Fabyan Trestle Bridge

The Battle River Railway Trestle, commonly known as the Fabyan Trestle Bridge, was constructed between 1907-December 10, 1908 west of Fabyan, Alberta, Canada at the cost of $600,000.

Overview
The steel trestle was designed by the Grand Trunk Pacific railway as part of the company's westward movement to Edmonton. With the Battle River valley meandering west to east, a bridge had to be built in order to continue the westward trek, with its current location the most viable.

Upon completion, it was the largest railway structure in Canada until the Lethbridge Viaduct was completed in August 1909.

History

In 1907, the concrete footings of the bridge were poured. With the help of local farmers and other contractors, supplies were hauled in by wagons from Hardisty until construction began on the eastern side of the valley where supplies could be delivered by rail.

After its completion, the first train to cross over was the one being used to build it, while the first transportation train to cross was in January 1909.

Specifications
 Length: 845.82 m (2,775 ft)
 Height: 59.44 m (195 ft)

Notable incidents

Construction deaths
During construction, three men died when their scow became swamped mid-stream. A cairn was later placed in their memory by their fellow workers.

Derailment
On January 21, 2012, 31 of a 137 car CN train going from Winnipeg to Edmonton derailed approximately halfway across the bridge. Of the 31 cars, 17 of them carrying wheat and barley fell to the valley below. CN originally reported that all of the cars were grain cars, however, requests made by the local government official revealed that dangerous goods were also being hauled, but they did not derail.


Wayne Kemp

Wayne Kemp (June 11, 1940 – March 9, 2015) was an American country music singer. He recorded between 1964 and 1986 for JAB Records, Decca, MCA, United Artists, Mercury and Door Knob Records, and charted twenty-four singles on the Hot Country Songs charts. His highest-peaking single was "Honky Tonk Wine," which peaked at No. 17 in 1973. The song is included on his second studio album, Kentucky Sunshine, which reached No. 25 on Top Country Albums.

Kemp was born, as one of nine children, in Greenwood, Arkansas, and raised in Muldrow, Oklahoma.

Kemp also co-wrote songs for other artists, including "Love Bug" for George Jones and "One Piece at a Time" for Johnny Cash. Ricky Van Shelton released a cover of Kemp's "I'll Leave This World Loving You" and Emmylou Harris's cover of "Feelin' Single - Seein' Double" became one of her signature songs.

Kemp died on March 9, 2015 at Macon County General Hospital in Lafayette, Tennessee, at the age of 74. He was suffering from multiple ailments and was on kidney dialysis when he died.

Discography

Albums

Singles


NHS dentistry

Dentistry provided by the National Health Service in the United Kingdom is supposed to ensure that dental treatment is available to the whole population.  Most dentistry is provided by private practitioners, most of whom also provide, on a commercial basis, services which the NHS does not provide, largely cosmetic. Most adult patients have to pay NHS charges, and many opt entirely for private treatment. NHS dentistry is not always available and is not managed in the way that other NHS services are managed.

Scope of the service
According to NHS Choices "All the treatment that your dentist believes is necessary to achieve and maintain good oral health is available on the NHS. This means that the NHS provides any treatment you need to keep your mouth, teeth and gums healthy and free of pain". This includes if clinically necessary: dentures, crowns and bridges, orthodontics (under the age of 16/18), root canal treatment, scaling and polishing, white fillings, Emergency Dental Treatments, Children Treatments.

Many dentists who provide NHS services also offer additional services, such as hygienists, for payment. A dentist is allowed to refuse to provide treatment under the NHS and then offer to perform the same treatment privately.

Availability
NHS dentistry has often struggled to even see 55% of the population in a one-year period.

Following the government's introduction of a new contract in April 2006, NHS dentistry is not as widely available as it once was, with 900,000 fewer patients seeing an NHS dentist in 2008 and 300,000 losing their NHS dentist in a single month. This has forced many patients to pay much higher sums for private treatment, and has been criticised by the British Dental Association as having "failed to improve access to care for patients and failed to allow dentists to provide the modern, preventive care they want to deliver".

Ben Bradshaw when Minister for Health was questioned on Radio 4 in 2007 about the shortfall in NHS dentistry leading to patients unable to access NHS dentists and even resorting to pulling their own teeth out. He suggested that those needing urgent treatment should go to see their GP, prompting the British Medical Association to observe that a General Practitioner was no substitute for a qualified dentist.

There are repeated stories of shortage of NHS dental services, especially in remote areas such as Skye and Cornwall.  Lack of access to emergency dentistry is often seen as contributing to overcrowding in hospital accident & emergency departments.  In May 2007, there was a backlog of 14,000 people unable to register with an NHS dentist in Cornwall. Waiting times for routine appointments were up to eighteen months.

In October 2018 the chairman of general dental practice at the British Dental Association claimed that there was a hostile environment for dental patients. 380,000 patients a year with dental problems were approaching general practitioners, who were not equipped to help. Accessible public-facing information on where to seek care for dental problems was required.

In England in 2019 over 2 million people were missing out on dental treatment.  It is estimated that 1.45 million have tried and were unable to get an NHS appointment, others are on waiting lists (0.13 million) or cost discourages them (0.73 million).  A further 2 million believe they cannot get a dentist where they live, making it likely that almost one in ten people cannot get a dentist.  Dave Cottam of the British Dental Association said there was a, "perfect storm" of failed contracts, recruitment problems and underfunding.  Cottam added, "These access problems are no longer affecting a few 'hotspots', but are now the reality for millions across every English region.  The public are entitled to access care, but the system is stacked against them.  Those losing out are the patients who need us most."  The British Dental Association maintains there are serious problems over access to dental treatment in Wales, and similar problems exist on a smaller scale in Northern Ireland and Scotland.

Charges
Initially NHS dentistry was free at the time of use but charges to patients were introduced in 1951 and have been increased, normally every April. Charges vary in different countries of the UK.

 there were three standard charges for all NHS dental treatments in England and Wales, with prices having increased in England by 5% to:

 Band 1 course of treatment – £22.70 in England, £14.30 in Wales; covers an examination, diagnosis (including X-rays), advice on how to prevent future problems, a scale and polish if needed, and application of fluoride varnish or fissure sealant. Band 1 also covers emergency care such as stopping bleeding, trauma, teeth knocked out, severe pain or swelling, even if more than one visit is required.
 Band 2 course of treatment – £62.10 in England, £46.00 in Wales; covers everything listed in Band 1, plus fillings, root canal work or removal of teeth.
 Band 3 course of treatment – £269.30 in England, £199.10 in Wales; covers everything listed in Bands 1 and 2, plus crowns, dentures and bridges.

Exemptions
Some groups of people are exempt for charges for dental treatment:
 children under 18,
 people under 19 and in full-time education,
 people who get some Means-tested benefits,
 women who are pregnant or have had a baby in the previous 12 months and have a valid maternity exemption certificate (MatEx) when they start a course of treatment
 People in custody
 people who have an HC2 full help certificate entitling them to free dental and other NHS treatment under the NHS Low Income Scheme.
 An HC3 limited help certificate reduces payment required, without full exemption. A patient is only required to pay three times the amount their income exceeds the free treatment level. All charges paid within a three-week period are added together and count as one charge.

From 2013 to 2015, 632 patients in Oldham who were in receipt of Universal Credit and therefore entitled to free prescriptions were issued with penalty charge notices, totalling £71,000,  because the NHS forms had not been updated to reflect the introduction of Universal Credit.  Patients with learning difficulties and with dementia have been issued with penalties because they made honest mistakes ticking the wrong box in complex forms.  This has caused stress for the patients and extra work for the dentists trying to sort out the problem.  90% of fines are overturned on appeal.  People on low incomes are deterred from seeking dental care that they need because they fear being fined.  Dental visits by people on low incomes fell 23% during the four years to 2018.

History
School dental services provided by local authorities developed slowly after 1907 when the first service of this kind was set up in Cambridge.

When the NHS was established in July 1948 dental treatment was free.  Demand on the service was enormous.  About a quarter of the dentists joined the NHS and by November 1948 83% had joined.   At that point around 75% of the adult population had no teeth of their own. Dental health in the UK was worse than that of Germany. In the first nine months of the NHS 4.5 million teeth were removed and 4.2 million teeth were filled.  In 1950-1951 65.5 million artificial teeth were fitted.

At the inception of the NHS in 1948 there were 3 branches of dental service, and these 3 branches still exist today, although the organisation of services in England has changed much more than in the rest of the UK:

 A local health authority dental service which provided dental inspection and treatment to school children, pre-school children and to pregnant women and mothers of infants under one year old, but is now chiefly Special needs dentistry.  These were transferred to the NHS in the 1974 reorganisation. These services employed the whole-time equivalent of about 1,980 dental officers, assisted by 370 dental auxiliaries, 2,900 dental surgery assistants, 70 hygienists and 140 dental technicians in the UK in 1977. They were repeatedly reorganised, like other community services. Most were run by Primary Care Trusts until they were abolished in April 2013.
 A general practitioner service.  Proposals for whole time salaried service at health centres came to nothing and almost all General Dental Practitioners are in private practice.  Contracts were originally held by Local Executive Councils, and then by their successors Family Practitioner Committees,  Family Health Services Authorities and Primary Care Trusts.  They are now held by NHS England
 A hospital dental service, with access to specialist maxillo-facial and oral surgeons. Managed originally by Regional Health Authorities they became part of NHS Trusts, mostly in teaching hospitals.

Charges were first introduced in 1951, for dentures and in 1952 for other treatments.

The Royal Commission on the National Health Service in 1979 reported that local authorities had a statutory duty to make comprehensive dental treatment available to pupils since 1953, but understaffing had prevented the school dental service from delivering it. In 1968 37% of the population of England and Wales over the age of 16 had no natural teeth. In Scotland 44% of the population over 15 in 1972 had none.

There were about 14,000 general dental practitioners doing NHS work in the UK in 1977, employing about 20,000 dental surgery assistants, and 1145 dental hygienists.  46% of adults with some of their own teeth in England and Wales regularly attended a dentist in 1978 compared with 40% in 1968. In 1979 there were about 400 dental consultants in hospital services, mostly based in the 17 undergraduate dental hospitals and one post-graduate institute.

In 1948 only 19% of twelve-year olds had no significant dental decay but in 2003 this had risen to 62%.  In 2015 only 6% of the population had no natural teeth.

Contract
Dentists are private contractors to the NHS, which means the dentists buy the building and equip the surgery, hire all the staff and pay all of the running costs including wages, materials and insurances, to provide an NHS dental service.  This is very different from the general medical services contract for general practitioners.

The contract between the NHS and dentists determines what work is provided for under the NHS, payments to dentists, and charges to patients. The contract is regularly revised. From 1947 dentists were paid for each filling, extraction or other work. In the first two years of the NHS  the rates of item of service payments were cut three times. By 2006 there were over 400 items listed. This incentivised fillings and extractions, but not preventative work.  In 1990 a new contract introduced capitation payments for treating children up to the age of 16 and registration for adult patients. In 1991-92 the dental budget was overspent by £190 million and the amount paid for each item of treatment was reduced by 7%. This encouraged dentists to move into private work.

The contract introduced in 2006 was said by the British Dental Association in 2016 to be not fit for purpose, rewarding dentists for meeting government targets for treatment and repair, but not for improving patients' oral health.

In England dentists are now paid in "Units of Dental Activity". Typical values for units are £20-35, and they are paid 1 unit for a band 1 course of treatment, 3 for a band 2 course of treatment, and 12 for a band 3 course of treatment. Patient charges are deducted from these values. For many treatments, the rate of pay is below the cost of providing the treatment to a modern standard, and as a result, many dentists will refer patients for any unprofitable services.   In 2008 the Parliamentary Health Select Committee investigation found the UDAs were unfit for purpose.

A revised contract was under discussion in 2013 with greater emphasis on oral health and quality indicators.  The British Dental Association is keen to see reform, having campaigned vigorously against the "flawed, target-driven arrangements" introduced in 2006 that are currently in place.

In Scotland and Northern Ireland, the system works differently and relies upon a mix of capitation payments alongside Item of Service charges. An examination in Scotland is free of charge to the patient, but pays the dentist £8.10. For most other items of treatment, the patient charge is set at 80% of the total fee. The fees paid are approximately one third to one half of what they were in 1948, once adjusted for inflation.

Performance

In June 2015 The consumer group Which? contacted 500 dental surgeries listed on the official NHS Choices website and found that 31% of them were refusing to take on any new NHS patients. They called for the Competition and Markets Authority to intervene to ensure dentists were complying with rules. The British Dental Health Foundation.  HealthWatch England said that in some parts of England only a fifth of surgeries were accepting new NHS patients. The chair of the British Dental Association, said the “byzantine  system” had failed dentists and patients.

The BDA said that the 2006 contract did not meet its purpose of improving access to NHS dentistry and concentrating on prevention, and had been criticised by patient groups, government, the Health Select Committee and the Chief Dental Officers for England and Wales.

In January 2016, more than 400 dentists signed a letter arguing that the NHS dental system in England is unfit for purpose and are whistleblowing publicly, to warn and expose the centralised failings to develop a proper national dental health and prevention strategy.


Rendell

Rendell is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Don Rendell (1926–2015), English jazz musician and arranger
Ed Rendell (born 1944), American lawyer and politician, former Governor of Pennsylvania
James Rendell (born 1980), English cricketer
Joan Rendell (1921–2010), English historian, writer and phillumenist
Marjorie Rendell (born 1947), American federal judge, former First Lady of Pennsylvania
Martha Rendell (1871–1909), Australian murderer
Matt Rendell (born 1959), Australian rules footballer
Ruth Rendell (1930–2015), British mystery writer
Scott Rendell (born 1986), English footballer
Stephen Rendell (1819–1893), English-Canadian merchant and politician
Stuart Rendell (born 1972), Australian hammer thrower


Kumari Penn

Kumari Penn (Tamil: குமரிப்பெண்) is a 1966 Indian Tamil film, directed by T. R. Ramanna and produced by E. V. Rajan. The film stars Ravichandran, Jayalalithaa, S. V. Ranga Rao and Nagesh in lead roles. The film had musical score by M. S. Viswanathan. This film was remade in Hindi as Man Ka Meet in 1968, in Malayalam as Rathimanmadhan and in Kannada as Hudugatada Hudugi.

Cast

Ravichandran
Jayalalithaa
S. V. Ranga Rao
Nagesh
Prabhakar
R. S. Manohar
Sethupathi
Kannaiah
Kallapart Natarajan
C. K. Saraswathi
S. N. Lakshmi
Seethalakshmi
Madhavi
Angamuthu
Banumathi
Navakumari
Gandhimathi
Kamatchi
Sadhana
Viswanathan
Kalkathapathi
Gemini Balu
Karikol Raj
Dhandapani

Soundtrack
The music was composed by M. S. Viswanathan.


Fiddler's Green (disambiguation)

Fiddler's Green is a place in legend.

It may also mean:

Music
 Fiddler's Green, an album by Tim O'Brien
 Fiddler's Green (band), a German band playing Irish independent speedfolk music
 "Fiddler's Green", a song by Canadian rock band The Tragically Hip from the album Road Apples
 "Fiddler on the Green", a heavy metal song by Demons and Wizards

Fiction
 Fiddler's Green (character) is a fictional character from Neil Gaiman's series The Sandman
 Fiddler's Green, a building for privileged people in a human settlements in George A. Romero's 2005 film Land of the Dead
 Land of the Dead: Road to Fiddler's Green, a 2005 video game
 Fiddler's Green is a colony world in the Robert Heinlein novel Friday, and mentioned in The Cat Who Walks Through Walls

Geography
 Fiddler's Green, Herefordshire, England
 Fiddler's Green, Norfolk, England
 Fiddler's Green Amphitheatre, Colorado, United States
 Firebase Fiddler's Green, in Helmand Province, Afghanistan

Fiddlers Green Farm, Mashonaland West, Karoi, Zimbabwe.


Battle of Minatogawa

The Battle of Minatogawa(湊川の戦い) also known as the Battle of Minato River was fought on July 4, 1336 between Japanese forces loyal to Emperor Go-Daigo and the Ashikaga clan. The battle took place near the Minato River of Settsu Province (present day, Kobe, Hyōgo Prefecture). The Imperial force led by Kusunoki Masashige and Nitta Yoshisada attempted to intercept the Ashikaga force led by Ashikaga Takauji which had rebuilt its force by dominating forces of Kyushu through the victory at the Battle of Tatarahama.

Though a defeat for the Loyalists, the battle "is famous for the loyalty displayed by Kusunoki Masashige."

Background
In Feb. 1336, the defeat of the Ashikaga clan forced Ashikaga Takauji to flee Kyoto for Kyushu. With this position of strength, Kusunoki Masashige attempted to persuade Emperor Go-Daigo to seek peace. Daigo refused, as he believed that the threat of the Ashikaga clan could be eliminated. Nitta Yoshisada was ordered to assemble the force to defeat the Ashikaga armies.

Yoshisada launched his campaign, but Akamatsu Norimura who sided with the Ashikaga clan, forced the Imperial force into a protracted siege by defending Shirohata Castle in Harima Province, which gave the Ashikaga clan time to regroup and consolidate Kyushu forces by winning the Battle of Tatarahama. Immediately, Takauji launched the counter-invasion, advancing by land and sea. Informed of Takauji's advance, Yoshisada ended the siege and attempted to find a better defensive position by retreating to Hyogo.

Battle
Emperor Go-Daigo ordered Masashige to gather his force and reinforce Yoshisada. After failing to argue for the strategy of letting Ashikaga clan into Kyoto and forcing them to defend it while harassing its supply route, Masashige ordered his eldest son, Kusunoki Masatsura, back to his domain to continue the war and advanced to successfully join Yoshisada. The Imperial force had no naval force to prevent itself from being surrounded, but chose a defendable position near Minato River and extended its troop east to attempt to prevent a landing from sea to the south.

The Ashikaga force chose to encircle and destroy the Imperial force. The main land force led by Tadayoshi attacked the Imperials from the west to tie down Masashige, with Shoni Yorihisa launching a side attack from the south and Shiba Takatsune circling from the north to attack from behind. The landing of Hosokawa Jozen further to the east forced Yoshisada to avoid an encirclement by pulling back and Masashige was quickly surrounded with the Takauji landing his naval force between two Imperial forces without any interference. Abandoned by the main Imperial force, the force under Kusunoki clan was quickly overwhelmed and Kusunoki Masashige, his brother Masasue, and all his clansmen died.

Yoshisada was forced back to Kyoto which was quickly abandoned as undefendable and Go-Daigo retreated to the religious sanctuary of Mount Hiei.

The unimpeded force of Ashikaga clan entered Kyoto and Emperor Kōmyō was enthroned to begin the Nanboku-chō period.

Cultural Significance
This and series of battles are recorded with drama and exaggeration of accounts in Taiheiki, a historical epic which provides the wealth of information known to this period. During the Edo period, Masashige, despite only commanding a fraction of the Imperial force, became a figure of loyalty for choosing to sacrifice himself for the Imperial family against the impossible odds with Tokugawa Mitsukuni writing the epitaph and Minatogawa Shrine consecrated in May 24, 1872 to cement his fame. The battle was commonly taught as a morality tale until the end of World War II and Captain Goro Nonaka criticized the use of Ohka by 721st Naval Air Group comparing it to this battle as a sign of futility.


D.b.s.

d.b.s. were a punk rock band from North Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. From their beginnings in 1992 to their eventual breakup in 2001, they gained popularity in the Canadian punk rock scene (and to a lesser extent, the U.S. punk rock scene).

During their decade-long career, they released five studio albums, and toured with many well-established punk rock bands such as Rancid, Anti-Flag, D.O.A., Bouncing Souls, Youth Brigade, and many more. Their music drew comparisons to Jawbreaker, Lifetime, and The Promise Ring, among others.

History

The band formed in 1992, when they were only in grade 8, consisting at the time of Andy Dixon, Jesse Gander, Paul Patko, and Dhani Borges. The first songs they played together were covers of The Ramones ("I Believe in Miracles") and Stevie Wonder ("Higher Ground").  They were in grade 11 when they released their first full-length, Tales from the Crib—a pun of Tales from the Crypt, in reference to the band's youth.  They went on their first tour that same year, traveling to California with fellow Vancouver punk band Gob.

Their musical career came to its pinnacle with their final release, Forget Everything You Know.  After the release of this EP, they disbanded, and went on to other projects.

Members
 Jesse Gander − vocals
 Andy Dixon − guitar, backing vocals
 Paul Patko − drums, backing vocals
 Dhani Borges − bass (left sometime after recording I Is for Insignificant)
 Ryan Angus (Nordburg) − bass (replaced Dhani in January 1998)

Discography

Self-released
 Selfexploditory (Cassette) – (1992)
 Lighten Up (Cassette) – (1993)
 Catch 22 (Cassette) – (1993)

Full lengths
 Tales from the Crib − Nefer Records (1995)
 If the Music's Loud Enough… − Nefer Records (1996)
 I Is for Insignificant − Sudden Death Records (1998)
 Some Boys Got It, Most Men Don't − New Disorder Records (1999)
 If Life Were a Result, We'd All Be Dead − Crap Records (2000)

EPs and singles
 "Snowball's Rollin' Fine" (7") – Nefer Records (1995)
 When the Meek Get Pinched the Bold Survive (7") – Crap Records (1997)
 Forget Everything You Know (EP) − Ache Records (2001)

Split releases
 North America Sucks!! (Split album with Anti-Flag) – Nefer Records (1996)
 D.O.A./d.b.s. Split (7") – Empty Records
 The Cost/d.b.s. Split (7") – Sellout Records (2000)

Other projects
 The Red Light Sting  − A post-hardcore/art punk band formed as a side-project for d.b.s., with Andy Dixon on guitar and Paul Patko on drums. Now defunct.
 Operation Makeout  − Formed in 1999, with Jesse Gander on bass and vocals.
 Secret Mommy  − Andy Dixon's glitch/indietronica music.
 Winning  − A band which includes Andy Dixon on vocals, guitar and piano, and Paul Patko on drums and percussion.
 Ghost House  - Piano-driven post-punk band fronted by Jesse Gander.  Toured and released one album, Departures, on Reluctant Recordings .
 Opus Arise - 8-piece Symphonic Metal featuring Paul Patko on drums.


Calothamnus pinifolius

Calothamnus pinifolius, commonly known as dense clawflower, is a plant in the myrtle family, Myrtaceae and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It is an erect shrub with dense foliage and clusters of red flowers, partly immersed in the prickly foliage, between July and January.

Description
Calothamnus pinifolius is an erect shrub  that grows to  high with a few long shoots and branches and a short shoot emerging from above the leaves of every long one. Its leaves are about  long, crowded, thin and prickly.

The flowers are in dense clusters, usually partly hidden by the foliage and have 4 sepals, 4 petals and 4 claw-like bundles of stamens about  long. Flowering occurs between July and January.  Flowering is followed by fruits which are woody capsules which have two prominent, curved lobes.<ref name=FloraBase>{{FloraBase|name = Calothamnus pinifolius’'|id = 5423}}</ref>

Taxonomy and namingCalothamnus pinifolius was first formally described in 1863 by Victorian Government botanist Ferdinand von Mueller in the third volume of Fragmenta Phytographiae Australiae. (In 2014 Lyndley Craven, Edwards and Cowley proposed that the species be renamed Melaleuca peucophylla.) The specific epithet (pinifolius) is from the Latin words pinus meaning "pine" and folium meaning "leaf".

Distribution and habitatCalothamnus pinifolius'' occurs in the Mount Barren Range in the Esperance Plains biogeographic region. It grows on slopes in dense scrub in rocky soils derived from laterite and quartzite.


Roberto Carlos Castro

Roberto Carlos Castro Mora (born March 7, 1980 in León, Guanajuato), known as Roberto Castro, is a Mexican football manager and former player.

External links


Leida

Leida is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.


Sancton Wood School

Sancton Wood School is a mixed independent day school for children aged 1 to 16 located in Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, England. The school was founded as an independent  primary school in 1976 and opened a senior school department in 1979.

The school was owned by the Sturdy family who also own Cambridge International School and Holme Court School at Cherry Hinton Hall, a specialist school for children with dyslexia and related conditions. It was sold to Minerva Education in March 2014.


Phi Iota Alpha

Phi Iota Alpha (ΦΙΑ), established on December 26, 1931, is the oldest Latino Fraternity in existence, and works to motivate people, develop leaders, and create innovative ways to unite the Latino community. The organization has roots that stem back to the late 19th century to the first Latin American fraternity, and the first Latin American student organization in the United States. The brotherhood is composed of undergraduate, graduate, and professional men committed towards the empowerment of the Latin American community by providing intensive social and cultural programs and activities geared towards the appreciation, promotion and preservation of Latin American culture.

Membership in Phi Iota Alpha is open to all men regardless of race, creed, color, or national origin who challenge themselves to develop a strong network for the advancement of Latino people. Phi Iota Alpha's membership includes prominent and accomplished educators, politicians, businessmen, and four former presidents of Latin American countries. Phi Iota Alpha utilizes motifs from the Pan-American revolutionary period and uses images and colors depicting the time of Latin American revolutionaries and thinkers to represent the organization.

History

Origins

The origins of Phi Iota Alpha began at the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI), Troy, New York, in 1898. A group of Latin American students organized the Union Hispano Americana (UHA) as a cultural and intellectual secret society based on the ideology of Pan-Americanism.
The immediate goals of the UHA was to provide a cultural environment for students of Latin America and Spain. The UHA was the first association of Latin American students ever founded in the United States. The UHA expanded to several colleges and universities in the United States; however, due to the secrecy imposed upon its members, not many records were kept.

The expansion and growth of the UHA was based on compromise and the ultimate need of similar organizations to unify and become more powerful. In the Northeastern Province of the United States, a group of Latin American students decided to organize a cultural and intellectual fraternity; as a result Pi Delta Phi (ΠΔΦ) fraternity was founded at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1916. Shortly after its foundation, Pi Delta Phi initiated a search to expand to other colleges and universities where they became aware of the existence of other similar organizations.

Consolidation

Pi Delta Phi established communications with Phi Lambda Alpha (ΦΛΑ) fraternity, which had been recently founded in 1919, in the Western Province of the United States, at the University of California, Berkeley. After some communication, these two organizations realized the existence of a non-Greek letter secret society, the Union Hispano Americana (UHA). As a result of intensive correspondence and various interviews, the three organizations merged. In their merger agreement, the three organizations adopted the name of Phi Lambda Alpha fraternity, with the distinctive emblem & constitution of Pi Delta Phi, and the goals & motto of the UHA. This new union was formalized on June 11, 1921, in the City of New York.

After ΦΛΑ was organized, other societies joined it: the "Club Latino-Americano" founded in 1919 at Colorado School of Mines; the "Federación Latino-Americana" founded in 1926 at Columbia University which joined in 1928; the "Club Hispania" founded in 1929 of Cornell University which joined in 1931; the "Club Hispano-Americano" founded in 1921 of Tri State College in Angola which joined in 1929 and the Alfa Tenoxtitlan Militant chapter founded in 1929 made up of members of the old ΦΛΑ in Mexico.

Meanwhile, in the Southeastern Province of the United States, another similar organization was under development. In 1904, an organization with similar goals as Phi Lambda Alpha was founded under the name "Sociedad Hispano-Americana" at Louisiana State University. In 1912, recognizing the benefit of the disciplinary background of a Greek system, the society transformed itself into Sigma Iota (ΣΙ) and became the first Latin American–based fraternity in the United States. Between 1912 and 1925, Sigma Iota expanded rapidly in the United States, Central America and Europe. As a result of this, Sigma Iota became the first international Latin American–based fraternity. By 1928, Sigma Iota had lost many of its chapters and therefore sought to stabilize its operations by consolidating its chapters in the United States with a more stationary and well-rooted organization.

Phi Lambda Alpha was seeking to expand throughout the United States and to promote the ideology of Pan Americanism. Sigma Iota Fraternity was in search of revitalizing some of its defunct chapters. Thus both organizations complemented each other and began to work towards the creation of the fraternity now known as Phi Iota Alpha.

Establishment
In December 1931 in Troy, New York, delegates from Phi Lambda Alpha and Sigma Iota assembled with the objective of forming a unified fraternity to address the needs of Latin American Students in universities in the United States.

On December 26, 1931, the first day of a three-day convention, Phi Iota Alpha was born as both groups agreed to the merger. They resolved to unify under one name, one banner, one organization and one ideal. The next day of business was dedicated to preparing the details of revising the constitution, working on the creation of a shield to represent the newly formed national Latino brotherhood. On December 28, by the end of the three-day convention, the majority of the merger was completed. The last step in the merger was the ratification of some of the chapters of Sigma Iota that were not represented at the convention.

The fraternity was incorporated as a national organization on October 28, 1936, under the laws of the State of Louisiana, under the name and title of Phi Iota Alpha Fraternity.

International expansion

After the unification of Sigma Iota and Phi Lambda Alpha, Phi Iota Alpha goal was to expand on the national level and develop a plan for it existing and its potential international possibilities. Phi Iota Alpha sponsored the 1932 convention in New York City with the purpose of forming the Union Latino Americana (ULA) with hopes of expanding its ideals internationally. The ULA was a Pan American governing body of Latino fraternities which provides the framework for the implementation of Pan-American ideology. The ULA organized Latin America into 22 zones with each of the 21 Latin American countries constituting a zone, and Phi Iota Alpha representing the 22nd zone in the United States. By 1937, the ULA had several well-established and functional zones including:
 ΦΙΑ – Phi Iota Alpha in the D.C. and the states of the USA
 ΦΚΑ – Phi Kappa Alpha in
 ΦΣΑ – Phi Sigma Alpha in  (U.S.)
 ΦΤΑ – Phi Tau Alpha in

In September 1938, the Phi Sigma Alpha zone decided to separate from the ULA and eventually, to form Phi Sigma Alpha Fraternity of Puerto Rico which exists to this day. Twelve years later, Phi Tau Alpha Fraternity established itself, in Mexico, at the Juarez Institute.

History: 1939–1983
The outbreak of World War II greatly hindered the growth Phi Iota Alpha in the United States. After the war the Fraternity drafted and implemented a new expansion strategy. As a result, the post war period saw positive internal growth for the Fraternity. In the early 1950s, Phi Iota Alpha eradicated any remnant of its political agenda. With only a few chapters, the Fraternity continued to pursue its mission.
The Fraternity was again incorporated as a national organization on January 9, 1953, when the Secretary of State of New York accepted the incorporation of Phi Iota Alpha Fraternity.

The 1960s were very challenging years for Phi Iota Alpha. The effects of the Vietnam War and the '60s counter-culture created an anti-institutional atmosphere amongst many college students. In addition, this drastically reduced the enrollment of Latin American students in American universities. This in turn hindered potential membership to the organization. As a result, by 1968, after many years of struggle, the only active undergraduate chapters were at LSU, and at RPI. The chapter at RPI became inactive in 1973 with the graduation of its Secretary General. The Secretary General took with him the chapter's official fraternity documents. By 1979, the last active brother from the chapter at LSU graduated, thereby marking the closing of the undergraduate chapter at LSU.

From 1979 to 1983, the Fraternity witnessed a period of inactivity only at the undergraduate level. Some efforts were made to re-establish Phi Iota Alpha at the undergraduate level, but these efforts were not successful. Throughout this period, brothers continued to maintain communication, and continued to accomplish the mission of the organization. The history, ideals and goals of the Fraternity never diminished; they simply did not have active undergraduate members to cultivate them. Phi Iota Alpha continued to exist with the many Alumni members and Alumni chapters as they continued to develop their professional lives mostly in Latin American countries and in the United States.

History: 1984–2000
In 1984, a group of young men at RPI, set upon learning about the fraternity that once existed on their campus, re-established Phi Iota Alpha. After the re-emergence of the Fraternity, the last Secretary General instituted the members of the RPI chapter as the Alpha Chapter of Phi Iota Alpha. In the 1980s the Fraternity dedicated its efforts to rebuilding the organizational infrastructure and to expand to several universities in New York State. By 2000, Phi Iota Alpha had chartered chapters across the United States; which include the re-establishments of former Sigma Iota (ΣΙ) fraternity chapter Syracuse University and former Phi Lambda Alpha (ΦΛΑ) fraternity chapter Columbia University.

75th anniversary

Phi Iota Alpha declared 2006 and 2007 to celebrate the Diamond Jubilee. Preparations consisted of nationwide activities and events, including the commissioning of intellectual and scholarly works, presentation of exhibits, lectures, artwork and musical expositions, the production of video presentations. The 75th Anniversary Celebration was launched with a pilgrimage to Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute on October 13, 2006, and culminated with the Semi sesquicentennial Anniversary Convention on the weekend of July 27 to July 29, 2007, in New York City.

Fraternal entities

National programs
Phi Iota Alpha asserts that through community outreach initiatives, the fraternity supplies voice and vision to the struggle of Latino and Hispanic Americans in the United States and Latin America. The fraternity provides for charitable endeavors through its Foundations, providing academic scholarships and support for community development projects.

Affiliations

The fraternity maintains dual membership in the National Association of Latino Fraternal Organizations (NALFO) and the North-American Interfraternity Conference (NIC).

NALFO is composed of 19 Latino Greek-letter sororities and fraternities, of which Phi Iota Alpha is the oldest member. The association promotes and fosters positive interfraternal relations, communication, and development of all Latino fraternal organizations through mutual respect, leadership, honesty, professionalism and education.

The NIC serves to advocate the needs of its member fraternities through enrichment of the fraternity experience; advancement and growth of the fraternity community; and enhancement of the educational mission of the host institutions.

Phi Iota Alpha is also a member of the NIC Latino Fraternal Caucus. One of the only four Latino fraternities that are part of the NIC. Prior to joining NALFO, Phi Iota Alpha was a member of the Concilio Nacional de Hermandades Latinas.

Fraternal ideology

Beliefs
Members of Phi Iota Alpha share a lifelong commitment to Latin American culture. Involves intellectual development, cultural consciousness, personal growth, personal achievement and social awareness.
Members of Phi Iota Alpha believe that the Latin American community in the United States and in the Latin American countries are in need of new sources of intellectual capital to identify, address and solve the difficult challenges they face. Therefore, the organization is dedicated to developing in its members an awareness of the common values and traditions of the nations of Latin America and to preparing them to become active participants in the process of advancing the social and economic conditions of all Latin Americans.

The fraternity instills in its members a global Latino perspective. This is an orientation that transcends the existing national boundaries that have separated Latin America. It builds on the spirit and traditions of Pan-Americanism, and supports and promotes actions leading to an eventual unification of all the countries of Latin America.

Mission
 Promotion of personal, community, and Pan-American development through the ideals of Simón Bolívar and José Martí as well as other Pan-American intellectuals and their philosophies;
 Creation of a Latin American consciousness,
 Intensification of education with a Latin American character;
 Economic and social mobilization of Latin American communities globally;

 Intensification of contact between Pan-American Countries with the intention of forming a unified network of professional and economic contacts in order to ultimately achieve the unification of Latin America;
 Conservation of the integrity of the Latin American character.
 Rejection of war and violence as a means to achieving unification.

Pillars
The organization has five pillars, respected historical figures from Latin America:

Symbolism

Pan-American symbolism

Phi Iota Alpha chose to use Pan-American symbolism to be more representative of the goals and ideals of the organization.
Phi Iota Alpha utilizes motifs from the Pan-American revolutionary period and uses images and colours depicting the time of Latin American revolutionaries and thinkers to represent the organization. This is in contrast to most other Latino fraternities that traditionally echo themes from the Pre-Columbian period of Latin American history. Phi Iota Alpha's constant reference to Pan-American ideals in hymns and poems are further examples of Phi Iota Alpha's mission to imbue with a Pan-American cultural perspective.

Colours
The Colours of the fraternity in Spanish Heraldry are oro, azur, gules and plata.
The Colours of the fraternity in English Heraldry are or, azure, gules and argent.
The Colours of the fraternity in Spanish are oro, azul marino, rojo and blanco.
The Colours of the fraternity in English are gold, navy blue, red and white.

Badge

The badge is the most prominent symbol of membership. The Official Badge of the Fraternity is a gold pin in the shape of a Roman fasces topped with a double-edged ax and crowned in the superior of the fasces of six stars, each star with an argent pearl at its centre. The fasces are held together by two ropes in gold that tie the fasces at the top and at the bottom and in which the middle is tied in the form of an x-shaped cross. In the middle of the fasces, above the ropes lies an argent riband in which engraved to it are the Greek Letters Phi Iota Alpha. The badge dies at the bottom with a golden sphere that culminates the fasces.

Flag

The official flag consists of three bands in or, azure, and gules of equal height. The Greek letters ΦΙΑ in Or are located on the azure field at the center outlined with argent. The chapter letter is carried on the Gules band sinister in argent. The flag is modeled after the flag of Simón Bolívar's Republic of Gran Colombia. The short-lived republic that consisted of present-day Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, and Panama.

Coat of arms
The Fraternity insignia, coat of arms or crest, consists of a blazon composed of an or (gold) shield, gules chevron lowered a third charged with six argent stars, three dexter, three sinister. At the fess point, under an oval azure field, the Latin American Map in Or, surrounded by a steel chain made of twenty-one links. The Greek letters Phi Iota Alpha in azure in dexter, fess point and sinister of the chief, occupying a third part of the canton. At the base, a Phrygian Cap in gules facing dexter. The principal bordure is double in azure and argent, respectively. The shield is crowned with a frontal steel helm with nine bars and adorned with argent lambrequins falling at dexter and sinister. The crest is formed by a Roman fasces in or, in vertical position, and a double-edged ax. A pair of lions rampant with sanguine tongues supports the shield. The riband for the motto at the Lions' feet, in argent, with azure letters states: Semper Parati Semper Juncti.

Membership

Phi Iota Alpha's membership is predominantly Latino and Hispanic American in composition. Members come from the United States, the Caribbean, Latin America, Africa, Asia, and Europe. As Phi Iota Alpha expanded, the ranks of membership grew to include a plethora of prominent and accomplished, educators, politicians, businessmen, and four former presidents of Latin American countries.

Notable members

Politics

 Miguel Hernandez Agosto – former President of the Popular Democratic Party of Puerto Rico
 Emilio Bacardi – former mayor of Santiago, Cuba and son of Bacardi Founder Facundo Bacardi
 Eric Arturo Delvalle – former President of Panama
 Carlos Roberto Flores – former President of Honduras
 Enrique Oltuski –  Deputy Minister of Communication for former President Manuel Urrutia Lleo of Cuba; author of Vida Clandestina: My Life in the Cuban Revolution
 Mariano Ospina Pérez – former President of Colombia
 Carlos Lleras Restrepo – former President of Colombia
 Alfonso Robelo Callejas – Founder of the Democratic Movement Party of Nicaragua
 Manny De Los Santos – City of New York 72nd Assembly Male District Leader of Inwood/Marble Hill
Andy Vargas – Massachusetts State Representative, 3rd Essex District

Medicine
 Dr. Rudolph Matas – "father of modern vascular surgery"

Fraternal dates of celebration
 April 14 (Pan American Day)
 September 15 – October 15 (National Hispanic Heritage Month)
 October 12 (Day of the Race)
 December 26 (Founding Day Anniversary and Day of the illuminated Latin Americans)


Talcher

Talcher also named as City of Black Diamond or Coal City of Odisha is one of the fastest growing industrial and coal hubs in the state.  Because of its huge coal reserves, the city has been ranked among the highest in terms of GDP in Odisha. It is also one of the 4 sub-divisions of Angul district in the Indian state of Odisha. Situated on the right bank of the river Brahmani, it is one of the fastest growing industrial and mining complexes of the country. The city is surrounded by the coalfields under MCL (Mahanadi Coalfields Limited) and has three Mega Power plants like NTPC, TTPS. Jindal power plant

History
During the British Raj Talcher was the capital of Talcher State, one of the princely states of the Eastern States Agency.

Demographics
 India census, Talcher had a population of 40,841 . Males constitute 55% of the population and females 45%. Talcher has an average literacy rate of 75%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 80%, and female literacy is 62%. In Talcher, 12% of the population is under 6 years of age.

Economy
Talcher is known for its coal reserves. It has numbers of underground and open-cast mines. Dera colliery is the oldest mine here. The coalfields are managed by Mahanadi Coalfields Limited (MCL), a subsidiary of Coal India Limited (CIL). The establishment of Talcher Thermal Power Station (TTPS) and Talcher Super Thermal Power Station (TSTPS) both owned by National Thermal Power Corporation, Fertilizer Corporation of India (FCI), Heavy Water Plant and the Collieries of Mahanadi Coalfields Limited(MCL) have enhanced the importance of the place.

Politics
Current MLA from Talcher Assembly Constituency is Brajokishore Pradhan of BJD, who won the seat in State elections in 2009. Previous MLAs from this seat were Mahesh Sahoo who won this seat as BJP candidate in 1994, Brundabana Behera who won this seat as an independent candidate in 1990 and also representing JNP in 1980 and 1977, and Bhajaman Behera of INC in 1985. Talcher is part of Dhenkanal (Lok Sabha constituency).

Landmarks
Talcher Palace, also known as the Samrat Sadan Palace is a lavish heritage property built around the 14th century. The main attraction of this palace is an imposing wheel-shaped stone structure that lies right above the main entrance. Talcher Palace is the official residence of Raja Rajendra Chandra Deb of Talcher who lives there along with his wife Rani Saheb Pushpa Devi and their two sons Yuvraj Vijayendra Chandra Deb and Pattayet Shailendra Chandra Deb. Talcher Palace is a popular tourist destination for visitors coming to Talcher. Talcher Autonomous College and numerous colleges are located here. Rengali Dam is another tourist spot located on the outskirts of Talcher.

Public Sector Industries

NTPC : The National Thermal Power Corporation, India's leader in power generation has 2 numbers of thermal power plant in Angul district. One, NTPC/TTPS located 7 km from Talcher on the way to Bhubaneswar is of 460MW and the other one, the bigger one NTPC/TSTPS also known as NTPC Kaniha is of 3000 MW super thermal power station located at Kaniha, in Talcher subdivision. The beneficiary states from the power generation are Odisha, Bihar, Sikkim, Damodar Valley Corporation, West Bengal, Jharkhand and Southern States. Coal for the power generation is sourced from the Talcher Coalfield and water for the thermal power is taken from Samal Barrage Reservoir. The location of NTPC, Talcher is at Kaniha which is 45 km from Talcher. NTPC Kanhia has its own township for its 1500 employees.

MCL : Mahanadi Coal Field Limited is located in Talcher, a well known mining centre of coal. A unit of Coal India Limited, MCL was previously under SECL (South Eastern Coal Field Ltd.). The major mines under MCL in Talcher are the Bhubaneswari OCP (Capacity-25 MT), Ananta OCP, Bharatpur OCP, Lingaraj OCP, Kaniha OCP, Jagannath OCP, Hingula OCP, Balram OCP, Nandira colliery(UG) Dera colliery(UG). Some new projects will also come up in future which are under progress of exploration by CMPDI Ltd.

FCI : The Fertilizer Corporation of India has its unit in Talcher. One of the oldest industries of this area, FCI Talcher has faced problems in its viable operation. Hence, the plant has faced a closure since 1998. The township & plants do exist, waiting for much needed revival. As per a recent report RCF (Rashtriya Chemicals and Fertilizers) plans to revive the FCI plant in Talcher with a capital outlay of about Rs. 3000 crores.

HWP : The Heavy Water Plant is located in Talcher is a Govt. of India organisation under the aegis of Ministry of Atomic Power & Energy. This plant is involved in production of Organic Solvents like TBP, D2EFHA, TAPO & TOPO etc. and other allied chemicals required as a part of the Nuclear Power Programme of the country.

TTPS : Talcher Thermal Power Station was one of the oldest power generation plant of the Government of Odisha, with a capacity of 460 MW power generation and it is located in Talcher. Coal for the power generation is sourced from the Talcher Coal Field and water for the thermal power is taken from nearby Brahmani river. It faced problems in its operations and was in the reds. The company was taken over by NTPC and its operation has once again become economically viable. The power plant is run efficiently by NTPC since 1998.

Place of Interest

 King's Palace
 Brahmani River
 Goddess Maa Hingula
 Paschimeshwar Mandir
 Bhimkhund
This is another tourist place situated about  from the town of Talcher. One can see the sleeping statue of Lord Vishnu on the river bed of Brahmani.

Transport
As Talcher is a commercial and industrial centre of Odisha, it has a developed transportation network. It is well connected with the capital Bhubaneswar, cuttack and other part of Odisha.

Rail

Talcher Railway Station and Talcher Road Railway Station are the most important stations of the East Coast Railway Zone headquartered at Bhubaneswar. Important train routes move through cities like Bhubaneshwar, Cuttack, Ahmedabad, Amritsar, Visakhapatnam, Delhi, Jaipur, Howrah making it helpful for citizens to commute to other parts of the nation. Talcher-Delhi is well connected for the people who wants to travel from Talcher to Delhi and Vice versa.

Road
It has connectivity to other major cities. NH 23 connects Talcher with northern part of Odisha and  connects NH 42 via Banarpal to Bhubaneswar and Sambalpur. Besides other major state highways have access to other places. Bus connectivity is also available from Talcher to Kolkata, Tata Nagar, Bhubaneswar, Cuttack, Brahmapur, Sambalpur.

Local transport
The city is well connected to the other near by towns of Angul and neighbouring districts . Local transport includes mini buses, auto rickshaws & taxis that runs to nearby suburbs and scatter through the city.


Skares railway station

Skares railway station was a railway station serving the former mining village of Skares, East Ayrshire, Scotland. The station was originally part of the Ayr and Cumnock Branch on the Glasgow and South Western Railway.

History
The station opened on 1 July 1872, and closed on 10 September 1951.


Maxoom

Maxoom is the 1972 debut studio album by the Canadian rock band Mahogany Rush. It was also the debut of Frank Marino as the band's producer.

Track listing
All songs written by Frank Marino.

"Maxoom" - 2:52
"Buddy" - 3:39
"Magic Man" - 2:29
"Funky Woman" - 3:15
"Madness" - 4:51
"All in Your Mind" - 3:13
"Blues" - 7:08
"Boardwalk Lady" - 2:37
"Back on Home" - 3:16
"The New Beginning" - 1:52

Personnel
Frank Marino - Guitars, Keyboards, Vocals
Phil Bech - Piano
Johnny McDiarmid - Organ
Paul Harwood - Acoustic & Electric Bass
Jimmy Ayoub - Drums, Percussion

Production
Arranged & produced by Frank Marino
Engineer - Hubert Liesker
Photography - Thomas Reti


Allium griffithianum

Allium griffithianum is an Asian species of onion found in the high mountains of Pakistan, Afghanistan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan. It is a perennial herb up to 40 cm tall, with a hemispherical umbel of flowers, white or light pink or pale purple.


Copyright law of El Salvador

The Copyright law of El Salvador is legal rights to creative and artistic works under the laws of El Salvador. It was implemented in the Decree No. 604 of the Legislative Assembly of El Salvador on 16 of August 1993. This law aims to protect the economic and moral rights of Salvadoran authors and foreigners residing in El Salvador, granted by the mere fact of creating works that are literary, artistic and scientific.

History
The Copyright Law is ratified on the Article 103 of the Constitution of El Salvador of 1983. As of 2018, the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), an agency of the United Nations, listed the Law on Intellectual Property (as amended up to Legislative Decree No. 611 of February 15, 2017) as the main IP law enacted by the legislature of El Salvador.. WIPO holds the text of this law in their WIPO Lex database. It supersedes the Legislative Decree No. 604 of 15 July 1993. WIPO also holds a copy on the 1993 law.

El Salvador has been a member of the Universal Copyright Convention since 29 March 1979, the Berne Convention since 19 February 1994, the World Trade Organization since 7 May 1995 and the WIPO Copyright Treaty since 6 March 2002.

Types of Protected Works
The present law protects the works of the personal creation, that is, originality. There is a mention list of protected work:

 Books, Pamphlets and Writings.
 Computer Programs such as software.
 Musical Works (with or without lyrics).
 Works of oratory, Three-Dimensional works, and Works of applied art.
 Written or recorded versions of lectures, speeches, lessons, sermons and other works of the same type.
 Dramatic or Dramatico-musical and Choreographic works.
 Stage adaptations of dramatic or operatic works.
 Works of architecture or engineering.
 Globes, atlases and maps pertaining to any kind of study.
 Photographs, lithographs and engravings.
 Audiovisual works such as silent, spoken or musical cinematographic works.
 Works of radio or television broadcasting.
 Plans or other graphic reproductions and translations.
 All other works that by analogy may be considered included within the same generic categories as the works specified.

Application
Authors deserve the right in accord with Acts and contracts related to copyright that are drawn up in a public deed, and authors can be registered in the Intellectual Property Registry with exceptions to foreign acts or contracts that are accepted as granted, provided that they have the respective authenticity mentioned in art. 56 of the Intellectual Property Law.

The author must present the act or contract in original in public deed, the payment receipt for the value of $11.43 US dollars, and the interested party may ask for his act or contract the following day. There are two cases of the application: One is the deposit of work which the author's certificate is delivered to the interested party that accompanied by a copy of the sealed work; and in case of make a record of acts or copyright contract, The acts or contracts will be photocopied to form a book, and The original act or contract are returned to the interested party to make an Author's record.

Duration
The duration of the copyright takes the life of the author plus seventy years after death of the author.

In case of being an anonymous or pseudonym work, whose author is not been revealed, the protection shall be a 70-year period.

Counted from the 1st of January of the next year of the first disclosure. Checking of the author of the anonymous or pseudonym work, or the holder of the copyright, the provision of the previous letter will apply. If an authorized disclosure have not been made or done after 50 years, counted from the year of creation or release of the work, interpretation, or performance of the issue; the protection period shall be taken from the 1st of January of the next year after the content released, performed, or created.

Originally, the Law was established as an extension of 50 years, which was amended in 2005, increasing that period to 70 years after the death of the author.

Public Domain
Works will be in public domain which will be a free work for any person who respects the same authority and integrity.

Included in this type of work common cultural heritage of the following:

 Expiration of Duration of the copyright content (after 70 years of the author's death).
 Works of unknown authorship, including the songs, legends, dances and expressions of folklore.
 Null or resignation content.
 Unsubmitted files within an indicated period.
 Withdrawn application or certificate works.
 Annexed documents from foreign languages after six months of presentation.
 Works whose holders waived the protection afforded by this law.

Exceptions
The Copyright Law of El Salvador has a application for authors who want to provide their rights from the illegal piracy, probative media means before third parties and attests to the existence of the work, interpretation or production. However, There are some limitations exceptions in copyright in which anyone can make use of the works without the authorization of the author or right holder.

Examples are: Regarding works which is already lawfully disclosed, it is allowed without authorization of the author or remuneration. The reproduction of a work of art on permanent display in a street, square or other public place in an artistic medium different from that used for the making of the original; with regard to buildings, this right shall be limited to the outer walls. And It is permissible to carry out briefly without the author's authorization or payment of remuneration, citations of works lawfully published, with the obligation to indicate the name of the author and the source, and provided that such appointments are made in accordance with honest practices and in the measure justified by the end pursued.

Infringement
Copyright infringement occurs when someone violates one of the exclusive rights. Commonly, this involves someone creating or distributing a "copy" of a protected work that is "substantially similar" to the original version. Infringement requires copying. If two or more people happen to write exactly the same story at the same time, without knowledge of the other, there is no infringement.

The violation of copyright is an infringement with the author's rights, regardless of act in any way less or harmless the moral or economic interests of the author. Authority or natural or legal person may not authorize the use of the work, interpretation, performance or any other work protected by the law, including any kind of communication media (with exceptions). If anyone doesn't respect the copyright, the delinquent will be punished with imprisonment of 2 to 4 years


Henley Business School South Africa

Henley Business School, Africa (formerly Henley Management College, South Africa), in the Paulshof suburb of Johannesburg, is a campus of the British-based Henley Business School, one of the oldest business schools in Europe with operations in 17 countries across the globe. The African institution shares international accreditation with its parent and is also locally accredited in South Africa.  The South African campus has offered the MBA in South Africa since 1992.  In 2002, the South African location became a fully owned subsidiary of the British parent. As the operation in South Africa is the only Henley Business School in the African continent, it has students living in neighbouring countries studying and being supported through this office.

History and growth in Africa
In 1992 Henley Business School introduced its MBA to the South African market, under license to the Graduate Institute of Management Technology (GIMT) and the first 18 MBA students graduated in 1995. When GIMT was sold, Henley UK bought back the license, became a branch office and, in 2002, launched itself as a fully integrated school of Henley in South Africa. In 2008 Henley Management College merged with the University of Reading to form Henley Business School, one of the world’s largest full-service business schools.

In 2007, Henley established its social entrepreneurship arm. This was followed in 2011 by the introduction of Henley MBAid, an initiative whereby students, as part of their learning, provide expertise and support to NGOs.

In 2012, Henley Business School Africa celebrated its 20th anniversary and the opening of its current premises in Paulshof, Sandton.

Academics
Henley Africa’s flagship programme is the internationally recognised Henley MBA, which targets experienced, practising managers seeking to enhance their leadership skills or prepare for a senior management position. The MBA is presented in South Africa as a flexible, family friendly, thirty-month, part-time programme, delivered through a blend of face-to-face workshops, peer group learning, team activities, on-line and off-line individual and group self-study methods. The school has also added the MBA for Music and Creative Industries specifically for artists ad creatives who want to develop their business skills. The programme attracts students from many African countries, including Zimbabwe, Nigeria, Kenya, Mozambique and Ghana.

The school offers a range of executive education programmes. Its open executive development programmes, designed for individuals, span the major management related areas essential for running sustainable organisations and range in length from 2 days to 3 weeks. Programmes include:
Post Graduate Diploma in Management Practice (PG Dip)
Accredited Managers' Programme (AMP) - NGF 6
Managers’ Accelerated Progression (MAP+) Programme
ICE+ Programme – The business management course for creative minds
Henley Professional Certificate in Coaching (PCIC)
Financial Skills for Management (Finance for Non-Financial Managers)

In addition, Henley consults with a range of leading global organisations to provide customised executive and tailored qualification programmes.

Specialist Centres
The Henley Real Estate Centre Africa is an extension of the School of Real Estate & Planning [LINK TO WIKI PAGE]. Established in 1964, the School of Real Estate & Planning forms an integral part of Henley Business School UK and is the largest school of its kind in the UK.

The centre's chief purpose is to fill the gap in an industry that is sorely lacking in skills on the continent. It aims to help with the development of skills, knowledge and practices for commercially effective, environmentally aware and socially responsible development and management of the real estate industry in Africa.

MBAid
MBAid is a learning initiative between NGOs and Henley Business School Africa. The rationale behind its establishment is that as funding has begun to dry up, NGOs have had to rely increasingly on their ability to fund themselves to survive. One of the principal ideas behind MBAid is to give the NGO a fresh perspective, by bringing in a group of people (students) who are unattached to the outcomes of the NGO. They bring in different insights and perspectives and engage with NGOs in such a way that there is a transfer of skills so that, ultimately, the NGO can become self-sustaining.

Accreditation
Henley is the only international business school in Africa accredited by all three major international accreditation bodies: the European Foundation for Management Development which awards the European Quality Improvement System (Equis), the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB) and the Association of MBAs (AMBA). It is also the only international business school accredited by the South African Council on Higher Education (CHE), which is responsible for quality assurance and promotion through the Higher Education Quality Committee (HEQC).

Rankings
The Economist Which MBA? World Rankings 2012: 42nd in the world, and 12th in Europe. Ranked number 1 in two categories: Potential to Network and Student Quality.
Financial Times EMBA Rankings 2012: 53rd in the world, 20th in Europe and 6th place in the UK for its Executive MBA. In terms of long-term salary improvement following completion of the EMBA, Henley remains in the top 20.
Financial Times Business School Rankings:
Consolidated: 2012, 29; 2011, 33; 2010, 58
EMBA: 2012, 20; 2011,	22
Customised programmes: 2011, 20
Open Executive Education: 2011, 18

Campus & facilities
Henley Business School Africa is located in the Sandton suburb of Paulshof, close to the N1 Western Bypass and 10 km from Sandton City. It provides a variety of facilities for workshops, learning events, coaching sessions, conferences, board meetings, strategy sessions, team meetings, courses and seminars. It is equidistant from Lanseria and OR Tambo international airports.


Carew, West Virginia

Carew is an unincorporated community in Summers County, West Virginia, United States, located south of Hinton.


Judy Loman

Judy Loman  (born 3 November 1936) is a harpist and harp teacher, born and educated in the United States and active in Canada. She was the principal harp of the Toronto Symphony Orchestra from 1959 until her retirement in 1991, and won a Juno award for Best Classical Album in 1980. She taught at the University of Toronto and established a summer school for harpists. Loman was appointed a member of the Order of Canada in 2015.

Early life
Judy Loman was born Judith Ann Leatherman in Goshen, Indiana. She studied the harp with Carlos Salzedo from 1947 to 1956, first at his summer harp colony in Camden, Maine, and later at the Curtis Institute of Music. At Curtis, she met the man who became her husband, trumpeter Joseph Umbrico. They remained married until his death in 2007. Together, the couple raised three daughters and a son.

Career
Loman moved to Toronto in 1957 when her husband was hired as principal trumpet of the Toronto Symphony Orchestra. Loman joined the orchestra as principal harp in 1959, a position she retained until her retirement in 1991. She appeared as soloist with the orchestra many times, including the premiers of concertos by John Weinzweig, Harry Somers, and R. Murray Schafer. She has also appeared as soloist with the Calgary Philharmonic Orchestra, Edmonton Symphony Orchestra, and the CBC Vancouver Orchestra.

Loman taught at the University of Toronto Faculty of Music from 1966 to 1991. In 1977, she established a summer school for harpists near Fenelon Falls, Ontario. Her pupils have included Mariko Anraku, Gianetta Baril, Nora Bumanis, Lori Gemmell, Erica Goodman, and Sharlene Wallace.

Loman's recording of The Crown of Ariadne by R. Murray Schafer won a Juno award for Best Classical Album of the Year in 1980. She received another nomination in 2000 for her recording Ae Fond Kiss with soprano Edith Wiens and pianist Rudolph Jansen. In 1995, another Juno award went to harpist Erica Goodman, who studied with Loman.

In 2015, Judy Loman was appointed a member of the Order of Canada, "For her service to the arts community as one of Canada’s renowned harpists."


Hypomia mexicana

Hypomia mexicana is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae, and the only species in the genus Hypomia. It was described by Thomson in 1868.


Salem Reidan

Salem Reidan (born 13 June 1991 in Budapest) is a professional Hungarian footballer currently plays for Vasas SC.

Club statistics

Updated to games played as of 21 November 2012.

External links
 HLSZ
 MLSZ


Kammeri

Kammeri is a village in Kambja Parish, Tartu County in southern Estonia, located about 23 km south of the city of Tartu. In 2000 Kammeri had a population of 92.

Kammeri Manor () was first mentioned in the middle of the 16th century, when it belonged to the Dückers. Other owners include the Fersens, Rennenkampffs, Helmersens and Stadens. After the dispossession in 1919 the manor building was used as a school. The building was demolished in 2009 to build a modern schoolhouse.

Kammeri village school was established in 1765.

Baltic German geologist Gregor von Helmersen (1803–1885) was born in Kammeri Manor. Also the German diplomat Berndt von Staden (de) (born 1919) spent his childhood in the manor.


Ali Sabry

'''Ali Sabry'رجل شرطه من قرية صغيرة بمركز سوهاج تسمي اولاد مامن انتقل للعيش مع والده بالغردقه في عام ٢٠١١كان في سن ١٦ سنه وانهي الثانويه العامه بمدرسة الشهيد حسن كامل بنين بالغردقه والتحق بكلية الشرطه عام ٢٠١٥ وتخرج منها عام ٢٠١٩ وشغل منصب ضابط نوبتجي بقسم أول الغردقه

Political career
Sabry was appointed minister of military production by former Egyptian premier Kamal Ganzouri in the interim government in December 2011. On 2 August 2012, Sabry was sworn in as part of the Qandil Cabinet, retaining his post as minister of military production.


George R. Gallagher

George R. Gallagher (April 10, 1915February 4, 2007) was a judge of the District of Columbia Court of Appeals.

Gallagher was born in New Haven, Connecticut, and moved with his mother and four siblings to the Tenleytown neighborhood of Washington, D.C., in the 1920s. He graduated from George Washington University and the Columbus School of Law at the Catholic University of America. Before and after World War II he worked at the United States Department of Justice Criminal Division, serving in the United States Army during the war. In 1952, Gallagher became general counsel of the Subversive Activities Control Board. He entered private practice in 1959 and worked as an advance man for the presidential campaigns of John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson. In 1967, President Johnson nominated him for the D.C. Court of Appeals, and in 1968 he was confirmed.

In 1980, Gallagher was one of several more conservative judges, led by Frank Q. Nebeker, who attempted unsuccessfully to prevent the reappointment as chief judge of Theodore R. Newman, Jr.. According to the Washington Post, Gallagher had a reputation as a centrist judge over the course of his tenure. In 1981 he took senior status, and in 2001 he retired from the court entirely. He died at age 91 on his farm in Comus, Maryland.


Common Ground Health Clinic

The Common Ground Health Clinic is a non-profit organization that provides free quality health care for the greater New Orleans community, and develops and provides programs to address community health care needs through collaborative partnerships. The clinic started on September 9, 2005 just days after Hurricane Katrina devastated the Gulf Coast.

Common Ground Health Clinic had its beginnings when four young street medics showed up in Algiers a few days after the hurricane.  They began riding around on bicycles asking residents if they needed medical attention.  Locals were apparently surprised to be approached in this way, since no representatives of government agencies or of the Red Cross had appeared up to that point.  The medics offered first aid, took blood pressure, tested for diabetes, and asked about symptoms of anxiety, depression, and other disease.

The clinic was originally set up in a mosque. Nurses, physicians, herbalists, acupuncturists, EMTs, social workers and community activists came from around the world to volunteer at Common Ground Health Clinic.

Current

The clinic has filled part of the need left by the shuttering in the aftermath of the storm of Charity Hospital, a free public hospital that had served the citizens of New Orleans since 1736. To date, the clinic has recorded over 60,000 patient visits - all at no or low charge to the patient. Staff at the clinic also work in the community to address societal factors that contribute to ill health, such as systemic racism and poverty. Patient services include primary care, Spanish medical interpreting, mind-body medicine groups, herbal medicine, social work, acupuncture and testing for HIV.

The clinic is now located in the space formerly occupied by a corner grocery store, at 1400 Teche Street in the Algiers neighborhood of New Orleans. The budget for 2010 was approximately $1.3 million.
In 2013 the clinic received Federally Qualified Health Clinic status.

Awards and recognition

Dr. Ravi Vadlamudi, a Tulane University physician and first medical director after the storm, was recognized as one of the year's CNN Heroes for his efforts in opening the clinic in the aftermath of the storm.

The clinic was awarded the highest marks by the National Committee for Quality Assurance for its community-based care efforts.

The clinic has been featured in a number of national and international publications and television and radio shows.

External links
 Common Ground Health Clinic


Mount Herbert (Yakutat)

Mount Herbert, also named Boundary Peak 172, is a mountain in Alaska and British Columbia, located on the Canada–United States border, and part of the Southern Icefield Ranges of the Saint Elias Mountains. It was named in 1923 for Right Honorable Sir Michael Henry Herbert (1857-1903), British Ambassador to the United States during the early stages of Alaska Boundary Tribunal.


Butternut Lake (Meeker County, Minnesota)

Butternut Lake is a lake in Meeker County, in the U.S. state of Minnesota.

Butternut Lake was named for the butternut trees near the lake.


Bayon (disambiguation)

The Bayon is a Khmer temple at Angkor in Cambodia.

Bayon may also refer to:
 Bayon, Meurthe-et-Moselle, a village and commune in northeastern France
 Bayon River, a short stream in the southeastern France
 Bayon (band), a band from Germany
 Bayon Television, a television and radio operator in Cambodia

People with the surname
 Eugène Bayon, French Olympic sprinter
 Henry Peter Bayon (1876-1952), Italian Italian pathologist and science historian
 Madeleine Bayon, French acrobatic gymnast
 Mariana Bayón (born 1991), Mexican model
 Marie Emmanuelle Bayon Louis (1746–1825), French composer, pianist, and salonnière
 Samuel Bayón (born 1983), Spanish association football player


RAK Hospital

RAK Hospital is a multispeciality hospital located in RAK,  United Arab Emirates. It was established in 2007 as a joint venture company between  the Government of Ras Al khaimah under the patronage of the ruler, Sheikh Saqr Al Qassimi and ETA Star Healthcare of Dubai.


Boat (band)

Boat, usually stylized as BOAT, is an American indie rock band from Seattle, Washington.  Their album Dress Like Your Idols was released in 2011 on Magic Marker Records and has received favorable reviews and notable press from major media outlets including Pitchfork Media, and AllMusic.

The band's sound has been compared to Built to Spill, The New Pornographers, and Superchunk.

Discography

Studio albums
Life Is A Shipwreck, We Must Remember To Sing In The Lifeboats (2004)
After All (2004)
Songs That You Might Not Like (2006)
Let's Drag Our Feet (2007)
Setting the Paces (2009)
Dress Like Your Idols (2011)
Pretend To Be Brave (2013)
50 Sweaty BOAT Fans Can't Be Wrong (2014)

EPs
Topps 7" (2008)
(I'll Beat My Chest Like) King Kong" (2011)

Personnel

Present
 D. Crane, vocals and guitar
 M. McKenzie, bass and guitar
 J. Goodman, drums, guitar, keys
 J. Long, drums.
 J. Askew, keys

Past or touring members
 Z. Duffy, guitar, keys (touring member)
 I. Bone, guitar (touring member)
 P. Mayben, drums
 J. Fell, drums (touring member)
 R. Cancro, guitar, saxophone, keys (touring member)
 B. Stewart, guitar, keys (touring member)
 J. Angle, drums


President of the States of Alderney

The President of the States of Alderney, also known as the President of Alderney, is the elected head of Alderney's legislature, the States of Alderney and the Leader of Alderney. The Presidency is the latest of a variety of political positions to govern the island. The office was established in 1949 after a new constitution establishing Alderney as a subordinate part of the Bailiwick of Guernsey.

History
Before the office of President was established, the leaders of Alderney were the Judges of Alderney, who were appointed as representatives of the Crown in Alderney. During the Second World War, the majority of the population of Alderney was evacuated. In the Occupation of the Channel Islands by Nazi Germany, Alderney was used by the Nazis as a location for two concentration camps. After the Liberation, less than 50% of Alderney's population returned, leading to an urgent discussion taking part in the Parliament of the United Kingdom because land boundaries and property documents had been destroyed.

Since 1949

In 1947, His Majesty's Privy Council decided that Guernsey would take over administration of Alderney. In 1948 the Alderney (Application of Legislation) Law was passed by both the States of Guernsey and the States of Alderney, which removed Alderney's sovereignty. The law provided for the establishment of the office of President of Alderney to be the elected leader of Alderney in civil life under the Lieutenant-Governor of Guernsey.

The President is elected for a four-year term and is also the chairman of the States of Alderney. The President also holds the right to vote in the States of Alderney; however, this is only used to make the deciding vote in the event of a tied vote. The next election for President will be in 2020.

Duties

The President's Office is responsible for the following:-

 Production and issue of the Billet D'Etat, Deliberations and Hansard Reports
 Dealing with Members of the Public and other Government offices
 Official Flag Flying
 Organising civic and social events including Vin d'Honneurs and visits by dignitaries
 Honours and Awards

List of Presidents of Alderney


Kristina Romanova

Kristina Romanova () is a Russian fashion model and activist.

Career
Romanova debuted at BCBG in 2010, and walked for Ralph Lauren, Marc Jacobs, Jil Sander, D&G, Alexander McQueen, Jean-Paul Gaultier, and Yohji Yamamoto that season. She has also walked for Moschino, Alberta Ferretti, D&G, and Dries Van Noten. She has been the face of Anna Sui, Ralph Lauren, Vera Wang, Marc Jacobs, and Coach Inc..

Romanova starred in the music video for the late Swedish DJ Avicii's 2013 hit song "Wake Me Up", which has accrued over 1.8 billion views.

Romanova has a foundation and app called "Humans of Fashion", for addressing mental health and abuse in the fashion industry.

Personal life
Romanova has a daughter with Russian real estate developer Vladislav Doronin, whom she has been in a relationship with since 2014.

In November 2019, she stated on her personal Instagram page that she was 3 months postpartum after having a second child.


2005 Alpine Skiing World Cup – Men's Giant Slalom

Men's Giant Slalom World Cup 2004/2005

Calendar

Final point standings

In Men's Giant Slalom World Cup 2004/05 all results count.

Note:

In the last race only the best racers were allowed to compete and only the best 15 finishers were awarded with points.

Men's Giant Slalom Team Results

bold = highest score italics = race wins

World Cup


Voiceless bidental fricative

The voiceless bidental fricative is a rare consonantal sound used in some languages. The only natural language known to use it is the Shapsug dialect of Adyghe. It is also used for a geminate voiceless glottal fricative (so phonemically ) in the original version of the constructed language Ithkuil, its offshoot Ilaksh, and the new version of Ithkuil as one of two allophones.

Features

Features of the voiceless bidental fricative:

 Its place of articulation is bidental, which means it is articulated with the lower and upper teeth pressed together.

Occurrence


Hattie Tavernier

Hattie Tavernier is a fictional character from the BBC soap opera EastEnders, played by Michelle Gayle between 5 July 1990 and 21 December 1993. Hattie and her family were introduced in July 1990 by producer Michael Ferguson. The Taverniers were the first collective black family to join the soap at the same time. Portrayed as an intelligent, independent young woman, Hattie remained in the serial after the departures of many of her screen family, covering issues such as miscarriage and sexual harassment.

Michelle Gayle quit the role in 1993 to embark on a pop career. Gayle filmed no official exit storyline for Hattie. Her last scene aired on 21 December 1993, with Hattie departing to visit her parents off-screen in Norwich for the Christmas holidays. Dialogue between characters at this time suggested that it was a temporary departure; however, Gayle left to pursue a singing career and did not return to the role. The character was hastily written out, appearing briefly one last time in February 1994 to show that Hattie decided to remain in Norwich. In the scene, Hattie's former lover Steve Elliot (Mark Monero) witnessed Hattie in the distance with another man. This fleeting appearance was played by a non-speaking and uncredited extra.

Storylines
Hattie and her family move to Albert Square in the summer of 1990. The head of the Tavernier household, Celestine (Leroy Golding), is a strict, religious man and despite having a strong personality, Hattie is made to obey his rules. Hattie becomes friendly with local girl Samantha Mitchell (Danniella Westbrook), but while Sam concentrates on boys and her modelling career, Hattie prefers to focus on school work.

Hattie is often forced to act older than her years to cope with her family's problems, standing by her brother Clyde (Steven Woodcock) when he is falsely accused of murdering Eddie Royle (Michael Melia), standing up to her father and acting as the voice of reason to her twin brother Lloyd (Garey Bridges), whose behaviour becomes problematic. Hattie lets her own school work suffer to help her less academic brother. Hattie's hard work at school pays off and she receives excellent grades in her final year exams, so it angers her parents when, at 16, she announces that she is leaving school to work as a waitress for Ian Beale (Adam Woodyatt) at his catering company, The Meal Machine. She soon becomes his personal assistant.

She excels in her work but Ian confuses her keen attitude towards her job as a come-on; he uses his position to sexually harass her but Hattie puts a stop to this by kneeing him in the groin when he tries to kiss her. Irrespective of this setback, Hattie remains working with Ian, despite his wife Cindy (Michelle Collins) doing everything in her power to get her sacked as she sees her as a threat. Hattie begins a relationship with her school friend Steve Elliot (Mark Monero), who gets a job as chef at the Meal Machine in 1992. Hattie feels the relationship has a future, so when her parents decide to leave Walford that same year, she stays behind with her grandfather Jules (Tommy Eytle) and older brother Clyde. Hattie loves Steve, but he takes the relationship less seriously. To Steve's surprise, Hattie proposes to him on New Year's Eve 1992. He accepts despite reservations. Hattie busily prepares for her upcoming wedding, but when Steve loses his job, he has second thoughts about marrying. Hattie's enemy, Mandy Salter (Nicola Stapleton), helps to convince Steve he is not ready for marriage and takes a job on an ocean liner without telling Hattie that he is leaving. Hattie is secretly pregnant and follows Steve to Southampton. When she finds him, an emotional scene results in them having sex. Hattie thinks that Steve has changed his mind about going but he believes their tryst is a final goodbye and Hattie returns to Walford alone. Hattie does not tell Steve about the pregnancy and after confiding in Michelle Fowler (Susan Tully), a single parent, Hattie decides to have an abortion. Hattie books it, but changes her mind at the last minute, deciding to keep the baby. However, she miscarries the next day.

Left nursing a broken heart, Hattie visits her parents in Norwich in December 1993 to spend Christmas with her family and does not return, having decided to make a fresh start away from Walford. Steve returns to Walford in February 1994, hoping to reunite with Hattie and even goes to Norwich to win her back but discovers that she has moved on and is dating another man.

Character creation and development

Background
In the latter part of 1989 EastEnders acquired a new executive producer named Michael Ferguson, who took over from Mike Gibbon. Ferguson had previously been a producer on ITV's The Bill — a hard-hitting, gritty and successful police drama, which seemed to be challenging EastEnders in providing a realistic vision of modern life in London. Due to his success on The Bill, Peter Cregeen, the Head of Series at the BBC, poached Ferguson to become executive producer of EastEnders.

Following a relatively unsuccessful inclination towards comic storylines throughout 1989, Ferguson decided to take the soap in a new direction in 1990. Big changes were implemented both off-screen and on-screen. Ferguson altered the way the episodes were produced, changed the way the storylines were conceptualised and introduced a far greater amount of location work than had previously been seen. EastEnders scriptwriter Colin Brake has said that it was a challenging period, but "the results on-screen were a programme with a new sense of vitality, and a programme more in touch with the real world than it had been for a while".

As a consequence of these changes, a large number of characters were axed in early 1990 as the new production machine cleared way for a new direction and new characters. Among the new characters were the Jamaican Tavernier family, who collectively arrived on-screen in July 1990, composed of grandfather Jules (Tommy Eytle), his son and daughter-in-law Celestine (Leroy Golding) and Etta (Jacqui Gordon-Lawrence), their eldest son Clyde (Steven Woodcock), and their twins Lloyd (Garey Bridges) and Hattie, played by Michelle Gayle. Colin Brake has described the Taverniers as the major new addition that year, and it heralded the first time that an entire family had joined the serial all at once. Their introduction has also been described as a well-intentioned attempt to portray a wider range of black characters than had previously been achieved on the soap.

Casting
At age 19, actress Michelle Gayle—already familiar to the younger audience for her role in Grange Hill—was required to "play down" for the role, because Hattie and her brother Lloyd were 15-year-old school children. The casting of the Tavernier family has been described as difficult by producer Corinne Hollingworth. In 1991, she commented, "The most difficult job we've had was finding six black actors who fitted the bill for the Tavernier family. Here we needed two teenagers [Hattie and Lloyd] who looked around fifteen, but were actually older, had left school and had matures attitudes to work. They had to love music, hanging around in tracksuits and, most importantly, they had to look as if they could be twins." At the time Gayle commented that she loved playing younger parts, and found having Garey Bridges as her younger brother a great bonus: "It turns out that he and I know the same crowd of people in North London so we are often out together at night."

Gayle has discussed how she became close friends with her peer group on the cast, including Sid Owen who plays Ricky Butcher and Danniella Westbrook who plays Sam Mitchell. She reflects, "I remember the three of us careering around the set on a milk float and we also took somebody's car from the car park and drove it until it ran out of petrol. Some of the older stars took their parts very seriously, but we were young and didn't worry about the future. I'm still friends with Sid - we've holidayed in Miami and New York together - and I still see Danniella whenever we have time."

It took a long time to cast the complete Tavernier family. Once EastEnders became a success, the producers had no difficulties in finding "good actors" who wanted to join the cast; however, what became hard was finding families—combinations of performers who "look and sound as though they could be related." According to producers Corinne Hollingworth and Pat Sandys, the Taveriner family were especially difficult as four generations of the family were being featured. Hollingworth has commented "The most difficult job we've had was finding six black actors who fitted the bill for the Tavernier family. Here we needed two teenagers who looked around fifteen but were actually older, had left school and had mature attitudes to work. They had to love music, hanging around in tracksuits and most important, they had to look as if they could be twins. And for Clyde, we needed someone who looked as though he'd been a boxer but also seemed thoughtful."

Personality
Writer Kate Lock has suggested that "Hattie was an intelligent girl with a promising future." Of her demeanour upon her introduction, author Rupert Smith has surmised that of the Taverniers, only Hattie seemed to be a happy child, but added that "her time would come", later referencing Hattie's misfortune with men as evidence of his classification of her as an "eternal victim".<ref name="20years">{{cite book |last= Smith|first= Rupert|title= EastEnders: 20 years in Albert Square |year=2005|publisher=BBC books|isbn=978-0-563-52165-5|title-link= EastEnders spin-offs#Non-fiction books}}</ref>

Hilary Kingsley, author of The EastEnders Handbook, has described the character of Hattie in 1991: "Hattie is almost too well-balanced and happy to live in Albert Square. She loves music, sport, and could have a string of boyfriends but, unlike Sam Butcher, she's not yet interested. Clever at school, particularly at science, Hattie looks up to her big brother, Clyde, and protects her twin brother Lloyd, who is slower and quieter and can seem a bit of a wimp. She even let her own schoolwork slip at times to help him. Bossy, giggly and garrulous, she was an instant success helping as a waitress at Ian Beale's functions, even though it caused her parents distress. Hattie is as bright as her mother and loyal to her father. When her parents were quarrelling she was deeply upset, but nothing can dampen her natural good humour for long."

Departure
Gayle was permitted time off from filming in the summer of 1993 to develop a singing career. She returned to filming later in the year but decided to quit the role permanently at the end of 1993 to focus on music. On-screen, Hattie departed in December 1993 to visit her parents off-screen and never returned. The character appeared briefly one last time in February 1994 to explain Hattie's departure; however, Michelle Gayle did not reprise the role and this fleeting appearance was played by a non-speaking and uncredited extra.

Reflecting on her time in the soap in 2007, Gayle said, "There were 19 million people watching every episode. People would come up to me in the street and ask things like, 'Hattie, what's going on with you and Ian?'. They always had a comment to make - and always as if it was the first time you had heard it. But you would think, 'how many times today?'." She added that "I remember chilling with Sid Owen [who plays Ricky Butcher] and Danniella Westbrook [who plays Sam Mitchell] in our dressing rooms all the time and just really laughing a lot".

In 2008, when asked if she would return to the serial, Gayle commented, "I'd go back for Sid Owen. It's great now they've got him and Patsy Palmer [who plays Bianca Jackson] back in it - it's such a big show. If the producers asked me back and there was a good storyline, I'd definitely return."

Reception
In the 1992 book Come on down?: popular media culture in post-war Britain, the authors have referenced Hattie and the rest of the Tavernier family as non-white characters who appeared to have been integrated into part of the predominantly white communal setting of the soap. However, they suggested that this attempt at inclusion "is the single clue to an understanding of why EastEnders is a development of an old form of representation of working-class life. The ethnic minority households are accepted in the working-class community , but the black, white and Asian families remain culturally distinct." They suggested that there was no attempt to portray hybridity between black-white cultures.

Robert Clyde Allen has discussed the Tavernier family in his 1995 book To be continued--: soap operas around the world. He suggested that black characters in EastEnders''  were incorporated into the working-class culture of the soap as opposed to offering something different from it. He noted that the Taverniers, the focus of black characters in the early 1990s, for a while had the same mixture of generations and attitudes that characterized the Fowlers, one of the soap's core white families who had a dominant position in the series. However he stated that "somewhat typically [...] the family broke up leaving the teenage Hattie on her own."


Sloane Street

Sloane Street is a major London street in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea which runs north to south, from Knightsbridge to Sloane Square, crossing Pont Street about halfway along.  Sloane Street takes its name from Sir Hans Sloane, who purchased the surrounding area in 1712. Many of the properties in the street still belong to his descendants the Earls Cadogan, via their company Cadogan Estates.

Sloane Street has long been a fashionable shopping street, especially the northern section closest to Knightsbridge, which is known informally as Upper Sloane Street. Since the 1990s Sloane Street's status has increased further, and it is now on a par with Bond Street, which has been London's most exclusive shopping street for two centuries. The street has flagship stores for many of the world's most famous brands in fashion.

In popular culture
Sloane Street, along with Sloane Square, also gives its name to "Sloane Rangers", originally applied to the stereotypical kind of young upper class English ladies seen in the area.  The expression was roughly the female equivalent to the term "Hooray Henry", used to describe brash, upper-class young English public school boys, although this term is not geographically restricted and is used all over the UK.

Real estate ownership and character

During the 1990s, Dubai's ruling Al Maktoum family, led by Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, bought most of the properties on the west side of Sloane Street at the Knightsbridge end. The National Bank of Dubai opened its first overseas branch in London to serve the many UAE-based visitors who rent these properties in summer. The Jumeirah Carlton Tower Hotel is owned by the hotels arm of Dubai Holding Company, which is also controlled by Sheikh Mohammed.

The northern half of the street is near Knightsbridge and is home to a few smart, more modern residential blocks, all with 24-hour porterage, the Cadogan Hotel and Millennium Hotel. Harrods lies next to Hans Place immediately to the west along Basil Street and Hans Crescent, and Lowndes Square lies to the east. Harvey Nichols lies at the corner of Knightsbridge and Sloane Street.

The southern half of the street has much more individual character, with a number of typical Pont Street Dutch style red brick buildings, built in the 19th century by Earl Cadogan, which house elegant apartments. In the most exclusive residential area of the street, which is between Sloane Square and Cadogan Place, some of the residences have remained as whole houses.

Notable buildings

Notable buildings include:
 Holy Trinity Sloane Street by the Victorian architect J.D. Sedding
 The Danish Embassy designed by Arne Jacobsen (shared with the Embassy of Iceland)
 51-52 Sloane Street, the Embassy of Peru.
 64 Sloane Street, designed by Fairfax Blomfield Wade-Palmer.
 190-192 Sloane Street.
 123 Sloane Street.
 139 Sloane Street.