Cartoon Network (British & Irish TV channel)

Cartoon Network (commonly abbreviated as CN) is a 24-hour British children's television channel. The channel is owned and operated by WarnerMedia Entertainment Networks EMEA, a division of AT&T's WarnerMedia.

The channel primarily shows animated programming and was launched in Europe on 17 September 1993.

The first channel outside the US launched in 1993 based in the UK and targeting Europe with a particular focus on the UK market, whilst also serving Western Europe and Northern Europe.

In 1999, Cartoon Networks further rationalized its European service All programmes on the pan-European version were dubbed in English, with different audio language channels when a translated programme is available, which were indicated as language symbols on Now/Next bumpers. Cartoon Network UK launched in 1999 serving as the English speaking channel across Europe, which is also used by Malta and Ireland. Cartoon Network launched a high definition version of the channel on 14 September 2011.

History

Pre-launch
On 1 October 1992, the original version of Cartoon Network was launched at CNN Center, Atlanta, USA. The channel was created in response of Turner Entertainment acquiring MGM's Cartoon and Film library in 1986 and the acquisition of the Hanna-Barbera animation studio and cartoon library in 1991. As a result of Turner purchasing MGM's Cartoon and Film library, Warner Bros. pre-1948 content was also acquired, including early Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies shorts. At launch in the United States, Cartoon Network had an 8,500 hour cartoon library, and it became the first channel dedicated to cartoons. Six months after the launch, Cartoon Network expanded into foreign markets by launching a Latin American version of the channel dubbed in both Spanish, Portuguese and English. Cartoon Network's large animation library was in high demand in Western Europe and as a response to consumer demand, Astra 1C, the satellite on which Cartoon Network broadcast on, was launched on 12 May 1993 on board an Ariane 42L rocket from Kourou, French Guiana. Nine months later, Cartoon Network Europe was launched on 17 September 1993, broadcasting from London. It launched only less than 12 months after the original American version and only 16 days after its main children's television rival, Nickelodeon UK.

Launch

The channel was originally twinned with movie channel TNT and ran from 5am until 7pm, with TNT taking over from 7pm to 5am. Sunday afternoons saw "Super Chunk", which showed back to back episodes of one show for two hours between 1pm and 3pm. Another feature was "The Longest Day", in which Cartoon Network ran for an extra four hours until 11pm on 21 June, every year beginning in 1994. This slot was dedicated to full-length cartoon movies. The first theme was the Checkerboard theme, which showed graphics from its US counterpart and lasted until 1999.  The Checkerboard branding package was developed by Hatmaker Studios, now merged and part of its sister company - Corey, McPherson and Nash. Also unlike its rival Nickelodeon, which was part of Sky Multichannels, Cartoon Network was free-to-air across Europe.

Introduction of 24 hour service
On 26 August 1996, Cartoon Network began running for an extra two hours until 9pm, and on 16 December 1996, it became a 24-hour channel, as did TNT on the Astra 1G satellite. However, a timesharing version of the channel called TNT & Cartoon Network continued to appear on some providers.  Two years later on 19 December 1998, Cartoon Network launched as part of the Sky Digital satellite platform on the Astra 2A satellite. Also, in February 1997, Dutch cable provider A2000/KTA added the 24-hour Cartoon Network and TNT channels to its programming lineup.

From 15 November 1998, Cartoon Network was part of ITV Digital's channel package, airing 24 hours a day until the service collapsed on 1 May 2002.

Separation from Pan-European version
On 15 October 1999, Cartoon Network UK officially stopped being a pan-European feed, this was when the shared transponder analogue feed on Astra 1C became scrambled with VideoCrypt and when the short-lived analogue UK and Ireland only version of TNT launched. Prior to this date, Cartoon Network Europe moved to Sirius II for serve Eastern Europe in August 1999 and Cartoon Network France and Spain launched at the same time on 23 August 1999, leaving the ex pan-European version (which is now the UK and Ireland only version) on Astra 1C acting as a de facto free to air secondary/transitional European feed for countries preparing to switchover to their own newly launched local versions of Cartoon Network up until encryption on 15 October 1999. TNT changed its programming from classic movies to general entertainment as the movies were moved to TCM, TNT UK ceased to exist on 1 July 2000 and was replaced with an analogue version of TCM. During the late 90s and the early 2000s, Turner Entertainment Networks International (Now Turner Broadcasting System Europe) started localising their channels to suit different audiences across different countries around Europe, Middle East and Africa.

Post-pan European split
After the pan-European split, Cartoon Network revamped on 15 October 1999 with the launch of a unique and more intensive variant of the "Powerhouse" theme which had shapes and tiles with lines and footage of characters from various shows shown on Cartoon Network. This lasted until October 2002 and was used throughout Europe. This theme was produced by the British animation studio, Cosgrove Hall Films. A DJ theme was used during the AKA Cartoon Network programming block, bumpers include a live-action DJ scratching a record, which affects the playback of a cartoon clip.

On 30 June 2001, the analogue feed on Astra 1C of Cartoon Network/TCM ceased broadcasting, this was when Sky ended its analogue services.

On 11 April 2005, ten months after it was introduced in the United States, the channel debuted a new logo and new idents.

Current events
On 24 May 2007, the network changed its branding to a similar look to ones used during 1999-2005, this branding was known as the Arrow Era. There were also alternate Arrow Era idents designed by the design studio, Stardust, which had a 3D style, rather than the 2D style used by the other Arrow Era idents. Cartoon Network UK & Ireland used both 2D and 3D Arrow Era idents, while other Cartoon Network channels that used the Arrow Era usually either used only one. This branding lasted until September 2010.

In September 2010, Cartoon Network UK introduced its current branding and logo. Designed by Brand New School, it makes heavy use of a black and white checkerboard motif, as well as various CMYK color variations and patterns. This branding was used in the USA since 29 May 2010. The DOG was moved from the top right corner to the bottom right corner, like in America.

On 1 April 2014 Cartoon Network's DOG moved back to the top-right corner and a new Next banner using graphics from the Check It 3.0. branding package was introduced. Also on 1 April 2014 Cartoon Network Too was closed and was replaced with a reinstated one-hour timeshift service called Cartoon Network +1. Cartoon Network's Check It 3.0 was fully implemented on Cartoon Network UK on 21 July for the official start of the school summer holidays in the UK, Ninjago: Masters of Spinjitzu also premiered on the channel on the same day. On 17 November 2015, Cartoon Network UK launched their anti-bullying campaign in conjunction with Childline called Cartoon Network Buddy Network.

After nearly two years of the Laughternoons programming block was replaced with Mega Mondays on 14 April 2014, Laughternoons (this time with Cartoon Network Australia's/Southeast Asia's graphics/branding) returned to Cartoon Network UK for a short period on 11 January 2016. Mega Mondays was the name of Cartoon Network UK's new episodes programming block for three years before being discontinued in July 2017. It was replaced with New Fridays on 30 March 2018.

On 26 October 2015, Cartoon Network UK launched their own localised version of the Cartoon Network Anything app, featuring short-form content such as mini-games and video-clips.  On 27 February 2016, Cartoon Network UK used graphics from the Check It 4.0 branding package for the first time on a new episode promo for Transformers: Robots In Disguise. On 22 July 2016, Cartoon Network UK fully rebranded using graphics from the Check It 4.0 branding package. On 14 April 2016, Cartoon Network UK (also including Boomerang and Cartoonito) signed a deal with satellite pay-TV provider Sky for exclusive on-demand boxset rights for a selection of its animated shows. In November 2016, Cartoon Network UK won two PromaxBDA UK awards for their Where's Ice King and Weetabix Weetabuddies television campaigns. On 21 July 2017, Cartoon Network UK fully rebranded using graphics from the Dimensional branding package.

Cartoon Network programs

Original scheduling
When Cartoon Network initially launched, its schedule was mainly made up of short cartoons from both Warner Bros. and other studios, such as WB's Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer's Tom and Jerry. A few years after, it started to broadcast its own programming such as The Powerpuff Girls and Dexter's Laboratory. Eventually, most of the channel's acquired programming was shifted to the sidelines, with the company's original animated series (known as "Cartoon Cartoons", or "Cartoon Network Originals") taking up the majority of the network's timeslots.

Programming blocks
In September 2000, Toonami began broadcasting weekdays for two hours between 4pm until 6pm, and from 9pm until 11pm, as well as weekends from 10am until noon and 10pm until midnight. Dragonball Z had already been airing on Cartoon Network since March 2000, and had been attracting very good ratings, which may have contributed to the decision to launch Toonami in the UK. Its output consisted almost solely of Japanese anime such as the cult Dragonball Z, Tenchi Muyo, and Gundam Wing. The only non-Japanese shows for quite some time were the American-produced The Real Adventures of Jonny Quest and Batman Beyond (Batman of the Future in the UK). As time went on, Toonami started to shift away from Japanese anime and action programming, eventually morphing into the short-lived channel CN Too.

Around the same time, there was almost completely new programming on the channel, and so Boomerang began in a late night slot; it ultimately branched off into its own channel after the block was discontinued.

From February 2012 all the way until July 2017, Cartoon Network shifted its major night of premieres to Monday evenings, under the names "Meaty Mondays", and as of April 2014 "Mega Mondays". Additionally, the block's name would change to "Mince Pie Mondays" every December, sporting a more festive look and airing Christmas specials to boot. In May 2014, a much smaller Friday variety block, titled "Funsize Fridays" was launched. This block only ran for around a year, and consisted of playing "a different show every fifteen minutes". The shows featured in the block were Adventure Time, The Amazing World of Gumball, Clarence, Johnny Test, Regular Show, Steven Universe, Teen Titans Go!, and Uncle Grandpa. Only one of these shows would air new episodes in this block, passing the baton to a different show monthly.

Eventually, both of these blocks were discontinued, and the UK channel was completely devoid of programming blocks for some time. However, on 30 March 2018, a brand new Friday night premiere block launched, under the simple name "New Fridays". The block aired on Friday nights from 4-9pm, and it was based upon the USA feed's "NEW NEW NEW NEW" block, carrying the same neon light branding from its international counterpart. Despite only lasting around 4 months, the block had a large variety of shows rotating in and out of premiere slots, including Adventure Time, The Amazing World of Gumball, Ben 10 (2016), Clarence, Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs (TV series), Mighty Magiswords, Ninjago: Masters of Spinjitzu, OK K.O.! Let's Be Heroes, The Powerpuff Girls (2016), Regular Show, Steven Universe, Supernoobs, Teen Titans Go!, We Bare Bears, Uncle Grandpa, and Unikitty!. The Canadian import Wishfart also had its premiere and new episodes restricted to the block. On 20 July of the same year, the block was unceremoniously discontinued.

Sister networks

Boomerang

On 27 May 2000, the channel Boomerang was launched by Cartoon Network in the UK and Ireland, and most "classic" cartoons were moved from Cartoon Network to the new channel, which initially broadcast from 6am to 12am. On 1 October 2001, Boomerang became a 24-hour channel and the remaining "classic" cartoons (except for Looney Tunes, Tom and Jerry shorts, Thunderbirds, Danger Mouse, Scooby Doo, and The Flintstones, which remained until November 2002) like The Smurfs, also moved to Boomerang.

Cartoonito

On 24 May 2007, Cartoonito was launched as a pre-school channel replacing the original version of Cartoon Network Too. The channel aired from 4am to 9pm daily. On 15 January 2018, Cartoonito officially began airing 24 hours a day.

Defunct sister networks

CNX

CNX was a channel operated by Turner Broadcasting System Europe in the UK and Ireland between 2002 and 2003. It was aimed at a male audience, with daytime programming aimed at older children and teenagers (predominantly 12–18 years of age), and evening programming aimed at older teenagers and young adults (the 17-34 demographic). The channel was carried in the 'Entertainment' section of the Sky programme guide, and was also available on cable (through the firms which are now Virgin Media)

Toonami

Toonami launched on 28 September 2003 showing action programming. The channel had originally replaced CNX, a channel which launched on 14 October 2002. On 24 May 2007, just 4 years after its launch, Toonami was replaced with a new version of Cartoon Network Too.

Cartoon Network Too

On 24 April 2006, Cartoon Network Too was launched on Sky on the same day as sister TCM 2 and rival Nick Jr. 2,  broadcasting cartoons primarily made by Hanna-Barbera such as Dexter's Laboratory, The Powerpuff Girls (original series), Johnny Bravo and Wacky Races. The channel aired from 3 am to 7 pm every day until 24 May 2007, when it became a 24-hour channel, taking Toonami's slot and getting a new identity. On 1 April 2014, Cartoon Network Too was replaced by a relaunched of Cartoon Network +1.

Related services

Cartoon Network +1
Cartoon Network +1 originally launched in 1998 as a one-hour timeshift of Cartoon Network before it was replaced by Cartoon Network Too on 24 April 2006. The channel was relaunched almost eight years later on 1 April 2014 replacing Cartoon Network Too, just as Cartoon Network Too had replaced them eight years earlier. On 1 July 2018, Cartoon Network +1 was  temporarily replaced by a Ben 10 thematic pop-up channel, the channel  reverted to Cartoon Network +1 on 11 July 2018.

Cartoon Network HD
On 14 September 2011, a high-definition simulcast of Cartoon Network called Cartoon Network HD launched on Sky. On 17 January 2013, Cartoon Network HD launched on Virgin Media's cable TV platform.

Virgin On Demand service
On 26 April 2007, Cartoon Network launched onto Virgin Media's On Demand system, thus allowing Virgin Media customers to watch Cartoon Network programmes whenever they like. They can also take advantage of pause, rewind and fast forward functions, when watching these programmes.

Cartoon Network Studios Europe

Cartoon Network Studios Europe (formerly Cartoon Network Development Studio Europe) is based in Shoreditch, London, located three miles away from Turner EMEA's headquarters. The studio was named after Great Marlborough Street where Turner Europe, Middle East and Africa's headquarters is located. The studio is the European equivalent to Cartoon Network Studios based in Burbank, California, USA. The studio was founded in 2007 and in 2011 it produced its first show, The Amazing World of Gumball, created by Ben Bocquelet. Cartoon Network Europe has also been involved in other co-productions in the past such as The Cramp Twins, Fat Dog Mendoza, Robotboy, Scooby-Doo! Mystery Incorporated, Elfy Food, The Happos Family, Hero 108, Spaced Out, VBirds, Cult Toons, Taffy, Best Ed, Chop Socky Chooks, Skatoony and The Heroic Quest of the Valiant Prince Ivandoe. The studio has also produced animation for the Malaria No More organisation. Originally, the studio's main focus was to produce animated shorts that could potentially become animated shows, this changed when production of The Amazing World of Gumball moved from Boulder Media and Dandelion Studios and went in-house with Studio Soi offering support. In September 2018, Cartoon Network Studios Europe's London-based studio will start production on a new animated show, Elliott From Earth.

Animated shorts
The studio has also produced animated shorts. Animated shorts produced by the studio include The Furry Pals, Mutant Moments, Hamshanks and the Himalolly Railway, Elliot's Zoo, Pinky Malinky and Verne on Vacation. The shorts were showcased in a similar way to Cartoonstitute by Cartoon Network USA. The videos were available to watch on the Cartoon Network Development Studio Europe YouTube channel which has since closed.


Wamba, Nigeria

Wamba is a Local Government Area in Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Its headquarters are in the town of Wamba.

It has an area of 1,156 km² and a population of 72,894 at the 2006 census.

Attractions

Wamba town is located close to the beautiful Farin Ruwa Falls. One of the highest waterfalls in Africa. The source of the waterfalls is the Jos plateau.

Postal Code
The postal code of the area is 960.


St Catherine's School, Germiston

St Catherine's School is an independent , co-educational school in Germiston, Gauteng named after Saint Catherine of Siena. A combined school, St Catherine's consists of a pre-school,a preparatory school and a senior school and is the oldest school in Germiston.

History

St Catherine's School was founded in 1908 by the Dominican Sisters of St. Catherine of Siena, Newcastle, Natal in order to meet the increasing demand for education in the then 22-year old mining town of Germiston (a product of the Witwatersrand Gold Rush of the late 1880s). The original school building was located on Hardach Street in central Germiston, and was built on land bought from the Simmer and Jack gold mining company. It was the first convent on the East Rand and the first high school in Germiston.

By the 1940s, the school's environs in the Germiston CBD were undergoing rapid industrialisation, concurrent with a general shift from north to south of much of Germiston's population, and in 1948 St Catherine's School relocated to the then newly developed suburb of Parkhill Gardens. Here there was also more space for sporting facilities.

Toward the end of 1968 the school decided, in conjunction with its sister school St Dominic's in Boksburg, to cater for primary school pupils only: girls up to standard 5 (grade 7) and boys up to standard 1 (grade 3). Additionally, in 1970 the Transvaal Education Department recognised and registered the St Catherine's pre-primary school. The first reported ghost sighting at St Catherine's occurred on 17 August 1972, when a janitor cleaning the school hall after hours claimed to have been chased into the quad by an amorphous grey apparition or "spook" with "glowing red eyes". From the beginning of 1977, a wave of sightings followed of a "grey, hooded figure swaddled in flowing robes", often accompanied by a "'wailing' sound". The 'ghost', said to haunt the school hall, the chapel, the basement and a number of classrooms in the eastern wing, was soon dubbed 'Patrick', after one of the school's houses, St Patrick's. After 1977, ghost sightings at St Catherine's mostly ceased, although stories of paranormal happenings at the school persist to the present.

In 1985, the school extended its education of boys to standard 5 again. This was followed in 1991 by the Sisters of St Catherine's moving into a private house, opening up more room in the school for classrooms.

In 2001 the Board of Governors approved the re-opening of the high school, and that year saw the first intake of grade 8 pupils since 1968. At the same time the school buildings were expanded, with the construction of a new wing that was completed and fully occupied by 2007. Mrs J. Crosby, formerly of Boksburg High School, stepped in as high school principal in June 2007. In 2008 the school celebrated its centenary with a centennial mass, held under a marquee on the main soccer field which was attended by more than 800 pupils, parents, staff, past pupils and past teachers.

In December 2015, Mrs V. Johnson took charge as the Head of School to focus on whole school development. The new Preparatory School Principal, Mrs S. Rodrigues, began her term in January 2016. With the retirement of the Pre-school Principal, Mrs T. Henry (who served the school for 35 years) the new Pre-school Principal, Mrs C. Stewart, began her term in January 2016.

In May 2016, the Head of School, Mrs Johnson, announced that she would be retiring in December of the same year. She was succeeded by Mr Dennis Maritz in January 2017 as Head of School.Mr. Maritz has extensive experience in independent education. He was the Founding Head of Uplands College in White River and also served as Headmaster of St Martin's School in Johannesburg.He held the post of Headmaster of Cornwall Hill College in Pretoria prior to joining St Catherine's School as Head of School. The primary school is now known as the preparatory school and the high school is now known as the senior school. Concurrent with this restructuring, an expansion programme has been undertaken which has seen a marked increase in enrolment.
St. Catherine's entered a new phase of its development in 2019 with the construction of the Aelred O'Donovan wing which was completed at the end of 2018. The wing consists of six state-of-the-art classrooms which were built to accommodate pupils in Grades one and two. The need for the wing became apparent in 2018 with the growth in enrolment which the school was experiencing. The wing bears the name of Sister Aelred O'Donovan who was the last Newcastle Dominican Sister to hold the post of Head of School.

Academics

St Catherine's matriculants and grade 9 pupils write exams set by the Independent Examinations Board (IEB). The IEB is an organisation whose examinations are written by independent schools throughout South Africa. These examinations conform to the requirements of the National Senior Certificate and are recognised both internationally and by all South African universities.

The subjects taken from grades 1 to 3 (junior phase) are:
English
Afrikaans
Zulu
Mathematics
Religious education
Life orientation
Physical education
Music
Computer studies

The compulsory subjects for Grade 4 to 6 (Intermediate Phase) and Grade 7 (Senior Phase) are:
English
Afrikaans (first additional language)
isiZulu (second additional language)
Mathematics
Natural sciences
Geography
History
Technology
Life orientation
Religious education
Music
Drama
Art
Computer studies
Economic and management science (Grade 7 Only)
Physical education

The subjects offered from grade 8 to Matric at St Catherine's are:
Accounting
Afrikaans (second language)
Business studies
CAT (Grade 10 - 12)
English (compulsory)
Geography
History
Creative arts (grades 8–9) and Visual arts (grades 10–12)
isiZulu (second language)
Life orientation (compulsory)
Mathematics or Mathematical literacy
Life sciences
Physical science
Religious education (compulsory)

Houses
The school is divided into three houses, namely:
St Catherine's (yellow)
St Dominic's (red)
St Patrick's (green)

These three houses regularly engage in inter-house events, including: athletics, a swimming gala, bible quiz, public speaking and fundraising. Activities may differ between school grades and phases.

Sports

St Catherine's pupils also participate in a wide variety of sports. Sports at the school include soccer, cricket, tennis, netball, athletics and swimming. There are both male and female soccer teams representing the school with the girls' soccer team being a new addition, nicknamed the 'Saint's Soccer Team'. St Catherine's has also, since 2007, been competing in the Germiston inter-high swimming gala, where it has been somewhat successful.

Notable alumni
 Tumi Mothei, entrepreneur and former guitarist of the band Heroes Wear Red.


Rima Te Wiata

Heather Rima Te Wiata  (born 1963) is a New Zealand singer, comedian and stage, film and television actress. She is of the Ngāti Raukawa tribe.

Early life
Te Wiata was born in London, the only child of opera singer Inia Te Wiata and actress Beryl Te Wiata. Her father died when she was 8 years old, and she and her mother returned to New Zealand two years later. They settled in Auckland, where Te Wiata attended Epsom Girls' Grammar School.

Career
Te Wiata first appeared on stage in The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie at Auckland's Mercury Theatre, and later attended the New Zealand Drama School. After graduating, she went on a six month national tour, singing in Footrot Flats.

She made her screen debut in 1986 on the long-running Australian soap Sons and Daughters, playing the role of Janice Reid for two years. On her return to New Zealand she appeared in a number of television series including Shortland Street, the police drama Shark in the Park, comedies The Billy T James Show and Porters, and sketch shows Laughinz, Issues and More Issues. Her roles in these sketch shows were written by David McPhail, Jon Gadsby and A. K. Grant and included impersonations of politician and future Prime Minister Helen Clark and newsreader Judy Bailey. The show won her the Viewers' Choice Most Popular Female on TV Award for two consecutive years, before she resigned in 1992.

Te Wiata next spent two years working on the Australian sketch comedy show Full Frontal and also began appearing in films, including Send a Gorilla (1988), Cops and Robbers (1993),  Hinekaro Goes on a Picnic and Blows Up another Obelisk (1995) and Via Satellite (1998).

Te Wiata's stage appearances have included starring roles as Sally Bowles in Cabaret, Lady Macbeth in Macbeth, the voice of the cannibalistic singing plant in Little Shop of Horrors and directing and acting in The Vagina Monologues in Dunedin.

In 2014 she appeared in horror comedy Housebound and in 2016 in Hunt for the Wilderpeople.

In 2017, Te Wiata starred in season two of the podcast Within the Wires portraying artist and historian Roimata Mangakāhia.

Te Wiata has also released a self-titled jazz album, and toured with the New Zealand Symphony Orchestra.

Recognition
In 2016, Te Wiata won the New Zealand Film Award for Best Supporting Actress for her role in Hunt for the Wilderpeople. In the 2017 New Year Honours, she was appointed a Member of the New Zealand Order of Merit, for services to film and television.

In October 2019 she was presented with a Scroll of Honour from the Variety Artists Club of New Zealand for her contribution to New Zealand entertainment.


Grimburg

Grimburg is a municipality in the Trier-Saarburg district, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.


2019 PKNP FC season

The 2019 season is PKNP FC's 4th competitive and 2nd consecutive season in the Malaysia Super League since being promoted from the Malaysia Premier League.

Players

Transfers

1st leg

In

Out

2nd leg

In

Out

Competitions

Malaysia Super League

Matches

League table

Malaysia FA Cup

Knockout phase

Malaysia Cup

Group stage

Squad statistics

Statistics accurate as of 3 August 2019.


Alexandra Flood

Alexandra Flood (born 26 February 1990) is an Australian operatic soprano.
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Career
Born in Cowes, Victoria, Flood attended the Methodist Ladies' College, Melbourne and studied from 2007 until 2010 at the University of Melbourne (B. A., Diploma in Music). In 2011, she gained a Graduate Diploma of Journalism at the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology. She then continued from 2014 to 2016 at the Hochschule für Musik und Theater München (Master's degree in Music Theatre).

In 2014 she was awarded a Mike Walsh Fellowship.

Flood was part of the 2014 Salzburg Festival's  and made her European stage debut there as Blonde in a production for children of Mozart's Die Entführung aus dem Serail and as Modistin in Richard Strauss's Der Rosenkavalier. Her first leading role was Marguerite in May 2015 in Le petit Faust by Hervé at the Staatstheater am Gärtnerplatz, Munich. This was followed in October by the title role in Janáček's The Cunning Little Vixen for Pacific Opera, Sydney.

In 2016, Flood became a Studio Artist at the Wolf Trap Opera Festival. She sang Violetta in Traviata Remixed at the Grachtenfestival in Amsterdam. She sang Serpetta in Mozart's La finta giardiniera in September at the  in Hanover, Germany. Her first appearance in Poland was as Norina opposite Mariusz Kwiecień in Donizetti's Don Pasquale at Opera Krakowska in 2017, a role she reprised in 2018 at the Vorarlberger Landestheater, Austria. 2018 saw her Australian stage debut as Tell's son, Jemmy, in Rossini's William Tell for Victorian Opera, Melbourne.

On the concert stage, Flood sang in Carl Orff's Carmina Burana, Vivaldi's "Gloria", Saint-Saëns' Oratorio de Noël, Handel's Messiah, Haydn's The Seasons, and Vaughan Williams' A Pastoral Symphony. She sang the Edna in Jonathan Dove's church opera Tobias and the Angel with the Munich Radio Orchestra under the baton of Ulf Schirmer.

Flood has won grants and awards in Australia, Austria, and Germany. The actress Georgia Flood is her sister, the author Morris West her grand-uncle.


1895 in paleontology

Synapsids

Non-mammalian


Jaljala Rural Municipality

Jaljala is a rural municipality in the hilly region of Nepal. Jaljala rural municipality was formed by merging 7 village development committees which includes Baskharka, Majhphant Mallaj, Dhairing, Lekhphant, Banau, Naglibang and Salija on May 2014.

Jaljala has the population of 21,454 and it covers the area of 82.26 km square. The pre-existing office of Mallaj Majhphant is current office of Jaljala rural Municipality. The rural municipality is divided into 9 wards. Jaljala has the territorial border with Modi Rural Municipality in the east, Myagdi and Baglung district in the west, Myagdi Districtin the north and Kusma Municipality and Baglung District in the south.


Calea kingii

Calea kingii is a species of shrub in the aster family, Asteraceae. It is endemic to Ecuador, where it is known from five subpopulations in the high-elevation forests of the central Andes. It is threatened by habitat destruction.


Telugu Raithu

Telugu Raithu is the farmers wing of the Telugu Desam Party.

Former presidents
Nallamala Venkateswara Rao (2014)


Dayton Ballet

The Dayton Ballet is a ballet company based in Dayton, Ohio.

It was founded in 1937, making it the second oldest regional ballet company in the United States. It is also called the "Company of Premieres" as it is committed to presenting new works, including a new full-length ballet every two years. Dayton Ballet seasons typically comprises four works—familiar traditional ballets, the classic, family-friendly holiday staple The Nutcracker, as well as new and innovative works—and over 40 performances.

The Dayton Ballet performs in the historic 1,139-seat Victoria Theatre and the state-of-the-art, 2,300-seat Schuster Center.

Part of The Dayton Performing Arts Alliance, which also oversees the Dayton Opera and the Dayton Philharmonic, the Ballet receives administrative and operational leadership and support from its parent organization. Karen Russo Burke has been the Artistic Director of the Dayton Ballet since 2011.

History

Dayton Ballet had its beginning when Josephine (Jo) Schwarz and her sister Hermene opened The Schwarz School of Dance in 1927. Jo Schwarz later studied ballet and danced in Chicago, in New York at the School of American Ballet, and in Europe. She danced on Broadway, but was forced to return home to Dayton after being injured while performing there. In May 1938, Jo and Hermene gathered together the school's finest dancers, named the troupe "The Experimental Group for Young Dancers," and staged a performance at the Dayton Art Institute. This was the first performance of what is now the Dayton Ballet.

Jo was a pioneer of the American regional ballet movement of the mid-20th century. Through years of persistence, she made Dayton a center of dance. In 1958, the company restructured as the Dayton Civic Ballet, with a board of directors, and federal tax-exempt status. In 1959, the Dayton Civic Ballet became a chartered member of the Northeast Regional Ballet Association. The Schwarz sisters organized many regional dance festivals and choreography conferences. In 1978, the company dropped the "Civic" designation and became the fully professional Dayton Ballet.

1980–1990
Stuart Sebastian, a student of Josephine and Hermene Schwarz, assumed directorship of the company in 1980 at the invitation of Josephine Schwarz. He had danced professionally for the Dayton Ballet and the National Ballet of Washington before assuming the role. He had also choreographed in New York, Germany and England.  Sebastian led the Dayton Ballet for 10 years, in which time the company rose in stature and status. After watching the company in 1981, dance critic Walter Terry wrote in Dance Magazine, "In just one year the Dayton Ballet has moved from first-rate amateur rank into the category of professional ballet. Of particular importance is the stature of the new choreography on view in Dayton. Good dancers are now numerous; gifted choreographers remain a rare species. Stuart Sebastian is one of this special breed."

Sebastian brought in new dancers and created the company's first full-length ballet, The Sleeping Beauty.  He choreographed over 25 new works.  Of those, six were full-length ballets, including Swan Lake and Dracula. Under Sebastian, the Dayton Ballet toured more than 75 cities and took its first international tour to Jerash, Jordan.  In 1988, the company appeared on national television while performing in the opening ceremonies of the Pan American Games.

Transition: 1991-1993
Following the departure of Stuart Sebastian in 1990 and his subsequent death in January 1991 after a lengthy battly with AIDS, the company entered a period of transition. James Clouser, former artistic director of the Houston Ballet, was brought in on a three year contract. It was a bumpy and tumultuous time for the company, and a time of considerable change. Clouser was the first outside, non-Daytonian director, the Dayton Ballet had ever seen, and was a considerable break from the company's past directors. Many dancers and staff from the previous era left, and many new dancers and staff were hired. According to Dayton Daily News articles written during the transition, the board of trustees was looking for change and that is why they brought in someone from the outside. After three years of internal "war", as stated by the Dayton Daily News, in the fall of 1992 an executive director was brought in for the very first time in the company's history: Dermot Burke.

Recent history: 1993–2012
Dermot Burke was a star principal dancer with the Joffrey Ballet in New York and had been artistic director of the American Repertory Ballet in New Jersey for 10 years. He knew and choreographed for Sebastian and the Dayton Ballet back in 1984. That association, in addition to his track record of success leading the company in New Jersey, made him the right person to move the company forward. In the Fall of 1993 Dermot assumed the dual role of executive and artistic director of the company.

Under Dermot Burke, the company took on a more American flavor in the tradition of the Joffrey Ballet, embracing distinctly American dance literature, dancers and choreographers. There was also a shift to a "repertory company with lots of choreographic voices," as Burke stated. This repertory includes and has held onto the work of Sebastian and the company's past, while at the same time including the work of outside choreographers.

2012 merger
Following more than two years of planning, the Dayton Ballet, Dayton Opera, and Dayton Philharmonic Orchestra—Dayton’s three classical performing arts organizations—became a new, single entity on July 1, 2012. This new organization was named the Dayton Performing Arts Alliance. It is the largest performing arts organization in the community. Dayton Performing Arts Alliance performances are made possible in part by Montgomery County and Culture Works. The organization also receives partial funding from the Ohio Arts Council.

“It took great foresight, courage, and leadership to engage in the complex due diligence process and pursue a common vision. We are thrilled with what this first-in-the-nation merger will mean for Greater Dayton,” Mike Parks, president of The Dayton Foundation, said of the alliance.

The Dayton Daily News called the merger "a new day for arts in Dayton.”

The new organization has one administrative and operational core with one CEO and executive director, with each performing arts unit retaining its own artistic director.

Dayton Ballet School
The company's dependent dance school, Dayton Ballet School, is the oldest dance school in Dayton and one of the oldest in the US. It is the only school in the Miami Valley that is linked to a professional dance company. The mission of the Dayton Ballet School is "to provide the very finest dance training to any child or adult who seeks to experience the wonder and the fun of dance."

The goal of the School is to serve the community by not only strengthening legs and arms, but also by introducing accomplishments and discipline to the spirit of all participants.

Alumni
 Aaron Berenson, dancer with Dayton Ballet.
 Jeraldyne Blunden, founder and former director of the Dayton Contemporary Dance Company.
 Rachel Carmazzi, dancer with Dayton Ballet.
 Rebecca Carmazzi, dancer with Dayton Ballet, BalletMet, and now the North Carolina Dance Theatre.
 Dan Duell, dancer with the New York City Ballet and artistic director of Ballet Chicago.
 Joseph Duell, dancer with the New York City Ballet.
 Robert Eberly III, dancer with Dayton Ballet, Ballet West, and Boston Ballet.
 Penny Freeh, choreographer for the James Sewell Ballet.
 Jeff Gribler, dancer and ballet master with the Pennsylvania Ballet.
 Carol Jean Heller, Dayton Ballet School Director and dancer with Ballet Repertory in New York.
 Peter Means, dancer with Milwaukee Ballet, Washington Ballet and Ballet Met.
 Peter LeBreton Merz, dancer with Louisville Ballet and Cincinnati Ballet, Director of the Academy at Ballet West in Salt Lake City, UT.
 Cheryl Mrozowski, director of the Dance Company at Wheaton College (Massachusetts).
 Bonnie Pickard, dancer with Suzanne Farrell Ballet and North Carolina Dance Theatre.
 Jennifer Schildknecht, dancer with Dayton Ballet and Ballet West.
 Stuart Sebastian, former Dayton Ballet Artistic Director and dancer with National Ballet of Washington.
 Rosalee Calvert, dancer with "Dayton Civic Ballet" Dayton Ballet.
 Dustin Shane, dancer with San Francisco Ballet.
 Gabrielle Sharp, dancer with the Dayton Ballet.
 Jennifer Sydor, dancer with Kim Robards Dance.
 Jonothan Tabbert, dancer with the Charleston Ballet.
 Donna Wood, dancer with Alvin Ailey.
 Rebecca Wright, dancer with American Ballet Theatre, on Broadway in Merlin, and with the Joffrey Ballet.


Platanar

Platanar is a volcanic centre in the Cordillera Central (Costa Rica). This complex covers  and is dominated by Porvenir Volcano at , whose summit crater lies 3 km south of Platanar.  Cerro Platanar (also known as Volcán Congo) with a peak elevation of  has a destroyed crater to the northwest. Prehistoric lava flows on its western flank; one of them, the so-called Florida flow, was perhaps created by Platanar's most recent activity. Cerro Porvenir has a truncated caldera at the summit with a cone inside. Both of these are part of a composed stratovolcano of Upper Pleistocene age that on Platanar's side overlies the remains of Palmera's collapsed caldera, of probable late Pleistocene age. Platanar has erupted lavas ranging from basalts to andesites in composition.

The western flanks of both volcanoes are used for dairy farming. In 1968  on Cerro Platanar were converted into a National Forest.

Recent activity

On 30 March 1997 there were six earthquakes on the south flank, the strongest being of magnitude 2.7. A previous seismic swarm in April 1980 had lasted for 2–3 weeks.


Maxentius of Aquileia

Maxentius of Aquileia (d. 830s) (Italian ‘Massenzio’) was an Italian Patriarch. Maxentius served as the Patriarch of Aquileia from 811 till his death in 837.

Biography

Not much is known about Maxentius's date of birth, or his early life. His rise to prominence as the Patriarch of Aquileia was not until the death of his predecessor Ursus  which occurred in the early months of the 811s.  Records show that he quickly picked up where Ursus had left off, soliciting in Charlemagne's court (810/811s) for funds in order to rebuild Aquileia.

Background: The Three Chapters Dispute

Maxentius success in being elected to the office of the Patriarch of Aquileia occurred after the period known as the Three Chapters dispute. The Three Chapters dispute had roots early in 551. However, the dispute did not pose a threat until it became a significant issue in the eyes Lombard Church at beginning of the 554s. Some argue that the Three Chapters dispute was essential a schism, a division caused by strong opposition towards beliefs or theological orthodoxy between two parties. Around 551 there was initial proclamation by Justinian I that condemned certain parts of theocratic works and beliefs of the Chalcedonian orthodox in the capital of Constantinople. In response, the Chalcedonian orthodox doctrine issued their own interpretation of the relationship between the divinity and human nature of Jesus Christ. The Chalcedonian orthodox argued that Jesus has two natures, one human and one divine and that these two natures subsisted together.   Justinian I's condemnation on specific issues of the council of the Chalcedonian orthodoxy was received badly in the West. In Rome, the Papacy eventually fell to Justinian I's decision on the condemnation of the Chalcedonian orthodoxy. This in turn led to the Northern Italian churches of Aquileia and Milan excommunicating the papacy for its decision to support Justinian I.  The conflict between the Northern Italian church and Justinian I's position, and the papacy manifested itself in a debate that would unexpectedly threaten the unity of Christianity.

In particular, the conflict of The Three Chapter's dispute resulted in the Church of the Aquileia splitting in two. There was the ‘new’ Aquileia in Grado, which was pro-Roman, and there was the ‘old’ Aquileia church which retained its loyalty to the Chalcedonian orthodox and wished to be under the protection of the Lombard King.  The re shuffling of allegiance led to a “degree of cultural separation from Rome.”

Aftermath and Appointment of Patriarch

The conflict caused by the schism of the Three Chapters lasted long enough that by the eighth century the dispute had become buried underneath diluted political and theological debate that even Paul the Deacon himself, had little knowledge of what or why or even where the debate was headed.  The conflict led to old Aquileia to be viewed less favorably by the Church of Rome and by some extent the Imperial capital of Byzantium.

It was not until 698, pressure from Pope Sergius I, and no doubt the papacy's geopolitical location of Grado led to the shift of Aquileia to readopt the Roman papacy's orthodox. However, this further led to another conflict to arise whereas Aquileia and Grado, while now technically in communion belonged to two separate kingdoms, with Aquileia still being the center of Lombard rule in the North, and Grado, the vision of the Byzantium's Imperial rule.

In 811, after the death of Ursus, the patriarch of Aquileia, Maxentius was appointed the title of Patriarch of Aquileia. With this title, he was able to lead the church of Aquileia to great prominence. Maxentius's dedication to the church was followed by political, social development with minor urban growth. Maxentius dedication to his new title thus allowed Aquileia to move from the ‘rebel’ status that it once had into more favorable view and started to gain support from the Imperial capital and rising momentum of benefits from the Emperor himself.

Aquileia under Maxentius

Maxentius's development of Aquileia gained the attention of the Byzantine Empire, especially in the 9th century. So much to say it was the vastly gaining the preference as the papacy's preferred city in the West.  Maxentius implemented ecclesiastical doctrine and legislature that allowed for a surge in economic recovery leading to further theological growth and instilling heavier political establishment of the Imperial will. Aquileia had not seen such a growth in its economy or favor from the Byzantium empire since Maxentius had been appointed the title of Patriarch.

Maxentius soon became a favorite of Charlemagne, and they frequently exchanged letters. In these letters, Charlemagne expressed his wishes for the continuing growth of theological prominence in Aquileia. The letters covered areas such as baptismal rites and the ceremony of communion and how they should be conducted. Charlemagne's hoped that Maxentius would closely follow these rituals which were also followed by the Imperial capital and set down by the Papacy.  By agreeing and enforcing the will of Charlemagne and his advisors, Maxentius helped Aquileia to gain territories and gifts from the diocese. Aquileia's prominence was continually favored by Charlemagne's successors and soon led to Aquileia being one of the largest dioceses in Northern Italy having the full support of the Carolingians.

In 826, Maxentius was unable to stand the city of Grado. This was due to Maxentius only seeing Grado as a retreat for the patriarchs of Aquileia and he felt that Grado had no claims to Istria or its existence as a legitimate metropolitan city. Maxentius, aware that he would have the backing from the Emperors in the West, went on the mission for Grado to concede to the city of Aquileia. Maxentius, with the added pressure from the Carolingian Emperor, demanded the patriarchal title of the bishop of Grado to be removed and Grado be subjugated to the diocese of Aquileia. The success of these demands demonstrated the power and favor which Maxentius was able to single-handedly build with the Carolingians. With Grado now under the control of the diocese of Aquileia, Maxentius had built an influential and powerful diocese that had vast territories and the full backing of the Carolingian Emperor, Louis the Pious.

After Grado was subjected to the diocese of Aquileia, Maxentius began the reconstruction of the patriarchal basilica. Some suggest that the construction of the basilica would have only been possible under Maxentius reign as patriarch of Aquileia. Aquileia was now able to fund the construction of monuments with the financial backing of the Caroligians. The Basilica was an extravagant piece of work in the East and had significant influence from the Byzantine backing in the West.
The floors were beautifully decorated with a “mixed system of mosaic and marble slabs and the decorations of the steps of the episcopal are attributable to Maxentius.”  The eastern side of the Basilica was built in a semicircular apse to which Maxentius added two side chapels. On the west side, Maxentius built an atrium to the basilica and baptistery. Maxentius further ordered for the excavation so that a crypt could be built underneath which may hold the relics of Saint Hermagoras and his deacon Fortunatus.

Death and legacy

While sources are unclear of how Maxentius died, the sources suggest that Maxentius died around the 830s-40s.  Maxentius ability to raise Aquileia from the ashes of its destruction by Attila into becoming one of the Carolingians Empire's most treasured cities in the West illustrates his ability to combine politics and theology to achieve greatness. However, due to his dealings with Grado, many of Maxentius opponents criticized his actions as “poisonous.”


1966–67 Mitropa Cup

The 1966–67 Mitropa Cup was the 27th season of the Mitropa football club tournament. It was won by Spartak Trnava who beat Újpesti Dózsa in the two-legged final 5–4 on aggregate.

Round of 16
Matches played between 9 November and 8 December 1966.

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Quarter-finals
Matches played between 15 and 30 March 1967.

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Semi-finals
The first legs were played on 27 April, and the second legs were played on 10 May 1967.

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Final

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Sabretooth

Sabretooth or sabertooth may refer to:

Animals
 Saber-toothed cat, several prehistoric felines
 Smilodon, a prehistoric genus of felidae
 Sabertooth fish, a deep-sea fish found in the tropics
 Sabre-toothed blenny, Aspidontus taeniatus, a variety of fish that lives deep underwater in the benthic zone
 Sabertooth blenny, Plagiotremus azaleus, a species of combtooth blenny in coral reefs in the eastern Pacific Ocean
 Sabertooth salmon, Oncorhynchus rastrosus, an ancient species of salmon
 Sabretooth tetra, the Payara, Hydrolycus scomberoides, a species of gamefish in the Orinoco River in Venezuela and in the Amazon basin
 Marsupial sabretooth, Thylacosmilus, a genus of sabre-toothed metatherian predators from the Miocene period

Sports
 San Jose SaberCats, an Arena Football League team
 Sabretooth (mascot), the mascot for the Buffalo Sabres National Hockey League team

Fiction
 Sabretooth (comics), a Marvel Comics supervillain, and arch-enemy of Wolverine.
 Sabretooth (film), a 2002 made-for-TV movie
 Sabre-Tooth, a 1966 book by Peter O'Donnell featuring the character Modesty Blaise
 Captain Sabertooth, a fictional pirate that is the main character in a number of theatre plays by the Norwegian singer and actor Terje Formoe

Other uses
 SABERTOOTH, a protein sequence and structure alignment algorithm
 Sabertooth Games, a now defunct Memphis, Tennessee based game company, founded in 2001


Shepherds of Berneray

The Shepherds of Berneray is a 50-minute documentary that aired on UK television in 1981. The documentary revolves around the people on the island of Berneray, North Uist, Scotland, during that time, and how they lived.

The show focuses upon the people of Berneray, who had lived on the island for most of their lives, over the course of a year. It was filmed by Americans Allen Moore and the late Jack Shea over a year, in 1978/79.

Synopsis
The story begins at a croft belonging to Kate Dix; at that time she was the oldest person on the island. They interview John Ferguson, a crofter on Berneray, and he tells how the population of Berneray has decreased rapidly; only around 100 live on the island now. Next there is a sheep dip.

Angus Munro is seen in winter, gathering seaweed for fertiliser. He describes how he passed on his boat to his son, retired from fishing, and moved to full-time crofting. Angus Munro's son John  finds it good work. The show visits summer grazing on the nearby islands of Pabbay for shearing and castrating of the rams. The show ends with Kate Dix at her croft, praising Berneray and everything on it.

External links


Patrick Marcil

Patrick Marcil (born June 2, 1975) is a Canadian mixed martial arts and Lethwei coach. He is a sifu (師傅 ) in Fangshendo, a modified form Jeet Kune Do. His students includes fighters such as Lethwei World Champion Dave Leduc and UFC fighter Marc-André Barriault.

Background
Marcil's coaching was featured in Jet Li's new website, VICE, Le Droit, Myanmar Times, Asia Times, La Presse, and Ici Radio-Canada. He trains numerous professional MMA fighters in Gatineau, Quebec, Canada.

Martial arts career
In 1994, Patrick Marcil along with Stephane Patenaude opened their first Kung Fu school in Orleans and shortly after, their second school in Gatineau, Quebec.

In 2003, in early days of mixed martial arts, Marcil fought at World Extreme Battle in Laval, Quebec winning his fight with a TKO at 2:17 in the first round. At 165 pounds, the 26-year-old Marcil was set to fight in the 160lbs category, but instead faced an undefeated 180lbs opponent.

Notable student
In 2009, Patrick Marcil began teaching Sanshou to Dave Leduc at Kung Fu Patenaude in Gatineau. In the Myanmar Times, Leduc explains how Marcil was getting him ready for Lethwei and thought him the principles of Jeet Kune Do.

In 2016, Dave Leduc underwent his training camp in Canada with Marcil, before his fight with Too Too in Myanmar, and for his fight with Tun Tun Min.

In 2018, Marcil traveled to Myanmar for the first time to corner Leduc against Diesellek TopkingBoxing

Awards and recognitions

 Lethwei World
 Nominated for 2019 Coach of the year


Mary Rose Young

Mary Rose Young is a ceramic artist who lives and works in the Forest of Dean, Gloucestershire, in the UK.

Early life
Mary Rose Young was born near London in 1958. She studied ceramics at art college in Wolverhampton.  Her first piece of her work to be featured in a magazine was a  ceramic filofax.

Career

After leaving art college, she developed an interest in producing items using a potters wheel. Applying the bright colour she had used earlier onto her newly thrown pots.

Working from home, she began selling pottery pieces from a barrow at the Dockside Arts Centre, in Bristol, from about 1985. Her earliest designs included the humorous 'frantic chicken' and a rose motif which seemed appropriate next to her name. The roses began to grow in a three-dimensional form on the rims of vases and on the handles of mugs, and she called the look 'Rose Encrusted'.

In 1986 production moved to a small pottery in the village of Parkend. Early recognition of her work at this time came in the form of a magazine article for South West Arts, an interview with Jan Leeming for TV, and acceptance by the Crafts Council for her application to exhibit at the Chelsea Crafts Fair.

In 1990 she relocated to Oak House, on the edge of Parkend, which she decorated in vivid colours to reflect her style. This attracted interior design magazines Metropolitan Home, World of Interiors, Elle Decoration, and others to publish features on Young and her home.

In 2007 she attracted new media attention after Ozzy Osbourne's Mary Rose Young teacup and saucer fetched $1,650.00 in a charity auction of his possessions.

In 2017, she opened the first annual 'Party in the Park!' festival in Lydney, Gloucestershire.


Compression artifact

A compression artifact (or artefact) is a noticeable distortion of media (including images, audio, and video) caused by the application of lossy compression. Lossy data compression involves discarding some of the media's data so that it becomes small enough to be stored within the desired disk space or transmitted (streamed) within the available bandwidth (known as the data rate or bit rate). If the compressor cannot store enough data in the compressed version, the result is a loss of quality, or introduction of artifacts. The compression algorithm may not be intelligent enough to discriminate between distortions of little subjective importance and those objectionable to the user.

The most common digital compression artifacts are DCT blocks, caused by the discrete cosine transform (DCT) compression algorithm used in many digital media standards, such as JPEG image compression, MP3 digital audio, and MPEG video coding formats. These compression artifacts appear when heavy compression is applied, and occur in many common digital media, such as DVDs, common computer file formats such as JPEG, MP3 and MPEG files, and some alternatives to the compact disc, such as Sony's MiniDisc format. Uncompressed media (such as on Laserdiscs, Audio CDs, and WAV files) or losslessly compressed media (such as FLAC or PNG) do not suffer from compression artifacts.

The minimization of perceivable artifacts is a key goal in implementing a lossy compression algorithm. However, artifacts are occasionally intentionally produced for artistic purposes, a style known as glitch art or datamoshing.

Technically speaking, a compression artifact is a particular class of data error that is usually the consequence of quantization in lossy data compression. Where transform coding is used, it typically assumes the form of one of the basis functions of the coder's transform space.

Images

When performing block-based discrete cosine transform (DCT) coding for quantization, as in JPEG-compressed images, several types of artefacts can appear.
 Ringing
 Contouring
 Posterizing
 Staircase noise (aliasing) along curving edges
 Blockiness in "busy" regions (block boundary artefacts, sometimes called macroblocking, quilting, or checkerboarding)

Other lossy algorithms, which use pattern matching to deduplicate similar symbols, are prone to introducing hard to detect errors in printed text. For example, the numbers "6" and "8" may get replaced. This has been observed to happen with JBIG2 in certain photocopier machines.

Block boundary artefacts

At low bit rates, any lossy block-based coding scheme introduces visible artefacts in pixel blocks and at block boundaries. These boundaries can transform block boundaries, prediction block boundaries, or both, and may coincide with macroblock boundaries. The term macroblocking is commonly used regardless of the artefact's cause. Other names include tiling, mosaicing, pixelating, quilting, and checkerboarding.

Block-artefacts are a result of the very principle of block transform coding. The transform (for example the discrete cosine transform) is applied to a block of pixels, and to achieve lossy compression, the transform coefficients of each block are quantized. The lower the bit rate, the more coarsely the coefficients are represented and the more coefficients are quantized to zero. Statistically, images have more low-frequency than high-frequency content, so it is the low-frequency content that remains after quantization, which results in blurry, low-resolution blocks. In the most extreme case only the DC-coefficient, that is the coefficient which represents the average color of a block, is retained, and the transform block is only a single color after reconstruction.

Because this quantization process is applied individually in each block, neighboring blocks quantize coefficients differently. This leads to discontinuities at the block boundaries. These are most visible in flat areas, where there is little detail to mask the effect.

Image artifact reduction

Various approaches have been proposed to reduce image compression effects, but to use standardized compression/decompression techniques and retain the benefits of compression (for instance, lower transmission and storage costs), many of these methods focus on "post-processing"—that is, processing images when received or viewed. No post-processing technique has been shown to improve image quality in all cases; consequently, none has garnered widespread acceptance, though some have been implemented and are in use in proprietary systems. Many photo editing programs, for instance, have proprietary JPEG artefact reduction algorithms built-in. Consumer equipment often calls this post-processing "MPEG Noise Reduction".

Video

When motion prediction is used, as in MPEG-1, MPEG-2 or MPEG-4, compression artifacts tend to remain on several generations of decompressed frames, and move with the optic flow of the image, leading to a peculiar effect, part way between a painting effect and "grime" that moves with objects in the scene.

Data errors in the compressed bit-stream, possibly due to transmission errors, can lead to errors similar to large quantization errors, or can disrupt the parsing of the data stream entirely for a short time, leading to "break-up" of the picture.  Where gross errors have occurred in the bit-stream, decoders continue to apply updates to the damaged picture for a short interval, creating a "ghost image" effect, until receiving the next independently compressed frame. In MPEG picture coding, these are known as "I-frames", with the 'I' standing for "intra". Until the next I-frame arrives, the decoder can perform error concealment.

Motion compensation block boundary artifacts
Block boundary discontinuities can occur at edges of motion compensation prediction blocks. In motion compensated video compression, the current picture is predicted by shifting blocks (macroblocks, partitions, or prediction units) of pixels from previously decoded frames. If two neighboring blocks use different motion vectors, there will be a discontinuity at the edge between the blocks.

Mosquito noise
Video compression artifacts include cumulative results of compression of the comprising still images, for instance ringing or other edge busyness in successive still images appear in sequence as a shimmering blur of dots around edges, called mosquito noise, as they resemble mosquitoes swarming around the object. The so-called "mosquito noise" is caused by the block-based discrete cosine transform (DCT) compression algorithm used in most video coding standards, such as the MPEG formats.

Video artifact reduction

The artifacts at block boundaries can be reduced by applying a deblocking filter. As in still image coding, it is possible to apply a deblocking filter to the decoder output as post-processing.

In motion-predicted video coding with a closed prediction loop, the encoder uses the decoder output as the prediction reference from which future frames are predicted. To that end, the encoder conceptually integrates a decoder. If this "decoder" performs a deblocking, the deblocked picture is then used as a reference picture for motion compensation, which improves coding efficiency by preventing a propagation of block artifacts across frames. This is referred to as an in-loop deblocking filter. Standards which specify an in-loop deblocking filter include VC-1, H.263 Annex J, H.264/AVC, and H.265/HEVC.

Audio
Lossy audio compression typically works with a psychoacoustic model—a model of human hearing perception. Lossy audio formats typically involve the use of a time/frequency domain transform, such as a modified discrete cosine transform. With the psychoacoustic model, masking effects such as frequency masking and temporal masking are exploited, so that sounds that should be imperceptible are not recorded. For example, in general, human beings are unable to perceive a quiet tone played simultaneously with a similar but louder tone. A lossy compression technique might identify this quiet tone and attempt to remove it. Also, quantization noise can be "hidden" where they would be masked by more prominent sounds. With low compression, a conservative psy-model is used with small block sizes.

When the psychoacoustic model is inaccurate, when the transform block size is restrained, or when aggressive compression is used, this may result in compression artifacts. Compression artifacts in compressed audio typically show up as ringing, pre-echo, "birdie artifacts", drop-outs, rattling, warbling, metallic ringing, an underwater feeling, hissing, or "graininess".

An example of compression artifacts in audio is applause in a relatively highly compressed audio file (e.g. 96 kbit/sec MP3). In general, musical tones have repeating waveforms and more predictable variations in volume, whereas applause is essentially random, therefore hard to compress. A highly compressed track of applause may have "metallic ringing" and other compression artifacts.

Artistic use

Compression artifacts may intentionally be used as a visual style, sometimes known as glitch art. Rosa Menkman's glitch art makes use of compression artifacts, particularly the discrete cosine transform blocks (DCT blocks) found in most digital media data compression formats such as JPEG digital images and MP3 digital audio. In still images, an example is Jpegs by German photographer Thomas Ruff, which uses intentional JPEG artifacts as the basis of the picture's style.

In video art, one technique is datamoshing, where two videos are interleaved so intermediate frames are interpolated from two separate sources. Another technique involves simply transcoding from one lossy video format to another, which exploits the difference in how the separate video codecs process motion and color information. The technique was pioneered by artists Bertrand Planes in collaboration with Christian Jacquemin in 2006 with DivXPrime, Sven König, Takeshi Murata, Jacques Perconte and Paul B. Davis in collaboration with Paperrad, and more recently used by David OReilly and within music videos for Chairlift and Kanye West.


Chapingo Autonomous University

Universidad Autónoma Chapingo (Chapingo Autonomous University) is an agricultural college located in Texcoco, Mexico State in Mexico. The university is a federally funded public institution of higher education. It offers technical and full bachelor's degrees as well as having scientific and technological research programs. Many of these programs are related to agriculture, forestry and fishing.

The school began as the Escuela Nacional de Agricultura (National School of Agriculture) which was founded in 1854 at the Monastery of San Jacinto in Mexico City. The school was moved in 1923 to the President Álvaro Obregón  ex Hacienda of Chapingo.  Postgraduate studies were added in 1959. The school received autonomous status in 1978. It offers courses of study in Forestry, Agricultural Economics, Agricultural Industries, Irrigation, Rural Sociology and more.

Murals
The main attraction for visitors at this school is its murals, especially those in the Chapel of the Chapingo Autonomous University (murals) by Diego Rivera. The room was old hacienda chapel, but is now the University Ceremonies Room. This work was begun in 1924 and completed in 1927. Rivera painted 41 separate panels that cover the walls and ceiling of the room. The murals contain imagery relating to the revolutionary struggles of the peasants and working class of Mexico and the fertility and cycles of nature. Covering an area of over 700m2, the work divides into three parts. The left panels depict man’s struggle to have land, the right panels show the evolution of Mother Nature and the center shows the communion between man and earth. The most prominent panel at the front of the room is titled Tierra Fecunda (translated Abundant Earth) and features a nude woman reclining in a landscape accompanied by the personifications of the natural forces of wind, water, and fire. Three smaller figures represent humanity who have created machines to harness natural energy.  The murals on the south wall continue the theme of nature, showing cycles of germination, growth, and flowering. The murals on the north wall are devoted to images of revolution, suggesting that revolution follows similar natural cycles of germination, growth, and fruition. On both sides, Rivera included images of death--buried seeds and buried revolutionary martyrs. It is considered to be one of Rivera’s best works. More recently, the school acquired an unnamed mural by Luis Nishizawa. This work was produced during his last year at the Escuela Nacional de Artes Plasticas (ENAP) of UNAM and depicts the agriculture of Mexico in both the past and the present. The work is six meters high, nine meters wide and in the form of a triangle. It is placed in a building that is commonly called “El Partenon.”

The school is also home to the National Museum of Agriculture. The 2,000 m2 facility presents the development of agriculture in Mexico from the pre-Hispanic past to the present day. The collection has about 4,000 objects relating to technology, agronomy including farming implements and photographs by Hanz Gutmann.

Academics

The Chapingo Autonomous University is the best of its class in latin america, is the Mexican leader in areas such as agricultural economics, rural development, agribusiness, forestry, soil sciences, crop sciences, irrigation and water management, agricultural machines, entomology, food processing, horticulture, natural resources, ecology and animal sciences. It also offers high school education, which is considered the best high school in Mexico, the Agricultural High School takes three years to finish and for students that already have a high school education, a one year Propedeutic course is mandatory. The purpose is to prepare the students for the high level math, engineering and agricultural focused bachelors the university offers. Chapingo has been ranked in the top 10 mexican universities since the 80’s and number 1 for High School since 2012

The university offers wide variety of agricultural focused undergraduate degrees that should be completed in four years such as Statistics, Economics, Agri-foods Networks, Horticulture, Business and Administration, and International Trade. This offer also includes a list of engineering programs such as Forestry, Agricultural Irrigation, Agricultural Industry, Agricultural Ecology, Agricultural Mechanics, Forestry Industry, Forestry Restoration, Renewable Natural Resources, Plant Science, Soil Agronomics, Animal Science, Tropical Zones, Rural Sociology, Agricultural Economics, Agricultural Parasitology, Agri-food Industry and Agroforestry Development.

Notable alumni
Félix Agramont Cota, first Governor of Baja California Sur
 Alvaro Carrillo,  Mexican popular music composer and songwriter.


Karingal Chambers

Karingal Chambers is a heritage-listed shopping centre at 386-388 Ruthven Street, Toowoomba, Toowoomba Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Henry James (Harry) Marks and built from  to . It is also known as Krimmers Chambers and Rowbotham Chambers. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 28 April 1997.

History
Karingal Chambers is a two storeyed rendered masonry building erected  on the corner of Ruthven and Bell Streets for Charles Rowbotham. It is attributed to Toowoomba architects, James Marks and Sons.

Rowbotham was a business man, whose family manufactured and imported all classes of shoes. For some years he was a Toowoomba councillor and was Mayor from 1901-02. He acquired the Ruthven Street site, on which a building apparently already existed, in 1906 and mortgaged the property to the Bank of New South Wales for . The first recording of the name, Rowbotham Chambers, occurs in 1910, however according to the facade the date of the building is 1913. It is believed that Harry Marks, who used the distinctive triangular bay window on his own home erected in 1906, St Rest (now known as Gladstone House), was responsible for the design of the building. Additions along Bell Street may have been added after 1913.

The ground floor contained shops whose tenants included the Frankfort Sausage Co and baker and confectioner, David Webster and later Toowoomba confectioners, caterers, and pastrycooks, TK Lamb and Co Ltd, who operated tea rooms there. The first floor contained offices, including for a number of years, dressmaker, Miss E Rynne and dancing and physical culture teacher, Miss C Marson.

In 1925, the property was acquired by William Charles Krimmer and the building became known as Krimmer's Chambers. It remained in the Krimmer family until 1974, when it was transferred to members of the Sklavos family and later to Western Properties Pty Ltd. In , alterations were undertaken which involved work to the ground floor of Karingal Chambers so as to form an arcade with the adjoining property, which became known as Karingal Arcade. In 1991 the property was acquired by the current owners. The ground floor is leased to a number of shops owners and the upper floor to a women's clothing manufacturer.

Description
Karingal Chambers is a two-storeyed rendered masonry building with a pitched corrugated iron roof which occupies a corner site bound by Ruthven Street, Bell Street Mall and Bank Lane. The Ruthven Street facade is parapeted, and decorated with classical elements. The building has a long rectangular C-shaped plan running east-west, which wraps around a centrally located service core of toilets, corridor and stairs. A passageway bisecting the eastern end of the building links to the adjacent Karingal Arcade, and gives access to the service core. The ground floor has been extensively refurbished (), and contains six shops. The upper floor contains offices, workshop and storage areas. Changes in brickwork, roofline, lintels and internal linings suggest that the building was built in three stages extending to the east.

The western end of the upper floor consists of a series of offices (some now used for storage) surrounding a large central storage area which are lined with thin VJ timbers, fine picture rails and timber trims forming panels. The rooms overlooking Ruthven Street have arched timber-framed windows with coloured glass in gridded panes to the upper lights, except the centre room which sits behind a recess in the facade which has new aluminium windows. An office overlooking Bell Street Mall has a triangular shaped bay window which also has coloured glass in gridded panes.

The central storage area has a substantial skylight with clerestory lighting, and a smaller, chimney-like skylight. These skylights appear to be unrelated to the organisation of the rooms below them, suggesting that the timber walls are part of an early twentieth century refurbishment. Two larger workrooms extending further to the east are lined with sheeting and coverstrips, and a large workroom to the rear appears to have been refitted s.

The elevation to Ruthven St is a symmetrical composition with a central trabeated alcove flanked by tall windows and pilasters, and spanned by a pediment set in a parapet with a balustrade. The pediment has a cornice with dentils, and a ribbon in relief, framing a badge with "1913" on it. The columns and pilasters have corinthian capitals, and meet a substantial cornice decorated with square and rectangular motifs, which is inscribed with the words "Karingal Chambers". The four central windows are arched, with exaggerated voussoirs, while the two outermost windows are surmounted with small pediments.

The Bell Street Mall elevation is divided into three by changes in the detailing, brickwork and roofline. The western end has arched doorways with keystones to its base, and flat arched windows with exaggerated voussoirs either side of the triangular bay window above. The rest of the facade has more modest flat arched windows.

The building contains some fine interior features, in particular the windows and VJ linings and panels to the western end of the building. The Ruthven Street frontage contributes to streetscape in scale and detail as one of a series of decorative early twentieth century facades on Toowoomba's main street.

Heritage listing
Karingal Chambers was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 28 April 1997 having satisfied the following criteria.

The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history.

The place is one of a number of buildings, including Pigott's Building and White Horse Hotel contributing to the streetscape of Ruthven Street and demonstrating the development and continuing importance of Ruthven Street.

The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.

Karingal Chambers in Toowoomba is important in exhibiting a range of aesthetic characteristics valued by the community, in particular the contribution in scale and detail of the Ruthven Street frontage to the streetscape; and the interior which contains some fine decorative elements, including the windows and VJ linings and panels to the western end of the building.
In addition, Karingal Chambers forms an important townscape element of the Bell Street Mall.

The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland's history.

It is an example of the eclectic range of the commercial work of Toowoomba architects, James Marks and Sons.


Solosolo

Solosolo is a village on the northeast coast of Upolu island in Samoa. The village is in the political district of Atua and is one of the prominent settlements in the area with the largest population in its electoral constituency of Anoama'a West.

Geography
The villagers live on a small peninsula jutting out into the sea and bounded by Vainamo bay in the west and Mulivai River to the east. Settlement has grown well into the plantation hinterland in the hills above Vainamo and reaches at least 200m inland. The upland and lowland portions of the village are separated by the main east coast road connecting Solosolo to Apia, the country's capital, (30 minutes west) and eastern Upolu.

Governance
At the cross-roads of the village between the upland and peninsula, sits the village council maota fono. It is here that the chiefs of all the families of the village meet regularly to deliberate on the political, social, and economic affairs of the village. It is guided by the faalupega (customary greetings/genealogy) of Solosolo, which acts as a constitution for governance.

Faalupega o Solosolo
Afio le paia o le Taofia o Malietoa Taulapapa ma le latou tama, Tupo-le-Sava,
Afio maia le paia o le Usoalii ma e na 'au i Ao,
Maliu maia le mamalu o Saleutogipo'e, o le limamatua o Faleupolu tofiga

Village
The main malae (village commons) of Solosolo is on the peninsula. This is where the  major ceremonies and sporting events take place, and like any Samoan village is the centre of the settlement. The malae is bordered to the west by a Congregational Christian Church and to the east by a Catholic church. These were the two churches built in the village. In recent times, the village has acquired other Christian denominations including Methodist, Nazarene, Assembly of God, and Latter Day Saints.

The local primary school sits on the upland part of Solosolo and can be accessed by an inland sealed road.

Environment
Given its susceptibility to past cyclones and the mountainous terrain of the area, Solosolo's infrastructure is particularly sensitive to natural disaster. The government constructed a seawall in 2006 to ring the Vainamo bay to protect the main east coast road and the bridge over the Namo river to the west of the bay, from wave damage during cyclones.

Surfing
The bay is still renowned for surfing and is popular with visitors and local surfers, although the reef breaks are not for the inexperienced. There's a right break by a small rocky outcrop nicknamed 'Plum Pudding Rock.'


Jamasze

Jamasze  is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Krynki, within Sokółka County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland, close to the border with Belarus.


Mutee Head

Mutee Head is about 20 km west of Bamaga at the tip of Cape York Peninsula, in Queensland, Australia.

During World War II the No 52 Radar Station moved from Mascot in New South Wales to Townsville in north Queensland and finally to Mutee Head.

No. 52 Radar Station was based at Mutee Head from 29 March 1943 until 29 September 1945.

The Injinoo people in the Mutee Head area actively assisted with the war effort. They helped with the construction of facilities and in the water transport unit to New Guinea.

The establishment of the large airfield at Higgins Field impacted greatly on the Aboriginal community. Many of the community moved to bush camps to escape the soldiers who they were suspicious of, particularly the young women. Only the older people remained in the village. Many children worked as runners carrying messages from Mutee Head to the wharf at Mutee Head (Ukumba), to Higgins Field airfield, the hospital, and the communications base close to the tip.


Leo Schuster

Leopold Schuster (1791 – 27 February 1871) was a German-born British cotton trader turned merchant banker, best known as the Chairman of the London and Brighton Railway and then the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway, and part of the consortia which bought The Crystal Palace.

Early career
The son of a cotton merchant, he moved to England in 1808, and in 1820 formed the trading company Leo Schuster, Brothers & Co., cotton merchants based in Manchester, Bradford and Liverpool. Like many German Jews in Northwest England at the time, he converted to Unitarianism.

Merchant Banker
In 1855 he moved to London, and formed the merchant bank Schuster Sons & Co. in Cannon Street, City of London. Through this he became involved in financing various railway ventures, and was Chairman of the London and Brighton Railway. As chairman he negotiated the tripartite merger to form the new London, Brighton and South Coast Railway, which he became Deputy Chairman of to his friend Samuel Laing.

Chairman, LB&SCR
After Laing retired at the end of 1855 to pursue a political career, Schuster replaced him as chairman of the LB&SCR, instituting a policy of rapidly expanding new routes throughout South London, Sussex, and East Surrey. Some of these routes were financed and built by the company itself, while others were built by independent local companies, set up with the intention of connecting their town to the growing railway network, and with the intention of sale or lease to the LB&SCR. Schuster accelerated the speed of mileage increase after appointing Frederick Banister as the new Chief Engineer in 1860. Resultantly, between 1857 and 1865 a further  were constructed or authorised.

The growth of the LB&SCR came to a halt in 1866 with the collapse of London bankers Overend, Gurney and Company. The subsequent UK financial crisis the following year brought the railway to the brink of bankruptcy. A special meeting of shareholders was adjourned, and the powers of the Board of Directors were suspended pending receipt of a report into the financial affairs of the company and its prospects. The report made clear that the railway had over-extended itself with large capital projects sustained by profits from its passenger traffic, which suddenly declined as a result of the crisis. Several of the country lines were losing money, and resultantly in restructuring the company Schuster was forced to resign in favour of new chairman Peter Northall Lawrie.

Crystal Palace
In the 1850s, Schuster and Laing were both members of a consortium of eight men who bought The Crystal Palace and relocated the building to south London at Sydenham Hill. The consortium persuaded the board of the LB&SCR to build a new  railway station to service the new location and it opened in 1854.

Personal life

By his first wife, Emilie, he had a son and a daughter. His elder son Samuel Leo Schuster (11 May 1830 – 23 December 1884) married the eldest daughter of the 5th Earl of Orkney, while his daughter Mariana Emily Schuster married baronet Sir William Dickason Clay and after Clay's death married senior civil servant Arthur Haliburton, 1st Baron Haliburton.

By his second marriage to Mary Howard in 1845 he had two more daughters and a second son, Leo Francis Howard Schuster (1852-1927), a music-lover and patron of the arts.

He was also the uncle of Sir Felix Schuster, banker and financier, and Sir Francis Schuster.

On his death, his estate was valued at over £500,000, making him one of the most successful merchants of his time.


Harold Milton

Harold Aubrey Milton (15 January 1882 – 14 March 1970) was an English first-class cricketer active 1907 who played for Middlesex. He was born in Hackney; died in Islington.


WRSJ

WRSJ (1520 AM) is a radio station broadcasting a Spanish Tropical format. Licensed to San Juan, Puerto Rico, it serves the Puerto Rico area.  The station is currently owned by International Broadcasting Corporation.

On September 20, 2017, the station's transmitter site was heavily damaged by Hurricane Maria. One year later, The station returned to the air on December 11, 2018 as a simulcast of WQBS and the transmitter repairs are completed. On December 30, 2018 WRSJ rebrands as Activa 1520 AM and switched to a Spanish Tropical format.


Giorgio Gorla

Giorgio Gorla (born August 7, 1944 in Novara) is an Italian sailor. He is a 3-time Olympian, winning two bronze medals.

External links


Laurence Gower

Laurence Cecil Bartlett Gower   (29 December 1913 – 25 December 1997) known as 'Jim' and universally credited as "LCB Gower" in his writings, was a lawyer and academic who was Vice Chancellor of the University of Southampton from 1971–79.

Early life
He was born in Forest Gate, London (then part of Essex) and educated at Lindisfarne College. He then attended University College, London graduating LLB with first class honours in 1933 and LLM in 1934. He qualified as a solicitor in 1937.

War service
He served in the army throughout World War II initially in the Royal Artillery (RA) as a Private where he served under Sir Mortimer Wheeler. He ended service as a Lieutenant-Colonel in the Royal Army Ordnance Corps (RAOC). He was involved in the planning at Wilton House of the D-Day landings in France.

Academic career
After leaving the army, he commenced academic work as a lecturer in law at University College, London. He was also Sir Ernest Cassel Professor of Commercial Law at London School of Economics, University of London from 1948 to 1952 and visiting professor at Harvard Law School from 1954 to 1955. He became professor and dean of the Faculty of Law, University of Lagos from 1962 to 1965 and subsequently vice-chancellor, University of Southampton from 1971 to 1979.

During his time at Southampton, there was increasing financial stringency and increasing student numbers. However, the new Medical School expanded and there was provision of special residential facilities for disabled students. All first year students were able to live in university accommodation. At the same time, he served on Harold Wilson's Royal Commission on the Press. After retirement he was asked by the Department of Trade to provide advice to the Government on financial services resulting in the Financial Services Act 1986. He is best known for his work in the UK company law, where he authored the leading treatise, now taken over by PL Davies,

Personal life
On 7 September 1939, he married Helen Margaret Shepperson (Peggy) Birch (1910/11–1999), a secondary school teacher, and they had two sons and a daughter. He died in Camden, London.

Publications
 The Principles of Modern Company Law (1954), pub. Sweet & Maxwell, 6th revised edition (24 July 1997), .