Macedonian Slavic mythology

Macedonian Slavic Mythology is the collection of beliefs belonging to the culture of Macedonia. It originates from the historical Slavic religious beliefs of the early Slavs that settled in Macedonia. The works of these myths are influenced by Greco-Roman mythology.

Mythic creatures
Narechnici - (Macedonian: Наречници) are demonic creatures thought to have the power to predict the destiny of a new-born baby. Usually presented as three women, Narechnici arrive on the third night following the birth of a child. Narechnici are sometimes presented as three sisters; two evil ones and one good one. The youngest sister undoes the evil curses of the two older evil sisters.

Samovili - (Macedonian: Самовили ; English: Fairies ) are presented as pretty girls with golden hair and wings who live in the mountains near the water. Samovili were said to have been born from the dew of flowers; either at times when it rained while the sun was shining or under a rainbow. They serve those who steal their clothes. If their wings are removed, they transform into real women.

Zmey - (Macedonian: Змеј) are creatures with human features that have the tail of a snake, golden wings and tremendous physical strength. Zmey live either in caves or mountain tops, and are extremely intelligent. Zmey are attracted to female beauty and capture young women and take them to their remote lairs.

Lamia - (Macedonian: Ламја) is a large creature born from a snake's head stored in the horn of a buffalo. "The big Lamia has a god's head with big sharp teeth, four legs with big sharp nails and a tail, and the body is covered with fish scales." Lamia usually live in caves and guard secret treasures.

Stia - (Macedonian: Стија) are female creatures with long hair and fish-like tails, much like a mermaid. Stia live in the depths of lakes.

Vampiri - (Macedonian: Вампири ; English: Vampires ) Macedonia hosted several types of vampires: the vampire-husband or sexual partner comes back to life to impregnate his wife if she had not conceived while he was alive. The vampire-housekeeper returns to help his family through additional cattle or money. There is an evil vampire that damages land and cattle. Vampires-butchers frequently work in a local butchery; vampire-animals transform from a dead man/vampire into an animal, often a dog or similar creature.

Other mythological creatures are Talasami - (Macedonian: Таласами), Giants - (Macedonian: Џинови), Dwarves - (Macedonian: Џуџиња), Chuma - (Macedonian: Чума), Ala - (Macedonian: Ала) and Vrag - (Macedonian: Враг).

Toponyms that relate to Slavic gods or mythological creatures

Numerous toponyms relate to Slavic gods or mythological creatures.Veles - (Macedonian: Велес) is a city in Macedonia that has the name of the Slavic god Veles. He is the god of wine, music and cattle.

Mokosh - toponyms that relate to the goddess of fertility, women's work and women's happiness, Mokosh or Mokoshka/Makoshka areMakoshka - (Macedonian: Макошка), Gjurgjeva Makoshka - (Macedonian: Ѓурѓева Макошка), Middle Makoshka - (Macedonian: Средна Макошка), Far Makoshka - (Macedonian: Далечна Макошка)Goddess Morana - Morani village - (Macedonian: с.Морани), Morana's creek - (Macedonian: Морански поток), Morana's river - (Macedonian: Моранска река), Marena village - (Macedonian: с.Марена)


Eddie Ryder

Eddie Ryder (January 23, 1923 – March 29, 1997) was an American television and film actor, as well as a writer and television director. Ryder was born in New York City and died in El Paso, Texas.

Career
He was a veteran of 92 movies and television programs. His television career began at age 29 playing a high school boy on the December 26, 1953 Adventures of Superman episode titled My Friend Superman with George Reeves, Jack Larson, and Noel Neill. Ryder preceded this with playing Ronald on the January 31, 1953 Space Patrol episode Runaway Planetoid.

1950s
Ryder would go on in the 1950s to appear in several TV series, many as an uncredited actor, and top films.
Television: He then performed in John Drew Barrymore's Matinee Theater episode of The Alumni Reunion which aired September 26, 1956 with Don Keefer and Constance Ford.<ref>[http://www.tv.com/Matinee+Theatre/Alumni+Reunion/episode/301128/summary.html TV.com Matinee Theater: Alumni Reunion]</ref> He continued on in minor TV roles on The Ford Television Theatre and Goodyear Theatre, Casey Jones, M Squad, the popular Make Room For Daddy, The Thin Man, and Steve Canyon. He also co-starred as Eliot on The Dennis O'Keefe Show.
Film: Costarring as "Two Tanks" in Hot Rod Girl (1956), The Comedian (1957) with Mickey Rooney, Operation Mad Ball (1957) with Jack Lemmon. Kings Go Forth (1958) starring Frank Sinatra.

1960s
The 1960s brought several credited appearances in major TV and film.
 Television: Four episodes in 1964 of Death Valley Days, as Mason on Combat! (episode: The Glory Among Men) (1964),  The Andy Griffith Show (1964), Bewitched (1965), as Dr. Simon Agurski on Dr. Kildare (1961, 1965), The Munsters (1965), The Twilight Zone (episode "Mr. Dingle, the Strong"), The Dick Van Dyke Show (1965) and three episodes of Bonanza (1961-1969). He also played Winston "Bones" Snodgrass in Our Miss Brooks.
 Film: His film career during this time yielded a secondary role in the film Son of Flubber (1963) with Fred MacMurray. In 1963, the massive $9 million, 12 star-studded production, It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World which starred Sid Caesar, Ethel Merman, Spencer Tracy, Mickey Rooney, and Milton Berle among others gave Ryder the role of air traffic control staffer. The Oscar (1966) nominated for two Academy Awards and starring notables Milton Berle, Elke Sommer, Joseph Cotten, Tony Bennett, and Walter Brennan. Ryder won the role of Sgt. Gilroy in Not with My Wife, You Don't! (1967) starring Tony Curtis and played a minor role in The Big Mouth (1967) starring Jerry Lewis.
 Directing: In 1969, Ryder directed the Get Smart episode "Greer Window".

1970s
For Ryder, the 1970s kept him in television as a secondary actor and mostly making single appearances.
 Television: Here Come the Brides (1970), Get Smart (1970), Mission Impossible (1972), Bonanza (1972, "One Ace Too Many") and several appearances in Mannix among many others.
 Film: Ryder was cast in the campy Stacy and her Gangbusters (1973) and Mel Brooks's High Anxiety (1977), his last film.
 Directing: In 1976, Ryder directed The Bob Newhart Show episode No Sale and in 1979, directed the film Up Yours - A Rockin' Comedy which starred Belinda Balaski, Michael Paul Chan, and George 'Buck' Flower.

During the 1980s, Ryder appeared in 3 television series and 1 film: The Dukes of Hazzard, Hill Street Blues, and General Hospital. In 1986, Ryder appeared in the comedy A Masterpiece of Murder with Bob Hope and Don Ameche.

FilmographyThe Human Jungle (1954) - Youngster (uncredited)The Bamboo Prison (1954) - Jones (uncredited)The Country Girl (1954) - EdThe Girl Rush (1955) - Bellboy (uncredited)Hot Rod Girl (1956) - Two TanksSomebody Up There Likes Me (1956) - Prisoner (uncredited)The Young Stranger (1957) - Man in Movie Theatre (uncredited)Operation Mad Ball (1957) - Allison (uncredited)Kings Go Forth (1958) - Cpl. LindsayTarawa Beachhead (1958) - Lt. Lou GideonFBI Code 98 (1962) - Lloyd KinselSon of Flubber (1963) - Mr. OsborneIt's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World (1963) - Rancho Conejo air traffic controller (uncredited)One Man's Way (1964) - Gas Station AttendantThe New Interns (1964) - Dr. WaltersThe Patsy (1964) - Man at Party (uncredited)Your Home Sweet Home Is My Home (1965) - Bert SteeleThree on a Couch (1966) - Meek Man (uncredited)The Oscar (1966) - Mexican Marriage BrokerNot with My Wife, You Don't! (1966) - Sgt. GilroyThe Big Mouth (1967) - SpecsStacey (1973) Teenage Seductress (1975) - GrocerSilent Movie (1976) - British OfficerHigh Anxiety (1977) - Doctor at ConventionUp Yours'' (1979) - Man on the Street / Obscene Caller / Chief Looney


Mariana Dahan

Mariana Dahan (born March, 1980) is a technologist, human rights activist, and writer on the use of technology for human advancement. She is also the founder of the World Identity Network, a nonprofit promoting universal identity.

Early life and education
Dahan is a French citizen but she grew up in Moldova on the border with Ukraine. She has cited her upbringing as the driving motivation for her work promoting universal identity.

Dahan won Moldova’s national competitions for French and literature for three years in a row, which afforded her a scholarship to study in France. Dahan graduated from the Universite Paris-Dauphine with a master's degree in marketing and strategy and later earned two PhDs in management and economic sciences from Paris II University and the European Business School.

Career
Following graduation, she pursued a career in the telecommunications industry, working and consulting for mobile operators in developed and developing countries.

Dahan joined the World Bank in 2009. In 2014, Dahan launched the organization's Identification for Development (ID4D), an initiative which researches and promotes digital identification programs. She was later promoted to the Senior Vice Presidency Office in charge of the Sustainable Development Goals agenda and the United Nations relations and partnerships.

Dahan founded the non-governmental nonprofit organization World Identity Network (WIN) Foundation in 2017. The initiative was launched on Richard Branson’s Necker Island during the annual Blockchain Summit. Shortly after its launch, WIN partnered with the United Nations on the pilot program “Blockchain for Humanity” to use blockchain technology to help fight child trafficking. WIN has been endorsed by actress Amber Heard.

Dahan is a founding member of the Global Blockchain Business Council (GBBC) and a former blockchain fellow at the Washington D.C.-based think-tank, New America.

Dahan is also a Global Ambassador for the UK-based nonprofit Hope and Homes for Children.

Publications

Quenching the Thirst for Innovation: Modeling the Diffusion of Mobile Technologies (2015, Scholars’ Press).


Zephyr (train)

A zephyr is a stream-liner train-set of locomotives with matching passenger cars. Zephyr train-sets with proper names include:

Amtrak
Illinois Zephyr, Chicago, Illinois to Quincy, Illinois
San Francisco Zephyr, Chicago, Illinois to San Francisco, California

Burlington-Rock Island Railroad
Rocky Mountain Rocket, Chicago, Illinois to Denver, Colorado
Sam Houston Zephyr, Fort Worth to Houston, Texas
Zephyr Rocket, St. Louis, Missouri to Minneapolis/St. Paul, Minnesota (jointly operated with Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad)

Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad
Ak-Sar-Ben Zephyr, Lincoln, Nebraska to Chicago, Illinois
American Royal Zephyr, Chicago to Kansas City
General Pershing Zephyr, Kansas City to St. Louis
Nebraska Zephyr, Chicago, Illinois to Lincoln, Nebraska
Ozark State Zephyr, Kansas City to St. Louis
Pioneer Zephyr, a diesel-powered train set that ran on various routes
Silver Streak Zephyr, Lincoln, Nebraska to Kansas City, Missouri
Twin Cities Zephyr, Chicago to Minneapolis
Zephyr Rocket, St. Louis to Minneapolis; jointly operated with Rock Island Railroad

Other trains
California Zephyr, Chicago, Illinois to Emeryville, California
Denver Zephyr, Denver to Chicago
Kansas City Zephyr, Kansas City to Chicago
Mark Twain Zephyr, St. Louis, Missouri to Burlington, Iowa; an early articulated trainset
Minnesota Zephyr, a heritage railroad out of Stillwater, Minnesota
Rio Grande Zephyr, Denver, Colorado to Ogden, Utah; operated by Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad
Texas Zephyr, Denver to Dallas


Patrick J. Lucey (Illinois)

Patrick Joseph Lucey (May 2, 1873 – November 17, 1947) was an American politician and lawyer.

Born in Streator, Illinois, Lucey studied law in Chicago, Illinois and was admitted to the Illinois bar in 1894. He then practiced law in Streator, Illinois. Lucey served as city attorney of Streator from 1897 to 1901, and then served as mayor of Streator from 1903 to 1907 and from 1909 to 1909. Lucey was a Democrat. From 1913 to 1917 Lucey served as Illinois Attorney General. Then, Lucey was appointed to the Illinois Public Utilities Commission in 1917 and served until 1920. He then practiced law in Chicago. Illinois and died there in 1947.

Notes


Dodia transbaikalensis

Dodia transbaikalensis is a moth of the family Erebidae. It was described by Yuri A. Tshistjakov in 1988. It is found in Siberia and Transbaikalia in Russia.


Pierre-Florent Baillairgé

Pierre-Florent Baillairgé, (29 June 1761 – 9 December 1812), was from Quebec, the son of Jean Baillairgé, and did spend some time in the wood carving and joinery end of his father's business. His brother, François, already was there and the three did decorative wood-carving for several churches in the region.

Pierre-Florent was a craftsman rather than an artist; he conformed to the French style the family had brought to Lower Canada. He showed much more expertise as a joiner and that is evident in his surviving work.

External links
 Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online


Slieve Foy

Slieve Foy or Slieve Foye () is a mountain on the Cooley Peninsula in Louth, Ireland. It rises to , making it the highest of the Cooley Mountains and the highest in Louth. It overlooks Carlingford Lough and the village of Carlingford, and is sometimes called Carlingford Mountain.

Geography
Slieve Foy is one of two ridges which make up the Cooley Mountains and is separated from the rest of the range by the Windy Gap. It is an elongated mountain running northwest–southeast and includes the lesser summits known as The Foxes Rock, The Ravens Rock, The Eagles Rock, and Barnavave.

Naming
The name Sliabh Feá means "mountain of the woods". Locally the name is understood as Sliabh Fathaigh, "mountain of the giant", because its outline is said to resemble a sleeping giant. Local lore has it that the giant Finn, representing summer, stood on the mountain while fighting his rival Ruscaire, representing winter. Finn is said to have beaten Ruscaire by throwing a boulder across the lough at him, which became the Cloughmore (The Big Stone) on Slieve Martin.

The mountain also appears in the Táin Bó Cúailnge (Cattle Raid of Cooley). The army of Queen Medb (Maeve) is said to have dug a pass through the mountain, which became known as Barnavave (Bearna Mhéabha, "Maeve's gap").

Leprechauns
A local businessman began organising leprechaun-related tourist activities in the area in 1989, including a "leprechaun hunt" to find hidden ceramic figures. In 2009, with support from local councillors, the mountain was formally declared a "Designated Area of Protection for Flora, Fauna, Wild Animals and Little People" under the EU Habitats Directive.


Milkovtsi

Milkovtsi is a village in Gabrovo Municipality, in Gabrovo Province, in northern central Bulgaria. It is situated at an elevation of 1,669 feet above sea level (508 meters), and the land has several rivers running through it.


Hounslow

Hounslow () is a large suburban town, and the principal town of the London Borough of Hounslow in Greater London, England. Hounslow is identified as a major metropolitan centre in the London Plan. It is located near London Heathrow Airport and is about  west-southwest of Charing Cross,  south-east of Slough,  south of Southall,  north-west of Twickenham, and  north-east of Staines-upon-Thames. The town of Hounslow, including its localities Cranford, Heston, Hounslow West and Lampton, was 103,337 in the 2011 census, whereas the wider borough had a population of 254,000.

Historically part of Middlesex, since 1965 Hounslow has been part of the London Borough of Hounslow, with parts in the London Boroughs of Hillingdon, Richmond upon Thames, and Ealing. Prior to this, Hounslow was part of the Municipal Borough of Heston and Isleworth, from 1835 until 1965. Whitton was part of the Municipal Borough of Twickenham, while Cranford was part of the Hayes and Harlington Urban District and Feltham Urban District. Additionally, Norwood Green was part of the Municipal Borough of Southall.

Hounslow has a large shopping centre, called the Treaty Centre, which adjoins its high street and many restaurants, cafés and small businesses, many of which are associated with product assembly, marketing, telecommunications and Heathrow Airport. It is connected to Central London by South Western Railway's Hounslow Loop Line and Hounslow station, and by the London Underground's Piccadilly line through three stations - Hounslow West, Hounslow Central and Hounslow East.

Etymology
The name Hounslow is spelt in old records as 'Hundeslow' and similar, pointing to Anglo-Saxon Hundes hlāw, meaning "the dog's mound" or "the mound of a man named or nicknamed Hound".

History
Positioned on the Bath Road (where it forks to the Staines Road at the Bell Inn), Hounslow was centred around Holy Trinity Priory founded in 1211. The priory developed what had been a small village into a town with regular markets and other facilities for travellers heading to and from London. Although the priory was dissolved in 1539 the town remained an important staging post on the Bath Road. The adjacent Hounslow Heath that had been used as a military encampment by both Oliver Cromwell and James II developed a reputation as the haunt of highwaymen and footpads. Nearby important landowners included those of Osterley House, Syon House, Hanworth Park House and Worton Hall.

In 1756 Sir Thomas Morris, a distant relative of Bernard Matthews, established the base of his chicken farming empire. As a rich philanthropist who started from humble beginnings, he used his wealth to establish a school for the under privileged children of the town, believing every child had the right to education.

The building of the Great Western Railway line from London to Bristol from 1838 reduced long-distance travel along the Bath Road. By 1842 the local paper was reporting that the 'formerly flourishing village', which used to stable 2,000 horses, was suffering a 'general depreciation of property'. The Hounslow Loop Line was constructed in 1850, prompting new development.

One of the earliest surviving houses in the town is The Lawn, in front of the Civic Centre with its public tennis courts, in brown brick with three double-hung sash windows set back in reveals with flat arches, roof with parapet and porch of fluted doric columns, pilasters, entablature and semi-circular traceried fanlight.

The construction of the Great West Road (a revival of an earlier name for the Bath Road as a by-pass for it around the north of Brentford, Isleworth and Hounslow centres) in the 1920s attracted the building of the factories and headquarters of large companies. The factories were a great local source of employment until a decline in the 1970s, attracting workers from a wide area and leading to a great deal of housing development. In the next two decades offices largely replaced factories on the Great West Road and further expansion in hotel and housing stock has taken place, an example being the Blenheim Centre, an image of which is in the gallery section below.

Shopping facilities
Hounslow Town Centre is a busy predominantly retail centre, with a small number of commercial offices and civic buildings. There is a large shopping centre called the Treaty Shopping Centre, containing Debenhams, JD, Next, H&M and many large branches of chain stores found in British high streets. It includes a food court along with over 50 shops. There is a large ASDA superstore located within the Blenheim Centre complex along with B&M, a Barnado's charity shop, a local health centre, a gym run by The Gym Group and Jungle V.I.P (a children's indoor play area).

A new retail area, the High Street Quarter, will be located near Hounslow High Street and is set to contain a 27-storey residential tower along with many shops, restaurants, and a ten-screen Cineworld cinema multiplex.

Economy
Hounslow is an economic hub within the west of the capital city, with it having a large shopping centre which adjoins its high street and many restaurants, cafés and small businesses, many of which are associated with product assembly, marketing, telecommunications and Heathrow Airport, which has many businesses and public sector jobs in and around it to which the local population commute.  The settlement is also partially employed in the Commuter Belt with access between 45 and 60 minutes from most of Central London.

DHL Air UK has its head office in the Orbital Park in Hounslow.

Transport

Major roads
There are three major roads in Hounslow. The east-west roads, the A4 'Great West Road' and the 'Bath Road' that connects Hounslow to Central London and Slough, and the A30 'Great South West Road' that connects it to Staines-upon-Thames, which meet at Henlys Roundabout in Hounslow West. There is also the north-south road, the A312 'The Causeway' and 'The Parkway', which connects Hounslow to Hampton in the south and Harrow to the north.

Additionally, A and B roads in Hounslow include the A314 'Hanworth Road' that starts in Hounslow and finishes is Hanworth, Feltham. The historic A315 'London Road', 'Hounslow High Street', 'Hanworth Road', 'Grove Road' and 'Staines Road';  which starts in Central London down to Bedfont, Feltham. In doing this, it connects Hounslow to towns and districts such as Kensington, Hammersmith, Chiswick, Brentford and Isleworth.

East-west roads
The A4 Great West Road joins with the A3006 Bath Road (from the A315) before Henlys Roundabout, which is in Hounslow West, from which a WNW route passes Heathrow Airport, terminals 1 to 3 and terminal 5 as the Bath Road and a WSW route, the A30, passes terminal 4, bypasses Staines and reaches the M25; the remainder is a mostly-minor route to Land's End, Cornwall.

The M4 motorway is two miles north; its nearest junction, J3, being northwest along the A312.

The A315 is the historic WSW road out of London, on which Hounslow's High Street is placed. To the east, it bisects Isleworth, Brentford and Chiswick. To the west it bisects North Feltham and Bedfont before joining the A30.

North-south roads
The north-south A312, The Parkway, to the west of Hounslow leads south to Hampton or north to Harrow passing Waggoners' Roundabout (WNW of Henlys Roundabout in Hounslow West), Hayes, Yeading and Northolt.

Three minor roads converge on Heston from the A315 in parts of Hounslow, the A3063, A3005 and B363. The single road re-divides just north in Norwood Green into a northwest road to Southall (the A3005) and into the A4127 that passes by Hanwell, briefly using the A4020 west before bypassing Dormers Wells, passing Greenford to reach Sudbury, the town immediately to the west of Wembley and North Wembley.

For longer journeys north, the M4, A4 or A30 then M25 provides the best routes. For longer journeys south, Hanworth Road leads to the A316 that becomes the M3 motorway.

Trains and Underground

There are three main London Underground stations in the town; Hounslow East, Hounslow Central and Hounslow West, with all the stations being on the Piccadilly line. The District line used to operate now-discontinued services to Hounslow, and the town also has abandoned stations on the old line, such as Hounslow Town.

Hounslow railway station, operated by South Western Railway is on the railway line to London Waterloo, or westwards to Reading, Weybridge, Woking or Windsor.  The railway line also offers services on the Hounslow Loop Line, opened 1850, further around the loop to Twickenham and Richmond. It is situated a fair distance from the town centre and is used far less than the Underground stations.

Bus services

Hounslow bus garage, with an adjoining bus station close to the High Street. In 1962, as a result of the final stage of the London trolleybus programme of conversion to motor bus operation when Isleworth garage was closed, the staff from that depot (coded IH) were transferred to Hounslow. The property is owned by the RATP Group, which took it over with the purchase of London United from Transdev. In addition to its frequent and regular daytime services throughout the surrounding areas Hounslow figures on the N9 night service from Heathrow Airport to Central London.

Hounslow Heath Aerodrome was a grass airfield and was operational from 1910 to 1920. It was in the London borough of Hounslow, and in 1919 was the location from which the first scheduled daily international commercial air services took place.

Hounslow Heath and other parks
Hounslow Heath is a large public open space and local nature reserve to the west of Hounslow, a London borough. It now covers about  and is only the residue of the historic Hounslow Heath that once covered over .

The Heath has major historical importance: routes from London to the west and southwest of Britain used to pass through it. Staines Road, the northern boundary of the present Heath, was the Roman Road, Trinobantes. There are several historic references to Roman camps on or close to the Heath. Continuous recorded history dates back to Norman times, where it gave its name to the former hamlet of Heathrow. Hounslow Heath was also known for the extremely high numbers of highway robberies and highwaymen in the area, who mostly focused on targeting the wealthy and noble.

Hounslow has a very high immigration rate. According to the 2011 Census, more than 50% of Hounslow residents are born outside of the UK.

Sport
A printed programme dated 7 July 1935 suggests that there may have been motor cycle speedway racing at a venue in Dockwell Lane branded as Hounslow Speedway.  The best information suggests that more than one meeting was staged in conjunction with the Hounslow Motor Cycle and Car Club. The Irish Guards GAA club are based in Hounslow.

Notable people
 Dave Cousins, singer and songwriter, leader of the Strawbs, was born in Hounslow.
 Mathangi "Maya" Arulpragasam, better known as M.I.A., English-Sri Lankan musician and visual artist, was born in Hounslow.
 Asim Chaudhry, actor and comedian.
 Phil Collins, singer-songwriter and Genesis drummer, was born and raised in Hounslow.
 Elvis Costello, singer-songwriter, attended Archbishop Myers' Secondary School (now St Mark's Catholic School).
 Cyril Cusack (1910–1993), actor, lived in Hounslow at the time of his death.
 Sophie Ellis-Bextor, singer-songwriter, model and occasional DJ, was born in Hounslow.
 Violet Englefield, actress and singer, was born in Hounslow.
 Mo Farah, Olympic 10,000 m and 5,000 m gold medalist, lived in Hounslow.
 Ian Gillan, vocalist of rock band Deep Purple, was born in Hounslow.
 Gustavus Green (1865–1964), aircraft engine pioneer, was born in Hounslow.
 Charles Hawtrey (1914–1988), Carry On film legend, was born in Hounslow.
 Patsy Kensit, actress and singer, lived in Hounslow during her teenage years.
 Francis Maddison (1927–2006), historian, was born and educated in Hounslow.
 Bill Mason, Olympic rower and coach of Imperial College London rowing team, lives in Hounslow.
 Ian McLagan, keyboardist of the Small Faces and Faces, was born and raised in Hounslow.
 Dermot Morgan (1952–1998), Father Ted actor, lived in Hounslow at the time of his death.
 Kunal Nayyar, actor, was born in Hounslow but moved to India at a young age.
 Alistair Overeem, mixed martial arts champion, was born in Hounslow.
 Katherine Parkinson, actress, was born in Hounslow.
 Sir Alec Reed, founder of the REED employment agency, was born in Hounslow.
 Naomi Scott, singer and actress, was born and raised in Hounslow.
 Jay Sean, singer, was born in Hounslow.
 Cyril Vosper (1935–2004), adherent then critic of Scientology, was born in Hounslow.
 Maria Whittaker, 1980s Page Three girl, was born in Hounslow.
 Jack Wild (1952–2006), actor, Artful Dodger in the film Oliver! and star of H.R. Pufnstuf, grew up in Hounslow.

Demography and housing

Twinning
Hounslow is twinned with the following settlements around the world:

  Issy-les-Moulineaux, France
  Lahore, Pakistan
  Ramallah, Palestine

The London Borough of Hounslow also has a sister district agreement with Leningradsky District in Krasnodar Krai, Russia.

Gallery


George Watts Hill

George Watts Hill (October 27, 1901 – January 20, 1993) was an American banker, hospital administrator and philanthropist who played a key role in the socioeconomic development of Durham, North Carolina, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and the Research Triangle Park. He was also instrumental in health care reform, the desegregation of Durham, the education of children with learning disabilities, and the removal of the Speaker Ban Law.

Biography
Born in New York City, the son of John Sprunt Hill and Annie Louise Watts, George Watts Hill grew up in Durham and attended the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill where he earned a Bachelor of Science in Commerce in 1922 and law degree in 1924. At UNC he was a member of Sigma Alpha Epsilon fraternity. He married Ann Austin McCulloch on September 30, 1924. Following a ten-month honeymoon around the world, the couple made their home in Harwood Hall, the mansion that his grandfather, George Washington Watts, had built.

George Watts Hill briefly worked in law before, in 1926, joining the board of trustees of Watts Hospital, built in 1895 by his grandfather and had faced deficits for several years. Hill managed to reduce losses during his administration of the hospital. He also began running a farm on the site of the Quail Roost Hunt Club, a hunting lodge about ten miles north of Durham that was used by George Watts, the Duke family, and other Durham business people in the late 19th century. Hill eventually acquired Guernsey cattle, which he continued to breed and sell for decades, becoming one of the top Guernsey breeders in the nation.

During the 1920s, Hill also began serving two terms on the Durham City Council. In 1936 and 1937, he oversaw the construction of the Hill Building in downtown Durham. By this time, Hill had been named the president of the Durham Bank & Trust Co. and also president of the Home Security Life Insurance Company. In 1940, the family moved from Harwood Hall to a new home at Quail Roost.

As World War II unfolded, Hill became a political advocate for the United States joining the Allied Forces. He was an active member of the Fight for Freedom group in 1941, and, after the attack on Pearl Harbor, he looked for a way to join the armed forces. He applied for a commission in the Navy, but was asked to join the Office of the Coordinator of Information, which eventually became the Office of Strategic Services. Hill did research and administrative work during the early part of the war. He spent some time working in England and Scotland and later in Washington, D.C.. His work during the later part of the war involved securing war supplies and devices, including secret explosive devices and spy gadgets. Some of these items are owned by the North Carolina Museum of History in Raleigh.

Following the war, Hill continued to work in Durham at the family businesses and at Watts Hospital, as well as with organizations that promoted better medical care for North Carolinians. His work with the Hospital Care Association and the Hospital Savings Association led to their eventual merger with Blue Cross Blue Shield. In 1957, he began partnering with other local businessmen to develop what would eventually become Research Triangle Park. During 1963, Hill served on the Durham Interim Committee, a group appointed by the mayor of Durham to help ease racial tensions caused by segregation.

Hill active in service and philanthropy towards the University of North Carolina. He was appointed to its Board of Trustees in 1955 and served on the executive committee. During his tenure, the board was involved with the Speaker Ban debate, consolidation of the university system, the sale of public utilities, and general planning questions. According to UNC President William C. Friday, George Watts Hill “was the one member of the board that stood with me all the way through the Speaker Ban thing.”

In 1962, Hill moved to a new home in Chapel Hill and donated his Quail Roost Home and some of its land to the University, intending it to be used as a conference center. Other parts of the Quail Roost property remained with Hill's son, John Sprunt Hill II. The conference center plan was never fully realized, and the University eventually sold the property. Hill remained on the board of trustees (later the board of governors) until 1981. He continued to donate monetarily until his death.

Hill's wife Ann died in 1974. The following year, Hill married Anne Gibson Hutchison, a Durham teacher with two daughters and a son. One of the daughters had a learning disability, which prompted Hill to invest in a new program designed to help students with learning disabilities. This program eventually became a school, the Hill Center in Durham.

External links
 The Hill Center


Georges Tapie

Georges Tapie (19 February 1910 – 2 January 1964) was a French rower who competed in the 1936 Summer Olympics.

In 1936 he won the bronze medal as crew member of the French boat in the coxed pairs event.

External links


Eric's Tales of the Sea

Eric's Tales of the Sea is a one-man stage performance by "Eric" which has been presented in the United Kingdom and Australia at Fringe festivals, comedy festivals and special events. During the show, Eric discusses his experiences as a submariner and member of the Royal Navy with the audience, within the limitations of the Official Secrets Act. In 2009, The Guardian described the show as a "compendium of extraordinary naval yarns" which includes encounters with sharks and near-death experiences during submarine escape training and exercises. In 2012 the show played at the Edinburgh Fringe. In 2016 and 2017 the show played at the Adelaide Fringe Festival and included projected photographs from Eric's naval career and occasional diagrams and quotations.


Shōbōji Kofun

The   is a Kofun period burial mound, located in what is now part of the city of Nishio, Aichi in the Tōkai region of Japan and were collectively designated a National Historic Site of Japan in 1957.

Overview
The kofun is located near the mouth of the Yahagi River facing Mikawa Bay in central Aichi Prefecture, on what was once a peninsula that extended about 400 meters east from an independent hill at an altitude of 115 meters in the former town of Kira. The coastline during the Kofun period is estimated to have reached about 10 kilometers inland from the present site; however, from ancient and medieval times land reclamation gradually progressed due to sedimentation of the Yahagi River. The hills within 2 kilometers around the old burial mound are formed of gabbro, and the stones covering the kofun are almost entirely gabbroic. The soil around the burial mound is reddish brown clay, which is due to the iron content of gabbro.

The name of "Shōbōji" refers to a Shingon sect temple built by the Ashikaga clan in the early Muromachi period and converted to the Sōtō sect during the Edo period. The hill was covered in pine forest during the Edo period and was not recognized as a kofun until after the start of the twentieth century. It was designated as a park in the 1930s, but as severely damaged by the Isewan Typhoon in 1959. The site was abandoned and overgrown for many years until the park was revived in 1989 and the dimensions of the kofun surveyed. Although the burial chamber was not opened, a total of 11 trenches were excavated in its sides from 1985 to 2002.

Per the 2001 and 2002 survey, the mound was established to be a three-tiered keyhole-shaped mound; however, with the front line is oblique to the main axis. This lack of symmetry was due to the contour of a natural hill, which was incorporated into the tumulus. The first and second ties were formed by cutting and contouring the natural hill, and the uppermost level was added as an embankment. The total length of the kofun is 94 meters with a 65.5 meter diameter circular portion. The height varies from location to location with a maximum of 28.8 meters.

Numerous cylindrical haniwa have been uncovered at the site (although none in situ, and none with any decoration) as well as numerous Sue ware pottery shards. The haniwa date the kofun to the late 4th to early 5th century.


Rzhevsky family

The Rzhevsky family (Russian: Ржевские) is a Russian noble family descended from Smolensk Rurikids.

History
The Rzhevskys are descended from Prince Fyodor Fyodorovich of Rzhev, the son of Fyodor Konstantinovich the Younger, from the reigning family of the Fomin domain (now extinct), an appanage of the Smolensk principality. In 1315 Prince Fyodor Fyodorovich of Rzhev was sent by Prince Yury Danilovich of Moscow to Veliky Novgorod to defend it from the Grand Duke of Tver, Mikhail Yaroslavich. The Novgorodians gave him away to the Duke of Tver, who took over his domain. Since then, his descendants were non-titled.

The Rzhevsky family is listed in the Part 6 (ancient nobility) of the genealogical books of Voronezh, Kostroma, Kursk, Moscow, Oryol, Ryazan, Saint-Petersburg, Tambov and Tver.

Notable members

 Rodion Fyodorovich Rzhevsky was a voivode killed in action at the Battle of Kulikovo.
 Matvey Mikhailovich Rzhevsky was a boyar who escorted Princess Helena of Moscow, a fiancée of King Alexander of Jagiellon to Lithuania in 1495.
 Nikita Grigoryevich Rzhevsky was a boyar scion, a voivode at Dankov and Ryazan; participated in the Livonian war.
 Ivan Nikitich Rzhevsky (d. 1611) was a participant in the Time of Trouble; he actively sided with the pro-Polish party, received the rank of okolnichy from King Sigismund III, and was one of the signers for his son, Wladislaw, to be elected to the Russian throne. In 1601 was an envoy to Copenhagen.
Matvey Ivanovich Rzhevsky (d. after 1579) was a boyar scion, one of the first heads of the streltsy, the viceroy at Putivl, Chernigov and Ryazhsk. Participated in the siege of Kazan. He took part in a campaign against the Crimean Khanate in 1556, when with a troop of Cossacks he captured a few Turkish strongholds. In 1559 he took part in another Crimean campaign as one of the voivodes. In 1565—1566 he participated in a campaign in Kabarda assisting the local prince Temryuk Idarovich in a warfare with his rivals. In 1579 as a voivode he participated in the defense of Polotsk against King Stephen Bathory; Polotsk surrendered to the Polish-Lithuanian troops and M. Rzhevsky was captured.
Elizary Leontievich Rzhevsky (d. 1599) was an okolnichy, voivode and an envoy to Crimean Khanate (1564 and 1572) and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Upon the death of King Stephen Bathory, in 1587 he visited Poland with a suggestion to elect Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich King of Poland.
Ivan Stepanovich Rzhevsky (d. 1611) was the viceroy at Shatsk and an envoy of Boris Godunov to Denmark in 1601.
Yuri Alekseevich Rzhevsky (1674 — 1729) was the Governor of Nizhny Novgorod (1719—1728)
Vladimir Alekseevich Rzhevsky (b. 1865 — ?) was a  Russian politician. He was a deputy at the 4th State Imperial Duma. After the February Revolution, he was a member of the Provisional Committee of the State Duma, and in June 1917 he stepped down from his office. Until 1923 he was the principal of the school # 30, the former girls' boarding school owned by his wife.


John A. Collins

John A. Collins (September 17, 1931 – May 7, 2003) was Chief of Chaplains of the United States Air Force.

Biography
Born in Boston, Massachusetts, in 1931, Collins was an ordained Roman Catholic priest in the Redemptorist Order. Collins died on May 7, 2003 and is buried at Arlington National Cemetery.

Career
Collins joined the United States Air Force in 1960. Eventually, he would become Deputy Chief of Chaplains of the United States Air Force in 1980 before being promoted to Chief of Chaplains with the rank of Major General in 1982. He held the position until his retirement in 1985.

Awards he received include the Legion of Merit, the Meritorious Service Medal with two oak leaf clusters, the Air Force Commendation Medal with oak leaf cluster, the Outstanding Unit Award and the National Defense Service Medal.


2012 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's 60 metres

The men's 60 metres at the 2012 IAAF World Indoor Championships took place March 9 and 10 at the Ataköy Athletics Arena.

Medalists

Records

Qualification standards

Schedule

Results

Heats

Qualification: First 2 of each heat (Q) and 8 fastest qualified (q).  59 athletes from 56 countries participated.  Two athletes did not start the competition.

Semifinals

Qualification: First 2 of each heat (Q) and 2 fastest times (q) qualified.  22 athletes from 21 countries participated.  One athlete did not start the competition.

Final

8 athletes from 7 countries participated.  The final began at 20:05.


9th century in England

Events from the 9th century in England.

Events
 801
Northumbrian invasion of Mercia fails.
 802
 Ecgberht becomes King of Wessex following the death of Beorhtric.
 803
Council of Clofeshoh abolishes the Archbishopric of Lichfield.
 805
 12 May – death of Æthelhard, Archbishop of Canterbury.
 3 August – enthronement of Wulfred as Archbishop of Canterbury.
 806
 Eardwulf of Northumbria is deposed and apparently succeeded by Ælfwald II. In 808 Eardwulf perhaps returns to the throne for an uncertain period.
 815
 Ecgberht of Wessex harries Cornwall.
 816
 Saxons invade the mountains of Eryri and the kingdom of Rhufoniog.
 818
 King Coenwulf of Mercia devastates Dyfed.
 821
 Wulfred, Archbishop of Canterbury, submits to Coenwulf of Mercia in a dispute over Church lands.
 King Coenwulf of Mercia dies at Basingwerk near Holywell, Flintshire, probably while preparing a campaign against the Welsh. Succession is disputed.
 822
 Mercian army under Ceolwulf destroys the fortress of Degannwy and takes control of Powys.
 17 September – Ceolwulf I of Mercia is consecrated as successor to his brother King Coenwulf by Archbishop Wulfred of Canterbury.
 823
 After 26 May – Ceolwulf I of Mercia is overthrown as king by Beornwulf, whose pedigree is not known.
 825
 September – Battle of Ellendun (on the North Wessex Downs): Ecgberht, King of Wessex, defeats the Mercians under Beornwulf, and subdues Essex, Sussex, and Kent, ending the Mercian Supremacy.
 A fight of Welsh/Britons and Devon-men at Gafulford in the south-west.
 825–827
 Æthelwulf, son of Ecgberht of Wessex, drives Baldred from his Kingdom of Kent, which Æthelwulf then rules as sub-king to his father.
 826
 After 27 March – Beornwulf of Mercia is killed in battle while attempting to suppress a rebellion by the East Angles and is succeeded by Ludeca.
 827
 Wiglaf becomes King of Mercia for the first time following the killing of Ludeca on a campaign against the East Angles.
 829
 Ecgberht of Wessex temporarily conquers Mercia, driving Wiglaf from his throne there, and receives the submission of the Northumbrian king at Dore.
 830
 Wiglaf of Mercia resumes his throne.
 Nennius completes his Historia Brittonum.
 832
 24 March – death of Wulfred, Archbishop of Canterbury.
 9 June – consecration of Feologild as Archbishop of Canterbury.
 30 August – death of Feologild.
 833
 27 August – consecration of Ceolnoth as Archbishop of Canterbury.
 835
 Vikings raid Sheppey.
 838
 Battle of Hingston Down: Ecgberht of Wessex defeats combined Danish and Cornish armies.
 839
 King Wiglaf of Mercia dies and is succeeded, probably in 840, by Beorhtwulf.
 Ecgberht, King of Wessex, dies and is succeeded by his son Æthelwulf.
 841
 Vikings raid the south and east coasts, including the Kingdom of Lindsey.
 842
 Vikings raid London, Rochester, and Southampton.
 844
 Approximate date of Battle of Cetyll in which Beorhtwulf of Mercia defeats Merfyn Frych, King of Gwynedd.
 849
Alfred, son of Æthelwulf of Wessex and Queen Osburh, is born at Wantage.
 851
 Kentish ships defeat the Danes off Sandwich in the first recorded naval battle in English history.
 Danes over-winter in England for the first time, on the Isle of Thanet.
 852
 Swithun becomes Bishop of Winchester.
 Probable death of King Beorhtwulf of Mercia.
 853
 King Æthelwulf sends his son Alfred to the papal court in Rome.
 855
 King Æthelwulf, accompanied by Alfred, sets off on a pilgrimage to Rome and appoints his second son Æthelbald as King of Wessex and his next eldest son Æthelberht as ruler of the Kingdom of Kent in his absence.
 856
 1 October – King Æthelwulf marries as his second wife the teenage Judith of Flanders at Verberie and she is crowned queen of Wessex. He returns to Wessex but Æthelbald retains rule of part of the kingdom.
 858
 13 January – Æthelbald succeeds his father Æthelwulf as King of Wessex and marries his father's widow.
 860
 20 December – Æthelbald dies and is succeeded by his brother, sub-king Æthelberht of Kent, who becomes sole ruler of Wessex.
 865
 Autumn
 Æthelberht dies and Æthelred becomes King of Wessex.
 Danish invasion force lands in East Anglia.
 866
 Danes capture York.
 867
 Danes defeat Northumbrians and install a puppet ruler.
 869
 20 November –  Danes conquer East Anglia, killing King Edmund the Martyr.
 870
 Danes capture Reading.
 4 February – death of Ceolnoth, Archbishop of Canterbury. He is succeeded by Æthelred.
 871
 The English retreat onto the Berkshire Downs. The Great Heathen Army, led by the Danish Viking kings Halfdan Ragnarsson and Bagsecg, march out after the Saxons. Six pitched battles are fought between the Danes and Wessex. Of two of them the place and date are not recorded, the others are given here:
 4 January – Battle of Reading: A West Saxon force, under the command of King Æthelred I and his brother Alfred, is defeated by the Danes at Reading. Among the many dead on both sides is Æthelwulf of Berkshire. The Saxon troops are forced to retreat, allowing the Vikings to continue their advance into Wessex.
 8 January – Battle of Ashdown: The West Saxons, led by Æthelred I and Alfred, gather on the Berkshire Downs. The Danes under the command of Halfdan and Bagsecg occupy the high ground, but are successfully attacked by Alfred's men. During the battle Alfred breaches the shield wall formation.
 22 January – Battle of Basing: The West Saxon army, under the command of Æthelred I, is defeated at Basing; the Danes, led by Halfdan, are victorious; Æthelred is forced to flee and regroup, leaving behind precious winter supplies.
 22 March – Battle of Meretum: The West Saxons, led by Æthelred I and Alfred, are defeated by the Danes under Halfdan, perhaps near Wilton, Wiltshire. Among the many dead is Heahmund, bishop of Salisbury.
 23 April – King Æthelred of Wessex dies and is succeeded by his brother Alfred the Great. Æthelred is buried at Wimborne Minster; while Alfred is making the funeral preparations, his army is again defeated.
 May – Battle of Wilton: Alfred the Great is defeated by the Danes at Wilton (along the southern side of the River Wylye), and is forced to makes peace with them, probably paying them Danegeld, and establishes his capital at Winchester.
 Autumn – Danes withdraw from Reading and sail down the River Thames to raid the Mercian port of Lundenwic (modern-day London) and overwinter here. Danish armies go on to colonize areas of north, central and eastern England, later becoming known as the Danelaw.
 872
 Autumn – The Great Heathen Army returns to Northumbria, to put down a rebellion at York. King Ecgberht I of Northumbria and his archbishop, Wulfhere of York, are expelled by the Northumbrians and flee to Mercia.
 The Danes, led by Halfdan Ragnarsson and Guthrum, establish a winter quarter at Torksey in the Kingdom of Lindsey (modern-day Lincolnshire). King Burgred of Mercia pays tribute of Danegeld.
 873
 Spring – Danes return to Northumbria.
 Autumn – Danes return to Mercia, taking up winter quarters at Repton; Repton Abbey is abandoned.
 874
 Danes appoint Ceolwulf II as ruler of Mercia having sacked Tamworth and driven Burgred of Mercia into exile.
 875
 Monks leave Lindisfarne, which is being invaded by Danes, with the body of Saint Cuthbert, and settle at Chester-le-Street.
 Donyarth, last recorded King of Cornwall, drowns in what is thought to be the River Fowey.
 Approximate date – Danes led by Guthrum invade Alfred's territory.
 876
 Danes led by Guthrum take Wareham but are forced out following a siege by Alfred.
 Danes capture southern Northumbria, and found the Kingdom of York, perhaps under Halfdan Ragnarsson.
 877
 Danes capture Exeter (but are driven out by Alfred), and settle in the Five Boroughs.
 Approximate date – Saxons invaders kill Rhodri the Great, Prince of Gwynedd, and his son (or brother) Gwriad.
 878
 January – Danes capture Chippenham, and take control of much of Wessex.
 Early – Battle of Cynwit: Men of Wessex led by Odda, Ealdorman of Devon, prevent an attempted siege by Vikings under Ubba on the south coast of the Bristol Channel and capture their raven banner.
 Easter – Alfred constructs a fort at Athelney, and holds out against the Danes.
 c.4–6 May – Alfred assembles troops at 'Egbert's Stone' on the edge of Salisbury Plain.
 c.11 May – Battle of Edington in Wiltshire: Alfred defeats the Danes and besieges them at Chippenham. They capitulate and, by the Treaty of Wedmore, Guthrum is baptised at Aller, Somerset, and retreats in the first instance to Cirencester.
 Guthrum takes control of East Anglia.
 Princes of southern Wales acknowledge Alfred as their overlord.
 886
 Alfred restores London to Mercia.
 Alfred signs a treaty with Guthrum, granting the territory between the Thames and the Tees to the Danes; later known as the Danelaw.
 Tradition of the Ripon hornblower begins, continuing for at least a thousand years.
 888
 30 June – death of Æthelred, Archbishop of Canterbury. He is succeeded by Plegmund.
 890
 The Welsh ruler Anarawd ap Rhodri, King of Gwynedd, makes the first ceremonial visit to an English court, that of Alfred.
 Approximate date – Alfred begins to commission and undertake a series of translations into Old English, beginning with his own version of Pope Gregory I's Pastoral Care.
 892
 Danish Vikings invade again, under the leadership of Hastein.
 Anglo-Saxon Chronicle first compiled.
 893
 Spring
 Edward, the son of King Alfred the Great, defeats invading Danish Vikings at Farnham, and forces them to take refuge on Thorney Island by London. At the same time, Danes from East Anglia sail around the Cornish coast and besiege Exeter.
 A Danish Viking army under Hastein moves to a burh at Benfleet (Essex); this camp is captured by the Saxons while the army is out raiding and Hastein is forced to retreat to Shoebury.
 Summer – Battle of Buttington: A combined Welsh and Mercian army under Æthelred, Lord of the Mercians besieges a Viking camp at Buttington just over the Welsh border. The Danes escape with heavy losses and take their families to safety in East Anglia.
 Autumn – Danish Vikings under Hastein take the city of Chester, after a rapid march from East Anglia. Alfred the Great destroys their food supplies, forcing them to move into Wales.
 Asser of Sherborne writes The Life of King Alfred (Vita Ælfredi regis Angul Saxonum).
 894
 Danish forces reach the Thames estuary.
 895
 Alfred blockades the Danish fleet at the River Lea; Danes retreat to Bridgnorth.
 896
 Danish army leaves Wessex.
 899
 26 October – King Alfred of Wessex dies; succeeded by his son, Edward the Elder.


HMS Kingfisher (1879)

HMS Kingfisher was a  screw sloop of the Royal Navy.  She was built at Sheerness Dockyard and launched on 16 December 1879.  She conducted anti-slavery work in the East Indies in the late 1880s before being re-roled as a training cruiser, being renamed HMS Lark on 10 November 1892, and then HMS Cruizer on 18 May 1893.  She was sold in 1919.

Design
The Doterel class were a development of the Osprey-class sloops and were of composite construction, with wooden hulls over an iron frame. The original 1874 design by the Chief Constructor, William Henry White was revised in 1877 by Sir Nathaniel Barnaby and nine were ordered. Of 1,130 tons displacement and approximately 1,100 indicated horsepower, they were capable of approximately 11 knots and were armed with two 7-inch muzzle loading rifled guns on pivoting mounts, and four 64-pound guns (two on pivoting mounts, and two broadside).  They had a complement of approximately 140 men.

Construction
Kingfisher was laid down at Sheerness Royal Dockyard in 1878 and launched on 16 December 1879. She was commissioned on 17 August 1880, and was classified as both a sloop of war and as a colonial cruiser. She was capable of attaining nearly  under full steam or 15 knots under sail.

History
The primary purpose of ships of the Kingfishers class was to maintain British naval dominance through trade protection, anti-slavery, and long-term surveying.

Anti slavery in the East Indies
Kingfisher served on the East Indies and Pacific Stations.  She recommissioned at Bombay on 8 Apr 1888.  Much of her time was spent conducting anti-slavery patrols out of Zanzibar.

Training ship
She was re-classified as a training ship on 10 November 1892, being renamed Lark.  She was renamed Cruizer on 18 May 1893.

In June 1902 she served in the Mediterranean under the command of Commander Francis William Kennedy. In 1913, she was serving as an accommodation ship at Malta.

Fate
She was sold in 1919.


Ustinov College, Durham

Ustinov College is the largest college of Durham University, located in Durham, North East England. Founded as the Graduate Society in 1965, it became a college in 2003 and was named after then-chancellor, Sir Peter Ustinov. Formerly at the Howlands Farm site at the top of Elvet Hill, in 2017 the college relocated to the Sheraton Park site in Neville's Cross.

History

In 1965, William Bayne Fisher, a professor in Durham University's geography department, founded the Graduate Society and in its inaugural year, the total membership was 94 students: 86 men and 8 women. As more than 50% of its members lived in private accommodation, it retained its status as a society for over 35 years. In this time, the society acquired more accommodation: the Parsons field site off Old Elvet consisted of Fisher House, the Parsons Field House, Fonteyn Court and the Parsons Field Court; Palatine House; Kepier House and Kepier Court, both at the top of Claypath; 29, 34 and 38 on Old Elvet and Shincliffe Hall in Shincliffe Village.

The society's accommodation has since then been gradually consolidated with the building of new accommodation at Howlands Farm in 1998, and on Dryburn Road in 2005. Since 1965, membership had increased to over 1500 and in 2003, the society was turned into a college and named in honour of the Chancellor of the University (1992–2004), Sir Peter Ustinov. The college's offices were moved from Old Elvet to the Howlands Farm site in September 2005. The college motto (Diversitate Valemus) was coined later that year by Zu'bi Al-Zu'bi, President of the GCR.

The Parson's Field site at the end of Old Elvet, which had been the heart of the community during its years as the Graduate Society, was handed over to St Cuthbert's Society in 2005 and Palatine house was transferred to Hatfield College in 2006.

In 2017, Ustinov College moved from Howlands Farm to Sheraton Park, originally built for Neville's Cross College in 1921 and vacated in 2004.

Membership
While Durham's other colleges accept postgraduates, Ustinov College admits them exclusively, and is less formal in its structure than the other colleges. There are reported to be over 100 nationalities represented in Ustinov College, including members from Thailand, Greece, the United States, Jordan and Nigeria.

Graduate Common Room
The Graduate Common Room (GCR) is the student community of Ustinov College and all student members of the college, whether living in or out, are eligible for membership. Historically, the postgraduate community (through its elected representatives, the House Committee) had a high degree of autonomy from college officers and was self-governing in many matters. Today, the GCR committee, made up of elected house representatives officers, represent students' views in meetings with the college officers. The GCR committee also organises many student social events such as regular formal dinners, parties, the annual Summer Ball and Ustinov Summer Barbecue. As well as this, the GCR oversees many clubs and societies within the college, and manages the college bar at Howlands Farm. The first college formal was held in late 2006.

Academic community

Ustinov College is home to an academic community which enables students from departments across the university to engage each other in interdisciplinary dialogue.  Current projects in Ustinov's academic community are the Cafe des Arts, Cafe Politique, Cafe Scientifique, Ustinov Seminar, and the Ustinov Intercultural Forum (UIF). In addition to this, a college scholarship is awarded in support of the Race, Crime and Justice Research Group which connects academics from across the north east of England.


Depsang Plains

The Depsang Plains are located at the Line of Actual Control that separates the Indian and Chinese controlled regions. The Chinese Army occupied most of the plains in 1962. India controls the western portion of the plains, whereas the eastern portion is part of the Aksai Chin region, which is controlled by China and claimed by India. In April 2013, the Chinese PLA troops set up a temporary camp in the Depsang Bulge, but later withdrew as a result of a diplomatic agreement with India.


Seizure and epilepsy classification

An epileptic seizure is currently defined as a transient occurrence of symptoms and/or signs due to abnormal excessive or synchronous neuronal activity in the brain. Seizures can be classified based on outward signs/symptoms and EEG features. Having a seizure by itself does not confer a diagnosis of epilepsy. Epilepsy is defined as having any one of the following conditions:

 At least two unprovoked seizures occurring greater than 24 hours apart
 One unprovoked (or reflex) seizure and a probability of further seizures similar to the general recurrence risk (at least 60%) after two unprovoked seizures, occurring over the next 10 years.
 Diagnosis of an epilepsy syndrome

Non-epileptic seizures can mimic seizures but do not share the same pathophysiological mechanisms. Non-epileptic seizure can be divided in two groups:

 Organic non-epileptic seizure (ONES), generally correlated with a physiological cause. They include fainting (syncope) and metabolic causes (e.g. diabetes, hyperammonemia, etc)
Psychogenic non-epileptic seizure (PNES), associated with mental or emotional processes. PNES include different types of paroxysmal events, in particular dissociative seizures (the most common type), panic attacks and factitious seizures.

It is important to recognize these disorders in the evaluation of paroxysmal events as misdiagnosis rates in epilepsy and ineffective treatments are prevalent throughout the world. The gold standard to a correct diagnosis is video-EEG monitoring. Unfortunately, there are some conditions in which epileptic and non-epileptic events can co-exist making the diagnosis and management particularly challenging.

Classification

Earlier classification
In the earliest preserved historical documents, epilepsy was not seen as a homogeneous disease. The first description and classification of seizure types date back to the 7th century BC with Babylonian’s stone tablets (Sakikku)  in which different types of seizures were mentioned and correlated with variable prognostic significance. At that time, seizures were attributed to demonic possession or super-natural events. The first historical monograph on epilepsy was written by Hippocrates around 400 BC, titled "On the Sacred Disease", around 400 BC. In this text, epilepsy was attributed to an imbalance of body fluids with additional influence from external forces such as changes in the weather. In the Middle Ages, the terms "grand mal" arose, referring to larger episodes of whole body convulsions. Non-convulsive seizure types then started to be described; in 1705, Poupart first used the term "absence seizures", and Tissot described absence seizures in more detail in 1770. In 1838, the French psychiatrist Hean-Etienne Dominique Esquirol was the first to use the term "petit mal" to directly contrast these non-convulsive seizures to convulsive "grand mal" seizures.

Modern epileptology began with John Hughlings Jackson who was the first author to carefully dissect seizure spread, recognizing that seizures can be "focal" in onset and then spread through the brain, now known as the "Jacksonian March" although he never endeavored to design a systematic classification. The advent of electroencephalography (EEG) in the early 1940s also had a profound effect on seizure definition and classification, and the "electroclinical" approach was born.  However, by the mid-twentieth century there was still a need for standardization.

History of ILAE seizures classification
In the 1960s, the World Health Organization (WHO) set up expert panels in order to delineate definitions and terminologies for seizures and epilepsy. The team was led by Henri Gastaut who coordinated the production of a Dictionary of Epilepsy. A new update of seizure classification was introduced in 1981 subsequently to the introduction of video-EEG, a revolutionary approach in seizure diagnosis because, for the first time, it introduced objective methods of analyzing seizures. The 1981 classification was therefore a fundamentally semiological classification (i.e. based on symptoms and signs). However, the urge to ameliorate the definition and classification of seizure and epilepsy led the ILAE to publish a series of revised ‘official’ definitions. First in 2001 than in 2006, a revised glossary of terms was published by the ILAE Taskforce on Classification and Terminology, with the stated intention of being "descriptive and phenomenologic, and providing a standard terminology for health workers to communicate what is observed and what a patient reports during a seizure".

ILAE classification of seizures and epilepsy 2017
In 2017 ILAE Taskforce on Classification and Terminology introduced a new update of seizure classification pointing out some criticisms and several classification issues. In particular:

 The problem regarding some seizure types, for example, tonic seizures or epileptic spasms, that can have either a focal or generalized onset.
 The difficulty in classifying and discussing seizures without a clear onset
 The fact that a retrospective seizure description often does not specify a level of consciousness, and altered consciousness, although central to many seizures, is a complicated concept.
 Some terms in current use do not have high levels of community acceptance or public understanding, such as "psychic," "partial," "simple partial," "complex partial," and "dyscognitive."
 Some important seizure types are not included.

The ILAE 2017 Seizure Classification has a columnar, non-hierarchical (meaning that levels can be skipped) organization. This new classification tends to stress the concept that epilepsy is a network disease rather than a symptom of brain abnormalities. From a network perspective, seizures could arise in neocortical, thalamocortical, limbic, and brainstem networks. The first step is recognizing whether the initial manifestation of the seizure is "focal" of "generalized". The semiology (symptoms/signs) that occurs during a seizure can give clues to the precise region, lobe, or hemisphere that is involved in seizure onset and propagation. In addition, EEG and video-EEG data may help clinicians to identify the specific seizure type. However, in the event seizure onset may remain undetermined, the term "unknown" can be applicable.

Changes in seizure type classification from 1981 to 2017
The main changes in the ILAE classification system over time have been:

 The term "partial" has changed to the term "focal".
 Seizures are classified by onset as focal, generalized, or unknown.
 Seizures of unknown onset may have features that can still be classified using other terms.
 "Aware" or "Impaired Awareness" is used as a classifier of focal seizures.
 The terms dyscognitive, simple partial, complex partial, psychic, and secondarily generalized have been eliminated
 Terminology includes automatisms, autonomic, behavior arrest, cognitive, emotional, hyperkinetic, sensory, and focal to bilateral tonic–clonic seizures. Atonic, clonic, epileptic spasms, myoclonic, and tonic seizures can be either focal or generalized.
 Generalized seizure types now include absence with eyelid myoclonia, myoclonic absence, myoclonic–tonic–clonic, myoclonic–atonic, and epileptic spasms

Focal seizure

Focal seizures originate within networks limited to one hemisphere. They may be discretely localized or more widely distributed with preferential propagation patterns that can involve the same and/or opposite hemisphere. Focal seizure classification is undertaken at two levels.

 The first level is the presence of "awareness". Retained awareness means that the person is aware of self and environment during the seizure, even if immobile. In this context, awareness refers to perception or knowledge of events occurring during a seizure, not to knowledge of whether a seizure occurred. If awareness is impaired at any point in the seizure, the seizure is a "focal impaired awareness seizure". A focal aware seizure corresponds to the prior term "simple partial seizure", whereas a focal impaired awareness seizure corresponds to the prior term "complex partial seizure."
 The second level is represented by the symptoms/signs of a seizure, which is the most useful feature for identification of the regional brain network from which the seizure arises. Hence, focal seizures are sub-grouped as having motor and nonmotor signs and having symptoms at the onset. Focal seizures are classified by their initial onset feature, even if this is not the most prominent feature overall in the seizure. For example, a seizure beginning with a sudden inability to understand language followed by impaired awareness and clonic left arm jerks would be classified as a "focal impaired awareness (nonmotor onset) cognitive seizure" (progressing to clonic left arm jerks). If both motor and nonmotor signs are present at the seizure start, the classification would fit with the more prominent symptoms.

Seizures are classified by 2 dimensions (level of awareness and involvement of movement):

 Aware
 Impaired Awareness

and

 Motor onset
 Focal clonic seizure
 Focal hemiclonic seizure
 Focal tonic seizure
 Focal motor seizure with dystonia
 Focal myoclonic seizure
 Focal atonic seizure
 Focal motor seizure with paresis/paralysis
 Focal epileptic spasms
 Focal hyperkinetic seizure
 Focal automatism seizure
 Orofacial (lip smacking, lip pursing, chewing, swallowing, clicking, eye-blinking)
 Manual (unilateral or bilateral, fumbling, tapping, manipulating or exploratory movements with the hands)
 Pedal (bilateral or unilateral movements of the feet/legs, these may include pacing, walking or running. The movement is more reminiscent of normal movements in amplitude, and is less frenetic or rapid in comparison to the movements seen in focal hyperkinetic seizures involving the legs)
 Perseverative (the movement consists of an inappropriate continuation of pre-seizure movement)
 Vocal (single or repetitive sounds such as shrieks or grunts)
 Verbal (single or repetitive words, phrases or brief sentences)
 Sexual
 Other (automatisms can include head nodding, undressing and a range of other automatic movements)
 Focal motor seizure with dysarthria/anarthria
 Focal motor seizure with negative myoclonus
 Focal seizure with version
 Non motor onset
 Focal sensory seizure
 Somatosensory seizure
 Visual seizure
 Olfactory seizure
 Auditory seizure
 Gustatory seizure
 Vestibular seizure
 Focal sensory hot-cold sensation seizure
 Focal sensory with cephalic sensation seizure
 Focal cognitive seizure
 Aphasic seizure
 Anomic seizure
 Agnosic seizure
 Seizure with memory impairment
 Dyslexic seizure
 Seizure with dejà-vu or jamais-vu
 Seizure with hallucination
 Seizure with dissociation
 Seizure with forced thinking
 Seizure with dyscalculia
 Seizure with dysgraphia
 Seizure with left-right confusion
 Focal emotional seizure
 Seizure with fear
 Gelastic seizure
 Dacrystic seizure
 Pleasure seizure
 Seizure with anger
 Focal autonomic seizure
 Seizure with tachycardia/bradycardia
 Seizure with epigastric sensation
 Seizure with pallor
 Seizure with hyper/hypoventilation
 Seizure with piloerection, erection
 Seizure with urge to urinate/defecate
 Seizure with lacrimation
 Seizure with pupillary dilatation/constriction
 Focal behavioural arrest seizure

"Focal to bilateral tonic-clonic" seizure
Focal seizures can spread widely in the brain to engage bilateral networks, including cortical and subcortical structures, resulting in a tonic-clonic seizure with loss of consciousness. This seizure type is known as a "focal to bilateral tonic-clonic seizure", a term that corresponds to the 1981 phrase "partial onset with secondary generalization." The term "to bilateral" rather than "secondary generalized" was used to further distinguish this focal-onset seizure from a generalized-onset seizure which engages bilateral networks rapidly at onset. In order to make an accurate diagnosis, clinicians collect relevant supporting information (seizure videos, results of video-EEG monitoring, MRI and other tests) to achieve a high level of confidence.

Generalized seizure
A generalized seizure is conceptualized as originating at some point within, and rapidly engaging, bilaterally distributed networks which can include cortical and subcortical structures, but do not necessarily include the entire cortex. In contrast to focal seizures, awareness is not a classifier for generalized-onset seizures, because the vast majority of generalized seizures present with impaired awareness or full loss of consciousness. However, awareness and responsiveness can be at least partially retained during some generalized seizures (e.g. absence epilepsy with eyelid myoclonia or myoclonic seizures). From the semiological point of view, it is not always easy to recognize a generalized seizure from focal or focal to bilateral ones. For example, generalized seizures can be asymmetric, rendering it difficult to distinguish them from focal-onset seizures.

Generalized-onset seizures are classified into two types: motor and non-motor seizures. This classification is similar to the 1981 classification, with the addition of myoclonic–atonic seizures, myoclonic–tonic–clonic seizures, myoclonic absence, and absence seizures with eyelid myoclonia.

Classifying generalized seizures:

 Motor onset
 Tonic-clonic seizure and variants: bilateral and symmetric consists of a tonic (bilateral increased tone, lasting seconds to minutes) and then a clonic (bilateral sustained rhythmic jerking) phase, typically in this order, however variations such as clonic-tonic-clonic and myoclonic-tonic-clonic can also occur.
 Clonic seizure: bilateral, sustained rhythmic jerking, it is distinguished from repetitive serial myoclonic seizures by the presence of more rhythmicjerking and loss of consciousness.
 Tonic seizure: bilaterally increased tone of the limbs typically lasting seconds to a minute. They often occur out of sleep and with varying intensity of tonic stiffening. The individual is unaware during these events. At the beginning of tonic seizures with more intense stiffening, individuals may make an expiratory sound. More severe and prolonged tonic seizures may have a vibratory component which may be confused with clonic jerking
 Atonic seizure: sudden loss or diminution of muscle tone without apparent preceding myoclonic or tonic features. Atonic seizures are very brief (<2 seconds) and may involve the head, trunk or limbs
 Myoclonic seizure: a single or series of jerks (brief muscle contractions). Each jerk is typically milliseconds in duration
 Myoclonic-atonic seizure: a myoclonic seizure followed by an atonic seizure, can result in a "drop attack"
 Myoclonic-tonic-atonic seizure
 Epileptic spasms: sudden flexion, extension or mixed flexion-extension of proximal and truncal muscles, lasting 1–2 seconds. Spasms typically occur in a series, usually on wakening. Subtle forms may occur with only chin movement, grimacing, or head nodding. Spasms may be bilaterally symmetric, asymmetric, or unilateral, depending on whether they are generalized or focal onset.
 Non motor onset
 Typical Absence: abrupt onset and offset of altered awareness which can vary in severity. Memory for events during the seizures is usually impaired although there may be some retained awareness particularly for adolescents. Clonic movements of eyelids, head, eyebrows, chin, perioral or other facial parts may occur, most typically at 3 Hz. Myoclonus of limbs can rarely occur. Oral and manual automatisms are common and there may be perseveration of behaviors occurring prior to seizure onset. If an absence last longer than 45 seconds or it is associated with a consistent post-ictal phase (such as confusion or drowsiness), consider focal behavioral arrest seizure.
 Atypical Absence: less abrupt onset and offset of loss of awareness than typical absence seizures. They are often associated with other features such as loss of muscle tone of the head, trunk or limbs (often a gradual slump) and subtle myoclonic jerks. The loss of awareness may be minimal.
 Myoclonic absence: rhythmic myoclonic jerks of the shoulders and arms with tonic abduction that results in progressive lifting of the arms during the seizure. The myoclonic jerks are typically bilateral but may be unilateral or asymmetric. Perioral myoclonia and rhythmic jerks of the head and legs may occur. Seizures last 10–60 seconds and typically occur daily. Level of awareness varies from complete loss of awareness to retained awareness.
 Absence with eyelid myoclonia: absence seizures accompanied by brief, repetitive, often rhythmic, fast (4–6 Hz) myoclonic jerks of the eyelids with simultaneous upward deviation of the eyeballs and extension of the head. Seizures are typically very brief (<6s in duration) and multiple seizures occur on a daily basis. Awareness is typically retained.

Unknown onset
Seizures of unknown onset may be referred to by the single word "unclassified" or with additional features, including motor, nonmotor, tonic-clonic, epileptic spasms, and behavior arrest. A seizure type of unknown onset may later become classified as either of focal or generalized onset, but any associated behaviors (e.g., tonic–clonic) of the previously unclassified seizure will still apply.

Continuous seizures
Status epilepticus (SE) refers to continuous seizure activity with no recovery between successive seizures. According to the 2015 ILAE definition status epilepticus is a condition resulting either from the failure of the mechanisms responsible for seizure termination or from the initiation of mechanisms which lead to abnormally prolonged seizures (after a time point t1). It is a condition that can have long-term consequences (after a time point t2), including neuronal death, neuronal injury, and alteration of neuronal networks, depending on the type and duration of seizures. This definition is conceptual, with two operational dimensions: the first is the length of the seizure and the time point (t1) at which point the seizure should be regarded as an "abnormally prolonged seizure." The second time point (t2) is the time of ongoing seizure activity beyond which there is a risk of long-term consequences. In the case of convulsive (tonic-clonic) SE, both time points are based on animal experiments and clinical research. The time point of operational dimension 1 determines the time at which treatment should be considered or started, whereas the time point of operational dimension 2 determines how aggressively treatment should be implemented to prevent long-term consequences. The time domain may vary considerably between different forms of SE. Given the experimental evidence indicating irreversible brain damage after prolonged seizures and the potential threat of brain damage in humans, it has been suggested:

 The time of t1 at
 5 minutes in convulsive SE,
 10 minutes in focal SE with impaired awareness
 10–15 minutes in absence status epilepticus
 The time of t2 at
 30 minutes in convulsive SE,
 >60 minutes in focal SE with impaired awareness

No data are available for t2 time in absence status epilepticus

Awareness is not always impaired in status epilepticus. For example, myoclonic status epilepticus is characterized by ongoing (> 30 minutes) irregular jerking, often with partially retained awareness.

Epilepsia partialis continua refers to recurrent focal motor seizures (typically affecting hand and face, although other body parts may be affected), that occur every few seconds or minutes for extended periods (days or years). The focal motor features may exhibit a Jacksonian march. A Todd's paresis may be seen, which is a transient weakness of the affected body part.


Taser

A Taser  is a brand of conducted electrical weapon sold by Axon, formerly Taser International. It fires two small barbed darts intended to puncture the skin and remain attached to the target. The darts are connected to the main unit by thin insulated copper wire and deliver a modulated electric current designed to disrupt voluntary control of muscles, causing "neuromuscular incapacitation.” The effects of a Taser may only be localized pain or strong involuntary long muscle contractions, based on the mode of use and connectivity of the darts.  The Taser is marketed as less-lethal since the possibility of serious injury or death exists whenever the weapon is deployed.

The Taser was introduced as a less-lethal force option for police to use to subdue fleeing, belligerent, or potentially dangerous people, who would have otherwise been subjected to more lethal force options such as firearms. A 2009 report by the Police Executive Research Forum in the United States found that police officer injuries dropped by 76% in large law enforcement agencies that deployed Tasers in the first decade of the 21st century compared with those that did not use them at all. Taser International and its CEO Rick Smith have claimed that unspecified "police surveys" show that the device has "saved 75,000 lives through 2011". A more recent academic study suggested police use of conducted electrical weapons in the United States was less risky to police officers than hands-on tactics and showed officer injury rates equal to use of chemical sprays like oleoresin capsicum. However, when police combined conducted electrical weapons with use of other weapons, officers were four or five times more likely to be injured than when using a baton or chemical spray.

History
Jack Cover, a NASA researcher, began developing the Taser in 1969. By 1974, Cover had completed the device, which he named using a loose acronym of the title of the book Tom Swift and His Electric Rifle, a book written by the Stratemeyer Syndicate under the pseudonym Victor Appleton and featuring Cover's childhood hero, Tom Swift.

The Taser Public Defender used gunpowder as its propellant, which led the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms to classify it as a firearm in 1976. The backformed verb "to tase" is used sometimes.

Taser International CEO Patrick Smith has testified in a Taser-related lawsuit that the catalyst for the development of the device was the "shooting death of two of his high school acquaintances" by a "guy with a legally licensed gun who lost his temper". In 1993, Rick Smith and his brother Thomas began to investigate what they called "safer use of force option[s] for citizens and law enforcement". At their Scottsdale, Arizona, facilities, the brothers worked with the "...original Taser inventor, Jack Cover" to develop a "non-firearm Taser electronic control device". The 1994 Air Taser Model 34000 had an "anti-felon identification (AFID) system" to prevent the likelihood that the device would be used by criminals; upon use, it released many small pieces of paper containing the serial number of the Taser device. The U.S. firearms regulator, the ATF, stated that the Air Taser was not a firearm.

In 1999, Taser International developed an "...ergonomically handgun-shaped device called the Advanced Taser M-series systems", which used a "...patented neuromuscular incapacitation (NMI) technology". In May 2003, Taser International released a new weapon called the Taser X26, which used "shaped pulse technology". On July 27, 2009 Taser International released a new type of Taser called the X3, which can fire three shots before reloading. It holds three new type cartridges, which are much thinner than the previous model.

Function

The Taser fires two small dart-like electrodes, which stay connected to the main unit by conductive wire as they are propelled by small compressed nitrogen charges. The cartridge contains a pair of electrodes and propellant for a single shot (or three shots in the X3 model) and is replaced after each use. There are a number of cartridges designated by range, with the maximum at 10 feet (3.048 m). Cartridges available to non-law enforcement consumers are limited to 5 feet (1.524 m). The electrodes are pointed to penetrate clothing and barbed to prevent removal once in place. Earlier Taser models had difficulty in penetrating thick clothing, but newer versions (X26, C2) use a "shaped pulse" that increases effectiveness in the presence of barriers.

Tasers may provide a safety benefit to police officers. Tasers have a greater deployment range than batons, pepper spray or empty hand techniques. This allows police to maintain a greater distance. A study of use-of-force incidents by the Calgary Police Service conducted by the Canadian Police Research Centre found that the use of Tasers resulted in fewer injuries than the use of batons or empty hand techniques. The study found that only pepper spray was a safer intervention option.

Legality

Safety concerns

The Taser device is a less-lethal, not non-lethal, weapon.  Sharp metal projectiles and electricity are in use, so misuse or abuse of the weapon increases the likelihood that serious injury or death may occur.  In addition, the manufacturer has identified other risk factors that may increase the risks of use.  Children, pregnant women, the elderly, and very thin individuals are considered at higher risk.  Persons with known medical problems, such as heart disease, history of seizure, or have a pacemaker are also at greater risk.  Axon also warns that repeated, extended, or continuous exposure to the weapon is not safe. Because of this, the Police Executive Research Forum says that total exposure should not exceed 15 seconds.

There are other circumstances that pose higher secondary risks of serious injury or death, including:
 Uncontrolled falls or subjects falling from elevated positions
 Persons running on hard or rough surfaces, like asphalt
 Persons operating machinery or conveyance (cars, motorcycles, bikes, skateboards)
 Places where explosive or flammable substances are present

Drive Stun
Some Taser models, particularly those used by police departments, also have a "Drive Stun" capability, where the Taser is held against the target without firing the projectiles, and is intended to cause pain without incapacitating the target. "Drive Stun" is "the process of using the EMD (Electro Muscular Disruption) weapon [Taser] as a pain compliance technique. This is done by activating the Taser and placing it against an individual's body. This can be done without an air cartridge in place or after an air cartridge has been deployed."

Guidelines released in 2011 in the U.S. recommend that use of Drive Stun as a pain compliance technique be avoided. The guidelines were issued by a joint committee of the Police Executive Research Forum and the U.S. Department of Justice Office of Community Oriented Policing Services. The guidelines state "Using the ECW to achieve pain compliance may have limited effectiveness and, when used repeatedly, may even exacerbate the situation by inducing rage in the subject".

A study of U.S. police and sheriff departments found that 29.6% of the jurisdictions allowed the use of Drive Stun for gaining compliance in a passive resistance arrest scenario, with no physical contact between the officer and the subject. For a scenario that also includes non-violent physical contact, this number is 65.2%.

A Las Vegas police document says "The Drive Stun causes significant localized pain in the area touched by the Taser, but does not have a significant effect on the central nervous system. The Drive Stun does not incapacitate a subject but may assist in taking a subject into custody." The UCLA Taser incident and the University of Florida Taser incident involved university police officers using their Taser's "Drive Stun" capability (referred to as a "contact tase" in the University of Florida Offense Report).

Amnesty International has expressed particular concern about Drive Stun, noting that "the potential to use Tasers in drive-stun mode—where they are used as 'pain compliance' tools when individuals are already effectively in custody—and the capacity to inflict multiple and prolonged shocks, renders the weapons inherently open to abuse".

Models

Taser currently has a total of 5 models of electroshock weapons for sale.

Taser currently has two taser models for sale for law enforcement. They are the single shot Taser X26P and the two shot Taser X2. Both Tasers have a civilian model available. Both Tasers have contact stun mode. Both Tasers have an optional camera battery pack. Taser also sells three self-defense weapons.

Users
According to a 2010 study titled "Police Use of Force, Tasers and Other Less-Lethal Weapons", over 15,000 law enforcement and military agencies around the world use Tasers as part of their use of force continuum. The study was conducted by the United States Department of Justice. Just as the number of agencies deploying Tasers has continued to increase each year, so too the number of Taser related "incidents" between law enforcement officers and suspects has been on the rise.

Although there has been a history of controversy regarding the ethical use of Tasers, studies similar to the one conducted by the U.S. Department of Justice have shown Taser use actually provides many positive benefits to police officers and even to the suspects they encounter. A study of the Houston Police Department found the number of workers comp claims by officers has declined by as much as 93% due to deploying Tasers as a means of non lethal force. Suspect injuries have also been impacted by Taser use, trimming the percentage of suspect injuries by as much as 60%. Another study conducted in 2009 by Wake Forest University confirmed data from the Houston study. The Wake Forest study found 99.75% of suspects who had been subjected to Taser use had no significant injuries.

Use of Tasers by the Seattle Police Department, one of the largest police forces in the Northwestern United States, has been shown to reduce the odds of suspect injury by 48%. Data gathered from other agencies confirms a decline in suspect injuries due to Taser deployment. In Orlando, Florida and Austin, Texas, studies found that suspect injuries were 50% and 30% lower respectively after Taser use was adopted. Officer injuries have been impacted by Taser use as well. The same studies found that in most agencies officer injuries were greatly reduced after Tasers were introduced as part of each particular organizations use of force continuum.

Although more recent studies have uncovered vast amounts of data that supports the positive benefits of Taser usage in law enforcement, there is also data that suggests Taser usage has negatively impacted some individual police officers as well. The study conducted in 2010 by the United States Department of Justice found that some officers may rely too heavily upon activating (deploying) a Taser during suspect encounters. The study refers to this negative trait in some police officers as "lazy cop" syndrome. Further research is being conducted to determine what triggers some officers to rely too heavily upon Taser use or deploy a Taser too early in an encounter.

As the technology continues to evolve, Tasers are becoming more advanced "smart weapons." The officers and agencies who deploy them have opportunities to receive specialized training to hone their skills at deploying these emerging technologies. Taser International offers law enforcement agencies around the world the opportunity to receive hands on training in their training academy, led by some of the world's leading Taser experts. The Taser® Training Academy offers courses including training in Taser tactics, weapon maintenance, data reporting, and "smart use" training.

In another related field advancement, Noel Sharkey reported in the Wall Street Journal (December 2015) that police in North Dakota have been cleared to operate drone aircraft equipped with tear gas and Tasers.

Excited delirium

Some of the deaths associated with Tasers are given a diagnosis of excited delirium, a term for a phenomenon that manifests as a combination of delirium, psychomotor agitation, anxiety, hallucinations, speech disturbances, disorientation, violent and bizarre behavior, insensitivity to pain, elevated body temperature, and increased strength. Excited delirium is associated with sudden death (usually via cardiac or respiratory arrest) particularly following the use of physical control measures, including police restraint and Tasers. Excited delirium most commonly arises in male subjects with a history of serious mental illness or acute or chronic drug abuse, particularly stimulant drugs such as cocaine. Alcohol withdrawal or head trauma may also contribute to the condition.

The diagnosis of excited delirium has been controversial. Excited delirium has been listed as a cause of death by some medical examiners for several years, mainly as a diagnosis of exclusion established on autopsy. Additionally, academic discussion of excited delirium has been largely confined to forensic science literature, providing limited documentation about patients that survive the condition. These circumstances have led some civil liberties groups to question the cause of death diagnosis, claiming that excited delirium has been used to "excuse and exonerate" law enforcement authorities following the death of detained subjects, a possible "conspiracy or cover-up for brutality" when restraining agitated individuals. Also contributing to the controversy is the role of Taser use in excited delirium deaths.

Excited delirium is not found in the current version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, however the term "excited delirium" has been accepted by the National Association of Medical Examiners and the American College of Emergency Physicians, who argued in a 2009 white paper that "excited delirium" may be described by several codes within the ICD-9. The American College of Emergency Physicians "rejects the theory" that excited delirium is an "invented syndrome" used to excuse or cover-up the use of excessive force by law enforcement.

Use in schools and on children
There has been considerable controversy over the use of tasers on children and in schools. In 2004, the parents of a 6-year-old boy in Miami sued the police department for firing a Taser at their child. The police said the boy was threatening to injure his own leg with a shard of glass, and said that using the device was the safest option to prevent the boy from injuring himself. Nevertheless, the boy's mother told CNN that the three officers involved probably found it easier not to reason with her child. Also in 2004, a 12-year-old girl skipping school and drinking alcohol was tased in Miami-Dade while she was running from police and started to run into traffic. The Taser was successfully deployed to stop her from being hit by cars or causing an automobile accident. In March 2008, an 11-year-old girl was subdued with a Taser. In March 2009, a 15-year-old boy died from alcohol-induced excited delirium in Michigan after being tased.

Police use Tasers on smaller subjects and elderly subjects since striking them or falling on them will cause much more injury than a Taser which only contracts their muscles that are conditioned for their size and it is extremely rare for a person to break their own bones by contracting muscles. Critics counter that Tasers may interact with pre-existing medical complications such as medications, and may even contribute to someone's death as a result. Critics also suggest that using a Taser on a minor, particularly a young child, is effectively cruel and abusive punishment, or unnecessary.

Use in torture
A report from a meeting of the United Nations Committee Against Torture states that "The Committee was worried that the use of Taser X26 weapons, provoking extreme pain, constituted a form of torture, and that in certain cases it could also cause death, as shown by several reliable studies and by certain cases that had happened after practical use." Amnesty International has also raised extensive concerns about the use of other electro-shock devices by American police and in American prisons, as they can be (and according to Amnesty International, sometimes are) used to inflict cruel pain on individuals. Maurice Cunningham of South Carolina, while an inmate at the Lancaster County Detention Center, was subjected to continuous shock for 2 minutes 49 seconds, which a medical examiner said caused cardiac arrhythmia and his subsequent death. He was 29 years old and had no alcohol or drugs in his system.

In response to the claims that the pain inflicted by the use of the Taser could potentially constitute torture, Tom Smith, the Chairman of the Taser Board, has stated that the U.N. is "out of touch" with the needs of modern policing and asserted that "Pepper spray goes on for hours and hours, hitting someone with a baton breaks limbs, shooting someone with a firearm causes permanent damage, even punching and kicking—the intent of those tools is to inflict pain, ... with the Taser, the intent is not to inflict pain; it's to end the confrontation. When it's over, it's over."


Sale v. Haitian Centers Council, Inc.

Sale v. Haitian Centers Council, 509 U.S. 155 (1993), is a case in which the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the President's executive order that all aliens intercepted on the high seas could be repatriated was not limited by the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 or Article 33 of the United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees.

Originally, the United States and the Haitian government made an agreement in 1981 to stop all vessels coming to the United States and return any undocumented aliens who were not refugees and would not be harmed upon return.

After a regime change in Haiti, American policy changed and was interpreted that all undocumented aliens would be sent back unless they landed and made an entry onto the territory of the United States.

The case came before the court on March 2, 1993, and was decided on June 21, 1993. The oral argument for the plaintiff was made by then Yale law professor Harold Koh (from 2009 to 2013, Koh was the Legal Adviser of the Department of State).

The 8–1 decision was delivered by Justice John Paul Stevens with Justice Harry Blackmun dissenting, and overturned a decision of the Second Circuit Court of Appeals.

A slightly different case with the name Haitian Centers Council v. Sale was argued and won by Koh's team of law students from Yale before Judge Sterling Johnson of the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of New York. Lead counsel was provided on a pro bono basis by Joe Tringali of Simpson Thacher & Bartlett. However, this decision was later vacated due to a negotiated settlement deal made by the Clinton Administration and Yale Law School. The full background and details of both cases are found in the book Storming the Court by Brandt Goldstein.


Harry Barton (priest)

Harry Douglas Barton, MA (1 December 1898 – died 16 March 1968 ) was  Archdeacon of Sudbury from 1962 until his death.

Barton was educated at  The King's School, Ely and Corpus Christi College, Cambridge. He was ordained in 1924 and served curacies in Swansea and Bradford.
He was Vicar of Coleshill, Warwickshire from 1938; an Army Chaplain during World War Two; Rural Dean of Sutton Coldfield, then Sudbury before he took up his Archdeacon’s appointment.


Rehab Doll

Rehab Doll is the first and only studio album by the American rock band Green River. It was released in June 1988 through Sub Pop Records.

Overview
Almost immediately following the release of Dry As a Bone, the group re-entered the studio in August 1987 to begin production on its first full-length album, Rehab Doll. The band initially started work on the album with producer Jack Endino at Reciprocal Recording in Seattle, Washington, however the band switched to producer Bruce Calder and changed its recording location to Steve Lawson Studios in Seattle. Band in-fighting, though, took center stage over the music. A stylistic division developed between bassist Jeff Ament and guitarist Stone Gossard on one side, and vocalist Mark Arm on the other. Ament and Gossard wanted to pursue a major-label deal, while Arm wanted to remain independent, viewing the duo as being too careerist. On October 31, 1987, Ament, Gossard and guitarist Bruce Fairweather stated their desire to quit the band.

Although the band members agreed to complete production of Rehab Doll during the next three months, Green River had by late October 1987 ceased as a band. The recording sessions for the album were completed in January 1988. The song "Swallow My Pride" originally appeared on the band's debut EP, Come on Down, and the song "Together We'll Never" was previously released as a single through Tasque Force Records in 1986. Both songs were re-recorded for this album. The cassette version of Rehab Doll also contains a cover of the David Bowie song "Queen Bitch". The album's cover art was photographed by Charles Peterson and a small portion of the Frye Hotel in Seattle is seen in the background.

The album was released in June 1988 on Sub Pop Records. Ned Raggett of Allmusic called it "a record that sounded caught somewhere between grunge mania and metal/corp rock folly." It was reissued in 1990 as part of the Dry As a Bone/Rehab Doll compilation album.

In 2019, the album was re-released with a new mix by original producer Jack Endino, and 10 bonus tracks.

Track listing

Cassette bonus track

Personnel

Green River
Jeff Ament – bass guitar, vocals, assistant production, inner sleeve design
Mark Arm – vocals, assistant production
Bruce Fairweather – guitars
Stone Gossard – guitars, vocals, assistant production
Alex Vincent – drums, percussion

Additional musicians and production
Bruce Calder – groaning, moaning, screeching on "Porkfist", engineering, production
Jack Endino – pre-production recording
Kim Gordon – sonic groan
Linda Owens – jacket design
Charles Peterson – photography
Sharka Stern – background vocals on "Swallow My Pride"