National Assembly (Angola)

The National Assembly (Portuguese: Assembleia Nacional) is the legislative branch of the government of Angola. The National Assembly is a unicameral body, with 220 members: 130 members elected by proportional representation and 90 members elected by provincial districts.

The People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) has held a majority in the Assembly since independence. Due to the Angolan Civil War, elections were delayed for years until they were eventually held in September 2008. The first elections under the new constitution were held in 2012, after a new constitution was adopted in 2010, increasing considerably the power of the President, and diminishing that of the National Assembly as well as that of the judiciary.

Jurisdiction
The Angolan government is composed of three branches of government: executive, legislative, and judicial. The executive branch of the government is composed of the President, the Vice-Presidents and the Council of Ministers. The legislative branch comprises a 220-seat unicameral legislature elected from both provincial and nationwide constituencies. On account of civil wars from independence, political power has been concentrated in the presidency. There are various temporary and permanent committees in the Assembly that help in the operational and administrative functions of the Assembly.

Selection of members
The Unicameral Parliament of Angola was scheduled was originally constituted with 229 elected members. for a period of three years after the elections. All Angolan citizens with 18 years of age were eligible to cast their vote. Citizens who were members of factional groups, had criminal record and who had not rehabilitated were barred from exercising their voting rights. The representatives of the provincial assemblies formed a college and they elected the representatives of the House of Parliament. The candidates were expected to be answerable to the citizens in public meetings, with their candidature approved by a majority in the province where they were getting nominated. A constitutional amendment on 19 August 1980 indicated that the Council formed during interim would be replaced by a national people's assembly and there would be 18 elected assemblies.

Premises
The original building of the National Assembly from 1980, also called People's assembly was located in Estúdio/Restauração Cinema in urban district of Ingombota. The new building inaugurated on 9 November 2015 was initiated on 15 October 2009, while the construction started on 17 May 2010. It is a part of the Political Administrative Centre covering an area of 72,000 Sq.m and a built area of 54,000 sq.m. The Centre accommodates Presidential Palace, the Palace of Justice, the Defence Ministry, Ministry of Justice and Human Rights, the Episcopal Palace and the premises of the former National Assembly headquarters. The New Assembly has 4,600 seats overall with 1,200 in meeting rooms. The compound has four blocks each with six floors, a basement parking that can accommodate 494 vehicles, out of which 34 is reserved for VIPs. The construction was carried out by Portuguese company Teixeira Duarte under the supervision of Special Works Office of the Government of Angola. The building was inaugurated by José Eduardo dos Santos on 10 November 2015.

Performance of political parties
Jose Eduardo dos Santos won the 1980 and 1986 elections and became the first elected President of the country. At the time, the country was a one-party state known as the Angolan People's Republic, with the People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola - Party of Labour (MPLA-PT) as the sole legal party. As a result, most candidates were members of the party, and two-thirds were re-nominated from 1980 elections in the 1986 elections. The civil war continued with UNITA fighting against the MLPA, with both parties taking international support. There was a cease-fire agreement during 1989, with the leader of UNITA, Jonas Savimbi, but it collapsed soon. As a part of its peace efforts, MLPA dropped its theme of Marxism–Leninism and moved over to democratic socialism. During May 1991, Dos Santos and Savimbi signed a multiparty democracy agreement in Lisbon. Dos Santos won the 1992, 2008 and 2012 elections as well in the Presidency elections, but different parties started performing. During the 1992 elections, when the first multi-party elections were held, UNITA secured 34.1 per cent vote in the assembly and won 70 seats. But during the 2008 and 2012, their win was reduced to 16 and 32 seats respectively, while the ruling MPLA won 191 and 175 seats respectively.


Gyeongin Expressway

The Gyeongin Expressway, officially Expressway No. 120, is an expressway in South Korea connecting the Yangcheon District of Seoul to the Nam District of Incheon. It is the oldest expressway in South Korea.

Construction began March 24, 1967. The initial segment between Gajwa in the Seo District of Incheon and Yangpyeong-dong in the Yeongdeungpo District of Seoul opened on December 21, 1968. In 1985, the easternmost segment between Yangpyeong and the Shinwol Interchange was transferred to Seoul, making Shinwol in the Yancheong District the new terminus.

It was assigned route number 2 in 1983. In 2001, South Korea re-rationalized its expressway numbering system, and it was redesignated route 120.

History
 24 March 1967: Construction Begin
 21 December 1968: Yangpyeongdong~Gajwa segment open to traffic.
 21 July 1969: Gajwa~Incheon Port segment open to traffic.
 12 November 1985: Korea National Expressway Corporation passes control of the northernmost 5 km stretch of expressway (between Sinwol and Yangpyeong-dong) to the City of Seoul.

Compositions

Lanes
 Incheon~W.Incheon IC: 6
 W.Incheon~Seoul: 8

Length
 24 km

Limited Speed
 100 km/h

List of Facilities
IC: Interchange, JC: Junction, SA: Service Area, TG:Tollgate

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Edgardo Brittes

Edgardo Brittes (born September 30, 1982 in Paraná (Entre Ríos), Argentina) is an Argentine footballer currently playing for Patronato de Paraná of the Primera B Nacional.

Teams
  Patronato de Paraná 2005-2010
  Deportivo Santamarina 2010-2011
  Libertad de Sunchales 2011
  Real Potosí 2012
  Patronato de Paraná 2012–present


Trams in Turin

The Turin tramway network () is an important part, along with the Turin Metro, of the public transport network of the city and comune of Turin, in the Piedmont region, northwest Italy.

In operation since 1871, the network is about  long, and comprises 10 lines.

The network

Urban lines
The Turin tramway network has 10 lines (for a total of 11 routes):
 3 Corso Tortona - Piazzale Vallette (9,35 km)
 4 Strada del Drosso - Via delle Querce (17,8 km)
 7 storica Piazza Castello (circular) (6,9 km) (operated solely by heritage trams)
 9 Piazza Stampalia - Corso Massimo D'Azeglio (9,4 km)
 9/ Piazza Bernini - Juventus Stadium (5,5 km)
 10 feriale Piazza Statuto - Corso Settembrini (limited operations due to track work)
 13 feriale Piazza Campanella - Piazza Gran Madre (6,7 km)
 15 Via Brissogne - Piazza Coriolano (11,5 km)
 16 cs Piazza Sabotino (circular) (12 km)
 16 cd Piazza Sabotino (circular) (12 km)
 Sassi-Superga Railway Piazza Gustavo Modena - Basilica di Superga (3,1 km)

Light rail
Of the urban lines, lines 3 and 9 were created as a light rail tram system in the 1980s. Today, line 3 is called a "fully protected" route, while line 9 is considered an ordinary tramway.

Line 4 has characteristics similar to line 3, although another type of tram vehicle is used. In any case, this line also includes long stretches of reserved sections to permit higher speeds.

On line 3, light rail vehicles of the series 7000 were used.


Luca de la Torre

Lucas Daniel de la Torre (born May 23, 1998) is an American professional soccer player who plays as a midfielder for  club Fulham.

Club
De La Torre was born and raised in San Diego, California and began playing soccer at Nomad Soccer Club and San Diego Surf, before moving to England to play with Fulham in 2013. De la Torre made his debut for Fulham on August 9, 2016 in the EFL Cup first round against Leyton Orient, starting the match and played 88 minutes at Brisbane Road as Fulham won 3–2. His first league game was a Championship match against Bolton Wanderers on October 28, 2017, as a last-minute substitute for Tomáš Kalas in a 1–1 home tie.

He scored his first goal for Fulham in an EFL Cup tie against Millwall on September 25, 2018.

International
De La Torre was part of the United States U17 team for the 2015 CONCACAF U-17 Championship and 2015 FIFA U-17 World Cup.

He was also part of the United States U20 team that won the 2017 CONCACAF U-20 Championship, scoring the game-winner in a 4–1 group stage win against Haiti U20, and a penalty kick during the penalty shootout in the final against Honduras U20. He was also a member of the United States squad that reached the 2017 FIFA U-20 World Cup quarterfinals, scoring a goal in a group stage draw against Ecuador U20 and assisting on both Josh Sargent's game-winner in a group stage match vs. Senegal U20 and a Lagos Kunga goal in a 6-0 Round of 16 win over New Zealand U20.

On June 2, 2018, De La Torre made his senior team debut for the United States, coming on as a substitute in a friendly against Republic of Ireland.

Personal life
De la Torre's father is Spanish and mother is American. As a result, he holds a Spanish passport.

Career statistics

Honors
United States U20
CONCACAF U-20 Championship: 2017


L-selectin

L-selectin, also known as CD62L, is a cell adhesion molecule found on leukocytes and the preimplantation embryo. It belongs to the selectin family of proteins, which recognize sialylated carbohydrate groups. It is cleaved by ADAM17.

CD62L is a cell surface component that is a member of a family of adhesion/homing receptors that play important roles in lymphocyte-endothelial cell interactions. The molecule is composed of multiple domains: one homologous to lectins, one to epidermal growth factor, and two to the consensus repeat units found in C3/C4-binding proteins.

Ligands
GlyCAM-1, found in the high endothelial venules of the lymph nodes.
CD34, found on endothelial cells.
MadCAM-1, found on endothelial cells of gut-associated lymphoid tissue.
PSGL-1, binds with low affinity.

Function
L-selectin acts as a "homing receptor" for lymphocytes to enter secondary lymphoid tissues via high endothelial venules. Ligands present on endothelial cells will bind to lymphocytes expressing L-selectin, slowing lymphocyte trafficking through the blood, and facilitating entry into a secondary lymphoid organ at that point. The receptor is commonly found on the cell surfaces of T cells.  Naive T-lymphocytes, which have not yet encountered their specific antigen, need to enter secondary lymph nodes to encounter their antigen.  Central memory T-lymphocytes, which have encountered antigen, express L-selectin to localize in secondary lymphoid organs.  Here they reside ready to proliferate upon re-encountering antigen.  Effector memory T-lymphocytes do not express L-selectin, as they circulate in the periphery and have immediate effector functions upon encountering antigen.

High expression of L-selectin on human bone marrow progenitor cells is an early sign of cells becoming committed to lymphoid differentiation.

L-selectin is also present on the surface of human embryo trophoblasts prior to implantation into the uterus.  Similar to its function in lymphocytes, L-selectin acts as a receptor to facilitate adhesion of the embryo to the site of invasion on the surface epithelium of the uterine endometrium.  The embryo secretes human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), which downregulates anti-adhesion factor, MUC-1, located on the uterine epithelium at the site of invasion.  Removal of MUC-1 exposes the oligosaccharide ligands of the uterine epithelium, thus allowing binding by the L-selectin receptor of the trophopblast cell, followed by embryo adhesion and invasion.


Windows Shell namespace

In Windows Shell programming, the Windows Shell namespace is an organized tree-structured hierarchical representation that Windows Explorer facilitates to graphically present file system contents and other objects to the end user.  Conceptually, the Shell namespace may be regarded as a larger and more inclusive version of the file system.

The Shell namespace is a hierarchical tree that consists of the wide variety of objects that make up the system.

Types of objects

Specifically, the Shell namespace consists of two basic types of objects, namely files and folders.  Folder objects, which are containers for file objects and other folders called subdirectories, are the nodes of the tree, while file objects are the leaves of the namespace tree.  Objects in the Shell namespace can represent physically stored file system objects such as files and folders, or can be virtual objects such as the My Network Places and Recycle Bin "virtual folders".

The folders and data files that reside on physical computer disk drives are the most numerous and familiar of these objects; although, through extensions the Shell also provides access to various virtual objects that may not involve physical storage at all.  Consequentially, there are folders that do not reside on the physical file system, which are referred to as virtual folders.  Likewise, there are virtual file objects that do not reside on the physical file system.  Virtual Shell objects are used throughout the Windows Shell.  On the Desktop, Shell launchers are implemented through a built-in shell extension.  The Window Shell utilizes virtual Shell objects to conceptually represent computer peripherals and network devices, such as printers and routers.  Virtual Shell objects can function as Shell links and execute commands when invoked by the user.  For example, in Windows XP and other versions, "rundll32.exe" shell32.dll,Options_RunDLL 0 is executed on the command line when a user launches the "Folder Options" applet in the Control Panel.

The user's Desktop is a special folder that resides at the root of the Shell namespace.  Although this folder maps by default to a physical folder stored in the user's profile folder, the special desktop folder is represented as a distinct object from the physical desktop folder.  The same holds true with the "My Documents" (Windows 95 through XP) or user "Documents" (Windows Vista+) folder.


Hedwig Village, Texas

Hedwig Village is a city in Harris County, Texas, United States. The population was 2,557 at the 2010 census.

The United States Postal Service uses "Houston" for all Hedwig Village addresses; "Hedwig Village" is not an acceptable city designation for mail addressed to places in Hedwig Village.

Hedwig Village is not considered to be within Houston proper as it is a separate incorporated city.

History
The Spring Branch Memorial area was originally settled by German immigrants in the 19th century. Hedwig Village's name originates from Hedwig Road, which was built on the property of Hedwig Jankowski Schroeder; Schroeder emigrated from Germany to Texas in 1906 to help her sister operate a business in Houston. There she met, and married, Henry Schroeder, son of Jacob Schroeder one of the area's earliest immigrants. They established their home and farmed in the area now Hedwig Village.

In the mid 1950s, effort to form a Spring Branch municipality failed. Hedwig Village was incorporated on December 23, 1954 and established a zoning ordinance in 1955. Because of the 1955 incorporation, Houston did not incorporate Hedwig Village's territory into its city limits, while Houston annexed surrounding areas that were unincorporated. Hedwig Village incorporated because residents feared that Houston would annex them. Around 1963, residents of Hedwig Villages and other Memorial villages wanted what Gia Gustilo of the Houston Chronicle referred to as "a more country-like atmosphere in close proximity to Houston." Laverne Coller, a resident quoted in the Houston Chronicle who moved to Hedwig Village in 1963, was paraphrased by Gustilo as "Hedwig Village is unique among the villages in that it was the only municipality to accept the existing commercial sector, which was quite a bonus to the city's revenues."

In 1960 the city had 1,182 residents. By 1966 the community had two schools, one library, and two churches. By 1970 the city had 3,255 residents, and in 1971 the city completed a park. The city had 3,994 residents in 1980 and 2,616 in 1990. Coller said in 2003 that many children of early Hedwig Village residents had begun to settle the Hedwig Village area. In 2003 Coller, as paraphrased by Gustilo, said "Despite the changes, several of her old neighbors remain and the camaraderie with new residents is good."

Geography

Hedwig Village is located at  (29.779990, -95.519412).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , all of it land. This makes Hedwig Village one of the smallest municipalities in Harris County. Hedwig Village is  from Downtown Houston.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 2,334 people, 956 households, and 668 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,706.5 people per square mile (1,047.9/km²). There were 1,038 housing units at an average density of 1,203.7/sq mi (466.0/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 81.41% White, 1.33% African American, 0.17% Native American, 12.43% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 2.01% from other races, and 2.61% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6.26% of the population.

There were 956 households out of which 35.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.6% were married couples living together, 11.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.1% were non-families. 27.4% of all households were made up of individuals and 9.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.44 and the average family size was 2.99.

In the city, the population was spread out with 26.6% under the age of 18, 5.4% from 18 to 24, 26.9% from 25 to 44, 25.8% from 45 to 64, and 15.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 89.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.5 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $66,250, and the median income for a family was $101,928. Males had a median income of $69,375 versus $41,316 for females. The per capita income for the city was $52,153. About 3.0% of families and 4.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.1% of those under age 18 and 4.0% of those age 65 or over.

Cityscape
When Hedwig Village was first established, houses were similar to ranch houses and there were more private dirt roads than paved streets. Katy Road (now Interstate 10, Katy Freeway) had many neighborhood stores, according to Laverne Coller.

In 2003, Edith Spang, a former librarian at the Spring Branch Memorial Branch Library quoted in the Houston Chronicle, said that as time passed, the civic locations, including the library; the medical care facilities; the shopping venues; and the traffic were all parts of Hedwig Village's growth Spang remarked that Hedwig Village "has definitely changed along with the other villages. It's lost the sleepy little country atmosphere." Coller said that none of the stores that had originally existed when she moved still existed by 2003.

Infrastructure and government

As of 2018 the mayor of Hedwig Village is Brian T. Muecke. The council members are, in their respective council positions by number, Barry Putterman, Dane Johnson, Harry Folloder, Matt Woodruff, and Shirley Rouse.

The Village Fire Department serves all of the Memorial villages. Laverne Coller said that voter turnout numbers are high in Hedwig Village, and that "[t]he people in Hedwig Village are a very responsible, dedicated group of citizens. We have had council people who serve term after term voluntarily even though they don't get much glory."

Hedwig Village operates its own police force. The village is within the Memorial Villages Water Authority. Laverne Coller said that, as paraphrased by Gia Gustilo of the Houston Chronicle, "seems to attract professionals perhaps" because Hedwig Village has its own police force.

Harris County Precinct Three, headed by Steve Radack as of 2008, serves Hedwig Village.

Hedwig Village is located in District 136 of the Texas House of Representatives. As of 2008 Beverly Woolley represents the district. Hedwig Village is within District 7 of the Texas Senate; as of 2008 Dan Patrick represents the district.

Hedwig Village is in Texas's 7th congressional district; in 2008, The pro-Republican Party publication Human Events identified the zip code 77024 as the zip code that gave the eighth largest contribution to John McCain's 2008 U.S. Presidential Election campaign. The zip code, which includes Hedwig Village, gave $540,309 United States dollars by October 24, 2008. As of 2019, however, the 7th congressional district is represented by a Democrat, Lizzie Pannill Fletcher.

Parks and recreation

The city operates Hedwig Park. The Corbindale Road park has picnic areas and gazebos. It is in proximity to the Spring Branch Memorial Library. The Houston Business Journal said "Children find the location especially exciting because it's just across the street from the Village Fire Department." A park in Hedwig Village is named after Hedwig Jankowski Schroeder.

Education

Colleges and universities
The city is served by the Houston Community College System. The Northwest College operates the nearby Spring Branch Campus in Memorial City, Houston.

Primary and secondary schools

Public schools

Hedwig Village is served by the Spring Branch Independent School District, which has its headquarters in Hedwig Village.

All residents are assigned to Wildcat Way School in Houston for preschool.

Some Hedwig Village students are zoned to Memorial Drive Elementary School in Piney Point Village. Some Hedwig Village students are zoned to Bunker Hill Elementary School in Bunker Hill Village.

All Hedwig Village students are zoned to Spring Branch Middle School and Memorial High School, which are located in Hedwig Village.

Gallery of public schools

Private schools
A Pre-K through 8th grade Catholic school called the St. Cecilia School, operated by the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Houston is located in Hedwig Village. A nearby Kindergarten through 12th grade  girls' Catholic school called the Duchesne Academy is located near Hedwig Village in Houston. Nearby Holy Spirit Episcopal School offers placement for infants through 8th grade.

Other nearby private schools include The Kinkaid School (Piney Point Village), The Monarch School (one campus in Houston and one campus in Hilshire Village; moving to a new Houston campus in Spring 2009) and The Parish School.

Public libraries

The Harris County Public Library (HCPL) system operates the Spring Branch Memorial Branch at 930 Corbindale Road in Hedwig Village. The  branch opened in 1975.

Media
The Houston Chronicle is the area regional newspaper.

The Memorial Examiner is a local newspaper distributed in the community.

Postal services
The United States Postal Service location serving 77024 is the Memorial Park Post Office at 10505 Town and Country Way, Houston, Texas, 77024-9998. This City of Hedwig Village is now officially recognized as a deliverable address. Residents and businesses can now use Hedwig Village, TX 77024 as an address line.


Sharon Cemetery Historic District

Sharon Cemetery Historic District is located in rural Harrison Township, Lee County, Iowa, United States near the town of Farmington.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.  At the time of its nomination the historic district included four contributing buildings, one contributing site, eight contributing structures, and one contributing object.

The buildings in the district belong to Sharon Presbyterian Church and the cemetery in the churchyard.  They include the church itself (1885), the manse (1918), the sexton's house (1899), and the toilet rooms and lavatory (c. 1902). The buildings are all of frame construction. The cemetery itself is the contributing site.  It was divided into two sections. The oldest section is  and was established in the 1860s. The newer section, also four acres, surrounds the older section and was added in 1899. O.C. Simonds was a landscape architect who laid out the rural cemetery and created a plan for plantings on the property, but it is unclear how closely the plan was followed. An American Revolutionary War soldier who died in Lee County was reburied in the cemetery and a grave marker for him was erected in 1907 by an act of the Iowa General Assembly. The contributing object is a water fountain with a galvanized iron basin that is located at the junction of the entry-drive and the loop driveway. Other contributing structures include the driveways, entry gate, walkways, drainage system, stone curbs, hitching posts, and the coping, fence, and pedestrian gates.


Hans Dichand

Hans Dichand (29 January 1921 in Graz – 17 June 2010 in Vienna) was an Austrian journalist, writer, and media businessman. He published the tabloid newspaper Kronen Zeitung, Austria's largest newspaper in terms of readership, in which at the time of his death he held a 50% stake. As the publisher and majority owner of this newspaper Dichand became a highly significant political power factor during  recent decades. Although this influence is direct only in Austria, it indirectly affects the European Union through the behavior of the Austrian government, which cannot afford to ignore the Kronen Zeitung.

Youth and service in World War II
Information on Hans Dichand's early life has to rely on information published in two authorized biographies (one by the U.S. correspondent of the Kronen Zeitung Hans Janitschek and another one by Austrian writer Lore Jarosch to which Arnold Schwarzenegger has written the preface), and his autobiography. If Jarosch states in her book that "Austria's most powerful man is a mystery," this is true to the extent that little or no independently verified information has been published on the youth of Hans Dichand, or on the early stages of his career.

According to the aforementioned sources Dichand's father Johann had been a leather cutter and later a master craftsman who supplied semi-finished leatherware for the Humanic shoe factory in Graz. His mother Leopoldine worked as a society  entertainer in the household of Count Carl Attems, and it appears that young Hans Dichand has lived there for some time. However, it is uncertain how much access he had to aristocratic lifestyle and culture. In the biography written by Janitschek (who had been Secretary General of the Socialist International) Dichand describes himself as a "true working class child." (Janitschek p. 19.)

At some point during the economically difficult period which Austria experienced during the inter-war period, Johann Dichand's leathermaker business folded. The family was compelled to leave the Attems Villa, exchanging it for accommodation in a housing project. Hans found it difficult to adapt to his new social environment: "When he wanted to play with the other children he was ridiculed or beaten." (Janitschek p. 34) His father subsequently left the family.

During this time Hans Dichand became an avid reader, and began to aspire to journalism: "It was the writing, all the time only the writing about the experiences and observations of what I saw happening around me, that kindled my interest." (Janitschek p. 47) At the age of 14 years (implying the year 1935) he wrote to Austrian newspapers asking for advice how to become a journalist. The editor in chief of the Kronen Zeitung recommended an apprenticeship as a typesetter. Dichand did so, while also attending evening courses for his high school education.

When World War II began 18-year-old Hans Dichand volunteered for the Kriegsmarine and was initially stationed at Naples, for service in an anti-aircraft detachment tasked with protecting the naval supply routes for the North African theatre. As Dichand has stated in 2007 the hastily converted armed merchantman Leverkusen on which he served was attacked and sunk on 1 May 1941 by the British submarine . Dichand fractured a leg when he jumped ship, narrowly avoided being sucked down with the sinking hull, was rescued by an Italian destroyer, and brought to a navy hospital near Tripoli. Nothing is known about his further military record until 1943, when he served as a gunner on "the Italian warship Orsa." (This might refer not to an individual ship, but merely to an .) When Italy changed sides he managed to be transferred to an Axis-run navy academy in Liepāja. When the Red Army approached the Baltic the academy was evacuated, and Dichand eventually became a British prisoner of war.

Hans Dichand has always denied having been a member of the Nazi Party. When in 2006 the 85-year-old powerful newspaper publisher learned during an interview that the German Wikipedia had assigned his biography article to the category "NSDAP member" he angrily exclaimed, "I never even came close to the NSDAP! I even managed to avoid compulsory membership in the Hitlerjugend!"

Journalist in post-war Austria
Again according to the self-written or approved biographies, Dichand was released from British captivity in October 1945, returned to Graz in November, and became a journalist at the British news service for Allied-occupied Austria where he was tasked with recording content broadcast by the BBC radio service and with processing it for publication in the Neue Steirischen Zeitung.

In 1946, at age 25, Dichand became editor-in-chief of the Judenburg newspaper Murtaler Zeitung which at that time was jointly owned by the conservative, socialist, and communist parties of Austria. In 1949 he secured himself an equivalent position at the newly founded independent Kleine Zeitung which was facing a boycott by the party-controlled Austrian state news agency. Building on his experience in British service, Dichand was able to solve that problem by accessing international newswires. During the following five years he developed the Kleine Zeitung into Austria's largest regional daily newspaper.

In 1954 Dichand became editor in chief of the Wiener Kurier, the predecessor of today's Kurier. However, Dichand soon faced increasing opposition from his staff because he prevented extensive reporting on the many legal proceedings against war criminals that were ongoing at this time. "He instinctively felt that a paper with a more conciliatory stance towards former Nazi Party members would be met with sympathy, and he aligned his paper's attitude with that of the populace." (Janitschek p. 103). Dichand managed to control this internal opposition but left in 1958 when differences of opinion developed with the newspaper's owner over the sale of the recently acquired newspaper Bildtelegraph.

Founding the Neue Kronen Zeitung

When Dichand walked away from the Wiener Kurier in October 1958 six leading journalists (which included the author and theatre critic Hans Weigel) left with him. These journalists formed the initial core team for a new newspaper, conceived by Dichand and his partner Friedrich Dragon, with the intent of reviving the time-honored name Kronen-Zeitung. Franz Olah, then president of the powerful Austrian Trade Union Federation, provided a contact with the businessman Kurt Falk and also facilitated substantial funding for the project, from sources that ultimately remained untraced. The rise of the Neue Kronen Zeitung to an unprecedented degree of readership coverage, especially since the mid-1960s and especially in the densely populated Northeast of Austria, became inextricably entwined with the person of Hans Dichand and his personal leadership.

Media power, attitudes, and criticism
The newspaper which Dichand created and shaped allowed him to attain a position of public opinion-moving power which most politicians feel they could oppose only at the peril of their careers. In June 2009 a commentary in the Wiener Zeitung summarized: "In this country he exercises power comparable only to that of the Roman imperators; merely by lifting or lowering his thumb he can point a two-digit percentage of the electorate this way or that." Helmut Kukacka, a former Secretary of State and media contact of the conservative Austrian People's Party, was cited by the major German newspaper Die Zeit as saying with (careful but unusually direct) reference to Dichand, "One has his fears. One makes his arrangements." In the commentary part of the same article Die Zeit was more outspoken: "Where Dichand's wrath falls, destruction reigns."

However, Dichand (who wrote using the pseudonym Cato, in apparent reference to the Roman statesmen Cato the Elder and/or Cato the Younger) has always presented himself as being "...not interested in personal power at all. What am I supposed to do with power? I'd rather stay at home and fuss with  my dog. What I am after, and what I defend, is success; and for me success lies in convincing readers, in amplifying the trends that arise in the populace. Beyond that, I shall be completely content if I can master myself." (Janitschek p. 20) When asked four years later if he really considered himself as having set foot only "in the anteroom of power" (an allusion to the title of Dichand's autobiography), he replied in a very similar fashion: "I simply wouldn't know what to do with personal power; I'd rather pat my dog at home. But exerting power on behalf of our readers is a different matter entirely. It's not as if we would parrot them; we want to be a step ahead of them, to show them perspectives which they might not have considered." In 2003 the Swiss daily Neue Zürcher Zeitung cited him as saying that "we perceive ourselves as a political corrective in a time of mediocre politics", and did not fail to point out that "using the 'we' in this fashion indicates the majestic plural which this phenomenon of an Austrian publisher is fond of."

The support which the Kronen Zeitung has always given to controversial politicians such as Kurt Waldheim, Jörg Haider and Barbara Rosenkranz, as well as to various populist calls for increased surveillance and strict punishment, has made Hans Dichand a habitual and unfailing target of criticism by libertarians, leftists, and privacy advocates. In 2007 he was named a recipient of one of the Austrian Big Brother Awards, for the work of his "life as a manipulator of the republic".

Relevance for the European Union
The Kronen Zeitung had supported the Austrian government's successful referendum campaign for EU accession in 1994, but after that time Dichand (and his newspaper) turned highly critical of the European Union and its expansion, frequently citing the most bizarre myths and making unverifiable allegations. Although the Kronen Zeitung is hardly known beyond Austria's borders its influence on the country's politics has already affected Austria's representation in the European parliament by Dichand's massive support for the extremely EU-critical Hans-Peter Martin's List, and in 2008 the leaders of the Social Democratic Party of Austria wrote an open letter to Dichand in which they committed themselves to making Austrian consent to "all important EU matters that impact Austria" contingent on a public referendum in Austria, specifically naming changes in the Treaties of the European Union and the accession of Turkey to the European Union as examples.

Personal life
Dichand was briefly hospitalized after suffering a fall in August 2008 but soon returned to his personal office from where he directed the Kronen Zeitung as its chief executive and 50-percent owner, although in 2003 he installed his youngest son Christoph as his successor in the role of editor in chief.

Dichand, who was married, had another son (Michael) and a daughter, Johanna. He dismissed as baseless a rumor that had claimed the head of the socialdemocratic party and chancellor of Austria, Werner Faymann to be an extramarital son.

Books by Hans Dichand
 Dichand H. Kronen Zeitung : die Geschichte eines Erfolges. Orac Verlag, Vienna 1977
 Dichand H. Begegnung mit Paris. Wien 1982;
 Dichand H. Die Künstler der klassischen Moderne in Österreich. Propyläen Verlag, Berlin and Vienna 1989;
 Dichand H. Im Vorhof der Macht. Iberia & Molden Verlag, Vienna 1996;


Aalibabayum Aarara Kallanmarum

Aalibabayum Aarara Kallanmarum is a 1998 Malayalam comedy film directed by Satheesh Manarkat and Shaji. It stars Jagadeesh, Vijayaraghavan, Jagathy Sreekumar, Kalpana, Kalabhavan Mani, Saikumar, Rajan P. Dev, Indrans etc.

Cast
 Jagadeesh as Divakaran
 Vijayaraghavan as Sub Inspector Jayashankar
 Jagathy Sreekumar as Ithikkara Thanku
 Kalpana
 Kalabhavan Mani as Palacharakku Chandy
 Saikumar as MLA Jose Parakkan
 Rajan P. Dev as Chathanadan
 Indrans as Advocate Luckose
 Mamukkoya as Head Constable Peeru Muhammed
 Bobby Kottarakkara as Police Constable Kuruvilla
 Tony as Advocate
 Anju Aravind as Sunitha
 Chali Pala as Udumbu Vasu
Usha T.T. as Sunanda
Poornima Anand
Omana Ouseph as Jayashankar's mother
Thrissur Elsy as Chandy's mother
 Premachandran
Mani C. Kappan
T.S. Raju as Ex MLA
V.D. Rajappan

Sound Track

The songs were composed by Berny–Ignatius.

External links


Château de Dieppe

The Château de Dieppe is a castle in the French town of Dieppe in the Seine-Maritime département.

The castle was founded in 1188, and was destroyed in 1195.  The site was restored in the 14th century. The castle was later in large part reconstructed in 1433 by Charles des Marets.  The castle is composed of a quadrangular enclosure with round flanking towers and a lower court adjacent. The large west tower dates perhaps from the 14th century, and served as the keep. Several architectural styles are represented, and flint and sandstone are used in the buildings. A brick bastion and various other buildings have been added to the original enclosure.

The town walls were built around 1360. The walls were extended between 1435 and 1442. Although the town was largely destroyed by an Anglo-Dutch naval bombardment in 1694, the castle survived.

Until 1923, the castle housed the Ruffin barracks. It was bought by the town in 1903 and today is home to the Dieppe museum with its collection of ivories (crucifixes, rosaries, statuettes, fans, snuffboxes, etc.), maritime exhibits and the papers and belongings of Camille Saint-Saëns.

The castle offers a panoramic view over the town and the coast.

The Château de Dieppe has been officially classed since 1862 as a monument historique by the French Ministry of Culture.


Nerita marinduquenensis

Nerita marinduquenensis is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Neritidae.

Description

Distribution


1997 in UFC

The year 1997 was the fifth year in the history of the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC), a mixed martial arts promotion based in the United States. In 1997, the UFC held five events beginning with UFC 12: Judgement Day.

Title fights

Debut UFC fighters
The following fighters fought their first UFC fight in 1997:

Alex Hunter
Brad Kohler
Carlos Barreto
Dan Bobish
Dmitri Stepanov
Donnie Chappell
Dwayne Cason
Enson Inoue
Eric Martin
Frank Shamrock
Greg Stott
Harry Moskowitz
Houston Dorr

Jackie Lee
Jim Mullen
Justin Martin
Yoshiki Takahashi
Kazushi Sakuraba
Kevin Jackson
Marcus Silveira
Mark Kerr
Maurice Smith
Nick Sanzo
Rainy Martinez
Randy Couture
Royce Alger

Saeed Hosseini
Steven Graham
Tito Ortiz
Tony Fryklund
Tony Halme
Tra Telligman
Vitor Belfort
Wallid Ismail
Wes Albritton
Yoji Anjo
Yuri Vaulin

Events list


José Luis Trejo

José Luis Trejo Montoya, (born August 4, 1951) is a Mexican football coach.

Career
Trejo played club football for Atlético Español and Tecos.

Trejo has coached Toros de Neza, Cruz Azul, Chiapas, C.F. Pachuca, UANL Tigres, Monarcas Morelia and Necaxa. He had managed more than 300 First Division matches.

Trejo took Cruz Azul to the Copa Libertadores de América final against Boca Juniors in 2001, which made Cruz Azul the first Mexico team to reach the Libertadores final. The game ended 1-1 on aggregate, and had to be determined on penalties.

In 2006, Trejo won the Clausura with Pachuca.

One day after he won the league, Trejo signed with Tigres to be their coach for one year. Despite having a good record for the first few games, the team began showing lack of commitment. Soon, the record showed eight consecutive games without winning, including a 7-0 defeat against Toluca, and all the responsibility was put on Trejo's management. His last game with Tigres was against Pachuca, the very same team he had made champion a year before. After the team lost 5-0, he was fired on 1 October 2006. Trejo was not unemployed for long, as he was hired by Necaxa after manager Hugo Sánchez left to coach the Mexico national team.

He was fired from UAG Tecos in 2008. He was next employed with the Liga MX Mexican Primera División club San Luis.

On 4 September 2013, Trejo became the new manager of UNAM.
 On August 15, 2014 after UNAM suffered their 4th consecutive loss, Trejo was sacked and David Patiño was named interim coach.


Forest Lawn, Calgary

Forest Lawn is a neighbourhood and former town in the southeast quadrant of the city of Calgary, Alberta, Canada. The neighbourhood is bound by 26 Avenue SE to the south, 36 Street SE to the west, 8 Avenue SE to the north and portions of 52 Street SE and 48 Street SE to the east. The former town comprises the entire current Forest Lawn neighbourhood as well as portions of Southview and Albert Park/Radisson Heights to the west, and portions of Penbrooke Meadows and Forest Lawn Industrial to the east. Both the neighbourhood and the former town are bisected by the multicultural 17 Avenue SE. Forest Lawn has an area redevelopment plan in place and is part of the International Avenue Business Revitalization Zone.

The community is represented in the Calgary City Council by the Ward 9 councillor. On a federal level, Forest Lawn falls in the electoral district of Calgary Forest Lawn and was represented in the House of Commons by MP Deepak Obhrai until his death in 2019.

History
The area was first settled in the early 1900s. Originally part of the Municipal District of Shepard No. 220, Forest Lawn and nearby Albert Park incorporated as villages on July 4, 1934. Forest Lawn and Albert Park amalgamated just over a year later on August 1, 1935 under the name of the Village of Forest Lawn. In 1952, Forest Lawn was incorporated as the Town of Forest Lawn and pursued city status in 1958 although the application was never carried through. The town was subsequently annexed by the City of Calgary on December 30, 1961, along with parts of the municipal districts of Rocky View No. 44 and Foothills No. 31.

Demographics
In the City of Calgary's 2012 municipal census, Forest Lawn had a population of  living in  dwellings, a 2.4% increase from its 2011 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of  in 2012. Also in the 2012 municipal census, Forest Heights had a population of  living in  dwellings, a 0.4% increase from its 2011 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of  in 2012.

Residents in this community had a median household income of $40,396 in 2000, and there were 27.5% low income residents living in the neighbourhood. As of 2000, 18.6% of the residents were immigrants. A proportion of 29.4% of the buildings were condominiums or apartments, and 57.7% of the housing was used for renting.

Education
The community is served by Forest Lawn Senior High, Jack James Senior High, Ian Bazalgette Junior High, Ernest Morrow Junior High, Patrick Airlie Elementary, and Valley View Elementary public schools, as well as Holy Trinity Elementary, Father Lacombe Senior High, and Holy Cross Elementary/Junior High (Catholic).

Forest Lawn Industrial
The neighbourhood of Forest Lawn Industrial is established south of International Avenue, and east of 48 St SE, between Elliston Park and 48 St SE.

In the City of Calgary's 2012 municipal census, Forest Lawn Industrial had a population of  living in  dwellings, an 8.3% increase from its 2011 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of  in 2012.

In 2006 it had a median household income of $27,945 in 2000.

Recreational
This area is served by two recreational pools. The Bob Bahan Aquatic and Fitness Centre, opened October 1974 and named after a community member of outstanding record, offers a number of registered and drop-in fitness classes, programs and lessons, both in the pool and on dry land. The Forest Lawn Outdoor Pool is operated by the community association.


Dividend policy

Dividend policy is concerned with financial policies regarding paying cash dividend in the present or paying an increased dividend at a later stage.  Whether to issue dividends, and what amount, is determined mainly on the basis of the company's unappropriated profit (excess cash) and influenced by the company's long-term earning power. When cash surplus exists and is not needed by the firm, then management is expected to pay out some or all of those surplus earnings in the form of cash dividends or to repurchase the company's stock through a share buyback program.

If there are no NPV positive opportunities, i.e. projects where returns exceed the hurdle rate, and excess cash surplus is not needed, then – finance theory suggests – management should return some or all of the excess cash to shareholders as dividends. This is the general case, however there are exceptions. For example, shareholders of a "growth stock", expect that the company will, almost by definition, retain most of the excess earnings so as to fund future growth internally.  By with holding current dividend payments to shareholders, managers of growth companies are hoping that dividend payments will be increased proportionality higher in the future, to offset the retainment of current earnings and the internal financing of present investment projects.

Management must also choose the form of the dividend distribution, generally as cash dividends or via a share buyback. Various factors may be taken into consideration: where shareholders must pay tax on dividends, firms may elect to retain earnings or to perform a stock buyback, in both cases increasing the value of shares outstanding. Alternatively, some companies will pay "dividends" from stock rather than in cash; see Corporate action.  Financial theory suggests that the dividend policy should be set based upon the type of company and what management determines is the best use of those dividend resources for the firm to its shareholders.  As a general rule, shareholders of growth companies would prefer managers to have a share buyback program, whereas shareholders of value or secondary stocks would prefer the management of these companies to payout surplus earnings in the form of cash dividends.

Concept

Coming up with the dividend policy is challenging for the directors and financial manager of a company, because different investors have different views on present cash dividends and future capital gains. Another confusion that pops up is regarding the extent of effect of dividends on the share price. Due to this controversial nature of a dividend policy it is often called the dividend puzzle.

Various models have been developed to help firms analyse and evaluate the perfect dividend policy. There is no agreement between these schools of thought over the relationship between dividends and the value of the share or the wealth of the shareholders in other words.

One school consists of people like James E. Walter and Myron J. Gordon (see Gordon model), who believe that current cash dividends are less risky than future capital gains. Thus, they say that investors prefer those firms which pay regular dividends and such dividends affect the market price of the share. Another school linked to Modigliani and Miller holds that investors don't really choose between future gains and cash dividends.

Relevance of dividend policy

Dividends paid by the firms are viewed positively both by the investors and the firms. The firms which do not pay dividends are rated in oppositely by investors thus affecting the share price. The people who support relevance of dividends clearly state that regular dividends reduce uncertainty of the shareholders i.e. the earnings of the firm is discounted at a lower rate, ke thereby increasing the market value. However, its exactly opposite in the case of increased uncertainty due to non-payment of dividends.

Two important models supporting dividend relevance are given by Walter and Gordon.

Walter's model
Walter's model shows the relevance of dividend policy and its bearing on the value of the share.Assumptions of the Walter model

 Retained earnings are the only source  of financing investments in the firm, there is no external finance involved.
 The cost of capital, k e and the rate of return on investment, r are constant i.e. even if new investments decisions are taken, the risks of the business remains same.
 The firm's life is endless i.e. there is no closing down.

Basically, the firm's decision to give or not give out dividends depends on whether it has enough opportunities to invest the retained earnings i.e. a strong relationship between investment and dividend decisions is considered.

Model description

Dividends paid to the shareholders are reinvested by the shareholder further, to get higher returns. This is referred to as the opportunity cost of the firm or the cost of capital, ke for the firm. Another situation where the firms do not pay out dividends, is when they invest the profits or retained earnings in profitable opportunities to earn returns on such investments. This rate of return r, for the firm must at least be equal to ke. If this happens then the returns of the firm is equal to the earnings of the shareholders if the dividends were paid. Thus, it's clear that if r, is more than the cost of capital ke, then the returns from investments is more than returns shareholders receive from further investments.

Walter's model says that if r<ke then the firm should distribute the profits in the form of dividends to give the shareholders higher returns. However, if r>ke then the investment opportunities reap better returns for the firm and thus, the firm should invest the retained earnings. The relationship between r and k are extremely important to determine the dividend policy. It decides whether the firm should have zero payout or 100% payout.

In a nutshell :
 If r>ke, the firm should have zero payout and make investments.
 If r<ke, the firm should have 100% payouts and no investment of retained earnings.
 If r=ke, the firm is indifferent between dividends and investments.

Mathematical representation

Mandar Mathkar has given a mathematical model for the above made statements :

where,
 P = Market price of the share D = Dividend per share r  = Rate of return on the firm's investments ke = Cost of equity E = Earnings per share'''The market price of the share consists of the sum total of:
 the present value of an infinite stream of dividends
 the present value of an infinite stream of returns on investments made from retained earnings.
Therefore, the market value of a share is the result of expected dividends and capital gains according to Walter.

Criticism
Although the model provides a simple framework to explain the relationship between the market value of the share and the dividend policy, it has some unrealistic assumptions.

 The assumption of no external financing apart from retained earnings, for the firm make further investments is not really followed in the real world.
 The constant r and ke are seldom found in real life, because as and when a firm invests more the business risks change.

Gordon's model

Myron J. Gordon has also supported dividend relevance and believes in regular dividends affecting the share price of the firm.

Assumptions of the Gordon model
Gordon's assumptions are similar to the ones given by Walter. However, there are two additional assumptions proposed by him:
 The product of retention ratio b and the rate of return r gives us the growth rate of the firm g.
 The cost of capital ke, is not only constant but greater than the growth rate i.e. ke>g.

Model description
Investors are risk-averse and believe that incomes from dividends are certain rather than incomes from future capital gains, therefore they predict future capital gains to be risky propositions. They discount the future capital gains at a higher rate than the firm's earnings, thereby evaluating a higher value of the share. In short, when retention rate increases, they require a higher discounting rate.
Gordon has given a model similar to Waltematical formula to determine price of the share.

Mathematical representation
The market prices of the share is calculated as follows:

where,
 P = Market price of the share E = Earnings per share b = Retention ratio (1 - payout ratio) r = Rate of return on the firm's investments ke = Cost of equity br = Growth rate of the firm (g)'''

Therefore, the model shows a relationship between the payout ratio, rate of return, cost of capital and the market price of the share.

Conclusions on the Walter and Gordon model
Gordon's ideas were similar to Walter's and therefore, the criticisms are also similar. Both of them  clearly state the relationship between dividend policies and market value of the firm.

Lintner's model
John Lintner's dividend policy model is a model theorizing how a publicly-traded company sets its dividend policy. The logic is that every company wants to maintain a constant rate of dividend even if the results in a particular period are not up to the mark. The assumption is that investors will prefer to receive a certain dividend payout.

The model states that dividends are paid according to two factors. The first is the net present value of earnings, with higher values indicating higher dividends. The second is the sustainability of earnings; that is, a company may increase its earnings without increasing its dividend payouts until managers are convinced that it will continue to maintain such earnings. The theory was adopted based on observations that many companies will set their long-run target dividends-to-earnings ratios based upon the amount of positive net-present-value projects that they have available.

The model then uses two parameters, the target payout ratio and the speed where current dividends adjust to that target:

where:
   is the dividend per share at time
   is the dividend per share at time , i.e. last year's dividend per share
   is the speed of adjustment rate or the partial adjustment coefficient, with
   is the target dividend per share at time , with
   is the target payout ratio on earnings per share (or on free-cash-flow per share), with
   is the earnings per share (or free-cash-flow per share) at time

When applying its model to U.S. stocks, Lintner found  and .

Capital structure substitution theory and dividends
The capital structure substitution theory (CSS) describes the relationship between earnings, stock price and capital structure of public companies. The theory is based on one simple hypothesis: company managements manipulate capital structure such that earnings-per-share (EPS) are maximized. The resulting dynamic debt-equity target explains why some companies use dividends and others do not. When redistributing cash to shareholders, company managements can typically choose between dividends and share repurchases. But as dividends are in most cases taxed higher than capital gains, investors are expected to prefer capital gains. However, the CSS theory shows that for some companies share repurchases lead to a reduction in EPS. These companies typically prefer dividends over share repurchases.

Mathematical representation
From the CSS theory it can be derived that debt-free companies should prefer repurchases whereas companies with a debt-equity ratio larger than

should prefer dividends as a means to distribute cash to shareholders, where
  D is the company’s total long-term debt
   is the company’s total equity
   is the tax rate on capital gains
   is the tax rate on dividends

Low-valued, high-leverage companies with limited investment opportunities and a high profitability use dividends as the preferred means to distribute cash to shareholders, as is documented by empirical research.

Conclusion
The CSS theory provides more guidance on dividend policy to company managements than the Walter model and the Gordon model. It also reverses the traditional order of cause and effect by implying that company valuation ratios drive dividend policy, and not vice versa. The CSS theory does not have 'invisible' or 'hidden' parameters such as the equity risk premium, the discount rate, the expected growth rate or expected inflation. As a consequence the theory can be tested in an unambiguous way.

Irrelevance of dividend policy

The Modigliani and Miller school of thought believes that investors do not state any preference between current dividends and capital gains. They say that dividend policy is irrelevant and is not deterministic of the market value. Therefore, the shareholders are indifferent between the two types of dividends. All they want are high returns either in the form of dividends or in the form of re-investment of retained earnings by the firm. There are two conditions discussed in relation to this approach :
decisions regarding financing and investments are made and do not change with respect to the amounts of dividends received.
when an investor buys and sells shares without facing any transaction costs and firms issue shares without facing any floatation cost, it is termed as a perfect capital market.

Two important theories discussed relating to the irrelevance approach, the residuals theory and the Modigliani and Miller approach.

Residuals theory of dividends
One of the assumptions of this theory is that external financing to re-invest is either not available, or that it is too costly to invest in any profitable opportunity. If the firm has good investment opportunity available then, they'll invest the retained earnings and reduce the dividends or give no dividends at all. If no such opportunity exists, the firm will pay out dividends.

If a firm has to issue securities to finance an investment, the existence of flotation costs needs a larger amount of securities to be issued. Therefore, the pay out of dividends depend on whether any profits are left after the financing of proposed investments as flotation costs increases the amount of profits used. Deciding how much dividends to be paid is not the concern here, in fact the firm has to decide how much profits to be retained and the rest can then be distributed as dividends. This is the theory of Residuals, where dividends are residuals from the profits after serving proposed investments.

This residual decision is distributed in three steps:
evaluating the available investment opportunities to determine capital expenditures.
evaluating the amount of equity finance that would be needed for the investment, basically having an optimum finance mix.
cost of retained earnings<cost of new equity capital, thus the retained profits are used to finance investments. If there is a surplus after the financing then there is distribution of dividends.

Extension of the theory

The dividend policy strongly depends on two things:
investment opportunities available to the company
amount of internally retained and generated funds which lead to dividend distribution if all possible investments have been financed.

The dividend policy of such a kind is a passive one, and doesn't influence market price. the dividends also fluctuate every year because of different investment opportunities every year. However, it doesn't really affect the shareholders as they get compensated in the form of future capital gains.

Conclusion
The firm paying out dividends is obviously generating incomes for an investor, however even if the firm takes some investment opportunity then the incomes of the investors rise at a later stage due to this profitable investment.

Modigliani–Miller theorem

The Modigliani–Miller theorem states that the division of retained earnings between new investment and dividends do not influence the value of the firm. It is the investment pattern and consequently the earnings of the firm which affect the share price or the value of the firm.

Assumptions of the MM theorem
The MM approach has taken into consideration the following assumptions:
 There is a rational behavior by the investors and there exists perfect capital markets.
 Investors have free information available for them.
 No time lag and transaction costs exist.
 Securities can be split into any parts i.e. they are divisible
 No taxes and flotation costs.
Capital markets are perfectly efficient(Exists)
 The investment decisions are taken firmly and the profits are therefore known with certainty. The dividend policy does not affect these decisions.
There is perfect certainty of future profits of firm

Model description
The dividend irrelevancy in this model exists because shareholders are indifferent between paying out dividends and investing retained earnings in new opportunities. The firm finances opportunities either through retained earnings or by issuing new shares to raise capital. The amount used up in paying out dividends is replaced by the new capital raised through issuing shares. This will affect the value of the firm in an opposite way. The increase in the value because of the dividends will be offset by the decrease in the value for new capital raising.
step 1: Find out P1 i.e. next year price of the share
             P0 = D1 + P1 / 1+Re
step 2: No of shares to be issued
         mP1 = I-(E-D1)
ste p3: Value of firm
        nP0 = (n+m)P1-I+E / Re


Snuffbox Immanence

Snuffbox Immanence is an album by the Japanese band Ghost. It was released by Drag City in 1999. The band also released Tune In, Turn On, Free Tibet on the same day.

The album features a cover version of "Live With Me", originally by The Rolling Stones.

Track listing
All songs written by Masaki Batoh unless otherwise indicated.

 "Regenesis"
 "Live with Me" (Jagger, Richards)
 "Soma"
 "Daggma"
 "Snuffbox Immanence"
 "Obiit 1961"
 "Tempera Tune"
 "Fukeiga"
 "Sad Shakers"
 "Hanmiyau"


Antonio Rattín

Antonio Ubaldo Rattín (born May 16, 1937 in Tigre, Buenos Aires Province) is a former Argentine football player, best known as a Boca Juniors midfielder, and because of an incident in a match at the 1966 FIFA World Cup.

Rattín still remains as one of the greatest idols of Boca Juniors, the only club where he played for 15 years, winning 5 titles. He also played for the Argentina national team, winning the Taça das Nações (Nations Cup) in 1964.

Biography
A Boca fan since childhood, Rattín joined their youth team, and debuted professionally on September 9, 1956 against Boca's major rival River Plate. Replacing injured Eliseo Mouriño, he had a good game which Boca won 2-1. Slowly he became the team's steady "number 5", and won the hearts of the fans with his sober and solid playing abilities.

In his fourteen-year professional career, Rattín played only for Boca Juniors, winning the Argentine championship in 1962, 1964 and 1965, and the Nacional in 1969.

With the Argentina national football team Antonio Rattín played thirty-two times, including the 1962 FIFA World Cup, and as the captain in the 1966 FIFA World Cup that took place in England.

It was in the quarter-final match against the host team that Rattín was sent off by the German referee Rudolf Kreitlein for "violence of the tongue", despite the referee speaking no Spanish. Rattín was so incensed with the decision, believing the referee to be biased in favour of England, that he initially refused to leave. As a way to show his disgust, he sat on the red carpet which was exclusively for the Queen to walk on. He eventually had to be escorted from the field by two policemen and as a final sign of disgust he wrinkled a British pennant before he was escorted out. This incident, and others surrounding the same game, arguably started the long-lasting rivalry between both national teams - but, on the other hand, allowed for the institution of yellow and red cards into the football practice, a solution devised by FIFA after the spark that set off the incident.

After a total of 357 matches and 28 goals with Boca Juniors, Rattín retired from professional football in 1970. He worked as coach of the youth teams of Boca Juniors, and coached the first division teams of Gimnasia y Esgrima de La Plata in 1977 and 1979, and Boca Juniors in 1980.

In 1978 Rattin was briefly employed by Sheffield United as a scout as part of the club's attempts to tap into the emerging South American market. He was partly responsible for bringing Alejandro Sabella to Bramall Lane but no other players followed and the partnership was quietly ended shortly afterwards.

In 2001, Rattín was elected to the Argentine Chamber of Deputies for the conservative Federalist Unity Party, led by alleged torturer Luis Patti. He was the first footballer to enter Congress and was chairman of the Sports Committee. He stepped down in 2005.

Titles

Club
Boca Juniors
 Primera División (4): 1962, 1964, 1965, 1969 Nacional
 Copa Argentina (1): 1969

National team
Argentina
 Taça das Nações (1): 1964

Bibliography
Antonio Ubaldo Rattín - El Caudillo, by Alfredo Di Salvo - Autores Editores (publisher) -


Borealis (2015 film)

Borealis is a Canadian comedy-drama film, directed by Sean Garrity and released in 2015.

The film stars Jonas Chernick as Jonah Finn, a man from Winnipeg, Manitoba whose daughter Aurora (Joey King) suffers from a degenerative eye disease, who takes her on a road trip to Churchill to see the Northern Lights before she goes blind; however, the duo are simultaneously pursued by Tubby (Kevin Pollak), a loan shark to whom Jonah owes $100,000 in gambling debt. The cast also includes Jake Epstein, Emily Hampshire, Greg Bryk and Clé Bennett.

Chernick, the film's screenwriter, wrote the film after his wife responded to My Awkward Sexual Adventure, his prior collaboration with Garrity, by asking him to make a film they could actually let their young daughter see. His original idea had been for the road trip to be to Tofino, British Columbia, but changed the destination to Churchill after realizing that several other movies, including Going the Distance and Foreverland, had already depicted characters taking road trips to Tofino.

Darren Wall received a Canadian Screen Award nomination for Best Visual Effects at the 4th Canadian Screen Awards in 2016.


Controversy and Other Essays in Journalism (1976) is a book of essays by American historian William Manchester.  The Controversy in the title is taken from the circumstances surrounding the publication of his 1967 book The Death of a President.  The Kennedy family, which had originally cooperated with Manchester, demanded that the author make changes in the manuscript prior to publication.  In Controversy, Manchester presents his own detailed account of the affair, which had generated newspaper headlines in 1967.


People Finder Interchange Format

People Finder Interchange Format (PFIF) is a widely used open data standard for information about missing or displaced people. PFIF was designed to enable information sharing among governments, relief organizations, and other survivor registries to help people find and contact their family and friends after a disaster.

Overview
PFIF is extended from XML. It consists of person records, which contain identifying information about a person, and note records, which contain comments and updates on the status and location of a person. Each note is attached to one person. PFIF defines the set of fields in these records and an XML-based format to store or transfer them. PFIF XML records can be embedded in Atom feeds or RSS feeds.

PFIF allows different repositories of missing person data to exchange and aggregate their records. Every record has a unique identifier, which indicates the domain name of the original repository where the record was created. The unique record identifier is preserved as the record is copied from one repository to another. For example, any repository that receives a copy of a given person can publish a note attached to that person, and even as the note and person are copied to other repositories, they remain traceable to their respective original sources.

History
Within three days after the 2001 September 11 attacks, people were using over 25 different online forums and survivor registries to report and check on their family and friends.
One of the first and largest of these was the survivor registry at safe.millennium.berkeley.edu, which was created by graduate students Ka-Ping Yee and Miriam Walker and hosted on the Millennium computer cluster at UC Berkeley. To reduce the confusion caused by the proliferation of different websites, the Berkeley survivor registry began collecting data from several of the other major sites into one searchable database. Because the information was formatted differently from site to site, each site required manual effort and custom programming to download and incorporate its data.

After Hurricane Katrina displaced hundreds of thousands of people in 2005, online survivor registries again appeared on many different websites. A large volunteer effort called the Katrina PeopleFinder Project worked to gather and manually re-enter this information into one searchable database provided by Salesforce.com. An organizer of the project, David Geilhufe, put out a call for technical help to create a data standard that would enable survivor registries to aggregate and share information with each other via automated means. Working with Katrina volunteers Kieran Lal and Jonathan Plax and the CiviCRM team, Yee drafted the first specification for People Finder Interchange Format, which was released on September 4, 2005 as PFIF 1.0.
PFIF 1.1, with some small corrections, was released on September 5. The Salesforce.com database added support for PFIF; Yahoo! and Google also launched searchable databases of Katrina survivors that exchanged information using PFIF.

The next major use of PFIF occurred after the 2010 Haiti earthquake when Google launched Google Person Finder, which used a data model based on PFIF and exchanged data with CNN, the New York Times, the National Library of Medicine, and other survivor registries using PFIF. However, PFIF 1.1 had made US-specific assumptions that were not applicable to Haiti. Released on January 26, 2010, PFIF 1.2 added fields for a person's home country and international postal code, and fields for sex, age, date of birth, status, and links between duplicate records for the same person.

PFIF 1.3, released in March 2011, addressed the privacy of personal information by adding a field to specify an expiry date on each person record and setting out requirements for data deletion. PFIF 1.3 also moved away from the US-specific assumption of a first and last name by adding one field for a person's full name.

PFIF 1.4, released in May 2012, renamed the name fields to "given_name" and "last_name", added a field for alternate names, added a field for linking to personal profiles on other websites, and added support for multiple photos per person.

Implementations

The following websites and software projects implement PFIF:

 Google Person Finder
 Sahana Eden
 National Library of Medicine People Locator
 Ushahidi
 PFIF .NET Library
 XML::PFIF Perl module


East Tennessee Railway

The East Tennessee Railway, L.P.  is a short line railroad connecting CSX Transportation and the Norfolk Southern Railway in Johnson City, Tennessee. Since 2005, the railroad has been owned by Genesee and Wyoming, an international operator of short line railroads, as part of its Rail Link group. The railroad uses a single diesel locomotive, SW1200 #214, to serve a small number of industries and a transloading facility, as well as to provide interchange services between NS and CSX.

The current regular gauge railroad is a remnant of a larger, narrow gauge railroad, the East Tennessee and Western North Carolina Railroad, chartered in 1866 to haul iron ore from Cranberry, North Carolina to Johnson City across the Appalachian Mountains. Through an acquisition and track extensions, the railroad grew to serve Boone, North Carolina and Saginaw, North Carolina. ET&WNC used dual gauge tracks between Johnson City and Elizabethton; eventually the railroad ceased all narrow gauge operations and only operated standard gauge service on this one section. Later, with a change in ownership this limited line was reorganized as the East Tennessee Railway.

In 2003, the last train left Elizabethton, TN and in 2009 the line was formally abandoned and railbanked. The rails and ties were removed in 2012 to make way for a rail-trail.  The East Tennessee Railway still services customers around the yard in Johnson City and still makes deliveries to the CSXT and NS.
ETRY started out with a two-man crew for many years, and have just now upped to a three-man crew.  Operations are Monday through Friday.


Women's Semi-Contact at WAKO World Championships 2007 Coimbra +70 kg

The women's Over 70 kg (+154 lbs) Semi-Contact category at the W.A.K.O. World Championships 2007 in Coimbra was the heaviest of the female Light-Contact tournaments being the equivalent of the super heavyweight division when compared to Full-Contact's weight classes. There were eight women from two continents (Europe and North America) taking part in the competition.  Each of the matches was three rounds of two minutes each and were fought under Semi-Contact rules.

The tournament gold medal went to Hungary's Anna Kondar who defeated Ireland's Natalie Cassidy in the final by points decision.  Defeated semi finalists Russia's Oxana Kinakh (who had won gold in the Light-Contact category in Belgrade earlier that year) and Great Britain's Rosemarie James won bronze medals for their efforts in reaching the semi finals.

Results
These matches were decided on points.


Law of Brazil

The law of Brazil is based on statutes and, partly and more recently, a mechanism called súmulas vinculantes. It derives mainly from the civil law systems of European countries, particularly Portugal, the Napoleonic Code and the Germanic law.

There are many codified statutes in force in Brazil. The current Federal Constitution, created on October 5, 1988, is the supreme law of the country. This Constitution has been amended many times. Other important federal law documents in the country include the Civil Code, the Penal Code, the Commercial Code, the National Tributary Code, the Consolidation of Labor Laws, the Customer Defense Code, the Civil Procedures Code and the Criminal Procedures Code.

The Constitution organizes the country as a Federative Republic formed by the indissoluble union of the states and municipalities and of the Federal District. Under the principles established in the Federal Constitution, Brazil's 26 federate states have powers to adopt their own Constitutions and laws. Municipalities also enjoy restricted autonomy as their legislation must follow the dictates of the Constitution of the state to which they belong, and consequently to those of the Federal Constitution itself. As for the Federal District, it blends functions of federate states and of municipalities, and its equivalent to a constitution, named Organic Law, must also obey the terms of the Federal Constitution.

Division of powers
The powers of the Union, as defined within the Constitution, are the Executive, the Legislative and the Judiciary, which are independent and harmonious amongst themselves. The head of the Executive is the President of the Republic, which is both the Chief of State and the Head of Government and is directly elected by the citizens. The Legislative, embedded in the form of National Congress and consists of two houses: The Chamber of Deputies (lower house) and the Federal Senate (upper house), both constituted by representatives who are elected by the citizens. The Judicial powers are vested upon the Federal Supreme Court, the Superior Court of Justice, the Regional Federal Courts and Federal Judges. There are also specialized courts to deal with electoral, labor and military disputes.

The Judiciary is organized into federal and state branches. Municipalities do not have their own justice systems, and must, therefore, resort to state or federal justice systems, depending on the nature of the case. The judicial system consists of several courts. The apex is the Federal Supreme Court and is the guardian of the Constitution. Among other duties, it has exclusive jurisdiction to: (i) declare federal or state laws unconstitutional; (ii) order extradition requests from foreign States; and (iii) rule over cases decided in sole instance courts, where the challenged decision may violate the Constitution.

The Superior Court of Justice is responsible for upholding federal legislation and treaties. The five Regional Federal Courts, have constitutional jurisdiction on cases involving appeals towards the decision ruled by federal judges, and are also responsible for cases of national interest and crimes foreseen in international pacts, among other duties. The jurisdiction of the Federal Judges include: being responsible for hearing most disputes in which one of the parties is the Union (State); ruling on lawsuits between a foreign State or international organization and a municipality or a person residing in Brazil; and judging cases based on treaties or international agreements of the Union against a foreign State or international body.

State-level justice in Brazil consists of state courts and judges. The States of Brazil organize their own judicial systems, with court jurisdiction defined in each state constitution, observing that their legal scope is limited by those that do not concern the federal judicial ordainment. The legislative process begins, in broad terms, with a bill of law in one of the Congress Houses, either the Chamber of Deputies or the Federal Senate, thus called the Originating House. Once the bill is voted on, it can either be rejected or forwarded to the other house, which is called the Reviewing House. There the bill can be rejected, approved or amended to be then returned to the Originating House. Depending on the object of the bill, it is forwarded for the presidential sanction or veto, as a whole or in part. If the bill is vetoed, the members of the National Congress of Brazil can override such veto.

Constitution and law

For centuries, as a Portuguese colony, Law  enforced in Brazil was the Law of Portugal. Famous students of Brazilian colonial era, among them many revolutionaries, graduated from the important Portuguese University of Coimbra, located in Central Portugal. With the Independence of Brazil and the rise of the Empire, it was necessary to create an independent judiciary and also to give its staff a legal education in the country. In 1827, the first law schools in Brazil were founded: the Academies of Law and Social Sciences in São Paulo and Olinda.

Brazilian law is largely derived from Portuguese civil law and is related to the Roman-Germanic legal tradition. This means that the legal system is based on statutes, although a recent constitutional reform (Amendment to the Constitution 45, passed in 2004) has introduced a mechanism similar to the stare decisis, called súmula vinculante. Nevertheless, according to article 103-A of the Brazilian Constitution, only the Supreme Court is allowed to publish binding rules. Inferior judges and courts, and the public administration, are hence obliged to obey the interpretations of the Supreme Court.

In more recent times, according to the judiciary structure framed in the Brazilian Constitution, judicial power is divided between judicial branch of the states  and the Federal judicial branch, and they have different jurisdictions. The prerogatives and duties of judges are the same, the differences being only in the competences, structure and composition of the Courts.

Law and lawyers

In 2007, there were 1,024 Law school programs in Brazil, with 197,664 law students. Law schools are present in each of the States of Brazil. In the United States the number of law schools were only 180. The U.S. State of Alaska does not have a law school. In 2010, the total of lawyers in Brazil were 621,885. The State of São Paulo had the largest number, 222,807 lawyers, one third of all working lawyers in the country. The State of Rio de Janeiro had 112,515 lawyers, and the State of Minas Gerais had 63,978 lawyers.

The Course of Law is one of the most prestigious and promising in the country. With a duration of five years and at the end of the course the student becomes a graduate, can not yet exercise the profession. While studying in a law school, the student will have all the knowledge needed to pursue the many professions related to law school, but must first pass the examination of the Bar Association of Brazil (Ordem dos Advogados do Brasil in Portuguese).

The overall median income of the Brazilian lawyer was R$36,120 per year in 2007. The starting median income was R$20,040, and the top median was R$3,000,000. The Brazilian judge had an overall median income of R$170,000. The starting median income was R$150,500, and the top median was R$310,500. The Brazilian prosecutors had an overall median income of R$150,000. The starting median income was R$140,000, and the top median was R$270,000 per year. Nowadays, Brazilian judges and prosecutors, in almost all states, earn the same, and, in some states, prosecutors have a higher income.

State-level judiciary

Trial courts
Each state territory is divided into judicial districts named comarcas, which are composed of one or more municipalities. The 27 Courts of Justice have their headquarters in the capital of each State and have jurisdiction only over their State territories. The Federal District only presents the federal-level judicial branch. Each comarca has at least one trial court, a court of first instance. Each court of first instance has a law judge and a substitute judge. The judge decides alone in all civil cases and in most criminal cases. Only intentional crimes against life are judged by jury. The judges of the courts are nominated after a selection process. There are specialized courts of first instance for family litigation or bankruptcy in some comarcas. Judgments from these district courts can be the subject of judicial review following appeals to the courts of second instance.

Justice tribunals
The highest court of a state judicial system is its court of second instance, the Courts of Justice. In each Brazilian State there is one Court of Justice (Tribunal de Justiça in Portuguese). Courts of Justice are courts of appeal, meaning they can review any decisions taken by the trial courts, and have the final word on decisions at state level, though their decisions may be overturned by the federal courts. Some states, as São Paulo and Minas Gerais, used to have Court of Appeals (Tribunal de Alçada in Portuguese) which had different jurisdiction. But the 45th Constitutional Amendment to the Brazilian Constitution, in its article four, decreed their extinction in order to simplify the second instance structure.

Second instance judgments are usually made by three judges, called desembargadores. These Courts are divided into civil chambers, which judge civil cases, and criminal chambers. Judges of the Courts of Justice overview one another. A Court can expel any judge who has displayed unethical behavior.

Federal-level judicial branch

Regional Federal Courts (in number of 5) have jurisdiction over circuits of several states and tend to be headquartered in the largest city of their territory. The regional courts are:
The Regional Federal Court of the 1st Region has jurisdiction over the Federal District and 13 States: Minas Gerais, Bahia, Piauí, Maranhão, Goiás, Mato Grosso, Amapá, Tocantins, Pará, Amazonas, Roraima, Rondônia and Acre, with headquarters in Brasília, Federal District.
The Regional Federal Court of the 2nd Region has jurisdiction over two States: Rio de Janeiro and Espírito Santo, with headquarters in Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro.
The Regional Federal Court of the 3rd Region has jurisdiction over two States: São Paulo and Mato Grosso do Sul, with headquarters in São Paulo, São Paulo.
The Regional Federal Court of the 4th Region has jurisdiction over three States: Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina and Paraná, with headquarters in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul.
The Regional Federal Court of the 5th Region has jurisdiction over six States: Sergipe, Alagoas, Pernambuco, Paraíba, Ceará and Rio Grande do Norte, with headquarters in Recife, Pernambuco.

Superior courts

There are two national superior courts making up the Supreme Court, which grant writs of certiorari in civil and criminal cases: the Superior Court of Justice (Superior Tribunal de Justiça in Portuguese) or STJ and the Supreme Federal Court (Supremo Tribunal Federal in Portuguese) or STF, the highest Brazilian court (decides issues concerning offences to the Brazilian Constitution).

The STJ is the Brazilian highest court in non-constitutional issues and grants a Special Appeal (Recurso Especial in Portuguese) when a judgement of a court of second instance offends a federal statute disposition or when two or more second instance courts make different rulings on the same federal statute. There are parallel courts for labor law, electoral law and military law.

The STF grants Extraordinary Appeals (Recurso Extraordinário in Portuguese) when judgements of second instance courts violate the constitution. The STF is the last instance for the writ of habeas corpus and for reviews of judgments from the STJ.

The superior courts do not analyze any factual questions in their judgments, but only the application of the law and the constitution. Facts and evidences are judged by the courts of second instance, except in specific cases such as writs of habeas corpus.


Liu Zhen (rower)

Liu Zhen (, born 22 June 1982) is a Chinese rower who represented China at the Men's eight competition at the 2008 Summer Olympics.


Eva Koťátková

Eva Koťátková (born 1982, Prague) is a Czech installation artist and film maker.

In 2007 Koťátková obtained her degree from the Academy of Fine Arts, Prague and went on the study at the Academy of Applied Arts in Prague as well as the San Francisco Art Institute.  Her installation Asylum was included in the 2013 Venice Biennale. Her work was exhibited at the 2015 New Museum Triennial. Her work has also been shown at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, and the Kunsthal Charlottenborg. Her 2014 work, Untitled, is in the collection of the Museum of Modern Art.

In 2014 Koťátková was the recipient of the Dorothea von Stetten Art Award. She lives and works in Prague


Horace Pippin

Horace Pippin (February 22, 1888 – July 6, 1946) was arguably the most successful African-American artist of the 1940s. The self-taught painter depicted a range of themes, from World War I, in which he served, to landscapes, portraits, and biblical subjects. Some of his best-known works address the U.S.'s  history of slavery and racial segregation.

A Pennsylvania State historical Marker was placed at 327 Gay Street, West Chester, Pennsylvania, to commemorate his accomplishments and mark his home where he lived at the time of his death.

Early life
He was born in West Chester, Pennsylvania, and grew up in and around Goshen, New York. There, he attended segregated schools until he was 15, when he went to work to support his ailing mother. As a boy, Horace responded to an art supply company's advertising contest and won his first set of crayons and a box of watercolors. As a youngster, Pippin made drawings of racehorses and jockeys from Goshen's celebrated racetrack. Prior to 1917, Pippin worked as a hotel porter, a furniture packer, and an iron moulder.  He was a member of St. John's African Union Methodist Protestant Church.

World War I
Pippin served in K Company, 3rd Battalion of the 369th infantry, the famous Harlem Hellfighters, in France during World War I, where he was shot in the right shoulder. The injury initially cost him the use of his arm and always limited his range of motion. He said of his combat experience:I did not care what or where I went. I asked God to help me, and he did so. And that is the way I came through that terrible and Hellish place. For the whole entire battlefield was hell, so it was no place for any human being to be.

After the war, Pippin made a set of memoirs, including an illustrated one, that describe his military service.

Artist

Pippin took up art in the 1920s, reportedly in part to rehab from the war, and began painting in oil in 1930 with The End of the War: Starting Home.  He later explained his creative process: "The pictures which I have already painted come to me in my mind, and if to me it is a worth while picture, I paint it."

In 1937, he started exhibiting his work formally, with the support of the founders of the local art association, critic Christian Brinton and artist N. C. Wyeth. He soon attracted curators Dorothy Miller and Holger Cahill and, by 1940, the Philadelphia dealer Robert Carlen and the collector Albert C. Barnes. Pippin attended art appreciation classes at the Barnes Foundation in the spring 1940 semester.

One of his best-known paintings, Self-portrait of 1941, shows him seated at the easel. His painting of John Brown Going to his Hanging (1942) is in the collection of the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts in Philadelphia.

Among Pippin's work there are many genre paintings, such as the Domino Players (1943), in the Phillips Collection, Washington D.C., and several versions of Cabin in the Cotton. His portraits include a depiction of the contralto Marian Anderson singing, painted in 1941. He also painted landscapes and religious subjects.

In the eight years between his national debut in the Museum of Modern Art's traveling exhibition “Masters of Popular Painting” (1938) and his death at the age of fifty-eight, Pippin's recognition increased on the east and west coasts. During this period, he had solo exhibitions in commercial galleries in Philadelphia (1940, 1941) and New York (1940, 1944), and at the Arts Club of Chicago (1941), and San Francisco Museum of Modern Art (1942). Private collections and museums such as the Barnes Foundation, the Philadelphia Museum of Art and the Whitney Museum of American Art, acquired his works. His paintings were featured in national surveys held at the Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Carnegie Institute, Pittsburgh, PA; Corcoran Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.; Dayton Art Institute, OH;  National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.; Newark Museum, Newark, NJ;  Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, Philadelphia, PA. and Tate Gallery, London, UK.

The last painting Pippin did before he died in 1946 was called Man on a Bench. In describing the work, Romare Bearden said: "the man, I think, symbolizes Pippin himself, who, having completed his journey and his mission, sits wistfully, in the autumn of the year, all alone on a park bench."

In 1947 critic Alain Locke described Pippin as "a real and rare genius, combining folk quality with artistic maturity so uniquely as almost to defy classification."

Artworks
Pippin addressed a range of themes, from landscapes and still lifes to biblical subjects and political statements. Some images draw on his personal experience of the war or turn-of-the-century domestic life.

His painting Mr. Prejudice, made at the request of an unidentified patron, depicts African-Americans and whites standing near front of the Statue of Liberty. Above the group of people, a Caucasian man can be seen driving a wedge between the two groups. Alongside him stands a member of the Ku Klux Klan. One of the men seems to be an African-American soldier dressed in a World War I uniform, which may refer to his service in that war.

Pippin painted several religious subjects, both those illustrating Bible passages and more visionary statements like his biblical scenes and his Holy Mountain series.

Pippin, who served in World War I and was at the apex of his career during World War II, painted war in a number of works. His first oil painting,The Ending of the War, Starting Home, depicts a military engagement resembling the assault on Sechault, in which he was wounded and his regiment was decimated.

Collections and retrospective exhibitions
Pippin painted about 140 works, many in museum collections, including the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, N.Y.; Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Washington, D.C.; Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, Philadelphia, PA; Philadelphia Museum of Art, Philadelphia, PA; the Brandywine River Museum, Chadds Ford, Pennsylvania; the Phillips Collection, Washington, D.C.; Baltimore Museum of Art, Baltimore, MD; and San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, San Francisco, CA.

Pippin was the first African American artist to be the subject of a monograph, Selden Rodman's Horace Pippin: A Negro Painter in America of 1947. He has since been the subject of three major retrospective exhibitions and catalogues since his death:

 Horace Pippin. Phillips Collection, Washington, D.C., February 25–March 1977; Terry Dintenfass Gallery, New York, April 5–30, 1977; and Brandywine River Museum, Chadds Ford, Pa., June 4–September 5, 1977.
 I Tell My Heart: The Art of Horace Pippin. Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, Philadelphia, January 21–April 17, 1994; Art Institute of Chicago, April 30–July 10, 1994; Cincinnati Art Museum, July 28–October 9, 1994; Baltimore Museum of Art, October 26, 1994 – January 1, 1995; and the Metropolitan Museum of Art, February 1–April 30, 1995.
 Horace Pippin: The Way I See It. Brandywine River Museum of Art, Chadds Ford, Pa., April 25–July 19, 2015

Notes

Sources

Forgey, Benjamin, "Horace Pippin's 'personal spiritual journey'", ARTnews 76 (Summer 1977): pp. 74-xx
"Pippin, Horace." Grolier Encyclopedia of Knowledge, volume 15, copyright 1991. Grolier Inc.,
Barnes, Albert. "Horace Pippin." In Horace Pippin Exhibition, Carlen Gallery. Philadelphia, 1940.
Bearden, Romare. "Horace Pippin." In Horace Pippin, The Phillips Collection. Washington, D.C., 1976.
Locke, Alain. "Horace Pippin." In Horace Pippin Memorial Exhibition, The Art Alliance, April 8–May 4, 1947. Philadelphia, 1947.
Monahan, Anne. Horace Pippin, American Modern. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2020.
Rodman, Selden. Horace Pippin: A Negro Painter in America. New York, 1947.

Further reading
 Bernier, Celeste-Marie. Suffering and Sunset: World War I in the Art and Life of Horace Pippin. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2015.
 Bryant, Jen. A Splash of Red: The Life and Art of Horace Pippin. New York, 2013.
Horace Pippin: The Way I See It, exh. cat. Brandywine River Museum of Art, Chadds Ford, Pa., 2015
I Tell My Heart:  The Art of Horace Pippin, exh. cat. Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, 1993.
Monahan, Anne. Horace Pippin, American Modern. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2020.

External links
 Horace Pippin links
 Horace Pippin Notebook and Letters Online at the Smithsonian's Archives of American Art


Gadanpur Chorsa

Gadanpur Chorsa is a village and Gram panchayat in Bilhaur Tehsil, Kanpur Nagar district, Uttar Pradesh, India. Its village code is 149952. As per 2011 Census of India report the population of the village is 2501 where 1344 are men and 1157 are women.