Hybrid speciation

Hybrid speciation is a form of speciation where hybridization between two different species leads to a new species, reproductively isolated from the parent species. Previously, reproductive isolation between hybrids and their parents was thought to be particularly difficult to achieve, and thus hybrid species were thought to be extremely rare. With DNA analysis becoming more accessible in the 1990s, hybrid speciation has been shown to be a fairly common phenomenon, particularly in plants. In botanical nomenclature, a hybrid species is also called a nothospecies. Hybrid species are by their nature polyphyletic.

Ecology

A hybrid may occasionally be better fitted to the local environment than the parental lineage, and as such, natural selection may favor these individuals. If reproductive isolation is subsequently achieved, a separate species may arise. Reproductive isolation may be genetic, ecological, behavioral, spatial, or a combination of these.

If reproductive isolation fails to establish, the hybrid population may merge with either or both parent species. This will lead to an influx of foreign genes into the parent population, a situation called an introgression. Introgression is a source of genetic variation, and can in itself facilitate speciation. There is evidence that introgression is a ubiquitous phenomenon in plants and animals, even in humans, where genetic material from Neanderthals and Denisovans is responsible for much of the immune genes in non-African populations.

Ecological constraints
For a hybrid form to persist, it must be able to exploit the available resources better than either parent species, which, in most cases, it will have to compete with. While grizzly bears and polar bears may have offspring, a grizzly–polar bear hybrid will likely be less suited in either of the ecological roles than the parents themselves. Although the hybrid is fertile, this poor adaptation would prevent the establishment of a permanent population.

Likewise, lions and tigers have historically overlapped in a portion of their range and can theoretically produce wild hybrids: ligers, which are a cross between a male lion and female tiger, and tigons, which are a cross between a male tiger and a female lion; however, tigers and lions have thus far only hybridized in captivity. In both ligers and tigons, the females are fertile and the males are sterile. One of these hybrids (the tigon) carries growth-inhibitor genes from both parents and thus is smaller than either parent species and might in the wild come into competition with smaller carnivores, e.g. the leopard. The other hybrid, the liger, ends up larger than either of its parents: about a thousand pounds (450 kilograms) fully grown.  No tiger-lion hybrids are known from the wild, particularly because each species is confined to geographically separated ranges (tigers are not found in Africa, and the Asiatic lion is only found in the Gir Forest National Park, where tigers also are absent).

Some situations may favor hybrid population. One example is rapid turnover of available environment types, like the historical fluctuation of water level in Lake Malawi, a situation that generally favors speciation.  A similar situation can be found where closely related species occupy a chain of islands. This will allow any present hybrid population to move into new, unoccupied habitats, avoiding direct competition with parent species and giving a hybrid population time and space to establish. Genetics, too, can occasionally favor hybrids. In the Amboseli National Park in Kenya, yellow baboons and anubis baboons regularly interbreed. The hybrid males reach maturity earlier than their pure-bred cousins, setting up a situation where the hybrid population may over time replace one or both of the parent species in the area.

Genetics of hybridization
Genetics are more variable and malleable in plants than in animals, probably reflecting the higher activity level in animals. Hybrids' genetics will necessarily be less stable than those of species evolving through isolation, which explains why hybrid species appear more common in plants than in animals. Many agricultural crops are hybrids with double or even triple chromosome sets. Having multiple sets of chromosomes is called polyploidy. Polyploidy is usually fatal in animals where extra chromosome sets upset fetal development, but is often found in plants. A form of hybrid speciation that is relatively common in plants occurs when an infertile hybrid becomes fertile after doubling of the chromosome number.

Hybridization without change in chromosome number is called homoploid hybrid speciation. This is the situation found in most animal hybrids. For a hybrid to be viable, the chromosomes of the two organisms will have to be very similar, i.e., the parent species must be closely related, or else the difference in chromosome arrangement will make mitosis problematic. With polyploid hybridization, this constraint is less acute.

Super-numerary chromosome numbers can be unstable, which can lead to instability in the genetics of the hybrid. The European edible frog appears to be a species, but is actually a triploid semi-permanent hybrid between pool frogs and marsh frogs. In most populations, the edible frog population is dependent on the presence of at least one of the parent species to be maintained, as each individual need two gene sets from one parent species and one from the other. Also, the male sex determination gene in the hybrids is only found in the genome of the pool frog, further undermining stability. Such instability can also lead to rapid reduction of chromosome numbers, creating reproductive barriers and thus allowing speciation.

Known cases

Animals

Homoploid hybrid speciation

Hybrid speciation in animals is primarily homoploid. While thought not to be very common, a few animal species are the result of hybridization, mostly insects such as tephritid fruitflies that inhabit  Lonicera plants and Heliconius butterflies, as well as some fish, one marine mammal, the clymene dolphin, and a few birds.

One bird is an unnamed form of Darwin's finch from the Galapagos island of Daphne Major, described in 2017 and likely founded in the early 1980s by a male Española cactus finch from Española Island and a female medium ground finch from Daphne Major. Another is the great skua, which has a surprising genetic similarity to the physically very different pomarine skua; most ornithologists now assume it to be a hybrid between the pomarine skua and one of the northern skuas. The golden-crowned manakin was formed 180,000 years ago by hybridization between snow-capped and opal-crowned manakins.

Multiple hybrids during rapid divergence

Rapidly diverging species can sometimes form multiple hybrid species, giving rise to a species complex, like several physically divergent but closely related genera of cichlid fishes in Lake Malawi. The duck genus Anas (mallards and teals) has a very recent divergence history, many of the species are inter-fertile, and quite a few of them are thought to be hybrids. While hybrid species generally appear rare in mammals, the American red wolf appears to be a hybrid species of the Canis species complex, between gray wolf and coyote. Hybridization may have led to the species-rich Heliconius butterflies, though this conclusion has been criticized.

Plants

Since plants are more tolerant of polyploidy, hybrid species are more common than in animals. Estimates indicate as many as 2–4% of all flowering plants and 7% of all fern species are the results of polyploid hybridization. Many crop species such as wheat are hybrids, and hybridization is an important factor in speciation in some plant groups. Garden flowers in the genus Saxifraga are often hybrids, and a tetraploid natural hybrid, Saxifraga osloenis, is thought to have formed at the end of the last ice age.. Homoploid speciation also occurs in plants, and has for example given rise to several species of sunflower.


Spanish Fork Fire Station

The Spanish Fork Fire Station was built in 1934 in Spanish Fork, Utah.  It included Colonial Revival architecture.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.

The station was delisted from the National Register in 1996.  Delisting occurs usually when a historic building has been demolished or otherwise lost its historic integrity.


Diaphania phlebitis

Diaphania phlebitis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by George Hampson in 1912. It is found in Peru.


Edward Higgins

Edward John Higgins (26 November 1864 – 14 December 1947) was the third General of The Salvation Army (1929–1934).

He was born in Highbridge, Somerset, England. His father became a much revered Commissioner in the Army's ranks, and travelled extensively in the interests of the organisation. His mother died when he was 8 years of age.

He became an officer in 1882 at the age of 17. Most of his earlier career was spent as an officer in the United States. During his time as an officer in the U.S., there was great divisions amongst the American Salvationists. He was known as the peace maker, thus earning him a lot of respect. In 1888, he married Captain Catherine Price.

When Higgins was 42 years of age, Commissioner and Chief of the Staff  Bramwell Booth gave him the oversight of the evangelistic work in the United Kingdom. By this time, Higgins was a great speaker, and had a lot of leadership skills which was needed in this role.

The Siege of London was a 10-day effort that took place in November 1912. It was an attempt to bring a prayer service to the people out in the core of London. It was such a huge success that it was repeated in 1913.

In 1919, General Bramwell Booth appointed him as his Chief of the Staff. Higgins was never one to lead a political agenda, but he took his new role in stride. However, 1929 was a real test for Higgins and a critical time in the history of The Salvation Army, the calling of the first High Council to elect a new General. General Bramwell Booth was asked to resign because of his ill health over the past several months. He refused, however, and was then reluctantly deposed from office, to be succeeded in the election of Higgins. As General Booth sued, the matter was put in the hands of the court. The court ruled in favour of the High Council. Thus, Higgins was the first General to be elected by the High Council.

As leader of the International Salvation Army, General Higgins still had his personal touch and warmth towards others. During his term in office as the General, he allowed a centenary of William Booth's birth to be celebrated. He also presided over a gathering in the Royal Albert Hall, and among those taking part was then Prime Minister, The Rt Hon. Stanley Baldwin.

When he retired, his farewell meeting was held at the Royal Albert Hall on 1 November 1934, presided over by the then Duke of York (later George VI), who was accompanied by the Duchess (later Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother.)

The General and his wife then went to live in Florida, and later moved to Canada. The General and his wife had 7 children. He continued to prove himself a true "son of the Army" by maintaining as much interest in the relatively small corps around them as he had done in the greater issues when in office.	Mrs General Catherine Higgins died in 1952.

Higgins wrote a number of books, including Stewards of God and Personal Holiness.

General Edward Higgins died at age 83.


Dymes

Dimes () is a village in the Limassol District of Cyprus, located 4 km south of Kyperounta.


Rupilia

Rupilia Faustina (c. 87 A.D. – before 138 A.D.) was an influential Roman noblewoman. She was the daughter of Salonina Matidia and suffect consul Lucius Scribonius Libo Rupilius Frugi Bonus. She possibly had another sister called Rupilia Annia.

Her mother’s maternal uncle was the Roman Emperor Trajan. Her elder half-sisters were Roman Empress Vibia Sabina and Matidia Minor. The sisters lived and were raised as a part of the household of Trajan, his wife Pompeia Plotina and her father. Roman Emperor Hadrian was her brother-in-law and third cousin.

Faustina married Marcus Annius Verus, who was a prefect in Rome and served as consul three times. Their children were:

 Annia Galeria Faustina or Faustina the Elder, a Roman Empress who married Roman Emperor Antoninus Pius.
 Marcus Annius Libo, a consul.
 Marcus Annius Verus, a praetor who married Domitia Lucilla and became father to future Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius and his sister Annia Cornificia Faustina.


Katheryn

Katheryn is a feminine given name. It is a variant of Katherine. Notable people with the name include:

 Katheryn Curi, American cyclist who placed first at the National Road Race Championships in Park City
 Katheryn K. Russell, associate professor of criminology and criminal justice at the University of Maryland
 Katheryn of Berain, Welsh noblewoman noted for her four marriages
 Katheryn Elizabeth Hudson, or Katy Perry - American singer and songwriter
 Katheryn Winnick, Canadian actress. Well known for her role as Lagertha in Vikings.

References


Petah Coyne

Petah Coyne (born 1953) is an American sculptor and photographer. She is known for her large-scale sculptures composed of unconventional, and often organic, materials, such as clay, silk, wax, and hair. Coyne's sculptures and photographs have been the subject of more than 30 solo museum exhibitions. Some of her works are in the permanent collections of museums and galleries such as the Museum of Modern Art, the Whitney Museum of American Art, the Brooklyn Museum of Art, the Toledo Museum of Art, the High Museum of Art in Atlanta, the Corcoran Gallery of Art, and the Nasher Museum of Art at Duke University.

Early life and education
Coyne was born in Oklahoma City in 1953 to a military family that moved several times before settling in Dayton, OH when she was twelve. Coyne was home-schooled and as a teenager took courses at the University of Dayton. She attended Kent State University from 1972-1973 and then the Art Academy of Cincinnati, from which she graduated in 1977.

She moved in 1977 with her husband, Lamar Hall, from Ohio to Broome Street in New York.

Career
Coyne lives and works in New York and New Jersey.
A list of her solo and group exhibitions can be found on her resume.

The Real Guerrillas: The Early Years
In 2016, Petah Coyne and Kathy Grove debuted their project The Real Guerrillas: The Early Years, at Galerie Lelong in New York, Narrative/Collaborative, an exhibition of photographic works generated through collaborative practices. The Guerrilla Girls are an anonymous group of feminist, female artists devoted to fighting sexism and racism within the art world. The project comprises two portraits of each woman who participated from 1985 through 2000. One photographic portrait depicts the selected member as her "alias", masked and costumed while the second depicts the artist as herself, without a mask, in her studio surrounded by her work. As members pass away and their identities can be safely revealed, both portraits will be exhibited allowing their contributions to be fully acknowledged.

Recent solo exhibitions
In 2018 Coyne had a solo exhibition, "Petah Coyne: Having Gone, I Will Return," at Galerie Lelong & Co., New York, New York. Coyne found couture seamstresses to teach her techniques that she manipulated to create a new velvet work, Untitled #1379 (The Doctor's Wife), which became the centerpiece of the exhibition. The piece was based on the book The Doctor's Wife, a novel by Sawako Ariyoshi written in 1966.

Her solo exhibition, "Everything That Rises Must Converge", at the Mass MoCA (May 29, 2010) featured large-scale mixed-media sculptures along with silver gelatin print photographs.  Coyne layers wax-soaked materials such as pearls, ribbons and silk flowers into large sculptural forms, often incorporating taxidermied birds and animals. In addition to the range in artistic media across her works, Coyne derives inspiration from a wide variety of sources, from literature and film to world culture and the natural environment.

Quotes about Work
According to the Scottsdale Museum of Contemporary Art,

Quote from Coyne on her wax works in 1994:


First National Bank Building (Gastonia, North Carolina)

First National Bank Building, also known as the Lawyers Building, is a historic office building located at Gastonia, Gaston County, North Carolina.  It was designed by Wilson & Sompayrac and built in 1916-1917. It is a seven-story, rectangular, Classical Revival style steel frame building.  It is sheathed in cream-colored brick with limestone and terra cotta trim.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986. It is located in the Downtown Gastonia Historic District.


Dhawan

Dhawan or Dhowan or Dhown (Punjabi: ਧਵਨ) is gotra of Jat and Khatri found in North India. Today, they can be found in the states of Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh and Delhi.

Notable people
 Anil Dhawan, an Indian actor
 Ashita Dhawan, is an Indian television actress
 Ashish Dhawan, is an Indian private equity investor and philanthropist
 David Dhawan, an Indian film director
 Deepak Dhawan, Communist Activist of Punjab
 Harmohan Dhawan, is an Indian politician and Former Member of Parliament
 Prem Dhawan, an Indian lyricist
 Rishi Dhawan, an Indian cricketer
 R. K. Dhawan, an Indian politician
 Rohit Dhawan, an Indian film director
 Sabrina Dhawan, an England-born Indian screenwriter
 Sacha Dhawan, an English actor
 Satish Dhawan, an Indian rocket scientist
 Shikhar Dhawan, an Indian international cricketer
 Varun Dhawan, an Indian film actor
 Rajiv Dhawan, an Indian industrialist owner of Rollcon Technofab


Don't Sweat That (Whistle Song)

Don't Sweat That (Whistle Song) is a single released by Dr. Stay Dry. It features American R&B singer and rapper Lumidee and samples music from the movie Twisted Nerve. It is a remix of The Whistle Song from Lumidee's second album Unexpected.

Track listing
Scandinavian Maxi-Single

Source:

Charts


Erni Cabat

Ernest "Erni" Cabat (July 7, 1914 - November 9, 1994) was an American artist.

Cabat studied art formally in New York in the 1920 and early 1930s. Before starting a decades-long career in advertising, ceramics and painting . He worked in Manhattan for a number of significant advertising firms and industrial design studios before moving to Tucson, Arizona in 1942.  In Arizona he joined with Norval Gill to establish the Cabat-Gill Advertising Agency.

The firm's work created and influenced the regional and charming mid-century brand of Arizona and the southwest. The firm developed and managed travel and marketing campaigns throughout Arizona and New Mexico.  In addition to his professional design work Cabat was a sculptor, ceramicist and painter who won numerous awards and whose work is housed in various museums and private collections throughout the United States..

Life and work

Through his advertising firm he influenced the graphic aspects of southwestern advertising including TV, radio,  newspaper, magazines and marketing ephemera. His ceramic works were characteristic of the post WW-II modern era utilizing shapes colors and forms that have become synonymous with the mid-century modern movement. Towards the end of his career Cabat wrote and illustrated numerous publications and books on southwestern themes.

Marriage
Cabat was married to Rose Cabat, a significant and influential mid-century ceramic artist.

Death
Ernest Cabat died at age 80 on November 9, 1994 in Tucson, Arizona.

He was survived by his wife, their three children, and extended family.


Radler (surname)

Radler is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
 Błażej Radler (born 1982, Rydułtowy), Polish professional footballer
 F. David Radler (born 1944, Montreal, Quebec), Canadian executive and close associate of Conrad Black
 Dorothy Raedler (born 1917, New York City)
 Johann Rädler (born 1952), Austrian politician (ÖVP)
 Josef Karl Rädler (1844–1917), Austrian porcelain painter
 Antonie Rädler (1899–1991), Marian religious visionary who founded the Maria vom Sieg shrine in Wigratzbad

References


The Legend of Tennessee Moltisanti

"The Legend of Tennessee Moltisanti" is the eighth episode of the HBO original series The Sopranos. It was written by David Chase and Frank Renzulli, directed by Tim Van Patten and originally aired on February 28, 1999.

Starring
 James Gandolfini as Tony Soprano
 Lorraine Bracco as Dr. Jennifer Melfi
 Edie Falco as Carmela Soprano
 Michael Imperioli as Christopher Moltisanti
 Dominic Chianese as Corrado Soprano, Jr.
 Vincent Pastore as Pussy Bonpensiero
 Steven Van Zandt as Silvio Dante
 Tony Sirico as Paulie Gualtieri
 Robert Iler as Anthony Soprano, Jr.
 Jamie-Lynn Sigler as Meadow Soprano
 Nancy Marchand as Livia Soprano

Guest starring
 Richard Romanus as Richard LaPenna
 Drea de Matteo as Adriana

Also guest starring

Synopsis
At his daughter's wedding, Larry tells members of the DiMeo crime family that, according to his source in the FBI, federal indictments will soon be handed down against the New Jersey mob. One by one the capos gather their families, say goodbye to the tearful bride, and leave early. Tony and Carmela swiftly collect cash and guns from different parts of their house; Meadow and A.J. watch. Tony hides it all in Livia's room at Green Grove. The house is searched by an FBI team led by Agent Harris.

At dinner, a Chinese takeout, after the search, Tony explains to his children that Italians and Italian-Americans are not given the respect they deserve. Dr. Melfi, at a dinner with her family, including her ex-husband, says a few careless words, and he deduces that one of her patients is a mafioso. He urges her to drop that patient, who he says is evil. He deplores the way a few thousand gangsters have tarnished the good name of millions of Italian-Americans.

Tony has told Dr. Melfi he might go on vacation and miss an appointment; she understands what he means. He misses one; next time she tells him that, as previously agreed, she will charge him for it. Angry, likening her to a call-girl, he scatters bills on the floor and leaves.

In nightmares, Christopher is haunted by Emil Kolar, the first person he killed. He enlists Georgie to help dig the body up and relocate it. He is struggling to write a Mafia movie screenplay. The characters have no arc and he feels there is no arc in his own life. He shoots a shop clerk in the foot for making him wait too long. Tony is furious, but then tries to question him about his feelings, and the conversation ends quietly. Chris is envious and resentful that he is not listed as one of those being investigated by the FBI; when his name appears in the newspaper he is thrilled.

Livia tells Junior that Tony is seeing a psychiatrist. She adds, "I don't want there to be any repercussions."

First appearances
 Agent Grasso: an agent investigating the DiMeo crime family
 Agent Harris: an agent who specializes in the case of the DiMeo crime family
 Jason LaPenna: Dr. Melfi's college-age son
 Richard LaPenna: Dr. Melfi's ex-husband
 Jimmy Petrille: capo in the Lupertazzi crime family.
 Angie Bonpensiero: Pussy's wife of 24 years who is considered a "mob wife" and is good friends with Carmela Soprano, Gabriella Dante and Rosalie Aprile.
 Gino: Gino is seen in the bakery when Christopher shoots the baker in the foot; he is played by Joseph R. Gannascoli, who will later take on the role of "Vito Spatafore" in season 2 of the series.

Title reference

 The title is a play on Christopher Moltisanti's name and that of noted 20th-century American playwright and sufferer of depression Tennessee Williams. Adriana calls Christopher her "Tennessee William" [sic] when he struggles with his screenplay.
 In Goodfellas, Tommy DeVito, played by Joe Pesci shoots the waiter played by Michael Imperioli (Christopher Moltisanti) in the foot. In this Sopranos episode, it is Christopher who shoots the bakery clerk on the foot.

Production
 Joseph R. Gannascoli, who plays Gino the bakery customer in this episode, returns in season two as Vito Spatafore, a soldier in the Aprile crew. Gannascoli, Saundra Santiago and Dan Grimaldi are the only actors to portray two roles in the series. Santiago portrays twins Jeannie Cusamano and Joan O'Connell. Grimaldi portrays twins Philly and Patsy Parisi.
 The actresses who play Pussy and Silvio's wives in this episode differ from those who play those roles later in the series—neither "wife" in this role has any lines or is credited for her appearance. Pussy's wife from this episode also appears in "Guy Walks into a Psychiatrist's Office...". In season two, the role of Angie Bonpensiero is recast with Toni Kalem and that of Gabriella Dante with Maureen Van Zandt, Steven Van Zandt's real life wife.
 This is the first episode directed by Tim Van Patten, who would become a regular director on the series.
 This is the first episode to have Phil Abraham as cinematographer.

Other cultural references
 When describing a character with a story arc to Paulie, Christopher mentions Richard Kimble (protagonist of The Fugitive) and Keanu Reeves' character in Devil's Advocate. Big Pussy later jokes that Noah had an ark.
 Richard Romanus plays Dr. Melfi's ex-husband, Richard LaPenna, and he tells Dr. Melfi, played by Lorraine Bracco, that American culture is giving Italian-Americans a bad name, citing  Goodfellas as an example.  Bracco co-starred in Goodfellas, and  Romanus co-starred in another Martin Scorsese film,  Mean Streets.
 Christopher's explanation of his sense of malaise to Paulie Gualtieri prompts Paulie to share: the writer "with the bullfights blew his head off". Paulie is referring to Ernest Hemingway, who committed suicide. Hemingway wrote both non-fiction and fiction about bullfighting.
 Christopher speaks appreciatively of Blockbuster, a chain of video rental stores, now closed down.
 Speaking to his children, Tony mentions Sacco and Vanzetti, Italian immigrant anarchists, controversially executed for murder; and also Antonio Meucci, inventor, and Frank Sinatra, singer.

Music
 The song played when Christopher has a nightmare about Adriana and Carmela is "You" by The Aquatones.
 The song played when Larry Boy tells Paulie about the possible indictments is "Wind Beneath My Wings" by Barbara Lavalle.
 The song played when Jimmy tells Christopher about the possible indictments, and Tony, Junior and the other capos discuss the situation is "Turn the Beat Around" also by Barbara Lavalle.
 The song played when the capos pull their families out of the wedding is "Summer Wind" by Robert Anthony Lavalle.
 The song played when Tony hides his guns and cash in Livia's room is "Welcome (Back)" by Land of the Loops. It was previously played in the pilot episode, which was the first ever song to play on the show.
 The song played when Paulie visits Christopher's apartment is "Summertime" by Booker T. & the MG's.
The Beatles song "Lucy In the Sky with Diamonds" is mentioned by the comedian in the nursing home scene between Junior and Livia.
 The song played when Christopher steals the newspapers and into the end credits is "Frank Sinatra" by Cake.

Filming locations
Listed in order of first appearance:

 Satriale's Pork Store in Kearny, New Jersey
 Astoria, Queens
 Jersey City, New Jersey
 North Arlington, New Jersey
 West Orange, New Jersey
 Below Interstate 95 in the Meadowlands in Kearny, New Jersey
 Kearny, New Jersey
 West Caldwell, New Jersey
 West Orange, New Jersey

Reception
In a retrospective review, Emily VanDerWerff of The A.V. Club was positive. While she opined that the story with Melfi's family "has a tendency to stop the show dead in its tracks" in that "no one watching really cares what Melfi's ex-husband thinks", VanDerWerff listed Christopher's conversations with Paulie and Tony among her favorite scenes from the entirety of The Sopranos and argued that "the series shows it has a certain affection for these characters, these scumbags." Alan Sepinwall also praised the scene between Christopher and Paulie as "remarkable [...] as it illustrates the folly of trying to model your life on your favorite movie and TV characters", but wrote that the dialogue in the scenes with Melfi's family about the popular image of Italian-Americans "grows a little didactic at times".


Perimede

Perimede is a genus of moths in the family Cosmopterigidae.

Species
Perimede annulata Busck, 1914
Perimede battis Hodges, 1962
Perimede catapasta Walsingham, 1909
Perimede circitor Hodges, 1969
Perimede citeriella Sinev, 1986
Perimede decimanella Sinev, 1986
Perimede erema Hodges, 1969
Perimede erransella Chambers, 1874
Perimede falcata Braun, 1919
Perimede grandis Hodges, 1978
Perimede latris Hodges, 1962
Perimede maniola Hodges, 1969
Perimede parilis Hodges, 1969
Perimede purpurescens Forbes, 1931
Perimede ricina Hodges, 1962


HyperWRT

HyperWRT is a GPL firmware project for the Linksys WRT54G and WRT54GS wireless routers based on the stock Linksys firmware. The original goal of the HyperWRT project was to add a set of features—such as power boost—to the latest Linux-based Linksys firmware, extending its possibilities but staying close to the official firmware. Over time, it continued to be updated with newer Linksys firmware, and added many more features typically found in enterprise routing equipment. HyperWRT is no longer maintained and has been succeeded by Tomato.

History
The original HyperWRT project was started in 2004 by Timothy Jans (a.k.a. Avenger 2.0), with continued development into early 2005. Another programmer called Rupan then continued HyperWRT development by integrating newer Linksys code as it was released.

Later in 2005, two developers called tofu and Thibor picked up HyperWRT development with HyperWRT +tofu for the WRT54G and HyperWRT Thibor for the WRT54GS. Both developers frequently collaborated and added features from each other's releases, and both developed WRTSL54GS versions of their firmware. After February 2006, tofu discontinued development and his code was incorporated into HyperWRT Thibor. HyperWRT Thibor15c (July 2006) was the last version of HyperWRT and was compatible with the WRT54G (v1-v4), WRT54GL (v1-v1.1), WRT54GS (v1-v4), and WRTSL54GS (later unfinished beta 17rc3 released Feb 2008).


Anton Cermak

Anton Joseph Cermak (, ; May 9, 1873 – March 6, 1933) was an American politician who served as the 44th mayor of Chicago, Illinois from April 7, 1931 until his death on March 6, 1933.

Life
Cermak was born to a mining family in Kladno, Austria-Hungary (now in the Czech Republic).

He emigrated with his parents to the United States in 1874 and  grew up in the town of Braidwood, Illinois, where he was educated before beginning to work full time while still a teenager.  He followed his father into coal mining, and labored at mines in Will and Grundy Counties. After moving to Chicago at age 16, Cermak worked as a tow boy for the horse-drawn streetcar line, and then tended horses in the stables of Chicago's Pilsen neighborhood.  During the early years of his working life, Cermak supplemented his education with evening high school and business college classes.

After saving enough money to buy his own horse and cart, he went into business selling firewood, and he subsequently expanded his venture into a haulage business.  As he became more active politically, Cermak served in municipal government jobs including clerk in the city police court.  As his political fortunes began to rise, Cermak was able to avail himself of other business opportunities, including interests in real estate, insurance, and banking.

He began his political career as a Democratic Party precinct captain, and in 1902 he was elected to the Illinois House of Representatives. Seven years later, he became alderman of the 12th Ward. Cermak was elected president of the Cook County Board of Commissioners in 1922, chairman of the Cook County Democratic Party in 1928, and mayor of Chicago in 1931.

In 1928, he ran for the United States Senate and was defeated by Republican Otis F. Glenn, receiving 46% of the vote.

Mayor of Chicago (1931–1933)

Cermak's mayoral victory came in the wake of the Great Depression and the deep resentment many Chicagoans had of Prohibition and the increasing violence resulting from organized crime's control of Chicago, typified by the St. Valentine's Day Massacre.

The many ethnic groups such as Czechs, Poles, Ukrainians, Jews, Italians, and African Americans that began to settle in Chicago in the early 1900s were mostly detached from the political system, due in part to lack of organization which led to underrepresentation in the City Council. As an immigrant himself, Cermak recognized Chicago's relatively new immigrants as a significant population of disenfranchised voters and a large power base for Cermak and his local Democratic organization.

Before Cermak, the Democratic party in Cook County was run by Irish Americans. The Irish first became successful in politics because they spoke English and because, coming from an island on the edge of Europe, they didn’t have a lot of ancestral enemies. As the old saying went, “A Lithuanian won’t vote for a Pole, and a Pole won’t vote for a Lithuanian. A German won’t vote for either of them. But all three will vote for a turkey -- an Irishman." As Cermak climbed the local political ladder, the resentment of the Party leadership grew. When the bosses rejected his bid to become the mayoral candidate, Cermak swore revenge. He formed his political army from the non-Irish elements, and even persuaded black politician William L. Dawson to switch from the Republican to the Democratic Party.

Dawson later became U.S. Representative (from the 1st District) and soon the most powerful black politician in Illinois. Cermak's political and organizational skills helped create one of the most powerful political organizations of his day.  With support from Franklin D. Roosevelt on the national level, Cermak gradually wooed members of Chicago's growing black community into the Democratic fold. Walter Wright, the superintendent of parks and aviation for the city of Chicago, aided Cermak in stepping into office.

When Cermak challenged the incumbent "Big Bill" Thompson in the 1931 mayor's race, Thompson, representative of Chicago's existing Irish-dominated power structure, responded with ethnic slurs:

I won't take a back seat to that Bohunk, Chairmock, Chermack or whatever his name is.
Tony, Tony, where's your pushcart at?
Can you picture a World's Fair mayor with a name like that?

Cermak replied, "He doesn't like my name... it's true I didn't come over on the Mayflower, but I came over as soon as I could." It was a sentiment to which ethnic Chicagoans could relate and Thompson's slur largely backfired.

Thompson's reputation as a buffoon, many voters' disgust with the corruption of his machine, and his inability or unwillingness to clean up organized crime in Chicago, were cited as major factors in Cermak capturing 58% of the vote in the mayoral election on April 6, 1931. Cermak's victory finished Thompson as a political power and largely ended the Republican Party's power in Chicago; indeed, all the mayors of Chicago since 1931 have been members of the Democratic Party. For nearly his entire administration, Cermak had to deal with a major tax revolt. From 1931-33, the Association of Real Estate Taxpayers mounted a "tax strike".

At its height, ARET, which was headed by John M. Pratt and James E. Bistor, had over thirty thousand members. Much to Cermak's dismay, it successfully slowed down the collection of real estate taxes through litigation and promoting refusal to pay. In the meantime, the city found it difficult to pay teachers and maintain services. Cermak was obliged to meet President-elect Franklin D. Roosevelt to 'mend fences' and get money to fund essential city services.

Death

While shaking hands with President-elect Franklin D. Roosevelt at Bayfront Park in Miami, Florida on February 15, 1933, Cermak was shot in the lung and mortally wounded by Giuseppe Zangara, who was attempting to assassinate Roosevelt. At the critical moment, Lillian Cross, a woman standing near Zangara, hit Zangara's arm with her purse and spoiled his aim. In addition to Cermak, Zangara hit four other people, one of whom, Mabel Gill, also died of her wounds.

Zangara told the police that he hated rich and powerful people, but not Roosevelt personally. Once at the hospital, Cermak reportedly uttered the line that is engraved on his tomb. Speaking to FDR, Cermak spoke only seven words: "I'm glad it was me, not you." The Chicago Tribune reported the quote without attributing it to a witness, and most scholars doubt it was ever said. Zangara was executed in the electric chair months later for the shooting.

Later, rumors circulated that Cermak, not Roosevelt, had been the intended target, as his promise to clean up Chicago's rampant lawlessness posed a threat to Al Capone and the Chicago organized crime syndicate. One of the first people to suggest the organized crime theory was reporter Walter Winchell, who happened to be in Miami the evening of the shooting.  According to Roosevelt biographer Jean Edward Smith, there is no proof for this theory.

Long-time Chicago newsman Len O'Connor offers a different view of the events surrounding the mayor's assassination. He has written that aldermen Paddy Bauler and Charlie Weber informed him that relations between Cermak and FDR were strained because Cermak fought FDR's nomination at the Democratic convention in Chicago.

Author Ronald Humble offers another view as to why Cermak was killed. In his book Frank Nitti: The True Story of Chicago's Notorious Enforcer, Humble contends that Cermak was as corrupt as Thompson and that the Chicago Outfit hired Zangara to kill Cermak in retaliation for Cermak's attempt to murder Frank Nitti.

Cermak died at Jackson Memorial Hospital in Miami on March 6, partly because of his wounds. On March 30, however, his personal physician, Dr. Karl A. Meyer, said that the primary cause of Cermak's death was ulcerative colitis, commenting, "The mayor would have recovered from the bullet wound had it not been for the complication of colitis. The autopsy disclosed the wound had healed ... the other complications were not directly due to the bullet wound."

Cermak was interred in a mausoleum at Bohemian National Cemetery in Chicago. The mayor's death was followed by a struggle for succession to his party chairmanship and to the mayor's office.

A plaque honoring Cermak still lies at the site of the assassination in Miami's Bayfront Park. It is inscribed with Cermak's alleged words to FDR after he was shot, "I'm glad it was me instead of you." Following Cermak's death, 22nd Street, a major east-west artery that traversed Chicago's West Side and the close-in suburbs of Cicero and Berwyn, areas with a significant Czech population, was renamed Cermak Road. Zangara was charged with murder after Cermak's death, and electrocuted in Florida's electric chair on March 20, 1933. In 1943, a Liberty ship, the SS A. J. Cermak was named in Cermak's honor. It was scrapped in 1964.

Descendants
Cermak's son-in-law, Otto Kerner Jr., served as the 33rd Governor of Illinois, and as a federal circuit judge.

His grandson, Frank J. Jirka, Jr., who was with him in Miami when he was assassinated, later became a highly decorated Underwater Demolition Team officer in the United States Navy. He was awarded the Silver Star and Purple Heart for his actions during the Battle of Iwo Jima; the wounds he suffered led to the amputation of both legs below the knee. After World War II, he became a physician, and in 1983 was elected president of the American Medical Association. Cermak's great niece, Kajon Cermak, is a radio  broadcaster. His daughter, Lillian, was married to Richey V. Graham who served in the Illinois General Assembly.

In popular culture
A hastily produced movie about Cermak, The Man Who Dared, was released within months of his death.
There was a made-for-TV movie, The Gun of Zangara, about Cermak's assassination. It was originally a two-part episode of The Untouchables, where it had the title "The Unhired Assassin." Cermak has a major role in the story as an honest man and was played by Robert Middleton.
Cermak is mentioned in Stephen Sondheim's play Assassins during the song "How I Saved Roosevelt."
Cermak and his rise to the mayoralty has also been mentioned in Jeffrey Archer's novel Kane and Abel.
Part of the episode "Objects in Motion" of the television series Babylon 5 is based on the circumstances of Cermak's death.
Cermak is referenced by Kelsey Grammer's Chicago mayor Tom Kane in several episodes of the Starz TV series Boss.
In "Red Team III", the seventh episode in the second season of HBO's The Newsroom, Will McAvoy (Jeff Daniels) references Anton Cermak.
The history-based crime novel True Detective, the first in Max Allan Collins' Nathan Heller series, includes a fictionalized account of the Cermak slaying.
 In the first episode of the second season of the Netflix cartoon sitcom F is for Family, the fictional school of Anton Cermak Tech is mentioned during a broadcast.


Spallanzania

Spallanzania is a genus of flies in the family Tachinidae.

Species
S. colludens Reinhard, 1958
S. finitima (Snow, 1895)
S. floridana (Townsend, 1911)
S. griseiventris Herting, 1967
S. hebes (Fallén, 1820)
S. hesperidarum (Williston, 1889)
S. multisetosa (Róndani, 1859)
S. quadrimaculata Herting, 1967
S. rectistylum (Macquart, 1847)
S. sillemi (Baranov, 1935)
S. sparipruinatus Chao & Shi, 1982
S. tabida (Reinhard, 1958)


Argentina men's national softball team

Argentina men's national softball team is the national team for Argentina. The team competed at the 1992 ISF Men's World Championship in Manila, Philippines where they finished with 6 wins and 2 losses.   The team competed at the 1996 ISF Men's World Championship in Midland, Michigan where they finished with 7 wins and 3 losses. The team competed at the 2004 ISF Men's World Championship in Christchurch, New Zealand where they finished eighth.  The team competed at the 2009 ISF Men's World Championship in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan where they finished seventh.


John Passmore

John Passmore AC (9 September 1914 – 25 July 2004) was an Australian philosopher.

Life
John Passmore was born on 9 September 1914 in Manly, Sydney, where he grew up.He was educated at Sydney Boys High School. He subsequently graduated from the University of Sydney with first-class honours in English literature and philosophy whilst studying with a view to become a secondary-school teacher. In 1934 he accepted the position of assistant lecturer in philosophy at the University of Sydney, continuing teaching there until 1949. In 1948 he went to study at the University of London.

From 1950 to 1955 he was (the first) professor of philosophy at the University of Otago in New Zealand. In 1955 he spent a year at the University of Oxford on a Carnegie grant. Upon his return to Australia he took up a post at the Institute of Advanced Studies at the Australian National University, where he was professor of Philosophy in the Research School of Social Sciences from 1958 to 1979.

In 1960 he was Ziskind visiting professor at Brandeis University in the United States. He subsequently lectured in England, the United States, Mexico, Japan, and in various European countries.

He also served as a director and then later as governor of the Australian Elizabethan Theatre Trust.

In 1994 he was appointed a Companion of the Order of Australia (AC), Australia's highest civilian honour.

He died on 25 July 2004 and was survived by his wife Doris and two daughters.

Work
Passmore was as much a historian of ideas as a philosopher, and his scholarship always paid careful attention to the complex historical context of philosophical problems. He published about twenty books, many of which have been translated. Philosopher Frank Jackson notes that Passmore "shaped public debate and opened up philosophy and history of ideas to the wider world."

In his book Man's Responsibility for Nature (1974) Passmore argued that there is urgent need to change our attitude to the environment, and that humans cannot continue unconstrained exploitation of the biosphere. However, he rejected the view that we need to abandon the Western tradition of scientific rationalism, and was unsympathetic towards attempts to articulate environmental concern through radical revisions of our ethical framework, as advocated by deep ecologists, which he conceived as misguided mysticism or irrationalism. Passmore was skepticial about attempts to attribute intrinsic value to nature, and his preferred position was of valuing nature in terms of what it contributes to the flourishing of sentient creatures (including humans). According to William Grey of the International Society for Environmental Ethics, his "unequivocal anthropocentrism made him a reference point in the discourse of environmental ethics and many treatises in field begin with (or include) a refutation of his views."

Passmore described himself as a "pessimistic humanist" who regarded neither human beings nor human societies as perfectible.

Bibliography
Reading and Remembering (1942, 1943, 1963)
Talking Things Over (1945)
Ralph Cudworth (1951)
Hume's Intentions (1952)
Philosophical Reasoning (1961)
Joseph Priestley (1965)
A Hundred Years of Philosophy (1957, 1968)
The Perfectibility of Man (1970)
Man's Responsibility for Nature (1974, 1980)
Science and Its Critics (1978)
The Philosophy of Teaching (1980)
The Limits of Government (1981) (the 1981 Boyer Lectures)
Recent Philosophers (1985)
Serious Art: A Study of the Concept in All the Major Arts (1991)
Memoirs of a Semi-detached Australian (1997)


The Estonia women's national volleyball team represents Estonia in international women's volleyball competitions and friendly matches.

Results

European Volleyball League

European Championship
...
 2013 — did not participate
 2015 — did not qualify
 2017 — did not qualify
 2019 — 23rd

Team

Current squad
The following is the Estonian roster in the women's volleyball tournament of the 2019 European Volleyball League.

Head coach: Andrei Ojamets

* Positions:
LB – Libero
MB – Middle-blocker
OP – Opposite
OS – Outside-spiker
ST – Setter

Statistics

Most games for Estonia


Demonoid

Demonoid is a BitTorrent tracker and website that included file-sharing related discussion forums and a searchable index for the tracker. The site underwent intermittent periods of extended downtime due to the occasional need to move the server, generally caused by cancellation of ISP service due to local political pressure. There are reports of its founder Deimos passing away in September 2018 and the future of the site is currently uncertain.

Features and policies
Demonoid features RSS with different feeds for each of its torrent categories and their sub-categories. It tracked and displayed users' upload/download ratios, but, except in its early years, took no action against users with low ratios (members who took more than they share). Demonoid previously banned users with low ratios, but stopped doing so due to the ratio system being inaccurate for some users, such as those with dynamic IP addresses. It was a semi-private tracker where registrations were periodically open.

Demonoid prohibits linking to torrents containing pornographic material and malicious software.

In addition to forums on the Demonoid web site, an IRC channel, #demonoid at P2P-Network, supports discussion among users.

History

Domain name changes
On December 2, 2010, Demonoid changed its domain from .com to a .me address, to avoid US government seizure.

On April 27, 2012, Demonoid changed its domain to a .ph TLD, and started an open beta of the new site on Demonoid.me.

On June 15, 2012, Demonoid reverted to its previous .me domain, but returned to the .ph domain a week later.

The Demonoid website and tracker last went offline in July 2012 for a period of nearly two years, the longest hiatus ever. At the time it went offline, Demonoid was hosted by an ISP in Ukraine.  Subsequent signs of activity led to no new developments until March 29, 2014, when the site, once again, went online. The revived site now uses a remote server.

On May 7, 2013, d2, an unofficial website based on Demonoid's databases went live at d2.vu, with hosting provided by the U.S.-based service RamNode. Around November 2013, a website showing the Demonoid logo and saying "We will rebuild!" came online at the .com domain, and the .me and .ph domains began redirecting web traffic to it, indicating they are all under control of the same owner.

In January 2014, a tracker came online at the .com domain and provided service for the old torrents. On March 29, 2014, Demonoid came back online at the demonoid.ph domain. On December 3, 2014 domain name was changed to demonoid.pw.

There are no proxies or other alternatives available. There are some copycats around, but these are all fake.
“Users should be REALLY aware that there is no: .onion address, mirrors, alternative Demonoids and such. Especially to avoid demonoid.to,” according to torrentFreak.com.

On February 17, 2019 an official statement was made stating that ownership of demonoid.pw was lost and to avoid visiting it.

In August 2019, Demonoid came back online at dnoid.to with registrations open intermittently.

Legal issues
In a 2007 study, Slyck.com found twelve cease and desist letters to users of Demonoid.

On September 25, 2007, the Demonoid website, forums and trackers went offline. They came back four days later with the exception of the website, which came back the day after. Over the next few days, the website continued experiencing intermittent downtime until October 2, 2007. The explanation as widely speculated was that they had received a letter from a lawyer for the Canadian Recording Industry Association threatening legal action. Demonoid began blocking Canadian traffic, a strategy similar to that taken by isoHunt and TorrentSpy in blocking American traffic to avoid RIAA complaints. Visitors from Canadian-based IPs would be redirected to the downtime version of the website, which contained an explanation of the legal threats. However, it was still possible for Canadians to visit the website at that time using proxy servers. Additionally, while the website may have been blocked in Canada at the time, the tracker was still readily accepting Canadian IP addresses.

The threats are in spite of the open question of the legality of music file sharing in Canada. The CRIA has neither confirmed nor denied its involvement despite Demonoid's claims.

On November 9, 2007, the site again went offline, reportedly due to legal threats to their service provider from the Canadian Recording Industry Association. A placeholder page stated, "The CRIA threatened the company renting the servers to us, and because of this it is not possible to keep the site online. Sorry for the inconvenience and thanks for your understanding." According to the IRC channel, the trackers themselves were not affected. Six days later, the placeholder page was updated with a link to a new forum, unrelated to file sharing, for the community. On November 29, 2007, Deimos posted on that forum a problem preventing the site from coming back up:

The site then came back online on April 11, 2008. The homepage announced that the site had a new administrator, and that the old one (Deimos) had left for personal reasons.

Administration adjustment
On April 10, 2008, Deimos stepped down as the administrator of Demonoid, citing a number of reasons and "distraction with real-world issues" as the cause. He also stated that he has "handed the reins over to a new administrator" – "a close friend of [his]", whom they trust completely and has the knowledge and time to take care of the site. Over the course of the next few days, RSS feeds for the site came back online and by April 16, 2008 a mass email was sent out to all Demonoid users informing that the site was "finally back online."

The official explanation stated:

Website downtime
Demonoid experienced a prolonged downtime in late 2009 due to hardware failure. On September 14, 2009, Demonoid's torrent tracker went down after it was reported that they had experienced a number of hardware problems stemming from power outages. The tracker returned to service on November 5, and the main site returned on December 13.
A message was posted on the homepage stating that "We might have to shut down everything to fix and prevent further damage," and that it could be "days maybe, until we can change the power circuit." During the downtime that followed, several new messages appeared, mostly providing updates on the repair status and promising that the site would return soon. On November 4, 2009, the tracker, which communicates with a BitTorrent client, began responding to some torrents, and returned to full operation on November 17. The main site, however, did not become operational until December 13, 2009.

On April 26, 2010, Demonoid.com, started experiencing downtime or extreme slowness. A message was posted on the site that it was due to a denial-of-service attack, which has subsided as of July 2010. The site temporarily banned Taiwanese and Chinese IP ranges.

On July 24, 2012, Demonoid.me suffered another denial-of-service attack, bringing the site down for an indeterminate amount of time. The following week, its hosting provider, ColoCall, terminated its contract with Demonoid. An anonymous ColoCall source reported that the Ukrainian police had raided the hosting provider and seized Demonoid's data. However, according to the Ministry of Internal Affairs in Ukraine, the termination occurred without police intervention. No explanation has been given for the prolonged downtime, nor was there any word about the site's return until March 2014.

On November 12, 2012, demonoid.me began resolving to an IP address based in Hong Kong, where a tracker was operating. The tracker did not accept new torrents, but honored existing ones. However, the website and forums remained offline. The tracker went offline on December 15, 2012, first actively refusing all connections, and then becoming unreachable when demonoid.me's DNS servers went down.

In November 2013, demonoid.me and demonoid.ph started redirecting to demonoid.com, whose website began displaying a page that hints at a possible comeback of the site, with the message "We will rebuild! Coming back soon, please check back later. Thanks for your visit!!" along with a Bitcoin donation link. On January 9, 2014, a tracker came online at inferno.demonoid.com and quickly became one of the five busiest BitTorrent trackers on the Internet; in only a few hours, the tracker was coordinating the communication of 1.3 million people scattered across 388,321 torrent files.

In March 2014, after 20 months of downtime, the Demonoid BitTorrent tracker came back online. Former users were still able to use their login details, and most of the old torrents were still listed on the site.

In July 2018, Demonoid stopped working on all used domains. The issues are related to server-side problems. There are no backups or mirrors on the internet.

On April 16th 2019, moderator phaze1G announced that Deimos had died in an accident in August.

Demonoid has started to come back online, run by new staff, under the domain dnoid.to during the month of July, 2019

d2

During Demonoid's most recent downtime, an unofficial website based on Demonoid's databases was launched on May 7, 2013. The site went live at http://www.d2.vu/ with hosting provided by the U.S.-based service RamNode. d2's administrators stated, "No former admins have been involved with this rebranding or launch. This effort is independent and undertaken entirely for the benefit of the community."

Based on a Demonoid backup, d2 contained Demonoid's torrent and user databases. All previously registered Demonoid users were able to log in using their already existing Demonoid accounts, while new invite codes were being generated. Unlike Demonoid, d2 had no user forums, and to minimize legal risk, the site had no torrent tracker; all torrents instead used public trackers. RamNode eventually terminated d2's hosting and, in August 2013, d2.vu was hosted on a server in Sweden. d2 closed on March 30, 2014 when Demonoid went back up.


Abdelaziz El Omari

Abdelaziz El Omari (; born April 8, 1968) is a Moroccan politician from Errachidia, Morocco. Since 2015, he has been the mayor of Casablanca, Morocco and the president of the Casablanca City Council.

Early life and education
Abdelaziz El Omari was born on April 8, 1968 in Errachidia, Morocco. He is married with 4 children.

Abdelaziz El Omari is a state-certified electronic engineer with a degree earned from the National Postal and Telecommunications Institute in 1994. From 1994 to 2002, he served as an engineer in the semi-public and private sectors.

He soon resumed his studies and obtained a certificate in international trade from ISCAE in 2005, and a masters in international commerce from Lille University of Science and Technology in 2006.

He finally completed his studies with training in law; he obtained a degree in public law in 2010, and a masters in local governance from the University of Hassan II in Mohammedia in 2014.

Political career

Within the PJD
El Omari was the regional secretary of the Justice and Development Party (PJD) for the region of Grand Casablanca and president of the PJD contingent within the House of Representatives in the Moroccan Parliament. He was a member of the National Council and of the Secretary General of the PJD, and has been director general of the party since 2012. He has served for 3 terms as an elected PJD member from the district of Ain Sebaa.

Minister in charge of relations with parliament and civil society
On May 20, 2015, King Muhammad VI  appointed Abdelaziz El Omari Minister of Parliamentary Relations and Civil Society at the recommendation of the PJD head of government Abdelilah Benkirane.

Mayor of Casablanca
In the local and regional elections of 2015, the PJD won an absolute majorityin the region of Casablanca-Settat, winning 74 out of 147 seats.

Abdelaziz El Omari succeeded Mohamed Sajid as the major of Casablanca in 2015.

Omari announced the WeCasablanca visual identity for Casablanca in 2016.

Abdelaziz El Omari announced that the contract with M'dina Bus would not be renewed after 2019, as the transport company did not fulfill its responsibilities.


Seo, Kohistan

Seo is an administrative unit known as Union council of Kohistan District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.

District Kohistan has 4 Tehsils i.e. Dassu, Pattan, Palas and Kandia. Each Tehsil comprises a certain number of Union councils. There are 38 Union councils in district Kohistan.


Nuno Miguel Fonseca Ferreira

Nuno Miguel Fonseca Ferreira (born 1973) is the current president of ISEC "Coimbra Institute of Engineering". Nuno Ferreira formally took office April 13, 2010, succeeding Jorge Bernardino. Ferreira's official inauguration celebrations took place at the principal auditorium at 16:30. He was received with high expectations being a former alumni of ISEC.

Education
Ferreira received his bachelor's degree in "Engenharia Electrotécnica" English equivalent of Electrical and Computer Engineering from the "Coimbra Institute of Engineering" in 1996. In 1998 his Masters of Engineering in Electrical and Computer Engineering at the "Faculdade de Engenharia do Porto". He concluded is PhD in Electrical and Computer Engineering at "Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro" (UTAD) in 2006.

Career
He is a professor at the Electrical and Computer Engineering department at ISEC since 1997.

Ferreira has served as vice-president from 2003 to 2005, the polytechnic's second highest officer.

External links
 Nuno Miguel Fonseca Ferreira, President, Instituto Superior de Engenharia Coimbra
 http://www.cienciapt.net/pt/index2.php?option=com_content&do_pdf=1&id=100699  (in Portuguese)
 http://www.rebides.oces.mctes.pt/rebides09/rebid_m3.asp?CodD=19313&CodP=3064 (in Portuguese)


Puszcza, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship

Puszcza  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Więcbork, within Sępólno County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. It lies approximately  south of Więcbork,  south of Sępólno Krajeńskie, and  north-west of Bydgoszcz.


Leavenworth Detention Center

The Leavenworth Detention Center is a privately run maximum-security federal prison located in Leavenworth, Kansas. The facility is owned and operated by CoreCivic formerly named Corrections Corporation of America under contract with the United States Marshals Service.

When originally constructed as a 460-bed private prison, it was the first correctional facility under direct contract with a U.S. federal agency. In May 2008 the facility underwent its fourth expansion to increase capacity to 1,126 inmates. It holds both male and female prisoners.

Leavenworth prisons

The Leavenworth Detention Facility is one of five state, federal and military prisons in the Leavenworth / Lansing area. The other four are:
 Lansing Correctional Facility, operated by the Kansas Department of Corrections
 United States Penitentiary, Leavenworth (USP) and its satellite prison camp, operated by the Federal Bureau of Prisons
 United States Disciplinary Barracks, the U.S. military's only maximum-security facility
 Midwest Joint Regional Correctional Facility, another U.S. military facility

Notes


Samuel B. Wilson

Samuel B. Wilson (1873 – January 24, 1954) was an American lawyer and judge from Minnesota. He served as Chief Justice of the Minnesota Supreme Court from 1923 to 1933.


Bob Hall (outfielder)

Robert Prill Hall (December 20, 1878 in Baltimore, Maryland – December 1, 1950 in Wellesley, Massachusetts), was a professional baseball player who played infield and outfield  during the 1904 and 1905 seasons.  He was a utility player including games at right field, Center field, left field, first base, second base, shortstop, and third base. Bob played for the Philadelphia Phillies in 1904, and the New York Giants and Brooklyn Superbas in 1905. Hall made his debut on April 18, 1904. In 103 career games, he had 75 hits in 369 at bats, which is a .203 average. He had 2 home runs, 32 RBIs, and 13 stolen bases. Hall played in his final game on October 7, 1905, and died on December 1, 1950, in Wellesley, Massachusetts.

External links


Patrik Vojtaššák

Patrik Vojtaššák is a Slovak professional ice hockey player who played with HK SKP Poprad in the Slovak Extraliga during the 2010–11 season.

External links


Altenkirchen, Kusel

Altenkirchen is an Ortsgemeinde – a municipality belonging to a Verbandsgemeinde, a kind of collective municipality – in the Kusel district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It belongs to the Verbandsgemeinde of Oberes Glantal, whose seat is in Schönenberg-Kübelberg.

Geography

Location
The municipality lies, like its neighbours Dittweiler and Frohnhofen, in the Kohlbach valley in the Western Palatinate. Altenkirchen lies at an elevation of some 285 m above sea level, partly in the Kohlbach valley itself and partly in the narrower valleys through which the tributary brooks flow, as well as on their slopes. Roughly a fourth of the municipal area is wooded. The farmland is made up in no small measure of cherry orchards. Some of the mountains in the area reach heights of more than 400 m (Hühnerkopf 441 m).

The municipal area measures 644 ha, of which 148 ha is wooded.

Neighbouring municipalities
Altenkirchen borders in the north on the municipality of Frohnhofen, in the east on the municipality of Ohmbach, in the south on the municipality of Dittweiler and in the west on the municipality of Breitenbach. Altenkirchen also meets the municipality of Krottelbach at a single point in the northeast.

Constituent communities
Also belonging to Altenkirchen are the outlying homesteads of Wilgenhof and Hainhof. There is also a Forsthaus (“forester’s house”) in the Ahlenwald (forest).

Municipality’s layout
The original settlement arose around the church, which stands about 150 m up from the brookside, as does likewise the built-up area, the original village core, around the church with its former graveyard. The important village streets with newer building along their extensions spread out in an almost starlike pattern from the church, Friedhofstraße (“Graveyard Street”, which leads to the new graveyard) running to the north, Breitenbacher Straße running to the west, Hohlstraße running to the south and Schillerstraße, set a bit to the south, running to the east. The rectory stands across the street from the church on Schillerstraße. The graveyard used today lies at the village's north end on the Kohlbach's right bank. On Schulstraße (“School Street”), which branches off from Schillerstraße to the south, stands the former schoolhouse from 1919, which currently is still used for primary school. Another, older, former schoolhouse from 1783 stands on Bergstraße, which branches off from Breitenbacher Straße to the northwest. This building was used by the Altenkirchen Mine Administration (Altenkirchener Grubenverwaltung) in the earlier half of the 19th century as the mine office, and is nowadays under private ownership. Yet another former schoolhouse, in which classes were held between 1820 and 1919, stands on Friedhofstraße. This building is now used as the town hall and the local history museum.

Besides the village street network, there is also the thoroughfare, Sankt Wendeler Straße (Landesstraße 335), which has newer buildings on it, and which runs along the Kohlbach's left bank.

History

Antiquity
In prehistoric times, there were already people in what is now Altenkirchen, bearing witness to which are archaeological finds from neighbouring municipalities. In Altenkirchen itself, a Stone Age blade was unearthed, which is now kept at Speyer. The whereabouts of a find consisting of Celtic coins unearthed in the 19th century are unfortunately unknown. The remnants of a villa rustica are to be found on the Schlossberg (mountain) near the slopes east of the village. In the several digs that have been undertaken there, coins have been found, as have a statuette (“Mercury of Altenkirchen”) and ceramic pieces. Builders who were doing conversion work on the church in 1978 discovered several examples of Roman spolia. Worthy of note is a stone with an inscription, which unfortunately can now barely be read. Also unearthed was the so-called Entenstein (“Duckstone”), a fragment of a relief with a naked man with a duck on his shoulders, walking behind whom is a bigger duck. Originally, these stones might have come from earlier, Roman buildings that once stood in the Altenkirchen area.

Middle Ages
Altenkirchen lay within the free Imperial Domain (Reichsland) around the town and castle of Kaiserslautern. When the village was founded is unknown, but what is known is that it belonged to the court of Kübelberg which, beginning in 1312, was taken over time and again by several secular lordships (the County of Sponheim, the County of Veldenz, Electoral Palatinate) as an Imperial pledged holding. According to the 1290 document in which Altenkirchen had its first documentary mention, the priest at the time, Father Theodoricus von Altenkirchen, stated to the Archbishopric of Mainz that the monks on the Remigiusberg had never in his time at Altenkirchen, nor in his time at Hirsau, ever paid taxes or any other tribute to the Archbishop of Mainz. The background to this statement is that the Remigiusberg and the Remigiusland were holdings of Reims, but under ecclesiastical organization, they belonged to the Archbishopric of Mainz. Beginning in 1437, the court of Kübelberg, and along with it the village of Altenkirchen, belonged to the Electoral Palatinate Oberamt of Kaiserslautern until the late 18th century.

Modern times
From the year 1542, a Weistum (cognate with English wisdom, this was a legal pronouncement issued by men learned in law in the Middle Ages and early modern times) from Altenkirchen has been preserved, according to which the successors of the then already late Junker Hans Blick von Lichtenberg from Bad Dürkheim, in the presence of, among others, the Landschreiber (in Electoral Palatinate, this was an official at the Oberamt level who had certain accounting and legal responsibilities), Job Weidenkopf from Lichtenberg Castle, held farming rights, and the Schultheiß, Heinrich Korb von Kübelberg collected the fees. The Weistum mainly contains lists about the payments to be made by inhabitants of Altenkirchen and Frohnhofen. It also tells one that at this time, the village was held by the noble family Blick von Lichtenberg, whose members for centuries exercised patronage rights over the village. After the family died out in the early 17th century, the Lords of Günderode inherited their holdings. These passed eventually to the Barons of Fürstenwärter. Like all the villages in the area, Altenkirchen, too, suffered greatly from the effects of the harrowing Thirty Years' War, which, it is said, left Altenkirchen with only five families by the time it ended, whereas many local villages in the Kusel area had been utterly wiped out in the war. Newcomers to the area settled in Altenkirchen, thus building the population back up, but then came more war in the late 17th century as King Louis XIV's French troops swept across the land, leaving devastation behind them. Only in the early 18th century was there once again a steady rise in population. It was also at this time that emigration to America began. In 1779, the court of Kübelberg, and along with it the village of Altenkirchen, passed in the course of a territorial reorganization between Electoral Palatinate and the Duchy of Palatinate-Zweibrücken by way of exchange to the latter party for the villages of Duchroth and Oberhausen and part of the village of Niederkirchen, which until then had been held by Zweibrücken. This was also a transfer from the Electoral Palatinate Oberamt of Kaiserslautern to the Zweibrücken Oberamt of Homburg. Zweibrücken times, however, did not last very long, for the whole feudal system that had shaped life was swept away by the events of the French Revolution. In 1793, the first French Revolutionary troops appeared in the region, and in 1801, France annexed the lands on the Rhine’s left bank. French rule, too, was short-lived, lasting only until 1814. During this time, Altenkirchen lay in the Mairie (“Mayoralty”) of Waldmohr, the Canton of Waldmohr, the Arrondissement of Saarbrücken and the Department of Sarre, whose capital was at Trier.

Recent times
In 1814, the French withdrew from the German lands on the Rhine's left bank, and Altenkirchen was at first assigned to the Ottweiler district. After a transition period, the Bavarian Rheinkreis (“Rhine District”) came into being in 1816, which later was known as the Bavarian Rheinpfalz (“Rhenish Palatinate”). The administrative structures that had arisen in Napoleonic times were swept aside and Altenkirchen was then assigned to the Landkommissariat of Zweibrücken. In 1818, the village became the seat of its own Bürgermeisterei (“mayoralty”) to which Dittweiler and Frohnhofen (and at first also Breitenbach) also belonged, and which lay in the canton of Waldmohr and the Landkommissariat (later Bezirksamt, and then Landkreis, or district) of Homburg.

In 1848 and 1849, the Kohlbach valley, where Altenkirchen lies, hosted a centre of the Revolutionary movement, in which the schoolteacher Daniel Hirsch is worthy of mention for, among other things, having founded a popular association. After the First World War, the district of Homburg was grouped into the French- and British-ruled Saar Mandate, but the canton of Waldmohr remained in the Free State of Bavaria (the German monarchy had been overthrown, and Bavaria's last king had abdicated), and thus still within Germany. It belonged with a branch location of the administration, which existed until 1940, to the Bezirksamt (district) of Kusel. In 1940, the branch location of the administration was dissolved and also administratively merged with the district of Kusel. Only in the 1968 administrative and territorial reform in Rhineland-Palatinate was the Bürgermeisterei of Altenkirchen dissolved. Since 1972, the municipality has belonged to the Verbandsgemeinde of Schönenberg-Kübelberg.

Population development
Altenkirchen was a farming village and is today still known far and wide for its cherry growing. In the latter half of the 18th century, the first coalmines were opened (Carls-Fundgrube, Sankt-Paulsgrube and Maximiliansgrube). With mining came the opportunity for some villagers to work at the collieries. One prominent figure in the growth of the Altenkirchen coalmining industry was Johann Paul Weiß from Saxony, who, before his arrival in Altenkirchen, had been undertaking important activities in the Electoral Palatinate mining establishment, and he had even brought experienced miners from his homeland to the Palatinate. Thus, there was a gradual switchover from a farming village to a workers’ village, which even saw many inhabitants seeking mining work in the nearby Saarland. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, work at the pits came to an end in Altenkirchen itself, forcing almost all the local miners to commute elsewhere to work. Of course, there were opportunities in other lines of work, especially in the multifaceted handicraft industry. Population figures were already rising steeply during the 18th century, and rose threefold in the course of the 19th and 20th centuries. Also noted in that time was the high emigration to North America, especially to the US state of Ohio. With regard to religious affiliation, the inhabitants quite early on were all Evangelical. Even today, Catholic Christians and members of other denominations are in the minority.

The following table shows population development over the centuries for Altenkirchen, with some figures broken down by religious denomination:

Municipality’s name
Altenkirchen arose near an old church, so called because it somehow related to a “new church” somewhere. This explains its name (alt means “old” in German and Kirche means “church”), but what is not thoroughly explained is just what was meant by this “new church”. Regional historian Ernst Christmann was convinced that this referred to the church at Ohmbach. Other regional historians, though, have put forth the churches at Breitenbach or Kübelberg as candidates. In 1290, Altenkirchen had its first documentary mention as Aldekierke. Other mentions rendered the name Aldenkirchen (1372), Aldenkirch (1410), Allenkirchen (1480) or Altenkirchen (1601), the current form. The local dialectal form of the name is Ahlekerje.

Vanished villages
Within Altenkirchen's current limits once lay two other villages, both of which vanished even before the Thirty Years' War. They were called Achtweiler and Staßweiler. The former lay southwest of Altenkirchen, while the latter lay northeast. Achtweiler was mentioned in a document in 1571, but all that now bears witness to Staßweiler's existence is rural cadastral toponyms.

Politics

Municipal council
The council is made up of 16 council members, who were elected by majority vote at the municipal election held on 7 June 2009, and the honorary mayor as chairman.

Mayor
Altenkirchen's mayor is Gerald Meyer, and his deputies are Manfred Geis and Klaus Becker.

Coat of arms
The municipality's arms might be described thus: Argent a church affronty gules, the helm-spire azure, the door and windows Or ensigned with a cross of the same, the chief per fess Or and sable.

The tinctures of the two stripes forming the chief are the colours of both Electoral Palatinate and the Duchy of Palatinate-Zweibrücken. The church is a canting charge for the village's name, which means “old church”. The arms have been borne since 1986 when they were approved by the now defunct Regierungsbezirk administration in Neustadt an der Weinstraße.

Culture and sightseeing

Buildings
The following are listed buildings or sites in Rhineland-Palatinate’s Directory of Cultural Monuments:
 Protestant parish church, Schillerstraße 38 – Late Romanesque quire tower, late 13th century, Baroque aisleless church, marked 1756, and tower raising with helm (welsche Haube) from 1818
 Bergstraße 1 – former school; one-floor building with half-hipped roof, 1782/1783; furnishings from the mining administration, 1820
 Breitenbacher Straße 1 – Protestant rectory; plastered building on pedestal, 1861/1862
 Breitenbacher Straße 4 – inn, spacious hewn-stone-framed corner building; characterizes village’s appearance
 Schulstraße 12 – primary school; spacious building with hipped roof, 1914–1919, architect Regional Master Builder Löhmer, Homburg
 Hourstone, between Altenkirchen and Frohnhofen, on St. Wendeler Straße near the turnoff to Krottelbach – 1838/1840

Regular events
Altenkirchen holds a village festival on the first weekend in July. The church consecration festival, locally known as the Kerwe, goes back to the year 1839 and is held on the first weekend in October. A Christmas Market is held on the first day of Advent. In the 1950s, there was also a Cherry Blossom Festival at which a Blossom Queen was chosen.

Museums
The Heimatmuseum Altenkirchen, opened in 1987, shows life and work as it was in days of yore.

Culinary specialities
 Kartoffelwaffeln (“potato waffles”), also called Grumbeerwaffele in Palatinate German

Natural monuments
Altenkirchen has an old tree at the Römerbrunnen (“Romans’ Spring”) known as the Dicke Eiche (“Fat Oak”).

Economy and infrastructure

Economic structure
Originally, the village's commercial life was oriented towards agriculture, in which sweet cherry growing, begun in 1742, promoted by Elector Karl Theodor, played a role. Cherry growing is still important today. Beginning in the mid 18th century, coal for household heating was also mined within municipal limits, at first only for a few families’ needs, but later very extensively. The biggest collieries were Carls-Fundgrube (founded in 1768) and Maximiliansgrube. In 1775, the Elector Palatine bestowed bequests upon the mine foremen Meixner and Weiß, thereby starting the more extensive phase of local coalmining. In the 1880s, mining ceased. There was further mining after each of the world wars, but neither revival lasted long. Today, Altenkirchen is a residential community for people in many occupations, and local businesses are mainly service businesses or small production facilities.

Transport
Altenkirchen lies on Landesstraße 355, which leads to Schönenberg-Kübelberg, and which meets Landesstraße 352 (Quirnbach-Ottweiler) north of the village. Kreisstraße (District Road) 5 links the village directly with the village of Breitenbach to the west. To the southeast runs the Autobahn A 6, and to the northeast is the Autobahn A 62 (Kaiserslautern–Trier). The Glan-Münchweiler, Miesau and Waldmohr interchanges each lie some 12 km.

Serving nearby Glan-Münchweiler is Glan-Münchweiler station on the Landstuhl–Kusel railway. There are hourly trains at this station throughout the day, namely Regionalbahn service RB 67 between Kaiserslautern and Kusel, named Glantalbahn after a former railway line that shared a stretch of its tracks with the Landstuhl–Kusel railway.

Education
It is likely that there were efforts to introduce schooling into Altenkirchen even before the Thirty Years' War. Records show that in 1782, some 70 or 80 schoolchildren were being taught. The schoolhouse fell into disrepair and was renovated beginning in 1785. Schoolchildren from Dittweiler and Frohnhofen also attended lessons in Altenkirchen. In those days, the married teacher received as a year's remuneration four Malter of grain, worth 16 Gulden, and also 10 Gulden in cash. He also received a Glockenkorn of grain worth 44 Gulden and 24 Gulden’s worth of wood. The schoolchildren also had to pay a school fee, which all together amounted to 10 Gulden. Furthermore, the teacher even worked a major cropfield and a meadow, bringing him a further 10 Gulden. In the 19th century, there were an “upper” school and a “lower” school, each one with an average of 60 pupils. Expenditures for teaching and learning materials and for the teacher's own needs were suggested by the municipality and finalized by the Landkommissariat of Homburg, which usually raised the amount suggested by the municipality. In 1862, expenses for the upper school were assessed at 47.33 Gulden for the garden and fields, 5.00 Gulden for a cord of wood, 12.00 Gulden for the teacher's dwelling and 285.27 Gulden from the municipal coffers. The 350.00 Gulden in school fees from the parents was no longer levied. The grand total was therefore 349.60 Gulden; the municipality had only wanted to pay 323.33 Gulden.

For the “second school” (or “preparatory school”), a similar pattern prevailed, along with a similar total, namely 350 Gulden. The municipality had great difficulty raising this sum, as the families in question mostly found it very hard to pay or could not pay at all. The 146 families owned on average about 3 ha of land each. In a municipal council decision, it says “…although it is very timely for the teacher’s support to be raised, it is also to be seen that the municipality is overburdened with costs.”

Of special importance is that schooling in Altenkirchen has a link with a famous revolutionary's name: Daniel Hirsch. In 1835, Hirsch came to Altenkirchen as a young teacher, aged 21. He succeeded the old, alcoholic teacher Peter Dennis, an old playmate of the later king of Bavaria, Maximilian Joseph I, when Dennis had spent part of his childhood at Schloss Pettersheim in Herschweiler-Pettersheim. Hirsch himself was deemed to be a hardworking and successful teacher, but because of his participation in the 1849 Badish-Palatine Uprising, he was fired, and in 1850, he emigrated to the United States.

In the course of the 20th century, the school began by holding three classes. The teachers often complained about their inadequate living quarters. As a result of school reform after the Second World War, the school was expanded in 1970 to accommodate seven primary school classes, which were also attended by children from neighbouring villages. Hauptschule students have since then attended the Hauptschule at the Schönenberg-Kübelberg school centre. The Altenkirchen primary school has so far been retained.

Famous people

Sons and daughters of the town
 Otto von Bollinger (1843–1909), anatomist and pathologist
A clergyman's son from Altenkirchen, he attended the grammar school at Kaiserslautern and the Bipontinum at Zweibrücken, going on to study natural sciences in Munich. Having graduated in 1868, he became a battalion doctor in the Franco-Prussian War (1870–1871), and thereafter a member of the board of the Medical Association at Zurich and a professor of pathological anatomy and comparative pathology in Munich. In this capacity he published many medical-scientific works. He was highly decorated, becoming, among other things, a Knight of the Merit Order of the Bavarian Crown. He also discovered actinomycosis.

Famous people associated with the municipality
Johann Peter Müller (b. 1709 in Rutsweiler an der Lauter; d. 1796 in Ephrata, Pennsylvania, USA)

Later known as John Peter Miller, or simply Peter Miller, before leaving Germany in 1730, he lived for a few years as a boy in Altenkirchen, where his father, Johann Müller, was the minister. Over in the Colonies, Müller made a name for himself in the religious community in Pennsylvania, becoming a prior at the Ephrata Cloister in Ephrata.

Further reading
 Waldemar Beschmann, Dieter Zenglein: Kirche und Gemeinde Altenkirchen 1290-1990.
 Liesel Höh: Im Tal der Kirschenbauern - Jugenderinnerungen aus der Westpfalz. Eigenverlag
 Walter Nikolaus, Dieter Zenglein: Das Kohlbachtal - Eine Bildchronik. Selbstverlag der Verfasser


Kelly Rickon

Kelly Anne Rickon (born October 27, 1959) is an American former competitive rower and Olympic silver medalist.

Olympian
Rickon qualified for the 1980 U.S. Olympic team but was unable to compete due to the 1980 Summer Olympics boycott. She did however receive one of 461 Congressional Gold Medals created especially for the spurned athletes. She was a member of the American women's quadruple sculls team that won the silver medal at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, California.


Lazy reason

Lazy Reason is a pejorative name for a logical argument which holds that since all events are predestined, it is not necessary to carefully deliberate about one's actions.

Determinism is the philosophical proposition that every event, including human cognition and action, is causally determined by an unbroken chain of prior occurrences.  In other words, Determinism holds that Free Will does not exist, and that everything is essentially pre-determined.

But this presents a puzzle:  If everything is pre-determined, why should we worry about the future, if it is something we cannot change?

"Lazy Reason" is the idea that, indeed, we should not worry about the future, and should instead just accept whatever the future holds.

Historical Discussion
One of the most vocal opponents of "lazy reason" was the philosopher Leibniz.  In his preface to Theodicy, Leibniz discussed "lazy reason":

Men have been perplexed in well-nigh every age by a sophism which the ancients called the 'Lazy reason', because it tended towards doing nothing, or at least towards being careful for nothing, and only following inclination for the pleasure of the moment. For, they said, if the future is necessary, that which must happen will happen, whatever I may do. Now the future (so they said) is necessary, whether because the Divinity foresees everything, and even pre-establishes it by the control of all things in the universe; or because everything happens of necessity, through the concatenation of causes; or finally, through the very nature of truth, which is determinate in the assertions that can be made on future events, as it is in all assertions, since the assertion must always be true or false in itself, even though we know not always which it is. And all these reasons for determination which appear different converge finally like lines upon one and the same center; for there is a truth in the future event which is pre-determined by the causes, and God pre-establishes it in establishing the causes.

In his Discourse on Metaphysics, Leibniz also says:
"One should not be a quietist with the arms folded, open to ridicule, awaiting that which God will do; according to the sophism which the ancients called 'logon aergon', the lazy reason."

A modern example

One near contemporary presentation of lazy reason is the theme of the 1956 popular song "Que Sera, Sera (Whatever Will Be, Will Be)".  In the song, a young child repeatedly asks questions about her future, but is advised that "Whatever will be, will be":

When I was just a child in school, I asked my teacher, what should I try?
Should I paint pictures? Should I sing songs? This was her wise reply:
Que sera sera-- Whatever will be, will be.  The future's not ours to see;
So, que sera sera-- What will be, will be.


Ami Assaf

Ami Assaf (, born Ami Vilkomitz; 22 July 1903 – 17 May 1963) was an Israeli politician who served as a member of the Knesset for Mapai from 1949 until 1961.

Biography
Born in Rosh Pinna, Assaf attended Herzliya Gymnasium. After finishing school, he worked in agriculture. One of the founders of the Kfar Yehoshua moshav, in 1936 he became secretary of the Moshavim Movement, and was a member of Mapai's central committee.

In 1949 he was elected to the first Knesset on Mapai's list. He was re-elected in 1951, 1955 and 1959. On 28 December 1959 he was appointed Deputy Minister of Education and Culture. After re-election in 1961 he reprised the role, holding it until his death in 1963. Upon his death, his seat was taken by Mordechai Zar.


The United States Customs District of Salem and Beverly was an administrative area for the collection of import duties on foreign goods that entered the United States by ship at the ports of Salem and Beverly. Established in 1789, it was abolished in 1913. Today the ports of Salem and Beverly are serviced by the Port of Gloucester (located at the Cummings Center in Beverly), which is administered by the Boston Customs District.

History
The District of Salem and Beverly was established in the fifth statute passed by the First Congress in 1789 (ch.5, ). This act provided for the collection of the duties that had been laid down in the Hamilton Tariff earlier that year. The towns of Salem and Beverly were designated as one port of entry for customs purposes. The towns of Danvers and Ipswich were designated as ports of delivery only. The district extended to all shores and waters within the towns of Ipswich, Beverly, Salem and Danvers. A collector, naval officer and surveyor were appointed to the district to reside at Salem, which was the location of the Customs House for the district. Surveyors were appointed to reside at each of the towns of Beverly and Ipswich. In 1790, Salem was the sixth largest city in the country and a major seaport.

In 1796, the district was reorganised, with Ipswich created as a district in its own right. Through the 19th century, Salem declined as a sea port, being seriously affected by the trade embargo with Great Britain. This fact was reflected in 1865, when the posts of surveyor at Beverly and naval officer at Salem were abolished, leaving the collector and surveyor at Salem as the only appointed officers.

The post of surveyor was abolished ten years later in 1875. A collector remained at Salem Custom House until 1913, when Salem lost its status as a separate district and became a port of entry only.

Nathaniel Hawthorne worked in the Custom House as surveyor for Salem from 1846–1849, and the introduction to his famous novel The Scarlet Letter is set there.

Officers
The positions of collector, naval officer, and surveyor were appointed by the President, subject to confirmation by the Senate. From 1820 onwards, officers were limited to four-year commissions, at the end of which they needed to be reappointed by the President. They could be removed from office at the pleasure of the President. From approximately the 1840s onwards, the various posts were seen as a method of rewarding supporters and punishing those of the opposite view by successive administrations. Often, a change of administration led to a change in the Customs House. Other posts, such as deputy collector, inspectors, weighers, measurers and gaugers were recommended by the collector, pending approval by the Secretary of the Treasury. This led to a certain amount of nepotism.

Collector for the District (1789–1913)

The first collector at the port of Salem following the American Revolution was Warwick Palfray. In 1784 he was succeeded by Joseph Hiller and when the collection of import duties was organised on a federal basis in 1789, Hiller was appointed collector. He had been an officer during the Revolution, as had his successor, William R. Lee. When Lee died in office, he was replaced by another soldier, James Miller. Miller was probably the most notable of the collectors to serve in Salem. He was a hero of the War of 1812, where he was made a general following his actions at the Battle of Lundy's Lane. He was a governor of the Arkansas Territory before being elected to Congress in 1824 for New Hampshire. However, he never took up his seat, being appointed instead collector for Salem. He served as collector for over 24 years, the longest term of any collector, before being replaced by his son.

Collectors in Salem were not removed from office as frequently as the other officers, they generally only being replaced when their commissions expired. Charles Odell was the longest serving collector after 1849, with 12 years and the last collector, David M. Little, served for nearly ten years before the office was abolished in 1913.

Naval Officer for the District (1789–1865)

The naval officer for a customs district operated as an auditor, and kept a separate record of the various transactions in the district. The most notable name associated with this office in Salem was one who never actually took up the post, Associate Supreme Court Justice Joseph Story. In 1803, Story was nominated by President Jefferson and confirmed by the Senate for the post, but he declined the appointment upon being convinced that the role would conflict with his then growing private law practice in Salem.

Surveyor of Salem (1789–1875)

The writer Nathaniel Hawthorne is undoubtedly the most famous name associated with Salem customs, and he served as surveyor from 1846 to 1849. However he was just one of a remarkable seven consecutive surveyors who were removed from the post by the President between 1841 and 1861. Every incoming President, it seems, felt the need to put his own man in the post. One of these removals led to the only time the nomination of a customs officer for Salem was rejected by the Senate.

Edward Palfray had been surveyor in 1841 before being replaced by Stephen Daniels. When Daniels himself was removed two years later Palfray was appointed his successor by President Tyler as a recess appointment. However, when Palfray's name came before the Senate for confirmation, his appointment was rejected by a Senate vote, 12 - 23. George W. Mullet was then nominated by Tyler, but he too was rejected, 16 - 25. Finally, Nehemiah Brown was confirmed. Palfray still held the office during this time though, as recess appointments stay in place until a nomination is confirmed or until the end of the Congressional session, whichever comes first.

Surveyor of Beverly (1789–1865)

The surveyor of Beverly was based in the port of Beverly, separate from the rest of the customs officers in Salem. The longest serving surveyor was the first, Josiah Batchelor, who served for 20 years. The most interesting case was that of Samuel D. Turner. He was appointed surveyor in April 1842, but was removed from the position later that year as he "did not qualify".

Surveyor of Ipswich (1789 - 1796)

The surveyor of Ipswich was part of the Salem and Beverly district until 1796, when Ipswich was created as a district in its own right.

Notes


Myrmex insignis

Myrmex insignis is a species of antlike weevil in the beetle family Curculionidae. It is found in North America.


Adele Fay Williams

Adele Fay Williams (1859 – August 17, 1937) was an American artist best known for her prints and drawings of the buildings and streets of Joliet, Illinois.

Family and education
Williams née Fay was born in 1859 in Joliet, Illinois She was the daughter of William Fay, one of the earliest photographers in the state. She attended the Chicago Academy of Fine Arts, the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, and the New York Art Students League. Starting in 1893, she spent several years studying in Paris at the Académie Colarossi and with the Impressionist painter Camille Pissaro.

In 1901, she married John Williams (d. 1916).

Career
As an artist, Williams specialized in street scenes, and she made many prints and drawings of Joliet, some of which recorded the cityscapes of her day and some of which were based on historic photographs. She wrote about the history of Joliet for the Joliet Herald, illustrating these articles with her own artwork. Some of the buildings she depicted have since been demolished, making her oeuvre a valuable record of Joliet's changing urban landscape.

Williams also painted street scenes, harbor scenes, landscapes, and still lifes in an Impressionist style. She  exhibited work in the Illinois building at the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago.

Williams also published articles in the New York World, the New York Journal, the Washington Times, and other papers. She served for a time as art critic for the Pittsburgh Spectator. During the period that she lived in Pittsburgh, she was a member of the Experimentalists, a group of avant-garde Pittsburgh women artists.

Williams's prints and drawings are held by the Howard and Lois Adelmann Regional History Collection at Lewis University.

Death
On August 17, 1937, Williams died at a hospital in Joliet, Illinois.

Gallery