Timeline of the Hellenic Air Force

1911–1912

In 1911 the Greek Government appointed French specialists to form the Hellenic Aviation Service. Six Greek officers were sent to France for training, while the first four "Farman" type aircraft were ordered. The first Greek aviator was Emmanuel Argyropoulos, who flew in a Nieuport IV.G. "Alcuin" aircraft, on February 8, 1912.

The first military flight was made on 13 May of that year by Lieutenant Dimitrios Kamberos.  In June, Kamberos, flew with the "Daedalus", a Farman Aviation Works aircraft that had been converted into a seaplane, setting the foundations of the Naval Aviation.  That September, the Greek Army fielded its first squadron, the Aviators Company (Λόχος Αεροπόρων).

1919–1944

The Hellenic Air Force participated in the Balkan Wars, World War I, the Asia Minor Campaign and World War II.

Initially it consisted of the separate Army Aviation and Naval Aviation, but in 1930 the Aviation Ministry was founded, establishing the Air Force as the third branch of the Hellenic Armed Forces. In 1931 the Air Force Academy, the "Icarus School of Basic and Advanced Fighter Training" (Sholi Icaron), was founded.

During the Second World War, it successfully resisted the Italian invasion in 1940, but practically the entire force was destroyed by the Germans in April 1941. The Air Force was rebuilt in the Middle East as part of the Royal Air Force, flying Spitfires, Hurricanes and Martin Baltimores.

After Greece's liberation in 1944, it returned home and subsequently participated in the Greek Civil War.

1950s

In the 1950s, the force was rebuilt and organized according to NATO standards. The Greek Air Force participated in the Korean War with a transport flight unit.

1980s

Until the late 1980s the Air Force deployed Nike-Hercules Missiles armed with U.S. nuclear warheads. As a result of Greco-Turkish tensions around the 1974 Turkish invasion in Cyprus, the U.S. removed its nuclear weapons from Greek and Turkish alert units to storage. Greece saw this as another pro-Turkish move by NATO and withdrew its forces from NATO's military command structure from 1974 to 1980.

In 1988 the first 3rd generation fighters were introduced, marking  the beginning of a new era: The first Mirage 2000 EG/BG aircraft were delivered to the 114th Combat Wing and equipped the 331 and 332 squadrons.

In January 1989, the first F-16C/D Block 30 arrived in Nea Anchialos (111th Combat Wing) and were allocated between the 330 and 346 squadrons.

1990s

On March 29, 1991 the RF-84F were retired from service after 34 years and 7 months of operational life. In November 1992 more RF-4E were delivered to the 348 Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron.

In 1997 the reception of third generation aircraft continued. In July, delivery of forty F-16 Block 50 begun. The new aircraft, equipped with the LANTIRN navigation and targeting pod as well as AMRAAM and HARM missiles, were allocated to the 341 and 347 squadrons.

2000–2007

Greece participated in NATO "nuclear weapons sharing" until 2001, using A-7 Corsair IIs to deploy tactical B61 nuclear warheads from Araxos Air Base. Greece then strategically decided to remove all nuclear weapons under storage in Greece and did not purchase any more aircraft with nuclear capabilities.

In 2005, Greece was among the first countries to add the F-16 Block 52+ to its inventory. Ninety of these aircraft were ordered and delivery began the same year. This advanced F-16 type is an improved version of the Block 50 featuring a more powerful radar, better communications systems and an upgraded engine. The Hellenic Air Force's Block 52+ belong to the 337, 340 and 343 Squadrons with call signs "Ghost", "Fox" and "Star" respectively. 337 SQ is based at Larissa Air Force Base (110 Combat Wing) and the other two in Souda AB (115 CW).

In 2007, the Hellenic Air Force has a total fighter fleet of 275 modern, upgraded or under upgrade aircraft and due to the retirement of some fighter planes that have ended their life-cycle, HAF is looking forward to acquiring new 3rd and 4th generation fighters in order to reach a total number of 300 modern fighters, according to the "2007 Supreme Air Force Council Memorandum" published in 2007. This goal is to be gradually reached by 2015. Prime candidates for a 4th generation aircraft, of which acquisition is considered certain, are the Eurofighter Typhoon, F-35 Lightning II (JSF) and Dassault Rafale.


Paweł Kotla

Paweł Kotla (born 5 June 1972, Szczecin, Poland) is a Polish conductor.

Life and career
Paweł Kotla was born in Szczecin, the son of Ryszard Kotla. He studied at Fryderyk Chopin University of Music for symphony and opera conducting with Boguslaw Madey, and at Oxford University for musicology and performance practice with Edward Higginbottom and Andrew Parrott.

In 1997-98, Kotla worked as the Performing Fellow at Guildhall School of Music and Drama in London and as artistic director of Oxford University Philharmonia. From 1998-2003 he worked as assistant conductor to Sir Simon Rattle; from 2001-05 as artistic director of Harpenden Choral Society and from 2005-06 as artistic director of Witold Lutosławski Symphony Orchestra of Płock (Poland). In 2004 he served as the artistic director of Redhill Sinfonia. In 2006 he was named artistic director of the Leicester Symphony Orchestra.

Kotla has worked with a number of Polish orchestras and conducted in the United Kingdom, Sweden, Germany, Czech Republic, Russia, Austria and Brazil, working with orchestras such as St. Petersburg Philharmonic, London Symphony Orchestra, Polish National Radio Symphony Orchestra in Katowice, Polish National Philharmonic in Warsaw, Poznań Philharmonic, Łódź Philharmonic, Wrocław Philharmonic, Polish Radio Orchestra, London Mozart Players, City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra and Municipal Symphonic Orchestra of São Paulo, Brazil.

Awards
 Medal of Polish Association of Orchestras and Choirs
 Gold Honorable Medal of West-Pomeranian Griffin

External links
 Paweł Kotla's official webpage; accessed 30 November 2014


London Buses

London Buses is the subsidiary of Transport for London (TfL) that manages bus services within Greater London. It was formed following the Greater London Authority Act 1999 that transferred control of bus services in Greater London and its surrounding areas from the UK Government's London Regional Transport (LRT) to TfL, controlled by the locally elected Mayor of London.

Overview
Transport for London's key areas of direct responsibility through London Buses are the following:
 planning new bus routes
 revising existing bus routes
 specifying service levels
 monitoring service quality
 management of bus stations and bus stops
 assistance in 'on ground' set up of diversions, bus driver assistance in situations over and above job requirements, for example Road Accidents
 providing information for passengers in the form of timetables and maps at bus stops and online, and an online route planning service
 producing leaflet maps, available from Travel Information Centres, libraries etc., and as online downloads.
 operating CentreComm London Buses' 24‑hour command-and-control centre based in Southwark

Bus operations
All bus operations are undertaken under a tendering system in which operators bid for routes in return for a set price per route operated. Contracts are normally for five years, with two-year extensions available if performance criteria are met. Routes are set up, controlled and tendered out by Transport for London (TfL) and they provide day to day assistance via CentreComm which coordinates a large scale network of Network Traffic Controllers to help with any traffic issues that may occur.
Operators provide staff to drive the buses, provide the buses to operate and also adhere to set TfL guidelines. Operators are then in return paid per mile that each bus runs, the pricing is announced on new tenders.

Publications
London Buses publishes a variety of bus maps. Some are traditional street maps of London marked with bus numbers. In 2002, TfL introduced the first "spider" maps. Rather than attempting to cover the entire city, these maps are centred on a particular locality or bus station, and convey the route information in the schematic style of Harry Beck's influential Tube map, capitalising on TfL's iconic style of information design. The arachnoid form of bus routes radiating from a centre earned them the nickname "spider" maps, although TfL refer to them on their website as route maps. The maps are displayed at most major bus stops, and can be downloaded in PDF format via the Internet from the TfL website.

Legal status

The legal identity of London Buses is London Bus Services Limited (LBSL), a wholly owned subsidiary of Transport for London. East Thames Buses was the trading name of another wholly owned subsidiary of TfL called, rather confusingly, London Buses Limited (LBL).

LBL was formed on 1 April 1985 as part of the privatisation of London bus services, and acted as an arm's-length subsidiary of TfL's precursor organisation, London Regional Transport (LRT), holding twelve bus operating units (from late 1988) and other assets. The operating units were sold off in 1994/95, and their purchasers make up the majority of companies awarded bus operating tenders from the current London Buses (LBSL).

After 1994/95, the LBL company lay dormant, passing from LRT to TfL. It was resurrected when East Thames Buses was formed, separated by a "Chinese wall" from LBSL, and acted as a London bus operator by proxy.

Scope
The local bus network in London is one of the largest and most comprehensive in the world. Over 8000 scheduled buses operate on over 700 different routes. Over the year this network carries over 1.8 billion passenger journeys.

Fares and concessions
Buses in the London Buses network accept Travelcards, Oyster card products (including bus passes and Oyster pay as you go) and contactless debit and credit cards. Cash fares have not been available since 6 July 2014, but Day Bus passes (issued either as a single use Oyster card, or on paper from station ticket machines) were re-introduced on 2 January 2015. Single journey fares used to be charged in relation to length of journey (fare stages), but are now charged as single flat fares for any length of journey. From 2000, the flat fare was higher for journeys in Zone 1 than in outer zones, although from 2004 this difference was eliminated, the change coinciding with the introduction of Oyster card flat fares. , the single fare is £1.50.

With Oyster pay as you go, users are charged a set amount for single journeys, although there is a "daily cap", which limits the maximum amount of money that will be deducted from the balance, regardless of how many buses are taken that day (from 04.30 to 04.29 the next day).  Alternatively, weekly and monthly passes may also be purchased and loaded onto an Oyster card.

Passengers using contactless payment cards are charged the same fares as on Oyster pay as you go. Unlike Oyster cards, contactless cards also have a 7-day fare cap though it currently only operates on a Monday-Sunday basis.

Under 11s can travel free on London buses and trams at any time unaccompanied by an adult; they do not need an Oyster card or a ticket. Children aged 11 to 15 travel free on buses with an 11–15 Oyster photocard; without an Oyster card or Travelcard, they have to pay the full adult fare. Visitors can have a special discount added to an ordinary Oyster card at TfL's Travel Information Centres. There are also concessions for London residents aged 16 to 18.

The Freedom Pass scheme allows Greater London residents over state pension age, and those with a disability, to travel free at any time on buses and TfL's rail services. People who have concessionary bus passes issued by English local authorities travel free on TfL bus services at any time.

Operators
Bus services in London are operated by Abellio London, Arriva London, CT Plus, Go-Ahead London, London Sovereign RATP, London United, Metroline, Quality Line, Stagecoach London, Sullivan Buses, Tower Transit and Uno.

Each company has its own operating code, and every bus garage in London has its own garage code.

Vehicles

The various bus operators providing services under contract to London Buses operate a wide variety of vehicles, about the only immediately obvious common feature being their use of a largely red livery. However, London Buses in fact maintains a close control over both the age and specification of the vehicles. Particular examples of this include the use of separate exit doors, increasingly unusual on buses in the United Kingdom outside London, and, on double-deckers, the use of a straight staircase where most other UK operators specify a more compact curved staircase. Additionally, London Buses also specifies that vehicles operating in London use traditional printed roller destination blinds, whereas in most other parts of the country, electronic dot matrix or LED displays are the norm on new buses.

iBus

All of London's buses use the London iBus system, an Automatic Vehicle Location system that provides passengers with audio visual announcements and is able to trigger priority at traffic junctions. The system was on trial in 2006, and was extended to all bus routes by 2009.


Quaregnon

Quaregnon is a Walloon municipality located in the Belgian province of Hainaut. On January 1, 2006, Quaregnon had a total population of 18,744. The total area is 11.08 km² which gives a population density of 1,692 inhabitants per km².

The municipality consists of the following sub-municipalities: Quaregnon proper and Wasmuel.


Galgisan (Chungcheongbuk-do)

Galgisan is a mountain of Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea. It has an elevation of 595 metres.


Vana kloun

Vana kloun (Old clown) is the first studio album by Estonian rock musician Urmas Alender, released in 1992, decades after the start of Alender's musical career.

The album was re-released as whole on Kohtumine Albertiga.

Track listing

A-side
 "Vana kloun" (Old clown) (Urmas Alender/Urmas Alender)
 "Kadunud poeg" (Lost son) (Urmas Alender/A. Valgma)
 "Korralik pere" (A decent family) (Urmas Alender/Jüri Üdi)
 "Laul sügavast düünist" (Song about a deep dune) (Urmas Alender/Jüri Üdi)
 "Oma saar" (Own island) (Urmas Alender/Gustav Suits)
 "Võta mind lehtede varju" (Take me under the cover of leaves) (Urmas Alender/Viivi Luik)

B-side
 "Suur rõõm ja väike mure" (Big joy and a small concern) (Urmas Alender/Ott Arder)
 "Meelelahutus" (Entertainment) (Urmas Alender/Ott Arder)
 "Juuspeened keeled" (Hair thin strings) (Urmas Alender/Ott Arder)
 "Kohtumine Albertiga" (Meeting Albert) (Urmas Alender/Ott Arder)
 "Lauluke" (Ditty) (Urmas Alender/Ott Arder)
 "Imelapse lapsepõlv" (The childhood of a wonder kid) (Urmas Alender/Ott Arder)


Robert Morris (writer)

Robert Morris (1701–1754), born in Twickenham, was one of the most influential 18th-century English writers on architecture. His patternbook plates have been identified as the principal design sources for several prominent houses of colonial America, including Brandon (begun 1765) in Prince George County, Virginia, and Battersea (begun 1768) in Petersburg, Virginia.

Life
He received his instruction in architecture in the service of his 'kinsman,' Roger Morris, 'Carpenter and principal engineer to the Board of Ordnance,' who died on 31 January 1749.

The earliest executed work ascribed to Morris is Inveraray Castle (Gothic), begun in 1745, and after considerable delay completed in 1761. It seems probable that Roger Morris was concerned in the design, and that the building was erected after his death under the supervision of his pupil Robert. The central tower was destroyed by fire on 12 Oct. 1877, and restored in 1880. With S. Wright, Morris erected for George II the central portion of the lodge in Richmond Park, the design of which is sometimes attributed to Thomas Herbert, 10th earl of Pembroke. The wings were added in later years.

About 1750, he repaired and modernised for G. Bubb Dodington the house at Hammersmith afterwards known as Brandenburgh House. It was pulled down in 1822, and a house of the same name was afterwards built in the grounds, but not on the same site.

Morris also erected Coomb Bank, Kent, and Wimbledon House, Surrey. In the design of the latter he was probably associated with the Earl of Burlington. The house was destroyed by fire in 1785 ; the offices were subsequently used as a residence until 1801, when the new house designed by Henry Holland was completed. With the Earl of Burlington, Morris designed, about 1750, Kirby Hall, Yorkshire, in the interior of which John Carr of York was employed. The plans are said to have been suggested by the owner, S. Thompson. In 1736, he erected a bridge (after a design of Palladio) in the grounds of Wilton in Wiltshire.

Vegetarianism

Morris was an early advocate of animal rights and vegetarianism. He authored the essay A Reasonable Plea for the Animal Creation (1746). Carol J. Adams considers it a valuable addition to vegetarian history. In 2005, the academic journal Organization & Environment re-published the essay.

Selected works

Essays

An Essay in Defence of Ancient Architecture (1728)
Lectures on Architecture (1734-6)
An Essay on Harmony. As it Relates Chiefly to Situation and Building (1739)
The Art of Architecture, a Poem. In Imitation of Horace's ‘Art of Poetry (1742)
A Reasonable Plea for the Animal Creation (1746)

Pattern books
Rural Architecture (1750), retitled Select Architecture in later editions
The Architectural Remembrancer (1751), retitled Architecture Improved in later editions
Select Architecture : Being Regular Designs of Plans and Elevations Well Suited to Both Town and Country (1755)


Sortes

Sortes is a civil parish in the municipality of Bragança, Portugal. The population in 2011 was 296, in an area of 21.30 km².


Erumakkadu

Erumakkadu is the host karala (land) for Aranmula Uthrattadi Vallamkali. It is a small village in Pathanamthitta district of Central Travancore region (South Central Kerala) in Kerala state, South India.


Markus Maria Profitlich

Markus Maria Profitlich (born March 25, 1960 in Bonn) is a German comedian, actor  and voice actor who was a cast member of Die Wochenshow between 1999 and 2001. He now hosts and performs his own show, Mensch Markus.

His most famous role on Die Wochenshow was the Erklärbär (Explaining Bear). Other roles included the shy reporter Peter Wuttke, Mawegda Gandhi and Baby Markus.

Furthermore, Profitlich is the producer of the programme Weibsbilder, as well as Deutschland ist schön (Germany is nice).
The name Profitlich is not a stage name, but is probably derived from "a person who acts profitably" (source: Udolph, Jürgen: Professor Udolphs Buch der Namen, Munich, 2005, P. 78-81). Profitlich also voiced Bob Parr / Mr. Incredible in the German dub of the Pixar films The Incredibles and Incredibles 2.

Private life
Markus Maria Profitlich is married to the German actress Ingrid Einfeldt, his stage partner in Mensch Markus. His daughter was born in the beginning of 2005.

Profitlich is member of the Social Democratic Party of Germany and a confessing Christian. In his youth, he visited the YMCA in Siegburg (near Bonn), where he led Christian holiday courses for children. He is now member of a free Protestant parish.

Audiobooks
 2007: Adrian Plass: Tagebuch eines frommen Chaoten, publisher: Brendow,
 2018: Die Unglaublichen (The Incredibles, novelization), publisher: der Hörverlag,
 2018: Die Unglaublichen 2 (Incredibles 2, novelization), publisher: der Hörverlag,

Awards
2002 German Comedy Awards: Best Comedian for Mensch Markus
2004 German Comedy Awards: Best Sketch Show for Mensch Markus
2006 German Comedy Awards: Best Sketch Comedy for Mensch Markus


Hodeng-au-Bosc

Hodeng-au-Bosc is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Normandy region of northern France.

Geography
A forestry and farming village situated in the valley of the river Bresle in the Pays de Bray, some  southeast of Dieppe at the junction of the D7, the D246 and the D49 roads. The commune also features a glassmaking factory, founded in 1623.

Population

Places of interest
 The church of St. Denis, dating from the nineteenth century.
 The church of St.Sauveur at Guimerville, dating from the sixteenth century.

People
Jean-Luc Thérier, racing driver for the Alpine Renault team in the 1970s, was born here in 1945.


Herman, Michigan

Herman is an unincorporated community in L'Anse Township of Baraga County in the U.S. state of Michigan. It was established in 1901 along a branch of the Duluth, South Shore and Atlantic Railway approximately midway between Nestoria and L'Anse.  A post office opened January 13, 1903, and was discontinued on December 5, 1970.

The settlement was founded by Herman Keranen (born November 5, 1862 in Puolanka, Oulun Laani, Finland), who had been working in the lumber camps when he bought several  plots and constructed a crude log cabin. With the money he earned from lumbering, he established the largest and most productive farm in the area, which led to the community being named for him. For a number of years, the primary access to the area was via the Duluth, South Shore and Atlantic Railroad Company. A school was built in 1903, and a post office followed in 1904. The Herman Athletic Association was organized in 1912, and a farmer's cooperative association in 1919. The area boasted at least one store and one mercantile business.

On December 19, 1996, the town received the single largest snowfall in Michigan history, with  falling in the single day.

Other early residents included Matt Anderson, Gust Kontio, Erkki Kayramo, Nels Majhannu, Jacob Kuusisto, Henry Pasanen, Joseph Pekkala and Eli Korpi.


1970 Maryland Terrapins football team

The 1970 Maryland Terrapins football team represented the University of Maryland in the 1970 NCAA University Division football season. In their second season under head coach Roy Lester, the Terrapins compiled a 2–9 record (2–4 in conference), finished in seventh place in the Atlantic Coast Conference, and were outscored by their opponents 241 to 112. The team's statistical leaders included Jeff Shugars with 836 passing yards, Art Seymore with 945 rushing yards and 309 receiving yards.

Schedule

Roster


Rocky Run-Wilcox Township

Rocky Run-Wilcox Township is one of the twenty-four townships in Hancock County, Illinois, United States. It was created after a referendum merged Wilcox Township and Rock Run Township.

History
Rocky Run Township was established November 6, 1849. Wilcox Township was established November 15, 1855 after neighboring Warsaw Tonwship became coterminous with Warsaw, Illinois.

After population decline left both townships with too few individuals interested in serving as elected officials in the township, a referendum to merge was passed by voters in both townships. That same election, a similar consolidation referendum was passed in Montgomery County, but failed in Ogle County. The Hancock County Board voted to name the new township Rocky Run-Wilcox Township over then-Wilcox Supervisor Duane Taylor's proposed Green Plains Township.

Government
On April 4, 2017, the Republican slate ran nearly unopposed and won each office in the township. Former Wilcox Supervisor Duane Taylor finished fifth for four trustee positions in the only contested township election.


Leopold Report

The Leopold Report, officially known as Wildlife Management in the National Parks, is a 1963 paper composed of a series of ecosystem management recommendations that were presented by the Special Advisory Board on Wildlife Management to United States Secretary of the Interior Stewart Udall. Named for its chairman and principal author, zoologist and conservationist A. Starker Leopold, the report proved influential for future preservation mandates.

After several years of public controversy regarding the forced reduction of the elk population in Yellowstone National Park, Udall appointed an advisory board to collect scientific data to inform future wildlife management of the national parks. The committee observed that culling programs at other national parks had been ineffective, and recommended different management of Yellowstone's elk population. In addressing the goals, policies, and methods of managing wildlife in the parks, the report suggested that in addition to protection, wildlife populations should be managed and regulated to prevent habitat degradation. Touching upon predator control, fire ecology, and other issues, the report suggested that the National Park Service (NPS) hire scientists to manage the parks using current scientific research.

The Leopold Report became the first concrete plan to manage park visitors and ecosystems under unified principles. It was reprinted in several national publications, and many of its recommendations were incorporated into the official policies of the NPS. Although the report is notable for proposing that park management have a fundamental goal of reflecting "the primitive scene ... a reasonable illusion of primitive America", some have criticized it for its idealism and limited scope.

Background

Yellowstone National Park was established by the United States Congress on March 1, 1872, as the first U.S. national park, and quickly became a popular tourist destination. At first, national parks were overseen by a variety of agencies and lacked bureaucratic support. In 1916, more than four decades after Yellowstone's founding, President Woodrow Wilson signed a bill creating the National Park Service (NPS), giving it the power "to conserve the scenery and the natural and historic objects and wildlife therein, and to provide for the enjoyment of the same in such manner and by such means as will leave them unimpaired for the enjoyment of future generations." The NPS was tasked with both preservation and tourism, two divergent goals that would prove divisive during the resurgence of the conservation movement in the 1940s and 1950s.

NPS managers became interested in attracting more tourists to Yellowstone during the 1910s and 1920s. Species such as elk and antelope were considered a major attraction for park visitors, and an attempt was made to increase their numbers through winter feeding and predator control. The effort was successful, and the number of elk expanded significantly, but to the detriment of other wildlife such as bighorn sheep. Despite sporadic reductions of elk by hunters, the animals still posed a problem to the northern range ecosystems, mainly because of overgrazing. In the winter of 1961, park rangers responded to this dilemma by shooting and killing approximately 4,300 elk. This aggressive reduction by the Park Service caused a massive public outcry; network television and newspaper coverage of the culling resulted in public opposition and congressional hearings. The International Association of Game and Fish Commissioners protested the "slaughtering of elk by hired killers" rather than by sportsmen, and schoolchildren from across the country were inspired to write letters of condemnation. Facing public backlash, the NPS announced it would stop killing elk.

Advisory Board and reporting
The controversy surrounding the reduction of elk in Yellowstone shed a negative light upon the NPS and their management of wildlife populations within the country's national parks. In response to what was deemed a "crisis in public relations", Secretary of the Interior Stewart Udall assembled the Special Advisory Board on Wildlife Management in 1962 to conduct thorough studies to be conducted on its science and resource management. The purpose of the board was to collect scientific data and investigate the necessity of wildlife population control. Chairing the board was A. Starker Leopold, the eldest son of noted conservationist Aldo Leopold. A respected zoologist, professor of ecology, and Assistant to the Chancellor at the University of California, Berkeley, Leopold was joined on the board by other prominent scientists and conservationists: Professor Stanley A. Cain of the Department of Conservation at the University of Michigan; Ira N. Gabrielson, formerly of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) and President of the Wildlife Management Institute; Thomas L. Kimball, executive director of the National Wildlife Federation; and Clarence Cottam, former assistant director of the FWS and director of the Welder Wildlife Foundation.

The formation of the Advisory Board was historically important, as this was the first time an outside group was asked to evaluate wildlife programs within the NPS. The report was officially named "Wildlife Management in the National Parks" when it was first presented on March 4, 1963, but it became informally known as the "Leopold Report".
At the same time, a separate Advisory Board was formed by the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) to produce "A Report by the Advisory Committee to the National Park Service on Research". The NAS Report, more commonly known as the Robbins Report, was named after its primary author, biologist William J. Robbins. The Robbins Report was released on August 1, 1963, five months after the Leopold Report.

Recommendations

The report began by arguing that not only was it necessary to control the elk population in Yellowstone National Park, but direct reduction of elk was presented as the most suitable option. According to scientific findings, reduction programs at other national parks had not been implemented on a large enough scale; as a result, the Advisory Board recommended future reductions of animals should "be larger and in many cases repeated annually". The report also supported the concept of carrying capacity, and the idea that the elk population could be actively managed to restore its natural balance.

Although the Advisory Board recommendations focused on wildlife and habitat management, they also touched upon the recreation of primitive, uncontrolled conditions. Revisiting fire ecology and the importance of fire, which had long been suppressed in national parks and other federal lands, the report recommended the use of prescribed fire as a cheap and natural tool for shaping the park environment.

Predator control was also reviewed, and deemed unnatural and unpopular. Recreational hunting was strongly opposed, but the report allowed for select members of the public to assist in the "sole purpose of animal removal". The main goal of the NPS, the report explained, was to preserve national parks primarily for the "aesthetic, spiritual, scientific and educational values they offered to the public".

The report strayed from arguments based on scientific data and veered into environmental philosophy, concluding that national parks should serve a historical purpose. One of the most popular passages in the report is from the section "The Goal of Park Management in the United States"; here, the report alludes to recreating an unaltered landscape, a sentiment touching upon a national park ideal: "As a primary goal, we would recommend that the biotic associations within each park be maintained, or where necessary recreated, as nearly as possible in the condition that prevailed when the area was first visited by the white man. A national park should represent a vignette of primitive America." It continues:

Restoring the primitive scene is not done easily nor can it be done completely. Some species are extinct. Given time, an eastern hardwood forest can be regrown to maturity but the chestnut will be missing and so will the roar of pigeon wings. The colorful drapanid finches are not to be heard again in the lowland forests of Hawaii, nor will the jack-hammer of the ivory-bill ring in southern swamps. The wolf and grizzly bear cannot readily be reintroduced into ranching communities, and the factor of human use of the parks is subject only to regulation, not elimination. Exotic plants, animals, and diseases are here to stay. All these limitations we fully realize. Yet, if the goal cannot be fully achieved it can be approached. A reasonable illusion of primitive America could be recreated, using the utmost in skill, judgment, and ecologic sensitivity. This in our opinion should be the objective of every national park and monument.

Most importantly, the Leopold Report emphasized the need for scientific research and ecological management expertise in the national parks. Acknowledging the harm caused to nature by humans, the Advisory Board asked for the implementation of "a set of ecologic skills unknown in this country today". A call to arms was raised for exploring new methods of active protection and restoration of plant and animal life in the national parks: "Americans have shown a great capacity for degrading and fragmenting native biotas. So far we have not exercised much imagination or ingenuity in rebuilding damaged biotas. It will not be done by passive protection alone."

Reception and publication
The report was first presented on March 4, 1963, and originally published in the Transactions of the Twenty-Eighth North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference. Conrad L. Wirth, director of the NPS from 1951 to 1964, stated that the report reworded the Service's 1916 mandate into "modern language", using a scientific perspective to redefine the basic purpose of national parks. Secretary Udall supported the report and instructed the NPS to incorporate the findings into the agency's operations. In a memorandum dated May 2, 1963, he reiterated the purpose of the national park in the scope of the Leopold Report: "... a primary goal of park management is to maintain the biotic associations within each park as nearly as possible in that relationship which existed at a predetermined time period. The goal then is to create or maintain the mood of wild America."

The Advisory Board was reconstituted in part as a permanent Natural Sciences Advisory Board to the NPS. In 1964, Wirth's successor, George B. Hartzog Jr., established the Division of Natural Science Studies, naming biologist George Sprugel Jr. the Service's chief scientist. The memorable idea of a "vignette of primitive America" drew popular attention from readers and the report received widespread publicity and praise amongst conservationists. It was reprinted in several national publications and was also noted in the Sierra Club Bulletin. Leopold often said that had he known the report would be widely read and dissected, he probably would have written it more carefully.

Legacy
The Leopold Report was the first concrete plan for managing park visitors and ecosystems under unified principles. With an infusion of scientists and resource programs, it set into motion a series of ecologically positive legislative actions in the 1960s and into the 1970s. While direct management of the elk population in Yellowstone National Park continues to spark debate amongst scientists, the report nonetheless successfully influenced multiple areas of park management. Prior to the report's publication, California's Sequoia National Park was beset by a thick underbrush, which the report directly referred to as a "dog-hair thicket ... a direct function of overprotection from natural ground fires". This underbrush would have been naturally eradicated by lightning storms, but because of policies that supported wildfire suppression, the growth threatened the park's Giant Sequoia trees. As a direct result of the report's advice regarding the usefulness of controlled burning, in 1964 the park began performing trial controlled burns, which led to a 1968 policy championing the continuation of burns for the betterment of the park's forest ecosystems. Fire ecologist Bruce Kilgore credited the Leopold Report as being a true catalyst for change, stating that it was the "document of greatest significance to National Park Service [fire] policy".

Although the Robbins Report did not receive the same recognition as the Leopold Report, it reached similar conclusions. However, unlike the Leopold Report, the Robbins Report criticized the NPS for its lack of scientific research and made recommendations for sweeping changes in the structure of the NPS, with a proposal for a strong focus on a science-based approach. In 1972, the far more detailed Cain Report was released; amounting to 207 pages in comparison to the Leopold Report's scant 28, its committee was chaired by Stanley A. Cain, who also worked on the Leopold Report. Although this report made similar recommendations to the one primarily written by Leopold, it stated that little had been done to advance the previous report's findings, especially in terms of predator control. As a result of the Cain Report's recommendations, President Richard Nixon signed Executive Order 11643, which restricted the usage of poisons such as strychnine and sodium cyanide for predator control.

The report's visionary goal for preservation has been both lauded and criticized. Author of the book Searching for Yellowstone: Ecology and Wonder in the Last Wilderness, Paul Schullery, wrote of the report: "Scholars return to it for new interpretations and even inspiration regularly, speakers invoke it on all occasions, and it is trotted out to prove almost every perspective in debates about modern park management." On the other hand, Alston Chase, a vocal critic of the National Park Service, disapproved of the limited scope of the Leopold Report, arguing that it had "inadvertently replaced science with nostalgia, subverting the goal it had set out to support". The report's insistence to return parks to the condition that "prevailed when the area was first visited by the white man" has also been criticized for ignoring the Native Americans' historical presence in the area. Historian and author Philip Burnham in particular stated in his 2000 book, Indian Country, God's Country: Native Americans and the National Parks, that although Leopold et al. were more progressive than their predecessors, they "still dismissed native people as passive onlookers".

Notes


Thetidium

Thetidium or Thetidion or Thetideion (, Θετίδειον, or Θεστίδειον) was a town in Thessaliotis in ancient Thessaly, close to Pharsalus, where Flamininus encamped at the end of the second march from Pherae towards Scotussa, before the Battle of Cynoscephalae. It derived its name from Thetis, the mother of Achilles, the national hero of the Achaean Phthiotae.

Its site is at a location called Agios Athanasios or Kato Dasolofos, within the boundaries of the modern village of Thetidio, which echoes the ancient name.


Noman Benotman

Noman M. Benotman (born 1967) is a former fighter of the Libyan militant organization known as the Libyan Islamic Fighting Group. Benotman has been active in reforming his former terrorist comrades in prison, attempting to persuade them to renounce violence. He wrote an open letter to Osama bin Laden in 2010 supporting al-Qaeda's use of violence,. He is also a Senior Analyst (Strategic Communications) at Quilliam, a British-government-funded Middle East focused think tank.

Childhood
Noman comes from a wealthy Tripolitania family that suffered under the Qaddafi government, during which Qaddafi confiscated many properties like land, houses, factories and buildings belonging to Noman’s father and many other well known Libyan families that also lived a harsh life under the Qaddafi government.

Afghanistan
Benotman  has lived a hard life living in exile overseas during the Qaddafi's government of 42 years of power hold on Libya. During the '80s the beginning of Gaddafi's oppression on many Libyans, Noman fled Libya and decided to join the Jihad call to take up arms during the Soviet occupation in Afghanistan, he fought for an Islamic cause and made many friends in his teenaged life. After several years of fighting Communists Russia that invaded Afghanistan the Jihad was a victory to all Muslims, Russia withdraws its troops from Afghanistan.

Anti-Qaddafi armed opposition
Noman then realized with the knowledge gained fighting the Soviets in Afghanistan using guerilla combat tactics that his country was also occupied and needed to do the same in Libya, establishing a network of Libyans to fight Qaddafi and to overthrow the government from power establishment of the (LIFG) the Libyan Islamic fighting group came to birth in the late '80s early '90s their mission target was Qaddafi.  The LIFG was the most feared by from Qaddafi they have taken the war to his door using all tactics to combat Qaddafi and his forces in Libya.

Many attempts on Qaddafi's life were made during the government's 42 years of power but none were successful enough to end his life. Qaddafi used Libya's Oil reserves and all assets he could to stay in power to fight the LIFG Islamists and other Libyan organizations. Qaddafi was successful crushing the Revolt in the '90s and many LIFG members were caught captured and killed some served in Libya's Notorious famous Prison named Abou Sleem and awaiting death sentence.  The LIFG kept fighting until the September 11th attacks on the United States soil. It was a blow to the organization leaving America and the United Kingdom only to label the LIFG as a terrorist organization bringing all operation to overthrow Qaddafi from power to a full stop, reports showed that Bin Laden had funded the LIFG baking the group with funds and helping them obtain weapons.

Mediation with Qaddafi
In the beginning of 2007 with pressure from Libya by Qaddafi requesting the British government to hand over people Like Noman to Libyan Authorities labeling them terrorists, Noman was forced to fight for his life in London obtaining a UK citizenship helping Noman not to be extradited to Libya he was active in Politics and was chosen to mediate the release of his former comrades in arms, He had the support of the British government and was backed by the new slogan (de-radicalization of Hardcore Islamists) Qaddafi was shocked and frustrated by the UK and had no choice but to accept the British government proposal if he ever wanted back in the world international community.

Noman was very successful in mediating the release of his former comrades. Many regarded Noman as a traitor for dealing with the Qaddafi government during 2007/2010 mediation but he had no choice, in the end Noman saw his fellow Comrades as brothers and had to do something to save their lives.

Quillam Foundation and media profile
e is the president of Quillam Foundation in London. He has appeared on many TV channels as an expert in Terrorism and the Middle east, more recently as the expert on the Arab Spring and its effects; despite working with Saif ul Islam Gaddafi to free his comrades from the notorious prison named Abousleem. At the time of the start of the Libyan uprising, he was in Tripoli meeting with Saif Gaddafi with the supervision of the British government, calling some of the rebels 'Al Qaeda' operatives pointing to Mokhtar Belmokhtar as he had information during the Libyan uprising that some Islamic hardcore militant had entered Libya.

The Washington Post quoted Benotman in 2006 in a profile of Atiyah Abd al-Rahman, another Libyan exile who was to rise to a senior membership of Al Qaeda's leadership.
Benotman said that Atiyah had been taken captive by the Armed Islamic Group, in Algeria, in the mid 1990s.


Anna Coren

Anna Coren (born 28 October 1975) is an Australian journalist and former news anchor who is an international correspondent with CNN based in Hong Kong.

Career
Coren graduated from Charles Sturt University's Bathurst campus in 1996 with a communications degree and spent time working for regional television networks Prime (12 months) and NBN (18 months). She was picked up by the Nine Network in 1999 and earned a spot as an on-camera reporter for National Nine News in early 2000. In 2002, she began presenting news updates and the National Nine Early Morning News.

Coren's career at the Seven Network began in December 2003, presenting late news updates and presenting the summer edition of Today Tonight in the place of Naomi Robson. She has since presented many one-off events such as Australia's Brainiest Kid, 2005 Edinburgh Military Tattoo, Royal Wedding Night with Seven and Zero Hour – The Bali Bombings. Her role at Seven also involved filling-in as news presenter with the morning news program Sunrise. Coren also presented Seven's factual series True Stories.

In 2005, Coren was appointed United States correspondent for Seven News replacing Mike Amor who returned to Australia to present Seven 4.30 News. In this role she appeared on the Global Notebook segment for Sunrise.

During her tenure as the Seven Network's U.S. correspondent Coren covered the 2006 Israel-Hezbollah War from Northern Israel and the 2005 G8 Summit in Gleneagles, Scotland.

On 27 January 2007, Coren was appointed presenter of Today Tonight, replacing Naomi Robson who left the show on 1 December 2006. Her role as presenter of Today Tonight saw Coren become the frequent subject of satire by the presenters of the television show The Chaser's War on Everything.

In September 2008, Coren announced that she would be leaving Today Tonight to take up a position with CNN in Hong Kong. She was succeeded by Matthew White, with Coren presenting Today Tonight for the last time on 10 October 2008.

Honour
Coren received the 2011 and 2012 Asian Television Award for "Best News Presenter or Anchor" for her work on the CNN program World Report.
In December 2013 Coren received her third Asian Television Award-winning the prestigious 'Best News Story 10 minutes or less' for her powerful exclusive report 'Afghanistan Taliban Firefight'.

Personal life
She has twins with her long time fiance Australian hedge fund manager, Adam Upton.


Thyra von Westernhagen

Thyra, Princess Heinrich of Hanover (née von Westernhagen; born 14 August 1973) is a German forester. As the wife of Prince Heinrich of Hanover, she is a princess of the House of Hanover.

Early life and family
Thyra von Westernhagen was born on 14 August 1973 in Oldenburg, West Germany. She is the daughter of Burghard von Westernhagen, a medical doctor, and Uta Maria von Pape. She is a member of the von Westernhagen family, a Junker family who were part of the landed nobility of Thuringia.

Personal life
Von Westernhagen studied forestry at university. She married Prince Heinrich of Hanover on 30 April 1999 at St. Andrew's Church on her family's estate in Teistungen. She gave birth to their first child, Prince Albert, on 14 December 1999. On 19 July 2001 she gave birth to their second child, Princess Eugenia. On 22 February 2006 she gave birth to their third child, Prince Julius.

In 2011 von Westernhagen filed a legal complaint against German actress Désirée Nick for slander and insult. The Göttingen district court rejected the complaint in 2012. Von Westernhagen is the stepmother of Oskar Nick, her husband's son through his prior relationship with Désirée Nick.

In July 2017 she attended the wedding of Ernst August, Hereditary Prince of Hanover and Ekaterina Malysheva in Hanover.


Bruckenthalia

Bruckenthalia is a genus of plants consisting of only one species, Bruckenthalia spiculifolia (spike heath) an evergreen shrub native to southeastern Europe and Asia Minor. It is a dwarf and heath-like plant to 10 in high. Suitable for rock gardens and borders. Leaves are dark green. The flowers in terminal clusters of rose-pink, bell-shaped appear in early summer.

Cultivation  The plant prefers sandy peat with lime-free. Propagate from seed, cuttings or division.


Bury Me Dead

Bury Me Dead is a 1947 American film noir directed by Bernard Vorhaus.  The drama features Cathy O'Donnell, June Lockhart, Hugh Beaumont and Mark Daniels.

Plot
When the remains of a woman's body are found after a fire consumes a barn on the estate of wealthy Barbara Carlin, it is assumed to be her, especially since she was wearing Barbara's diamond necklace. However, after the funeral, Barbara secretly contacts Michael Dunn, the family lawyer. He advises her to notify the police immediately, but she suspects someone is trying to murder her and wants to investigate first.

A series of flashbacks reveals the possible motives of several suspects. The prime suspect is her irresponsible, philandering husband, Rod, whom she is reluctantly divorcing; he might want her wealth. But there is also Rusty, a resentful young woman who had been raised to believe she was Barbara's younger sister. When Barbara's father died, his will revealed that Rusty was just an orphan he had raised, but not legally adopted; Barbara inherited everything. Barbara was quite willing to share everything with her, but Rusty accepted only a small allowance. Rusty, it also turns out, is in love with Rod and (mistakenly) believes he loves her. And who is the woman buried under Barbara's name?

Another flashback reveals that Rusty, a minor, had taken up with a dimwitted boxer named George Mandley. When Barbara went to take her home, Rod had become openly attracted to George's shapely "assistant", Helen Lawrence. Barbara began seeing George to retaliate. Rusty bitterly resented Barbara taking George away from her. Eventually, it is realized that the dead woman is Helen. (Rod had let her try on Barbara's necklace and forgotten to get it back.)

More revelations follow. Helen, George's scheming girlfriend, had gotten him to date Barbara while she herself was seeing Rod. She hinted to Rod that he should kill his wife and marry her. That failed, as Rod actually loved Barbara, leaving Helen to plot to extort money out of Barbara through George. Meanwhile, Rusty, still certain that Rod loves her, boasts to him that her schemes had driven him and Barbara apart.

After the power goes out in her mansion that night, Barbara is attacked by an unknown assailant in the dark. The attacker flees before finishing the job. Rod and Jeffers, their butler, show up shortly afterward, followed by Michael. Rod is taken in by the police for questioning, during which he is asked to telephone Michael for information about any insurance policies on Barbara's life. When Michael's secretary mentions that he has not been in the office all day, Rod remembers that he claimed to have received Rod's message about the latest attack. He insists that the police take him back to the mansion as quickly as possible. Meanwhile, Michael realizes he has blundered, telling Barbara that Helen was murdered with a hammer, something only the killer would know. When Rusty shows up, he decides to stage Rusty and Barbara as a murder-suicide, but is gunned down by the police just in time.

Cast
 Cathy O'Donnell as Rusty
 June Lockhart as Barbara Carlin
 Hugh Beaumont as Michael Dunn
 Mark Daniels as Rod Carlin
 Greg McClure as George Mandley
 Milton Parsons as Jeffers, the butler
 Virginia Farmer as Mrs. Haskins, the housekeeper
 Sonia Darrin as Helen Lawrence
 Cliff Clark as Detective Archer


Walton Cantonment

Walton Cantonment is a cantonment area situated in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.

Lahore Cantonment with its increasing population and extensions to the boundaries had become difficult to manage and in 1998 it was bifurcated into two administrative divisions, Lahore Cantonment and the new Walton Cantonment.

According to the Zoning Plan of Walton Cantt. Area, the cantonment is spread over 9024 acres. The estimated population is about 600,000 person.

Walton Railway Station
Walton Railway Station is a busy railway station located in Walton Cantontment. It is one of the urban stations of the city which are served by commuter trains of Lahore. A large number of commuters use this station to get access to the city of Lahore.

External links
 Official Website of Walton Cantonment Board


9 September massacres

The 9 September massacres were two series of massacres of prisoners at Versailles on 9 September 1792 during the French Revolution. They occurred in the context of the September Massacres. Claude Fournier was accused of complicity in them. Those killed included Charles d'Abancour, Claude Antoine de Valdec de Lessart and Louis Hercule Timoléon de Cossé-Brissac.

Context

The prisoners of Orléans

The prisoners of Versailles

The same evening, the assassins returned to the écuries de la Reine, which had become Versailles' prison, to carry out another massacre of 30 prisoners there.

External links
 Diagnopsy : Les massacres de septembre
 Quid : see the chapter Constitution du 3-9-1791. Haute Cour nationale

fr:Massacres du 9 septembre 1792 à Versailles


Paul Horwich

Paul Gordon Horwich (born 1947) is a British analytic philosopher at New York University, noted for his contributions to philosophy of science, philosophy of physics, the philosophy of language (especially truth and meaning) and the interpretation of Wittgenstein's later philosophy.

Education and career

Horwich earned his PhD from Cornell University in 1975 with a thesis  on The Metric and Topology of Time, under the direction of Richard Boyd. He began his academic career at MIT, where he taught from 1973 until 1994, when he took up a post at University College London.  He returned to the U.S. in 2000, to take up a chair at the CUNY Graduate Center.  He moved to NYU in 2005.

Philosophical work

In Truth (1990), Horwich presented a detailed defence of the minimalist variant of the deflationary theory of truth.  He is opposed to appealing to reference and truth to explicate meaning, and so has defended a naturalistic use theory of meaning in his book Meaning. Other concepts he has advanced are a probabilistic account of scientific methodology and a unified explanation of temporally asymmetric phenomena.

In the context of philosophical speculations about time travel, Horwich coined the term autofanticide for a variant of the grandfather paradox, in which a person goes back in time and deliberately or inadvertently kills their infant self.

Books
 Probability and Evidence (Cambridge University Press, 1982)
 Asymmetries in Time (MIT Press, Bradford Books, 1987)
 Truth (Oxford:  Clarendon Press, 1990; 2nd edn. 1998)
 Meaning (Oxford University Press, 1998)
 From a Deflationary Point of View (Oxford University Press, 2004)
 Reflections on Meaning (Oxford University Press, 2005)
 Truth—Meaning—Reality (Oxford University Press, 2010)
 Wittgenstein's Metaphilosophy (Oxford University Press, 2012)


The Utah Gender-Neutral Constitutional Language Amendment is a constitutional amendment in Utah, which will appear on the ballot on November 3, 2020. The amendment intends to replace all gendered language in the Constitution of Utah with gender-neutral language. According to Deidre Henderson, the State Senator who proposed the amendment, only 6 of the 237 sections of the constitution would be modified, in order to bring them in line with the other 231 sections, which already use gender-neutral language. The amendment was unanimously approved in both the State Senate and the Utah House of Representatives, allowing it to be put on the ballot. If the amendment is passed by voters, it would go into effect in 2021.


Merops (genus)

Merops is a large genus of bee-eaters, a group of near passerine birds in the family Meropidae. The members of this Old World family are characterised by richly coloured plumage, slender bodies and usually elongated central tail feathers. They predominantly eat  insects, especially bees, wasps and hornets, which are caught in the air.

All bee-eaters are in the genus Merops and subfamily Meropinae except for three Asiatic bearded bee-eaters in the subfamily Nyctyornithinae (in genera Nyctyornis and Meropogon). The genus Merops was introduced by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae. The type species is the European bee-eater. The genus name is Ancient Greek for "bee-eater".

Taxonomy and systematics
Twenty-four species are recognized:

Former species
Formerly, some authorities also considered the following species (or subspecies) as species within the genus Merops:
 Magpie-lark (as Merops picatus)


Davis Entertainment

Davis Entertainment is an American film and television production company, founded by John Davis in 1984.

Davis's three divisions–feature film, independent film, and television–develop and produce film and television projects for the major studios, independent distributors, networks and cable broadcasters. The company itself has enjoyed a long-standing first-look production deal at 20th Century Fox, although it also produces projects for all studios and mini-majors.

Filmography
 Predator (1987)
 License to Drive (1988)
 Little Monsters (1989)
 Curiosity Kills (1990) (TV movie)
 Dangerous Passion (1990) (TV movie)
 Silhouette (1990) (TV movie)
 The Last of the Finest (1990)
 Predator 2 (1990)
 Shattered (1991)
 Storyville (1992)
 The Firm (1993)
Grumpy Old Men (1993)
 This Can't Be Love (1994) (TV movie)
 Gunmen (1994)
 Tears and Laughter: The Joan and Melissa Rivers Story (1994) (TV movie)
 New Eden (1994) (TV movie)
 Richie Rich (1994)
 The Hunted (1995)
 Waterworld (1995)
 Denise Calls Up (1996)
 The Chamber (1996)
 Daylight (1996)
 Courage Under Fire (1996)
 Out to Sea (1997)
 Asteroid (1997) (TV movie)
 Volcano: Fire on the Mountain (1997) (TV movie)
 Miracle at Midnight (1998) (TV movie)
 Dr. Dolittle (1998)
 The Jesse Ventura Story (1999) (TV movie)
 Dudley Do-Right (1999)
 Little Richard (2000) (TV movie)
 Heartbreakers (2001)
 Dr. Dolittle 2 (2001)
 Behind Enemy Lines (2001)
 Life or Something Like It (2002)
 Daddy Day Care (2003)
 Paycheck (2003)
 Garfield (2004)
 I, Robot (2004)
 Alien vs. Predator (2004)
 First Daughter (2004)
 Fat Albert (2004)
 Flight of the Phoenix (2004)
 Nadine in Date Land (2005) (TV movie)
 Life is Ruff (2005) (TV movie)
 When a Stranger Calls (2006)
 Dr. Dolittle 3 (2006)
 Garfield: A Tail of Two Kitties (2006)
 Eragon (2006)
 Jump In! (2007) (TV movie)
 Norbit (2007)
 Daddy Day Camp (2007)
 The Heartbreak Kid (2007)
 Garfield Gets Real (2007)
 Aliens vs. Predator: Requiem (2007)
 The Express: The Ernie Davis Story (2008)
 Dr. Dolittle: Tail to the Chief (2008)
 Garfield's Fun Fest (2008)
 Dr. Dolittle: Million Dollar Mutts (2009)
 Garfield's Pet Force (2009)
 Marmaduke (2010)
 Predators (2010)
 Gulliver's Travels (2010)
 Locke & Key (2011) (TV pilot)
 Mr Popper's Penguins (2011)
 A Little Bit of Heaven (2011)
 Chronicle (2012)
 The Blacklist (2013–present) (TV series)
 Ironside (2013) (TV series)
 Devil's Due (2014)
 The Man from U.N.C.L.E (2015)
 The Player (2015) (TV series)
 Dr. Ken (2015–17) (TV series)
 Victor Frankenstein (2015)
 Joy (2015)
 Timeless (2016–18) (TV series)
 Ferdinand (2017)
 Game Night (2018)
 Alex, Inc. (2018) (TV)
 The Predator (2018)
 Magnum P.I. (2018–present) (TV series)
 Shaft (2019)
 Dolemite Is My Name (2019)

Upcoming
 Jungle Cruise (2020)
 Echo (pilot order)
 All of Me (in development)
 It Takes a Thief (in development)
 Behind Enemy Lines (in development)
 The Crow (TBA)

Highest-grossing films


Dmitri Z. Garbuzov

Dmitri Z. Garbuzov (October 27, 1940, Sverdlovsk (Yekaterinburg) – August 20, 2006, Princeton, New Jersey) was one of the pioneers and inventors of room temperature continuous-wave-operating diode lasers and high-power diode lasers.

The first room-temperature, continuous-wave diode lasers were successfully invented, developed, and almost simultaneously demonstrated at the Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute in Leningrad, Russia by a team including Garbuzov and Zhores Alferov (winner of the 2000 Nobel Prize for Physics), and by the competing team of I. Hayashi and M. Panish at Bell Telephone Laboratories in Murray Hill, New Jersey. Both teams attained this accomplishment in 1970. Garbuzov was also responsible for the development of practical high-power, high-efficiency, diode lasers at a variety of wavelength bands from visible to mid-infrared wavelengths.

Following perestroika, Garbuzov, who had served as an accomplished and respected scientist and manager within the Soviet scientific research system, established a research group in the West which employed multiple Russian émigré scientists and simultaneously contributed to three American for-profit enterprises.

Personal life
Dmitri Zalmanovitch Garbuzov was born in Sverdlovsk, Russia in 1940. His father, Zalman Garbuzov, was a prominent engineer. His mother was Natalia Polivoda. He married Galina Minina and they have two children, Alina and Dmitri.

Garbuzov succumbed to cancer, diagnosed at an advanced stage, in August 2006 at the age of 65 at his home in Princeton, New Jersey.

Early career
In 1962 Dmitri graduated from the Department of Physics of Leningrad State University. In 1964, Dmitri joined the group of Zhores Alferov at Ioffe Physical-Technical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences in Leningrad. At the time, Alferov's team was among the very few research groups in the world that studied heterojunctions in semiconductors. In 2000, Zhores Alferov and Herbert Kroemer were awarded the Nobel Prize for their pioneering work.

The achievement of the first 300ºK continuous wave diode laser was reported in Investigation of the influence of the AlGaAs-GaAs heterostructure parameters on the laser threshold current and the realization of the continuous emission at the room temperature

Dmitri Garbuzov received his Ph.D. in 1968, and Doctor of Science degree in 1979. In the Russian system, the Doctor of Science is the second doctoral degree which is awarded to suitable candidates who can lead research.

Room temperature diode laser

Background
The 1970 demonstration of the first room-temperature diode laser crowned years of scientific and technological research developments involving optical semiconductors. These accomplishments parallel, but lag, the microelectronics revolution that started with the transistor, first demonstrated in 1947 (leading to the displacement of vacuum tube electronics in the marketplace). Although the laser had already been invented by Charles Hard Townes and Arthur Leonard Schawlow, separately by Gordon Gould, and separately in the Soviet Union by Aleksandr Prokhorov, there was no practical laser "chip" which would make the laser a commodity, one that today is displacing more inefficient lasers (those based on gas discharge or flashlamp designs) in the consumer, industrial, medical, and government marketplaces.

Shortly after the accomplishments attributed to Townes and Schawlow, the possibility of lasing in a semiconductor device was recognized. The key major accomplishment was the 1962 observation of nearly 100% internal efficiency in the conversion of electron-hole pairs to photons in GaAs semiconductor devices at MIT Lincoln Laboratory, RCA Laboratories, and Texas Instruments, Inc., shortly thereafter followed by the demonstration of the first diode laser by General Electric and IBM. The new semiconductor laser devices operated only at cryogenic temperatures (typically that of liquid nitrogen, that is, at 77°K or –196 °C). For practical use, it would be necessary to demonstrate diode laser action, continuous-wave, at room temperature.

Invention of room temperature diode laser
The invention of the first room-temperature diode laser in the Soviet Union occurred during a climate of intense Cold War competition and secrecy, albeit with sporadic scientific contacts at international conferences and during politically sanctioned international visits.  The question of primacy of the invention was debated over the years. Today, however, semiconductor laser scientists agree that the key design concept that enabled the room-temperature diode laser, namely the double-heterostructure design, was invented in the Soviet Union in 1964 by Rudolf F. Kazarinov and Zhores Alferov, as recorded in a Russian patent application filed that year. For that invention and several other seminal contributions to the semiconductor lasers Rudolf F. Kazarinov won the 1998 Quantum Electronics Award of the IEEE Photonics Society (see below at References).

While the Nobel Prize committee satisfied itself that the Russian team including Dmitri Z. Garbuzov, led by Zhores Alferov, reached continuous-wave room-temperating lasing before the competing team of Hayashi and Panish at Bell Labs, there continues to be discussion on this point, and the matter may never perfectly be resolved.

Today, as a result of the accomplishments of Garbuzov and other scientists, diode lasers continue to transform the laser into a widely available engineered component.  Laser chips are incorporated in many products that today are taken for granted, such as CDs, DVDs, laser printers, and fiberoptic communications. Other devices relying on semiconductor laser chip technology include illumination, ranging, and spectroscopic sensing systems of many types, and laser welding, cutting, and machining tools such as those now widely adopted by automobile manufacturers.  In addition, the same principles first developed by Garbuzov and Alferov underlie the ongoing revolution in gallium nitride-based solid-state lighting with high-quality high-efficiency phosphor-LED luminaires now available to consumers at affordable prices.

Later years in Russia
In subsequent years, Garbuzov developed the highest power diode lasers at wavelengths from 0.8 to 2.7 µm, introducing a new and revolutionary laser design to accomplish this, and made many contributions to new laser devices and businesses that produced them.

In 1979, Garbuzov became head of the Semiconductor Luminescence and Injection Emitters Laboratory at the A.F. Ioffe Physical Technical Institute. Heterojunctions of quaternary solid solutions of InGaAsP/InP were investigated under his leadership.  Lasers based on such structures are the basis of today's optical communications.

He led research on re-radiation effects in double heterojunctions. His group at the Ioffe Institute established almost 100% external efficiency of luminescence in GaAlAs heterostructures. This gave birth to another practical application — a new class of semiconductor alphanumeric displays. In 1987, Garbuzov and colleagues were awarded the State Prize for this achievement, the second highest civilian award in the former Soviet Union.

Aluminum-free diode heterostructure lasers became the next step in his scientific life. He suggested and developed lasers with wavelengths of 0.75-1.0 µm, including those of visible (red) wavelengths.

In 1991 Garbuzov became a corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Berlin
After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Garbuzov received the Humboldt Award for his work on Al-free diode lasers, and with it financial support for one year of work in Germany. He used the Award for an extended visit in 1992 to conduct research on InAlGaAs/InGaAs distributed feedback lasers at Dieter Bimberg’s  laboratory at the Technical University in Berlin.

United States

Princeton University and Sarnoff Corporation

In 1994, following a year's visit with the group of Manijeh Razeghi at Northwestern University in Evanston, IL, he decided to join both Princeton University and Sarnoff Corporation (formerly RCA Laboratories, and today integrated as part of parent company SRI International), in Princeton, New Jersey. In 1997 he was joined by long-time collaborator Viktor B. Khalfin, a semiconductor physics theorist.

Garbuzov continued to advance the performance of semiconductor devices at both institutions and later became a Senior Member of Technical Staff at Sarnoff Corporation, where he remained until May 2000. At Sarnoff, Garbuzov worked on antimonide-based lasers demonstrating record wavelengths of 2.7 µm. At the same time, he made a significant impact in high power diode lasers and their heterostructures by introducing the "broadened waveguide," a concept which now serves as a basis for the entire industry producing high power lasers for industrial applications (U.S. Patent 5,818,860).

Princeton Lightwave
In 2000, Garbuzov became one of the founders of Princeton Lightwave Inc., where he was Vice President of Research, where he continued his work on high-power stripe lasers. Garbuzov's work led to the acquisition of a portion of PLI by the TRUMPF Group, a manufacturer of industrial laser metal-forming and manufacturing equipment.

Citations

 H. Lee, P.K. York, R.J. Menna, R.U. Martinelli, D.Z. Garbuzov, S.Y. Narayan, and J.C. Connolly, Room-temperature 2.78 µm AlGaAsSb/InGaAsSb quantum-well lasers, Applied Physics Letters  volume 66, issue 15, page 1942,(1995)
 D.Z. Garbuzov et al."2.3-2.7 room temperature CW operation of InGaAsSb/AlGaAsSb broad waveguide SCH-QW diode lasers". IEEE Photon. Technology Letters v. 11 pp. 794–796, (1999).
 G. Gu, D.Z. Garbuzov, P.E. Burrows, S. Venkatesh, S.R. Forrest, and M.E. Thompson, High-external-quantum-efficiency organic light-emitting devices, Optics Letters volume 22, page 396.
V. Bulović, V.B. Khalfin, G. Gu, P.E. Burrows, D.Z. Garbuzov, S.R. Forrest Weak microcavity effects in organic light-emitting devices, Physical Review B volume 58, page 3730.
 L.J. Mawst, A. Bhattacharya, J. Lopez, D. Botez, D. Z. Garbuzov, L. DiMarco, J. C. Connolly, M. Jansen, F. Fang, and R.F. Nabiev,.8 W continuous wave front-facet power from broad-waveguide Al-free 980 nm diode lasers, Applied Physics Letters volume 69, page 1532.

U.S. patents

Awards and prizes
The Nobel Prize Committee awarded the 2000 Nobel Prize for Physics to Zhores Alferov as the  leader of the Soviet team to discover and invent the room temperature diode laser.

In 1972, Dr. Garbuzov, together with Dr. Alferov and other colleagues, was awarded the Lenin Prize, the highest civilian award in the Soviet Union of that era. The Lenin Prize's citation was  "Fundamental Research of Heterojunctions in Semiconductors and Development of Novel Devices on their Bases."

Garbuzov received, with his team, the 1987 State Prize, the second highest prize awarded within the Soviet Union.

In 1991 Garbuzov was honored by becoming a member of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Garbuzov received the Humboldt Prize in 1992.


Kromme Dam

Kromme Dam (old Churchill Dam), is a multi-arch type dam located at the Kromme River (sometimes spelled Krom River), near Kareedouw, Eastern Cape, in South Africa. It was established in 1943 and its main purpose is for municipal and industrial usage.

Location
Kromme Dam lies east-southeast of Kareedouw, south of the path of the Langkloof Valley (R62 road), and on the northern slopes of the Kareedouw Mountains. The dam is 100 km west of Port Elizabeth, at 34° 00' S, 24° 29' E.

Dimension
The dam has a capacity of 35 million m³, is 43 m high, and has a maximum reservoir area of 2,492 km² and a 12-m lock. Gravity-based pipelines bring the water to the city.

History
Port Elizabeth grew rapidly in the 1930s. George Begg, the City Engineer, suggested building a dam on the Krom, the closest river with plentiful and good-quality water. Although construction began in 1936, it would not be finished until after World War II. In 1942, it was decided to name the dam after Sir Winston Churchill in honor of his prominent role in that war. Gen. Jan Smuts dedicated it in 1948.

Spoorbek
As the dam filled, the waters covered Hendrik Spoorbek's farm (known as Spoorbek's Land).

Floods
The Churchill Dam and the Impofu Dam help control periodic floods of the Krom River. These have historically damaged fields and building on the banks and near the mouth of the river.


Urvin Lee

Urvin Lee, sometimes written as Ervin Lee, (born 18 August 1973 in Amsterdam, Netherlands) is a Dutch footballer who played for several clubs in the Dutch Eerste Divisie and Eredivisie leagues.  Lee made his Eerste Divisie debut with HFC Haarlem during the 1991-1992 season and made his debut for the Eredivisie league for club Fortuna Sittard during the 1995-1996 season.
He also played for AZ Alkmaar.


Kikiaola

Kīkīaola is a historic irrigation ditch (auwai) located near Waimea on the island of Kauai in the U.S. state of Hawaii. Also known as "Menehune Ditch" or "Peekauai Ditch," it was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 16, 1984. It is purported to have been built by the Menehune.

Hawaiians built many stone-lined auwai to irrigate ponds for growing taro (kalo), but very rarely employed dressed stone to line ditches. The 120 finely cut basalt blocks that line about 200 feet of the outer wall of the Menehune Ditch make it not just exceptional, but "the acme of stone-faced ditches" in the words of archaeologist Wendell C. Bennett.

The site shares its name with a harbor near Waimea.


Tsing Yi Town

Tsing Yi Town (Chinese: 青衣市) is located on the eastern coast of Tsing Yi Island, Hong Kong and is part of the Tsuen Wan New Town. It is based on the Tsing Yi Hui in the past and includes all the flat land surrounding, including the reclaimed land from Tsing Yi Lagoon.

The urban development of the northern part of the town was relatively late (mid-1980s to 2000s) comparing to Cheung Ching Estate and Cheung Hong Estate in the south hilly area (mid-1970s to mid-1980s).

The Tsing Yi Town Clinic and the Tsing Yi Complex are located in this town.  The office of the Tsing Yi Rural Committee is on its edge.


Æthelburg of Wessex

Queen Æthelburg, (also Æthelburh or Ethelburga) (ca. 673-740) was Queen of Wessex by marriage to King Ine of Wessex. Perhaps most famed for her act in 722, when she destroyed the stronghold of Taunton (which had been built by Ine) in an attempt to find the rebel Ealdbert.

Life

Æthelburg was born circa 673. She was the wife of King Ine of Wessex. Æthelburg is considered by some historians to be one of the few Anglo-Saxon women warriors. In 722, Æthelburg burned down the city of Taunton, a city built by Ine.  Æthelburg's exact motivations for burning down the city are not clear, but she was either trying to find the rebel Ealdbert or she was trying to prevent Taunton from being taken by the rebels. In 726 Æthelburg went on a pilgrimage to Rome with her husband King Ine of Wessex who had abdicated the throne, he left no clear heir. Both Æthelburg and King Ine died in Rome.

Legacy
Æthelburg is a featured figure on Judy Chicago's installation piece The Dinner Party, being represented as one of the 999 names on the Heritage Floor.
In The Dinner Party the character Æthelburg is actually a combination of Æthelburg of Wessex and Æthelburg of Kent, which she is often confused with.


Samuel Jorge Doria Medina Auza

Samuel Doria Medina Auza is a politician in Bolivia. He is the leader of the National Unity Front and represented the party alongside Carlos Fernando Dabdoub Arrien in the December 2005 Presidential Elections. In that  election, Doria Medina finished 3rd with 7.8% of the national vote. He ran again in the 2009 elections and won 5.65% of the vote. Doria Medina ran once again in the 2014 elections; coming out second with 25.1 of the vote.

He has sought to position himself and his party as a moderate third force in Bolivian politics.


Gabriel Reyes

Gabriel Martelino Reyes  (March 24, 1892 - October 10, 1952) was the 28th Archbishop of Manila, and the first native Filipino to hold that post. He previously served as Archbishop of Cebu from 1934 to 1949, and then served as Archbishop of Manila from 1949 till his death in 1952.

Biography
Gabriel M. Reyes was born on March 24, 1892 in Kalibo, (then a part of Capiz). He entered St. Vincent Ferrer Seminary in Jaro, Iloilo City at the age of 13, during the time of Bishop Frederick Rooker.  He was ordained a priest, on 27 March 1915, by Bishop Dennis Joseph Dougherty of then Diocese of Jaro, later Cardinal and Archbishop of Philadelphia, USA.  After ordination, Gabriel was immediately appointed coadjutor parish priest of the future Cardinal at the Carhedral Parish of Jaro. After a few months Mons. Dougherty made him the parish priest of the Cathedral.

A few months later Gabriel was sent to a very challenging mission to Balasan, Iloilo, the farthest town of Iloilo up north.  As the parish priest of this town, he covered sixteen small islands with neither roads, chapels nor convents but only ruins amidst increasing number Aglipayan and Protestant churches.

In 1918 he was transferred to be the parish priest of Capiz, Capiz (now Roxas, Capiz).  On July 20, 1920, he was chosen as the Diocesan Chancellor and Secretary by the new Bishop of Jaro, Mons. James McClosky. He was also the parish priest of Santa Barbara, Iloilo.

In 1927 he was named the Vicar General of Jaro.

Five years later, Mons. Gabriel Reyes was appointed by the Holy See as Bishop of Cebu. He received his episcopal consecration in the Cathedral of Jaro, on 11 October 1932, from the Apostolic Nuncio, Archbishop Guillermo Piani, S.D.B., with Mons. James McClosky - Bishop of Jaro, and Mons. Alfredo Verzosa, Bishop of Lipa, as co-consecrators. Two days after, he was installed in Cebu.

On April 28, 1934, after more than three centuries, the Diocese of Cebu was elevated by Pope Pius XI into an Archdiocese, with Gabriel Reyes as the first Archbishop. In Cebu Mons. Reyes ordained every year dozens of new candidates to the priesthood. He established the Parishes of Guadalupe, Tabuelan, Simala and Santa Lucia to add to the existing parishes, and launched an evangelization program. He also started the “Catholic Hour” over radio station DZRC.

On August 25, 1949 he was appointed by Pope Pius XII as Coadjutor to Archbishop Michael O’Doherty of Manila with right of succession (and Apostolic Administrator sede plena). On the death of the Archbishop on 29 September 1949, he took over the archi-episcopal See of Manila, being its first Filipino Archbishop.

On October 14, 1949, he was installed as Archbishop of Manila and took canonical possession of this See of Manila.

Last years and Legacy

Reyes became ill, and died at the age of sixty on 10 October 1952 in a hospital in Washington D.C..

He was the immediate predecessor of two Filipino prelates who became cardinals: Julio Rosales, who succeeded him in Cebu, and Rufino Santos, who succeeded him in Manila.

Archbishop Reyes renovated the Cebu Cathedral, which had been  bombed during World War II.  He established the San Carlos Seminary and parochial schools and the Cebu Archdiocesan officer newspaper Diaro-Kabuhi Sang Banua. A Catholic center he wished to build when he became archbishop of Manila was built by his successor, the Pope Pius XII Catholic Center, on U.N. Avenue in Manila. The Archbishop Gabriel M. Reyes Memorial Library (AGRM Library), the resource center of the San Carlos Pastoral Formation Complex, was dedicated in his honor.

In his hometown Kalibo, the street fronting his birthplace was named after him. Also, a monument was erected in his honor in his birthplace. In December 2015, the monument was transferred to a new location in the Kalibo Pastrana Park which was formally turned over by the Archbishop Gabriel Reyes Memorial Foundation to the local government of Kalibo on October 10, 2016 coinciding with his 64th death anniversary and the foundation's 39th anniversary..

Likewise, in Cebu City, a major thoroughfare traversing from Barangay Camputhaw to the junction of Barangay Kasambagan, Lahug and Barrio Luz (near TESDA Cebu and Barrio Luz Flyover) was named as ARCH. REYES Avenue.


Chad Harville

Chad Ashley Harville (born September 16, 1976) is a former relief pitcher who last played for the Tampa Bay Devil Rays. Harville bats and throws right-handed. He is known for throwing in the high 90's with an outstanding sinker.

A second-round pick of the Oakland Athletics in , Harville posted a 4-6 record with a 4.94 ERA and one save in 135 career relief appearances with Oakland and Houston. In 133 innings, he had 114 strikeouts and 78 walks.

On August 23, 2005, Harville was claimed by the Boston Red Sox off waivers from the Astros. He was 0-2 with a 4.46 ERA in 37 games for Houston, having allowed just two runs in 15 1-3 innings over his last 13 appearances. With the Red Sox unable to find the right combination of relievers due to injury and ineffectiveness (using a total of 18 pitchers out of the bullpen), they decided to take a chance on Harville, designating Mike Remlinger for assignment. Unfortunately, Harville was 0-1 with a 6.43 ERA in 8 appearances for Boston.

On November 22, 2005, Harville was signed by the Tampa Bay Devil Rays as a free agent to a one-year deal, but he had another down season, posting a 0-2 record and a 5.93 ERA in 32 appearances. On August 15, 2006, the Devil Rays designated him for assignment. In , Harville was the closer for the Arizona Diamondbacks Triple-A affiliate, the Tucson Sidewinders.

Harville is originally from Savannah, Tennessee. He attended Hardin County High School. In 1994, he was named All-Conference in C-USA while playing for the Memphis Tigers.

Sources

The ESPN Baseball Encyclopedia – Gary Gillette, Peter Gammons, Pete Palmer. Publisher: Sterling Publishing, 2005. Format: Paperback, 1824pp. Language: English.


Eublemma amabilis

Eublemma amabilis is a moth of the family Noctuidae first described by Saalmüller in 1891. It is found in India, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka.

The adult is white pinkish. Eggs are round and grey white. First instars are creamy whitish with a broad flat head.

It is a major pest on Kerria lacca. The caterpillar enters the lac insect through one of the openings in the test or by tunnelling a hole through the incrustation. Pupa obtect adecticous and dark brown.


English Shinty Association

The English Shinty Association (ESA) is the main body for promoting and encouraging the sport of shinty in England. The body's headquarters are in Penryn, Cornwall.

History of shinty in England
Shinty was previously played widely in England in the 19th century and early 20th century, with teams such as London Scots, Bolton Caledonian, Cottonopolis and evidence to suggest it was played in some form in Cumberland, Yorkshire, Lancashire, Cheshire, Nottingham, Cornwall and Lincoln. Nottingham Forest F.C. was established by shinty and bandy players as Nottingham Forest Football and Bandy Club. There is evidence to support that Old Trafford and Stamford Bridge were used for shinty matches in the 19th century.

Shinty died out in England until only London Camanachd remained and they themselves struggled throughout the late 20th century into the new millennium. There was a Northallerton Camanachd in the late 60s to early 80s, and interest was maintained by the links to the nearby military base, but they only competed periodically.

The revival of the London Club has sparked interest in Cornwall, and Cornwall were finally able to offer London some 'local' opposition in March 2012.  London's success grew and the English Capital's side hosted a successful tournament in September 2011 featuring the hosts, Cornwall and the SCOTS Camanachd.
The influence of the SCOTS and the tradition of English shinty being run by Scottish university graduates saw the resurrection of shinty in Northallerton under the name Northallerton Shinty Club.

Atkins UK donated Helmets to the association to help provide protection, especially to the youth players, at club and international level.

Recent history

The English Shinty Association was founded in 2013 by three ex-University Shinty players with a passion for reviving the game in England. The three players in question, Matt Mossop, Graham Love and Alan MacDonald, had already founded/revived teams in their respective areas, Cornwall, London and Northallerton.

With London crowned English Champions at the Shinty Shop Challenge Cup on goal difference over Cornwall at Bristol's expense, ESA organized the historic first shinty international against the USA in 2013 (England 2- USA 0), ESA entered the Bullough Cup for the first time in 2013, whilst its constituent teams were represented at St Andrews Sixes in 2013.

Expansion continued in 2014, entering the Bullough Cup, running a tour to Scotland and various festivals being run in London, Cornwall and other locations in England.

Structure

The association currently supports four clubs: Cornwall Shinty Club, Oxford Shinty Club (set up in 2013), University of Nottingham Shinty Club (established 2015) and the oldest shinty club in England, London Camanachd.

The association also supports development sides in Northallerton Shinty Club, The North West, East Anglia and Bristol.

The committee was expanded in 2014 to facilitate the development of Women's and University Shinty as well as overseeing the day-to-day running of the association. An English Universities Championship will be held for the first time in 2014-15.

The English Shinty Association is an affiliated member of the Camanachd Association, the world's governing body for shinty.

Clubs and teams

The association has a varied range of teams under its auspices.

English Shinty Team, which competes in Scottish cup competitions.

There are two major clubs in England who are affiliated as separate members of the Camanachd Association.

London Camanachd, the oldest team in England, which have a long history of competition in Scottish cup competitions.
Cornwall Shinty Club, who also function as the co-ordinating club for shinty activity in South West England.

There are five teams in the SW League:

Mabe Shinty Club
CSM Gold
CSM Blue
Devon
Mylor Cons

The student teams also compete as Camborne School of Mines Shinty Club.

The association also hosts the following sides:

Oxford Shinty Club

North Shinty Club

Competitions

The association runs the English Shinty Championship, played for the Shinty Shop Challenge Cup. This was first played in 2012 in Flax Bourton. 2013 was played in Bristol.

Winners of English Championship

2012 Title Shared - London & Cornwall
2013 London
2014 London
2015 Cornwall
2016 Cornwall
2017 Cornwall
2018 London

International activities

For more information see English Shinty Team

The association co-ordinates the English Shinty Team. In 2013 The English side competed in the Bullough Cup against Tayforth Camanachd, but were beaten 11-1.

They also participated in an International challenge match against the USA, where England ran out 2-0 winners.