Erik Norlander

Erik Norlander (born 1967) is an American musician known for his work in the progressive rock genre.  From 2007 to 2014 he was the touring and recording keyboardist for Asia Featuring John Payne. He is also the managing director of the sound production company Sonic Reality.

History
Starting in 1993, Norlander's earliest releases were with his band Rocket Scientists.  He also collaborated in multiple roles on albums released by Lana Lane, his wife.

In November 2007, Erik was announced as the keyboard player for the Asia spin-off, Asia Featuring John Payne.

In 2009 Norlander was involved in a group named Roswell Six, who record album accompaniments to the work of science fiction writer and lyricist Kevin J. Anderson.  Erik produced and composed the music for the group's album Terra Incognita: Beyond the Horizon.  The album featured a variety of guest vocalists including James LaBrie, John Payne, Michael Sadler of Saga and Lana Lane.

Norlander also toured in Europe in 2009 with vocalist Joe Lynn Turner and the band Big Noize, featuring bassist Phil Soussan, guitarist Carlos Cavazo and drummer Simon Wright. In 2011, Norlander again played with Big Noize, reformed with drummer Vinny Appice.

In 2014, Norlander played Hammond organ on the blues rock album by Alastair Greene, Trouble at Your Door.

Norlander worked extensively with the non-profit organization, the Bob Moog Foundation, from 2009 to present as both artist and advisor.

In 2016, Erik joined heavy metal band Last in Line as their touring keyboardist, debuting with the band in Miami, Florida, on 20 January 2016. It was also announced that Erik had joined the rock ballet production Heart of Storm with live dates in 2017 announced.

Discography

Solo albums
 Threshold (1997, re-released as a 2-CD package in 2003 as Threshold Special Edition)
 Into the Sunset (2000)
 Music Machine (2003, 2CD)
 Stars Rain Down (2004)
 Seas of Orion (2004)
 Live in St. Petersburg (2006, CD and DVD)
 Hommage Symphonique (2006)
 The Galactic Collective (2010, re-released as a 2-CD and DVD package in 2012 as "The Galactic Collective - Definitive Edition")
 Live in Gettysburg (2012, 2-CD and DVD)
 Surreal (2016)

Rocket Scientists albums
 Earthbound (1993)
 Brutal Architecture (1995)
 Earth Below and Sky Above: Live in Europe and America (1998)
 Oblivion Days (1999)
 Revolution Road (2006)
 Looking Backward (2007)
 Supernatural Highways (2014)
 Refuel (2014)

Lana Lane albums
 Love Is an Illusion (1995)
 Curious Goods (1996)
 Garden of the Moon (1998)
 Echoes from the Garden (1998) Japan only
 Live in Japan (1998) Japan only
 Ballad Collection (1998) Japan only
 Queen of the Ocean (1999)
 Echoes from the Ocean (1998) Japan only
 Best of Lana Lane 1995 – 1999 (1999) Japan only
 Secrets of Astrology (2000)
 Ballad Collection II (2000) Japan only
 Ballad Collection – Special Edition (2000)
 Project Shangri-La (2002)
 Covers Collection (2003)
 Winter Sessions (2003)
 Return to Japan (2004)
 Storybook: Tales from Europe and Japan (DVD, 2004)
 Lady Macbeth (2005)
 10th Anniversary Concert (DVD/CD set, 2006)
 Gemini (2006)
 Red Planet Boulevard (2007)
 Best of Lana Lane 2000 – 2008 (2008) Japan only
 El Dorado Hotel (2012)


Twillingate Islands

Twillingate Islands (French "Toulinquet") are a group of islands in Notre Dame Bay of the Island of Newfoundland in the province of Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. The islands are mainly two islands, North Twillingate Island and South Twillingate Island and several smaller islands which lie in close proximity to those, the largest of those is Burnt Island.

The southern island is connected to New World Island via a causeway. The northern island is connected to the southern island by Tickle Bridge, which runs along Main Street in the town.  The actual town of Twillingate is located on both islands.

The communities on the northern Twillingate island are:
 Crow Head
 Wild Cove
 Back Harbour

The communities on the southern Twillingate island are:
 Durrell
 Bayview
 Little Harbour
 Purcell's Harbour


Macrocoma fuscoaenea

Macrocoma fuscoaenea is a species of leaf beetle of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, described by Chapuis in 1879.


Shooting of Daniel Rocha

Daniel Rocha (died June 9, 2005) was an 18-year-old who was shot and killed in southeast Austin, Texas by police officer Julie Schroder, a seven-year veteran of the Austin Police Department, on June 9, 2005. The officer was responding to a report of drug trafficking when she pulled over a dark Chevrolet Suburban carrying Rocha and two others.

Events
According to officers reports, soon after being pulled over near the intersection of South Pleasant Valley Road and Quicksilver Boulevard, a scuffle between Rocha and Officer Julie Schroeder took place.

It was during this time when Schroeder shot Rocha in the back at point blank range. Schroder's testimony was that she used lethal force to protect both officer Sgt. Don Doyle and herself from a taser gun, which, she argued, Rocha could have used. Witnesses at the scene say that he was on the ground face down, unarmed, with Officer Schroeder's knee in his back when he was shot at point blank range.

Austin Police Department Policy provides that cameras in patrol cars be on during traffic stops. Three police cars participated in the stop, yet two of the three available cameras were not on during the incident and the third arrived after Rocha was shot.

Multiple tests were conducted on Rocha to determine whether narcotics were in his blood the night he was killed. Rocha was initially reported drug-free by Travis County Medical Examiner Robert Bayardo. On July 18, 2005 Bayardo reversed this position, stating investigators found traces of marijuana in a "subsequent toxicology screen". This reversal resulted in criticism against the findings from some members of the community.

Aftermath
Julie Schroeder was fired from the Austin Police Department for violating multiple department policies during the incident, including her failure to use in-car recording equipment and improper use and handling of taser weapons. Schroeder's use of deadly force was found to be inappropriate. Stan Knee—chief of the Austin Police Department—stated "this was a deadly force encounter that, in my opinion, was avoidable".

In June 2005, the city of Austin agreed to a $1million settlement in a lawsuit related to the death of Daniel Rocha.


Paraxestia

Paraxestia is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.


Halifax County, Nova Scotia

Halifax County is a county in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia. The Municipality of the County of Halifax was the municipal government of Halifax County, apart from the separately incorporated towns and cities therein. The Municipality was dissolved in 1996, together with those town and city governments, in their amalgamation into Halifax Regional Municipality.

History
Deriving its name from George Montagu-Dunk, 2nd Earl of Halifax (1716–1771) Halifax County was established by Order-in-Council on August 17, 1759. The boundaries of four other counties - Annapolis, Kings, Cumberland and Lunenburg - were specifically defined at that time, with Halifax County comprising all the part of peninsular Nova Scotia that was not within their limits.

Following the Seven Years' War, Cape Breton Island was formally annexed to Nova Scotia. For a time it formed part of Halifax County.

The boundaries of Halifax County were modified in 1822. That part of St. Mary's Township (established in 1818) which had been in Halifax County was annexed to and included within Sydney County.

The dividing line between the Districts of Halifax and Colchester was confirmed and established on May 3, 1828. In 1835, Halifax County was divided and the Counties of Colchester and Pictou County were created out of parts of what had previously been Halifax County. Eventually in 1880 the boundary between the Counties of Halifax and Colchester was fixed.

The boundaries of the county are also the boundaries of the Halifax Regional Municipality, plus the Native Indian Reserves of Cole Harbour, Sheet Harbour and Shubenacadie, parts of the Millbrook and Shubenacadie First Nations.

Halifax County continues to exist as a county in Nova Scotia, however all municipal government and service delivery is provided by either the Regional Municipality or the Indigenous Canadian Reserves, with no additional county level government or administration.

Communities

Regional municipalities
Halifax Regional Municipality

Reserves
Beaver Lake 17
Cole Harbour 30
Sheet Harbour 36
Shubenacadie 13
Wallace Hills 14A

Demographics
As a census division in the 2016 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Halifax County recorded a population of 403,390 living in 173,459 of its 187,478 total private dwellings, a change of  from its 2011 population of 390,328. With a land area of , it had a population density of  in 2016.


Yaka language (Kivu)

Yaka is a minor Bantu language of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, on the north shore of Lake Kivu.


933d Tactical Airlift Group

The 933d Tactical Airlift Group is an inactive United States Air Force Reserve unit.  It was last active with the 440th Tactical Airlift Wing, based at Billy Mitchell Field, Wisconsin.  It was inactivated on 1 September 1975

History
Following the mobilizations in 1961 and 1962 for the Berlin Crisis and the Cuban Missile Crisis, Continental Air Command (ConAC) realized that it was unwieldy to mobilize an entire wing unless absolutely necessary.  Their original Table of Organization for each Wing was a wing headquarters, a troop carrier group, an Air Base Group, a maintenance and supply group, and a medical group.  In 1957, the troop carrier group and maintenance and supply groups were inactivated, with their squadrons reassigned directly to the wing headquarters - despite the fact that many wings had squadrons spread out over several bases due to the Detached Squadron Concept dispersing  Reserve units over centers of population.

To resolve this, in late 1962 and early 1963, ConAC reorganized the structure of its reserve Troop Carrier Wings by establishing fully deployable Troop Carrier Groups and inserting them into the chain of command between the Wing and its squadrons at every base that held a ConAC troop carrier squadron.   At each base, the group was composed of a material squadron, a troop carrier squadron, a tactical hospital or dispensary, and a combat support squadron.  Each troop carrier wing consisted of 3 or 4 of these groups.   By doing so, ConAC could facilitate the mobilization of either aircraft and aircrews alone, aircraft and minimum support personnel (one troop carrier group), or the entire troop carrier wing.  This also gave ConAC the flexibility to expand each Wing by attaching additional squadrons, if necessary from other Reserve wings to the deployable groups for deployments.

As a result, the 933d Troop Carrier Group was established with a mission to organize, recruit and train Air Force Reserve personnel in the tactical airlift of airborne forces, their equipment and supplies and delivery of these forces and materials by airdrop, landing or cargo extraction systems.   The group was equipped with  C-119 Flying Boxcars for Tactical Air Command airlift operations.

The group was one of two C-119 groups assigned to the 440th TCW in 1963, the other being the 934th Troop Carrier Group, at Minneapolis-St Paul International Airport, Minnesota.

Was upgraded to newer C-130A Hercules transports in 1971, retiring the Flying Boxcars.   Group was inactivated in 1975 as part of post-Vietnam War drawdown.

Lineage
 Established as the 933d Troop Carrier Group, Medium and activated on 15 January 1963 (not organized)
 Organized in the reserve on 11 February 1963
 Redesignated 933d Tactical Airlift Group on 1 July 1967
 Inactivated on 1 September 1975

Assignments
 Continental Air Command, 15 January 1963 (not organized)
 440th Troop Carrier Wing (later 440th Tactical Airlift Wing), 11 February 1963 – 1 September 1975

Components
 95th Troop Carrier Squadron (later 95th Tactical Airlift Squadron), 11 February 1963 – 1 September 1975

Stations
 Billy Mitchell Field, Wisconsin, 11 February 1963 – 1 September 1975

Aircraft
 C-119 C-119 Flying Boxcar, 1963-1971
 Lockheed C-130 Hercules, 1971-1975


Disclaimer (King Creosote album)

Disclaimer is the seventeenth studio album by King Creosote, released in 2001.

Track listing
Carrion Place
Waltz Off With The Watch
Only Been Gone One Day
To Look Like Yachts
My Books
6-7-8
Why Don't We Go Dancing Anymore?
I'm Up A Plum Tree
And I Mean 'S'
Gender Specific Toys
Hitch Hiker's Guide To The Yokey
In Need Of A Smile
Alias Etcetera
John Taylor Starts His Month Away
Where's Gordon?
Bal-a-leery
Pos Pos Pat
Bum Chord


Nick Dyer

Nick Dyer (born 10 September 1969 in Edinburgh) is a Scottish cricketer. He is a right-handed batsman and a right-arm offbreak bowler. He played in five One-Day Internationals in May 1999 and participated in List A cricket between 1997 and 1999. Dyer plays cricket for Haverfordwest Cricket Club in the Pembrokeshire Cricket League, helping them win the top Division in Pembrokeshire. He is also an exceptional squash player having played for Wales at Masters level and currently plays in the Welsh premier squash league. He also plays in the Milford Haven Leisure Centre A team competing in the Welsh premier 2 division, playing alongside James Walters and soon to be Welsh superstar Keeron John who is only 16 with a great future ahead


Berry Hill RFC

Berry Hill Rugby Football Club is a rugby union club located in Coleford, Gloucestershire. The first XV currently plays in Gloucester Premier, an eighth tier league in the English rugby union system. The club also operates two additional senior sides and a junior section.

League history
When the league system was established in 1987, Berry Hill was placed in South West 2. It was a successful season for the club as not only did they win promotion but Berry Hill also reached the last 16 of the John Player Cup. Four seasons later they were promoted to the national divisions and played in 1992–93 Courage National 4 South. Reorganisation saw the club placed in Courage League Division 5 South for the following season. They played in that division throughout that competition's three year history and were placed back National 4 South for the 1996-97 season. However they were immediately relegated to South West 1 West and played in the South West divisions until relegation from South West 1 West in 2012. Two years later they were relegated again, this time to local rugby.

Club honours
South West 2 champions 1987-88
South West 1 champions 1991-92
South West 1 play-off winners 2001-02
Tribute Western Counties North champions 2010–11
Gloucester 1 champions 2017-18


Healing the mother of Peter's wife

The healing of the mother of Peter's wife is one of the miracles of Jesus in the Gospels, reported in , , and .

Narrative
In the Gospels of Mark and Luke, this episode takes place after Jesus had been preaching at the synagogue of Capernaum. Jesus goes to Peter's house, where he sees the mother of Peter's wife lying in bed with a high fever. Jesus touches her hand and the fever leaves her, and she gets up and begins to wait on him. In Matthew's gospel the event is the third in a series of healings recorded in chapter 8 which take place following Jesus' Sermon on the Mount.

Commentary
Peter's mother-in-law was sick with fever. In the Talmud, fever is described as a fire. The original Greek implies that she was seriously ill. Those present mention her illness to Jesus. He walked over to her, took her hand, and helped her up. Then the fever left her and she waited on them.

Silas Henderson notes that in Mark's gospel, the Greek word translated as "helped her up" is the same used later in Mark 16:6 by the angel at the tomb when he tells the women that Jesus "has been raised". Henderson views this as Mark making a connection to the Resurrection, suggesting that a women grievously ill has been restored to new life demonstrated by service to others.

In the majority of readings of , she began to wait upon "him" (i.e. Jesus) but in the Textus Receptus she began to wait upon "them" (, autois). Mark and Luke both refer to "them"; Johann Bengel  therefore argues that in Matthew's gospel, "him" is the correct reading and "them" is an "erroneous reading ... introduced from the other Evangelists".

Following this event, the Gospels report that at sunset, "the people brought to Jesus all who had various kinds of sickness or were demon-possessed, and laying his hands on each one, Jesus healed them and cast demons out of them" ().

Biblical commentator Matthew Henry used the incident to argue that "Christ ... showed that he approved of the married state, by being thus kind to Peter's wife's relations".


Vermiceras

Not to be confused with VericerasVermiceras is an ammonite that belongs to the order Ammonitida. Its shell is evolute and is covered in nonbranching ribs. Its whorls do not increase in size very fast, but there are many revolutions on its shell, which is fairly narrow. It has a sharp ventral keel and a diameter of about 5.2 centimeters (2 inches). It lived in the Early Jurassic.

Subgenera and species
 V. (=Metophioceras) galaczi V. (=Metophioceras) rotarium V. (=Metophioceras) rotticus V. (=Metophioceras) trigonatum V. (=Protocymbites) azzouzi V. densicostatum V. (Gyrophioceras) V. (G.) mineralense V. (G.) morganense V. (G.) praespiratissimum V. (G.) supraspiratum V. (Paracaloceras) V. (P.) concavum V. (P.) coregonense V. (P.) multicostatum
 V. (P.) rursicostatum V. (P.) varaenseReferences
Notes

Bibliography
 Moore, Raymond Cecil., Alfred George. Fischer, and Cecil Gordon. Lalicker. Invertebrate Fossils''. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1952. Print.


2016 Regions Tradition

The 2016 Regions Tradition was a senior major golf championship and the 28th Regions Tradition, held from May 19-22 at Greystone Golf & Country Club in Hoover, Alabama. It was the first Regions Tradition played at the course.

World Golf Hall of Fame member Bernhard Langer won his first Regions Tradition and his sixth senior major championship by 6 strokes over Olin Browne.

Venue

The 2016 event was the first Regions Tradition played at Greystone Golf & Country Club.

Course layout

Field
The field consisted of 81 professional competitors.

Nationalities in the field

Past champions in the field

Round summaries

First round
Thursday, May 19, 2016

2014 Tradition champion Kenny Perry posted an eight-under-par 64 on day one to lead by two strokes over Bernhard Langer and Gene Sauers.

Second round
Friday, May 20, 2016

Kenny Perry shot a 70 (−2) in the second round to lead by one stroke over Bernhard Langer and Billy Andrade.

Third round
Saturday, May 21, 2016

Bernhard Langer shot 69 (−3) in the third round to take a four stroke lead into the final round. Kenny Perry double bogeyed the first hole on Saturday and went on to shoot a two-over-par 74, falling into a tie for second place with Scott McCarron.

Final round
Sunday, May 22, 2016

Bernhard Langer extended his lead to five strokes after birdieing the par-4 1st hole. Olin Browne moved into a tie for second with Kirk Triplett after making eagle on the par-5 2nd hole. Browne cut Langer's lead to three after birdieing #10, but Langer responded with birdies on the 12th and 13th holes to regain a four shot lead. Leading by four with three holes to play, Langer birdied the 16, 17, and 18 and defeated Browne by six strokes.

Scorecard

Cumulative tournament scores, relative to par

Notes and references

Regions Tradition


Kougari Oval

The BMD Kougari Oval is a sports venue in the Brisbane, Australia suburb of Manly West. Since 1967, it has been the home of the Wynnum-Manly Seagulls, a rugby league club playing in the Queensland Cup.  The ground has a capacity of about 5,000 spectators, and the current naming-rights sponsor is The BMD Group, a Brisbane urban development company.

The ground is occasionally used for trial matches by the Brisbane Broncos, to which the Seagulls are affiliated, and has been used for youth internationals by the Australia national schoolboy rugby league team - one of which resulted in that team's heaviest defeat, an 8-46 loss to the Junior Kiwis in 2005.

The ground was built by the club on land purchased in 1964, and was originally known as Wondall Road ground. The current name was adopted in about 1971, and comes from the Yugambeh word for seagull.


Bojan Kraut

Bojan Kraut (April 12, 1908 – August 22, 1991) was a Slovene mechanical engineer who wrote "Strojniški Priročnik" (English: "Mechanical Engineering Handbook"), a well-known reference text from former Yugoslavia.

Biography
Kraut was born in Kamnik where he finished elementary school. He finished Gymnasium in Ljubljana in 1926. In 1932 he became a mechanical engineer after graduating from Zagreb University.

After working in Tivat, he became a constructor in Ljubljana's foundry. In 1937 he became a teaching assistant at the Ljubljana University where he received title of "honorary engineer". His last job before the Second World War was in Slavonski Brod, where he worked as a leading constructor of locomotives and railcars.

After WW2 he contributed to the restoration of Yugoslav industry. He worked as a leading engineer at Tovarna avtomobilov Maribor and later  became a technical director at the Litostroj machinery factory.

Finally he became a professor at the Ljubljana University and was elected for a Faculty Dean and a University Rector later.

In April 1954 he published "Strojniški Priročnik", a handbook for mechanical engineers. This handbook became  popular among engineers from all parts of Yugoslavia and after Kraut's death in 1991 it was renamed to Krautov Strojniški Priročnik (Kraut's Mechanical Engineering Handbook). The Handbook is the best selling Slovenian scientific book ever.


Paget's disease of the breast

Paget's disease of the breast is a type of cancer that outwardly may have the appearance of eczema, with skin changes involving the nipple of the breast. The condition is an uncommon disease accounting for 1 to 4.3% of all breast cancers and was first described by Sir James Paget in 1874. The condition in itself often appears innocuous, limited to a surface appearance and it is sometimes dismissed, although actually indicative of underlying breast cancer.

Signs and symptoms
Paget's disease of the breast can affect the nipple and areola. Symptoms typically only affect one breast. Symptoms may include:
 Skin. The first symptom is usually an eczema-like rash. The skin of the nipple and areola may be red, itchy and inflamed. After a period of time, the skin may become flaky or scaly.
 Discharge. A discharge, which may be straw-colored or bloody, may ooze from the area.
 Sensation. Some women have a burning sensation.  These symptoms usually occur in more advanced stages, when serious destruction of the skin often prompts the patient to consult. Lumps or masses in the breast occur in 50% of the patients. In more advanced stages, the disease may cause tingling, increased sensitivity and pain.
 Nipple changes. The nipple may become inverted.
 Breast changes. There may or may not be a lump in the breast, and there may be redness, oozing and crusting, and a sore that does not heal.

The symptoms usually affect the nipple and then spread to the areola and then the breast. It is common for the symptoms to wax and wane.

Most women do not visit the doctor because they assume Paget's disease to be minor contact dermatitis or eczema. A lump or skin irritation that does not seem to heal for over a month indicates that attention by a specialist is needed.

Pathophysiology
Paget's disease of the breast is characterised by Paget cells. Paget cells are large cells with clear cytoplasm (clear halo) and eccentric, hyperchromic nuclei found throughout the epidermis.

There is some controversy as to whether these cells arise from the ductal system of the breast, or whether these cells are a result of in situ malignant transformation.

According to the migratory theory, ductal carcinoma in situ cells migrate into the lactiferous sinuses and the nipple skin. Cancer cells disrupt the normal epithelial barrier and extracellular fluid accumulates on the surface of the skin, resulting in the crusting of the areola skin.

Diagnosis

Recommended tests are a mammogram and a biopsy to confirm the diagnosis, and cytopathology may also be helpful. Paget's disease is difficult to diagnose due to its resemblance to dermatitis and eczema; even in patients after ductal carcinoma in situ surgery. Eczema tends to affect the areola first, and then the nipple, whereas Paget's spreads from the nipple.

During a physical examination, the doctor examines the unusual areas of the breast, especially the appearance of the skin on and around the nipples and feeling for any lumps or areas of thickening.

The most common test used to diagnose Paget's disease is the biopsy, removal of a tissue sample from the affected area which is then examined under the microscope by a pathologist, who distinguishes Paget cells from other cell types by staining tissues to identify specific cells (immunohistochemistry). CD138 and p53 can be used, both being positive in Paget's disease, and negative in Toker cells, which are normal epithelial cells with clear cytoplasm that can be difficult to distinguish from Paget's disease. Samples of nipple discharge may also be examined under the microscope to determine whether Paget cells are present.

Imprint or scrape cytopathology may be useful: scraping cells from the affected area, or pressing them onto a glass slide to be examined under the microscope.

On average, a woman may experience signs and symptoms for six to eight months before a diagnosis is made.

Treatment
Paget's disease of the breast is a type of cancer of the breast.  Treatment usually involves a lumpectomy or mastectomy to surgically remove the tumour. Chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy may be necessary, but the specific treatment often depends on the characteristics of the underlying breast cancer.

Invasive cancer or extensive ductal carcinoma in situ is primarily treated with modified radical mastectomies. The procedure consists in the removal of the breast, the lining over the chest muscles and a part of the lymph nodes from under the arm. In cases of noninvasive cancers, simple mastectomies are performed in which only the breast with the lining over the chest muscles is removed.

Patients suffering from cancer that has not spread beyond the nipple and the surrounding area are often treated with breast-conserving surgery or lumpectomy. They usually undergo radiation therapy after the actual procedure to prevent recurrence. A breast-conserving surgery consists in the removal of the nipple, areola and the part of the breast that is affected by cancer.

In most cases, adjuvant treatment is part of the treatment schema. This type of treatment is normally given to patients with cancer to prevent a potential recurrence of the disease. Whether adjuvant therapy is needed depends upon the type of cancer and whether the cancer cells have spread to the lymph nodes. In Paget's disease, the most common type of adjuvant therapy is radiation following breast-conservative surgery.

Adjuvant therapy may also consist of anticancer drugs or hormone therapies. Hormonal therapy reduces the production of hormones within the body, or prevents the hormones from stimulating the cancer cells to grow, and it is commonly used in cases of invasive cancer by means of drugs such as tamoxifen and anastrozole.

Prognosis
The presence of three factors for the prognosis has been suggested, whether there is a palpable mass of the disease, whether lymph nodes are positive and whether there is an underlying malignant cancer.
If there is none of these, the five- and 10-year survival is 85% and 80% respectively, with adjuvant chemotherapy even 95% and 90%.  If there is a palpable mass, it is 32% and 31% respectively, with adjuvant chemotherapy (40% and 35%).
Positive lymph-nodes have been positively associated with a palpable mass and affect the prognosis to be now just 28% survival after 10 years (vs 79% without palpable mass and without affected lymph-nodes). Involvement of the lymph nodes does not directly cause any harm, but is merely an indicator of systemic spread.

Furthermore, patients with an identifiable associated underlying breast tumor have a survival rate of 38-40% at five years and a survival rate of 22-33% at 10 years. The death rate of metastatic breast carcinoma in patients with mammary Paget's disease and underlying cancer is 61.3%, with a 10-year cumulative survival rate of 33%.

Epidemiology
Most patients diagnosed with Paget's disease of the nipple are over age 50, but rare cases have been diagnosed in patients in their 20s. The average age at diagnosis is 62 for women and 69 for men. The disease is rare among both women and men.

History
The condition is named after Sir James Paget, an English surgeon who first described the condition in 1874


Basilio Figueroa

Basilio Figueroa de Jesús (born December 10, 1951) is a Puerto Rican politician and former mayor of Arroyo. Figueroa is affiliated with the New Progressive Party (PNP) and served as mayor from 2003 to 2013.


Shunichi Suzuki (governor)

was a Japanese politician and bureaucrat who served as governor of Tokyo, Japan from 1979 to 1995.

He graduated from Tokyo Imperial University and worked in the Japanese Home Ministry from 1933 to 1947, and then in the Ministry of Home Affairs, where he worked on the development of the Local Autonomy Law, public election laws and other postwar governance rules. He served as Deputy Chief Cabinet Secretary under Prime Minister Nobusuke Kishi. Governor Ryotaro Azuma appointed Suzuki Vice Governor of Tokyo in 1959, and he served in this capacity until 1967, during which time he was instrumental in the planning of the 1964 Summer Olympics. Azuma declined to run for a third term in 1967, following which Suzuki served in several other roles, including as chairman of the Osaka Expo '70 planning committee.

Suzuki was elected as governor in 1979 with the support of the Liberal Democratic Party. As governor, his most noted accomplishment was the development of the Odaiba area on Tokyo Bay. He also planned the relocation of the Tokyo metropolitan government to its current location in Shinjuku, and the development of the Tokyo International Forum and the Edo-Tokyo Museum. He had planned a major exposition (世界都市博覧会) to be held in Odaiba in 1996, but the plan was cancelled by his successor Yukio Aoshima.

Suzuki died on 14 May 2010. Tokyo Governor Shintaro Ishihara presided over his funeral services at Aoyama Cemetery.


Amherst Political Union

The Amherst Political Union (APU) is a student debating club at Amherst College.  Founded in 1939 by Robert Morgenthau '41 and Richard Wilbur '42 and re-founded in the spring of 2010, the club aims to bring speakers on contemporary political thought to Amherst in a nonpartisan and unbiased manner.

Mission statement
The Amherst Political Union prides itself on its nonpartisan structure and serves as an environment of engagement for individuals with varied political views. Since its founding, the Political Union has sought to fight the political apathy that plagues many other colleges by engaging members of the Amherst College campus in productive conversations relating to salient and pressing political issues.

Notable Recent Speakers Include
Prime Minister of Pakistan Shaukat Aziz
Former RNC Chairman Michael Steele
Harvard Law Professor Lawrence Lessig
Senator George Mitchell
Journalist Mona Eltahawy
Former Presidential Candidate Ralph Nader
Former CIA Director John Deutch
Congressman Jamie Raskin
Congressman Tom Davis
Libertarian Doug Bandow

Other historic collegiate debating organizations
 The Berkeley Forum of University of California, Berkeley
 The Philomathean Society of the University of Pennsylvania
 The Philolexian Society of Columbia University
 The American Whig-Cliosophic Society of Princeton University
 The Jefferson Literary and Debating Society of the University of Virginia
 The Union-Philanthropic (Literary) Society of Hampden-Sydney College
 The Dialectic and Philanthropic Societies of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
 The Demosthenian Literary Society of The University of Georgia in Athens
 The Euphradian Society of University of South Carolina
 The Yale Political Union of Yale University
 The Philodemic Society of Georgetown University


St. Patrick's blue

St. Patrick's blue is a name applied to several shades of blue associated with Saint Patrick and Ireland. The colour blue's association with Saint Patrick dates from the 1780s, when it was adopted as the colour of the Anglo-Irish "Order of St. Patrick". In British usage, it refers to a sky blue used by the Order of St. Patrick, whereas in Irish usage it is often a dark, rich blue. While green is now the usual national colour of Ireland, St. Patrick's blue is still found in symbols of both the state and the island.

History

Origins

The Order of St. Patrick was established in 1783 as the senior order of chivalry in the Kingdom of Ireland.  The colour of its honours needed to differ from those of the Order of the Garter (dark blue) and the Order of the Thistle (green). Orange was considered, but the association with orangeism felt to be too sectarian, so the lighter blue of the  arms of Ireland was chosen.  Knights and officers of the order wore a "sky blue" mantle and riband, a hat lined with "blue", and a badge ringed with "blue" enamel.  The name "St. Patrick's blue" was common but never officially used by the Order.  The exact shade of blue used varied over time. A sky blue tinged with green was used by Lord Iveagh in 1895 and confirmed in 1903.

There has been debate over the extent to which blue was a national colour of Ireland prior to the creation of the Order, and whether it was associated with Saint Patrick himself independently of the Order. Jim Smyth characterised the Order's adoption of St. Patrick's Blue and Saint Patrick's Saltire as examples of invention of tradition. Shane Leslie speculated that the green-blue of St Patrick's blue might be "but a reminiscence of the woad-stain used by all colour-loving Celts". Constance Markievicz believed blue was "the old colour of Ireland" and incorporated it in the regalia of the Irish Citizen Army (ICA). The ICA banner, the Starry Plough, has a blue field. Antiquarian nationalist Francis Joseph Bigger considered St. Patrick's blue a "fake colour" and Saint Patrick's Flag a "fake flag".  More recently, Peter Alter and Christina Mahony have supported the historicity of the colour, while Brian Ó Cuív questioned it.

The Irish arms used by English monarchs since Edward IV had an azure field; originally the device was three crowns (now the arms of Munster) until Henry VIII changed it to a harp. This is still the arms of the modern Irish state, and also appears in the lower left quarter of the Royal Standard of the United Kingdom. In Irish mythology, Flaitheas Éireann, the sovereignty of Ireland, was sometimes represented as a woman in a blue robe.  Although the arms of the province of Mide has a blue field, when its device was used as the arms of Ireland, the field was sable. The Irish College in Paris, completed in 1776, was renovated in 2002; the paint uncovered on the chapel walls was described as "St Patrick's blue" by a visiting journalist.  As regards green in association with Patrick: in 1681, Thomas Dineley reported people wearing crosses of green ribbon in their hats on Saint Patrick's Day.

Former use

At a "National Ball" during Edward, Prince of Wales' 1868 visit to Ireland, his wife Alexandra wore a dress of "St Patrick blue". In 1886, a garden party given by the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland to showcase Irish manufacturing had an Irish-themed dress code. The Freeman's Journal criticised some of the code as difficult to comply with, but said 'Irish poplin ties of "St Patrick's Blue"—which we think looks rather green in a certain light—may [...] be had without much strain.' The Guardian'''s report of the party stated 'the display of the new colour, "St. Patrick's Blue," was everywhere visible.' The 1912 court uniform and dress code specified that the household of the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland should wear St. Patrick's blue, as should Pages of Honour when the King was in Ireland.

The Ireland association football team organised by the Irish Football Association (IFA) wore St Patrick's blue jerseys from 1882 until 1931, when they switched to green. The IFA team is now the Northern Ireland team. The Football Association of Ireland sent an Irish Free State team to the 1924 Olympic football tournament; it wore a St Patrick's Blue change strip against Bulgaria, whose strip was Ireland's usual green.

In the 1930s, the Army Comrades Association's Saint Patrick's blue shirts earned it the nickname of  Blueshirts.  It was a quasi-Fascist shirted movement which rejected green as associated with its republican opponents.  The saltire flag of the Blueshirts was a variant of Saint Patrick's Flag with the white background replaced with a blue background.  W. T. Cosgrave described the colour as "in perfect, traditional, national accord with our history and in close association with the most revered and venerated memory of our patron Saint".

The Irish Army Band's first uniform was St Patrick's blue, but this was soon changed to navy.  The Mounted Escort ceremonial cavalry of 1932–48 were nicknamed "Blue Hussars" from their uniforms, whose colour was sometimes described as St. Patrick's blue. The uniform introduced in 1970 for Aer Lingus air hostesses and ground crew combined green and St Patrick's Blue, described in The Irish Times as "a sparkling new colour". The 1970 uniform was replaced in 1975, after a design consultancy developed a common corporate image with a colour scheme of dark bottle green, bright green, and "a strong blue".

Modern use

The coat of arms of Ireland and the Standard of the President of Ireland are a gold (or) Irish harp with silver (argent) strings on a field of blue (azure''). The standard was introduced at the end of Douglas Hyde's term in 1945; contemporary news reports describe the blue as "St. Patrick's Blue". The arms were granted by the Chief Herald of Ireland on 9 November 1945.  Horses owned by the Irish National Stud are regarded as owned by the President and entitled to run in the Presidential colours. The racing colours are "Saint Patrick's blue with gold sleeves, and a St Patrick's blue cap with gold tassel". One such horse is Suailce,
which won the 2008 Irish Cesarewich. The blue in the ribbon of the service medals of the Irish Defence Forces is described as "St. Patrick’s blue".

The official sporting colours of University College Dublin are "St. Patrick's Blue and Saffron", adopted in 1910. The blue is commonly interpreted as 'light' or 'Dublin' blue; the GAA county colours of County Dublin include light blue jerseys.  In the National University of Ireland's academic dress code, "Saint Patrick's Blue" is the colour of the faculty of Science; Veterinary Medicine has a darker "Celtic Blue". The academical dress of the Royal College of Surgeons of Ireland also features St Patrick's blue. The Trinity College Dublin fencing club specifies that the azure in its colours is "St. Patrick's Blue (Pantone 295 as the Presedential [sic] Pennant)".

Among Irish regiments of the British Army, a hackle of St. Patrick's blue is worn in the bearskins of the Irish Guards and in the caubeens of the London Irish Rifles. The Guards' blue was chosen in distinction to the Royal Irish Fusiliers' green hackle. St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin commemorates its historic association with the Order of Saint Patrick with St Patrick's blue on the cassocks of the choristers and under the clerical collars of the Dean and the Vicar.

A cross-border flag for Ireland may be required where a sporting team combines athletes from both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland. The arms of the four provinces of Ireland on a background of Saint Patrick's blue has sometimes served this purpose.


Mateusz Jeleń

Mateusz Jeleń (born 18 September 1988 in Kraków) is a Polish midfielder who plays for Polish Orange Ekstraklasa side Cracovia.


Jerigu

Jerigu is a community in Tamale Metropolitan District in the Northern Region of Ghana.


Standon Preceptory

Standon Preceptory was a Knights Hospitaller foundation in the parish of Standon, in the county of Hertfordshire, England. It was founded before 1154, probably shortly after the Knights became possessors of the Standon Church in 1151, and dissolved before 1443-4.

Gilbert de Clare gave the church of Standon, 140 acres of land  and his vineyard to the Hospitallers, who used it as a residence for sisters of the order until 1180. The site was also used as a hospital and a school. The building had a dormitory above and a refectory and kitchen below. It may have housed a dozen or more Knights. At one time two Sisters of the Order named Melisene and Johanna resided within the commandery.

When Henry VIII dissolved the monasteries, the manor, rectory and right to recommend an Anglican vicar at Standon were given to Ralph Sadler. A fifteenth century timber-framed barn of aisle construction survives.


Wrap rage

Wrap rage, also called package rage, is the common name for heightened levels of anger and frustration resulting from the inability to open packaging, particularly some heat-sealed plastic blister packs and clamshells. People can be injured while opening difficult packaging: cutting tools pose a sharp hazard to the person opening the package, as well as its contents. Easy-opening systems are available to improve package-opening convenience.

Background
Packaging sometimes must be made difficult to open. For example, regulations dictate that some over-the-counter drugs have tamper resistance to deter unauthorized opening before delivery to the intended customer and be in child-resistant packaging. Other packages are intentionally made difficult to open to reduce package pilferage and shoplifting.

Hard plastic blister packs also protect the products while they are being shipped. In addition, using transparent plastic allows customers to view products directly before purchasing them.

The term wrap rage itself came about as a result of media attention to the phenomenon. Although other variants such as packaging rage have been used as early as 1998, Word Spy identifies the earliest use of wrap rage as coming from The Daily Telegraph in 2003. The American Dialect Society identified the term as one of the most useful of 2007.

Frustration and injuries
In 2006, Consumer Reports magazine recognized the wrap rage phenomenon when it created the Oyster Awards for the products with the hardest-to-open packaging. A story in the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette about wrap rage was featured on The Colbert Report when host Stephen Colbert tried to use a knife to remove a new calculator from its plastic packaging, to no avail.

A survey in Yours, a magazine aimed at people over 50, found that 99% of the 2,000 respondents said packaging had become harder to open over the last 10 years, 97% said there was "too much excess packaging", and 60% said they had bought a product designed with more easily  opened packaging. In a survey conducted at the Cox School of Business, almost 80 percent of households "expressed anger, frustration or outright rage" with plastic packaging. Consumers also tend to use words such as "hate" and "difficult" when describing these products.

Consumers sometimes use potentially unsafe tools such as razor blades, boxcutters, snips and ice picks in their attempts to open packages. In the Yours survey, 71% of respondents said they had been injured while trying to open food packaging. The most common injury respondents had from trying to open packaging was "a cut finger, followed by a cut hand, sprained wrist, bruised hand and strained shoulder muscle." According to a British study, over 60,000 people receive hospital treatment each year due to injuries from opening food packaging. The Consumer Product Safety Commission estimated that attempts to open packaging caused about 6,500 emergency department visits in the U.S. in 2004. A 2009 study conducted by the Institute for Good Medicine found that 17 percent of adults over the age of 21 were either injured at least once or know of someone who was injured while opening a holiday or birthday gift.

Manufacturing Frustrations
Plastic blister packs and clamshells are commonly sealed by the ultrasonic welding technique. Wrap Rage in the context of manufacturing can also refer to the rage associated with the job of processing or working with these packaging types. While clamshell manufacturers aim for easier to open clamshells to satisfy consumer requests, creating clamshell packaging of the correct strength can be very challenging and time consuming. There is a fine line between creating insufficient packaging, and packaging that can be opened without injuring yourself. This creates anger for workers in fast-paced manufacturing environments.

Solutions

Packaging design
When packagers and retailers are willing, there are many possible solutions to allow easy access to package contents. Easy access, however, can also allow more pilferage and shoplifting.

Some companies are making their packs easier for consumers to open to help reduce frustration. Other companies must keep tamper resistant packages.   Forces driving the efforts to improve packaging include pressure from consumers and retailers  and from senior citizens who find it increasingly difficult to open packaging as they age.

Several methods of making packages easy to open have long been available. These include perforations, "tear tapes" and break-open components.   Some easy-open features can add extra cost to packaging.

Opening
Household scissors or a utility knife are sometimes used to open difficult packaging.   Tin snips are effective for tough plastics;  the higher mechanical advantage of compound metal snips make it possible to cut such packages open even using little hand strength. Trauma shears have also shown to be effective at opening packaging of this type.


Mark Mitchell Campbell

Mark Mitchell Campbell (December 31, 1897 – June 21, 1963) was a barnstormer, movie stunt man, Lockheed executive from 1934 to 1960. He was the co-founder of the Silver Wings Fraternity in California.

Biography
He was born on December 31, 1897.

For Evelyn Trout, a prototype of the Bone Gold Eagle, serial number C-801, was designed by R.O. Bone and Campbell.

He died on June 21, 1963. Campbell was buried in the Portal of Folded Wings Shrine to Aviation.

External links


Don't Say Goodbye (Rick Astley song)

"Don't Say Goodbye" is a song written by Stock Aitken Waterman for Astley's multi-million-selling debut album Whenever You Need Somebody (1987). Although the song was considered for worldwide release, it was only released in the Italian market in late 1988.

Track listing
Italian vinyl single
 "Don't Say Goodbye" (Latin Rascal's Remix) – 7:15
 "My Arms Keep Missing You" (PWL House Mix)
 "Rick Astley House Megamix"


Yves Congar

Yves Marie-Joseph Congar  (13 April 1904 – 22 June 1995) was a French Dominican friar, priest, and theologian. He is perhaps best known for his influence at the Second Vatican Council and for reviving theological interest in the Holy Spirit for the life of individuals and of the church. He was created a cardinal of the Catholic Church in 1994.

Early life
Congar was born in Sedan in northeast France in 1904. His father Georges Congar was a bank manager. Congar's hometown was occupied by the Germans for much of World War I, and his father was among the men deported by the Germans to Lithuania. Upon the urging of his mother, Lucie Congar née Desoye (called "Tere" by Yves throughout his life), Congar recorded the occupation in an extensive series of illustrated diaries which were later published. They provide a unique historical insight into the war from a child's point of view.

Encouraged by a local priest Daniel Lallement, Congar entered the diocesan seminary. Moving to Paris in 1921, he had Jacques Maritain among his philosophy teachers and the Dominican theologian Reginald Garrigou-Lagrange as a retreat master.

Priest and POW
After a year of compulsory military service (1924–1925) which Congar spent in the Rhineland, in 1925 he joined the Dominican Order at Amiens where he took Marie-Joseph as his name in religion. Towards the end of his theological studies from 1926–1931 at Le Saulchoir, the Dominican theologate which at the time was located in Kain-la-Tombe, Belgium, and focused on historical theology, Congar was ordained a priest on 25 July 1930 by Luigi Maglione, nuncio in Paris. In 1931 Congar defended his doctoral dissertation written at Le Saulchoir, on the unity of the Church.

Congar was a faculty member at Le Saulchoir from 1931 to 1939, moving with the Institution in 1937 from Kain-la-Tombe to Étiolles near Paris. In 1932 he began his teaching career as Professor of Fundamental Theology, conducting a course on ecclesiology. Congar was influenced by the Dominicans Ambroise Gardeil and Marie-Dominique Chenu, by the writings of Johann Adam Möhler, and by his ecumenical contacts with Protestant and Eastern Orthodox theologians. Congar concluded that the mission of the church was impeded by what he and Chenu termed “baroque theology."

In 1937 Congar founded the Unam Sanctam series, addressing historical themes in Catholic ecclesiology. These books called for a “return to the sources” to set theological foundations for ecumenism, and the series would eventually run to 77 volumes. He wrote for a wide variety of scholarly and popular journals, and published numerous books.

During World War II Congar was drafted into the French army as a chaplain with the rank of Lieutenant. He was captured and held from 1940 to 1945 as a prisoner of war by the Germans in Colditz and Lübeck's Oflag, after repeated attempts to escape. Later he was made a Knight (Chevalier) of the French Legion of Honour, and awarded the Croix de Guerre. In addition he was awarded the Médaille des Évadés for his numerous escape attempts.

Scholar and ecumenist
After the war, Congar continued to teach at Le Saulchoir, which had been returned to France, and to write, eventually becoming one of the most influential theologians of the 20th century on the topic of the Catholic Church and ecumenism.

Congar was an early advocate of the ecumenical movement, encouraging openness to ideas stemming from the Eastern Orthodox Church and Protestant Christianity. He promoted the concept of a "collegial" papacy and criticised the Roman Curia, ultramontanism, and the clerical pomp that he observed at the Vatican. He also promoted the role of lay people in the church. Congar worked closely with the founder of the Young Christian Workers, Joseph Cardijn, for decades.

From 1947 to 1956 Congar's controversial writing was restricted by the Vatican. One of his most important books True and False Reform in the Church (1950) and all of its translations were forbidden by Rome in 1952. Congar was prevented from teaching or publishing after 1954, during the pontificate of Pope Pius XII, following publication of an article in support of the "worker-priest" movement in France. He was subsequently assigned to minor posts in Jerusalem, Rome, Cambridge and Strasbourg. Eventually, in 1956, Archbishop Jean Julien Weber of Strasbourg assisted Congar in returning to France.

Congar's reputation recovered in 1960 when Pope John XXIII invited him to serve on the preparatory theological commission of the Second Vatican Council. Although Congar had little influence on the preparatory schemas, as the council progressed his expertise was recognized and some would regard him as the single most formative influence on Vatican II. He was a member of several committees that drafted conciliar texts, an experience that he documented in great detail in his daily journal. The journal extended from mid-1960 to December 1965. Following his direction, his journal was not released until 2000, and was first published in 2002 as Mon Journal du Concile I-II, présenté et annoté par Éric Mahieu (two volumes). A one-volume English translation appeared in 2012. Congar also wrote a diary during his years of trouble with the Holy Office entitled "Journal d'un théologien 1946-1956, édité et presenté par Étienne Fouilloux." An English translation appeared in 2015; there is a prior Spanish translation.

After the council, Congar said "respecting many questions, the council remained incomplete. It began a work which is not finished, whether it is a matter of collegiality, of the role of the laity, of missions and even of ecumenism." Congar's work focused increasingly on the theology of the Holy Spirit, and his 3-volume work on the Spirit has become a classic. He was also a member of the International Theological Commission from 1969 to 1985.

Congar continued to lecture and write, publishing work on wide-ranging topics including Mary, the Eucharist, lay ministry and the Holy Spirit, as well as his diaries. His works include The Meaning of Tradition and After Nine Hundred Years which addresses the East-West Schism.

In 1963, Congar was diagnosed with a "diffuse disease of the nervous system" which caused weakness and numbness in his extremities. In 1985, the diagnosis was changed to a  form of sclerosis which increasingly affected his mobility and writing ability, and made his scholarly research difficult. He became a resident at the Military Hôpital des Invalides in Paris from 1986.

Cardinal and death
In November 1994 he was named a cardinal deacon by Pope John Paul II, shortly before his death on 22 June the following year. His remains were buried in Montparnasse Cemetery.

Media portrayal
 Yves Congar is one of the 14 main characters of the series 14 - Diaries of the Great War. He is played by actor Antoine de Prekel.
 Featured in the documentary series, "The First World War" (2003), Part 2, "Under The Eagle"

Selected works
Chrétiens désunis: Principes d'un 'oecuménisme' catholique, (Paris: Cerf, 1937), translated as Divided Christendom: a Catholic Study of the Problem of Reunion, trans MA Bousfield, (London: Bles, 1939).
Vraie et fausse réforme dans l’Eglise, (Paris: Editions du Cerf, 1950). A second edition was issued in 1968. Translated as True and False Reform in the Church, trans Paul Philibert, (Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press, 2011).
 Jalons pour une théologie du laicat, (1953)
Leur résistance, 195?
La Tradition et les traditions: essai historique, (Paris, 1960), issued in translation in Tradition and Traditions: An historical and a theological essay, trans Michael Naseby and Thomas Rainborough, (London, 1966).
Aspects de l'oecuménisme, (Bruxelles/Paris, 1962)
La Foi et la Théologie, (Tournai, 1962)
The Mystery of the Temple, or the Manner of God's Presence to His Creatures from Genesis to the Apocalypse, trans Reginald Frederick Trevett, (London, 1962).
Pour une Église Servante et Pauvre (Paris: Les Editions du Cerf, 1963)
La Tradition et les traditions: essai théologique, (Paris, 1963), issued in translation in Tradition and Traditions: An historical and a theological essay, trans Michael Naseby and Thomas Rainborough, (London, 1966)
Report from Rome: on the First Session of the Vatican Council, translated by A. Mason, (London: Chapman, 1963)
Report from Rome II: The Second Session of the Vatican Council, (London: Chapman, 1964)
Lay People in the Church, translated by Donald Attwater, (London: Chapman, 1965)
Dialogue Between Christians: Catholic Contributions to Ecumenism, trans Philip Loretz, (London: G Chapman, 1966).
Je crois en l'Esprit Saint, 3 vols, translated as I Believe in the Holy Spirit, 3 vols (Paris:Cert, 1979)
Mon Journal du Concile, (1946–1956), ed. with notes Éric Mahieu, (Paris: Cerf, 2002).
My Journal of the Council, English translation by Mary John Ronayne and Mary Cecily Boulding, Adelaide: (ATF Theology, 2012)


Hirotaka Tamura

Hirotaka Tamura is an electrical engineer at Fujitsu Laboratories Ltd. in Kawasaki, Japan. He was named a Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) in 2013 for his contributions to technology for high speed interconnects.


Louis Alterie

Louis "Two Gun" Alterie (August 2, 1886 – July 18, 1935), born Leland A. Varain, and aka "Diamond Jack Alterie", was a Californian who became a notorious hitman for the Chicago North Side Gang during the early years of Prohibition.

Early years
Alterie was born Leland A. Varain in Northern California. He moved to Chicago as a young man, and eventually joined the predominantly Irish North Side Gang, which was headed by Dean O'Banion.  Other prominent North Siders included Earl "Hymie" Weiss, Vincent "The Schemer" Drucci, and George "Bugs" Moran. Befitting his California background, Alterie was a Western enthusiast who wore a ten-gallon hat and two holstered Colt .45 revolvers and owned a ranch near Sedalia, Colorado. As well as being a top gunman for the North Side Gang, he also formed the Theatrical Janitors' Union and used his position as union president to extort money from theater owners.

Gang war with Chicago Outfit
In the early 1920s, the North Side Gang's greatest rival was the Chicago Outfit, run first by John "The Fox" Torrio and then Al Capone.  During this period a series of disputes over bootlegging territories and other matters led the North Siders into conflict with the Outfit and its allies, the Genna brothers of Little Italy.  Alterie by some reports killed more than 20 Outfit and Genna gang members during this conflict which had erupted into a full-scale gang war in 1924 when O'Banion was murdered by Outfit gunmen in his floral shop on State Street in Chicago.

Exile to Colorado
Alterie was considered the "flake" of the O'Banion gang. He once feigned insanity prior to a murder trial to give his criminal associates time to kill or intimidate witnesses. His act was so convincing that many considered him actually insane.

Incensed by O'Banion's murder, Alterie publicly challenged his killers to a shootout on State Street. However, cooler heads within the North Side Gang were upset by Alterie's bravado; they worried that this would result in unwanted attention from both rival gangs and Chicago officials.  Moran convinced Alterie to leave Chicago until it was safe to return.

Alterie chose to go to his Moonridge ranch in Colorado. However, he soon attracted unwanted attention from the Colorado authorities. In November 1932, Alterie was involved in a gangland shooting in Glenwood Springs, Colorado. In February 1933, as part of a sentencing agreement, Alterie agreed to leave Colorado and not come back for a period of five years. At this point, Alterie returned to Chicago. Over the next few years, he briefly returned to Colorado several times, but kept his residence in Chicago.

Return to Chicago and Death
During Alterie's absence from Chicago, the gang war between the North Side Gang and the Chicago Outfit continued.  In 1929, the Outfit had killed seven North Side gang members in the infamous St. Valentine's Day Massacre.  The Chicago Outfit was now in charge.

Other than a vagrancy arrest in Chicago in 1933, Alterie kept a low profile. However, that changed in June 1935 when he was forced to testify against Ralph "Bottles" Capone, Al Capone's brother, on a tax evasion charge.  Louis Alterie was killed on July 18, 1935, while leaving his North Side Chicago apartment. Ironically, Alterie was shot by snipers lying in wait for him across from his apartment, using a technique Alterie had pioneered during Prohibition.

The lead story in that afternoon's Chicago Daily News, written by Robert J. Casey, began: "'Two-Gun Louie'" Alterie came out of the shadows of the alky racket long enough to die. He was shot down—in the technique he himself had done so much to perfect." A sidebar by Clem Lane, a legendary city editor, began: "This is the story of 'Two-Gun Louie' Alterie, one-time pugilist, one-time policeman, one-time robber, one-time lieutenant of Johnny Torrio and Dion O'Banion, erstwhile rancher and union business agent, and today the subject of a coroner's inquest as to who shot him and why not sooner."

He was buried in an unmarked grave in Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery in Glendale, California.


Fordongianus

Fordongianus, () (Ancient Greek: Hydata Hypsitana,  or Forum Trajani,) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Oristano in the Italian region Sardinia, located about  northwest of Cagliari and about  northeast of Oristano. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 1,037 and an area of .

Fordongianus borders the following municipalities: Allai, Busachi, Ghilarza, Ollastra, Paulilatino, Siapiccia, Villanova Truschedu.

History
In antiquity, Fordongianus was called Forum Trajani in honor of Roman emperor Trajan, who is credited with the building of what are now considerable Roman remains, including those of a bridge, and of thermae on a scale of great magnificence (Valéry, Voy. en Sardaigne, vol. ii. c. 35).  The city, in the interior of Sardinia, is known from the Itineraries, which place it on the road from Tibula, through the interior of the island, to Othoca. (Itin. Ant. p. 82.) Fordongianus sits on the left bank of the river Tirsi (ancient Thyrsus), about  from Oristano.

Demographic evolution


Glazman

Glazman is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 Daniel Glazman (born 1967), software developer
 Josef Glazman (1913–1943), Lithuanian Jewish resistance leader


1957 in New Zealand

The following lists events that happened during  1957 in New Zealand.

Population
 Estimated population as of 31 December: 2,262,800
 Increase since 31 December 1956: 53,600 (2.43%)
 Males per 100 females: 101.1

Incumbents

Regal and viceregal
Head of State – Elizabeth II
Governor-General – Lieutenant-General The Lord Norrie GCMG GCVO CB DSO MC followed by The Viscount Cobham GCMG TD.

Government
The 31st New Zealand Parliament continued. In power was the National government under Sidney Holland and later Keith Holyoake. The general election saw the Labour Party win by a narrow two-seat margin.

Speaker of the House – Mathew Oram
Prime Minister – Sidney Holland then Keith Holyoake then Walter Nash
Deputy Prime Minister – Keith Holyoake then Jack Marshall then Jerry Skinner
Minister of Finance – Jack Watts then Arnold Nordmeyer
Minister of Foreign Affairs – Tom Macdonald then Walter Nash
Chief Justice — Sir Harold Barrowclough

Parliamentary opposition
 Leader of the Opposition –   Walter Nash (Labour) until 12 December, then Keith Holyoake (National).

Main centre leaders
Mayor of Auckland – Thomas Ashby, then Keith Buttle
Mayor of Hamilton – Roderick Braithwaite
Mayor of Wellington – Frank Kitts
Mayor of Christchurch – Robert M. Macfarlane
Mayor of Dunedin – Leonard Morton Wright

Events

 20 January: Scott Base, New Zealand's main presence in Antarctica, is established by Sir Edmund Hillary.
 24 May: the last Empire Day is commemorated.
 September: Former Member of Parliament and New Zealand ambassador to the United States Leslie Munro is appointed President of the United Nations General Assembly for its twelfth session, lasting until September 1958

Arts and literature

See 1957 in art, 1957 in literature, :Category:1957 books

Music

See: 1957 in music

Radio

See: Public broadcasting in New Zealand

Film

See: :Category:1957 film awards, 1957 in film, List of New Zealand feature films, Cinema of New Zealand, :Category:1957 films

Sport

Athletics
Edwin Rye wins his second national title in the men's marathon, clocking 2:44:56 in Napier.

Chess
 The 64th National Chess Championship was held in Wellington. The title was shared by A. Feneridis of Wellington and J.R. Phillips of Auckland.

Horse racing

Harness racing
 New Zealand Trotting Cup – Lookaway
 Auckland Trotting Cup – Highland Air

Lawn bowls
The national outdoor lawn bowls championships are held in Auckland.
 Men's singles champion – James Pirret (Tuakau Bowling Club)
 Men's pair champions – H. Franks, L. Franks (skip) (Balmoral Bowling Club)
 Men's fours champions – F.M. Murray, W.W. Wearne, A.N. Callaghan, Ron Buchan (skip) (Tui Park Bowling Club)

Rugby union
 The All Blacks played two Test matches against Australia, retaining the Bledisloe Cup:
 25 May, Sydney Cricket Ground: New Zealand 25 – 11 Australia
 1 June, Exhibition Ground, Brisbane: New Zealand 22 – 9 Australia

Soccer
 The national men's team was host to two visiting club sides:
 22 June, Wellington: NZ 1 – 1 Eastern Athletic
 24 June, Auckland: NZ 2 – 1	Eastern Athletic
 27 June, Auckland: NZ 1 – 7 FK Austria
 3 August, Wellington: NZ 1 – 7 FK Austria
 The Chatham Cup is won by Seatoun who beat Technical Old Boys 3–1 in the final.
 Provincial league champions:
	Auckland:	Eastern Suburbs AFC
	Bay of Plenty:	Rangers
	Buller:	Millerton Thistle
	Canterbury:	Western
	Hawke's Bay:	Hastings Wanderers
	Manawatu:	Ohakea
	Marlborough:	Blenheim Rangers
	Nelson:	Athletic
	Northland:	Otangarei United
	Otago:	King Edward Technical College OB
	Poverty Bay:	Eastern Union
	South Canterbury:	Northern Hearts
	Southland:	Hotspurs
	Taranaki:	City
	Waikato:	Huntly Thistle
	Wairarapa:	Masterton Athletic
	Wanganui:	New Settlers
	Wellington:	Seatoun AFC

Births
 3 January – Dave Dobbyn, singer, songwriter
 28 February – Ian Smith, cricketer
 2 March – Stuart Gillespie, cricketer
 19 April – Wayne Smith, rugby player and coach
 30 April – Tony Rogers, middle-distance runner
 30 May – Allison Roe, athlete
 7 June – Glenn Dods, soccer player
 24 June – Elizabeth Fuller, children's book illustrator
 26 June – Michael Laws, broadcaster, writer and politician
 27 July – Barbara Moore, long-distance runner
 28 July – David Shearer, humanitarian worker and politician, was Leader of the Opposition (2011–2013)
 11 August – Ruth Dyson, politician
 31 August (in Kenya) – Luke Hurley, singer/songwriter
 20 September – Michael Hurst, actor
 10 October – Rod Donald, environmentalist and politician, co-leader of the Green Party of Aotearoa New Zealand (1995–2005) (died 2005)
 29 November – Glenys Quick, long-distance runner
 10 December – Dan Bryant, schoolteacher and mountaineer
 13 December – Wayne Shelford, rugby player
 Richard Adams, violinist.
 George Bertrand, who became Georgina Beyer, transgender politician.
 Howard Broad, Commissioner of Police

:Category:1957 births

Deaths
 19 January: Thomas Brash, dairy industry leader and Presbyterian Church moderator.
 21 January: Maurice Brownlie, rugby union player.
 18 February: Walter James Bolton, last person executed in New Zealand.
 2 April:  Catherine Stewart, politician.
 3 May: Daisy Osborn, artist
 26 September: Thomas Ashby, serving mayor of Auckland

:Category:1957 deaths


Richland Township, Rush County, Indiana

Richland Township is one of twelve townships in Rush County, Indiana. As of the 2010 census, its population was 337 and it contained 138 housing units.

Richland Township most likely was so named on account of their fertile soil.

Geography
According to the 2010 census, the township has a total area of , of which  (or 99.96%) is land and  (or 0.04%) is water.

Unincorporated towns
 Richland at
(This list is based on USGS data and may include former settlements.)


Francesco Maria Taliani de Marchio

Francesco Maria Taliani de Marchio (22 October 1887 – 16 March 1968) was an Italian diplomat who was most notable for his role as ambassador to China (1938–1946) during World War II. In this capacity he was accredited to the Japanese puppet state of the Reorganized National Government of China, under Wang Jingwei. In 1943, he refused to pledge loyalty to the Italian Social Republic and was briefly imprisoned by the Japanese. After the war he subsequently was made first Italian ambassador to Spain (1951–1952) since the countries broke relations in 1946. Taliani was married to Archduchess Margaretha of Austria.

Biography

Early career
He was born in Ascoli Piceno in 1887. After studying law at the Sapienza University of Rome in 1910 he entered the foreign minister and was first posted to Berlin in 1912, before being transferred to Constantinople in 1913. There Taliani helped protect Italian citizens in the Ottoman Empire and spent the early part of World War I. In 1916 was transferred to the Italian embassy in Petrograd, Russian Empire, throughout the October Revolution until 1919. Taliani then worked at the foreign minister's office before being posted in London from 1921 to 1923, and then returning to Constantinople until 1928. Back in Rome he was appointed the head of the ceremonial office. In 1932 Taliani was at The Hague and in 1938 he was made head of the Italian diplomatic mission in the Republic of China. Initially he was accredited as the ambassador to Chiang Kai-shek's Nationalist government in the early stages of the Second Sino-Japanese War, which was later forced to move to Chongqing as Nanjing, the capital, fell to the advancing Japanese forces.

Taliani was married to Archduchess Margaretha of Austria (a member of the House of Habsburg) on 27 November 1937, and she accompanied him to China, becoming imprisoned with him in 1943. The couple had no children.

Ambassador to China
However, in 1941 Benito Mussolini recognized the Japanese puppet state, the Reorganized National Government of China under Wang Jingwei in occupied Nanjing, so Taliani presented his credentials to him. Taliani had met Wang many times in Shanghai and reported that he was encountering many difficulties with Japan in setting up his government. Mussolini expected Japan to draw British forces away from the Mediterranean region, and so from 1941 to the fall of Mussolini's regime in 1943 Italian policy towards China revolved around exerting pressure on Japan to give greater autonomy to the Wang Jingwei government. Ambassador Taliani sent regular reports to foreign minister Count Galeazzo Ciano regarding the situation in occupied China. Throughout 1941 and early 1942, Taliani informed his government about his conversations with Wang Jingwei (as well as with Japanese diplomatic contacts in Shanghai) in which the Chinese politician spoke to him about his lack of power and the strict limits the Japanese put on his administration, and the increasing pessimism among his supporters. He also told Taliani that Japan was still considering establishing peace with Chiang Kai-shek and a plan being considered by the Japanese military would take away even what little powers Wang Jingwei did have, turning it into an organ of the military administration. This caused the Italian government to increase its attempts at making Japan grant the Nanjing regime more authority.

But in 1943 with the establishment of the Italian Social Republic, Taliani refused to pledge allegiance to the new regime, so the Japanese imprisoned him until the surrender of Japan in August 1945. In 1945 he was confirmed Italian ambassador to China, a post he held until 1946 when he returned to Italy. During his time in China, he became a collector of Chinese antiques, and obtained several from the Ming Dynasty era.

Ambassador to Spain
In 1951, Taliani became the first Italian ambassador to be appointed to Spain since Italy broke off relations with the Falange government in 1946. Taliani met with Francisco Franco and the two discussed both the restoration of Italian–Spanish relations as well as the international situation, particularly in regards to Spain joining NATO. In his position he continued to play an important role in the reestablishment of relations between the two countries. He was replaced as ambassador in 1952 and forced into retirement.

Later life
Taliani went on to publish multiple books throughout his life, most of them dealing with his experiences throughout his diplomatic career, including He Died in China, Italy and Spain, Postwar in Shanghai, and Petersburg 1917: Memories of an embassy secretary at the Italian embassy in Russia, 1917–1918. The former ambassador died in 1968.

Sources


Dead Souls (1960 film)

Dead Souls () is a 1960 Soviet comedy-drama film directed by Leonid Trauberg based on the Moscow Art Theatre's stage production of "Dead Souls".

Cast
Vladimir Belokurov - Chichikov
Viktor Stanitsyn - Governor
Boris Livanov - Nozdryov
Alexey Gribov - Sobakevich
Anastasia Zuyeva - Korobochka
Boris Petker - Plyushkin
Yuri Leonidov - Manilov
Sophia Garrel - governor
Alexey Zhiltsov - Alexei Ivanovich, Chief of Police
Mikhail Yanshin - Ivan Andreevich, postmaster
Sergei Kalinin - Selifan, Chichikov's coachman
Olga Wicklund - Anna, a lady agreeable in all respects
Lyudmila Makarova - Sophia Ivanovna, simply a nice lady
Victoria Radunskaya - the governor's daughter
Nina Agapova - lady at the ball (uncredited)
Yuri Nikulin - Waiter (uncredited)


Tarnowo

Tarnowo may refer to the following places:
Tarnowo, Oborniki County in Greater Poland Voivodeship (west-central Poland)
Tarnowo, Piła County in Greater Poland Voivodeship (west-central Poland)
Tarnowo, Podlaskie Voivodeship (north-east Poland)
Tarnowo, Poznań County in Greater Poland Voivodeship (west-central Poland)
Tarnowo, Goleniów County in West Pomeranian Voivodeship (north-west Poland)
Tarnowo, Łobez County in West Pomeranian Voivodeship (north-west Poland)
Tarnowo, Myślibórz County in West Pomeranian Voivodeship (north-west Poland)
Tarnowo, Stargard County in West Pomeranian Voivodeship (north-west Poland)


Sarbeswar Bhoi

Sarbeswar Bhoi is a Sambalpuri folksinger from Kalahandi, India. He sang songs such as "Likri Jhkri' and "Lal Jhara Jhara" for the Sambalpuri movie Aadim Vichar, which won National Award for Best Feature Film in Odia Category in 2014.

Early life
He was born in Rekhpur Village in Kalahandi District to Purusottam Bhoi and Paan Bhoi. His father is a farmer. He studied at Narla Panchyatsamiti High School. He enrolled in Madnpaur Rampur College and graduated from the Government Autonomous College in Bhawanipatna.

His career started while he was pursuing his degree. He participated in the Mahavid Sanskrutika Anusthan singing competition in 2002 and won first prize. He started learning Odissi from Guru Karunakar Dash in 2006 and four years later, he trained under Guru Santosh Kumar Das.

Career

His first break came in 2006. He recorded ″″Pakhanupare Jharana Paani″″ with Subham Music and it made him a star. He sang "Likri Jhikri", "Lal Jhara Jhara" for the National Award-winning movie Aadim Vichar in 2014.

Accolades
He received Ustad Bismillah Khan Yuva Puraskar 2017 for his contribution to the Sambalpuri Folk Dance and music from Sangeet Natak Akademi.


Kurdish rebellion of 1983

The Kurdish rebellion of 1983 occurred during the Iran–Iraq War as PUK and KDP Kurdish militias of Iraqi Kurdistan rebelled against Saddam Hussein as part of the Iraqi–Kurdish conflict, in an attempt to form an independent state. With Iraqi government forces occupied by the Iran-Iraq War, Kurdish Peshmerga (combining the forces of the KDP and PUK) succeeded in taking control of some enclaves, with Iranian logistic and sometimes military support. The initial rebellion resulted in stalemate by 1985.

The most violent phase of the conflict between the Kurds and Iraqi Ba'athist regime was the Al-Anfal Campaign of the Iraqi Army against the Kurdish minority, which took place between 1986–1988 and included the Halabja chemical attack. The Al-Anfal campaign ended in 1988 with an agreement of amnesty between the two belligerents. No permanent gains were made by the Kurds.

Background

The Kurdish People
The Kurdish region of Iraq is located in northern Iraq along the Syria, Turkey, Iran border. It is a mostly mountainous and fertile region. Towards the north, along the Iranian border, is the periphery of the Iranian Zagros Mountains. The Kurds have lived in this region for thousands of years, but have never been able to form an independent state. Instead many different empires and rulers have controlled this region.

The Kurds identify themselves as Kurdish through the language they speak, their customs, religion (mainly Sunni Muslim, but also Shia, Alevi and Yazidi minorities), tolerance of other religions, and their tribe affiliation. Tribes are determined through kinship and territorial location. For Kurds, identification with the tribe is more important and significant than the official country the tribe is located in. Since the 1920s the Kurds have harbored grievances against the commanding government due to a lack of sovereignty or representation in state institutions.

Kurdistan Democratic Party
The Kurdistan Democratic Party, KDP, is the longest standing and preeminent political party of the Kurdish people. It was created in 1946 under Mulla Mustafa Barzani with initial goals based on Kurdish nationalist aspirations and the desire for self-government. Overtime Barzani and his supporters evolved the mission of the KDP into a fight for "the full rights of the Kurds for self-determination ... achieved through peaceful means in a democratic, pluralist, and federal Iraq." Barzani was the first person to assemble almost universal Kurdish nationalism among the people and from the mid-1930s through to his expulsion from Iraq in the 1970s he was synonymous with the Kurdish quest for independence. Barzani led rebellions intermittently against the governments of Iraq (First and Second Iraqi–Kurdish Wars), Iran, and Turkey, in hopes of gaining larger revolutionary forces each time.

Patriotic Union of Kurdistan
The Patriotic Union of Kurdistan, PUK, was established in 1975 under Jalal Talabani. Talabani had worked as a Kurdish revolutionary in the KDP and grew his name and reputation by speaking out against Barzani. In 1975 Talabani and his followers split from the PUK and started a new, more liberal party. In essence the PUK is run on the same platform as the KDP, lobbying for "autonomy for Kurdistan, democracy for Iraq". The PUK defines itself apart from the KDP by drawing its supporters from central and southern Kurdistan. The PUK has come to represent a more urban, intellectual, and politically forward group of people, versus the traditional rhetoric of the KDP. Supporters of each party are able to distinguish themselves personally by tribal alliance, personal differences, and ideological disagreement.

The Iraqi Ba'athist Government
The KDP and PUK, although separate political parties, fought the same opponent, the government of Iraq under the leadership of Saddam Hussein. Since the beginning of the Ba'ath rule in Iraq there have been issues between the leaders of the Ba'ath and the Kurdish people. Intermittent negotiations occurred between the two groups to discuss party platforms and to try to come to a consensus on representation; however the Ba'ath were exceptionally distrustful of the Kurds and harbored suspicions against the KDP, especially of leader Barzani. In contrast, a natural alliance was drawn between the Ba'ath and political party PUK. Both were leftist organizations that advocated a Kurd-Arab alliance.

Window of opportunity
By the late 1970s, Masud Barazani had already established a force of 5,000 men in North Iraq (by 1979), and his forces engaged the PDKI during 1979 Kurdish rebellion in Iran, true to their alliance with Iran.

In September 1980, Iraq engaged in warfare with Iran over the Shatt al-Arab and rather than a quick victory the war had degenerated into a very long drawn out stalemate. The Kurds saw this as the prime opportunity to take control of the Kurdish areas, while the Iraqi government was preoccupied and weakened. The goal was to create a new bargaining platform and push Iraqi governmental forces out of Kurdistan. Since the beginning of the warfare, the KDP under Barazanis established a solid alliance with the Iranians, while the PUK - a leftist organization, kept its distance from the newly created conservative Islamic Republic of Iran, receiving logistic support from Baathist Syria and from Libya.

Chronology

War tactics
A wide variety of war tactics were used in this conflict, everything from the most simple hit and run to advanced chemical warfare. This conflict is a good case to look at how asymmetrical capabilities influence battle.

Kurdish tactics
To combat the Ba'ath the Kurd's strategy involved the use of conventional guerrilla warfare and armed with light weapons either stolen from the Ba'ath troops or given to them by the Iranians. The peshmerga worked with the locals to build up defenses and teach defensive tactics to the local militia in hopes of educating the mass public and protect them against future attack and seizure by the Ba'ath army. Furthermore, the peshmerga supplied the villages with a local government and services (education, medicine, security).

The mountains in northern Kurdistan proved to be an excellent place to hide and camp out. The mountain region was also very difficult for the Iraqi army to traverse on foot and by air. The guerrilla style war tactics of the Kurds proved very beneficial when fighting in this region. In contrast to the helpful assistance of the northern region, the southern flatlands of Kurdistan worked against the Kurdish insurgency. The Iraqis were able to easily bomb the major cities of the southern region and the fertile valley. Kurdish guerrilla tactics of hit and run did not prove to be successful against the firepower of the Iraqis during aerial bombardment and shelling.

Iraqi tactics
The Iraq army used full-scale military tactics in combating the Kurdish insurgency. In the heavily populated agricultural areas daily air raids destroyed towns, crops, and people. The army used its superior military power of more men, guns, and artillery to combat the insurgents. In order to inflict the greatest destruction, the Iraqi army divided Southern Kurdistan into a grid pattern, dividing the most densely populated cities and farming areas into sections. The grid facilitated a mechanized detonation of heavy artillery in predetermined areas by fighter planes and inflicted the greatest destruction possible. The Kurds had no knowledge of the oncoming attack or ways to protect themselves from the shelling. This was very structured and assigned per Iraqi army goals. The shelling and bombing per grid was very successful in driving mass fear among the Kurds.

Aftermath

Al-Anfal Campaign

Beyond using traditional warfare techniques the Ba'ath engaged in the use of chemical weapons against the Kurds during the al-Anfal campaign of 1987–88. A total onslaught began against the Kurdish people that eventually killed tens of thousands of Kurds and displaced at least one million of the Kurdish population to Iran and Turkey. Ali Hassan al-Majid, nicknamed "Chemical Ali," led the three step process of "village collectivization": the destruction of hundreds of Kurdish villages and the relocation of their residents to concentration camps, mujamma'at. This campaign was the first documented use of chemical weapons by a government against its own civilians. The process of village collectivization violated widespread human rights, it is an example of systematic genocide that went unchecked by the global community.

Al-Majid and his commanding officers warned if the Peshmerga did not lay down their arms and allow the cleansing program to continue peacefully the army would stop the Peshmerga with chemical weapons. Iraq had signed the 1925 Geneva Protocol outlawing the production and use of chemical and biological weapons,  however this did not stop al-Majid from giving the OK to the army to proceed with the deployment of shells carrying the deadly weapons. This was the first time a government used chemical weapons against its own civilian population.

The Iraqi government and leaders behind the campaign were not punished for their campaign of genocide or the violations against the Geneva Protocol of 1928.

Halabja poison gas attack

The most famous attack of chemical warfare by the Iraqi army against the Kurds was the attack on the town of Halabja on March 16, 1988. Over 4,000 Kurds were killed in this one attack by the combination of mustard gas and hydrogen cyanide. Between 7,000 and 10,000 civilians were injured and thousands more died of complications, diseases, etc. stemming from the release of chemical gas. The town was attacked because Kurdish guerrillas had allied with Tehran and the city was now under Iranian control.  Conventional artillery, mortars, and rockets bombed Halabja for two days before the chemical attack; the use of chemical weapons was done for good measure to assure no survivors were possible. This attack is considered separate from the al-Anfal campaign and was one of the last attacks by the Iraqis during the Iran–Iraq War. This act has also been declared an act of genocide against the Kurdish people of Iraq.

End of hostilities
The rebellion by the PUK and KDP was officially declared over by the Iraqi government on September 6, 1988 when a decree of amnesty for all Iraqi Kurds was read aloud on the radio. The announcement came as a surprise to the Kurdish population. The decree was declared most likely because Baghdad believed the peshmerga had finally been defeated. The government pardoned the insurgents, but refused to let the Kurds return to their previous relatively free lives.

The Ba'ath instituted draconian measures on all surviving towns and cities in Kurdistan. The government feared a resurgence of the insurgent peshmerga group, draconian measures prevented a revival. Furthermore, any man suspected having ties with the peshmerga insurgency were round up and relocated to camps in the southern deserts. The men taken to these deserts were tortured on a daily basis and murdered in mass quantities. It is believed these efforts to weed out any remaining insurgents lasted through 1989 with an additional 300,000 people relocated from various villages to "more modern villages with better facilities." Secure zones, or cluster camps, were created along the Iranian border as well as outside the cities of Erbil, Mosul, and Suleimaniyeh.

Post Iran–Iraq War

The decree of amnesty did not bring any gains for the Kurdish front nor did it redistribute Kurdish powers or representation in the Iraqi government. After al-Anfal and the post-rebellion oppression the Kurds did not engage in further resistance, instead the leaders tried more diplomatic means to engage the Ba'ath in coming to a consensus on the status of Iraqi Kurdistan. No progress was made in the diplomatic realm either. Inter-factional issues between the KDP and PUK were continually on the rise and prevented any progress in Kurdish autonomy. These internal issues degenerated into civil war in the 1990s, after the KDP and PUK took control of part of northern Iraq following the Gulf War (see Iraqi Kurdish Civil War).

Recognition of Kurdish autonomy
With the overthrow of the Ba'ath government by the United States in 2003 the Kurds have increased diplomatic means to seek further gains towards legitimacy. The United States and Kurdish parties disagree over the ethnic alignment of the regional government, and this disagreement continues to stall any concrete gains from occurring. The United States believes a non-ethnically defined government is best for the region so that the collective majority can broker an identity and connect both politically and as a society. However the Kurds do not agree with this concept, as they prefer a regional government explicitly built on the Kurdish identity. This is a step in the direction of autonomy and a method for the Kurdish population to showcase their abilities in governing themselves and generating a productive self-sufficient economy. Time will tell if these new negotiations and concepts will bear success for the Iraqi Kurdish plight. Massoud Barzani has been elected president of Iraqi Kurdistan and Jalal Talabani has been elected president of the new Iraqi democratic government.

Impact: refugee and death statistics

 Refugees: At least 1 Million people fled (almost 30% of the population) to Iran, Turkey and Pakistan
 Since 1971, at least 370,000 have sought refugee in Iran, over 10% of the Iraqi Kurdistan population
 Al-Anfal Campaign
 50,000 to 100,000 were killed, including women and children
 90% of targeted Kurdish villages were destroyed, this is approximately 4,000 villages
 Halabja poison gas attack
 3,000–5,000 killed
 7,000 to over 10,000 injured
 At least 50,000 Kurds escaped into Iran after this one attack

These numbers were collected by Human Rights Watch.

Role of Iran
Iran covertly aided the Iraqi Kurds against the Iraqis with weapons, food supplies, and intelligence in exchange for intelligence on Iraq movements and assistance along the northern Iran–Iraq border.

In addition, Iran was an ally of Masud Barzani's and aided the KDP with arms and training of peshmerga forces and leaders. In exchange for arms and education the Iranians received intelligence on Iraqi military information and Kurdish assistance in fighting the Iraqi army. The Iranians had an invested interest in assisting the Kurds. The constant siege by the Kurds preoccupied the Ba'ath and prevented the army from devoting entire resources to conquering the Iranians. The Iranians supported the Kurds just to the point where they were powerful enough to fight against the Iraqis, but not strong enough to overcome the Iraqi army. The Iranians were also careful in their support to the Iraqi Kurds because too much help might send the wrong message to Iranian Kurds, who also lobbied for increased legitimacy and representation in the Iranian government-this was not a topic the Iranians wanted brought to the forefront of domestic politics.