Electrosurgery

Electrosurgery is the application of a high-frequency (radio frequency) alternating polarity, electrical current to biological tissue as a means to cut, coagulate, desiccate, or fulgurate tissue. (These terms are used in specific ways for this methodology—see below). Its benefits include the ability to make precise cuts with limited blood loss. Electrosurgical devices are frequently used during surgical operations helping to prevent blood loss in hospital operating rooms or in outpatient procedures.

In electrosurgical procedures, the tissue is heated by an electric current. Although electrical devices that create a heated probe may be used for the cauterization of tissue in some applications, electrosurgery refers to a different method than electrocautery. Electrocautery uses heat conduction from a probe heated to a high temperature by a direct electrical current (much in the manner of a soldering iron). This may be accomplished by direct current from dry-cells in a penlight-type device.

Electrosurgery, by contrast, uses radio frequency (RF) alternating current to heat the tissue by RF induced intracellular oscillation of ionized molecules that result in an elevation of intracellular temperature. When the intracellular temperature reaches 60 degrees C, instantaneous cell death occurs. If tissue is heated to 60–99 degrees C, the simultaneous processes of tissue desiccation (dehydration) and protein coagulation occur. If the intracellular temperature rapidly reaches 100 degrees C, the intracellular contents undergo a liquid to gas conversion, massive volumetric expansion, and resulting explosive vaporization.

Appropriately applied with electrosurgical forceps, desiccation and coagulation result in the occlusion of blood vessels and halting of bleeding. While the process is technically a process of electrocoagulation, the term "electrocautery" is sometimes loosely, nontechnically and incorrectly used to describe it. The process of vaporization can be used to ablate tissue targets, or, by linear extension, used to transect or cut tissue. While the processes of vaporization/ cutting and desiccation/coagulation are best accomplished with relatively low voltage, continuous or near continuous waveforms, the process of fulguration is performed with relatively high voltage modulated waveforms. Fulguration is a superficial type of coagulation, typically created by arcing modulated high voltage current to tissue that is rapidly desiccated and coagulated. The continued application of current to this highly impedant tissue results in resistive heating and the achievement of very high temperatures—enough to cause breakdown of the organic molecules to sugars and even carbon, thus the dark textures from carbonization of tissue.

Diathermy is used by some as a synonym for electrosurgery but in other contexts diathermy means dielectric heating, produced by rotation of molecular dipoles in a high frequency electromagnetic field. This effect is most widely used in microwave ovens or some tissue ablative devices which operate at gigahertz frequencies. Lower frequencies, allowing for deeper penetration, are used in industrial processes.

RF electrosurgery is commonly used in virtually all surgical disciplines including dermatological, gynecological, cardiac, plastic, ocular, spine, ENT, maxillofacial, orthopedic, urological, neuro- and general surgical procedures as well as certain dental procedures.

RF electrosurgery is performed using a RF electrosurgical generator (also referred to as an electrosurgical unit or ESU) and a handpiece including one or two electrodes—a monopolar or bipolar instrument. All RF electrosurgery is bipolar so the difference between monopolar and bipolar instruments is that monopolar instruments comprise only one electrode while bipolar instruments include both electrodes in their design.

The monopolar instrument called an "active electrode" when energized, requires the application of another monopolar instrument called a "dispersive electrode" elsewhere on the patient's body that functions to 'defocus' or disperse the RF current thereby preventing thermal injury to the underlying tissue. This dispersive electrode is frequently and mistakenly called a "ground pad" or "neutral electrode". However virtually all currently available RF electrosurgical systems are designed to function with isolated circuits—the dispersive electrode is directly attached to the ESU, not to "ground". The same electrical current is transmitted across both the dispersive electrode and the active electrode, so it is not "neutral". The term "return electrode" is also technically incorrect since alternating electrical currents refer to alternating polarity, a circumstance that results in bidirectional flow across both electrodes in the circuit.

Bipolar instruments generally are designed with two "active" electrodes, such as a forceps for sealing blood vessels. However, the bipolar instrument can be designed such that one electrode is dispersive. The main advantage of bipolar instruments is that the only part of the patient included in the circuit is that which is between the two electrodes, a circumstance that eliminates the risk of current diversion and related adverse events. However, except for those devices designed to function in fluid, it is difficult to vaporize or cut tissue with bipolar instruments.

Electrical stimulation of neural and muscle cells
Neural and muscle cells are electrically-excitable, i.e. they can be stimulated by electric current. In human patients such stimulation may cause acute pain, muscle spasms, and even cardiac arrest. Sensitivity of the nerve and muscle cells to electric field is due to the voltage-gated ion channels present in their cell membranes. Stimulation threshold does not vary much at low frequencies (so called rheobase-constant level). However, the threshold starts increasing with decreasing duration of a pulse (or a cycle) when it drops below a characteristic minimum (so called chronaxie). Typically, chronaxie of neural cells is in the range of 0.1–10 ms, so the sensitivity to electrical stimulation (inverse of the stimulation threshold) decreases with increasing frequency in the kHz range and above. (Note that frequency of the alternating electric current is an inverse of the duration of a single cycle).
To minimize the effects of muscle and neural stimulation, electrosurgical equipment typically operates in the radio frequency (RF) range of 100 kHz to 5 MHz.

Operation at higher frequencies also helps minimizing the amount of hydrogen and oxygen generated by electrolysis of water. This is especially important consideration for applications in liquid medium in closed compartments, where generation of gas bubbles may interfere with the procedure. For example, bubbles produced during an operation inside an eye may obscure a field of view.

Common electrode configurations for devices with isolated circuits
There are several commonly used electrode configurations or circuit topologies:

With "bipolar" instruments the current is applied to the patient using a pair of similarly-sized electrodes. For example, special forceps, with one tine connected to one pole of the RF generator and the other tine connected to the other pole of the generator. When a piece of tissue is held by the forceps, the RF alternating polarity electrical current oscillates between the two forceps tines, heating the intervening tissue by the previously described synchronous oscillation of intracellular ions.

In monopolar configuration the patient is attached to the dispersive electrode, a relatively large metal plate or a flexible metalized plastic pad which is connected to the RF generator or electrosurgical unit (ESU). The surgeon uses a pointed or blade shaped electrode called the "active electrode" to make contact with the tissue and exert a tissue effect...vaporization, and its linear propagation called electrosurgical cutting, or the combination of desiccation and protein coagulation used to seal blood vessels for the purpose of Hemostasis. The electric current oscillates between the active electrode and the dispersive electrode with the entire patient interposed between the two. Since the concentration of the RF current reduces with distance from the active electrode the current density rapidly (quadratically) decreases. Since the rate of tissue heating is proportional to the square of current density, the heating occurs in a very localized region, only near the portion of the electrode, usually the tip, near to or in contact with the target tissue.

On an extremity such as a finger, there is limited cross-sectional area to disperse the current, a circumstance which might result in higher current density and some heating throughout the volume of the extremity.

Another bipolar instrument is characterized with both electrodes on the same design, but the dispersive electrode is much larger than the active one. Since current density is higher in front of the smaller electrode, the heating and associated tissue effects take place only (or primarily) in front of the active electrode, and exact position of the dispersive electrode on tissue is not critical. Sometimes such configuration is called sesquipolar, even though the origin of this term in Latin (sesqui) means a ratio of 1.5.

Dedicated non-grounded machines without a dispersive electrode

Relatively low-powered high frequency electrosurgery can be performed on conscious outpatients with no grounded machines without a dispersive electrode . Operating at low currents with no dispersive electrode is possible because, at the medium RF frequencies (usually 100 – 500 kHz) that the machines generate, the self-capacitance of the patient's body (which is between the patient's body and the machine's ground) is large enough to allow the resulting displacement current to act as a virtual "circuit completion path."

One example of such a machine is called a hyfrecator. This term began in 1940 as a Birtcher Corporation brand name Hyfrecator for "High Frequency Eradicator", but now serves generically to describe a general class of single-electrode, non-isolated (earth-referenced) low-powered electrosurgical machines intended mainly for office use. An accidental circuit completion path through an earth-ground creates the danger of a burn at a site far away from the probe electrode, and for this reason single-electrode devices are used only on conscious patients who would be aware of such complications, and only on carefully insulated tables.

In such a setting, hyfrecators are not used to cut tissue, but to destroy relatively small lesions, and also to stop bleeding in surgical incisions made by blade instruments under local anesthesia.

Electrosurgical modalities

In cutting mode electrode touches the tissue, and sufficiently high power density is applied to vaporize its water content. Since water vapor is not conductive under normal circumstances, electric current cannot flow through the vapor layer. Energy delivery beyond the vaporization threshold can continue if sufficiently high voltage is applied (> +/-200 V) to ionize vapor and convert it into a conductive plasma. Vapor and fragments of the overheated tissue are ejected, forming a crater. Electrode surfaces intended to be used for cutting often feature a finer wire or wire loop, as opposed to a more flat blade with a rounded surface.

Coagulation is performed using waveforms with lower average power, generating heat insufficient for explosive vaporization, but producing a thermal coagulum instead.

Electrosurgical desiccation occurs when the electrode touches the tissue open to air, and the amount of generated heat is lower than that required for cutting. The tissue surface and some of the tissue more deep to the probe dries out and forms a coagulum (a dry patch of dead tissue). This technique may be used for treating nodules under the skin where minimal damage to the skin surface is desired.

In fulguration mode, the electrode is held away from the tissue, so that when the air gap between the electrode and the tissue is ionized, an electric arc discharge develops. In this approach, the burning to the tissue is more superficial, because the current is spread over the tissue area larger than the tip of electrode. Under these conditions, superficial skin charring or carbonization is seen over a wider area than when operating in contact with the probe, and this technique is therefore used for very superficial or protrusive lesions such as skin tags. Ionization of an air gap requires voltage in the kV range.

Besides the thermal effects in tissue, the electric field can produce pores in the cellular membranes – a phenomenon called electroporation. This effect may affect cells beyond the range of thermal damage.

Wet field electrosurgery

There are wet and dry field electrosurgical devices. Wet field devices operate in a saline solution, or in an open wound. Heating is as a result of an alternating current that passes between two electrodes. Heating is usually greatest where the current density is highest. Therefore, it is usually the smallest or sharpest electrode that generates the most heat.

Cut/Coag Most wet field electrosurgical systems operate in two modes: "Cut" causes a small area of tissue to be vaporized, and "Coag" causes the tissue to "dry" (in the sense of bleeding being stopped). "Dried" tissues are killed (and will later slough or be replaced by fibrotic tissue) but they are temporarily physically intact after electrosurgical application. The depth of tissue death is typically a few millimeters near the contact of the electrode.

Cut If the voltage level is high enough, the heat generated can create a vapour pocket. The vapour pocket typically reaches temperatures of approximately 400 degrees Celsius, which vaporizes and explodes a small section of soft tissue, resulting in an incision.

Coag When the system is operating in "coag mode" the voltage output is usually higher than in cut mode. Tissue remains grossly intact, but cells are destroyed at the point of contact, and smaller vessels are destroyed and sealed, stopping capillary and small-arterial bleeding.

Electrosurgical waveforms
Different waveforms can be used for different electrosurgical procedures. For cutting, a continuous single frequency sine wave is often employed. Rapid tissue heating leads to explosive vaporization of interstitial fluid. If the voltage is sufficiently high (> 400 V peak-to-peak) the vapor sheath is ionized, forming conductive plasma. Electric current continues to flow from the metal electrode through the ionized gas into the tissue. Rapid overheating of tissue results in its vaporization, fragmentation and ejection of fragments, allowing for tissue cutting. In applications of a continuous wave the heat diffusion typically leads to formation of a significant thermal damage zone at the edges of the lesion. Open circuit voltage in electrosurgical waveforms is typically in the range of 300–10,000 V peak-to-peak.

Higher precision can be achieved with pulsed waveforms. Using bursts of several tens of microseconds in duration the tissue can be cut, while the size of the heat diffusion zone does not exceed the cellular scale. Heat accumulation during repetitive application of bursts can also be avoided if sufficient delay is provided between the bursts, allowing the tissue to cool down.
The proportion of ON time to OFF time can be varied to allow control of the heating rate. A related parameter, duty cycle, is defined as the ratio of the ON time to the period (the time of a single ON-OFF cycle). In the terminology of electrical engineering, the process of altering this ratio to achieve an average amplitude, instead of altering the amplitude directly is called pulse-width modulation.

For coagulation, the average power is typically reduced below the threshold of cutting. Typically, sine wave is turned on and off in rapid succession. The overall effect is a slower heating process, which causes tissue to coagulate. In simple coagulation/cutting mode machines, the lower duty cycle typical of coagulation mode is usually heard by the ear as a lower frequency and a rougher tone than the higher frequency tone typical of cutting mode with the same equipment.

Many modern electrosurgical generators provide sophisticated wave forms with power adjusted in real time, based on changes of the tissue impedance.

Prevention of unintended harm
Burns
For the high power surgical uses during anesthesia the monopolar modality relies on a good electrical contact between a large area of the body (Typically at least the entire back of the patient) and the return electrode or pad (also known as dispersive pad or patient plate). Severe burns (3rd degree) can occur if the contact with the return electrode is insufficient, or when a patient comes into contact with metal objects serving as an unintended (capacitative) leakage path to Earth/Ground.

To prevent unintended burns, the skin is cleaned and a conductive gel is used to enhance the contact with the return electrode. Proper electrical grounding practices must be followed in the electrical wiring of the building. It is also recommended to use a modern ElectroSurgical Unit that includes a return electrode monitoring system that continuously tests for reliable and safe patient contact. These systems interrogate the impedance of a split or dual-pad return electrode and will alarm out, disabling further generator output in case of fault. Prior generators relied on single pad return electrodes and thus had no means of verifying safe patient connection. Return electrodes should always have full contact with the skin and be placed on the same side of the body and close to the body part where the procedure is occurring.

If there is any metal in the body of the patient, the return electrode is placed on the opposite side of the body from the metal and be placed between the metal and the operation site. This prevents current from passing selectively through metal on the way to the return electrode. For example, for a patient who has had a right sided hip replacement who is scheduled for surgery, the return electrode is placed on the left side of the body on the lateral side of the lower abdomen, which places the return electrode between the location of the metal and the surgical site and on the opposite side from the metal. If there is metal on both sides of the body, the return electrode is placed between the metal and the procedure site when possible. Common return electrode locations include lateral portions of the outer thighs, abdomen, back, or shoulder blades.

The use of the bipolar option does not require the placement of a return electrode because the current only passes between tines of the forceps or other bipolar output device.

Electrosurgery should only be performed by a physician who has received specific training in this field and who is familiar with the techniques used to prevent burns.

Smoke toxicity
Concerns have also been raised regarding the toxicity of surgical smoke produced by electrosurgery. This has been shown to contain chemicals which may cause harm by inhalation by the patients, surgeon or operating theatre staff.

Fire hazard
Electrical knifes should not be used around inflammable substances, like alcohol-based disinfectants.

History
Development of the first commercial electrosurgical device is credited to William T. Bovie, who developed the first electrosurgical device while employed at Harvard University. The first use of an electrosurgical generator in an operating room occurred on October 1, 1926 at Peter Bent Brigham Hospital in
Boston, Massachusetts. The operation—removal of a mass from a patient’s head—was performed by Harvey Cushing. The low powered hyfrecator for office use was introduced in 1940.


Indometacin farnesil

Indometacin farnesil (INN) is a prodrug of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) indometacin, designed to reduce the occurrence of side-effects by esterification of the carboxyl group on indometacin with farnesol. Indometacin farnesil was first approved in Japan in 1991, and is available in Japan and Indonesia, under the trade names Infree and Dialon, respectively.

External links
 Infree (indometacin farnesil capsules) Full Prescribing Information from Eisai Co.


Rowdy Rev

Rowdy Rev is a Tennessee Walking Horse stallion who won the Reserve World Grand Championship in the Tennessee Walking Horse National Celebration. Although he repeatedly competed in the World Grand Championship, he never won, despite wins in other large shows.

Life and career
Rowdy Rev is a  chestnut stallion with a flaxen mane and tail and a blaze on his face. His sire was The Revelation and his dam was Prides Dixie Delight.
He was bred and owned by Harlinsdale Farm at the time it was under Bill Harlin's management.  He was trained for most of his show career by Bill Bobo of Bobo Farms, Shelbyville, Tennessee. Ridden by Bobo, Rowdy Rev won the Four-Year-Old World Championship in the Tennessee Walking Horse National Celebration in 2005. He first entered the World Grand Championship in the Celebration in 2006.
Rowdy Rev was one of three horses who passed United States Department of Agriculture's inspectors that year, but due to controversy the class was canceled and no horse competed. Bobo and his wife later stated in a Shelbyville Times-Gazette interview that they believed Rowdy would have won had the class been held. Rowdy Rev won the Reserve World Grand Championship in 2007. The following year he placed third after suffering from a cold. Harlin had considered retiring Rowdy Rev to stud, but made the decision to breed him to a few mares and then continue showing the next year.
Rowdy Rev suffered a hoof crack just prior to the 2009 World Grand Championship and did not compete.
He won Section B of the Stallions Class, a preliminary to the World Grand Championship, three years in a row from 2008 to 2010.

Rowdy Rev won the stake at the Spring Fun Show in 2008. In 2012 Rowdy Rev was moved to Brandon Stout's training barn. He and Stout placed second in the Wartrace Horse Show stake before competing in the Celebration.

Rowdy Rev stood at stud at Harlinsdale Farm.

Notes


The Maysville and Lexington Railroad, Northern Division, was a 19th-century railway company in north-central Kentucky in the United States. In 1868, along with the Southern Division, it restored the service of the earlier Maysville & Lexington line, which had failed in 1856. The Northern Division was not as successful as the Southern and failed in 1875, after which it was reörganized as the "North Division".


Martin Luther King Boulevard/Mack Avenue station

Martin Luther King Boulevard/Mack Avenue is a streetcar station on the QLINE in Detroit, Michigan. The station opened for service on May 12, 2017, and is located in Midtown. The station services the northern Brush Park and middle Cass Corridor neighborhoods.

Destinations
 University of Michigan Detroit Center
 Bonstelle Theatre
 Michigan State University Detroit Center
 Orchestra Hall (home of the Detroit Symphony Orchestra)

Station
The station is sponsored by the Detroit Medical Center. It is heated and features security cameras and emergency phones. Passenger amenities include Wi-Fi and arrival signs.


Tang Frères

Tang Frères ("Tang Brothers") is an Asian supermarket chain based in the 13th arrondissement of Paris, one of the quartier chinois (Chinatown) of the capital city of France.

Tang Frères is known as the biggest Asian supermarket chain west of China. The company has in fact diversified to other activities, including import of Asian DVDs and TV broadcasting. Tang Frères has several retail outlets throughout Paris and its immediate suburbs, as well as an outlet in Vientiane, the capital of Laos – the country of origin of the company's founding brothers.

Next to the Ivry's Tang Frères supermarket lies Paristore, another major Asian supermarket from France.


John Hall (Archdeacon of Killaloe)

The Ven. John Hall (1626-1691) was a Church of Ireland priest in the  17th-century and early 18th centuries.

An Englishman, Hall was educated at Trinity College, Dublin. He was ordained on 31 March 1667. In 1667 he became Archdeacon of Killaloe and in 1668 Precentor of Leighlin.

Notes


Sport in Bedfordshire

This is an outline of Sport in Bedfordshire, a county in England.

American football
The Bedfordshire Blue Raiders are members of the British American Football League.

Cricket
The Bedfordshire County Cricket Club is Bedfordshire's county cricket club. They are classed as one of the 'Minor Counties' in the English domestic cricket structure, representing the historic county of Bedfordshire in the Minor Counties Championship and the MCCA Knockout Trophy.

The club play most of their matches at Wardown Park, Luton.

Other cricket venues in the county include:
 Ampthill Park, Ampthill
 The Vale, Flitwick
 Goldington Bury, Bedford
 Lancot Park, Dunstable
 Southill Park Cricket Club, Southill
 Bedford Modern School, Bedford

The club has produced several cricketers who have made an impact on the first-class game:
 Louis Bookman
 Tom Clark
 Alastair Cook
 Alf Gover
 Wayne Larkins
 Geoff Millman
 Monty Panesar

Field hockey
Leighton Buzzard Hockey Club, established in 1901, have 4 Men's, 4 Ladies teams of all ability and a junior section; starting age of 5 years old.

Football
Luton Town Football Club is by far the most successful and supported team in the county, though there are numerous other teams competing at various levels. The Bedfordshire County Football Association is the governing body of football in the county, and run a number of cups at different levels for teams in the area.

Luton Town Football Club

Luton is the home town of Luton Town Football Club who currently play in the Championship, the 2nd division of the English football league system after a five-year spell in the National Conference League (following their 30 point deduction from the Football League during the 2008/09 season), followed by back-to-back promotions in 2018 and 2019. They are the biggest and most successful team in the county and have enjoyed spells in the highest flight of English football. Their nickname, "The Hatters", dates back to when Luton had a substantial millinery industry.

Levels 5-6
Conference National
The top flight of the Football Conference. Teams promoted from the Conference, pending they meet certain rules, are eligible to play in the English Football League.

Levels 7-8
Southern Football League

Luton Town FC was one of the 16 founding members of the league back in 1894. Currently, winners of the league are promoted to the Conference South (or North sometimes due to team balancing.)

Premier League*
Bedford Town F.C.
Arlesey Town F.C.
Division 1 Midlands
Barton Rovers F.C.
Biggleswade Town F.C.
Leighton Town F.C.

Levels 9-11
Spartan South Midlands League
The Spartan South Midlands League consists of teams from London and the Home Counties. The league feeds the Southern Football League and Isthmian League.

Premier League
A.F.C. Dunstable
Biggleswade United F.C.
Dunstable Town F.C.
Stotfold F.C.
Division 1
Ampthill Town F.C.
Bedford F.C.
Cranfield United F.C.
Crawley Green Sports F.C.
Langford F.C.
Division 2
Caddington F.C.
The 61 F.C. (Luton)
Totternhoe F.C.

United Counties Football League
The United Counties Football League covers Northamptonshire and Bedfordshire, as well as parts of Berkshire, Buckinghamshire, Cambridgeshire, Hertfordshire, and Lincolnshire. It has a total of four divisions: 2 first team, and 2 reserve team divisions. Clubs in the Premier Division are eligible to enter the FA Cup in the Preliminary Round stages, and those with floodlights are eligible to enter the FA Vase. There are also knockout cups for the Premier/Division One clubs and for the Reserve Divisions clubs.

Premier League
Potton United F.C.
Division 1
A.F.C. Kempston Rovers
Wootton Blue Cross F.C.

Levels 11-15
Bedfordshire County Football League
Amateur teams in Bedfordshire compete in a league which comprises tiers 11-15 in the English football league system. The league has 71 members spread across five divisions. When a club wins the league championship, it also gains the opportunity to join either the United Counties Football League or the Spartan South Midlands League.

The league runs separate league cups for each division – the Premier Division clubs play for the Britannia Cup, Divisions One clubs play for the Centenary Cup, Division Two sides compete for the Jubilee Cup and Division Three teams play in the Watson Shield.

For the 2009–10 season, the teams are distributed thus:

Premier Division
Level 11
Arlesey Town Reserves
AFC Biggleswade
AFC Kempston Town & Bedford College
Bedford Hatters
Bedford Sports Athletic
Blunham
Caldecote
Flitwick Town
Ickwell & Old Warden
Lidlington United Sports
Marston Shelton Rovers
Oakley Sports M&DH
Renhold United
Sharnbrook
Shefford Town & Campton
Wilshamstead

Division One
Level 12
AFC Kempston Town & Bedford College Reserves
AFC Turvey
Brickhill Tigers
Caldecote Reserves
Elstow Abbey
Henlow
Kings
Lea Sports Pirton, Shillington & Gravenhurst
Leighton United
Luton Boys
Pavenham
Sandy
Shefford Town & Campton Reserves
Shillington

Division Two
Level 13
Bromham United
Cranfield United Reserves
Dunton
Eastcotts
Marabese Ceramics
Meltis Albion
Oakley Sports M&DH Reserves
Potton United Reserves
Queens Park Crescents
St. Joseph
Stopsley Park
Sundon Park Rangers
Westoning
Woburn Athletic

Division Three
Level 14
Bedford Park Rangers
Clifton
Goldington
Great Barford
Ickwell & Old Warden Reserves
Kempston Hammers Sports
Marsh Leys
Potton Town
Riseley Sports
Royal Oak Kempston
Stevington
Westoning Reserves
Wilshamstead Reserves

Division Four
Level 15
AFC Goldington
Bedford Panthers
Caldecote 'A'
Clifton Reserves
Dinamo Flitwick
Dunton Reserves
Elstow Abbey Reserves
Flitwick Town Reserves
Goldington Hammers
Kempston Athletic
Kempston Conservative Club Sports
Marston Shelton Rovers Reserves
Sandy Reserves
Thurleigh
Wootton Village

Golf
There are a number of golf courses and clubs across Bedfordshire. Luton has two 18 hole golf courses. One in Stockwood Park and the other at Warden Hill. A driving range and 9 hole golf course can also be found at Tea Green.

Greyhound racing
Greyhound racing is held at Henlow Stadium and was held at Luton Stadium (1931-1973), Queens Park Football Ground (Bedford) (1975-1982), Cardington Road (1929), Renhold (1931) and Kimbolton Road/Putnoe Lane (1931). Henlow is the only venue that was affiliated to the sports governing body the National Greyhound Racing Club, the others were known as flapping tracks, which was the nickname given to independent tracks.

Kayaking
Viking Kayak Club organise the Bedford Kayak Marathon with canoe racing held along the Embankment on Bedford's riverside and organise national ranking Canoe Slalom events at the Cardington Artificial Slalom Course (CASC), which was the first artificial whitewater course in the UK. CASC is also the venue each year for the UK's National Inter Clubs Slalom Finals, the largest canoe slalom event by participation in the UK.

Pool
There are two established pool leagues in Luton. One is the Luton & District Monday Pool League, which uses old style pub rules. The other is the South Beds Pool League, which competes on Thursday evenings and uses world rules. Both leagues cover the areas of Luton, Stopsley, Houghton Regis and Dunstable.

Rowing
Rowing is a major part of the sports scene of Bedford, with a number of regatta events hosted throughout the year from February through to October; the most significant of these being Bedford Regatta, which in terms of numbers of crews participating is the second largest in the country.

Rugby
Bedford Teams
Bedford Athletic
Bedford Blues
Bedford Queens
Bedford Swifts
Bedford Tigers (Rugby League)
Luton Teams
Luton Rugby Club
Stockwood Park
Vauxhall Motors RFC
Others
Ampthill RUFC
Biggleswade Rugby Club
Cranfield University
Dunstablians
Kempston
Leighton Buzzard RFC
Sharnbrook and Colworth

Other sports
Speedway racing was staged at Luton Stadium in the mid 1934-1937.

Venues
Bedford Autodrome Racing circuit
Bedford International Athletics Stadium Athletics Stadium
Creasey Park 3,200 Capacity Football Stadium
Goldington Road 6,000 Seater Rugby Stadium#
Henlow Stadium Greyhound racing stadium
Kenilworth Road 10,000 Seater Football Stadium
Wardown Park Cricket Field


Michael Ridley

Michael Ridley is an English author, archaeologist and orientalist.

In 1955 he was present at the opening of the Han tomb at Lei Cheng Uk in China.  He has written many books and has spent time as curator at the Rochdale Museum in Lancashire, the Museum of Archaeology at Bournemouth, and served as director of the Tutankhamun Exhibition in Dorchester; as of 2008, he was keeper of Oriental Art and Archaeology at the Russell-Cotes Museum in Bournemouth. He is a Fellow of the Royal Asiatic Society, the Royal Anthropological Institute, and the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland.

Works
 The Art of World Religions — Buddhism, Blandford Press, Dorset, 1978,
 Oriental Antiques in Color, Arco Publishing, 1978
 Style, Motif and Design in Chinese Art, Blandford Press, 1977
 Treasures from China, The Dolphin Press, 1973
 The Megalithic Art of the Maltese Islands, The Dolphin Press, Christchurch, 1972
 Far Eastern Antiquities, Gifford, London, 1972
 Oriental Art of India, Nepal and Tibet for Pleasure and Investment, Gifford, London, 1970


Skonun Formation

The Skonun Formation is a geologic formation in British Columbia. It preserves fossils dating back to the Neogene period.


Frederick Marshall (politician)

Frederick Marshall (6 June 1902 – 17 May 1975) was an Australian politician, and a member of the Western Australian Legislative Assembly from 1956 until 1959 representing the seats of Wembley Beaches.

Biography
Marshall was born in Grays, Essex, England, to Benjamin Marshall, a general labourer and merchant seaman, and Jane née Rollingson, and was educated locally. In 1922, he arrived in Western Australia, living with his family in Victoria Park. On 2 June 1930, he married Irma Priest at St Andrews' Church in Subiaco, with whom he was to have two sons and three daughters.

In the 1930s, he worked as a labourer and storeman, and became a foreman of sustenance gangs during the Great Depression who were digging contoured channels on dams in the South West region. By 1938, he was working for the Department of Water Supplies, and moved frequently with his young family as work demanded. He signed up for the Royal Australian Air Force in 1941, but was rejected on medical grounds and was officially discharged on 9 February 1942. Around the same time, he settled in Innaloo and joined the Electricity and Gas Department of the Perth City Council (which became part of the State Electricity Commission soon afterwards) as a linesman's assistant, and in 1949 he was promoted to linesman. He also became involved in the Australasian Society of Engineers, in which he served as vice-president from 1947, and later as secretary.

At the 1956 state election on 7 April, he was elected for the Labor Party to the seat of Wembley Beaches, which had hitherto been considered a safe seat for the Liberal Party. The previous Liberal member, Les Nimmo, had decided to contest the seat of Leederville, and Marshall's strongest support came from his own suburb, where he obtained 66% of the vote. He resigned from his job at the State Electricity Commission and completed a term as a government backbencher. At the 1959 election, with a statewide swing to the Liberals and with Nimmo recontesting the seat, he was defeated.

After leaving politics he was employed by the Australasian Society of Engineers until 1962. Subsequently, he was re-employed by the SEC and relocated to Collie, Western Australia where he worked as clerk and then site clerk at Muja Power Station, before retiring in 1967.

He died on 17 May 1975 in Karrinyup and was cremated at Karrakatta Cemetery.


Paul Rose (TV presenter)

Paul Rose (born 1951) is a British television presenter who mainly works for the BBC. He is an accomplished diver, mountaineer and explorer whose skills and interests led to his role as a documentary presenter.
Rose made frequent expeditions to Antarctica, supporting scientists engaged in research, and for eight 6-month seasons was base commander of Rothera Research Station.

In 2006, Rose presented the 5-part BBC Four documentary series Voyages of Discovery.

In 2008 he co-presented the 8-part BBC Two documentary series Oceans.

In 2011 he co-presented the 4-part BBC Two documentary series Britain's Secret Seas.

In 2017 Rose presented a 2-part BBC One documentary on the Yorkshire Wolds Way, a walk of around 80 miles from the Humber to Filey, on the North Yorkshire coast. During the programme, Rose explored the wildlife and geographical features of the landscape he encountered. In the second part of the documentary he took a dramatic glider flight from the Wolds Gliding Club, Pocklington, over part of the Wolds Way.

In 2018 he presented the four-part BBC One series The Lakes with Paul Rose, about the English Lake District.


Félix Doubront

Félix Antonio Doubront [doo-bront'] (born October 23, 1987) is a Venezuelan pitcher for the Saraperos de Saltillo of the Mexican League. He played in Major League Baseball for the Boston Red Sox, Chicago Cubs, Toronto Blue Jays and Oakland Athletics in a span of six seasons from 2010 through 2015. He also pitched for the Lotte Giants of the KBO League in its 2018 season.

Professional career

Minor leagues
Doubront was 17 years old when he entered the minors in 2005 with the VSL Red Sox (rookie), playing for them one year before joining the GCL Red Sox (rookie, 2006), Lowell Spinners (A–, 2006–2007), Greenville Drive (A, 2007–2008) and Lancaster JetHawks (A+, 2008). His most productive season came in 2008, when he posted a combined 13–9 record with a 3.76 ERA in 119 ⅓ innings of work.

Boston Red Sox

Doubront made his Major League debut on June 18, 2010, against the Los Angeles Dodgers, pitching five innings, allowing three earned runs, two walks, and struck out two for the win. It was a spot start and Doubront was optioned back to Pawtucket after the game. He was recalled on July 5 after Clay Buchholz joined a long list of Red Sox players to go on the disabled list. Doubront made two more starts and lost both of them before being optioned on July 17. He was recalled August 6, and returned to the Red Sox roster as a reliever.

Doubront entered the 2012 season as one of the Red Sox starters, beating out Aaron Cook and Alfredo Aceves in spring training. Despite slow starts for Josh Beckett, Clay Buchholz and Jon Lester, and Daniel Bard's demotion to the minors, Doubront earned five wins against two losses in his first ten starts. In June, Doubront took a no-hitter into the sixth inning against the Miami Marlins. He finished the game giving up two runs on three hits and earned the win. He ended the season as a full-time starter, with a record of 11-10.

Doubront turned in another effective season in 2013, posting an 11-6 record over 27 starts for a Red Sox team that would win 97 games and a World Championship. Doubront pitched out of the bullpen in the postseason, earning his first career postseason victory in Game 4 of the 2013 World Series.

Doubront struggled to start the 2014 season. In May, he left a game after experiencing discomfort in his left shoulder, later attributed to hitting it on a car door. He would later lose his spot in the starting rotation due to his inconsistency. He criticized the decision, stating "First of all, I’m not a reliever... They [the Red Sox] know that. They just, you know, it’s hard but I don’t know what they’re doing. I know they’re not doing the right thing for me." After allowing 6 runs in  of an inning against the Toronto Blue Jays on July 28, Doubront had a meeting with manager John Farrell, and two days later he was traded. To begin the 2014 season, Doubront's record was 2-4 with a 6.07 ERA in 17 games (10 starts).

Chicago Cubs
On July 30, 2014, Doubront was traded to the Chicago Cubs for a player to be named later (Marco Hernández). He was placed on the disabled list on August 1 without having pitched for the Cubs. He was activated from the disabled list on August 30. In 4 more starts, Doubront posted a 3.98 ERA with a 2-1 record. Overall in 2014, combined with both teams, Doubront's record was 4-5 with a 5.54 ERA in 21 appearances (14 starts).

The Cubs released Doubront on March 28, 2015.

Toronto Blue Jays
On April 2, 2015, Doubront signed a minor league contract with the Blue Jays, and was assigned to the Triple-A Buffalo Bisons. On May 13, he was activated off the disabled list and made his Bisons debut, pitching five shutout innings and allowing only one hit and one walk. Doubront was called up by the Blue Jays in early July, and made his debut for the team pitching 2 relief innings against the Detroit Tigers on July 3. He made his first start for the Blue Jays on July 7, pitching 6 innings and getting the win against the Chicago White Sox, 2–1. Doubront was designated for assignment on July 29. In 5 games (4 starts), Doubront went 1-1 with a 4.76 ERA.

Oakland Athletics
On July 31, 2015, Doubront was traded to the Oakland Athletics for cash considerations. Finishing the season with the Athletics, Doubront made 11 appearances (8 starts) with a 2-2 record and a 5.81 ERA. Overall in 2015, his total record was 3-3 with a 5.50 ERA in 16 appearances (12 starts).

On April 11, 2016, it was revealed that Doubront would undergo Tommy John surgery and miss the entire 2016 season.

Doubront was outrighted to the Triple-A Nashville Sounds on October 7, 2016, and he then elected free agency.

In November 2016, Doubront re-signed with Oakland on a minor league contract. He elected free agency on November 6, 2017.

Lotte Giants
On December 14, 2017, Doubront signed a one-year, $1 million contract with the Lotte Giants of the KBO League. Doubront made just three starts and posted a 13.50 ERA in 9⅓ innings. Afterwards, he was placed on waivers in September 2018.

Pericos de Puebla
On February 14, 2019, Doubront signed with the Pericos de Puebla of the Mexican League. He was released on May 3, 2019.

Saraperos de Saltillo
On May 14, 2019, Doubront signed with the Saraperos de Saltillo of the Mexican League.

Scouting report
Doubront's main pitches are a four-seam and two-seam fastball that range between 90–95 mph. He also throws a cut fastball (87–89), a big curveball (76–80), and a changeup (85–88) that is used mostly against right-handed hitters. His deceptive delivery results in hitters not being able to pick up the ball until late. The late pick-up also makes his fastball look faster to opposing hitters.

Awards
2005 - BRS Minor League Latin pitcher of the month (July)
2005 - BRS Minor League Latin pitcher of the year
2006 - BRS prospects All-Star (LH starting pitcher)
2008 - BRS prospects pitcher of the week (July 28 - August 3)
2008 - BRS prospects pitcher of the week (August 18–24)
2008 - BRS prospects All-Star (starting pitcher)
2008 - South Atlantic League All-Star
2009 - Portland Sea Dogs Pitcher of the Year
2013 - World Series champion


2016–17 Scottish Professional Football League

Statistics of the Scottish Professional Football League in season 2016–17.

Scottish Premiership

Scottish Championship

Scottish League One

Scottish League Two

Award winners


USS Patrick Gallagher

USS Patrick Gallagher (DDG-127) is a planned United States Navy  Flight IIA guided missile destroyer, the 77th overall for the class. She will be named for Lance Corporal Patrick Gallagher (1944–1967), an Irish-born Marine who earned the Navy Cross during the Vietnam War.

Unlike the previous two Arleigh Burke-class ships USS Jack H. Lucas (DDG-125) and USS Louis H. Wilson Jr. (DDG-126) which were inserted into the previous multi-year contract and are planned to be built in the  Flight III configuration, Patrick Gallagher was separately added to Navy shipbuilding plans by Congress and will be built in the Flight IIA configuration. Bath Iron Works was awarded the contract for Patrick Gallagher on 28 September 2017 and construction started on 9 November 2018.


John Phillip Harison Acocks

John Phillip Harison Acocks (7 April 1911 Cape Town – 20 May 1979 Middelburg, Eastern Cape), was a South African botanist noted for his publication "Veld Types of South Africa" and his extensive botanical collection of some 28 000 specimens from South Africa and Namibia. In 1938 he was seconded to go on a joint collecting trip of four months with Swedish botanist Adolf Hjalmar Frederick Hafström between Cape Town and Victoria Falls.

Early life and education

He was born in Cape Town to John Martin Acocks and Sarah Phoebe Petty. Matriculated from the South African College Schools (SACS) and attended the University of Cape Town between 1929–35 obtaining a B.A. and M.Sc.. He studied under Robert Stephen Adamson (1885–1965) and Margaret Levyns (1890–1975).

Career
His first appointment was in January 1936 as pasture ecologist at the Pasture Research Section, part of the Division of Plant Industry. He set out to do botanical surveys of new pasture research stations. In 1945 he was transferred to Estcourt to the Botanical Survey Section of the Division of Botany and Plant Pathology which later became the Botanical Research Institute. From 1948 he was permanently posted at the Grootfontein College of Agriculture in Middelburg.

Acocks contributed greatly to South African botany in three distinct areas. Firstly, his treatment of the vegetation regions (Veld Types) of South Africa, in which he classifies vegetation into 75 classes, continues to be a valuable reference work for researchers and is an outstanding achievement for a single individual. Secondly, his analysis of the impact of humans on vegetation has largely been revised by current research insights, specifically with regard to the effect of fire on grasslands, savannas and forests. There is, though, ample evidence showing considerable changes in Karoo fauna and flora over the last three centuries. Finally, his pioneering views on veld rehabilitation and management remain important guidelines for the farming communities of South Africa.

He was President of Section C of the SA Assoc. for the Advancement of Science in 1963, and awarded the Senior Capt. Scott Medal by the SA Biol. Soc. in 1977.

Acocks worked on a revised version of the Veld Types, which he completed shortly before his death, and which is lodged in the archives of the National Botanical Institute (NBG). His second book, Key Grasses of South Africa, was published in 1990.

Legacy

Acocks is commemorated by many specific names including Cliffortia acocksii H.Weim., Erica acocksii Compton, Restio acocksii Pillans and Diospyros acocksii De Wint. His specimens are housed at BM, BOL, Cedara College of Agriculture, Dohne Agricultural Development Institute, GRA, Grootfontein Agricultural College, K, KMG, M, MO, NH, NU, P, PRE, PREM, S, STE(NBG), Towoomba Agricultural Development Centre.

Bibliography
 Veld Types of South Africa (with accompanying Veld Type Map) – John Phillip Harison Acocks   (Botanical Research Institute, 1975)
 Acock's Notes: Key Grasses of South Africa – (Grassland Society of South Africa, 1990)


Lousã

Lousã () is a municipality in the district of Coimbra, in the central part of Portugal. The population in 2011 was 17,604, in an area of 138.40 km2.

History
The oldest evidence provides an indication of a human presence in this territory from the Roman occupation of the Iberian peninsula. Examples of this include the funerary pyres, rooftops, tile, glass utensils, coins and the remains of the roadways, in various points of within the municipality, including the urban perimeter of Lousã and Serpins. In addition, in the valley and Serra de Ceira there are vestiges of important gold exploration attempts.

With the invasion of the Germanic people, Imperial Rome fragmented, and many of the colonies dispersed, resulting in a loss of information for this period. But, in 943, there was a contract between Zuleima Abaiud and the abbey Mestúlio in the Monastery of Lorvão where, for the first time, the toponymic name Arauz appeared to designate the central place in this region, near a granite wall that later became the point where the Castle of Arouce was constructed. Coimbra, at the time, was the central place in the Mozarab culture, which was rich due to its economic activity, resulting in a diffusion of settlements to the north of Portugal.

Only with the pacification of the Mondego valley in the 9th century, allowed the development of Lousã basin. It was Sisnando Davides who was responsible for the conquest of the territory, and reorganization of the territory, which included the reconstruction of the various castles, such as in Coimbra, Montemor-o-Velho, Penela, Pencova and Lousã/Arouce. Legend suggests that Lousã was founded by an emir, named Arunce, who wanted to protect his daughter Peralta, while he was away on campaigns in Northern Africa.

The Counts of Lousã, descendants of a Portuguese conqueror, António Correia, whose coat-of-arms is decorated with a depiction of the severed head of King Muqrin, the last Jabrid ruler of Bahrain, killed by Correia in battle.

Kingdom
The territory of Arouce, whose castle was already mentioned in the Foral of Miranda do Corvo (1136), and contemplated by King Afonso I, who issued a foral in 1151. In another regal document, dated 1160, there is a reference to a "Lousã" that was independent of Arouce, much like Vilarinho (noting the distinct realities of the sites). A license was issued by King John III, on 23 May 1537, to the residents of Lousã to hold a Bodo de São João.

During the Middle Ages, Lousã continued to prosper and, like many other lands in the kingdom, its old foral was confirmed by King Afonso II, installing a group of rules, privileges and rights, that were later revoked in 1513. On 25 October, of the same year, a new charter was issued by King Manuel I.

It was in the 18th century, that Lousã transformed from modest village to a town, with roads lined with new edifices, housing the Portuguese nobility. With the creation of the paper industry, the Engenho de Papel do Penedo, produced goods of exquisite quality that, in 1716, it received the (then) prestigious typographic seal of the Society of Jesus of Coimbra, later followed by the Tipografia Académica, founded by the Marquis of Pombal and the Casa da Moeda. Other companies would install themselves with the municipality's borders. In 1868, the Fábrica do Boque was founded in Serpins, it operated the first machine to produce continuous paper in Portugal at the time. The Fábrica do Casal de Ermio, which operated between 1853 and 1890, later acquired by the Fábrica do Penedo and transformed into a power plant. Other industries provided wiring, namely the Foz de Arouce and produced energy. Mills, liqueurs, saw-milling, carpentry and other diverse industries, allowed the municipality to transform from agricultural to manufacturing services.

Peninsular War
It was not until the third French invasion during the Peninsular war (at the beginning of the 19th century), that the region suffered, during the retreat of General Massena, in March 1811. Escaping along the Almeida road, the royal road that linked the Kingdom to Spain, and passed through settlements in Miranda do Corvo, Foz de Arouce and Ponte da Mucela, Massena's men attempted to recuperate their interventions in the Kingdom. The French troops pillaged the many villages along their route, extending along the roads to Arneiro and Lousã, as well as several places along the Serra, where they sacked homes, barns and churches, attempting to steal the wealth of the country.

From Lousã these troops stripped the silver from the parochial church, namely the rich bunk and chest, that Father Cáceres had donated to the temple in the 16th century, in addition to other items.

In order to make their escape, French troops were forced to cross the Ceira River, at the small bridge of Foz de Arouce. This narrow channel slowed their escape, allowing the Anglo-Portuguese Army to catch-up to them, constituting a major blow to the enemy.

Republic
For a long time, Serpins constituted its own autonomous municipality, while Lousã included the localities of Semide, Rio de Vide and, even, Miranda do Corvo. The old town includes several roads, surrounding the old square and (now) disappeared parochial church, municipal hall and tribunal, namely the streets Rua da Viscondessa do Espinhal, Rua das Forças Armadas and Rua Nova, where many of the towns Baroque-era solars are situated. The Misericórdia and other edifices of public interest, including the unattached Casal do Rio, with its palace and surrounding homes.

It is practically at the end of the 19th century that Lousã began to expand beyond its 17th century arteries, resulting in new buildings and collective structures: the hospital (which began operating in 1888); the new parochial church (also at the end of the century); the public slaughterhouse (in 1893); and the old theater, amongst others.

Emigration, that included immigration to Lisbon, began to Brazil at the end of the 19th century, progressing later to the United States and then Europe.

The inauguration of the railway in 1906, broke the region's isolation, which was complemented by the construction of several roadways. In 1924, the first electric lighting of the municipality was completed.

In the final decades of the 20th century, the area occupied by the town doubled, gained new territory and constructing modern neighborhoods, with primary and secondary schools, a fire station and new palace of justice. Apart from these modern facades, the old town still remains, with many of the older buildings, with their ornate windows and elaborated frames and cornices.

Geography

Located in the central part of Portugal, the municipality of Lousa, is part of the old district of Coimbra, in the subregion of Pinhal Interior Norte, and limited in the north by Vila Nova de Poiares, in the east by Góis and Miranda do Corvo, and in the south by Castanheira de Pêra and Figueiró dos Vinhos, making part of the district of Leiria. This constitutes an area of approximately , of which 58.6& is forested, 17.2% in use by agriculture, 22.1% uncultivated/unused and .1% hydrographic resources, while only 2% is inhabited.

Administratively, the municipality is divided into 4 civil parishes (freguesias):

 Foz de Arouce e Casal de Ermio
 Lousã e Vilarinho
 Serpins
 Gândaras

The municipality's natural resources, and in particular the geophysical morphology of the mountainous region has shaped the human settlement and assisted some economic growth in the last centuries.

The regions demographic viability has primarily been shaped by its distance from Coimbra, and owing to its location along the Estrada Nacional 17, known as the Estrada da Beira, benefited from its connectivity from other municipalities and economic centers (including the Coimbra-Guarda axis). On the other hand, its evolution is also linked to the principal agglomerated areas of the sub-regions of the Baixo Mondego region, including Coimbra-Figueira da Foz, and the Pinhal Litoral, such as the Pombal-Leiria corridor. These relationships provide some explanation for some of the municipalities growth.

Many of its residents commute to the city of Coimbra for work, shopping or attend schools, including the Coimbra University or hospital. The train service between Coimbra and Lousã has been interrupted in 2010. It was supposed to be replaced by a modern metro service, but the renovation was stopped due to the economic crisis and the bankruptcy of the company created to administer the new service.

Economy
Economically, the region's growth has been based on transformative industries in the secondary and tertiary sectors of the economy. The decline in agricultural activities, which was always based on local consumption, is seen therefore as a realignment of activities toward forestry. Further, economic activities that have brought growth, have been associated with secondary activities such as the pulp and paper industry and electronics, as well as the manufacture/processing of olive oil, wine and liqueurs. Tertiary activities have maintained a supporting role, although tourism has developed into a strong growth industry, visiters attracted by the Serra da Lousã and the curious Aldeias de Xisto (villages of schist), along with other local patrimony and natural resources.

Architecture

In addition to the natural wonder of the Serra da Lousã mountains and natural pools in the hills, the municipality has a rich patrimonial and architectural history in the many manors, religious temples and military outposts that dot the landscape, such as:

Civic
 (Old) Municipal Hall (), a three-storey building that once housed the municipal authority, this stoic rectangular building was constructed in the 17th century, but abandoned in favour of the Palace of the Viscountess of Espinhal's former residence;
 Municipal Hall of Lousã (), the municipal hall of Lousã, although designed in the Baroque-style is actually of recent construction, dating to the 1930s, by João Moura Coutinho de Almeida Eça, of Braga;

Military
 Castle of Lousã (), the 11th-century castle, dates from the pacification of the territory of Lousã by Sisnando Davides, and was used a summer retreat by the court of Queen Mafalda;

Religious
 Chapel of the Misericórdia (), the 16th century chapel includes a single longitudinal nave, decorated in Baroque era alterpeices and retables;
 Sanctuary of Nossa Senhora da Piedade (), vernacular religious architecture in the Revivalist era, the Marian sanctuary is actually a group of four chapels that were raised during different epochs, near the castle of Lousã, beginning with the 15th century chapel constructed from a petition of alms to King Afonso V of Portugal.


Claude Crabb

Claude Clarence Crabb (born March 8, 1940, in Carmel, California) is a former American football defensive back in the National Football League for the Washington Redskins, Philadelphia Eagles, and the Los Angeles Rams.

College career
Crabb played college football at the University of Colorado after transferring from the University of Southern California and was drafted in the 27th round of the 1962 AFL Draft by the Buffalo Bills.


Crime Wave (1954 film)

Crime Wave (also known as The City Is Dark) is a 1954 film noir, directed by Andre DeToth. It was adapted from a short story which originally appeared in The Saturday Evening Post - "Criminal Mark" by John and Ward Hawkins.

Plot
'Doc' Penny (Ted de Corsia) and two other members of his gang, who have recently broken out of San Quentin, rob a gasoline station. In the process a police officer is killed and one of the gang members is wounded. As a city-wide search ensues, a hard-nosed, incompetent detective named Lieutenant Sims (Sterling Hayden) searches records in an effort to determine if there might be an ex-con the thugs might contact. Sims rejects professionalism and logic and operates on raw emotion. He feels that Steve Lacey (Gene Nelson) is a good candidate the killers may contact, though he has been out of prison for two years and is trying hard to maintain his new life. Steve regularly receives phone calls from ex-cons who pass through town, each trying to "put the bite" on him. When Sims' man phones Steve, he does not answer; he has already got an anonymous call from someone both he and his wife, Ellen (Phyllis Kirk) assume is yet another former prisoner, and she persuades him to not pick up. This sparks Sims to suspect Steve of being involved in the crime.

Morgan, the wounded man, knocks at Steve's door. The criminal has already summoned a disreputable, alcoholic former doctor who is now a veterinarian, Otto Hessler (Jay Novello), whom both men knew in prison; Steve demands Morgan leave, but he says he is "hurt bad" and cannot move.  Shortly after he says this, he dies. The doctor arrives and confirms this, grabs some money from the dead man's jacket, and leaves. Steve recognizes that the other two escapees, Penny and Hastings, will likely arrive soon. Ellen convinces him to phone his parole officer; while they are talking, Sims shows up. He grills Steve, demonstrating that he believes "once a crook, always a crook" and takes him to jail for three days, threatening him with fresh charges if he does not help catch Penny and Hastings. Steve refuses.

When Steve and Ellen get home after his release, the two men turn up and impose themselves. Fearing for Ellen's safety, Steve resigns himself to having them there for "a couple of days."  Sims visits Hessler and persuades him to go to Steve's to ascertain if he has heard, or expects to hear, from his old prison mates. The vet does what he is told and happens to overhear men's voices in the apartment, though he does not see anyone other than Steve. After Hessler is shaken up by Steve and leaves, Hastings follows him, in Steve's car, to the dog and cat hospital where he prevents Hessler's phone call to the police by murdering him.

Penny, meanwhile, is laying out the details of his plan to rob a bank. Steve insists he will not be involved but when Hastings returns to report that he has "fixed" Hessler "real good" and, because someone heard the commotion and summoned police, he had to leave Steve's car behind, Penny notes that Steve is involved whether he wants to be or not. Penny then decides that all four will leave the apartment and set the bank job in motion. Sims finds the car and immediately orders an All Points Bulletin be issued for Steve Lacey, "wanted for murder."

Penny and Hastings direct Steve, in a stolen car, to a hideout where two other thugs are waiting. The deal is set that Steve must help with the robbery, as getaway driver, or Ellen will be harmed.

When they pull the job, the criminals are ambushed; the entire bank is staffed with police officers. Steve takes off for the hideout, with Sims in pursuit. At the hideout, Steve fights off the gang member who is holding Ellen hostage. Sims takes the couple away in his car.  After revealing that the note Steve left in his medicine cabinet, alerting police to the robbery, was found and helped to set the trap, Sims lectures Steve about how he chose to handle the situation - "Next time, Lacey, call me...you got trouble, you need help, call me."  He then sends the two home.

Cast

 Sterling Hayden as Detective Lieutenant Sims
 Gene Nelson as Steve Lacey
 Phyllis Kirk as Ellen Lacey
 Ted de Corsia as 'Doc' Penny
 Charles Bronson as Ben Hastings (credited as Charles Buchinsky)
 Jay Novello as Otto Hessler
 Ned Young as Gat Morgan
 James Bell as Daniel O'Keefe, Steve's Parole Officer
 Dub Taylor as Gus Snider
 Gayle Kellogg as Detective
 Mack Chandler as Sully
 Timothy Carey as Johnny Haslett (uncredited)
 Sandy Sanders as Murdered Officer (uncredited)
 Richard Benjamin as Mark (uncredited)
 James Hayward as Zenner (uncredited)

Production notes

Much of the film was shot on location in Los Angeles and in nearby Burbank and Glendale. At least one 1952 location, Sawyer's Pet Hospital at the corner of San Fernando Road and Alma Street in Glendale, is still standing and still a pet hospital, albeit with a different name. Several locations seen onscreen, like the Bank of America on the southwest corner of Brand Boulevard and Broadway in Glendale (where the film's big robbery attempt takes place), as well as the distinctive dental building across Brand Boulevard, have been torn down and replaced.

The final chase scene from the bank in Glendale to Chinatown in downtown Los Angeles, though edited, follows the actual route, including Brand Boulevard and the Glendale Boulevard fork on the Hyperion Viaduct, until Steve Lacey reaches the house (possibly on Maple Street, just east of Los Angeles Street in the Chinatown district) where the crazed Johnny Haslett is holding Lacey's wife. The gas station in the film's opening scene was on Wall Street just south of East 3rd Street, near Boyd Street, but has since been demolished. Other specific downtown Los Angeles locations include Los Angeles Union Station and the L.A. City Hall Building (including interiors of the Homicide Bureau). The final scene, where Lt. Sims sends Steve and Ellen home, was shot on the 200 block of North Main Street, with Sterling Hayden leaning against the side of the City Hall Building.


Road transport in Australia

Road transport is an essential element of the Australian transport network, and enabler of the Australian economy. Australia relies heavily on road transport due to Australia's large area and low population density in considerable parts of the country.

Another reason for the reliance upon roads is that the Australian rail network has not been sufficiently developed for a lot of the freight and passenger requirements in most areas of Australia. This has meant that goods that would otherwise be transported by rail are moved across Australia via road trains. Almost every household owns at least one car, and uses it most days.

Victoria is the state with the highest density of arterial roads in Australia.

Costs and funding

Funding and responsibility for Australia's road network is split between the three levels of government; Federal, State and Local.
Because of long distances,  low population densities, and widely separated major settlements, the  costs of and funding for roads in Australia has been, historically, a major fiscal issue for all levels of government, especially Federal and State. The popular phrase 'the tyranny of distance', also the title of a famous historical work, captures the central role of transport in Australian policy, producing many conflicts. It was not until the Bland enquiry in Victoria  that there was an attempt to outline the complex questions in economic theory and practice of determining and measuring road costs and their allocation.  In 1978-80 the McDonell Enquiry  reviewed  road and rail freight transport in New South Wales and its affected cities and regions, (the 'hub' of the Australian freight transport system).  It was set up because of the 'truckies' blockades and national disturbances which disrupted access to all mainland capitals.  These were largely sparked by the levels of road taxes.  This Enquiry  developed the first comprehensive theoretical and measurement system for assessing and allocating road costs,.  This system was subsequently applied more widely, and then extended, with later studies, for the establishment of current national policy and principles.

The Federal government provides funds under the AusLink programme for several funding programs including:
National Projects
National Network Maintenance, essentially the National Highway, comprising the main freeways and highways linking the major cities of Australia
Roads to Recovery Program - provides funding allocations to councils in each State or Territory.
 Black Spot Program (improvements to high accident risk spots)
Strategic Regional Program
Innovation and Research
Funding for Local Roads

Other highways and main roads linking regional centres are funded by the respective state governments. Local and minor roads are generally funded by the third tier of government, local councils.

The Business Council of Australia in its Infrastructure Action Plan, estimated that in 2004, road infrastructure was under funded by A$10 billion.

Roads and highways

Different standards of roads are generally called by various names. With wide variations in population across the nation, the name of a road does not always reflect the construction or capacity of a particular road.

Freeways, motorways, expressways and tollways

Freeways are major roads with more than one lane of traffic in each direction designed for higher speed operation. They have barriers or wide median strips separating traffic travelling in opposite directions, and grade-separated intersections without roundabouts or traffic lights in the main route. Some toll roads are called motorways or tollways to avoid perceived difficulties with charging people to use a freeway. Most Australian capital cities have one or more freeways across, past, or leading to them.

When limited-access highways began to be built in Sydney in the 1950s, beginning with the Cahill Expressway, they were provisionally named expressways, but in the 1960s Australian transport ministers agreed that they be called freeways (like in the United States and other countries). The Cahill Expressway has kept its original name. Melbourne's South Eastern Freeway (now called the 'Monash Freeway') was the second freeway to be opened in Australia, in 1961. However, it was originally only a short road.

Victoria has the most extensive major arterial (freeway) network in the country, including tollways.

Highways

There is an Australian national highway network linking the capital cities of each state and other major cities and towns. The national highway network is PART financed by the Australian Federal Government with the bulk of funding coming from the individual states.  Many argue that more needs to be spent on maintenance and upgrading the network..

Each Australian state government maintains their own network of roads connecting most of the towns in the state. Highways and major roads include Metroads, National Routes, State Routes and routes numbered according to the Alphanumeric Route Numbering System.

Some highways in remote areas of Australia are not sealed for high traffic volumes and are not suitable for the whole range of weather conditions. Following heavy rains they may be closed to traffic.

Minor roads

Local governments maintain the vast majority of minor roads in rural areas and streets in towns and suburbs.

Urban
Urban minor roads in Australia are generally sealed, have a 50 km/h speed limit and most are illuminated at night by street lighting.

Rural
Many rural roads are not sealed but are built with a gravel base or simply graded clear and maintained from the available earth.

Outback

Driving on minor outback roads off a sealed road can be dangerous, and motorists are generally advised to take precautions such as:
seeking local advice
ensuring that someone is aware of your travel plans
remaining with vehicle in case of a break-down
awareness of animals such as kangaroos, especially at night
travelling with an adequate supply of drinking water

Failure to observe these precautions can result in death.

Ferries
The Spirit of Tasmania is a service operated by TT-Line with two ocean-going ferries providing a "road" link between Tasmania and the mainland. There is also a Searoad ferry service across the opening of Port Phillip connecting Sorrento and Queenscliff. Kangaroo Island is connected to Cape Jervis by the SeaLink service.

Many of the road crossings over the lower Murray River are provided by government-operated cable ferries.

Road rules and regulation

Economic regulation
Although trucks had played important local carriage tasks since their introduction to Australia, it was not until the 1970s that improved highways and larger trucks allowed the rapid development of long haul operations and intense competition with rail transport.  This situation led to the industry disturbances (see section Costs and funding above) on the causes of which the Commission of Enquiry into the NSW freight industry reported. The Enquiry made a series of recommendations for reform involving economic principles, legal provisions,  financing, economic regulation and safe operating conditions but  found that effective action could not be taken at the State level.  It would require re-examination of the central issue of freedom of interstate transport as embodied in Section 92 of the Constitution of Australia, and the development of appropriate national responses. With this basis, the National Freight Inquiry, completed a comprehensive survey of the national industry with major proposals.  This resulted in long running development of new governance arrangements and policy for economic regulation of both road and rail freight transport.  As a result, following the cooperative Federalism initiative of the 1990s, these matters are the responsibility of the National Transport Commission, within the general oversight of the Australian Transport Council of Ministers.

Operating regulation

Vehicles in Australia are right-hand drive, and vehicles travel on the left side of the road. The laws for all levels of government, have been mostly harmonised so that drivers do not need to learn different rules as they cross state borders. The usual speed limits are 100 km/h outside of urban areas (110 km/h on some roads where signposted). Major routes in built up areas are 80 km/h and 60 km/h, with streets generally limited to 50 km/h, often not separately signposted. Until the end of 2006, major highways in the Northern Territory had no speed limit, but now the maximum speed there is 130 km/h where signposted on the Stuart, Barkly, Victoria and Arnhem Highways, with a default of 110 km/h on all other rural roads where not otherwise signposted.

Speed limits are enforced with mobile and fixed cameras as well as mobile radar guns operated by police and State Road Authorities such as VicRoads. Heavy transport operators must record their driving time in a log book and take regular rest periods and are limited in how long they can drive without longer sleeping time.

If two roads with two lanes each way meet at a roundabout, the roundabout is marked with two lanes as well. Traffic turning left must use the left lane, and traffic turning right must approach in and use the right lane, travelling clockwise around the island in the centre. Traffic going straight through may generally use either lane. Vehicles must indicate their intended direction when approaching the roundabout, and indicate left when passing the exit before the one they intend to leave on. Vehicles entering the roundabout must give way to vehicles already on it.

Licensing

Typically, the first stage of licensing is gaining a learners permit. The minimum age to get this in most states is 16, and it requires:

 passing a test of knowledge of the road rules
 special L plates to be displayed, typically displaying a black L on a yellow background
reduced blood alcohol limits compared to unrestricted drivers (acceptable BAC varies by state)
a fully licensed driver to be in the car with the learner at all times, who must also be under the legal alcohol limit (0.05 BAC in most states)
 some states will impose maximum speeds for learner drivers (for instance, New South Wales learners are limited to 90 km/h)
 There is No requirement for professional training during the Learning or Probationary licensing periods.

After a set period of time (usually between three and twelve months), and often a certain number of hours practice, the learner driver is eligible to apply for their licence. In most states, there's also an age limit (which ranges from 16 ½ to 18, depending on state). In most states, including NSW, QLD, WA, Tas and ACT, the limit is 17. This process typically involves a practical driving test and a computerised test involving a hazard perception section and possibly some multiple choice questions. The first licence is a restricted licence known as a probationary licence or provisional licence, which typically lasts for up to three years. These drivers must display special plates (design differs across states but may be a white P on a red background, or a red or green P on a white background). This has earned them the name P Platers. Some restrictions placed on these drivers include (dependent on state):

Reduced blood alcohol limits compared to unrestricted drivers (acceptable BAC varies by state).
Automatic transmission only if licence test taken in an automatic vehicle.
Limits on power/performance of cars (certain states only).
Fewer demerit points to be accrued before licence is suspended.
Speed limitations (certain states only).

Some states have a two-stage probationary licensing system, where the first year of a licence has extra restrictions (and often a different coloured plate) to the later years.

Special licences exist for:

 Cars (which typically enables people to drive a car with up to 12 seats, and up to 4.5 tonnes GVM)
 Light Rigid trucks and buses
 Medium Rigid trucks and buses
 Heavy Rigid trucks
 Heavy Combination trucks
 Multi Combination trucks (B-doubles and road trains)
 Motorcycles

Heavy vehicle class licences require drivers to have experience at lighter licence classes. In some states, a car licence is acceptable for motorcycles with limited engine capacity.

Vehicles

Cars

Five manufacturers have previously manufactured cars in Australia, all of which ceased local production in or prior to 2017. All were subsidiaries of international companies, but manufactured models designed specifically for the Australian market. They were:
 Ford: Falcon, Laser and Territory
 Holden: Commodore, Statesman/Caprice, Cruze
 Mitsubishi: Colt, Sigma, Magna/Verada, 380
 Nissan:  Bluebird, Pulsar, Pintara
 Toyota: Camry, Corolla and Aurion

The distance travelled by car in Australia is amongst the highest in the world, behind the United States and Canada.  In 2003, the average distance travelled per person by car was 12,730 km.

Introduction of airbags and ESC into the Australian car market:

Frontal airbags were introduced on Australian market around the 1990s. By 2006, airbag was a standard feature for around 90% of new cars. In 2014, around 80% of the national car fleet had a driver's airbag, and more than 50% a passenger airbag. It is estimated that frontal airbags reduce fatalities by 20% and side airbags by 51%.

Electronic Stability Control(ESC)began to be sold as a standard feature in Australia from 1999. ESC was mandated for all new passenger cars in 2013 and was mandated for all new light commercial vehicles by 2017.  It is estimated that around 29 per cent of the light vehicle fleet was equipped with a form of ESC by 2014.  It is considered that ESC reduces fatalities by 53% in some crashes.

Trucks

Most long-haul road freight is carried on B-double semi-trailers. These trucks typically have a total of 9 axles and two articulation points . Normal semi- trailers usually  have a tri-axle trailer towed by a twin-drive prime mover. In the remote areas of the north and west,  three- and four-trailer road trains are used for general freight, fuel, livestock and mineral ores. Two-trailer road trains are allowed closer to populated areas, especially for bulk grain and general freight.

From July 2007, the Federal and State governments approved B-triple trucks that are allowed only to operate on a designated network of roads . A B-Triple is said to carry the load of five semi-trailers. B-Triples are set up differently from conventional road trains. The front of their first trailer is supported by the turntable on the prime mover. The second and third trailers are supported by turntables on the trailers in front of them. As a result, B-Triples are much more stable than road trains and handle exceptionally well.

The largest road transport companies are Toll Holdings and Linfox, but there are many others, including owner-drivers with only their own truck.

Buses
Main category: Bus transport in Australia

Buses in Australia provide a variety of services, generally in one or more of the following categories:
 route services, following a fixed route and a published timetable, operated by government or private companies
 school services, transporting students to and from school, often under a government-subsidised scheme
 long distance services, providing intrastate and interstate travel between major towns and cities
 tourist services, operating one-day and extended tours to popular destinations
 charter services, offering buses for hire to transport like-minded people to a chosen destination
 shuttle services, providing point-to-point transport, e.g. airport to hotels
 private vehicles, maintained by companies, schools, churches or other organisations to transport their members.

Many aspects of the bus industry are heavily controlled by government. These controls may include age and condition of the bus, driver licensing and working hours, fare structure, routes and frequency of services.

Trams

Trams were used in most Australian cities until the early 1960s. The Melbourne tram system is the largest in the world and remains an integral part of inner city commuting. Their cars intersect with others and large volumes of commuters have ready access to this form of transport. Tram and light rail systems are being reintroduced to some cities, such as the network in Sydney. The only remaining tram route in Adelaide is the Glenelg Tram, which was extended through the CBD in 2007 and again in 2009. At the Gold Coast a thirteen kilometre light rail system opened between Broadbeach and the Gold Coast University Hospital in 2014, and was extended 7 kilometres to Helensvale Railway Station in 2017.

Motorcycles
Motorcycles account for around 3% of vehicles in Australia.

Bicycles
Main category: Cycling in Australia

In the late-19th and early-20th centuries - the bicycle was used extensively in the outback and countryside of Australia as an economical means of transport. In the urban areas the bicycle found wide usage where workers were living in reasonable proximity to their places of work - this can be seen in the extent of bicycle racks at Midland Railway Workshops for example.

Over a third of the population ride a bike at least once a year and over half of all households have at least one working bicycle. They are used for recreation, exercise and commuting. Most cities have developed bicycle usage strategies, while some, such as Canberra  and Perth have extensively promoted bicycle usage and constructed an extensive network of cycleways that can be used by cyclists to travel large distances across the city.
The recreational use of bicycles has been supported by local and state governments producing publications and websites that encourage recreational and more lately utility usage.  Considerable numbers of tourists and enthusiasts use road and off-road routes that have been marked or signed for bicycle tours. Good examples are the Mawson Trail in South Australia and the Munda Biddi Trail in Western Australia.

Safety

Road transport safety in Australia is of a moderate to high standard. In 2018, fatalities is in the mean of the 30 OECD countries. Road quality, safety barriers and other safety features are of a moderate level in urban areas and of a high standard on new roads; however in regional areas and on some major highways, road quality can be severely affected by lack of funding for maintenance. Speed is limited to around 100 km/h on most highways.

In 2019, the number of people killed on Australian roads is estimated at 1,188 travelers that is 4.7% more than on 2018. This makes 4.7 travelers killed per 100,000 population

Vehicles are moderately safe. Many vehicle users cannot afford newer vehicles and as a result, the second-hand car market is quite large. There are many older model vehicles and while they require a Road Worthy Certificate (RWC) to ensure basic operation is sound, only newer vehicles have safety features such as crumple zones, air bags, etc. Seat belt usage is very high and it is illegal to not wear a seatbelt.

Several efforts have been made at educating the mass population about road safety, the most prominent and successful being the Victorian state Transport Accident Commission (TAC) road safety advertisements, which began in the late-1980s in print and television, which often depicted horrific and graphic road accidents initiated by various causes such as speed, alcohol and drug use, distraction, fatigue and many others. The TAC ads were very effective and reduced the road toll drastically. The method was subsequently adopted elsewhere in Australia and around the world.

Speed limits have been progressively reduced in urban streets, from 60 km/h to 50 km/h and more recently, to 40 km/h near schools, in built up areas and shopping strips. This is to ensure safer stopping distances to minimise/reduce pedestrian injuries and casualties.

Safety varies between remoteness area, from a rate of 2.64 in major cities in 2016, to a rate of 34.58 in remote areas

In 1992, first National Road Safety Strategy was established by federal, state and territory transport Ministers.

The 2001–2010 australian safe-system strategy, achieved a fatality reduction rate of 34% for a reduction target of 40%.

Pedestrian safety

75.8% of fatal pedestrian crashes involved passenger cars or light commercial vehicles, between 2009 and 2013.

Pedestrians older than 75 have the highest pedestrian fatality rate of any age group.

Fatality risk

An Australian study of the risk of deaths once the accident occurred found various possible factors. This study concludes that the risk of death is higher in rural area.

This study use the notion of odds ratio:

Road naming
Each state has independent systems for the naming of roads.
Roads in New South Wales are named in accordance with section 162 of The Roads Act 1993. Australian Standards AS 1742.5 - 1986 and AS 4212 - 1994 provide a list of road suffixes (such as Alley, Circle, Mall, Street) which are routinely accepted by the Geographical Names Board.

Authorities
The Australian commonwealth government has had a number of statutory authorities relative to roads including: -
 Australian Transport Council
 National Transport Commission

State governments have been co-ordinated through: -
 Austroads (formerly the National Association of Australian State Road Authorities).

In Victoria the state road authority is the Roads Corporation better known as VicRoads and in New South Wales it is known as the Roads and Maritime Services (RMS).


Director of Chancery

The office of Director of Chancery (or Chancellory), the keeper of the Quarter Seal of Scotland, was formerly a senior position within the legal system of Scotland. The medieval post, latterly an office at General Register House, Edinburgh, was abolished by the Reorganisation of Offices (Scotland) Act 1928 and provision made for the functions to be transferred to the Keeper of the Registers and Records of Scotland, the Principal Extractor of the Court of Session, the Sheriff Clerk of Chancery and the sheriff clerks of counties.

The Scottish chancery was responsible for draughting, issuing and recording royal charters (e.g. charters of novodamus), patents of dignities (see Letters patent), gifts of offices, remissions, legitimations, presentations, commissions,  (brief warrants) and others crown writs appointed to pass the Great Seal or the Quarter Seal of Scotland.

The quarter seal of Scotland is now kept by the Keeper of the Registers of Scotland.

Office holders
James Colville (died 1540), administrator, lord of session, and diplomat
Thomas Bellenden of Auchnoule (c. 1485–c. 1547), ambassador to England
John Bellenden (c. 1510–1576), Lord Justice Clerk
George Buchanan (1506–1582), historian and humanist scholar
John Scot, Lord Scotstarvit (1585–1670), judge and satirist


Peene

The Peene () is a river in Germany.

Geography
The Westpeene, with Ostpeene as its longer tributary, and Kleine Peene/Teterower Peene (with a Peene  without specification (or Nordpeene) as its smaller and shorter affluent)  flow into Kummerower See (Lake Kummerow), and from there as Peene proper to Anklam and into the Oder Lagoon.

The western branch of the Oder River, which separates the island of Usedom from the German mainland, is often also called Peene, but actually is considered a part of the Baltic Sea called the Peenestrom. It is one of three channels connecting the Oder Lagoon with the Bay of Pomerania of the Baltic Sea. (The other channels are the Świna and the Dziwna.)

Hydrography
Peene river itself has some properties of an inlet. From Kummerower See, inclusively, to the mouth, the ground of the water is five feet and more below sea level. The windkessel effect of the large surface of this lake allows reverse flows that with northern wind may last as long as a week. These reverse flows do not only occur in times of low discharge of its effluent, but also in times of an overflow of precipitation.

Ecology
The Peene Valley is one of the largest contiguous fen regions in central Europe. Thanks to its wilderness and intact nature, the river Peene and its valley is sometimes grandiloquently referred to as "the Amazon of the North".

Major towns at the Peene river are Malchin, Teterow, Demmin and Anklam.

Wolgast is on Peenestrom strait.


Aspen Park

Aspen Park is a park in Washington County, Utah, southwest of Enterprise and the Enterprise Reservoir, and northwest of St. George, in the Bull Valley Mountains.

The park has many groves of quaking aspens, maple, juniper, Pinyon pine, and oak. It has multiple campgrounds near the reservoir, picnic spots, and fishing ponds. Aspen Park also has a 5 mile trail to nearby Pine Park; the trail features Ponderosa pines and the Beaver Dam Wash.


Athletics at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's 3000 metres steeplechase

The Men's 3000 metres steeplechase at the 2008 Olympic Games took place on 16–18 August at the Beijing Olympic Stadium.

The qualifying standards were 8:24.60 (A standard) and 8:32.00 (B standard).

Brimin Kipruto, who won the silver medal at the 2004 Olympic Games in Athens, became the seventh Kenyan runner in a row to win this event at the Olympics. In total Kenya won nine gold medals in the 3000m steeplechase since 1968, but none of those medalists was ever able to defend his title.

Records
Prior to this competition, the existing world and Olympic records were as follows.

No new world or Olympic records were set for this event.

Results

Round 1

Legend: Q=Qualified top 4 in heat; q=Qualified by time; DNF=Did Not Finish; DNS=Did Not Start; DQ=Disqualified; NR=National Record; PB=Personal Best; SB=Season Best

Final

Splits


Hamilton Standard

Hamilton Standard (now a part of Collins Aerospace
), an aircraft propeller parts supplier, was formed in 1929 when United Aircraft and Transport Corporation consolidated Hamilton Aero Manufacturing and Standard Steel Propeller into the Hamilton Standard Propeller Corporation.  Other members of United Aircraft included Boeing, United Airlines, Sikorsky, and Pratt & Whitney.  At the time, Hamilton was the largest manufacturer of aircraft propellers in the world.

History

Standard Steel Propeller had been formed in 1918 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and Hamilton Aero Manufacturing had been formed in 1920 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin by Thomas F. Hamilton.  Charles Lindbergh's Spirit of St. Louis used a propeller made by Standard Steel Propeller Company in his historic solo crossing of the Atlantic Ocean.

In the early 1930s Frank W. Caldwell of Hamilton Standard led a team that developed a variable-pitch propeller, using hydraulic pressure and centrifugal force to change the angle of attack of the blades. Caldwell received the 1933 Collier Trophy for this advance in flight propulsion. Later advances included full-feathering and reversible propellers.

Hamilton Standard was a division of United Aircraft Corporation (1934) along with Pratt & Whitney (engines).

In the early 1950s Hamilton developed the technology to accurately meter fuel in jet engines, and its fuel controls were employed on Boeing 707s and Douglas DC-8s as well as most other Pratt & Whitney jet engines. In 1952 Hamilton Standard opened its plant in Windsor Locks, Connecticut. In 1958 Hamilton's first environmental control system entered service on the Convair 880.  In 1968 Hamilton began delivering automatic, electronic systems for control of cabin pressure in aircraft.  Hamilton's mechanical fuel controls, in use since the 1950s, evolved into electronically controlled fuel controls and, eventually, to Full Authority Digital Electronic Controls (FADEC) for jet engines and are in use today on many commuter, airline, and military engine applications.  Hamilton's environmental systems and early association with NASA were highlighted in the 1969 Apollo 11 Moon landing - supported by environmental control, fuel cell, and life support systems manufactured by Hamilton Standard.

Merger

In 1999, the United Technologies Corporation acquired the Sundstrand Corporation and merged it with Hamilton to form Hamilton Sundstrand.  Sundstrand brought a long history and portfolio of aerospace products to the newly named company.  Hamilton Sundstrand continues to provide aerospace components and systems to most of the world's aircraft manufacturers, including Boeing, Airbus, Bombardier, and Embraer.

In 2012 Hamilton Sundstrand merged with Goodrich Corporation to become UTC Aerospace Systems. In 2018, UTC merged UTC Aerospace Systems with Rockwell Collins to form Collins Aerospace.


Ohio Township, Warrick County, Indiana

Ohio Township is one of ten townships in Warrick County, Indiana, United States. As of the 2010 census, its population was 37,749 and it contained 14,922 housing units. It contains 63% of Warrick County's population. It has the third largest township population in Southwestern Indiana, behind two townships in Vanderburgh County and is one of the fastest growing townships in Indiana. Ohio Township population grew 21.8% from the 2000 census to the 2010 census.

History
Ohio Township was organized in 1826. The township derives its name from the Ohio River, which forms its southern border.

The Angel Mounds, Ellerbusch Site, and Roberts-Morton House are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Geography
According to the 2010 census, the township has a total area of , of which  (or 99.48%) is land and  (or 0.52%) is water.

Cities, towns, villages
 Chandler (All but the far east end)
 Newburgh

Unincorporated towns
 Camp Brosend at
 Castle Garden at
 Hillcrest Terrace at
 Paradise at
 Rustic Hills at
 Stevenson at
(This list is based on USGS data and may include former settlements.)

Adjacent townships
 Campbell Township (north)
 Boon Township (east)
 Anderson Township (southeast)
 Knight Township, Vanderburgh County (west)

Cemeteries
The township contains these four cemeteries: Casey, Greenwood, Hedge and Rose Hill.

Lakes
 Allens Lake
 Chase Lake
 Pfafflin Lake

School districts
 Warrick County School Corporation

Political districts
 Indiana's 8th congressional district
 State House District 75
 State House District 77
 State House District 78
 State Senate District 50


Lüft-ü Celil-class ironclad

The Lüft-ü Celil class was a pair of ironclad warships built for the Ottoman Navy by a French shipyard in the late 1860s. Originally ordered by the Eyalet of Egypt but confiscated by the Ottoman Empire while under construction, the class comprised the vessels  and . The ships were sea-going monitors that mounted their main battery of two  Armstrong guns and two  Armstrong guns in two revolving gun turrets.

Both vessels saw action during the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878, where Lüft-ü Celil was sunk by a Russian artillery battery on the Danube. Hifz-ur Rahman engaged Russian minelayers at the mouth of the Danube but otherwise saw little action. She survived the war and was laid up for the following twenty years. She was mobilized at the outbreak of the Greco-Turkish War in 1897, but like the rest of the Ottoman fleet, was in poor condition. The ship was eventually sold in 1909 and broken up.

Design
In the early 1860s, the Eyalet of Egypt, a province of the Ottoman Empire, ordered several ironclad warships for its fleet as part of a rearmament program to again challenge the power of the central government—the last having been the Second Egyptian–Ottoman War twenty years earlier. These included the two Lüft-ü Celil-class vessels, ordered in 1866. After lengthy negotiations, the crisis was resolved when the Egyptian ironclads, including Lüft-ü Celil and Hifz-ur Rahman, were transferred to the central government on 29 August 1868, among other concessions made by Egypt.

Characteristics
The ships of the Lüft-ü Celil class were  long overall and  long between perpendiculars. They had a beam of  and a draft of . The hull was constructed with iron, incorporated a ram bow, and a raised forecastle and sterncastle. They displaced  normally and  BOM. They had a crew of 12 officers and 110 enlisted men.

The ships were powered by a single horizontal compound engine which drove two screw propellers. Steam was provided by two coal-fired locomotive boilers that were trunked into a single funnel amidships. The engine was rated at  and produced a top speed of , though by 1877 the ships were only capable of . Lüft-ü Celil carried  of coal. A supplementary barque rig with three masts was also fitted.

Lüft-ü Celil and Hifz-ur Rahman were seagoing monitors armed with a battery of two  muzzle loading Armstrong guns and two  Armstrong guns, each pair mounted in a revolving gun turret, both of which were on the centerline. The 225 mm guns were placed in the forward turret and the turret for the 178 mm guns was located aft of the main mast. The turrets were hand-operated. In 1875, both ships received a single  gun manufactured by Krupp. In 1891–1894, Hifz-ur Rahman was partially rearmed. The two 225 mm guns were replaced with a pair  Krupp guns, and four  Hotchkiss guns and two  Nordenfelt guns were added.

The two ships were armored with wrought iron plates. The ships' armored belt was  thick and was reduced to  toward the bow and stern. It extended  above and below the waterline. Above the main belt, a strake of armor  thick protected the turret bases, magazines, and machinery spaces. The upper portion of the side armor was connected to an armored deck that was  thick. The turrets were protected by 140 mm of iron plating.

Ships

Service history

Both ships of the class were stationed in Crete after they entered service, to assist in stabilizing the island in the aftermath of the Cretan Revolt of 1866–1869. Nevertheless, the Ottoman fleet remained largely inactive during this period. Both ships saw action during the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878, where they operated against Russian forces in the Black Sea. At the start of the war, Lüft-ü Celil and Hifz-ur Rahman were assigned to the Danube Squadron, where they were tasked with preventing Russian forces from crossing the river. While on patrol on 11 May 1877, Lüft-ü Celil engaged a Russian artillery battery, and one of the Russian shells struck the vessel, probably in the boiler room, where it caused a large explosion that destroyed the ship, killing most of her crew. Hifz-ur Rahman later assisted in the defense of Sulina at the mouth of the Danube, and engaged Russian minelayers in an action on 9 November 1877 where she was lightly damaged.

Hifz-ur Rahman was laid up in Constantinople. She was refit at the Imperial Arsenal in 1891–1894, but was nevertheless in poor condition by the outbreak of the Greco-Turkish War in February 1897, like the rest of the ancient Ottoman ironclad fleet. As a result, the fleet was kept safely behind the Dardanelles forts and it saw no action. The ship remained in service for another decade until she was decommissioned in 1909; she was sold in November that year to ship breakers and thereafter dismantled.

Notes