Helge Jensen

Helge Jensen (12 May 1896 – 2 December 1961) was a Danish modern pentathlete. He competed at the 1924 and 1928 Summer Olympics.


Mesaverde Group

The Mesaverde Group is a geologic group in New Mexico. It preserves fossils dating back to the Cretaceous period.


Kutztown Golden Bears men's basketball

Kutztown Golden Bears men's basketball is a Division II basketball program who represents Kutztown University of Pennsylvania. They play all of their home games at Keystone Hall on campus. basketball team was established in 1903.  It is currently under the direction of head coach Bernie Driscoll, who has led the program since 2000.  The team won the PSAC East regular-season title in 1988 and shared the division title in 2008.  Since 2003, the team has posted five straight winning seasons, and has an appearance in the PSAC title game (2004).

Current roster

References


Valeri Zverkov

Valeri Akimovich Zverkov (; born 15 February 1970) is a former Russian football player.


Le Neufbourg

Le Neufbourg  is a commune in the Manche department in Normandy in north-western France.


Captive (2004 TV series)

Captive was a New Zealand reality TV show that was broadcast on TV2 at 7 pm on week nights, the timeslot usually occupied by Shortland Street, in early 2004.

Format
The show put five strangers together in an apartment and forced them to perform challenges, with one house-mate replaced every week.

The contestants were captive in a complex for the duration of their time on the show. They competed for prize money of nearly forty thousand New Zealand dollars by answering pop culture questions. If they correctly answered the question, they stole money from other captives. If they answer wrongly, they lost money. Whoever had the most money after a round was given the option to leave captivity or to take their winnings. However, the person who had the lowest sum of money after the final round had to leave empty-handed.

Contestants
Liz Shaw appeared on Captive for one episode.  She would later go on to feature on New Zealand Idol as the "anti Idol" in 2005.


Stretton, East Staffordshire

Stretton is a large village and civil parish in Staffordshire, England. It is situated on the northern outskirts of Burton upon Trent and is effectively a suburb of that town. The name is Old English and means Street Town and comes it being on the Roman road called Ryknild Street. The population of the parish at the 2001 census was 8,355, increasing to 8,611 at the 2011 Census.

The River Dove which forms the border between Staffordshire and Derbyshire flows past the eastern side of the village.  The Trent and Mersey Canal also passes through.

Stretton was served by a railway station (Stretton and Claymills railway station) which was opened by the North Staffordshire Railway on 1 January 1901. There was also a Stretton Junction. The station and the North Staffordshire Railway line have now gone. Today the principal transport link is the A38 road which passes through.

It is home to the sports and social clubs of Stretton Eagles and Stretton Wanderers. It also shares a nature trail with the neighbouring village of Rolleston on Dove.

Schools include Fountains High School, Fountains Primary School and William Shrewsbury Primary School.

The parish church of Stretton is St Mary's, part of the Diocese of Lichfield. The Dovecliff Hall Hotel is a Grade II listed country house to the north of the village.

Notable people
 Irven Edwards (1907 in Stretton – 1973) an Anglican priest, a prebendary of Lichfield Cathedral and Dean of Wells 1963-1973


Brad Cochran

Bradley Cochran (born June 17, 1963) is a former American football player.  He played college football as a defensive back for the University of Michigan from 1981 to 1985.  As a senior, Cochran was recognized as a consensus first-team defensive back on the 1985 College Football All-America Team. He also received the 1985 Toyota Leadership Award. He signed to play professional football with the Oakland Raiders, but injured his back during the preseason of his rookie year, ending his football career.

Early years
Cochran was born in Royal Oak, Michigan, in approximately 1963. He attended Brother Rice High School in Birmingham, Michigan.

University of Michigan
Cochran enrolled at the University of Michigan in 1981 and played college football as an inside linebacker for head coach Bo Schembechler's Michigan Wolverines football teams from 1981 to 1985.  Cochran left the Michigan team early in his career after "screaming uncontrollably" at coach Schembechler for perceived injustices. He was diagnosed with severe depression caused by a hormonal imbalance that was subsequently treated with medication.  He briefly transferred to the University of Colorado, but he returned to his home in Royal Oak after several weeks in Colorado.  In June 1983, Michigan assistant coach Lloyd Carr contacted Cochran and invited him to return to the University of Michigan.

After returning to Schembechler's good graces, Cochran started all 12 games at strong side cornerback for the 1983 Michigan Wolverines football team that compiled a 9-3 record, played in the 1984 Sugar Bowl, and finished the season ranked #8 in the final AP Poll. He moved to weak side cornerback as a junior, again starting all 12 games for the 1984 Michigan team.

As a senior, Cochran was a team co-captain started all 12 games as the weak side cornerback for the 1985 Michigan team that compiled a 10-1-1 record and a #2 ranking in the final Associated Press poll after beating Nebraska, 27-23, in the Fiesta Bowl. The 1985 Wolverines defense gave up only 75 points in 11 regular season games — an average of 6.8 points per game.  At the end of the 1985 season, Cochran was selected as a consensus first-team defensive back on the 1985 College Football All-America Team.  He was named first-team All-American by UPI and Kodak and second-team All-American by the Associated Press. Cochran also received the 1985 Toyota Leadership Award for "outstanding performance in the areas of team contributions, academics and citizenship."

Over the course of his career at Michigan, Cochran started 36 consecutive games from 1983 to 1985 and compiled 184 tackles, 17 pass breakups and 11 interceptions.  The University of Michigan's Bentley Historical Library described Cochran's contributions this way: "Consistency and excellence best describe Brad Cochran's tour of duty with the Wolverines. Possessing exceptional speed and agility, he proved extremely durable, never missing a start over the final three years of his brilliant career."

Later years
Cochran was selected by the Oakland Raiders in the third round (80th overall pick) of the 1986 NFL Draft.  Cochran signed a three-year contract with the Los Angeles Raiders in July 1986, but he injured his back during the fourth pre-season game, underwent surgery to remove a disc and perform a two-level vertebrae fusion, thus ending his football career. He later became involved in a contract dispute with the Raiders over the team's claim that he failed to report for the 1987 NFL season.

Cochran later worked as an assistant football coach responsible for the defensive secondary at his alma mater, Brother Rice High School.


Bacchus-F

Bacchus () is a non-carbonated South Korean energy drink, first launched in 1963. It is known by the brand names Bacchus-D and Bacchus-F, while the amount of Taurine in the latter product (2000mg) is higher. Both formulas are manufactured by Dong-A Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., part of the Dong-A Socio Group; and is also distributed in the United States under the Dong-A America Corporation in a 3.3 oz glass bottle (approximately 1/3 the size of a Red Bull).

History
Bacchus was invented by Kang Shinho, who was a student of medicine in Germany in the 1950s. He named the product Bacchus after he saw the statue for the Roman god Bacchus inside of the Hamburg City Hall. Bacchus started in 1961 as tablet (박카스-정) before Kang turned it into a drink in 1963.

Bacchus has been popular in South Korea for many years. Originally it was sold in pharmacies as an 'herbal medicine' to prevent colds and cure hangovers, rather than as an energy drink. The Bacchus D and F formulas are both manufactured and sold in South Korea at this time; neither line has been discontinued. The use of Bacchus-F among university students is highly prevalent.

It has recently risen to prominence in American culture alongside other popular energy drinks consumed in combination with alcohol, such as Vodka-Red Bull. The most common form of consumption is the "Bacchus Bomb", which is produced by pouring a full 3.3 oz bottle of Bacchus into a cup and subsequently dropping a shot glass filled with vodka into the cup, with the resulting mixture being consumed as rapidly as possible.

Trivia
 The Bacchus Lady is a South Korean film that was presented in the Panorama section of the 66th Berlin International Film Festival. The film depicts the life of an elderly Bacchus Lady, which is a Korean prostitute selling the Bacchus energy drink.

In the 2009 Korean film Mother directed by Bong Joon Ho, the protagonist is given a bottle of insecticide by his mother in a bacchus bottle as a child.

Ingredients
Bacchus contains the following ingredients:

Water
High fructose corn syrup
Sugar
Taurine
Inositol
Guarana extract
Royal jelly
Nicotinamide
Pyridoxine HCl
Riboflavin sodium phosphate
Thiamine
Nitrate preserved with sodium benzoate
Ethanol
Citric acid anhydrous
Sorbitol
Apple juice
Sodium chloride
Natural essences (orange pineapple strawberry)
Artificial flavor


Palaquium rostratum

Palaquium rostratum is a tree in the family Sapotaceae. It grows up to  tall. The bark is greyish brown. Inflorescences bear up to two brownish tomentose flowers. The fruits are ellipsoid, up to  long. The specific epithet  is from the Latin meaning "beaked", likely referring to the fruit. Habitat is mixed dipterocarp and kerangas forests from sea-level to  altitude. The timber is used for furniture-making. P. rostratum is found in Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia.


Tutu Kampu

Tutu Kampu, also known as Kulumuli, is a Wayana village on the Tapanahony River in Suriname. The village consists of about five households and is headed by the shaman or pïyai Samé. The village acts as the border village between Wayana territory further upstream the Tapanahony River and Ndyuka territory further downstream.

The village has a community house or tukusipan at its centre.

Notes


Albert van der Sandt Centlivres

Albert van der Sandt Centlivres (13 January 1887 – 19 September 1966) was the Chief Justice of South Africa from 1950 to 1957.

Born in Cape Town, Centlivres studied Classics at the South African College (now the University of Cape Town) and Law at New College, Oxford, where he was a Rhodes Scholar. He was called to the bar by the Middle Temple in 1910 and took silk in 1927. In 1935 he was appointed a judge of the Cape Provincial Division, and in 1939 he became a Judge of Appeal in the Appellate Division, South Africa's highest court.

Centlivres was Chancellor of the University of Cape Town from 1950 until his death in 1966. The Centlivres Building on the university's upper campus is named after him.

The painting Portrait of Albert van de Sandt Centlivres by Neville Lewis was burned by demonstrators during the Rhodes Must Fall upheaval at the University of Cape Town in February 2016.


Nickel mining in New Caledonia

Nickel mining in New Caledonia is a major sector of the New Caledonian economy. The islands contain about 7,100,000 tonnes of nickel which is about 10% of the world's nickel reserves. With the annual production of about 107,000 tonnes in 2009, New Caledonia was the world's fifth largest producer after Russia (266,000), Indonesia (189,000), Canada (181,000) and Australia (167,000). Nickel production in New Caledonia accounts for 7–10% the country's GDP and is responsible for as much as 80% towards foreign earnings. With the exclusion of tourism, nickel ore and derived metallurgical products represent about 97% of the total value of exports.

History
New Caledonia has the longest history of mining in the Pacific islands. Nickel was found in New Caledonia in 1864 by the engineer Jules Garnier. It was distributed in the ore layers which cover about one third of the area of the main island of New Caledonia. The nickel concentration was inhomogeneous and also varied with the depth. Whereas its usual concentration was 2–5 percent, it could reach 10–15 percent in scattered deposits of green garnierite. Those areas were developed first using primitive manual extraction methods and were gradually depleted, resulting in the present average concentration of about 2.6 percent. This nickel is located at the depth of about . Shallower layers of  also contain nickel, but at half of the concentration. They remain unexploited and constitute most of the nickel reserves of New Caledonia.

Wide-scale mining started in 1875 in Houaïlou and Canala communes. Early mining was done by hand and then gradually became mechanised. By beginning of the 20th century two large mines at Bourai and Thio were established. In the initial years, after nickel was discovered mining was done in about 330 mines. However, in 1981 there were only 30 functional mines as against 130 in the early 1970s.

Because of the remote location of the islands, about half of the ore was smelted locally, despite the underdeveloped industrial infrastructure of New Caledonia. Another half was exported, mainly to Japan. The first nickel smelter was built in 1879 with two other added in 1910 and 1913. The smelted product contained about 70–80% nickel and was sent for refining to France. Because of low nickel content in the ore, local smelting resulted in vast amount of displaced rocks near the smelters that changed the local landscape.

The production of ore was nearly constant between 1875 and 1948, but then increased about 70 times reaching a peak of about 8 million tonnes in 1971. This rise followed by a decline, to about 4 million tonnes of ore in 1981, due to cyclones, reducing demand for the metal and increasing role of other world producers, such as Indonesia, Philippines and Australia. Correspondingly, the mined area decreased from  and the number of people employed in the industry from about 6,200 to about 3,600. Nearly half of them worked at the mines and another half at the major Doniambo processing plant near Noumea.

Mines
Strip mining is the most common technique adopted for nickel mining and statistics show that stripping of 500 million tonnes of overburden had to be removed to extract nickel ore, which amounted to clearing an area of  per million tonne (five million tonnes of ore per year generate 25 million tonnes of tailings).

The local nickel industry is dominated by the French company Eramet which has a 60% interest in its nickel mining subsidiary, SLN (Societe Le Nickel) in New Caledonia. Other firms such as Falconbridge Ltd., Inco, Argosy Minerals and QNI however are still active in New Caledonia, particularly Inco in the Goro mine which produces both nickel and cobalt, about 54,000 tonnes of nickel annually.

Despite a decline in the nickel mining, New Caledonia remains one of world's largest producers of laterite, a source of ferronickel (an alloy of iron and nickel) which constitutes about 20% of country's production. Another 80% is nickel extracted from saprolite. In 2008, New Caledonian ferro-nickel was mostly exported to the European Union (41.8%), Japan (18.2%), Taiwan (18.2%), China (8.0%), India, South Africa, South Korea (2.4%) and the United States. On the contrary, all smelted nickel is sent to France.

The major mines are Goro, Thio, Koniambo, Kouaoua, Nepoui – Kopeto and Etoile du Nord. Recently the new Tiebaghi mine has been opened which will be responsible for some 30% of SLN's annual production, accounting to 20,000 tonnes per year.

Goro Nickel Plant

Goro Nickel Plant, is one of the largest hydrometallurgical process plants constructed, estimated to cost $3.2bn, with a design capacity of 60,000 tonnes of nickel per annum.  The nickel is extracted from laterite, with proven reserves of 120 million tonnes. Cobalt is also being produced here from saprolite deposits. Opencast extraction to depths of 50–60 m is being employed (the shallower layers have no commercial value). The major share in the Plant is held by a consortium with Vale Inco (of Brazil) holding a 69% share and a joint company called Sumic Nickel Netherlands, Japan's Sumitomo Metal Mining Co. Ltd., and Mitsui Co. Ltd., holding 21%.share. The three provinces of New Caledonia hold the balance 10% share. The project was stalled for a while as the local community of Kanak people stiffly opposed the project, particularly of laying the offshore line. As of 2014 pollution into the lagoon was a problem and there were shutdowns.

Environmental impact due to nickel mining
Even though the nickel mining operation is crucial to the economy of the region, its environmental adverse impacts on the environment and ecology have invited protests from the Environmental lobbies. The environmental groups, with its social and political undertones are seeking remedial measures to redress mines' landscape impacts and the ecological aspects. Some of the impacts brought out are the following.

Ramsar Organization dealing with wetlands has brought out a few adverse effects from the nickel mining operations on the wetlands in the interior regions of New Caledonia. Many wetlands have either been lost or spoiled. Rivers and streams have been choked with tailings from the waste material dumped from the nickel mines. This has resulted in rise in bed levels of the rivers and consequent flooding affecting fertile agricultural lands. Many river delta areas have been affected creating changes in aquatic flora and fauna; the mining effluents are reported to have affected about 40 streams in their middle and lower reaches. Even estuaries and bays are reportedly affected by the “red clay and lateritic sub-soil,” which covers some of the mangrove forests.

During the boom period of nickel extraction in the state, there were serious visible effects on the environment, consequent to stripping of hill slopes. Erosion of hill slopes are reported to have continued, even after closure of some open cut mines in the Theo Mining Centre on the east coast of the main island. It is reported that the Thio centre provides, especially its Plateau mine (Theo Mining centre once produced 20 million tonnes of nickel ore), the most striking example of the environmental damage caused by mining activity in New Caledonia. A study carried out in 1991 had observed that 1 million tonnes of solid mass of dumped material from the nickel mines caused shift of the delta of a lagoon by about 300 m due to sedimentation. However, it is also observed that nickel mining is a "politically sensitive subject...it remains the most important economic sector on the island”. Studies done at Nouméa (the capital of the Island) had established that the flumes from nickel factories jetted out a plume of black and red smoke. The discharges from the factories had also recorded high levels of nickel, arsenic and lead, apart from phenol, hydrocarbons, hydrogen sulfide, PCB and pyraline. The head of the bay area also recorded higher levels of nitrites, nitrates and phosphates.

Mines now in operation are better managed under opencast mining as compared to the past. However, according to environmental impact studies carried out, two new large nickel mining and processing plants have been identified as detrimental to the adjoining coral reefs and also to plant and animal species. Planned mitigation measures may still eliminate some adapted species.

Pollution abatement measures
The government of New Caledonia has evolved strategies, technologies and policies to maintain the balance between environmental conservation measures and mining industry. The new legislation has ensured enforcement of installing pollution abatement equipment followed by re-plantation of vegetation after mine is exploited, and technological improvements for efficient economic extraction concomitant with environmental friendly pollution control measures. The government regulations have been effectively adopted by mine inspectors and through environmental impact assessments since 1992, even though regulations have been existence for 15 years prior to that. Apart from introducing new techniques, other measures adopted for environmental abatement are: 14 zones covering  have been declared protected areas from prospecting or mining, construction of sedimentation barriers, catchment area treatment, creation of settlement basin and terraces to reduce silt flow into streams and rivers, minimum road building activity in the area of mining, creation of a vegetation barrier along roads and in the vicinity of the mines, adopt satellite remote sensing techniques for mapping and locating mining areas which would avoid road building for the purpose and completely re-vegetate the closed or fully extracted mines. In addition, a monitoring team of inspectors of mines is also instituted to check and ensure that pollution abatement measures are fully implemented. In 1994, a mining centre was set up at Nepoui-Kopeto not only to increase productivity levels by adopting modern mining methods but also to develop pollution control capabilities at mining sites.

Gallery


1977–78 Hong Kong First Division League

The 1977–78 Hong Kong First Division League season was the 67th since its establishment.

League table


Northern spiny dogfish

The northern spiny dogfish, also known as brown dogfish, grey spiny dogfish, or Griffin's dogfish (Squalus griffini) is a dogfish described in 1931. It is a member of the family Squalidae, found off New Zealand. The length of the longest specimen measured is .

In June 2018 the New Zealand Department of Conservation classified the northern spiny dogfish as "Not Threatened" with the qualifier "Secure Overseas" under the New Zealand Threat Classification System.


Levi Fragell

Levi Fragell (born 30 March 1939) is a Norwegian humanist.  He has been chairman and secretary of the Norwegian Humanist Association, and was President of the International Humanist and Ethical Union (IHEU) between 1987–1990 (as one member of a troika) and, in his own right, between 1998–2003.

Biography

His father was a Pentecostalist preacher, and in his teens Fragell also began working full-time as a preacher, before his studies in philosophy and comparative religion led him to leave the church.  He took a university degree in the sociology of religion and then worked for a year as a school teacher in northern Norway, before becoming a journalist, and later working in marketing.  He also became press secretary to several cabinet ministers in Norway.

In 1976, he became leader of the Norwegian Humanist Association (Human-Etisk Forbund) at a time when it had 1500 members; its membership later grew to over 75,000 making it, as a proportion of national population, the largest such organisation in the world. He joined the board of the IHEU in the 1980s, becoming its co-president in 1987 and sole president between 1998 and 2003.  In 2003 he was one of the signers of the Humanist Manifesto. He later became Chair of the IHEU's Committee on Growth and Development, and has travelled widely to promote humanism, oppose racism and religious intolerance.  In 2008 he was awarded a Lifetime Achievement Award by the IHEU. Periyar Maniammai University, Thanjavur  of the south Indian state of Tamil Nadu, conferred the Doctor of Letters (Honoris causa) on Mr. Fragell, he delivered the 21st Convocation Address on 4 July 2014 of the University.


AfreecaTV StarCraft League

The AfreecaTV StarCraft League (ASL) () is a StarCraft: Remastered tournament series hosted by afreecaTV in South Korea. It began its first season in June 2016 and used StarCraft: Brood War for its first three seasons prior to the release of StarCraft: Remastered. It is broadcast regularly in Korean and English on afreecaTV's own streaming platform as well as YouTube. The main English language casters for the event are Dan "Artosis" Stemkoski and Nicolas "Tasteless" Plott. It currently runs alongside Blizzard Entertainment's Korea StarCraft League (KSL) as one of the two top level Korean leagues for StarCraft: Remastered.

Results


Nuri Şahin (volleyball)

Nuri Şahin (; born January 1, 1980 in Tokat, Turkey) is a Turkish volleyball player. He is  tall at , and plays as libero. He capped 155 times for the Turkey men's national volleyball team. As of 2012-13 season, Şahin plays for Halkbank Ankara and wears number 5. He studied at Marmara University.

Born on January 1, 1980 in Tokat, Şahin began playing volleyball in primary school. In 1994, he went professional at Eczacıbaşı. He was then a member of Galatasaray, Emlakbank, Arçelik, Fenerbahçe and Arkas Spor Izmir before he transferred in July 2012 to Halkbank Ankara.

Nuri Şahin is married since 2006 and has a son, Alp Toğan Şahin, born in 2011.

He was a member of the Turkey men's national volleyball team, which was the champion at the 2005 Summer Universiade held in İzmir, Turkey. He won the Men's CEV Cup 2012–13 with Halkbank Ankara and was named "Best Receiver" of the tournament.

Sporting achievements

Clubs
 Men's CEV Cup 2012–13 -  Champion with Halkbank Ankara

National championships
 2014/2015  Turkish SuperCup2014, with Halkbank Ankara
 2014/2015  Turkish Cup, with Halkbank Ankara
 2014/2015  Turkish Championship, with Halkbank Ankara

Individual
 Men's CEV Cup 2012–13 "Best Receiver"

National team
 2005 Summer Universiade -


Operation High Dive

Operation High Dive (also known as Project High Dive) was a secret project carried out during the 1950s by the United States Air Force. It tested high-altitude parachutes using anthropomorphic dummies. The dummies went into a 200 rpm flat spin, which would be fatal to a human. Further investigations on this led to Project Excelsior. It may later have been confused with Project Mogul and thus helped form the account of the Roswell UFO Incident.

External links
History of Research in Space Biology and Biodynamics - Part IV
Anthropomorphic dummy balloon drop test


Mount Adair

Mount Adair is a prominent  double summit mountain located in the Kenai Mountains, on the Kenai Peninsula, in the U.S. state of Alaska. The east summit is higher than the 4,940-foot west peak. The mountain is situated in Chugach National Forest,  north of Mount Ascension,  west of Andy Simons Mountain, and  north of Seward, Alaska. Precipitation runoff from the mountain drains into Kenai Lake. Mount Adair's local name was reported in 1951 by the U.S. Geological Survey.

Climate
Based on the Köppen climate classification, Mount Adair is located in a subarctic climate zone with long, cold, snowy winters, and mild summers. Temperatures can drop below −20 °C with wind chill factors below −30 °C. This climate supports a spruce and hemlock forest on the lower slopes.


Stefano Salvatori

Stefano Salvatori (29 December 1967 – 31 October 2017) was an Italian professional footballer. A tenacious, physically strong, and hard-working player, known for his energetic and tough-tackling style of play, he usually played as a central midfielder, but was also capable of playing as a defensive midfielder, as a full-back or centre-back. He played for several clubs in his homeland, including Parma, Fiorentina, Milan and Atalanta, and the Scottish club Heart of Midlothian. Salvatori also represented Italy in under-21 and B international matches.

Playing career

Club
After starting his youth career with local side Lodigiani, Salvatori joined the Milan youth system in 1985; after struggling to find space in the first team, he was initially sent on loan to lower division teams Virescit Boccaleone and Parma in order to gain experience and playing time; with Virescit, he managed a third-place finish in the 1987–88 Serie C1/A, but the club lost out to Reggina in the Serie B play-offs.

He later joined Fiorentina in 1988, where he made his Serie A debut, helping the club to qualify for the UEFA Cup in 1989.

He returned to Milan for a second spell with the club, during which he won the 1989 European Super Cup over Barcelona under manager Arrigo Sacchi, appearing as a defender in the first leg, a 1–1 away draw. Milan also reached the 1990 European Cup Final that season, and subsequently won the competition following a 1–0 victory over Benfica, but Salvatori did not feature in the squad for the final; he made one appearance in the competition, in the first leg of the quarter-finals, against Belgian side KV Mechelen, coming on as a substitute for Angelo Colombo, and was an unused substitute in first leg of the semi-finals against Bayern Munich. He also appeared as a substitute in the second leg of the Coppa Italia Final that year, which ended in a 1–0 home defeat to Juventus, who ultimately won the tournament on aggregate.

After still struggling to find space in the Milan first team, Salvatori returned to Fiorentina midway through the 1990–91 season, and remained with the club until 1992, making a total of 45 appearances in Serie A across his three seasons with the team, and scoring one goal. He then transferred to SPAL, and later joined Atalanta, helping the latter club to win promotion to Serie A in 1995, and subsequently reach the Coppa Italia final in 1996.

In 1996, Salvatori moved abroad to play for Hearts in Scotland. He was a member of the side that won the 1998 Scottish Cup Final in a 2–1 victory over Rangers on 16 May, the first time the Edinburgh-based side had won the title in 42 years; as a result, he still remains a popular figure with the club's fans. He scored one league goal during his spell at Hearts, in a 3–1 win at Dunfermline Athletic.

After three seasons in Scotland, collecting a total of 84 appearances and 3 goals across all competitions, Salvatori returned to Italy in 1999, where he ended his career in the lower divisions with Alzano Virescit, AlbinoLeffe, and Legnano, retiring in 2002.

International
At international level, Salvatori was capped 13 times for the Italy Under-21 side between 1989 and 1990.

After retirement
After retiring from professional football, Salvatori worked as a coach in Italy with Legnano and Voghera; he later returned to Scotland in 2011 to work as a football agent, before moving to Australia in 2013, where he managed a series of football academies, focussing on the development of young local talent in the areas of Brisbane and Sydney.

Death
Salvatori died on 31 October 2017, aged 49, from cancer.

Honours
Milan
 Serie A runner-up: 1989–90.
 Coppa Italia runner-up: 1989–90.
 UEFA Super Cup winner: 1989.
 UEFA Champions League winner: 1989–90.

Hearts
 Scottish Cup winner: 1998.


The Montenegrin First League of Women's Handball is the top women's team handball league in Montenegro. It is organised by the Handball Federation of Montenegro.

History

Before independence
Since 2006, Montenegrin women's handball clubs played in the competitions of SFR Yugoslavia, FR Yugoslavia and Serbia and Montenegro. Most successful was ŽRK Budućnost Podgorica, who gained 18 champion titles in Yugoslav championship, with three European trophies (1985, 1986, 2006). Budućnost was most successful Yugoslav handball club, and except them, in the Yugoslav First League often played ŽRK Danilovgrad.
ŽRK Budućnost was the first Montenegrin team which participated in Yugoslav handball compoetitions for women. They debuted in the top-tier on season 1981-82 and soon after that begun era of their huge successes. After hard struggle with RK Radnički from Belgrade, ŽRK Budućnost won their first ever title on season 1984–85. Four years later, they won another title, defended next season. After the 1990-91 edition, finished with sensational trophy winning by ŽRK Lokomotiva Zagreb, team from Podgorica was the title holder in the last season of SFR Yugoslavia league (1991–92).
In FR Yugoslavia / Serbia and Montenegro, ŽRK Budućnost dominated during the every single season, so they won 14 consecutive titles (1992–93, 1993-1994, 1994–95, 1995–96, 1996–97, 1997–98, 1998–99, 1999-00, 2000–01, 2001–02, 2002–03, 2003–04, 2004–05 and 2005–06).

After independence
Soon after the Montenegrin independence referendum, Handball Federation of Montenegro founded its own competitions, with the First League as a top-tier competition for women. The league have two phases. In the first (regular season) participate six teams. Best three squads from regular season are qualifying for the final phase, together with ŽRK Budućnost Podgorica, who's not participant of the first phase.
During the history, ŽRK Budućnost was strongly dominant side, won every single trophy of national champion.
Except all domestic competitions, ŽRK Budućnost won the EHF Champions League on seasons 2011–12 and 2014–15, and EHF Cup Winners' Cup 2009-10.

Champions
From the inaugural season (2006/07), ŽRK Budućnost Podgorica won all the champion titles in Montenegrin First League of Women's Handball.

Titles by season

Titles by Club

Montenegrin women's handball clubs in WRH League
Women Regional Handball League (WRHL) is founded on 2009, and Montenegrin clubs are participating from its inaugural season. As one of strongest European clubs, ŽRK Budućnost Podgorica dominated in the history of competition, often playing seasons without any defeat. So, ŽRK Budućnost won five titles during the six seasons of WRHL.
Below is list of participation of Montenegrin clubs by every season of WRHL.

Montenegrin women's handball clubs in European competitions

Montenegrin women's handball clubs are participating in the EHF competitions since the season 1984/85.

Honours
Montenegrin side ŽRK Budućnost Podgorica was extremely successful in the European Cups and today is among the best and most-trophied European and global women's handball teams. They are most successful Montenegrin sports team in European Cups, too. ŽRK Budućnost won six European titles, and among them are:
EHF Women's Champions League:
Winners: 2012, 2015
Women's EHF Cup Winners' Cup:
Winners: 1985, 2006, 2010
Women's EHF Cup:
Winners: 1987

All time list
Except ŽRK Budućnost, until today, representatives of Montenegro in women's EHF competitions were ŽRK Biseri Pljevlja, ŽRK Danilovgrad, ŽRK Nikšić and ŽRK Petrol Bonus Podgorica.
Below is the list of performances of Montenegrin women's handball teams in European competitions.

As of the end of EHF competitions 2018–19 season.


USS Annoy

USS Annoy (AM-84) was laid down on 3 December 1941 at Portland, Oregon, by the Commercial Iron Works; launched on 6 April 1942; and commissioned on 2 September 1942, Lt. John A. Parrish in command.

World War II Pacific Theatre operations
The newly commissioned minesweeper's first assignment took her to the Aleutian Islands to carry out antisubmarine warfare (ASW) patrols and escort assignments protecting various vessels as they moved between Unalaska, Adak, and Atka Islands. On 16 September 1943, USS Annoy departed Dutch Harbor to escort  and her tow, , to Seattle, Washington, where the convoy arrived on 5 October. The next day, Annoy entered the Puget Sound Navy Yard, Bremerton, Washington, for upkeep.

The vessel left the yard on 9 November, bound for San Pedro, California. Upon her arrival there, Annoy began a month of mine-sweeping and ASW exercises. On 11 December, she began escort duty out of San Francisco, California, to various points in the Pacific. Among her destinations were Pearl Harbor, Hawaii; Majuro Atoll, Marshall Islands; Funafuti, Ellice Islands; and Tarawa, Gilbert Islands.

Pearl Harbor upkeep
USS Annoy entered the Pearl Harbor Navy Yard on 16 April 1944 for upkeep. Upon the conclusion of the work, she commenced operations with Submarine Squadron 4 based at Pearl Harbor. The ship served as a screening and escort vessel and acted as a target ship for submarines during their training routines.

Conversion to patrol craft
The name Annoy was cancelled on 1 June and the ship's classification was changed to PC-1588. She was relieved of her training duties on 23 July and got underway for San Francisco. She entered a shipyard at Alameda, California, on 3 August, for availability. The ship emerged on 18 November and, the next day, began the return voyage to Hawaii.

Return to the Pacific Theatre
PC-1588 reached Pearl Harbor on 28 November and was assigned patrol and ASW screening duties for various transport groups training in Hawaiian waters. On 24 January 1945, she sortied from Pearl Harbor in the screen of Task Group 51.5, bound, via Eniwetok and Guam, for the Volcano Islands. PC-1588 arrived off Iwo Jima on 20 February. During the next three months, the vessel acted as a control ship for various beaches on Iwo Jima, served as an air-sea rescue ship, operated in ASW screens, and took enemy aircraft under fire on three separate occasions.

The ship left Iwo Jima on 28 May to escort a convoy to Saipan. She returned to Iwo Jima on 16 June and resumed her ASW and air-sea rescue duties which she carried out through the end of the war. PC-1588 escorted two more convoys between Saipan and Iwo Jima—one in September and one in mid-October. On the latter trip, she continued on from Saipan and proceeded via Eniwetok and Pearl Harbor to San Francisco. The ship reached San Francisco Bay on 13 November and immediately began preparations for inactivation.

End-of-War deactivation
On 29 January 1946, PC-1588 left San Francisco in tow en route to Richmond, California. She arrived there on 3 February and was decommissioned on 8 February 1946. Her number was struck from the Navy List on 12 March 1946, and she was transferred to the Maritime Commission for disposal on 6 May 1948.

Awards
PC-1588 received one battle star for her World War II service.


Maple Spring Brook

Maple Spring Brook (also known as Maple Spring Branch or Maple Spring Run) is a tributary of Kitchen Creek in Luzerne County, Pennsylvania, in the United States. It is approximately  long and flows through Fairmount Township. The watershed of the stream has an area of . There is a waterfall in the stream's upper reaches and hemlock trees occur in the vicinity. The surficial geology in the area consists mainly of Wisconsinan Till, Wisconsinan Bouldery Till, wetlands, and bedrock consisting of shale and sandstone.

Course
Maple Spring Brook begins on a mountain in Fairmount Township, not far from Red Rock Mountain. It flows southeast for a short distance and enters a deep valley before turning south. The stream then turns east-southeast for a short distance before reaching its confluence with Kitchen Creek.

Maple Spring Brook joins Kitchen Creek  upstream of its mouth.

Geography and geology
The elevation near the mouth of Maple Spring Brook is  above sea level. The elevation near the source of the stream is between  above sea level.

The surficial geology in the vicinity of the lower reaches of Maple Spring Brook mainly features a glacial or resedimented till known as Wisconsinan Till. Further upstream, there is bedrock consisting of sandstone and shale. Near the headwaters, there is Wisconsinan Bouldery Till and a patch of wetland.

Watershed and biology
The watershed of Maple Spring Brook has an area of . The stream is entirely within the United States Geological Survey quadrangle of Red Rock.

There is a waterfall with a height of  on Maple Spring Brook. It is in the stream's upper reaches and is situated several hundred feet downstream of the Ganoga View Trail.

A white ash tree with a height of  was observed in the vicinity of Maple Spring Brook on September 15, 2004. Its height was measured via the laser-clinometer method. There are numerous hemlock trees in the vicinity of the stream's upper reaches.

History and recreation
Maple Spring Brook was entered into the Geographic Names Information System on August 2, 1979. Its identifier in the Geographic Names Information System is 1180366.

Maple Spring Branch is in Ricketts Glen State Park. The Ganoga View Trail in Ricketts Glen State Park crosses the stream near its headwaters.


Bromley, West Midlands

Bromley is a residential area of Kingswinford, West Midlands, England.

It was a rural area for many centuries, mostly consisting of farmland, but since the Second World War has been extensively developed for upmarket private housing.

Since the 1960s it has been home to The Crestwood School, a secondary school located on Bromley Lane.


New Rome (disambiguation)

New Rome is another name for Constantinople.

New Rome may also refer to:

Places
United States
New Rome, Minnesota
New Rome, Ohio
New Rome, Wisconsin
Other
Paris, designated nouvelle Rome at various stages of history between the reigns of Philip IV and Louis XIV
Italian Empire/Imperial Italy, as an empire


Admiralty law

Admiralty law or maritime law is a body of law that governs nautical issues and private maritime disputes. Admiralty law consists of both domestic law on maritime activities, and private international law governing the relationships between private parties operating or using ocean-going ships. While each legal jurisdiction usually has its own legislation governing maritime matters, the international nature of the topic and the need for uniformity has, since 1900, led to considerable international maritime law developments, including numerous multilateral treaties.

Admiralty law may be distinguished from the Law of the Sea, which is a body of public international law dealing with navigational rights, mineral rights, jurisdiction over coastal waters, and the maritime relationships between nations. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea has been adopted by 167 countries and the European Union, and disputes are resolved at the ITLOS tribunal in Hamburg.

History
Seaborne transport was one of the earliest channels of commerce, and rules for resolving disputes involving maritime trade were developed early in recorded history. Early historical records of these laws include the Rhodian law (Nomos Rhodion Nautikos), of which no primary written specimen has survived, but which is alluded to in other legal texts (Roman and Byzantine legal codes), and later the customs of the Consulate of the Sea or the Hanseatic League. In southern Italy the Ordinamenta et consuetudo maris (1063) at Trani and the Amalfian Laws were in effect from an early date.

Bracton noted further that admiralty law was also used as an alternative to the common law in Norman England, which previously required voluntary submission to it by entering a plea seeking judgment from the court.

A leading sponsor of  admiralty law in Europe was the French  Queen Eleanor of Aquitaine. Eleanor (sometimes known as "Eleanor of Guyenne”) had learned about admiralty law whilst on a crusade in the eastern Mediterranean with her first husband, King Louis VII of France. Eleanor then established admiralty law on the island of Oleron, where it was published as the "Rolls of Oleron".  Some time later, while she was in London acting as regent for her son, King Richard the Lionheart, Eleanor instituted admiralty law into England as well.

In England, a special Admiralty Court handles all admiralty cases. Despite early reliance upon civil law concepts derived from the Corpus Juris Civilis of Justinian, the English Admiralty Court is very much a common law court, albeit a sui generis tribunal initially somewhat distanced from other English courts. After around 1750, as the industrial revolution took hold and English maritime commerce burgeoned, the Admiralty Court became a proactive source of innovative legal ideas and provisions to meet the new situation. The Judicature Acts of 1873-1875 abolished the Admiralty Court as such, and it became conflated in the new "Probate, Divorce & Admiralty" division of the High Court. However, when the PDA was abolished and replaced by a new "Family Division", admiralty jurisdiction passed to a so-called "Admiralty Court" which was effectively the QBD sitting to hear nautical cases. The Senior Courts Act 1981 then clarified the "admiralty jurisdiction of the High Court", so England once again has a distinct Admiralty Court (albeit no longer based in the Royal Courts of Justice, but in the Rolls Building).

English Admiralty courts were a prominent feature in the prelude to the American Revolution.  For example, the phrase in the Declaration of Independence "For depriving us in many cases, of the benefits of Trial by Jury" refers to the practice of the UK Parliament giving the Admiralty Courts jurisdiction to enforce The Stamp Act in the American Colonies. This power has been awarded because the Stamp Act was unpopular in America, so that a colonial jury would be unlikely to convict any colonist of its violation. However, since English admiralty courts have never had trial by jury, a colonist charged with breaching the Stamp Act could be more easily convicted by the Crown.

Admiralty law became part of the law of the United States as it was gradually introduced through admiralty cases arising after the adoption of the U.S. Constitution in 1789.  Many American lawyers who were prominent in the American Revolution were admiralty and maritime lawyers in their private lives.  Those included are Alexander Hamilton in New York and John Adams in Massachusetts.

In 1787 John Adams, who was then ambassador to France, wrote to James Madison proposing that the U.S. Constitution, then under consideration by the States,  be amended to include "trial by jury in all matters of fact triable by the laws of the land [as opposed the law of admiralty] and not by the laws of Nations [i.e. not by the law of admiralty]". The result was the Seventh Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.  Alexander Hamilton and John Adams were both admiralty lawyers and Adams represented John Hancock in an admiralty case in colonial Boston involving seizure of one of Hancock's ships for violations of Customs regulations. In the more modern era, Supreme Court Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes was an admiralty lawyer before ascending to the bench.

Features

Matters dealt by admiralty law include marine commerce, marine navigation, salvage, maritime pollution, seafarers’ rights, and the carriage by sea of both passengers and goods. Admiralty law also covers land-based commercial activities that are maritime in character, such as marine insurance. Some lawyers prefer to reserve the term “admiralty law” for “wet law” (e.g. salvage, collisions, ship arrest, towage, liens and limitation), and use “maritime law” only for “dry law” (e.g. carriage of goods & people, marine insurance, and the MLC).

Maintenance and cure
The doctrine of maintenance and cure is rooted in Article VI of the Rolls of Oleron promulgated in about 1160 A.D. The obligation to "cure" requires a shipowner to provide medical care free of charge to a seaman injured in the service of the ship, until the seaman has reached "maximum medical cure". The concept of "maximum medical cure" is more extensive than the concept "maximum medical improvement". The obligation to "cure" a seaman includes the obligation to provide him with medications and medical devices which improve his ability to function, even if they don't "improve" his actual condition. They may include long term treatments that permit him to continue to function well. Common examples include prostheses, wheelchairs, and pain medications.

The obligation of "maintenance" requires the shipowner to provide a seaman with his basic living expenses while he is convalescing.  Once a seaman is able to work,  he is expected to maintain himself.  Consequently,  a seaman can lose his right to maintenance,  while the obligation to provide cure is ongoing.

A seaman who is required to sue a shipowner to recover maintenance and cure may also recover his attorneys fees.  Vaughan v. Atkinson, 369 U.S. 527 (1962). If a shipowner's breach of its obligation to provide maintenance and cure is willful and wanton, the shipowner may be subject to punitive damages.  See Atlantic Sounding Co. v. Townsend, 557 U.S. 404 (2009)(J. Thomas).

Personal injuries to passengers

Shipowners owe a duty of reasonable care to passengers. Consequently, passengers who are injured aboard ships may bring suit as if they had been injured ashore through the negligence of a third party. The passenger bears the burden of proving that the shipowner was negligent. While personal injury cases must generally be pursued within three years,  suits against cruise lines may need to be brought within one year because of limitations contained in the passenger ticket. Notice requirements in the ticket may require a formal notice to be brought within six months of the injury. Most U.S. cruise line passenger tickets also have provisions requiring that suit to be brought in either Miami or Seattle.

In England, the 1954 case of Adler v Dickson (The Himalaya) [1954] allowed a shipping line to escape liability when a bosun's negligence resulted in a passenger being injured. Since then, the Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 has made it unlawful to exclude liability for death or personal injury caused by one's negligence. (Since then, however, the so-called "Himalaya clause" has become a useful way for a contractor to pass on the protection of a limitation clause to his employees, agents and third-party contractors).

Maritime liens and mortgages

Banks which loan money to purchase ships, vendors who supply ships with necessaries like fuel and stores, seamen who are due wages, and many others have a lien against the ship to guarantee payment. To enforce the lien, the ship must be arrested or seized. In the United States, an action to enforce a lien against a U.S. ship must be brought in federal court and cannot be done in state court, except for under the reverse-Erie doctrine whereby state courts can apply federal law.

Salvage and treasure salvage

When property is lost at sea and rescued by another, the rescuer is entitled to claim a salvage award on the salvaged property. There is no "life salvage". All mariners have a duty to save the lives of others in peril without expectation of reward. Consequently, salvage law applies only to the saving of property.

There are two types of salvage: contract salvage and pure salvage, which is sometimes referred to as "merit salvage". In contract salvage the owner of the property and salvor enter into a salvage contract prior to the commencement of salvage operations and the amount that the salvor is paid is determined by the contract. The most common salvage contract is called a "Lloyd's Open Form Salvage Contract".

In pure salvage, there is no contract between the owner of the goods and the salvor. The relationship is one which is implied by law. The salvor of property under pure salvage must bring his claim for salvage in court, which will award salvage based upon the "merit" of the service and the value of the salvaged property.

Pure salvage claims are divided into "high-order" and "low-order" salvage. In high-order salvage, the salvor exposes himself and his crew to the risk of injury and loss or damage to his equipment to salvage the damaged ship. Examples of high-order salvage are boarding a sinking ship in heavy weather, boarding a ship which is on fire, raising a ship or boat which has already sunk, or towing a ship which is in the surf away from the shore. Low-order salvage occurs where the salvor is exposed to little or no personal risk. Examples of low-order salvage include towing another vessel in calm seas, supplying a vessel with fuel, or pulling a vessel off a sand bar. Salvors performing high order salvage receive substantially greater salvage award than those performing low order salvage.

In both high-order and low-order salvage the amount of the salvage award is based first upon the value of the property saved. If nothing is saved, or if additional damage is done, there will be no award.  The other factors to be considered are the skills of the salvor, the peril to which the salvaged property was exposed, the value of the property which was risked in effecting the salvage, the amount of time and money expended in the salvage operation etc.

A pure or merit salvage award will seldom exceed 50 percent of the value of the property salved. The exception to that rule is in the case of treasure salvage. Because sunken treasure has generally been lost for hundreds of years, while the original owner (or insurer, if the vessel was insured) continues to have an interest in it, the salvor or finder will generally get the majority of the value of the property.  While sunken ships from the Spanish Main (such as Nuestra Señora de Atocha in the Florida Keys) are the most commonly thought of type of treasure salvage, other types of ships including German submarines from World War II which can hold valuable historical artifacts, American Civil War ships (the USS Maple Leaf in the St. Johns River, and the CSS Virginia in Chesapeake Bay), and sunken merchant ships (the SS Central America off Cape Hatteras) have all been the subject of treasure salvage awards. Due to refinements in side-scanning sonars, many ships which were previously missing are now being located and treasure salvage is now a less risky endeavor than it was in the past,  although it is still highly speculative and expensive.

International conventions
Prior to the mid-1970s, most international conventions concerning maritime trade and commerce originated in a private organization of maritime lawyers known as the Comité Maritime International (International Maritime Committee or CMI). Founded in 1897, the CMI was responsible for the drafting of numerous international conventions including the Hague Rules (International Convention on Bills of Lading),  the Visby Amendments (amending the Hague Rules),  the Salvage Convention and many others.  While the CMI continues to function in an advisory capacity,  many of its functions have been taken over by the International Maritime Organization, which was established by the United Nations in 1958 but did not become truly effective until about 1974.

The IMO has prepared numerous international conventions concerning maritime safety including the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS), the Standards for Training, Certification, and Watchkeeping (STCW),  the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (Collision Regulations or COLREGS), Maritime Pollution Regulations (MARPOL), International Aeronautical and Maritime Search and Rescue Convention (IAMSAR) and others.  The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) defined a treaty regarding protection of the marine environment and various maritime boundaries. Restrictions on international fishing such as International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling also form part of the body of conventions in international waters. Other commercial conventions include the "International Convention relating to the Limitation of the Liability of Owners of Sea-Going Ships", Brussels, 10 October 1957. and International Convention for Safe Containers.

Once adopted, most international conventions are enforced by the individual signatory nations, either through their Port State Control, or through their national courts. Cases within the ambit of the European Union's EMSA may be heard by the CJEU in Luxembourg. By contrast, disputes involving the Law of the Sea may be resolved at ITLOS in Hamburg, provided that the parties are signatories to UNCLOS.

Piracy

Merchant vessels transiting areas of increased pirate activity (i.e. the Gulf of Aden, Somali Basin, Southern Red Sea and Bab-el-Mandeb straits) are advised to implement Self-Protective measures in accordance with most recent Best Management Practices agreed upon by the members of the merchant industry, and endorsed by the NATO Shipping Centre, and the Maritime Security Centre Horn-of-Africa (MSCHOA)

Individual countries
The common law of England and Wales, of Northern Ireland law, and of US law, contrast to the continental law (civil law) that prevails in Scottish law and in continental Europe, which trace back to Roman law. Although the English Admiralty court was a development of continental civil law, the Admiralty Court of England and Wales was a common law court, albeit somewhat distanced from the mainstream Kings Bench.

Most of the common law countries (including Pakistan, Singapore, India, and many other Commonwealth of Nations countries) follow English statute and case law. India still follows many Victorian-era British statutes such as the Admiralty Court Act 1861 [24 Vict c 10]. Whilst Pakistan now has its own statute, the Admiralty Jurisdiction of High Courts Ordinance, 1980 (Ordinance XLII of 1980), it also follows English case law. One reason for this is that the 1980 Ordinance is partly modelled on old English admiralty law, namely the Administration of Justice Act 1956. The current statute dealing with the Admiralty jurisdiction of the England and Wales High Court is the Supreme Court Act 1981, ss. 20-24, 37. The provisions in those sections are, in turn, based on the International Arrest Convention 1952. Other countries which do not follow the English statute and case laws, such as Panama, also have established well-known maritime courts which decide international cases on a regular basis.

Admiralty courts assume jurisdiction by virtue of the presence of the vessel in its territorial jurisdiction irrespective of whether the vessel is national or not and whether registered or not, and wherever the residence or domicile or their owners may be. A vessel is usually arrested by the court to retain jurisdiction. State-owned vessels are usually immune from arrest.

Canada

Canadian jurisdiction in the area of "Navigation and Shipping" is vested in the Parliament of Canada by virtue of s. 91(10) of the Constitution Act, 1867.

Canada has adopted an expansive definition of its maritime law, which goes beyond traditional admiralty law. The original English admiralty jurisdiction was called "wet", as it concerned itself with things done at sea, including collisions, salvage and the work of mariners, and contracts and torts performed at sea. Canadian law has added "dry" jurisdiction to this field, which includes such matters as:

 stevedoring,
 marine insurance,
 warehousing and security services,
 contracts of agency, and
 contracts of carriage.

This list is not exhaustive of the subject matter.

Canadian jurisdiction was originally consolidated in 1891, with subsequent expansions in 1934 following the passage of the Statute of Westminster 1931, and in 1971 with the extension to "dry" matters.

Recent jurisprudence at the Supreme Court of Canada has tended to expand the maritime law power, thus overriding prior provincial laws based on the provinces' power over property and civil rights.

United States

Jurisdiction
Article III, Section 2 of the United States Constitution grants original jurisdiction to U.S. federal courts over admiralty and maritime matters;  however, that jurisdiction is not exclusive, and most maritime cases can be heard in either state or federal courts under the "saving to suitors" clause.

There are five types of cases which can only be brought in federal court:

  Limitation of Shipowner's Liability,
  Vessel Arrests in Rem,
  Property arrests Quasi in Rem,
  Salvage cases, and
 Petitory and Possession Actions.

The common element of those cases are that they require the court to exercise jurisdiction over maritime property. For example, in a Petitory and Possession Action, a vessel whose title is in dispute, usually between co-owners, will be put in the possession of the court until the title dispute can be resolved.  In a Limitation Action, the shipowner will post a bond reflecting the value of the vessel and her pending freight. A sixth category, that of prize (law), relating to claims over vessels captured during wartime, has been rendered obsolete due to changes in the laws and practices of warfare.

Aside from those five types of cases, all other maritime cases, such as claims for personal injuries, cargo damage, collisions, maritime products liability, and recreational boating accidents may be brought in either federal or state court.

From a tactical standpoint it is important to consider that in federal courts in the United States, there is generally no right to trial by jury in admiralty cases, although the Jones Act grants a jury trial to seamen suing their employers.

Maritime law is governed by a uniform three-year statute of limitations for personal injury and wrongful death cases.  Cargo cases must be brought within two years (extended from the one-year allowance under the Hague-Visby Rules), pursuant to the adoption of the Rotterdam Rules.  Most major cruise ship passenger tickets have a one-year statute of limitations.

Applicable law
A state court hearing an admiralty or maritime case is required to apply the admiralty and maritime law,  even if it conflicts with the law of the state,  under a doctrine known as the "reverse-Erie doctrine". While the "Erie doctrine" requires that federal courts hearing state actions must apply substantive state law, the "reverse-Erie doctrine" requires state courts hearing admiralty cases to apply substantive federal admiralty law. However, state courts are allowed to apply state procedural law. This change can be significant.

Features of U.S. admiralty law

Cargo claims
Claims for damage to cargo shipped in international commerce are governed by the Carriage of Goods by Sea Act (COGSA), which is the U.S. enactment of the Hague Rules. One of its key features is that a shipowner is liable for cargo damaged from "hook to hook",  meaning from loading to discharge, unless it is exonerated under one of 17 exceptions to liability, such as an "act of God", the inherent nature of the goods, errors in navigation, and management of the ship. The basis of liability for the shipowner is a bailment and if the carrier is to be liable as a common carrier, it must be established that the goods were placed in the carrier's possession and control for immediate carriage.

Personal injuries to seamen
Seamen injured aboard ship have three possible sources of compensation: the principle of maintenance and cure, the doctrine of unseaworthiness, and the Jones Act. The principle of maintenance and cure requires a shipowner to both pay for an injured seaman's medical treatment until maximum medical recovery (MMR) is obtained and provide basic living expenses until completion of the voyage, even if the seaman is no longer aboard ship.

Academic programs
There are several universities that offer maritime law programs. What follows is a partial list of universities offering postgraduate maritime courses:

Canada
Dalhousie Law School – LL.M in marine and environmental law
France
Panthéon-Assas University – LL.M in international, business or private law with marine law courses
University of Nice Sophia Antipolis - LL.M in marine and environmental law
University of Western Brittany in Brest – LL.M in marine law
University of Nantes in Nantes – Master of Laws and Safety of maritime and oceanic activities
University of Le Havre in Le Havre – Master of Laws in Maritime & Ports Activities Law
Germany
University of Hamburg with Max Planck Institute for Comparative and International Private Law – PhD in maritime law
Malaysia
Universiti Teknologi Mara – LL.M in Legal Aspects of Marine Affairs
Malta
International Maritime Law Institute – LL.M in International Maritime Law
Netherlands
Erasmus University Rotterdam – LL.M. in Business, Corporate, and Maritime Law; Master of Science (M.Sc.) In Maritime Economics and Logistics (MEL)
Norway
University of Oslo (Scandinavian Institute of Maritime Law) – LL.M in maritime law
University of Oslo – Master of Laws in Maritime Law
Singapore
National University of Singapore – LL.M in maritime law (Graduate Diploma in Maritime Law and Arbitration International Maritime Organization)
South Africa
University of Cape Town – Masters in Maritime Law
Spain
Comillas Pontifical University – Master in Maritime Business and Maritime Law (ICADE - Spanish Maritime Institute)
University of Deusto – Master in Maritime Enterprise Management and Maritime Law
Sweden
Lund University – LL.M in maritime law
World Maritime University Master of Science in Maritime Affairs (Maritime Law and Policy)
Thailand
Thammasat University – LL.M. in international trade law
United Kingdom
Bangor University – LLM in Maritime Law and LLM in Law of the Sea
Cardiff University – LLM in Shipping Law
City University London – LLM in Maritime Law
Liverpool John Moores University - BSc & MSc in Maritime, Transport & Logistics (MTL) (with embedded maritime law elements)
Queen Mary, University of London – LLM in International Shipping Law
Swansea University (Institute of International Shipping and Trade Law) – LLM in International Maritime Law
University College London – LLM in Maritime Law
University of Hertfordshire – LLM in Maritime Law
University of Nottingham – LLM in Maritime Law
University of Southampton School of Law (Institute of Maritime Law) – LLB (Maritime Law) and LLM in Maritime Law
United States
Florida Coastal School of Law – LL.M. in Logistics and Transportation Law
St. Thomas University School of Law
Tulane University Law School – LL.M in admiralty & JD with a Certificate of Specialization in Admiralty & Maritime Law
University of Miami Law School – LL.M in Ocean and Coastal Law
William S. Richardson School of Law University of Hawaii – LL.M. in Ocean Law and Policy


Matthäus Waissel

Matthäus Waissel (c. 1540—1602) was a German lutenist, editor of music, and writer. Waissel was from 1573 headmaster of a school at Schippenbeil near Königsberg; he published in that year a volume of lute arrangements of vocal pieces, and in 1592 he issued a collection of German dances for lute, which signaled the decline of German lute tablature as it yielded prominence to the so-called French system. Waissel's output comprises three books of solo lute music in all, and one collection of duets. It is unlikely though that any of the pieces in these collections are his own compositions. Waissel's chief importance arguably lies in his expansion of the passamezzo/saltarello pairing into full suites that in form, if not title, comprise some of the earliest true dance suites.

Besides his publications of lute tabulatures, he also published a collection of biblical tales in 1596, and a chronicle of East Prussia in 1599.

His son, also named Matthäus, became a musician too. In 1598 he was instrumentalist at Riga, and from 1616 to 1619 he was a member of the Königsberg court chapel.

Works
1573, Tabulatura continens insignes et selectissimas quaque Cantiones … testudini adaptas, Frankfurt an der Oder ()
1591, Tabulatura allerley kunstlicher Preambuln, ... Auff der Lauten zu schlagen ..., Frankfurt an der Oder
1592, Lautenbuch, darinn von der Tabulatur und Application der Lauten gründlicher und voller Unterricht …, Frankfurt an der Oder
1592, Tabulatura Guter gemeiner Deudtscher Tentze, nicht allein auff einer Lauten in sonderheit, sondern auch auff zweyen Lauten, durch Quarten zusammen zuschlagen ..., Frankfurt an der Oder (Andreas Eichorn)
1596, Summa doctrinae sacrae
1599, Chronica Alter Preusscher Eifflendischer und Curlendischer Historien … Aus alten geschriebenen Historien ordenlich verfasset und menniglich zu nutz in den Druck gegeben. Durch Matthaeum Waisselium ()

Recordings
 Jacob Heringman - Black Cow. Lute music by Valentin Bakfark and Matthäus Waissel 1999, Magnatune
 Konrad Ragossnig - European Lute Music from England, Italy, Spain, Germany etc. 2000, Deutsche Grammophon


Ohio Statehouse

The Ohio Statehouse is the state capitol building and seat of government for the U.S. state of Ohio. The Greek Revival building is located on Capitol Square in downtown Columbus. The capitol houses the Ohio General Assembly, consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate. It also contains the ceremonial offices of the governor, lieutenant governor, state treasurer, and state auditor. Built between 1839 and 1861, it is one of the oldest working statehouses in the United States.

History

Upon achieving statehood in 1803, Chillicothe was Ohio's original state capital. Due to political fighting among state leaders, the Ohio General Assembly temporarily moved the capital to Zanesville in 1810. Legislation enacted that same year provided for the selection of a new state capital "not more than  from what may be deemed the common center of the state." In 1812, the General Assembly restored Chillicothe as the temporary state capital until the new capitol could be built.

State leaders faced ongoing pressure to make the capital city more accessible by moving it closer to the center of the state. In response, the legislature appointed a committee to evaluate potential options for the new capital city. Four prominent Franklinton area land owners  proposed a largely empty tract of land across the river from Franklinton. The land owners offered to donate two  parcels of land to the state and proposed spending up to $50,000 to build structures and make other improvements to the area.

On February 14, 1812, the General Assembly created a new capital city on the "High Banks opposite Franklinton at the Forks of the Scioto most known as Wolf's Ridge". Approximately a week later, after intense debate, the legislature selected Columbus as the name of the new town. in the following months the new town was surveyed and laid out in rectangular grid. The layout set aside two  parcels of land, one for a statehouse, at the location of the present day Statehouse, and the other parcel would become the site of the Ohio State Penitentiary. Public sale of town lots for the new city began in June 1812. In 1816, the General Assembly met in Columbus for the first time in a brick building on the corner of High and State Streets.

Design and construction

In 1838, Ohio's government announced a competition to select the design for a new Statehouse. This strategy was not unusual at the time, as important public buildings such as the U.S. Capitol had resulted from similar contests. From about fifty entries, three winners were selected: first prize was awarded to Henry Walter of Cincinnati, the second to Martin Thompson of New York, and the third to painter Thomas Cole, also of New York. However, the organizing commission responsible for choosing the winners was unable to agree on a final design for construction.

When the cornerstone was laid on July 4, 1839, the commission was still without a final design. Consultation with New York architect Alexander Jackson Davis resulted in a composite design that merged some key features of the three winning entries, but it was rejected as being too expensive. Henry Walter, the first-place winner of the design contest, was chosen to supervise construction of the new capitol and he began working on another composite design that was based largely on the design of third-place winner, Thomas Cole.
It seems likely that Henry Walter was chosen to receive the first premium basically because he was an Ohioan and though the entry submitted by Cole may have been more favored by the commission overseeing the design process, his status as an "outsider" may have been a problem. Cole had a personal friendship with one of the commissioners, a man named William A. Adams who was from Steubenville. Cole's nephew, William Henry Bayless, coincidentally a Steubenville native, was apprenticed in the office of Alexander Jackson Davis.

Work on the building's foundation and lower level had only just begun when the Statehouse project encountered the first of many difficulties. The legislation that made Columbus the official capital city of Ohio was set to expire. While various factions within the government engaged in debate over relocating the capitol to another city, construction of the Statehouse was stopped. Open excavations were refilled with earth, and Capitol Square became open pasture for livestock.

The Statehouse remained neglected until February, 1848, when William Russell West and J.O. Sawyer of Cincinnati were appointed architects and general supervisors of the project. By May of that same year construction had resumed. Unfortunately, a cholera epidemic began in Columbus, prompting widespread flight to the countryside by residents. Once the epidemic subsided, work on the Statehouse continued, interrupted only by intermissions during the harsh Ohio winters. Comparing plans of the various architects it is apparent that perhaps the most striking change and one that has endured in the finished building, was the fact that West and Sawyer eliminated the rounded dome that all previous designers had suggested for the building, instead replacing it with a low conical roof.

Fire consumed the old two-story capitol building in 1852, which created a new urgency to complete the Statehouse project as government offices were forced to relocate to various buildings around Columbus. While some suspected arson, the exact cause of the fire remains a mystery to this day. With the Statehouse exterior nearing completion by 1854, Columbus architect Nathan Kelley was hired to supervise the design and construction of the building's interiors. One of his major tasks would be to provide a system for heating and ventilation in the building, which had not been considered previously. An innovative steam heating system was constructed, with warmed air moved through the building in what Kelley called "air sewers"—small passages made of bricks that linked the various floors of the building. With great fanfare, the new Statehouse opened to the public on January 7, 1857, and soon thereafter the Ohio General Assembly convened in their new chambers. By now, most of the building was completed, with the notable exception of the rotunda. Although actual work on the building was proceeding smoothly, government officials were deeply dissatisfied with Mr. Kelley, citing problems with his working methods and aesthetic choices.

Isaiah Rogers, a well known architect based in Cincinnati at the time, was recruited to supervise the final stages of the Statehouse's construction. During his tenure, Rogers oversaw completion of the building's interior and coordinated work on the distinctive rotunda and its enclosing cupola. One of the building's most distinctive exterior features is the low, conical roof atop the cupola, positioned where many viewers expect to see a dome. In the long span between beginning construction on the Statehouse and its completion, the "finished" design changed many times and various proposals included a round dome atop the building. Rogers, in deciding not to use a dome, was actually reverting to a design scheme by architects West and Sawyer. In the end, the building featured a low conical roof that some critics would deride as "a Chinese hat." Construction of Capitol Square, including its buildings, grounds, and landscaping, was finally completed in 1861.

Changes and expansion
As the function of state government changed and expanded, changes and expansions occurred at the Ohio Statehouse. Originally, the building was the main location for all aspects of state government. As more offices and work rooms were required, large spaces would be subdivided into smaller areas. The most prominent example was the conversion to offices of the four open courts that occupied areas on the interior of the building. These open areas were from top to bottom of the structure and were intended to admit light and fresh air to the inner reaches of the building. The advent of electric lighting coupled with the need for space meant that levels of offices would come to occupy these large open areas. The fifty-four rooms the building originally held increased to 317 rooms by 1989.

In 1901, the Ohio Supreme Court was moved to a separate building on the east side of Capitol Square to alleviate crowding, and to give the court the prestige of its own building. The new building, named the Judiciary Annex, was constructed of the same Columbus limestone as the Statehouse. Neoclassical on the exterior, the interior spaces, especially the grand central staircase are Beaux Arts in style.

Restoration
The two buildings became crowded, and decay from heavy usage and inadequate maintenance was evident. Both buildings survived despite proposals made to either demolish one or both buildings, or remodel them substantially. In 1989, a massive project commenced to restore the buildings to the splendor their original builders envisioned as well as make them useful and practical government buildings. Original furniture was sought for return to the building when possible and modern reproductions of long gone items such as carpets and light fixtures were created. The large scale light fixtures in the House and Senate were based in large part on surviving period fixtures in the Vermont State House, which was being restored at the same time. The restoration project also resulted in the addition of a third building to Capitol Square. The Atrium, which connected the Statehouse with the Judiciary Annex, was completed in 1993. After the renovation, the Judiciary Annex became the Senate Building.

Description

The Ohio Statehouse is located on Capitol Square, a  plot of land donated by four prominent Columbus landowners. The Statehouse stands upon foundations  deep, built in part by prisoners sentenced to hard labor.

The Statehouse features a central recessed porch with a colonnade of a forthright and primitive Greek Doric mode, built of Columbus limestone that was quarried on the west banks of the Scioto River. A broad and low central pediment supports the windowed astylar drum, referred to as a Cupola, which contains an oculus that lights the interior rotunda.

Unlike many U.S. state capitol buildings, the Ohio Statehouse owes little to the architecture of the United States Capitol. It was designed and built before the U.S. Capitol was enlarged to its present form, with the large white dome that would be imitated on many US state capital buildings.

The Ohio Statehouse has been termed a supreme example of Greek Revival style. It is not patterned on one single building, but is a combination of stylistic elements from Greek sources, melded with contemporary needs and functions. The cupola shows direct influence by the Tholos of Delphi, a circular temple built about 360 BC. The Parthenon of Athens is also an influence. No ancient Greek building would have contained windows, but they were a major part of Greek Revival for a more practical reason: before electric light, sunlight was the major source of illumination.

The ceremonial offices of the governor, lieutenant governor, treasurer, and auditor are located on the first floor of the building. The relocation of the governor's working office to the Vern Riffe Center for Government and the Arts, located across High Street from the Statehouse, was originally a temporary action taken while the historic building was undergoing an extensive restoration and upgrading. At the completion of the project the governor, George Voinovich preferred the larger, more modern space and did not return to the Statehouse office except for occasional ceremonial use. Voinovich's successor Bob Taft used the historic governor's office in a similar way, as did former governor John Kasich. Kasich's immediate predecessor, Ted Strickland, however, used the Statehouse office on a regular basis. Strickland considered the presence of the Governor in a building where the Legislature also works as both symbolic and practical examples of how the parts of government relate to each other.

The Ohio General Assembly chambers are on the second floor. Although in general its appearance is similar to its original appearance, it has been modernized in many ways. Modern information and communication capabilities have been added.

The Atrium, which connects the Statehouse with the Senate building, is a large open space which hosts government functions and ceremonies as well as various meetings and events. It is constructed of the same limestone as the two adjoining buildings.

Art works and monuments

The Statehouse contains many large scale art works both within the walls and on the grounds of the building. There are a great number of portraits of governors and lt. governors contained in hearing rooms and offices throughout the building, and in public spaces there are several large scale artworks that memorialize individuals or events significant to the state or the nation. Ohio artist Howard Chandler Christy is represented with two paintings that depict the Signing of the Treaty of Greenville, a seminal event in state history, and a painting that honors another Ohio native, Thomas Edison. President Abraham Lincoln visited the building on three different occasions, and a large marble bust erected after his death memorializes him and also depicts the Union victory at Vicksburg.

On the grounds of the building a large statuary group by Hermon MacNeil, the William McKinley Monument, honors and remembers Ohio governor and  U.S. president William McKinley. The floor of the Statehouse rotunda is composed of almost 5,000 individual pieces of marble, all cut and fitted by hand. The design at the center of the floor traces the development of the United States: the 13 stones in the center represent the original colonies; the three rings symbolize areas of territory that enlarged the nation; surrounding the rings is a star burst with 32 points, one for each of the states in the Union when the floor was laid down; and surrounding the entire design is a gray band representing the U.S. Constitution.

The Great Seal of Ohio and the state motto, "With God, all things are possible", are engraved at the foot of the steps leading to the west entrance.This seal is also featured on many of Columbus's Architectural tours.

Ohio Statehouse Museum Education Center
The Ohio Statehouse functions both as a working government building that contains the activities of a legislature and governor's office, and as a museum. During calendar years 2007 and 2008 almost 70,000 visitors participated with organized tours of the building each of the years. The tours, exhibits and other public education activities are organized by the Ohio Statehouse Museum Education Center, a non-partisan entity funded and staffed by the Capitol Square review and advisory board, the government agency that is the manager of the physical structure.

Tours are available every day the building is open, and are provided at no cost. Tours for casual visitors, tourists or small groups are given on the hour seven days a week, and groups larger than ten persons can schedule throughout the day between the hours of 9:30 am and 3:15 pm weekdays.

The staff of the Ohio Statehouse Museum Education Center was assisted by more than 90 volunteers. Tour content could be tailored to the age range and interest level of each group. The largest demographic group of visitors were fourth graders who were learning both state history and government process in their classrooms, but tours targeting political process, Ohio presidential history and Art and Architecture were also available.
One of the most notable tour programs available at the Ohio Statehouse was named "The Portals of History", which used the building as a stage to introduce characters from the state's history. As a tour group made their way through the building, they encountered living history presenters portraying notable individuals from the past. It also holds a memorial sign on one of its pillars showing the exact location that Abraham Lincoln, prior to his run for president, stood to give a speech on the building's steps.


José Moustache

José Moustache (born March 2, 1932 in Pointe-a-Pitre, Guadeloupe – died February 7, 2013 in Pointe-a-Pitre, Guadeloupe) was a politician from Guadeloupe who served in the French National Assembly from 1978-1981. Moustache also served as the President of the Regional Council of Guadeloupe (the head of government) from 1983 until 1986.

Moustache served as the mayor of Anse-Bertrand, Guadeloupe, from 1965 until 1995, when he was defeated for re-election by Alfred Dona-Erie. He became mayor again in 2001, serving until 2006.

José Moustache died on February 7, 2013, at the age of 80.


Uton Dowe

Uton George Dowe (born 29 March 1949) is a former Jamaican cricketer. He played four Tests for the West Indies as a fast bowler from 1971 to 1973.

He played for Jamaica from the 1969–70 season to the 1976–77 season. He was the leading wicket-taker in the 1970–71 Shell Shield season, with 24 wickets at 15.75, including 2 for 34 and 7 for 19 in the match against Combined Leeward and Windward Islands, a performance which was immediately rewarded with his Test debut in the Fourth Test against India, in which he took 4 for 69 and 1 for 22.

Despite his short Test career, Dowe is famous for the so-called 11th commandment, 'Dowe shalt not bowl', dished out to him by spectators in his final Test match against Australia in 1972-73, in response to his erratic bowling to Keith Stackpole.


Roy R. Rubottom Jr.

Roy Richard "Dick" Rubottom Jr. (February 13, 1912 – December 6, 2010) was a United States diplomat, most notable for being Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs from 1957 to 1960, a post in which he played a major role in engineering the United States' response to the Cuban Revolution.

Biography

Early years (1912–1947)
Rubottom was born in Brownwood, Texas on February 13, 1912.  His parents ran a boarding house.
He was educated at Southern Methodist University, graduating in 1933.
There he was a member of the Lambda Chi Alpha fraternity and in 1933, he became the fraternity's seventh full-time traveling secretary (educational leadership consultant) from 1933 to 1935. In 1937, he became dean of student life at the University of Texas at Austin.
He married a student, Billy Ruth Young of Corsicana, Texas, in 1938, and together the couple would have three children: a daughter, Eleanor Ann (Rubottom) Odden and two sons, Frank Richard Rubottom and John William Rubottom. During his time at the University of Texas, he also did graduate level studies from 1939 to 1941. In fall 1941, Rubottom joined the United States Navy with the rank of Lieutenant (junior grade). He was initially posted to New Orleans, where he was responsible for recruiting and training. After serving additional assignments in Manzanillo, Colima, Mexico and Asunción, Paraguay he left the Navy in 1946, having achieved the rank of Commander.

Career in the Foreign Service (1947–1957)
Rubottom joined the United States Foreign Service in 1947.
His first posting as a Foreign Service Officer was Second Secretary in Bogotá.
He then moved to the United States Department of State in Washington, D.C. to become Officer-in-Charge of Mexican Affairs, and later Director of the Office of Middle American Affairs.
He then returned to the field, serving in the United States Embassy in Madrid, first as Counselor, then as Director of the United States Operations Mission in Spain. In 1956, he returned to Washington, D.C. and became Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs.

Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs (1957–1960)
Upon the resignation of Henry F. Holland in September 1956, Rubottom took over as Acting Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs. After many months, Secretary of State John Foster Dulles chose to nominate Rubottom for the post, which was confirmed in the Senate after lengthy confirmation hearings. Rubottom served in the capacity of Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs from June 18, 1957 until August 27, 1960.  Pursuing the Eisenhower Administration's Cold War policy of containment (as expressed in the Eisenhower Doctrine), Rubottom's chief aim as Assistant Secretary was to halt the spread of Communism in Latin America. In January 1958, Rubottom gave an important speech entitled "Communism in the Americas" in which he warned that agents of the Soviet Union were increasingly active in Latin America and that the U.S. needed to be prepared to support anti-Communist forces in Latin America.

The Cuban Revolution of 1959 occurred while Rubottom was Assistant Secretary.
Rubottom initially believed that Castro was not a Communist, and in April 1959, the State Department greeted Castro as a "distinguished leader".
At a January 14, 1960 meeting of the United States National Security Council, Rubottom explained how the State Department's policy evolved from having a positive image of Fidel Castro in early 1959 through to deciding Castro needed to be assassinated by the end of the year:

In addition to discussions about assassinating Castro, Rubottom was involved in discussions about the United States embargo against Cuba, which began in October 1960, two months after Rubottom left the State Department.

As Assistant Secretary, Rubottom was supportive of moderates in the Dominican Republic who sought the overthrow of dictator Rafael Trujillo, advising the National Security Council in March 1960 that an assassination attempt would occur soon.  He was in contact with CIA officials about orchestrating the assassination, which eventually occurred in May 1961.

Later years (1960–present)
President Eisenhower then nominated Rubottom as United States Ambassador to Argentina; Ambassador Rubottom presented his credentials to the Argentinian government on October 20, 1960 and served in that post for one year, leaving Argentina on October 19, 1961.

Rubottom spent 1961–64 as a faculty adviser at the Naval War College.  He then returned to his alma mater, Southern Methodist University, as Vice President of Life (1964–67); Vice President of Administration (1967–70); and Vice President of Planning (1970–71). He then spent two years as president of the University of the Americas before retiring in 1973.

In retirement, Rubottom lived in Dallas. Rubottom and his wife were active members of the Highland Park United Methodist Church.  Rubottom was also active in the Boy Scouts of America, serving as U.S. delegate to the World Scout Conference on four occasions and being awarded the Silver Buffalo Award in 1993.  Rubottom also remained active in Lambda Chi Alpha, serving on the Grand High Zeta from 1968 to 1976 and as a director of the Educational Foundation Board from 1977 to 1996 (and as its chairman from 1985 to 1989).  The fraternity awarded Rubottom its Order of Achievement in 1988. After over 40 years living in Dallas, the Rubottoms moved to Austin in 2006.  Rubottom's wife, Billy Ruth, died on January 4, 2008.
Roy Richard Rubottom died on December 6, 2010 in Austin, Texas.

Publications by Roy R. Rubottom Jr.
Roy R. Rubottom, Jr., "Communism in the Americas", Department of State Bulletin, Feb. 3, 1958.
Roy R. Rubottom Jr., "Toward Better Understanding between United States and Latin America," Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 330, Whither American Foreign Policy? (Jul. 1960), pp. 116–123.
Roy R. Rubottom Jr., "The Goals of United States Policy in Latin America", Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 342, American Foreign Policy Challenged (Jul., 1962), pp. 30–41.

Photographs of Roy R. Rubottom Jr.
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From Life magazine