The Last Performance

The Last Performance is a 1927 American horror film directed by Paul Fejos and starring Conrad Veidt and Mary Philbin. It was the last American silent film featuring Veidt before he returned to Germany. The film's working title was Erik the Great. Two versions were made - a silent version and Movietone version complete with music, talking sequences, and sound effects (the talking sequences were confined only to the last reel).

Historian Troy Howarth states "Originally planned as part of Universal's "Super Jewel" series, it was shot in 1927 and got a brief release that same year in New York City. It went into general release in 1929, just as sound films were beginning to catch on."  He continues "Its belated general debut led many to conclude that Last Performance was a follow-up to Paul Leni's The Man Who Laughs (1928)....However, Fejos' film was made first."

The silent version went into general release at the Little Carnegie Theater in New York City in November 1929. Later release prints contained sound effects, and the Hungarian release prints featured Bela Lugosi overdubbing Conrad Veidt's voice. The Last Performance was shot on the same set as the 1925 film The Phantom of the Opera, and contained an early use of zoom effects. The film received mixed reviews. Troy Howarth states "An interesting rumor has circulated for years among film enthusiasts that Walter Brennan appears in the film as a circus clown, but this is difficult to confirm with any degree of certainty".

The silent version (with Danish title cards) was released by the Criterion Collection on Blu-ray and DVD with Fejos' Lonesome in August 2012. The dvd release runs about 59 minutes, so "it seems likely that some significant footage is lost."

Plot
Conrad Veidt stars as Erik the Great, a sinister stage magician who falls in love with a woman half his age, Julie, played by Mary Philbin. A young thief, Mark Royce (played by Fred MacKaye) is caught stealing from Erik's apartment and is taken in at Julie's suggestion. Secretly she falls in love with the new apprentice. However, Erik's other apprentice, Buffo (played by Leslie Fenton) becomes aware of Julie's love for Mark, and driven by jealousy tells Erik. Buffo is later found killed, and Mark is the prime suspect.

Cast
 Conrad Veidt as Erik the Great
 Mary Philbin as Julie Fergeron
 Leslie Fenton as Buffo Black
 Fred MacKaye as Mark Royce (credited as Fred Mac Kaye)
 Eddie Boland as Agent
 Anders Randolf as Judge
 Sam De Grasse as District Attorney
 Gusztáv Pártos as Theatre Manager (as Gustav Paros)
 William H. Turner as Booking Agent
 George Irving as Defense Attorney

Reception
The film received mixed reviews. While Photoplay wrote "Conrad Veidt as a magician in a much over-acted and over-directed film", The New York Times on 8 November 1929 wrote:
Director Fejos has handled his scenes with no small degree of imagination. Mr. Veidt's clever acting and Mary Philbin's captivating charm, this picture holds one's attention. Moreover, the narrative is developed with a certain force and skill. While some of the straight camera work is not up to scratch, there are a number of photographic feats that are quite effective. It is a picture that looks older than it really is, especially in the tinted portions where one goes from an amber interior scene to an azure blue night in the open.

Home media
In 2012, The Criterion Collection included The Last Performance and a reconstructed sound version of Broadway as extra features on the DVD and Blu-ray release of Fejos' 1928 film, Lonesome.


Joseph Williamson (English politician)

Sir Joseph Williamson, PRS (25 July 1633 – 3 October 1701) was an English civil servant, diplomat and politician who sat in the House of Commons of England variously between 1665 and 1701 and in the Irish House of Commons between 1692 and 1699. He was Secretary of State for the Northern Department 1674–79.

Early life
Williamson was born at Bridekirk, near Cockermouth in Cumberland, where his father, also called Joseph, was vicar. His father died when he was very young, and his mother remarried the Reverend John Ardery. His relatively humble origins were often referred to unkindly  in later life by his enemies, especially after he married into the aristocracy.  He was educated at St. Bees School, Westminster School and Queen's College, Oxford, of which he became a fellow.

Early career

In 1660 he entered the service of the Secretary of State for the Southern Department, Sir Edward Nicholas, retaining his position under the succeeding secretary, Sir Henry Bennet, afterwards Earl of Arlington. He made himself indispensable to Arlington, due to his enormous capacity for hard work, which resulted in his employer delegating  most  the routine work of the department to him. He was involved with the foundation of the London Gazette in 1665.

Williamson was elected Member of Parliament for Thetford in 1669 and held the seat until 1685. No less than three previous attempts to enter Parliament  had been unsuccessful, due to an increasing "backlash" against Government candidates.  Samuel Pepys in his celebrated  Diary  records that when Williamson appeared at the hustings in 1666, he was shouted down by cries of "No courtiers!"  In 1672 he was made one of the clerks of the council and  was knighted.

During the Third Anglo-Dutch War, he drew up plans for the Zealand Expedition which was intended to land a newly formed English Army in the Netherlands. The strategy was abandoned after the naval defeat at the Battle of Texel and the Treaty of Westminster which ended the war.

In 1673 and 1674 he represented his country at the Congress of Cologne, and in the latter year he became Secretary of State for the Northern Department, having practically purchased this position from Arlington for £6,000, a sum that he required from his successor when he left office in 1679. He served as Master of The Clothworkers' Company in 1676–77. In 1677, he became the second President of the Royal Society, but his main interests, after politics, were in antiquarian rather than in scientific matters.

As Secretary of State he  largely continued Arlington's policy of friendship towards France, and hostility towards the Netherlands. William III of Orange  developed a deep aversion to Williamson: quite apart from their opposing policies,  he is said to have found the tone of Williamson's dispatches unbearably patronising   ("as though I was a child to be fed on whipped cream" William  grumbled).

Popish Plot
Just before his removal from the post of Secretary of State, he was arrested on a charge of being implicated in the Popish Plot, but he was at once released by order of Charles II. Williamson was a particular target of the informers because he was one of the few Ministers who openly disbelieved in the Plot: when Israel Tonge first approached him with "information", Williamson, who believed, with some reason, that Tonge was insane, gave him a "rude repulse". As for the other informers,  several of whom were members of London's criminal underworld, his efficient  intelligence service no doubt told him everything necessary about their characters. For this reason, the King, who was equally sceptical about the Plot's reality,  wished to retain his services, at least in the short term. The actual charge made against Williamson, of commissioning Roman Catholic army officers, was entirely spurious since these officers were intended for foreign service.

Williamson's nerve began to give way under the strain of the Plot, and he  became a political liability.  Charles finally dismissed him after he gave orders to search Somerset House, the Queen's official residence, without the King's permission; the King, "in great anger" told him that "I marvel at your effrontery in searching my house... your head is turning.....I do not wish to be served by a man who fears anyone more than me". Danby was suspected by many of having a part in Williamson's downfall, as he was said to have taken offence at Williamson's recent marriage to Lady Clifton, a wealthy widow and cousin of the King.

Marriage
His marriage, at the beginning of the Popish Plot, should on the face of it have strengthened him politically: his wife was Katherine Stewart, Baroness Clifton, daughter of George Stewart, 9th Seigneur d'Aubigny, and sister of Charles Stewart, 3rd Duke of Richmond,  and thus a member of a junior branch of the Stuart dynasty. Her first husband, by whom she had several children, was Henry O'Brien, Lord Ibrackan, an old friend of Williamson; she and Williamson had no children.

Despite the obvious advantages of the match to Williamson himself, John Evelyn reported that it was very unpopular, and it probably weakened Williamson politically.  Since Katherine as well as her first husband was an old friend  of Williamson she  was not a surprising choice as a bride;  but the fact that O'Brien had been dead for only  three months  when she remarried gave rise to ill-natured gossip that Williamson and Katherine had been lovers during her first marriage:  "'Tis said they live together less happily than before they married" ran one gibe. More seriously in an age of marked class distinctions, it was considered improper that the sister of a Royal Duke should marry a country  clergyman's son, and even her children are said to have objected to the  marriage. Danby, who reportedly thought that Katherine would be a good match for his own son, was suspected of having had a hand in Williamson's downfall.

Later career
After a period of comparative inactivity Sir Joseph represented England at the Congress of Nijmegen, and in 1698  he signed the Treaty of The  Hague (1698),  the first treaty for the partition of the Spanish Monarchy. It was characteristic of William III that despite his personal dislike of Williamson, so evident in the 1670s,  he did not hesitate to make use of his diplomatic skills. The negotiations  had been kept a strict secret, and news of the Treaty caused uproar in England, but Williamson himself escaped any serious censure.

In 1690, Williamson was elected Member of Parliament for Rochester and held the seat until 1701. He was also elected MP for Thetford in three separate elections, but each time chose to sit for Rochester instead.

Between 1692 and 1695, Williamson was also MP in the Irish House of Commons for Clare. In 1695 he represented Portarlington for few months and subsequently Limerick City until 1699. He was awarded the Freedom of the City of Dublin in 1696, as a tribute to his interest in civic improvements in Dublin. In return he presented the city fathers with a silver cup.

Death and reputation
Williamson died at Cobham, Kent, on 3 October 1701, and was buried in Westminster Abbey, where his widow joined him a year later. He had become very rich by taking advantage of the many opportunities of making money which his official position gave him; and despite the heavy debts left by her brother, his wife is also said to have brought him a fortune. He left £6,000 and his library to Queen's College, Oxford; £5,000 to found a school at Rochester, Sir Joseph Williamson's Mathematical School; and £2,000 to Thetford. A great number of Williamson's letters, dispatches, memoranda, etc., are among the English state papers.

He has been described as one of the greatest English civil servants of his time,  and is  credited with building up an intelligence service as efficient as that which John Thurloe had operated  under  Oliver Cromwell. His detailed notes of Privy Council meetings are an invaluable source of information about its operation, especially in the political crisis of 1678–79.  On the other hand he was a poor public speaker: even Charles II, himself a very hesitant speaker, complained of his "droning".

Despite his gifts he was not popular, being described as dry, formal and arrogant, an uncertain friend and a harsh employer. Many of his colleagues,  like Sir Leoline Jenkins,   felt the lash of his sharp tongue.  On the other hand, his will, in which he remembered all those who had a claim on him, suggests that he did not lack a certain generosity of character; and he was capable of forming lifelong friendships, notably with Samuel Pepys.

In fiction
He is a recurring character in the Thomas Chaloner series of mystery novels by Susanna Gregory, in which he plays a  somewhat villainous role: his wife and her first husband appear in the seventh book in the series,  The Piccadilly Plot.


Tom Apke

Tom Apke (born July 16, 1943) was a college basketball coach at Creighton, Colorado, and Appalachian State. From 1974 to 1981, he coached at Creighton, where he compiled a 130–64 record. From 1981 to 1986, he coached at Colorado, where he compiled a 59–81 record. From 1986 to 1996, he served as the head basketball coach at Appalachian State. During his ten-year tenure, he compiled a 139–147 record.

Basketball head coaching record


Louis Clapisson

Antoine-Louis Clapisson (15 September 1808 – 19 March 1866) was a French composer and violinist. He composed numerous art songs as well as 22 operas, largely in the  opéra comique genre. In his later years he was a professor of harmony at the Paris Conservatory and the curator of the conservatory's museum of musical instruments, many of which had come from his own large collection.

Life and career

Clapisson's family was originally from Lyon where his grandfather had been a maker of wind instruments. Clapisson was born in Naples while his father Antoine was working there as a professor at the Naples Conservatory and as the principal horn-player in the orchestra of the Teatro San Carlo. The family returned to France after the Neapolitan War in 1815 and eventually settled in Bordeaux. Clapisson showed a precocious talent as a violinist. As a boy he toured the south of France giving violin concerts under the tutelage of Pierre-Louis Hus-Desforges. In 1830 he entered the Paris Conservatory to study violin under François Habeneck and harmony under Anton Reicha. He also obtained a position as first violinist in the orchestra of the Théâtre-Italien and later as second violinist in the Paris Opera orchestra.

However, Clapisson soon decided to devote himself to composition instead. His first compositions were vocal pieces (quartets and duets) which were performed at the Paris Conservatory concert series from 1835. His first operatic work was La Figurante, a five-act opéra comique to a libretto by Eugène Scribe and Jean-Henri Dupin. It premiered  on 24 August 1838. Twenty-one more would follow, almost all in the opéra comique genre, although he did produce one grand opera, Jeanne la folle, which premiered at the Paris Opera in 1848. His last work was an operetta, La Poularde de Caux. It was co-written with five other composers and premiered in 1861, the same year he was appointed professor of harmony at the Paris Conservatory. His most successful works were the opéras comiques La Promise (1854) and La Fanchonnette (1856).  His contemporary, Gustave Chouquet, wrote:

[Clapisson's] style is somewhat bombastic and deficient in genuine inspiration; but, in almost every one of his operas there are to be found graceful and fluent tunes, fine harmonies, pathetic passages, and characteristic effects of orchestration.

Clapisson was made Chevalier de la Légion d'Honneur in 1847 and elected to the Académie des Beaux-Arts in 1854. In addition to his activity as a composer, Clapisson built up a notable collection of antique musical instruments which he sold to the French government in 1861. The collection was housed in the Paris Conservatory's museum which officially opened in 1864 with Clapisson as its first curator, a position he held until his death two years later.

Clapisson died suddenly in Paris at the age of 57, survived by his wife Marie Catherine née Bréard and their two sons. His funeral at the Église Saint-Eugène was attended by the members of the Académie des Beaux-Arts and all the professors and students at the Paris Conservatory. After the service, his coffin was accompanied to Montmartre Cemetery by the band of the French National Guard.

Notes


Sand (disambiguation)

Sand is a naturally occurring, finely divided rock.

Sand may also refer to:

Arts, entertainment, and media

Fictional characters
Sand, alias of DC Comics fictional character Sandy Hawkins
Elia Sand, a character in Game of Thrones
Sandman, fictional character in children's folklore
The Sand Snakes, characters in Game of Thrones

Films
Sand (1949 film), a 1949 American western film nominated for best Cinematography
Sand (2000 film), a 2000 American drama film starring Michael Vartan
The Sand, a 2015 horror film, also titled Blood Sand
Sand City, a 2015 film made in Tamil as Manal Naharam

Literature
Sand (Herrndorf novel), a 2011 novel by Wolfgang Herrndorf
Sand: a journey through science and imagination (UK) or Sand: The Never-Ending Story (US), 2009 book by geologist Michael Welland

Music
Sand (band), British post-punk band
Sand (album), 1987 album by Allan Holdsworth
"Sand" (Lee Hazlewood song), 1966 song by Lee Hazlewood
"Sand", a 1997 song by The Lovemongers that originally appeared on the album Whirlygig

Television
 "Sand" (Charlie Jade), an episode of the television series Charlie Jade
 "Sand", an episode of the television series Blake's 7

Places
Sand, Applecross, Scotland
Sand, Bas-Rhin, France
Sand, Chur, Switzerland
Sand, Hedmark, Norway
Sand, Hungary
Sand, Iran (disambiguation)
Sand, Meiringen, Bern, Switzerland
Sand, Rogaland, Norway
Sand, Shetland Islands, United Kingdom
Sand, historic name (1837–1886) for the former municipality of Bjarkøy, Norway
Sand am Main, Bavaria, Germany
Sand City, California
Sand Creek (disambiguation)
Sand Hill (disambiguation)
Sand Island (disambiguation)
Sand Lake (disambiguation)
Sand Mountain (disambiguation)
Sand Point (disambiguation)
Sand River (disambiguation)

Science and healthcare
S And, a variable star
SAnD, an abbreviation of social anxiety disorder, to differentiate it from seasonal affective disorder
SAND protein, a membrane protein

Other uses
Sand (color), shade that resembles the color of beach sand
Sand (surname)
Rheum, also called "sand" or "sleep", the deposit found in the eye after sleep


Turandot Suite

The Turandot Suite, Op. 41 (BV 248) is an orchestral work by Ferruccio Busoni written in 1904-5, based on Count Carlo Gozzi's play Turandot. The music – in one form or another – occupied Busoni at various times between the years 1904–17. Busoni arranged the suite from incidental music which he was composing to accompany a production of Gozzi's play.  The suite was first performed in October 1905, while the play with his incidental music was not produced until 1911. In August 1916 Busoni had finished composing the one-act opera Arlecchino, but it needed a companion work to provide a full evening's entertainment. He suddenly decided to transform the Turandot music into a two-act opera with spoken dialog. The two works were premiered together as a double-bill in May 1917.

Original titles of the suite and its movements
The original German title [with its English translation] is:
Orchestersuite aus der Musik zu Gozzis Märchendrama "Turandot"
[Orchestral Suite from the Music to Gozzi's Fairy Tale Drama "Turandot"]

The titles of the eight movements as published in 1906 are:

In 1911 Busoni composed Verzweiflung und Ergebung ("Despair and Resignation", BV 248a) as an additional movement to be played between nos. VII and VIII. Even later, after completing the opera Turandot in 1917, he replaced the Funeral March of No. VIII with Altoums Warnung ("Altoum's Warning", BV 248b). The musicologist and Busoni scholar Antony Beaumont has stated that the final version of the suite, including both of these later additions, is the "definitive" version.

Instrumentation
3 flutes (3rd doubling piccolo), 3 oboes (3rd doubling English horn), 3 clarinets (3rd doubling bass clarinet), 3 bassoons (3rd doubling contrabassoon); 4 horns, 4 trumpets, 3 trombones, 1 tuba; timpani, percussion (glockenspiel, triangle, tambourine, covered drum, bass drum, tam-tam); 2 harps; chorus: female (unison) ad lib.; strings. BV 248a and b instrumentation: as for BV 248 except without chorus.

Choice of Gozzi's Turandot

Antony Beaumont has suggested that Busoni's decision to compose incidental music for Carlo Gozzi's play may have been prompted by the impending centennial (in 1906) of the playwright's death. Gozzi's Turandot, which first appeared in 1762, is the most well-known of his ten fiabe (fairy tales) written between 1761 and 1765. The action takes place outside a city gate of Peking and inside the Emperor's palace. Turandot, is a proud, cruel Chinese princess who refuses to marry any suitors unless they can answer three impossible riddles. When they fail, she has them executed. But Calaf, Prince of Astrakhan, manages to woo her ("Turandot or death!"), answers the riddles, and wins her hand in marriage. The play was originally written to be performed in the small theatre of San Samuele in Venice, and was deliberately written in the commedia dell'arte style as a reaction to the more modern, realistic plays of his rival Goldoni.

Busoni was very fond of fantastical and magical tales: his immediately preceding work was the Piano Concerto Op. 39 BV 247, which included music from an unfinished adaptation of Adam Oehlenschläger's Aladdin.

Composition of the Turandot music
Busoni prepared some sketches of incidental music for Gozzi's Chinese fable as early as 1904, but did not apply himself exclusively to the task until the summer of 1905, when he remained alone in Berlin, while his wife Gerda and the children were away in Godinne, Belgium. During this period of concentrated work, from June to the middle of August, he went more or less chronologically through the play, composing music for those places where Gozzi explicitly called for it and also wherever his theatrical instincts suggested it could enhance the drama.

The themes and melodies Busoni chose for the Turandot music were based solely on oriental motifs of Chinese, but also Persian, Turkish, and Indian origin. He used as his source a book by the distinguished music critic and historian August Ambros, who had championed Busoni as a child prodigy. Beaumont shows how almost all the thematic material in  the Turandot music is drawn from Volume I of Ambros' Geschichte der Musik.

In all, there are 34 manuscript sheets of sketches and orchestrations for the Turandot music in the Busoni Archive. He sketched out thirteen numbers for the play and orchestrated them almost immediately. Realising that a production of the play with his music was going to be difficult, time-consuming, and expensive to mount, he also arranged the music into a concert suite of eight movements, the Turandot Suite.  Some of the music in the manuscripts is also designed for melodramas to be used with the play: each of the three riddles is preceded by enigmatic brass chords; initially Kalaf's replies were meant to be sung, although Busoni eventually dropped this idea.

In a letter to his mother dated 21 August 1905, Busoni wrote:
I have remained in Berlin all the time and have, as always, been very busy. On this occasion with a new score which I completed the day before yesterday. Babbo [Daddy] will be pleased to hear that I have made a new attempt at a theatre work, but in an unconventional way; not with an opera but with descriptive music for a spoken drama.
The play I have chosen for this purpose is an old dramatized fairy tale, a tragicomedy by our own Carlo Gozzi. Nothing would be more natural than to attempt to put on a play by an Italian writer which has by now become a classic (and yet, because it has been forgotten, remains a novelty), but unfortunately the state of affairs in our country gives no cause for hope.
For the production one would require not only an élite theatrical company but also great opulence and excellent taste in the design of costumes and scenery and, furthermore, a first rate orchestra. Gozzi is the author of fairy tales which mamma's grandmother used to tell her. L'amore delle tre melarance [The Love of Three Oranges], L'augellin Belverde [The Green Bird] and others were greatly in vogue in rococo times, but then they vanished without trace. I have chosen the tale of the cruel, seductive Chinese princess (or Persian, who knows) Turandot, who demands of her suitors the solutions of three riddles, at the risk of their losing their heads if they fail. As well as the heroic and oriental characters, the old Venetion masks also appear in comic roles: Pantalone, Brighella and Truffaldino.
The task absorbed me completely for two and a half months, during which I was unable to concentrate on anything else. Now it is finished and I must attend to other interests and endeavours.

Performance history of the suite
Before he had even finished composing the Turandot music, Busoni was arranging for a concert performance of the suite. On 10 July 1905 he wrote to Egon Petri about a concert he was to conduct in Amsterdam which was to include not only the Piano Concerto with Petri as soloist, but also a performance of the Turandot Suite:
Mengelberg has been here [Berlin] and a plan has been drawn up for me to conduct my 'Concerto' (everyone stubbornly retains the final o) in Amsterdam, and for you to play it. I had been engaged as piano-player for the concert – when M. suddenly received an invitation to America.
The programme would be
1) Concerto
Interval
2) [Liszt's] Concerto pathétique for 2 pianos
(you and I)
3) Suite from the music to 'Turandot'
This twice on succeeding days, probably at the end of October.
Before I finalize, scribble your assent.
The financial outlook is poor – they only want to pay for a head-waiter – who is then supposed to tip the kitchen boy out of his own pocket.
Should the idea appeal to you, I can offer you one third, which amounts to 200 fl.

In the event, the first performance of the completed Turandot Suite took place at the Beethovensaal, Berlin on 21 October 1905, with Busoni conducting the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra. The concert also included the German premiere of Hector Berlioz's Les nuits d'été.

Busoni also conducted the Suite in Berlin on 13 Jan 1921, at one of a series of concerts of his own music organised by the musical periodical Der Anbruch.

Turandot as incidental music

Berlin production
Busoni was keen to have the incidental music performed along with Gozzi's play as he had originally conceived, and by early October 1906 at the latest had approached the actor-director Max Reinhardt about a production.  Reinhardt accepted, and a performance was scheduled for 1907. Busoni also tried to get a production started in London, but was initially unsuccessful. He wrote to Egon Petri about these results on 6 October 1906: "The Deutsches Theater [Reinhardt's theater] wants to perform Turandot in the spring. An attempt at this Chinoiserie in London has been abortive. The abortion of my heavy load."

As is often the case in such a complex undertaking, the German production encountered various delays and difficulties. Busoni refused to allow changes to the score: the required 60-piece orchestra, unusually large for a play, inflated the prospective budget enormously and immediately became a major problem. Furthermore, Reinhardt's career had soared from 1905 onwards, and he was creating, lighting and acting in new productions in two theatres at an astounding rate.  He was an incredibly busy man, and everything would have to be completely ready for a speedy production.

Another significant problem was the lack of a suitable German version of Gozzi's Italian play. The dynamic young writer Karl Vollmöller who was to do the translation was also extremely busy on other less literary projects. From February to April 1908 he was attached as a reporter to the Zust automobile race team in the 1908 New York-Paris Great Race, from New York through Siberia and Russia, Poland, Germany and France to Paris. His race reports were published in the NY Times, which gave front-page coverage to the event. He had also been jointly developing an aeroplane with his brother Hans from late 1904 onwards, and in 1910 Vollmöller flew their No.4 prototype a record 150 km non-stop from Canstatt (now Stuttgart) to Lake Constance. He did eventually make an adapted translation of Turandot in 1911, which he dedicated to Busoni.

The artist Emil Orlik who had been working with Reinhardt since 1905, was to design the sets and costumes. He had recently returned from a two-year journey to the Far East and was considered the leading German expert on chinoiserie. In the end Orlik was unable to participate in the production, and the sets and costumes were done by Ernst Stern. Orlík did, however, provide the cover for Breitkopf & Härtel's 1906 score of the Turandot Suite (see above).

In addition to these obstacles, Busoni himself had been undergoing a personal change. In 1906 he focused much of his attention on what was to become a highly influential essay: the Outline of a New Aesthetic of Music (completed in November 1906 and published in 1907). And from September to December 1907 he was composing the Elegies, BV 252, which marked a major turning-point in his musical development. From February 1906 to October 1911 he composed his first opera, Die Brautwahl ("The Bridal Quest", BV 258), an enormously lengthy and ambitious "musical-fantastic comedy" based on a tale by E. T. A. Hoffmann. The music of the opera is an eclectic mix, with quotations from other composers, such as Rossini and Mozart, and others more obscure. Its composition spans the years when Busoni's style was evolving rapidly, and the music of the opera incorporates it all.

Although Busoni had refused to cut the score of his music for Turandot or reduce the size of the orchestra, he did agree to a Reinhardt request for more music. In 1911 he composed Verzweiflung und Ergebung ("Despair and Resignation", BV 248a) to be played between acts IV and V; he also added it between nos. 7 and 8 of the already lengthy Turandot Suite. His compositional growth during the intervening years is revealed in the new piece: Antony Beaumont describes the opening half as "one of the finest passages in all of the Turandot music."

Vollmöller's Turandot with Busoni's music was finally first performed at the Deutsches Theater, Berlin, on 27 October 1911, with a very expensive orchestra conducted by Oskar Fried. Reinhardt was a hugely  innovative director with the Deutsches Theater at his disposal, and Turandot was given plenty of publicity. An entire issue of the house magazine, (Blätter des Deutschen Theaters) was given over to the production.  There were contributions from Busoni, Orlik, and Stefan Zweig among others.

Theatrical reviews of the production were mixed, one (justifiable) criticism being that the music from a 60-piece orchestra did not so much highlight as paint over the action. The music was thought not to be in the service of the play, but at times in service of itself (like Beethoven's Egmont or Mendelssohn's Midsummer Night's Dream).

A brief second-hand account of Reinhardt's production appears in a letter from Puccini of 18 March 1920 to his librettist Simoni:
Yesterday I talked to a foreign lady who told me about a production of this work in Germany with a mise-en-scene by Max Reinhardt, executed in a very curious and novel way [...] In Reinhardt's production Turandot was a tiny woman, surrounded by tall men, specifically chosen for their height; huge chairs, huge furnishings, and this viper of a woman with the strange heart of an hysteric.

London production
Vollmöller and Reinhardt's next venture together was the hugely successful production of Vollmöller's religious mime play The Miracle, which in opened in London on 23 December 1911 at the Olympia exhibition hall. It was made into a full-colour feature film with the same name by Joseph Menchen and Michel Carré with some of the original named cast, which premièred at Covent Garden with a continuous symphonic score by Engelbert Humperdinck on 21 December 1912.

The English theatre director Sir George Alexander was a man similar to Reinhardt. He was an equally active actor-manager who ran the St James' Theatre, London and played hundreds of roles in his career. Alexander was at the first performance of Turandot in Berlin, acquired the rights to it and brought Reinhardt's entire production to London in 1913. Jethro Bithell made an authorised English translation of the Gozzi-Vollmöller play.

Turandot (with Stern's scenery and costumes, and Fried conducting) opened on 8 January 1913 at the St James's Theatre, London. However, Busoni had not been to any rehearsals, and when he attended the first performance he was appalled.  Johan Wijsman (the dedicatee of the Berceuse, BV 252), had made an unauthorised reduced version of Busoni's score for a 20-piece theatre orchestra. The producer had inserted music by other composers alongside Busoni's own, and the orchestra was out of tune. Busoni left in a rage after the second act and went to listen to Saint-Saëns' symphonic poem Le Rouet d'Omphale at another concert.

Carter, who had also seen the Berlin production, was very complimentary about the music. "quote"
He also commented that the inferior lighting arrangements in the St. James' Theatre affected the production most. ref Carter book

After a fortnight Busoni had calmed down: in a letter to H.W. Draber, 21 Jan 1913, he wrote:
St. Saëns (and Rimsky K.) also contributed to the Turandot music (because mine was insufficient) - which was played in Varieté style by a 20-piece orchestra. The success was great!! The newspapers are captivated. Fascinating! How should one defend oneself?

In a letter on the same day in 1913 to his wife Gerda, Busoni said he had considered going to court over the affair, but realised the season would have been over before the case was finished. He also wonders what Gerda thinks about an opera in Italian based on Gozzi's play.

Recordings
Note: Select the catalog number link for additional recording details.

Turandot Suite, BV 248 (1905)
 Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra; Michael Gielen, conductor; MMG MCD 10019; (1911 version with BV248a between nos. 7 & 8).
 Hong Kong Philharmonic; Samuel Wong, conductor; Naxos 8.555373; (1905 version).
 Philharmonic Orchestra of La Scala; Riccardo Muti, conductor; Sony Classical SK 53280; (1905 version; nos. 4 & 6 omitted).
 Royal Philharmonic Orchestra; Jascha Horenstein, conductor; Rococo RR 2036; (Nos. 4, 6, BV 248b, & 8b; LP not generally available as of 28 September 2009).

Verzweiflung und Ergebung, BV 248a (1911)
 Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra; Michael Gielen, conductor; MMG MCD 10019; (included as part of the entire suite).
 Berlin Radio Symphony Orchestra; Gerd Albrecht, conductor; Capriccio 10 479.

Altoums Warnung, BV 248b (1917)
 Royal Philharmonic Orchestra; Jascha Horenstein, conductor; Rococo RR 2036; (see also above; LP not generally available as of 28 September 2009).

Downloadable scores
Scores are available for download from the International Music Score Library Project.

Manuscript and publication details
Note: This section needs additional work.
BV 248 original title: Orchesteruite aus der Musik zu Gozzi's Märchendrama Turandot [Suite from the Music to Gozzi's Fairy Tale Drama Turandot] (Beaumont, 1985, p. 76)
pub. B&H, 1906 PB 1976


Clinical neurophysiology

Clinical neurophysiology is a medical specialty that studies the central and peripheral nervous systems through the recording of bioelectrical activity, whether spontaneous or stimulated. It encompasses both research regarding the pathophysiology along with clinical methods used to diagnose diseases involving both central and peripheral nervous systems.
Examinations in the clinical neurophysiology field are not limited to tests conducted in a laboratory. It is thought of as an extension of a neurologic consultation. Tests that are conducted are concerned with measuring the electrical functions of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves in the limbs and muscles. It can give the precise definition of site, the type and degree of the lesion, along with revealing the abnormalities that are in question. Due to these abilities, clinical neurophysiology is used to mainly help diagnose diseases rather than treat them.

In some countries it is a part of neurology or psychiatry, for example the United States and Germany. In other countries it is an autonomous specialty, such as Spain, Portugal, Italy, the United Kingdom, Finland, Sweden and Norway.

Hospitals that have neurologists and neurosurgeons tend to house clinical neurophysiology departments. Usually these tend to be larger hospitals that are able to employ more specialized staff units. In hospitals that possess clinical neurophysiology facilities, the major diagnostic modalities employed include:
 Electromyography and nerve conduction studies: These diagnostic tests of the peripheral nervous system, especially useful in evaluating diseases of the muscles, nerves, and nerve roots. Records electrical activity of the muscles and the passage of them along nerves in the limbs. Most nerve-muscle disorders that occur fall into one of two types of categories, morphologic or physiologic, which can be seen within the motor unit. These disorders can either be acute, or have a slow developing nature. An online tool that allows the interactive exploration of these neurophysiological methods and of symptoms to which they are related can be found here.
 Electroencephalography: Diagnostic test of thalamocortical rhythms (brain waves), useful in evaluating seizures and various abnormalities of the central nervous system. This is done by hooking up electrodes on the surface of the scalp to record currents from the cerebral cortex.
 Evoked potentials: Diagnostic test evaluating specific tracts of the central and peripheral nervous system.  May include visual, auditory, or somatosensory evoked potentials. These record the electrical responses of the brain and spinal cord to the stimulation of the senses.
 Polysomnography: A type of sleep study employed to diagnose disorders associated with abnormal sleep behavior
 Intraoperative monitoring, Intraoperative neurophysiologic monitoring:

In the United States
The pathway to becoming a clinical neurophysiologist in the U.S. includes completing an undergraduate degree, medical school, and postgraduate medical education, usually in neurology.  Following the completion of an accredited residency program, clinicians may choose to enter a fellowship in Clinical Neurophysiology.  Programs may expose their fellows to the broad spectrum of electrodiagnostic neurophysiologic studies, or may focus on a single area such as EEG or electrodiagnostic medicine.  Clinical neurophysiology fellowships are generally 1–2 years in duration and may lead to board certification in one or more subspecialty areas.

In the United Kingdom
There are two healthcare professionals who typically perform neurophysiological investigations in the UK. These are medical staff trained in clinical neurophysiology, and clinical physiologists who undertake four years of practical training whilst undertaking an honours degree. Physiologists perform the majority of EEGs, evoked potentials and a portion of the nerve conduction studies. They are then clinically reported either by the physiology staff or the medical staff. Their professional organisations are the British Society for Clinical Neurophysiology and the Association of Neurophysiological Scientists

Relationship to electrodiagnostic medicine
Electrodiagnostic medicine is a subset of clinical neurophysiology. Electrodiagnostic medicine focuses only on the peripheral nervous system and not the central nervous system. Whereas a clinical neurophysiologist is trained to perform all the following studies EEG, intraoperative monitoring, nerve conduction studies, EMG and evoked potentials, and electrodiagnostic physician focuses mainly on nerve conduction studies, needle EMG, and evoked potentials.   The American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology provides certification examination in clinical neurophysiology.  The American Board of Electrodiagnostic Medicine provides certification in EDX medicines. The American Board of Clinical Neurophysiology certifies in electroencephalography (EEG), Evoked Potentials (EP), Polysomnography (PSG), Epilepsy Monitoring, and Neurologic Intraoperative Monitoring (NIOM). In the US physicians typically specialize in EEG or EDX medicine but not both.

Neurophysiologists in hospitals

Hospitals that have neurologists and neurosurgeons tend to house clinical neurophysiology departments. Usually these tend to be larger hospitals that are able to employ more specialized staff units.
Clinical neurophysiologists are responsible for analyzing and writing reports on tests that take place within the department. They must also interpret the results that they receive and convey this information to the doctor that referred the patient to the particular neurophysiologist. Many tests involve carrying out an EMG to read the evoked potential recordings. Nerve conduction recordings are extremely common as well.


Strugo-Krasnensky District

Strugo-Krasnensky District () is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the twenty-four in Pskov Oblast, Russia. It is located in the northeast of the oblast and borders with Plyussky District in the north, Shimsky and Soletsky Districts of Novgorod Oblast in the east, Porkhovsky District in the south, Pskovsky District in the west, and with Gdovsky District in the northwest. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the urban locality (a work settlement) of Strugi Krasnye. Population:  16,579 (2002 Census);  The population of Strugi Krasnye accounts for 62.7% of the district's total population.

Geography
The district is located on the divide between the basins of the Narva and Neva Rivers. The southeastern part of the district lies in the basin of the Sitnya River, a left tributary of the Shelon in the basin of the Neva. The rivers in the north of the district drain into the Plyussa River, a major left tributary of the Narva. The northwest of the district belongs to the basin of the Zhelcha, a tributary of Lake Peipus. The Zhelcha itself has its source in Strugo-Krasnensky District. Finally, the southwestern part of the district belongs to the basin of the Pskova, a right tributary of the Velikaya River, also in the basin of Lake Peipus. The Pskova originates from within the district.

Lakes in the district include Lake Shchirskoye and Lake Chyornoye. Both are located in the north of the district in the basin of the Plyussa.

The landscape of the district is mostly flat and covered by pine-tree forests.

History
Until the 15th century, the area was a part of the Novgorod Republic. After the fall of the republic it was, together will all of the Novgorod lands, annexed by the Grand Duchy of Moscow. It belonged to Shelonskaya Pyatina, one of the five pyatinas into which Novgorod lands were divided. The villages of Strugi and Belaya were mentioned in chronicles in 1498. In the course of the administrative reform carried out in 1708 by Peter the Great, the area was included into Ingermanland Governorate (known since 1710 as Saint Petersburg Governorate). The current territory of the district was split between Gdovsky Uyezd (west) and Luzhsky Uyezd (east). Between 1851 and 1862, the railway connecting St. Petersburg and Warsaw via Pskov was built and crossed Luzhsky Uyezd. This facilitated economic development of the eastern part of the current territory of the district. A station was built close to the village of Belaya in 1856. As it is a common name, to avoid duplication, in 1905 the station was renamed Strugi-Belye, incorporating the name of the village of Strugi.

In 1919, Strugi Belye was an arena of important events of the Russian Civil War. Originally, the territory east of Lake Peipus was under control of the revolutionary government. On October 4, 1919, the White Army troops of Nikolai Yudenich captured the station of Strugi Belye during an advance. In November 1919, the Red Army recaptured it. Subsequently, to avoid connotations with the White Army, the station was renamed Strugi Krasnye (with krasny meaning red in Russian).

On August 1, 1927, the uyezds were abolished and Strugo-Krasnensky District was established, with the administrative center in the settlement of Strugi Krasnye. It included parts of former Luzhsky and Gdovsky Uyezds. The governorates were abolished as well and the district became a part of Luga Okrug of Leningrad Oblast. On July 23, 1930, the okrugs were also abolished, and the districts were directly subordinated to the oblast. On January 1, 1932, Plyussky and Novoselsky Districts were abolished and Strugo-Krasnensky District was expanded with parts of their territories. On February 15, 1935, both districts were re-established. Between March 22, 1935 and September 19, 1940, Strugo-Krasnensky District was a part of Pskov Okrug of Leningrad Oblast, one of the okrugs abutting the state boundaries of the Soviet Union. Between August 1941 and February 1944, Strugo-Krasnensky District was occupied by German troops. On August 23, 1944, Strugo-Krasnensky District was transferred to newly established Pskov Oblast.

On August 1, 1927, Novoselsky District was established as well, with the administrative center in the selo of Novoselye. It included parts of former Gdovsky and Luzhsky Uyezds. The district was a part of Luga Okrug of Leningrad Oblast. On January 1, 1932, the district was abolished and merged into Strugo-Krasnensky District. On February 15, 1935, Novoselsky District was re-established. Between August 1941 and February 1944, Novoselsky District was occupied by German troops. On August 23, 1944, the district was transferred to Pskov Oblast. On October 3, 1959, Novoselsky District was abolished and merged into Strugo-Krasnensky District.

In April 1946, Pavsky District with the administrative center in the selo of Pavy was established. It included areas formerly belonging to Strugo-Krasnensky and Porkhovsky Districts. In October 1959, Pavsky District was abolished and split between Strugo-Krasnensky and Porkhovsky Districts.

Economy

Industry
The industry of the district is based on timber production.

Agriculture
The main agricultural specializations in the district are cattle breeding (with milk and meat production) and crops and potato growing.

Transportation
A railway connecting St. Petersburg and Pskov crosses the district from northeast to southwest. Strugi Krasnye is the principal railway station within the district.

The M20 highway which connects St. Petersburg and Pskov crosses the district as well. Strugi Krasnye is connected by the road with the highway. There are also local roads.

Culture and recreation
The district contains two cultural heritage monuments of federal significance and additionally forty-one objects classified as cultural and historical heritage of local significance. Both federal monuments are archeological sites.

Strugi Krasnye hosts Strugo-Krasnensky District Museum, the only museum in the district. The museum, which was opened in 1991, hosts collections of local interest.


Independence Champs

The Independence Champs were a Class-D minor league baseball team based in Independence, Kansas that played in the Oklahoma–Arkansas–Kansas League in 1907. Multiple notable players spent time with the team, including Chick Brandom, Drummond Brown, Dick Crutcher, Danny Friend and Marc Hall.


Novocherkassk

Novocherkassk (, lit. New Cherkassk) is a city in Rostov Oblast, Russia, located near the confluence of the Tuzlov River and Aksay River, the latter a distributary of the Don River. Novocherkassk is best known as the cultural capital of the Cossacks, and as the official capital of the Don Cossacks. Population: 168,746 (2010 Census); 170,822 (2002 Census);  178,000 (1974); 123,000 (1959); 81,000 (1939); 52,000 (1897).

History

Imperial era

Foundation
Novocherkassk was founded in 1805 by Lieutenant-general Matvei Platov, the Ataman of the Don Cossacks, as the administrative center of the Don Host Oblast. It was established in reaction to the original administrative center, the stanitsa of Cherkassk, being deemed unsuitable as the capital for the Don Cossacks for several reasons. Cherkassk was repeatedly flooded for long periods of time due to its low-lying location on the banks of the Don River, and attempts at constructing levees to protect the town were found to be too costly and ineffective.  Additionally, Cherkassk was prone to destructive fires due to its chaotic layout and wooden buildings, and was located far away from any major roads. Despite the fact that ten of the eleven representatives of the villages that were part of the Cherkassk refused to move the capital, Platov still made a presentation to Tsar Alexander I asking him to allow the capital of the Don Cossacks to be moved to another location, and was granted permission in a decree from the Tsar on August 23, 1804.

Plan as new capital of the Don Cossacks
Platov and the engineer François Sainte de Wollant developed Novocherkassk as a planned city, deciding to build it on a location at the top of a hill known as the "Wolf's Lair" to the north of Cherkassk, near the confluence of the Tuzlov River and Aksay River. On November 7, 1804, De Wollant and Platov presented to Tsar Alexander a plan for the future of the city and an extensive report, in which the clearly embellished merits of the area chosen for construction were described. The city was designed in the popular traditions of European models of urban development, with spacious areas, wide avenues and boulevards full of greenery. De Wollant, calling the future Novocherkassk "little Paris" on the basis of numerous town squares, each of which was supposed to feature a church, and to have streets beginning radially around each square. On December 31, 1804, after reviewing the plan and the report of Platov and De Wollant, Tsar Alexander personally inscribed: "To be according to this. Alexander". The construction of the city was slow, primarily because of the reluctance of most Don Cossacks to leave their homes in Cherkassk, and the new capital being  from the River Don, with which the Cossacks were closely connected throughout its history. To compensate, there were even plans to deepen the Aksay River (a distributary of the Don) where the new city was located to eventually alter the course of the Don through the city. This plan was abandoned due to lack of funds, and for more than three decades the question of the place of the capital of the Don Cossack remained unresolved, while growth of Novocherkassk stagnated.

By 1837, an alternative to transfer the capital to the village of Aksayskoy, which was also on a hill and near the Don, gained popularity. However, Tsar Nicholas I personally inspected Novocherkassk and the village of Aksayskoy that same year, and after returning to Saint Petersburg ordered the Don Cossacks to keep the capital in Cherkassk because of the difficulties and uselessness of the transfer. In the first half of the 19th century, Novocherkassk was built only as an army center, administrative buildings, guest yards, taverns, wine cellars, hotels, and generals and noblemen's houses. In the 1850s, industrialization reached Novocherkassk and industrial enterprises were formed, however only one-thousand of the city's twenty-thousand residents worked in them.

Soviet era
On the eve of the February Revolution, Novocherkassk had a population of about sixty thousand people, about twenty-five thousand of which were serving Cossacks and their families, three thousand were noblemen, and about five-hundred were clergymen. Novocherkassk, unlike many Russian cities at the time, had almost no permanent merchants or peasants. During the Russian Civil War from 1917 to 1922, Novocherkassk was the center of the Don Army counter-revolution and came under the command of General Alexey Kaledin. The Red Army eventually defeated ousted the White-aligned Don Army from Novocherkassk on January 7, 1920.

During World War II, the Wehrmacht of Nazi Germany occupied Novocherkassk between July 24, 1942 and February 13, 1943.

On June 1-2, 1962, events known as the Novocherkassk massacre occurred when food riots and workers rights protests broke out following a labor strike at the locomotive factory, the Novocherkassk Electric Locomotive Plant, in the city. The protests were brutally suppressed by troops of the Soviet Army, resulting in 26 protesters being killed and 87 being wounded.

On November 20, 1990, Andrei Chikatilo, one of the Soviet Union's most prolific serial killers with 56 convicted murders, was arrested in Novocherkassk.

Recent history
On October 5-6, 1991, a meeting of the Grand Circle of the Union of Cossacks of the Don Military Region took place, where the status of the historical and modern center of the Don Cossacks was established in the city, officially making Novocherkassk the capital of the Don Cossacks. On July 17-18, 1993, a meeting of the United Supreme Circle of Cossack troops of Russia and abroad was held in Moscow, where Novocherkassk was proclaimed the world capital of the Cossacks.

Administrative and municipal status
Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is incorporated as Novocherkassk Urban Okrug—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts. As a municipal division, this administrative unit also has urban okrug status.

Economy industry
Novocherkassk NEVZ ElektroVagon Plant, trains and locomotives.

Culture and religion

Novocherkassk was once an archiepiscopal see of the Greek Orthodox Church and has a huge neo-Byzantine cathedral (1904), as well as the Church of Our Lady of the Don (2013), the palace of the ataman of the Cossacks, and monuments to Matvei Platov and Yermak Timofeyevich (Mikhail Mikeshin, 1904). During the bicentenary celebrations in September 2005 another monument, dedicated to the reconciliation of White and Red Cossacks, was opened in the presence of the members of the Romanov family.

Twin towns – sister cities

Novocherkassk is twinned with:

 Iserlohn, Germany
 Levski, Bulgaria
 Novi Bečej, Serbia
 La Valette-du-Var, France

Notable people
Yuriy Sedykh (born 1955), hammer thrower


Albanians (disambiguation)

Albanians may refer to:

 in terms of ethnicity: Albanians, a people in Southeastern Europe
 in terms of citizenship: Albanians, citizens of Albania
 Caucasian Albanians, a distinctive group in the Caucasian region
 Albanians, a demonym for inhabitants of various places called Albany etc.


Battle of Tellaru

The Battle of Tellaru was fought in 830 between the forces of the Pallava King Nandivarman III and the Pandyan King Srimara Srivallabha. The Pandyan forces were defeated.

Notes


Toss play

In American football, a toss play is any running play which starts with a pitch to the running back. In a toss play, the back often "curves out" towards the sideline on either side for a toss sweep.


Go Man Go (film)

Go, Man, Go! is a 1954 sports film directed by James Wong Howe, starring Dane Clark, Sidney Poitier, Ruby Dee, Patricia Breslin, The Harlem Globetrotters and Slim Gaillard. Clark plays Abe Saperstein, the organizer of the Globetrotters.  Poitier's character is Inman Jackson, the team's showboating center. Breslin plays Sylvia Saperstein, the love interest, and Abe's daughter. Gaillard plays himself.

The film tracks the Globetrotters from humble beginnings through a triumph over a major-league basketball team, as they struggle to overcome racial discrimination. Actual Harlem Globetrotter players portray the team in basketball action throughout the picture. The friendship between Saperstein and Jackson, and their wives, is an important storyline.

Hollywood blacklist
Screenwriter and producer Alfred Palca was accused by the Federal Bureau of Investigation in 1953 of being a Communist. He refused to cooperate with their investigations. No distributor was willing to release the film with his name credited, so he gave the producing credit to his brother-in-law, Anton M. Leader, and the screenwriting credit to his cousin, Arnold Becker, a pediatrician. He never worked in the film industry again. According to Palca, the F.B.I. saw his casting of Poitier as further evidence of his Communism.

Reception
Bosley Crowther, reviewing the film for The New York Times, observed, "This is the second little picture in which the Globetrotters have been starred. The encore is not excessive. They still give an entertaining show."

The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:
 2006: AFI's 100 Years...100 Cheers – Nominated


The District of Columbia Public Service Commission (formerly the District of Columbia Public Utilities Commission) is an independent quasi-judicial body and regulatory agency responsible for regulating landline telephone, electricity, and gas utility companies operating within the District of Columbia. It was established by the US Congress in 1913.  The Commission offices are located at 1325 G Street NW, Washington, DC 20005.

Current Commissioners
The PSC is headed by a Chairman and two Commissioners, who are appointed to four-year terms by the Mayor, with the advice and consent of the DC Council.

Willie L. Phillips, Chairman
Greer J. Gillis, Commissioner
Richard A. Beverly, Commissioner

The mission of the PSC is to serve the public interest by ensuring that financially healthy electric, natural gas, and telecommunications companies provide safe, reliable, and quality services at reasonable rates for District of Columbia residential, business, and government customers.

All PSC staff involved in formal cases are advisors to the Commissioners, including:  the Offices of the General Counsel (OGC), Technical and Regulatory Analysis (OTRA), and Consumer Services (OCS). The Office of  the Commission Secretary and the Administrative Offices provides mediation services to consumers and businesses regarding complaints against utility service providers.  OTRA also manages the natural gas pipeline safety program in the District.

History

The PSC was created by act of Congress on March 4, 1913, after President William Howard Taft signed into law the District of Columbia Appropriations Act, which authorized the Public Utilities Commission (name changed to PSC in 1964) to "furnish service and facilities reasonably safe and adequate" to ensure that any charges were reasonable, just and nondiscriminatory; and it initially had jurisdiction over electric, gas, and telephone companies, including mass transit, such as street cars, buses, and public motor vehicles. In 1974, the Home Rule Act affirmed the PSC as an independent charter agency.  Since 1913, 72 men and women have served as Commissioners.


Caulerpa delicatula

Caulerpa delicatula is a species of seaweed in the Caulerpaceae family.

The seaweed is light green at the base becoming a darker green distally. The thallus spreads outward to about .

It is found along the coast in a large area extending from around the Abrolhos Islands in the Mid West, north through the Gascoyne and into the Pilbara region of Western Australia.


Drummer of Tedworth

The Drummer of Tedworth is a case of an alleged poltergeist manifestation in the West Country of England by Joseph Glanvill, from his book Saducismus Triumphatus (1681).

History

Early accounts reported that in 1661 a local landowner, John Mompesson, owner of a house in the town of Tedworth (now called Tidworth, in Wiltshire), had brought a lawsuit against an unlicensed vagrant drummer William Drury, whom he accused of collecting money by false pretences. After he had won judgment against the drummer, the drum was turned over to Mompesson by the local bailiff. Mompesson then found his house plagued by nocturnal drumming noises. It was alleged that the drummer had brought these plagues of noise upon Mompesson's head by witchcraft. Drury was said to have been associated with a band of gypsies.

Glanvill, who visited the house in 1663, had claimed to have heard strange scratching noises under a bed in the children's room.

On Christmas Day 1667, Samuel Pepys, in his diary, records his wife, Elizabeth, reading the story to him. He found it to be 'a strange story of spirits and worth reading indeed'.

In 1668, Glanvill published one of the earlier versions of Saducismus Triumphatus, his A Blow at Modern Sadducism ... To which is added, The Relation of the Fam'd Disturbance by the Drummer, in the House of Mr. John Mompesson.

In Volume III of The Works of the Reverend John Wesley there is a reference to the Drummer at Tedworth.

Critical reception

Charles Mackay, in his Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds (1841), considered the phenomena to be undoubtedly fraudulent produced by confederates of the drummer and suggested Mompesson was easily deceived.

Amos Norton Craft (1881) also suggested that the phenomena were the result of trickery:

Addington Bruce (1908) has argued that the phenomenon was fraudulently manufactured by Mompesson's own children, especially his oldest daughter, a girl of ten. Bruce wrote that the noises and movement of objects were reminiscent of pranks and often occurred in the children's bedroom. Bruce noted that Glanvill "passed only one night in the haunted house, and of his several experiences there is none that cannot be set down to fraud plus imagination, with the children the active agents."

Andrew Lang of the Society for Psychical Research wrote that "the Drummer was suspected, but, consciously or not, the children were probably the agents."


Barnet London Borough Council elections

Barnet London Borough Council in London, England is elected every four years. Since the last boundary changes in 2002, 63 councillors have been elected from 21 wards.

Political control
Since the first election to the council in 1964 political control of the council has been held by the following parties:

Council elections
 1964 Barnet London Borough Council election
 1968 Barnet London Borough Council election (boundary changes increased the number of seats by four)
 1971 Barnet London Borough Council election
 1974 Barnet London Borough Council election
 1978 Barnet London Borough Council election (boundary changes took place but the number of seats remained the same)
 1982 Barnet London Borough Council election
 1986 Barnet London Borough Council election
 1990 Barnet London Borough Council election
 1994 Barnet London Borough Council election (boundary changes took place but the number of seats remained the same)
 1998 Barnet London Borough Council election
 2002 Barnet London Borough Council election (boundary changes increased the number of seats by three)
 2006 Barnet London Borough Council election
 2010 Barnet London Borough Council election
 2014 Barnet London Borough Council election
 2018 Barnet London Borough Council election

Borough result maps

By-election results
By-elections occur when seats become vacant between council elections. Below is a summary of recent by-elections; full by-election results can be found by clicking on the by-election name.

Notes


Cultural depictions of Theodore Roosevelt

Theodore Roosevelt, the 26th President of the United States, has inspired numerous cultural works.

Television and film
Roosevelt has been portrayed many times in film and on television. Karl Swenson played him in the 1967 western picture Brighty of the Grand Canyon, the story of a real-life burro who guided Roosevelt on a hunting trip to find mountain lions. Brian Keith played Roosevelt in the 1975 film The Wind and the Lion. He was also portrayed by actor Tom Berenger in 1997 for the TNT movie Rough Riders, a made-for-cable film about his exploits during the Spanish–American War in Cuba. Frank Albertson played Roosevelt in the 1956 episode "Rough and Ready" of the CBS series My Friend Flicka." Robert Vaughn portrayed a younger Roosevelt in the Law of the Plainsman 1959 episode, "The Dude."
He is portrayed by an unknown actor in the series Deadliest Warrior as a partaker in a fight against Lawrence of Arabia. Robin Williams portrayed Roosevelt in the form of a wax mannequin that comes to life in Night at the Museum and its sequels Night at the Museum: Battle of the Smithsonian and Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb. In the limited series adaptation of The Alienist, Roosevelt is portrayed by Brian Geraghty. Roosevelt, portrayed by Mike O'Connell, is a recurring character in the Comedy Central series Another Period.

Roosevelt, as portrayed by Ed Metzger, briefly appears in The Curious Case of Benjamin Button.

The Roosevelt family was the subject of The Roosevelts, a documentary directed by Ken Burns.

In 2015, Showtime began to develop a limited series based on the life of Roosevelt. In 2017, it was announced that Leonardo DiCaprio will portray Roosevelt in a biopic to be directed by Martin Scorsese.

Through archive recordings, Roosevelt's voice is heard in Bart Stops to Smell the Roosevelts, an episode of The Simpsons.

Other works
In Don Rosa's comic book series The Life and Times of Scrooge McDuck (1994–1996), Roosevelt meets and befriends Scrooge McDuck in 1882 when both were visiting the Dakota badlands and later again in 1902 at Fort Duckburg. In Don Rosa's story The Sharpie of the Culebra Cut (2001), collected in The Life and Times of Scrooge McDuck Companion, they meet for the third time during the construction of the Panama Canal in 1906.

Roosevelt is a prominent character in Harry Turtledove's Southern Victory series. In the Great War trilogy, which makes up part of the Southern Victory series, Roosevelt serves as the 28th President of the United States from 1913 to 1921 and leads the US to victory over the Confederated States of America. He was elected president as a Democrat in the 1912 election against Socialist Party candidate Eugene Debs. He defeated Debs again in 1916 and attempted to run for a third term in 1920, only to be defeated by Socialist candidate Upton Sinclair. He later died suddenly in 1924 of a cerebral hemorrhage while golfing.

In the alternate history novel And Having Writ... by Donald R. Bensen (1978), Roosevelt was the first major world leader to get acquainted with the four aliens Raf, Ari, Valmis and Dark, and acts as a benevolent and friendly presence. He declines to run for a second full term in 1908 and is succeeded by Thomas Edison. In 1909, he helps the four aliens escape from house arrest (they had been place under house arrest by Edison so that he can pry technological secrets from them) in New York. In 1912, Roosevelt ends up seceding Edison, who declined to run for a second term due to him rather to go back to inventing. As with Grover Cleveland, he was counted twice in the numbering of the presidents: as the 26th president from 1901 to 1909 and the 28th president from 1913 to 1921. In 1925 while attending the demonstration of an experimental moon rocket, Roosevelt is killed when the device's engines exploded and destroyed the platform he was on.

In the alternate history novel Back in the USSA by Eugene Byrne and Kim Newman (1997), Roosevelt wins the 1912 presidential election on the Progressive Party, only to be assassinated on December 19, 1912 at the Chicago Union Stockyards by the sharpshooter and exhibition shooter Annie Oakley, before he took office, when personally breaking a labor strike with the help of the Rough Riders. Following this, his running mate, Charles Foster Kane takes power, and gradually leads the United States into greater levels of oppression, class division and bureaucratic incompetence and corruption, which eventually leads to the Second American Civil War and Second American Revolution and the transformation of the United States into the United Socialist States of America. Roosevelt serves as the timelines equivalent of Russian Tsar Alexander II while Kane serves as the timelines equivalent of Nicholas II.

Roosevelt appears in the Civilization video game series as a leader of the United States.

In season five of Epic Rap Battles of History, Roosevelt appears in a rap battle against Winston Churchill.

Roosevelt, in his career as New York City Police Commissioner, appears as a major character in the 1997 novel The Alienist, well as its sequel The Angel of Darkness.

For a comprehensive study of Roosevelt's legacy, especially in cultural depictions, see Michael Patrick Cullinane, Theodore Roosevelt's Ghost: The History and Memory of an American Icon (LSU Press, 2017).


Trearie Lake

Lago Trearie is a small lake in the Parco Naturale del Nebrodi in the Province of Catania, northeast of Sicily island, Italy.


Aleksei Vershinin

Aleksei Vladimirovich Vershinin (; born 4 September 1979) is a former Russian professional football player.

Club career
He played two seasons in the Russian Football National League for FC Ural Yekaterinburg.


Saúl Ñíguez

Saúl Ñíguez Esclápez (; born 21 November 1994), known as Saúl, is a Spanish professional footballer who plays as a central or defensive midfielder for Atlético Madrid.

After coming through Atlético Madrid's youth academy, he went on to appear in more than 250 competitive matches for the club. In the 2013–14 season, he was on loan at Rayo Vallecano also in La Liga.

Having represented Spain at various youth levels, Saúl helped the under-21 team finish second in the 2017 European Championship, being top scorer in the process. He was selected by the senior side to the 2018 World Cup.

Club career

Born in Elche, Alicante, Valencian Community, Saúl moved to Real Madrid at the age of 11, before switching to cross-city rivals Atlético in 2008. He made his senior debut in 2010–11, appearing with the reserves in the third division, and his first goal came in a 3–1 away win against Extremadura UD on 10 April 2011, his only of the season in an eventual midtable finish.

In the summer of 2011, Saúl joined the Atlético main squad for pre-season training. On 10 July, he netted twice in a 19–1 friendly win over CD Arcángel.

On 8 March 2012, at the age of just 17 years and 108 days, Saúl made his official debut with the Colchoneros first team, playing the last six minutes in a UEFA Europa League game against Beşiktaş JK (3–1 home win, 6–1 on aggregate). His second appearance came on 20 September, again as a substitute and in the Europa League, this time against Hapoel Tel-Aviv FC; three days later, he scored both goals for Atlético B in a 2–1 away derby win over Real Madrid C.

Saúl made his La Liga debut on 21 April 2013, playing two minutes in a 1–0 success at Sevilla FC after replacing fellow youth graduate Koke. Again from the bench, he appeared in his second league match with the main squad on 4 May, against Deportivo de La Coruña (0–0).

On 21 July 2013, Saúl signed with Rayo Vallecano in a season-long loan deal. After returning, he featured in both legs of the 2014 Supercopa de España in which Atlético defeated Real Madrid, starting in the first match.

In a Madrid derby on 7 February 2015, Saúl replaced the injured Koke after ten minutes, and scored his team's second goal shortly after through a bicycle kick, in an eventual 4–0 win. From the 2015–16 campaign onwards, after the departure of Mario Suárez and the injury of Tiago Mendes, he became a nuclear midfield element for the Diego Simeone-led team.

On 27 April 2016, Saúl played 85 minutes in the first leg of the semi-finals of the UEFA Champions League against FC Bayern Munich, and also scored the only goal at the Vicente Calderón Stadium after an individual effort. The following 18 April, in the same competition but in the last-eight stage, he netted through a rare header to help to a 1–1 draw at Leicester City (2–1 aggregate triumph); also in that month, in an interview given to Diario AS, he admitted to having played for "two seasons" under extremely painful circumstances.

On 1 July 2017, Saúl signed a new nine-year contract. He started his 250th match for the club on 18 August 2019, in a win over Getafe CF.

International career

Saúl earned 47 caps for Spain, all youth levels comprised. He experienced individual and collective success in the under-19 team, winning the UEFA European Championship in 2012 and featuring in the Team of the Tournament.

On 26 May 2015, Saúl was called to the full side for a friendly with Costa Rica and a UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying match against Belarus, but did not make his debut on either occasion. He, Sergio Rico and Lucas Vázquez were the three uncapped players in a provisional squad for the final tournament in France, but he was eventually cut from the final squad alongside Isco.

Saúl made his full debut on 1 September 2016, playing 15 minutes in a 2–0 friendly win in Belgium. He was crowned top scorer at the 2017 UEFA European Under-21 Championship, notably scoring a hat-trick to help see off Italy 3–1 in the semi-finals.

Back with the full side, Saúl was selected in the squad by manager Julen Lopetegui for the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia. Following Fernando Hierro replacing the latter shortly before the tournament, he was an unused member in an eventual round-of-16 exit.

Under new coach Luis Enrique, Saúl scored his first goal for his country on 8 September 2018, equalising in an eventual 2–1 win against England for the UEFA Nations League at Wembley Stadium. He also scored against Croatia in the following fixture three days later, a 6–0 victory in his hometown of Elche for the same competition.

Style of play

A midfielder by trade, Saúl was deployed as a central defender during his spell at Rayo Vallecano. Spanish football journalist Guillem Balagué stated that he suits several styles of play, citing his ability to play "Simeone style" (in reference to Atlético manager Diego Simeone) and "Barcelona style", summing up with "We have never had a midfielder like this".

Following Luis Enrique's appointment as Spain manager in 2018, Diario AS Alfredo Relaño remarked "Saúl is the player to move the ball forward with purpose and attempt to finalise long passages of possession", adding that "The new centre of the park for Spain (where so much happens for the national side) is now defined by him, a box-to-box player and one never afraid to try his luck in front of goal", while Sid Lowe of The Guardian opined that "now he embodies the shift, technique and talent but athleticism too, blessed of impeccable timing, arriving in the area".

Personal life
Saúl comes from a football family: his father, José Antonio, played several years with Elche CF – including the 1984–85 season in the top division – as a striker; his brothers, Aarón and Jonathan, are also footballers.

Saúl was one of the stars of the Amazon Prime television documentary series Six Dreams, recorded during the 2017–18 campaign.

Career statistics
Club

International

International goals
 (Spain score listed first, score column indicates score after each Saúl goal)

HonoursAtlético MadridCopa del Rey: 2012–13
Supercopa de España: 2014
UEFA Europa League: 2011–12, 2017–18
UEFA Super Cup: 2018
UEFA Champions League runner-up: 2015–16Spain U17
UEFA European Under-17 Championship runner-up:2010Spain U19UEFA European Under-19 Championship: 2012Spain U21UEFA European Under-21 Championship: Runner-up 2017Individual'
UEFA European Under-19 Championship Team of the Tournament: 2012
UEFA European Under-21 Championship Golden Boot: 2017
UEFA European Under-21 Championship Team of the Tournament: 2017
UEFA Europa League Squad of the Season: 2017–18


Adhi Gawahi

Adhi Gawahi  (lit: Half Witness) is a Pakistani romantic television series that was first aired on July 5, 2017, replacing Nazr-e-Bad.. It was written by famous Pakistani author, Saima Akram Chudhery who writes short and long stories in monthly digests. The show was a hit for Hum TV, and was commended for the topic.

Overview
Series raises questions on the sensitive issue of "Nikah" and highlights how the subjects of "divorce" and "nikah" should not be taken lightly. Aadhi Gawahi is an interwoven story of Salwa, Saad, Hamdan, Soha and their families and depicts how an assumed "joke" amongst Salwa and Hamdan transformed Salwa and her family's lives into a bad dream. Salwa and her cousin Saad like each other, however when they are going to get married, their batch mate Hamdan approaches with pictures and video of his "Nikah" with Salwa which was recorded at a play as a joke when Hamdan declined to play her significant other in the play since she was not a “mehrum.” What takes after is an account of regret, battle and repercussions of Salwa's evil idea design.

The title is a reference to the Islamic tradition that, in the court of law, the claims from one man can be overturned by witness from two women. Since Salwa is fighting Hamdan by herself and no one else believes her, this makes her a "half-witness" - ''aadhi gawaahi'' against her controlling husband.

Plot

The story revolves around Salwa and Saad, childhood best friends and cousins, Hamdan and the issue of an unintentional nikkah.

Salwa is a modern, sweet, kind and fun-loving girl living with her mother, her uncles and their respective families following the death of her father. Most family members are quite happy with this arrangement, especially Saad's mother and the older Bhabhi, Rana, who sees Salwa as her own and wants her son and Salwa to get married.

This does not sit well with the younger Bhabhi Khawla, who sees Salwa as competition for her own daughter, Soha, who is deeply in love with Saad and deeply despises her for the attention Saad reserves just for Salwa while basically ignoring Soha.

Enters Chaudhry Hamdan Mustafa, a rich, egoistic, spoiled brat who fancies Salwa and is deeply possessive about her. Not only is he possessive about her but he would do just about anything to ensure that Salwa is his. He is used to getting what he wants, courtesy of his mother who turns a blind eye to all of his faults out of love, and to him Salwa is no different.

Salwa dislikes Hamdan and his backward mentality, but puts up with him for the sake of Saad and the rest of their friends. With final semester coming to an end, there is only one last assignment standing in the way of these friends and graduation - a short film that is due very soon. At first everything is seemingly fine, until Saad breaks his leg which prompts Salwa to be paired up with Hamdan for a class project that is due soon. Even though the theme of the project revolves around women empowerment, it becomes the downfall for Salwa. By agreeing to shoot a Nikkah scene with Hamdan, Salwa unknowingly marries Hamdan for real which sets the premise of the entire show since she is to be married to Saad soon after. Before the marriage, Salwa is kidnapped unbeknownst to everyone else who beliefed she ran away. Due to Salwa's disappearance, Saad is married to his cousin Soha. After his marriage, Salwa comes home to find a married Saad, her mother has an angina attack and is in the hospital. She turns her back against her family for not trusting her.

Cast

Main cast

 Sohai Ali Abro as Salwa Mansoor
 Azfar Rehman as Chaudhry Hamdan Mustafa
 Ali Josh as Saad
 Uzma Khan as Soha
 Maria Malik as Nageen
 Usama Khan as Usama
 Arman Ali Pasha as Faseeh

Recurring cast
 Ayesha Sana as Bee Ji
 Saleem Sheikh as Faizan 'Faizee'
 Munazzah Arif as Ayesha
 Humayun Gul as Azhar
 Khalid Butt as Naeem
 Marium Shafee as Rana (eldest sister in law)
 Ruhi Khan as Khawla (youngest sister in law)
 Muazma Arif as Nighat (Guest appearance)
 Mian Suhail as Bilal (Guest appearance)
 Mohsin Abbas Haider as Arsalan (Guest appearance)


Maksym Prykhodnoy

Maksym Prykhodnoy (; Maksim Prikhodnoy (; born 27 October 1992) is a professional Ukraine-born Russian football midfielder who plays for FC Krymteplytsia Molodizhne. He acquired Russian citizenship in 2014.

Career
Prykhodnoy was born in the family of amateur footballer Serhiy Prykhodonoy, who played in FC Lokomotyv Simferopol. In age 6 years old he became attended the Sportive youth school of SC Tavriya Simferopol. His first trainer was Oleksandr Bilozerskyi.

Prykhodnoy made his debut for SC Tavriya Simferopol played in the main-squad team against FC Zorya Luhansk on 26 May 2013 in Ukrainian Premier League.


Genome instability

Genome instability (also genetic instability or genomic instability) refers to a high frequency of mutations within the genome of a cellular lineage.  These mutations can include changes in nucleic acid sequences, chromosomal rearrangements or aneuploidy. Genome instability does occur in bacteria. In multicellular organisms genome instability is central to carcinogenesis, and in humans it is also a factor in some neurodegenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or the neuromuscular disease myotonic dystrophy.

The sources of genome instability have only recently begun to be elucidated. A high frequency of externally caused DNA damage can be one source of genome instability since DNA damages can cause inaccurate translesion synthesis past the damages or errors in repair, leading to mutation.  Another source of genome instability may be epigenetic or mutational reductions in expression of DNA repair genes.  Because endogenous (metabolically-caused) DNA damage is very frequent, occurring on average more than 60,000 times a day in the genomes of human cells, any reduced DNA repair is likely an important source of genome instability.

The usual genome situation

Usually, all cells in an individual in a given species (plant or animal) show a constant number of chromosomes, which constitute what is known as the karyotype defining this species (see also List of number of chromosomes of various organisms), although some species present a very high karyotypic variability.  In humans, mutations that would change an amino acid within the protein coding region of the genome occur at an average of only 0.35 per generation (less than one mutated protein per generation).

Sometimes, in a species with a stable karyotype, random variations that modify the normal number of chromosomes may be observed. In other cases, there are structural alterations (chromosomal translocations, deletions ...) that modify the standard chromosomal complement. In these cases, it is indicated that the affected organism presents genome instability (also genetic instability, or even chromosomic instability). The process of genome instability often leads to a situation of aneuploidy, in which the cells present a chromosomic number that is either higher or lower than the normal complement for the species.

Causes of genome instability

DNA Replication Defects
In the cell cycle, DNA is usually most vulnerable during replication. The replisome must be able to navigate obstacles such as tightly wound chromatin with bound proteins, single and double stranded breaks which can lead to the stalling of the replication fork. Each protein or enzyme in the replisome must perform its function well to result in a perfect copy of DNA. Mutations of proteins such as DNA polymerase, ligase, can lead to impairment of replication and lead to spontaneous chromosomal exchanges. Proteins such as Tel1, Mec1 (ATR, ATM in humans) can detect single and double-stranded breaks and recruit factors such as Rmr3 helicase to stabilize the replication fork in order to prevent its collapse. Mutations in Tel1, Mec1, and Rmr3 helicase result in a significant increase of chromosomal recombination. ATR responds specifically to stalled replication forks and single-stranded breaks resulting from UV damage while ATM responds directly to double-stranded breaks. These proteins also prevent progression into mitosis by inhibiting the firing of late replication origins until the DNA breaks are fixed by phosphorylating CHK1, CHK2 which results in a signaling cascade arresting the cell in S-phase. For single stranded breaks, replication occurs until the location of the break, then the other strand is nicked to form a double stranded break, which can then be repaired by Break Induced Replication or homologous recombination using the sister chromatid as an error-free template. In addition to S-phase checkpoints, G1 and G2 checkpoints exist to check for transient DNA damage which could be caused by mutagens such as UV damage. An example is the Saccharomyces pombe gene rad9 which arrests the cells in late S/G2 phase in the presence of DNA damage caused by radiation. The yeast cells with defective rad9 failed to arrest following radiation, continued cell division and died rapidly while the cells with wild-type rad9 successfully arrested in late S/G2 phase and remained viable. The cells that arrested were able to survive due to the increased time in S/G2 phase allowing for DNA repair enzymes to function fully.

Fragile Sites
There are hotspots in the genome where DNA sequences are prone to gaps and breaks after inhibition of DNA synthesis such as in the aforementioned checkpoint arrest. These sites are called fragile sites, and can occur commonly as naturally present in most mammalian genomes or occur rarely as a result of mutations, such as DNA-repeat expansion. Rare fragile sites can lead to genetic disease such as fragile X mental retardation syndrome, myotonic dystrophy, Friedrich’s ataxia, and Huntington’s disease, most of which are caused by expansion of repeats at the DNA, RNA, or protein level. Although, seemingly harmful, these common fragile sites are conserved all the way to yeast and bacteria. These ubiquitous sites are characterized by trinucleotide repeats, most commonly CGG, CAG, GAA, and GCN. These trinucleotide repeats can form into hairpins, leading to difficulty of replication. Under replication stress, such as defective machinery or further DNA damage, DNA breaks and gaps can form at these fragile sites. Using a sister chromatid as repair is not a fool-proof backup as the surrounding DNA information of the n and n+1 repeat is virtually the same, leading to copy number variation. For example, the 16th copy of CGG might be mapped to the 13th copy of CGG in the sister chromatid since the surrounding DNA is both CGGCGGCGG…, leading to 3 extra copies of CGG in the final DNA sequence.

Transcription-associated instability
In both E. coli and Saccromyces pombe, transcription sites tend to have higher recombination and mutation rates. The coding or non-transcribed strand accumulates more mutations than the template strand. This is due to the fact that the coding strand is single-stranded during transcription, which is chemically more unstable than double-stranded DNA. During elongation of transcription, supercoiling can occur behind an elongating RNA polymerase, leading to single-stranded breaks. When the coding strand is single-stranded, it can also hybridize with itself, creating DNA secondary structures that can compromise replication. In E. coli, when attempting to transcribe GAA triplets such as those found in Friedrich’s ataxia, the resulting RNA and template strand can form mismatched loops between different repeats, leading the complementary segment in the coding-strand available to form its own loops which impede replication. Furthermore, replication of DNA and transcription of DNA are not temporally independent; they can occur at the same time and lead to collisions between the replication fork and RNA polymerase complex. In S. cerevisiae, Rrm3 helicase is found at highly transcribed genes in the yeast genome, which is recruited to stabilize a stalling replication fork as described above. This suggests that transcription is an obstacle to replication, which can lead to increased stress in the chromatin spanning the short distance between the unwound replication fork and transcription start site, potentially causing single-stranded DNA breaks. In yeast, proteins act as barriers at the 3’ of the transcription unit to prevent further travel of the DNA replication fork.

Increase Genetic Variability
In some portions of the genome, variability is essential to survival. One such locale is the Ig genes. In a pre-B cell, the region consists of all V, D, and J segments. During development of the B cell, a specific V, D, and J segment is chosen to be spliced together to form the final gene, which is catalyzed by RAG1 and RAG2 recombinases.  Activation-Induced Cytidine Deaminase (AID) then converts cytidine into uracil. Uracil normally does not exist in DNA, and thus the base is excised and the nick is converted into a double-stranded break which is repaired by non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). This procedure is very error-prone and leads to somatic hypermutation. This genomic instability is crucial in ensuring mammalian survival against infection. V, D, J recombination can ensure millions of unique B-cell receptors; however, random repair by NHEJ introduces variation which can create a receptor that can bind with higher affinity to antigens.

In neuronal and neuromuscular disease

Of about 200 neurological and neuromuscular disorders, 15 have a clear link to an inherited or acquired defect in one of the DNA repair pathways or excessive genotoxic oxidative stress.  Five of them (xeroderma pigmentosum, Cockayne's syndrome, trichothiodystrophy, Down's syndrome, and triple-A syndrome) have a defect in the DNA nucleotide excision repair pathway.  Six (spinocerebellar ataxia with axonal neuropathy-1, Huntington's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Down's syndrome and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) seem to result from increased oxidative stress, and the inability of the base excision repair pathway to handle the damage to DNA that this causes.  Four of them (Huntington's disease, various spinocerebellar ataxias, Friedreich’s ataxia and myotonic dystrophy types 1 and 2) often have an unusual expansion of repeat sequences in DNA, likely attributable to genome instability.  Four (ataxia-telangiectasia, ataxia-telangiectasia-like disorder, Nijmegen breakage syndrome and Alzheimer's disease) are defective in genes involved in repairing DNA double-strand breaks. Overall, it seems that oxidative stress is a major cause of genomic instability in the brain.  A particular neurological disease arises when a pathway that normally prevents oxidative stress is deficient, or a DNA repair pathway that normally repairs damage caused by oxidative stress is deficient.

In cancer

In cancer, genome instability can occur prior to or as a consequence of transformation. Genome instability can refer to the accumulation of extra copies of DNA or chromosomes, chromosomal translocations, chromosomal inversions, chromosome deletions, single-strand breaks in DNA, double-strand breaks in DNA, the intercalation of foreign substances into the DNA double helix, or any abnormal changes in DNA tertiary structure that can cause either the loss of DNA, or the misexpression of genes. Situations of genome instability (as well as aneuploidy) are common in cancer cells, and they are considered a "hallmark" for these cells. The unpredictable nature of these events are also a main contributor to the heterogeneity observed among tumour cells.

It is currently accepted that sporadic tumors (non-familial ones) are originated due to the accumulation of several genetic errors.  An average cancer of the breast or colon can have about 60 to 70 protein altering mutations, of which about 3 or 4 may be "driver" mutations, and the remaining ones may be "passenger" mutations Any genetic or epigenetic lesion increasing the mutation rate will have as a consequence an increase in the acquisition of new mutations, increasing then the probability to develop a tumor. During the process of tumorogenesis, it is known that diploid cells acquire mutations in genes responsible for maintaining genome integrity  (caretaker genes), as well as in genes that are directly controlling cellular proliferation  (gatekeeper genes). Genetic instability can originate due to deficiencies in DNA repair, or due to loss or gain of chromosomes, or due to large scale chromosomal reorganizations. Losing genetic stability will favour tumor development, because it favours the generation of mutants that can be selected by the environment.

The tumor microenvironment has an inhibitory effect on DNA repair pathways contributing to genomic instability, which promotes tumor survival, proliferation, and malignant transformation.

Low frequency of mutations without cancer
The protein coding regions of the human genome, collectively called the exome, constitutes only 1.5% of the total genome.  As pointed out above, ordinarily there are only an average of 0.35 mutations in the exome per generation (parent to child) in humans.  In the entire genome (including non-protein coding regions) there are only about 70 new mutations per generation in humans.

Cause of mutations in cancer
The likely major underlying cause of mutations in cancer is DNA damage.  For example, in the case of lung cancer,  DNA damage is caused by agents in exogenous genotoxic tobacco smoke (e.g. acrolein, formaldehyde, acrylonitrile, 1,3-butadiene, acetaldehyde, ethylene oxide and isoprene). Endogenous (metabolically-caused) DNA damage is also very frequent, occurring on average more than 60,000 times a day in the genomes of human cells (see DNA damage (naturally occurring)).  Externally and endogenously caused damages may be converted into mutations by inaccurate translesion synthesis or inaccurate DNA repair (e.g. by non-homologous end joining).  In addition, DNA damages can also give rise to epigenetic alterations during DNA repair. Both mutations and epigenetic alterations (epimutations) can contribute to progression to cancer.

Very frequent mutations in cancer
As noted above, about 3 or 4 driver mutations and 60 passenger mutations occur in the exome (protein coding region) of a cancer.  However, a much larger number of mutations occur in the non-protein-coding regions of DNA.  The average number of DNA sequence mutations in the entire genome of a breast cancer tissue sample is about 20,000.  In an average melanoma tissue sample (where melanomas have a higher exome mutation frequency) the total number of DNA sequence mutations is about 80,000.

Cause of high frequency of mutations in cancer
The high frequency of mutations in the total genome within cancers suggests that, often, an early carcinogenic alteration may be a deficiency in DNA repair.  Mutation rates substantially increase (sometimes by 100-fold) in cells defective in DNA mismatch repair or in homologous recombinational DNA repair.  Also, chromosomal rearrangements and aneuploidy increase in humans defective in DNA repair gene BLM.

A deficiency in DNA repair, itself, can allow DNA damages to accumulate, and error-prone translesion synthesis past some of those damages may give rise to mutations. In addition, faulty repair of these accumulated DNA damages may give rise to epigenetic alterations or epimutations.  While a mutation or epimutation in a DNA repair gene, itself, would not confer a selective advantage, such a repair defect may be carried along as a passenger in a cell when the cell acquires an additional mutation/epimutation that does provide a proliferative advantage.  Such cells, with both proliferative advantages and one or more DNA repair defects (causing a very high mutation rate), likely give rise to the 20,000 to 80,000 total genome mutations frequently seen in cancers.

DNA repair deficiency in cancer
In somatic cells, deficiencies in DNA repair sometimes arise by mutations in DNA repair genes, but much more often are due to epigenetic reductions in expression of DNA repair genes.  Thus, in a sequence of 113 colorectal cancers, only four had somatic missense mutations in the DNA repair gene MGMT, while the majority of these cancers had reduced MGMT expression due to methylation of the MGMT promoter region.  Five reports, listed in the article Epigenetics (see section "DNA repair epigenetics in cancer") presented evidence that between 40% and 90% of colorectal cancers have reduced MGMT expression due to methylation of the MGMT promoter region.

Similarly, for 119 cases of colorectal cancers classified as mismatch repair deficient and lacking DNA repair gene PMS2 expression, Pms2 was deficient in 6 due to mutations in the PMS2 gene, while in 103 cases PMS2 expression was deficient because its pairing partner MLH1 was repressed due to promoter methylation (PMS2 protein is unstable in the absence of MLH1).  The other 10 cases of loss of PMS2 expression were likely due to epigenetic overexpression of the microRNA, miR-155, which down-regulates MLH1.

In cancer epigenetics (see section Frequencies of epimutations in DNA repair genes), there is a partial listing of epigenetic deficiencies found in DNA repair genes in sporadic cancers.  These include frequencies of between 13–100% of epigenetic defects in genes BRCA1, WRN, FANCB, FANCF, MGMT, MLH1, MSH2, MSH4, ERCC1, XPF, NEIL1 and ATM located in cancers including breast, ovarian, colorectal and head and neck.  Two or three epigenetic deficiencies in expression of ERCC1, XPF and/or PMS2 were found to occur simultaneously in the majority of the 49 colon cancers evaluated.  Some of these DNA repair deficiencies can be caused by epimutations in microRNAs as summarized in the MicroRNA article section titled miRNA, DNA repair and cancer.

Lymphomas as a consequence of genome instability
Cancers usually result from disruption of a tumor repressor or dysregulation of an oncogene. Knowing that B-cells experience DNA breaks during development can give insight to the genome of lymphomas. Many types of lymphoma are caused by chromosomal translocation, which can arise from breaks in DNA, leading to incorrect joining. In Burkitt’s lymphoma, c-myc, an oncogene encoding a transcription factor, is translocated to a position after the promoter of the immunoglobulin gene, leading to dysregulation of c-myc transcription. Since immunoglobulins are essential to a lymphocyte and highly expressed to increase detection of antigens, c-myc is then also highly expressed, leading to transcription of its  targets, which are involved in cell proliferation. Mantle cell lymphoma is characterized by fusion of cyclin D1 to the immunoglobulin locus. Cyclin D1 inhibits Rb, a tumor suppressor, leading to tumorigenesis. Follicular lymphoma results from the translocation of the immunoglobulin promoter to the Bcl-2 gene, giving rise to high levels of Bcl-2 protein, which inhibits apoptosis. DNA-damaged B-cells no longer undergo apoptosis, leading to further mutations which could affect driver genes, leading to tumorigenesis. The location of translocation in the oncogene shares structural properties of the target regions of AID, suggesting that the oncogene was a potential target of AID, leading to a double-stranded break that was translocated to the immunoglobulin gene locus through NHEJ repair.