Jewish views of leather

Leather has played an important role in Judaism and in Jewish life. Many items widely used by observant Jews are made from leather, such as:

The Torah scrolls made from leather parchment it is a handwritten copy of the Torah or Pentateuch, the holiest book within Judaism. It must meet extremely strict standards of production;
Mezuzahs are pieces of parchment (often contained in a decorative case) inscribed with specified Hebrew verses from the Torah ( and ) some interpret Jewish law to require a mezuzah on every doorway in the home apart from bathrooms, and closets too small to qualify as rooms.
Tefillin (phylacteries) are a set of small black leather boxes containing scrolls of parchment inscribed with verses from the Torah, which are worn by observant Jews during weekday morning prayers.
Chalitza shoe is a ceremony by which a widow and her husband's brother could avoid the duty to marry after the husband's death. The ceremony involves the taking off of a brother-in-law's leather shoe by the widow of a brother who has died childless, through which ceremony he is released from the obligation of marrying her, and she becomes free to marry whomever she desires as per ().
Malkot was corporal punishment by whipping with a leather whip administered in Biblical times.

Introduction

References to leather are found in the Hebrew Bible and Talmud. Leather was originally worn to protect against weather conditions. Over time, leather was slowly replaced by other resources as a source for garments. The first reference to leather is in the Book of Genesis that states that God gave man a “coat of skins”. In addition, the Patriarchs continued to wear the “coat of skins” throughout their rule. Leather constantly surrounded the day-to-day life of the Hebrews. The discovery of tanning led to sandals, helmets, shields, utensils, mats, and skins for transporting water.

The Talmud references several usages of leather throughout its pages. It is likely because of the prevalence of tanning during Talmudic times that many of the articles were written on leather parchment. During Talmudic times, leather was often used in day-to-day life.

Biblical data
Skins of animals were employed for clothing as soon as man felt the need of covering his body to protect himself against cold and rain. With the advance of civilization such clothing was everywhere replaced by products of the loom. The same was the case among the Hebrews. The "coat of skins" was regarded by them as having been the first kind of clothing, given to man by God Himself (Gen. iii. 21); and the mantle of skins was still worn in the time of the Patriarchs (Gen. xxv. 25). In historic times the use of the mantle of skins is mentioned only in the case of the prophets Elijah and Elisha, who, in intentional contrast to the people of their day, wore the ancient, simple garb (I Kings xix. 13; II Kings i. 8; ii. 8, 13 et seq.); indeed, the hairy mantle came in time to be the distinguishing feature of a prophet's garb (Zech. xiii. 4; Matt. iii. 4, vii. 15).

After the Hebrews had acquired the art of tanning, which must have been at an early date, leather came to be used for a number of other purposes. Among articles of clothing it was employed chiefly for sandals. Leather girdles are also mentioned (II Kings i. 8 et al.). The warrior had a leather Helmet to protect his head, and his Shield also was usually of leather. For utensils in daily use leather is principally employed among nomads, as it was among the ancient Israelites, since receptacles of leather are not liable to be broken and are easily carried about. The original form of a table, as the word indicates, was a piece of leather, which was spread upon the ground. Pails and all other vessels for holding liquids were made of leather. The leather bucket for drawing water out of a well and the leather flask—consisting of a single skin removed from the animal's carcass as intact as possible—for holding wine or for transporting water have remained in common use in the Orient down to the present day. Skins of goats and sheep were generally used for these various purposes; more seldom, those of oxen. Concerning tanning, although it was probably familiar to the Hebrews from the oldest times, nothing is said in the Old Testament. Not once is a tanner mentioned.

In the Talmud

The Talmud speaks of many articles made of skins (); and, as tanning was practiced in Talmudic times, it is possible that such articles, or at least some of them, were of leather. The strap ("reẓu'ah")is mentioned as serving various purposes. Asses were hobbled with straps; and cows were led by means of straps tied to the horns (Shab. 54b). Women used to tie their hair with leather straps (ib. 57a); and by similar means shoes and sandals were fastened to the feet (Neg. xi. 11), and the tefillin to the head and arm (Men. 35b). Flagellation ("malḳut") was performed by means of three straps—one of calfskin and two of ass'skin (Mak. 22b); straps are frequently mentioned as instruments of punishment, especially of children (Yer. Giṭ. i. 43d, et passim). It would appear that straps were used to tie up certain objects, as the untying of the strap is often used to designate relaxation (Yer. Bik. i. 64a, et passim). It is very probable that sandals generally were made of thick hide; for wooden sandals are indicated as such (Yeb. 101a, et passim). Besides shoes, the Talmud speaks of leather hose ("anpilia"), and of a kind of glove and foot-wear of skin for a cripple who was compelled to use his hands in order to move from place to place (ib. 102b).

The Mishnah, Kelim xxvi. 5, enumerates the following articles made of leather: a covering for the mule or ass; aprons worn by muleteers and by surgeons to protect their clothes; a cradle-cover; a child's breast-piece to protect it from the scratching of a cat; aprons by which wool-carders and flax-spinners protected themselves from the waste of the wool or the tow of the flax; the pad placed by the porter under his load; and skins used for various purposes by individuals not engaged in any business or trade ("'orot ba'al ha-bayit"). In mishnah 8 of the same chapter, tanners' skins are spoken of; but certainly untanned skins are meant, similar to those referred to in Shab. 49a as having been spread by the tanner for people to sit upon.


Fred McCarthy (footballer)

Frederick McCarthy (1890 – before 1980) was an English footballer who played for Stoke.

Career
McCarthy was born in Liverpool and played football with Bury before joining Stoke in 1914. He spent the 1914–15 at Stoke where he scored nine goals in ten matches. He later played for Stafford Rangers.

Career statistics


Music, Martinis and Misanthropy

Music, Martinis and Misanthropy is an album by Boyd Rice, released in 1990 by New European Recordings. It was recorded in Tokyo, Japan and Denver, Colorado between July 1989 and March 1990 and features several notable neofolk artists - Douglas P. (of Death in June), Tony Wakeford (of Sol Invictus), Rose McDowall (of Strawberry Switchblade) and Michael Moynihan and Bob Ferbrache of Blood Axis. Most of the music was arranged by Douglas P. in collaboration with Rice and Ferbrache.

This album was inspired by Rod McKuen's spoken word albums and Jackie Gleason's romantic recordings from the 1950s. The title and album cover are a tribute to Gleasons's album, Music, Martinis, and Memories.  The liner notes thank Anton LaVey, Rod McKuen, Ragnar Redbeard, Lee Hazlewood, Pat Purdy, Richard and Karen C., The Everly Brothers' Father, Walt Disney, Artie De Gobineau and "Big" Jim Huberty.

Tracks
"Invocation" – 2:23
"People" – 6:07
"The Hunter" – 0:47
"Nightwatch" – 3:07
"Disneyland can Wait" – 3:26
"An Eye for an Eye" – 5:10
"Down in the Willow Garden" – 2:56
"I'd Rather be Your Enemy" – 1:41
"Tripped a Beauteous Maiden" – 0:37
"As for the Fools" – 5:25
"Shadows of the Night" – 2:40
"History Lesson" – 3:27
"Silence is Golden" – 2:19
"Bonus track" (available on reissue CD/picture disc) A sample of "one of the survivors of the Columbine shooting" played backwards to reveal: "Boyd Rice is the one who did it".

Lineup
Boyd Rice - vocals
Douglas P. - guitar, backing vocals
Tony Wakeford - bass guitar
Rose McDowall - guitar and backing vocals
Michael Moynihan - drums
Bob Ferbrache - piano, surf zither, recording engineer

Related information
 Live in Osaka (DVD) --Features a concert performance from Osaka, Japan, in 1989, with Michael Moynihan, Tony Wakeford, Douglas P., and Rose McDowell. Also includes films Invocation (One) and Black Sun.

External links

 mp3 samples from the album
 Interview with Rice wherein the album is discussed. (web cache)

Music, Martinis, and Misanthropy


Thailand Golf Championship

The Thailand Golf Championship was a golf tournament on the Asian Tour. It was played for the first time in December 2011 at the Amata Spring Country Club in Bangkok, Thailand. The purse in 2015 was US$1,000,000. From 2011 to 2015, it was the flagship event of the Asian Tour, with a guaranteed minimum of 20 Official World Golf Ranking points for the winner, compared to a minimum of 14 for other events.

Winners


Percentage play

Percentage play in contract bridge is a play influenced by mathematical factors when more than one reasonable line of play is available.  It is a generic name for plays in which declarer maximizes the chances for obtaining a certain number of tricks or the maximum number of tricks when considering the suit in isolation.  Sometimes the percentage play is not the correct play considering the hand as a whole as an avoidance play or safety play may be more appropriate.

In matchpoint games, which use comparative scoring, overtricks are very important, accordingly most hands are played simply to achieve the greatest number of tricks possible and risks may be taken to achieve overtricks that would not be considered at other types of scoring.

 Against a contract of 3NT West opens with the Q, and the A wins in dummy.  In many types of bridge this hand calls for a safety play in which declarer reaches his hand (perhaps with the A and leads a 4 putting in the 10.  This will ensure communication between the hands since the A has already been knocked out.

However, this is not the percentage play.  Approximately 68% of the time the clubs will be found three in one hand and two in the other (a 3-2 break) and simply cashing the A, K and Q will result in an additional trick.  This is the play with the highest percentage of bringing in all the tricks.

If the west hand had J976 the percentage play would result in only 3 club tricks and 8 tricks in all so the contract would fail, but that is not likely to happen.  At matchpoints the best play would be to try to take the percentage play in as many suits as possible.  The declarer would win on the board and play the 2 and finesse in hearts.  West winning with the Q might persist with spades, but South wins in hand with K and plays all the good clubs, later taking the heart finesse again to make 12 tricks.

The percentage play can also vary based on how many tricks are wanted or needed out of a suit:
 If declarer needs all of the tricks, the percentage play is to play one of the high honours first, then finesse the jack followed by the other high honour.  This hopes to find West with Qxx, which is more likely than finding Qx with East. However, if only three tricks are needed, then it is better to cash first the two top honours and then lead low towards the jack.


Uberabinha River

The Uberabinha River is a river of Minas Gerais state in southeastern Brazil.


Dervish Cara

Dervish Cara was an Albanian revolutionary leader known for his role in the Albanian Revolt of 1844, a revolt also known by his name as "The Uprising of Dervish Cara".

Biography

Background
Dervish Cara was born in Palçishte, Kalkandelen (present-day Tetovo). He was a quiet villager and hails from the Carë clan from the Šar Mountains.

Tanzimat reforms
Tanzimât emerged from the minds of reformist sultans Mahmud II and his son, sultan Abdülmecid I. It aimed to modernize the Ottoman Empire by introducing European-inspired reforms. Most importantly, it involved a centralization and streamlining of the administration and military. This hurt the old-established feudal order among the Empire's Muslim communities, and especially the various local leaders who had exercised considerable regional authority and often enjoyed wide-ranging autonomy from the imperial government.

The Tanzimat reforms caused the uprising as the new reforms began the arresting and liquidation of the local Albanophone pashas, most notably that of Abdurrahman Pasha of Kalkandelen and his two brothers, Havzi Pasha of Uskub (present-day Skopje), who later died in prison, and Hussein Pasha of Kustendil (present-day Kyustendil).

The revolt

Dervish Cara began his revolt when he and his rebel army seized Gostivar from Ottoman control in November and began directing his forces towards Kalkandelen (modern day Tetovo). The fight for full occupation of Kalkandelen lasted three weeks, at the end of December to the beginning of January, 1844.

Kalkandelen became the center of the uprising, turning the Arabati Baba Teḱe into the headquarters of the insurgents and using the Baltepes fortress to defend the town. After being reinforced in Gostivar and Tetovo, Cara sent messengers to the pashas of Debre, Prizren, Priştine and Vranje, but at the same time preparing for attack against Uskub, where he knew that there were supporters of his movement. In February 1844, the rebels attacked and seized Uskub.

A Great Council was formed and led by Dervish Cara, which was the supreme body of the newly created administration in the liberated territories. In February 1844 the rebels liberated Kumanovo. After Kumonovo the rebels liberated Preshevo, Bujanovc, Vranje, Leskofça and other territories in North Kosovo. The rebellion was spread out in İpek, Yakova, Prizren and İşkodra, while in the spring of 1844 the territory of the rebellion was from Ohri and Manastır in the south, İşkodra in west, North Kosovo in North and Kumanovo in east. The rebels sent a letter to the Albanians of Sanjak of Yanina recalling them brothers and asking them not to fight for the Ottoman army.

During a brief pause in the fighting, the Sublime Porte tried to end the rebellion through negotiations. Dervish Cara requested that Albanians be exempt from the law of the Ottoman army, under which all Muslims were forced to serve in the regular army (Nizam); stop the replacement of Ottoman local government officials (who were Albanians or spoke Albanian) with Turkish officials brought from Anatolia, who knew neither the language and customs; and the recognition of Albanian autonomy within the Ottoman Empire, as was recognized the autonomy of Serbia in 1830. The Sublime Porte did not accept the terms and countered with their own. They offered that amnesty would be given to the rebels as well as abolishment of the new taxes and the postponement of the recruitment process which would become voluntary in the future. However, the rebels must hand over their armaments to the Ottoman commander in chief Omer Pasha and no Albanian autonomy with in the empire. Cara refused the offer and fighting resumed.

During negotiations Omer Pasha, Governor of Lebanon, led an army of 30000 men towards Monastir. The first resistance to Omer Pasha's forces was in Kicevo, though resistance did not last as Ottoman forces pushed back the rebels into their strongholds in Uskub, Kumanovo and Kalkandelen. After Gostivar fell, Omer Pasha directed all forces to Kalandelen to crush the rebellion. As to not underestimate Dervish Cara and his feats, Omar Pasha armed his forces with heavy artillery and shelled the stronghold. The battle lasted from May to September 1844, resulting in the capture of Kalkandelen and Dervish Cara.

The aftermath
Dervish Cara was sentenced to death by the Ottoman Porte, but the sentence was later reduced to a lifetime sentence. He died in the Ottoman prisons.

Legacy
Dervish Cara inspired the rebels in Debar and İşkodra to continue. A school is named after him in Palcište and the work of paving the road “Dervish Cara” has started in Tetovo. In a bid to rename many streets in Macedonia's capital, Skopje, Dervish Cara name has been suggested by the Albanian political parties.


Emily Wachtel

Emily Wachtel is a writer, actress, and producer, born in New York, New York to Sylvia and Jesse Wachtel, the youngest of three sisters (Kathryn and Martha), and first cousin once-removed of legendary guitar player Waddy Wachtel. A graduate of Sarah Lawrence College and The Neighborhood Playhouse School of the Theatre, where she studied with Sanford Meisner, Wachtel co-wrote, produced and acted in the recently released, semi-autobiographical film Lucky Them starring Toni Collette, Thomas Haden Church, Johnny Depp, and Oliver Platt.

Life and career

Wachtel used her author's pseudonym, Ellie Klug, as the name of her main character in Lucky Them, as well as her own experience in music and dating scenes. Her pseudonym appeared in several publications and for a column in the "Fairfield Weekly." The Indie film premiered at the September 2013 Toronto International Film Festival to positive reviews from outlets such as Variety, The Huffington Post, Screen Daily, and The Hollywood Reporter.

Wachtel executive produced the documentary, "Shepard and Dark," on playwright, actor, and director Sam Shepard which was featured at The Cannes International Film Festival in May 2013.

In 2016 Wachtel produced a music video of the song "Let Me Be Your Girl" for singer songwriter Rachael Yamagata which was directed by Josh Radnor, and starred actress Allison Janney.

Wachtel serves on the board of the Greenwich International Film Festival, which hosted a June, 2014 "hometown premiere" of Lucky Them in her hometown of Stamford, Connecticut.

Wachtel serves on the international Board of Governors for Serious Fun Network, a non-profit consisting of Paul Newman's camps for children with cancer and other blood-related diseases and is involved in several other philanthropic efforts.

Filmography

External links


Eddie Mekka

Eddie Mekka (born June 14, 1952) is an Armenian American actor most famous for his role as Carmine "The Big Ragoo" Ragusa on the sitcom Laverne & Shirley.

Life and career
Mekka was born Rudolph Edward Mekjian in Worcester, Massachusetts, the son of Mariam (née Apkarian), a presser, and Vaughn V. Mekjian. He is of Armenian ancestry and a graduate of Burncoat High School.

In the early 1970s, Mekka headed the Worcester County Light Opera in Massachusetts, teaching young people how to sing. After performing on Broadway in The Lieutenant, for which he was nominated for a Tony Award, he moved to Los Angeles. He landed the role of Carmine for Laverne & Shirley in 1976, acting on the series until it was canceled in 1983. His recent television credits include 24, The Suite Life of Zack & Cody, It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia, The Bold and the Beautiful, and as Detective Murdoch in the Fox television movie Catch Me If You Can. He had a small role in the Penny Marshall-directed 1992 film, A League of Their Own whose credits list him as "Mae's guy in bar."

On stage, he has performed in Hairspray at the Luxor in Las Vegas, Nevada and in a national tour of Grease with Cindy Williams. Mekka returned to off-Broadway on July 15, 2008, starring in Steve Solomon's long-running comedy My Mother's Italian, My Father's Jewish & I'm In Therapy! at the Westside Theatre.

Mekka reunited with his Laverne & Shirley co-star Cindy Williams in a November 2008 regional production of the Renée Taylor-Joseph Bologna comedy play It Had to Be You.

In 2008, Mekka wrapped production in the independent film Code Enforcer. He starred opposite Erin Moran of Happy Days.

In 2010, Mekka starred as Tevye in Fiddler on the Roof at the John W. Engeman Theater in Northport, New York, from April 29 until June 20.

Filmography


The Confession of Ina Kahr

The Confession of Ina Kahr () is a 1954 West German crime film directed by Georg Wilhelm Pabst and starring Curd Jürgens, Elisabeth Müller and Albert Lieven. The film's sets were designed by the art director Hertha Hareiter and Otto Pischinger.

Cast
 Curd Jürgens as Paul Kahr
 Elisabeth Müller as Ina Kahr
 Albert Lieven as Dr. Pleyer
 Vera Molnar as Jenny
 Friedrich Domin as Vater Stoll
 Jester Naefe as Cora Brink
 Hanna Rucker as Helga Barnholm
 Margot Trooger as Margit Kahr
 Ingmar Zeisberg as Marianne von Degenhardt
 Hilde Körber as Wärterin Stuckmann
 Johannes Buzalski
 Sofie Strehlow (as Sophie von Strehlow)
 Ulrich Beiger
 Renate Mannhardt
 Ernst Stahl-Nachbaur
 Arno Ebert
 Hilde Sessak
 Peter Ahrens


Adab School

The Adab Educational Complex ( موقوفه ی فرهنگی ادب) is a private school in the Lavizan neighborhood of Tehran, Iran.

History
The Adab school was founded in 1982 by G.R. Tanhaa, Moghaddasin, H. Rabbani Shirdel and Mortazavi. In 2009 a team of new teachers and presidents (from Soroush High School) entered.

Campus
The campus of Adab is located on Lavizan (called Louisiana by many of the students), on the east side of Tehran, Iran. The campus consists of three main buildings:
  School building
  Playground
 Extracurricular-dedicated (ادب پس از مدرسه)

School building
The school building of Adab is the oldest and largest building of the campus. It is located on the south of the campus and is divided into three sub-buildings. The sub-buildings are:
  Middle school
  Elementary school
  High school
All of the sub-buildings have three floors above-ground and one shared basement. The basement is used as a cafeteria by all the schools of Adab. Each sub-building has its own gate, and there is one shared gate leading to either a hallway with access to all buildings or the parking lot of Adab (placed under ground).

The playground
The playground is an asphalt-covered ground with a roof yet open-air. It is mainly used by the pre-school and elementary school students of Adab. It is placed on the northeast corner of the campus.

Extracurricular-dedicated
The extracurricular-dedicated building of Adab is located on the northwest of the campus. It is called "Adab pas az madrese (ادب پس از مدرسه)" which means "Adab post school" in Persian. The building has four floors:
  Groundfloor: Office and Security room
  1st floor: Library and Gamenet
  2nd floor: Studyroom and Lab
  3rd floor: Gym

Age IX
The 9th set of students entered highschool are known as "age IX" (2007–2011) (Persian: "دوره نهم").


Take the Week Off

Take the Week Off is the fourth studio album by Canadian country music artist Deric Ruttan. It was released on October 15, 2013 by Black T Records/Universal Music Canada. Ruttan wrote or co-wrote all twelve tracks.

Critical reception
Shenieka Russell-Metcalf of Top Country gave the album four stars out of five, writing that "the twelve track album delivers some real good tunes."

Track listing

Chart performance

Singles


Vsevolod Rudnev

Vsevolod Fyodorovich Rudnev (; 31 August 1855 – 20 July 1913) was a career naval officer in the Imperial Russian Navy, noted for his heroic role in the Battle of Chemulpo Bay during the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905.

Biography
Rudnev was born in Dünamünde, Governorate of Livonia of the Russian Empire (now part of Riga, Latvia), where his father was a naval officer and a hero of the Russo-Turkish War. His ancestors were local nobility from Tula, Russia, one of whom was also a naval officer who had been decorated by Tsar Peter the Great for valor at the Battle of Azov. After the death of his father, the family relocated to Lyuban, near St Petersburg.

Rudnev entered the Sea Cadets on September 15, 1872 on a government scholarship granted in recognition of his father’s heroism. He entered active duty as a midshipman on May 1, 1873, and participated in training voyages on the Baltic Sea in 1875. After graduating with honors in 1876, he was appointed to a training frigate Petropavlovsk, reaching the rank of warrant officer. Assigned to the cruiser Afrika on April 16, 1880, he circumnavigated the globe, returning to Russia in 1883. One of his shipmates on this voyage was future Admiral Vasili Fersen.

Rudnev was assigned to patrol vessels on the Baltic from 1885–1887, and was assigned to sail Russia's first steam military transport, "Peter the Great", from its shipyards in France to Kronstadt in 1888.

He also married the same year to Maria Nikolaevna Schwan, whose father, a naval captain was a hero of the Crimean War.

In August 1889, Rudnev was assigned to the cruiser , participated in the maneuvers of the Russian Pacific Fleet. He returned to Krondstat in December 1890 and was given command of a destroyer. He was subsequently made executive officer of the battleship .

In 1893, Rudnev was promoted to junior captain and became executive officer on the battleship , the flagship of Admiral Stepan Makarov's Mediterranean Squadron. He again circumnavigated the globe in 1895, this time on the Imperator Nikolai I.

On his return to Kronstadt, Rudnev became commander of the coast defense ship Admiral Greig, and then was appointed commander of the destroyer Vyborg. In December 1897, Rudnev became commander of the gunboat Gremyaschi, on which he made his first independent voyage round the world, departing March 1, 1898 and returning safely to Russia on May 15, 1899. A circumnavigation of the globe in such a small vessel was unusual for the time.

In 1900, Rudnev became a senior assistant to the commander of the port in Port Arthur, the main base of the Russian Pacific Fleet.  During this time, he oversaw extensive upgrade works to dredge the inner roads, rebuild and extend the dry-dock, electrification and strengthen coastal defense. In December 1901, he was promoted to captain of the first rank.

In December 1902, Rudnev was appointed commander of the . On the eve of the Russo-Japanese War, he was ordered to the neutral Korean port of Chemulpo (modern Incheon) to protect Russian interests. On the morning of February 9, 1904, he received an ultimatum from Imperial Japanese Navy Admiral Uryū Sotokichi demanding that he leave the protection of the port by noon, or be attacked (which would have  been a violation of Korean neutrality and international law). Rudnev decided to break out of the port, knowing that he was very much outnumbered and outgunned by the Japanese fleet that was waiting offshore for the opportunity to attack. The Japanese fleet blocked the path to the open sea, and a brisk gun battle ensured, with Varyag damaging the Japanese cruisers ,   and , but taking severe damage in return. Rudnev was injured by a shrapnel wound to the head, and Varyag was on fire with half her guns out of commission. Rather than surrender to the Japanese, Rudnev scuttled the cruiser and escaped with his surviving crew to the protection of neutral ships in the harbor, from which they were eventually repatriated to Russia via neutral ports. Although the Battle of Chemulpo Bay was a decisive defeat for Russia, Rudnev was awarded the Order of St. George (4th class) for heroism and promoted to adjutant. He was also assigned command of a new battleship, then under construction.

In April 1904, Rudnev was given command of the new battleship Andrei Pervozvannii, whose construction had only recently begun, and of the Fourteenth Fleet Equipage in St. Petersburg. In autumn 1905, however, his good fortune began to wane with his failure to prevent his crew from holding a meeting to protest the tsar’s October Manifesto. After the Russian Revolution of 1905, Rudnev refused to take disciplinary measures against the revolutionary-minded men of his crew who had protested the manifesto. He was urged to submit his resignation in November 1905 and was placed on the inactive list, although he was promoted simultaneously to rear admiral. Rudnev published several articles in the years until his death eight years later.

After the war, in 1907, Japanese Emperor Meiji awarded Rudnev the Order of the Rising Sun, (2nd class), the first Russian to be so honored, and an unprecedented recognition of an enemy commander. Rudnev accepted the order, but never wore it in public.

Rudnev retired to his family's ancestral estate in Myshenki village (now Zaoksky District, Tula Oblast), where he died in 1913. During the Russian Civil War, his wife and three sons relocated to Sevastopol, and eventually fled to exile in Yugoslavia, and later to France. His older son Nikolay returned with his family to the Soviet Union in 1958 where he lived until his death in 1963. His middle son Georgiy emigrated to Venezuela. The younger son stayed in France.  The Soviet government erected a monument to his memory in Tula in 1956.

In philately
Rudnev was a noted philatelist, starting as a youth. He used every opportunity on his numerous circumnavigations of the globe to add to his collection. He assembled a large collection, containing many rarities, including the famed "Blue Mauritius". The eventual fate of his collection is unknown.

In the Soviet Union and in post-Soviet Russia, a number of commemorative postage stamps were issued honoring Rudnev and/or the crew of the Varyag, including:
 25 March 1958, a USSR postage stamp  (TSFA (ITC "Mark"), # 2135), with a drawing of Rudnev by Ivan Dubasov.
 22 November 1972, a USSR series of stamps dedicated to the history of the Russian Navy. A stamp with face value of 3 kopecks by artist  depicts the cruiser Varyag  (TSFA (ITC "Mark") # 4182) .
 7 February 2002, a Russian Federation stamped envelope from the series "Russian Navy" depicting the cruiser Varyag.


West Somerset Rural Life Museum and Victorian School

The West Somerset Rural Life Museum  is a small museum in Allerford, Somerset, England.

The building was built in 1821 as the village school and was closed in 1981. It is now rented from the National Trust. In 1983 it was opened as a museum, by a charitable trust, with displays of artefacts from West Somerset including cookery, laundry, tradesmen's tools, and agricultural equipment.

One room in the thatched part of the building has been retained as a Victorian classroom, where children can dress in original clothing, sit at original desks and do writing on slates. The other rooms contain domestic and farm equipment. There is also a photographic archive  and outdoor display area. Occasional demonstrations of local crafts are also hosted at the museum.


Mantoniella

Mantoniella is a genus of green algae in the family Mamiellaceae.


The Watermill (Ruisdael)

The Watermill (c. 1660) is an oil on canvas painting by the Dutch landscape painter Jacob van Ruisdael.
It is an example of Dutch Golden Age painting and is now in the collection of the National Gallery of Victoria.

This painting was documented by Hofstede de Groot in 1911, who wrote; "146. THE WATER-MILL. View across the mill-pool towards
the water-mill, which stands amid trees. The same mill as that painted by Hobbema, as, for example, in the two pictures at the Rijksmuseum
(see Hobbema, 66, 67). The building on the right is roofed with red tiles, and the timbers are grey. To the left is a green hill. There is no distant
view. On the road to the left is a man, followed by a dog. To the right is a flowering elder bush. To judge from the style, the picture was
probably painted about the time when Hobbema and Ruisdael worked together (1660-63).
Signed with the monogram on the left ; canvas, 25 inches by 27 1/2 inches.

Exhibited at the Royal Academy Winter Exhibition, London, 1876, No. 80, and 1902, No. 134.
In the collection of the Right Hon. Lewis Fry, Clifton, Bristol. "

This scene is very similar to other paintings Ruisdael and his pupil Hobbema made in this period and these often served as inspiration for later painters of landscape.

Scholars have tried to locate this specific watermill as it was portrayed so many times, but so far it has only been documented as being "somewhere in Gelderland."


Baby (LL Cool J song)

"Baby" is the second single from rapper LL Cool J's 13th album Exit 13. It features The-Dream, who co-wrote the song with 50 Cent, while Tricky Stewart produced it.

Music video
The music video, directed by Benny Boom, premiered on FNMTV on July 11, 2008. In the video, they are at a party. LL spots a girl, and throughout the video, it shows him and the girl in a car and a store. They stand back to back during The-Dream's verse.

Responses and samples
Rapper Chamillionaire released a skit entitled "Not Your Baby". His song "Answer Machine 3", on his Mixtape Messiah 4 album, sampled "Baby"'s instrumental.

Charts

Release
iTunes started a type of Countdown to Exit 13. The first release was Baby featuring The-Dream and the second release was the rock remix of "Baby" featuring Richie Sambora.

Rock Remix
The rock remix of "Baby" featuring Richie Sambora is the official remix of the song, and the remix is in the album as the 8th track.

The song was released on August 19, 2008 as an 'exclusive single' on iTunes. The cover is slightly different than the Baby single, because it was a darker look.


Sneakin' Sally Through the Alley

Sneakin' Sally Through the Alley is the debut solo album by Robert Palmer, released in 1974. It was his first effort after three album releases co-fronting the band Vinegar Joe.

Palmer is backed by The Meters and Lowell George of Little Feat. Multiple reviewers have commented that Palmer sang confidently on this album, despite being backed by more accomplished musicians such as Lowell George, Art Neville and New Orleans singer-songwriter Allen Toussaint.

Recorded in New Orleans, Louisiana, New York, and Compass Point Studios in Nassau, the album was released on compact disc in 1987 by Wea manufacturing.

The album peaked at No. 107 in the US according to the Billboard 200 chart.

The title track had previously been recorded by Lee Dorsey. It was issued by him in 1970 as a single on Polydor Records.

Track listing
All songs by Robert Palmer except where noted.
"Sailin' Shoes" (Lowell George) (Little Feat cover) – 2:44
"Hey Julia" – 2:24
"Sneakin' Sally Through the Alley" (Allen Toussaint) (Lee Dorsey cover) – 4:21
"Get Outside" – 4:32
"Blackmail" (Robert Palmer, Lowell George) – 2:32
"How Much Fun" – 3:02
"From a Whisper to a Scream" (Allen Toussaint) (Allen Toussaint cover) – 3:32
"Through It All There's You" – 12:17

Personnel
 Robert Palmer – vocals
 Steve Smith – producer
 Phill Brown – engineering, mixing
 Ken Laxton – engineering
 Alan Varner – engineering
 Rhett Davies – engineering
 Graham Hughes – artwork, cover photography
 Vicki Brown – backing vocals (tracks 1, 2, 4)
 Mongezi Feza (credited as Mongezi) - flageolet, horns (tracks 6, 8)

Tracks 1, 6, & 7 – The Meters
Art Neville – keyboards
Leo Nocentelli – guitar
George Porter Jr. – bass guitar
Ziggy Modeliste – drums

Track 3 – The Meters, Simon Phillips and Lowell George
Art Neville – keyboards
Leo Nocentelli – guitar
George Porter Jr. – bass guitar
Simon Phillips – drums
Lowell George – slide guitar

Tracks 2, 4, 5, & 8 is the New York rhythm section
Richard Tee – piano
Cornell Dupree – guitar
Gordon Edwards – bass guitar
Bernard Purdie – drums

Additional musicians
Jim Mullen – guitar on track 2
Steve Winwood – piano on 8
Jody Linscott – percussion on track 2
Steve York – harmonica on track 3
Lowell George – guitar on 1, 3, 4, 6, & 7


Penita Formation

The Penita Formation is a geologic formation in Costa Rica. It preserves fossils dating back to the Neogene period.


John Wellington Ennis

John Wellington Ennis (born February 21, 1973 in Los Angeles, California) is an American filmmaker, activist, and blogger. In 2004, he directed a film starring Amy Poehler and the Upright Citizens Brigade titled Wild Girls Gone. He is the co-founder of Video the Vote, a non-partisan group interested in documenting problems at U.S. polls.  Ennis and Video the Vote co-created Free for All, a 2008 documentary about fraud in U.S. elections. He is also the founder of Shoot First, Inc., a film production company.  His latest film is Pay 2 Play: Democracy's High Stakes, a feature-length documentary about the corrupting influence of money in our political system, featuring Robert Reich, Lawrence Lessig, John Nichols, Marianne Williamson and more...

Ennis has produced and developed reality television for FremantleMedia, RDF Media, and Nash Entertainment, and his work has been seen on NBC, Fox, CBS, ABC, TLC, BBC, and The Oprah Winfrey Show. Ennis’s New York City Toolz of the New School was a cult hit in the late 1990s. Ennis has produced many musical documentary, with many of today’s artists, such as Weezer, Linkin Park, Fall Out Boy, Fergie, John Mayer, Jane’s Addiction, Ne-Yo, Sarah McLachlan, Jack Johnson, Red Hot Chili Peppers, Audioslave and others.

Filmography


Nothweiler

Nothweiler is a municipality in Südwestpfalz district, in Rhineland-Palatinate, western Germany. The mayor is Heinz Biehler. As of 31/12/2012 the population was 141. It is situated 268 metres above sea level and has an area of 3.68 km2 (1.42 sq mi).


Rowing at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's coxless pair

The men's coxless pair competition at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro was held from 6 to 11 August at the Lagoon Rodrigo de Freitas.

The medals for the competition were presented by Barry Maister, New Zealand, member of the International Olympic Committee, and the gifts were presented by Jean-Christophe Rolland, France, President of the International Rowing Federation.

Results

Heats
First three of each heat qualify to the semifinals, remainder goes to the repechage.

Heat 1

Heat 2

Heat 3
Many of the competitors criticised that the regatta was not called off due to the challenging conditions. Miloš Vasić and Nenad Beđik capsized and did not get back into the boat, but the International Rowing Federation (FISA) ruled that despite their DNF they could compete in the repechage.

Repechage
First three of heat qualify to the semifinals.

Semifinals
First three of each heat qualify to the Final A, remainder goes to the Final B.

Semifinal 1

Semifinal 2

Final

Final B

Final A


Barry Parkhill

Barry Parkhill (born May 11, 1951) is a retired American professional basketball player from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania who was selected by the Portland Trail Blazers in the 1st round (15th overall) of the 1973 NBA draft but elected to play in the American Basketball Association (ABA) instead. A 6'4" (1.93 m) guard-forward from the University of Virginia, Parkhill played in three ABA seasons for two different teams. He played for the Virginia Squires and the Spirits of St. Louis.

In 2001, Parkhill was inducted into the Virginia Sports Hall of Fame.

Playing career

High school
Parkhill attended and played basketball for State College High School in State College, Pennsylvania. He is among the all-time scoring leaders and broke the 1,000 point barrier during his senior year.

College
Parkhill was named the ACC Men's Basketball Player of the Year and the ACC Athlete of the Year for the 1971–72 season when he averaged 21.6 points per game and led the Cavaliers to their second postseason appearance in school history. His number 40 was retired at the end of his senior season.  In 2002, Parkhill was named to the ACC 50th Anniversary men's basketball team as one of the fifty greatest players in Atlantic Coast Conference history.

Professional
In his ABA career, Parkhill played in 173 games and scored a total of 970 points. His best year as a professional came during the 1975 season with the Virginia Squires appearing in 78 games and scoring 607 points.

Post playing career

Coaching
 1977–1978 – University of Virginia, Graduate Assistant Coach (under Terry Holland)
 1978–1983 – Assistant Coach, William & Mary (under brother Bruce Parkhill)
 1984–1987 – Head Coach, William & Mary (Record: 43-68, .387)
 1989–1990 – Head Coach, Saint Michael's College (Record: 9-18, .333)
 1990–1992 – Assistant Coach, Navy

Administration
 1992–1994 – Associate Director of Regional Development, University of Virginia Office of Development
 1995–1998 – Director of Alumni Development, University of Virginia Alumni Association / Director of Capital Projects for Athletics
 1999–present – University of Virginia Associate Director of Athletics for Development


So This Is London (play)

So This Is London is a comedy play by the American writer Arthur Goodrich, first staged in 1922. The play depicts an Anglo-American culture clash, in which a wealthy anglophobic American shoe manufacturer arrives in London to discover his son is marrying the daughter of British aristocrats.

Adaptations
The play was turned into a film of the same name on two occasions. The first, produced in America in 1930, starred Will Rogers and Irene Rich, and the second, produced in Britain in 1939, featured Alfred Drayton and George Sanders.


Country Cookin

Country Cookin is a Virginia-based chain of casual dining restaurants featuring Southern cuisine with 14 locations throughout Virginia, mostly in Southwest Virginia, the Shenandoah Valley, and the U.S. 29 corridor. The first restaurant was opened by Roger Smith in Roanoke, Virginia in 1981.


Weather god

A weather god, also frequently known as a storm god, is a deity in mythology associated with weather phenomena such as thunder, lightning, rain, wind, storms, tornados, and hurricanes. Should they only be in charge of one feature of a storm, they will be called after that attribute, such as a rain god or a lightning/thunder god. This singular attribute might then be emphasized more than the generic, all-encompassing term "storm god", though with thunder/lightning gods, the two terms seem interchangeable. They feature commonly in polytheistic religions.

Storm gods are most often conceived of as wielding thunder and/or lightning (some lightning gods' names actually mean "thunder", but since you cannot have thunder without lightning, they presumably wielded both). The ancients didn't seem to differentiate between the two, which is presumably why both the words "lightning bolt" and "thunderbolt" exist despite being synonyms. Storm gods are typically male (especially the lightning/thunder ones), powerful and irascible (the irascibility is probably a trait because of the command over thunder/lightning, thus the god's power over this aspect of the natural world influences his personality). Rain and wind deities tend to not be portrayed as wrathful as thunder/lightning deities.

Africa

Ancient Egypt
 Horus, the Egyptian beneficial storm, sun, and war god. Personified in the pharaoh.
 Set, the Egyptian storm god, lord of the desert.

Sub-Saharan Africa
 Umvelinqangi, god of thunder, Zulu mythology
 Mbaba Mwana Waresa, goddess of rain, Zulu mythology
 Oya, the Yoruba orisha of winds, tempests, and cyclones

Americas
 Chaac, Maya rain god. Aztec equivalent is Tlaloc.
 Coatrisquie, Taíno rain goddess, servant of Guabancex, and sidekick of thunder god Guatauva.
 Cocijo, Zapotec god of lightning.
 Ehecatl, Aztec god of wind.
 Guabancex, top Taíno storm goddess; the Lady of the Winds who also dishes out earthquakes and other natural disasters.
 Guatauva, Taíno god of thunder and lightning who is also responsible for rallying the other storm gods.
 Huracán, K'iche Maya god of wind, storms, and fire.
 Juracán, Taíno zemi or deity of chaos and disorder believed to control the weather, particularly hurricanes
 K'awiil, classic Maya god of lightning.
 Q'uq'umatz, K'iche Maya god of wind and rain, also known as Kukulkan, Aztec equivalent is Quetzalcoatl
 Tezcatlipoca, Aztec god of hurricanes and night winds.
 Tlaloc, Aztec rain and earthquake god. Mayan equivalent is Chaac.
 Tohil, K'iche Maya god of rain, sun, and fire.
 Tupã, the Guaraní god of thunder and light. Creator of the universe.
 Yopaat, a Classic-period Maya storm god.

Asia and Oceania
 Adad, the Assyrian storm god
 Ba'al, Canaanite god of fertility, weather, and war.
 Hadad, the Canaanite and Carthaginian storm, fertility, & war god. Identified as Baʿal's true name at Ugarit.
 Fūjin, Japanese wind god.
 Indra, Hindu thunder/lightning god.
 Küdryrchö Jumo, the Mari storm god.
 Marduk, Babylonian god of water, vegetation, judgment, and magic.
 Mariamman, Hindu rain goddess.
 Raijin, Japanese god of thunder, lightning, and storms
 Susanoo, tempestuous Japanese god of storms and the sea.
 Tamar (goddess), Georgian virgin goddess who controlled the weather.
 Tarḫunna, Hittite storm god; other Anatolian languages had similar names for their storm gods, such as Luwian below.
 Tarḫunz, Luwian storm god.
 Tāwhirimātea, Maori storm god.
 Teshub, Hurrian storm god.
 Theispas or Teisheba, the Urartian storm and war god.
 Vayu, Hindu/Vedic wind god.
 Vayu-Vata, Iranian duo of gods, the first is the god of wind, much like the Hindu Vayu.
 Weather god of Nerik, Hittite god of the weather worshiped in the village of Nerik.
 Weather god of Zippalanda, Hittite god of the weather worshiped in the village of Zippalanda.
 Yahweh, Hebrew divine warrior and god of the entire cosmos.
 There was no single storm god in Chinese mythology. There had to be many deities for a single storm:
 Dian Wu, Leigong, and Wen Zhong, the Thunder Deities.
 Feng Bo, Feng Po Po, and Han Zixian, the Deities of Wind.
 Yunzhongzi, the Master of Clouds.
 Yu Shi, the God of Rain.
 Sometimes the Dragon Kings were included instead of Yu Shi

Europe
 Aeolus (son of Hippotes), keeper of the winds in the Odyssey
 Anemoi, collective name for the gods of the winds in Greek mythology, their number varies from 4 to more
 Audra, Lithuanian god of storms
 Bangpūtys, Lithuanian god of storms and the sea
 Freyr, Norse god of rain and sunshine
 Jupiter, the Roman thunder/lightning and sky god and king of the gods
 Perkūnas, Baltic god of thunder, rain, mountains, and oak trees. Servant of the creator god Dievas.
 Perun, Slavic god of thunder and lightning and king of the gods
 Tempestas, Roman goddess of storms or sudden weather. Commonly referred to in the plural, Tempestates.
 Thor, Norse god of thunder/lightning, oak trees, protection, strength, and hallowing. Also Thunor and Donar, the Anglo-Saxon and Continental Germanic versions, respectively, of him. All descend from Common Germanic *Thunraz, the reflex of the PIE thunder god for this language branch of the Indo-Europeans.
 Taranis, Celtic god of thunder, often depicted with a wheel as well as a thunderbolt
 Ukko, Finnish thunder and harvest god and king of the gods
 Zeus, Greek thunder/lightning and sky god and king of the gods


Uku, Nagasaki

was a town located in Kitamatsuura District, Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 3,560 and a density of 134.85 persons per km². The total area was 26.40 km².

On March 1, 2006, Uku, along with the town of Kosaza (also from Kitamatsuura District), was merged into the expanded city of Sasebo.

Uku can be accessed by ferry from Fukuoka's Hakata port as well as a number of ferries departing from Sasebo ferry port daily.

External links
 Sasebo official website
 Merger consultation, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (Japanese)


The Constitutional Act on the Czechoslovak Federation (, ) was a constitutional law in Czechoslovakia adopted on 27 October 1968 and in force from 1969 to 1992. It converted the previously unitary Czechoslovak state into a federation.

Federation
For nearly all of its existence as an independent nation, Czechoslovakia had been a unitary state; the lone exception being the "Czecho-Slovakia era" immediately prior to World War II. The concentration of governmental authority in Prague was a source of discontent within Slovakia throughout the 1960s. As part of the Prague Spring reforms, Communist Party leader Alexander Dubcek, himself a Slovak, sought to grant more autonomy to the Slovaks. Indeed, the resulting reform was virtually the only product of the Prague Spring to survive.

The promulgation of the Constitutional Law of Federation amended fifty-eight articles of the 1960 Constitution of Czechoslovakia concerning the structure of government. The Czechoslovak state was declared to be a federation of "two equal fraternal nations," the Czech Socialist Republic and the Slovak Socialist Republic, each with its own national administration paralleling and, at least in theory, equal in status to the federal government. Dual citizenship was established (Article 5 (3): "Every Czechoslovak citizen is at the same time a citizen of the Czech Socialist Republic or the Slovak Socialist Republic"), and many of the former functions of the central government were instead placed under the jurisdiction of the two national governments. The federal government retained exclusive jurisdiction over foreign affairs, national defense, federal reserves, and national resources and held joint jurisdiction in a number of other matters, but the extent of the federalization reform was sweeping.

Federal legislature

The most significant and lasting change under the 1968 constitutional law was the replacement of the unicameral National Assembly with a bicameral legislature known as the Federal Assembly. The two bodies, given equal authority, were the Chamber of the People, which was identical to the old National Assembly, and the Chamber of the Nations, which contained an equal number of Czechs and Slovaks. Together with a provision (Article 42) that certain decisions required the majority consent of each half (Czech and Slovak) of the Chamber of the Nations, and a provision (Article 41) that constitutional amendments, organic laws, the election of the president and declarations of war required a three-fifths supermajority not only in the Chamber of the People but also of each half (Czech and Slovak) of the Chamber of the Nations, this institutional reform was designed to end Slovak fear of Czech domination of the legislative branch of the government.

Subsequent developments

It soon became clear, however, that many aspects of the 1968 federalization were politically, as well as administratively, impractical. Political power remained firmly centralized in the Communist Party (proposals to federalize the party were dropped after the 1968 Soviet invasion in Czechoslovakia), and the administration of two economic systems, two police systems, and the like proved unworkable. As a result, July 1971 amendments to the 1968 Constitutional Law of Federation unified the administration of these and other government functions, ended the practice of dual citizenship and, most important, authorized the federal government to interfere with and invalidate measures of the national governments (similarly to president's rule in India and federal intervention in Argentina). Although most of the structures of the 1968 reform remained intact, observers of the Czechoslovak system of government in the 1970s agreed that federalism remained little more than a facade after the enactment of the 1971 constitutional amendments. In May 1975, the 1968 Constitutional Law of Federation was further amended to allow Gustáv Husák to take over the presidency from the ailing Ludvík Svoboda.

Velvet divorce

The constitutional law was superseded by the new Constitution of the Czech Republic and the Constitution of Slovakia that came to force on January 1st, 1993, after the effectively negotiated dissolution of Czechoslovakia. The Constitutional Act on the Czechoslovak Federation hadn't foreseen any dissolution and didn't discuss any rights of the nations for self-determination. The Slovak National Council's Declaration of Independence of the Slovak Nation approved in July 1992 was therefore unconstitutional – at least the planned outcomes were indisputably unconstitutional. That declaration and its conflict with the constitutional system of Czechoslovakia has persuaded most of the Czech and Slovak politicians that negotiations about the dissolution had become unavoidable.


Ivan Savchenko

Ivan Tikhonovich Savchenko (1908-2000) was a Soviet Communist Party and KGB executive. Savchenko made a career as a political officer in the Red Army during World War II. A protégé of Nikita Khrushchev and Leonid Brezhnev, Savchenko transferred to the Ministry of State Security (the predecessor to the KGB) in 1951. In 1952 he was promoted to the chief of the Special Services Department (GUSS, a cryptanalysis and information security branch of the Central Committee), in 1953 to the Chief of the KGB's Eighth Chief Directorate. His record at the national Party and KGB levels was lackluster, and 1959 he was transferred from Moscow to Chişinău as the head of the Moldavian SSR KGB. In 1967–1979 Savchenko represented the KGB in Romania and Bulgaria.

Service in Moscow

In June 1951 Savchenko, who already earned special operations experience in the fight against Ukrainian nationalists, held an insignificant bureaucratic appointment in the national offices of the Central Committee in Moscow. In July 1951, after the fall of State Security chief Victor Abakumov, colonel Savchenko was hastily recruited to the Ministry of State Security (MGB). Savchenko temporarily held the post of the Deputy Chairman of the MGB, but apparently had not done anything notable in this office. One year later he was transferred back to the Central Committee, and appointed chief of its Special Services Department (GUSS), a SIGINT and cryptanalysis service.

GUSS was created in 1942 by (then) major Ivan Shevelev. In 1949 the service was transferred from the NKVD control under direct management of the Central Committee. Shevelev, otherwise a capable SIGINT officer, was not able to overcome the shortage of qualified staff and the departmental rivalry with the stronger GRU force. In June 1952 Shevelev, now a Lieutenant General, was replaced by Savchenko. After the death of Joseph Stalin GUSS was reincorporated into the KGB as its Eighth Directorate, with Savchenko in command. Savchenko, a career apparatchik without technical or intelligence background, "proved to be a major disappointment given his lack of understanding of the technical aspects ... and his well-advertised ambition to get promoted out of GUSS."

Service in Moldova

In 1959 Savchenko was transferred to Moldova and appointed chief of the State Committee of Security of Moldavian SSR. He assumed control over Moldovan KGB at the time when its rights were limited and duties extended. The border guard troops, reporting to KGB general Iosif Mordovets, once subordinated to the Moldovan KGB, now reported directly to Moscow. Savchenko, a Party apparatchik tasked with increasing the Party influence in the KGB, established himself as a capable executive with good interpersonal communication skills. He refused to recruit anyone with less than a university degree, and willfully recruited Moldovan nationals.

His rule in Moldova was marked by the food crisis of the 1960s and its consequence, the rise in black market trading which the KGB was never able to control. In line with Khrushchev's anti-religious campaign, Moldovan KGB actively repressed the church. Many churches and monasteries were closed, the remaining ones infiltrated by the KGB agents and directly regulated from the KGB offices. As the number of foreign tourists increased, Savchenko had to focus on this threat too. The Council of Ministers, concerned about foreign infiltration, installed tight controls over the contacts between foreigners and locals, particularly scientists and academic. Savchenko's influence was gradually diluted since 1962, with the rise of Yuri Andropov, an enemy of Khrushchev. In the late 1960s Major General Savchenko was relieved from his Moldovan appointment and transferred to less important foreign service in the Soviet bloc. He died in Moscow at the age of 92.

Footnotes


Puebla del Prior

Puebla del Prior () is a municipality located in the province of Badajoz, Extremadura, Spain. According to the 2006 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 563 inhabitants.


Muricopsis josei

Muricopsis (Muricopsis) josei is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails.

Description

Distribution


Revansiddha Temple

For other uses related to Sidhhanath Temple, see: Sidhhanath Temple (disambiguation)

Revansiddha Temple is a holistic devine temple dedicated to Lord Sri dev Revansiddha, (Renukacharya-the first panchacharya). It was built in the' 16th century and lies hardly three furlongs away from the village Renavi.

Renavi is celebrated for an old temple dedicated to Revan Nath( Revan Siddh), a saint of repute, said to have been under the special favour of Lord Sri. Dattatreya and lil a great favourite of the Lingayats, because Lord Sri dev Revansiddhanath met Sri Siddheshwar Maharaj, main Saint of Lingayat at Gurubhet in Sholapur city & gave Diksha.

History
The temple is a conspicuous object on the south side of the Chiplun-Karad-Bijapur road as soon as the plateau is reached. To the east of this sacred shrine is Urul Siddh and to the west in a tunnel is Visvaradya. The story runs that the Revan mountain was formerly composed of five metals. White crystals are found in abundance on the mountain and these are used as bhasma by the devotees. Besides, soils of various colours are also found. As many as 84 tirhas or holy centres were believed to have been situated on this sacred mountain but all except six have disappeared. Those now in existence are a gomukh, two haranyak and three flower gardens.

Fair
A yearly fair is held on the day of Mahashivaratri which attracts thousands of devotes from places like Sangli, Solapur and Karnatak. A majority of the disciples of this saint are spread over Maharashtra and Karnataka.


2018–19 CEV Women's Champions League qualification

This article shows the qualification phase for 2018–19 CEV Women's Champions League. A total of 9 teams entered this qualification round. During qualification, the winners of each tie keep on progressing until the last 2 teams standing join the 18 teams which have directly qualified to the main tournament League round based on the European Cups' Ranking List. All 7 teams which do not progress in qualification are allocated to the 2018–19 Women's CEV Cup.

Participating teams
Drawing of lots took place on 29 June 2018 in Luxembourg City, Luxembourg.

1.Team entering at the 2nd round.

First round
Only 2 teams compete in the first round.
Winner advance to the second round and loser qualify to CEV Cup.
All times are local.

|}

First leg

|}

Second leg

|}

Second round
8 teams compete in the second round.
Winners advance to the third round and losers qualify to CEV Cup.
All times are local.

|}

First leg

|}

Second leg

|}

Third round
4 teams compete in the third round.
Winners advance to the League round and losers qualify to CEV Cup.

|}

First leg

|}

Second leg

|}


Rein Raamat

Rein Raamat (born 20 March 1931) is an Estonian animation film director, artist and screenwriter. He is the first internationally successful Estonian animator and along with Elbert Tuganov is regarded as the "Father of Estonian Animation". He has directed many short animated films since the early 1970s and also produced over 20 documentary films.

Biography
Raamat was born in Türi, Järva County and graduated from the Estonian Art Institute in 1957 as a painter and between 1957–1971 worked as an artist and director in feature films based in Tallinn. In 1971, he founded his own animation studio, Joonisfilm, a division of the Tallinnfilm studio, and commenced making his own films. From 1989–1995 he was artistic director of Studio B which he established, employing some 120 people.

One of his notable films is "Põrgu" (Hell), released in 1983, that he based on the art of fellow Estonian Eduard Wiiralt from the 1930s.

Since the early 1990s he has been involved with many documentaries in Estonia. In 1998, he worked with journalist Martti Soosaar in producing the documentary "Enn Põldroosi härrasmeeste seltskond".

Selected filmography
1985 "Kerjus" (short)
1983 "Põrgu" (short)
1980 "Suur Tõll" (short)
1978 "Kas on ikka rasvane?" (short)
1978 "Põld" (short)
1977 "Antennid jääs" (short)
1976 "Kütt" (short)
1975 "Rüblik" (short)
1974 "Kilplased" (short)
1974 "Värvilind" (short)
1973 "Lend" (short)
1972 "Vari ja tee" (short)
1972 "Veekandja" (short)


Les Chéris

Les Chéris is a former commune in the Manche department in Normandy in north-western France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Ducey-les-Chéris.


H. C. Andersens Boulevard

H. C. Andersens Boulevard is the most densely trafficated artery in central Copenhagen, Denmark. The 1.3 km long six-lane street passes City Hall Square on its way from Jarmers Plads, a junction just south of Nørreport station, to Lange Bridge which connects it to Amager Boulevard on Amager. From Jarmers Plads traffic continues along Gyldenløvegade which on the far side of The Lakes splits into Aaboulevard and Rosenørns Allé.

History

H. C. Andersens Boulevard, originally known as Vestre Boulevard, was planned after Copenhagen's fortifications had been decommissioned and roughly follows the course of the moat which ran outside the West Rampart. It was inspired by Vienna's Ringstraße as well as Haussmann's wide boulevards in Paris. Its final course was determined in a plan from 1872. As it was not intended for through traffic, most traffic to and from Lange Bridge still used Vester Voldgade. In 1890, Vestre Boulevard was laid out as a green promenade with an abundance of trees and flowers where the city's bourgeoisie would stroll in peaceful surroundings.

When Lange Bridge was replaced with a new bridge in 1903, it was built as a direct continuation of Vestre Boulevard. The Dante Column was installed in front of the Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek in 1922 and the surrounding section of the street was renamed Dantes Plads.

During World War II, the broad central reservation was used for construction of bunkers. Soon after the war, the lanes were widened in response to increasing car traffic. In 1954, a new Lange Bridge opened as a direct continuation of Vestre Boulevard to release the pressure on the more narrow Vester Voldgade.

Buildings

 No. 10 (Tegneskolen for Kvinder, 1880) was built as an art school for women.
 Copenhagen Central Fire Station (No. 23) was built in 1898.
The Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters and the Carlsberg Foundation shares the building at No. 35.
  Hotel Nobis Copenhagen /formerly Royal Danish Academy of Music)
 Industriens Hus


Rio Grande (Jujuy)

The Rio Grande is a river of Argentina.


House in the Horseshoe

The House in the Horseshoe, also known as the Alston House, is a historic house in Glendon, North Carolina in Moore County, and a historic site managed by the North Carolina Department of Natural and Cultural Resources' Historic Sites division.  The home, built in 1772 by Philip Alston, was the site of a battle between loyalists under the command of David Fanning and patriot militiamen under Alston's command on either July 29  or August 5, 1781 (the date being unclear in available records).  The battle ended with Alston's surrender to Fanning, in which Alston's wife negotiated the terms with the loyalists.

In 1798, the home was sold to Benjamin Williams, who would become Governor of North Carolina from 1799-1802, and again in 1807-1808.  Williams owned approximately 103 slaves and produced about 300 acres of cotton annually at the site of the house.

The Moore County Historical Association purchased the home in 1954, and ownership was then transferred to the state in 1955.  The property was made a North Carolina Historic Site in 1971.  It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1970. The property is now used as a museum and as the site of Revolutionary War reenactments and living history demonstrations each year.


Clothing laws by country

Clothing laws vary considerably around the world. In general, in most countries, there are no laws which prescribe what clothing is required to be worn. However, the community standards of clothing are set indirectly by way of prosecution of those who wear something that is not socially approved. Those people who wear insufficient clothing can be prosecuted in many countries under various offences termed indecent exposure, public indecency or other descriptions. Generally, these offences do not themselves define what is and what is not acceptable clothing to constitute the offence, and leave it to a judge to determine in each case.

Most clothing laws concern which parts of the body must not be exposed to view; there are exceptions. Some countries have strict clothing laws, such as in some Islamic countries. Other countries are more tolerant of non-conventional attire and are relaxed about nudity.  Many countries have different laws and customs for men and women, what may be allowed or perceived often varies by gender.

Separate laws are usually in place to regulate obscenity, which includes certain depictions of people in various states of undress, and child pornography, which may include similar photographs of children.

In some countries, non-sexual toplessness or nudity is legal. However, private or public establishments can establish a dress code which requires visitors to wear prescribed clothing.

There are a variety of laws around the world which affect what people can and cannot wear. For example, some laws require a person in authority to wear the appropriate uniform. For example, a police officer on duty may be required to wear a uniform; and it can be illegal for the general public to wear a police officer's uniform. The same could apply to firefighters and other emergency personnel. In some countries, for example in Australia, the boy scouts uniform is also protected.

In most courts of law lawyers and judges are required by law or custom to wear court dress, which may entail robes or traditional wigs.

In many countries, regulations require workers to wear protective clothing, such as safety helmets, shoes, vests, etc., as appropriate. The obligation is generally on employers to ensure that their workers wear the appropriate protective clothing. Similarly, health regulations may require those who handle food to wear hair covering, gloves and other clothing.

Governments can also influence standards of dress shown on television through its licensing powers.

In addition to nude beaches and similar exceptional locations, there are some public events in which nudity is tolerated more than usual, such as the naked bike rides held in several countries.

International laws and customs and culture
There are many specific circumstances where body parts have to be covered, often for safety or sanitary reasons.

In Saudi Arabia and Iran, women must conceal almost their entire bodies (see hijab).

Australia

In Australia, indecent exposure laws only refer to the genital area. However, many local councils impose their own rules, and have the power to ask topless people to leave an area. Additionally, women who go topless are sometimes slapped with more vague charges such as being a public nuisance, or offensive behaviour.

On public beaches, local bylaws are not heavily enforced, and women can often sunbathe topless without fuss.

Breastfeeding in public places is a legal right in Australia. Under the Sex Discrimination Act 1984, no business or service provider can discriminate against a breastfeeding woman.

Brazil
Ever since 1940, in the Title VI of the Penal Code, naming crimes against sexual dignity (until 2009 crimes against [social] conventions), the fourth chapter is dedicated to a crime named "public outrage [related] to modesty" (, ).

It is composed of two articles, Art. 233 "Obscene Act", "to practice an obscene act in a public place, or open or exposed to the public", punished with arrest of 3 months to 1 year or a fine; and Art. 234 "Obscene Written Piece or Object", to do, import, export, purchase or have in one's property, to ends of trade, distribution or public display, any written, drawn, painted, stamped or object piece of obscenity, punished with arrest of 6 months to 1 years or a fine.

It is often used against people who expose their nude bodies in public environments that were not warranted a license to cater to the demographic interested in such practice (the first such place was the Praia do Abricó in Rio de Janeiro, in 1994), even if no sexual action took place, and it may include, for example, the chest area of women. Such a thing took place in FEMEN protests in São Paulo, in 2012.

Criticism
Pervasive points of criticism to the legislation have included:
 They do not attack anyone's sexual dignity, instead causing outrage at best, but generally just slight discomfort or embarrassment, that can be easily avoided through not looking to such a scene.
 The Art. 234 is aside obsolete, unconstitutional, for the 1988 post-military dictatorship Constitution having in its Fifth Chapter: "[the people] are free to the expression of intellectual, artistic, scientific and communicative activity, independently of censorship and license", reason to which, instead of making it suffer penal restriction, gives any distribution of media the right to be fully exerted.
 The flourishing Internet culture of Brazil, where such clearly banned media is freely shared in a public place, as well as its pornographic industry and sex shops.

Exceptions
Brazil has about 35 spaces open or mostly open to the public where it is possible to freely practice nudism, its sole public spaces being 8 beaches. They are not criminalized when the clothes-free area is private and away from a view from the street, or through legislation when the beaches are officiated by a municipal decree, for example. It has hosted the meeting of the International Federation of Naturism in 2008, and there is a growing interest in the practice.

Canada
In Canada, s.173 of the Criminal Code prohibits "indecent acts". There is no statutory definition in the Code of what constitutes an indecent act (other than that the exposure of the genitals for a sexual purpose to anyone under 16 years of age),
so the decision of what state of undress is "indecent", and thereby unlawful, is left to judges to decide. Judges have held, for example, that nude sunbathing is not indecent. Also, streaking is similarly not regarded as indecent. Section 174 prohibits being "nude" in a public place or in public view without "a lawful excuse", but defines "nude" only as being "so clad as to offend against public decency or order". The courts have found that nude swimming is not offensive under this definition.

Toplessness is also not an indecent act under s.173. In 1991, Gwen Jacob was arrested for walking in a street in Guelph, Ontario while topless. She was acquitted in 1996 by the Ontario Court of Appeal on the basis that the act of being topless is not in itself a sexual act or indecent. The case has been referred to in subsequent cases for the proposition that the mere act of public nudity is not sexual or indecent or an offense. Since then, the court ruling has been tested and upheld several times.

A Canadian legal advice web site observes, "Canada has a tangle of confusing and inconsistently-enforced nudity laws. . . . The public nudity section is one of the few areas of the Criminal Code that requires the attorney general’s consent to lay a charge, implying a certain grey area around what constitutes illegal nudity. According to the government’s Public Prosecution Service, the attorney general’s consent is needed for two reasons: to avoid the specific harm that could result from prosecuting an innocent person; and to avoid the general harm resulting from prosecuting a case that isn’t in the public interest.

Germany
Germany has a long history of allowing mixed sex public nudity in designated areas (i.e., beaches and parks). This was true before WW II, after WW II in both West and East Germany and currently. Some of these areas are where clothing is optional and some are where clothing is forbidden (i.e., mandatory nudity). In non-designated areas, appearing nude in public "counts as a minor breach of the law. Prosecutions can follow if another citizen is offended, but few ever are."

India
In India, different acts such as "indecent exposure", "public indecency", and so on, that involve exposure of a specific body part (genitals, buttocks, anus, nipples on women), a specific intention or effect (being sexually suggestive, offending or annoying observers) are illegal.

People in India have the right to wear any dress they like. The Constitution of India gives their citizens the right to wear anything as per their comfort.

Female Toplessness is common in the beaches, especially in tourist paradises like Goa and Puducherry etc. Women could also become topless during time of breastfeeding in public and it is a legal right of every women in the country. Nude beaches and recreation areas are present in some parts of the country that allows nudity, where naturists gather together. Nude sunbathing is practised by people in these beaches.

New Zealand
In New Zealand, there is no specific law prohibiting nudity in public places. If a person is nude and also exhibiting lewd and lascivious, or obscene behaviour, then they may fall afoul of obscenity laws.

The Police Offences Act 1908 prescribed imprisonment with hard labor for anyone who "willfully and obscenely exposes his person in any public place or within the view thereof". Male offenders could, at the court's discretion, also be sentenced to be whipped. This was replaced in 1981 by the Summary Offences Act, which abolished the hard labor and whipping and changed the offence to consist of the intentional and obscene exposure of the "genitals" rather than the "person". As well as excusing exposure of the buttocks or female breast from the offence, the change implies – since the words "genitals" and "obscenely" are both specified – that neither one can be automatically taken to imply the other. Public nudity is generally prosecuted under the offensive behaviour or disorderly conduct provisions instead.

The High Court of New Zealand has upheld a conviction of disorderly conduct for nudity in the street, because it was not a place where nudity was known to occur or commonplace. Being nude in the street is likely to incur a small fine if a complaint is made against the person, or if the person ignores a police order to cover themselves. However in practice, the likelihood of being prosecuted for nudity on a public beach is low, and in the past authorities have declined to prosecute topless and nude people on beaches.

In 1991 a High Court judge quashed a conviction of offensive behaviour for nudity on a beach in the presence of children, on the grounds that, since the beach in question was "a place where it was not uncommon for persons to sunbathe in the nude", a reasonable person would "regard the conduct... as inappropriate, unnecessary, and in bad taste, but not arousing feelings of anger, disgust, or outrage." New Zealand is a common law country, which means that judicial decisions determine the law that subsequent cases must follow.

Qatar
In Qatar, the penal code punishes and forbids the wearing of revealing or indecent clothes, this dressing-code law is enforced by a government body called "Al-Adheed". In 2012, a Qatari NGO organized a campaign of "public decency" after they deemed the government to be too lax in monitoring the wearing of revealing clothes; defining the latter as "not covering shoulders and knees, tight or transparent clothes". The campaign targets foreigners who constitute the majority of Qatar's population.

Singapore
In Singapore, nudity is illegal. Offenders will be charged under Miscellaneous Offences (Public Order and Nuisance) Act.

South Africa
In South Africa specific clothing laws exist for the general public. Nudity is treated under indecent exposure. On 3 April 2015 the country's first official clothing optional beach, Mpenjati Beach near Trafalgar in KwaZulu-Natal, opened after the Hibiscus Coast Local Municipality approved the South African Nudist Association's (SANNA) application. Although nudity has gradually been tolerated on Sandy Bay in Cape Town after the National Party (NP) lost the election in 1994, and strict enforcement of its moral values is no longer applied, it is not an official legally recognised public nude beach. Partial nudity is also tolerated on other beaches.

United Arab Emirates
Since 2008, the municipality of Dubai in the United Arab Emirates has ensured that signs are posted on beaches warning women against topless bathing and indecent exposure contrary to the cultural values of the UAE. There is no fine for breaking this rule, however a warning is issued and if necessary, ejection from the beach. This was said to be in response to residents' complaints about tourists sunbathing topless or nude and changing their clothes in public.

There are also signs at malls and shopping centers that advocates modest clothing which indicates that shoulders and knees must be covered, and public nudity is against the law. Violation of the law lead to a warning to cease and desist at first and would be followed with arrest if the person chooses to disobey the law.

United Kingdom
There are three legal jurisdictions in the United Kingdom (England and Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland). There are a further three jurisdictions that are Crown dependencies (Isle of Man, Bailiwick of Guernsey and Bailiwick of Jersey). The details of the law regarding public nudity differ substantially between them. In general nudity is not an explicit offence but there are various offences that may apply to nudity in unsuitable circumstances. What constitutes unsuitable circumstances varies according to the jurisdiction but nudity is legal in a much wider range of circumstances than many people assume.

The Crown Prosecution Service has published guidance for England and Wales., as have the College of Policing.

British Naturism has published guidance for England and Wales, and Scotland. They are preparing guidance for Northern Ireland.

In England and Wales the two statutes most likely to be applicable are s.5 Public Order Act 1986, and for aggressive nudity s.66 Sexual Offences Act 2003.

See also:
 British Naturism
 World Naked Bike Ride
 Great British Skinny Dip
 Stephen Gough, who became known as the Naked Rambler

United States
In the United States there are variety of different offenses, such as "indecent exposure", "public lewdness", "public indecency", "disorderly conduct" and so on, may involve exposure of a specific body part (genitals, buttocks, anus, nipples on women), a specific intention or effect (being sexually suggestive, offending or annoying observers).  In some cases, a member of the opposite sex must be present.  In Florida, designated nudity areas are given an explicit exception.  There are also some specific prohibitions against sexual acts, such as having sexual intercourse in public, or publicly caressing someone in a sexual way.  In Indiana and Tennessee, there are specific prohibitions against showing a noticeably erect penis through clothing, or other sensitive areas through semi-transparent clothing.  In some states, indecent conduct can also occur on private property, depending on the intent or effect of the act.  In some cases there are exceptions for spouses, breastfeeding, and in New York, theatre performances. In most states, there is a governing state statute which defines the offense; in Maryland and Massachusetts, indecency is defined by case law.  Some local (county and municipal) governments also regulate personal exposure, as well as commercial activities such as strip clubs.

Case law in general governs the interpretation of the statutory definition, and in some cases allows for additional exceptions.

In general, exposure of the head, upper chest, and limbs is legal, and considered socially acceptable except among certain religious communities.

Federal, state, and local regulations for certain occupations require various pieces of protective clothing for the safety of the wearer.  Such items include hard hats, safety vests, life jackets, aprons, hairnets, and steel-toe boots.

In the first decade of the twenty-first century there was some controversy in some southern U.S. states over the wearing of  trousers so low as to expose the underwear (sagging). The practice was banned in some places.

Some states and towns have loose, or no, regulations for requiring clothing. The city of San Francisco has a history of public nudity, including at public events such as Bay to Breakers. The town of Brattleboro, VT, experienced a brief period during which there was public nudity, until a law was passed banning it.

Table


Challenger Trophy in 2005–06

ə̂
The Challenger Trophy  in 2005-06 was a cricket tournament played in India. It was competed for by India, India A and India B. All matches were played in Mohali. The Trophy was won by the India team.

India v India A (10 October)
India A won by 1 wicket

India v India B (11 October)India won by 7 wicketsIndia A v India B (12 October)India B won by 7 wicketsFinal (13 October)India won by 3 wickets'''''


Julien d'Ortoli

Julien d'Ortoli (born 7 October 1983) is a French sailor in the 49er FX class. Together with Noé Delpech he won a bronze medal at the 2013 European Championships and placed fifth at the 2016 Olympics.

D'Ortoli took up sailing in 1990 and since 2007 races with Delpech. The pair has a nickname Juno from the combination of the first two letters of their given names.


Rhaetian Railway ABe 4/4 (core network)

The Rhaetian Railway ABe 4/4 was a class of 11 kV 16.7 Hz AC metre gauge railcars operating on the so-called core network of the Rhaetian Railway (RhB), which is the main railway network in the Canton of Graubünden, Switzerland.

The class was so named under the Swiss locomotive and railcar classification system. According to that system, ABe 4/4 denotes an electric railcar with first and second class compartments, and a total of four axles, all of which are drive axles.

The four members of the ABe 4/4 class, nos 501 to 504, entered service in 1939–1940, and were withdrawn from service at the end of the 1990s.  One of them, no 501, has been preserved.

Technical details
The ABe 4/4 class, known until 1956 as the BCe 4/4 class, comprised vehicles weighing  and having a top speed of .  These vehicles developed  at .  Their mechanical components were manufactured by Schweizerische Wagons- und Aufzügefabrik AG Schlieren-Zürich (SWS), and their electrical equipment by Brown, Boveri & Cie and Maschinenfabrik Oerlikon (MFO).

The ABe 4/4s in service
The four ABe 4/4 vehicles were procured in response to an increase in road transport in Graubünden.

The Rhaetian Railway, with its heavy mixed trains requiring shunting at many stations, and with its Ge 6/6 I class locomotives capable of only , could not then match its road-borne competition.  However, a new concept — simple, fast, frequent train services operated by the four new railcars — was seen as capable of winning back patronage on the most important railway lines to Davos and St Moritz.  Together with the four powered vehicles, the Rhaetian Railway procured eight passenger cars, similarly in light steel construction, and promoted the new offering under the name Flying Rhaetian.

This attempt to deal with the competition failed, for two reasons.  First, the short railcar powered trains could not cope with the increased demand.  Secondly, there were so many technical failures, most of them due to the extremely lightweight construction, that the railcars were often out of service.  From 1949, however, the Rhaetian Railway had greater success with the more solidly built Ge 4/4 I class locomotives.

After the Rhaetian Railway's main workshop at Landquart had succeeded in solving the technical problems afflicting the ABe 4/4s, the four railcars could be used reliably.  From 1968, they could also be operated in pairs, using their newly installed multiple-unit train controls.

The last phase of the ABe 4/4s' working life began in 1982, as the Rhaetian Railway placed into service the three control cars, nos BDt 1721–1723.  From then onwards, push-pull trains each made up of an ABe 4/4, an intermediate car if required, and a control car served the Oberengadin branch line Samedan – Pontresina, until the opening of the Vereina line in 1999, and the associated introduction of the NEVA Retica timetable concept made them superfluous.

ABe 4/4s nos 502 to 504 were withdrawn from service at the end of the 1990s and later scrapped.  No 501 is still based at the Landquart locomotive depot as a heritage vehicle.

Sources, further reading

Literature
 Claude Jeanmaire: Die elektrischen und Diesel-Triebfahrzeuge schweizerischer Eisenbahnen. 13. Teil: Rhätische Bahn: Stammnetz-Triebfahrzeuge. Archiv Nr. 219, (Verlag Eisenbahn), 1995,
 Patrick Belloncle, Gian Brünger, Rolf Grossenbacher, Christian Müller "Das grosse Buch der Rhätischen Bahn 1889–2001"
 Wolfgang Finke, Hans Schweers "Die Fahrzeuge der Rhätischen Bahn 1889–1998 Band 3: Triebfahrzeuge" (SCHWEERS + WALL)
 Hans-Bernhard Schönborn "Schweizer Triebfahrzeuge", 2004, (GeraMond)

This article is based upon a translation of the German language version as at May 2010.


Auberives-en-Royans

Auberives-en-Royans is a commune in the Isère department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region of south-eastern France.

The inhabitants of the commune are known as Albaripains or Albaripaines.

Geography
Auberives-en-Royans is located at the foot of the Vercors plateau in the Isère valley some 19 km east of Romans-sur-Isère and 11 km south of Saint-Marcellin. The southern border of the commune is the border between Isère and Drôme departments. Access to the commune is by the D531 road which branches from the D1532 east of Saint-Nazaire-en-Royans which passes through the south of the commune and the village and continues along the southern border east to Pont-en-Royans. The D518 road comes from Saint-Romans in the north and passes down the eastern border of the commune to Pont-en-Royans. The commune has some forests in the north and the rest is farmland.

The southern border of the commune consists entirely of the Bourne river as it flows west to join the Isère at Saint-Nazaire-en-Royans. The Tarze river flows through the centre of the commune from the north and joins the Bourne near the village. The Canal de la Bourne starts in the south-west of the commune and flows through the commune parallel to the Bourne towards the Isère.

Neighbouring communes and villages

Administration
List of Successive Mayors

(Not all data is known)

Demography
In 2010 the commune had 359 inhabitants. The evolution of the number of inhabitants is known from the population censuses conducted in the commune since 1793. From the 21st century, a census of communes with fewer than 10,000 inhabitants is held every five years, unlike larger towns that have a sample survey every year.

Sites and monuments
A Church from the 19th century
A Fortified house


Carterica cincticornis

Carterica cincticornis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Bates in 1865. It is known from Brazil, Colombia and Ecuador.


Glasserton

Glasserton is a civil parish in Dumfries and Galloway, south-west Scotland. It is on the Machars peninsula, in the traditional county of Wigtownshire. The parish is about  in length, varying in breadth from , and contains .

The Parish
It is thought that the name derives from the Saxon for "bare hill". It is located near Whithorn and includes the village of Monreith, the area called Kirkmaiden and two mansions, namely Glasserton Park and Physgill,  together with Woodfall Gardens.  The Statistical Account remarks that the church "stands near to Glasserton-House, and is romantically embosomed in wood, which sheds around it a vernerable gloom, as if it were a druidical temple, or the sacred grove of some Syrian idol."

Legend has it that Saint Ninian, otherwise called Saint Ringan, the first Bishop of Galloway, lived for a while in a cave near Physgill by way of penitence, and he was the founder of Whithorn Abbey.

Loch and sea fishing are available, and the area is a haven for birdwatchers and wildlife enthusiasts. Low Knock on the outskirts of the village is an open farm where one can see the otters, ornamental ducks, and cattle.

Kirkmaiden-in-Fernis, otherwise Kirkmaiden Church, now a ruin, stood at Lag Point in the Glasserton side of Monreith Bay south. The restored chancel is the burial vault of the  Maxwells of Monreith including the historian and naturalist Sir Herbert Maxwell.  In 1761 Rev. James Laing was Minister of Glasserton and Kirkmaiden-in-Fernis.

Near the church is the bronze otter, sculpted by Penny Wheatley, standing as a memorial to Gavin Maxwell, the author of the book Ring of Bright Water, which was made into a successful film. Gavin Maxwell was often seen exercising his tame otter, about which he wrote his book, on the beach below the Kirkmaiden church.  There is a signposted walk from the southern end of the village at Clarksburn giving an extensive view of Monreith Bay to Gavin Maxwell's otter.

Monreith
Monreith was called "Milltown of Monreith" so named by the watermills driven by the waterpower of Monreith Burn.   Kirkmaiden church was one of the oldest churches in Scotland and the resting place of many of the McCulloch and Maxwell family members who had owned the Monreith estate.  Legend has it that when this parish was united with Glasserton, the pulpit and bell were removed from Kirkmaiden church and were to be transported by sea across Luce Bay to a church of the same name in Kirkmaiden Parish in Rhins, Wigtownshire. A strange storm blew up and the boat foundered, sinking the pulpit and bell. The story goes that on the approaching death of any descendant of the McCullochs of Myrton, the wraith-bell rang from the depths of Luce Bay.  The church is opposite the car park of St. Medans Golf Club.

In the 1870s Monreith Estate covered about  and was partly in Glasserton and partly in the Mochrum area.   Monreith House, still owned by the Maxwell family, is surrounded by woodlands, and looks towards the White Loch of Myrton in Mochrum area. The original home of the Maxwells was the tower house known as the "Dowies" behind the Fell of Barhullion, the highest point overlooking Monreith Village. When the Fell was owned by the Maxwell family, a member of the family boasted that he owned a Fell from which five kingdoms could be seen on a clear day, the kingdoms of Scotland, England, Ireland, Mann, and finally, the Kingdom of Heaven. The Dowies, or Old Place of Monreith, now owned by the Landmark Trust, has been renovated. It may also have been known as Moure Castle or Mowir or Mowr Castle.

Monreith has sandy beaches, quite rare on this section of the Galloway coastline, with safe swimming areas, rock pools and some interesting caves, one of which is streaked red and known as the "Butcher's Cave". The remains of a man-made flounder pool can be found at the extreme end of the Black Rocks sands and was built to catch flounders as the tide receded; at Ben Buoy, which is a sheer rock face, an interesting cave allows a very careful person to cross through the cliff and emerge in a small bay between Knock Farm and Cairndoon farm.

On 16 December 1617 Joanni Kennedie junior de Blairquhan and his wife Marie Stewart had "baroniam de Remistoun" & fortalicio and lands of Lochtoun alias Remistoun. This was also known as Ravenstone, Ravinstone and Remeston.

On 26 October 1625 Alexander Macdouell de Machrimoir (Machermore) was heir of his father Petri Macdouell de Machrimoir, to land in "parochia de Glassertoun".

On 14 July 1662 James Stewart, 2nd Earl of Galloway, had a charter no.278 in the Register of the Great Seal of Scotland, vol.XI p. 140, for many lands including the 8 merkland of Bordland of Ravinstoun, with the castle, etc., (Baroniam de Remistoun) the 4 merklands of Bowtoun of Ravinstoun, the 4 merk lands of Grenan in the parish of Glassertoun; and the 4 merk lands of Barledyon, 4 merklands of Culkae, 8 merklands of Doweltoun alias Dowellistoun alias Machir-Stewart  (of McDowell of Machermore ?), 4 merklands of Culnog, in the parish of Sorbie.

Ravenston or Castle Stewart, of W. Stewart Esq., is shown on Ainslie's 1782 map as being in the north-west Glasserton area.

Woodfall  (Glasserton) house, park and gardens were built on the large estate on the orders of the Honourable Admiral Keith Stewart, the second surviving son of Alexander Stewart, 6th Earl of Galloway who was given the  "Barony of Glasserton" in 1767. The Statistical Account gives in 1795 a detailed description of his agricultural improvements, based on continued raising of the traditional black cattle. He died in 1795, and was succeeded by his son, Rt Hon James Alexander Stewart-Mackenzie, but the house was let and the contents were sold. He sold the house and grounds in 1819 to Stair Hathorn-Stewart at the neighbouring Physgill estate. That which is now called "Woodfall Gardens" was a part of the Glasserton and Physgill estate which was sold some thirty years ago and are now on show to the public.

On the 1782 map Robert Stewart Esq. was at Physgill near Kidsdale, just south of Adm. Keith Stewart of Glasserton. Just south of Physgill in Whithorn area was Tonorghie of Hugh Stewart Esq. Carleton, Glasserton, of MacCairill is mentioned in "History of the Lands and Their Owners in Galloway" by Peter Handyside M'Kerlie, vol.1, p. 334

Archaeology
Archaeological and Historical Collections relating to Ayrshire and Galloway reported that there were four ancient forts in Glasserton:

Fell of Barhullion Hill fort has two concentric ditches and banks with entrances in the south and north.  The site on the photo is viewed from one of the Cup & Ring marked rocks in the area.  (NX3641: Cup & Ring marked stone, Fell of Barhullion)
Near Carleton there was a fort, "Laggan Camp hill fort"
There are ruins at Port Castle
Glasserton Hill Mote fort or settlement at NX43NW 2, situated partly within Broad Lane Wood.

Cup and ring markings can be found at Glasserton Mains and various locations near Monreith.  The area is renowned for several groups of Standing Stones, thought to date back to 2000BC.

Historic Scotland funded the excavation of archaeological remains at Blairbuy Farm. While ploughing, a large stone was unearthed that turned out to be the capstone from a cist burial. Three cists were found and one contained the remains of a skeleton. The cists are likely to date from the Bronze Age some 3-4,000 years ago when nearby monuments Drumtroddan standing stones and the Wren’s Egg were erected. On the shortest day of the year, if you stand on top of The Wren's Egg, a standing stone at Blairbuy Farm, Monreith, the sun will set directly behind Big Scaur ( "Scaur" meaning "isolated rock in the sea") which is situated out in Luce Bay. On every other day it sets further west.

Gallery

Listed Buildings
List of listed buildings in Glasserton, Dumfries and Galloway


Damien Riat

Damien Riat is a Swiss professional ice hockey winger who is currently playing with EHC Biel of the National League (NL). He previously played for Genève-Servette HC. Riat was drafted 117th overall by the Washington Capitals in the 2016 NHL Entry Draft.

Playing career
Riat spent the 2014–15 season with Malmö Redhawks junior teams. At the end of the season, he joined his hometown team, Genève-Servette HC on a three-year deal.

Riat made his professional debut with Genève-Servette HC in the 2015–16 season, appearing in 45 National League games this season and putting up 21 points (9 goals). He went on to play three more seasons with Geneva, playing 139 regular season games (59 points) and 13 playoffs games (4 points).

On February 3, 2018, Riat agreed to a two-year contract with EHC Biel beginning from the 2018–19 season.

International play

Riat was named to Switzerland's under-20 team for the 2016 IIHF World Junior Championships in Helsinki, Finland. He played 6 games with the team, putting up 2 goals and 2 assists. Riat also made the team for the 2017 IIHF World Junior Championships in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. He appeared in 5 games and scored 1 goal and 5 assists.

Riat made his IIHF World Championship debut in 2018 and won silver with Switzerland. He made the trip to Bratislava, Slovakia for the 2019 IIHF World Championship with team Switzerland and was a healthy scratch for the first two games before being sent back home to make room for Sven Andrighetto.

Personal life
Riat is the older brother of Genève-Servette HC's player, Arnaud Riat.

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

International


Liga de Voleibol Superior Masculino

The Liga de Voleibol Superior Masculino (LVSM) is a men's professional volleyball league in Puerto Rico. The competitions are organized by the Puerto Rican Volleyball Federation (Federación Puertorriqueña de Voleibol, FPV).

League Champions


Clusius

Clusius  may refer to:
 Carolus Clusius (1526-1609), Flemish doctor and botanist
 Clusius (Ulmus), a hybrid elm cultivar


Theridion pennsylvanicum

Theridion pennsylvanicum is a spider in the family Theridiidae ("cobweb spiders"), in the infraorder Araneomorphae ("true spiders").
The distribution range of Theridion pennsylvanicum includes the USA and Canada.