Chicago Hope

Chicago Hope is an American medical drama television series, created by David E. Kelley. It originally aired on CBS from September 18, 1994, to May 4, 2000. The series is set in a fictional private charitable hospital in Chicago, Illinois.

Premise
The show starred Mandy Patinkin as Dr. Jeffrey Geiger, a hot-shot surgeon with emotional issues stemming from the psychiatric condition of his wife (played by Kim Greist), who drowned their infant son. Adam Arkin plays Dr. Aaron Shutt, a world-renowned neurosurgeon and Dr. Geiger's best friend. Thomas Gibson played Dr. Daniel Nyland, a promiscuous ER doctor and trauma surgeon who was later suspended due to his having an affair with a patient's family member and later was injured in a car crash. Dr. Keith Wilkes played by Rocky Carroll, often clashed with Nyland and was known for his back-to-basics and rough demeanor. He was good friends with Peter Berg's character, Dr. Billy Kronk. Kronk was known for his cowboyish demeanor and known to be very cocky, as showed in an episode where he cuts off a man's injured leg with a chainsaw in a scene where Kronk helps out at an accident site. Peter MacNicol, Héctor Elizondo and Alan Rosenberg feature as the hospital's in-house attorney and chief of staff, respectively. Christine Lahti joined in the second season as a talented cardiac surgeon with a chip on her shoulder, vying with Geiger for the chief of surgery position. She was known fighting in a custody battle with her malicious ex-husband and businessman, Tommy Wilmette, played by Ron Silver. Mr. Wilmette did everything he could to get Austin to lose custody of their daughter. He purchased the hospital at the end of Season 2. Dr. Austin is suspended because she and her daughter go AWOL on a trip to New Zealand. Mr. Wilmette was upset because it took him three months to find his ex-wife and daughter. In Season 3,  the doctors want Mr. Wilmette to sell the hospital and the doctors would run it. The doctors viewed that Wilmette didn't know how to run a hospital and cut too many costs that involved patient care. Mr. Wilmette later met with Senator Kennedy at the White House to talk about Healthcare Reform. In Season 2, Geiger resigns from Chicago Hope after trying to save Alan Birch from a deadly gunshot wound to his heart.

Geiger adopted Birch's baby daughter. Geiger later rejoins the doctors at the end of Season 5 when he becomes Chairman of the Board and fires half of the doctors. In Season 4, Dr. Shutt became a psychiatrist and temporarily loses his ability to operate after suffering from a brain aneurysm. In Season 6, Shutt returns to Neurosurgery and works alongside Carla Gugino's character, Dr. Gina Simon.

Cast

Production
With the exception of some infrequent on-location scenes, the vast majority of Chicago Hope was filmed on sound stages at the studios of Twentieth Century-Fox Film Corporation, located in the Century City area of Los Angeles.

Episodes

Chicago Hope ran six seasons, airing a total of 141 episodes.

Crossovers
Fyvush Finkel and Kathy Baker appeared as their Picket Fences characters in the first season. Likewise, Mandy Patinkin and Hector Elizondo brought their Chicago Hope characters to Picket Fences that year. Both Adam Arkin and Lauren Holly had previously appeared on Picket Fences as a lawyer and as a deputy sheriff, respectively.

Mandy Patinkin appears in an uncredited role as Geiger in a 1995 episode of NBC's Homicide: Life on the Street. Chicago Hope producer John Tinker shot this footage as a favor to his St. Elsewhere colleague Tom Fontana.

Chicago Hope characters crossed over to Early Edition early in that show's run. Rocky Carroll, Jayne Brook, and Héctor Elizondo all guest-starred in scenes taking place in the hospital.

Reception
The pilot episode of Chicago Hope was broadcast the day before NBC's ER in a special Sunday, 8 p.m. time slot. After the first week, however, the two Chicago-based hospital dramas went "head to head" in their primetime 10 p.m. Thursday night slot. ER was the victor: its first season proved a ratings winner. Despite receiving critical acclaim, Chicago Hope was shifted to 9 p.m. Thursdays, and ultimately to Monday nights in 1995 in a bid for higher ratings, while ER remained in its time slot.

Chicago Hope remained in the Monday slot and performed well, with ratings peaking at 11.9, with a 20 share. In the second season, however, Kelley and Patinkin decided to leave the show. The show was moved to Wednesdays at 10 p.m. in 1997 to make room for the Steven Bochco drama, Brooklyn South, on Mondays. In 1999, both Kelley and Patinkin returned, with a revamped cast now including Barbara Hershey and Lauren Holly, but excluding Lahti, Peter Berg, Jayne Brook, Vondie Curtis-Hall, and Stacy Edwards. CBS also moved the show back to Thursday nights, against NBC's Frasier and ABC's Who Wants to Be a Millionaire. The show was canceled in May 2000.

In 2007, former co-stars Rocky Carroll (Dr. Keith Wilkes); Mark Harmon (Dr. Jack McNeil) and Lauren Holly (Dr. Jeremy Hanlon) worked together on the series NCIS. Holly left the show after three seasons, while Harmon and Carroll remain with the cast today. In addition, Carroll has a recurring role as his NCIS character, Director Leon Vance, on that series's spin off, NCIS: Los Angeles.  Jayne Brook (Dr. Diane Grad) and Stacy Edwards have also guest starred on NCIS as well.

Thomas Gibson would later star alongside Patinkin in the highly successful Criminal Minds, as well as Shemar Moore who was a guest star on Chicago Hope during Season 4. Patinkin later left the show early in its third season.

Nielsen ratings
Seasonal rankings (based on average total viewers per episode) of Chicago Hope.

Note: Each U.S. network television season starts in late September and ends in late May, which coincides with the completion of May sweeps.

Home media
Revelation Films has released all 6 seasons of Chicago Hope on DVD in Region 2 (UK) for the very first time.

Firsts
The series broke a network television taboo by showing a teenager's breast after her character underwent reconstructive surgery. This was generally seen as relevant to the subject matter and went relatively uncriticized.

On November 18, 1998, Chicago Hope became the first regular series episode to be broadcast in HDTV. The episode was entitled "The Other Cheek".

Mark Harmon's character uttered the word "shit" during a trauma. Little criticism was made.

Awards and nominations
Over its six seasons, Chicago Hope was nominated for many accolades and won several, including seven Emmy Awards and a Golden Globe.

Emmy awards

Golden Globe Awards

Screen Actors Guild Award

Other awards

International airings
In the UK, seasons 1 and 2 originally aired on BBC One. More recently, all seasons of the show have been shown on ITV3. Starting on September 3, 2007, it began airing on Zone Romantica in the UK and Ireland.It was also shown on Sky One in the UK and Ireland in its prime time slots. In Australia, the series originally aired on The Seven Network. In Germany the first seasons were shown in the 1990s. In Hungary, the series aired on Viasat3.  In Indonesia, the series originally aired on RCTI, starting from October 1998 ended from July 2002. As of November 2013 it is airing on UK Freeview/Freesat/Sky/Eutelsat 28A/Virgin Media/WightFibre television channel True Entertainment.

Reruns
Reruns of Chicago Hope aired on TVGN from 2010 to 2012. OWN (as the now-defunct Discovery Health Channel) had aired reruns of Chicago Hope in a semi-regular basis.

Notes


Sacral nerve stimulation

Sacral nerve stimulation, also termed sacral neuromodulation,  is a type of medical electrical stimulation therapy.

It typically involves the implantation of a programmable stimulator subcutaneously, which delivers low amplitude electrical stimulation via a lead to the sacral nerve, usually accessed via the S3 foramen.

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has approved InterStim Therapy, by Medtronic, as a sacral nerve stimulator for treatment of urinary incontinence, high urinary frequency and urinary retention.  Sacral nerve stimulation is also under investigation as treatment for other conditions, including constipation brought on by nerve damage due to surgical procedures. An experimental procedure for constipation in children is being conducted in Nationwide Children's Hospital.

In the event that the nerves and the brain are no longer communicating effectively, resulting in a bowel/bladder disorder, this type of treatment is designed to imitate a signal sent via the central nervous system.

One of the major nerve routes is from the brain, along the spinal cord and through the back.  This is commonly referred to as the sacral area.  This area controls the everyday function of the pelvic floor, urethral sphincter, bladder and bowel.  By stimulating the sacral nerve (located in the lower back), a signal is sent that manipulates a contraction within the pelvic floor. Over time these contractions rebuild the strength of the organs and muscles within it.  This effectively alleviates all symptoms of urinary/faecal disorders, and in many cases eliminates them completely.

Medical uses

Urge incontinence
Many studies have been initiated using the sacral nerve stimulation (SNS) technique to treat patients that suffer with urinary problems. When applying this procedure, proper patient screening is essential, because some disorders that affect the urinary tract (like bladder calculus or carcinoma in-situ) have to be treated differently. Once the patient is selected, he receives a temporary external pulse generator connected to wire leads at S3 foramina for 1–2 weeks. If the person's symptoms improve by more than 50%, he receives the permanent wire leads and stimulator that is implanted in the hip in the subcutaneous tissue. The first follow up happens 1–2 weeks later to check if the permanent devices are providing improvement in the user's symptoms and to program the pulse generator adequately.

Bleeding, infection, pain and unwanted stimulation in the extremities are some of the complications resulting from this therapy. Currently, battery replacements are necessary 5–10 years after implementation depending upon the strength of the stimulation therapy. This procedure has shown long term success rate that ranges from 50% to 90%, and one study concluded that it was a good option for patients with lower urinary tract dysfunction refractive to conservative and pharmacological interventions.

Fecal incontinence
Fecal incontinence, the involuntary loss of stool and flatus release afflicting mainly elderly people, can also be treated with sacral nerve stimulation as long as patients have intact sphincter muscles.  The FDA approved the approach for treating the fecal incontinence in March 2011. The etiology is not well understood yet and both conservative treatments (like antidiarrheics, special diet and biofeedback) and surgical treatments for this disorder are not regarded as ideal options.

Pascual et al. (2011) revised the follow up results of the first 50 people that submit to sacral nerve stimulation (SNS) to treat fecal incontinence in Madri (Spain). The most common cause for the fecal incontinence was obstetric procedures, idiopathic origin and prior anal surgery, and all these people were refractory to the conservative treatment. The procedure consisted of placing a temporary pulse generator connected to a unilateral electrode at S3 or S4 foramen for 2–4 weeks. After it was confirmed that the SNS was decreasing the incontinence episodes, the patients received the definitive electrode and pulse generator that was implanted in the gluteus or in the abdomen.  Two patients did not show improvement in the first step and did not receive the definitive stimulator. Mean follow up was 17.02 months and during this time the patients showed improvement in the voluntary contraction pressure and reduction of incontinence episodes. Complications were two cases of infection, two cases with pain and one broken electrode. Therefore, although the reason the SNS is effective is unknown, this procedure had satisfactory results in these clinical cases with a low incidence of complications, and the study concluded that it was a good option for treatment of anal incontinence.

Limited evidence from a Cochrane review of randomised controlled trials suggests that sacral nerve stimulation may help to reduce fecal incontinence.

Chronic anal fissure
Sacral nerve stimulation offers an effective alternative treatment option for chronic anal fissure in patients who chose not to pursue more invasive surgical interventions. Anal fissure is a crack in the epithelium of the anus that causes anal pain and bleeding during or after defecation. The pathogenesis is not well understood and healthy people of all ages can be affected.

The most common treatment of chronic anal fissure is surgical intervention. It has reached cure to more than 90%, but it has led to fecal incontinence to 17%-30% of the patients. Drugs have been also used for the treatment in attempt to reduce the sphincter pressure. However, they are not very satisfactory, showing transient action or side effects like headache.

Yakovlev and Karasev (2010) report a case of a woman 20 years old. She was diagnosed with chronic anal fissure and had already used pharmacological treatments which she suffers with headache, incontinence of flatus and the recurrence of the disease. The patient underwent placement of wire leads in the sacrum between S1 and S4 and received stimulation for two weeks 24 hours a day. She reported having no more pain in the 10th day and she got healed of the anal fissure after these two weeks under electrical stimulation. There was not any related complication and the disease did not come back during the 20 months of follow-up. Also the therapy can be adjusted according to the patient and is completely reversible. In the literature the major complications related to SNS are discomfort and infection (that can afflicted 3%–17% of patients that underwent SNS).

Method
TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) was patented and first used in 1974 for pain relief.  TENS is non-invasive; it sends electric current through electrodes placed directly on the skin.  Although predominantly carried out as a percutaneous procedure, it is possible to apply sacral nerve stimulation with the use of these external electrodes. It is not known if TENS helps with chronic pain in people with fibromyalgia or neuropathic pain. There are currently no studies into the efficacy of this on an overactive bladder and other associated symptoms of urinary incontinence, however, in a report carried out by GUT (an international peer-reviewed journal for health professionals and researchers in gastroenterology and hepatology) it was found that 20% of the group tested achieved complete continence.  All others saw a significant reduction in the frequency of FI episodes and an improvement in the ability to defer defecation.

The first percutaneous sacral nerve stimulation study was performed in 1988.  By penetrating the skin, sacral nerve stimulation aims to give a direct and localized electric current to specific nerves in order to elicit a favored response.  Today it is one of the most common neuromodulation techniques.

Percutaneous procedure

Patients interested in getting a sacral nerve stimulator implanted in them because less severe methods have failed all must go through a trial for their own safety, known as the PNE (percutaneous nerve evaluation).  PNE involves inserting a temporary electrode to the left or right of the S3 posterior foramen.  This electrode is connected to an external pulse generator, which generates a signal for 3–5 days.  If this neuromodulation has positive results for the patient, the option of implanting a permanent electrode for permanent sacral neuromodulation is possible.

The procedure has low level of invasiveness, as all incisions are relatively small.  A pulse generator is implanted in a subcutaneous pocket in the upper, outer quadrant of the buttock or even the lower abdomen. The generator is attached to a thin lead wire with a small electrode tip which is anchored near the sacral nerve.

The most common postoperative complaints are pain and lead migration.  In most studies, usually 5-10% of subjects need post-operative correction to lead migration, but since leads can be anchored near the sacral nerve, subsequent operations are generally unnecessary.

Mechanism

Stimulation of the sacral nerve causes contraction of external sphincter and pelvic floor muscle, which in turn causes the inhibition of bladder contractions which may be involuntarily releasing urine. Researchers currently believe that the sacral neuromodulation blocks the c-afferent fibers, which are a critical part of the afferent limb of a pathological reflex arc believed to be responsible for incontinence.


André Niederhäuser

André Niederhäuser (born August 21, 1977) is a retired Swiss football defender.  he is the manager for the Under 17 team of BSC Young Boys.

During his career, Niederhäuser played for BSC Young Boys, FC Schaffhausen, FC Vaduz, SC Kriens, FC Luzern and FC Grenchen.

External links


Gordon Mowrer

Gordon Brown Mowrer (February 9, 1936 – July 19, 2016) was an American politician, businessman, and ordained pastor of the Moravian Church, who served as the mayor of Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, from 1974 to 1978, and again as acting mayor in 1987. Mowrer, who was 36-years old when he took office for his first term in 1974, became the youngest mayor in Bethlehem's history at the time. Mowrer's record as the city's youngest mayor held until Mayor Don Cunningham was sworn in 1998 at the age of 31.

Nicknamed "Main Street Mayor", Mowrer is credited with the preservation of Bethlehem's historic downtown business district, which has now became a major tourist attraction for the city. During the 1970s, Mowrer eschewed the trend of demolishing older commercial buildings in favor of preserving Bethlehem's older structures. More recently, Mowrer, who returned to the Bethlehem city council in the 2000s, opposed the opening of a casino in Bethlehem following the legalization of slot machines by the government of Pennsylvania. Despite Mowrer's opposition, the casino was approved and the Sands Casino Resort Bethlehem opened in 2009.

Biography

Early and personal life
Gordon Mowrer, the younger of two sons, was born in 1936 to Clifton and Margaret Mowrer. His father, Chifton, owned Mowrer's Dairy, a Bethlehem dairy farm. In 1929, Clifton Mowrer opened The Cup, which the family later sold. The Cup became a landmark ice cream parlor in the city.

Mowrer enrolled at Dickinson College, but dropped out after a series of poor grades, which he attributed to too much time at fraternity parties. He enlisted in the United States Navy, which he credited with refocusing his life and work ethic. Mowrer re-enrolled at Dickinson College two years after leaving the school and soon earned a 3.5 G.P.A. and joined the wrestling team. He earned his bachelor's degree from Dickinson and found a job in the insurance industry.

In 1960, Mowrer met his future wife, the former Mary Thaeler, a grad student and daughter of missionaries of the Moravian Church, on a blind date. However, Mary Thaeler was already engaged to another man at the time of their meeting. Mowrer successfully convinced Thaeler that she should choose him instead. Gordon and Mary Mowrer married at a ceremony in Nicaragua on December 29, 1960. They had three children, George, Ruthie and Meg.

Career
Mowrer began his political career by being elected to the Bethlehem city council during the 1960s. He was elected mayor in 1973 and sworn into office in 1974 at the age of 37, becoming the youngest mayor in the city's history at the time.

Mayor Gordon Mowrer has been credited with the preservation of Bethlehem's historic downtown shopping district and its buildings. During his tenure, Mowrer reversed a prevailing urban renewal trend in which older buildings were demolished and replaced with modern, 1970s era structures. Mayor Mowrer planned and installed slate sidewalks and Victorian-style street lights On Main Street to match of the architectural style of the existing historic buildings in downtown. The improvements to the streetscape prompted store owners and property owners to renovate their storefronts, creating a neighborhood which was more attractive to businesses and investors. Mowrer's commitment to the historic preservation of the city's downtown earned him the nickname, "Main Street Mayor." Downtown Bethlehem has grown into a major tourist and visitors attraction, a development which had been widely credited to Mowrer's efforts to preserve the neighborhood during the 1970s.

Mowrer was seen as such a successful mayor that the Bethlehem city council, believing that he might govern the city for decades, passed a term limit law which limited Mower and his successors to two consecutive, four-year terms in office. However, the popular mayor was defeated for re-election in the 1977 mayoral primary by Paul Marcincin, a fellow Democrat, in a stunning political upset. He left office in 1978.

Mowrer went back to college after his defeat and earned a master's degree in pastoral counseling. In 1992, he was ordained a pastor by the Moravian Church. He worked as a part-time chaplain at St. Luke's Hospital in Bethlehem for 28 years and held Young Life meeting, a nondenominational Christian ministry, at his home. (Future Bethlehem Mayor John B. Callahan met his wife, Mafalda, at Mowrer's Young Life gatherings). Additionally, Mowrer was a member of the board of directors for the Bethlehem chapter of the YMCA.

Bethlehem city officials honored Mowrer with a plaque engraved with "Main Street Mayor" in February 2013.

On June 25, 2016, Mowrer attended the Bethlehem 275th anniversary celebration, which was held at SteelStacks. Mowrer was suffering from Parkinson's disease, but according to former Mayor John Callahan, as past Mayors of Bethlehem were being introduced, "His back straightened, and his chin went up. His face brightened. The crowd was cheering for him. I watched him become Gordon Mowrer. It was an amazing moment." Gordon Mowrer died on July 19, 2016, of complications of Parkinson's disease at the Moravian Village nursing home in Bethlehem at the age of 80. He had been in hospice care for the previous week and a half.


Birya Fortress

Birya Fortress is a fortress built during the British Mandate  near Birya. In 1946 the Birya affair took place here. Today the fortress operates as a museum.

History
The fortress was built by the Palmach in 1946 as a base for the defense of Jews in nearby Safed  and as a way-station for Jewish immigrants arriving from Syria. Because iron was scarce, the double walls were constructed from stone topped by a vaulted roof fitted with drainpipes and channels to channel rainwater into a reservoir. The fortress had two watchtowers and a lookout. These towers served as a means of communication with the Jewish community in Safed and the Upper Galilee headquarters of the Haganah in Kibbutz Ayelet HaShahar.

On February 28, 1946, the British raided the site and discovered an arms cache, leading to the arrest of all residents of Birya and a ban on Jewish settlement there. However, after mass protests and resettlement attempts, the British withdrew.

In Israel's War of Independence the site was destroyed but later reconquered by Jewish forces. After the war it served for several years as a camp for new immigrants, and was later abandoned.

In 1971 the modern community of Birya was established, about two kilometers to the southwest of the original site. The fortress was turned into a museum explaining the history of the area. It is now surrounded by Birya Forest.

Gallery


Cercamoniinae

Cercamoniinae is a subfamily within the extinct primate family Notharctidae primarily found in Europe, although a few genera have been found in North America and Africa.

Classification
Family Notharctidae
Subfamily Cercamoniinae
Genus Agerinia
Genus Anchomomys
Genus Barnesia
Genus Buxella
Genus Donrussellia
Genus Mazateronodon
Genus Panobius
Genus Periconodon
Genus Pronycticebus
Genus Protoadapis


The 1922 World Allround Speed Skating Championships took place at 18 and 19 February 1922 at the ice rink Frogner Stadion in Kristiania, Norway. This was the first championship after the first world war. The previous championship was 8 years ago this is why there were so many skaters who took part for the first time.

Oscar Mathisen was defending champion but did not defend his title.
Harald Strøm became World champion for the first time.

Allround results

  * = Fell
 NC = Not classified
 NF = Not finished
 NS = Not started
 DQ = Disqualified
Source: SpeedSkatingStats.com

Rules
Four distances have to be skated:
 500m
 1500m
 5000m
 10000m

The ranking was made by award ranking points. The points were awarded to the skaters who had skated all the distances. The final ranking was then decided by ordering the skaters by lowest point totals.
 1 point for 1st place
 2 point for 2nd place
 3 point for 3rd place
 and so on

One could win the World Championships also by winning at least three of the four distances, so the ranking could be affected by this.

Silver and bronze medals were awarded.


Christine Leigh Heyrman

Christine Leigh Heyrman is an American historian.

Life
She graduated from Macalester College in 1971, and from Yale University with a Ph.D. in 1977.
She is Grimble Professor of American History at the University of Delaware.
Her current research focuses on the first cohort of American Protestant missionaries in the Middle East (1820–1860).

Awards

1998 Bancroft Prize
2016 Francis Parkman Prize

Works
Heyrman, Christine Leigh. “The Separation of Church and State from the American Revolution to the Early Republic.” Divining America, National Humanities Center

    (6th ed., 2007)
 American Apostles: When Evangelicals Entered the World of Islam Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 2015. .


Chorzew Siemkowice railway station

Chorzew Siemkowice is a Polish rail junction located in the Pajęczno County of the Łódź Voivodeship, in central part of Poland. It is located on the route of the Polish Coal Trunk-Line, here the Trunk-Line is joined by the Częstochowa - Chorzew Siemkowice line.


Jeannette Hope

Jeannette Hope is an Australian archaeologist who has worked extensively in Western New South Wales. She is a former editor and executive of the journal of the Australian Archaeological Association, and has published extensively on that region as well as issues of gender in archaeology. She did her Bachelor of Science and PhD at Monash University and has been an honorary research associate at the University of Sydney. She also has prepared the seminal work on the Aboriginal fish traps at Brewarrina, New South Wales.

Publications

The People of the Paroo River: Frederick Bonney’s Photographs by Jeannette Hope and Robert Lindsay. Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water NSW, Sydney South, 2012
  ‘'Cultural Heritage of the Lake Victoria Rangelands’', River Junction Research. Unpublished report with Shawcross W, Orchard K and Quinlan D 2002, for the Lake Victoria Rangelands Management Action Plan, Wentworth, NSW.
 Lake Victoria: finding the balance—a response to the competing interests of cultural heritage, environment and resource use, Background Report No. 1, Murray-Darling Basin Commission, Canberra. 1998.
 Redefining Archaeology: Feminist Perspectives: Feminist Perspectives, Research Papers in Archaeology and Natural History No 29, contributors Mary et al. Casey, Sharon Wellfare,  Jeannette Hope and others
"Aboriginal Burials and Shell Middens at Snaggy Bend and Other Sites on the Central Murray River"  Australian Archaeology No. 20 (Jun., 1985), pp. 68–89 by Peter Clark and Jeannette Hope


Heliura fumata

Heliura fumata is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by Rothschild in 1912. It is found in Ecuador.


Teriitaria I

Teriʻitariʻa I (c. 1769–1793) was the king of the island of Huahine located among the Society Islands, in French Polynesia. It is in the South Pacific and includes the island of Tahiti.

Biography
He was born in 1769. His parents were Queen Tehaapapa I of Huahine and Chief Mato of Raiatea and Huahine, and his sister was Queen Tura'iari'i Ehevahine.  Teriʻitaria became a king in 1790 after death of his mother. He was deposed in 1793 by his half-brother Tenania.

He died the same year.

His niece was Queen Teriitaria II.

Family


Eduardo López (film editor)

Eduardo López is an Argentine film editor and documentary film director.

Some of the films he has edited have been critically well received: Funny Dirty Little War.

Selected filmography
 Tiempo de Revancha (1981)
 The Deal (1983)
 No habrá más penas ni olvido (1983) aka Funny Dirty Little War
 Cocaine Wars (1985) La Muerte blanca
 The Year of The Rabbit (1987)
 Peculiar Attraction (1988)
 A Place in the World (1992)
 Adiós, abuelo (1996)
 Harto The Borges


Robert Smith Mortuary

Robert Smith Mortuary, also known as the Greek-Shears Mortuary, is a historic mortuary building located in downtown Evansville, Indiana. It was built in 1930, and is a 2 1/2-story, rectangular Mission Revival style brick building. It features arcaded windows, an esplanade, and steeply pitched red tile roof.  It is connected to a 2 1/2-story brick former dwelling constructed about 1890 and remodeled in 1930 to complement the new building.

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.


Danny Heep

Daniel William Heep (born July 3, 1957), is a retired Major League Baseball outfielder.

Heep, who batted and threw left-handed, played for five different ballclubs during his 13-year career: the Houston Astros (1979–1982), New York Mets (1983–1986), Los Angeles Dodgers (1987–1988), Boston Red Sox (1989–1990), and Atlanta Braves (1991).

Heep played for two different World Series champions: the New York Mets in 1986, and the Los Angeles Dodgers in 1988.

Baseball career
Heep played baseball for, and graduated from, Lee High School in San Antonio.

Heep played for St. Mary's University in San Antonio where he was twice an All-American, in 1976 and 1978, as a pitcher. At St. Mary's he earned his bachelor's degree in physical education, and he is a member of that school's Athletic Hall of Fame.

Originally drafted by the Houston Astros in the 1979 Major League Baseball Draft, he compiled a .331 batting average, 23 home runs and 108 RBIs in a little over a year in the minors to earn his first major league call up. His major league debut came on August 31,  against the New York Mets. He remained with the Astros through the end of the season, achieving a .143 average with two runs batted in. The second RBI was a game winner against the Los Angeles Dodgers on September 30.

He was traded to the New York Mets for future Cy Young Award winner Mike Scott.

Danny Heep was the 4000th strikeout victim of Nolan Ryan on July 11, 1985.

NCAA coach
Heep was the head coach for the NCAA Incarnate Word Cardinals baseball team in San Antonio from 1998-2017. Since becoming head coach in 1998, the program has won two conference championships. In 2014, they became a Division I program in the Southland Conference.

Head coaching record
Below is a table of Heep's yearly records as a collegiate head baseball coach.

Personal
His uncle was former major league catcher Matt Batts, who played for the Boston Red Sox, St. Louis Browns, Detroit Tigers, Chicago White Sox and Cincinnati Redlegs between 1947 and 1956.


Issoria baumanni

Issoria baumanni, Baumann's mountain fritillary, is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is found in Nigeria, Cameroon, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi and Tanzania. The habitat consists of grassland, marshy areas and forest margins at high altitudes.

The larvae feed on Viola abyssinica.

Subspecies
Issoria baumanni baumanni (Burundi)
Issoria baumanni excelsior (Butler, 1896) (Nigeria, Cameroon, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo: east to Kivu)
Issoria baumanni katangae (Neave, 1910) (south-western Tanzania, northern Zambia, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Shaba, Tanganika)
Issoria baumanni orientalis Kielland, 1990 (southern highlands of Tanzania)


Jimmy Simpson (American football)

Jimmy Simpson (October 6, 1897 – August 7, 1979) was a blocking back in the National Football League. Simpson first played with the Toledo Maroons during the 1922 NFL season. The following season, he was a member of the St. Louis All-Stars, but did not see any playing time during a regular season game. He played with the Kenosha Maroons during his final season, after the Toledo Maroons made the move from Toledo, Ohio to Kenosha, Wisconsin.


Tanezumi rat

The Tanezumi rat (Rattus tanezumi), also known as the Asian rat or Asian house rat, is a species of rodent in the family Muridae.  It is closely related to the black rat (Rattus rattus).  It is widespread in eastern, southern and south-eastern Asia, being found in Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Fiji, India, Indonesia, Japan, North Korea, South Korea, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, the Philippines, Taiwan, Thailand, and Vietnam.


Budapest (disambiguation)

Budapest is the capital of Hungary.

Budapest may also refer to:

Places
 Budapest, Georgia, United States
 Budapest, Missouri, United States
 Budapest metropolitan area, a metropolitan area in Central Hungary

People with the name
 Zsuzsanna Budapest (born 1940), feminist author

Arts, entertainment, and media

Music
 Budapest (band), a British post-grunge rock band
 "Budapest" (song), a 2013 song by George Ezra
 "Budapest", a song by Jethro Tull from Crest of a Knave
 "Budapest", a song by Poni Hoax
 Budapest Live, a live album by Manfred Mann's Earth Band

Other uses in arts, entertainment, and media
 Budapest (film), a 2018 French comedy movie by Xavier Gens
 Budapest Gambit, a chess opening that is now rarely played at the top level


Flat Top Mountain (Sitka City and Borough, Alaska)

Flat Top Mountain is a 1,736-foot (529 m) mountain located on Chichagof Island in the City and Borough of Sitka in the U.S. state of Alaska.


Minna Rozen

Minna Rozen (born 1947) is a professor emeritus at the Department of Jewish History at the University of Haifa. Rozen served as head of the Diaspora Research Center at Tel Aviv University, and specializes in the history of Jews in the Ottoman Empire and the Balkan states.

Biography

Minna Rozen was born in Tiberias in October 1947 and grew up in Afula, Israel. After graduating from high school, she started studying Law at the Hebrew University in Jerusalem. In 1966, after her marriage, she returned to Afula, gave up her law studies, and started studying history at the University of Haifa. Later she completed her PhD in History at Tel Aviv University. Between 1973 and 1999 she taught at Tel Aviv University, specializing in the study of Jews during the Ottoman period. Between 1992 and 1997, she was the Director of the Diaspora Research Center at Tel Aviv University. Since 1999, she has been teaching at the University of Haifa. She has taught as a guest professor at Princeton University.

Research

Rozen's historiographical approach is an interdisciplinary one combining historical research with several disciplines from the humanities and social sciences, such as sociology, literature, art history, gender studies, and diaspora theories. Over the years, Rozen's writing has focused on grassroots history, manifesting in a large documentation projects she conducted about the Jews of Turkey and Greece, and the Franco communities around the Mediterranean. Her first documentation project was at the archives of the French Levant Company in Marseilles, the archives of the French Foreign Ministry, and the archives of the British Levant Company. These sources constituted the basis for a series of studies about the trade routes of "new Christians" who returned to Judaism at the end of the 16th century in Livorno in the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, and from there dispersed to the trade centers of the Ottoman Empire in the Levant and North Africa. This research, among the first to be based on the combination of Rabbinical sources and European sources, unearthed the existence of a Jewish-Portuguese trading diaspora in the Mediterranean, which competed with the national trading companies of Britain and France as though they were supported by their own nation state. Her studies dealing with later periods showed how these trade communities, which were numerically small, influenced the processes of secularization and modernization in Istanbul and Thessaloniki.

Between 1987 and 1990, Rozen conducted a large-scale documentation expedition in Turkey, where she documented and photographed 61,000 Jewish gravestones dated 1583–1900, over 40,000 of them in Istanbul. This digital collection is now being uploaded (2017) to the website of the Goldstein-Goren Diaspora Research Center at Tel Aviv University. This is the largest digital collection of Jewish gravestones in the world. Because the collection documents a societal group that maintained continuity for 450 years, it allows to follow the community's multifaceted history and its relations with the surrounding Ottoman culture. Upon the completion of this documentation project, Rozen incorporated it into an in-depth study of the history of Muslim Ottoman burial culture and art. In a book published in 1994 she showed how from the 17th century, the Jewish community in Istanbul accepted the social, aesthetic, and spiritual values of the surrounding Muslim society.

In parallel with documenting the cemeteries, Rozen conducted a far-reaching survey of the protocol books documenting the decisions of the Rabbinical Courts of the Jewish community in Istanbul in the years 1701–1931. Rozen used these materials, along with the results of the survey of the "complaint books" (Şikayet defterleri) of the Ottoman Empire's subjects against institutions and officials of the Empire, and collections of printed Ottoman sources, to examine the historical processes experienced by the Jewish community in Istanbul. Her studies showed how the Romaniot (Greek-speaking) Jewish communities integrated into Spanish-speaking society, how a society formed that was very polarized in terms of social class, where most of the capital was concentrated in the hands of the few people who were close to the Sultan's court in various ways, and how the values of the dominating Muslim society were gradually accepted by the Jewish Istanbul community.

In 1991, Rozen traveled to Moscow on a mission to locate the archives of the Thessaloniki Jewish community, which had been stolen by Nazi Germany and had reached Moscow with the victorious Red Army. The Russian State Archive permitted Rozen to photocopy the part of the archive that was preserved in the KGB archives, about 250,000 documents, and so far about one quarter of them have been coded into a custom-made computer program. During the work on the documents of this archive, it became apparent that other parts of the community's archives had been scattered over the world, and the part preserved in the Central Archive for the History of the Jewish People in Jerusalem turned out to be particularly large. This archival research uncovered previously unknown aspects of the Thessaloniki Jewish community in the twentieth century. The Thessaloniki Jewish community, known as "Jerusalem of the Balkans", which was remembered as a city of scholars, international traders, and large industrialists, was revealed as a society whose core during the 19th and 20th centuries were impoverished workers and small artisans living from hand to mouth. Prof. Rozen's students, Dr. Gila Hadar and Dr. Shai Srougo, placed the lives and struggles of the simple Thessaloniki Jews, the female tobacco workers, the port stevedores, and their families on the historiographical agenda.

The discovery of these archives led to research in contemporary Greek archives, and to shining a new light upon the annihilation of the Jews of Thessaloniki in 1943 by the Nazis. The few remnants of the community and some of its descendants shifted the blame from Nazi Germany to the community's last Rabbi, Rabbi Zvi Koretz, who died of typhoid fever two weeks after the liberation of the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp, where he was imprisoned with his family. The new sources in Rozen's study show how Thessaloniki's transition from the Ottoman Empire to the Greek nation-state in 1912 led to a drop in the community's political status, and a severe decline in the condition of the lower classes. The heads of the community, who were unable to handle the Greek state, took a decision that was unanimous among all the political factions in the city to bring in a Chief Rabbi from outside, after the community had been without such an office-holder for ten years. The chosen Rabbi was Dr. Zvi Koretz, a young man with a PhD in Oriental Studies from Vienna University, who was also a graduate of the Rabbinical Seminar in Berlin. The community's heads hoped that he would know how to deal with the Greeks, which he did, but at the same time he tried to introduce order into the community's convoluted affairs, and acquired many opponents who saw him as an outsider trying to displace them. After the war, when the community's tragedy was revealed in full, Rabbi Koretz became the scapegoat in two ways. The Germans lacked faces and identities, and it was impossible to avenge them, while the memory of the Rabbi and his family was within reach. He was a classic scapegoat: a foreigner, not a Sephardi Jew, and unable to respond. Greek society, too, found him very convenient to condemn. Greek society and the Greek state have trouble to this day in recognizing that during the war the Greek government collaborated with the Germans, and despite the heroic struggle of the communist partisans against the Nazi occupiers, the fate of Thessaloniki's Jews was to them, and particularly to the Christian residents of Thessaloniki, the concern of others rather than part of Greek society. The blaming of Rabbi Koretz clears their conscience to this day, and the minuscule Jewish community remaining in Thessaloniki has had to fall in line with this approach.

Deepening the research dealing with Greece's modern history led to a study comparing the Greek diaspora with the Jewish diaspora over the generations, whose results led Rozen to study theories of diaspora and migration, which have interested Rozen during the second decade of the twenty-first century.

Teaching
During her years of employment at the University of Haifa, Rozen has introduced to the curriculum of the Jewish History Department the teaching of the Ladino culture. She set up the Modern Greek Studies program, and introduced the teaching of the philosophy of history into the School of History at the University of Haifa.

Books (author)
 The Ruins of Jerusalem – A History of Jerusalem under the Government of Muhammed Ibn Farrukh, Tel Aviv University Press, Tel Aviv, 1981 (Hebrew).
 The Jewish Community in Jerusalem in the 17th Century, Tel Aviv University and the Ministry of Defense Press, Tel Aviv, 1984 (Hebrew).
 Beniamin Abendana, His Wanderings and Adventures in Italy and the Levant as Related by Francesco da Serino, Tel Aviv University Press, Tel Aviv, 1985 (Hebrew).
 Jerusalem and Its Generations [Vol. 8: Jerusalem in the Ottoman Period], Open University Press, Tel Aviv, 1984 (Hebrew).
 Jewish Identity and Society in the 17th Century: Reflections on the Life and Works of Refael Mordekhai Malki, J.C.B. Mohr (Paul Siebeck), Tübingen 1992.
 Hasköy Cemetery: Typology of Stones, Tel Aviv University and The Center for Judaic Studies, University of Pennsylvania, Tel Aviv 1994.
 A History of The Jewish Community of Istanbul: The Formative Years (1453–1566), Brill, Leiden, 2002. 2nd edition, 2010.
 The Last Ottoman Century and Beyond: The Jews of Turkey and the Balkans ,1808–1945, Vol.1, Goren-Goldstein Diaspora Research Center, TAU, Tel Aviv ,2005.
 A Journey Through Civilizations: Chapters in the History of Istanbul Jewry, 1453–1923, Brepols Publishers ,Turnhaut, 2015.
 The Mediterranean in the Seventeenth Century: Captives, Pirates, and Ransomers at the Juncture between Religion, Politics, Economics and Society, New Digital Frontiers S.R.L. and Casa Editrice Mediterranea, Palermo, 2016.

Books (editor)

 Days of the Crescent: Chapters in the History of the Jews in the Ottoman Empire, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 1992 (Hebrew).
 Dina Porat, Anita Shapira and Minna Rozen, eds., Daniel Carpi’s Jubilee Book, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 1996. (Hebrew, English and Italian)
 Y. Nini, S. Simonsohn and M. Rozen, eds., Michael,, 14, History of the Jews in the Muslim Lands, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 1997 (Hebrew and English)
 Minna Rozen, ed., The Last Ottoman Century and Beyond: The Jews of Turkey and the Balkans ,1808–1945, vol.2, Tel Aviv, Goren-Goldstein Diaspora Research Center, TAU, 2002
 Minna Rozen, ed., Homelands and Diasporas: Greeks , Jews, and Their Migrations, London: Tauris, 2008

External links
 Minna Rozen's website


Metamorphoses (play)

Metamorphoses is a play by the American playwright and director Mary Zimmerman, adapted from the classic Ovid poem Metamorphoses. The play premiered in 1996 as Six Myths at Northwestern University and later the Lookingglass Theatre Company in Chicago. The play opened off-Broadway in October 2001 at the Second Stage Theatre. It transferred to Broadway on 21 February 2002 at the Circle in the Square Theatre. That year it won several Tony Awards.

It was revived at the Lookingglass Theatre Company in Chicago on 19 September 2012 and was produced in Washington, DC at the Arena Stage in 2013.

Background
Mary Zimmerman's Metamorphoses is based on David R. Slavitt's free-verse translation of The Metamorphoses of Ovid. She directed an early version of the play, Six Myths, in 1996 at the Northwestern University Theater and Interpretation Center. Zimmerman's finished work, Metamorphoses, was produced in 1998. Of the many stories told in Zimmerman's Metamorphoses, only the introductory "Cosmogony" and the tale of Phaeton are from the first half of Ovid's Metamorphoses. The story of Eros and Psyche is not a part of Ovid's Metamorphoses; it is from Lucius Apuleius' novel Metamorphoses —also called The Golden Ass—and was included in Zimmerman's Metamorphoses because, as Zimmerman said in an interview with Bill Moyers of PBS NOW, "I love it so much I just had to put it in."  She wrote and directed Metamorphoses during a period of renewed interest in the life and writings of Ovid.

Other Ovid-related works published in the same decades include David Malouf's 1978 novel, An Imaginary Life; Christoph Ransmayr's Die letzte Welt (1988) (The Last World, translated into English by John E. Woods in 1990); and Jane Alison's The Love-Artist (2001). Additionally, Ovid's Metamorphoses were translated by A.D. Melville, Allen Mandelbaum, David R. Slavitt, David Michael Hoffman and James Lasdun, and Ted Hughes—in 1986, 1993, 1994, 1994, and 1997, respectively.

Plot synopsis
The play is staged as a series of vignettes.  The order is as follows:

Cosmogony — Used to explain the creation of the world, as well as give the audience a sense of the style and setting of the play. Woman by the Water, Scientist, and Zeus help narrate how our world of order came from chaos, either by the hand of a creator or by a "natural order of things."
Midas — The story is framed by the narration of three laundresses, who tell the story of King Midas, a very rich man. After Midas shuns his daughter for being too disruptive during his speech about caring for his family, a drunken Silenus enters and speaks of a distant land capable of granting eternal life. Silenus later falls asleep, and Midas shelters him in the cabana. When Bacchus comes to retrieve Silenus, he grants Midas a wish for his gracious care of Silenus. Midas asks to have whatever he touches turn to gold. Midas accidentally turns his beloved daughter into gold and is told by Bacchus to seek a mystic pool, which will restore him to normal. Midas leaves on his quest.
Alcyone and Ceyx — Also narrated by the three laundresses, this story portrays King Ceyx and his wife Alcyone. Despite his wife's warnings and disapproval, Ceyx voyages on the ocean to visit a far off oracle. Poseidon, the sea god, destroys Ceyx's ship and the king dies. Alcyone awaits him on shore. Prompted by Aphrodite, Alcyone has a dream of Ceyx, who tells her to go to the shore. With mercy from the gods, the two are reunited. Transformed into seabirds, they fly together toward the horizon.
Erysichthon and Ceres — This story tells of Erysichthon, man of no god, who chops down one of Ceres' sacred trees. For vengeance, Ceres commands the spirit Hunger to make Erysichthon captive to an insatiable appetite. After eating endlessly and spending all his gold on food, Erysichthon tries to sell his mother to a merchant. His mother is transformed into a little girl after praying to Poseidon and escapes. Erysichthon eventually falls to his endless hunger and devours himself.
Orpheus and Eurydice — The story of Orpheus, the god of music, and Eurydice is told from two points of view., the first is from the point of view of Orpheus in the style of Ovid from 8 AD, who has just married his bride Eurydice. Bitten by a snake on their wedding day, Eurydice dies. Distraught, Orpheus travels to the Underworld to negotiate with Hades and the gods to free Eurydice. After Orpheus sings a depressing song, Hades, the god of the Underworld, agrees to let Eurydice return with Orpheus as long as Eurydice follows Orpheus from behind, and he does not look back at her. If he does, she must stay in the Underworld. Orpheus agrees but, when almost back to the living world, he looks back, as he could not hear Eurydice, causing Hermes to return her to Hades. The action is repeated several times, resembling the memory that Orpheus will have forever of losing his bride. The second time is told from the point of view of Eurydice, in the style of the poet Rainer Maria Rilke from 1908. After an eternity of this repeated action, Eurydice becomes forgetful and fragile, no longer remembering Orpheus. She returns to the Underworld ignorant of Orpheus, the man she loved so long ago.
Narcissus Interlude — A brief scene showing Narcissus catching a glimpse of his own reflection in a pool. Enthralled, he becomes frozen. The actors replace him with a narcissus plant.
Pomona and Vertumnus — A female wood nymph, Pomona, becomes involved with the shy Vertumnus. Pomona has refused the hands of many suitors and remains alone. Vertumnus, in order to see her, disguises himself in a variety of gimmicks. Trying to convince Pomona to fall in love with him, he refuses to show himself. After telling the story of Myrrha, Pomona tells Vertumnus to take off his ridiculous disguise, and the two fall in love.
Myrrha — Vertumnus tells the story of King Cinyras and his daughter Myrrha.  After denying Aphrodite's attempts many times to turn her head in love, Myrrha is cursed by Aphrodite with a lust for her father. Myrrha tries to control her urges, but eventually falls to temptation. With the help of her Nursemaid, Myrrha has three sexual encounters with her father, each time keeping him inebriated and blind so he would not know it's her. The third time Cinyras takes off his blindfold and tries to strangle Myrrha, who escapes and is never seen again.
Phaeton — Phaeton narrates his relationship with his father, Apollo (the sun god), to the Therapist. With the Therapist adding her psychoanalytical points, Phaeton tells the audience of a distanced relationship with his father. After bullying at school, Phaeton goes on a journey to meet his father, who drives the sun across the sky every day. Racked with guilt from neglect of his son, Apollo allows Phaeton to "drive" the sun across the sky as compensation for his years of absence.  Phaeton, who constantly whines, drives the sun too close to the earth and scorches it. The Therapist closes the scene in a monologue about the difference between myth and dream.
Eros and Psyche — "Q" and "A" essentially narrate a scene about Psyche falling in love with Eros.  Psyche and Eros remain silent during the whole interlude, but act out what Q and A discuss. Eros and Psyche fall in love, as Q and A tell the audience that they might wander in the darkness of loneliness until they blind themselves to personal romantic desires and give in to a deeper love. Psyche becomes a goddess and lives with Eros forever.
Baucis and Philemon — The final story tells of Zeus and Hermes disguising themselves as beggars on earth to see which people are following the laws of Xenia. After being shunned by every house in the city, they are accepted into the house of Baucis and Philemon, a poor married couple. The couple feed the gods with a great feast, not knowing the identity of the strangers, except that they are "children of God". After the feast, the gods reveal themselves and grant the two a wish.  Baucis and Philemon ask to die at the same time to save each other the grief of death. The gods transform their house into a grand palace and the couple into a pair of trees with branches intertwined. At the end of the scene, Midas returns to the stage, finds the pool, washes, and is restored. His daughter enters, restored from being fixed as a gold piece, and the play ends with a redeemed Midas embracing his daughter.

The stories as they are told in the classic Ovid tales:
Characters
Creation
King Midas
Alcyone and Ceyx
Erysichthon
Orpheus and Eurydice
Pomona and Vertumnus
Myrrha
Phaeton
Apollo
Eros and Psyche
Baucis and Philemon

Plot analysis
David Rush notes that in this case, the plot is the playwright's deliberate selection and arrangement of the incidents and actions. When Metamorphoses is not a conventional arrangement and has a non-linear point of view.

A linear dramatic action may be set as with the following steps:
A state of equilibrium
An inciting incident
Point of attack of the major dramatic question
Rising action
Climax
Resolution
New state of equilibrium.
These set of events are described as being of a well-made play and follow a linear set of actions. First one event, then the next and the following one after that and so on and so forth. Metamorphoses does not follow this laid out set of steps and no single analysis can make it follow this formula. However each of the separate stories embedded within the play is in itself a "well-made play" within a play. Each story can be easily followed and analyzed through a look at the seven parts already established. An example that can easily demonstrate and lay out the structure is the story of Erysichthon described within Metamorphoses.

The seven elements of this story can be seen as follows:

 State of Equilibrium — Erysichthon has no regard for the gods and does as he wishes with no fear of punishment
 Inciting Incident — Erysichthon tears down a tree that is beloved by the god, Ceres
 Point of Attack of the MDQ (Major Dramatic Question) — Will Ceres avenge her beloved tree and teach a valuable lesson about the power of the gods to Erysichthon?
 Rising Action — Ceres sends a servant to look for Hunger, Ceres' servant finds Hunger, Hunger embodies itself into Erysichthon, Erysichthon gorges on food
 Climax — Erysichthon's hunger is so insatiable that he sells his own mother to a trader for money to buy more food
 Resolution — Finally, Erysichthon can no longer find any more food to eat and curb his hunger so Ceres approaches him with a tray that holds a fork and a knife, Erysichthon sits down and actually destroys himself
 New State of Equilibrium — Erysichthon is no more and people are no longer left to wonder or question the power of the gods

Each of the stories told within Metamorphoses can be analyzed in this fashion and it is even worth noting the story of King Midas. His dramatic action can be followed over the entire length of the play for we are introduced to his story in the beginning and are not subjected to the resolution of his story until the end of the play and his story is actually the last one addressed in the play.

Character guide
(as listed in the script)
 Woman by the Water: The narrator for the opening scene who comments on the creation of the world and man.
Scientist: In the opening scene, explains the scientific possibility of the creation of the world
Zeus: The Greek God, referred in the play as, "Lord of the heavens", who represents a divine creator in the opening scene. In the penultimate scene, Zeus and Hermes disguise themselves as beggars.
Three Laundresses: The three unnamed women tell the stories of "Midas" and "Alcyone and Ceyx," as they are enacted on stage.
Midas and his Daughter: A rich king, Midas is greedy for more gold.
Lucina: The goddess of childbirth.
Eurydice: Wife of Orpheus who dies after stepping on a snake.  She is eventually doomed to the Underworld after Orpheus breaks his promise to Hades, and will spend as eternity not remembering the face of her husband.
Silenus: A follower of Bacchus who shows up drunk at Midas' palace.  Midas treats Silenus well, and because of his kindness is granted a wish of his choice.
Bacchus:Roman God of wine and partying. He grants Midas a gift for saving a follower of his, the golden touch, though he warns Midas it is a very bad idea for a heavenly gift.
Ceyx, a King: King, husband of Alcyone, and captain of a sea vessel.  Dies at sea by Poseidon's wrath.  His body is later carried ashore by Hermes, and transforms into a living seabird along with Alcyone.
Alcyone: Ceyx's wife and daughter of Aeolus, Master of the Winds.  Awaits for Ceyx's return after his departure, sees false visions of Ceyx as prompted by Morpheus, and finally is transformed into a seabird after Ceyx's body is finally returned to her.
Hermes: Son of Zeus.  Returns Ceyx's body to Alcyone.  Later accompanies Zeus to earth disguised as beggars to "see what people were really like."
Aphrodite: Goddess of love and beauty.  Hears the prayers of Ceyx at sea when his ship is sinking. Sends Iris, the rainbow, to the cave of Sleep, who will show Alcyone a vision of Ceyx.
Erysichthon and his Mother: Erysichthon scorned the gods and found nothing sacred.  Was cursed by Ceres with an insatiable hunger after cutting down a sacred tree.  Erysichthon tries to sell his mother, who later turns back into a child by Poseidon's grace.  Erysichthon eventually eats himself, though the audience doesn't see it firsthand.
Ceres: Roman Goddess of the Harvest. Roman equivalent to Demeter. She sends Oread to find Hunger so she can punish Erysichthon for cutting down her tree.
Oread: A nymph Ceres sends to find Hunger.
Hunger: Commanded, or rather permitted, to latch onto Erysichthon forever.
Orpheus: Husband of Eurydice. Travels to the Underworld to retrieve Eurydice after her death. Hades agrees to her release on the condition that Orpheus doesn't look back at her as they walk out of the Underworld; which Orpheus does.  He is haunted with the memory of losing his wife forever.
Vertumnus, God of Springtime: An admirer of Pomona and disguises himself in various costumes in order to get close of Pomona.  Tells the story of Myrrha to sway Pomona into loving him.
Pomona, Wood Nymph: A skilled gardener who refused to have a lover.  Finally falls for Vertumnus after heeding his message and telling him to be himself.
Cinyras, a King: Father to Myrrha who eventually sleeps with her after being tricked by the Nursemaid while being drunk and blindfolded.
Myrrha: Daughter of King Cinyras who denied Aphrodite so many times that Myrrha was seized with a passion for her father.  She eventually has three sexual encounters with her father, the third of which he discovers her identity during intercourse.  She flees and her final whereabouts remain unknown.
Nursemaid: A servant who agrees to help Myrrha have sexual relations with her father.
Phaeton: Son of Apollo, who after many years of neglect, finally confronts his father, convinces Apollo to let him have control of the sun, and burns the Earth.  Phaeton reveals his story to the Therapist.
Therapist: A psychologist who follows a Freudian example and psycho analyzes Phaeton's story.
Apollo: God of the sun, music, and light. Father of Phaeton. At first he was hesitant to let his son drive his chariot but eventually gave in.
Eros: Primordial god of love and lust.  Depicted as blind, winged, and naked.  Falls in love with Psyche.
Psyche: The opposite character of Eros.  Questions love's reason and eventually receives love. Goddess of pure beauty.
Q & A: Narrators of the Eros and Psyche scene.  Q only asks questions and A answers them. They discuss the relationship of love and the mind.
Baucis: A poor woman and wife of Philemon.  Together they offer their homes to Zeus and Hermes and are rewarded by being turned into trees to spare each other death.
Philemon: A poor man and husband of Baucis.  Together they offer their homes to Zeus and Hermes and are rewarded by being turned into trees to spare each other death.
Various Narrators: Members of the ensemble who take turns in narrating various scenes.

Character analysis
Because of the mythic quality of the script, sometimes the players in the performance often resemble "archetypes instead of characters." Miriam Chirico describes the work as "enacting myth does not require creating a plausible character, but rather an emblematic figure who demonstrates a particular, identifiable human trait."

The story of Orpheus and Eurydice is told twice, each to emphasize their individual stories and act like mirrors with reflecting stories of love and loss; the first being from Orpheus' point of view from Ovid's tale from 8 A.D., then Eurydice's tale in 1908 inspired by German poet Rainer Maria Rilke. Orpheus is an archetype for strong human emotion and expressing it through poetry and music.  Music is related to Orpheus' ability to move only forward in time, along with his feelings and mortal love. Although they can repeat, as they do in the scene several times, they cannot turn back completely and be the same.  Zimmerman includes with the line, "Is this a story about how time can only move in one direction?" to bring light to Orpheus' struggle.

Phaeton narrates his own story (not the case with most of the other stories).  With the Therapist bringing a glimpse of Freudian psychoanalysis, Phaeton's relationship with his father can be seen in new ways: "the father is being asked to perform an initiation rite, to introduce his son to society, [and] to inscribe him in a symbolic order."

Because Midas frames the story at the beginning and returns at the end as a redeemed man, the play ends with a sense of optimism due to his transformation.

The character Eros, although he attains many of the traits of the more popularized Cupid, is meant to symbolize more. In the play, "A", Psyche, interprets why "Q", Eros, is presented as naked, winged, and blindfolded: he is naked to make our feelings transparent, he is winged so he might fly from person to person, and he is blindfolded to encourage us to see into each other's hearts. A, a narrator of the Eros and Psyche scene, says, "He is blind to show how he takes away our ordinary vision, our mistaken vision, that depends on the appearance of things."

Genre
Since the Metamorphoses is derived from literary texts, productions of Zimmerman's may be classified in the genre of Readers Theater.  According to Miriam Chirico, Readers Theater presents a narrative text to an audience, for instance a poem rather than action that follows a typical play script. Readers Theater generally follows the "presentational" form of theater, rather than representational, often relying on narrators to bring insight from an outside perspective to a character. The presentational aspect creates a direct link between the audience and the narrator.  Readers Theater reduces theatrical devices, such as costumes, sets, and props, to concentrate on the story and the language. Metamorphoses follows these methods by using multiple narrators, who both tell and comment on the story, and language that is strongly rooted in the David R. Slavitt translation of Ovid.

Compared to classic genres, Metamorphoses is a hybrid containing elements of various genres, including comedy, classic tragedy, and drama, but not necessarily limited to any of them. The play borrows aspects from opera, as it uses visual and aural illusions, and achieves them in simple ways. Joseph Farrell praised Zimmerman for capturing the seriocomic elements of Ovid's tales better than in most adaptations.

Style
Based on myths thousands of years old, Zimmerman's Metamophoses demonstrates their relevance and emotional truths. The play suggests that human beings haven't changed to the point of being unrecognizable nearly two thousand years later. Zimmerman has said, "These myths have a redemptive power in that they are so ancient.  There's a comfort in the familiarity of the human condition." Zimmerman generally presents an objective point of view. An example is the Alcyone and Ceyx passage, when the audience learns of Ceyx's death long before Alcyone does. In terms of motifs, Metamorphoses is more subjective, especially related to the theme of death and love.  The play promotes suggesting death as a transformation of form rather than death as an absence, which is more typical in popular Western culture.

A non-naturalistic play, Metamorphoses is presented as mythic rather than realistic. The use of myths essentially "lifts the individuals out of ordinary time and the present moment, and places him in "mythic time"—an ambiguous term for the timeless quality myths manifest." The setting of the play isn't limited to just one specific location.  For example, the pool on stage transforms from "the luxurious swimming pool of nouveau riche Midas, the ocean in which Ceyx drowns, the food devoured by Erysichthon, Narcissus' mirror, a basin to hold Myrrha's tears, [and] the river Styx" and that the pool, like the stories transcend realistic thinking and are "suspended in space and time."

The plot is constructed as a series of vignettes, framed overall by a few narrative devices.  The opening scene essentially shows the creation of the world, or Cosmogony, not only sets up the world that the following characters will live in, but the world itself.  In terms of a beginning and end within the stories themselves, King Midas frames them with his story of greed at the beginning and his redemption at the last moments of the play.  After being introduced as a horribly selfish man, the other stories of the play get told and mask the lack of resolution within the Midas story.  Finally at the end, Midas who is "by this time long forgotten and in any case unexpected--reappears, newly from his quest" with his restored daughter, and "on this note of love rewarded and love redeemed, the play comes to an end.". Through all the vignettes that are portrayed, the audience is meant to leave not with the story of a few individuals, but rather to know the power of human transformation in all forms.

Metamorphoses uses a combination of presentational and representational forms, including the Vertumnus and Pomona scene, which is both acted out and tells the story of Myrrha. Representation is used as a rendition of a story.  For the most part, the play follows a linear technique by having the sequence of events in each individual story follow a rational chronological timeline.  The Orpheus scene strays from this, by repeating a portion of the same scene numerous times to emphasize the torment of his loss.

Zimmerman intended the play to build on a foundation of images.  In a New York Times interview, Zimmerman said, "You're building an image, and the image starts to feed you." She said, "When I approach a text, I don't do a lot of historical reading.  It's an artificial world and I treat it as an artificial world."  Miriam Chirico has described Zimmerman's plays as "theater of images" and compared to the style of the director Robert Wilson, Pina Bausch, and Julie Taymor. Zimmerman uses the play as a "poetic bridge between myth and modernism" by creating a hybrid of ancient Greek and modern American cultures.

Metamorphoses expresses general concepts and emotions, rather than focusing on individual characters.

Theme/Idea
The central idea of Metamorphoses is the concept of change. To "metamorphose" means the striking change in appearance or character of something. Each story contains at least one example.

The theme of change is expressed by the play's use of water. The set includes centrally placed pool, into which characters move and leave as they are transformed. The water is used for different functions throughout Metamorphoses, and it is described as "the most protean (lit: diverse or varied) of elements" In transforming her early version of Metamorphoses, Six Myths, into its final form, Zimmerman's most significant change was the addition of the central pool. According to David Ostling, Zimmerman's scenic designer, "She was looking for the changing ability of water, the instantaneous nature of it, how it could go from still to violent and back to calm."

Zimmerman's play also examines the causes of change in persons. What can make a person become something completely different? The most frequent cause throughout Metamorphoses is love. At the same time, Metamorphoses warns of what happens when love is ignored. When Erysichthon cuts down a sacred tree, showing that he loves only himself, he is transformed into a man consumed by hunger, eventually eating himself. When the beautiful Myrrha scorns the love of her suitors, the goddess Aphrodite curses her to love her father. Discovered, she flees to the wilderness, where the gods transform her into tears.

Zimmerman has said that "[Metamorphoses] makes it easy to enter the heart and to believe in greater change as well... that we all can transform."

Spectacle
The primary feature of the set in Metamorphoses is the pool, which generally sits center stage and occupies most of the stage. The pool is central to all of the stories, although its function changes. During the production, for instance, it becomes a swimming pool, a washing basin, the River Styx of the Underworld, and the sea. The stage set consists of a platform bordering the pool, a chandelier hanging above, a large depiction of the sky upstage and right of the pool, and a set of double doors, upstage left of the pool. The stage has been described as "reminiscent of paintings by Magritte and the dream states they evoke."

The costumes of the play are described as "evocative of a generalized antiquity but one in which such things as suspenders and trousers are not unknown." Actors wear costumes that range from classic Grecian togas to modern bathing suits, sometimes in the same scene. This juxtaposition of old and new is particularly striking in the story of Midas, in which he is shown wearing a "smoking jacket" and confronted by a drunken reveler in a half-toga with vine leaves in his hair.

Language
The language in Metamorphoses sets up the mythic, yet comprehensible world, to be portrayed on stage. Philip Fisher describes the myths as "poetic" and says that Zimmerman "has a great vision and her sense of humor intrudes on a regular basis, often with clever visual or aural touches." The comedy elements present contemporary connections for the audience to the mythic stories. When an audience hears a clever interjection by Zimmerman, they can easily take in the experience of a well-written play.

Zimmerman's rhythm in the play establishes quick scenes and down-to-the point dialogue, making it easy to follow. She does not leave much silence or pauses. This upbeat rhythm shows up within separate lines as well. For example, "HERMES: The god of speed and distant messages, a golden crown above his shining eyes, his slender staff held out in front of him, and little wings fluttering at his ankles: and on his left arm, barely touching it: she." A device known as "dissonance" is strongly used in this particular line. Dissonance is a subtle sense of disharmony, tension, or imbalance within the words chosen in the play. Dissonance uses short, stressed sounds, as in this example; the playwright uses them to emphasize the up-tempo rhythm throughout the play.

Music
Willy Schwarz composed the music, for which he was awarded the 2002 Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Music in a Play. Schwarz also collaborated with Zimmerman in her plays The Odyssey and Journey to the West. His music often signifies a change in scene or accompanies specific moments, often one or more of poetic speech.

Finger cymbals are used in the story of Midas, to indicate his footsteps after he has the power of transforming all he touches to gold. During the story of Phaeton, Apollo sings the aria "Un Aura Amorosa" from Cosí Fan Tutte by Mozart .

Production history
(Times and dates retrieved from the beginning of the script.)

World premiere production: Lookingglass Theatre Co., Chicago.  It opened on October 25, 1998 at the Ivanhoe Theater.
Second Stage Theatre production: The play's off Broadway debut was on October 9, 2001 in New York City. This production was in rehearsal during the 9/11 attacks on the World Trade Towers. With the towers still smoldering downtown and many people suffering losses, the production inspired considerable emotional response from the audiences.
Broadway production: The debut was on March 4, 2002 at the Circle in the Square theater in New York City. Unlike previous productions, the Circle in the Square Theater uses a 3/4 thrust stage, meaning that the audience is on three sides of the playing area. It is related to similar structures of the Greek and Roman amphitheaters. The audience was aware of members on the other sides of the stage, "appropriate for a show that stresses the value of shared cultural myths and the emotions they summon." Although the play kept many of the Off-Broadway aspects of the show, it subdued the incest scene between Myrrha and King Cinyras for the Broadway production.  The Off Broadway scene had the pair "writhing and splashing" enthusiastically in a much more intense and disturbing fashion; on Broadway they gently rolled in the water.

Margo Jefferson commented that the performance style fell into an American jokiness form; its youthful charm and a high energy was a way to deflect and delay an emotionally heavy scene, but this had more resonance. It closed on February 16, 2003, after a total of 400 performances. This production was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Play in 2002, competing against Suzan-Lori Parks' Topdog/Underdog and Edward Albee's The Goat, or Who is Sylvia?, which took the award.

Despite the staging challenges, with a pool of water for actors to swim and frolic in required to successfully produce the show, the play has been popular on stages throughout the United States. Constellation Theatre Company in Washington, D.C. produced the show in 2012, directed by Allison Arkell Stockman and featuring live music by Tom Teasley. Arena Stage in Washington, D.C. brought the Lookingglass Theatre Company's production, directed by Mary Zimmerman, to its Fichandler Stage in 2013.

About the author
Mary Zimmerman was born in Lincoln, Nebraska, in 1960. As a child she was introduced to the stories of the ancient Mediterranean world by Edith Hamilton's Mythology. While studying in England, a teacher read her The Odyssey. Zimmerman was educated at Northwestern University, where she received a BS in theater, as well as an MA and PhD in performance studies. She is a full professor of performance studies at Northwestern.

Beyond her childhood fascination with Greek myths, Zimmerman credits the Jungian scholar James Hillman as the source of many of her ideas involving love, such as that in the story of Eros and Psyche. She also acknowledges the influence of Joseph Campbell, a scholar of mythology, in her work. Zimmerman won the MacArthur "Genius" Fellowship in 1998 in recognition of her creative work.

Her plays include Journey to the West, The Odyssey, The Arabian Nights, The Notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci, and Eleven Rooms of Proust. She also co-wrote and directed Galileo Galilei. She has twice directed for the New York Shakespeare Festival in the Park. In 2002 she won the Tony Award for Best Director for the Broadway production of Metamorphoses. Metamorphoses'' was Zimmerman's first Broadway production.

Awards and nominations
Awards
 2002 Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Play
 2002 Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Music in a Play
 2002 Drama League Award for Best Play
 2002 Lucille Lortel Award for Outstanding Play
 2002 Tony Award for Best Direction of a Play (Mary Zimmerman)
Nominations
 2002 Tony Award for Best Play


Missing Foundation

Missing Foundation was an industrial music and performance art project active in the late 1980s and early 1990s and led by Peter Missing.  Their live shows were notorious for sparking civil disobedience (including the occasional riot) and causing serious damage to venues at which they performed.  The group was also infamous for their "The Party's Over" graffito of an upside-down martini glass, and was heavily involved in the Tompkins Square Park Riot in August 1988. While the band disbanded in the early 1990s, a small anarchist social movement continued to exist under the same name for several years thereafter.

History

The earliest incarnation of the group, which was founded in Hamburg in 1984 by Peter Missing, included Sascha Konietzko and En Esch of industrial act KMFDM, who were only with Missing Foundation briefly before going their own way.

After Missing moved back to New York City in 1985, he started a new version of the group, and the line-up became more stable, with a core group of Missing, Florian Langmaack, Chris Egan, and Mark Ashwill.  The band's second album, 1933, was released in 1988, when the band's social unrest fomenting activities began to increase dramatically.  The group's upside-down martini logo had been spray painted all over the East Village that year.  At a show in mid-1988 in New York, the group doused oil barrels in kerosene and set them on fire, then rolled them into the audience, causing major damage to C.B.G.B.'s, the club where they were performing.  In a July 31 protest, one of the band members was arrested.  A week later, Missing helped organize another initially peaceful protest at Tompkins Square Park, which grew violent after the band performed a concert.

The group's biggest cultural impact, other than their disruptive live performances, was the creation of their infamous "The Party's Over" image of an upside-down martini glass, which became a symbol for political and social dissent.  The logo was part of a major graffiti campaign in New York's Lower East Side during the band's existence.  An accompanying phrase, 1933-1988, was added as a way to draw comparisons between contemporary New York and the Weimar Republic.  The group was accused of Satanism by a WCBS-TV news during the height of their influence.

After releasing a total of five albums, the group disbanded in 1992, and Missing initially moved to Berlin, then relocated to Copenhagen.

In 2013, Dais Records reissued the first two Missing Foundation albums, Missing Foundation and 1933 Your House Is Mine in a limited edition vinyl format.

Musical style
Missing Foundation patterned itself after early industrial acts such as Throbbing Gristle and Einsturzende Neubauten.  The group used a variety of found metal objects to create its percussion, and only rarely used traditional instruments such as guitars.  Lead vocalist Missing often shouted through a bullhorn, on many occasions because the club owners had turned off the in house speaker system.  Missing and his cohorts were once described as "a scattered collection of anarchists and antigentrification militants".

Discography
All albums released on Restless Records.
Missing Foundation (1987)
1933 Your House Is Mine (1988)
Demise (1989)
Ignore the White Culture (1990)
Go into Exile (1992)


Jan Dobrzenský z Dobrzenicz

Jan Dobrzenský z Dobrzenicz is a Czech-French count and, since 2010, the 50th Grand Master of the Orléans obedience of the Order of Saint Lazarus (statuted 1910).

Biography

Jan Dobrzenský z Dobrzenicz was born on 14 June 1946 in Prague, Czechoslovakia, from an ancient comital Czech noble family. The family escaped from communist Czechoslovakia in 1948. Dobrzensky grew up in Canada, and later in France. Education: grade school, high school in Canada, Kepner, then higher education in Paris: Tregoe Business Management 1974, Paris, M.B.A. from CEDEP, Fontainebleau, in 1983, and Institut de Finance in 1988.

He is a citizen of France and the Czech Republic, living after return from exile in Chotebor, Czech Republic.

He is married with four children.

Order of Saint Lazarus
Since 1976, Dobrzenský has been a member of the Order of Saint Lazarus (statuted 1910). In recent years, he held the office of Grand Prior of Bohemia, and President of the Order's governing council of the obedience he belongs to.

In March 2010, Prince Charles Philippe, Duke of Anjou decided to step down from his position as Grand Master of the Order of Saint Lazarus for personal reasons, while maintaining his participation in the Order's activities in the capacity of Grand Master Emeritus, Grand Prior of France, and chairman of the Order's governing council. He was replaced at that time by Dobrzenský as Grand Master.


Tong Ren Tang

Tong Ren Tang (TRT; ) is a Chinese pharmaceutical company founded in 1669, which is now the largest producer of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). The company is headquartered in Beijing, and is engaged in both manufacture and retail sales, operating drug stores predominantly in Chinese-speaking regions. Tong Ren Tang is considered one of the “Big 4” traditional Chinese medicine brands still in existence. The four companies include (listed in order of age not size): Guangyuyuan (1541 AD), Guangzhou Chen Liji (1600 AD), Beijing Tong Ren Tang (1669), and Hangzhou Hu Qing Yu Tang (1874).  Tong Ren Tang and GuangYuYuan have been officially recognized as “China Time-Honored Brands” by the Ministry of Commerce of the People’s Republic of China.

History
In 1669, the eighth year of the reign of the Kangxi Emperor in the Qing dynasty (1644-1911), Tong Ren Tang was established in Beijing by Yue Xianyang who served as a senior physician at the Qing imperial court. In 1702, the company relocated within Beijing to the address from which it has operated ever since. In 1723, Tong Ren Tang was appointed the sole supplier of herbal medicines to the imperial court by the Yongzheng Emperor and remained in that position until the collapse of the Qing dynasty in 1911.
In 1924, the company Tiger bone wine was awarded at the Leipzig Trade Fair, making the product the most popular type in commerce.

Modern development
Like many older Chinese companies, Tong Ren Tang has struggled to adapt to market changes. In recent years, Tong Ren Tang has modernized its facilities, and changed its trade name to Tongrentang. It remains one of the oldest surviving brand names for traditional Chinese medicine, and has wide name-recognition among Chinese and Asians worldwide. It is also one of the world's largest TCM companies, with products sold in countries all over the world.

Hutchison Whampoa Ltd. invested in Tong Ren Tang Technologies’ in 2000 by subscribing six million shares in the company. Page 17 of Prospectus Hutchison Whampoa Ltd., previously had two joint ventures with Tong Ren Tang.  Page 6 of Prospectus

In 2004, Tong Ren Tang invested 150 million Hong Kong dollars in the construction of a manufacturing plant in Hong Kong.

In October 2007, Tong Ren Tang and an American company called Greater China Corporation jointly announced the formation of a partnership under the name Tong Ren Tang Wellness Corporation to "develop spa-like wellness centers that will provide treatments and products based upon China's famous TongRenTang herbal medicines. These will include acupuncture, massage, acupressure, Tuina, T'ai chi, Qigong, reflexology and many other oriental treatments as well as a full line of herbal foods and health products".

In 2001, Tong Ren Tang, in collaboration with Germany-based Mirahi Biotech, diversified into skincare products. Using state-of-the-art western technologies and the vast cache of herbal medicines of Tong Ren Tang, the collaboration has come up with an impressive list of products. In 2008, the exclusive U.S. distributorship is licensed to a California corporation, Denosim Incorporated, and the products are being distributed by MIRAHI Skincare, Inc., San Jose, California, USA.

Intellectual property
Tongrentang's products are often counterfeited both inside and outside China. China's Ministry of Commerce notes that "Tongrentang ... and others have had their names and brands illegally registered by other Chinese and overseas manufacturers, resulting in a predicament in exports, multinational exchanges and potential economic losses."


Parabolic constant

Parabolic constant can refer to:
 Universal parabolic constant, a mathematical constant
 Parabolic rate constant, a parameter of the Deal-Grove model


1981 CECAFA Cup

The 1981 CECAFA Cup was the 9th edition of the tournament. It was held in Tanzania, and was won by Kenya. The matches were played between November 14–28.

Somalia withdrew before the tournament.

Group A

Group B

Semi-finals

Third place match

Final


1996–97 Gillingham F.C. season

During the 1996–97 English football season, Gillingham F.C. competed in the Football League Second Division.

Season summary
In the 1996–97 season, Gillingham had a satisfying campaign under Pulis after achieving promotion last season, finishing in 11th place.

Final league table

 Pld = Matches ; W = Matches won; D = Matches drawn; L = Matches lost; F = Goals for; A = Goals against; GD = Goal difference; Pts = Points
 NB: In the Football League goals scored (F) takes precedence over goal difference (GD).

Results
Gillingham's score comes first

Legend

Football League Second Division

FA Cup

League Cup

Football League Trophy

Squad


Pirlar-e Sofla

Pirlar-e Sofla (, also Romanized as Pīrlar-e Soflá; also known as Pīrlar-e Pā'īn) is a village in Seyyedan Rural District, Abish Ahmad District, Kaleybar County, East Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 255, in 50 families.


The Central City/Black Hawk Historic District is a National Historic Landmark District that encompasses Central City and Black Hawk, Colorado.  They are adjacent former gold mining camps in the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains in Gilpin County, Colorado, United States.  For a time, the area was known as the Richest Square Mile on Earth.

The district was designated a National Historic Landmark on July 4, 1961.

History
On May 5, 1859, John H. Gregory discovered a rich deposit of gold in hard rock, the first such discovery in the Rocky Mountain region.  Thousands of miners flooded into Gregory Gulch in the next few months in the Pike's Peak Gold Rush.  Several mining camps were thrown up near the Gregory Lode, and these camps eventually coalesced into Central City and Black Hawk.  The area around the Gregory Lode quickly came to be known as the Richest Square Mile on Earth.  By the time the Territory of Colorado was formed on February 28, 1861, Central City was already the largest city in the entire territory, though it lost out to Denver for State Capital.

Recently, the area has approved casinos and has seen a resurgence in attention and funds as a result.


John Maxwell-Barry, 5th Baron Farnham

John Maxwell-Barry, 5th Baron Farnham PC (Ire) (18 January 1767 – 20 September 1838) was an Irish Representative peer and politician.

He was the son of Henry Maxwell, Lord Bishop of Meath, and grandson of John Maxwell, 1st Baron Farnham. He married on 4 July 1789 to Juliana Lucy Annesley (died 10 October 1833), daughter of Arthur Annesley, 1st Earl of Mountnorris, 8th Viscount Valentia.

In 1788, Maxwell-Barry stood as Member of Parliament for Cavan County, however was declared not duly elected. He later represented Doneraile in the Irish House of Commons from 1792 to 1798, and subsequently Newtown Limavady until the Act of Union in 1801. He was appointed High Sheriff of Carlow for 1795-96 and Governor of co. Cavan for 1805 to 1831. He was also Colonel of the Cavan Militia between 1797 and 1823.

In the British House of Commons, he was Member of Parliament (MP) for Cavan from 1806 to 1824. He was appointed a Privy Councillor in Ireland on 7 July 1809. On the death of his first cousin, he succeeded at 5th Baron Farnham on 23 July 1823 and inherited the Farnham estate. He was elected a representative peer on 17 December 1825.

He died without issue and so the barony and estate passed to his brother Henry.


Jagdam College

Jagdam College ()is an education institution in the Indian city of Chhapra in the state of Bihar, India. Founded in 1954 the college is Constituent Colleges of Jai Prakash University, Chhapra.

History
The college was earlier affiliated to Bihar University, Muzaffarpur. But after establishment of Jai Prakash University in Chhapra. The affiliation of College was transferred to Jai Prakash University in 1990.

Departments
 Faculty of Sciences
 Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences
 Faculty of Commerce

External links
 Jagdam College College Chhapra website
 Jai Prakash University Chhapra website


Indian folk music

Indian folk music () is diverse because of India's vast cultural
diversity. It has many forms including bhangra, lavani, dandiya, Sufi folk rock, and Rajasthani.

Distribution
Andhra Pradesh: Madiga Dappu, Mala Jamidika
Assam: Bihugeet, Tokarigeet, Kamrupi Lokgeet, Goalparia Lokogeet, Borgeet
Chhattisgarh: Pandavani
Gujarat: Garba, Doha
Jharkhand: Jhumair, Domkach
Karnataka: Bhavageete
Maharashtra: Bhavageete, Lavani, Powada, Bhajan, Pravachan, Bhakteegeete, Natya Sangeet, Bharud, Gondhal, Lalita, Abhang and Tumbadi
Odisha: Odissi, Sambalpuri and Lalita
Punjab: Mahiya
North West India: Sufi Folk Rock
West Bengal: Bahula, batiyali, Kirtan, Nepali Lok Geet (Darjeeling)

Tamang Selo
Tamang Selo is a genre of Nepali Folk song sung by the Tamang people and widely popular amongst the Nepali speaking community in Nepal, India and around the world. It is usually accompanied by Tamang instruments, the Damphu, Madal and Tungna. A Selo could be very catchy and lively or slow and melodious and is usually sung to express love, sorrow and stories of day to day life.

Hira Devi Waiba is hailed as the pioneer of Nepali Folk songs and Tamang Selo. Her song 'Chura ta Hoina Astura' (Nepali: चुरा त होइन अस्तुरा) is said to be the first Tamang Selo ever recorded. Waiba has sung nearly 300 songs in a career spanning 40 years.After Waiba's death in 2011, her son Satya Waiba (producer) and Navneet Aditya Waiba (singer) collaborated and re-recorded her most iconic songs and released an album titled Ama Lai Shraddhanjali (आमालाई श्रद्धाञ्जली-Tribute to Mother).

Bhavageethe
Bhavageethe (literally 'emotion poetry') is a form of expressionist poetry and light music. When an emotional poem having excellent poetic components becomes a song, it is known as a "Bhaavageeth". Most of the poetry sung in this genre pertain to subjects like love, nature, and philosophy, and the genre itself is not much different from Ghazals, though Ghazals are bound to a peculiar metre. This genre is quite popular in many parts of India, notably in Karnataka and Maharashtra. Bhavageethe may be called by different names in other languages.
Kannada Bhavageethe draws from the poetry of modern, including Kuvempu, D.R. Bendre, Gopalakrishna Adiga, K.S. Narasimhaswamy, G.S. Shivarudrappa, K. S. Nissar Ahmed, and N S Lakshminarayana Bhatta. Notable Bhavageethe performers include P. Kalinga Rao, Mysore Ananthaswamy, C. Aswath, Shimoga Subbanna, Archana Udupa, and Raju Ananthaswamy.

C. N. Joshi is one of the foremost Bhaavageet singers in Marathi. Gajanan Watave  is known for making the Bhaavageet tradition flourish in homes of Maharashtra.

Bhaavageete in Marathi draws from the works of Shanta Shelke, Vinda Karandikar, Jagdish Khebudkar, Ga Di Madgulkar, Raja Badhe and Mangesh Padgaonkar. Bhaavgeete composers include Sudhir Phadke, Shrinivas Khale and Yashwant Deo. Singers include Suresh Wadkar, Arun Date, Suman Kalyanpur, Lata Mangeshkar, Asha Bhosle and Bhimsen Joshi. Many books containing compilations of Bhaavageete in Marathi are available.

Bhangra and Giddha

Bhangra (Punjabi: ਭੰਗੜਾ) is a form of dance-oriented folk music of Punjab. The present musical style is derived from non traditional musical accompaniment to the riffs of Punjab called by the same name. The female dance of Punjab region is known as Giddha (Punjabi: ਗਿੱਧਾ).

Bihugeet
Bihu is the most celebrated festival in assamese culture. These festivals are celebrated thrice in a year with different ways. Among the three Rongali or Bohag Bihu is the most celebrated and then comes Bhogali or Magh Bihu. Kongali or Kati Bihu is celebrated in a poor way. Bohag bihu brings a wind full of sound of dhol-pepa with melodiuos songs to every corner of Assam. These songs represent the joy of the colorful society of the place and are called Bihugeet.Bihugeet performed through Bihu dance in the festival of Bihu. The songs have themes of romance, love, nature and incidents. The dance is celebrates in group by young girls and boys.Bihugeets usually have wide range of lyrics from the nature's beauty to lover's expression, from social awarenees to humarous stories. Bihu is the most popular folk song of Assam and is widely known across India. It is part and parcel of the most important festival of the region. It symbolizes colourful and rich culture of Assamese people.

Lavani

Lavani is a popular folk form of Maharashtra.
Traditionally, the songs are sung by female artists, but male artists may occasionally sing Lavanis. The dance format associated with Lavani is known as Tamasha.This dance format contains the dancer (Tamasha Bai), the helping dancer - Maavshi, The Drummer - Dholki vaala & The Flute Boy - Baasuri Vaala.

Sufi folk rock
Sufi folk rock contains elements of modern hard rock and traditional folk music with Sufi poetry. While it was pioneered by bands like Junoon in Pakistan, it became very popular especially in north India. In 2005, Rabbi Shergill released a Sufi rock song called "Bulla Ki Jaana", which became a chart-topper in India and Pakistan. More recently, the sufi folk rock song "Bulleya" from the 2016 film Ae Dil Hai Mushkil became a mammoth hit.

Dandiya

Dandiya is a dance-oriented folk music that has also been adapted for pop music worldwide, popular in Western India, especially during Navaratri. The present musical style is derived from the traditional musical accompaniment to the folk dance of Dandiya called by the same name.

Jhumair and Domkach
Jhumair and Domkach are Nagpuri folk music.  The musical instruments used in folk music and dance are Dhol, Mandar, Bansi, Nagara, Dhak, Shehnai, Khartal, Narsinga etc.

Pandavani

Pandavani is a folk singing style of musical narration of tales from ancient epic Mahabharata with
musical accompaniment and Bhima as hero. This form of folk theatre is popular in the state of Chhattisgarh and in the neighbouring tribal areas of Orissa and Andhra Pradesh.

Rajasthani music has a diverse collection of musician castes, including langas, sapera, bhopa, jogi and Manganiar.

Bauls
The Bauls of Bengal were an order of musicians in 18th, 19th and early 20th century India who played a form of music using a khamak, ektara and dotara. The word Baul comes from Sanskrit batul meaning divinely inspired insanity. They are a group of Hindu mystic minstrels. They are thought to have been influenced greatly by the Hindu tantric sect of the Kartabhajas as well as by Sufi sects.  Bauls travel in search of the internal ideal, Maner Manush (Man of the Heart).

Bhatiali
This type of music was cultured mainly by the oarsmen and fishermen of erstwhile Bengal. There are many opinions regarding the origin of the term "Bhatiali". Most popular of them are:
 They use to sing it in the Ebb (Bhata) as in this phase it does not need much effort for rowing.
 It originated from the Bhati area (now in Bangladesh).
One of the most eminent singers is Nirmalendu Chowdhury.

Garba
Garba ("song") is sung in honor of Hindu goddesses and gods during Navratri. They are sung in the honor of god Krishna, Hanuman, Ram, etc.

Dollu Kunita
This is a group dance that is named after the Dollu — the percussion instrument used in the dance. It is performed by the menfolk of the Kuruba community of the North Karnataka area. The group consists of 16 dancers who wear the drum and beat it to rhythms while dancing. The beat is controlled and directed by a leader with cymbals who is positioned in the center. Slow and fast rhythms alternate and group weaves varied patterns.

Kolata/Kolattam
Kolata/Kolattam is a traditional folk dance of the states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. Similar to its North Indian counterpart Dandiya Ras, it is performed with coloured sticks and usually involves both men and women dancing together.

Uttarakhandi music
Uttarakhandi folk music had its roots in the lap of nature. The pure and blessed music have the feel and the touch of nature and subjects related to nature. The folk music primarily is related to the festivals, religious traditions, folk stories and simple life of the people of Uttarakhand. Thus the songs of Uttarakhand are a true reflection of the cultural heritage and the way people live their lives in the Himalayas. Musical instruments used in Uttarakhand music include the dhol, damoun, turri, ransingha, dholki, daur, thali, bhankora and masak baja. Tabla and harmonium are also used but to a lesser extent. The main languages are Kumaoni and Garhwali.

Veeragase
Veeragase is a dance folk form prevalent in the state of Karnataka. It is a vigorous dance based on Hindu mythology and involves very intense energy-sapping dance movements. Veeragase is one of the dances demonstrated in the Dasara procession held in Mysore.

Naatupura Paatu
Naatupura Paatu is Tamil folk music. It consists of Gramathisai (village folk music) and Gana (city folk music). It is also sung in Rajasthan.it is the oldest folk song in india.


Thermonema

Thermonema is a Gram-negative, chemoheterotrophic and aerobic genus from the family of Flammeovirgaceae.