863.
He served as prosecuting attorney of Wayne County in 1867–1870.

Camp was elected as a Republican to the Forty-fifth, Forty-sixth, and Forty-seventh Congresses (March 4, 1877 – March 3, 1883).
He was not a candidate for reelection in 1882.
He resumed the practice of law in Lyons, New York, where he died October 12, 1892.
He was interred in Grove Cemetery, Trumansburg, New York.


Kye-yaa-la Indian Reserve No. 1

Kye-yaa-la Indian Reserve No. 1, officially Kye-yaa-la 1, is an Indian reserve, comprising the whole of Sail Island and including three small islands, in Retreat Passage to the west of Gilford Island, and east of Bonwick Island in the Johnstone Strait region of the Central Coast of British Columbia, Canada.  The reserve is 9.6 ha. in size and is under the administration of the Kwikwasut'inuxw Haxwa'mis First Nation band government.


Ultima Online: High Seas

Ultima Online: High Seas is the first booster pack for the 1997 MMORPG Ultima Online.

Official announcement
Ultima Online: High Seas, was announced during a UO Town Hall Meeting held on August 28, 2010 at EA Mythic/Bioware's division headquarters in Fairfax, Virginia. It was introduced with the title Adventures on the High Seas but later trimmed to just "High Seas".

Features
 New Ships
Orcish Galleon
Gargish Galleon
Tokuno Galleon
Britannian Ship
 New Ship Movements
 Ship Weapons
Boats have multiple weapon stations where Cannons may be placed
 Ship can now take damage and be repaired
 Pirate and Merchant Ships
 New Boss Encounters
 A Sea Market
 Fishing Profession Updates
Fishing skill cap raised to 120 with power scrolls
 Miscellaneous
20% House and Bank storage increase
New Cooking recipes
New mining resource saltpeter


Oru Vasantha Geetham

Oru Vasantha Geetham (English : A Breezy Duet) is a Tamil film released in 1994 directed and produced by T. Rajendar. Rajender himself appeared in the title role with Gautami, whilst the film featured an extensive cast, which also featured Rajendar's three real life children, along with a bevy of supporting actors. The film released on 4 May 1994.

Cast
T. Rajendar
Gouthami
Janagaraj
Silk Smitha
S. S. Chandran
Radharavi
Silambarasan as Silambhu
Kuralarasan

Soundtrack
Soundtrack was composed by T. Rajender who also wrote lyrics.
Aangaari - SPB
Kalyanam - SPB
Mainave - SPB
Puguntha Veedu - SPB
Thanneerindri - K. S. Chithra
Thotta Chinungi - SPB, Chithra
Thenpodhigai - SPB


Stemshaug

Stemshaug is a village in Aure Municipality in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway.  The village is located on the mainland along the southern shore of the Torsetsundet strait and along the Norwegian County Road 364. The village of Stemshaug was the administrative centre of the old Stemshaug Municipality. The very old Stemshaug Church is located in the village.


Reeves v. C.H. Robinson Worldwide, Inc.

Reeves v CH Robinson Worldwide, Inc,  5 No. 07-10270 (11th Cir. January 20, 2010) is a US labor law case under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 heard  before the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit which ruled  that a hostile work environment can be created in a workplace where sexually explicit language  and pornography are present.  A  hostile workplace may exist even if it is not targeted at any  particular employee.

Facts
Ms. Reeves was the only woman working in her area as a transportation sales representative in the Birmingham, Ala., office of C.H. Robinson, an Eden Prairie, Minnesota-based transportation services firm. In her lawsuit she claimed that "sexually offensive language permeated the work environment" from both her co-workers and her supervisor. Sexually explicit radio programming played on a daily basis and when she complained about it she was told it was up to her to play her own radio stations. When she did change the channel others would change it back. She resigned in 2004 and filed a complaint in 2006, claiming that the sexually offensive language created a hostile work environment.

A lower court dismissed her case granting summary judgment to her employer. Reeves appealed.

Judgment
The United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit which ruled  that a hostile work environment can be created in a workplace where sexually explicit language  and pornography are present.  A  hostile workplace may exist even if it is not targeted at any  particular employee.


Lucena del Cid

Lucena del Cid is a municipality in the comarca of Alcalatén, province of Castellon, Valencian Community, Spain.


Trials & Tribulations (Bizzy Bone album)

Trials & Tribulations is the tenth album by the rapper Bizzy Bone. The album was released on September 11, 2007, by Real Talk Ent. The insert to this album includes advertisements for other Real Talk albums and Bone albums including Bone Brothers 2, The Best of Bizzy Bone, The Midwest Cowboy, The Story and Thug Brothers. The album shares was produced by Big Hollis, Vince V. and Hella Tight.

Track listing
"Ride to This (Intro)"
"Explain to Me"
"Let the Haters Know"
"You Don't Want It" (featuring Aeileon & King Josiah)
"The Block"
"Don't Ask Me Why"
"Lookin the Same" (featuring Tha Realest)
"A Thugz Prayer"
"Distant" (featuring Aeileon El Nino)
"I Don't Think You Know" (featuring Aeileon El Nino)
"Mr. Coke Man" (featuring Tha Realest)
"Still Lookin the Same" (featuring Tha Realest)
"Don't Ask Me Why (Remix)"
"Trust & Believe (Outro)"


Kozły

Kozły may refer to the following places:
Kozły, Lublin Voivodeship (east Poland)
Kozły, Białystok County in Podlaskie Voivodeship (north-east Poland)
Kozły, Bielsk County in Podlaskie Voivodeship (north-east Poland)
Kozły, Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
Kozły, Greater Poland Voivodeship (west-central Poland)


John Brown Lake

John Brown Lake is a lake on Vancouver Island east of Moat Lake on Forbidden Plateau, Strathcona Provincial Park.


Shozaburo Jimi

is a former Japanese politician of the now defunct People's New Party, and was a member of the House of Councillors in the Diet (national legislature). Jimi is a registered medical practitioner, and was a graduate of the department of medicine at Kyushu University in 1977. He was elected to the House of Councillors 2007, after serving more than 20 years in the House of Representatives of Japan for the 4th and 10th Fukuoka districts respectively. He served as the Minister of State for Financial Services and Postal Reform from 2010 to 2012.

Honours
 Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun (2016)


Provo Premier League

WIV Provo Premier League is the top division of the Turks and Caicos Islands Football Association. Despite being a league competition in CONCACAF none of the Turks and Caicos' teams ever played in the CFU Club Championship nor CONCACAF Champions League. 3,000 capacity TCIFA National Academy is one of the used venues.

Teams
For the 2018 season, the league comprises seven teams:
Academy Eagles
Academy Jaguars
Beaches
Cheshire Hall
Full Physic
Sharks FC

Previous winners
All winners listed according to RSSSF:

Titles by team

* As KPMG United
** As Tropic All Stars

Top scorers


Andrew Wilson (Australian politician)

Andrew Heron Wilson (24 August 1844 – 29 August 1906) was a politician in colonial Queensland, and a member of the Queensland Legislative Council.

Early life
Wilson was son of Andrew Wilson and Grace (Heron) his wife, was born at Ayr, Scotland, and educated at the Ayr Academy. He emigrated to Queensland in 1864, and became a large saw-mill owner at Maryborough, Queensland. He was married at Cunning Park, Ayr, to Miss Jessie Adam.

Politics
Wilson was called to the Legislative Council in 1883 where he served until his death in 1906.

Published works


Jack Chute

John Chaloner (Jack) Chute (b Basingstoke 4 October 1881; d Buckland Newton 12 September 1961) was Archdeacon of Sherborne from 1941 until his death.

He was educated at Eton, Balliol and Cuddesdon. After his ordination, he was Assistant Chaplain at his old school. Following 25 years at Eton he was Rector of Piddlehinton from 1938 to 1957.

He died at Buckland Newton on 12 September 1961 at the age of 79.


Doll Domination – The Mini Collection

Doll Domination – The Mini Collection is the first and only extended play (EP) by American girl group The Pussycat Dolls, released on May 24, 2009 by Interscope Records. The EP was released as a reissue of their second studio album Doll Domination (2008), with newly recorded songs and remixes.

Critical reception
Nick Levine saw the release "a little strange" suggesting "after scoring their biggest hit of the Doll Domination era with 'Jai Ho! (You Are My Destiny)', [...] the next move seemed obvious. Tack the Slumdog-sampling smash onto the end of the original album, add a couple more new tunes and call it a 'Deluxe Edition'." Levine went on to praise the label's decision to assemble a six track mini album "without the padding that bogged down the original." He awarded The Mini Collection four out of five stars.

Commercial performance
Commercially The Mini Collection fared well. In the United Kingdom, it debuted at number 9 on the UK Albums Chart with first-week sales of 13,676. As of June 2009, The Mini Collection had sold over 70,000 copies and was certified silver by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) for shipments of 60,000 units.

Track listing

Notes
 signifies a vocal producer
 signifies an additional producer.

Samples
"When I Grow Up" samples "He's Always There" as written by Jim McCarty and Paul Samwell-Smith performed by The Yardbirds.
"Whatcha Think About That" samples "Je M'appelle Jane" as written by Mickael Furnon performed by Jane Birkin.
"Hush Hush; Hush Hush" samples "I Will Survive" as written by Freddie Perren and Dino Fekaris and interpolation of the original string arrangement by David Blumberg performed by Gloria Gaynor.

Charts

Weekly charts

Certifications

Release history


Josh Allen (quarterback)

Joshua Patrick Allen (born May 21, 1996) is an American football quarterback for the Buffalo Bills of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Wyoming. Receiving only one offer out of high school and having to play one year of junior college football at Reedley College, Allen was eventually recruited to Wyoming, where he led the Cowboys to a Mountain West Conference division title and two bowl games. He was drafted by the Bills in the first round (7th overall) of the 2018 NFL Draft, becoming the highest drafted NFL player from the University of Wyoming and the highest drafted quarterback in Bills' history.

Early years
Allen grew up on a  cotton farm near Firebaugh, California, a small town about  west of Fresno, California. His family has lived in the area since his great-grandfather, who emigrated from Sweden in 1907, settled there during the Great Depression. The farm where he was raised was established in 1975 by his paternal grandfather, who was also a longtime member of the local school board and namesake of the gymnasium of Firebaugh High School, from which Allen graduated in 2014.

Growing up as a Fresno State fan who regularly attended both games and football camps, Allen tried to draw the interest of the program's coaching staff; his father tried to sell the Bulldogs' head coach at the time, Tim DeRuyter, on him, but DeRuyter chose not to offer a scholarship. DeRuyter was not alone in this assessment; Allen received no scholarship offers from any NCAA Division I program—whether in the top-level FBS or second-tier FCS. San Diego State made him an offer to walk on, but Allen turned it down because Aztecs coach Rocky Long couldn't guarantee any playing time. In a 2017 story on Allen, ESPN journalist Mark Schlabach speculated on why Allen got so little interest out of high school:
At the time, Josh was about 6-foot-3 and 180 pounds. He hadn't attended the elite quarterback camps and wasn't a widely known prospect. His high school team didn't participate in many 7-on-7 camps because Josh and many of his teammates were busy playing baseball and other sports. He was the leading scorer on his basketball team and also pitched on the baseball team, reaching 90 mph with his fastball. Yahoo Sports writer Jeff Eisenberg added in another 2017 story,At a time when many scholarship-hungry families encourage their kids to specialize in one sport or to transfer to the school that will provide the most exposure, the Allens resisted both trends. They spurned overtures from more prominent Central Valley programs after Allen’s breakout junior season and kept him at Firebaugh, living by the family mantra that "you bloom where you’re planted." Not only was Allen involved in multiple sports while in high school, he also regularly worked on the family farm and at the restaurant his mother operated in Firebaugh.

Allen was a member of the National FFA Organization through his local chapter at Firebaugh High School.  Allen received numerous awards for his agricultural work and knowledge including a rank in the top four in the nation in diversified crop production of cantaloupe, cotton, and wheat in 2014.

College career

Reedley College
Allen attended Reedley College, a junior college where one of the football assistant coaches at the time was married to Allen's cousin. Reedley's offensive coordinator at the time, Ernie Rodriguez, recalled in Eisenberg's story, "He was putting up ungodly numbers and making some incredible throws, but he was getting no love. I didn’t understand it. I couldn’t believe that nobody wanted him." Allen did not play in the team's first three games in 2014, but in the next game he ran for four touchdowns after coming off the bench, and soon became the team's starter, throwing for 25 touchdowns with only 4 interceptions for the rest of the season. By then, he had grown to 6'5" and 210 pounds (1.96 m, 95 kg), and his coaches at Reedley thought that he would soon receive many FBS scholarship offers. This proved incorrect; near the end of the season, Allen sent a mass email to every head coach, offensive coordinator, defensive coordinator, and quarterback coach in FBS, but received interest from only a small number of schools. Only Eastern Michigan and Wyoming offered him a scholarship, and Eastern Michigan withdrew its offer when Allen visited Wyoming late in the 2014–15 junior-college signing period.

Wyoming's coaches initially visited Reedley to scout another potential transfer, but former Fresno State assistant Dave Brown, who had since become part of the inaugural staff of new Cowboys head coach Craig Bohl, was familiar with Allen, and urged offensive coordinator Brent Vigen to recruit him. While researching Allen, Vigen noticed a large number of parallels between Allen and a quarterback whom he had recruited in 2010 while serving in the same role at North Dakota State—Carson Wentz, who went on to become a starting quarterback for the Philadelphia Eagles. Wentz was similar in size to Allen, and also shared Allen's small-town, multi-sport, and late-blooming background. Bohl soon warmed to Allen as a prospect, especially after their initial quarterback prospect committed to Syracuse. Bohl was the only FBS head coach to visit the family farm, and while there, he told Allen's father, "We went all around the country and there's only one quarterback we want and that's your son. He's going to be the face of our program." Despite receiving an offer from Wyoming, Allen made one final pitch to Fresno State's staff, sending a pointed email to an assistant referencing the fact that the team had received a commitment from a quarterback prospect who was both shorter and lighter than Allen was when Fresno State turned him down in high school. After being rebuffed, he committed to Wyoming, enrolling there prior to the 2015 season.

University of Wyoming

In his first year at Wyoming, he played in two games and made one start. In his first career start he attempted only four passes before suffering a broken collarbone which ended his season; because the injury occurred early in the season, he qualified for a medical redshirt. Allen returned from the injury in 2016 and was Wyoming's starter.

After throwing for over 3,200 yards and 28 touchdowns in 2016, he contemplated declaring for the 2017 NFL draft, initially telling his family, girlfriend, and a few friends that he would turn pro. Shortly before the deadline to declare for the draft, Vigen called Allen's father to explain why he should stay at Wyoming an extra year; according to Eisenberg, "When Joel Allen got off the phone and entered his son’s room, he found his son riddled with anxiety about his decision." Before the draft declaration deadline, Bohl told Allen that staying in school one more year would improve his long-term NFL prospects, and Allen also sought advice from Wentz, who told him that in the NFL, he would have many league veterans depending on him to "win games and help secure their jobs." Allen ultimately remained at Wyoming. He threw for 1,812 yards, 16 touchdowns, and six interceptions in 2017.

College statistics

Source:

Wyoming Cowboys records
Most total touchdowns in a season — 35 (tied with Randy Welniak and Josh Wallwork)

Professional career
Shortly after the completion of the 2017 NFL Draft, ESPN reporter Adam Schefter said about Allen's NFL prospects, "There was one personnel director who told me this week that you can put in the books, Josh Allen will be the No. 1 pick in the NFL draft next year." In December 2017, after leading the 8–5 Cowboys to a 37–14 win over Central Michigan in the 2017 Famous Idaho Potato Bowl, Allen announced he would be entering the 2018 NFL Draft. In his first mock draft in January 2018, ESPN draft analyst Mel Kiper Jr. predicted that the Cleveland Browns would select Allen over other top quarterbacks in the 2018 draft, such as Josh Rosen, Sam Darnold, Baker Mayfield, and Lamar Jackson.

On the day of the draft, old Twitter posts of his in which Allen used several racial slurs when he was in high school, were brought up. He apologized, stating that he was "young and dumb" for making them.

Buffalo Bills

2018 season: Rookie year

The Buffalo Bills drafted Allen with the seventh overall pick in the draft, trading up from 12th overall with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers to make the selection. On July 25, he signed a four-year, fully guaranteed $21 million contract with the Bills. Allen competed for the starting quarterback position behind AJ McCarron and Nathan Peterman through the offseason and training camp. Despite a quality preseason, Allen started the season as the backup to Peterman after McCarron was traded to the Oakland Raiders.

On September 9, 2018, Allen made his first regular season appearance against the Baltimore Ravens after Peterman was benched after posting a 0.0 passer rating. Allen finished with 74 passing yards and 26 rushing yards as the Bills lost 47–3. On September 12, the Bills announced that Allen would start the following week against the Los Angeles Chargers. Allen finished with 245 passing yards, his first NFL passing touchdown, which went to Kelvin Benjamin, and two interceptions as the Bills lost 20–31. He also rushed for 32 yards. Allen's 57-yard completion to Zay Jones, which traveled 64 yards, tied for the second longest air distance ever recorded by NFL Next Gen Stats for a completed pass.

During a Week 3 matchup against the Minnesota Vikings, Allen led the Bills to their first victory of the season with a dominant first-half performance. Allen passed for 196 yards and a touchdown, adding 39 yards on the ground with two rushing touchdowns in a 27–6 victory. In particular, he hurdled over Vikings linebacker Anthony Barr on one of his scrambles to pick up a first down, a play that went viral on social media.

During Week 5 against the Tennessee Titans, Allen completed 10 of 19 passes for 82 passing yards and an interception in the 13–12 win, adding another rushing touchdown. The following week, in a 20–13 loss to the Houston Texans, Allen suffered an elbow injury and did not return. He finished the game completing 10 of 17 passes for 84 passing yards and 20 rushing yards. He was expected to miss at least two games with the injury.

Allen returned after missing four games, getting the start against the Jacksonville Jaguars, which was noteworthy as Jaguars cornerback Jalen Ramsey had called Allen "trash" prior to the season. In a back-and-forth game that saw the Bills win 24–21 over the Jaguars, Allen completed 8 of 19 passes for 160 yards and a touchdown, adding 99 yards on the ground and a rushing touchdown on 13 rushes. The 99 rushing yards broke the Bills franchise record for rushing yards in a game by a quarterback, previously held by Tyrod Taylor. Despite a 21–17 loss to the Dolphins the following week, Allen threw for 235 yards and two touchdowns and added 135 yards on the ground (averaging 15.0 yards per pass attempt). During a game against the New York Jets and fellow rookie quarterback Sam Darnold in Week 14, Allen finished with 206 passing yards and 2 interceptions, adding a rushing touchdown on 101 rushing yards as the Bills lost a close game 23–27. Allen became the first quarterback in NFL history with at least 95 yards rushing in a three-week span, accumulating 335 yards.

After a rough 24–12 loss to the New England Patriots in Week 16, Allen rebounded in the rematch against the Dolphins in Week 17. Despite throwing his first career pick-six, he scored five total touchdowns, three passing and two rushing, along with 224 passing yards and 95 rushing yards as the Bills routed the Dolphins 42–17. The performance earned him recognition as the AFC's Offensive Player of the Week. The Bills finished 6–10 on the season, 5–6 with Allen as the starting quarterback. He became the first quarterback in Bills history to lead the team in both passing and rushing in a season. He led all quarterbacks with eight rushing touchdowns on the season.

2019 season
Allen entered 2019 as the Bills' opening day starter, being named a team captain. On September 8, 2019, Allen led the Bills to a comeback win over the New York Jets in week 1. Despite the Bills being down 16–0 at one point in the third quarter, Allen led the team to 17 unanswered points.  He finished the game with 254 passing yards on 24 completions, both career highs. He also had one passing touchdown, one rushing touchdown, and two interceptions. After leading Buffalo to its first 3–0 start since 2011, Allen struggled against a stout New England Patriots defense, throwing three interceptions, but became the first player to score an offensive touchdown on the Patriots in the 2019 season. He completed 13 of 28 passes for 153 yards, and also rushed for 26 yards and the aforementioned touchdown before suffering a helmet-to-helmet hit from Patriots cornerback Jonathan Jones, which forced him out of the eventual 16–10 Bills loss.

Despite being placed in the concussion protocol, Allen returned the following week against the Tennessee Titans, completing 23 of 32 pass attempts for 219 yards, two touchdowns, and one interception in a 14–7 Bills win. In Week 10 against the Cleveland Browns, Allen completed 22 of 41 passes for 266 yards and ran for 28 yards and two touchdowns, but the Bills lost 19–16 after two missed field goals. The following week against the Miami Dolphins, he passed for 256 yards and three touchdowns, matching a career high, and rushed for 56 yards and a touchdown as the Bills won 37–20. He was named AFC Offensive Player of the Week for his performance in Week 11. Against the Dallas Cowboys on Thanksgiving in week 13, Allen completed 19 of 24 passes for 231 yards and a touchdown with a passer rating of 120.7, also rushing for 43 yards and a touchdown in a 26–15 Bills win. In Week 15 against the Pittsburgh Steelers on Sunday Night Football, Allen threw for 139 yards, one touchdown, and one interception and rushed for 28 yards and a touchdown during the 17–10 win. As a result of the win, the Bills clinched a spot in the playoffs. In the rematch against the Patriots in Week 16, Allen passed for 208 yards and two touchdowns, including a 53-yarder to John Brown, but Buffalo fell short once again, losing 24–17 to surrender the division title to New England. With playoff seeding locked up, Allen had a limited role in the regular season finale loss to the New York Jets. He finished the 2019 season with 3,089 passing yards, 20 passing touchdowns, and nine interceptions to go along with 109 carries for 510 rushing yards and nine rushing touchdowns, while also leading the league with four fourth quarter comebacks and five game-winning drives.

In the AFC Wild Card round against the Houston Texans, Allen started strong, breaking Jim Kelly's franchise post-season record for rushing yards by a quarterback (37) with a single 42-yard run on the first drive, and caught a 16-yard touchdown pass from wide receiver John Brown on a trick play, similar to what Nick Foles did in Super Bowl LII. After building a 16-0 halftime lead, the Bills were unable to keep momentum and ultimately had to come from behind in the final moments to force overtime. Overall, Allen finished with 92 rushing yards, 264 passing yards, 16 receiving yards, and one total touchdowns as the Bills lost 19–22 in overtime. Allen was just the third player since 1975 with 25+ pass yards, 40+ rush yards, and 15+ receiving yards in a single game.

NFL statistics

Regular Season

Postseason

NFL records
First quarterback to rush for at least 95 yards in three consecutive games (Week 12–14, 2018)

Bills franchise records
 Most rushing yards by a quarterback in a single game: 135
 Longest touchdown pass by a rookie quarterback: 75 yards
 Most rushing yards by a quarterback in a single season: 631
 Most total touchdowns by a rookie: 18
 Most consecutive games by a quarterback scoring at least one touchdown: 21
 Most rushing touchdowns by a quarterback, season: 9 (2019)
 Most rushing yards by a quarterback in a single game, post-season: 92 (1/4/20)

Player profile

Allen has received praise for his arm strength, mobility, mental toughness, and leadership skills, drawing comparisons to Ben Roethlisberger and Cam Newton. He was highly sought after in the NFL draft for his "raw potential" despite criticism of his consistency and accuracy coming out of college. In college and early on in his professional career, Allen maintained a gunslinger attitude, attempting and completing difficult passes but also taking unnecessary risks.

His scrambling ability, in particular, has taken many sports analysts by surprise. Despite a poor offensive line in his rookie year, Allen was able to elude and break tackles to keep plays alive or gain large amounts of yardage on the ground, keeping an otherwise ineffective Buffalo offense moving.


Canis nehringi

Canis nehringi is an extinct species of canid. Canis gezi, a poorly known small wolf from the Ensenadan of South America, appears to have given rise to Canis nehringi, a Lujanian species from Argentina. Betra's analysis in 1988, places Canis dirus and Canis nehringi as sister taxa and as the most derived members of the genus Canis in the New World. The species was first described by Florentino Ameghino in 1902.

Canis gezi

Canis dirus made its appearance in South America in the late Pleistocene, and seems to have been restricted to the north and west coasts. Its remains have not been found in the area of Argentina that produced Canis gezi and Canis nehringi, and their remains have not been found elsewhere in South America. Some researchers have proposed that Canis dirus may have originated in South America. In 1988, a study of these two large South American wolves described them with Canis gezi found in South American Ensenadan deposits that relate to the North American late Blancan and Irvingtonian, and Canis nehringi found in South American Lujanian deposits of the Lujan Formation that relate to the Late Pleistocene. Given their similarities and timeframes, it was proposed that Canis gezi was the ancestor of Canis nehringi. The study indicated that Canis gezi was most similar to the late Irvingtonian Aenocyon dirus nebrascensis (proposed early Dire wolf) and was its sister taxa, but Canis nehringi had a closer relationship to Rancholabrean Canis dirus. The study found that Canis dirus was the most derived genus Canis species in the New World, and compared to Canis nehringi was larger in size and construction of its lower molars that were increased for more efficient predation. In 2009, Tedford proposed that because there was now seen a link between Canis armbrusteri and the Rancholabrean Canis dirus, that a case could be argued for a collateral South American lineage linking Canis gezi with Canis nehringi. These two clades share dental and cranial similarities developed for hypercarnivory, suggesting a common ancestor for both clades.

In 2010, a study found that DNA analysis and the dental characteristics of South America hypercanivorous canids showed a "South American clade" and the Canis clade. Canis gezi was a member of the "South American clade" of carnivores, but Canis dirus and Canis nehringi were included as derived species in the Canis clade. Canis dirus was the sister taxon of Canis lupus, but the scientific scoring used in this study for Canis nehringi was identical to those observed in Canis dirus, which supports the proposal that both could have been the same species.


Aplastodiscus lutzorum

Aplastodiscus lutzorum is a species of frogs in the family Hylidae. It is endemic to the Cerrado region in Brazil and is known from the Federal District and the adjacent eastern Goiás and northwestern Minas Gerais states. The specific name lutzorum honors Adolfo and Bertha Lutz, Brazilian zoologists.

Description
Adult males measure  and adult females, base on a single specimen only, about  in snout–vent length. The snout is nearly rounded. The tympanum is distinct, as is the supratympanic fold. The fingers and the toes are long and bear terminal discs; webbing is reduced and no lateral fringes are present. Skin of the head and the dorsum is smooth but granular elsewhere. The upper surfaces are yellowish green with small and scattered melanophores, turning dark green in the head. The eye is surrounded by a black ring. The iris is golden in its upper third and red copper below. The underparts are uniformly pale yellow. Males have a single, subgular vocal sac that is bluish green.

Habitat and conservation
Aplastodiscus lutzorum is known from gallery forests with scattered Mauritia flexuosa palm trees within the Cerrado biome at elevations of  or more. Males call during the night perched on leaves or branches as high as  above the water level. As of late 2018, the species had not been included in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, but Berneck and colleagues suggest it should be considered of "least concern", because most of the know occurrences are inside protected areas, including the Chapada dos Veadeiros National Park.


Wyszonki-Klukówek

Wyszonki-Klukówek  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Klukowo, within Wysokie Mazowieckie County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland.


SLC15A2

Solute carrier family 15 (H+/peptide transporter), member 2, also known as SLC15A2, is a human gene.


Ho Man Tin (constituency)

Ho Man Tin () is one of the 25 constituencies in the Kowloon City District of Hong Kong which was created in 1991.

The constituency has an estimated population of 19,625.

Councillors represented

1991–94

1994 to present

Election results

2010s


1959 Liège–Bastogne–Liège

The 1959 Liège–Bastogne–Liège was the 45th edition of the Liège–Bastogne–Liège cycle race and was held on 26 April 1959. The race started and finished in Liège. The race was won by Fred De Bruyne of the Peugeot team.

General classification


C Puppis

The Bayer designations c Puppis and C Puppis are distinct and refer to two different stars in the constellation Puppus:
c Puppis (HD 63032)
C Puppis (HD 53704)

Puppis, c


Rhachistia

Rhachistia is a genus of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Cerastidae.

The genus Rhachistia is found in Eastern Africa and Asia.

Species
Species in the genus Rhachistia include:
 Rhachistia aldabrae (von Martens, 1898) - Aldabra banded snail - assumed extinct since 2000, small population found 2014
 Rhachistia festiva (Connolly)
 Rhachistia hildebrandti (von Martens)
 Rhachistia histria (Pfeiffer, 1855)
 Rhachistia lilacina Connolly
 Rhachistia moluensis (Kobelt)
 Rhachistia picturata (Morelet)
 Rhachistia rhodotaenia (von Martens, 1901) - type species of the genus Rhachistia
 Rhachistia obeliscus (C. R. Boettger)


Kepler-11g

Kepler-11g is an exoplanet discovered in the orbit of the sunlike star Kepler-11 by the Kepler spacecraft, a NASA satellite tasked with searching for terrestrial planets. Kepler-11g is the outermost of the star's six planets. The planet orbits at a distance of nearly half the mean distance between Earth and the Sun. It completes an orbit every 118 days, placing it much further from its star than the system's inner five planets. Its estimated radius is a little over three times that of Earth, i.e. comparable to Neptune's size.  Kepler-11g's distance from the inner planets made its confirmation more difficult than that of the inner planets, as scientists had to work to exhaustively disprove all reasonable alternatives before Kepler-11g could be confirmed. The planet's discovery, along with that of the other Kepler-11 planets, was announced on February 2, 2011. According to NASA, the Kepler-11 planets form the flattest and most compact system yet discovered.

Name and discovery
Kepler-11 was originally called KOI-157 when NASA's Kepler spacecraft flagged the star for possible transit events, which exhibit tiny and roughly periodic decreases in the star's brightness are measured as it passes in front of its star as seen from Earth. Kepler-11's name is incorporated into Kepler-11g's name because it is the host star. As Kepler-11g and its five sister planets were discovered and announced at the same time, its planets were sorted alphabetically by distance from the host star, starting with the letter b. Because Kepler-11g was the furthest of the six, it was given the designation "g."

The Kepler team's scientists conducted follow-up observations to confirm or reject the planetary nature of the detected object. To do so, they used the Keck 1 telescope at the W.M. Keck Observatory in Hawaii; the Shane and Hale telescopes in California; telescopes at the WIYN (including MMT) and Whipple observatories in Arizona; Nordic Optical Telescope in the Canary Islands; the Hobby-Eberly and Harlan J. Smith telescopes in Texas; and NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope. Because Kepler-11g orbits its star at a far greater distance than the inner five planets, fewer transits were observed, and radial velocity (the observation of a Doppler effect) interactions could not be easily discerned. As with the discovery of Kepler-9d, the Kepler team ran the information through numerous models to see if Kepler-11g's light curve could fit the profile of some other object, including an eclipsing binary star in the background that may have contaminated the data. The probability that Kepler-11g is not a planet but instead a false positive was determined to be 0.18%, effectively confirming its existence.

Kepler-11g, along with its five sister planets, were announced at a NASA press conference on February 2, 2011. The findings were published in the journal Nature a day later.

Host star

Kepler-11 is a G-type star in the Cygnus constellation. It is located approximately 659 parsecs away.Kepler-11 has an apparent magnitude of 14.2, and thus cannot be seen with the naked eye.

Characteristics

Kepler-11g, the sixth planet of six from its star, its mass is estimated to be at most 25 times that of Earth.  Its exact mass could not be determined through transit observations because, while gravitational interactions of Kepler-11's five inner planets were used to determine their masses, Kepler-11g's comparatively large distance prevented it from affecting, or being affected by, the other five planets. As a result, only an upper limit can be placed on the mass, which is based on the fact that if it were above this limit, gravitational effects on the other planets would be observed.  Nonetheless, tighter constraints were placed on Kepler-11g's mass by
formation and evolution calculations, which indicated that the planet mass is not much greater than about 7 ME.

Its radius was measured to be 3.33 times that of Earth, somewhat smaller than Neptune's radius.
According to formation models, the planet has a gaseous envelope of light elements comprising about 10% of its mass.
Kepler-11g has an estimated surface equilibrium temperature of 400 K, over 1.5 times (50% higher) that of Earth's equilibrium temperature. Kepler-11g orbits Kepler-11 every 118.37774 days (over 2.5 times that of the fifth planet from Kepler-11, Kepler-11f) at a distance of 0.462 AU, almost half of the distance from which Earth orbits the Sun. Its eccentricity is unknown. In comparison, planet Mercury orbits the Sun every 87.97 days at a distance of 0.387 AU. With an orbital inclination of 89.8°, Kepler-11g is seen almost edge-on with respect to Earth.


Ann Silver

Ann Silver (born 23 November 1929)  is an eminent British physiologist, known for her pioneering work on the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. She wrote a seminal text on the Biology of cholinesterases in 1974 and helped to lay the foundations of the cholinergic hypothesis by mapping cholinergic systems and helping to emphasise the importance of these pathways in brain areas central to cognitive and memory functions, leading to the use of cholinesterase inhibitors in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.

Family
Ann Silver was born at a British hospital in India where her father was serving in the Indian army. Although a baptismal certificate states that she was "said to be born" on 23 November 1929, no actual birth certificate was issued. Her father was born in Grenada, then part of the British West Indes, where his Scottish father was a Church of Scotland minister. The family returned to Britain in 1930 and settled in Suffolk. She has an older brother, Ian A. Silver, who studied zoology at Cambridge, where he then lectured on Veterinary Anatomy. He is now an emeritus professor of Comparative Pathology at Bristol University.

Education

Silver was educated at the University of Edinburgh, where she studied zoology, physiology and pharmacology graduating with a BSc (Hons) in 1954. In 1961 she was awarded a PhD in physiology, concerning the transport of choline acetyltransferase in nerves. Her PhD was undertaken as an external student since she was based in Cambridge at that time, carrying out research work for the Agricultural Research Council Institute of Animal Physiology at Babraham (later Babraham Institute).

Career
Catherine Hebb, who had first stimulated Silver's interest in cholinesterases while teaching at the University of Edinburgh, invited Silver to join her when she moved to The Agricultural Research Council Institute of Animal Physiology at Babraham. Silver's initial research was on organophosphorous compounds and their anti-cholinesterase effects. The Institute was to remain Ann's employer for most of her career, where she continued to work with Catherine Hebb, co-authoring several papers on their research on the acetylcholine system. While there, Silver worked on the acetylcholine system, mapping the enzymes, choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and acetylcholinesterase (AchE) and investigating the nerve transport mechanism. She worked with many other eminent scientists at Babraham, a number of whom had also come from or studied at the University of Edinburgh. These included the director Sir John Gaddum, pharmacologist and neurochemist, Marthe Vogt, who had  previously lectured in pharmacology and neuro-physiologist Krešimir Krnjević, who had also gained a PhD at the University. After many years in the lab, Silver eventually moved into the role of Information Officer, when a rise in anti-vivisection activity prompted a need for better public relations and awareness. Previous experience of working with the Physiological Society on what would or would not be licensed, made her a suitable candidate for this role. Silver then became ethical editor on the Journal of Physiology, where several of her own research articles were published, ensuring that experiments in any published papers had been conducted humanely.


Diplomorium

Diplomorium is a genus of ants in the subfamily Myrmicinae containing the single species Diplomorium longipenne. The genus is known only from females and workers from South Africa, males remain unknown. Little is known about their biology, except that they nest under stones. They have been found nesting at the same location as Messor capensis, however, it is not known whether this was coincidence or if the species have a relation with each other.


Hutchinson's teeth

Hutchinson's teeth is a sign of congenital syphilis. Affected people have teeth that are smaller and more widely spaced than normal and which have notches on their biting surfaces. It is named after Sir Jonathan Hutchinson, an English surgeon and pathologist, who first described it.

Hutchinson's teeth form part of Hutchinson's triad.


Nkeirouka Ezekh

Nkeirouka Khilarievna "Kira" Ezekh (; born 17 October 1983) is a Russian curler.

Career
At the 2006 Winter Olympics, in Turin, Italy, she was part of Ludmila Privivkova's team. A year later her team won the 2006 European Curling Championships. She also represented Russia in the 2010 Vancouver Olympics as second on Privivkova's team.

Teammates
2014 Sochi Olympic Games

Anna Sidorova, Skip

Margarita Fomina, Third

Alexandra Saitova, Second

Ekaterina Galkina, Lead

Personal life
Her father is of Nigerian Igbo descent, and her mother of Chuvash.


Aqil Agha

Aqil Agha al-Hasi (, given name also spelled Aqil, Aqila, Akil or Akili; military title sometimes spelled Aga) (died 1870) was the strongman of northern Palestine in the mid-19th century, during Ottoman rule. He was originally a commander of Arab irregular soldiers, known as the Hawwara tribe, in the service of the Ottoman governors of Acre. His influence in the Galilee grew as he strengthened his alliances with the powerful Beni Sakhr and Anizzah tribes of Transjordan, and recruited unemployed Bedouin irregulars from Egypt into his own band of irregulars, who thenceforth became known as the Hanadi tribe. He was known by his men and Western travelers to be courageous, cunning and charismatic, all qualities that contributed to his rise as the de facto ruler of Galilee.

Throughout his rule, Aqil remained at least nominally in service to the Ottoman Empire, which paid him for protecting the roads of northern Palestine from Bedouin raids and for maintaining the security of this region. He also exacted his own tolls on the local population in return for ensuring their security. His friendly ties with the European governments were partially due to his protection of the local Christian and Jewish communities in Galilee, including his protection of Nazareth from the 1860 massacres that occurred in Ottoman Syria. Aqil's relationship with the authorities was generally tense and he rebelled directly or indirectly against their local representatives. As a consequence of this frayed relationship, Aqil's employment would frequently be terminated when his activities or influence perturbed the authorities and then reinstated when his services were needed. By the time of his death, his influence had declined significantly. He was buried in his Galilee stronghold of I'billin.

While Palestine had been under the rule of the Ottoman Empire from the early 16th century, direct imperial administrative rule was challenged by a series of tribal leaders who exhibited vast influence over local affairs between the 17th and 19th centuries. With the Ottoman Empire embroiled in the Crimean War, the power vacuum created in the area in the wake of Zahir al-Umar's rule in the Galilee (1730–1775), Ahmad Pasha al-Jazzar's rule (1776–1804), and Muhammad Ali's rule (1831–1840), was filled by Aqil. Aqil's demise represented the end of the last local obstacle to Ottoman centralization in Palestine.

Early life and family
Besides anecdotes provided in the writings of European consuls, most of the information on Aqil's life indirectly traces back to a history of the man written by Mikha'il Qa'war, a Nazareth clergyman. Aqil was born into a Bedouin family, known later as the Hanadi tribe. The actual Hanadi were an unrelated tribe that came to Palestine from Egypt during Egyptian rule in Palestine (1831–1840) and around 1840 joined Aqil's Hawwara tribesmen, who also had migrated from Egypt. The name "Hanadi" translates in Arabic as "Indians" and the Hanadi irregulars were referred to as such by the inhabitants of Palestine because of their dark skin.

Aqil's Hawwara tribesmen in Galilee were not related to the well-known Hawwara tribe of Upper Egypt, who were noted for their "bravery, horsemanship, and equipments" according to the Palestine Exploration Fund. The Hawwara of Galilee were actually from the Ainawiyeh tribe of the Lower Egyptian desert region who had entered the service of Ahmad Pasha al-Jazzar while the latter was based in Egypt in the late 18th century. They came with al-Jazzar to northern Palestine when al-Jazzar became the powerful Acre-based Ottoman governor of Sidon after the death of the Arab strongman of Galilee, Zahir al-Umar, in 1776. Al-Jazzar honored the Ainawiyeh tribesmen by giving them the name "Hawwara" to associate them with the famed Hawwara of Upper Egypt.

Aqil's father, Musa Agha al-Hasi, himself a commander of Hawwara irregulars in the service of Acre's Ottoman governors, had left Egypt for Gaza in 1814. He was not directly related to the Ainawiyeh or Hawwara tribes, but claimed descent from the Hawwara as a matter of convenience and prestige. Musa originally hailed from the al-Bara'asa tribe of Cyrenaica (modern-day eastern Libya). Likewise, James Finn, the British consul in Jerusalem (1846–1863), claims Aqil's family was of Algerian or North African origin. Musa Agha resided in the Galilee around 1820 and married a Turkmen woman. Aqil was born to the couple in the Nazareth area. According to historian Adel Manna, Aqil was born in Gaza. Musa had two other sons, Ali and Salih. Musa died in Gaza in 1830.

Aqil's power base consisted of his tribesmen and alliances with other Bedouin tribes, who inhabited both sides of the Jordan River. Aqil's brother, Salih Agha, held substantial influence in the Haifa region. Mary Rogers, the sister of the English vice consul, described in detail a banquet in Shefa-'Amr and a gazelle hunt at the invitation of Salih Agha, while another traveler witnessed the lavish wedding between a son of Salih Agha and a daughter of Aqil Agha on "the plains of I'billin", in circa 1857. Aqil married off another of his daughters to a Bedouin sheikh (chieftain) in Gaza, paying the highest dowry registered at the time in Gaza: 11,000 piasters. The governor of Hebron was reported to be a brother-in-law of Aqil.

Strongman of Galilee

Consolidation of influence
Like his father before him, Aqil served various masters, among whom was Ibrahim Pasha, the son of Muhammad Ali of Egypt. Aqil defected from Ibrahim Pasha's army and joined local rebels in the 1834 peasants' revolt against Egyptian conscription and disarmament measures, leading his Hawwara irregulars in the Galilee. At some point during the revolt, Aqil helped save the mostly Druze village of Isfiya from being destroyed by Ibrahim Pasha's troops after its inhabitants paid Aqil for protection. As the revolt was suppressed, Aqil and his men left Palestine for Transjordan, where they sought the protection of that region's major Bedouin tribes. During his time in Transjordan he strengthened relations with these tribes. When the Ottomans regained control of Palestine in 1840–1841, Aqil returned to the Lower Galilee and was commissioned as a captain of ten mounted irregulars. He recruited Egyptian irregulars from the Hanadi tribe and others who were left unemployed following the Egyptian withdrawal. Together with Aqil's Hawwara, they became a formidable local force. In 1843, Aqil became the chief of irregulars, known as bashi-bazouk, in northern Palestine, and his command was expanded to fifty horsemen. Aqil's irregulars became known in the area as the Hanadi, although the group's tribal composition was mixed.

Aqil angered the kaimakam (district governor) of Acre, Muhammad Kubrisi, for his intervention in a dispute between two factions of the Catholic Church in Nazareth. One of the leaders of the Catholic factions, Sheikh Yusef Elias, had been dismissed by the church and subsequently entered Aqil's protection. He requested Aqil's intercession with Kubrisi, which was unsuccessful. When Sheikh Yusef decided to take matters into his own hands by raising a group of armed partisans in Nazareth, the church was compelled to restore his employment. Kubrisi believed Aqil had backed Sheikh Yusef's actions and accused Aqil of sedition. Kubrisi recalled Aqil and his Hawwara irregulars to Acre, verbally lambasted them and dismissed them all from service. Aqil was deeply insulted by Kubrisi's words and actions, and subsequently left for Transjordan where he sought the protection of the Beni Sakhr tribe.

Aqil secured a durable alliance with the Beni Sakhr, consecrated through his marriage to a woman from the tribe. From Transjordan, he and his band of irregulars raided areas on both sides of the Jordan River until he was invited back to the Galilee by Acre's kaimakam in 1847. The latter had sought to neutralize Aqil and his allies' marauding activities, and thus pardoned Aqil. He was also given command of 75 bashi-bazouk in Lower Galilee. Thereafter, he was commissioned with overseeing that region's security. In particular, the successive governors of Acre entrusted him with protecting the Galilee's trade routes and maintaining general security in the area, which he did successfully. With time, he became an unofficial mutasallim (tax collector) for much of northern Palestine, including the Jezreel Valley, Safad, Tiberias and Nazareth. The tax he collected was not on behalf of the authorities, but rather a tribute payment (khuwwa) to receive his protection. While this unofficial system proved successful in guaranteeing local security, later historians criticized it as akin to a protection racket.

Encounter with William F. Lynch

In 1848, Aqil assisted an expedition headed by US Navy captain William Francis Lynch to the Dead Sea, and became known in the United States and Europe through the publication of Lynch's book that year. Vivid descriptions of Aqil by Lynch are quoted at length in the works of Finn. Lynch's first encounter with Aqil was in the divan of Said Bey, the Ottoman kaimakam of Acre, and is recorded as follows:But what especially attracted my attention was a magnificent savage enveloped in a scarlet cloth pelisse richly embroidered with gold. He was the handsomest, and I soon thought also the most graceful being I had ever seen. His complexion was of a rich mellow indescribable olive tint, and his hair a glossy black; his teeth were regular and of the whitest ivory, and the glance of his eye was keen at times, but generally soft and lustrous. With the tarboosh upon his head which he seemed to wear uneasily, he reclined, rather than sat upon the opposite side of the divân, while his hand played in unconscious familiarity with the hilt of his yataghan. He looked like one who would be 'Steel amid the din of arms, and wax when with the fair.'Finn 1878, p.415.

In this meeting, Said Bey had attempted to dissuade Lynch of his plans to travel to the Dead Sea, with Aqil remarking that the Bedouin of the Ghor (Jordan Valley) would "eat them up". Lynch's reply was that "they would find us difficult of digestion," but he suggested that as Aqil seemed to hold influence with these tribes, he would be prepared to pay him to make the trip a more peaceable one.

After the meeting ended, Lynch pursued Aqil to speak with him alone. He showed him his sword and revolver, which Aqil examined and declared to be the "Devil's invention". Lynch described the weaponry at the disposal of his men and asked Aqil if he thought it sufficient to make the journey to the Jordan, and Aqil replied that, "You will, if anyone can." Lynch later secured Aqil's accompaniment on the trip to the Dead Sea, through the intervention of an ex-Sharif of Mecca, describing the latter as "our counsellor, sagacious and prudent," and Aqil as, "the bold warrior and the admirable scout." Aqil and his Beni Sakhr allies quashed a party of 'Adwan Bedouin tribesmen when they attempted to rob Lynch's party. Lynch's record of Aqil's feat made him well known in Europe.

Hauran rebellion, imprisonment and escape
Aqil's irregulars attracted the membership of local individuals and small clans. Along with his alliance with the two powerful tribes of the region, the Beni Sakhr and the Anizzah, Aqil's autonomy in the Galilee was further strengthened, although he was nominally subordinate to the Ottoman authorities. He based himself in the Zaydani fortress of I'billin, a mixed Muslim-Christian village between Acre and Nazareth that was previously fortified by the family of Zahir al-Umar. By 1852, Aqil ceased residing in I'billin, preferring the traditional Bedouin lifestyle, dwelling in encampments and among his livestock. At this point, he ruled the area between Shefa-'Amr to Baysan. He and his Hanadi tribesmen characteristically dressed in brown-striped robes.

In 1852, he was commissioned by the Ottoman authorities to prevent the spread of a Druze rebellion from Hauran to northern Palestine. He successfully satisfied this request, aided by his Bedouin allies. Among his assignments during the rebellion was the protection from Bedouin raiders of a supply route which the Ottomans used to send ammunition to their troops in Hauran. Aqil and his men accomplished the task successfully.

Despite his successes during the Druze revolt, the authorities, with whom he always had a tense relationship, grew wary of his strength and subsequently arrested him in a nighttime raid. He was sent to Istanbul by sea and from there he was sent to serve a prison sentence at the Widin fortress on the Danube River. Aqil was apparently loaned some money from the Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem, who had accompanied him on the ship ride to Istanbul, and Aqil used those funds to purchase a fake passport. With the passport and a disguise, he and an Albanian inmate named Hasan Agha escaped Widin in 1854 and reached Salonica. From there, Aqil departed to Anatolia and then Aleppo. Aqil resumed his Bedouin lifestyle of raiding and nomadic dwelling.

Reinstatement and Battle of Hattin

At the time of Aqil's escape, the Ottomans were engaged in the Crimean War with the Russian Empire, which left a domestic security void in its provinces due to the large number of provincial troops deployed to Crimea. To restore security in the Galilee, Aqil was reassigned to his powerful post in the region in 1855. On his return to Palestine, Aqil's Hanadi tribesmen abandoned their conscription orders to serve with the Ottoman Army in the Crimean War and instead returned to Aqil's service. Aqil was once again charged with protecting the routes of rural Palestine and occasionally Transjordan. He was once commissioned to collect taxes from Karak.

In Aqil's absence, a garrison of Kurdish irregulars based in Damascus had been left in charge of security in the Galilee. They were commanded by Shamdin Agha, but their employment was terminated by Aqil in 1855. Meanwhile, scores of Bedouin tribesmen from Faiyum with kinship ties to Aqil's tribal irregulars had migrated to the Levant as a result of their suppression by Sa'id Pasha of Egypt. Aqil welcomed their membership into his tribal band and their numbers subsequently swelled. He consecrated his relationship with the new arrivals by marrying a daughter of one of their sheikhs. In May 1856, he defeated the Abd al-Hadi clan of Arraba in a major clash that ended encroachments by the Abd al-Hadis on Aqil's territory.

In 1857, the Beirut-based governor of Sidon Eyalet agreed to Shamdin's request to eliminate Aqil, who, to the consternation of the Ottoman authorities, was ruling the Galilee autonomously by that time. Shamdin, who sought vengeance against Aqil for terminating his service in Galilee, had complained to the Sidon governor that Aqil was committing treachery by collaborating with the Bedouin tribes against Ottoman authority. The Ottomans, whose dependence on Aqil had decreased with the end of the Crimean War in 1856, found in Shamdin's request a convenient way to end Aqil's growing autonomy. When Aqil visited Beirut to pay his respects to the governor of Sidon, he traveled with "the air of a sultan", according to the American missionary Henry H. Jessup, bringing with him a large and heavily armed Bedouin entourage.

Shamdin's forces, amounting to 600–700 Kurdish irregulars, massed in Tiberias. They were commanded by Shamdin's sons Muhammad Sa'id and Hasan Agha. Curious at this deployment, Aqil had requested an explanation from the kaimakam of Acre, but received no response. Thus Aqil concluded that the deployment was part of a conspiracy to upend his rule. In response, Aqil assembled his entire force of irregulars, amounting to some 300–400 men, and marched towards Shamdin's troops. Other Arab tribes volunteered their service, but Aqil declined their participation.

On 30 March, the Kurdish irregulars confronted Aqil's irregulars and Bedouin allies at the Horns of Hattin, near the village of Hattin. For the most part, both sides were armed with swords and spears and to a lesser extent, rifles, rather than the modern weaponry at the Ottoman military's disposal. Initially, the battle was going in Shamdin's favor and a portion of Aqil's troops began to flee. However, Salih Agha, Aqil's brother, led his group in a surprise attack against the Kurds. As a result, Shamdin's forces were dealt a decisive blow and commander Hasan Agha was among the 150 fatalities of that battle.

Aqil's victory entrenched his rule over Galilee and afterward he established stronger relations with the Europeans. After Aqil's victory at Hattin, the Ottoman authorities distanced themselves from the incident in their correspondence with Aqil, but he accepted their explanations with a grain of salt. In September 1858, Aqil was residing in Nazareth and decided not to intervene and put a stop to tribal clashes in the Jezreel Valley.

1860 events and protection of Christians
[[File:Nazareth the holy land 1842.jpg|thumb|right|Drawing of Nazareth, 1839 by  David Roberts, published in The Holy Land, Syria, Idumea, Arabia, Egypt, and Nubia. Aqil was honored by various European governments for protecting the Christians of Nazareth from the 1860 massacres ]]

Aqil had been previously courted by European powers to secure protection for their Christian and Jewish protégés. During the 1860 Mount Lebanon civil war, anti-Christian animosity spread to Damascus where Christians were massacred by Druze and Muslim mobs. It appeared that the violence would spread to Acre as well, but Aqil issued direct orders to Acre's Muslim residents not to bring harm to the city's Christians, stating he would "chastise ... with his sword" anyone who violated the orders. Aqil also protected the Christian community of Nazareth from harm as their coreligionists elsewhere in Ottoman Syria faced massacres. Part of this protection included warnings to local Bedouin tribes to refrain from assaulting the town and warnings to its Christian and Muslim residents to prepare themselves militarily in case of attack. Aqil maintained a close friendship with Tannous Qawwar, a prominent Greek Orthodox resident of the town.

In gratitude for protecting the Christians in Nazareth and Acre, Napoleon III of France presented Aqil a gun and the Legion of Honor medal in April 1861 aboard his French vessel docked at Haifa Bay. Edward, Prince of Wales (later King of the United Kingdom) personally visited Aqil two years later to show his appreciation. Aqil offered Edward four Arabian horses, but Edward politely declined. As a token of his appreciation, Edward gave Aqil a revolver.

His protection of the local Christians and his reputed Algerian origins drew comparisons with Abd al-Qader al-Jaza'iri, the exiled Algerian rebel who saved many Christians from harm during the 1860 riots in Damascus, and with whom Aqil developed ties. Aqil realized that European protection would strengthen his position towards the Ottoman rulers. After 1860, he courted the French, once sending a tiger as a present to "his Emperor" through the French consul in Beirut.Thomson, 1861, p.444 According to Finn, Aqil was under special "French consideration".Finn 1878, p. 425

Decline of influence
The Ottoman imperial government adopted its Tanzimat modernization reforms in 1862 and originally entrusted Aqil with enforcing the new law of the land in northern Palestine. Part of these measures were stronger efforts to suppress the Bedouin tribes and decisively end their raiding activities. Aqil was given orders to prevent them from setting up camps in the cultivated lands of Galilee and forbade the collection of khuwwa tolls from the local inhabitants. Aqil resigned from his post when he was informed that as part of his new assignment he and his men were required to don Ottoman uniforms. He objected to the requirement, insisting that as Bedouin, they were not accustomed to wearing uniforms. He was replaced by one of his Hawwara tribesmen, but Aqil compelled his successor to resign as well. Shortly after his resignation, the requirement of uniforms was canceled and Aqil resumed his assignment.

Aqil's closeness with the Europeans disturbed the Ottomans. His relations with the kaimakam of Acre, who in 1863 was Hasan Effendi, were also deteriorating. Since his return to Palestine in 1854, he avoided setting foot in the city, instead assigning a resident representative who engaged the kaimakam on his behalf. Hasan Effendi lodged complaints to the provincial governor in Beirut, Kapuli Pasha, about the misconduct of Aqil's men who extorted the local peasantry. Indeed, Aqil's protection was generally limited to those who could pay for his services or otherwise benefit his interests, including merchants, travelers, monks, pilgrims, Christians and Jews.

The Tanzimat proved unpopular with large segments of the population and a Bedouin revolt broke out, with Transjordanian tribes launching raids against Tiberias and its countryside in the summer of 1863. Aqil was unable to stop the raids, and may have played a role in the revolt. In response, the Ottomans dispatched a 2,000-strong, artillery-backed force from Damascus and Acre to Tiberias. The presence of artillery caused the Transjordanian tribes to retreat. Aqil viewed this deployment as an attack on his jurisdiction and issued his resignation in protest, all the while hoping Kapuli Pasha would back down and reject his resignation. To that end, he had Jewish notables from Tiberias and the French consul of Beirut lobby on his behalf, but without success, as Kapuli Pasha, content to see the elimination of a local power such as Aqil, accepted his resignation.

After resigning, Aqil left Galilee for Tell el-Hesi in the region of Gaza. Around this time, Aqil married off a daughter of his to the leading Bedouin sheikh of the area, Rabbah al-Wahaidi. Bedouin raiding, now with the participation of the smaller tribes of Galilee, resumed not long after Aqil's resignation and concerns by the local merchants and European consuls were voiced to Kapuli Pasha due to the incoming harvest season for cotton and grain from Galilee and Hauran. Hasan Effendi sought to stem the tide of looting by attempting to play one Bedouin tribe off of the other. Kapuli Pasha was doubtful of this policy's effectiveness and strove to use military force instead. He personally led a contingent of troops in Galilee and ensured a peaceful harvest through the end of 1863. However, Kapuli Pasha determined that he could not keep a large, permanent military contingent in Galilee and decided to reinstate Aqil to his former position after lobbying from the British consul of Haifa.

Kapuli Pasha's successor, Kurshid Pasha, resumed the anti-Bedouin operations in Galilee in 1864 and sought to establish in the eastern Galilee four heavily armed forts as a bulwark against further raiding. Aqil entered into a conflict with the governor of Nablus and member of the Abd al-Hadi family, who tried to arrest Aqil. Kurshid Pasha dismissed Aqil by the end of the year. Fearing his arrest or death in light of the Ottomans' subsequent deployment of 200 Kurdish irregulars to Tiberias and the presence of military forces from Acre and Beirut in western Galilee, Aqil fled to Salt in the Balqa area of Transjordan.

Aqil later moved to Egypt. Abd al-Qadir al-Jaza'iri and Isma'il Pasha lobbied the Ottoman government on Aqil's behalf and he was given permission to return to Galilee in 1866. He subsequently inhabited the area of Mount Tabor. Despite his return and the reinstatement of a government salary, he was not able to restore his semi-autonomous authority in the region. In late 1869 he was awarded a medal of honor from the Habsburg dynasty of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.

Death and legacy

Aqil died in 1870, although his death was erroneously recorded by R. A. Stewart Macalister to have occurred in 1867. According to Macalister, Aqil died in the vicinity of Shefa-'Amr. He was buried in I'billin, his previous Galilee headquarters. As of the early 1980s, descendants of Aqil still inhabited I'billin.

Aqil's son Quwaytin succeeded him as the chief of the Hanadi tribesmen who continued to inhabit the Galilee and its vicinity. In the late 19th century, Quwaytin's tribe had some 900 members and was based in the northern Jordan Valley. Quwaytin donned the honor cross medallions given to his father by various European governments. However, Hanadi influence and strength in the region diminished under Quwaytin and was gradually suppressed by various Ottoman actors, eventually reducing the Hanadi to an ineffectual tribe. Quwaytin's son and successor Rida also entered into Ottoman service and held the title of agha like Aqil. In the early 20th century, Rida Agha held the equivalent rank of a lieutenant and served as commander of police in the Balqa Sanjak in Transjordan.

For nearly two decades Aqil had been a major local power in northern Palestine. He asserted to other tribal sheikhs that the land they roamed in belonged to the Arabs and that one day they would take it back from the Turkish Ottoman "conquerors". According to Finn, Aqil may have ultimately envisioned forming an Arab confederation in the southern Levant independent of the Ottomans and backed by France. However, despite these perceived intentions, Aqil ruled under the auspices of the Ottoman authorities, was paid by them, and was at least partially dependent upon their support. His ties with France and Europe contributed to his power, but he lacked the necessary support from these countries to pursue any desire of independence that he had. Aqil's death marked the removal of "the last obstacle to the implementation of full centralized Ottoman rule" in northern Palestine, according to historian Mahmoud Yazbak. When full Ottoman centralization in the Galilee was realized, local powers permanently lost their influence over the region's development. That power was instead passed on to wealthy businessmen from Haifa and Beirut, ultimately leaving the Sursock family of Beirut as the new "masters" of the Galilee, according to anthropologist Alexander Schölch.

One of the factors Schölch attributes to Aqil's failure to secure an autonomous rule similar to that of the Arab sheikh Zahir al-Umar was Aqil's refusal to accept a sedentary life. While I'billin frequently functioned as a headquarters of sorts for Aqil, he did not take up permanent residence there, or anywhere. Instead it served as a symbol of his authority in the Galilee. Aqil was adamantly a Bedouin and once remarked to William Lynch that it would be a "disgrace" to "till the ground like a fellah''". The nomadic, marauding lifestyle of Aqil ran counter to the modernization efforts of the Ottomans, which strongly encouraged settlement of the land and centralization. These processes were eventually embraced by the peasantry and the urban notables, but resisted by the Bedouin tribes whose traditional livelihoods were at risk.

Schölch asserts that Aqil contributed little to the socio-economic development of Palestine, and was not a "benefactor of the peasants". However, Aqil is described in a mostly positive light by modern-day sources and in local tradition. In the Arab nationalist political atmosphere that followed the Ottoman Empire's fall in 1917, Aqil's Arab identity and his struggles against the Ottomans contributed to the prevailing positive commemoration of his life. Palestinian Christians in particular remember him fondly for protecting Christians during his rule.


Giuseppe Colombani

Giuseppe Colombani is known as l'Alfier lombardo (the Pride of Lombardy. It's unrelated to Francesco Alfieri - the Italian word l'Alfier(e) means "the standard bearer".) He wrote a treatise on martial arts, published in 1711. It is the latest known treatise discussing the spadone, or longsword, before the revivalist movements of historical fencing in the 20th century.


Biert

Biert is a commune in the Ariège department of southwestern France.

Population
Inhabitants of Biert are called Biertois.


Yomei Seamount

Yomei Seamount is a seamount of the Hawaiian-Emperor seamount chain in the northern Pacific Ocean.

Its eruption ages are unknown, but the seamounts on either side are in the 56.2 to 59.6 million range during the Paleogene Period.