Battle of Dak To

{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict    = Battle of Dak To
| partof      = the Vietnam War
| image       = McAt1.jpg
| image_size  = 300px
| caption     = A U.S. Paratrooper calls for a medic as the 1st Battalion, 503rd Infantry battles for Hill 882, southwest of Dak To, November, 1967
| date        = 3–23 November 1967
|coordinates=
| place       = Dak To, Kon Tum Province, Republic of Vietnam
| map_type    = Vietnam
| map_relief  = 1
| result      = See "Aftermath"
| combatant1  =
| combatant2  =  North Vietnam Viet Cong
| commander1  = MG William R. PeersBG Leo H. Schweiter
| commander2  = Hoàng Minh Thảo(Military)Trần Thế Môn(Political)
| strength1   = 16,000
| strength2   = ~Four Regiments~6,000
| casualties1 =  361 killed15 missing1,441 wounded<ref name=Murphy>{{cite book|last=Murphy|first=Edward F.|title=Dak To: America's Sky Soldiers in South Vietnam's Central Highlands|publisher=Ballantine|year=2007|isbn=9780891419105|page=325}}</ref>40 helicopters lostTwo C-130 Hercules transport aircraft, one F-4C fighter lost 73 killed18 missing290 WoundedTotal: 432 killed33 missing1,771 wounded
PAVN/VC claim 4,570 killed or wounded 70 aircraft destroyed52 vehicles (incl. 16 tanks) destroyed18 artillery pieces and 2 ammunition depots destroyed 104 guns and 17 radio sets captured
| casualties2 = US body count: ~1,000–1,664 killed~1,000–2,000 wounded275 individual and 94 crew-served weapons recovered.
| campaignbox =
}}

The battle of Dak To () in Vietnam was a series of major engagements of the Vietnam War that took place between 3 and 23 November 1967, in Kon Tum Province, in the Central Highlands of the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam). The action at Đắk Tô was one of a series of People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) offensive initiatives that began during the second half of the year. PAVN attacks at Lộc Ninh (in Bình Long Province), Song Be (in Phước Long Province) and at Con Thien and Khe Sanh, (in Quảng Trị Province), were other actions which, combined with Đắk Tô, became known as "the border battles". The post hoc purported objective of the PAVN forces was to distract American and South Vietnamese forces away from cities towards the borders in preparation for the Tet Offensive.

During the summer of 1967, engagements with PAVN forces in the area prompted the launching of Operation Greeley, a combined search and destroy effort by elements of the U. S. 4th Infantry Division and 173rd Airborne Brigade, along with the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) 42nd Infantry Regiment, 22nd Division and Airborne units. The fighting was intense and lasted into late 1967, when the PAVN seemingly withdrew.

By late October U.S. intelligence indicated that local communist units had been reinforced and combined into the PAVN 1st Division, which was to capture of Đắk Tô and the destruction of a brigade-size U.S. unit. Information provided by a PAVN defector provided the allies a good indication of the locations of PAVN forces. This intelligence prompted the launching of Operation MacArthur and brought the units back to the area along with more reinforcements from the ARVN Airborne Division. The battles on the hill masses south and southeast of Đắk Tô became some of the hardest-fought and bloodiest battles of the Vietnam War.

Background
Border outpost

During the early stages of the U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War, several U.S. Special Forces Civilian Irregular Defense Group (CIDG) camps were established along the borders of South Vietnam in order both to maintain surveillance of PAVN and Viet Cong (VC) infiltration and to provide support and training to isolated Montagnard villagers, who bore the brunt of the fighting in the area. One of these camps was built near the village and airstrip at Đắk Tô. After 1965, Đắk Tô was also utilized as a forward operations base by the highly classified MACV-SOG, which launched reconnaissance teams from there to gather intelligence on the Ho Chi Minh Trail across the border in Laos. In 1967, under the overall direction of commander of Special Forces in Vietnam, Col. Jonathan Ladd, the camp began to take mortar fire. Ladd flew in, organized reconnaissance and identified the entrenched hill bunker complex as the source of the shelling. Journalist Neil Sheehan quoted Ladd as recommending, unsuccessfully, to Major General William R. Peers: "For God's sake, General, don't send our people in there .... That's what the bastards want us to do. They'll butcher our people. If they want to fight us, let them come down here where we can kill them."

Đắk Tô lies on a flat valley floor, surrounded by waves of ridgelines that rise into peaks (some as high as ) that stretch westward and southwestward towards the tri-border region where South Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia meet. Western Kon Tum Province is covered by double- and triple-canopy rainforests, and the only open areas were filled in by bamboo groves whose stalks sometimes reached  in diameter. Landing zones (LZs) large enough for helicopters were few and far between, which meant that most troop movements could only be carried out on foot. Temperatures in the highlands could reach 95° Fahrenheit (35° Celsius) during the day and could drop to as low as 55° Fahrenheit (12.78° Celsius) in the evening.

Operation Greeley

In January 1967, MG Peers had taken command of the 4th Infantry Division, which had responsibility for the defense of western Kon Tum Province. Prior to the onset of the summer monsoon, Peers set up blocking positions from the 4th Infantry Division's 1st Brigade base camp at Jackson Hole, west of Pleiku, and launched Operation Francis Marion on 17 May. The 4th had on hand its 1st and 2nd Brigades, while its 3rd Brigade operated with the 25th Infantry Division northwest of Saigon.

Throughout the middle of 1967, however, western Kon Tum Province became a magnet for several PAVN spoiling attacks and it appeared that the PAVN were paying an increasing amount of attention to the area. Immediately after taking command, Peers instituted guidelines for his units in order to prevent them from being isolated and overrun in the rugged terrain, which also did much to negate the U.S. superiority in firepower. Battalions were to act as single units instead of breaking down into individual companies in order to search for their enemy. If rifle companies had to act independently, they were not to operate more than one kilometer or one hour's march from one another. If contact with the enemy was made, the unit was to be immediately reinforced. These measures went far in reducing the 4th Infantry's casualties.

These heavy enemy contacts prompted Peers to request reinforcement, and as a result, on 17 June, two battalions of Brigadier General John R. Deane's 173rd Airborne Brigade were moved into the Đắk Tô area to begin sweeping the jungle-covered mountains in Operation Greeley. The 173rd had been operating near Bien Hoa Air Base outside Saigon and had been in combat only against VC guerrillas. Prior to its deployment to the highlands, Peer's operations officer, Colonel William J. Livsey, attempted to warn the Airborne officers of the hazards of campaigning in the Highlands. He also advised them that PAVN regulars were a much better equipped and motivated force than the VC. These warnings, however, made little impression on the paratroopers, who were unaccustomed to PAVN tactics and strength in the area.

On 20 June, Company C, 2nd Battalion, 503rd Infantry Regiment discovered the bodies of a CIDG unit that had been missing for four days on Hill 1338 (), the dominant hill mass south of Dak To. Supported by Company A, the Americans moved up the hill and set up for the night. At 06:58 the following morning, Company A began moving alone up a ridge finger and triggered an ambush by the PAVN 6th Battalion, 24th Regiment. Company C was ordered to go to support, but heavy vegetation and difficult terrain made movement extremely difficult. Artillery support was rendered ineffective by the limited range of visibility and the "belt-grabbing" - or "hugging" - tactics of the PAVN (PAVN/VC troops were instructed to open their actions or move as close to American forces as possible, thereby negating U.S. artillery, aerial, and helicopter gunship strikes, which demanded a safety margin for utilization – hence, "grabbing the enemy by the belt). Close air support was impossible for the same reasons. Company A managed to survive repeated attacks throughout the day and night, but the cost was heavy. Of the 137 men that comprised the unit, 76 had been killed and another 23 wounded. A search of the battlefield revealed only 15 PAVN dead.

U.S. headquarters press releases, made four days after the conclusion of what came to be called "The Battle of the Slopes", claimed that 475 PAVN had been killed while the 173rd's combat after action report claimed 513 enemy dead. The men of Company A estimated that only 50–75 PAVN troops had been killed during the entire action. Such losses among American troops could not go unpunished. The operations officer of the 4th Infantry went so far as to recommend that General Deane be relieved of command. Such a drastic measure, however, would only provide more grist for what was becoming a public relations fiasco. In the end, the commander and junior officers of Company C (whose only crime was that of caution) were transferred to other units.

In response to the destruction of Company A, MACV ordered additional forces into the area. On 23 June, the 1st Battalion, 1st Brigade, 1st Air Cavalry Division arrived to bolster the 173rd. The following day, the elite ARVN 1st Airborne Task Force (the 5th and 8th Battalions) and the 3rd Brigade, 1st Air Cavalry Division arrived to conduct search and destroy operations north and northeast of Kon Tum. General Deane sent his forces 20 kilometers west and southwest of Dak To in search of the 24th Regiment.

After establishing Fire Support Base 4 on Hill 664, approximately 11 kilometers southwest of Đắk Tô, the 4/503rd Airborne Infantry found the PAVN K-101D Battalion of the Doc Lap Regiment on 10 July. As the four companies of the battalion neared the crest of Hill 830 they were struck by a wall of small arms and machine gun fire and blasted by B-40 rocket-propelled grenades and mortar fire. Any advance was impossible, so the paratroopers remained in place for the night. The following morning, the PAVN were gone. The 4/503rd suffered 22 dead and 62 wounded. The bodies of three PAVN soldiers were found on the site.

PAVN pressure against CIDG outposts at Dak Seang and Dak Sek, 20 and 45 kilometers north of Đắk Tô respectively, was the impetus for dispatching the ARVN 42nd Infantry Regiment into the area while the ARVN Airborne battalion moved to Dak Seang. On 4 August, the 1/42nd encountered the PAVN on a hilltop west of Dak Seang, setting off a three-day battle that drew in the ARVN Airborne. The 8th Airborne, along with U.S. Army advisers, was airlifted into a small unimproved air field next to the Special Forces camp at Dak Seang. The camp was under sporadic fire and probing ground attack by PAVN forces. This occurred when its Special Forces commander and a patrol failed to return and the camp received what appeared to be preparatory fire for a full scale ground attack by PAVN. The terrain was high mountains with triple canopy jungle. The importance of the Dak Seang camp was that it lay astride the Ho Chi Minh Trail, the main infiltration route of the PAVN into the South.

About a kilometer from the camp, the Army advisers and the 8th Airborne came upon the bodies of the lost Special Forces patrol, all dead, including the camp commander. As the 8th Airborne moved up the mountain, the lead elements were taking small arms fire. Before long, it was obvious that the PAVN troops had filtered down on all sides. By noon of 4 August, the 8th Airborne with its advisers were in a fight that lasted several days. When the unit finally overwhelmed the PAVN forces because of superior firepower in air and artillery, it reached the top of the mountain and found a fully operational PAVN Headquarters, complete with hospital facilities and anti-aircraft emplacements. During the three-day battle, the 8th Airborne Battalion alone withstood six separate ground attacks and casualties among all the ARVN units were heavy.

By mid-August, contact with PAVN forces decreased, leading the Americans to conclude that they had withdrawn across the border. The bulk of the ARVN Airborne units were then returned to their bases around Saigon for rest and refitting. On 23 August, General Deane turned over command of the 173rd to Brigadier General Leo H. Schweiter. On 17 September, two battalions of the 173rd departed the area to protect the rice harvest in Phú Yên Province. The 2/503rd remained at Đắk Tô along with the 3rd ARVN Airborne Battalion to carry out a sweep of the Toumarong Valley north of Đắk Tô and the suspected location of a PAVN regimental headquarters. After three weeks of fruitless searching, however, the operation was halted on 11 October. Operation Greeley was over.

Prelude

By early October, U.S. intelligence reported that the North Vietnamese were withdrawing regiments from the Pleiku area to join those in Kon Tum Province, thereby dramatically increasing the strength of local forces to that of a full division. In response, the 4th Infantry began moving the 3rd Battalion, 12th Infantry and the 3rd Battalion, 8th Infantry into Đắk Tô to launch Operation MacArthur. On 29 October, the 4/503rd Airborne Infantry returned to the area as a reinforcement. The battalion was moved west of Đắk Tô to the Ben Het CIDG Camp to protect the construction of Fire Support Base 12 on 2 November. The PAVN's official history places the context for the PAVN/VC as a directive from the General Staff for battlefields groups increase operations to allow local forces and units to preserve strength, and for battlefields groups to conduct exercises and gain experience.

On 3 November, Sergeant Vu Hong, an artillery specialist with the PAVN 6th Regiment, defected to the South Vietnamese and was able to provide U.S. forces with detailed information on the disposition of PAVN forces and their objectives, both at Đắk Tô and at Ben Het, 18 kilometers to the west. The PAVN had fed approximately 6,000 troops into the area, most of which made up the 1st Division. The 66th Regiment was southwest of Đắk Tô preparing to launch the main attack, while the 32nd Regiment was moved south to prevent any counterattacks against the 66th. The independent 24th Regiment held positions northeast of Đắk Tô to prevent reinforcement of the base from that direction. The 174th Regiment was northwest of Đắk Tô, acting as a reserve or an offensive force as the situation dictated. In addition, the 1st Division was supported by the 40th Artillery Regiment. The goal of these units was the taking of Đắk Tô and the destruction of a brigade-size American unit.

The PAVN actions around Đắk Tô were part of an overall strategy devised by the Hanoi leadership, primarily that of General Nguyen Chi Thanh. The goal of operations in the area, according to a captured document from the B-3 Front Command, was "to annihilate a major U.S. element in order to force the enemy to deploy as many additional troops to the Central Highlands as possible." As the Americans quickly discovered, the area had been well prepared by the PAVN. The number and elaborateness of defensive preparations found by U.S. and ARVN troops indicated that some had been prepared as much as six months in advance. As General Peers noted:

Nearly every key terrain feature was heavily fortified with elaborate bunker and trench complexes. He had moved quantities of supplies and ammunition into the area. He was prepared to stay.

After contact with the PAVN forces on the 4th and 5th, Schweiter received orders to move the rest of his brigade back to Đắk Tô. Their immediate goal was first to establish a base of operations and bolster the defenses at Ben Het. They would then begin to search for the headquarters of the 66th Regiment, which U.S. intelligence believed to be in the valley stretching south of FSB 12. Simultaneously, most of the remaining elements of the 4th Infantry Division moved into the area around Đắk Tô. They were joined by two 1st Cavalry battalions (the 1/12th and 2/8th Cavalry) and ARVN forces consisting of the four battalions of the 42nd Regiment and the 2nd and 3rd Airborne Battalions. By this time, the village and airstrip had become a major logistical base, supporting an entire U.S. division and airborne brigade and six ARVN battalions. The stage was set for a major pitched battle.

Battle

The first fighting of the new operation erupted on 3 November when companies of the 4th Infantry came across PAVN defensive positions. The next day the same thing occurred to elements of the 173rd. The American and ARVN troops soon applied a methodical approach to combat in the highlands. They combed the hills on foot, ran into fixed PAVN hill-top defensive positions, applied massive firepower, and then launched ground attacks to force the PAVN off. In all of these instances, PAVN troops fought stubbornly, inflicted casualties on the Americans, and then withdrew.

To expand the coverage of supporting artillery fires, the 4/503rd Airborne Infantry was ordered to occupy Hill 823 (), south of Ben Het, for the construction of Fire Support Base 15. Since the rest of the battalion's companies were already deployed elsewhere, the 120 men of Company B would combat assault onto the hilltop by helicopter alone. After several attempts to denude the hilltop with airstrikes and artillery fire, Company B landed unopposed that afternoon, but the hill was not unoccupied. Fifteen minutes later, contact was made with the PAVN. The battle that ensued raged at close quarters until early the following morning when elements of the 66th Regiment withdrew, leaving behind more than 100 bodies. Nine men of Company B were killed and another 28 were wounded.

The following morning Company B was relieved by Lt. Col. David J. Schumacher's 1/503rd, which (against the admonitions of Colonel Livsey) was divided into two small Task Forces. Task Force Black consisted of Company C supported by two platoons of Company D and Task Force Blue which was composed of Company A and the remaining platoon of Company D. Task Force Black left Hill 823 to find the PAVN who had attacked Company B, 4/503rd. At 08:28 on 11 November, after leaving their overnight laager and following a PAVN communications wire, the force was ambushed by the 8th and 9th Battalions of the 66th Regiment and had to fight for its life. Task Force Blue and Company C, 4/503rd was sent to relieve the beleaguered Task Force Black. They encountered fire from all sides during the relief attempt, but they made it, reaching the trapped men at 15:37. U.S. losses were 20 killed, 154 wounded, and two missing.

The commanding officer of Task Force Black, Captain Thomas McElwain, reported a PAVN body count of 80, but was commanded by Schumacher (whose conduct of the action later came under severe criticism) to go out and count again. He then reported back that 175 PAVN soldiers had been killed. He later stated that "If you lost so many people killed and wounded, you had to have something to show for it." McElwain and Schumacher later clashed over McElwain's recommendation for a decoration for Private First Class John Andrew Barnes, III, who had leapt on a grenade and sacrificed his life to save wounded comrades during the action. Schumacher refused to endorse the recommendation, stating that he did not think medals were for "men who committed suicide." Barnes was later awarded the Medal of Honor.

The PAVN simultaneously attacked the three companies of the 3/8th Infantry on Hill 724 (). Beginning at 13:07 and lasting for thirty minutes, a mortar barrage rained onto the battalion's laager site. PAVN troops then charged out of the jungle to the attack. By the time the action ended at 19:03, 18 Americans were dead and another 118 were wounded. The 4th Infantry claimed that 92 PAVN had died in the clash.

An Associated Press article from 12 November quoted the PAVN death toll to have risen above 500 with 67 US troops having also died.

On the night of 12 November, the PAVN launched the first of many rocket attacks against the Đắk Tô airfield, firing 44 missiles. By 08:00 on 15 November, three C-130 Hercules transport aircraft were in the turnaround area as a PAVN mortar barrage landed. Two of them were destroyed. The resulting fires and additional incoming mortars set the ammunition dump and fuel storage areas ablaze. Explosions continued all day and into the night. During that night's incoming shelling, a mortar round landed on two steel containers of C-4 plastic explosive. They detonated simultaneously, sending a fireball and mushroom cloud high above the valley and leaving two craters  deep. This was said to be the largest explosion to occur in the Vietnam War, knocking men off their feet over a mile away. The explosion destroyed the entire 15th Light Equipment Company compound next to the ammunition dump although no one was killed. Engineer Lieutenant Fred Dyerson thought "it looked like Charlie had gotten hold of some nuclear weapons." Although more than 1,100 tons of ordnance were destroyed during the explosions and fires, this was as close as the PAVN would get to taking Đắk Tô. The rapid deployment of allied forces had upset the North Vietnamese offensive and had thrown them onto the defensive. Previous actions had battered the 66th and 33rd Regiments, and they began a southwesterly retreat, covered by the 174th Regiment. The Americans and the ARVN then began to run into tenacious rearguard actions.

To prevent a repetition of the artillery attack against its base camp, the 3/12th Infantry was ordered to take Hill 1338, which had an excellent overview of Đắk Tô, only six kilometers away. For two days, the Americans fought their way up the steep slope of the hill and into the most elaborate bunker complex yet discovered, all of the fortifications of which were connected by field telephones.

After scouring the area of the PAVN who attacked Task Force Black, the three companies of 1/503rd moved southwest to occupy Hill 882. The force was accompanied by approximately a dozen civilian news correspondents. On the morning of 15 November, the lead company crested the hill and discovered bunkers connected by telephone wire. They were then attacked, and the rest of the Americans rushed to the hilltop to take defensive positions. PAVN troops poured small arms, machine gun, and mortar fire on the Americans and launched several ground attacks. The U.S. commander requested helicopter evacuation for the most seriously wounded, but this request was denied by Col. Schumacher, who demanded that the civilians be evacuated first. When the fighting ceased on 19 November the U.S. battalion had suffered seven killed and 34 wounded. The PAVN 66th Regiment left behind 51 dead.

While the action on Hill 882 was underway, Company D, 4/503rd was conducting road clearing operations around Ben Het while being accompanied by a CIDG Mike Force. While calling in an artillery fire mission, an error caused two rounds to fall on the company's position. Six Americans and three CIDG were killed outright and 15 paratroopers and 13 CIDG troops were wounded in the friendly fire incident.

ARVN units had also found plenty of action in the Đắk Tô area. On 18 November, on Hill 1416 () northeast of Tan Canh, the ARVN 3/42nd Infantry found the PAVN 24th Regiment in well-fortified defensive positions. The elite, all-volunteer ARVN 3rd and 9th Airborne Battalions joined the action, attacking the hill from another direction. The ARVN forces took the hill on 20 November after vicious close-quarters fighting that claimed 66 ARVN dead and another 290 wounded. The PAVN left behind 248 of their own.

U.S. intelligence indicated that the fresh 174th PAVN Regiment had slipped westward past Ben Het and had taken up positions on an 875-meter-high hill just six kilometers from the border. The 174th had done so in order to cover the withdrawal of the 66th and 32nd Regiments, which were moving toward their sanctuaries across the Cambodian frontier. On 19 November, BG Schweiter was informed that a Special Forces Mobile Strike Force company had run into heavy resistance while reconnoitering the area. He then ordered his 2nd Battalion to take the hill.

Hill 875

At 09:43 on 19 November, the three companies (330 men) of 2/503rd moved into jumpoff positions from which to assault Hill 875 (). Companies C and D moved up the slope followed by two platoons of Company A in the classic "two up one back" formation utilized since World War I. The Weapons Platoon of Company A remained behind at the bottom of the hill to cut out a landing zone. Instead of a frontal assault with massed troops, the unit would have been better served by advancing small teams to envelop possible PAVN positions and then calling in air and artillery support.

At 10:30, as the Americans moved to within 300 meters of the crest, PAVN machine gunners opened fire on the advancing paratroopers. Then B-40 rockets and 57mm recoilless rifle fire were unleashed upon them. The paratroopers attempted to continue the advance, but the PAVN, well concealed in interconnected bunkers and trenches, opened fire with small arms and grenades. The American advance was halted and the men went to ground, finding whatever cover they could. At 14:30 PAVN troops hidden at the bottom of the hill launched a massed assault on Company A. Unknown to the Americans, they had walked into a carefully prepared ambush by the 2nd Battalion of the 174th Regiment.

The men of Company A retreated up the slope, lest they be cut off from their comrades and annihilated. They were closely followed by the PAVN. Private First Class Carlos Lozada held the rear guard position for Company A with his M60 machine gun. As the PAVN advanced, Lozada mowed them down and refused to retreat until he was shot dead. For his actions that day, Lozada was awarded a posthumous Medal of Honor. Soon, U.S. air strikes and artillery fire were being called in, but they had little effect on the battle because of the dense foliage on the hillside. Resupply became a necessity because of high ammunition expenditures and lack of water, but it was also an impossibility. Six UH-1 helicopters were shot down or badly damaged that afternoon trying to get to 2/503rd.

At 18:58 one of the worst friendly fire incidents of the Vietnam War occurred when a Marine Corps A-4 Skyhawk fighter-bomber, flown by LTC Richard Taber, the Commanding Officer of a Marine Air Group from Chu Lai Air Base, dropped two 500-pound Mark 81 Snakeye bombs into 2/503rd's perimeter. One of the bombs exploded, a tree burst above the center of the position, where the combined command groups, the wounded, and the medics were all located. It killed 42 men outright and wounded 45 more, including the overall on-scene commander, Captain Harold Kaufman. 1Lt. Bartholomew O'Leary, Company D Commander, was seriously wounded. (Company A's commander had been killed in the retreat up the slope). Chaplain (Major) Charles J. Watters, was killed in the blast while ministering to the wounded. For his gallantry in repeatedly exposing himself to enemy fire to retrieve the wounded on Hill 875, he was awarded a posthumous Medal of Honor.

The next morning, the three companies of 4/503rd were chosen to set out and relieve the men on Hill 875. Because of intense PAVN sniper and mortar fire (and the terrain) it took until nightfall for the relief force to reach the beleaguered battalion. On the afternoon of 21 November, both battalions moved out to take the crest. During fierce, close-quarters fighting, some of the paratroopers made it into the PAVN trenchline but were ordered to pull back as darkness fell. At approximately 23:00, the 4th Division's 1/12th Infantry was ordered to withdraw from an offensive operations in the southern Central Highlands and redeploy to Đắk Tô. In a night-time air redeployment, the entire battalion redeployed and took up positions around the main fire support base at Đắk Tô in less than 12 hours.

The following day was spent in launching airstrikes and a heavy artillery bombardment against the hilltop, totally denuding it of cover. On 23 November, the 2nd and 4th Battalions of the 503rd were ordered to renew their assault while the 1/12th Infantry assaulted 875 from the south. This time the Americans gained the crest, but the PAVN had already abandoned their positions, leaving only a few dozen charred bodies and weapons.

The battle of Hill 875 had cost 2/503rd 87 killed, 130 wounded, and three missing. 4/503rd suffered 28 killed 123 wounded, and four missing. Combined with noncombatant losses, this represented one-fifth of the 173rd Airborne Brigade's total strength. For its combined actions during operations around Đắk Tô, the 173rd Airborne Brigade was awarded the Presidential Unit Citation.

Aftermath
By the end of November, the PAVN withdrew back into their sanctuaries in Cambodia and Laos, failing to wipe out a major American unit, yet forcing the U.S. Army to pay a high price. 376 U.S. troops had been killed or listed as missing-presumed dead and another 1,441 were wounded, in the fighting around Đắk Tô. The fighting had also taken a toll on the ARVN with 73 soldiers killed. U.S. munitions expenditures attested to the ferocity of the fighting: 151,000 artillery rounds, 2,096 tactical air sorties, 257 B-52 strikes. 2,101 Army helicopter sorties were flown, and 40 helicopters were lost. The U.S. Army claimed that 1,644 PAVN troops had been killed by body count, but this figure quickly became a source of contention due to allegations of body count inflation.

Another figure of some significant contention was the claim from the Vietnam News Agency quoted in an Associated Press report that 2,800 U.S. soldiers and 700 ARVN had perished in the fighting.

In his memoirs, General William C. Westmoreland, U.S. commander in Vietnam, mentioned 1,400 PAVN casualties, while MG William B. Rosson, the MACV deputy commander, estimated that the PAVN lost between 1,000 and 1,400 men. Not all American commanders were happy with the friendly to enemy loss ratio. U.S. Marine Corps General John Chaisson questioned "Is it a victory when you lose 362 friendlies in three weeks and by your own spurious body count you only get 1,200?"

MACV asserted that three of the four PAVN regiments that participated in the fighting had been so battered that they played no part in the next phase of their winter-spring offensive. Only the 24th Regiment took the field during the Tet Offensive of January 1968. The 173rd Airborne Brigade and two battalions of the 4th Infantry Division were in no better shape. General Westmoreland claimed that "we had soundly defeated the enemy without unduly sacrificing operations in other areas. The enemy's return was nil." But Westmoreland's claim may have missed the point. The border battles fought that fall and winter had indeed cost the PAVN dearly, but they had achieved their objective. By January 1968, one-half of all U.S. maneuver battalions in South Vietnam had been drawn away from the cities and lowlands and into the border areas.  The official, post-war, PAVN history is more sanguine, viewing their results as the infliction of casualties on a brigade, two battalions and six companies of US forces.

Operations in and around the Central Highlands including previous battles at Hill 1338 had rendered the 173rd Airborne combat ineffective, and they were ordered to Tuy Hòa to repair and refit. The 173rd was transferred to Camp Radcliff in An Khê and Bong Son areas during 1968, seeing very little action while the combat ineffective elements of the brigade were rebuilt.

Several members of Westmoreland's staff began to see an eerie resemblance to the Viet Minh campaign of 1953, when seemingly peripheral actions had led up to the climactic Battle of Dien Bien Phu. General Giap even laid claim to such a strategy in an announcement in September, but to the Americans it all seemed a bit too contrived. Yet, no understandable analysis seemed to explain Hanoi's almost suicidal military actions. They could only be explained if a situation akin to Dien Bien Phu came into being. Then, almost overnight, one emerged. In the western corner of Quảng Trị Province, an isolated Marine outpost at Khe Sanh, came under siege by PAVN forces that would eventually number three divisions.

Three members of the 173rd Airborne Brigade (Maj. Charles J. Watters, Pfc. John A. Barnes III and Pfc. Carlos Lozada) all posthumously received the Medal of Honor for their actions during the battle.


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The ten steps

Wolf outlines ten steps that "closing societies" — such as Hitler's Germany, Mussolini's Italy, and Stalin's Russia — have historically followed. These steps, Wolf claims, are being observed in America now.

The steps are:

Invoke a terrifying internal and external enemy.
Create secret prisons where torture takes place.
Develop a thug caste or paramilitary force not answerable to citizens.
Set up an internal surveillance system.
Infiltrate and harass citizens' groups.
Engage in arbitrary detention and release.
Target key individuals.
Control the press.
Cast criticism as espionage and dissent as treason.
Subvert the rule of law.

Documentary
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Gibloux FR

Gibloux is a municipality in the district of Sarine in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. The municipality was formed 1 January 2016, from the merger of Corpataux-Magnedens, Farvagny, Le Glèbe, Rossens and Vuisternens-en-Ogoz.

History
The village of Rossens is first mentioned in 1162 as Rossens.  It was formerly known by its German name Rossing, however, that name is no longer used.

Geography
Gibloux has an area, (as of the 2004/09 survey) of .  Of this area, about 63.8% is used for agricultural purposes, while 23.9% is forested.  Of the rest of the land, 11.6% is settled (buildings or roads) and 0.7% is unproductive land.  In the 2013/18 survey a total of  or about 7.6% of the total area was covered with buildings.  Of the agricultural land,  is used for orchards and vineyards,  is fields and grasslands and  consists of alpine grazing areas.  Since 1981 the amount of agricultural land has decreased by .  Over the same time period the amount of forested land has increased by .  Rivers and lakes cover  in the municipality.

Demographics
Gibloux has a population (as of ) of .  , 15.2% of the population are resident foreign nationals.  Over the last 4 years (2010-2014) the population has changed at a rate of 13.39%.  The birth rate in the municipality, in 2014, was 8.7, while the death rate was 5.0 per thousand residents.

, children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 25.2% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) are 62.7% of the population and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 12.1%.

In 2014 there were 2,812 private households in Gibloux with an average household size of 2.58 persons.  In 2013 the rate of construction of new housing units per 1000 residents was 7.42.  The vacancy rate for the municipality, , was 1.94%.

Economy
Gibloux is classed as a periurbane community.  The municipality is part of the agglomeration of Fribourg.

, there were a total of 2,756 people employed in the municipality.  Of these, a total of 193 people worked in 82 businesses in the primary economic sector.  The secondary sector employed 1,102 workers in 93 separate businesses, of which 385 people worked in 4 large businesses.  Finally, the tertiary sector provided 1,461 jobs in 278 businesses, of which 564 people worked in 7 large businesses.

In 2014 a total of 7.4% of the population received social assistance.

Heritage sites of national significance
The ruin of Illens Castle, the Chapel of Notre-Dame and the Church of Saint-Vincent are listed as Swiss heritage site of national significance.


SouthWest Transit

SouthWest Transit is a public transportation agency that is based in Eden Prairie, Minnesota. The agency was formed in 1986 when the southwest Minneapolis suburbs of Chaska, Chanhassen, and Eden Prairie chose to opt out of the Metropolitan Transit Commission transit system in accordance with Minnesota State Statutes. Under a joing powers agreement between the three cities, they created their own transit system, SouthWest Metro Transit.

Now known as SouthWest Transit, the agency continues to be the public transit agency for Chaska, Chanhassen, and Eden Prairie, as well as Carver. They currently offer service to and from Downtown Minneapolis, the University of Minnesota, Normandale Community College and Best Buy Headquarters.

In addition to their regular service, SouthWest Transit also offers a number of seasonal services, including State Fair, Twins Express, Vikings Express, Gophers Express, Summer Adventures, select concerts, and more.

SouthWest Transit has been recognized locally and nationally for its outstanding service and commitment to its passengers. In 2004 SouthWest Transit was named Transit Agency of the Year.

SouthWest Transit operates out of the following park-and-ride locations:

Southwest Station - Hwy 212 & Prairie Center Drive, Eden Prairie
SouthWest Village - Hwy 212 & Hwy 101, Chanhassen
Chanhassen Transit Station - 500 Market St., Chanhassen (next to the Chanhassen Dinner Theatre)
East Creek Station - Hwy 212 & Hwy 41, Chaska
Carver Station - Hwy 212 & Jonathan Carver Pkwy, Carver

Routes
Bold route number denotes an express route.

Park & Ride Facilities
SouthWest Transit opened three new park & ride facilities near Highway 212. The first, SouthWest Village, is at County Road 101 and Highway 212 in Chanhassen. The second new park & ride is East Creek Station in Chaska. That facility was opened in early June 2008 at the southwest corner of Highway 212 and County Road 41. The third new park & ride is Chanhassen Transit Station opened in December 2011 and is located north of Highway 5, just next to the Chanhassen Dinner Theatres on Market St.

East Creek Station Expansion
Due to near capacity issues, in 2007 the East Creek Station Park and Ride CMAQ (Congestion Mitigation and Air Quality – a federal program) grant submittal was approved for the construction of 450 park and ride stalls, a transit station and busway. The new 450 stalls are structured parking (a ramp), and the station includes passenger waiting areas along with vending and restroom facilities. The total project cost $7.8 million. Bidding for the construction of the ramp and station is expected to take place in the spring/summer of 2012, with construction beginning later in the summer/fall and an opening of the new facility in September 2013. SouthWest is also in discussion with private developers to develop approximately one acre of land currently set aside for future development use. Options for the site include office, neighborhood commercial, and day care.

Records

Records of the SouthWest Transit Commission are available for research use. They consist of annual reports (1997-2005); management plans and budgets (1992-1993, 1995); oversight (1993-1994); and On the Move rider newsletter (2005).

External links
SouthWest Transit's Official Website
2006 annual report (PDF)


Tatarskaya Urada

Tatarskaya Urada () is a rural locality (a village) in Yanaulsky District, Bashkortostan, Russia. The population was 269 as of 2010. There are 5 streets.


1595 in literature

This article is a summary of the literary events and publications of 1595.

Events
May 24 – The Nomenclator of Leiden University Library appears as the first printed catalog of an institutional library.
December 9 – Shakespeare's Richard II is possibly acted privately at the Canon Row house of Sir Edward Hoby, with Sir Robert Cecil attending.
The first part of Ginés Pérez de Hita's Historia de los bandos de los Zegríes y Abencerrajes (Guerras civiles de Granada) appears. Supposedly a chronicle of the Morisco rebellions in Granada based on an Arabic original, it is probably the earliest historical novel and certainly the first to gain popularity.
Lope de Vega leaves the service of the Duke of Alba and returns to Madrid, after the death of his first wife Isabel in the previous year.

New books

Prose
Mikalojus Daukša – Kathechismas, arba Mokslas kiekvienam krikščioniui privalus
Justus Lipsius – De militia romana
Nicholas Remy – Daemonolatreiae libri tres
Sir Philip Sidney (posthumous, written 1580–83) – An Apology for Poetry
Vincentio Saviolo – His practise, in two bookes. (first manual of fencing in English)
Fausto Veranzio – Dictionarium quinque nobilissimarum Europæ linguarum, Latinæ, Italicæ, Germanicæ, Dalmatiæ, & Vngaricæ published in Latin in Venice

Drama
Anonymous – Locrine (published claiming to be revised by "W. S.")
Jakob Ayrer – Von der Erbauung Roms (Of the Building of Rome)
Gervase Markham – The Most Honorable Tragedy of Sir Richard Grinville
Antoine de Montchrestien – Sophonisbe
Robert Wilson? – The Pedlers Prophecie
Approximate year
William Alabaster, Roxana
William Shakespeare, Richard II
Romeo and Juliet
A Midsummer Night's Dream

Poetry
Barnabe Barnes – A Divine Century of Spiritual Sonnets
Richard Barnfield – Cynthia
Thomas Campion – Poemata
George Chapman (anonymous) – Ovid's Banquet of Sense
Gervase Markham – The Poem of Poems, or Syon's Muse
Robert Southwell (anonymous) – Saint Peter's Complaint
Edmund Spenser
Amoretti and Epithalamion ("written not long since")
Colin Clouts Come Home Againe

Births
March 21 – Ferdinando Ughelli, Italian church historian (died 1670)
October 18 – Edward Winslow, English theologian, pamphleteer and New England politician (died 1655)
December 4 – Jean Chapelain, French poet and critic (died 1674)
Unknown dates
Thomas Carew, English poet (died 1640)
Jean Desmarets, French writer and dramatist (died 1676 in literature)
Juan Eusebio Nieremberg, Spanish writer and mystic (died 1658)

Deaths
February – William Painter, English translator (born c. 1540)
February 21 – Robert Southwell, English poet and Catholic martyr (born c. 1561)
March 18 – Jean de Sponde, French poet (born 1557)
April 25 – Torquato Tasso, Italian poet (born 1544)
May 25 – Valens Acidalius, German poet and critic writing in Latin (born 1567)
June 23 – Louis Carrion, Flemish scholar (born 1547)
October 5 – Faizi, Indian poet and scholar (born 1547)
November 5 – Luis Barahona de Soto, Spanish poet 1548)


Lamanonia

Lamanonia is a genus of trees in the family Cunoniaceae. It is endemic to South America.


March 2015 North India unseasonal rain

The unseasonable rain and hailstorm across all North India and its connected states caused heavy damage to the crops of the Rabi Harvest in March 2015. Usually this period of the year does not get rain but this year heavy rainfall destroyed most of the winter harvest that was near to being cut. It directly affected normal life, especially of farmers who lost their harvest for this season. Because of the crop damage on a large scale, increases in the prices of basic food items occurred. Approximately 106 lakh hectares harvest was damaged and 80 farmers attempted suicide in March alone. It is recorded as the wettest March in 48 years.

Impact
“Usually, from February, western disturbances tend to subside. But this year, not only were the disturbances more active, they extended up to April. Also, there was an induced low pressure, which pulled moisture both from the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea. This led to heavy and frequent showers in March
In March, 62.5 millimetres of rainfall were recorded, almost 100 per cent more than normal (32.1 millimetres) and the highest in the past 100 years (in 1915, it was 78 millimetres). The showers and hail, which came at a time when the rabi crop was to be harvested, hit about 10 million hectares of the 60 million hectares of sown area. The standing wheat, mustard and chana crops were hit the hardest. Wheat crop in 21 per cent of the overall sown area has been completely damaged. The estimated loss to an average farmer affected by rains has been Rs 20,000 per acre but the government has announced a relief of just Rs 6,800 per hectare for rain fed areas."

Affected states and crops

Government response
The government of India raised the compensation amount for crop damage and made it easier for farmers to claim such compensation after unseasonal rains destroyed standing crops and brought parts of rural India to the brink of crisis. The government decided to increase the amount of compensation to affected farmers by 50 per cent over the existing level and also relaxed the norms for obtaining assistance.


Darlington Memorial Hospital

Darlington Memorial Hospital is an acute NHS hospital providing healthcare for people living in southern County Durham, England. It is managed by the County Durham and Darlington NHS Foundation Trust.

History
The hospital has its origins in the Darlington Dispensary established in the Market Buildings in 1808. It moved to Russell Street as the Darlington Hospital and Dispensary in 1864 and moved to Greenbank Road as the Darlington General Hospital in 1884. A new purpose-built hospital was established in Hollyhurst Road in the mid-1920s: the memorial hall, which commemorates people from Darlington who died in the First World War, stems from this era. The new hospital was officially opened in 1933 by Prince George (who later became the Duke of Kent), fourth son of George V.

The hospital was re-built in the late 1970s and re-opened in its new facilities in 1980. A state of the art MRI scanner was installed at the hospital in June 2018.

Services
Services include an accident and emergency department which has the capability to deal with all types of trauma.


All My Friends Are Funeral Singers (film)

All My Friends are Funeral Singers is a 2010 drama/experimental film, starring Angela Bettis and directed by Tim Rutili of the band Califone. The film makes extensive use of the music of Califone, and was released as a companion to the band's album of the same name. The film tells the story of a medium living with a group of ghosts in the house who want to leave. She finds out that the ghosts were trapped by her grandmother.

Production history
Rutili began writing the film's screenplay in September 2008, and developed the screenplay alongside the album. The screenplay was completed by December of the same year, but production on the film didn't begin until April 2009. Rutili was heavily inspired by the 1970s Spanish drama "The Spirit of the Beehive," in addition to the works of David Lynch.

The film made its premiere at the 2010 Sundance Film Festival. It also screened at the 2010 South by Southwest festival where Califone played the live score and additional concerts.

Cast

Reception
The film's reception has been mixed. The Hollywood Reporter noted that the film "will be of interest to fans of the band Califone" and that "filmmaker/bandmember Rutili could edit together some good concert-backdrop material from the more experimental moments." The film currently holds a 5.4 (out of 10) rating on the Internet Movie Database, and positive reviews of the film were given by both Express Night Out and Inside Pulse Films, with the latter referring to the film as "trance-like and dreamy — like a washed-out jeans version of Beetlejuice" and "an unqualified crowd-pleaser."


Hashimoto Kansetsu

In this Japanese name, the family name is Hashimoto.

Hashimoto Kansetsu (, November 10, 1883-February 26, 1945) was a painter of nihonga (Japanese-style paintings) who was active in the Kyoto art world during the Showa and Taisho eras.

Born in Kobe, he was the son of the painter Hashimoto Kaikan, from whom he gained a love of Chinese culture. He studied at Chikujokai, a private school established by the famous nihonga painter Takeuchi Seihō (1864–1942), but eventually withdrew due to differences of opinion. He visited Europe in 1921 and after that spent part of almost every year in China. Many of his paintings were inspired by Chinese scenery or Chinese classical literature. His former residence in Kyoto is now a museum of his work called the Hakusasonso (), or Hashimoto Kansetsu Memorial House.


Malay Heritage Centre

The Malay Heritage Centre (; Jawi: تامن واريثن ملايو) is a cultural centre and museum located at Sultan Gate off Beach Road in Kampong Glam, Singapore. It showcases the culture, heritage and history of Malay Singaporeans.

History
The building was once the Istana Kampong Glam, and was part of a larger original compound that led to the Beach Road frontage. Sultan Gate has been known as such since the 1950s. The Malay Heritage Foundation, formed on 28 July 1999, embarked on a major restoration project of the Istana Kampong Glam that year. After construction works were completed, the  building reopened as the Malay Heritage Centre on 4 June 2005.

On the grounds of the Malay Heritage Centre are Gelam trees, a replica of a Bugis prahu boat, the Pinisi, and information markers on the history of the Bugis people and their trade. The centre itself preserves and showcases Malay culture and heritage in Singapore through historic artefacts, multimedia and diorama displays, and exhibits.

The centre also organizes Malay cultural programmes and workshops. Before 2008 these, together with other fund-raising activities, contributed two-thirds of the centre's operational costs. In 2008, the Government of Singapore announced that it would provide full funding of S$1.7 million a year to the Centre, instead of just the one-third funding provided in previous years. The funding, and additional aid from the National Heritage Board, is expected to give the centre a boost to become a museum of international standard, and create opportunities for it to work with other top regional museums in Indonesia and Malaysia.

In August 2011 the Malay Heritage Centre was closed for extensive renovations. It reopened on 1 September 2012.

Gallery


Plastic moment

In structural engineering, the plastic moment (Mp) is a property of a structural section. It is defined as the moment at which the entire cross section has reached its yield stress. This is theoretically the maximum bending moment that the section can resist - when this point is reached a plastic hinge is formed and any load beyond this point will result in theoretically infinite plastic deformation. In practice most materials are work-hardened resulting in increased stiffness and moment resistance until the material fails. This is of little significance in structural mechanics as the deflection prior to this occurring is considered to be an earlier failure point in the member.

The plastic moment for a rectangular section can be calculated with the following formula:

where

  is the width
  is the height
  is the yield stress

For other sections, it is normal to calculate the plastic section modulus  and then substitute it into the formula as follows:

The plastic moment for a given section will always be larger than the yield moment (the bending moment at which the first part of the sections reaches the yield stress).


Frank Dineen

Frank Brazil Dineen (1862 - 18 April 1916) was a Gaelic games administrator and the fourth President of the Gaelic Athletic Association. From Ballylanders in County Limerick, he was elected General Secretary of the GAA in 1898 and is the only man to have ever held the two top positions within the Association. An athlete in the 1880s, Dineen was the fastest Irish sprinter of his day. He was also a founder of Ballylanders Shamrocks. He is also noted as the man who purchased a site on Jones Road in 1908 before donating it to the GAA for free in 1913, the site now of Croke Park. Dineen held the ground in trust for the GAA, which at the time was not able to purchase the land itself. Between 1908 and 1910 he oversaw development of the ground, paying for the improvements himself.

Introduction
Frank Brazil Dineen, a GAA activist, was born in Ballylanders, County Limerick, 1862. Dineen is known for purchasing a site on Jones Road in 1908 and giving it to the GAA free of charge in 1913. He developed all 14 acres of the grounds of this property for five years and funded it himself. He was the only man who saw the possibilities for this land and without Dineen's vision and belief, Croke Park would not be the main headquarters for this organization and one of the finest stadiums worldwide.

Dineen is an emblematic figure in the early part of the GAA. He became the President of the GAA in 1895 and filled the position until 1898 when he progressed to become the General Secretary of the association, a position he occupied until 1901. He was also a leading member of both the Fenian movement and the Land League. He is also known as one of the forgotten significant figures in the GAA and his memory and contribution was dismissed as the years went on.

As the renovations of Croke Park were coming to a close in 2006, the famous Hill 16 was renamed "The Dineen Hill 16" in honour of him. The Hill is a terrace on the railway end of Croke Park where Dublin GAA supporters usually gathered to support and cheer on their teams. It was built after the 1916 Rising and because Dineen died on 18 April 1919, this was an appropriate time.

Early life
Dineen grew up in Ballylanders with his father, Nicholas Dineen. He came from a large family of 28 as his father remarried twice, having children with all three wives. Dineen attended National school in Ballylanders and after went to Rockwell College, in County Tipperary, after which he returned to Ballylanders. He was a very successful and influential person at a young age and accomplished a lot throughout his life. In his late teens, Dineen was one of Munster's greatest athletes and the fastest sprinter at that time. After retiring from athletics, Dineen first became an athletic handicapper, before being involved in the management of the G.A.A.

Family life
Frank Brazil Dineen was born into a family home in Ballylanders, County Limerick with a family of 28. This was a result of Dineen's father, Nicholas Dineen's three marriages, and death of both his first and second wife, Dineen had many step-brothers, and sisters. Dineen attended Rockwell College in County Tipperary.

Dineen was involved in the Irish National Land League and the Fenian movement. His relatives also played a significant role in Irish Politics. Dineen's great grandnephew Frank Dineen, records in his Journal Article entitled The Complexities of Life: a Personal and Historical, his relations to his great grand uncle, and his family's involvement in Irish politics. Frank Dineen refers to Frank B. Dineen as an all-Ireland champion athlete, and his parents active involvement in the IRA, and Cumann na mBan activities. Dineen's relatives were caught and punished by the Irish state for their political opinions, and actions. One of his relatives was imprisoned in Limerick Prison as a result of his activities linked to the IRA in 1920. Another one of his relatives expressed her support for a free Ireland by removing an Irish flag from a British soldier's possession, which she was then fined for. As a result of Dineen's relatives' migration to England his grand-nephew served in the RAF from 1945 to 1948.

In December 2013, Liam O'Neill, President of the Gaelic Athletic Association from 2012 to 2015,  paid tribute to Dineen's relatives. O'Neill made a speech for the 100th anniversary of Dineen's establishment, and donation of Croke Park to the GAA Committee, referring to Dineen's family members contributing participation in making Croke Park an emblematic symbol in GAA history. Despite maybe not having been aware at the time, O'Neill highlights how Dineen's decision to donate what was before the 14 acre city and suburban Racecourse to the GAA committee influenced his family's history.

Career
Frank Dineen's sporting career began in athletics in the 1880s. He had a keen passion for the sport and excelled in sprinting. In the time he competed, Dineen was known as one of the best athletes in Munster and was thought to be the fastest sprinter in the province. In 1882 Dineen ran the 100-yard sprint in 10.2 seconds, which at the time was the Irish record. After his retirement from the sport, he then became a well-known athletic official and refereed many athletic competitions, before beginning his career in the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA). Dineen also founded the Ballylanders GAA club in 1886. The club plays sports such as Gaelic Football and hurling and is still around to this day.

Dineen began his career in the GAA in 1895. He began his role in the GAA when he took over as President from Peter J. He served as President for three years until 1898, and after that he began his role as General Secretary of the Association from 1898-1901. He became the first man to ever serve as both General Secretary of the Association and President of the GAA. and to this day he is still the only person to hold both positions. After his retirement from the GAA, Dineen went on to become a sportswriter and journalist for the Gaelic section of the Sport newspaper.

After serving his role as President and General Secretary of the Association, Dineen went on to purchase the Jones' Road Sports Ground for £3,250 on 17th December 1908. He bought the grounds in trust for the GAA as at the time, the GAA was unable to purchase the land itself. Dineen held the ground in trust for five years until the GAA was able to afford the grounds, and they purchased it in 1913. For the years in between 1908 and 1913, Frank Dineen oversaw the developments of the grounds, and paid for the renovations and upkeep of the property. Dineen remained involved in the development of Croke Park until his death in 1916.

Later life and death

Dineen's athletic career came to a sudden end due to ill health. However, this did not stop him from pursuing his love for GAA and sport. Upon Dineen's retirement, his passion for sport led him to become more involved in GAA, becoming an athletic referee. He refereed many important matches in Irish athletics and at that time many individuals considered him to be the most capable official in the country. Dineen had a keen interest in all aspects of the GAA, however, he had a particular interest in juvenile athletics. He is believed to have given all his well-deserved awards away at the local sports.

Dineen moved to Dublin in the late 1890s, where he became a sports journalist. He was particularly famous for his role in newspapers such as the Freeman's Journal, Telegraph, and Sport. In 1906, Dineen released the first ever Irish Athletic Record in the country, containing Irish, British and American records. Dineen had wished to produce another publication containing information on all great athletes of his time but unfortunately didn't live to see the day.

In 1908, Dineen bought a fourteen acre racecourse worth 3,250 pounds, with the idea of the GAA in mind. Improvements such as relaying the entire pitch took place after his purchase to cater for the Gaelic games and athletics. These improvements were financed by Dineen, however in 1910, he underwent financial difficulties and as a result sold four acres of the land to the Jesuits of Belvedere College, Dublin. Dineen sold the playing field to the GAA in 1913 for 3,500 pounds. Eleven years later, in 1924, the ground was transformed into a major stadium, currently known as Croke Park. Located in the heart of Dublin, this stadium still accommodates for major GAA events.

Dineen died on 18 April 1916, aged 54, exactly one week before The 1916 Easter Rising. He died due to a cerebral haemorrhage and was buried in Glasnevin Cemetery, County Dublin. Dineen's grave can be located specifically in the St. Paul's section of Glasnevin Cemetery across the Finglas Road. His headstone is written through the Irish language and states the years he served as President and Secretary of the GAA.

Legacy

Dineen's greater legacy is the acquisition, and subsequently donation to the GAA, of Croke Park, now the headquarters of the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) in Dublin, for which he was honoured and celebrated on different occasions during the past 10 years. In February of 1970, a headstone over the grave of Dineen, in Glasnevin Cemetery, in Dublin, was unveiled by the then president of the GAA, Seamus O'Riain, with the presence of Dineen's family members and representatives from the GAA executive committee.

In April 2006, along with other sections of the stadium dedicated to prominent figures of the GAA, the terrace firstly built in 1917 and previously known as Hill 16, was officially re-named Dineen Hill 16 in Frank Dineen's honour. Dineen/Hill 16 Terrace now holds up to 13,000 people.

In 2009, the Shamrocks Ballylanders GAA Club honoured Frank Dineen, its founding member, with a two days long event, named "The Birth of Croke Park in the Ballyhoura Mountains", held in South East Limerick. RTÉ broadcaster and commentator Micheál Ó Muircheartaigh, Martinstown Historical Society and historians Larry Ryder, Tony O'Donoghue and Dr Cyril White, participated in the opening of the event. The festival consisted in a series of lectures, where historians recalled Dineen contributions to the GAA, followed by the unveiling of the specially commissioned commemorative plaque, dedicated to Dineen, by the President of the GAA Club, Criostóir Ó Cuana, on the gable wall of McDermott's pub and the Ballylanders Club. The Ballysanders's GAA Club also announced a collaboration with the country's famous GAA historian, Harry Greensmyth, and launched a 140 pages book about the Life and Times of Frank B Dineen.

In December 2013, in honour of the 100th anniversary of his donation and the establishment of Croke Park as the GAA headquarters, Dineen was once again celebrated, when framed copies of the original deeds for Croke Park were presented to Dineen's relatives and to representatives from the Shamrocks Ballylanders GAA Club. The deeds of the 14 acres on Jones Road in Northsides Dublin were originally acquired by Dineen in 1908, for £3.250 and consequently acquired by the GAA in 1913.

As today Frank Brazil Dineen is the only man who served as both President, between 1895 and 1898, and Secretary, between 1898 and 1901, of the GAA.


Walter Rutkowski

Walter A. Rutkowski (March 28, 1917 – August 8, 1975) was a member of the Ohio House of Representatives.


HMS Leith (1782)

HMS Leith was a 20-gun armed naval ship in service for Great Britain in 1782.


Cipanas

Cipanas (  ) is the administrative village of Cipanas District, in the northern part of the Cianjur Regency, West Java, Indonesia. It is situated in the valley of Mount Gede,  south-east of the Indonesian capital city of Jakarta. The name of the village means "hot water" or "hot spring" in Sundanese (ci, water, panas, hot), due to the presence of sulphuric hot springs in the area.

Apart from the hot springs, Cipanas was also a hill station for the was-then Dutch East Indies Governor-Generals, as it was a popular getaway from the intense heat and humidity from the low-lying lands (including Jakarta itself). Maintaining its legacy to present day, Cipanas continues to become a popular destination for holidayseekers mainly coming from Jakarta and its surroundings, as the district saw a recent boom on villa complexes and rental houses.

The village had a population of 15,435 at the 2010 Census (the district held a population of 103,911). It is best known by the Istana Cipanas complex, a residence for former Dutch Governor Generals of the Dutch East Indies, and a country retreat of former President Sukarno. Since the Dutch colonial rule, and before the Enhanced Indonesian Spelling System was established, the village name was spelled Tjipanas.

History

The area already had a history of village dwellers since Sunda Kingdom and Banten Sultanate, long before the time the Presidential Palace was erected by a Dutch landlord named Van Heots in 1740. Out of interest in the local hot springs, during the administration of Dutch East India Company Governor General Gustaaf Willem van Imhoff (1743-1750), a health building was constructed near a hot spring. The reputation of the area for clean, fresh and cool mountain air led to the building being made into a resort for the Dutch Governor Generals.

From 1744 to 1761 a Buitenhospitaal (outdoor hospital or villa-hospital) existed in Cipanas. It was a kind of Spa that served as a health-resort. The wooden hospital was built on a hillside surrounded by woods and valleys. It was staffed by a chief surgeon (opper-chirurgijn) and a second in charge surgeon (onder-chirurgijn). The building had two floors, a covered walkway, a bathhouse and a pharmacy and was in demand by many sick people, or inmates of the hospital. However to arrive in the mountains people took a difficult and strenuous journey of 4 days and the capacity of the hospital was too small to become a relief for patients. By Resolution of 30 June 1761, the resort-hospital was then closed.

The palace was used by Commissioner-General Leonard Pietr Josef du Bus de Gisignies, his secretary Carel Sirardus Willem Graaf van Hogendorp (1820-1841), Herman Willem Daendels (1808-1811) and Stamford Raffles, who would later become the founder of colonial Singapore. During their terms, they employed hundreds of workers in plantations around the palace.

Climate and ecology

Cipanas has a tropical rainforest climate. Throughout the year the humidity is high due to the significant annual precipitation of around 4013 mm. Due to its relatively high elevation, the average annual high temperature in Cipanas is around  and the annual low temperature is .

Locally present fauna include the silvery gibbon, Javan surili and Sunda thrush, and flora include Elaeocarpus macrocerus, Alstonia spatulata, Mangifera gedebe (a member of the mango family), Stemonurus secundiflorus, and Thoracostachyrum sumatrana (a large sedge).

The Taman Bunga Nusantara (Nusantara Flower Garden) within the area is a popular tourist attraction. The garden, extending over , hosts a wide variety of worldwide flora, and possesses a maze, giant clock and tower. Close to Cipanas, in Cibodas in the Pacet district, is the Kebun Raya Cibodas (Cibodas Botanical Garden), an extension of the Kebun Raya Bogor (Bogor Botanical Gardens) in Bogor.

Demographics
The ethnic makeup of Cipanas is mostly Sundanese people. The majority of the residents are Muslim, with the total Muslim population as of 2013 being 99,657 (93.8%), Catholic Christians 881 (0.83%), Protestant Christians 603 (0.567%) and others 5,117 (4.8%).

Gallery


Rania Zaghir

Rania Zaghir (رانيا زغير) is a Lebanese writer and publisher of children's books. Her 2010 book Man lahasa qarn al-booza? (Who ate my ice cream?) has been translated into 19 languages.


Malcolm Price

Malcolm John Price (born 8 December 1937) is a Welsh dual-code international rugby union and professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1950s and 1960s. He played representative level rugby union (RU) for British Lions and Wales, and at club level for Pontypool RFC, as a centre, i.e. number 12 or 13, and representative level rugby league (RL) for Great Britain, and at club level for Oldham (Heritage No. 644), Rochdale Hornets and Salford, as a , i.e. number 3 or 4.

Background
Malcolm Price was born in Pontypool, Wales.

International honours
Malcolm Price won nine caps for Wales (RU) between 1959 and 1962 and five caps in 1959 for British and Irish Lions while at Pontypool RFC. He also won caps for Great Britain (RL) while at Rochdale Hornets in 1967 against Australia (2 matches).


Hospodi

Hospodi is a studio album by the Polish black metal band Batushka, released on July 12, 2019 through Metal Blade Records. It was released under the guidance of Bartłomiej "Bart" Krysiuk, and it is one of two records released under the name "Batushka" in 2019, the other one being Panihida, which was written and recorded by Krzysztof "Derph" Drabikowski. These competing releases come as a result of a falling out and subsequent legal dispute between Drabikowski and Krysiuk over control and ownership of the band and the "Batushka" name.

Track listing

Charts

Personnel
 Варфоломей – lead vocals, producer
 Paweł Jaroszewicz – drums


David Jeffrey

David Jeffrey (born 28 October 1962) is a Northern Irish football manager and former player, currently managing Ballymena United. He is best known for managing Linfield between 1997 and 2014. He began his professional playing career with the club, following a spell in the Manchester United youth team, and also played for Ards and Larne.

Personal life
Born in Newtownards, Jeffrey attended Dundonald High School and Sullivan Upper School. He lives in Glengormley, and has a career in social work alongside his management career. He has two sons, Gareth and Thomas, and is a member of both the Orange Order and a flute band. He cites his parents as the biggest inspiration in his life.

Playing career
Jeffrey began his football career as a schoolboy with Manchester United, but never played in the first team. He joined Linfield in the summer of 1982. He played for Linfield for 10 years and was club captain for much of that time. Jeffrey scored the crucial away goal against Shamrock Rovers in the 1984–85 European Cup. He left Windsor Park for his hometown club, Ards in the summer of 1992 reuniting him with former boss Roy Coyle and in February 1995 joined Larne as player-coach.

Managerial career

Linfield
In April 1996, Jeffrey returned to Linfield as assistant manager to Trevor Anderson. Jeffrey was appointed as Linfield manager on 4 January 1997 after Anderson resigned.

In the 2005–06 season, Jeffrey guided Linfield to a clean sweep of domestic trophies, missing out only on the cross-border All-Ireland Cup. On 6 June 2006, Jeffrey signed a new four-year contract, the longest contract in Linfield history. His previous deal had one season left to run.

In June 2008, Jeffrey won his 23rd manager of the month award, breaking the record for monthly awards. By January 2014, he had extended this record to 32 awards.

Alongside Roy Coyle, Jeffrey is Linfield's most successful manager in history, having won 31 trophies during his 17-year tenure. Roy Coyle also won 31 trophies with the Blues during his managerial career from 1975 to 1990.

On 15 February 2014, Jeffrey announced that he was to step down as manager of Linfield at the end of the 2013–14 season. He was replaced by former Northern Ireland international, Warren Feeney.

Ballymena United
On 7 March 2016, it was announced that Jeffrey had been appointed the new manager of Ballymena United, following the sacking of Glenn Ferguson.
He guided Ballymena to winning the Northern Irish League cup in 2016/17 season and took them to the Tennants Irish Cup quarter-final. He also guided them to 4th in the league.

Managerial honours
Linfield
Irish Premier League/IFA Premiership (9): 1999–2000, 2000–01, 2003–04, 2005–06, 2006–07, 2007–08, 2009–10, 2010–11, 2011–12
Irish Cup (7): 2001–02, 2005–06, 2006–07, 2007–08, 2009–10, 2010–11, 2011–12
Irish League Cup (6): 1997–98, 1998–99, 1999–2000, 2001–02, 2005–06, 2007–08
County Antrim Shield (6): 1997–98, 2000–01, 2003–04, 2004–05, 2005–06, 2013–14
Setanta Cup (1): 2005
Irish FA Charity Shield (1): 2000
Irish League Floodlit Cup (1): 1997–98

Ballymena United
Northern Ireland Football League Cup (1): 2016–17


July 2009 cyberattacks

The July 2009 cyberattacks were a series of coordinated cyberattacks against major government, news media, and financial websites in South Korea and the United States. The attacks involved the activation of a botnet—a large number of hijacked computers—that maliciously accessed targeted websites with the intention of causing their servers to overload due to the influx of traffic, known as a DDoS attack. Most of the hijacked computers were located in South Korea. The estimated number of the hijacked computers varies widely; around 20,000 according to the South Korean National Intelligence Service, around 50,000 according to Symantec's Security Technology Response group, and more than 166,000 according to a Vietnamese computer security researcher who analyzed the log files of the two servers the attackers controlled. An investigation revealed that at least 39 websites were targets in the attacks based on files stored on compromised systems.

The targeting and timing of the attacks—which started the same day as a North Korean short-range ballistic missile test—have led to suggestions that they may be from North Korea, although these suggestions have not been substantiated. Researchers would later find links between these cyberattacks, the DarkSeoul attacks in 2013, and other attacks attributed to the Lazarus Group. This attack is considered by some to be the beginning of a series of DDoS attacks carried about by Lazarus dubbed "Operation Troy."

Timeline of attacks

First wave

The first wave of attacks occurred on July 4, 2009 (Independence Day holiday in the United States), targeting both the United States and South Korea. Among the websites affected were those of the White House, The Pentagon, the New York Stock Exchange, the Washington Post, the NASDAQ, and Amazon.

Second wave

The second wave of attacks occurred on July 7, 2009, affecting South Korea. Among the websites targeted were the presidential Blue House, the Ministry of Defense, the Ministry of Public Administration and Security, the National Intelligence Service and the National Assembly. Security researcher Chris Kubecka presented evidence multiple European Union and United Kingdom companies unwittingly helped attack South Korea due to a W32.Dozer infections, malware used in part of the attack. Some of the companies used in the attack were partially owned by several governments, further complicating attribution.

Third wave

A third wave of attacks began on July 9, 2009, targeting several websites in South Korea, including the country's National Intelligence Service as well as one of its largest banks and a major news agency. The U.S. State Department said on July 9 that its website also came under attack. State Department spokesman Ian Kelly said: "I'm just going to speak about our website, the state.gov website. There's not a high volume of attacks. But we're still concerned about it. They are continuing." U.S. Department of Homeland Security spokesperson Amy Kudwa said that the department was aware of the attacks and that it had issued a notice to U.S. federal departments and agencies to take steps to mitigate attacks.

Effects
Despite the fact that the attacks targeted major public and private sector websites, the South Korean Presidential office suggested that the attacks were conducted with the purpose of causing disruption, rather than stealing data. However, Jose Nazario, manager of a U.S. network security firm, claimed that the attack is estimated to have produced only 23 megabits of data per second, not enough to cause major disruptions. That being said, web sites reported service disruptions for days following the attack.

Later, it was discovered that the malicious code responsible for causing the attack, Trojan.Dozer and its accompanying dropper W32.Dozer, was programmed to destroy data on infected computers and prevent the computers from being rebooted. It is unclear if this mechanism was ever activated. Security experts said that the attack re-used code from the Mydoom worm to spread infections between computers. Experts further shared that the malware used in the attack "used no sophisticated techniques to evade detection by anti-virus software and doesn't appear to have been written by someone experienced in coding malware."

It was expected that the economic costs associated with websites being down would be large, as the disruption had prevented people from carrying out transactions, purchasing items or conducting business.

Perpetrators
It is not known who is behind the attacks. Reports indicate that the type of attacks being used, commonly known as distributed denial-of-service attacks, were unsophisticated. Given the prolonged nature of the attacks, they are being recognized as a more coordinated and organized series of attacks.

According to the South Korean National Intelligence Service, the source of the attacks was tracked down and the government activated an emergency cyber-terror response team who blocked access to five host sites containing the malicious code and 86 websites that downloaded the code, located in 16 countries, including the United States, Guatemala, Japan and the People's Republic of China, but North Korea was not among them.

The timing of the attack led some analysts to be suspicious of North Korea. The attack started on July 4, 2009, the same day as a North Korean short-range ballistic missile launch, and also occurred less than one month after the passage of UN Security Council Resolution 1874, which imposed further economic and commercial sanctions on North Korea in response to an underground nuclear test conducted earlier that year.

South Korean police analyzed a sample of the thousands of computers used by the botnet, stating that there is "various evidence" of the involvement of North Korea or "pro-North elements," but said they may not find the culprit. Intelligence officials with the South Korean government warned lawmakers that a "North Korean military research institute had been ordered to destroy the South's communications networks."

Joe Stewart, researcher at SecureWorks' Counter Threat Unit, noted that the data generated by the attacking program appeared to be based on a Korean-language browser.

Various security experts have questioned the narrative that the attack originated in North Korea. One analyst thinks that the attacks likely came from the United Kingdom, while technology analyst Rob Enderle hypothesizes that "overactive students" may be to blame. Joe Stewart of SecureWorks speculated that attention-seeking behavior drove the attack, though he notes that the breadth of the attack was "unusual."

On October 30, 2009, South Korea's spy agency, the National Intelligence Service, named North Korea as the perpetrator of the attack. According to head of the NIS Won Sei-hoon, the organization found a link between the attacks and North Korea via an IP address that the North Korean Ministry of Post and Telecommunications allegedly "[was] using on rent (from China)."


Rhadine babcocki

Rhadine babcocki is a species of ground beetle in the family Carabidae.


1935 NC State Wolfpack football team

The 1935 NC State Wolfpack football team was an American football team that represented North Carolina State University as a member of the Southern Conference (SoCon) during the 1935 college football season. In its second season under head coach Hunk Anderson, the team compiled a 6–4 record (2–2 against SoCon opponents) and outscored opponents by a total of 87 to 76.

Schedule


Mbarouk Ali

Mbarouk Salim Ali (born 20 June 1962) is a Tanzanian CUF politician and Member of Parliament for Wete constituency since 2010.


Nassigny

Nassigny is a commune in the Allier department in Auvergne in central France.

Population


Santa Maria della Pomposa, Modena

The church of Santa Maria della Pomposa in Modena, Italy, is an ancient church in the city, once located at the edge of the city walls. Its name derives from the Pomposa Abbey located near the delta of the Po River.

A religious building at the site was documented by 1153. In 1716, the Duke of Modena, Rinaldo I grants the building to his librarian Ludovico Antonio Muratori (1762 - 1750). Deconsecrated in 1774, along with the Aedes Muratoriana was granted by Duke Ercole III to the confraternity of St Sebastian. The church was reconsecrated in 1814. In 1922 Muratori was buried in the church, with a monument by Ludovico Pogliaghi. Among the works inside are a series of canvases depicting the Life of St Sebastian by Bernardino Cervi and an Enthroned Virgin with saints Sebastiano, Rocco, and Geminano by Giovanni Boulanger, copy of a Correggio painting now in Dresden. The adjacent museum celebrates the life and works of Ludovico Antonio Muratori.


Calbha Mor

Calbha Mor is a tidal islet in Eddrachillis Bay, Sutherland, Scotland.

Geography
Calbha Mor lies north of the Kylesku Bridge and west of the Duartmore forest in a location that is relatively inaccessible from the A894 road. It is  in extent and comprises two rounded hills, the highest of which reaches .

It is separated from its smaller neighbour, Calbha Beag, by a channel  deep. Calbha Beag is  in area.

The sheltered Bagh Calbha lies to the east and a large escape of fish from a fish farm here took place in 2003.

Notes


Back into the Darkness

Back into the Darkness is the fifth album by Tito & Tarantula, released in 2008.

Track listing

Personnel
 Tito Larriva – vocals, guitar
 Steven Hufsteter – guitar, backing vocals
 Caroline Rippy – bass, backing vocals
 Rafael Gayol – drums, percussion, backing vocals

Additional personnel
 Alfredo Ortiz – drums
 Marcus Praed – organ, piano, tambourine, guitar,  backing vocals

Production
 Marcus Praed – engineer, mastering
 Martin Engirt – mastering


Rupertswood Football Netball Club

The Rupertswood Football Netball Club, nicknamed the Sharks, is an Australian rules football club, and situated 40 km north west of Melbourne in the town of Sunbury and affiliated with the Riddell District Football League.

Rupertswood joined in full in 2013. It had been fielding juniors for some years. The senior side transferred in from the VAFA.

Premierships
 VAFA Club XXVIII 2000
 VAFA Division D4 2002
 VAFA Division D1 2009


1998 Vodacom Cup

The 1998 Vodacom Cup was played between 18 February and 28 May 2014 and was the 1st edition of this annual domestic cup competition. This edition of the Vodacom Cup was played between the fourteen provincial rugby union teams in South Africa.

Competition

There were fourteen teams participating in the 1998 Vodacom Cup. These teams were geographically divided into two sections - Section A (south-western section) and Section B (north-eastern section), with seven teams in each section. Teams played all the other teams in their section twice over the course of the season, once at home and once away.

Teams received four log points for a win and two log points for a draw. Bonus log points were awarded to teams that scored four or more tries in a game, as well as to teams that lost a match by seven points or less. Teams were ranked by log points, then points difference (points scored less points conceded).

The top two teams in each section qualified for the play-offs. In the semi-finals, the teams that finished first in each section had home advantage against the teams that finished second in the other section. The winners of these semi-finals then played each other in the final.

Teams

Team Listing
The following teams took part in the 1998 Vodacom Cup competition:

Round-robin stage

Logs

The final logs at the completion of the round-robin stage were as follows:

Results

Section A

Round One

Round Two

Round Three

Round Four

Round Five

Round Six

Round Seven

Round Eight

Round Nine

Round Ten

Round Eleven

Round Twelve

Round Thirteen

Round Fourteen

Section B

Round One

Round Two

Round Three

Round Four

Round Five

Round Six

Round Seven

Round Eight

Round Nine

Round Ten

Round Eleven

Round Twelve

Round Thirteen

Round Fourteen

Play-Offs

Semi-Finals

Final

Winners


Charnele Brown

Charnele Ann Brown (née Dozier; born October 30, 1965) is an American actress, producer, fashion designer and singer. Brown is perhaps best known for her role as Kimberly Reese on NBC comedy sitcom A Different World from 1988 until 1993.

Biography
Born in East Hampton, Brown is a graduate of East Hampton High School. Brown later attended the State University of New York at New Paltz Where she studied acting with other notables, including Aida Turturro. Brown made her Broadway debut in 1989 as the first American member of the South African musical "Sarafina!" Other stage performances have included the roles of Polly and Delores in "The Trials and Tribulations of Stagger Lee Brown," Ruby in "The Lord's Will," Marty in "Sisters" and Mable in "My Diary." After A Different World ended, Brown guest starred on sitcoms such as Living Single, Martin, and Girlfriends. She made a brief appearance in a movie titled How Ya Like Me Now? that starred Darnell Williams and Salli Richardson.


Assumption College School (Brantford)

Assumption College School is a Roman Catholic Secondary School in Brantford, Ontario, Canada.


Ennatosaurus

Ennatosaurus (meaning "the 9th reptile") was a synapsid that lived in European Russia during the Wordian stage of the Permian period. It is included in the synapsid clade Caseidae in the order Pelycosauria.

Ennatosaurus was a herbivore, and may have potentially been aquatic, using its broad forefeet for paddling. Like all caseids, Ennatosaurus had a small head compared to its wide, lizard-like body. Its mouth was lined with blunt, peg-like teeth. It lived alongside other Permian creatures, such as the herbivorous Nyctiphruretus and the carnivorous Biarmosuchus.

The adult size for Ennatosaurus is unknown. Fossil remains show an animal about the size of a cat, but these are likely juvenile specimens, the adults growing to sizes that may have rivaled those of -long cousin, Cotylorhynchus. Ennatosaurus is known from only one fossil site, where several juveniles were buried simultaneously in sand. One adult skull was found among the juvenile skeletons.


Os Afro-sambas

Os Afro-sambas is a 1966 album by Baden Powell and Vinícius de Moraes. It is ranked number 29 on Rolling Stone's list of 100 Greatest Brazilian Albums.

Background
Considered a watershed in MPB for fusing various elements of African sound with samba, Os Afro-sambas was recorded by Baden Powell, Vinícius de Moraes, and Quarteto em Cy in 1966.

In the mid-1960s Vinícius was fascinated by an LP of samba de roda songs with candomblé influences from Bahia. Baden Powell had also gone to Bahia and heard the songs of the Bahian candomblé. From this mutual enchantment with samba and religiosity found in Bahia, the Afro-sambas project emerged. The eight songs have a rich and unique musicality: a mix of candomblé and umbanda instruments (like atabaques and afoxés) with timbres common to Brazilian music (agogôs, saxophones and tambourines).

The opening track, Canto de Ossanha is ranked number 9 on Rolling Stone's list of 100 greatest Brazilian songs.

Baden Powell re-recorded this album in 1990, again accompanied by Quarteto em Cy, but this time singing the lead vocal himself, Vinícius having died.

Track listing
All tracks are jointly authored by Baden Powell and Vinícius de Moraes.
 Canto de Ossanha - 03:23
 Canto de Xangô - 06:28
 Bocoché - 02:34
 Canto de Iemanjá - 04:47
 Tempo de amor - 04:28
 Canto do Caboclo Pedra-Preta - 03:39
 Tristeza e solidão - 04:35
 Lamento de Exu - 02:16

Personnel

 Production and artistic direction: Roberto Quartin and Wadi Gebara
 Recording Technician: Ademar Rocha
 Back Cover: Vinícius de Moraes
 Photos: Pedro de Moraes
 Cover: Goebel Weyne
 Vocals: Vinícius de Moraes, Quarteto em Cy
 Tenor sax: Pedro Luiz de Assis
 Baritone sax: Aurino Ferreira
 Flute : Nicolino Copia
 Guitar : Baden Powell
 Double bass : Jorge Marinho
 Drums : Reisinho
 Atabaque : Alfredo Bessa
 Little Atabaque: Nelson Luiz
 Bongô : Alexandre Silva Martins
 Pandeiro : Gilson de Freitas
 Agogô : Mineirinho
 Afoxé : Adyr Jose Raimundo