2011–12 Eerste Divisie

The 2011–12 Eerste Divisie, known as Jupiler League for sponsorship reasons, was the fifty-sixth season of Eerste Divisie since its establishment in 1955. It began in August 2011 with the first matches of the season and ended in June 2012 with the nacompetitie, a promotion-and-relegation tournament also involving the 16th- and 17th-placed teams from the 2011–12 Eredivisie. The competition was won by FC Zwolle on 13 April 2012, after drawing FC Eindhoven 0-0 at home in their 32nd match of the season.

On 1 March 2012, the Dutch football federation confirmed that no team would be relegated from the league at the end of the season, after all the 2011–12 Topklasse teams had decided against being eligible for promotion to the Eerste Divisie.

Teams
A total of 18 teams took part in the league. Willem II were relegated as bottom-placed team in the 2010–11 Eredivisie, whereas FC Oss were promoted as 2010–11 Topklasse runners-up, as champions IJsselmeervogels opted to keep playing at amateur level instead. Following the disbandment and consequent exclusion of RBC Roosendaal in June 2011, last-placed 2010–11 Eerste Divisie club Almere City FC were readmitted in the league to fill the vacancy.

The season also saw the participation of the old BV Veendam under their new denomination of SC Veendam.

Managerial changes

League table

Results

Playoffs
VVV-Venlo and De Graafschap joined the Eerste Divisie-teams for the playoffs, after finishing 16th and 17th in the Eredivisie.

Round 1

Round 2

Round 3

Top goalscorers
As of 27 January 2012

17 goals
  Jack Tuyp (FC Volendam)
12 goals
  Nassir Maachi (FC Zwolle)
11 goals
  Erik Bakker (SC Cambuur)
  Marcel van der Sloot (FC Oss)
10 goals
  Donny de Groot (Willem II)
  Anco Jansen (SC Veendam)
9 goals
  Christopher Bieber (FC Oss)
  Jeremy Bokila (Sparta Rotterdam)
  Cecilio Lopes (FC Dordrecht)
  Johan Plat (Telstar)
  Tom van Weert (FC Den Bosch)


Liberalism in Japan

Japanese liberalism formed in the nineteenth century as a reaction against traditional society. In the twentieth century 'liberal' gradually became a synonym for conservative, and today the main conservative party in the country is named Liberal Democratic Party (Jiyu Minshuto). The Democratic Party (Minshuto) was considered in part a left-of-center social-liberal party, as are most parties which derived from it. The liberal character of the Liberal League (Jiyu Rengo) is disputed, as it is also considered to be conservative by some. Liberals in Japan are generally considered united by one major factor: their opposition to changing the post-World War II constitution forbidding the creation of a national military. This article is limited to liberal parties with substantial support, proved by having had representation in parliament. The sign ⇒ means a reference to another party in that scheme. For inclusion in this scheme it isn't necessary that parties labelled themselves `liberal`.

The timeline

From Public Society of Patriots until Constitutional Politics Party
1874: Liberals founded the Public Society of Patriots (Aikoku Koto)
1881: The Aikoku Koto is continued by the Liberal Party (Jiyu-to)
1891: The Jiyuto is renamed into Constitutional Liberal Party (Rikken Jiyuto)
1898: The Constitutional Liberal Party merged with the ⇒ Progressive Party into the Constitutional Politics Party (Kenseito)
1898: A faction seceded as the ⇒ Constitutional Center Party
1900: The party is taken over by the oligarchy and renamed into Constitutional Political Friends Association (Rikken Seiyukai)

From Constitutional Progressive Party to Reform Club
1882: The Constitutional Progressive Party (Rikken Kaishinto) is formed
1896: The party is continued by the Progressive Party (Shinpoto)
1898: The party merged into the Constitutional Politics Party (Kenseito)
1898: This party fell apart and a faction of the Kenseito formed the Authentic Constitutional Party (Kensei Honto), renamed in 1910 into the Constitutional National Party (Rikken Kokuminto)
1913: A faction seceded as the ⇒ Constitutional Association of Allies
1922: The Constitutional National Party is renamed Reform Club (Kakushin Kurabu)
1920s: The Reform Club merged into the Constitutional Association of Political Friendship

From Constitutional Association of Allies to Constitutional Democratic Party
1913: A faction of the ⇒ Constitutional National Party formed the Constitutional Association of Allies (Rikken Doshikai), renamed Constitutional Association (Kenseikai) in 1916
1927: The Constitutional Association merged with the ⇒ Authentic Constitutional Party of Political Friendship into the Constitutional Democratic Party (Rikken Minseito)
1940: The party is dissolved by the regime

Authentic Constitutional Party of Political Friendship
1924: A faction of the Constitutional Association of Political Friendship formed the Authentic Constitutional Party of Political Friendship (Seiyu Honto)
1927: The party merged into the ⇒ Constitutional Democratic Party

From Renewal Party to Liberal Party (1993)
1993: A liberal faction of the conservative Liberal Democratic Party (Jiyu-Minshuto) seceded as the Renewal Party (Shinseito)
1994: The Renewal Party merged with other factions into the New Frontier Party (Shinshinto)
1997: The New Frontier Party fell apart into many parties, among them since 1998 the Liberal Party (Jiyuto), but also the Good Governance Party (Minseito), the New Fraternity Party (Shinto-Yuai) and the Democratic Reform Party (Minshu-Kaikaku-Rengo)
2000: Dissidents of the Liberal Party formed the New Conservative Party (Hoshuto)
2003: The Liberal Party merged into the ⇒ Democratic Party of Japan

New Party Harbinger
1993: A liberal faction of the conservative Liberal Democratic Party (Jiyu-Minshuto) seceded as the New Party Harbinger (Shinto Sakigake)
1996: Most members co-found the ⇒ Democratic Party of Japan
1998: The party evolved in conservative direction, renamed into Harbinger (Sakigake) and further renamed in 2002 into Green Assembly (Midori No Kaigi)

Democratic Party of Japan
1996: Dissidents from the New Party Harbinger and the Social Democratic Party founded the Democratic Party of Japan (1996) (Minshuto)
1998: The party merged with the Good Governance Party (Minseito), the New Fraternity Party (Shinto-Yuai) and the Democratic Reform Party (Minshu-Kaikaku-Rengo) to form a new, enlarged Democratic Party of Japan (1998) (Minshuto, 民主党)
2003: The Liberal Party merged into the party
2016: The Democratic Party of Japan merged with Japan Innovation Party and Vision of Reform to form the Democratic Party (Minshinto, 民進党)

CDP and DPP
2017: The Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan (Rikken Minshuto, 立憲民主党) is formed as a liberal split from the Democratic Party.
2018: The remaining Democratic Party merged with Kibō no Tō and form the Democratic Party for the People (Kokumin Minshutō, 国民民主党).

Liberal leaders

Itagaki Taisuke - Hamaguchi Osachi


Asahiyutaka Katsuteru

Asahiyutaka Katsuteru (born 10 September 1968) is a former sumo wrestler from Kasugai, Aichi, Japan. His highest rank was komusubi. He is now the head coach of Tatsunami stable.

Career
He joined Ōshima stable and made his professional debut in March 1987, and was ranked in the lowest jonokuchi division in the following tournament. However, due to various injury problems he fell off the banzuke ranking sheets and did not actually record his first win in jonokuchi until May 1988. By May 1990 he had progressed to the makushita division and after taking his second makushita yusho or tournament championship in September 1993 he was promoted to the second highest jūryō division. After winning the jūryō yusho in January 1995 he made the top makuuchi division.

Asahiyutaka was ranked in the top division for 24 tournaments, winning two special prizes for Outstanding Performance and Technique. He also earned four kinboshi or gold stars for defeating yokozuna. He reached his highest rank of komusubi in 1996 and held it for three tournaments, but he lacked the weight to regularly beat the top men, and never managed to progress further.

Retirement from sumo
In 1995 he had married the daughter of Osamu Annen, the head coach of the Tatsunami stable, and was legally adopted by him as his son, changing his real name from Taiji Ichikawa to Taiji Annen. This enabled him to take over the running of Tatsunami stable when Annen reached the mandatory retirement age of sixty five in February 1999. Asahiyutaka had in any case lost his top division status at the previous tournament in January, recording only four wins at maegashira 13, and had announced his retirement from active competition.

Asahiyutaka's marriage allowed him to inherit the Tatsunami elder name and stable, but it eventually broke down with the couple being divorced in August 2001. In February 2003 Annen took Asahiyutaka to court, demanding that he be paid for the elder stock that Asahiyutaka had received for free as a result of his marriage. Annen was initially awarded 175 million yen, but Asahiyutaka appealed and the decision was overturned by a higher court in January 2004. Annen did succeed however, in evicting Asahiyutaka from the stable premises.

Asahiyutaka moved Tatsunami stable to a new site, and remarried in 2005. He recruited the Mongolian wrestler Mōkonami who reached the top division in 2009, but was forced to retire in 2011 after being found guilty of match-fixing. He voted against the Tatsunami-Isegahama group of stables preferred candidate for the head of the Sumo Association in the 2012 elections, and left the group as a result, aligning his stable with the Takanohana group instead. The group was dissolved by the sumo association after high profile scandals involving Takanohana and the stable went independent in 2018, but after the Sumo Association indicated that stables must belong to an ichimon, it aligned itself with the Dewanoumi group.
After several years without any sekitori, Meisei reached the jūryō division in 2016.

Fighting style
Asahiyutaka was a yotsu-sumo wrestler who specialised in grappling rather than pushing techniques. His preferred grip on the opponent's mawashi was hidari-yotsu, a right hand outside, left hand inside position. His favourite kimarite were uwatenage (overarm throw) and katasukashi (under-shoulder swing down).

Career record


Municipalities of Pirkanmaa

The 22 municipalities of the Pirkanmaa Region () in Finland are divided into five sub-regions.

__NOTOC__

North Western Pirkanmaa sub-region
Hämeenkyrö (Tavastkyro)
Ikaalinen (Ikalis)
Kihniö
Parkano

Southern Pirkanmaa sub-region
Akaa (Ackas)
Urjala
Valkeakoski

South Western Pirkanmaa sub-region
Punkalaidun
Sastamala

Tampere sub-region
Kangasala
Lempäälä
Nokia
Pälkäne
Pirkkala (Birkala)
Tampere (Tammerfors)
Vesilahti
Ylöjärvi

Upper Pirkanmaa sub-region
Juupajoki
Mänttä-Vilppula
Orivesi
Ruovesi
Virrat (Virdois)


Cis-2,3-Butylene carbonate

cis-2,3-Butylene carbonate is an organic compound with formula , or (H3C)2(C2H2)(CO3).  It is an ester with a carbonate functional group bonded to both free ends of the cis-2,3-butylene group.  It is also a heterocyclic compound with a five-membered ring containing two oxygen atoms, and can be viewed as a derivative of dioxolane, namely cis-4,5-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one.

The compound is an aprotic polar solvent.

The bacterium Pseudomonas diminuta will hydrolyze this compound but not its stereoisomer trans-2,3-Butylene carbonate, yielding cis-2,3-butanediol.  This has been proposed as an efficient route to produce the latter from a racemic mixture of 2,3-butylene carbonates.


Extensible Text Framework

eXtensible Text Framework (XTF) is an XML framework created and maintained by the California Digital Library (CDL) based on XML data, XSLT 2.0, and Java. It has primarily been developed and used to present EAD finding aids that describe analog and digital archival collections.

External links


Focke-Wulf A 32

__NOTOC__

The Focke-Wulf A 32 Bussard (German: "Buzzard") was a small airliner produced in Germany in the early 1930s. It was developed rapidly at the request of NOBA when Messerschmitt was unable to deliver aircraft on schedule. Based closely on the A 20, the A 32 had a revised fuselage with greater seating capacity, and an engine of over twice the power. The two examples operated by NOBA became part of Deutsche Luft Hansas fleet in 1934.

The flight deck was enclosed on the A.32 and was incorporated into the fuselage below and ahead of the high-mounted thick wing. The passenger cabin was under and aft of the wing. The tailskid undercarriage featured a wider tread on the mainwheels, and those wheels were supported by struts running up to the wings' undersides. The nose-mounted piston engine was cooled by a radiator, mounted in the airstream on the belly of the fuselage, under the flight deck.

Specifications


Kenichi Suzuki (wrestler)

is a Japanese wrestler. He competed at the 1992 Summer Olympics and the 1996 Summer Olympics.


Albert De Coninck

Albert De Coninck (October 6, 1915 – December 8, 2006) was a Belgian communist. In 1932 he joined the Communist Party of Belgium. He travelled to Spain and fought in the International Brigades during the Spanish Civil War. After returning from Spain he joined the Belgian Army. During the Second World War, he led partisan resistance activities against the German occupants.

De Coninck authored Belgen in de Internationale Brigaden.


Mark Gordon (politician)

Mark Gordon (born March 14, 1957) is an American politician serving as the 33rd and current governor of Wyoming since 2019. A member of the Republican Party, he previously served as state treasurer; he was appointed to the position by Governor Matt Mead on October 26, 2012, to fill the vacancy created by the death of Joseph Meyer.

Background
Gordon is a son of Mr. and Mrs. Crawford Gordon, ranchers from Kaycee in Johnson County, located in northern Wyoming. Reared on the Gordon Ranch, Gordon is still affiliated with the 48 Ranch Partnership in Kaycee.

He graduated from St. Paul's School, an Episcopalian boarding school in Concord, New Hampshire, and Middlebury College in Middlebury, Vermont, where he met his first wife, the former Sarah Hildreth Gilmore. The couple married on March 7, 1981, in the Second Congregational Church in Greenfield, Massachusetts, where her parents resided.

After graduating from college in 1979, he returned to Wyoming and worked on his family ranch before starting his own operation. Mark ran several successful businesses in Buffalo and Sheridan including two operations focused on outdoor recreation and tourism. He later worked in the oil and gas industry. In 1993, Gordon's first wife died in an automobile accident. After his wife was killed he focused on raising his two daughters who were four and two years old at the time.

Gordon met his current wife, the former Jennie Muir Young, in 1998 and they were married in 2000.  Together they own the Merlin Ranch east of Buffalo, also in Johnson County, Wyoming. In 2009, their ranch received the Society for Range Management Wyoming Section "Excellence in Rangeland Stewardship" award. They have four grown children: two sons and two daughters.

Gordon has been volunteering and serving in leadership positions for important Wyoming causes for nearly forty years. He is currently on the boards of Volunteers of America Northern Rockies, Ucross Foundation and Willow Park Reservoir Company. He was previously on the Johnson County School Board, Wyoming Wildlife and Natural Resource Trust, Wyoming Stock Growers Tax Committee, Wyoming Environmental Quality Council, Wyoming Council for the Humanities, Northern Wyoming Mental Health Center, Powder River Conservation District, Johnson County Republican Party and the University of Wyoming College of Agriculture Sheridan Research and Extension Center Advisory Board.

Congressional run
In 2008, Gordon was an unsuccessful candidate in the Republican primary for the United States House of Representatives for Wyoming's at-large congressional district seat held by Cynthia Lummis, also a former state treasurer and the wife of a Democratic former state representative, Alvin Wiederspahn. Former U.S. senator Alan K. Simpson of Cody, considered a moderate Republican, defended Gordon's candidacy though he stopped short of an outright endorsement because he is also friendly with Lummis. Nevertheless, former U.S. senator Malcolm Wallop did endorse Gordon as did the late Joseph B. Meyer, who was serving as state treasurer at the time.

In the primary, Gordon garnered the endorsements of the Wyoming's two most prominent statewide newspapers: The Casper Star-Tribune and the Wyoming Tribune Eagle.  Though polls and the financial advantage rested with Gordon in the primary campaign, he nevertheless lost the party nomination to Lummis.

State Treasurer
Governor Mead said that his selection of Gordon as the state treasurer over two other candidates proposed by the Wyoming Republican State Central Committee was based on Gordon's financial background and long-term commitment to the state. The treasurer manages the state's $15 billion in investments. Severance taxes on energy production are particularly important to the state budget.

Gordon was sworn in as treasurer on November 1, 2012, by Wyoming Supreme Court Justice William Hill.

Gordon was elected to a full term as treasurer in the 2014 Republican primary election.

Under Gordon's leadership, Wyoming's portfolio grew from $15 billion to nearly $21 billion. Nationally, Mark was elected to serve as Western Regional Vice President of the National Association of State Treasurers. He has earned recognition three years running for his leadership and expertise.  The Sovereign Wealth Fund Institute named him one of the "Top 100 Most Significant and Impactful Asset Owners and Public Executives."  In 2016, under Gordon's leadership, Wyoming's portfolio was ranked 3rd in the world for transparency by the Peterson Institute for International Economics.

As State Treasurer, Gordon had success modernizing and professionalizing the Office of State Treasurer.  Working with voters and the Wyoming Legislature, Gordon helped craft an amendment to Wyoming's Constitution which would allow the Legislature to designate certain funds of the State to be invested in stocks as well as bonds. The amendment passed in 2016.

Governor of Wyoming

Election
Gordon declined to run for Cynthia Lummis's seat in the U.S. House of Representatives in 2016, the same seat he ran for in 2008, and instead ran for Governor of Wyoming in 2018. He won the Republican primary on August 21, 2018 and then won the general election on November 6, 2018, defeating Democratic state representative Mary Throne. Gordon was inaugurated on January 7, 2019.

Tenure
Gordon was sworn in on January 7, 2019.

Electoral history


Mijani

Mijani is a village in the municipality of Prijepolje, Serbia. According to the 2002 census, the village has a population of 25 people.


Northeast Region

Northeast Region may be:
Northeast Region (Boy Scouts of America)
List of Missouri conservation areas – Northeast region
Northeast Region, Brazil
Northeastern United States
North-East Region, Singapore
Northeastern Statistical Region in Republic of Macedonia
Northeast India
Northeast (Vietnam)
Northeastern United States (disambiguation)


Qarah Owri

Qarah Owri (, also Romanized as Qarah Owrī; also known as Qareh Āvar) is a village in Qezel Uzan Rural District, in the Central District of Meyaneh County, East Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 235, in 56 families.


United Nations Security Council Resolution 1517

United Nations Security Council resolution 1517, adopted unanimously on 24 November 2003, after reaffirming all resolutions on the situation in Cyprus, particularly Resolution 1251 (1999), the Council extended the mandate of the United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP) for an additional six months until 15 June 2004.

The Security Council noted the call within the Secretary-General Kofi Annan's report for the authorities in Cyprus and Northern Cyprus to urgently address the humanitarian situation concerning missing persons. It also welcomed efforts to sensitise United Nations peacekeeping personnel towards the prevention and control of HIV/AIDS and other diseases.

Extending UNFICYP's mandate, the resolution requested the Secretary-General to report to the Council by 1 June 2004 on the implementation of the current resolution. It expressed concern at violations by the Turkish Cypriot side at Strovilia and called for an end to restrictions imposed on 30 June 2000 on UNFICYP operations and to restore the military status quo.


Ebenezer Blakely

Ebenezer Blakely (September 25, 1806 – August 21, 1889) was an American lawyer and politician from New York.

Life
He was a member of the New York State Assembly (Otsego Co.) in 1846.

At the New York state election, 1850, he ran on the Whig and Anti-Rent tickets for Canal Commissioner, but was defeated by Democrat John C. Mather.

Blakely was declared elected to the New York State Senate (18th D.), and took his seat at the opening of the 77th New York State Legislature, but his election was contested by Democrat Adam Storing. Blakely resigned his seat on March 14, 1854, acknowledging that Storing's claim was justified, and Storing was seated.

Blakely was a presidential elector in 1864, voting for Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson. In 1865, Blakely was appointed a State Assessor.

He married Lavernia C. Bundy (1819–1886), and their son Tilley Blakely (1860–1938) was appointed as District Attorney of Otsego County in 1896.

He and his wife were buried at the Evergreen Cemetery in Otego.

Sources
The New York Civil List compiled by Franklin Benjamin Hough (pages 137f, 232 and 259; Weed, Parsons and Co., 1858)
Documents of the State Senate (77th Session) (1854; pg. 53ff; No. 9 "Petition of Adam Storing, of Chenango County, claiming a seat as Senator in place of Ebenezer Blakeley")
The New York Civil List compiled by Franklin Benjamin Hough, Stephen C. Hutchins and Edgar Albert Werner (1867; page 580)
Manual for the Use of the Legislature (1866; pg. 298)
The New York Annual Register (1835; pg. 390)
FROM ALBANY;...Resignation of a Senator... in NYT on March 16, 1854
Appointments by the Governor in NYT on September 29, 1896

External links


Miriam Hospital

The Miriam Hospital is a private, not-for-profit hospital at 164 Summit Avenue in Providence, in the U.S. state of Rhode Island. It is a major teaching affiliate of the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University.

History
In 1902, a handful of women began collecting coins to raise $1,000 for the down payment on "a place to care for the indigent sick of the Jewish faith."

Since then, extraordinary generosity has been the catalyst for The Miriam Hospital. To fulfill the women's dream, 450 people joined their cause. The women went door to door, raising $80,000 in just four weeks. Thanks to their efforts, the first Miriam Hospital opened in 1926 with 63 beds and 14 bassinets.

Remarkably, the community stepped forward again. Only a year later, another $82,000 was raised to help defray the "burdens of caring for charity patients."

These first fundraising efforts were only the beginning of a partnership between The Miriam Hospital and the community; a relationship that has endured for generations. When the need to expand beyond a small, neighborhood hospital became evident, friends who had been raising money for linens and surgical supplies came forward to launch a major building fund drive. Although the drive and search for a suitable building were interrupted by the war years, an incredible $1.3 million was eventually raised. The new 150-bed Miriam Hospital opened on Summit Avenue in 1952. It was a gift of the Jewish community to all the people of Rhode Island.

The Miriam Hospital is currently part of the Lifespan network and is affiliated with the medical school of Brown University. As of 2010 there are 2,410 employees, 906 affiliated physicians, and 247 licensed beds.

The Miriam Hospital Association was formed by Jewish women sharing a common goal: to alleviate suffering by providing hospital care for Jewish immigrants in surroundings where their language and customs were understood. In 1926, The Miriam Hospital received a charter from the Rhode Island state legislature. As the community grew, so did its need for health care services. The Miriam’s transition from a 63-bed hospital on Parade Street to the 247-bed complex on Summit Avenue has been a response to these needs. The new Miriam Hospital was dedicated on April 24, 1966, “… to serve all the people of Rhode Island, regardless of race, creed, origin or economic means.”

Throughout the years, The Miriam Hospital Association, now known as The Miriam Hospital Women’s Association, has played a major role in the development of the hospital, and continued fundraising, volunteer programs, networking resources, providing invaluable assistance to the hospital and the community. It may be the first and perhaps only hospital initially founded and funded by women (distinguished from other hospitals for the care of women, or, staffed primarily by women).  Currently, top staff are women, and it is affiliated with Brown University Medical School.

The hospital is the subject of a book with many photographs, documenting the founding of the Miriam Hospital.

Treatment
The mission of The Miriam Hospital is to inspire one another to improve the health and spirit of the lives they touch.


Pterolophia luteomarmorata

Pterolophia luteomarmorata is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1938.


Carib (album)

Carib is an album by David Sánchez, released by the record label Ropeadope in 2019. It received a Grammy Award nomination for Best Latin Jazz Album.


1997 FINA Short Course World Championships – Men's 4x100m Freestyle Relay

The finals and the qualifying heats of the Men's 4×100 metres Freestyle Relay event at the 1997 FINA Short Course World Championships were held on the last day of the competition, on Sunday 20 April 1997 in Gothenburg, Sweden.

Final

Qualifying heats


George W. Decker

George Wayne Decker (November 6, 1938 – April 4, 2014) was a classical musician. He was born at Pittsgrove, New Jersey to Vincent W. Decker and Nina May (Garrison) Decker. As an adult, he worked and lived in Syracuse, New York.

Decker graduated from Rider University's Westminster Choir College, and continued his studies at the Curtis Institute of Music in Philadelphia. Later, he studied with Marie-Madeleine Chevalier-Duruflé in Paris.

He worked for three years as assistant organist to William Self at St. Thomas Church in New York City, before accepting the Organist and Choir Director positions at St. Paul's Church in Syracuse, New York, in 1967. A few years later, the church became St. Paul's Episcopal Cathedral.

Decker performed all of Bach's organ works in a series of afternoon recitals, and directed all of Bach's cantatas at St Paul's Cathedral. He premiered several works in Syracuse with the Syracuse Symphony Orchestra including Poulenc's Concerto for Organ, Strings and Timpani in G minor and Handel's Organ Concerto in F major "The Cuckoo and the Nightingale". He was called upon to perform a solo recital at Notre-Dame, Paris in which he performed notable American composers for the organ and Maurice Duruflé's Prélude, Adagio et Choral varié sur le thème du 'Veni Creator'. Decker made the recording My Favorite Hymns with Leontyne Price. This recording is still in print.


Tichonice

Tichonice  is a municipality and village in Benešov District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. The municipality covers an area of 10 km² and as of 2008 it had a population of 196.

First mention of this municipality comes from the year of 1365.


2012 in science fiction

The year 2012 is marked, in science fiction, by the following events.

Events

George Lucas sold Lucasfilm, with all its property, including Star Wars franchise, to Disney for $4 billion.
 Esli magazine closed down.

Deaths

 February 3 – John Christopher, British writer (born 1922)
 June 5 – Ray Bradbury, American writer (b. 1920)
 August 15 – Harry Harrison, American writer (b. 1925)
 November 19 – Boris Strugatsky, Russian writer (b. 1933)

Films
Antiviral
Battleship
Chronicle
Cloud Atlas
Evangelion: 3.0 You Can (Not) Redo
Dredd
The Hunger Games
Iron Sky
John Carter
John Dies at the End
Lockout
Looper
Men in Black 3
Prometheus
Resident Evil: Retribution
Robot & Frank
Total Recall
Universal Soldier: Day of Reckoning
Upside Down
The Watch

Literature
Earth Unaware by Orson Scott Card and Aaron Johnson
Shadows in Flight by Orson Scott Card
Caliban's War by James S.A. Corey

Awards

Saturn Award

Best science fiction film: Rise of the Planet of the Apes
Best Network Television Series: Fringe

Locus Award
 Best Science Fiction Novel - Embassytown by China Miéville


Same Old Song and Dance

"Same Old Song and Dance" is a song by American hard rock band Aerosmith, written by singer Steven Tyler and guitarist Joe Perry. Released on March 19, 1974 as the lead single from their second studio album, Get Your Wings, it has remained a staple on rock radio  and in the band's setlists.

Structure
The song was built around a riff that Joe Perry came up with while sitting on his amp. Steven Tyler quickly came up with the lyrics, which are sung in sync with the main riff. The song is known for its upbeat rhythm and the duelling guitars of Perry and Brad Whitford, along with interspersed horns. Dick Wagner (Alice Cooper, Lou Reed) plays the guitar solo on the Get Your Wings recording. "On 'Same Old Song And Dance', I told them that we should bring in some horns to bring out their rhythm and blues side," said producer Jack Douglas. "They definitely had that kind of style and sound already. We got the Brecker Brothers to play on that. The sax solo is Michael Brecker."

Live performances

The song remains a fan favorite and a staple in the band's shows. The band often does an extended jam during it in concert, often resulting in the song extending two minutes over its original running time. This extended jam at the end of a song is used as a showcase for bassist Tom Hamilton. Tyler is also known to do his trademark scat singing during these jams.

On other albums
"Same Old Song and Dance" has been featured on Aerosmith compilations including Greatest Hits (1980) (where the song is remastered, 52 seconds of the song are edited out and the first line from one of the verses is changed from "Got you with your cocaine..." to "Shady-looking loser..."), Pandora's Box (1991), O, Yeah! Ultimate Aerosmith Hits (2002), and Greatest Hits 1973–1988 (2004). The song can also be found on the live albums Classics Live II (1987), A Little South of Sanity (1998) and Rockin' the Joint (2005), and the live DVD You Gotta Move (2004).


Battle of Goito

The Battle of Goito was fought between the Piedmontese and the Austrian army on 30 May 1848, in the course of the First Italian War of Independence. The Piedmontese army won the battle, as the Austrians were unable to break through to relieve the siege of Peschiera and prevent its surrender which happened on the day before the battle.

Background
Having evacuated Milan after the Five Days of Milan on 22 March 1848, field marshal Radetzky regrouped his forces in the Quadrilatero, composed of the four supporting fortresses of Peschiera, Mantua, Verona and Legnago. The Piedmontese army advanced across Lombardy, brushing aside the covering forces under major general Wohlgemuth guarding the bridge over the Mincio at Goito during an engagement on 9 April 1848. The Austrians tried but failed to destroy the Goito bridge.  Once across the Mincio, the Piedmontese forces fanned out towards the north and south.

On 10 April 1848, the Piedmontese army started to blockade the fortress of Peschiera, garrisoned by ca. 1,700 Austrian troops. Until the siege train arrived, the lack of siege guns hampered the effectiveness of the bombardment. Out of food after 34 days of blockade and 16 days under siege, the Austrians surrendered the fortress on 29 May 1848, just prior to the battle of Goito.

Meanwhile, Piedmontese and Austrian forces clashed in the battle of Pastrengo on 30 April 1848 on the Rivoli plateau. The first big test of arms occurred just outside Verona during the battle of Santa Lucia on 6 May 1848 where the Piedmontese army failed to defeat the Austrians. With a bloody nose, the Piedmontese army retired to the Mincio.

Unable to dislodge the Papal forces at Vicenza, field marshal Radetzky decided to concentrate his forces against the Piedmontese army. On 28 May 1848, he marched his army towards Mantua where a Tuscan Division was warily observing the fortress. While the Piedmontese army's attention was diverted by an Austrian brigade on the Rivoli plateau on 28 and 29 May 1848, field marshal Radetzky engaged and defeated the Tuscan division at the battle of Curtatone and Montanara on 29 May 1848. Many of the defeated and disillusioned Tuscan volunteers returned home, marking the end of the Tuscan division as a fighting force. Both the Piedmontese and the Austrian armies were now concentrated on the Mincio side of the Quadrilatero: the Piedmontese south of Peschiera, the Austrians in control of Mantua. Radetzky sent his troops north to relieve Peschiera.

The battle
From Mantua, Radetzky sent his First and Reserve Corps towards Goito, while his Second Corps and the cavalry were ordered to reconnoiter towards Ceresara. The Piedmontese forces were deployed in two lines. The first line stretched from the banks of the Mincio at Goito westwards. The second line occupied heights above Goito. At around 14:00 on 30 May 1848, the cavalry vedettes of both sides established contact. Brigade Benedek leading First Corps advanced from Sacca towards Goito, coming under artillery fire from the Italian guns on the Somenzari heights at 15:30. The Austrians deployed their own artillery (12 guns and 3 rocket tubes) but were unable to break the Italian artillery superiority. Charles Albert, King of Sardinia, displayed personal bravery by exposing himself to the enemy artillery fire, gaining a scratch wound in the process.

While Brigade Benedek remained pinned before Goito, Brigades Wohlgemuth and Strassoldo advanced on his left, brushing aside the feeble opposition (which even fired on its own troops). To stem the Austrian progress, General Bava sent forward the Guards Brigade (on the right) and Aosta Brigade (on the left) at 17:00. The progress of the Guards Brigade was checked by Brigade Gyulai of the Second Corps which was in the process of linking up with the First Corps. Aosta Brigade pressured Brigade Wohlgemuth to withdraw. Brigade Benedek retired too when it was attacked by Neapolitan reinforcements. With darkness approaching at 19:00, both sides withdrew to their initial positions. Around this time, the King of Sardinia received the message about the Austrian surrender of Peschiera, ending the battle with the Italians in general jubilation.

Intense rainfall prevented all combat operations during the next day. Informed about the surrender of Peschiera and unable to overcome the Piedmontese army, field marshal Radetzky withdrew his forces on 2 June 1848. The Piedmontese lost 46 killed, 260 wounded and 55 missing in action at the battle of Goito. Austrian casualties were 2 officers and 65 men killed, general Felix Schwarzenberg and 18 officers and 311 men wounded, 2 officers captured, as well as 1 officer and 185 men missing in action.

Outcome
The battle was a tactical draw, neither side managing to overcome the other; however, the Piedmontese army had fought defensively and had retained control of the field of battle, and prevented field marshal Radetzky from relieving Peschiera, therefore the battle is to be considered as an Italian victory. It lulled however the Piedmontese command into a sense of complacency, which, coupled with the lack of a clear strategical plan, would eventually allow Radetzki to overcome this failure, resume the offensive (proving this in the battle of Vicenza against the Papal forces on 10 June 1848) and eventually deal a decisive defeat to the Sardinian Army at the battle of Custoza.


Arrondissement of Nyons

The arrondissement of Nyons is an arrondissement of France in the Drôme department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region. It has 149 communes. Its population is 148,049 (2016), and its area is .

Composition

The communes of the arrondissement of Nyons, and their INSEE codes, are:

Aleyrac (26003)
Allan (26005)
Ancône (26008)
Arpavon (26013)
Aubres (26016)
Aulan (26018)
Ballons (26022)
Barret-de-Lioure (26026)
La Bâtie-Rolland (26031)
La Baume-de-Transit (26033)
Beauvoisin (26043)
La Bégude-de-Mazenc (26045)
Bellecombe-Tarendol (26046)
Bénivay-Ollon (26048)
Bésignan (26050)
Bézaudun-sur-Bîne (26051)
Bonlieu-sur-Roubion (26052)
Bouchet (26054)
Bourdeaux (26056)
Bouvières (26060)
Buis-les-Baronnies (26063)
Chamaret (26070)
Chantemerle-lès-Grignan (26073)
La Charce (26075)
Charols (26078)
Châteauneuf-de-Bordette (26082)
Châteauneuf-du-Rhône (26085)
Chaudebonne (26089)
Chauvac-Laux-Montaux (26091)
Clansayes (26093)
Cléon-d'Andran (26095)
Colonzelle (26099)
Comps (26101)
Condillac (26102)
Condorcet (26103)
Cornillac (26104)
Cornillon-sur-l'Oule (26105)
La Coucourde (26106)
Crupies (26111)
Curnier (26112)
Dieulefit (26114)
Donzère (26116)
Espeluche (26121)
Eygalayes (26126)
Eygaliers (26127)
Eyroles (26130)
Eyzahut (26131)
Ferrassières (26135)
La Garde-Adhémar (26138)
Les Granges-Gontardes (26145)
Grignan (26146)
Izon-la-Bruisse (26150)
Laborel (26153)
Lachau (26154)
La Laupie (26157)
Lemps (26161)
Malataverne (26169)
Manas (26171)
Marsanne (26176)
Mérindol-les-Oliviers (26180)
Mévouillon (26181)
Mirabel-aux-Baronnies (26182)
Mollans-sur-Ouvèze (26188)
Montauban-sur-l'Ouvèze (26189)
Montaulieu (26190)
Montboucher-sur-Jabron (26191)
Montbrison-sur-Lez (26192)
Montbrun-les-Bains (26193)
Montélimar (26198)
Montferrand-la-Fare (26199)
Montfroc (26200)
Montguers (26201)
Montjoux (26202)
Montjoyer (26203)
Montréal-les-Sources (26209)
Montségur-sur-Lauzon (26211)
Nyons (26220)
Orcinas (26222)
Le Pègue (26226)
Pelonne (26227)
La Penne-sur-l'Ouvèze (26229)
Piégon (26233)
Pierrelatte (26235)
Pierrelongue (26236)
Les Pilles (26238)
Plaisians (26239)
Le Poët-en-Percip (26242)
Le Poët-Laval (26243)
Le Poët-Sigillat (26244)
Pommerol (26245)
Pont-de-Barret (26249)
Portes-en-Valdaine (26251)
Propiac (26256)
Puygiron (26257)
Réauville (26261)
Reilhanette (26263)
Rémuzat (26264)
Rioms (26267)
Rochebaudin (26268)
Rochebrune (26269)
Rochefort-en-Valdaine (26272)
Rochegude (26275)
Roche-Saint-Secret-Béconne (26276)
La Roche-sur-le-Buis (26278)
La Rochette-du-Buis (26279)
Roussas (26284)
Rousset-les-Vignes (26285)
Roussieux (26286)
Roynac (26287)
Sahune (26288)
Saint-Auban-sur-l'Ouvèze (26292)
Sainte-Euphémie-sur-Ouvèze (26303)
Sainte-Jalle (26306)
Saint-Ferréol-Trente-Pas (26304)
Saint-Gervais-sur-Roubion (26305)
Saint-Marcel-lès-Sauzet (26312)
Saint-Maurice-sur-Eygues (26317)
Saint-May (26318)
Saint-Pantaléon-les-Vignes (26322)
Saint-Paul-Trois-Châteaux (26324)
Saint-Restitut (26326)
Saint-Sauveur-Gouvernet (26329)
Salettes (26334)
Salles-sous-Bois (26335)
Saulce-sur-Rhône (26337)
Sauzet (26338)
Savasse (26339)
Séderon (26340)
Solérieux (26342)
Souspierre (26343)
Suze-la-Rousse (26345)
Taulignan (26348)
Teyssières (26350)
Les Tonils (26351)
La Touche (26352)
Les Tourrettes (26353)
Truinas (26356)
Tulette (26357)
Valaurie (26360)
Valouse (26363)
Venterol (26367)
Verclause (26369)
Vercoiran (26370)
Vers-sur-Méouge (26372)
Vesc (26373)
Villebois-les-Pins (26374)
Villefranche-le-Château (26375)
Villeperdrix (26376)
Vinsobres (26377)

History

The arrondissement of Nyons was created in 1800. In 2006 it absorbed the four cantons of Dieulefit, Marsanne, Montélimar-1 and Montélimar-2 from the arrondissement of Valence. At the January 2017 reorganisation of the arrondissements of Drôme, it gained one commune from the arrondissement of Valence and six communes from the arrondissement of Die.

As a result of the reorganisation of the cantons of France which came into effect in 2015, the borders of the cantons are no longer related to the borders of the arrondissements. The cantons of the arrondissement of Nyons were, as of January 2015:

 Buis-les-Baronnies
 Dieulefit
 Grignan
 Marsanne
 Montélimar-1
 Montélimar-2
 Nyons
 Pierrelatte
 Rémuzat
 Saint-Paul-Trois-Châteaux
 Séderon


Sadławki, Iława County

Sadławki  is a village in Gmina Zalewo, Iława County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, Poland.


Nazikeda Kadın (wife of Mehmed VI)

Nazikeda Kadın (; ; born Princess Emine Marshan; 9 October 1866 – 4 April 1941), meaning 'One of delicate manners', known as the last empress, was the first wife and chief consort of the last sultan, Mehmed VI of the Ottoman Empire.

Nazikeda was born Emine in Sukhumi to a family of Abkhazian principality. She was the daughter of Prince Hasan Bey Marshan and Fatma Horecan Hanım Aredba. She came to Istanbul in 1876, and married Prince Mehmed Vahdeddin later known as Mehmed VI, in 1885. She was the mother of three daughters, Fenire Sultan, Ulviye Sultan, and Sabiha Sultan.

After Mehmed's accession to the throne in 1918, she was given the title of 'Baş Kadın'. He was deposed in 1922, and was sent into exile in 1924. Nazikeda followed him, and remained with him until his death in 1926. She spent her last years with her two daughters, Ulviye and Sabiha, and died at Cairo in 1941.

Early life
Nazikeda Kadın was born on 9 October 1866 in Sukhumi, Abkhazia. Born as Emine Marshan, she was  a member of Abkhazian princely family Marshan. Her father was Prince Hassan Bey Marshan (1836 – 1877), the son of Prince Ismail Bey, the ruler of Tzebelda. Her mother was Princess Fatma Horecan Hanım Aredba, an Abkhazian. She had two elder brothers Prince Abdülkadir Bey (1862 – 1917) and Prince Mehmed Bey, and two younger sisters, Princess Naciye Hanım (1869 – 1930), and Princess Daryal Hanım (1870 – 1904).

In 1876, she had been brought to Istanbul as a young child,  where her father entrusted her to the imperial harem together with her sisters Daryal and Naciye, cousins Amine (1872 - 1946), Rumeysa (1875 - 1927), Pakize (1876 - 1943), Fatima, and Kamile (1869 - 1909), and wetnurse Babuce Hanım. She was then sent to Cemile Sultan's palace in Kandilli, where her name according to the custom of the Ottoman court was changed to Nazikeda.

Cemile Sultan's youngest daughter Fatima Hanımsultan, had tuberculosis and Nazikeda became her closest companion. Cemile raised her as if she was her own daughter. Her nanny remained with her even as she grew up, although she had been told that she could return to Causasia if she wished.

Nazikeda had honey coloured eyes, long auburn hair, and slender waist. She was interested in playing piano and horse riding.

Marriage
One day, when Mehmed was in his twenties, he visited his older sister Cemile Sultan at her palace at Kandilli. Here he saw Nazikeda, then seventeen years old, and fell in love with her. He asked his sister to give him Nazikeda in marriage, but Cemile flatly refused. She didn't wanted her sick daughter to be deprived of a companion, and at the same time that her brother would eventually take a second wife after Nazikeda, whom she considered as her own daughter.

However, one year after the prince's pleading Cemile acceded to her brother's demand, but on one condition that he would not take a second wife. He took the oath requested by his sister, and the marriage took place on 8 June 1885 in one of the palaces of Örtakoy. Mehmed was twenty four while Nazikeda was nineteen years old. After the marriage, the couple went to live in one of the palaces of Feriye, where they spent several years in a three-storey wooden mansion. This mansion was destroyed in a fire, and the couple later moved to the mansion in Çengelköy.

Around the same time, her sister Daryal renamed Iryale was married to Şehzade Mehmed Selim, son of Sultan Abdul Hamid II. Her cousin Amine renamed Nazikeda was married to Şehzade Yusuf Izzeddin, son of Sultan Abdülaziz. Her other cousin Kamile renamed Mezidimestan, was married to Sultan Abdul Hamid II.

The couple's first daughter Fenire Sultan was born in 1888, and lived only a few weeks. She was followed by Fatima Ulviye Sultan born on 11 September 1892, and two years later, on 19 March 1894, by Rukiye Sabiha Sultan. After this third birth, Nazikeda was told by the doctors that she would not be able to bear other children.

On 30 May 1918, Nazikeda met with the Empress Zita of Bourbon-Parma in the harem of Yıldız Palace, when the latter visited Istanbul with her husband Emperor Charles I of Austria.

In the following years, Mehmed married other women, but all of his marriages were made by the consent by Nazikeda. Even though Mehmed's accession to the throne was unlikely, but Nazikeda knew well that as a prince he had to have a male heir and, therefore, each time accepted his wish to remarry. By doing so Mehmed broke the vow he had made to his sister Cemile. None the less, after his accession to the throne in 1918, he gave Nazikeda the title of "Baş Kadın", and his respect towards her never failed.

By 1916 Mehmed and Nazikeda's daughters had grown and reached the age of marriage. The elder daughter, Ulviye, was first to marry. The groom was Ismail Hakki Bey, the son of last grand vizier of the Ottoman Empire, Ahmed Tevfik Pasha. The wedding took place in a waterfront palace at Kuruçeşme on 10 August 1916, when Mehmed was a Crown Prince. The couple had a daughter Hümeyra Hanımsultan born on 4 June 1917. Ulviye divorced Ismail, and married Ali Haydar Bey, a member of the Germiyanoğlu family.

Her younger daughter, Sabiha and Şehzade Ömer Faruk, the son of Abdulmejid II, the last Caliph of the Ottoman Caliphate, were in love with each other. When Abdulmejid asked Sabiha's hand in marriage for his son, Mehmed flatly refused as there was no such thing as a marriage between cousins. Şehsuvar Hanım, the prince's mother called on Nazikeda, and succeeded in convincing her. The marriage took place on 5 December 1919, and the wedding reception took place four months later on 29 April 1920 at the Yıldız Palace. The couple had three daughters, Neslişah Sultan, Hanzade Sultan, and Necla Sultan.

Exile and widowhood
In 1922, Mehmed was deposed and exiled. She, together with other members of his family, was kept in house arrest at the Feriye Palace by order of the new parliament until 10 March 1924, when they were sent into exile. Nazikeda along with Mehmed, moved to Sanremo. During their stay, Mehmed's daily routine was to visit Nazikeda's room, which was on the same floor as his apartment, to drink his morning coffee with her.

Following Mehmed's death in 1926, she moved to Monte Carlo, with her elder  daughter Ulviye Sultan, her husband Ali Haydar Bey, and her daughter Hümeyra Hanımsultan. She also used to come for a stay at Nice with her younger daughter Sabiha Sultan and her husband Prince Ömer Faruk. A large room used to be assigned to her, which she shared with Prince Ertuğrul, her stepson, whenever he came back from Grasse.

Nazikeda later moved to Alexandria with Ulviye, and after her grave illness there, Sabiha joined them in 1938. In 1940, she attended the wedding of her granddaughter, Neslişah Sultan and Prince Mohamed Abdel Moneim, son of Egypt's last khedive Abbas Hilmi II.

Death
Nazikeda died at Maadi, Cairo, on 4 April 1941 and was buried in the mausoleum of Abbas Hilmi Pasha in Abbasiye Cemetery.

Issue

In popular culture
Nazikeda is a character in T. Byram Karasu's  historical novel Of God and Madness: A Historical Novel (2007).


Hideyo Noguchi

, also known as , was a prominent Japanese bacteriologist who in 1911 discovered the agent of syphilis as the cause of progressive paralytic disease.

Early life
Noguchi Hideyo was born in Inawashiro, Fukushima prefecture in 1876. When he was one and a half years old, he fell into a fireplace and suffered a burn injury on his left hand. There was no doctor in the small village, but one of the men examined the boy. "The fingers of the left hand are mostly gone," he said, "and the left arm, the left foot, and the right hand are burned; I don't know how badly."

In 1883, Noguchi entered Mitsuwa elementary school. Thanks to generous contributions from his teacher Kobayashi and his friends, he was able to receive surgery on his badly burned hand. He recovered about 70% mobility and functionality in his left hand through the operation.

Noguchi decided to become a doctor to help those in need. He apprenticed himself to , the same doctor who had performed the surgery. He entered Saisei Gakusha, which later became Nippon Medical School. He passed the examinations to practice medicine when he was twenty years old in 1897. He showed signs of great talent and was supported in his studies by Dr. Morinosuke Chiwaki. In 1898, he changed his first name to Hideyo after reading a novel about a doctor who had the same name—Seisaku—as him. The doctor in the story was intelligent like Noguchi but became lazy and ruined his life.

Career
In 1900 Noguchi travelled on the America Maru to the United States, where he obtained a job as a research assistant with Dr. Simon Flexner at the University of Pennsylvania and later at the Rockefeller Institute of Medical Research. He thrived in this environment.  At this time his work concerned venomous snakes.  In part, his move was motivated by difficulties in obtaining a medical position in Japan, as prospective employers were concerned that his hand deformity would discourage potential patients. In a research setting, he did not have a handicap. He and his peers learned from their work and from each other. In this period, a fellow research assistant in Flexner's lab was Frenchman Alexis Carrel, who would go on to win a Nobel Prize in 1912.

Noguchi's work later attracted the Prize committee's scrutiny. In the 21st century, the Nobel Foundation archives were opened for public inspection and research. Historians found that Noguchi was nominated several times for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine: in 1913-1915, 1920, 1921 and 1924-1927. During the 1920s, his work was being increasingly criticized for inaccuracies.

While working at the Rockefeller Institute of Medical Research in 1911, he was accused of inoculating orphan children with syphilis in the course of a clinical study. He was acquitted of any wrongdoing at the time but, since the late 20th century, his conduct of the study has come to be considered an early instance of unethical human experimentation. At the time, society had not developed a consensus about how to conduct human experimentation and feelings varied about the medical research community. Antivivisectionists linked their concerns for animals with concerns about humans. The American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children was founded in the late 19th century after the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals.

In 1913, Noguchi demonstrated the presence of Treponema pallidum (syphilitic spirochete) in the brain of a progressive paralysis patient, proving that the spirochete was the cause of the disease.  Dr. Noguchi's name is remembered in the binomial attached to another spirochete, Leptospira noguchii.

In 1918, Noguchi traveled extensively in Central America and South America working with the International Health Board to conduct research to develop a vaccine for yellow fever, and to research Oroya fever, poliomyelitis and trachoma. He believed that yellow fever was caused by spirochaete bacteria instead of a virus. He worked for much of the next ten years trying to prove this theory. His work on yellow fever was widely criticized as taking an inaccurate approach that was contradictory to contemporary research, and confusing yellow fever with other pathogens. In 1927-28 three different papers appeared in medical journals that discredited his theories. It turned out he had confused yellow fever with leptospirosis. The vaccine he developed against "yellow fever" was successfully used to treat the latter disease.

Human experimentation scandal
In 1911 and 1912 at the Rockefeller Institute in New York City, Noguchi was working to develop a syphilis skin test similar to the tuberculin skin test. The subjects were recruited from clinics and hospitals in New York. In the experiment, Noguchi injected an extract of syphilis, called luetin, under the subjects' upper arm skin. Skin reactions were studied, as they varied among healthy subjects and syphilis patients, based on the disease's stage and its treatment. Of the 571 subjects, 315 had syphilis. The remaining subjects were "controls;" they were orphans or hospital patients who did not have syphilis. The hospital patients were already being treated for various non-syphilitic diseases, such as malaria, leprosy, tuberculosis, and pneumonia. Finally, the controls were normal individuals, mostly children between the ages of 2 and 18 years. Critics at the time, mainly from the anti-vivisectionist movement, noted that Noguchi violated the rights of vulnerable orphans and hospital patients. There was concern on the part of anti-vivisectionists that the children would get syphilis from Noguchi's experiments.

It became a public scandal and the media discussed it. The editor of Life pointed out:
If the researcher had said to these patients: "Have I your permission to inject into your system a concoction more or less related to a hideous disease?"—the invalids might have declined.

In Noguchi's defense, Rockefeller Institute business manager Jerome D. Greene wrote a letter to the anti-vivisection society, which had protested the experiment. Greene pointed out that Noguchi had tested the extract on himself before administering it to subjects, and his fellow researchers had done the same, so it was impossible that the injections could cause syphilis. However, Noguchi himself was diagnosed with untreated syphilis in 1913, for which he refused treatment from Rockefeller Hospital. At the time, Greene's explanation was considered a demonstration of the importance of the studies and care the doctors were taking in research. In May 1912 the New York Society for the Prevention for Cruelty to Children asked the New York district attorney to press charges against Noguchi; he declined.

In the United States, it was not until the late 20th century that sufficient consensus developed about human experimentation to gain passage of laws to protect subjects. Along the way, more protocols were developed about informed consent and rights of patients/subjects.

Death
Following the death of Adrian Stokes of yellow fever in September 1927, it became increasingly evident that yellow fever was caused by a virus, not by the bacillus Leptospira icteroides, as Noguchi believed. Feeling his reputation was at stake, Noguchi hastened to Lagos to carry out additional research. However, he found the working conditions in Lagos did not suit him. At the invitation of Dr. William Alexander Young, the brilliant young director of the British Medical Research Institute, Accra, Gold Coast (modern-day Ghana), he moved to Accra and made this his base in 1927. However, Noguchi proved a very difficult guest and by May 1928 Young regretted his invitation. Noguchi was secretive and volatile, working almost entirely at night to avoid contact with fellow researchers. The diaries of Oskar Klotz, another researcher with the Rockefeller Foundation, describe Noguchi’s temper and behavior as erratic and bordering on the paranoid. His methods were haphazard. According to Klotz, he inoculated huge numbers of monkeys with yellow fever, but failed to keep proper records. He may have believed himself immune to yellow fever, having been inoculated with a vaccine of his own development. Possibly his erratic and irresponsible behavior was caused by the untreated syphilis with which he was diagnosed in 1913, and which may have progressed to neurosyphilis. Despite repeated promises to Young, Noguchi failed to keep infected mosquitoes in their specially designed secure housing. In May 1928, having failed to find evidence for his theories, Noguchi was set to return to New York, but was taken ill in Lagos. He boarded his ship to sail home, but on 12 May was put ashore at Accra and taken to a hospital with yellow fever. After lingering for some days, he died on 21 May.
In a letter home, Young states, "He died suddenly noon Monday. I saw him Sunday afternoon – he smiled – and amongst other things, said, “Are you sure you are quite well?" "Quite." I said, and then he said "I don’t understand."
Seven days later, despite exhaustive sterilisation of the site and most particularly of Noguchi's laboratory, Young himself died of yellow fever.

Legacy

While Noguchi was influential during his lifetime, later research was not able to reproduce many of his claims, including having discovered the causes of polio, rabies, syphilis, trachoma, and yellow fever.  His finding that Noguchia granulosis causes trachoma was questioned within a year of his death, and overturned shortly thereafter. His identification of the rabies pathogen was wrong,  because the medium he invented to cultivate bacteria was seriously prone to contamination. A fellow Rockefeller Institute researcher said that Noguchi "knew nothing about the pathology of yellow fever" and criticized him for being unwilling to issue retractions for false claims, saying, "I don't think that Noguchi was an honest scientist". Noguchi's failures have often been attributed to his tendency to work in isolation without the skeptical eye of fellow researchers. What are considered flaws in the Rockefeller Institute's system of peer review is also a frequent subject of criticism.

Noguchi's most famous contribution is his identification of the causative agent of syphilis (the bacteria Treponema pallidum) in the brain tissues of patients suffering from partial paralysis due to meningoencephalitis. Other lasting contributions include the use of snake venom in serums, the identification of the leishmaniasis pathogen and of Carrion's disease with Oroya fever. His claim to have grown a culture of syphilis has proven irreproducible.

Selected works
 1904:    The Action of Snake Venom Upon Cold-blooded Animals.
Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Institution. [OCLC 2377892]
 1909:    Snake Venoms: An Investigation of Venomous Snakes with Special Reference to the Phenomena of Their Venoms.
Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Institution. [OCLC 14796920]
 1911:   Serum Diagnosis of Syphilis and the Butyric Acid Test for Syphilis.
Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott. [OCLC 3201239]
 1923:   Laboratory Diagnosis of Syphilis: A Manual for Students and Physicians.
New York: P. B. Hoeber.  [OCLC 14783533]

Honors during Noguchi's lifetime

Noguchi was honored with Japanese and foreign decorations. He received honorary degrees from a number of universities.

He was self-effacing in his public life, and he often referred to himself as "funny Noguchi." Those who knew him well said that he "gloated in honors." When Noguchi was awarded an honorary doctorate at Yale, William Lyon Phelps observed that the kings of Spain, Denmark and Sweden had conferred awards, but "perhaps he appreciates even more than royal honors the admiration and the gratitude of the people."
 Kyoto Imperial University, Doctor of Medicine, 1909.
 Knight of the Order of Dannebrog, 1913 (Denmark).
 Commander of the Order of Isabella the Catholic, 1913 (Spain).
 Commander of the Order of the Polar Star, 1914 (Sweden).
 Tokyo Imperial University, Doctor of Science, 1914.
 Order of the Rising Sun, Gold Rays with Rosette, 1915.
 Imperial Award, Imperial Academy (Japan), 1915.
 Central University of Ecuador, 1919, (Ecuador).
 National University of San Marcos, 1920, (Peru)
 Medicine School of Merida, "Doctor Honoris Causa en Medicina y Cirugía", 1920 (México)
 University of Guayaquil, 1919, Ecuador.
 Yale University, 1921, (United States).
 Knight of the Legion of Honour of France, 1924
 Senior fifth rank in the order of precedence, Japanese government, 1925

Posthumous honors

Noguchi's remains were returned to the United States and buried in Woodlawn Cemetery in the Bronx, New York City.

In 1928, the Japanese government awarded Noguchi the Order of the Rising Sun, Gold and Silver Star, which represents the second highest of eight classes associated with the award.

In 1979, the Noguchi Memorial Institute of Medical Research (NMIMR) was founded with funds donated by the Japanese government at the University of Ghana in Legon, a suburb north of Accra.

Dr. Noguchi's portrait has been printed on Japanese 1000-yen banknotes since 2004. In addition, the house near Inawashiro where he was born and brought up is preserved. It is operated as part of a museum to his life and achievements.

Noguchi's name is honored at the Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr. Hideyo Noguchi at the Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán.

A 2.1 Km street in Guayaquil, Ecuador downtown is named after Dr. Hideyo Noguchi.

Hideyo Noguchi Africa Prize
The Japanese Government established the Hideyo Noguchi Africa Prize in July 2006 as a new international medical research and services award to mark the official visit by Prime Minister Jun'ichirō Koizumi to Africa in May 2006 and the 80th anniversary of Dr. Noguchi’s death.  The Prize is awarded to individuals with outstanding achievements in combating various infectious diseases in Africa or in establishing innovative medical service systems.  The presentation ceremony and laureate lectures coincided with the Fourth Tokyo International Conference on African Development in late April 2008. In 2009, the conference venue was moved from Tokyo to Yokohama as another way of honoring the man after whom the prize was named. In 1899, Dr. Noguchi worked at the Yokohama Port Quarantine Office as an assistant quarantine doctor.

The Prize is expected to be awarded every five years. The prize has been made possible through a combination of government funding and private donations.


Derivative algebra (abstract algebra)

In abstract algebra, a derivative algebra is an algebraic structure of the signature

<A, ·, +, ', 0, 1, D>

where

<A, ·, +, ', 0, 1>

is a Boolean algebra and D is a unary operator, the derivative operator, satisfying the identities:

 0D = 0
 xDD ≤ x + xD
 (x + y)D = xD + yD.

xD is called the derivative of x. Derivative algebras provide an algebraic abstraction of the derived set operator in topology. They also play the same role for the modal logic wK4 = K + p∧?p → ??p that Boolean algebras play for ordinary propositional logic.

References
 Esakia, L., Intuitionistic logic and modality via topology, Annals of Pure and Applied Logic, 127 (2004) 155-170
 McKinsey, J.C.C. and Tarski, A., The Algebra of Topology, Annals of Mathematics, 45 (1944) 141-191


Pattukkottai

Pattukkottai is one of the major town in Thanjavur district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The town came to prominence throughout Southern India after the construction of the fort by Vanaji Pandithar, a feudatory of the Thanjavur Maratha ruler Shahuji I in 1686–87. The recorded history of Pattukkottai is known from the 17th century and has been ruled, at different times, by the Thanjavur Marathas and the British. It is the headquarters of the Pattukkottai taluk of Thanjavur district and is one of the three municipalities in the district.

Pattukkottai comes under the Pattukkottai assembly constituency which elects a member to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly once every five years and it is a part of the Thanjavur (Lok Sabha constituency) which elects its Member of Parliament (MP) once in five years. The town is administered by the Pattukkottai municipality, which covers an area of . As of 2011, the town had a population of 73,135. The town is a part of the fertile Cauvery delta region, but fishery is the major occupation. Roadways and railways are the major mode of transportation to Pattukkottai and the nearest international airport is Tiruchirapalli Airport, located  away from the town, in the city of Tiruchirappalli.

History
According to an inscription, the fortress of Pattukkottai was constructed by Vanaji Pandithar, a feudatory of the Thanjavur Maratha ruler Shahuji I in 1686–87. Pattukkottai was ruled by the Thanjavur Marathas till 1799, when it was annexed by the British East India Company. It became a part of Tanjore district in 1801.

Having a population of 7,603 in 1901, Pattukkottai experienced a population splurge between 1941 and 1981, when its population quadrupled. Sri Puradhana Vaneswarar temple is the most important Hindu temple in Pattukkottai and is of considerable antiquity.

Geography

Pattukkottai  is located along the southeastern coast of India in the East-central region of Tamil Nadu, in the general Kaveri River delta area. Pattukkottai Municipality covers an area of 21.83 km2., and has an average elevation of 5  meters (16  feet). Pattukkottai is 48 km from the city of Thanjavur. The coast of the Bay of Bengal is just 12  km away, with Manora fort 15  km away from this town.

Pattukkottai lies on an extremely dry, rugged plateau. The Pattukkottai division is the only division of Thanjavur district which is not watered either by the Kaveri River or any of its tributaries or distributaries. Pattukkottai comes under the "As" region of the Köppen climate classification, as it is situated in Tropical region and receive its maximum rainfall during the winter months from October, November and December. Due to its geographical position, Pattukkottai generally experiences hot and humid climates and there is little to no extreme variation in seasonal temperature. As it is nearer to the equator, the summer season starts from April and extends till early June. This period observes the hottest part of the year, locally known as "Agni Nakshatram" or "Khatri veyil".

Demographics

According to 2011 census, Pattukkottai had a population of 73,135 with a sex-ratio of 1,010 females for every 1,000 males, which is much higher than the national average of 929. A total of 7,019 people in the town were under the age of six, constituting 3,630 males and 3,389 females. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes accounted for 5.86% and 0.8% of the population respectively. The average literacy rate of the town is 80.68%, which is higher compared to the national average of 72.99%. The town had a total of 18,437 households. There were a total of 25,908 workers: 623 cultivators, 2,044 main agricultural labourers, 697 in household industries, 19,653 other workers, 2,891 marginal workers, 118 marginal cultivators, 534 marginal agricultural labourers, 172 marginal workers in household industries and 2,067 other marginal workers.

As per the religious census of 2011, Pattukkottai had 86.82% Hindus, 7.57% Muslims, 5.34% Christians, 0.02% Sikhs, 0.07% Buddhists, 0.06% Jains, 0.1% following other religions and 0.02% following no religion or did not indicate any religious preference.

Tamil is the official language and is predominantly spoken. The most commonly used dialects is the Central Tamil dialect. English is widely understood in the town area. Both languages are widely used for various purposes such as commerce, in the town.

Administration

The municipality of Pattukkottai was constituted on 1 April 1965 covering an area of 21.83 sq. kilometres. Pattukkottai was upgraded to a second-grade municipality on 1 April 1975 and a first-grade municipality on 7 April 1984. Presently, it is a
selection-grade municipality and consists of 33 wards. The municipality is sub-divided into five revenue villages – Nadiyambal Puram, Kailasanathapuram, Maharajasamudram, Rengojiyappa Thottam and Pappaveli Palayamkottai.

Pattukkottai is a MLA constituency and has been a part of the Thanjavur parliamentary constituency from 2009. Prior to that, it fell within the Pudukkottai constituency. As per the latest draft electoral rolls released by the election commission, the Pattukottai assembly segment comprises 1,77,798 voters (85,476 male and 83,902 female). Besides Pattukkottai Municipality, the Assembly segment includes Madukkur Town Panchayat, Adirampattinam Town Panchayat and a number of villages.

Pattukkottai is a part of the Thanjavur Lok Sabha constituency and elects a member to the Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Parliament of India, once every five years. The Lok Sabha seat has been held by the Indian National Congress for Seven terms during 1951–56, 1957–62, 1962–1967, 1980–84, 1984–1989, 1989–91 and 1991–96, Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam for Seven terms during 1967–71, 1971–77, 1996–98, 1998–99, 1999-04, 2004–09 and 2009–present and All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam for one term during 1977–80. R. Venkataraman, who served as the President of India from 1987 to 1992, was elected from the Thanjavur Lok Sabha constituency in the 1951 elections.

Economy
In British times, brass vessels, cotton cloths and mats were the main manufactures of Pattukkottai. In 1951, anthropologist Kathleen Gough notes that Pattukkottai had the largest portion of zamindari and inam lands in Thanjavur district.

Agriculture, using water from the Kaveri River for irrigation, is the mainstay of the area, though the town hosts a number of other businesses. Paddy and coconut are the major crops, however, a large variety of produce is grown in and around Pattukkottai. Pattukkottai was declared a "coir cluster" in September 2007 in order to promote traditional coir-based industries.

In Tamil Nadu, after Pollachi, coconut cultivation has been extensively done in Pattukkottai's surroundings on 30,000 hectares of land along the coast. Pattukottai has been declared a Coir Cluster under a Central scheme called "Scheme Fund for Regeneration of Traditional Industries" (SFURT). A coconut complex at Ponnvarayankottai near Pattukottai is to be constructed at a cost of Rs.4 Crores and will have sections for trading, grading coconuts and separating copra, drying yard, shops for traders, and for tourists, restrooms, information centre and parking lots. It would be expanded in future depending upon the needs of farmers. There are also demands to set up industries to promote Coir-related products with value addition.

Utility services
Electricity supply to Pattukkottai is regulated and distributed by the Tamil Nadu Electricity Board (TNEB). The city along with its suburbs is a part of Trichy Electricity Distribution Circle. Water supply is handled by the municipality and the town gets an average of 7.65 million litres of water everyday from the Sathankadu head works pumped from 3 pumping stations. Pattukkottai has a total of 63 kilometres of metalled roads, 9.5 kilometres of cemented roads and 0.1 kilometre of unsurfaced roads.  The municipality maintains 5 parks, 5 shopping complexes and a daily market.

Solid waste are collected from Pattukkottai every day by door-to-door collection and subsequently the source segregation and dumping is carried out by the sanitary department of the Pattukottai municipality. The coverage of solid waste management had an efficiency of 100% as of 2001. There is no underground drainage system in the town and the current sewerage system for disposal of sullage is through septic tanks, open drains and public conveniences.

There is one government hospital, 24 private hospitals and a lot of practising doctors in Pattukkottai who take care of the health care needs of the citizens. There are a total of 2,883 street lamps: 448 sodium lamps, 2,432 tube lights and three high mast beam lamps. The municipality operates one markets, namely the Alagiri Daily Market, while there is a private market by name V.N.S.Market. Pattukkottai comes under the Thanjavur Telecom circle of the Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL), India's state-owned telecom and internet services provider. Apart from telecom, BSNL also provides broadband internet service.

Pattukkottai has a total of 21 primary and secondary schools and a polytechnic college. There are two arts colleges.

Transport
Pattukkottai is well-connected by road and rail with the rest of Tamil Nadu. There are regular buses to Chennai, Bangalore, Thanjavur, Tiruchirappalli, Madurai, Karaikudi, Kumbakonam, Orathanadu, Mayiladuthurai, Thiruthuraipoondi, Mannargudi, Aranthangi, Manamelkudi, Tiruvannamalai, Sivagangai, Perumagalur, Rajapalayam, Dindigul, Tirupati, Thiruppur, Coimbatore, Palani, Thiruvannamalai, Ariyalur, Nagapattinam, Vedharanyam, Chidambaram, Nagore, Thiruvarur, Rameshwaram, Thiruchendur, Sivagangai, Devakottai, Paramakudi, Thoothukudi, Thirunelveli, Thisayanvilai, Nagarcoil, Thiruvanathapuram, Kaliyakkavilai,and other towns and cities throughout Tamil Nadu. There are some newly created routes which heads to inter state cities also. Pattukkottai forms a part of the division number. 1 of the Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation which is headquartered at Kumbakonam. The town has 2 bus depots for inter-city bus services. Pattukkottai comes under Tiruchirappalli Railway Division of the Southern Railway.

Pattukkottai railway station is situated on the main route of Chennai Egmore - Rameswaram line, which is located approximately 500 metres east from Bus station towards Adirampattinam. currently, the railway station is not operational as the Metre gauge to Broad gauge work is in progress and is expected to resume operations in 2020.


Berezinian

In mathematics and theoretical physics, the Berezinian or superdeterminant is a generalization of the determinant to the case of supermatrices. The name is for Felix Berezin. The Berezinian plays a role analogous to the determinant when considering coordinate changes for integration on a supermanifold.

Definition
The Berezinian is uniquely determined by two defining properties:

where str(X) denotes the supertrace of X. Unlike the classical determinant, the Berezinian is defined only for invertible supermatrices.

The simplest case to consider is the Berezinian of a supermatrix with entries in a field K. Such supermatrices represent linear transformations of a super vector space over K. A particular even supermatrix is a block matrix of the form

Such a matrix is invertible if and only if both A and D are invertible matrices over K. The Berezinian of X is given by

For a motivation of the negative exponent see the substitution formula in the odd case.

More generally, consider matrices with entries in a supercommutative algebra R. An even supermatrix is then of the form

where A and D have even entries and B and C have odd entries. Such a matrix is invertible if and only if both A and D are invertible in the commutative ring R0 (the even subalgebra of R). In this case the Berezinian is given by

or, equivalently, by

These formulas are well-defined since we are only taking determinants of matrices whose entries are in the commutative ring R0.  The matrix

is known as the Schur complement of A relative to

An odd matrix X can only be invertible if the number of even dimensions equals the number of odd dimensions.  In this case, invertibility of X is equivalent to the invertibility of JX, where

Then the Berezinian of X is defined as

Properties
The Berezinian of  is always a unit in the ring R0.

 where  denotes the supertranspose of .

Berezinian module

The determinant of an endomorphism of a  free module M can be defined as the induced action on the 1-dimensional highest exterior power of M. In the supersymmetric case there is no highest exterior power, but there is a still a similar definition of the Berezinian as follows.

Suppose that M is a free module of dimension (p,q) over R. Let A be the (super)symmetric algebra S*(M*) of the dual M* of M. Then an automorphism of M acts on the ext module

(which has dimension (1,0) if q is even and dimension (0,1) if q is odd))
as multiplication by  the Berezianian.


Sallingberg

Sallingberg is a municipality in the district of Zwettl in the Austrian state of Lower Austria.

Population


Bhojpur, Madhya Pradesh

Bhojpur is a town of historical and religious importance in Raisen District of Madhya Pradesh, India.

Geography and hydrology

Bhojpur is situated on the Betwā River, 28 km from Bhopal, the state capital of Madhya Pradesh. The site is located on sandstone ridges typical of central India, next to a deep gorge through which the Betwā River flows. Two large dams, constructed of massive hammer-dressed stones, were built in the eleventh century to divert and block the Betwā, so creating a large lake. The approximate size of the lake is shown in the site plan given here.

The dams were constructed of cyclopean masonry on a massive scale. The dam to the north is preserved, but the one immediately below the temple was knocked down by an exceptional surge in the Monsoon that occurred in the mid-eleventh century. A myth about the Bhojpur dams has emerged thanks to the writing of William Kincaid. He mis-interpreted an account in a Persian chronicle (recording that a dam was opened on the orders of Hoshang Shah of Malwa), as referring to Bhojpur, an idea elaborated by U. N. Day in 1965 and repeated subsequently in the years that followed.  The account, translated by U. N. Day from Persian, states that the king pulled down a dam at the request of local merchants in Bhopal and Vidisha whose caravans were being raided by bandits who would take refuge at an inaccessible spot protected by the lake. This account refers to the Bhojtal at Bhopal where even today an island in the middle of the lake can be seen. The dam at Bhopal was subsequently repaired and further raised when the Kamlapati Palace palace was constructed in the eighteenth century.

History
Bhojpur takes its name from king Bhoja (reg. c. 1000–1055 CE), the most celebrated ruler of the Paramāra dynasty. There is no archaeological evidence from Bhojpur before the eleventh century, a fact confirmed by local legends which recount how Bhoja made a vow to build a series of dams "to arrest the streams of nine rivers and ninety-nine rivulets". A location was found in the kingdom that allowed the king to fulfil this vow and the dams were duly built at Bhojpur.

Places of historical and archaeological importance

Bhojeśvar or Bhojasvāmin temple

Bhojpur is famous for the incomplete Bhojeśvar temple dedicated to Shiva. The site is under the protection of the Archaeological Survey of India as a monument of national importance. The temple houses one of the largest liṅga-s in India,  5.5 m (18 ft) tall and 2.3 m (7.5 ft) in circumference. It is crafted out a single rock. The liṅga was repaired by the Archaeological Survey of India who also added a roof over the top to prevent weather damage.

The attribution of the temple to Bhoja is based on the testimony of Merutuṅga, who reports in the Prabandhacintāmaṇi that Bhoja bestowed on the poet Māgha "all the merit of the new Bhojasvāmin temple that he was about to build himself", and then "set out for the country of Mālava". The style of the sculpture on the building confirms an early to mid-eleventh-century date for the structure.

The building as it stands consists of the inner cella or garbhagṛha, supported by massive pillars, surmounted with an elegant corbelled dome. The outer walls and superstructure of the temple were never built, but unfinished parts lie nearby.

Quarries and rock drawings

The temple at Bhojpur is unique in being left unfinished, with a series of large architectural parts still located in the quarries where the stones were cut and fashioned. In addition, there are a significant number of architectural drawings engraved on the flat surfaces of the quarry showing mouldings, pillars, and temple plans. Also of note is the large earthen ramp behind the temple which shows how medieval craftsmen raised the large blocks of stone into position. The drawings and architectural parts have been subject to in-depth study and with a book on the subject published by the Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts.

Jain temples

Bhojpur also has an unfinished Jain temple containing a 6-meter-tall statue of Bhagwan Shantinath and two statues of Bhagwan Parshvanath (left) and Bhagwan Suparshvanatha (right). On the base of  the central images of Lord Shatinath there is an inscription mentioning king Bhoja, the only epigraphic evidence connecting Bhoja to the site.  The Suparshanath image on left has an inscription date samvat 1157 which mentions Naravarman, the nephew of king Bhoja, and mentions that the two smaller idols were installed by the grandson of Nemichandra of Vemaka community, who had installed the main image in the middleThe same temple complex hosts shrine for Ācārya Manatunga who wrote Bhaktamara Stotra.

Main Temple & Idol
This huge temple was established in year 1100 AD. The miraculous idol of principal deity Bhagwan Shantinath in standing posture (22½ feet in height) is installed in the huge sanctum of this temple. On the both sides of this idol, 2 standing beautiful idols of Bhagwan Parshvanath & Suparshvanath (7th Teerthankar) 8 feet in height each are installed. Near the feet of Bhagwan Shantinath, artistic whisk bearers are carved on both sides.

Cave of Pārvatī
Immediately opposite the temple, on the west side of the gorge facing the Betwā, is a rock-shelter or cave, now occupied by religious mendicants. Popularly known as Pārvatī's Cave, the cave contains a number of sculptures and architectural fragments dating to the eleventh century.

Remains of Bhoja's Royal Palace

On the low plateau above the Cave of Pārvatī and opposite the Bhojpur temple are the remains of Bhoja's palace. Only the foundations survive. The complex is laid out as a grid in a square, with a courtyard in the centre (see site plan above). It is oriented on an exact north-south axis as prescribed in the Samarāṅganasūtradhāra, an architectural treatise ascribed to Bhoja. Among the many features of interest are unfinished carved blocks and graffiti engraved on the rock floor. The latter includes diagrams for games and a series of names dating to the eleventh century and later. The palace is a unique survival, being the only medieval building of its kind in northern India. Its association with Bhoja and its close conformity to a text ascribed to the king mark it out as a site of national and international cultural importance. The site of the palace, like the neighbouring dams, is unprotected. The remains of the palace are being slowly destroyed as local people collect stones for modern building purposes.

Cultural activities and festivals
Every year, on the occasion of Maha Shivaratri, a big mela is organized at Bhojpur.

Gallery


Manasterz, Przeworsk County

Manasterz  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Jawornik Polski, within Przeworsk County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in south-eastern Poland. It lies approximately  north-east of Jawornik Polski,  south-west of Przeworsk, and  east of the regional capital Rzeszów.


St Wilfrid's Church, Preston

Saint Wilfrid's is a Roman Catholic church run by the Society of Jesus, in the city centre of Preston, Lancashire, England. It was built in 1793 and is situated between Fishergate and Winckley Square on Chapel Street.

Dedication
The church is dedicated to Wilfrid (c.633-c.709), an English bishop and saint. He founded a monastic community in Ripon and was Bishop of Northumbria from 664-668 and 714-732.

Saint Wilfrid must have had a particular devotion in Preston, because the original parish church, the present-day St. John's Minster, was originally called St Wilfrid's. However, it changed its dedication to St. John the Baptist in 1581, and again to St. John the Evangelist in 1770, meaning that when St. Wilfrid's church was built in 1793, there was no confusion between the two.

History

Founding
The first post-reformation Catholic church in Preston was established by Jesuits in 1761, St Mary's in Friargate.

This church, now demolished, soon became too small and was replaced by St Wilfrid's which was begun in April 1792 and finished 14 months later and cost £4000.

The church was built before the Restoration of the English Catholic hierarchy, which probably explains why such a large church is relatively discreet in the landscape of Preston city centre. Instead of being at right-angles to the street, it is parallel and does not have a surrounding green space or a spire to make it more distinctive.

The driving force behind the building of the church was Father Joseph 'Daddy' Dunn, a Jesuit who continued ministering as a Catholic priest during the suppression of the Society of Jesus.

The first stage of building the church was to have plain brick edifice with a balcony around the three sides facing the altar inside. However, soon the congregation outgrew the church and it was decided not only that the church needed expanding, but it needed to be grander.

Remodelling

In 1878 a new 'sodality' chapel and confessionals were added and the inside of the church was remodelled.  One of the architects of this remodelling was in fact a Jesuit priest, Fr. Ignatius Scoles SJ, son of the architect Joseph John Scoles, who designed the Church of the Immaculate Conception, Farm Street in London, St Ignatius Church in Preston and the Church of St Francis Xavier in Liverpool. This new stage of building work was finished in 1880.

Ten years later stone cladding and terra-cotta and stone carvings were added to the exterior and elaborate marbles from all over Europe were fixed to the interior walls and columns. The final church, after renovations of 1996, still looks fresh and bright.

Unusually for a Catholic church today, St Wilfrid's was never really re-ordered for the post-Vatican II liturgy. It retains the altar rails and high altar with very little modification.

Ministry
The church is still administered by the Society of Jesus whose community is next door on Winckley Square, and who ran the nearby Preston Catholic College until its closure in 1978. The church itself is open daily during shopping hours and is a place of quiet and prayer for young and old alike.

The adjacent parish centre hosts various activity groups, such as the local Society of Saint Vincent de Paul and Christian Life Community. It also houses a sanctuary bookshop which sells religious items such as rosaries, missals and crucifixes.

Gallery


"Nothing in Biology Makes Sense Except in the Light of Evolution" is a 1973 essay by the evolutionary biologist Theodosius Dobzhansky, criticising anti-evolution creationism and espousing theistic evolution. The essay was first published in American Biology Teacher in 1973.

Dobzhansky first used the title statement, in a slight variation, in a 1964 presidential address to the American Society of Zoologists, "Biology, Molecular and Organismic", to assert the importance of organismic biology in response to the challenge of the rising field of molecular biology. The term "light of evolution"—or sub specie evolutionis—had been used earlier by the Jesuit priest Pierre Teilhard de Chardin and then by the biologist Julian Huxley.

Overview
Dobzhansky opens with a critique of Shaikh Abdul Aziz bin Baz, the then Grand Mufti of Saudi Arabia, for holding a belief based on scripture that the Sun revolves around the Earth. Dobzhansky asserts that "it is ludicrous to mistake the Bible and the Koran for primers of natural science. They treat of matters even more important: the meaning of man and his relations to God." He then criticizes the early English antievolutionist Philip Henry Gosse – who had proposed that fossils were created in the places where they were found – for blasphemously implying that God is deceitful.

As he had said in his earlier presidential address, "If the living world has not arisen from common ancestors by means of an evolutionary process, then the fundamental unity of living things is a hoax and their diversity is a joke."  These two themes of the unity of living things and the diversity of life provide central themes for his essay.

Addressing the diversity of life on Earth, Dobzhansky asks whether God was joking when he created different species for different environments.  This diversity becomes reasonable and understandable, however, if Creation takes place not by the whim of the Creator "but by evolution propelled by natural selection."  He further illustrates this diversity from his own investigation of the widely diverse range of species of fruit flies in Hawaii.  Either the Creator, "in a fit of absent mindedness," created many species of fruit flies in Hawaii, or the fruit flies that arrived on the islands, diversified to fill a wide range of vacant ecological niches.

He illustrates the unity of living things using the molecular sequence of cytochrome C, which Emanuel Margoliash and Walter M. Fitch had shown to be similar in a wide range of species, including monkeys, tuna, kangaroos, and yeast. This unity is further illustrated by the similarity of the embryos of different species.  Either God deliberately arranged things "to mislead sincere seekers of truth" or these similarities are the result of evolution.

Dobzhansky concludes that scripture and science are two different things: "It is a blunder to mistake the Holy Scriptures for elementary textbooks of astronomy, geology, biology, and anthropology."

One response to this paper was a paper by Stephen Dilley, "Nothing in biology makes sense except in light of theology?". This argued that Dobzhansky's arguments all "hinge[d] upon sectarian claims about God’s nature, actions, purposes, or duties"—claims that in Dilley's view required more justification and appeared mutually incompatible.

The underlying theme
The underlying theme of the essay is the need to teach biological evolution in the context of debate about creation and evolution in public education in the United States. The fact that evolution occurs explains the interrelatedness of the various facts of biology, and so makes biology make sense. The concept has become firmly established as a unifying idea in biology education.

The phrase
The notion of the "light of evolution" came originally from the vitalist Jesuit priest Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, whom Dobzhansky much admired. In the last paragraph of the article, Dobzhansky quotes from de Chardin's 1955 The Phenomenon of Man:
(Evolution) general condition to which all theories, all hypotheses, all systems must bow and which they must satisfy henceforward if they are to be thinkable and true. Evolution is a light which illuminates all facts, a curve that all lines must follow. (p. 219 of The Phenomenon of Man)

The phrase "nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution" has come into common use by those opposing creationism or its variant called intelligent design. While the essay argues (following de Chardin) that Christianity and evolutionary biology are compatible, a position described as evolutionary creationism or theistic evolution, the phrase is also used by those who consider that "in biology" includes anthropology, and those who consider a creator to be unnecessary, such as Richard Dawkins who published The Selfish Gene just three years later.

Quotations


National Lampoon The Best of No. 5

National Lampoon The Best of #5, subtitled "Sloppy Seconds", was an American humor book that was published in 1974. The book was a "special issue" of National Lampoon magazine, so it was sold on newsstands; however, it was put out in addition to the regular issues of the magazine.

The book is a "best-of", an anthology, a compilation of pieces that had already been published in the magazine, pieces that had been created by the National Lampoon's regular contributors.


Carlos Schvartzman

Carlos Schvartzman (November 4, 1947) is a Paraguayan pianist, guitarist, composer, arranger and orchestrator of jazz and contemporary music. He was born and raised in Asunción, the capital of Paraguay. He has also been involved in pop music, writing orchestral arrangements for soloists, vocal groups, music for TV, advertising jingles, and occasionally a classic style music with modern harmony of the 20th century. He participated as a conductor, arranger and composer for international song festivals (such as Viña del Mar, during the 70s). He is regarded as one of the most notable musicians in the country.

Schvartzman was born in Asunción, into a family of Ukrainian-Jewish background.