Employment discrimination law in the United States derives from the common law, and is codified in numerous state and federal laws, particularly the Civil Rights Act of 1964, as well as in the ordinances of counties and municipalities. These laws prohibit discrimination based on certain characteristics or protected categories. The United States Constitution also prohibits discrimination by federal and state governments against their public employees. Discrimination in the private sector is not directly constrained by the Constitution, but has become subject to a growing body of federal and state law. Federal law prohibits discrimination in a number of areas, including recruiting, hiring, job evaluations, promotion policies, training, compensation and disciplinary action. State laws often extend protection to additional categories or employers.

Under Federal law, employers generally cannot discriminate against employees on the basis of:
 Race
 Sex
 Pregnancy
 Religion
 National origin
 Disability (physical or mental, including SOUP status)
 Age (for workers over 40)
 Military service or affiliation
 Bankruptcy or bad debts
 Genetic information
 Citizenship status (for citizens, permanent residents, temporary residents, refugees, and asylees)

Constitutional basis

The United States Constitution does not directly address employment discrimination, but its prohibitions on discrimination by the federal government have been held to protect federal government employees.

The Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution limit the power of the federal and state governments to discriminate. The Fifth Amendment has an explicit requirement that the federal government does not deprive individuals of "life, liberty, or property", without due process of the law. It also contains an implicit guarantee that the Fourteenth Amendment explicitly prohibits states from violating an individual's rights of due process and equal protection. In the employment context, these Constitutional provisions would limit the right of the state and federal governments to discriminate in their employment practices by treating employees, former employees, or job applicants unequally because of membership in a group (such as a race or sex). Due process protection requires that government employees have a fair procedural process before they are terminated if the termination is related to a "liberty" (such as the right to free speech) or property interest. As both Due Process and Equal Protection Clauses are passive, the clause that empowers Congress to pass anti-discrimination bills (so they are not unconstitutional under Tenth Amendment) is Section 5 of Fourteenth Amendment.

Employment discrimination or harassment in the private sector is not unconstitutional because Federal and most State Constitutions do not expressly give their respective government the power to enact civil rights laws that apply to the private sector.  The Federal government's authority to regulate a private business, including civil rights laws, stems from their power to regulate all commerce between the States.  Some State Constitutions do expressly afford some protection from public and private employment discrimination, such as Article I of the California Constitution.  However, most State Constitutions only address discriminatory treatment by the government, including a public employer.

Absent of a provision in a State Constitution, State civil rights laws that regulate the private sector are generally Constitutional under the "police powers" doctrine or the power of a State to enact laws designed to protect public health, safety and morals.   All States must adhere to the Federal Civil Rights laws, but States may enact civil rights laws that offer additional employment protection.

For example, some State civil rights laws offer protection from employment discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation, gender identity or political affiliation, even though such forms of discrimination are not yet covered in federal civil rights laws.

History of federal laws
Federal law governing employment discrimination has developed over time.

The Equal Pay Act amended the Fair Labor Standards Act in 1963. It is enforced by the Wage and Hour Division of the Department of Labor.  The Equal Pay Act prohibits employers and unions from paying different wages based on sex. It does not prohibit other discriminatory practices in hiring. It provides that where workers perform equal work in the corner requiring "equal skill, effort, and responsibility and performed under similar working conditions," they should be provided equal pay. The Fair Labor Standards Act applies to employers engaged in some aspect of interstate commerce, or all of an employer's workers if the enterprise is engaged as a whole in a significant amount of interstate commerce.

Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits discrimination in many more aspects of the employment relationship. "Title VII created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) to administer the act".  It applies to most employers engaged in interstate commerce with more than 15 employees, labor organizations, and employment agencies. Title VII prohibits discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex or national origin. It makes it illegal for employers to discriminate based upon protected characteristics regarding terms, conditions, and privileges of employment.  Employment agencies may not discriminate when hiring or referring applicants, and labor organizations are also prohibited from basing membership or union classifications on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.  The Pregnancy Discrimination Act amended Title VII in 1978, specifying that unlawful sex discrimination includes discrimination based on pregnancy, childbirth, and related medical conditions.
A related statute, the Family and Medical Leave Act, sets requirements governing leave for pregnancy and
pregnancy-related conditions.

Executive Order 11246 in 1965 "prohibits discrimination by federal contractors and subcontractors on account of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin [and] requires affirmative action by federal contractors".

The Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA), enacted in 1968 and amended in 1978 and 1986, prohibits employers from discriminating on the basis of age. The prohibited practices are nearly identical to those outlined in Title VII, except that the ADEA protects workers in firms with 20 or more workers rather than 15 or more. An employee is protected from discrimination based on age if he or she is over 40.  Since 1978, the ADEA has phased out and prohibited mandatory retirement, except for high-powered decision-making positions (that also provide large pensions). The ADEA contains explicit guidelines for benefit, pension and retirement plans. Though ADEA is the center of most discussion of age discrimination legislation, there is a longer history starting with the abolishment of "maximum ages of entry into employment in 1956" by the United States Civil Service Commission. Then in 1964, Executive Order 11141 "established a policy against age discrimination among federal contractors".

The Rehabilitation Act of 1973 prohibits employment discrimination on the basis of disability by the federal government, federal contractors with contracts of more than $10,000, and programs receiving federal financial assistance.  It requires affirmative action as well as non-discrimination.  Section 504 requires reasonable accommodation, and Section 508 requires that electronic and information technology be accessible to disabled employees.

The Black Lung Benefits Act of 1973 prohibits discrimination by mine operators against miners who suffer from "black lung disease" (pneumoconiosis).

The Vietnam Era Readjustment Act of 1974 "requires affirmative action for disabled and Vietnam era veterans by federal contractors".

The Bankruptcy Reform Act of 1978 prohibits employment discrimination on the basis of bankruptcy or bad debts.

The Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 prohibits employers with more than three employees from discriminating against anyone (except an unauthorized immigrant) on the basis of national origin or citizenship status.

The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA) was enacted to eliminate discriminatory barriers against qualified individuals with disabilities, individuals with a record of a disability, or individuals who are regarded as having a disability. It prohibits discrimination based on real or perceived physical or mental disabilities. It also requires employers to provide reasonable accommodations to employees who need them because of a disability to apply for a job, perform the essential functions of a job, or enjoy the benefits and privileges of employment, unless the employer can show that undue hardship will result. There are strict limitations on when an employer can ask disability-related questions or require medical examinations, and all medical information must be treated as confidential. A disability is defined under the ADA as a mental or physical health condition that "substantially limits one or more major life activities."

The Nineteenth Century Civil Rights Acts, amended in 1993, ensure all persons equal rights under the law and outline the damages available to complainants in actions brought under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Americans with Disabilities Act, and the 1973 Rehabilitation Act.

The Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008 bars employers from using individuals' genetic information when making hiring, firing, job placement, or promotion decisions.

The proposed US Equality Act of 2015 would ban discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation or gender identity. , 28 US states do not explicitly include sexual orientation and 29 US states do not explicitly include gender identity within anti-discrimination statutes.

LGBT employment discrimination
The regulation of LGBT employment discrimination in the United States varies by jurisdiction. Many states and localities prohibit bias in hiring, promotion, job assignment, termination, and compensation, as well as harassment on the basis of one's sexual orientation. Fewer extend those protections to cover sexual identity. Some cover government employees but do not extend their protections to the private sector. Protections at the national level are limited.

There is no federal statute addressing employment discrimination based on sexual orientation or gender identity. During President Obama's tenure Congress came close to enactment of the Employment-Non-Discrimination Act (ENDA), a federal statute explicitly prohibiting discrimination against LGBT workers. The Washington Blade noted that the Employment Non-Discrimination Act (ENDA) has had strong bipartisan support, and even Democratic leadership has signed on. Although the Senate passed ENDA it did not survive the House. In March 2014, 195 lawmakers, 148 House members, and 47 Senators, all Democrats, signed an appeal to President Obama, encouraging him to enact protections for LGBT workers in an executive order. (Executive Order 13672.)

Federal courts have generally agreed that Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which prohibits sex discrimination in the workplace, does not prohibit discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation although some courts following Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins (1989) support protecting transgender employees from discrimination as a form of sex stereotyping. In early 2018 two federal appellate courts (Second Circuit and Seventh Circuit) reversed circuit precedent on sexual orientation discrimination to hold Title VII prohibits sexual orientation discrimination. The Sixth Circuit also reversed precedent finding Title VII prohibits transgender discrimination in the workplace. The Supreme Court of the United States will hear two cases in the 2019-2020 term, Altitude Express Inc. v. Zarda and R.G. & G.R. Harris Funeral Homes Inc. v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, related to whether Title VII covers both sexual orientation and gender identity, respectively.

According to Crosby Burns and Jeff Krehely: "Studies show that anywhere from 15 percent to 43 percent of gay people have experienced some form of discrimination and harassment at the workplace. Moreover, a staggering 90 percent of transgender workers report some form of harassment or mistreatment on the job." Many people in the LGBT community have lost their job, including Vandy Beth Glenn, a transgender woman who claims that her boss told her that her presence may make other people feel uncomfortable.

Almost half of the United States has laws banning the discrimination of gender non-conforming and transgender people in both public and private workplaces. A few more states ban LGBT discrimination in only public workplaces. Some opponents of these laws believe that it would intrude on religious liberty, even though these laws are focused more on discriminatory actions, not beliefs. Courts have also identified that these laws do not infringe free speech or religious liberty.

State law
State statutes also provide extensive protection from employment discrimination. Some laws extend similar protection as provided by the federal acts to employers who are not covered by those statutes.  Other statutes provide protection to groups not covered by the federal acts.  Some state laws provide greater protection to employees of the state or of state contractors.

The following table lists protected categories not included in federal law.  Age is included as well, since federal law only covers workers over 40.

In addition,
 District of Columbia - matriculation, personal appearance
 Michigan - height, weight
 Texas - Participation in emergency evacuation order
 Vermont - Place of birth

Government employees

Employees of federal and state governments have additional protections against employment discrimination.

The Civil Service Reform Act of 1978 prohibits discrimination in federal employment on the basis of conduct that does not affect job performance.  The Office of Personnel Management has interpreted this as prohibiting discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation.  In June 2009, it was announced that the interpretation would be expanded to include gender identity.

Exceptions

Bona fide occupational qualifications

Employers are generally allowed to consider characteristics that would otherwise be discriminatory if they are bona fide occupational qualifications (BFOQ).  For example, a manufacturer of men's clothing may lawfully advertise for male models.

Religious Employment Discrimination
“Religious discrimination is treating individuals differently in their employment because of their religion, their religious beliefs and practices, and/or their request for accommodation (a change in a workplace rule or policy) of their religious beliefs and practices. It also includes treating individuals differently in their employment because of their lack of religious belief or practice” (Workplace Fairness). According to The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, employers are prohibited from refusing to hire an individual based on their religion- alike race, sex, age, and disability. If an employee believes that they have experienced religious discrimination, they should address this to the alleged offender. On the other hand, employees are protected by the law for reporting job discrimination and are able to file charges with the EEOC. Some locations in the U.S. now have clauses that ban discrimination against atheists. The courts and laws of the United States give certain exemptions in these laws to businesses or institutions that are religious or religiously-affiliated, however, to varying degrees in different locations, depending on the setting and the context; some of these have been upheld and others reversed over time.

Members of the Communist Party

Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 explicitly permits discrimination against members of the Communist Party.

Military

The military has faced criticism for prohibiting women from serving in combat roles. In 2016, however, the law was amended to allow them to serve.
In the article posted on the PBS website, Henry Louis Gates Jr. writes about the way in which black men were treated in the military during the 1940s. According to Gates, during that time the whites gave the African Americans a chance to prove themselves as Americans by having them participate in the war. The National Geographic website states, however, that when black soldiers joined the Navy, they were only allowed to work as servants; their participation was limited to the roles of mess attendants, stewards, and cooks. Even when African Americans wanted to defend the country they lived in, they were denied the power to do so.

Unintentional discrimination

Employment practices that do not directly discriminate against a protected category may still be illegal if they produce a disparate impact on members of a protected group.  Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits employment practices that have a discriminatory impact, unless they are related to job performance.

The Act requires the elimination of artificial, arbitrary, and unnecessary barriers to employment that operate invidiously to discriminate on the basis of race, and, if, as here, an employment practice that operates to exclude Negroes cannot be shown to be related to job performance, it is prohibited, notwithstanding the employer's lack of discriminatory intent.

Height and weight requirements have been identified by the EEOC as having a disparate impact on national origin minorities.

However, when defending against a disparate impact claim that alleges age discrimination, an employer does not need to demonstrate necessity; rather, it must simply show that its practice is reasonable.

Enforcing entities
The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) interprets and enforces the Equal Pay Act, Age Discrimination in Employment Act, Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Title I and V of the Americans With Disabilities Act, Sections 501 and 505 of the Rehabilitation Act, and the Civil Rights Act of 1991. The Commission was established by the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Its enforcement provisions are contained in section 2000e-5 of Title 42, and its regulations and guidelines are contained in Title 29 of the Code of Federal Regulations, part 1614.  Persons wishing to file suit under Title VII and/or the ADA must exhaust their administrative remedies by filing an administrative complaint with the EEOC prior to filing their lawsuit in court.

The Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs enforces Section 503 of the Rehabilitation Act, which prohibits discrimination against qualified individuals with disabilities by federal contractors and subcontractors.

Under Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act, each agency has and enforces its own regulations that apply to its own programs and to any entities that receive financial assistance.

The Office of Special Counsel for Immigration-Related Unfair Employment Practices (OSC) enforces the anti-discrimination provisions of the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA), 8 U.S.C. § 1324b, which prohibits discrimination based on citizenship status or national origin.

State Fair Employment Practices (FEP) offices take the role of the EEOC in administering state statutes.


Koishikute (Koda Kumi song)

Koishikute (恋しくて / Yearn for You) is the fifty-fourth single by Japanese singer-songwriter Koda Kumi, released on December 26, 2012, pushed back from the original release date of December 5, 2012. The single debuted #4 on the Oricon Daily Charts, took #7 for the week and remained on the charted for six weeks.

Information
Koishikute is Japanese R&B-turned-pop singer Koda Kumi's fifty-fourth single under the Avex sub-label Rhythm Zone. Initially, the song was to be released in early December, but was pushed back and released later that month. The single peaked at #4 on the Oricon Daily charts and took #7 for the weekly ranking. It remained on the charts for six consecutive weeks.

The coupling track "Alone" was a cover of the song originally sung by Mayo Okamoto in 1996, making it the first time Koda Kumi has had a single with both a ballad for the a-side and the b-side since her release of "hands" in 2005. Alone was later released on her second cover album Color the Cover.

"Koishikute" was certified gold for 100,000 downloads in January 2014.

Packaging
The single was released in three editions:

CD: contains two songs.
CD+DVD: contains two songs, music video and making video.
Playbutton+Goods: contains one song, shopping bag and a sports towel.

The playbutton+goods edition came with the single mp3 in a button, a shopping bag and a towel with Koda Kumi's official fan club logo.

Promotions
The single was promoted as being as intense and with a similar message to one of her more famous ballads, "Ai no Uta" (2007). On her official Facebook, the banner that was posted compared "Ai no Uta" to "Koishikute."

Track listing

Oricon Sales Chart (Japan)

Alternate versions
Koishikute
Koishikute: Found on the single (2012) and corresponding album Bon Voyage (2014)
Koishikute [ (RE:LABEL®) Remix]: Found on Koda Kumi Driving Hit's 5 (2013)

Alone
Alone: Found on the single (2012) and album Color The Cover (2013)
Alone [Prog5 Classic Remix]: Found on Koda Kumi Driving Hit's 5 (2013)


Six Pack Shy of Pretty

...Six Pack Shy Of Pretty is the second album released by the Florida-based hard rock music group, Crease. This album was released in 1998, via Whateverman Records.

Track listing
 "Building Up"  – 3:36
 "Jenny 867-5309"  – 3:14
 "Frustration" – 4:32
 "Making Progress"  – 3:28
 "Non-User"  – 2:41

Personnel
Crease:
Kelly Meister - lead vocals
Fritz Dorigo - guitars, vocals
Greg Gershengorn - bass, vocals
Eric Dorigo - drums, percussion

Production
Paul Trust – producer, mixer, engineer
Crease - producer


Lawrence W. Sherman

Lawrence W. Sherman (born October 25, 1949) is an American experimental criminologist and police educator who is the founder of evidence-based policing.

Sherman's use of randomized controlled experiments to study deterrence and crime prevention has led him to examine such wide-ranging issues as domestic violence, saturation patrol, gun violence, crack houses, and reintegrative shaming. He has collaborated with over 30 police and justice agencies around the world, and been credited as a key founder of the field of experimental criminology.

Sherman holds the posts of Director of the Jerry Lee Centre for Experimental Criminology and Wolfson Professor of Criminology Emeritus at the University of Cambridge, where he is also Chair of the Cambridge Police Executive Program. He is also  the Director of the Cambridge Centre for Evidence-Based Policing, and Editor-in-Chief of the Centre's Cambridge Journal of Evidence-Based Policing.

Education
Sherman graduated magna cum laude from Denison University in 1970, with a B.A. in Political Science. He received an M.A. in social science from the University of Chicago in 1970, earned a Diploma in Criminology from Cambridge University in 1973, and received his M.A. and Ph.D.in sociology from Yale University in 1974 and 1976 respectively.

Academic career
Sherman's career began at age 20 in the New York City Mayor's Office and Police Department as an Alfred P. Sloan Foundation New York City Urban Fellow and aide to the NYPD's Police Commissioner Patrick V. Murphy, where he began a long research partnership with NYPD Assistant Chief Tony Bouza. Bouza became the Minneapolis Police Chief in 1980, where he persuaded the City Council to approve Sherman's research design to randomly assign arrest for misdemeanor domestic violence, later known as the Minneapolis Domestic Violence Experiment. Sherman's early experimental research into the influence of arrest on recidivism in spouse abuse led to changes in police department policies and procedures nationwide, encouraged state legislatures to modify state statutes to allow for misdemeanor arrest, and eventually resulted in five federally funded replications, one of which Sherman led in Milwaukee. In the late 1980s, Sherman's discovery of hot spots of crime  led to his experimental research with David Weisburd and Tony Bouza that was first to show clear crime prevention effects of directed police patrol in high crime locations. In the early 1990s, Sherman's Kansas City Gun Experiment studied the effect of concentrated police patrol on gun crime and violence and that directed police patrol in gun crime "hot spots" led to an increase in seizures of illegally carried guns and a decrease in gun crimes.

Since 1995, Sherman has been co directing a program of prospective longitudinal experiments in restorative justice involving approximately 2,500 offenders and 2,000 crime victims. He has also  worked on the development of new tools for predicting murder among offenders on probation and parole in Philadelphia, as well as randomized trials of intensive services among highest risk offenders.

From 1999 to 2007, Sherman was Greenfield Professor of Human Relations at the University of Pennsylvania, initially in the Department of Sociology. Under his leadership, Penn became the first Ivy League University to establish a Ph.D. in criminology as a separate field in 2000, and the first to establish a separate department of criminology in 2003, when Sherman was appointed the University's first Professor of Criminology. He served as Chair of the University's Department of Criminology from 2003 to 2007 and as the Director of the Fels Institute of Government from 1999 to 2005. He resigned from Penn in June 2010 to return to the University of Maryland as Distinguished University Professor while jointly serving as Wolfson Professor of Criminology from 2007-2017. Since 2016, he has also served as an Honorary Professor at the University of Queensland in Brisbane.

Sherman also served Maryland as Chair of the Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice from 1995 to 1999, and as a faculty member from 1982 to 1999. In 1987, he was the Seth Boyden Distinguished Visiting Professor at Rutgers University's Graduate School of Criminal Justice and from 1994 to 2016 he served as Adjunct Professor of Law at the Australian National University's Research School of Social Science and later in the ANU School of Global Governance (RegNet). From 1976 to 1980 he was on the faculty of the University at Albany's School of Criminal Justice.

From 2001 to 2007 he was the co-director of the Justice Research Consortium in the United Kingdom. Since 1995 has been the Scientific Director of RISE, an ongoing research program in partnership with Australian National University and the Australian Federal Police. From 1985 to 1995 he served as president of the Crime Control Institute, and from 1979 to 1985 he was the Director of Research and later Vice President for the Washington-D.C.-based Police Foundation.

In addition to his experimental research, Sherman has published articles and book chapters on a wide variety of topics, including police corruption, police education, police discretion, police crackdowns, restorative justice, investigations, police use of force, and fear reduction. In 1997, Sherman led a team of University of Maryland criminologists in producing Preventing Crime: What Works, What Doesn't, What's Promising, a Congressionally mandated evaluation of over 500 state and local crime prevention programs.

Key research findings
His major discoveries can be summarized as follows:

 In 1980, he discovered that restricting police powers to shoot people was not followed by any increases in crime, or in violence against police officers; this evidence was later cited by the U.S. Supreme Court in its 1985 Tennessee v. Garner decision to restrict police powers to kill across the US.
 In 1984, the Minneapolis Domestic Violence Experiment found that arresting suspects in domestic violence cases was more effective at reducing re-offending than counselling or temporarily separating the suspect and victim.
 In 1987, he discovered that over half of all reported crime and disorder occurred at just 3% of the property addresses in a major city, a finding that has since been consistently replicated in other cities. He showed that exactly where and when crime will occur is far more predictable than anyone had previously thought, thus laying the theoretical and empirical basis for what is now called "hot spots policing," now widely practiced from New York to Sydney.
 In 1995, he discovered that homicides, shootings and other gun crimes could be reduced by intensified but lawful use of police stop and search powers in hot spots of gun crime, a finding that has now been replicated in six out of six independent re-tests by other scholars. This research helped prompt a major change in police practice in the US that was followed by a substantial reduction in the US homicide rate.
 In 1992, he discovered that arrest has contradictory effects on different kinds of domestic violence offenders, causing less violence among employed men but doubling the frequency of violence among men without jobs. This finding has also been replicated by independent scientists, and is now the basis for some women's advocates to recommend abandoning mandatory arrest policies for non-injurious domestic assault.
 In 1995, with his colleague David Weisburd, he demonstrated that doubling or tripling the frequency of police patrols in crime hot spots could reduce street crime by two-thirds. This discovery has been replicated by other scholars as well.
 In 2000, with his colleague Heather Strang (to whom he was married in 2010), he discovered that restorative justice conferences between violent offenders and their victims could reduce repeat offending by half.
 In 2006, with his colleagues Strang, Barnes and Woods, he showed that restorative justice also caused a 400% increase in criminal offending among Australian Aboriginals. He concluded that while restorative justice had been shown in most other places to be effective, it could backfire in some places.
 In 2008, Sherman discovered with Strang that nine ten out of ten of the restorative justice experiments they designed with victims present substantially reduced the overall two-year frequency of repeat convictions or arrests, across a wide range of offence types, offenders, and points in the criminal justice system. This included seven that were independently assessed by Professor Joanna Shapland of Sheffield University.
 In 2009, with Richard A. Berk and others, he discovered that a "data-mining" algorithm can predict which Philadelphia probationers are charged with murder or attempted murder 75 times more often than those the algorithm classifies as low-risk.
 In 2011, he first published his proposal for a "crime harm index" to weight any count of crimes by individuals, groups, cities and countries by the number of days in prison prescribed for each offence type by sentencing guidelines, irrespective of whether anyone is charged or convicted of each reported offence.
 In 2013, he developed the "Triple-T" framework for applying his 1998 model of evidence-based policing, showing how police decision-making could integrate systematic evidence on targeting, testing and tracking the use of police resources.
 In 2014, he discovered with Heather Harris that the long-term effect of arresting domestic abusers on their victims was to increase the victims’ death rate from all natural causes, but not homicide, compared to police warning the offender at the scene, with a doubling in mortality among African-American abuse victims from 5% to 10% over 23 years.
 In 2016, he published with Peter and Eleanor Neyroud the details of the Cambridge Crime Harm Index, a system for measuring multiple crimes in areas or by individuals with the total number of days imprisonment the crime could attract. The Index has since been used in various forms by police agencies in the UK, US, Sweden, Australia, and Uruguay. The paper and the concept won an award from Cambridge University's Vice Chancellor.

Research on the prestige of scholars in criminology and criminal justice has listed Sherman as one of the most highly cited scholars in the field.

Evidence-based policing

In a 1998 Police Foundation lecture, Sherman sketched out the concept of "evidence-based policing," modeled on the ideas of evidence-based medicine. His core idea was that police practice can be made far more effective if all of its complex but repeated elements were tested by repeated controlled field experiments. In February 2000, Sherman co-founded the Campbell collaboration's Crime and Justice Group, which has pursued the synthesis of research evidence on the effectiveness of policing and other crime prevention practices. Since then, the FBI Academy has offered a course on evidence-based policing, and it has become the subject of wide debate and commentary in police practice and research journals.

In 2008, Sherman made evidence-based policing (EBP) the core of the Police Executive Programme at Cambridge University, a part-time course of study for senior police leaders from around the world to earn a Diploma or Master's in applied criminology. In that year, the National Policing Improvement Agency (NPIA) funded the first international conference on EBP, which was attended by police executives from Asia, Australia, Europe and the US. Since then the conference has been held each July, with the 5th International Conference attended by over 250 police and scholars from six continents, including Africa and Latin America.

In 2010, a group of UK police officers founded the Society of Evidence-Based Policing, and elected Sherman its first Honorary President, along with Sir Peter Fahy, Chief Constable of the UK's Greater Manchester Police (see http://sebp.police.uk/index.php); as of 2014 the Society has over 1,000 members, primarily UK police officers but with membership from Australia to Argentina and North America. In 2013, police in collaboration with the University of Queensland established the Australian-New Zealand Society of Evidence-Based Policing, which now has over 500 members (see http://www.anzsebp.com/index.php). In 2015, both Canada (see https://web.archive.org/web/20160304072800/http://www.can-sebp.net/index.php) and the United States (see http://www.evidencebasedpolicing.org/index.php) established their own branches of this learned professional society. In 2013, UK Home Secretary Theresa May appointed Sherman an independent non-executive director of the new College of Policing, which develops and promotes evidence of what works in policing.

Institution building

Sherman has been a prime mover in the development on several permanent new additions to the institutional landscape of criminology. The most visible of these new institutions is the Stockholm Prize in Criminology, which philanthropist Jerry Lee and Sherman proposed to Professor Jerzy Sarnecki of Stockholm University in mid-2000, and which Sarnecki brought to the Swedish Ministry of Justice where it received support from successive Ministers. The annual Prize for criminological research or its application that benefits humanity was funded by the Jerry Lee Foundation for a guaranteed minimum of ten years, with the first prizes awarded in 2006. The Prize has been awarded annually since then, most often presented by a member of the Royal Family, with Sherman and Sarnecki as co-chairs of the International Jury that selects the winners. In 2012, Justice Minister Beatrice Ask concluded an agreement with the Soderberg foundations to provide joint funding with Ministry investment of a permanent endowment for a new Stockholm Prize Foundation, which guarantees annual funding of the Prize in perpetuity.

Sherman has also founded or helped to found the Academy of Experimental Criminology (in 1999), the Division of Experimental Criminology of the American Society of Criminology (in 2009), the Campbell Collaboration and its Crime and Justice Group (in 2000), the first Department of Criminology in the Ivy League—at the University of Pennsylvania (in 2003) and its Ph.D and MA degrees (in 2001), its Master of Science (2004), and its Jerry Lee Center of Criminology (in 2001). He also founded the first centre for experimental criminology in 2008, the Jerry Lee Centre of Experimental Criminology at the University of Cambridge Institute of Criminology.

Former students

Sherman's students have included University of Cincinnati Professor John Eck, University of Pennsylvania Professor John MacDonald, George Mason University Professors Cynthia Lum and Christopher Koper, London School of Economics Professor Meredith Rossner, University of Pennsylvania Research Professor Geoffrey Barnes, and former Thames Valley Police and National Policing Improvement agency Chief Constable Peter Neyroud, President of the American Society of Evidence-Based Policing and working police sergeant, Renee J. Mitchell, Matthew T. Mangino, former member of the Pennsylvania Board of Probation and Parole and former district attorney of Lawrence County, Pennsylvania. His currently serving police executive students include   Stephen Williams, Acting Commissioner of Police, Trinidad and Tobago Police Service; from the UK, Chief Constables Sara Thornton (Thames Valley Police), Simon Bailey (Norfolk Constabulary), John Parkinson (West Yorkshire Police), and Assistant Chief Constable Marcus Beale (West Midlands Police); and Police Chief William Farrar, from the Rialto Police Department, California.

Awards and honors

Sherman has been the recipient of numerous honors and awards for his work in the field of criminology and policing. Sherman's work in establishing the Stockholm Prize in Criminology was recognized by the King of Sweden in 2016, who appointed Sherman a Knight "Commander of the Royal Order of the Northern Star" (KNO). In 2017, Yale University Graduate School awarded him a Wilbur Cross Medal for public service, and the University of Bialystok awarded him its medal for services to criminology. In 2011, the Royal Society of Arts in London awarded him its Benjamin Franklin Medal (Royal Society of Arts) for his work on evidence-based crime prevention, and in 2009 he won the Beccaria Gold Medal of the Criminology Society of German-Speaking Countries.

In 2013 the University of Stockholm awarded him an honorary doctorate in social science, and George Mason University presented him its Award for Distinguished Achievement in Evidence-Based Crime Policy. In 2014 Denison University awarded him an honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters.

In 1998 he was elected the Founding President of the Academy of Experimental Criminology and in 1999 was elected a fellow of the Academy. In 2006, the Academy presented him with the Joan McCord Award for Outstanding Contributions to Experimental Criminology.

In 1994, Sherman was elected a fellow of the American Society of Criminology. In 1999, he received the Society's Edwin Sutherland Award for outstanding contributions to the field of Criminology. In 2001 he was elected President of the Society. He served as President of the International Society for Criminology from 2000 to 2005  and President of the American Academy of Political and Social Science from 2001 to 2005; the AAPSS also elected him as a Fellow in 2008.

In 1994, the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences presented Sherman with the Bruce Smith Sr. Award, in recognition of outstanding contributions to criminal justice as an academic or professional endeavor. Sherman received the Distinguished Scholarship Award in Crime, Law and Deviance from the American Sociological Association in 1993, the Lee Jerry Lee Lifetime Achievement Award from American Society of Criminology's Division of Experimental Criminology and the Lifetime Achievement Award of the American Society of Criminology's Division of Policing.

Bibliography

Selected writings

 Lawrence W. Sherman. 2013. "The Rise of Evidence-Based Policing: Targeting, Testing and Tracking." CRIME AND JUSTICE vol. 42, M. Tonry editor, University of Chicago Press, pp. 377–431.
 Lawrence Sherman and Heather Strang. 2007. Restorative Justice: The Evidence. London: Smith Institute, 95 pp.
 Lawrence W. Sherman, David P. Farrington, Brandon Welsh and Doris MacKenzie, eds., Evidence-Based Crime Prevention. London: Routledge, 2002.
 Lawrence W. Sherman, et al. 1997. Preventing Crime: What Works, What Doesn't, What's Promising. Report to the U.S. Congress. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of Justice, 655 pp.
 Lawrence W. Sherman, Policing Domestic Violence: Experiments and Dilemmas. N.Y.: Free Press, 1992. (Winner of 1993-94 Distinguished Scholarship Award, American Sociological Association, Section on Crime, Law and Deviance).

 Lawrence W. Sherman, Scandal and Reform: Controlling Police Corruption. Berkeley: University of California Press (1978) 304 pp.
  [Cited by U. S. Supreme Court in Tennessee v. Garner, 1985]


François Villon (film)

François Villon is a 1945 French historical drama film directed by André Zwoboda and starring Serge Reggiani, Jean-Roger Caussimon and Henri Crémieux. It portrays the life of the fifteenth century writer François Villon. The film was inspired by the play If I Were King by Justin Huntly McCarthy.

Cast
 Serge Reggiani as François Villon
 Jean-Roger Caussimon as Le grand écolier
 Henri Crémieux as Maître Piédoux
 Pierre Dargout as Thibaud
 Guy Decomble as Denisot
 Claudine Dupuis as Huguette du Hainaut
 Jacques-Henry Duval as Tuvache
 Renée Faure as Catherine de Vauselles
 Gabrielle Fontan as La Villonne
 Micheline Francey as Guillemette
 Gustave Gallet as Guillaume de Villon
 Léon Larive as Turgis
 Frédéric Mariotti as Arnoulet
 Albert Michel as Le paysan accusé
 Albert Montigny as Ratier
 Jean Morel as Alain
 Denise Noël as Margot
 Julienne Paroli as La mère
 Marcel Pérès as Le Goliard
 Albert Rémy as Perrot
 Michel Vitold as Noël, le borgne
 Jean Carmet as Un compagnon de François


Azelin

Azelin (before 1000 – 8 March 1054) was Bishop of Hildesheim from 1044 until 1054.

Azelin's  origin is not known. He was appointed Bishop of Hildesheim by Emperor Henry III, succeeding Thietmar. During his tenure, the cathedral built by Altfrid was destroyed by a fire on 23 March 1046, along with works of art and documents. Azelin's plans to build a new cathedral were not successful. The wheel chandelier known by his name as the Azelin chandelier was possibly donated by Thietmar.

He died in Hildesheim and was succeeded by Hezilo.

Literature

 Adolf Bertram: Geschichte des Bisthums Hildesheim. Lax, Hildesheim u. a. 1899–1925, vol. 1, pp. 100–107.


Tim McGarry

Tim McGarry () is an Irish comedian and actor from North Belfast in Northern Ireland. He was educated at St Malachy's College, Belfast.

He is a member of the comedy group Hole In The Wall Gang, and played "Da", a fictional Sinn Féin spokesman (later MLA), in the comedy series Give My Head Peace.

He has also hosted several radio programmes on BBC Radio Ulster, including weekly comedy quiz The Blame Game. For a number of years he provided a monologue played over the ending credits of the weekly politics show, Hearts and Minds, in the guise of a Belfast 'black taxi' driver.

McGarry is a humanist and in 2016 was appointed a patron of the British Humanist Association and Northern Ireland Humanists, its branch working for a secular state and the promotion of humanism in Northern Ireland.

He is a fan of Cliftonville F.C.


Chae Eun-hee

Chae Eun-Hee (also Chae Eun-Hui, ; born June 20, 1982) is a South Korean marathon runner. Chae represented South Korea at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, where she competed in the women's marathon, along with her teammates and fellow runners Lee Eun-Jung and Lee Sun-Young. She successfully finished the race in fifty-third place by twenty-one seconds behind Germany's Susanne Hahn, with a time of 2:38:52.


Jeff Jacobson (politician)

Jeff Jacobson was a Republican member of the Ohio Senate, representing the 6th District starting in 2001. Previously he was a member of the Ohio House of Representatives from 1992 until 2000.

After easily winning reelection to the Senate in 2004, Senator Jacobson was elected to the No. 2 spot as President Pro Tempore serving under Senator Bill Harris.  During his sixteen years in public service, he enacted legislation on topics as diverse as education reform, tax policy, criminal justice, nursing home reimbursement formulas, election and campaign finance law, the abolition of predatory mortgage lending and the regulation of payday lending, collective bargaining and prevailing wage law, and electric utility re-regulation.

Since his time in office ended due to term limits, Jacobson has worked as a strategist, consultant, and policy expert for a range of business and non-profit clients.  He is President of Strategic Insight Group, Ltd., a consulting and governmental relations firm serving private, public, and non-profit clients interested in impacting public policy development and state governmental decision-making in Ohio.  He also served as member of the State Medical Board (2008–09), and as a member of the Ohio Air Quality Development Authority (2009–2014), both appointed by former Governor Ted Strickland.

Jacobson graduated cum laude with a B.A. from Yale University and received his J.D. summa cum laude from The University of Dayton.

External links
Project Vote Smart - Senator Jeff Jacobson (OH) profile
Follow the Money – Jeff Jacobson
2006 2004 2002 2000 1998 1996 campaign contributions


Drew Esocoff

Drew Esocoff (born c. 1957) is an American television sports director, who as of 2006 has been the director of NBC Sunday Night Football.

Early life
Esocoff was born in Elizabeth, New Jersey, graduating from Thomas Jefferson High School in 1975, later attending Colgate University. While in college he worked as a substitute teacher at Elizabeth High School where one of his students was Todd Bowles.

Career
Esocoff has worked for ESPN and ABC, serving as director for Monday Night Football, SportsCenter, and the NBA Finals, as well as five Super Bowls. Since 2006, he has served as director for NBC Sunday Night Football.

As of 2015, Esocoff has won 11 Emmy Awards.


Experienced (album)

Experienced is a live CD and DVD set by Japanese electronica/rock duo Boom Boom Satellites. Released on February 23, 2011, the album consists of a recording of their performance at Chiba's Makuhari Messe, the last stop of their Japan Tour 2010 2nd Stage. The set list mainly features tracks from their 2010 studio album To the Loveless. Mastering of the album was completed on January 6, 2011, as announced by the band's Twitter account.

Track listing


ARF3

ADP-ribosylation factor 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ARF3 gene.

Function

ADP-ribosylation factor 3 (ARF3) is a member of the human ARF gene family. These genes encode small guanine nucleotide-binding proteins that stimulate the ADP-ribosyltransferase activity of cholera toxin and play a role in vesicular trafficking and as activators of phospholipase D.  The gene products include 6 ARF proteins and 11 ARF-like proteins and constitute 1 family of the RAS superfamily. The ARF proteins are categorized as class I (ARF1, ARF2, and ARF3), class II (ARF4 and ARF5) and class III (ARF6) and members of each class share a common gene organization. The ARF3 gene contains five exons and four introns.

Interactions

ARF3 has been shown to interact with:

 ARFIP1,
 ARFIP2,
 GGA1,
 GGA3,  and
 KIF23.


Voluntary secondary school

In education in the Republic of Ireland, a voluntary secondary school (or privately-owned secondary school; ) is a post-primary school that is privately owned and managed. Most are denominational schools, and the managers are often Catholic Church authorities, especially in the case of Catholic schools. Like national schools at primary level, voluntary secondary schools are supported by the Department of Education, on a per capita basis. Approximately 90% of teachers' salaries are met by the state. Some schools charge tuition fees, while many others request top-up funding or voluntary  fee contributions from parents. The local community may also be involved in fund raising.

Until 1966, all post-primary schools were voluntary secondary schools except for vocational schools run by Vocational Education Committees. The raising of the school leaving age by Donogh O'Malley triggered the creation of publicly managed community and comprehensive schools. Some smaller secondary schools subsequently merged with each other or with the public schools. Voluntary secondary schools  still form the largest part of the post-primary school system and are attended by about 60% of post-primary education students.

The schools are generally managed by a Board of Management or less often a patron or religious institute. A school principal is in general control of everyday business. Some voluntary secondary schools are boarding schools, this is particularly so in the case of Protestant, many of which are Church of Ireland, as students cannot commute daily to such schools which are often located only in a few provincial towns. These schools generally receive additional grants to the normal per capita grant.

Footnotes


Rock N Roll Frankenstein

Rock N' Roll Frankenstein is a 1999 American horror comedy film that was directed by Brian O'Hara. The film had its world premiere on 18 September 1999 at the Helsinki International Film Festival and stars Graig Guggenheim, Jayson Spence, Barry Feterman and Hiram Jacob Segarra.

Plot
The movie follows Bernie, a record producer who persuades his nephew Frankie to create a new rock star that will help Bernie overcome his work related ennui. Iggy, the burnt out roadie pillages the graves of various celebrities such as Buddy Holly, Jimi Hendrix, and Sid Vicious, using the head of Elvis Presley to top things off.

Cast
Barry Feterman as Bernie Stein
Hiram Jacob Segarra as Iggy
Andrew Hurley as Curly
Ted Travelstead as Pete
Graig Guggenheim as The Monster, a.k.a. 'King'
Jayson Spence as Frankie Stein

Reception
The film has a rating of 60% on Rotten Tomatoes, based on five reviews, with an average rating of 6.1/10.

Awards
Best Gratuitous Use of Violence Award at the Melbourne Underground Film Festival (2001, won)


Whangaparaoa (disambiguation)

Whangaparaoa Peninsula is a suburban area about 25 km north of Auckland in New Zealand.

Whangaparaoa may also refer to:
Whangaparaoa River
Whangaparaoa College


Calyptra minuticornis

Calyptra minuticornis, the vampire moth, is a moth of the family Erebidae. It has been found in Indonesia, Java, India, Sri Lanka, and Australasia.

Description
Its wingspan is about 50 mm. The antennae of the male are minutely ciliated. Forewings with rounded outer margin. Head and thorax pale reddish brown and thickly irrorated with grey. Abdomen pale fuscous. Forewings with pale red-brown with a silvery sheen and numerous fine pale striae. There are traces of sub-basal, antemedial, and medial oblique line present. A rufous line runs from apex to inner margin beyond middle. A series of submarginal specks present. Hindwings pale fuscous and cilia whitish. Larva olive-grey with a sub-dorsal series of black-bordered yellow spots. A sub-lateral series of specks enclosed from fourth somite by a pinkish bordered black line. Head ochreous, with paired lateral black spots. Legs pale pink.

The caterpillar feeds on Stephania japonica, Cissampelos, Cocculus and Cyclea species. It pupates in a cocoon between joined dead leaves in ground debris. The adult is a fruit piercer and also observed to pierce skins of buffalo, zebu, tapir and even humans in labs to suck blood.


Viña Machado

Virginia Maria Machado is a Colombian model and actress. She has acted in TV series and appeared in music videos.

Career
In her interview to Colombian newspaper El Espectador, she said her first catwalk was at the age of 13. She started her acting career with Dora, and her character "Brigit" in Lady, la vendedora de rosas was important in her acting career after modelling. She had acted in La Cacica and Comando élite. Her performance in TV series La esclava blanca was described as flawless by Publimetro, the Colombian edition of Metro International.

Personal life
El Universal reported that she had lived in Mexico and Italy during her modeling career.


Herman H. Long

Herman Hodge Long (May 2, 1912August 8, 1976) was an American college administrator and author of several pioneering studies dealing with race relations who served as president of his alma mater, Alabama's Talladega College, from 1965 to 1976, while concurrently serving as president of the United Negro College Fund from 1970 to 1975.

Educational achievements
An Alabama native, Herman Long was born in the state's largest city, Birmingham, and moved with his family to Chicago's South Side, where he grew up in poverty.  Working at numerous jobs, he studied at night and, as even worse times loomed in the aftermath of the October 1929 stock market crash, was determined to achieve the highest level of education. In September 1931 he returned to Alabama to attend Talladega College, the state's oldest, private, historically black liberal arts college, founded in 1867 on the outskirts of Talladega County's seat, the city of Talladega.  During the four years spent there as a student, he was considered a top debater and, at 6' 3" (190.5 cm), became a star player and, eventually, captain of the basketball team. He also participated in the college's other athletic programs, whether as a member of the track team or taking part in baseball and football competitions. Until his graduation, cum laude, in 1935, he continued to work at any available jobs, including acting as a barber for his fellow students. A psychology major, he went on to earn his M.A. at the Hartford Seminary's School of Religious Education and his Ph.D. at the University of Michigan.

In the preparation for his doctoral dissertation in 1940–41, Long became associated with one of the leading African-American social scientists of the period, Charles S. Johnson, the head of sociology at Nashville's renowned historically black institution, Fisk University, which chose Johnson, in 1947, as its first African-American president. Along with two other research supervisors, Long provided the parish background reports for Johnson's influential Louisiana study (published in spring 1942) of race relations, on the eve of World War II, in twenty of the state's sixty-four parishes.

After receiving his Ph.D., Long returned to Fisk at Johnson's invitation, becoming the head of the University's Human Relations Institute of the American Missionary Association. In this capacity, he traveled around the country, researching race relations and serving as a consultant regarding programs centered at improving relations and ameliorating strained and problematic conditions. His 1949 study of racially discriminatory housing covenants received favorable notice and was quoted in a number of sociological texts.

President of Talladega College and the United Negro College Fund
In 1964, Talladega College's Board of Trustees completed a lengthy search for a successor to the institution's first African-American president, Arthur Gray, who served from 1952 to 1962, by offering the position to its distinguished alumnus, Herman Long. His 1965 inauguration at the College's DeForest Chapel took place thirty years after his own graduation ceremony there. As a highly regarded figure in the African-American community, he continued to provide leadership during the turbulent 1960s and, in 1970, while continuing to serve in his Talladega post, was chosen as the next president of the United Negro College Fund (UNCF), the organization, then in its 26th year (founded in 1944), which has as its goal the raising of funds for the 39 private historically black colleges and universities. Shortly after assuming his new position, he was interviewed in the New York studio of NBC's Today Show, and discussed his and the Fund's goals and projects. It was during his tenure, in 1972, that the slogan, "A Mind Is a Terrible Thing to Waste", became the UNCF's motto.

Herman H. Long was 64 when he died of cancer at Talladega's Citizens Hospital. He was survived by his wife, Henrietta Shivery and daughter, Ellen.  Buell Gallagher, president emeritus of New York's City College who, four decades earlier, from 1933 to 1943, himself served as Talladega College president, a period which included the junior and senior years future president Long spent as a student, said in memoriam, "Herman Long's studies were very powerful forces working for the integration of the races when the possibility of such integration was very slight. He was an important and imaginative figure before the actual transition phase of race relations in this country."


Gölbaşı, Seyhan

Gölbaşı is a village in the District of Seyhan, Adana Province, Turkey.


Braddon, Australian Capital Territory

Braddon (postcode: 2612) is an inner north suburb of Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia located adjacent to the Canberra CBD.

The suburb is one of the oldest suburbs in Canberra, a relatively young city, settled in 1922 and gazetted as a division name in September 1928. It contained Canberra's first light-industrial area. In recent years this area has begun to be redeveloped as an entertainment and residential precinct. Other areas have been redeveloped with flats. It is now Canberra's most densely populated suburb.

History

The construction of the Braddon Garden City heritage precinct the area bounded by Donaldson, Elimatta, Batman and Currong streets began in 1921 and 1922. This was the only completed example of a design for a residential area in Canberra by Walter Burley Griffin. The suburb was gazetted as a division name in September 1928.
Braddon is named after Sir Edward Braddon, a Federalist, legislator and a participant in the writing of the Australian Constitution. Streets in Braddon were named for Aboriginal words, legislators and pioneers. The first light-industrial area in Canberra was established in Braddon in the 1920s and subsequently became the centre of automotive trades, before these businesses were established in the service areas of Phillip, Belconnen and Tuggeranong and in Fyshwick and Mitchell. In recent years the light-industrial area has begun to be redeveloped as an entertainment and residential precinct. Most of the residential areas of the suburb have been redeveloped with flats.

Heritage listed areas

The following areas are heritage listed:
The Braddon Garden City heritage precinct, bounded by Donaldson, Elimatta, Batman and Currong streets.
Gorman House
Hotel Ainslie (Mercure Canberra)
Ainslie Primary
The Whitley House at the corner of Limestone Avenue and Ipima Street, a modernist house built in 1939, considered by the ACT Heritage Council to be "among the first government designed and built single-storey detached houses in the Functionalist style in Australia." The Heritage Council has permitted flats to be built behind the house, but the view of the house from Limestone Avenue has been preserved.
Haig Park.
Northbourne Oval.
The former Coggan’s Bakery, 36 Mort Street, Braddon.

Description

Braddon contains a commercial area centred on Mort and Lonsdale streets, which run parallel to Northbourne Avenue. The area includes several small art galleries, car rental agencies, a few mid-market restaurants, cafes and bars, trendy gift and clothes shops, as well as liquor stores and a Centrelink office. It formerly contained many car dealerships and businesses providing automotive services, but some of these are being redeveloped with six-storey apartment buildings with commercial uses on the ground floor. There are also a number of popular pubs, including Civic Pub, and low-rise office blocks in the suburb.

Away from the commercial areas, much of the previously suburban housing in Braddon has been replaced with apartment buildings that are popular due to their relatively close proximity to the City. Fenner Hall, a residence of the Australian National University, is located along Northbourne Avenue. The suburb is socially mixed with its population including many younger professionals and students, along with some recipients of public housing assistance. Some traditional single-family homes do remain where the suburb borders Ainslie and Dickson.

Current zoning

Most of the single houses north of Haig Park and in Section 22 (surrounded by Torrens, Girrahween, Fawkner and Elouera streets) have been replaced by two or three storey flats in recent years as a result of being zoned in the Inner North Precinct. Land adjoining Northbourne Avenue is now zoned to permit redevelopment with 25 metres (about 8 storeys) high flats or 32 metres (about 11 storeys) at the corners of Wakefield Avenue with Northbourne Avenue. The area south of Haig Park between Mort and Torrens streets in zoned to allow mixed use developments, generally 22 metres high (6 or 7 storeys), but 16 metres high (5 storeys) facing Torrens street and up to 30 metres high (about 10 storeys) facing Cooyong street.

The area between Ainslie Avenue, Cooyong, Donaldson and Currong street, currently occupied by four and eight-storey government flats (Allawah Court and Currong Apartments) and Catholic church land, is currently proposed for redevelopment with mixed-use buildings, with a range of building heights between 5 and 12 storeys. Originally two buildings at the corners of Ainslie Avenue were proposed to be 15 storeys high. The eastern parts of the suburb continue to be zoned for low-rise suburban housing except the sections adjacent to Ainslie Avenue, which are zoned for three-storey flats, except for Gorman House—which is heritage listed—and the Hotel Ainslie (Mercure Canberra) site—which is also heritage listed and zoned for a two-storey hotel.

Features

Ainslie School

Ainslie School is one of Canberra's oldest schools. It was opened in 1927 as the first official act of the Prime Minister Stanley Bruce following his arrival in Canberra. It is described by the ACT Heritage Commission as having "a high degree of integrity with intact street and site planting and relatively intact built elements and original internal fittings in the Art Deco style." It is also believed to be "the first in Australia to be planned with a library, a lecture room and a needlework room". The original building was completed in 1927 and, with the opening of a larger building for the primary in 1938, it became the infants school. From 1980, the building was occupied by Questacon (until 1988) and the School Without Walls (until 1997). In recent years it has been occupied by the Ainslie Arts Centre.

Allawah Court and Currong Apartments

The three-storey Allawah Court flats (containing 114 two-bedroom flats) were completed east of Cooyong street and north of Ainslie Avenue in 1956, the three-storey Bega Court was completed south of Ainslie Avenue in Reid in 1957 and the eight-storey Currong Apartments (184 one-bedroom flats and 28 of two bedrooms) were completed east of Allawah Court and west of Currong Street in 1959 in order to cope with a critical lack of accommodation for public servants transferred to Canberra. The ACT Heritage Council described them as having been designed in the Post-War International style "similar to post-war housing in Europe, particularly in English new towns. The fine proportions, crisp detailing and low scale of [the Allawah and Bega Courts]
and their siting continuing the street pattern made them more architecturally successful than the three eight-storey blocks of flats along Currong Street which completed the development." The Heritage Council declined to heritage list the buildings and despite some local opposition it was proposed that they be demolished and replaced by more modern and denser accommodation along with some commercial uses. The demolition was completed in August 2017.

Braddon Garden City heritage precinct

The area bounded by Donaldson, Elimatta, Batman and Currong streets, including the street furniture, are heritage listed as "an early 20th century 'Garden City' planned subdivision" and as an example of early Federal Capital planning philosophy and architecture among other things. This area was originally named the "Ainslie Cottages Project" and the first houses were constructed between 1921 and 1922 to meet the urgent need for housing for lower grade public servants and workmen to build the civic centre and other parts of the city. It is the first expression of the Garden City concept in Canberra and it is the only completed example of a design for a residential area in Canberra by Walter Burley Griffin.

The Former Coggan’s Bakery

According to the ACT Heritage Council, the former Coggan’s Bakery, 36 Mort Street (actually facing Elouera Street), "has a special association with the cultural phase of early planning and development of the nation’s capital in the 1920s." It formed part of the Federal Capital Commission's early planning and was established with the designation of the Braddon area as a light-industrial zone. The Heritage Council said that Coggan’s Bakery "remains as the most historically distinctive structure in the Braddon industrial area."

Gorman House Arts Centre

The Gorman House Arts Centre is a significant heritage complex that has been adapted for arts use. It is occupied by some of the ACT's key arts organisations, smaller arts groups and individual artists.

The centre accommodates intimate performance spaces, dance studios and workshops, a gallery, artists’ studios, small offices for arts business, meeting rooms and a weekend art, craft and second-hand market.

Braddon's theatres and galleries are located within the Gorman House Arts Centre.  They are: Bogong Theatre; Canberra Contemporary Art Space; Canberra Youth Theatre; Currong Theatre Studio; and Ralph Wilson Theatre

Haig Park

Haig Park lies on either side of Northbourne Avenue in Braddon and Turner and comprises fourteen rows of trees planted to form a windbreak and shelterbelt. It is listed on the ACT Heritage register.

Hotel Ainslie (Mercure Canberra)

The Hotel Ainslie (currently operating as the Mercure Canberra) was built in the English Arts and Craft style as a government hostel to accommodate the transfer of public servants in 1926 and 1927. Since 1928 it has operated as a hotel (at times called the Ainslie Rex and Olims Canberra Hotel) and has been extended significantly to the southwest. The exterior of the original structure, the garden in front of the hotel, including the Atlas cedars, Mediterranean cypresses and the Atlas cedars along Batman Street and the landscaped central courtyard are heritage listed.

Lonsdale Street

Historically an industrial area comprising car yards and factories, Lonsdale Street has in recent decades transformed into a cosmopolitan hub and the commercial centre of Braddon. Lonsdale Street is home to shops selling items by original Canberra designers, stylish Australian fashions, imported designer shoes and handcrafted gifts and homewares. There is also a mix of restaurants, bakeries, bike shops, food vans, camping stores, car yards and hairdressing salons. The Lonsdale Street Traders is a temporary commercial destination in a converted tyre-warehouse, and a boutique hotel is planned for the northern end of the street, opening in 2015.

During the Summernats car festival, Lonsdale Street is the site of an annual unofficial street parade, the Lonsdale Street Cruise. The parade features all types of cars and draws crowds of spectators.

Lonsdale Street was named Canberra's 'hippest hood' by The Sydney Morning Herald in September 2013.

Merici College

Merici College is a private Roman Catholic girls' high school catering for years 7 to 12.

Northbourne Flats
The Northbourne Flats are located on both sides of Northbourne Avenue in Braddon and Turner. The flats provided the first high-density housing project on Northbourne Avenue, now characterised by high-density living. In 2011, the ACT Government ran a national design competition to remodel the flats, to make way for the new development current public housing tenants will be relocated to other properties.

Northbourne Oval

Northbourne Oval was established in 1925, making it North Canberra's oldest enclosed oval. It is listed by the ACT Heritage Council.

Places of worship
 St Patrick’s Catholic Church, built in 1935.
 St Columbus Uniting Church
 Salvation Army Canberra City Temple
 St Mary’s Catholic Church
 Sisters of Mercy
 Australian Episcopal Conference

Demographics

At the , Braddon had a population of 5,500 people, up significantly from a population of 3,574 in 2006. Braddon residents had a median age of 29, which is very young compared to an ACT median of 35 and an Australian median of 38. The median weekly household income was $1,969, compared to the median Australian household income of $1,438. 43.2% of the population were professionals, compared to the Australian average of 22.2%. 25.9% worked in central government administration, compared to the Australian average of 1.2%, although the ACT-wide average is a similar 18.4%.

57.1 per cent of Braddon's population were Australian-born on census night 2016. In 2011, 39.5% of the population was foreign born, the seventh highest for any Canberra suburb.  The next most common countries of birth were China 5.6%, England 3.2%, India 2.1% and South Korea 1.8%. 63.6% of people spoke only English at home. Other languages spoken at home included Mandarin at 6.5%. The most common religion is 'no religion', with 50.0 per cent of the population reporting they were not religious.

Of occupied private dwellings in Braddon, 9.8 per cent were owned outright, 19.3 per cent were owned with a mortgage and 67.6 per cent were rented. Only 7.5% of dwellings were separate houses (compared to the Australian average of 72.9%), while 13.1% were semi-detached, row or terrace houses (Australian average: 12.7%) and 78.9% were flats, units or apartments (Australian average: 13.1%).

After demographic analysis, Braddon was named one of the hippest places to live in Australia on the 'Urbis Hip List' in 2012.

Politics

Since the 2018 redistribution all of Braddon is located within the federal electorate of Canberra. Previously the part north of Haig Park was in Fenner. It is represented in the House of Representatives by Alicia Payne for the Labor Party. Polling place statistics are shown to the right for the Braddon polling place at Ainslie School in the 2019 federal election for Fenner.

In the ACT Legislative Assembly, Braddon is part of the electorate of Kurrajong, which elects five members on the basis of proportional representation, two Labor, two Liberal and one Greens. Polling place statistics are shown to the right for the Ainslie polling place at Ainslie School (in Braddon) in the 2016 ACT election.

Trees and vegetation

Braddon’s vegetation is predominantly exotic, belonging to the cedar, ash, oak and pine varieties, although there are a significant number of eucalypts which are planted mainly around the perimeter of the suburb (Northbourne Avenue, Limestone Avenue, Ainslie Avenue) and within Haig Park. Most of the neighbourhood’s streets are lined with avenues of mature exotic trees. Torrens Street, planted with oak (Quercus palustris), is a particularly fine example of a ‘garden city’ streetscape. Haig Park has mixed plantings including cedar, eucalypt, pine, cypress, ash and oak (Cedrus deodara, Eucalyptus cinerea, Pinus radiata, Cupressus sempervirens, Fraxinus velutina and Quercus palustris respectively).

Poisonous mushrooms are known to grow in Braddon, including death caps which are commonly found near established oak trees.

Street names in Braddon
The streets in Braddon are named after Aboriginal words, legislators and pioneers.

Ainslie Avenue. Named for James Ainslie (1787–1844).
Batman Street. Named for John Batman (1800–1839).
Burra Place. Named for an Aboriginal word meaning 'wait' or 'stop'.
Chapman Street. Named for Austin Chapman (1864–1926).
Coolac Place. Named for an Aboriginal word meaning 'native bear'.
Cooyong Street. Named for an Aboriginal word meaning 'bandicoot'.
Cooyong Street North.
Donaldson Street. Named for Stuart Donaldson (1812–1867).
Doonkuna Street. Named for an Aboriginal word meaning 'rising ground'.
Dooring Street. Named for an Aboriginal word meaning 'the bark of trees'.
Elder Street. Named for Thomas Elder (1818–1897).
Elimatta Street. Named for an Aboriginal word meaning 'my home'.
Eloura Street. Named for an Aboriginal word meaning 'pleasant place'.
Farrer Street. Named for William James Farrer (1845–1906).
Fawkner Street. Named for John Pascoe Fawkner (1792–1869).
Gilchrist Gardens. Named for John Gilchrist (1938–1998), a Canberran Town Planner.
Girrahween Street. Named for an Aboriginal word meaning 'place of flowers'.
Gooreen Street. Named for an Aboriginal word meaning 'wind'.
Helemon Street. Named for an Aboriginal word meaning 'a shield'.
Henty Street. Named for Edward Henty (1810–1878).
Ijong Street. Named for an Aboriginal word meaning 'water'.
Ipima Street. Named for an Aboriginal word meaning 'two'.
Limestone Avenue. Named for 'Limestone Plains', an early name of the Canberra district.
Lonsdale Street. Named for William Lonsdale (1800–1864).
Mort Street. Named for Thomas Sutcliffe Mort (1816–1878).
Northbourne Avenue. Name comes from the combination of the words 'north' and 'bourne', north because the road is on the northern side of Canberra and bourne from an old French word meaning limit or boundary.
Sulman Gardens. Named for John Sulman (1849–1934).
Torrens Street. Named for Robert Torrens (1814–1884).
Wakefield Avenue. Named for Edward Gibbon Wakefield (1796–1862).
Wise Street. Named for Bernhard Ringrose Wise (1858–1916).

Geology

Calcareous shales from the Canberra Formation are overlain by Quaternary alluvium.
This rock is the limestone of the original title of Canberra "Limestone Plains".


Football at the 1953 Maccabiah Games

Football at the 1953 Maccabiah Games was held in several stadiums in Israel starting on 28 September.

The competition was open for men's teams only. Teams from 7 countries participated. The tournament was won by the defending champions, Israel.

As part of the closing ceremony, the host and winner, Israel, played an exhibition match against a selected team from the other competing nations. The match, that was played over two halves of 20 minutes, ended goalless.

Format
The seven teams were divided into two group, each team playing the others once. The top two qualified for the medals group, while the rest played for the 5th-7th places.

Preliminary round

Group A

Group B

Final round

5th-7th places group

Medals group


Rasuna Said

Hajjah Rangkayo Rasuna Said (14 September 1910 – 2 November 1965) was a well-known Minangkabau woman leader who was active in Indonesian nationalist politics.  She was born in Maninjau, Agam Regency, close to the town of Bukittinggi in West Sumatra.

Rasuna Said became active in the Sarekat Rakyat (Peoples Union) organisation and later became a member of the Union of Indonesian Muslims (Persatuan Muslim Indonesia). She was imprisoned for a period for her activities by the Dutch in 1932 in Semarang in Central Java. After the proclamation of Indonesian independence in 1945 she became a member of the Sumatra Representative Council (Dewan Perwakilan Sumatra).  In 1959 she was appointed a member of the Indonesian National Advisory Council (Dewan Pertimbangan Agung), a position she held until her death in Jakarta in 1965.

Like the well-known Indonesian female leader Raden Ayu Kartini, Rasuna Said fought for equality between men and women.  She was declared a National Hero of Indonesia (Pahlawan Nasional) by president Soeharto in 1974. Her name is currently used as one of the main arteries of Jakarta, Jalan H.R. Rasuna Said, which runs south from the central district of Menteng towards the busy commercial areas of Kuningan and Mampang.

Rasuna Said is buried in the Kalibata Heroes Cemetery in South Jakarta.


House at 38 Salem Street

The House at 38 Salem Street in Wakefield, Massachusetts is a late Federal period house.  The 2.5 story wood frame house is believed to have been built c. 1810, and has locally unusual features, including brick side walls and a hipped roof.  Its twin slender chimneys are indicative of late Federal styling.  The front entry is topped by an entablatured with a compressed frieze, and is flanked by three-quarter sidelight windows.

The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.


Hammed Adesope

Hammed Adesope is a Nigerian footballer who plays for Rivers United F.C. in Nigeria Premier League.

Personal life

Hammed's mother has played a huge role in his life as a football player and she was the one who encouraged him to become a footballer. It is his ambition to become one of the most successful players in the world.

Club career

Nigeria
Hammed began his professional footballing career in 2000 with Nigerian club, Balogun Owoseni FC. In 2002, he moved to Ila-Orangun FC with whom he played till 2005. He then moved to Nigeria National League club, Prime F.C. where he played till 2007. He then moved to Nigerian Premier League club, Kwara United F.C. in 2007 where he played till 2009.

Vietnam
He first moved out of Nigeria in 2009 to Vietnam, where he signed a long-term contract with TDCS Đồng Tháp F.C. He made his V.League 1 debut on 22 January 2011 in a 0-0 draw against Navibank Sài Gòn F.C. and scored his first goal on 10 April 2011 in a 2-2 draw against Khatoco Khánh Hòa F.C. He scored 2 goals in 24 appearances in the 2011 V-League. He made his first appearance of the 2012 V-League on 29 April 2012 in a 4-1 win over Vissai Ninh Bình F.C. He made 10 appearances in the 2012 V-League.

Back to Nigeria
In 2013, he moved back to Nigeria where he signed a short-term contract with Nigerian Premier League relegation threatened club,  Shooting Stars SC. The club eventually finished at the 20th position in the 2013 Nigeria Premier League and got relegated to Nigeria National League.

Back to Vietnam
After a short spell with Shooting Stars SC, he returned to Vietnam where he signed a six-month contract with Kienlongbank Kiên Giang F.C. He made his debut for the club on 3 March 2013 in a 2-0 loss against SHB Đà Nẵng F.C. He made 6 appearances in the 2013 V.League 1.

India
In 2014, he moved to India where he signed a short-term contract with 2012–13 I-League champions, Churchill Brothers S.C. He made his I-League debut on 21 September 2013 in a 1-0 loss in a derby match against fierce rivals Salgaocar F.C. He made 7 appearances in the 2013–14 I-League. He also helped his club win the 2013–14 Indian Federation Cup.

Oman
On 27 January 2015, he signed a six-month contract with Oman Professional League club, Al-Oruba SC.


Louise Dimanche

Louise Dimanche (before 1715 - floruit 1739), was a French actress, opera singer, ballet dancer, and theatre director. She was the director of the La Monnaie in Brussels from 1721 to 1722. She was the first woman to hold this position.

Dimanche was a dancer at La Monnaie in 1715, where she took part in Les Nouvelles Fêtes vénitiennes by Antoine Danchet and André Campra. It was followed by a performance of Omphale by Antoine Houdar de La Motte and André-Cardinal Destouches. Afterwards, she danced and sang in Lille in 1715-1718, where she married her first husband Antoine Vernet, a singer also known as Forêt.

After a short stay in The Hague in 1719, Dimanche was appointed director of Théâtre Royal de la Monnaie in Brussels. She was succeeded by Thomas-Louis Bourgeois, after which Dimanche returned to Lille where she remained and performed until 1725. She married her second husband, the singer Nicolas Demouchy, in Lille in the year 1722.

In 1729, Dimanche was a singer of the royal chapel in Dresden. Afterwards, she returned to Lille where she founded a new artistic troupe. She married Jean-Nicolas Prévost, one of the troupe's members, in 1737. The marriage took place in Brussels.

Dimanche returned to The Hague in 1739, where she gave birth to a son named Jean-François. His godmother was the French actress Jeanne Dulondel. Nothing is known of Dimanche's life after these events.

Sources
Jean-Philippe Van Aelbrouck: Dictionnaire des danseurs: chorégraphes et maîtres de danse à Bruxelles de ...


Wayne Wapeemukwa

Wayne Wapeemukwa is a Canadian film director and screenwriter of Métis descent from Vancouver, British Columbia. He is most noted for his feature film debut Luk'Luk'I, which won the Toronto International Film Festival Award for Best Canadian First Feature Film at the 2017 Toronto International Film Festival and the Directors Guild of Canada's Discovery Award.

Education and filmmaking
Wapeemukwa  participated in his high-school film program and has been influenced and inspired, since childhood, by Chelsea McMullan. He graduated from the University of British Columbia  with a bachelor's degree and is pursuing a Master's degree in Philosophy and psychoanalysis at the New School for Social Research.

Wapemukwa also works as a public-school teacher and research assistant.

Angel Gates is Wapeemukwa's muse, having first consulted on research for his short films and later starring, and being featured, in four of his documentary films.

Filmography
Foreclosure
Weeper: Father
Balmoral Hotel
 Srorrim
 Luk'Luk'I: Mother
 Luk'Luk'I

Awards

 2015, Balmoral Hotel was named to the Toronto International Film Festival's Canada's Top Ten list for short films.
 2017, Luk'Luk'I, Toronto International Film Festival Award for Best Canadian First Feature Film
 2017, Luk'Luk'I, Directors Guild of Canada's Discovery Award


Wat Pho

Wat Pho (, ), also spelled Wat Po, is a Buddhist temple complex in the Phra Nakhon District, Bangkok, Thailand. It is on Rattanakosin Island, directly south of the Grand Palace. Known also as the Temple of the Reclining Buddha, its official name is Wat Phra Chetuphon Wimon Mangkhalaram Rajwaramahawihan (; ). The more commonly known name, Wat Pho, is a contraction of its older name, Wat Photaram (; ).

The temple is first on the list of six temples in Thailand classed as the highest grade of the first-class royal temples. It is associated with King Rama I who rebuilt the temple complex on an earlier temple site. It became his main temple and is where some of his ashes are enshrined. The temple was later expanded and extensively renovated by Rama III. The temple complex houses the largest collection of Buddha images in Thailand, including a 46 m long reclining Buddha. The temple is considered the earliest centre for public education in Thailand, and the marble illustrations and inscriptions placed in the temple for public instructions has been recognised by UNESCO in its Memory of the World Programme. It houses a school of Thai medicine, and is also known as the birthplace of traditional Thai massage which is still taught and practiced at the temple.

History

Wat Pho is one of Bangkok's oldest temples. It existed before Bangkok was established as the capital by King Rama I. It was originally named Wat Photaram or Podharam, from which the name Wat Pho is derived. The name refers to the monastery of the Bodhi tree in Bodh Gaya, India where Buddha is believed to have attained enlightenment. The date of the construction of the old temple and its founder are unknown, but it is thought to have been built or expanded during the reign of King Phetracha (1688–1703).  The southern section of Wat Pho used to be occupied by part of a French Star fort that was demolished by King Phetracha after the 1688 Siege of Bangkok.

After the fall of Ayutthaya in 1767 to the Burmese, King Taksin moved the capital to Thonburi where he located his palace beside Wat Arun on the opposite side of the Chao Phraya River from Wat Pho. The proximity of Wat Pho to this royal palace elevated it to the status of a wat luang ('royal monastery').

In 1782, King Rama I moved the capital from Thonburi across the river to Bangkok and built the Grand Palace adjacent to Wat Pho. In 1788, he ordered the construction and renovation at the old temple site of Wat Pho, which had by then become dilapidated. The site, which was marshy and uneven, was drained and filled in before construction began. During its construction, Rama I also initiated a project to remove Buddha images from abandoned temples in Ayutthaya, Sukhothai, as well other sites in Thailand, and many of these retrieved Buddha images were kept at Wat Pho. These include the remnants of an enormous Buddha image from Ayuthaya's Wat Phra Si Sanphet destroyed by the Burmese in 1767, and these were incorporated into a chedi in the complex.  The rebuilding took over seven years to complete. In 1801, twelve years after work began, the new temple complex was renamed Phra Chetuphon Vimolmangklavas in reference to the vihara of Jetavana, and it became the main temple for Rama I.

The complex underwent significant changes over the next 260 years, particularly during the reign of Rama III (1824-1851 CE). In 1832, King Rama III began renovating and enlarging the temple complex, a process that took 16 years and seven months to complete.  The ground of the temple complex was expanded to 56 rai (22 acres), and most of the structures now present in Wat Pho were either built or rebuilt during this period, including the Chapel of the Reclining Buddha. He also turned the temple complex into a public center of learning by decorating the walls of the buildings with diagrams and inscriptions on various subjects.  On 21 February 2008, these marble illustrations and inscriptions was registered in the Memory of the World Programme launched by UNESCO to promote, preserve and propagate the wisdom of the world heritage. Wat Pho is regarded as Thailand’s first university and a center for traditional Thai massage. It served as a medical teaching center in the mid-19th century before the advent of modern medicine, and the temple remains a center for traditional medicine today where a private school for Thai medicine founded in 1957 still operates.

The name of the complex was changed again to Wat Phra Chetuphon Vimolmangklararm during the reign of King Rama IV.  Apart from the construction of a fourth great chedi and minor modifications by Rama IV, there had been no significant changes to Wat Pho since. Repair work, however, is a continuing process, often funded by devotees of the temple. The temple was restored again in 1982 before the Bangkok Bicentennial Celebration.

The temple complex

Wat Pho is one of the largest and oldest wats in Bangkok covering an area of 50 rai or 80,000 square metres. It is home to more than one thousand Buddha images, as well as one of the largest single Buddha images at  in length. The Wat Pho complex consists of two walled compounds bisected by Chetuphon Road running in the east–west direction. The larger northern walled compound, the phutthawat, is open to visitors and contains the finest buildings dedicated to the Buddha, including the bot with its four directional viharn, and the temple housing the reclining Buddha.  The southern compound, the sankhawat, contains the residential quarters of the monks and a school.  The perimeter wall of the main temple complex has sixteen gates, two of which serve as entrances for the public (one on Chetuphon Road, the other near the northwest corner).

The temple grounds contain four great chedis, 91 small chedis, two belfries, a bot (central shrine), a number of viharas (halls) and various buildings such as pavilions, as well as gardens and a small temple museum.  Architecturally the chedis and buildings in the complex are different in style and sizes.  A number of large Chinese statues, some of which depict Europeans, are also found in the complex guarding the gates of the perimeter walls as well as other gates in the compound. These stone statues were originally imported as ballast on ships trading with China.

Wat Pho was also intended to serve as a place of education for the general public. To this end a pictorial encyclopedia was engraved on granite slabs covering eight subject areas: history, medicine, health, custom, literature, proverbs, lexicography, and the Buddhist religion.  These plaques, inscribed with texts and illustrations on medicine, Thai traditional massage, and other subjects, are placed around the temple, for example, within the Sala Rai or satellite open pavilions. Dotted around the complex are 24 small rock gardens (khao mor) illustrating rock formations of Thailand, and one, called the Contorting Hermit Hill, contains some statues showing methods of massage and yoga positions. There are also drawings of constellations on the wall of the library, inscriptions on local administration, as well as paintings of folk tales and animal husbandry.

Phra Ubosot

Phra Ubosot (Phra Uposatha) or bot  is the ordination hall, the main hall used for performing Buddhist rituals, and the most sacred building of the complex. It was constructed by King Rama I in the Ayuthaya-style, and later enlarged  and reconstructed in the Rattanakosin-style by Rama III. The bot was dedicated in 1791, before the rebuilding of Wat Pho was completed. This building is raised on a marble platform, and the ubosot lies in the center of courtyard enclosed by a double cloister (Phra Rabiang).

Inside the ubosot is a gold and crystal three-tiered pedestal topped with a gilded Buddha made of a gold-copper alloy, and over the statue is a nine-tiered umbrella representing the authority of Thailand.  The Buddha image, known as Phra Buddha Theva Patimakorn and thought to be from the Ayutthaya period, was moved here by Rama I from Wat Sala Si Na (now called Wat Khuhasawan) in Thonburi. Rama IV later placed some ashes of Rama I under the pedestal of the Buddha image so that the public might pay homage to both Rama I and the Buddha at the same time. There are also ten images of Buddha's disciples in the hall: Moggalana is to the left of Buddha and Sariputta to the right, with eight Arahants below.

The exterior balustrade surrounding the main hall has around 150 depictions in stone of the epic, Ramakien, the ultimate message of which is transcendence from secular to spiritual dimensions. The stone panels were recovered from a temple in Ayuthaya. The ubosot is enclosed by a low wall called kamphaeng kaew, which is punctuated by gateways guarded by mythological lions, as well as eight structures that house bai sema, stone markers that delineate the sacred space of the bot.

Phra Rabiang - This double cloister contains around 400 images of Buddha from northern Thailand selected out of the 1,200 originally brought by King Rama I. Of these Buddha images, 150 are on the inner side of the double cloister, another 244 images are on the outer side. These Buddha figures, some standing and some seated, are evenly mounted on matching gilded pedestals. These images are from different periods in Siamese history, such as the Chiangsaen, Sukhothai, U-Thong, and Ayutthaya eras, but they were renovated by Rama I and covered with stucco and gold leaves to make them look similar.

The Phra Rabiang is intersected by four viharns. The viharn in the east contains an eight metre tall standing Buddha, the Buddha Lokanatha, originally from Ayutthaya. In its antechamber is Buddha Maravichai, sitting under a bodhi tree, originally from Sawankhalok of the late-Sukhothai period. The one on the west has a seated Buddha sheltered by a naga, the Buddha Chinnasri, while the Buddha on the south, the Buddha Chinnaraja, has five disciples seated in front listening to his first sermon. Both Buddhas in the south and west viharns were brought from Sukhothai by Rama I.  The Buddha in the north viharn, called Buddha Palilai, was cast in the reign of Rama I. The viharn on the west contains a small museum.

Phra Prang - There are four towers, or phra prang, at each corner of the courtyard around the bot. Each of the towers is tiled with marble and contains four Khmer-style statues which are the guardian divinities of the Four Cardinal Points.

Phra Maha Chedi Si Rajakarn
This is a group of four large stupas, each 42 metres high. These four chedis are dedicated to the first four Chakri kings.  The first, in green  mosaic tiles, was constructed by Rama I to house the remnants of the great Buddha from Ayuthaya, which was scorched to remove its gold covering by the Burmese. Two more were built by Rama III, one in white tiles to hold the ashes of his father Rama II, another in yellow for himself. A fourth in blue was built by Rama IV who then enclosed the four chedis leaving no space for more to be built.

Viharn Phranorn
The viharn or wihan contains the reclining Buddha and was constructed in the reign of Rama III emulating the Ayutthaya style. The interior is decorated with panels of mural.

Adjacent to this building is a small raised garden (Missakawan Park) with a Chinese-style pavilion; the centre piece of the garden is a bodhi tree which was propagated from the Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi tree in Sri Lanka that is believed to have originally came from a tree in India where Buddha sat while awaiting enlightenment.

Phra Mondop
Phra Mondop or the ho trai is the Scripture Hall containing a small library of Buddhist scriptures. The building is not generally open to the public as the scriptures, which are inscribed on palm leaves, need to be kept in a controlled environment for preservation. The library was built by King Rama III. Guarding its entrance are figures called Yak Wat Pho ('Wat Pho's Giants') placed in niches beside the gates. Around Phra Mondop are three pavilions with mural paintings of the beginning of Ramayana.

Other structures

Phra Chedi Rai - Outside the Phra Rabiang cloisters are dotted many smaller chedis, called Phra Chedi Rai. Seventy-one of these small chedis were built by Rama III, each five metres in height. There are also four groups of five chedis that shared a single base built by Rama I, one on each corner outside the cloister.  The 71 chedis of smaller size contain the ashes of the royal family, and 20 slightly larger ones clustered in groups of five contain the relics of Buddha.

Sala Karn Parien - This hall is next to the Phra Mondop at the southwest corner of the compound, and is thought to date from the Ayutthaya period. It serves as a learning and meditation hall. The building contains the original Buddha image from the bot which was moved here to make way for the Buddha image currently in the bot. Next to it is a garden called The Crocodile Pond.
Sala Rai - There are 16 satellite pavilions, most of them placed around the edge of the compound, and murals depicting the life of Buddha may be found in some of these. Two of these are the medical pavilions between Phra Maha Chedi Si Ratchakarn and the main chapel. The north medicine pavilion contains Thai traditional massage inscriptions with 32 drawings of massage positions on the walls while the one to the south has a collection of inscriptions on guardian angel that protects the newborn.
Phra Viharn Kod - This is the gallery which consists of four viharas, one on each corner outside the Phra Rabiang.
Tamnak Wasukri - Also called the poet's house, this is the former residence of Prince Patriarch Paramanujita Jinorasa, a Thai poet. This building is in the living quarters of the monks in the southern compound and is open once a year on his birthday.

Reclining Buddha

The chapel and the reclining Buddha (Phra Buddhasaiyas, ) were built by Rama III in 1832. The image of the reclining Buddha represents the entry of Buddha into Nirvana and the end of all reincarnations.  The posture of the image is referred to as sihasaiyas, the posture of a sleeping or reclining lion. The figure is 15 m high and 46 m long, and it is one of the largest Buddha statues in Thailand. The right arm of the Buddha supports the head with tight curls, which rests on two box-pillows encrusted with glass mosaics. The figure has a brick core, which was modelled and shaped with plaster, then gilded.
The soles of the feet of the Buddha are 3 m high and 4.5 m long, and inlaid with mother-of-pearl. They are each divided into 108 arranged panels, displaying the auspicious symbols by which Buddha can be identified, such as flowers, dancers, white elephants, tigers, and altar accessories.  At the center of each foot is a circle representing a chakra or 'energy point'.  There are 108 bronze bowls in the corridor representing the 108 auspicious characters of Buddha. Visitors may drop coins in these bowls as it is believed to bring good fortune, and it also helps the monks to maintain the wat.

Although the reclining Buddha is not a pilgrimage destination, it remains an object of popular piety. An annual celebration for the reclining Buddha is held around the time of the Siamese Songkran or New Year in April, which also helps raise funds for the upkeep of Wat Pho.

Thai massage

The temple is considered the first public university of Thailand, teaching students in the fields of religion, science, and literature through murals and sculptures.  A school for traditional medicine and massage was established at the temple in 1955, and now offers four courses in Thai medicine: Thai pharmacy, Thai medical practice, Thai midwifery, and Thai massage. This, the Wat Pho Thai Traditional Medical and Massage School, is the first school of Thai medicine approved by the Thai Ministry of Education, and one of the earliest massage schools. It remains the national headquarters and the center of education of traditional Thai medicine and massage to this day. Courses on Thai massage are held in Wat Pho, and these may last a few weeks to a year.  Two pavilions at the eastern edge of the Wat Pho compound are used as classrooms for practising Thai traditional massage and herbal massage, and visitors can received massage treatment here for a fee. The Thai massage or Nuad Thai taught at Wat Pho has been included in UNESCO's list of Intangible Cultural Heritage, and Wat Pho has trained more than 200,000 massage therapists who practice in 145 countries.

There are many medical inscriptions and illustrations placed in various buildings around the temple complex, some of which serve as instructions for Thai massage therapists, particularly those in the north medical pavilion.  The were inscribed by scholars during the reign of King Rama III. Among these are 60 inscribed plaques, 30 each for the front and back of human body, showing pressure points used in traditional Thai massage. These therapeutic points and energy pathways, known as sen, are engraved on the human figures, with explanations given on the walls next to the plaques.  They are based on the principle of energy flow similar to that of Chinese acupuncture. The understanding so far is that the figures represent relationships between anatomical locations and effects produced by massage treatment at those locations, but full research on the diagrams has yet to be completed.

Site plan
The sangkhawat (monks' quarters) of Wat Pho located to the south is not shown in this plan.