Marie of the Incarnation (Ursuline)

Saint Marie of the Incarnation, O.S.U. (28 October 1599 – 30 April 1672) was an Ursuline nun of the French order. As part of a group of nuns sent to New France to establish the Ursuline Order, Marie was crucial in the spread of Catholicism in New France. Moreover, she has been credited with founding the first girls’ school in the New World. Due to her work, the Catholic Church declared her a saint, and the Anglican Church of Canada celebrates her with a feast day.

Early life
Marie of the Incarnation was born Marie Guyart in Tours, France. Her father was a silk merchant. She was the fourth of Florent Guyart and Jeanne Michelet's eight children and from an early age she was drawn to religious liturgy and the sacraments. When Marie was seven years old, she experienced her first mystical encounter with Jesus Christ. In her book Relation of 1654, she recounted: "With my eyes toward heaven, I saw our Lord Jesus Christ in human form come forth and move through the air to me. As Jesus in his wondrous majesty was approaching me, I felt my heart enveloped by his love and I began to extend my arms to embrace him. Then he put his arms about me, kissed me lovingly, and said, 'Do you wish to belong to me?' I answered, 'Yes!' And having received my consent, he ascended back into Heaven." From that point onward, Marie felt "inclined towards goodness."

Intent on belonging to Christ, Marie, aged fourteen, proposed to her parents that she enter religious life with the Benedictines of Beaumont Abbey but her parents disregarded her desire.  Instead, she was married to Claude Martin, a master silk worker in 1617. By her own account, she enjoyed a happy – although brief – marriage and within two years she had a son, also named Claude. Her husband died only months after the birth of their son, leaving Marie a widow at the age of nineteen.

With her husband's death, Marie inherited his failing business which she then lost. Forced to move into her parents’ home, Marie secluded herself to pursue a deepening of her commitment to spiritual growth.  After a year with her parents, Guyart was invited to move in with her sister and brother-in-law, Paul Buisson, who owned a successful transportation business. She accepted, and helped in managing their house and kitchen.

Though nothing could distract Marie from the pursuit of a spiritual life. "I was constantly occupied by my intense concentration on God," she wrote in Relation of 1633. Over time, her inclination toward religious life only grew and eventually led her to enter the Ursuline convent on 25 January 1631.

Religious beginnings

Free to pursue her religious inclinations after her husband's death, Marie took a vow of chastity, obedience and poverty. On 24 March 1620, she received a religious vision that set her on a new path of devotional intensity.

In 1627 Marie read Vida, the autobiography of the Spanish mystic Teresa of Ávila. Marie found many spiritual connections with Teresa, and was heavily influenced by her work. After reading Vida, Marie long aspired to the same goal of her Spanish role model of travelling to the New World and becoming a martyr there. Fueled by Jesuit propaganda and her own visions, Marie became more and more encouraged to travel to New France. So much so, she experienced a vision that would inspire her voyage to the New World and in Relation of 1654 she wrote, "I saw at some distance to my left a little church of white marble...the Blessed Virgin was seated.  She was holding the Child Jesus on her lap.  This place was elevated, and below it lay a majestic and vast country, full of mountains, of valleys, of thick mists which permeated everything except the church...The Blessed Virgin, Mother of God, looked down on this country, as pitiable as it was amazing...it seamed to me that she spoke about this country and about myself and that she had in mind some plan which involved me."  With the assistance of her spiritual director, Marie identified the country to be Canada and further incentivized her departure to New France.  Despite never achieving martyrdom, Marie would spend many years in the New World aspiring towards it, working diligently in the meantime. After her death, the two names would often be connected, and Marie would occasionally be referred to as the Teresa of Canada.

In 1631, after working with a spiritual director for many years, Guyart decided to enter the Ursuline monastery in Tours to try her religious vocation, at which time she received the religious name by which she is now known. Joining the monastery required her to leave her young son, and he expressed much difficulty with the separation. Claude tried to storm the monastery with a band of school friends, and could repeatedly be found crying at the gates, trying to enter.  She left him in the care of the Buisson family, but the emotional pain of the separation would remain with them both. Later, when her son had become a Benedictine monk, they corresponded candidly about their spiritual and emotional trials.

New France

Pre-departure

Prior to her departure, Marie de l'Incarnation had been leading a cloistered life as a member of the Ursuline Order. After having professed her vows in 1633, she changed her name to Marie de L’Incarnation; that Christmas, she was confronted with a powerful vision, which functioned as the catalyst for her mission to New France. In this mystical dream, Marie saw herself walking hand in hand with a fellow laywoman against the backdrop of a foreign landscape, on the roof of a small church in this distant, foggy landscape sat the Virgin Mary and Jesus; she interpreted this as the mother and son discussing her religious calling to the new land. She recounted the vision to her priest at the Order, who informed her that the nation she described was Canada, and suggested that she read The Jesuit Relations; from this Marie concluded that her vocation was to help establish the Catholic Faith in the New World.

Personal and financial obstacles delayed her departure by four years. Over this time, she maintained a continuous correspondence with Jesuits in Quebec who were supportive of a female religious presence, which might facilitate the Christianization of Huron women; Marie's Mother Superior in Tours, and her pre-Ursuline religious director Dom Raymond de Saint Bernard were largely unsupportive, the latter suggesting that it was too lofty for a lowly laywoman.; Marie was met with similar resistance from her family. Her brother, Claude Guyart attempted to persuade her into abandoning her mission by accusing her of parental neglect, and by revoking an inheritance designated for her son; these measures did not deter her.

Marie's initial financial concerns for the funding of the journey, and the establishment of a convent in New France were resolved when she was introduced to Madeleine de la Peltrie on 19 February 1639. Marie recognized that this religiously devoted widow, the daughter of a fiscal officer, was the laywoman from her vision four years earlier. De la Peltrie's contribution to the endeavour was met with strong opposition from her aristocratic family; to garner their support, de la Peltrie arranged a sham marriage with Christian Jean de Brenière. Madeleine's new marital status gave her the legal authority to sign over the bulk of her estate to the Ursuline Order, thereby fully funding the mission. Following this, the Ursuline went to Paris, and signed legal contracts with the Company of One Hundred Associates, and the Jesuit Fathers, who were responsible for the colony's political and spiritual life, respectively. The official royal charter sanctioning the establishment of the foundation was signed by Louis XII shortly thereafter.

On 4 May 1639, Marie de l’Incarnation and Madeleine de la Peltrie, set sail from Dieppe for Quebec on board the Saint Joseph. They were accompanied by a fellow aristocratic Ursuline Marie de Sanonières, the young commoner Charlotte Barré, three nurses, and two Jesuit Fathers.

Arrival

In August 1639 the group landed in Quebec City and established a convent in the lower town. When they began their first work at the foot of the mountain, Quebec was but a name. Hardly six houses stood on the site chosen by Champlain thirty-one years previously. She and her companions at first occupied a little house in the lower town (Basse-Ville). In 1642 the Ursulines moved to a permanent stone building in the upper town.  The group managed to found the first school in what would become Canada, as well as the  Ursuline Monastery of Quebec, which has been designated one of the National Historic Sites of Canada.

Early interactions with the native populations

Marie de l’Incarnation's early interactions with Native populations were largely shaped by the constraints created by differing lifestyles, illnesses, and alliances. Indigenous divisions of manual and domestic labour by gender and age diverged significantly from European conceptions of masculine and feminine spheres of work.  This made it difficult for Marie and the other Ursulines to educate young girls with methods developed in Europe.

With European colonization came an influx of illnesses. Smallpox outbreaks from the 1630s to the 1650s ravaged Native populations, leading them to believe that Jesuits and Ursulines were imparting disease through their religious practices, and paraphernalia.  Fears that baptisms, holy icons and crosses were the source of all epidemics greatly limited the groups' interactions, and strained Marie's relationship with Natives in her first decades in New France.

The most volatile relationship Marie and the Ursulines faced revolved around the conflict pitting the French, Huron and other indigenous allies against the Iroquois. Iroquois hostility towards the Jesuit-allied Hurons shaped Marie's negative view of the Five Nations.  Iroquois military victories in the 1650s, and their dominance by the start of the next decade, brought Marie and the Ursulines close to despair. Their distress was heightened by a fire that destroyed their convent in 1650; simultaneous political troubles in France caused European Ursulines to pressure their Canadian sisters to return home, adding to Marie and the Ursulines' stresses, and fears. Such feelings of helplessness were quelled, however, when the convent was reconstructed with seemingly miraculous speed; a blessing attributed to the Virgin Mary.

Universalizing Impulses

A strong, universalizing impulse underscored Marie de l’Incarnation's interactions, and activities in New France. Her perceptions of similarities between European Christians, and the potential converts in the New World were the upshots of a cloistered convent life, and largely non-existent experiences with other cultures; such seclusion allowed for an over-simplification of her ambition to spread God's word transnationally. According to Natalie Zemon Davis, the integrative approach towards Native interactions that developed from this mindset was dissimilar to the Jesuit's methods of establishing relationships in New France. Jesuits, adopted Native roles in the presence of First Nations peoples, but were quick to shed these association when outside the confines of their settlements; this double life made any fully integrative experience, or universal mindset impossible.

Marie noticed that Native girls were in possession of commendable traits such as submissiveness, and conscientiousness, which would facilitate their adoption of Christian practices, and their commitment to a Christian marriage; the two pillars of a thorough, universalizing conversion.

Education

In the 17th century, a key pillar of education was religious education. Marie followed a strict orthodox teaching method she learnt during her time with the Ursulines in Tours. The system was based on basics of faith, French and Latin literature and civility. The basics of faith included catechism, prayers and hymns. The main objective of the Ursuline school was to educate young French girls and Natives to become good Christians. The young French girls paid one hundred and twenty livres to cover both their education and pension fees. At the time, the young Native girls did not have to pay for their education. The Ursuline's encouraged the young Montagnais, Hurons and Algonquins to use the seminary as a resource. These girls were taught French mannerisms and were taught how to dress based on French culture. After their education, the young aboriginal students were encouraged to go back to their homes and share their teachings. By educating young girls from different tribes, francization was transmitted from daughter to mother. In her writings, Marie emphasized the fact that the Aboriginal students were treated the same way as the French students at the school. They allowed the girls to sing hymns in both French and their native languages. Many of the nuns created mother-like bonds with the First Nation students. However, there were some problems with the education system during the 17th century. Some students did not stay at the school long enough to receive a complete education. The Ursuline nuns did not have the authority to keep them if the girls want to leave. Another problem was limited economic resources. The school could only accept a limited number of students because of a lack of funds.

Death

Marie died of a liver illness on 30 April 1672.  In the necrology report sent to the Ursulines of France, it was written: "The numerous and specific virtues and excellent qualities which shone through this dear deceased, make us firmly believe that she enjoys a high status in God's glory."

Works
In addition to her religious duties, Marie composed multiple works that reflected her experiences and observations during her time in the New World and the spiritual calling that led her there.

In relation to her work with the indigenous population, Marie learned Montagnais, Algonquin, Huron, and Iroquois, writing dictionaries and catechisms in each (none of which have survived to today), as well as in her native French. Marie also wrote two autobiographies, though her second Relation was destroyed in a fire at the convent while still in manuscript.

Her most significant writings, however, were the 8,000-20,000 letters she wrote to various acquaintances, the majority of which went to her son Claude. Despite being personal correspondence, some of her letters were circulated throughout France and appeared in The Jesuit Relation in love while she was still alive. Many of the remainder were then published by her son after her death. These letters constitute one of the sources for the history of the French colony from 1639 to 1671. Her collection of works discuss political, commercial, religious and interpersonal aspects of the colony and are helpful in the reconstruction and understanding of New France in the seventeenth century.

Canonization
Marie was declared venerable in 1874.  She was then beatified by Pope John Paul II on 22 June 1980. She was canonized by Pope Francis on 2 April 2014.  The Pontiff waived the requirement of two miracles for Marie and she was granted equipollent canonization alongside François de Laval, the first Bishop of Quebec.

Legacy
Marie of the Incarnation is a celebrated founder of the Ursuline Order in colonial New France.  Her work with the Amerindians has been recognized by the Anglican Church of Canada and they celebrate her life with a feast day on 30 April.  A number of Catholic schools have been named after her.  At Laval University, in Québec City, there is the Centre d'Études Marie de l'Incarnation, that is a multi-disciplinary program pertaining to theology and religious practice.
Marie is recognized for her contribution to Canada with a statue that sits in front of the Québec parliament.  The sculpture was designed by Joseph-Émile Brunet in 1965 and is located at the Basilica of Saint Anne de Beaupré.

Marie's life story was adapted into a documentary-drama by Jean-Daniel Lafond 2008, entitled Folle de Dieu (Madwoman of God). The film starred Marie Tifo as Guyart and was produced by the National Film Board of Canada. Tifo also played the role of Guyart in the 2009 stage production La Déraison d'a'Aur.


South Redford School District

The South Redford School District is in Redford, a suburb of Detroit. In May 2005, residents of the South Redford School District passed the 2005 Bond Facilities Proposal. The $32.65 million bond allowed the District to make substantial up grades, repairs and improvements to the facilities across the entire school district.

Pierce Middle School was built in 1959.

Mission Statement: Staff, students, parents and the community working together to ensure continuous learning and success.

Schools


Uruguayan Film Critics Association Awards 2002

2nd Uruguayan Film Critics Association Awards
The 2nd Uruguayan Film Critics Association Awards were held in 2002.

Winners
Best Film (tie): Hable con ella (Talk to Her), Spain
Best Film (tie): Rang-e khoda (The Color of Paradise), Iran
Best First Work: No Man's Land
Best Latin American Film: Coronación (Coronation), Chile
Best Uruguayan Film: El último tren (The Last Train)


Pennsylvania Grade Crude Oil

Pennsylvania Grade Crude Oil is a type of sweet crude oil (sweet crude oil), found primarily in the Appalachian basin in the Marcellus Formation in the states of New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, and West Virginia, and takes its name for the state of Pennsylvania, where it was first extracted in 1859 from the Drake Well. The area's Pennsylvania Grade Crude Oil has superior qualities and is free of asphaltic constituents, contains only trace amounts of sulfur and nitrogen, and has excellent characteristics for refining into lubricants. The success of drilling for oil at this well led to "an international search for petroleum, and in many ways eventually changed the way we live." There is archaeological evidence that Native Americans harvested "the oil for medicinal purposes by digging small pits around active seeps and lining them with wood" at least as far back as 1410 AD. European settlers skimmed the "oil from the seeps and using the petroleum as a source of lamp fuel and machinery lubrication."

Pennsylvania grade crude oil can be broken down into gasoline, kerosene, fuel oil, gas oil, wax distillate, cylinder stock (or bottoms) and other refined products such as white oil and paraffin.  Pennsylvania grade crude oil when seen in reflected sunlight has a green color and under ultraviolet light looks fluorescent.

Pennsylvania grade crude oil is thermally stable and has a high viscosity index.  It is generally free of asphalt and has only trace amounts of sulfur and nitrogen.  It is also high in paraffin and other waxes making it highly desirable for refinement into petroleum lubricants such as motor oil.  Its products are also valuable for use in certain hydraulic applications. By-products are commonly found in consumer goods such as cosmetics, and topical ointments.

Products refined from this type of oil are particularly prized as lubricants and many oil companies prominently display the fact that they use Pennsylvania Grade crude oil in their products.

Bradford, Pennsylvania is major center for the refining of Pennsylvania grade crude oil.

Pennsylvania Grade Crude Oil: the first well

Pennsylvania Grade Crude Oil was first extracted from the Drake Well, which was drilled by Edwin Drake in "the middle of quiet farm country in northwestern Pennsylvania" in 1859. It was the "first successful oil well that was drilled for the sole purpose of finding oil." His success led to "an international search for petroleum, and in many ways eventually changed the way we live."

Pennsylvania Grade Crude Oil: the first oil boom
With the success of the first drilled well, in the quiet farming region around Oil Creek towns like Bradford were created and the area was rapidly transformed into the center of the Pennsylvania oil rush in the late 19th century, similar to the growth of gold rush towns of the Wild West. The original Drake Well burned to the ground only a few months after it was built and a second well was erected. In the late nineteenth century, early developers had no geological knowledge of the geological formation and wells were drilled at random with derricks built very close together. "There were frequent fires that raged out of control." Until the East Texas oil boom the oil Regions in Pennsylvania were responsible for fifty percent of the world's oil production.

Bradford

The community of Bradford emerged as a wild oil boom town in the Pennsylvania oil rush in the late 19th century. In 1881, Joseph Newton Pew (1848–1912), founder of Sun Oil Company (now Sunoco) developed the Keystone Gas Company which used the by-products of oil, such as natural gas, to provide heat and light for  By 1889 Newton's Keystone Gas Company was delivering gas to Pittsburgh.

Bradford is still a major center for the refining of Pennsylvania grade crude oil.

Notes


Buddleja ramboi

Buddleja ramboi is a very rare Brazilian species found only infrequently in the shrubby or grassy fields of Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul. The species was described and named by Smith in 1955.

Description
Buddleja ramboi is a dioecious shrub < 2 m high, with shredding brownish bark. The young branches are roughly quadrangular and tomentose, bearing small oblanceolate leaves 1.5 – 3 cm long by 0.7 – 1.2 cm wide with tomentose surfaces, more densely below. The white inflorescences are 3 – 8 cm long and comprise lax cymose clusters, sometimes with only 1 or 2 flowers; the corolla tubes are 2.5 – 3.5 mm long.

Cultivation
The shrub is not known to be in cultivation.


1924 National Amateur Cup

The 1924 National Amateur Cup was the USFA's annual cup-tie competition exclusively for amateur soccer teams. It was the second attempt but the first to be completed successfully. There were 81 entries of which Fleisher Yarn emerged as victors. The incentive in the tournament was that the winners would get to represent the U.S. at the Paris Olympics and each game was designated as an official "Olympic Tryout". It was believed that sending the champion amateur team would provide a squad with better chemistry than that of an all-star selection and require considerably less time to gel as a unit. However, as the tournament neared its final stages it became apparent that this idea might have to be reconsidered since the majority of the players on the remaining teams were foreign born and would not be eligible for the U.S. team. The only team with all American born players was the Union Electrics of St. Louis who had withdrawn at the quarterfinal stage. At the conclusion of the final game the eligible players on both the Fleisher Yarn and Swedish American teams were chosen while the remainder of the Olympic squad had to be selected from other amateur teams.

Bracket


Tortyra slossonia

Tortyra slossonia, the reflective tortyra moth,  ficus budworm or Slosson's metalmark moth, is a moth of the family Choreutidae. It is known from Florida.

The wingspan is about 13 mm.

Etymology
It is named for entomologist Annie Trumbull Slosson.


Coenwulf of Dorchester

Coenwulf (or Cenwulf) was a medieval Bishop of Dorchester.

Coenwulf was consecrated around 909 and died between 909 and 925.

Citations


Coleophora loxodon

Coleophora loxodon is a moth of the family Coleophoridae. It is found in the Crimean Peninsula.


Celt, Missouri

Celt is an unincorporated community in northeastern Dallas County, Missouri, United States. It is located along Missouri Route E on the north bank of Mill Creek just over one mile west of that streams confluence with the Niangua River. It is approximately  northeast of Buffalo.

History
The settlement's name was furnished by the Postal Service when it established an office there in 1888.  Celt is also called "Mill Creek" because four water mills were located nearby.

The post office closed in 1968.

The now-abandoned Celt School was located in the settlement in the early 1940s.

Celt is part of the Springfield, Missouri Metropolitan Statistical Area.


Glebe Creek

Glebe Creek is a stream in Talbot County, Maryland, in the United States.

Glebe Creek derives its name from the glebe which owned it in Colonial Maryland.


Élodie Bertrand

Élodie Bertrand (born 9 January 1981) is a French sailor who competed in the 2012 Summer Olympics in the Elliott 6m class with Claire Leroy and Marie Riou coming 6th overall.  The same team had won the bronze medal at the 2011 World Championships.


Belippo attenuata

Belippo attenuata is a jumping spider species in the genus Belippo that lives in Lesotho. It was first identified in 2014.


(33342) 1998 WT24

is a bright, sub-kilometer asteroid, classified as near-Earth object and potentially hazardous asteroid (PHA) of the Aten group, located in Venus's zone of influence that has frequent close encounters with Mercury, Venus, and Earth. It made a close approach to Earth on 11 December 2015, passing at a distance of about 4.2 million kilometers (2.6 million miles, 11 lunar distances) and reaching about apparent magnitude 11.

The asteroid was discovered on November 25, 1998, by LINEAR about four months after a close encounter with the planet Mercury (about 0.047 AU). It measures approximately 400 meters in diameter. It is also one of the best studied PHAs and was the 10th Aten asteroid to be numbered.

Classification and orbit

 orbits the Sun at a distance of 0.42–1.02 AU once every 7 months (222 days; semi-major axis of 0.72 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.42 and an inclination of 7° with respect to the ecliptic.

Low aphelion

At the time of its discovery, astronomers were trying to find the first Apohele asteroid (one that is always closer to the Sun than Earth). All asteroids known at the time that got closer to the Sun than Earth also crossed Earth's orbit. Earlier that year, David J. Tholen claimed to have spotted the first Apohele asteroid, which was dubbed . However, the object was lost without being confirmed. Thus, 1993 DA remained the asteroid with the lowest known aphelion at 1.023 AU. When  was discovered, it was found to have a slightly smaller aphelion (1.019 AU) than 1993 DA, and was thus the closest thing to an Apohele asteroid known at the time. It lost its smallest aphelion title almost immediately when  was discovered only a few weeks later (aphelion = 1.014 AU). Asteroids with even smaller aphelions were discovered until February 2003, when finally, an asteroid with an aphelion smaller than 1.000 AU was discovered. This was 163693 Atira, the first confirmed Apohele asteroid.

Venus zone of influence

 was the second asteroid discovered to be close enough to Venus as to be within the major planet's zone of influence. It is located at about the inner edge of the zone, while (99907) 1989 VA, the first asteroid discovered there, is at about the outer edge. It is possible for planets to capture asteroids located in their sphere of influences into co-orbital relationships such as Trojan and horseshoe asteroids. Because of its frequent close encounters with Mercury and Earth, however, it may prove difficult for Venus to keep  in a co-orbital relationship for any length of time. Of the six objects in Venus's zone of influence, only one () is currently a co-orbital.

Record close encounter

 is a potentially hazardous asteroid. That means its orbit takes it very close to Earth and if it were to collide with our planet, it would cause devastation on at least a regional scale. On December 16, 2001, it became the first PHA to be observed passing within 5 Lunar Distances (the average distance between Earth and the Moon) from Earth. Other asteroids have come closer, and numerous have even come closer than the Moon, but these have all been small asteroids, incapable of causing much damage to the planet, or much concern. The 2001 encounter was the closest known approach to Earth any PHA had made since  passed by on August 27, 1969. However,  was not discovered until September 1999 many years after its closest approach, so no one knew about  in 1969.

In September 2004, the well known PHA 4179 Toutatis came about 4 Lunar Distances from Earth. Due to its diameter being over ten times larger (5.7 km) and its closer approach, Toutatis at its closest (mag 8.9) was about half an apparent magnitude brighter than  was at its closest (mag 9.5). However, Toutatis arrived during a full moon, and thus 's 2001 encounter is still the most easily observed flyby of an asteroid in history. It also made  the first Near-Earth asteroid observed to be brighter than magnitude 10.

Frequent inner-planet encounters

 is a Mercury-crosser asteroid, a Venus-crosser asteroid, and an Earth-crosser asteroid. Because of its relatively low inclination (7.34°), it is able to come close to each of these planets. Its orbit takes it within 0.021 AU of Mercury's orbit, 0.0368 AU of Venus's orbit, and 0.00989 AU of Earth's orbit. It makes frequent encounters with these inner planets. The last time it came close to Mercury, Venus and Earth was 2010, 1977, and November 12, 2004 respectively. The most recent close approach to Earth was on 11 December 2015 at about 4.2 million kilometers (2.6 million miles, 11 lunar distances). The next visit of the asteroid to Earth's neighborhood will be on 11 November 2018, when it will make a relatively distant pass at about 20 million kilometers (12.5 million miles, 52 lunar distances). These encounters perturb its orbit parameters slightly, and each pass reduces its inclination further.

Physical characteristics

During its close encounters in 2001 and 2015, astronomers were able to make radar images of its surface and determine physical properties that remain unknown for most asteroids. According to the ExploreNEOs Warm Spitzer Exploration Science program,  is a bright E-type asteroid with an exceptionally high albedo of .

Diameter and albedo

 measures between 350 and 415 meters in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.34 and 0.75. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link an albedo of 0.34 and takes a diameter of 410 meters based on an absolute magnitude of 18.69. The asteroid is modestly elongated, approximately 420 × 330 meters.

Rotation period

Several rotational lightcurves of  have been obtained from radiometric and photometric observations. Lightcurve analysis gave a consolidated rotation period of 3.697 hours with a brightness amplitude between 0.19 and 0.65 magnitude ().

Future flyby candidate

 has an orbit that not only crosses Earth's orbit, but is roughly parallel to it at its furthest. This means that during favourable years it is easy to reach from Earth. Several times this decade, it will be an easier target than Earth's own Moon. It is high on the list of possible Near-Earth Asteroid targets for future flybys, landings, mining, or orbit manipulations.

Numbering and naming

This minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 28 January 2002. As of 2018, it has not been named.


County of Hore-Ruthven

County of Hore-Ruthven is a cadastral unit in the Australian state of South Australia that covers land both in the north of the Eyre Peninsula and to the peninsula's north. It was proclaimed in 1933 and was named after Alexander Hore-Ruthven, the Governor of South Australia from 1928 to 1934.

Description
The county covers land extending from the southern end of Lake Gairdner in the north-west to the northern end of Lake Gilles in the south-east. Its southern end is located within the Eyre Peninsula. It is bounded to the west by the County of Bosanquet, to the south by the Counties of Buxton and York, and to the east by the County of Manchester.

The county contains no formal settlements, but it does include, in part, the following localities of which the majority are based on pastoral leases: Bungeroo, Buckleboo, Carriewerloo, Cooyerdoo, Corunna Station, Gilles Downs, Katunga Station, Kolendo, Lake Gairdner, Lake Gilles, Mount Ive, Nonning, Siam, Uno, Wartaka, Yeltana and Yudnapinna.

The county is served by the following roads – the Eyre Highway passes through the south-east corner of the county on its way from Iron Knob in the east to Kimba in the west, and the Nonning Road passes through the county in a west–east direction on its way from Iron Knob to Kingoonya in the north.

No hundreds have ever been proclaimed within the county.


Moriaanshoofd

Moriaanshoofd is a town in the Dutch province of Zeeland. It is a part of the municipality of Schouwen-Duiveland, and lies about 26 km southwest of Hellevoetsluis.


Ramona Pagel

Ramona Pagel (born Ramona Ebert, November 10, 1961 in Los Angeles) is a retired American shot putter. She made four consecutive Olympic teams, 1984-1996, four IAAF World Championships and won a full set of medals in three showings at the Pan American Games.  Her personal best put was 20.18 metres, achieved in June 1988 in San Diego. That mark was the American record for 25 years.  The record was tied 23 years later by Jillian Camarena-Williams in 2011 and was finally beaten by Michelle Carter at the 2013 USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships.  Two days before her record was beaten, Stamatia Scarvelis, coached by Pagel, won the Junior National Championship at the same meet.

Ramona attended Schurr High School in Montebello, California.  In 1979, she placed 3rd in CIF California State Meet, throwing the 8 Lb. Shot 47' 5¼".  Not only was that the third best in the competition, it was the third best in state history (in the 6 years that weight was thrown).  The weight was changed to 4 Kg the following year.

Her next school was Long Beach State, where she met and married UCLA and former Fullerton High School thrower Kent Pagel. He coached her throughout her career. She left LBSU in 1982 and transferred to San Diego State University, where she would ultimately complete her studies. Through her career, she was ranked in the top 10 American shot putters 16 years in a row, from 1981-1996, including the No. 1 ranking from 1985-1989. She also spent 8 years on the American Discus list, until back problems caused her to choose to focus on her best event.

Pagel also collects Pooh bear dolls.

International competitions


Eric Drummond, 7th Earl of Perth

James Eric Drummond, 7th Earl of Perth  (17 August 1876 – 15 December 1951) was a British politician and diplomat as well as the first Secretary-General of the League of Nations (LN) (1920–1933). After his time with the League of Nations he became British ambassador to Rome (1933–1939) and later, chief adviser on foreign publicity in the Ministry of Information (1939–1940). In 1946 he became deputy leader of the Liberal Party in the House of Lords. Drummond died of cancer on 15 December 1951 at his home in Sussex.

Background

Early life
Drummond was born into a Scottish family of aristocratic origin, the Clan Drummond. His father was James David Drummond, 10th Viscount Strathallan (1839–1893). Strathallan, an army officer of Machany in Perthshire, had three children with his second wife Margaret Smythe, the daughter of William Smythe of Methven Castle in Perthshire. Of these three children James Eric Drummond was the eldest and the only son. Furthermore, Drummond had two half-sisters and one half-brother, William Huntley Drummond, from his father's first marriage to Ellen Thornhill. Drummond's brother William succeeded their father as Viscount Strathallan in 1893, and in 1902 succeeded their distant cousin to become 6th Earl of Perth

On 20 August 1937, Drummond's half brother died and he thereby became 7th Earl of Perth. Furthermore, he inherited the following titles: Lord Drummond of Cargill and Stobhall, Lord Maderty, Twelfth Viscount Strathallan, Lord Drummond of Cromlix, Hereditary thegn of Lennox, Hereditary Steward of Menteith and Strathearn and Chief of Clan Drummond.

Even though he was raised in a Protestant family, Drummond converted to Roman Catholicism in 1903. This conversion allegedly became a hindrance during his career; for instance when prime minister Ramsay MacDonald vetoed Drummond's candidacy to be ambassador at Washington around 1933. The reason behind his conversion is most likely that he wished to marry the Roman Catholic, the Hon. Angela Mary Constable-Maxwell (1877–1965), daughter of Marmaduke Francis Constable-Maxwell, 11th Lord Herries of Terregles and Hon. Angela Mary Charlotte Fitzalan-Howard (daughter of the 1st Baron Howard of Glossop). He married her on 20 April 1904 and together they had four children:
 Lady Margaret Gwendolyn Mary (1905)
 John David Drummond, Viscount Strathallan (1907), inherited his father's titles
 Lady Angela Alice Maryel Drummond (1912)
 Lady Gillian Mary Drummond (1920)

Education and early career
Drummond was educated at Eton College where he graduated in 1895. At his time at Eton College he learned French, which later would become an important tool in his international diplomatic career. His upbringing in the British establishment helped to pave the way into the diplomatic world as a civil servant.

Throughout his career, Drummond is mostly known for his tenure of 13 years as the Secretary-General in the League of Nations. Before accepting this prestigious position however, he had served mainly as a private secretary for various British politicians and diplomats, including the former prime minister H. H. Asquith.

On 20 April 1900 Sir Eric Drummond entered the British Foreign Office as a clerk.

From 1906 to 1908 he was the private secretary of the under-secretary to Lord Fitzmaurice. Between 1908 and 1910 he occupied two functions: he was the précis writer of the foreign secretary, Sir Edward Grey and the private secretary of the parliamentary under-secretary, Thomas McKinnon Wood. From 1912 to 1918 he worked as the private secretary of respectively: the prime minister, H. H. Asquith, the foreign secretary, Sir Edward Grey and the foreign secretary, Arthur James Balfour. In April-May 1917 he was a member of the Balfour Mission, intended to promote cooperation between the US and UK during World War I.
Between 1918 and 1919 he was a member of the British Delegation to the Paris Peace Conference, where he was engaged in the drafting of the covenant of the League of Nations. In 1919 he accepted the position of the Secretary General of the League of Nations, per recommendation of Robert Cecil.

League of Nations career

Election as Secretary-General of the League of Nations
Prior to the Paris Peace Conference in 1919, a lot of work had been put into finding a suitable candidate for the Secretary-General of the newly established League of Nations.
Lord Robert Cecil, who played an important role in drafting the Covenant and organizing the League initially wanted a political character as Secretary-General; however despite several candidates, none accepted Cecil's proposal. Cecil believed only somebody of the highest ability would be sufficient for this role. However, after the office would not be given as many powers as initially thought, he reconsidered and sought to find somebody who was a well-trained civil servant and less known as a big political figure. He first approached Maurice Hankey, who for some time showed interest in the position, but in the end he too rejected the offer, only ten days prior to the Paris plenary session.

In the event that Hankey would turn down the offer, Cecil together with American Edward M. House had developed a contingency plan that substituted Hankey with Sir Eric Drummond.
As early as 1915 he expressed himself favorably towards the establishment of an international organization. As such, Drummond was involved in negotiations regarding the establishment of the League of Nations. In addition to this he was also a British national which Cecil valued very highly. Together with the fact that he was an experienced diplomat and had earned a high reputation during his 19 years at the Foreign Office, he was found to be the best choice available.
After some initial doubt where Drummond expressed anxiety about organizing the League, he finally accepted the proposal. At the Paris Peace Conference's plenary session on 28 April 1919, the conference accepted the appointment of Drummond as first Secretary-General of the League of Nations.

Establishment of a permanent secretariat (1919–1920)
One of the Secretary-General's major deeds was the establishment of a permanent and strictly international secretariat. No such thing had ever been attempted before and pre-war secretariats had largely been confined to the national sphere both in the context of who supplied them and the civil servants who worked there.

The creation of an international civil service was not without problems and administrative leaders thought it unthinkable that such a body would ever be united, loyal or efficient. By August 1920 the secretariat was fully established.

The personnel staffing the secretariat derived from over thirty countries that differed in language, religion and training all of whom were appointed by the League and not national governments. This once again underscored the difference between this new international body and previous national secretariats.

In total the secretariat came to consist of seven sections: A Mandate Section; an Economic and Financial Section; a Section for Transit and Communication; a Social Section; a Political Section; a Legal Section and an International Bureau Section.

Drummond’s leadership style
Drummond approached the role in a conservative manner, he had a somewhat subdued role in the British foreign office and this did easily transfer over to the position of Secretary-General. He was not a big political figure and thus did not seek to turn the office into a reflection of his personality. Drummond therefore set about creating the administrative divisions for the League of Nations. Drummond took no risk in his appointments to senior positions in the League of Nations, choosing only to appoint members who supported their nation's government and would only give these position to members of leading states.

Drummond was regarded as somebody who took great care with issues, he was believed to be somebody who took his position very seriously. He would read everything that came to his desk and would often call meetings regularly to discuss various issues. These meetings would often take place with various members of governments, who managed to established contact with through his appointments to the League of Nations. Drummond thus became aware of sensitive information from various governments as well as from non-governmental organisations but became a figure who could be trusted by various politicians the world over.

He was widely regarded as somebody who shied away from the public and political spotlight, despite the high-profile nature of his position he managed to achieve this but would was believed to be highly political behind the scenes. However, despite his willingness to remain behind the scenes he was often forced to do so as a way to appease various nations and because he often lacked support from many governments. One example of this is how he dealt with Benito Mussolini's policies during the 1920s towards the Balkans, Africa and in general Europe. Drummond was unable to publicly condemn any of Mussolini's policies publicly as he did not have the backing of the UK and France he wanted to maintain good relations with Italy; this was one reason among many that helped to render him a somewhat impotent leader.

Drummond thus had to perform his function behind these scenes of the League of Nations, taking great care to maintain world peace as was hoped during the creation of the League of Nations but also appeasing rather than keeping nations in check against international law. Despite these limitations coming from outside the League of Nations, within it he largely decided how he would run the office. This was due to the fact he was very seldom under any kind of supervision. He became regarded as a central hub within the League of Nations for most issues, and would often pick the ones which interested him the most or would delegate the lesser issues to his staff. He can therefore be regarded as a leader who used the office for his own political interests.

Alleged neutrality of the League
The ideal underpinning the secretariat and those working there was one much resembling a Weberian understanding of bureaucracy also seen in Protestant-secular rationalism; The idea of a non-political, neutral, effective and efficient bureaucrat. As put by Eric Drummond "It is not always those who secure public praise to whom thanks are mainly due, and the work unknown to the public which is done behind the scenes is often a large factor in the success which has been obtained.".

The fact remains that the ideal was not always upheld and the national preferences never really abandoned. When new Under Secretary-Generals were to be appointed more often than not people of the same nationality were chosen and candidates of smaller powers were excluded. Drummond was thereby not practicing what he preached and this created small national islands from where the appointed officials conducted national politics rather than international.

In 1929 the Assembly decided to make a thorough investigation of the secretariats, the International Labour Organization and the Permanent Court of International Justice. The minority report showed that the political influence in substantive issues, by the Secretariat and its principal officers, was in fact, enormous and could not be overlooked. However, this was not recognized by Drummond before the 1950s and up until did he readily defend the notion of the non-political character of international secretariats.

Despite the political character of the international civil service, the Secretariat of the League of Nations still came to be widely recognized as an instrument of the highest efficiency and the structural framework became a model for future international civil services as seen i.e. in the United Nations.

Role during the crises of the League of Nations
During the time of Drummond's Secretary-Generalship there were several crises that called for his attention. The League of Nations’ Council relied on the willingness of its members to use own military means in order to apply its collective security mandate to rising crises. Many of these revolved around border disputes as a result of the collapse of empires after the First World War. As the League got involved in these matters throughout the 1920s, with members and non-members alike, Drummond was at the centre of the talks and negotiations as its Secretary-General. The League was involved in disputes in Latin America, the Baltics and later on in China. Peter Yearwood argues that although Drummond was an idealist like most people in his time, he also ‘made use’ of his connection within British politics. Drummond was widely regarded as somebody who shied away from the public and political limelight, despite the high-profile nature of his position. He managed to achieve this but was believed to be highly political behind the scene. He was often forced to remain behind the scene to appease various nations and because he often lacked support from many governments. One example is how he dealt with Benito Mussolini's policies during the 1920s towards the Balkans, Africa and Europe in general. Drummond was unable to publicly condemn any of Mussolini's policies, as he did not have the backing of the United Kingdom and France, and wanted to maintain good relations with Italy. This was one reason among many that helped to render him a somewhat impotent leader.

Drummond thus had to perform his function behind these scenes of the League of Nations, taking great care to maintain world peace as was hoped during the creation of the League of Nations but also appeasing rather than keeping nations in check against international law. Despite these limitations coming from outside the League of Nations, within it he largely decided how he would run the office. This was due to the fact he was very seldom under any kind of supervision. He became regarded as a central hub within the League of Nations for most issues, and would often pick the ones which interested him the most or would delegate the lesser issues to his staff. He can therefore be regarded as a leader who used the office for his own political interests.

Another issue that partly drove Drummond's ambitions and a way of handling the crises that were presented before him was his religion. Being a devout Catholic had a significant impact in his dealings with the Polish–Lithuanian War early in his career. He strongly urged for a plebiscite (something Poland could agree with), due to the nature of Poland being Catholic. Another trait that Drummond seemed to possess was his pro-activeness. On the crisis between Russia and Finland over the latter's independence gained after WW1, Drummond was one of the first to think about a possible solution.
Another important factor of his time as Secretary-General was his willingness to step beyond the boundaries given to him in that position. During the crisis over the Chaco War (near the very end of Drummond's career at the League of Nations, 1932–35), he was praised for being a helpful mediator and doing more than his position allowed.

The Mukden Incident

One of the less successful moments for the Secretariat was one where Drummond's powers as Secretary-General became most pronounced. Such was the case with one of the most prominent crises of Drummond's career. This was the Mukden Incident, where China allegedly blew up part of a railroad, which Japan subsequently used as an excuse to invade Manchuria. The Chinese being members of the League appealed to the organization for measures against Japan. According to Michael E. Chapman, Drummond's initial response was not that of an imperialistic Western leader, but that of a bureaucrat. Limited somewhat in his powers, he looked towards the two most powerful Western nations in the region, Britain and the US. Either of these more or less stated to be ‘too busy’ to deal with the crisis at hand.

When the crisis reached its boiling point, Stimson advised Drummond to "strengthen and support treaty obligations", since by this point Japanese action has caused British discomfort. He was furthermore advised to try not to arouse nationalistic feelings in Japan. As it seems Drummond wanted to be an active player in the crisis, but was mostly outplayed by Stimson on the one hand and the American Hugh R. Wilson on the other.

Activities after the Secretary-Generalship

UK ambassador in Rome (1933–1939)
After leaving the League, Drummond was chosen as candidate to the post of British ambassador to Washington, but his candidacy was vetoed by the British Prime Minister, Ramsay MacDonald, allegedly because of Drummond's conversion to Roman Catholicism at the age of 27. Rather, he was appointed British ambassador to Rome in October 1933 and he served there until he left Italy in April 1939. He retired from foreign politics a month later, in May 1939. Throughout his time in Rome, Drummond found it "...difficult to get close to Mussolini”. He noted that “[Mussolini]... had to be treated with great caution when he [was] in 'a highly sensitive condition'"

According to the foreign minister of fascist Italy, Galeazzo Ciano, Perth, as he had now become, was convinced that the harsh attitude of France towards Italy was unreasonable. Furthermore, Perth tried to convince the Italians that the British government was "conciliatory...". He even went so far as "[...defending] Italian policy." Ciano, who, because of the efficiency of the Italian secret service, was able to read many of Perth's reports, states in his diary that the British ambassador, although opposed to the Fascist regime when he came to Rome, had developed into a "sincere convert" who "understood and even loved Fascism". Caution must always be employed when using Ciano's statements, but Perth's reports suggest that there was a certain amount of truth in this remark.

"Perth may have misjudged Mussolini's attitude to Germany but, in the last analysis, even here he was not far wrong, for the limitations of Italian power made it impossible for Mussolini, in 1939, to carry out his intention of siding with Germany in the war."

Second World War and entry into domestic politics (1939–1951)
During the Second World War, Perth worked for the controversial Ministry of Information as a highly ranked bureaucrat. After the war he served until his death as a deputy leader of The Liberal Party in the House of Lords. His involvement with party and domestic politics did not prevent its declining electoral and ideological influence.

Assessment
It is useful to make an overall assessment of Drummond's working career within the framework of the institutions he worked with. Such as the limitations and restrictions put by the guiding principles and contradictions of these institutions as well as his liberal ideological background, upbringing and character traits.

For a fair evaluation of his leadership as the First Secretary-General of the League of Nations, his leadership could be judged in two areas: The traditional political issues concerning security and national sovereignty; The ‘’softer’’ technical issues.
First in regards to the security role of the League of Nations Drummond’s role could be assessed as negligible especially in the second half of his tenureship. This was characterized by the systematic undermining competition of the Great Powers, notably Great Britain and France, as well as the 19th century imperialist inspired security structure of the League, namely its Council. Even though his pragmatic and cooperative approach resulted in some successes in the early years of the League, his role is considered inadequate when confronted with issues such as the Manchurian Crisis.

His involvement in setting the organizational infrastructure in areas such as the dealing with refugees, the minority regime, and the mandate system could be seen in a more positive light since during his time especially during the first half of the 1920s there were some successes in resolving and tackling issues. For example during the Greek–Bulgarian Conflict in 1925 and the Colombia–Peru War, 1932–33.

It was the technical issues, though, such as humanitarian aid, and the supervision of a series of "technical organizations and committees" that have had the most enduring positive legacy. Drummond himself was part of an international technocratic elite of experts that favored the initiation of international standards in health and labour issues for example, the gathering and sharing of statistical information and a spirit of internationalism in dealing with problems.

After his post in the League of Nations, Sir Eric Drummond was assigned to the post of ambassador in Mussolini's Italy. A combination of his own restricted ability to see the ‘’big picture’’ and Great Britain’s strategy of appeasement towards fascist regimes which he served could account as a failure and quite possibly darkest period in his career. The non-resolution of the Ethiopian crisis had an effect on both undermining League of Nation’s security role and sent the wrong signals to both Mussolini and Hitler and the British ambassador was one of the actors who failed to anticipate the negative results of the British appeasement policy.

"His handling of the political tasks of the League [of Nations] has been criticized as over cautious, but he did not lack courage for decisive action when such action was necessary for the maintenance of the authority of the League. His slow somewhat hesitant approach was useful in avoiding disappointments and setbacks and contributed to the League’s steady gain in prestige." (Craig and Gilbert, p. 545)

The above assessment of how Drummond’s pragmatic and contemplative character had a positive impact on League's administration, notably the Secretariat, could be contrasted with his own ideas of Liberalism, anti-bolshevism, Internationalism and his flirt with fascist ideas. Drummond's career and life followed a similar trajectory with the broader ideological, imperial, internationalist ideas. World War II signalled the defeat of liberal politicians and their declared vision of peace and the prevailing of fascist and nationalist ideas of the international vision which Drummond tried to materialize with the League.

Notes

Archives, publications, literature

Works by Eric Drummond
 "The Secretariat of the League of Nations" (1931), Paper read before the institute of public administration, 19 March 1931, English.
 "Ten Years of World Cooperation" (1930), book, published by the Secretariat of the League of Nations.. Foreword by Drummond, English.
 "The International Secretariat of the Future; Lessons from Experience by a Group of Former Officials of the League Of Nations." (1944), book, co-authored by Drummond, English.
 Procès-verbal ... du Conseil de la Société des nations ...    (Minutes of the council of the League of Nations1920-24), Speech. English.
 The League of Nations BBC National Lectures,(1933)
 The organisation of peace and the Dumbarton Oaks proposals (1945) pamphlets on Dumberton Oaks proposals, Vol. 8, no. 1
 Annuaire de l'Association yougoslave de droit international : Année  (Journal, French)
 Procès-verbal ... du Conseil de la Société des nations = Minutes of the ... Council of the League of Nations  (Minutes of the council of the League of Nations (1921) (Book)
 Germany after the war : proposals of a Liberal Party Committee by Eric Drummond (Book, 1944)
 Ten years of world co-operation ( Book ) Published by League of Nations 1930, foreword by Drummond
 Procès-verbal ... du Conseil de la Société des nations = Minutes of the ... Council of the League of Nations Minutes of the ... Council of the League of Nations. 1st–15th session, Jan. l6, 1920-19 Nov. 1921 (book)
 The aims of the League of Nations (Book, 1929)
 Les Réfugiés Russes : Lettre du Comité International de la Croix-Rouge et réponse du Secrétaire Général by League of Nations, (Book, 1921) in French
 Dix ans de coopération intellectuelle ( Book, 1930 )
 Speech made by Sir Eric Drummond, Secretary-general of the League of nations by Conference for the Codification of International Law (Book, 1930)
 Brief van James Eric Drummond (1876–1951) aan Willem Jan Mari van Eysinga (1878–1961) (Book, 1921)
 Correspondence respecting League of Nations matters, Feb. 1918-Oct. 1924 [accumulated at the Foreign Office during the first part of his term of office as Secretary-general of the League of Nations] (Book, 1924)

Works about Eric Drummond
 James Barros: Office Without Power (1979), book about Drummond and his time as SG.
 Araceli Julia P. Gelardi: Sir Eric Drummond, Britain’s Ambassador to Italy, and British Foreign Policy during the Italo-Abyssinian Crisis of 1935–1936 (1982), master's thesis about Drummond as Britain's ambassador in Italy.

Titles and honours
During his life, Drummond received a variety of titles for his accomplishments. He was awarded by King George V the following:
 Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB) 22 June 1914.
 Knight Commander Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG) 21 December 1916.
 Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George (GCMG) 30 January 1934.

Referenced works

Literature
 Chapman, Michael E. Fidgeting over Foreign Policy: Henry L. Stimson and the Shenyang Incident, 1931. Oxford Journals: Diplomatic History, Volume 37, Issue 4 (2013)
 Dykmann, Klaas & Naumann, Katja, Changes from the "Margins": Non-European Actors, Ideas and Strategies in International Organizations, Leipzig, 2014
 Craig, Gordon A. and Gilbert, Felix, The Diplomats 1919–1939, Princeton University Press, 1994
 Barros, James, Office Without Power: Secretary-General Sir Eric Drummond 1919–1933 (Oxford 1979)
 Lorna Lloyd, Drummond, (James) Eric, seventh earl of Perth (1876–1951), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2011 accessed 7 Oct 2014
 Lloyd, Lorna. The League of Nations and the Settlement of Disputes. World Affairs. Vol. 157, No. 4, Woordrow Wilson and the League of Nations: Part One (Spring 1995)
 Macfadyen, D., Davies, M., Carr, M., Burley, J. 2019. Eric Drummond and his Legacies: The League of Nations and the Beginnings of Global Governance. Palgrave.
Walters, F.P, A history of the League of Nations, Oxford University Press, 1952. (available online)
 Yearwood, Peter J. Guarantee of Peace: The League of Nations in British Policy 1914–1925. Oxford Scholarship Online (2009)

Webpages
 http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/theartofwar/inf3.htm
 https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27184/page/2556
 https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/34019/page/675
 https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/28842/supplement/4877
 https://www.thegazette.co.uk/Edinburgh/issue/13034/page/58
 Earl of Perth#Earls of Perth .281605.2C restored 1853.29
 Robert Cecil, 1st Viscount Cecil of Chelwood


2017 Scottish Open (snooker)

The 2017 Dafabet Scottish Open was a professional ranking snooker tournament that took place from 11 to 17 December 2017 at the Emirates Arena in Glasgow, Scotland. It was the twelfth ranking event of the 2017/2018 season and a part of the Home Nations Series.

Marco Fu was the defending champion, but he lost 4–3 to Xiao Guodong in the last 16.

Cao Yupeng made his first professional maximum break in the third frame of his first round match against Andrew Higginson. It was the 134th official maximum in professional competition.

Neil Robertson won the tournament, coming from 4–8 down to win 9–8 in the final against Cao Yupeng.

Prize fund
The breakdown of prize money for this year is shown below:

 Winner: £70,000
 Runner-up: £30,000
 Semi-final: £20,000
 Quarter-final: £10,000
 Last 16: £6,000
 Last 32: £3,500
 Last 64: £2,500

 Highest break: £2,000

 Total: £366,000

The "rolling 147 prize" for a maximum break stood at £20,000

Main draw

Qualifying
 Ross Vallance 4–2  Robert Carlisle

Top half

Section 1

Section 2

Section 3

Section 4

Bottom half

Section 5

Section 6

Section 7

Section 8

Finals

Final

Century breaks
A total of 73 century breaks were made during the competition.

 147 Cao Yupeng
 144, 138, 117, 113, 109, 108, 105 John Higgins
 144, 122, 114 Noppon Saengkham

 140, 129, 102 Judd Trump
 136, 112, 103, 101 Ronnie O'Sullivan
 135, 122, 104 Ding Junhui
 130 Liang Wenbo
 129 Tom Ford
 127, 126 Michael White
 125, 117 Ali Carter
 124, 123 David Grace
 123, 106, 101 Xiao Guodong
 123 Li Hang
 123 Mitchell Mann
 122 Chris Wakelin
 119, 102, 101 Yan Bingtao
 119 Oliver Lines
 119 Kyren Wilson
 117, 107, 101 Marco Fu
 115 Wang Yuchen
 113 Dominic Dale
 113 Ashley Hugill
 112 Joe Perry
 110 Ben Woollaston
 108 Jamie Jones
 106 Stuart Carrington
 105 Ricky Walden
 104 Zhou Yuelong
 104 Elliot Slessor
 103 Mark Joyce
 103 Xu Si
 103 Daniel Wells
 103 Gary Wilson
 102 Martin Gould
 101 Michael Holt
 100 Liam Highfield
 100 Craig Steadman
 100 Zhao Xintong


French corvette Dragon

The French corvette Le Dragon was the last vessel lost by France during the American Revolutionary War. She might have been the former Liverpool privateer brig Dragon captured in the English Channel by the French frigate The Amphitrite on 12 August 1781. The British had acquired her off the Canadian coast on 31 May 1778 by capture. She was at that time the American privateer brigantine Washington, built at Beverly, Massachusetts on 17 September 1776.

Le Dragon, on her second voyage to the West Indies, was surrounded and threatened by Admiral Hood's large British squadron. Her commander, the young Chevalier de l'Espine, had no other solution than grounding his vessel between the reefs of Monte-Christi roads, Haïti and scuttling her to avoid capture by the enemy. He could then bring his crew, his precious spy-passenger and his secret mail to Cape François, Santo Domingo on 22 January 1783, a few days before the end of the war.

Description
As built, the vessel had three masts and measured 112 tons burthen builder's old measurement. The ship had a keel length of  and a beam of . The ship had a complement of 101 in French service, 75 in British service and 81 in American service. Originally, the vessel was armed with 12 guns, a mix of 6-pounder and 8-pounder guns along with swivel guns. After being taken into British service, Dragon was armed with 14 6-pounder guns and in French service this was increased to 16 9-pounder guns.

Bibliography

 Freddy VAN DAELE: The Enigmatic Ostend Model "The Dragon-1783"-Edited by Alfred Van Daele on the 15th of September, 2015. D/2015 Alfred Van Daele-writer-publisher at Hosdent-sur-Mehaigne, Belgium
 Florence PRUDHOMME:  American War of Independence 1776-1783: From the Massachusetts Privateer Washington to the French Corvette Le Dragon in Nautical Research Journal Vol 62 Nr3 Autumn 2017 pages 209 sqq. Editor Paul E.Fontenoy/Beaufort, N.C./U.S.A. Web link:
 Web link:


Paratetramitus

Paratetramitus is an amoeboid genus of the group Heterolobosea.


Cathie Clarke

Catherine Jane Clarke is a Professor of Astronomy at the University of Cambridge and a fellow of Clare College, Cambridge. In 2017 she became the first woman to be awarded the Eddington Medal by the Royal Astronomical Society.

Education
Clarke was educated at the University of Oxford where she received a Doctor of Philosophy degree in 1987 for research on binary stars supervised by Geoffrey Bath. Her doctoral thesis was titled "Accretion disc structure in binary star and galactic potentials".

Research
Clarke studies astrophysical fluid dynamics, including accretion and protoplanetary discs and stellar winds. She was the first to demonstrate how protoplanetary disc formation around low-mass young stars is determined by their radiation field. This removes material from the disc and is integral for various models of planet formation and migration.Clarke uses hydrodynamical simulations to study the physics of photoevaporation.

In 2001 she was awarded the University of Cambridge Pilkington Prize for teaching and learning.  She co-authored the Principles of Astrophysical Fluid Dynamics textbook with Bob Carswell in 2014. It is a primer for the fluid dynamics required to understand astronomical phenomena. She developed the course in 1996, and delivered it as part of Part II Astrophysics between 1996 and 1999. She contributed to the book Dynamics of Young Star Clusters and Associations in 2015.

Her recent work has combined analytical observation and hydrodynamical simulations in exoplanet discovery. She demonstrated the first evidence of external disc photoevaporation in a low mass star in 2017. The star studied was IM Lup, which was shown to have a CO (carbon monoxide) halo that extends beyond 1,000 AU.

Clarke identified a young star with four planets, the size of Jupiter and Saturn, in orbit around it. The star, CI Tau, hosts the first Hot Jupiter candidate in a protoplanetary disc system. She used the Atacama Large Millimeter Array to search for nearby planets. The closest is in an equivalent orbit to Mercury, whilst the furthest has an orbit three times that of Neptune. The two outer planets are similar masses to the sun. She demonstrated that proximity to nearby stars impacts the lifetime of protoplanetary discs. She serves as editor of the Elsevier Journal, New Astronomy Reviews. She is a member of the International Astronomical Union.

Clarke's other research interests include self-gravity in disc evolution and formation of brown dwarfs in unstable multiple systems.

Honours
In 2017, Clarke was awarded the Eddington Medal by the Royal Astronomical Society; she is the first woman to win this medal.

Selected works


Vannakkudi

Vannakkudi is a village in the Thiruvidaimarudur taluk of Thanjavur district, Tamil Nadu, in India.

Famous places
This village contains the Mariyamman temple and Samadhi of Vikrama Chozan just 1 km east of Mahalineswarar temple Thiruvidaimarudur - Lingathadi thidal - presently a private property. It was known Thiyagasamudra Chaturvedi mangalam during Vikrama period then renamed as Kulothunga chozha charutvedi Mangalam and eastern road to Vannakkudi was called Rajakkal Thambiran Thirveedhi.


Beautiful (Ivy song)

"Beautiful" is a song by American band Ivy from their debut studio album Realistic (1995). A remixed version of the song was issued as a promotional single and distributed as a CD single in 1995 by Seed Records. It features an acoustic version of the trio's single "Don't Believe a Word" as a bonus track.

The track was written by Adam Schlesinger and Andy Chase, while production was handled by them in addition to Kurt Ralske. Critically, "Beautiful" was regarded as one of the best tracks on Realistic.

Background and composition
In 1994, Ivy formed in New York City following a meeting between Andy Chase and French-native Dominique Durand. After acquiring musician Adam Schlesinger, they recorded several songs which would later appear on their first extended play (EP), Lately (1994). They also recorded the track "Get Enough", which became their debut single and also appeared on their first album. "Beautiful" is taken from Realistic, the trio's debut album which was released through Seed Records in 1995. The track was written and produced by Schlesinger and Chase, while production was handled by them in addition to Kurt Ralske. It was recorded in 1994 during sessions for Realistic held at Zabriskie Point recording studios in New York City.

The official remixed version of "Beautiful" was released as a promotional single by Seed Records sometime in 1995. Previously an unreleased version of the song, the remix was distributed on CD singles along with an acoustic version of the album's second single, "Don't Believe a Word". At the time of its release, the "Beautiful" single was distributed during outings for Ivy's national tour to promote Realistic. During the concerts, they toured with several musicians, including Lloyd Cole and Edwyn Collins.

Critical reception
In a retrospective review of Ivy's back catalog, a staff member at the Ectophiles' Guide recommended the song to its readers as one of the best on Realistic, and listed album tracks "Decay" and "Shallow" as two others.

Track listing


Ria Hall

Ria Hall is a New Zealand recording artist and presenter on Maori TV's AIA Marae DIY in 2012-13.

Life and career
Hall was born in 1982 or 1983 and is of Ngāi Te Rangi/Ngāti Ranginui ancestry, and has three older sisters. She grew up in Maungatapu and attended Maungatapu School, Tauranga Intermediate and Tauranga Girls' College. At secondary school she became interested in singing through kapa haka and later joined the kapa haka group Waka Huia. In Wellington in 2006 Hall created a reggae band called Hope Road. She sang at the opening ceremony for the 2011 Rugby World Cup, and released her debut self-titled EP in 2011, which won Best Māori Album at the 2012 New Zealand Music Awards. In 2013 Hall featured as a guest vocalist on Stan Walker's single "Like It's Over".

Musical style and influences
Hall classifies her music as mainly roots and reggae, with influences of ragga, soul and hip hop music. She grew up listening to reggae, soul, hip hop and R&B, and her mother listened to country music.

Discography
Albums
Rules of Engagement
Released: 27 October 2017, LOOP Recordings Aot(ear)oa – No. 6 NZ

Extended plays
Ria Hall
Released: 2 October 2011, Tu Taniwha Entertainment

Singles
"Like It's Over" (Stan Walker featuring Ria Hall), 2013 – No. 19 NZ
"Aotearoa" (Stan Walker featuring Ria Hall, Troy Kingi & Maisey Rika), 2014 – No. 2 NZ


Opinion polling for the next German federal election

In the run-up to the next German federal election, various organisations will carry out opinion polling to gauge voting intentions in Germany. Results of such polls are displayed in this list.

The date range for these opinion polls are from the previous federal election, held on 24 September 2017, to the present day. The next election will be held on or before 24 October 2021, unless a State of Defence is called before then.

Graphical summary
Civey (SPON-Wahltrend) has continued to publish daily data since 1 October 2017; however, its daily results are not accounted for in the trendlines below (which are local regressions), and not included in the table below (except if an article on the figures is published in Spiegel Online), given notable methodological differences.

Poll results

CDU and CSU

CDU vs. CSU

By state

Baden-Württemberg

Bavaria

Berlin

Brandenburg

Hamburg

Hesse

Mecklenburg-Vorpommern

Lower Saxony

North Rhine-Westphalia

Rhineland-Palatinate

Preferred Chancellor

Kramp-Karrenbauer–Nahles

Kramp-Karrenbauer–Scholz

Kramp-Karrenbauer–Habeck

Laschet–Habeck

Merz–Habeck

Scholz–Habeck

Kramp-Karrenbauer–Schulz

Kramp-Karrenbauer–Gabriel

Merz–Nahles

Merz–Scholz

Spahn–Nahles

Spahn–Scholz

Merkel–Nahles

Merkel–Scholz

Merkel–Schulz

Preferred coalition

Constituency projection

By probability

Second place


West Midlands (Regional) League

The West Midlands (Regional) League is an English association football competition for semi-professional and amateur teams based in the West Midlands county, Shropshire, Herefordshire, Worcestershire and southern Staffordshire. It has three divisions, the highest of which is the Premier Division, which sits at step 6 of the National League System, or the tenth level of the overall English football league system.

The league was formed in 1889 as the Birmingham & District League to cater for teams in Birmingham and the surrounding area, but soon became established as one of the strongest leagues outside the Football League itself, with teams from as far afield as Bristol and Wales taking part. After the Second World War it absorbed the rival Birmingham Combination to become firmly established as the leading league in the area, but a gradual decline in its status began in the late 1950s and it now operates at a much lower level than in its heyday.

The league currently acts as a feeder to the Midland Football League Premier Division, to which one team is promoted to each season. Approximately fifty teams compete in the league each season, with new members regularly joining from a number of lower, more local leagues.

History

Early years
In the late 1880s, Birmingham and the surrounding region boasted many of the country's strongest football teams.  Six of the region's leading clubs joined the first two national leagues set up in England, the Football League and the Football Alliance, but there were still many teams in the area keen to participate in league play.  On 31 May 1889 a meeting took place at Birmingham's Grand Hotel with the view to forming a Birmingham & District League.  A total of 17 clubs were invited but only 13 attended, of which 12 were selected to form the new league, to commence play in the 1889–90 season.  The one club which sent a representative to the meeting but was not invited to take part in the league, for unknown reasons, was Worcester Rovers.

The 12 clubs competing in the league's inaugural season were Aston Victoria, Great Bridge Unity, Hednesford Town, Ironbridge, Kidderminster Harriers, Kidderminster Olympic, Langley Green Victoria, Oldbury Town, Smethwick Carriage Works, Unity Gas Department, Wellington St George's, and Willenhall Pickwick.  Although Kidderminster Olympic topped the final table, no championship was awarded as a number of fixtures had not been completed.  This situation was to be repeated in each of the subsequent two seasons, in both of which Brierley Hill Alliance, who had joined the league for its second season, topped the table but did not win the title.  The early years of the league also saw new teams joining and existing ones dropping out almost every season, but once the league's structure settled down, it came to be regarded as one of the strongest leagues outside the Football League itself, rivalled only by the Southern League and the Midland League.

Despite the league's name, in the years prior to the First World War it came to include teams from as far afield as Bristol, Wrexham and Crewe, as well as including the reserve teams of local Football League clubs.  A number of clubs which had enjoyed success in the Birmingham Combination also joined the league, which was seen as a step up to a better standard of football.  The league's large coverage area began to create problems in the 1930s, however, as many clubs found the long and costly journeys to away matches difficult, and began to drop out in favour of playing in leagues which covered smaller areas.  In 1938, Bangor City, Worcester City, Wellington Town and the reserve teams of Cardiff City and Wrexham all resigned from the league, reducing the numbers so much that instead of the usual format the organising committee decided to run two separate competitions each lasting for half of the 1938–39 season, the first named the Keys Cup and the second the League Cup.  By the time competitive football was abandoned in 1939 due to the outbreak of the Second World War, the rival Birmingham Combination, which had not chosen to accept teams from such a wide area, had consolidated and come to be regarded as the region's top league.

Post-war years
Although the league lost further clubs to the Combination, which was quicker to restart after the war, within a few years the League had regained its position of pre-eminence in the region, increasing to almost twice its pre-war size.  During the 1952–53 season the League's committee proposed a merger of the two competitions, but the Combination rejected the idea, whereupon the Combination's six best teams all resigned and joined the League.  The Combination's committee then attempted to re-open the merger talks but, having just bolstered its ranks with six new members, the League was not interested.  A year later, all of the Combination's 14 remaining clubs, with the exception of West Bromwich Albion's 'A' (third) team, left to join the League, which effectively absorbed its former rival.  The 40 member clubs were split into Northern and Southern divisions, which a year later were re-arranged into Divisions One and Two, with promotion and relegation taking place between the two.

At the end of the 1957–58 season, Burton Albion and Nuneaton Borough left to join an expanding Southern League, followed a year later by Hinckley Athletic.  In an attempt to consolidate the league decided to expel all remaining reserve teams, reducing to a single division of 22 clubs.  Four years later it changed its name to the West Midlands (Regional) League to more accurately reflect its catchment area, which now included very few teams from Birmingham or its immediate environs.  For the 1965–66 season the league was able to revert to a two-division structure when it rebranded its existing single division the Premier Division and added a new Division One.  By 1976, a steady flow of teams joining from smaller regional leagues led to Division One being split into Divisions One (A) and One (B), revised a year later to Divisions One and Two.

Modern era

The Alliance Premier League was formed in 1979, pushing the Regional League further down the English football league system.  Successful Regional League clubs such as Bilston Town, Hednesford Town and Halesowen Town began applying to, and being accepted into, the Southern League, reducing the Regional League to the status of a feeder league, although their departures continued to be offset by a flow of new members from lower-level leagues.  Reflecting the demographics of the West Midlands area, a number of British Asian teams joined the league, including Sikh Hunters, England's first ever all-Sikh team.  At the same time the catchment areas of the Regional League and the Midland Football Combination were increasingly converging, and by the early 1990s the standard of play and geographical coverage of the two competitions were considered to be almost identical.  A new competition was formed in 1994 to cater for the best clubs previously split across the two leagues, and thus the Regional League lost ten of its member clubs to the Midland Football Alliance, further reducing its own status.

The reduction in numbers forced the league to revert to a two-division structure, but within two seasons numbers had grown again to the extent that Division One was split into Divisions One (North) and One (South) for the 1996–97 season, a format retained until 2004 when the two Division Ones were re-organised into Division One and Division Two.  Although the league now operates at a level much below that which it occupied in its heyday it continues to survive and holds the distinction, jointly with the Northern League, of being the second oldest football league in existence, behind only the Football League itself.

Structure
The league currently has no title sponsor. Previously it has been sponsored by Sport Italia, the Wolverhampton-based Express & Star newspaper, and Black Country brewery Banks's. Some of the teams in the lower two divisions are reserve teams of clubs playing at a higher level. Each division is contested on a double round-robin basis, with each team playing each of the other teams in the division once at home and once away. Three points are awarded for a win (increased from two with effect from the 1988–89 season), one for a draw and zero for a defeat. Goal difference is used to separate teams on the same points, having replaced goal average at the start of the 1978–79 season.

From the 1994–95 to 2013–14 seasons the Regional League, along with the Midland Football Combination, served as one of the two official feeders to the Midland Football Alliance. The highest-placed team which met the Alliance's entry requirements was promoted to the Alliance, and one or more teams were relegated into the Regional League from the Alliance depending on the number of clubs remaining in each league.  In 2014 the Alliance and Combination merged to form the Midland League, and the Regional League now acts as a feeder to the top division of that league.  Prior to the 2006–07 season, the Regional League's top division was defined as a step 7 league within the National League System, even though it fed into the Alliance, which was graded as step 5. In 2006 the Regional League was re-graded by the Football Association as a step 6 league. Teams in the top two divisions are eligible to take part in the FA Cup and FA Vase as long as their grounds meet the required standards.

Since reg-organisation in 1994, the Regional League has accepted applications for membership from successful teams in smaller local leagues within its catchment area. Leagues whose clubs have joined the Regional League include the Shropshire County League, the Herefordshire League, the Wolverhampton Combination, and the Kidderminster & District League. Several ambitious local Sunday league teams have also switched to Saturday play and entered the league. Bewdley Town, Bromyard Town and Ellesmere Rangers have all joined from county leagues since 1994 and subsequently gone on to gain promotion to the Premier Division. Regional League teams could also theoretically be relegated to the local leagues but in practice this almost never happens. The only teams in recent history to drop down to a county league have been Leominster Town, Kington Town and Hinton, who dropped down to the Herefordshire League in 2004, 2006 and 2007 respectively, although all three clubs resigned voluntarily in favour of playing in a more local league as opposed to being relegated due to finishing at the bottom of the table.

Attendance
At one time the league attracted large crowds for matches, with 3,000 spectators watching a match between Coventry City and Shrewsbury Town in 1899.  By the early 1960s, despite the league's decline in status, Kidderminster Harriers were still able to attract crowds of around 1,000 fans for home matches.  In the modern era, however, crowds are much smaller.  In the 1993–94 season Rocester averaged around 100 fans for home games, and several of the team's away matches drew crowds of less than 40.  Attendance figures are not currently published for league fixtures, however in the FA Vase in the 2005–06 season home attendances for Regional League teams averaged around 50, with only Wellington's match against Alvechurch of the then-existent Midland Alliance drawing over 100 spectators.

Current members
The member clubs of the league for the 2019–20 season are as follows:

Premier Division

Division One

Division Two

League champions

Birmingham & District League
Initially the league consisted of a single division

Between 1915 and 1919 the competition was suspended due to the First World War.

Due to the number of teams having dropped dramatically, the 1938–39 season consisted of two separate "half-season" leagues.  The Keys Cup was contested until Christmas and the League Cup for the remainder of the season.

The 1939–40 season was abandoned due to the outbreak of the Second World War and the league did not resume operations until 1946.

For the 1954–55 season the league was split into two regional sections.

For the 1955–56 season the league was re-organised into Division One and Division Two.

The league reverted to a single-division format for the 1960–61 season.

West Midlands (Regional) League

For the 1965–66 season the league reverted to a two-division format, now comprising the Premier Division and Division One.

For the 1976–77 season Division One was split into 'A' and 'B' sections.

For the 1977–78 season Division One (A) and Division One (B) were re-organised into Division One and Division Two.

For the 1993–94 season Division Two was discontinued.

For the 1996–97 season Division One was split into two regional sections.

For the 2004–05 season Division One (North) and Division One (South) were re-organised back into Division One and Division Two.


Świętego Floriana Street in Bydgoszcz

Świętego Floriana Street is located in the downtown district of Bydgoszcz, Poland. Despite its short length of roughly , it features many notable buildings in a variety of architectural styles, including Eclectic, Art Nouveau and early modernist. The street is named after Saint Florian.

Location
The street is located nearby the Brda river, its track running parallel to the water, on a west-east axis. It stems out of Bernardyńska Street in the west and runs between the river and Jagiellońska street.

History
The area originally belonged to a city farm called Grodztwa. The land registry cites that the farm owner successively sold pieces of the estate. Like many of the streets of the downtown district, Świętego Floriana started between the last quarter of the 19th century and the first quarter of the 20th century.

The street bore the following names through time:
 19th century-1920, Alexander straße
 1920-1939, Ulica Świętego Floriana
 1939-1945, Frithjof straße, alluding to Frithiof's Saga
 Since 1945, Ulica Świętego Floriana

Main edifices
Tenement at No.3, corner with Bernardyńska Street

1910

Eclecticism

Before its erection in the early 20th century, the site was a garden. Carl Hintz, a mailman, was the first registered landlord.

The building was thoroughly restored in 2018. One will notice the entry doorway, flanked by two columns, three medallions depicting figures (among whom a king) and a seal. Corner facades are topped with ogee gables and eyelid dormers.

Tenement at No.5/7

Late 1930s

Modern architecture

Those two buildings are part of a series of similar constructions built in downtown Bydgoszcz during that period. Other instances can be found at Gdańska Street, Zamoyskiego Street or 20 Stycznia 1920 Street.

Old Building of Bydgoszcz Rowing Association, corner with Bernardyńska Street

Registered on Kuyavian-Pomeranian Heritage list N°601291, Reg.A/1091 (January 18, 1994)

1914, by Theodore Patzwald

Historicism

The building was erected by the architect Theodore Patzwald for the German Rowing Club "Frithjof" established in 1894. The club joined from 1923 to 1945 the "Frithjof Rowing Club", a German rowing association. After World War II, the edifice housed the Bydgoszcz Rowing Association, or BTW (), founded on March 16, 1920, under the name "Tryton Rowing Association" (). In 1996, the building was sold by municipal authorities to a company, Shanghai Olym-Poland, which set up a hotel and a catering center for Chinese people traveling in Poland and around Europe. In 2010, the building became a hotel with a gastronomic restaurant Zatoka ("The Gulf").

Tenement at No.9

1910

Early modernism

The plot at then Alexanderstraße 5 was first occupied by an insurance bank, Bersicherungsbank Teutonia till the start of the 20th century. In 1910, Mr Schlegel had this tenement built: however, he never inhabited it.

The frontage still keeps its former shape with its large wall gable, the four balconies and some tiny motifs, bringing to mind a fading Art Nouveau influence.

Tadeusz Browicz Hospital for Infectious Diseases in Bydgoszcz, at No.10/18

1898, 1911 by Józef Święcicki

In 1885, the plot was purchased by priest Antoni Kielczynski, with the plan that the Daughters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul, based in Chełmno, would settle there. However, it was not before 1909 that the congregation officially took possession of the place. On May 4, 1898, with the participation of the parish priest of Bydgoszcz, Józef Choraszewski, city authorities, doctors and donors, a 12-bed hospital for children opened.
The Bromberg address book from 1900 lists sisters with the following surnames living in the premises: Doliwa, Gralewska, Hermanska, Hoppe, Kapke, Schmidt. At that time, there was only a one-story building in the yard with several rooms containing beds for patients.
In 1901, thanks to the help of the countess Potulicka, a separate branch for infectious children was organized in a separate building. In the years 1905-1906, about 200 children lived in the facility.
In 1905, the recorded board of trustees comprised, among others, Parson Ryszard Markwart and Dr. Stanisław Warminski, the uncle of Dr. Emil Warminski, a famous local activist. Sisters even organised summer camps. At that time, the hospital had 36 beds and was maintained only by donations from Poles and landowners, among whom countess Potulicka.

In 1914, a hospital for wounded German soldiers opened in a section of the building. After 1920, both children and adults were treated at the hospital. In 1940, the Sisters of Charity were expelled from the premises, taken over by German forces who again used it as a military hospital. In spring 1946, it became a Polish Garrison hospital which was transferred to Toruń in 1948; the buildings then returned to their civilian goal.
Recently, the clinic has developed a specialized HIV/AIDS research department and has become a reference center for HIV infections. In 2011, thanks to Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship funds, a modern building has opened next to the ancient ones, which keep administration offices and some laboratories.
On January 29, 2019, the hospital celebrated its 70th anniversary as a Center for Infectious Diseases.

The ancient brick building was erected in the first decade of the 20th century, thanks to Dr. Stanisław Warmiński, who in 1906 donated all his savings to the hospital. The Neo-Gothic project, designed by builder W. Pluciński from Chełmno, was also realized by Józef Święcicki. It opened on May 6, 1910.

Tenement at No.22

1880s

Eclecticism

The original address was Alexanderstraße 8, and the first recorded landlord was Julius Jacoby, a merchant dealing with construction materials. He kept ownership till the end of WWI. A sign bearing his name is still visible on the corner facade.

Both facades display eclectic features, which were fashionable at the time: round or triangular pediments on openings, a Mansard roof and a decorated main door (although in need of restoration) with a transom light window.


Emma's Theatre

Emma's Theatre is an Israeli-Canadian-British 3D computer animated television series that formerly aired on Kids' CBC in Canada, and Playhouse Disney in the United States from June 10, 2007 to May 9, 2009, and currently aired on Baby TV in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand, France, Spain, Germany, Italy, Latin America, and Israel. The program aims to introduce babies and toddlers to different cultures and to expose them to different places and countries through short stories. The show is produced by PitchiPoy Animation Productions and distributed by Decode Entertainment, a DHX Media company.

Premise
Emma is a 5-year-old girl who plays a puppet show with a puppet theatre in her room, taking viewers on an adventure to a different place in the world in each episode. Through short stories, Emma introduces different countries and cultures with the help of her puppets. There is also a magic door that has rainbows, a sun and trees. During the ending credits, Emma thanks them and says goodbye.

Characters
 Emma (voiced by Tabitha St. Germain, Andrea Harris in the UK, and Rona Bekerman in Israel) is a little 5-year-old girl who loves to put on a puppet shows with her four charming and cute little puppets.
 Puppet #1 (voiced by Kathleen Barr, Carrie Mullan in the UK, and Einat Azulay in Israel) is a young male puppet with black hair and a yellow t-shirt.
 Puppet #2 (voiced by Britt McKillip, Joanna Ruiz in the UK, and Talya Barkay in Israel) is a young female puppet with blonde hair with two pigtails and a magenta t-shirt.
 Puppet #3 (voiced by Chantal Strand, Jo Wyatt in the UK, and Dikla Hadar in Israel) is a young female puppet with black hair and a red dress.
 Puppet #4 (voiced by Ian James Corlett, Ben Small in the UK, and Dan Kiesler in Israel) is a young male puppet with spiky orange hair and a green t-shirt.


Wellington, Menifee County, Kentucky

Wellington is an unincorporated community in Menifee County, Kentucky, United States.  It lies along U.S. Route 460 and Kentucky Route 1693 southeast of the city of Frenchburg, the county seat of Menifee County.  Its elevation is 1,194 feet (364 m).  Although it is unincorporated, it has a post office, with the ZIP code of 40387.

Wellington is part of the Mount Sterling Micropolitan Statistical Area.

History

On March 2, 2012, a tornado struck Wellington and the nearby city of West Liberty.


World Series Baseball '98

World Series Baseball '98 is a traditional baseball simulation video game by Sega. Released for the Sega Saturn and Sega Genesis as a sequel to World Series Baseball II, it was exclusive to North America and South Korea.

Gameplay

World Series Baseball '98 is a baseball game.

Development and release

Reception

The Saturn version of World Series Baseball '98 received mostly positive reviews. The series' transition to polygonal graphics was generally approved of, particularly since the game still runs as fast as its predecessors, though multiple reviewers criticized that the bats are grossly out-of-proportion, saying they look like two-by-four lumber planks. Most also commented on the inability to trade players. However, the batting/pitching quadrant system was highly praised. Next Generation, in particular, argued that in conjunction with the deep fielding controls and management strategies, the quadrant system makes World Series Baseball '98 a genre-redefining game comparable to the likes of Doom and NFL GameDay 97. The reviewer stated, "Clearly, this is the new standard for baseball games, and there are no current games that even come close. Saturn may not have much, but it's got baseball." Other critics were more moderate, though still positive. GamePro concluded that the fast, fun nature of the game overrides its issues with graphics and sounds, and compared it favorably to contemporary baseball games on the Saturn such as Grand Slam. Kraig Kujawa and Dean Hager both said that it is inferior to MLB '98, but still very good, and Hager added, "I'll say for sure it's the best baseball game for the Saturn."

The Genesis version was released at the end of the console's lifespan and was largely ignored by the press. A brief review in GamePro criticized that the only improvements over World Series Baseball '96 are updated rosters and interleague play, making it only worth buying for those who do not yet have a baseball game for the Genesis.


484 Pittsburghia

Pittsburghia (minor planet designation: Pittsburghia) is an asteroid that is in orbit around the Sun 150 million miles from Earth.  It is named in honor of the city of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and its scientific and industrial heritage that produced some of the finest astronomy equipment of the time .


CIREQ

Centre Interuniversitaire de Recherche en Économie Quantitative (CIREQ; French for "Center for Interuniversity Research in Quantitative Economics") is a research center devoted to economics and quantitative analysis. CIREQ is financed by the Fonds québécois de la recherche sur la société et la culture (FQRSC) and by the Université de Montréal, McGill University, and Concordia University. The Center organizes conferences, workshops, and seminars. It also hosts, via visiting scholar programs, international researchers every year, for periods from one to several weeks.