Ephebic oath

The ephebic oath was an oath sworn by young men of Classical Athens, typically eighteen-year-old sons of Athenian citizens, upon induction into the military academy, the Ephebic College, graduation from which was required to attain status as citizens.  The applicant would have been dressed in full armour, shield and spear in his left hand, his right hand raised and touching the right hand of the moderator.  The oath was quoted by the Attic orator Lycurgus, in his work Against Leocrates (4th century BC), though it is certainly archaic (5th century BC). The Ephebate, an organization for training the young men of Athens, chiefly in military matters, had existed since the 5th century but was reorganized by Lycurgus. The oath was taken in the temple of Aglaurus, daughter of Cecrops, probably at the age of eighteen when the youth underwent an examination (Greek: δοκιμασία) and had his name entered on the deme register. He was then an ephebos until the age of twenty.

The oath
The ephebic oath is preserved on an inscription from Acharnae, which was written in the mid-fourth century BC..  Other versions of the oath are preserved in the works of Stobaeus and Pollux.

Greek text
This is the oath, as preserved by Stobaeus.

"Οὐ καταισχυνῶ τὰ ὅπλα τὰ ἱερὰ, οὐδ' ἐγκαταλείψω τὸν παραστάτην ὅτῳ ἂν στοιχήσω· ἀμυνῶ δὲ καὶ ὑπὲρ ἱερῶν καὶ ὁσίων καὶ μόνος καὶ μετὰ πολλῶν. καὶ τὴν πατρίδα οὐκ ἐλάσσω παραδώσω, πλείω δὲ καὶ ἀρείω ὅσης ἂν παραδέξωμαι. καὶ εὐηκοήσω τῶν ἀεὶ κραινόντων ἐμφρόνως καὶ τοῖς θεσμοῖς τοῖς ἰδρυμένοις πείσομαι καὶ οὕστινας ἂν ἄλλους τὸ πλῆθος ἰδρύσηται ὁμοφρόνως·καὶ ἂν τις ἀναιρῇ τοὺς θεσμοὺς ἢ μὴ πείθηται οὐκ ἐπιτρέψω, ἀμυνῶ δὲ καὶ μόνος καὶ μετὰ πολλῶν. καὶ ἱερὰ τὰ πάτρια τιμήσω. ἵστορες τούτων Ἄγλαυρος, Ἐνυάλιος, Ἄρης, Ζεύς, Θαλλώ, Αὐξώ, Ἡγεμόνη.

English translation
I will never bring reproach upon my hallowed arms, nor will I desert the comrade at whose side I stand, but I will defend our altars and our hearths, alone or supported by many.  My native land I will not leave a diminished heritage, but greater and better than when I received it.  I will obey to the current statute and authorities and will submit to the established laws and everything new that the Crowd will agree and enact.  If anyone tries to overthrow the constitution or disobeys it, I will not permit him, but will come to its defence, alone or supported by many.  I will honour the religion of my fathers.  Let the gods be my witness: Agraulus, Enyalius, Ares, Zeus, Thallo, Auxo, Hegemone.

Modern use
The oath has been revived for use in educational institutions worldwide as a statement of civic virtue.

Examples


R Line (RTD)

The R Line or Aurora Line/I-225 Rail is a Regional Transportation District (RTD) light rail line that serves stations in Aurora, Denver, Greenwood Village, Centennial and Lone Tree. Opening on February 24, 2017, the line was designated as the “R” line, reflecting the letter R’s in “Aurora” and “Ridgegate”.

The line travels over newer and older portions of the RTD Light Rail system. The R Line was preceded by the G Line, which operated from 2006 to 2009 along the southern half of the route. The R Line is the only line in the RTD rail system not serving downtown Denver, as the G Line was when it operated.

History

G Line service (2006–2009)
November 17, 2006 saw the completion of the Southeast Corridor light rail project (part of the Transportation Expansion Project). One of the four routes that were part of the RTD’s service plan for the corridor, the route between Aurora and Lone Tree, was named the “G Line” and assigned the color brown. The G Line’s northern terminus was at Nine Mile Station in Aurora on the I-225 branch of the system, shared with the H Line, while its southern terminus was at Lincoln Avenue Station in Lone Tree, shared with the E and F Lines.

In August 2007, night, Saturday, Sunday and holiday service on this route was discontinued due to low ridership. An exception was the lone northbound Owl service trip on weekend and holiday mornings. Service was further reduced to peak hour-only in August 2008 before being suspended entirely on May 3, 2009.

FasTracks relaunch

I-225 Rail Line
The 2004 voter-approved FasTracks initiative marked the return of the Aurora-Lone Tree Line. The I-225 Corridor is a  light rail line running through Aurora and facilitates a circumferential link between the Southeast Corridor and the East Corridor. The project will include seven new stations and provide 1,800 new parking spaces. Construction began in spring 2012 on a short section of the line as part of a joint contract with the Colorado Department of Transportation. Following an unsolicited proposal from Kiewit Infrastructure Company, funding was secured for the full line, which was expected to open in winter 2016. The opening date was later pushed back. On January 30, 2017, RTD announced that the H and R Lines would begin service on February 24, 2017.

Southeast Corridor Extension
Regional Transportation District sent four teams a Request for Proposal for the Southeast Corridor extension, consisting of  of new track south of Lincoln station that would serve three new stations: Sky Ridge Medical Center, , and the terminus at . On July 28, 2015, a design-build contract for the extension was awarded to Balfour Beatty Infrastructure Inc. Design on the extension began in fall 2015 and construction began in 2016. The extension opened on May 17, 2019.

Route
The R Line travels south from Peoria Station in northwest Aurora, predominantly following Interstate 225 through central Aurora to Belleview Station in southeast Denver. It then follows Interstate 25 to its terminus at RidgeGate Parkway station in southern Lone Tree.

Stations


Melaleuca fabri

Melaleuca fabri is a plant in the myrtle family, Myrtaceae and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It features strap-like leaves with distinct veins and spikes of pinkish flowers, the buds of which are covered with short, soft, silky hairs.

Description
Melaleuca fabri is a shrub growing to  tall with leathery, strap-like leaves that are arranged alternately,  long,  wide. The leaves are flat but slightly wavy, with the end tapering to a sharp point and there are 3 or 5 (sometimes 7) distinct parallel veins.

The flowers are a shade of pink to purple and are arranged in spikes on the ends of branches which continue to grow after flowering, often also on the sides of the branches. The spikes are up to  in diameter and composed of 12 to 18 groups of flowers in threes. The outer edge of floral cup and the parts of the flowers covering the buds are covered with short, soft, silky white hairs. The petals are  long and fall off as the flower ages. There are five bundles of stamens around the flower, each with 9 to 13 stamens. Flowering occurs in spring and is followed by fruit which are woody capsules  long, in tight clusters along the stem.

Taxonomy and naming
Melaleuca fabri was first formally described in 1999 by Lyndley Craven in Australian Systematic Botany from a specimen collected south of Morawa. The specific epithet (fabri) is from the Latin faber meaning "craftsman” or "smith" in honour of the Smith family who have helped botanists studying the flora of the Wongan Hills and Manmanning districts.

Distribution and habitat
This melaleuca occurs in and between the Morawa, Perenjori, Wubin and Mount Gibson districts in the Avon Wheatbelt, Geraldton Sandplains and Yalgoo biogeographic regions where it grows in shrubland, mallee and on roadsides in sand or sandy loam.

Conservation status
Melaleuca fabri is listed as "not threatened" by the Government of Western Australia Department of Parks and Wildlife.


Pedro Proença

Pedro Proença Oliveira Alves Garcia (; born 3 November 1970) is a retired Portuguese football referee.

Proença has refereed a number of notable matches including the Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira, Taça de Portugal finals, Taça da Liga finals, as well as the final of both the UEFA Champions League and UEFA European Championship becoming the first referee to overview both finals of the main European competitions for clubs and national teams in the same year.

In 2006–07, he was named as the Portuguese Referee of the Year. He was promoted to UEFA's Elite category at the start of the 2009–10 season. On 22 June 2011, he was named as "Best Referee" for the 2010–11 season by the Portuguese Football Federation. In January 2013, he was voted by the IFFHS as the Best Referee of 2012. Proença retired from refereeing in January 2015.

In July 2015, six months after retiring from refereeing, he announced his candidature and was subsequently elected president of the Portuguese Professional Football League.

Career
Proença has refereed in the Portuguese Liga since 1998, being promoted to the FIFA international referee list in 2003.

On 10 August 2003, he officiated the Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira, his first final in Portuguese competitions. The match took place at Estádio D. Afonso Henriques, and opposed Porto and Leiria. A year later, he took charge of three matches at the 2004 UEFA Under-19 Championships, including the final between Turkey and Spain.

In December 2004, he officiated his first UEFA Cup match, the second leg of the first round tie between AEK Athens and Gorica. He was appointed to lead the 2007 Taça de Portugal Final, in a match opposing Sporting and Belenenses. Sporting eventually won with Liédson scoring the only goal of the match.

After refereeing qualifying matches in the previous two seasons, he refereed his first UEFA Champions League group stage match in September 2007, a 2–1 win for PSV Eindhoven over CSKA Moscow.

On 22 March 2008, he had the honor of refereeing the first final of Taça da Liga. The final was played at the Estádio Algarve in Faro between Vitória de Setúbal and Sporting Clube de Portugal. Vitória de Setúbal won 3–2 on penalties after a 0–0 draw. He cautioned three players, Sandro of Vitória de Setúbal, Polga and Miguel Veloso of Sporting. He was announced as the referee for the 2010 Taça de Portugal Final between Chaves and Porto (2–1). Ricardo Rocha and Bruno Alves were sent off for accumulation of yellow cards. He was elected to the 2011 Taça da Liga Final. The match was played by Paços de Ferreira, who had beaten Nacional 3–4 in their semi-final, and the title holders Benfica who had beaten their rivals Sporting 4–1 in their semi-final. Benfica went on to win 2–1 to take their fourth Taça da Liga in a row.

In summer of 2011, he was victim of an attack on his person at Colombo Centre, in Lisbon. He was struck with head in face by an individual, losing two teeth and suffered injuries to mouth.

On 13 May 2012, he was chosen to referee the 2012 UEFA Champions League Final, between Chelsea and Bayern Munich. On 20 December 2011, he was named one of the 12 referees selected by UEFA to take charge of games at UEFA Euro 2012. He was in charge of the Group C fixture between Spain and Republic of Ireland on 10 June 2012, Group D fixture between Sweden and France on 19 June 2012 and the quarter-final between England and Italy on 24 June 2012. A particular incident occurred in the match between Spain and the Republic of Ireland, in which he pushed Keith Andrews over by accident. On 29 June 2012, UEFA announced that he would referee the final between the Spain and Italy, thus becoming the first Portuguese to referee a European Championship final. Like Howard Webb, who refereed the 2010 FIFA World Cup Final, he also refereed the Champions League final in the same year as taking charge of the final of a major international tournament. He has been selected by FIFA to participate in the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil.

On 22 January 2015, Proença announced his retirement from refereeing.

Administrative roles
On 3 July 2015, he was elected for the UEFA Referees Committee. Later that month, on 28 July, he was elected the new president of the Professional Football League.


Scott Christianson

Keith (K.) Scott Christianson (August 8, 1947 – May 14, 2017) was an American author and journalist, who wrote several popular works about forensic science, crime, prison and the death penalty, about American history and politics, and about other popular subjects such as the history of incarceration, runaway slaves and historical highlights of visualization.

Biography
Christianson was raised in New England and upstate New York, and graduated from Bethlehem Central High School in 1965. During his work he continued his studies. He graduated at the University of Connecticut, and took a course in investigative reporting at the American Press Institute. Eventually at the State University of New York at Albany he obtained his M.A. and in 1981 his PhD with the thesis, entitled The American Experience of Imprisonment, 1607–1776.

Christianson had begun his career after high school in 1965 in Albany, New York as investigating reporter at of the Bethlehem Star and the Knickerbocker News-Union Star. In the 1980s he moved into the public service sector, where he held several positions in the criminal justice system in the state of New York. Later in the 1990s he worked for multiple advocacy and reform organizations, and eventually turned to full-time writing and teaching.

From 1969 to 1972 Christianson had been nominated for a Pulitzer Prize.

Selected publications
 The American Experience of Imprisonment, 1607–1776, State University of New York at Albany, 1981.
 With Liberty for Some: 500 Years of Imprisonment in America, Northeastern, 1998.
 Condemned: Inside the Sing Sing Death House, NYU Press, 2000.
 Innocent: Inside Wrongful Conviction Cases, NYU, 2003.
 Notorious Prisons: Inside the World's Most Feared Institutions, The Lyons Press, 2004.
 Bodies of Evidence: Forensic Science and Crime, Collins and Brown, 2006.
 The Last Gasp: The Rise and Fall of the American Gas Chamber, University of California Press, 2010
 100 Diagrams That Changed The World, Plume, October 30, 2012.
 100 Books that Changed the World, with Colin Salter, 2018.


Kneippbrød

Kneippbrød (; "Kneippbread") is a whole wheat bread. It is named for Sebastian Kneipp (1821–1897),  a 19th-century Bavarian priest and hydrotherapist. It is the most popular bread in Norway.

History
The publisher Søren Mittet first brought Dr. Kneipp's recipe to Norway, where the bakery  Baker Hansen AS  officially licensed it in 1895. The recipe and name were quickly copied. The official Oslo breakfast (Oslofrokosten) first prepared for Norwegian schools in 1929 employed a coarse form of the bread. According to FEDIMA, as of 2006, more than 60 million loaves were consumed annually.


Freds Mountain

Freds Mountain is a summit located in Adirondack Mountains of New York located in the Town of Wells southeast of the hamlet of Wells.


Solitary chemosensory cells

Solitary chemosensory cells (SCCs) (also called solitary chemoreceptor cells) are isolated elements located in epithelia of the apparatuses of endodermic origin (such as respiratory and digestive apparatuses). In the aquatic vertebrates, SCCs are also present in the skin. In oral cavity, SCCs precedes the development of taste buds. For long time, SCCs were considered to be typical of aquatic vertebrates. Recently, these elements were also demonstrated in mammals.

The SCCs share common morphological and biochemical characteristics with the taste cells located in taste buds of the oro-pharyngeal cavity. In particular, they may express molecules of the chemoreceptorial cascade (such as trans-membrane taste receptors, the G-protein gustducin, PLCbeta2, IP3R3, TRPM5). Morphologically, the elements of SCCs are polymorphic. Some of them have an apical tuft of rigid microvilli (brush cells). Other elements have secretory exocrine granules and others may have endocrine differentiation. Often these elements are innervated. In the upper respiratory system the SCCs are contacted by the sensory endings of trigeminal nerve fibers (SubP and CGRP immunoreactive).
The SCCs of the aquatic vertebrates play a role in food search and predator avoidance. The functional role of the SCCs located in internal organs of mammals is unknown also if several hypotheses have been advanced. In nasal cavity, SCCs operate as sentinels being involved in detection of irritants and are important in the protection of the airway.


TRADACOMS

Tradacoms is an early standard for EDI (Electronic Data Interchange) primarily used in the UK retail sector. It was introduced in 1982 as an implementation of the UN/GTDI syntax, one of the precursors of EDIFACT, and was maintained and extended by the UK Article Numbering Association (now called GS1 UK).

The standard is obsolescent since development of it effectively ceased in 1995 in favour of the GS1 EDI EANCOM subsets. Despite this it has proved durable and the majority of the retail EDI traffic in the UK still uses it.

Transactions

There are 25 transactions defined in Tradacoms:

 THE PRODUCT INFORMATION FILE
 THE PRICE INFORMATION FILE
 THE CUSTOMER INFORMATION FILE
 THE ORDER FILE
 THE PICKING INSTRUCTIONS FILE
 THE DELIVERY NOTIFICATION FILE
 THE DELIVERY CONFIRMATION FILE
 THE INVOICE FILE
 THE CREDIT NOTE FILE
 THE STATEMENT/REMITTANCE DETAILS FILE
 THE UPLIFT INSTRUCTION FILE
 THE UPLIFT CONFIRMATION FILE
 THE STOCK SNAPSHOT FILE
 THE STOCK ADJUSTMENT FILE
 THE AVAILABILITY REPORT FILE
 THE GENERAL COMMUNICATIONS FILE
 THE COMPLEX ORDER FILE
 THE ACKNOWLEDGEMENT OF ORDER FILE
 THE PRODUCT PLANNING REPORT FILE
 THE PAYMENT ORDER FILE
 THE DEBIT ADVICE FILE
 THE CREDIT ADVICE FILE
 THE EXCEPTION CONDITION FILE
 THE LOCATION PLANNING REPORT FILE
 THE UTILITY BILL FILE

There are additional transactions defined for use in the Insurance Industry which use the Tradacoms syntax, but with implicit nesting. The service is known as Brokernet and was established in 1986.

The UK Book Trade also has additional transactions defined for Orders, Issues, and Price & Availability Updates. There are industry message variants for the News Trade, Textiles and Home Shopping.

Syntax and usage

The syntax is very similar to EDIFACT, with the following principal differences:

 STX/END segments used instead of UNB/UNZ
 BAT/EOB segments instead of UNG/UNE
 MHD/MTR segments instead of UNH/UNT
 The segment tag delimiter is an '=' rather than a data element separator
 Explicit nesting is always used, but implemented as data elements rather than tag extensions
 Only implicit decimals are used
 The compression rules are less rigorous, being merely advisory.
 The underlying GTDI standard uses SCH instead of UNA, but this is not implemented in Tradacoms. The default EDIFACT UNOA separators are used.

The use of qualifiers, and consequently of composite data elements, is minor compared to EDIFACT. In particular any segment can occur only once in a Tradacoms message definition, and so the segments tend to be very specific rather than generic with a qualifier to identify their function. Tradacoms is not a 'Lego' system in the manner of EDIFACT.

In EDIFACT a message is a transaction. Tradacoms uses 'Files'; with one or more examples of the message being preceded by a header message, and followed by one or more trailer messages. This avoids the duplication of common header and trailer information which can occur in a series of EDIFACT messages.

Tradacoms files are equivalent to industry EDIFACT subsets. They are not generic in the way UN/EDIFACT messages are. They are only supposed to be for use within the UK, since they make no allowance for currencies other than sterling and tax information is geared to UK requirements.

Sample Tradacoms Order

This is an example of a one line order. Some of the data content has been anonymised.

 STX=ANA:1+5000000000000:SOME STORES LTD+5010000000000:SUPPLIER UK LTD+070315:130233+000007+PASSW+ORDHDR+B'
 MHD=1+ORDHDR:9'
 TYP=0430+NEW-ORDERS'
 SDT=5010000000000:000030034'
 CDT=5000000000000'
 FIL=1630+1+070315'
 MTR=6'
 MHD=2+ORDERS:9'
 CLO=5000000000283:89828+EAST SOMEWHERE DEPOT'
 ORD=70970::070315'
 DIN=070321++0000'
 OLD=1+5010210000000++:00893592+12+60++++CRUSTY ROLLS:4 PACK'
 OTR=1'
 MTR=7'
 MHD=3+ORDTLR:9'
 OFT=1'
 MTR=3'
 END=3'


Ankit Garg

Ankit Garg is a police superintendent in Chhattisgarh, India. On 9 October 2010, he led a counterinsurgency operation against Naxalites for which he would later be awarded the Police Medal for Gallantry.

Police Medal for Gallantry
On Republic Day 2012, Ankit Garg was awarded the Police Medal for Gallantry for his role the 2010 raid on Maoist supporters. Human rights activists protested against the Union government for presenting this award.


Rous Lench, Worcestershire

Rous Lench is a village and civil parish in Wychavon, Worcestershire, England.

Rous Lench Court, a 16th-century timber-framed building formerly the seat of the Rouse baronets, is a Grade II* listed building.

St Peter's Church, Rous Lench is Grade I listed. Dating from the 12th century, the Norman church was enlarged and partly rebuilt by Frederick Preedy between 1884 and 1896.

Rous Lench Village Hall,  built in 1885 and deeded to the village in 1947, hosts public events and is available for hire.


15th–16th century Moscow–Constantinople schism

A schism between the Ecumenical Patriarchate and part of its  (which later became the Moscow Patriarchate) occurred between approximately 1467 and 1560. This schism supposedly de facto ended around 1560.

On 15 December 1448, Jonah became Metropolitan of Kiev and All Rus' without the agreement of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople, which made the Metropolis of Kiev and all Rus' de facto independent. In 1467, Metropolitan Gregory the Bulgarian, which had been appointed by the Pope as the Uniate Metropolitan of Kiev and all Rus', severed the Union with the Catholic Church, and recognized the jurisdiction of the Eastern Orthodox Patriarch Dionysius I of Constantinople. Dionysius demanded that all the Eastern Orthodox hierarchs of Muscovy submit to Gregory, but Moscow peremptorily refused. On the same year, Grand Prince Ivan III of Moscow declared a complete rupture of relations with the Patriarchate of Constantinople.

Relations were gradually restored and in 1560 the Patriarch of Constantinople considered the Metropolitan of Moscow to be his exarch. In 1589–1591, the Church of Moscow was recognized as autocephalous, and the Patriarch of Moscow later became the fifth Patriarch of the Eastern Orthodox Church.

Background

Metropolis of Kiev and all Rus'

The  had always been a metropolis under the jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarchate.

In 1299, Maximus, Metropolitan of Kiev and all Rus', "moved his official seat from Kiev to Vladimir, demonstrating the shift of the centre of Rus from the south-west to the north-east. The title though remained Metropolitan of Kiev and All Rus and the metropolitan was supposed to be responsible for all Orthodox Christians in Rus, including those in Galicia, which became a kingdom in 1253, and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania which had gained control of the former Polotsk Principality after the Mongol Invasion."

In 1325, the seat was moved from Vladimir to Moscow by the Metropolitan of Kiev and all Rus' Peter of Moscow at the invitation of Ivan of Moscow.

Premises of the schism

Council of Florence, union with the Catholic Church
After the death of Metropolitan Photios in 1431, Bishop Jonah of Ryazan and Murom was chosen by the grand prince and the council of bishops as the new Metropolitan of Kiev and all Rus' at the end of 1432. However, due to internal strifes in Muscovy, he did not hurry to Constantinople to receive his ordination and did not decide to go to Constantinople until the middle of 1435. Meanwhile, at the request of the Lithuanian Grand Duke Švitrigaila, bishop  was appointed Metropolitan of Kiev and all Rus', but the latter did not come to Moscow and remained Metropolitan only in Lithuania. Soon, Švitrigaila suspected Gerasim of treason and executed him in 1435.

When Jonah finally arrived to Constantinople in 1436, the Ecumenical Patriarch had already chosen the Greek bishop Isidore and appointed the latter as the new Metropolitan of Kiev and All Rus'. Isidore came to Moscow in 1437 and made a good impression there with his diplomatic skills and knowledge of the Slavonic language. However, only 5 months later, in September 1437, he left Moscow to participate to the Council of Florence, where the unification of the Churches of Rome and Constantinople should be adopted.

The Church of Constantinople officially accepted the union with the Catholic Church in July 1439 at the council of Florence and was therefore at that time in full communion with the pope. Metropolitan of Kiev and all Rus', Isidore of Kiev, had also accepted the union in the name of the whole Metropolis of Kiev, which included Moscow. Abraham of Suzdal and others who had come from Moscow with Isidore refused to accept the union. Both pro-union priests of the Church of Constantinople and Isidor of Kiev were met with an important backlash by their respective Churches for having accepted the union and the filioque.

Isidore was an ardent supporter of the union, and after its adoption in July 1439, Pope Eugene IV bestowed on him the title of apostolic legate in all the Eastern lands of Lithuania, Livonia, Galicia and all Rus'; in December 1439 Isidore also received the title of cardinal.

Metropolitan Isidore and his mission in Eastern Europe and Moscow
Isidor was sent as a papal legate for all Russia and Lithuania and went to Moscow to announce the decision of the Council of Florence. However, in Moscow, bishops and the nobility did not accept the union with the Catholic Church and Isidor was deposed by bishops of the Metropolis of Kiev and sent to prison.

On the way back, through the Rus' lands belonging to the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania, Isidor announced the Union and conducted services of Eastern Orthodox priests in Catholic churches and vice versa, commemorated the Pope and claimed that the rites performed by Eastern Orthodox have the same power as the Catholic ones. This caused discontent among both Catholics and Orthodox, but the Eastern Orthodox nobles of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania favored Isidore. Some researchers believe that they recognized him only as an Eastern Orthodox metropolitan, not as the cardinal and legate of the Pope, but others doubt it. The situation was complicated by the fact that Poland and Lithuania were leaning on the side of the Council of Basel, which soon put forward his anti-Pope; the Grand Duchy of Lithuania rejected the Council of Florence and the position of Isidore as the legate of Pope Eugene IV.

On March 19, 1441, Isidore came to Moscow. Three days later he held a mass in the Dormition Cathedral. During this mass, he commemorated the Pope and read the papal bull of the Union, which listed all the concessions, including dogmatic, made in Florence by the Eastern Orthodox; while he was reading the bull, he was arrested by the Grand Duke Vasily II of Moscow "who arrested him and tried him as an apostate to the Orthodox faith." Then, at Grand Duke Vasily II's command, "six Russian bishops met in a synod, deposed Isidore, and shut him up in prison."

Prior to that event in Dormition Cathedral, in Moscow, they had not understood well the conditions under which the Union was concluded, but when the details became clear, the Council of Bishops of Moscow condemned Isidor and imprisoned him in the monastery. Later, a letter to the Patriarch of Constantinople was drawn up, in which Isidore's faults were listed and a request was made to consider his case. Then the authors of the message asked to allow the bishops in Russia to ordain a Metropolitan of Kiev and all Rus' by themselves; apparently, they had no doubt that Isidore would be deprived of his dignity. This letter has been interpreted in two ways. According to the historian Golubinsky, Moscow offered Constantinople a kind of compromise: Moscow gets the opportunity to ordain a Metropolitan and in return it does not raise the issue of the Union, while remaining in formal dependence on the uniate Patriarch of Constantinople. According to the historian Florya, the Eastern Orthodox of Moscow were sure of the imminent failure of the Union supporters, and were hoping for this failure.

However, the situation was different, and the new Patriarch of Constantinople was the uniate Metrophanes II, who continued to follow the decisions of the Council of Florence. The Eastern Orthodox of Moscow did not dare to judge Isidore themselves, so he was expelled from Moscow (it was officially announced that he had escaped); then, he was also expelled from Tver. He was also poorly met in Lithuanian Navahrudak, because Lithuanian Prince Casimir recognized the anti-pope Felix V who had been previously elected by the Council of Basel. In 1443, Isidore moved in Buda, possession of the new king of Poland and Hungary Vladislav III, and contributed to the publication of the privilege, which formally equated the rights of Catholic and Eastern Orthodox clergy in kings's lands. Then he went to Rome. It is known that at least one of the Eastern Orthodox bishops of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania accepted the ordination from Isidor, and repented of it, but other information on the situation in Lithuania is extremely rare.

Question of the subordination of the Metropolis of Kiev and all Rus' and the union
After the exile of Isidore from Moscow in 1441, the question of the subordination of the Metropolitan of Kiev and all Rus' to the Church of Constantinople remained unclear for a long time. In Constantinople itself, there was a fierce struggle between pro- and anti-unionists. In fact, the Union was supported by a narrow group of elite from the capital of the dying Empire. Russian Grand Prince Vasiliy II supported the anti-unionists (those information are preserved his correspondence with the monks of Mount Athos). After the death of the pro-unionist Metrophanes II in 1443, in Constantinople for a long time they did not manage to elect a new Patriarch. In 1444–1445 there were 15 public disputes between supporters and opponents of the Union.

Gradually, the ranks of the pro-unionists were reduced and ten years after the Council of Florence, only four of the members of the Greek delegation remained faithful to the Union. Despite this, the firm supporter of the Union Gregory Mammas became the new Patriarch (in 1444 or 1445). His position remained fragile and he fled Constantinople in 1451 after the death of Byzantine emperor John VIII Palaiologos (one of the initiators of the Union). Information about relations between Moscow and Constantinople during this period is extremely scarce and unreliable.

Election of Metropolitan Jonah of Kiev and all Rus'

Meanwhile, there was a long civil war between Vasily II and his cousins in the Moscow Principality, during which both sides sought support from Jonah. In 1446 Dmitry Shemyaka seized power in Moscow, and in exchange for help he promised Jonah that he (Johah) would become Metropolitan of Kiev and All Rus' and let him take the Palace of the Metropolitan in Moscow. However, after Vasily II regained his throne in 1447, Jonah was still officially only the bishop of Ryazan and his name was only in third place. It is only in 1448 that the Council of bishops of North-Eastern Rus' proclaimed Jonas Metropolitan of Kiev and All Rus'. This decision was not unanimous – the bishops of Tver and Novgorod (both cities were semi-independent from Moscow) did not sign the Charter of his election.

In support of Jonah's claims, Moscow claimed that the previous Metropolitan of Kiev and All Rus', Photios, had proclaimed Jonah as his successor, and that a Patriarch of Constantinople which they did not name had once promised Jonah that he would become Metropolitan of Kiev and All Rus' after Isidore. Some modern researchers doubt the validity of these claims.

The election of Jonah was not accompanied by a clear break with Constantinople. For example, Vasily II composed a letter to the new Emperor Constantine XI Palaiologos (whom he wrongly considered an opponent of the Union). Vasily justified the unauthorized election of Jonah by extreme circumstances and asked for communion and blessings, but only if there would be an Eastern Orthodox Patriarch in Constantinople:

However Constantine XI, in a desperate search for allies against the Turks, agreed to the Union. Soon, in 1453, Constantinople fell and the question of recognizing Jonah remained uncertain until his death.

The Ecumenical Patriarchate wrote in an official letter in 2018: "the Holy Metropolitanate of Kiev has always belonged to the jurisdiction of the Mother Church of Constantinople, founded by it as a separate Metropolitanate, occupying the 60th position in the list of the eparchies of the Ecumenical Throne. Later on, the local Synod in the state of Great Russia — upon an unfounded pretext — unilaterally cut itself off from its canonical authority, i.e. the Holy Great Church of Christ (1448), but in the city of Kiev other Metropolitans, authentic and canonical, were continually and unceasingly ordained by the Ecumenical Patriarchate, since the Kievan clergy and laity did not accept their subjection to the center of Moscovy."

Schism

Gregory the Bulgarian, division of the Metropolis of Kiev, and beginning of the schism
After his election, Metropolitan Jonah tried to assert his jurisdiction over the Eastern Orthodox of Lithuania. He succeeded because the Grand Duke of Lithuania Casimir, who was recently (in 1447) elected king of Poland, and Vasily II (his brother-in-law) were able to agree on this. In 1451, Casimir IV sent a charter to the Eastern Orthodox of Lithuania in which he called them to obey Jonah as Metropolitan.

In 1454, after they conquered Constantinople, the Ottomans removed Ecumenical Patriarch Athanasius II and imposed a new Ecumenical Patriarch, Gennadios, "who promptly renounced the Filioque."

However, in 1458 the Patriarch-Uniate Gregory Mammas, who had fled from Constantinople to Rome, ordained Gregory the Bulgarian as new Metropolitan of Kiev and All Rus'. Previously, also in 1458, Pope Calixtus III had divided the Metropolis of Kiev into two parts: "Superior Russia" centered about Moscow and "Inner Russia" centered about Kiev.

Casimir IV was forced to cede to the demands of Pope Calixtus III and to recognize Gregory as Metropolitan, restoring the Union in Lithuania. Jonah resisted this decision, and in 1459 he assembled the Council and demanded that its members swear allegiance to him or to his successor, as well as to sever relations with the Uniate Metropolitan Gregory. In case of any persecution by the authorities, Jonah promised the bishops refuge in the Moscow Principality, but only one Bishop, Evfimy of Bryansk and Chernigov, took advantage of this offer (he became Bishop of Suzdal). In 1461, Jonah died. Despite the victory of Gregory the Bulgarian over the Eastern Orthodox bishops, he faced resistance to the Union at the grassroots level (at this time the first Orthodox "brotherhoods" were formed).

At the same time, in Constantinople, which was ruled by the Turks, the Union was finally rejected. As a result, Gregory decided to leave the Catholic Church, and returned to the jurisdiction of Patriarch Dionysius I of Constantinople. In February 1467 Dionysius sent a letter to Moscow, in which he called all the Russian lands, and especially Great Novgorod, to accept Gregory as the only legitimate Metropolitan recognized by Constantinople. In addition, in the same letter Dionysius claimed that his Holy Catholic Church "did not accept, does not hold, and does not name as metropolitans" Jonah and other metropolitans, ordained in Moscow after him. At this time, Philip I was the metropolitan in Moscow, since 1464; he replaced Theodosius, whom Jonah had appointed as his successor.

Complete rupture with the Ecumencal Patriarch by Ivan III
Grand Prince Ivan III of Russia refused to recognize Gregory the Bulgarian, which led to a rupture of relations between Moscow and Constantinople. In 1470, Ivan III wrote to the Archbishop of Novgorod that he did not recognize Gregory as a Metropolitan; Ivan added concerning the Patriarch of Constantinople: "we do not demand him, nor his blessing, nor his disregard, we consider him, the very patriarch, alien and renounced". These words were a clear confirmation of the formal break with Constantinople, which arose because of the autocephaly of the church of Moscow. Soon the Novgorod Republic tried to get out from the influence of Moscow, recognizing Casimir of Poland and Lithuania as their liege, and Gregory as their Metropolitan. But Ivan III suppressed this attempt by military force, executing leaders of the opposition (1471).

Consequences of the fall of Constantinople

Role of the Byzantine emperor in the Eastern Orthodox Church

The Byzantine Empire was a theocracy, the Emperor was the supreme authority in both church and state. "The king is not God among men but the Viceroy of God. He is not the logos incarnate but is in a special relation with the logos. He has been specially appointed and is continually inspired by God, the friend of God, the interpreter of the Word of God. His eyes look upward, to receive the messages of God. He must be surrounded with the reverence and glory that befits God's earthly copy; and he will 'frame his earthly government according to the pattern of the divine original, finding strength in its conformity with the monarchy of God'."
 In the East, endorsement of Caesaropapism, subordination of the church to the religious claims of the dominant political order, was most fully evident in the Byzantine Empire at the end of the first millennium, while in the West the decline of imperial authority left the Church relatively independent.

In Eastern Orthodox Christianity, the role of the Roman emperor as the sole secular head of all Eastern Orthodox was very prominent. Thus, in 1393 Patriarch Anthony IV of Constantinople wrote to Grand Prince Vasily I of Moscow:

The basileus gave the Patriarchate of Constantinople an enormous prestige, although this position of Eastern Orthodox emperor was challenged; indeed, the rivalry for primacy with the basileus of the Byzantine empire was especially strong among the Eastern Orthodox Slavs in the Balkans, who sought autocephaly for their churches and gave their rulers the title of tsar (emperor). The capital of the Bulgarian Tsardome, Tarnovo, was even called "New Rome". The Patriarchs of Constantinople, however, did not recognize these rulers as equal to a basileus of the Byzantine Empire. Muscovy also shared this feeling of rivalry with the Byzantine empire over the secular primacy in the Eastern Orthodox Church.

Moscow, third Rome

The expulsion of Metropolitan Isidore and the independent ordination of Jonah were the response of Moscow to the Union. However, even after the Patriarchate of Constantinople officially rejected the Union in 1484, its jurisdiction over Moscow was not restored because there was no Eastern Roman emperor anymore.

In 1453, Constantinople was captured by the Turks, and the last fragment of the Byzantine Empire, Trebizond, fell in 1461 to the Turks. Even before the fall of Constantinople, the Orthodox Slavic states in the Balkans had fallen under Turkish rule. The fall of Constantinople caused tremendous fears, many considered the fall of Constantinople as a sign the End time was near (in 1492 it was 7000 Anno Mundi); others believed that the emperors of the Holy Roman Empire (although he was a Roman Catholic) now took the place of the emperors of Constantinople. There were also hopes that Constantinople would be liberated soon. Moreover, the Orthodox Church was left without its Eastern Orthodox Basileus. Therefore, the question arose of who would become the new basileus. At the end of the various , which gained great popularity in Moscow Russia, it was directly stated that the Rus' people would defeat the Ishmaelites (Muslims) and their king would become the basileus in the City of Seven Hills (Constantinople). The Grand Prince of Moscow remained the strongest of the Eastern Orthodox rulers; Ivan III married Sophia Paleologue, broke his formal subordination to the Golden Horde (already divided into several Tatar kingdoms) and became an independent ruler. All of this strengthened Moscow's claims to primacy in the Eastern Orthodox world. However, the liberation of Constantinople was still far away — the Moscow State had no opportunity to fight the Ottoman Empire. At the end of the 15th century, the emergence of the idea that Moscow is a truly a new Rome can be found. Metropolitan Zosima, in 1492, quite clearly expressed it, calling Ivan III "the new Tsar Constantine of the new city of Constantine — Moscow." This idea is best known in the presentation of the monk Philotheus of the early 16th century:

{{Quote|text=So know, pious king, that all the Christian kingdoms came to an end and came together in a single kingdom of yours, two Romes have fallen, the third stands, and there will be no fourth [emphasis added]. No one shall replace your Christian Tsardom according to the great Theologian [cf. ] [...].|sign=|source=}}The Moscow scholars explained the fall of Constantinople as the divine punishment for the sin of the Union with the Catholic Church, but they did not want to obey the Patriarch of Constantinople, although there were no unionist patriarchs since the Turkish conquest in 1453 and the first Patriarch since then, Gennadius Scholarius, was the leader of the anti-unionists. At the next synod, held in Constantinople in 1484, the Union was finally declared invalid. Having lost its Christian basileus after the Turkish conquest, Constantinople as a center of power lost a significant part of its authority. On the contrary, the Moscow rulers soon began to consider themselves real Tsars (this title was already used by Ivan III), and therefore according to them the center of the Eastern Orthodox Church should have been located in Moscow, and thus the bishop of Moscow should become the head of the Orthodoxy. The text of the bishop's oath in Muscovy, edited in 1505–1511, condemned the ordination of metropolitans in Constantinople, calling it "the ordination in the area of godless Turks, by the pagan tsar."

"The liturgical privileges that the Byzantine emperor enjoyed carried over to the Muscovite tsar. In 1547, for instance, when Ivan IV was crowned tsar, not only was he anointed as the Byzantine emperor had been after the late twelfth century, but he was also allowed to communicate in the sanctuary with the clergy."

"The Russian Orthodox Church declared itself autocephalous in 1448, on the basis of explicit rejection of the Filioque, and the doctrine of "Moscow as the Third and Final Rome" was born. This rejection of the Idea of Progress embodied in the Council of Florence is the cultural root of subsequent Russian imperial designs on the West."

Attempts to restore relations
When breaking off relations with Constantinople in 1467–1470, ambassadors of the Ecumenical Patriarch were forbidden to enter the possession of the Moscow Grand Prince Ivan III. As a result, direct contacts were completely interrupted for almost half a century. However, Moscow continued to intensively communicate with the monks of Mount Athos and in 1517 Patriarch Theoleptus I of Constantinople used this channel of communication. Together with the elders of Athos, among whom was the famous Maximus the Greek, he sent his ambassadors, Gregory (Metropolitan of Zichnai) and the patriarchal deacon, to the Grand Prince Vasily III.

The question of who initiated this contact remains unresolved. It is known that Vasily III was childless for a long time in his first marriage, and many attempts were made to beg for an heir from the Higher powers. The monks of Athos who accompanied the ambassadors reported that they fulfilled the request to pray for the childbearing of Princess Solomonia in the monasteries of the Holy Mountain. Modern researchers (Dm. Kryvtsov, V. Lurie) believe that the initiative came from the Patriarch of Constantinople, and the real goal (in addition to the request for financial assistance) was to restore the canonical jurisdiction of Constantinople over Moscow. The story of this embassy in the Moscow chronicles was seriously reworked, and some documents were withdrawn, but the original evidence is preserved in the materials of the trial of Maximus the Greek. It follows from them that the Patriarch's ambassadors were met extremely coldly; the Grand Prince and Metropolitan Varlaam did not accept the blessing from the Patriarch's envoy.

In the ensuing controversy about the right to autocephaly, Moscow had no serious canonical arguments. However, Muscovites believed that if God was dissatisfied with the ordination of Jonas in 1448, He would somehow have showed it. In particular, afterlife miracles of former Metropolitans of Moscow, saint Alexius and saint Peter - saint Alexius having been canonized by Jonah in 1448 -, were cited to prove that those saints were in favor of the ordination of Metropolitan Jonah. In addition, Muscovites recalled precedents – the proclamation of autocephaly of the Serbian and Bulgarian churches and similar miracles performed by the relics of the Patriarch of Bulgaria. According to the Moscow scholars, those miracles could not have been possible if God did not want the Bulgarians to have their own independent primate. The embassy of the Patriarch of Constantinople was in Moscow for a year and a half, and at this time (1518-1519) sources record a series of miraculous healings from the relics of Metropolitan Alexius (his canonization was the first act of Metropolitan Jonah after his ordination in 1448). In honor of these healings, magnificent celebrations were arranged with the participation of the Grand Duke, Metropolitans, bishops and other members of the clergy, who had to show the "Greeks" the legitimacy of the Moscow autocephaly. The possession of ancient Byzantine icons as a symbol of continuity and preservation of "pure" Orthodox traditions was also demonstrated to the "Greeks". In 1518, Metropolitan of Moscow Varlaam made a public prayer for the ending of prolonged rains. When the rains came to an end, it was also regarded as an approval of the legitimacy of Varlaam's ordination.

The Greeks could not do anything against such arguments. Even if they were not directly expressed, the very atmosphere of the continuous triumph of "Russian Orthodoxy" made useless any attempt to officially raise the question of the subordination of the Moscow autocephalous church to the Patriarch of Constantinople. So the envoys of the Ecumenical Patriarch returned with nothing. The next envoy of the Patriarch of Constantinople appeared in Moscow only 37 years later, in 1556. Maximus the Greek stayed in Moscow and tried to debate, explaining the uncanonical character of the Moscow autocephaly and the fact that the Metropolitan of Moscow was ordinated "not according to divine scripture, nor according to the rules of the Saints Fathers". This ended for him with a trial and a very long imprisonment, despite the sympathetic attitude of a part of the clergy who, to the best of their strength, facilitated his fate and made it possible for him to continue his writings.

In 1539, Grand Prince Vasily III died. As a result of court intrigues, Metropolitan Daniel was dismissed, and Joasaph (Skripitsyn), abbot of the Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius, was put in his place. Joasaph was a famous book lover and patron of scribes and calligraphers; he opposed to Josephites and was a friend of Maximus the Greek. Ascending the post, Joasaph did not renounce the patriarch of Constantinople, as his predecessors Moscow metropolitans did and as his successors would; Joasaph did not declare Moscow's Orthodoxy as being the only true one. Historian  believes that the actions of Joasaph can be considered as an attempt to bring Moscow out of the schism. However, Joasaph's rule was short-lived, in 1542 he was removed from the See of Moscow.

 End of the schism and recognition of Moscow's autocephaly
The exact time of the end of the schism is not known for sure. The Church historian Anton Kartashev believed that the excommunication imposed by Constantinople for the rejection of Isidore "was never lifted from the Russian Church in formal and documented way. It gradually melted in the course of history, and at the time the Moscow Patriarchate was approved in 1589, it was not even remembered". On the other hand, the modern historian of the Church, , believes that in 1560-1561 the Metropolis of Moscow returned to the jurisdiction of the Patriarch of Constantinople, while losing its self-proclaimed autocephaly. This conclusion was made as a result of a detailed analysis of a set of documents relating to the Embassy of Archimandrite Theodorite of 1557 and the Embassy of Archimandrite Joasaph of 1560–1561. The main issue of negotiations was to confirm the coronation of Ivan the Terrible as a real Eastern Orthodox tsar (emperor). In one letter, the patriarch of Constantinople Joasaph calls the metropolitan of Moscow "the exarch of the catholic patriarch" (). Such a title meant administrative subordination, and beyond that it was specially noted in this letter that "he has power from us" (that is, from the Patriarch of Constantinople) and only in this way could he act as a hierarch.

The Russian Orthodox Church considers that it became de facto autocephalous in 1448, yet the other Eastern Orthodox Patriarchs recognized its autocephaly only in 1589–1593. "This was done by means of two letters signed, not by the Ecumenical Patriarch alone, but also by other Patriarchs of the East. In these letters the Patriarchal rank of the primate of the Russian Church was recognized and the Patriarch of Moscow was placed fifth in diptych after the four Patriarchs of the East."

Notes

 See also Eastern Orthodoxy Bulgarian schism
 1996 Moscow–Constantinople schism
 2018 Moscow–Constantinople schism
 Autocephaly of the Orthodox Church of Ukraine
 Phyletism
Moscow, third RomePolitics' Russian irredentism
 Russian nationalism
 Ukrainian nationalism

 References

Sources

 (excerpts here)
 Голубинский Е. Е. История Русской Церкви. Т. II 1-я половина. С. 469—515
 Казакова Н. А. Известия летописей и хронографов о начале автокефалии русской церкви. // Из истории русской культуры. Т.II. кн. 1. С. 415—424.
 Казакова Н. А. Вопрос о причинах осуждения Максима Грека. // Византийский временник, т. 29.
 Синицына Н. В. Автокефалия Русской церкви и учреждение Московского патриархата.//Церковь, общество и государство в феодальной России. С. 156—151.
 Флоря Б. Н.. Флорентийская уния и Восточная Европа (конец 30-х — конец 60-х гг. XV в.)
 В. М., Лурье. Прекращение московского церковного раскола 1467—1560 годов: финал истории в документах (also on Academia.edu) (in Russian)
 Я. С. Лурье Как установилась афтокефалия русской церкви в XV в.? Вспомогательные исторические дисциплины. – Т. XXIII. – Л., 1991. (in Russian)

 Абеленцева О.А. Митрополит Иона и установление автокефалии Русской Церкви. — СПб.: Альянс-Архео, 2009. — 472 с (no access yet)
 Jonah in the Orthodox Encyclopedia:
 Gregory the Bulgarian in the Orthodox Encyclopedia:
Philippides, Marios and Hanak, Walter K., Cardinal Isidore (c.1390–1462): A Late Byzantine Scholar, Warlord, and Prelate'', Routledge, 2018 (on Google books)

Further reading


Zoo Sauvage de St-Félicien

The Zoo Sauvage de St-Félicien (English: Wild Zoo of St-Félicien) is one of the largest zoos in the province of Quebec.  Located in Saint-Félicien, the zoo is dedicated to wildlife conservation of the boreal climate and is managed by The Centre for Conservation of Boreal Biodiversity inc.

The Zoo Sauvage de St-Félicien is an accredited member of the Canadian Association of Zoos and Aquariums (CAZA).

History

The original zoo
The zoo was founded in 1960 through the initiative of Ghislain Gagnon and six others who opened it on an abandoned fox farm lent to them by Haldaige Laflamme. The zoo was set up as a traditional zoo that showcased exotic and North American animals.

On January 4, 1961, the Fondation de la Société zoologique de St-Félicien inc (English: St-Félicien Zoological Society Foundation inc.) was registered as a non-profit society. One month later the foundation purchased Île-aux-Bernard and  of land from Paul E. Gagnon for $12,000, no interest, and payments of only $500 per year.

By 1968, the zoo owned more than , and was home to 450 animals of 91 species. By this time, the zoo also included a restaurant, a kitchen, and a souvenir shop. Additional land was purchased in 1969, bringing the zoos holdings up to . Ghislain Gagnon began wondering if there was a better way to keep animals other than in cages, which resulted in the zoo being completely rethought.

Nature Park Trails
The zoo opened its Nature Park Trails on September 10, 1972. The "new zoo" covered about  and included a screened-in "train" with about  of roadway, from which visitors could observe animals that are native to Quebec, freeing the animals to larger enclosures and putting the visitors in the cages. An additional  of land was purchased in 1974, and work began on expanding the Nature Park Trails. The expansion of the Nature Park Trails officially opened in 1978, with a new lake (Lac Montagnais) having been dug and Mount Keewatinook erected. There were now  of roadway in the Nature Park Trails, as well as reproductions of historic sites including the Colonist Farm, the Lumberjack Camp, the Trading Post, the Indian Campground, the Grand Trestle, and the Western Ranch.

The St-Félicien Zoological Society Foundation

In the early 1980s, the zoo was financially strong and received over 300,000 visitors to its park. It became obvious through visitor comments that the demand for more educational focus at the zoo was growing, and the zoo came up with a Zoo of the Year 2000 plan, and the St-Félicien Zoological Society Foundation (French: Fondation de la Société zoologique de St-Félicien) was created in 1981  to help implement such a transformation. In 1985, work began to create habitats adapted to each animals way of life and to remove the animals from their cages. In order to house carnivores such as their big cats, three large  paddocks were built. In addition, the chimpanzee habitat was constructed so the animals were contained only by a fence surrounding the water basin, in order to keep people out. The zoo also constructed new homes for giraffes, elephants, and hippotamus with walls and ditches replacing cages to separate visitors from the large animals.

In 1986, a work conflict caused a zoo lockout for three months and threatened to close the zoo. A re-launching committee was formed by Benoit Laprise, the mayor of St-Félicien, and in early 1987 was able to raise $1,300,000 to save the zoo from closure. The committee received help from numerous employees, citizens, municipalities, corporations, and governments.  That same year, the zoo made organizational changes both at the employee and administrative levels, and the St-Félicien Zoological Society Foundation created their new mission statement with a focus on education, research, natural, and cultural patrimony, which was part of the Zoo of the Year 2000 plan. In the next two years, the zoo won many regional awards and changed its name to the Zoo Sauvage de St-Félicien in 1989, to reflect its new focus.

In the 1990s, the Wild Zoo won first prize in the Quebec Tourism Regional Awards and was awarded the National Grand Prize under the category 'Touristic Promotion,' although, the Wild Zoo would go through numerous changes during the early nineties.  Ghislan Gagnon, the zoo's original founder retired on December 31, 1992, leaving Martin Laforge to manage the zoo. In September 1993, the Wild Zoo solved its problem with wastewater discharging into the rivière-aux-saumons. The Wild Zoo would use artificial swamps to treat the wastewater that came from the zoo and the campground before it entered into the rivière-aux-saumons. This ecological project was one of the first steps in sustainable development of the zoo. In order to finance the project, the zoo received subsidies, but needed to sell the campground to cover its portion of the cost.

The focus on Nordic animals
During the same year, a committee was created to decide whether or not the Wild Zoo should abandon its exotic animal collection.  The idea to make the decision came from considerations that the Wild Zoo needed its own niche to attract clients believing that visitors seeing exotic animals in other institutions needed to have an interest to come back to the Wild Zoo for its unique and specific style.  Lastly, the Wild Zoo committee also believed that they were contradicting themselves between the traditional/exotic zoo (animals in cages) and the Nature Park Trails where free indigenous fauna roamed free.

The committee decided that only a huge investment would be used to restructure the traditional part of the Wild Zoo and insure its survival, as well, to make it stand out from other zoos.  Through this conclusion the committee decided to remove its exotic animal collection in 1993, and shifted its focus towards animals that live in Nordic environments.  Through this decision, the Wild Zoo's finances were healthier due to the loss of exotic animal species that were more costly to maintain due to their nature and different environments they are accustomed to.

In the following years, major renovations began that included the Île-aux-Bernard (1995), the Valley Sector (1996), and the new polar bear habitat (1997), while new constructions such as the Great Aviary, the Kids Garden, the Ghislan Gagnon Interpretation Centre were being added. Buildings that were no longer needed were turned into veterinary clinics in order to meet Quebec government and Canadian Association of Zoos and Aquariums (CAZA) standards.  Through these changes, the Wild Zoo animal cohabitation was no longer restricted to the Nature Park Trails and visitors could see animals roaming freely everywhere on the site when the Wild Zoo reopened its doors in the 1997 winter season, being accessible for all four seasons, which for most Canadian zoos is impossible to do.  Through these changes and innovations the Wild Zoo led the way as being a model for other Zoological Parks in Quebec and followed through with Gagnon's original vision.

The Centre for Conservation of Boreal Biodiversity

In May 2001, the Wild Zoo decided to broaden its mission statement by modifying its focus again and became the Centre for Conservation of Boreal Biodiversity (French: La Fondation du Centre de conservation de la biodiversité boréale (CCBB)).

The new CCBB wanted to increase the benefits of its organization on a local, regional and international level by following the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity that was adopted at the 1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro. Through this change and model, the Wild Zoo shifted its efforts from Nordic towards protecting the biodiversity of the boreal forests through preservation, education, and research.

Shortly, Phase I of the plan commenced with the construction of the Borealium, which is a Visitors' Centre, in addition, to being a research, documentation, and education facility.  In recent years, the Wild Zoo built new exhibits and eventually re-introduced exotic animal species to its collection that lived in the boreal environments of Asia.  In 2010, the Wild Zoo introduced exotic species that live in the boreal environments of Mongolia through the remodeling of an island and opened the Mongolian habitat.  At the same time, a family area with water games, and a small farm was also built.

Polar bear cubs
On December 4, 2009, the polar bear, Aisaqvak gave birth to two cubs. This was the first time a Canadian zoo experienced the birth of twin polar bears.  The polar bear cubs at first were only viewed from a hidden camera inside the den and eventually at three months of age wandered outside with their mom away from public viewing.  When the cubs were six months old, they made their first public appearance at the Wild Zoo in June 2010.

Exhibits
 Arctic - The most popular exhibit at the Wild Zoo where visitors have an underwater view of polar bears.
 Mixed Forest - Showcases species from various forest and ocean environments.  Visitors will be able to see harbor seals, river otters, raccoons, porcupines, bald eagles, great blue herons, wolverines and fishers.
 Mountain - This exhibit contains North American wildlife that would roam the mountain landscapes.  Visitors can see numerous predators such as the cougar, the bobcat, the Canadian lynx, the coyote, the grizzly bear and the mule deer.

 Nature Trail Park - The first area at the zoo to have a free roaming area for animals. Visitors can observe these animals while riding inside a train with caged bars and observe large mammals such as the American bison, the moose, the northern elk, the woodland caribou, the musk ox, the black bear and white-tailed deer.
 Land of the Caribou - Visitors can observe caribou from Lac Montagnais while paddling their canoes.
 Asia - Animals in this exhibit are exotic species that live in Asian boreal environments.  Visitors can observe the Amur tigers, red-crowned cranes and the Japanese macaques.
 Mongolia - Opened in 2010, this exhibit contains wildlife from Mongolia, which includes species such as the Bactrian camel, the Siberian ibex, the Przewalski's horse, and the yak.
 Mini Farm - A petting zoo where children can play, pet, and view various farm animals such as goat, Dexter cow, llama, chicken  , donkey and bull frog.

Notes

External links


San Giovanni Theristis

The Monastery of San Giovanni Theristis , is an Orthodox Christian monastery in  Bivongi, Calabria (province of Reggio), southern Italy. It is part of the Romanian Orthodox Diocese for Italy.

History

Calabria was part of the Byzantine Empire until the 11th century. A Greek monk, St. John Theristus, operated in the Stilaro Valley during the 9th century. His aghiasma ("holy font") became a popular center of local pilgrimage, and here a Byzantine monastery was founded in the 11th century. After the Norman conquest of southern Italy, it developed as one of the most important Basilian monasteries in southern Italy, maintaining its splendour until the 15th century, with a rich library and numerous art treasures.

It lived a phase of decline until 1579, when the founding of the Basilian Order of Italy restored it as the main Basilian center in southern Calabria. However, in the 17th century brigandage damaged the monastery, and the monks decided to moved to a bigger monastery outside the walls of Stilo, carrying with them the relics of the namesake saint. In the early 19th century, after the Napoleonic conquest of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, it was acquired by the comune of Bivongi, who sold it to private owners. In 1980 it was sold back to the municipal authority and, in the 1990s, restored to the Italian Basilian Order. In 2001, the Patriarch of Constantinople Bartholomew I visited the monastery and returned here the saint's relic from Stilo.

In July 2008, the city council of Bivongi has granted the use of the church for 99 years to the newly formed Romanian Orthodox Church in Italy.

Description
The edifice is an example of transition between the Byzantine and Norman styles in architecture in southern Italy.  Norman elements include the four corner pilasters closed by four arches, which support the dome, two of them being ogival.

Clearly Byzantine is the exterior, in particular in the external walls, in the fake columns of the apse, which forms ogival arches, and in the 16 small columns decorating the dome's tambour. The interior also houses traces of Byzantine frescoes, such as that portraying St. John Theristis.


Claude Lepelley

Claude Lepelley (8 February 1934 – 31 January 2015) was a 20th-21st-century French historian, a specialist of late Antiquity and North Africa during Antiquity. His thesis, Les cités de l'Afrique romaine au Bas-Empire, defended in 1977 under the direction of William Seston,  profoundly changed the understanding of the urban world in the third - fourth centuries: far from declining, the cities of Africa had some prosperity at that time.

Career
After his secondary education at the lycée Charlemagne, he was received at the 1957 agrégation of history in 1957 and appointed to the University of Tunis between 1957 and 1959 before doing his military service in Algeria between November 1959 and January 1962. In Algiers, in particular, where he was responsible for school education, participating in the development of a first handbook. Meanwhile, he took a stand against the Organisation armée secrète, wrote and distributed leaflets denouncing the abuses in the place to Le Canard Enchainé which published his testimony.

Back in France, he was assistant at the Faculté des lettres de Paris (1962–1967), maître de conférences at the University of Amiens (1967–1970) and the University of Lille III, before becoming a professor after defending his thesis in 1977. He was professor then emeritus professor at Paris West University Nanterre La Défense.

President of the "Institut des études augustiniennes" between 1987 and 2000, he was also responsible for the 'Centre de recherches sur l’Antiquité tardive et le Haut Moyen-Âge'. He actively contributed to the creation of the  inaugurated in 1998.

A member of the Comité des travaux historiques et scientifiques (Cths) in 1982, before becoming its secretary in 1992, a member of the Société des Antiquaires de France of which he was president in 2003 and president of the "Société française d’études épigraphiques sur Rome et le monde romain", Claude Lepelley was also publishing director of the series "Nouvelle Clio" from 1992 to 2008.

His research focused on the history of christianity and late Antiquity.

Works
1969: L'empire romain et le christianisme, Groupe Flammarion, Questions d'histoire
1973: (éd.) : Christianisme et pouvoirs politiques, Lille, Presses Universitaires de Lille
1979: Les cités de l'Afrique romaine au Bas-Empire, tome I : La permanence d'une civilisation municipale, Institut des études augustiniennes, collection des études augustiniennes
1981: Les cités de l'Afrique romaine au Bas-Empire, tome II : Notices d'histoire municipale, Institut des études augustiniennes, collection des études augustiniennes
 1983 : (éd.) : Les Lettres de saint Augustin découvertes par Johannes Divjak (communications présentées au colloque des 20 et 21 septembre 1982), Institut des études augustiniennes
1993: (éd. avec P. Veyriras) : Newman et l'histoire, Presses Universitaires de Lyon
1996: (éd. avec A. Chastagnol et S. Demougin) : « Splendissima civitas ». Études d'histoire romaine à la mémoire de François Jacques, Publications de la Sorbonne
1996: (dir.) : La fin de la cité antique et le début de la cité médiévale de la fin du IIIe à l'avènement de Charlemagne, Bari, Edipuglia, 1996.
1998: (dir.) : Rome et l'intégration de l'empire. Tome II : Approches régionales de Haut-Empire romain, Paris, PUF, Nouvelle Clio
2000: (with X. Dupuis) : Frontières et limites géographiques de l'Afrique du Nord antique : hommage à Pierre Salama, Publications de la Sorbonne
2001: Aspects de l'Afrique romaine. Les cités, la vie rurale, le christianisme, Bari, Edipuglia, collection ofarticles.
2001: Les chrétiens et l'Empire romain : persécutions, polémique et apologétique, chapter VIII of Histoire du christianisme, Paris, Desclée de Brouwer
2004: « Une inscription d'Heraclea Sintica (Macédoine) récemment découverte, révélant un rescrit de l'empereur Galère restituant ses droits à la cite », Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 146
2007: « Saint Augustin et le rayonnement de sa pensée », chapitre VI de l'Histoire du christianisme, Paris, Le Seuil.
2010: Saint Augustin : le passeur des deux rives, Éditions d'Orbestier, collective work. This book brings together the endeavour of the leading specialists in Saint Augustine, including Claude Lepelley, and follows a symposium held in 2003 at Les Sables-d'Olonne with the support of Unesco in the context of the Year of Algeria in France.
2010: (dir.) : La nouvelle Carte des voies romaines de l’Est de l’Africa dans l’Antiquité Tardive d’après les travaux de P. Salama (Direction with Noël Duval and Jehan Desanges), Turnhout, Brepols

Bibliography
 Inglebert (Hervé), éd., Idéologies et valeurs civiques dans le monde romain : hommage à Claude Lepelley, Paris, Picard, 2002. Un volume d'hommages ; includes a detailed bibliography of Claude Lepelley.


Magnetophon

Magnetophon was the brand or model name of the pioneering reel-to-reel tape recorder developed by engineers of the German electronics company AEG in the 1930s, based on the magnetic tape invention by Fritz Pfleumer. AEG created the world's first practical tape recorder, the K1, first demonstrated in Germany in 1935 at the Berlin Radio Show.

Later models introduced the concept of AC tape bias, which improved the sound quality by largely eliminating background hiss. The resulting reproduction was so great an advance on any existing recording method that even those well acquainted with the industry could not tell the recordings from live play. Adolf Hitler used these machines to perform what appeared to be live broadcasts from one city while he was in another. A cache of 350 of these tapes was released years later when they were found in Koblenz.

Two later model Magnetophons were taken to the United States after the war, having been found in Frankfurt. These included both the newer oxide coated PVC tape developed by I.G. Farben (BASF division) as well as the AC bias system. The Army officer who tracked them down, Jack Mullin, would use these machines as the basis of his own designs, which he first demonstrated to the San Francisco chapter of the Institute of Radio Engineers in May 1946, and later at the MGM Studios in Hollywood in October of that year. Attending the SF demo were Ampex engineers Harold Lindsey and Myron Stolaroff, who were inspired to design their own reel-to-reel recorder based on Mullin's modified Magnetophon. Mullin's friend, Richard Ranger, had also designed his own take on the Mullinized Magnetophon called the Rangertone; however, a demonstration of that machine to Bing Crosby didn't go well. Mullin then arranged for Crosby to experience a demonstration of the machine designed by Lindsey and Stolaroff: the Ampex Model 200A. Although an initial showcase of the Ampex machine was unable to demonstrate recording, the audio quality of its playback was good enough to get Crosby to agree to work with them. With Bing Crosby arranging financial support for start-up manufacturing, the Ampex 200A went into production and within three years most major recording studios had purchased one.

History

The Magnetophon tape recorder was one of the first recording machines to use magnetic tape in preserving voice and music. However, early Magnetophons gave disappointing results. One of the first concerts to be recorded on a Magnetophon was Mozart's 39th Symphony played by the London Philharmonic Orchestra, conducted by Sir Thomas Beecham, during their 1936 concert tour. The recording was made on an AEG K2 Magnetophon running at 100 cm/s. The tape used was the early black iron oxide Fe3O4 type. When Beecham and the musicians heard the playback, they were greatly disappointed with the distortion and noise on the recording. Although the original tape is now lost, the recording survived until the 1990s and has been transferred. Some other surviving tapes show a tendency toward overmodulation.

Later in 1939, the Fe3O4 oxide was replaced by the Fe2O3 type, which gave a significantly better recording quality, so much that the formula became a worldwide standard until the 1970s when chromium dioxide tapes appeared.

Adding a direct-current bias to the record head gave some improvement, but in 1941, Hans Joachim von Braunmühl and Dr. Walter Weber, both engineers at the German national broadcasting organisation RRG (Reichs-Rundfunk-Gesellschaft), accidentally discovered the technique of high-frequency bias in which the simple addition of a high level (about 10X the maximum audio level) inaudible high-frequency tone resulted in a striking improvement in sound quality by effectively smoothing the magnetization of unused portions of the audio band. The discovery was made when a Magnetophone producing recordings of extraordinary quality was sent 'for repair'. The machine was found to have an oscillating DC bias amplifier. Magnetic media are inherently non-linear, but AC bias was the means whereby the magnetisation of the recording tape was made linearly proportional to the electrical signal which represents the audio component. The Magnetophon became a 'high fidelity' recording system because in so many respects, it outperformed gramophone recording (which was the 78 rpm system of the time).

Many speeches, concerts, and operatic performances were recorded. Since many of the recordings survived World War II they were later issued on LPs and compact discs. One of the more remarkable series of recordings took place at the Vienna State Opera House, also known as Wiener Staatsoper, in 1944, when the German composer Richard Strauss recorded many of his famous symphonic poems, including Don Juan, Till Eulenspiegel, and Also sprach Zarathustra, with the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra.

AEG engineers made rapid strides in perfecting the system and had practical stereo recorders by 1943. Until 1945, about 250 stereophonic tape recordings were known to exist, including some Richard Strauss and Furtwängler. Only three of those recordings are known to still exist. This includes a performance of Beethoven's "Emperor" Concerto with pianist Walter Gieseking and the Berlin Reichssenders Orchestra conducted by Artur Rother. This remarkable performance was later issued on LP by Varèse Sarabande. Later in 1993, the Audio Engineering Society (AES) issued a special CD for the 50th birthday of stereo recording. This CD not only includes the "Emperor" Concerto, but the two other stereo recordings known to exist: a Brahms serenade and the last movement of Bruckner's 8th Symphony conducted by Herbert von Karajan. Piano Library also issued the Emperor concerto, and Iron Needle issued the Bruckner recordings (catalog IN 1407). ArkivMusic released a CD of the concerto, as well a later recording Gieseking made of Beethoven's first piano concerto with the Rafael Kubelik and the Philharmonic Orchestra.

Magnetophon recorders were widely used in German radio broadcasts during World War II, although they were a closely guarded secret at the time. The Allies were aware of the existence of the pre-war Magnetophon recorders, but not of the introduction of high-frequency bias and PVC-backed tape.) their intelligence experts knew that the Germans had some new form of recording system but they did not know the full details of its construction and operation until working models of the Magnetophon were discovered during the Allied invasion of Germany during 1944-45.

American audio engineer Jack Mullin acquired two Magnetophon recorders and fifty reels of magnetic tape from a German radio station at Bad Nauheim near Frankfurt in 1945. The allied forces were traveling through Germany during WWII when they first discovered the device. The Allies then handed the Magnetophon over to Mullin. Over the next two years Mullin modified and developed these machines, hoping to create a commercial recording system that could be used by movie studios. American popular vocalist Bing Crosby, dissatisfied with the quality of existing radio network recordings was prevailed upon to invest in this development and would use the technology, as modified by Mullin and the fledgling Ampex company, to record his radio broadcasts in the more relaxed atmosphere of the recording studio, which was a significant break from the then-norm of live studio audience broadcasts. In 2008, at the 50th Annual Grammy Awards Ceremony, Ampex received the company's first Grammy Award for Technical Achievement, to honor their contribution sixty years earlier of the Ampex 200, which "revolutionized the radio and recording industries". Ampex 200 co-designer Myron Stolaroff was among the company's employees representing Ampex who accepted the award.

As a generic noun

Magnetophon became the generic word for the tape recorder in some languages including German ("Magnetophon"), Swedish ("magnetofon"), Czech, Polish (magnetofon), French (magnétophone), Italian (magnetofono - only for reel-to-reel), Romanian, Serbian/Croatian (magnetofon - only for reel-to-reel), Greek (μαγνητόφωνο - magnitofono), Russian (магнитофон - magnitofon), Bulgarian (магнетофон - magnetofon), Slovak, Spanish (magnetófono or magnetofón), Hungarian (magnetofon - commonly shortened to magnó), Finnish (magnetofoni - commonly shortened to mankka), Estonian (magnetofon - commonly shortened to makk), Lithuanian (magnetofonas), Latvian (magnetofons) and Ukrainian.


Aratuba

Aratuba is a municipality in the state of Ceará in the Northeast region of Brazil.


Sculptor Dwarf Irregular Galaxy

The Sculptor Dwarf Irregular Galaxy (SDIG) is an irregular galaxy in the constellation Sculptor.  The galaxy was discovered in 1976.

Nearby galaxies and galaxy group information

The Sculptor Dwarf Irregular Galaxy and the dwarf galaxy UGCA 442 are both companions of the spiral galaxy NGC 7793.  These galaxies all lie within the Sculptor Group, a weakly bound, filament-like group of galaxies located near the Local Group.


Saturn-Shuttle

The Saturn-Shuttle was a preliminary concept of launching the Space Shuttle orbiter using the Saturn V rocket. It was studied and considered in 1971-1972.

Description
An interstage would be fitted on top of the S-IC stage to support the external tank in the space occupied by the S-II stage in the Saturn V. It was an alternative to the SRBs.

The addition of wings (and some form of landing gear) on the S-IC stage would allow the booster to fly back to the Kennedy Space Center, where technicians would then refurbish the booster (by replacing only the five F-1 engines and reusing the tanks and other hardware for later flights).

The Shuttle would handle space station logistics, while Saturn V would launch components.

This would have allowed a space station, using a Skylab or Mir configuration with docking ports, to have been lifted with just a handful of launches. The Saturn-Shuttle concept also would have eliminated the Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Boosters that ultimately precipitated the Space Shuttle Challenger accident in 1986.


L'Homme du large

L' Homme du large (English: Man of the Sea or Man of the Open Seas) is a 1920 French silent film directed by Marcel L'Herbier and based on a short story by Honoré de Balzac. It was filmed on the rugged southern coast of Brittany creating atmosphere in a film about the forces of good and evil that motivate human behaviour.

Background
After the success of L'Herbier's previous film, Le Carnaval des vérités, Gaumont allowed him more resources for his next project, and in the spring of 1920 he drafted a scenario based loosely on a philosophical short story by Balzac called Un drame au bord de la mer.  He said that he wanted to use again the sea of Brittany as a protagonist in a drama, an idea which he had explored previously in his scenario for Le Torrent (1917), but now to treat it more lyrically.  He gave his story the title L'Homme du large, and added the subtitle Marine ("seascape").

Plot
Nolff, a devout Breton fisherman, has taken a vow of silence and lives as a hermit beside the sea.  No-one comes near him except the white-clad novice who brings him food.

Years before...  Full of contempt for mankind and life on land, Nolff has built his house on a remote cliff-top, and devotes himself to his fishing and to his wife and children: his daughter Djenna, hard-working and dutiful, and his son Michel whom he idolises and is determined to bring up as "a free man, a sailor".  But Michel is selfish and exploits his father's blind affection, and as he grows up, hating the sea, he becomes addicted to the pleasures of the town, lured into bad behaviour by his friend Guenn-la-Taupe.  At an Easter celebration, the only occasion of the year when Nolff and his family join the townspeople in their festivities, Nolff's wife becomes ill, and while she is taken home Michel escapes to a disreputable bar in the town to consort with the dancer Lia.  Djenna comes to fetch him to his mother's bedside, but Michel slips back into the bar, where he gets into a fight with Lia's protector and stabs him.  Nolff pays for Michel's release from gaol, but when they return home, they find his mother dead.

Needing money to spend on Lia, Michel steals the savings which his mother had kept for Djenna, but he is caught and denounced by Nolff, who vows "to return him to God".  Nolff ties Michel in the bottom of an open boat and pushes it out to sea.  He then adopts the life of a hermit beside the sea, while Djenna enters a convent.  Months later, Djenna receives a letter from Michel: he has survived and is now a changed man, earning his living as a sailor.  When Nolff hears that Michel wants to return home, he cries out to the sea in remorse for his judgment of his son.

Cast
Jaque Catelain as  Michel
Roger Karl as  Nolff
Marcelle Pradot as  Djenna
Claire Prélia as  La mère
Charles Boyer as  Guenn-la-Taupe
Claude Autant-Lara as  Un des copains
Dimitri Dragomir as  Un des copains
Suzanne Doris as  Lia
Philippe Hériat as  Le protecteur
Lili Samuel as  La lesbienne
Georges Forois as  Le pêcheur
Pâquerette as  La tenancière

Production
In June 1920, L'Herbier took a large crew to Brittany for location shooting around the coasts of Morbihan and Finistère, where he sought the wild landscapes which would establish the story's moral contrast between the pure grandeur of the sea and the corrupt temptations of the town.  For the first time he had an "assistant director", a young man called Raymond Payelle who would soon take the professional name of Philippe Hériat.  Also in his team as a set-designer was Claude Autant-Lara, and both he and Hériat also played small parts in the film.  In another supporting role, Charles Boyer made his début in the cinema.

L'Herbier's structure for the narrative was original in that it started at the end and then told the story in flashback: he claimed that this was the first time that this device been used in the cinema.

L'Herbier also took an original approach to the use of intertitles which, instead of being inserted between shots of the film, were integrated into the image itself so that they formed part of the visual design and did not interrupt the flow of the film.

A detailed programme of tinting for the entire film gave a complex interplay of colour contrasts, both between scenes and in individual sequences: for instance, the scenes in the town bar (the "bouge") are tinted in a lurid red, and intercut with the mauve-tinted scenes showing the feverish mother at home.

Jaque Catelain assisted L'Herbier with the editing of the film.

As soon as it was finished, Léon Gaumont indicated to L'Herbier that he would like another film from him, a lighter one to contrast with the sombre drama of L'Homme du large, so that the two could be presented together.  L'Herbier rapidly devised a pastiche of a tale of Oscar Wilde and a parody of a detective story which was called Villa Destin: it carried the subtitle Humoresque.  The two films received their trade showing together on 31 October 1920.

Reception
The first public screening of L'Homme du large took place on 3 December 1920 at the Gaumont Palace in Paris.  It was enthusiastically received by both the public and the press.  Its critical reputation was well-sustained in subsequent years. Film archivist Henri Langlois described it as "the first example of film writing". He argued that the film was not just a narrative of events linked together by intertitles, but a sequence of images whose message conveyed an idea; the superimposed titles reinforced the images in the manner of ideograms. While some critics were troubled by the contrast between the film's natural environment of coast and sea and its aesthetic use of frequent editing wipes, irises and superimpositions, there was broader appreciation for the rhythmic structure of shots and sequences, forming what L'Herbier saw as a "musical composition".

Less welcome recognition came from the French censor.  One week after the film's release it had to be withdrawn from screening because of objections to parts of the scene of the "bouge" which showed some lascivious kissing and caresses between two women.  L'Herbier negotiated with the censor and made some small cuts in the scene, so as "to show less and suggest more". Screenings of the film resumed, and some months later L'Herbier re-inserted the censored material into the original negative.

Restoration
In 1998 a detailed restoration of the film was undertaken by CNC Archives françaises du film and Gaumont. It involved the reconstruction of many of the intertitles and the scheme of colour tinting using L'Herbier's original notes.  The work was completed for presentation in 2001. An original orchestral score was composed by Antoine Duhamel. A DVD of the restored version was issued by Gaumont in 2009.


Sophronica binigromaculipennis

Sophronica binigromaculipennis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Breuning in 1963.


Cetki

Cetki  () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Rypin, within Rypin County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Rypin and  east of Toruń.


Ōmigawa Station

is a railway station on the Shinetsu Main Line in the city of Kashiwazaki, Niigata Prefecture, Japan, operated by East Japan Railway Company (JR East).

Lines
Ōmigawa Station is served by the Shinetsu Main Line, and is 29.6 kilometers from the terminus of the line at .

Layout
The station is unstaffed and consists of two opposed side platforms connected by a footbridge.

Platforms

History
The station was opened on 28 July 1899. With the privatization of Japanese National Railways (JNR) on 1 April 1987, the station came under the control of JR East.

On 17 July 2007, the station and line was damaged and blocked by a landslide caused by the 2007 Chūetsu offshore earthquake. The line reopened to traffic on 13 September 2007. A new station building was completed on 25 March 2008.

Surrounding area
 Ōmigawa Swimming Beach

Adjacent stations


Cumulate rock

Cumulate rocks are igneous rocks formed by the accumulation of crystals from a magma either by settling or floating. Cumulate rocks are named according to their texture; cumulate texture is diagnostic of the conditions of formation of this group of igneous rocks. Cumulates can be deposited on top of other older cumulates of different composition and colour, typically giving the cumulate rock a layered or banded appearance.

Formation

Cumulate rocks are the typical product of precipitation of solid crystals from a fractionating magma chamber. These accumulations typically occur on the floor of the magma chamber, although they are possible on the roofs if anorthite plagioclase is able to float free of a denser mafic melt.

Cumulates are typically found in ultramafic intrusions, in the base of large ultramafic lava tubes in komatiite and magnesium rich basalt flows and also in some granitic intrusions.

Terminology
Cumulates are named according to their dominant mineralogy and the percentage of crystals to their groundmass (Hall, 1996).
 Adcumulates are rocks containing ~100–93% accumulated magmatic crystals in a fine-grained groundmass.
 Mesocumulates are rocks with between 93 and 85% accumulated minerals in a groundmass.
 Orthocumulates are rocks containing between 85 and 75% accumulated minerals in groundmass.

Cumulate rocks are typically named according to the cumulate minerals in order of abundance, and then cumulate type (adcumulate, mesocumulate, orthocumulate), and then accessory or minor phases.
For example:
 a layer with 50% plagioclase, 40% pyroxene, 5% olivine and 5% groundmass (in essence a gabbro) would be termed a plagioclase-pyroxene Adcumulate with accessory olivine.
 a rock consisting of 80% olivine, 5% magnetite and 15% groundmass is an olivine mesocumulate, (in essence a peridotite).

Cumulate terminology is appropriate for use when describing cumulate rocks. In intrusions which have a uniform composition and minimal textural and mineralogical layering or visible crystal accumulations it is inappropriate to describe them according to this convention.

Geochemistry

Cumulate rocks, because they are fractionates of a parental magma, should not be used to infer the composition of a magma from which they are formed. The chemistry of the cumulate itself can inform on the residual melt composition, but several factors need to be considered.

Chemistry
The chemistry of a cumulate can inform upon the temperature, pressure and chemistry of the melt from which it was formed, but the number of minerals which co-precipitate need to be known, as does the chemistry or mineral species of the precipitated minerals. This is best illustrated by an example;

As an example, a magma of basalt composition that is precipitating cumulates of anorthite plagioclase plus enstatite pyroxene is changing composition by the removal of the elements which make up the precipitated minerals. In this example, the precipitation of anorthite (a calcium aluminium feldspar) removes calcium from the melt, which becomes more depleted in calcium. Enstatite being precipitated from the melt will remove magnesium, so the melt becomes depleted in these elements. This tends to enrich the concentration of other elements - typically sodium, potassium, titanium and iron.

The rock that is made of the accumulated minerals will not have the same composition as the magma. In the above example, the cumulate of anorthite + enstatite is rich in calcium and magnesium, and the melt is depleted in calcium and magnesium.  The cumulate rock is a plagioclase-pyroxene cumulate (a gabbro) and the melt is now more felsic and aluminous in composition (trending towards andesite compositions).

In the above example, the plagioclase and pyroxene need not be pure end-member compositions (anorthite-enstatite), and thus the effect of depletion of elements can be complex. The minerals can be precipitated in any ratio within the cumulate; such cumulates can be 90% plagioclase:10% enstatite, through to 10% plagiclase:90% enstatite and remain a gabbro. This also alters the chemistry of the cumulate, and the depletions of the residual melt.

It can be seen that the effect on the composition of the residual melt left behind by the formation of the cumulate is dependent on the composition of the minerals which precipitate, the number of minerals which co-precipitate at the same time, and the ratio of the minerals which co-precipitate. In nature, cumulates usually form from 2 mineral species, although ranges from 1 to 4 mineral species are known. Cumulate rocks which are formed from one mineral alone are often named after the mineral, for example a 99% magnetite cumulate is known as a magnetitite.

A specific example is the Skaergaard intrusion in Greenland. At Skaergaard a 2500 m thick layered intrusion shows distinct chemical and mineralogic layering:
  plagioclase varies from An66 near the base to An30 near the top (Anxx = anorthite percentage)
 CaO 10.5% base to 5.1% top; Na2O + K2O 2.3% base to 5.9% top
 olivine varies from Fo57 near the base to Fo0 at the top (Foxx = forsterite percentage of the olivine)
 MgO 11.6% base to 1.7% top; FeO 9.3% base to 22.7% top
The Skaergaard is interpreted to have crystallised from a single confined magma chamber.

Residual melt chemistry

One way to infer the composition of the magma that created the cumulate rocks is to measure groundmass chemistry, but that chemistry is problematic or impossible to sample. Otherwise, complex calculations of averaging cumulate layers must be utilised, which is a complex process. Alternatively, the magma composition can be estimated by assuming certain conditions of magma chemistry and testing them on phase diagrams using measured mineral chemistry. These methods work fairly well for cumulates formed in volcanic conditions (i.e.; komatiites). Investigating magma conditions of large layered ultramafic intrusions is more fraught with problems.

These methods have their drawbacks, primarily that they must all make certain assumptions which rarely hold true in nature. The foremost problem is that in large ultramafic intrusions, assimilation of wall rocks tends to alter the chemistry of the melt as time progresses, so measuring groundmass compositions may fall short. Mass balance calculations will show deviations from expected ranges, which may infer assimilation has occurred, but then further chemistry must be embarked upon to quantify these findings.

Secondly, large ultramafic intrusions are rarely sealed systems and may be subject to regular injections of fresh, primitive magma, or to loss of volume due to further upward migration of the magma (possibly to feed volcanic vents or dyke swarms). In such cases, calculating magma chemistries may resolve nothing more than the presence of these two processes having affected the intrusion.

Though crystallized at high temperature, cumulate can remelt when later intruded by a sill or dyke of magma.

Economic importance
The economic importance of cumulate rocks is best represented by three classes of mineral deposits found in ultramafic to mafic layered intrusions.
 Silicate mineral cumulates
 Oxide mineral cumulates
 Sulfide melt cumulates

Silicate mineral cumulates
Silicate minerals are rarely sufficiently valuable to warrant extraction as ore. However, some anorthosite intrusions contain such pure anorthite concentrations that they are mined for feldspar, for use in refractories, glassmaking, semiconductors and other sundry uses (toothpaste, cosmetics, etc.).

Oxide mineral cumulates

Oxide mineral cumulates form in layered intrusions when fractional crystallisation has progressed enough to allow the crystallisation of oxide minerals which are invariably a form of spinel. This can happen due to fractional enrichment of the melt in iron, titanium or chromium.

These conditions are created by the high-temperature fractionation of highly magnesian olivine or pyroxene, which causes a relative iron-enrichment in the residual melt. When the iron content of the melt is sufficiently high, magnetite or ilmenite crystallise and, due to their high density, form cumulate rocks. Chromite is generally formed during pyroxene fractionation at low pressures, where chromium is rejected from the pyroxene crystals.

These oxide layers form laterally continuous deposits of rocks containing in excess of 50% oxide minerals. When oxide minerals exceed 90% of the bulk of the interval the rock may be classified according to the oxide mineral, for example magnetitite, ilmenitite or chromitite. Strictly speaking, these would be magnetite orthocumulate, ilmenite orthocumulate and chromite orthocumulates.

Sulfide mineral segregations
Sulfide mineral cumulates in layered intrusions are an important source of nickel, copper, platinum group elements and cobalt. Deposits of a mixed massive or mixed sulfide-silicate 'matrix' of pentlandite, chalcopyrite, pyrrhotite and/or pyrite are formed, occasionally with cobaltite and platinum-tellurium sulfides. These deposits are formed by melt immiscibility between sulfide and silicate melts in a sulfur-saturated magma.

They are not strictly a cumulate rock, as the sulfide is not precipitated as a solid mineral, but rather as immiscible sulfide liquid. However, they are formed by the same processes and accumulate due to their high specific gravity, and can form laterally extensive sulfide 'reefs'. The sulfide minerals generally form an interstitial matrix to a silicate cumulate.

Sulfide mineral segregations can only be formed when a magma attains sulfur saturation. In mafic and ultramafic rocks they form economic nickel, copper and platinum group (PGE) deposits because these elements are chalcophile and are strongly partitioned into the sulfide melt. In rare cases, felsic rocks become sulfur saturated and form sulfide segregations. In this case, the typical result is a disseminated form of sulfide mineral, usually a mixture of pyrrhotite, pyrite and chalcopyrite, forming copper mineralisation. It is very rare but not unknown to see cumulate sulfide rocks in granitic intrusions.


Eric Bassombeng

Eric Magloire Bassombeng (born 11 March 1983) is a Cameroonian footballer who plays as a midfielder. He is a free agent and his latest club was GAIS.


Results of the 1930 New South Wales state election

The 1930 New South Wales state election was for 90 electoral districts each returning a single member with compulsory preferential voting.

Results by electoral district

Albury

Annandale

Armidale

Arncliffe

Ashburnham

Ashfield

Auburn

Balmain

Bankstown

Barwon

Bathurst

Bondi

Botany

Bulli

Burwood

Byron

Canterbury

Casino

Castlereagh

Cessnock

Clarence

Cobar

Concord

Coogee

Cootamundra

Corowa

Croydon

Drummoyne

Dubbo

Dulwich Hill

Georges River

Glebe

Gloucester

Gordon

Goulburn

Granville

Hamilton

Hartley

Hawkesbury

Hornsby

Hurstville

Illawarra

King

Kogarah

Kurri Kurri

Lachlan

Lakemba

Lane Cove

Leichhardt

Lismore

Liverpool Plains

Maitland

Manly

Marrickville

Monaro

Mosman

Mudgee

Murray

Murrumbidgee

Namoi

Nepean

Neutral Bay

Newcastle

Newtown

North Sydney

Orange

Oxley

Paddington

Parramatta

Petersham

Phillip

Raleigh

Randwick

Redfern

Ryde

South Coast

Sturt

Tamworth

Temora

Tenterfield

Upper Hunter

Vaucluse

Wagga Wagga

Waratah

Waverley

Willoughby

Wollondilly

Woollahra

Yass

Young


Grant McNally

Grant McNally (born 8 January 1962 in Vancouver, British Columbia) was a member of the House of Commons of Canada from 1997 to 2004. He was educated at Trinity Western University in Langley, BC. By career, he is a teacher.

He won election with the Reform Party in the Dewdney-Alouette electoral district in the 1997 general election. He won re-election in 2000 while the Canadian Alliance transitioned to the Canadian Alliance and then the Conservative Party.

In early 2001, he temporarily joined the Democratic Representative Caucus group in protest of Stockwell Day's Alliance Party leadership.

McNally served in the 36th, and 37th Canadian Parliaments. He did not seek a third term in Parliament for the 2004 federal election.

External links


Arnošt Nejedlý

Arnošt Nejedlý (22 May 1883 – 1917) was a Czech long-distance runner. He competed in the men's marathon at the 1908 Summer Olympics.


Jones Memorial Library (Lynchburg, Virginia)

The Jones Memorial Library Building is a historic library building located on Rivermont Avenue at Lynchburg, Virginia.  It was designed by the local architectural firm of Frye & Chesterman.  It was erected in 1906-07 in the Neo-Classical Revival style.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.   Jones Memorial Library, specializing in historical research and genealogy moved to 2311 Memorial Avenue, Lynchburg, Virginia in 1987.