Grange Thistle SC

Grange Thistle is an Australian association football club based in Grange, Queensland. In 2019, the club fielded 13 senior teams and more than 70 junior teams. The flagship men's team currently competes in the Brisbane Premier League, and in 2020 the flagship women's team will compete in the Brisbane Women's Premier League after earning promotion in 2019.

History
Grange Thistle is the last of three football clubs which have carried the Thistle name since the earliest days of organised football in Brisbane. However, the present club's history goes back only as far as 1920 and it is not connected in any way with these forerunners. The first Thistle club was formed at a meeting held in the Criterion Hotel on 2 June, 1887.  At the time there were two Brisbane clubs believed to have Scottish connections, St Andrews and Rangers, which was originally formed as the "Scottish Football Association" in 1883.  Later reports differ as to whether the original Thistle club came into being as a breakaway group from Rangers  or from another pioneer club, St Andrews. A third possibility is that the club was a new entity having no link to either of these clubs.

The first Thistle club disappeared during the 1890s but re-emerged by 1911 as Merthyr Thistle, a club based at New Farm Park.  Merthyr Thistle had a brief but successful career, winning the Brisbane first grade competition and Charity Cup in 1915  and reaching the senior division grand final in 1919, the first season in which senior football resumed in Brisbane after World War I.  In the decider, played at the Brisbane Cricket Ground on 4 October, Merthyr Thistle’s hopes were dashed in a 3-1 defeat against Pineapple Rovers.

Two weeks later the club rounded off the season on 18 October in the final game of its existence, a challenge match at Bulimba against Bush Rats, from Ipswich, losing 1-0.  No further references to Merthyr Thistle have been traced until 9 February 1920, when indications of a crisis emerged in the form of an advertisement in the Daily Standard. Under the heading Merthyr Thistle Football Club, the advertisement called “all players and members” to a meeting just two days later on 11 February. .

The sense of urgency was apparent when this advertisement was repeated in the same newspaper the next day. However, no report of the meeting, if it did take place, or further mention of Merthyr Thistle, has been found. A club did re-emerge in the early 1920s at New Farm Park, where Merthyr Thistle had been based, but only at junior level where it operated under the name Merthyrs (in competition against the new Thistle club’s junior teams).

On 3 March, 1920, six new clubs affiliated with the Queensland British Football Association at its adjourned annual general meeting. Merthyr Thistle was not represented. However, J Peebles, representing Thistle, was appointed as one of four club representatives on the executive committee.

Two weeks later, a press preview of the season listed nine clubs in the senior competition, including Thistle but not Merthyr Thistle. The inference is that the new club was formed at, or subsequent to, the meeting of Merthyr Thistle players and members called for 11 February, 1920.

On 20 March, 1920, the new Thistle club played its first match, a friendly against Brisbane City. The game, at Heath Park, was drawn 2-2, W Nicholls scoring the new club’s first goal.

Four days later, the Queensland British Football Association placed its 30 registered junior clubs into three grades for the forthcoming season. Thistle’s second-string team was placed in the second grade but Merthyr Thistle did not enter any teams in either the senior or junior grades.

On March 27, Thistle played a second friendly, against Queen’s Park, also at Heath Park, where the new club had established its headquarters. The match was drawn 2-2.

On the official opening day of the 1920 season, 10 April, Thistle played the club’s first competitive match, defeating Queen’s Park 3-1 at the Brisbane Cricket Ground, with the following lineup: H May, W McBride, G Mackay, D Ross, J Peebles, J Lambert, J Cumberford, A McMillan, R Craig, A Thompson, W Nicholls. Centre-forward Craig scored a hat-trick.  The highly successful first season ended with 10 wins, two draws and three defeats to place Thistle in second position behind Corinthians on the premiership table. Thistle’s tenure at Heath Park was confirmed the following season when an application for use of the ground was approved by the Brisbane City Council, at an annual rent of one guinea.

By 1922 Thistle had amassed one of the most powerful teams in the country and were locked in a neck-and-neck premiership battle with Bundamba Rangers, both teams having won their first seven matches.  However, Thistle eventually finished as runners-up to their Ipswich rivals, having paid a heavy price in mid-season while five players were away on representative duty (Jack Cumberford, Dave Cumberford and Billy McBride with Australia in New Zealand, along with Johnny Peebles and Jimmy Love on tour to New South Wales with Queensland).

But Thistle made no mistake just one season later, annexing their first major honour by claiming the 1923 Brisbane premiership with a 5–1 win in the grand-final replay against Bundamba.

In those first few seasons, Thistle’s remarkable performances for a fledgling club marked it as one of Australia’s most powerful squads. By the early 1930s, nine Thistle players had represented Australia, including the Cumberford brothers, Jack and Dave. Jack Cumberford, who coached the Queensland team after World War II, earned a unique honour when he was awarded a special medal for scoring Australia's first international goal in a 3-1 win against Wanganui in the opening game of the tour of New Zealand in 1922.  Other Thistle players who earned selection for Australia during that period were Jimmy Love, Billy McBride, Angus Marshall, Andrew Park, John Peebles, Jimmy Robertson and John Steel. . Peebles and Steel were both destined to make a long-term mark on Queensland football as senior administrators.

Press reports during the 1920s also provided confirmation that the Thistle club was not linked in any way with the now defunct Merthyr Thistle. A press profile of Thistle’s international forward Jack Cumberford stated that he had played for Merthyr Thistle in 1919 but “the following season saw the club disband, and the present Thistle club formed”.

Two years later, in an article outlining Thistle’s achievements, co-founder Bob Waddell stated that the club was founded “as recently as 1920” and listed its complete playing record, season by season. He also recalled that the first competitive match played by Thistle was against Queen’s Park in 1920.

The following year, conclusive evidence was provided that no link existed between Merthyr Thistle and the club formed in 1920. Under the heading “The Story of the Thistle Club”, Bob Waddell stated the following: “In the 1919 season a club by the name of Merthyr Thistle was formed, but owing to great dissension among the officials and players, the club only reigned one season, and the players, with one exception, decided to break away the following year. A meeting was convened by J Cumberford, J Scott and R L Waddell, and it was decided unanimously that we form a Thistle club — an entirely new club having no connection whatever with the club known as Merthyr Thistle. J Lang (now a referee) was elected chairman, R L Waddell honorary secretary and J Scott honorary treasurer. The first season saw the club just failing to annex the hon¬ours both in the premiership and Charity Cup competitions.”

By the late 1920s, Thistle’s strength had waned and after finishing bottom of the first division premiership the club was facing relegation. However, the following season saw one of the code’s periodic upheaveals in Queensland when Brisbane’s leading clubs, with the sole exception of Thistle, decided to break away from the state governing body and form a company to run their affairs. Thistle declined to join the breakaway and at a special meeting held on 11 February, 1930, it was decided to join the Ipswich and West Moreton Association instead.

At the start of the 1930 season Thistle moved to its current home Lanham Park which was described in April 1930 as "an open paddock".

By the end of the 1931 season, however, the club was struggling on and off the field, having finished last in the 10-team Ipswich competition and facing severe challenges during a period of world-wide recession.  In March, 1932 the Sports Referee reported that although members at the Thistle annual general meeting were determined to continue, the club was in deep financial difficulty, with a credit balance of £1/5 and liabilities of £4/10. Poor attendances at Lanham Park meant that only £8/16/4 had been collected during the entire preceding season and travel expenses for regular trips to Ipswich had also depleted the club’s resources. The AGM was adjourned.

Impending doom loomed by April 2 when Thistle’s match against Toombul at Lanham Park was postponed in view of uncertainty about the club’s future. Three days later Thistle’s adjourned AGM decided to suspend operations because of the club’s financial difficulties. President H M Herald indicated that the club intended to re-form if the dispute between the Ipswich and Brisbane organisations was ended.  However, this rift was not healed until several years later, by which time the Thistle club had effectively become defunct.

No written record has been found to explain how or when the present club re-emerged at Lanham Park. It is believed that Neil Mackay and former Thistle and Queensland goalkeeper Jimmy Perotte were instrumental in starting a junior team at Lanham Park in 1942. No formal fixtures could be played because these had been suspended during World War II. By 1944, however, when competitions resumed, Thistle were able to field a team strong enough to win the junior division and earn promotion to the first division ranks for the 1945 season.  ,

For the next 32 seasons, from 1945 to 1976, Thistle retained top division status in Brisbane without being able to add to their premiership honours. However, the club did have several major cup successes, including three consecutive Tristram Shield wins from 1950 to 1952 and a 6-1 thrashing of Azzurri (later Brisbane City) in the 1966 Ampol Cup final.

The only blip during this period came in 1961, the year in which Grange was added as a prefix to the club’s name and the shirt colours were changed from the traditional Scottish blue and white to tangerine and white.  Once again the club faced relegation after finishing bottom of the table, and once again a split in Queensl;and football came to the rescue. Formation of the breakaway Queensland Soccer Federation at the start of the 1962 season enabled Thistle to join other leading Brisbane and Ipswich clubs in an eight-team semi-professional competition in which a respectable mid-table position was secured. This was largely due to the influence of diminutive Scottish captain-coach Norm Tran, whose acquisition from East Fife provided the impetus for a club revival. Tran represented Queensland several times that season before departing to join Sydney first division club Auburn.

But by 1976 club fortunes had again declined and Grange Thistle were relegated to the second division for the first time. Once again, a Scotsman was instrumental in enabling the club to bounce back immediately by winning promotion. This time the catalyst was the signing of Jim Hermiston, a member of the Aberdeen team which beat Celtic 3-1 to win the Scottish Cup in 1970.  Although Hermiston left after one season to play in the National Soccer League, Thistle enjoyed a period of great success in the short-lived Queensland State League (1979 to 1982), winning consecutive grand finals against Mount Gravatt in 1979 and 1980. During this period the club qualified for the national cup competition twice, losing each time to Brisbane Lions in the 1980 and 1981 NSL Cup competitions. The club left the State League and dropped back to Brisbane competition in 1982, winning their first Brisbane Division One premiership since 1923.

Grange Thistle also had further cup success, claiming the Ampol Cup for a second time in 1981.

Grange Thistle competed in the Brisbane Premier League for all but three seasons from the commencement of this league in 1983 until 1996. Since then it has played in  the second and third tiers of the Brisbane competition until achieving promotion back to the Premier League by finishing in second place in Capital League 1 in 2016.

In 2018, Grange Thistle were crowned champions of the Brisbane Premier League after finishing second in the league and going on to win the finals series. They also won the Canale Cup for the first time since 1981, when it was known as the Ampol Cup, and retained this trophy in 2019.

Grange Thistle’s badge and official web site still indicate club’s the foundation year as 1919. As shown above, this date is incorrect. However, there remains uncertainty as to whether the correct date is 1920 or 1942. From 1947 to 1960, Queensland Soccer Football Association yearbooks all list 1942 as the year the club was founded. No mention is made of 1919 or 1920. This is significant because Neil Mackay, generally regarded as the founding father of the present Thistle club, was president from approximately 1942 to 1953 and again in 1955. From the consistent use of 1942 as the club’s foundation date during Neil Mackay’s lengthy tenure as president, he evidently did not link the new club to the original Thistle club which existed from 1920 to 1932.

In 1964, for the first time in 32 years, suggestions emerged in print of a link with the original Thistle club formed in 1920. However, the incorrect year of 1919 was given, apparently because of confusion with Merthyr Thistle (see above). The club foundation date was henceforward listed in Queensland Soccer Federation Yearbooks as “1919, re-formed 1942”. This information was provided to the Federation by Thistle officials of the day, who evidently believed on the information available to them that the club was reactivated in 1942 rather than founded anew. However, no evidence has been found to support the reference to 1919. Given that reference materials now available could not have been easily accessed at that time, the one-year error in recording the foundation year is understandable.

Recent seasons

Men's flagship team:

Source:

Women's flagship team:

Source:

The tier is the level in the Australian soccer league system

Honours
Due to frequent restructures and re-classifications of divisions in Brisbane football, the club's first team honours below are listed by tier in the Brisbane football pyramid.

State Tier
Queensland State League – Premiers and Champions 1979
Queensland State League – Champions 1980

Brisbane – Tier 1
Brisbane Division 1 – Premiers 1923, 1982; Champions 1982
Tristram Shield – Winner 1950, 1951, 1952
Ampol Cup – Winner 1966, 1981
Pig N Whistle Canale Cup – Winner 2018, 2019

Brisbane – Tier 2
Brisbane Division 2 – Champions 1977
Capital League 1 – Champions 2016

Brisbane – Tier 3
Brisbane Premier Division 2 – Premiers 2007

Club Legends

 Samuel Xinis
 etc.


M. A. Maleque

M. A. Maleque (born 1 June 1953) is a Bangladesh Awami League politician and the incumbent Member of Parliament from Dhaka-20.

Career
Maleque was elected to Parliament in 5 January 2014 from Dhaka-20 as a candidate of Bangladesh Awami League. In June 2017 he supported the Hindu community Rath Mela in Dhamrai. The mela of the Hindu community was being opposed by Dhamrai municipal mayor Golam Kabir.


Hamin Ahmed

Hamin Ahmed is a Bangladeshi musician. He is a member of the rock band Miles.

Early life and career
Ahmed is the son of Kamal Das Gupta, a music director and Feroza Begum, a Nazrul Sangeet singer. Ahmed first studied in a school in Kolkata. Then he moved to Dhaka and studied in Notre Dame College. He finished his education in the Department of Public Administration in University of Dhaka. His younger brother Shafin Ahmed is also a fellow member of Miles.

Business affairs
Ahmed started his own computer business venture, DataTech in 1987. Later, he joined ACI in the commercial division in 1992. Since 2002, Ahmed has investments in garments venture.

Personal life
Ahmed has three children. One of them is Ahnaf Ahmed (born 1995). In early days, Ahmed played cricket with the clubs – Surja Tarun, Azad Boys, Abahani, and Mohammedan.

Discography

Band albums
 Miles
 A Step Further
 Protisruti
 Prottasha
 BestOf Miles
 Prottoy
 Proyash
 Probaho
 Protiddhoni
 Proticchobi


Larry Patey

Larry James Patey (born March 19, 1953) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player. Patey played twelve seasons in the National Hockey League between 1973–74 and 1984–85 with the California Golden Seals, St. Louis Blues, and New York Rangers. Larry is the brother Doug Patey.

Patey was drafted 130th overall by the Golden Seals in the 1973 NHL Amateur Draft. He played 717 career NHL games (over 600 of them with the Blues), scoring 153 goals and 316 points with 631 penalty minutes. In 1980–81, Patey scored eight shorthanded goals, which is a Blues team record.

Born in Toronto, he was raised in Port Credit, now part of Mississauga. He is now a real estate agent based in Chesterfield, Missouri.


Blair, South Carolina

Blair is an unincorporated community in Fairfield County, South Carolina, United States. The community is located near the Broad River at the county's western border,  west of Winnsboro. Blair has a post office with ZIP code 29015.

The community was named after the local Blair family.


Authe

Authe is a commune in the Ardennes department in the Grand Est region of northern France.

The inhabitants of the commune are known as Authois or Authoises.

Geography
Authe is located some 45 km east by south-east of Rethel and 20 km north-east of Vouziers. Access to the commune is by road D12 from Brieulles-sur-Bar in the north which passes through the centre of the commune and the village and continues south to join the D947 south of the commune. The commune consists entirely of farmland.

The Bar river forms the south-western border of the commune as it flows north-west to follow the Canal des Ardennes to join the Meuse near Vrigne-Meuse. The Ruisseau de Saint-Pierremont flows from the north-east of the commune past the village and joins the Bar on the south-western border of the commune.

Neighbouring communes and villages

Heraldry

Administration

List of Successive Mayors

(Not all data is known)

Demography
In 2010 the commune had 92 inhabitants. The evolution of the number of inhabitants is known from the population censuses conducted in the commune since 1793. From the 21st century, a census of communes with fewer than 10,000 inhabitants is held every five years, unlike larger communes that have a sample survey every year.

Culture and heritage

Religious heritage
The commune has one religious building registered as an historical monument:
The Church of Saint-Martin (14th century)


Carl Ecke

Carl Ecke was a German piano brand from 19th - 20th century. The production started in Poznan, in 1843. At first only grand pianos were made by this company, but in 1870 it started making upright pianos as well. The company was then expanded and in 1873 moved to Berlin, and later also to Dresden.

The signature on the pianos changed over the years:

 Carl Ecke, Posen (until about 1890)
 Carl Ecke, Berlin & Posen (Berlin u. Posen) (in 1870s, 1890s, and about 1900)
 Carl Ecke, Berlin, Dresden, Posen (in 1890s, also about 1908)
 Carl Ecke, Berlin – Dresden (after 1895)
 Carl Ecke, Berlin (in 1885, after 1905, and regularly in the 1930s).


Vyatka Highway

Russian route R176 or Vyatka Highway () is a Russian federal motorway that runs from Cheboksary to Syktyvkar with a total length 872 km. The name comes from the Vyatka River and the historical name of the city of Kirov.


Duquesne Dukes football

For information on all Duquesne University sports, see Duquesne Dukes
The Duquesne Dukes football program is the intercollegiate American football team for Duquesne University located in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. The team competes in the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision (FCS) and is a member of the Northeast Conference.

Duquesne has played football as a club team from 1891–1894, 1896–1903, 1913–1914, and 1920–1928, in the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) from 1929–1942 and 1947–1950, again as a club team from 1969–1978, in NCAA Division III from 1979–1992 and in the NCAA Division I FCS from 1993–present.

The Dukes have won or shared 16 conference championships in the past 25 years.

The team plays its home games at the 2,200-seat Arthur J. Rooney Athletic Field in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The Dukes are coached by Jerry Schmitt.

The Dukes have qualified for the FCS playoffs twice due to an automatic bid for being NEC champions in 2015 at 8-3 (5-1) and again in 2018 at 8-3 (5-1).

History
The Dukes started play in 1891 and have had a continuous program since 1969. They were Northeast Conference co-champions in 2011, 2013, 2016 and 2018 and outright champions in 2015. Previously, Duquesne football was a member of the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference, winning or sharing 11 conference titles.

Duquesne was the ECAC Bowl champions and NCAA Division I FCS Mid-Major National Champions in 2003. The team was the 1995 ECAC Bowl Champions, as well. Duquesne was rated #1 in NCAA Division I by the Massey Ratings for the 1941 season and won a NCFA Club National Championship in 1973 after the program was revived in 1969 by then student-athlete Sam Costanzo in cooperation with university administration.

Major bowl games
The Dukes had some success before NCAA college football's alignment into divisions. Duquesne won the 1934 Festival of Palms Bowl and 1937 Orange Bowl.  The Dukes turned down invitations from the Cotton Bowl, Sun Bowl, and Olympic Bowl in 1939.

FBS AP Poll appearances
From 1933 to 1942, Duquesne was among the elite college football teams in the United States, garnering the sixth-highest winning percentage (71-22-2, .762) in the nation behind Alabama, Tennessee, Duke, Fordham and Notre Dame. In 1941, Duquesne finished the season undefeated and untied, earning a No. 8 Associated Press ranking while leading the nation in scoring defense, rushing defense and total defense. (Duquesne also led all of NCAA Division I football in scoring defense in 2002 and rushing defense, passing defense and total defense in 2005.)

October 19, 1936 #11
November 16, 1936 #20
November 23, 1936 #12
November 30, 1936 #14 FINAL
November 1, 1937 #16
October 23, 1939 #11
October 30, 1939 #13
November 6, 1939 #12
November 13, 1939 #10
November 20, 1939 #20
November 27, 1939 #6
December 4, 1939 #10
December 11, 1939 #10 FINAL
October 27, 1941 #16
November 3, 1941 #12
November 10, 1941 #10
November 17, 1941 #6
November 24, 1941 #5
December 1, 1941 #8 FINAL
October 12, 1942 #13

Innovations
Duquesne is noted for establishing numerous firsts in collegiate football. Former head coach Elmer Layden is credited with devising the system of hand signals that officials use today. The signal system was put to use for the first time on November 11, 1928, when Duquesne hosted Thiel College at Pitt Stadium. Layden was also the first coach to use two sets of uniform jerseys for home and away contests. In 1929, graduate student manager John Holohan conceived the idea of Pittsburgh's first night game at Forbes Field. On the evening of November 1 that year, the Dukes made history by defeating Geneva College, 27-7, in front of more than 27,000 spectators. This led to the Duquesne Football team's nickname "the Night Riders."

At the club level, Duquesne won the 1973 National Club Football Association national championship at Three Rivers Stadium and was runner-up in 1977.

The Dukes football team also boasts the greatest all-time intraconference winning streak in NCAA Division I FCS history with 39 straight wins in the MAAC. The 39-game streak also ties for the second-longest intraconference winning streak in NCAA Division I Football history, five games shy of the all-time record.

Some notable former players
Notable alumni include:
Leigh Bodden
Art Rooney
Aldo Donelli
Mike Basrak
Boyd Brumbaugh
Ernie Hefferle
Armand Niccolai
Nick DeCarbo
Al DeMao
Ray Kemp
Tony Zimmerman

Year-by-year results

Yellow = .500 record; Orange = above .500 record; Green = undefeated

1891-1892: Results Unavailable

Conference championships

FCS Playoffs results
The Dukes have made two appearances in the FCS Playoffs. Their combined record is 1–2.

Major bowl game appearances


Bulwer, KwaZulu-Natal

Bulwer is a small town in the KwaZulu-Natal's Midlands region, South Africa. It is situated on the R617 regional road between the towns of Boston and Underberg and around 50 minutes north-west of the town of Ixopo on the R56. The village is nestled in the shadow of the Amahwaqa (the misty one) mountain.

Background
The town is named after Natal Governor Sir Henry Bulwer, having been founded during his tenure. Bulwer is a prominent tourist destination for various reasons. It's a popular birding spot, a beautiful place to just relax, but mainly it's a flying destination for both hang gliders and paragliders. Both local and international pilots flock to Bulwer for flying around the year.

The Old Yellowwood Church
The old yellowwood church (Chapel of the Holy Trinity) in Bulwer was built from handsawn yellowwood in 1885. It was renovated by Mondi in 1989.


Albion (wherry)

Albion is a Norfolk wherry. Built in 1898, she served as a trading vessel and then as a lighter, until being acquired by the Norfolk Wherry Trust for restoration and preservation in 1949. Since 1981 she has been moored at the Norfolk Wherry Trust wherry base at Womack Water near Ludham. She is listed on the register of National Historic Ships in the United Kingdom as part of the National Historic Fleet.

Appearance
Albions construction is unique amongst Norfolk trading wherries as she is carvel built (smooth hulled), whereas all others are clinker built. Apart from her hull construction,  her general appearance follows that of a typical trading wherry with a forward counterbalanced mast of Oregon pine, a large cargo hold in the centre of the hull and crew quarters aft. She is steered from a small aft well by rudder and tiller.

Albions registered tonnage is 22.78 and her length overall is  with a  hull. Her beam is  and she draws . Her mast is  tall. Her sail area is .

History
Albion was built by William 'Billy' Brighton at his shipyard on Lake Lothing between Oulton Broad and Lowestoft for W.D. and A.E. Walker, a firm of Bungay maltsters.  She cost £455 to build and was launched in October 1898 in a livery of green with a brown oxide top. Her crew consisted a man and a boy.

Albion was nearly lost in January 1929 when she sank near Great Yarmouth Bridge, but was raised 3 days later. She had a further mishap in 1931 when she lost her mast but had it replaced with that of the wherry Sirius.

Shortly afterwards she was bought by the General Steam Navigation Company, who changed her name to Plane and appointed a new master, George Farrow, who remained with her until the Second World War when she was stripped down and used as a lighter. Albion was allocated the United Kingdom Official Number 148735.

Although designed to carry  of cargo, she is recorded as carrying  of cargo on one occasion. In normal service, Albion made , with  being considered her normal maximum. It is rumored that she achieved  in a race on Breydon Water when her mast snapped.

In 1949 she was acquired by the then newly formed Norfolk Wherry Trust who renamed her Albion, restored her and operated her full-time as a trading wherry until 1953 when, unable to support a full-time crew, Albions hold was swept out and she spent summers as a crewed charter accommodating groups of young people sleeping in hammocks.  She continued to ply as a trading wherry. However, after sinking a further two times, it was recognised that this was economically unsustainable and in 1961 the Trust decided that Albion would never carry 'dirty' cargo again.

In 2010, Albion was awarded the runner-up position by National Historic Ships in their annual Flagship competition. An award of £250 was made to the Norfolk Wherry Trust in recognition of this. Albion flew a pennant during the 2010 season denoting this achievement.

Footnotes


I'm Shooting High

I'm Shooting High is an album by jazz pianist Gildo Mahones recorded for the Prestige label in 1963. The album was intended to be the pianist's debut album but was shelved temporarily when the Prestige subsidiary label New Jazz ceased releases and was later issued as part of the Prestige 16000 Series.

Track listing
All compositions by Gildo Mahones except where noted.
 "Water Blues Fall"
 "Good Morning Heartache" (Irene Higginbotham, Ervin Drake, Dan Fisher)
 "The Sweetest Sounds" (Richard Rodgers)
 "Stormy Monday" (Earl Hines, Billy Eckstine, Bob Crowder)
 "I'm Shooting High" (Jimmy McHugh, Ted Koehler)
 "Bali Ha'i" (Richard Rodgers, Oscar Hammerstein II)
 "Tales of Brooklyn"
 "Hey Girl" (Gerry Goffin, Carole King)
Recorded at Van Gelder Studio in Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey on February 4, 1963 (tracks 5, 6), August 15, 1963 (tracks 7, 8)  and September 3, 1963 (tracks 1-4)

Personnel
Gildo Mahones – piano
Leo Wright – alto saxophone (tracks 7, 8)
Kenny Burrell – guitar (tracks 7, 8)
Larry Young – organ (tracks 5, 6)
Peck Morrison (tracks 5, 6), George Tucker (tracks 1-4, 7, 8) – bass
Oliver Jackson (tracks 5, 6), Jimmie Smith (tracks 1-4, 7, 8) – drums
Ozzie Beck – vocals (track 8)
 Ozzie Cadena – producer
 Rudy Van Gelder – engineer


Zdenka Kramplová

Zdenka Kramplová (born 7 August 1957) was Minister of agriculture of Slovakia from 27 November 2007 until 18 August 2008 and former Foreign Minister of Slovakia from 1997 to 1998. She is a member of the People's Party - Movement for a Democratic Slovakia.
Mrs. Kramplová studied agriculture in Plovdiv, Bulgaria (1976–1981).

External links
 Interview


Northern flying squirrel

The northern flying squirrel (Glaucomys sabrinus) is one of three species of the genus Glaucomys, the only flying squirrels found in North America. They are found in coniferous and mixed coniferous forests across much of Canada, from Alaska to Nova Scotia, and south to the mountains of North Carolina and west to Utah, Washington, and Oregon in the United States. They are light brown with pale underparts and grow to a length of . They are proficient gliders but clumsy walkers on the ground. They feed on a variety of plant material as well as tree sap, fungi, insects, carrion, bird eggs and nestlings. They mostly breed once a year in a cavity lined with lichen or other soft material. Except when they have young, they change nests frequently, and in winter a number of individuals may huddle together in a shared nest. Unlike most members of their family, flying squirrels are strictly nocturnal.

Habitat and range
The northern flying squirrel is found in coniferous and mixed coniferous forests across the top of North America, from Alaska to Nova Scotia, south to the mountains of North Carolina and west to Utah, Washington and Oregon. The Humboldt's flying squirrel was formerly considered conspecific, but was found to be a cryptic species, and now considered distinct.  They are generally smaller and darker than northern flying squirrels.

Two subspecies are found in the southern Appalachians, the Carolina northern flying squirrel, G. s. coloratus, and the West Virginia northern flying squirrel G. s. fuscus, both of which are endangered, although the West Virginia subspecies has recovered enough that it was delisted in August 2008.

The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service temporarily put the West Virginia northern flying squirrel back under protection on June 6, 2011 in response to a court order.  On appeal, the delisting was reinstated in March 2013.

Description
These nocturnal, arboreal rodents have thick light brown or cinnamon fur on their upper body and greyish fur on the flanks and whitish fur underneath. They have large eyes and a flat tail. They can also be identified by their long whiskers, common to nocturnal mammals. The adult northern flying squirrel measures from 25 to 37 cm long, and their weight can range from 110 to 230 grams.

Gliding

Flying squirrels do not actually fly, they glide using a patagium created by a fold of skin. From atop trees, flying squirrels can initiate glides from a running start or from a stationary position by bringing their limbs under the body, retracting their heads, and then propelling themselves off the tree. It is believed that they use triangulation to estimate the distance of the landing as they often lean out and pivot from side to side before jumping. Once in the air, they form an "X" with their limbs, causing their membrane to stretch into a square-like shape and glide down at angles of 30 to 40 degrees. They maneuver with great efficiency in the air, making 90 degree turns around obstacles if needed. Just before reaching a tree, they raise their flattened tails, which abruptly changes their trajectory upwards, and point all of their limbs forward to create a parachute effect with the membrane to reduce the shock of landing. The limbs absorb the remainder of the impact, and the squirrels immediately run to the other side of the trunk or to the top of the tree to avoid any potential predators. Although graceful in flight, they are very clumsy walkers and if they happen to be on the ground in the presence of danger, they will prefer to hide rather than attempt to escape.

Diet
A major food source for the squirrels are fungi of various species, although they also eat lichens, mushrooms, all mast-crop nuts, tree sap, insects, carrion, bird eggs and nestlings, buds and flowers. The squirrels are able to locate truffles by olfaction, though they also seem to use cues such as the presence of coarse woody debris, indicating a decaying log, and spatial memory of locations where truffles were found in the past.

The northern flying squirrel is also known to cache food for when food supplies are lower. These caches can be in cavities in trees, as well as in the squirrels' nest. Lichens and seeds are commonly cached.

Ecology

The northern flying squirrel also disseminates spores of the fungi that they eat.

Behaviour

Northern flying squirrels generally nest in holes in trees, preferring large-diameter trunks and dead trees, and will also build outside leaf nests called dreys and will also nest underground. Tree cavities created by woodpeckers as suitable nest sites tend to be more abundant in old-growth forests, and so do the squirrels, though harvested forests can be managed in ways that are likely to increase squirrel numbers. Except when rearing young, the squirrels shift from nest to nest frequently. They often share nests during winter months, forming aggregations. Usually, aggregate nests contain 4 to 10 individuals. The sharing of nests in winter by northern flying squirrels is important in maintaining body temperature (biothermal regulation), as northern flying squirrels do not hibernate, nor do they enter torpor states.

Northern flying squirrels gliding distances tend to be between 5 and 25 metres, though glides of up to 45 m and longer have been observed. Average glides are about 5 m less for females than for males. Glide angle has been measured at 26.8 degrees and glide ratio at 1.98.

Since first documented by Shaw in 1801, the general understanding was that northern flying squirrels bred but once per year. Recently, in southern Ontario, Canada, polyestrous behaviour (two litters per year) has been documented for the first time. This observation has since been confirmed by a second research team in New Brunswick, Canada.

In southern Ontario, Canada, genetic evidence has recently shown hybridization with the rapid northward expansion and increased sympatry of southern flying squirrels.

Predation
Northern flying squirrels, along with pine squirrels, are an important prey species for the spotted owl (Strix occidentalis) and eastern screech owl (Megascops asio). Other predators include various other large birds, especially the great horned owl, hawks, the American marten, the Canadian lynx,  the red fox, and the domestic cat.


Lunda Norte Province

Lunda Norte is a province of Angola. It has an area of 103,760 km² and a population of 862,566. Angola's first President, Agostino Neto, made Lucapa the provincial capital after independence, but the capital was later moved to Dundo. The province borders the Democratic Republic of Congo in the northeast and Lunda Sul in the south. Municipalities in this province include Capemba-Camulemba, Caumbo, Caungula, Chitato, Cuango, Cuilo, Lóvua, Lubalo, Lucapa, and Shah-Muteba. The province is rich in gold and diamonds, but remains vastly underdeveloped and impoverished. UNITA used the money generated from the sale of diamonds to fund war efforts. Cuango River valley, the richest diamond area of Angola is located in the province. Mining is done by notable companies like DeBeers and Endiama. The Lunda province whose capital was Saurimo was created by the Portuguese colonial empire on July 13, 1895. It was divided into Lunda-Sul and Lunda-Norte subdivisions through a constitution act in 1978 by the People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) government. Iron and manganese mining are also important economic activities. It is well known for its sculptures. The most notable one is The Thinker (O Pensador), a sculpture of a man holding his head. It is rich in terms of flora and fauna.

Lunda Norte is populated by Chokwe, Lunda, and other ethnical groups. Ernesto Muangala is the current governor of the province. Lino dos Santos, Deolinda Odia Paulo Satula Vilarinho and Ângêlica Nené Curita Ihungo are the deputy governors for Technical and Infrastructure Services, Economic Sector Area and Political and Social Sector Area respectively. An ethnographic museum located in the province is visited by many tourists. During the Angolan Civil War (1975-2002) many civilians were killed in the clashes between National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) and Angolan Armed Forces (FAA). Diamond mining operations were also affected. Many landmines laid during the civil war are still present in the province. Leprosy and Elephantiasis are major disease which affect the province.

List of Governors of Lunda Norte


Ironbridge

Ironbridge is a town on the River Severn, at the heart of the Ironbridge Gorge, near Telford, Shropshire, England.  It lies in the civil parish of The Gorge, in the borough of Telford and Wrekin.  Ironbridge developed beside, and takes its name from, The Iron Bridge, a  cast iron bridge that opened in 1781.

History
The area around Ironbridge is described by those promoting it as a tourist destination as the "Birthplace of the Industrial Revolution". This description is based on the idea that Abraham Darby perfected the technique of smelting iron with coke, in Coalbrookdale, allowing much cheaper production of iron. However, the industrial revolution did not begin in any one place. Darby's iron smelting was but one small part of this generalised revolution and was soon superseded by the great iron-smelting areas.  However, the bridge – being the first of its kind fabricated from cast iron, and one of the few which have survived to the present day – remains an important symbol representative of the dawn of the industrial age.

The grandson of the first Abraham Darby, Abraham Darby III, built the bridge – originally designed by Thomas Farnolls Pritchard – to link the two areas. Construction began in 1779, and the bridge opened on New Year's Day 1781. Soon afterwards the ancient Madeley market was relocated to the new purpose-built square and Georgian Butter Cross. The former dispersed settlement of Madeley Wood gained a planned urban focus as Ironbridge, the commercial and administrative centre of the Coalbrookdale coalfield.

The Iron Bridge proprietors also built the Tontine Hotel to accommodate visitors to the new bridge and the industrial sites of the Severn Gorge. Across a square facing the hotel, stands the town's war memorial, which was erected in 1924. It is a bronze statue of a First World War soldier in marching order, sculpted by Arthur George Walker, whose signature appears as does that of A.B. Burton, the foundry worker who erected it.
On the hillside above the river are situated the stone-built 16th-century hunting lodge at Lincoln Hill, many 17th- and 18th-century workers' cottages, some imposing Georgian houses built by ironmasters and mine and river barge owners, and many early Victorian villas built from the various coloured bricks and tiles of the locality.

St Luke's Church (1837) in simple Commissioners' Gothic by Samuel Smith of Madeley, has stained glass by David Evans of Shrewsbury. Its design is unusual in that the sanctuary is at the west-end and the tower at the east, in reverse to the majority of churches. This is because the land at the west-end was unstable and unable to take the weight of a tower. The bells in the church tower were installed in 1920 as a memorial to parishioners who died in World War I, and the external church clock was illuminated in memory of those who died in World War II. The living was endowed as a rectory when the parish was created from Madeley in 1847, and is now a united benefice with Coalbrookdale and Little Wenlock, in the Diocese of Hereford.

The former Iron Bridge and Broseley railway station, on the Severn Valley line (GWR) from Hartlebury to Shrewsbury, was situated on the south side of the Iron Bridge until 1966. Ironbridge was the birthplace of England National Football Team captain Billy Wright.

Present day

By the 19th century, Ironbridge had had many well-known visitors, including Benjamin Disraeli, but by the mid-20th century, the settlements and industries of the gorge were in decline. In 1986, though, Ironbridge became part of a UNESCO World Heritage Site (which covers the wider Ironbridge Gorge area) and has since become a major tourist attraction within Shropshire. Most industries in Ironbridge are now tourist-related; however, the Merrythought teddy bear company (established in 1930) is still manufacturing in Ironbridge and has a small museum there too. Amongst other things, the town centre is host to a Post Office, pharmacy, various pubs, cafés and many small independent shops.

Ironbridge was struck by an F1/T2 tornado on 23 November 1981, as part of the record-breaking nationwide tornado outbreak on that day. On Thursday 10 July 2003 The Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh made a visit to Shropshire which included a visit to Ironbridge, and a walk over the bridge itself.

An annual Coracle Regatta is held in August on the River Severn at Ironbridge, along with many other events throughout the year. This is mainly because the coracle-making family of Rogers lived in Ironbridge for several generations. Just outside Ironbridge in Coalbrookdale is the Ironbridge Institute, a partnership between the University of Birmingham and the Ironbridge Gorge Museum Trust offering postgraduate and professional development in heritage.

Flooding

Ironbridge has an annually recurring problem of flooding from the River Severn, as do many other parts of Shropshire. Flooding has previously caused much damage and disruption to the Wharfage, which accommodates both The Swan and White Hart pubs, and various private homes. Starting in February 2004, DEFRA in association with the Environment Agency implemented a portable barrier which is erected at times of floods. At its peak, the flood water has reached a depth of  against the barrier.

On February 26, 2020 after large amounts of rainfall following storms Ciara and Dennis the portable barrier was compromised causing an evacuation of all residents from the wharfage.

Notable people
The Rogers Family (1778 - 2003) known for building and using coracles on the River Severn for generations
George Sedgwick (1846 – 1934) was a British trade union leader.
Billy Wright CBE (1924 – 1994) was an English footballer, who spent his whole career at Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C. and the first footballer in the world to earn 100 international caps
Roger Squires (born 1932) is a British crossword compiler who lives in Ironbridge and is the world's most prolific compiler
Ian Blakemore (born 1965) was an English cricketer, left-handed batsman and left-arm slow bowler who played for Herefordshire
Cancer are a death/thrash metal band formed in Ironbridge in 1988, which released five full-length albums, broke up, and re-formed at least twice


Kfar Masaryk

Kfar Masaryk (, , lit. Masaryk Village) is a kibbutz in northern Israel. Located in the western Galilee near the Belus River and south of Acre, it falls under the jurisdiction of Mateh Asher Regional Council. In  it had a population of .

History

The founders were Jewish immigrants from Czechoslovakia and Lithuania, who settled in Petah Tikva in 1932. The following year they formed Kibbutz Czecho-Lita and moved to Bat Galim in Haifa. In 1934, they moved to an area of sand dunes near Kiryat Haim and changed the name of the group to "Mishmar Zevulun" (Guard of the Zevulun). In 1937 they were joined by a group of Polish Jewish immigrants who were members of Hayotzer.

Despite opposition from the Jewish Agency, who reasoned that the sandy soil could not support agriculture, Mishmar Zevulun was established on 29 November 1938 as the 29th tower and stockade settlement. In 1940 the kibbutz moved to its present site and was renamed Kfar Masaryk after Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk, the first President of Czechoslovakia.

Economy
The kibbutz grows cotton, tomatoes and avocados; breeds cattle, poultry and carp; and operates paper and cardboard box factories. It also manufacturers electronic devices.


Oregon's 35th House district

District 35 of the Oregon House of Representatives is one of 60 House legislative districts in the state of Oregon. As of 2013, the boundary for the district includes portions of Multnomah and Washington counties. The current representative for the district is Democrat Margaret Doherty of Tigard.

Election Results
District boundaries have changed over time, therefore, representatives before 2013 may not represent the same constituency as today. General election results from 2000 to present are as follows:

See Also
 Oregon Legislative Assembly
 Oregon House of Representatives


Marco Antonio Anariba

Marco Antonio Anariba Zelaya (born 18 February 1968) is a retired Honduran football player who made his name with the national team in the early 1990s.

Club career
Nicknamed Maco, Anariba made his debut for Real España in 1985 and spent 11 years with them. He scored 2 goals for the club in a 1991 CONCACAF Champions' Cup game against Belizean outfit Acros Verdes. He also played for Honduran clubs Motagua for whom he scored 3 goals and Universidad.

In 1990, Anariba was set to join Mexican side Santos Laguna but newly appointed Honduran coach "Chelato Uclés" signed compatriot Tomás Róchez instead to join a team including Eugenio Dolmo Flores and Luis "Gavilán" Cálix.

He retired at 30.

International career
A left-sided defender, Anariba made his debut for Honduras in a May 1991 UNCAF Nations Cup match against Panama and has earned a total of 25 caps, scoring 3 goals. He has represented his country in 10 FIFA World Cup qualification matches and played at the 1991 and 1993 UNCAF Nations Cups as well as at the 1991 CONCACAF Gold Cup.

His final international was a May 1993 FIFA World Cup qualification match against El Salvador.

International goals
Scores and results list Honduras' goal tally first.

Personal life
Anariba is married to Waldina, who is a lawyer, and lives in El Progreso where he runs a football school. In summer 2010, he got injured in a veteran league match and after he was treated by a doctor he suffered from thrombosis. His health deteriorated due to the medical malpractice and was bedridden for 30 days, the blood clots almost cost him his left leg. Real España later played a match to raise funds to cover his medical costs.

His brother Juan Manuel also played for Real España.

Honours and awards

Club
C.D. Real Espana
Liga Profesional de Honduras (3):  1988–89, 1990–91, 1993–94
Honduran Cup: (1): 1992

Country
Honduras
Copa Centroamericana (1): 1993,


Josiah Latimer Clark

Josiah Latimer Clark FRAS (10 March 1822 – 30 October 1898), was an English electrical engineer, born in Great Marlow, Buckinghamshire.

Biography

Josiah Latimer Clark was born in Great Marlow, Buckinghamshire, and was younger brother to Edwin Clark (1814–1894). Latimer Clark studied chemistry at school. His first job was a large Dublin chemical manufacturing establishment. In 1848 he started to work in his brother Edwin's civil engineering practice and became assistant engineer at the Menai Strait bridge.  Two years later, when his brother was appointed Engineer to the Electric Telegraph Company, he again acted as his assistant, and subsequently succeeded him as Chief Engineer. In 1854, he took out a patent "for conveying letters or parcels between places by the pressure of air and vacuum," and later, in 1863, was concerned in the construction, by the London Pneumatic Despatch Company, of a tube between the London North-West District post office and Euston station, London.

About the same period he was engaged in experimental researches on the propagation of the electric current in submarine cables, on which he published a pamphlet in 1855, and in 1859 he was a member of the committee that was appointed by the government to consider the numerous failures of submarine cable enterprises. He later realised that Francis Ronalds had described the risk and cause of signal retardation in telegraph lines as early as 1816 and he thereafter devoted significant effort to bringing Ronalds’ telegraphic achievements to public attention.  He was President of the Society of Telegraph Engineers in 1875 when Ronalds’ renowned electrical library was gifted to the new Society.

Clark paid much attention to the subject of electrical measurement, and besides designing various improvements in method and apparatus and inventing the Clark standard cell, he took a leading part in the movement for the systematization of electrical standards, which was inaugurated by the paper which he and Sir CT Bright read on the question before the British Association in 1861. With Bright also he devised improvements in the insulation of submarine cables. In the later part of his life he was a member of several firms engaged in laying submarine cables, in manufacturing electrical appliances, and in hydraulic engineering.  Clark was one of the first authors to attach the metric prefixes mega- and micro- to units other than the metre.

Clark  died in London on 30 October 1898.

Family
In 1854 Clark married Margaret Helen Preece, sister of Sir William Preece.  They had two children.  They divorced in 1861.

Publications

Besides professional papers, Clark published an Elementary Treatise on Electrical Measurement (1868), together with  a memoir of Sir W. F. Cooke.

'A Treatise on the Transit Instrument' 1882.

'The Star Guide' 1886.

Notes


Eugene H. Trinh

Eugene Huu-Chau "Gene" Trinh (Vietnamese: Trịnh Hữu Châu, born September 14, 1950) is a Vietnamese American biochemist who flew aboard NASA Space Shuttle mission STS-50 as a Payload Specialist, becoming the first Vietnamese American astronaut in space.

Biography
Trinh was born in Saigon, South Vietnam. Trinh moved with his parents to Paris, France, when he was two years old. He came to the United States to study when he was 18 and later became an American citizen.

Trinh graduated from Lycee Michelet in Paris, France, in 1968 with a baccalaureate degree. He received a Bachelor of Science degree in Mechanical Engineering-Applied Physics from Columbia University in 1972. He then studied at Yale University, earning a Masters of Science in 1974, a Masters of Philosophy in 1975, and a Doctorate of Philosophy in Applied Physics in 1977.

Career
Trinh is currently the Director of the Physical Sciences Research Division in the Biological and Physical Research Enterprise at NASA headquarters. He started with  NASA in 1979, as a Senior Research Scientist at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. He conducted experimental and theoretical research in Fluid Dynamics, Fundamental Materials Science, and Levitation Technology for 20 years. He performed hands-on experimental investigations in laboratories aboard the NASA KC-135 aircraft, and on the Space Shuttle Columbia.

Trinh was a Payload Specialist crew member on the STS-50/United States Microgravity Lab-1 Space Shuttle flight in 1992.

As Director of the Physical Sciences Research Division at NASA, Trinh leads the effort to develop an innovative peer-reviewed scientific program focusing on the effects of gravity on physical, chemical, and biological systems. The results of this program will enable the human exploration and development of space, providing the scientific basis for technologies permitting humankind to explore the vast expanses of our solar system and beyond.

On May 2004, Eugene H. Trinh received the Golden Torch Award from the Vietnamese American National Gala in Washington, D.C.

Trinh formerly resided in Culver City, California, but now makes his home in McLean, Virginia. He is married to the former Yvette Fabry and has one child.

Organizations
Acoustical Society of America, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Sigma Xi Research Society, American Society of Mechanical Engineering, American Physical Society.

Publications
Trinh has published over 40 reviewed articles and authored as many conference papers in the areas of Fluid Dynamics, Acoustics, Materials Science, and Microgravity science and technology.

Awards and honors
Full tuition Scholarship (Columbia University)
Sheffield Fellowship (Yale University)
Group Achievement award NASA for flight experiments
Science Achievement award for Principal Investigator team NASA
NASA Exceptional Scientific Achievement Medal
NASA Space Flight Medal

Research activities
Physical acoustics, fluid dynamics and containerless materials processing. Development of high intensity acoustic levitation devices and experimental instrumentation and measurement techniques for fluid dynamics experiments as well as high temperature materials processing experiments in ground-based laboratory and in low gravity. Development of shuttle flight experiments, and participation in both Spacelab flight mission support activities as well as flight crew training. Alternate Payload Specialist (APS) on Spacelab 3 mission (May 1985). Research Task Manager and Project Scientist for Drop Physics Module flight experiments. NASA investigator in Fluid Physics, Biotechnology, and Materials Science.


Washington Township, Wapello County, Iowa

Washington Township is a township in Wapello County, Iowa, USA.

History
Established in 1844, Washington Township was the first township to be organized in Wapello County.


RJ (rapper)

Rodney Jerome Brown, Jr. (born September 24, 1984), known professionally as RJMrLA (or simply RJ) is a rapper from Los Angeles, California. He is known for his frequent collaborations fellow West Coast artists YG and Mustard, and was signed to their labels: 4Hunnid and 10 Summers Records respectively. His most celebrated releases to date are his O.M.M.I.O. mixtape trilogy.

Musical career

2013–present: O.M.M.I.O. series and collaborations
In 2013, RJ released his debut mixtape O.M.M.I.O (which stands for On My Mama I'm On). The mixtape was hosted and largely produced by DJ Mustard. The first song from this mixtape, "Ride Wit Me" was included and released, as the single. RJ then appeared on the songs; Thank God (Interlude) and When I Was Gone from YG's debut album, My Krazy Life (2014). In July 2014, RJ released his second mixtape, featuring local rappers; Shoota300, JaywhiteT, Vince Staples and more. Takin Niggas Beats (on a contrary to his first mixtape). Unfortunately disagreements between them erupted, which led to RJ dropping their names from the project entirely. The beats on this mixtape were solely from made-up beats from the other rappers that were remixed by RJ. On the same year, DJ Mustard released his debut album 10 Summers, where RJ appeared on these tracks; including Low Low, Throw Your Hood Up and No Reason. At the beginning of 2015, RJ collaborated with Choice to released a critically acclaimed mixtape, Rich Off Mackin. Additionally, RJ appeared on the DJ Mustard's mixtape, titled Ketchup, as well as one of YG's mixtapes Just Re'd Up 2. On May 26, 2015, RJ released a mixtape, "O.M.M.I.O. 2", as the sequel to his debut mixtape "O.M.M.I.O". The song "Get Rich" was included and released, as the single. Both of these singles; his 2013's single, "Ride Wit Me" and his 2015's single, "Get Rich", did not chart, both songs received radio airplay throughout the West Coast. He also contributed to the soundtrack for the NBA 2K16 video game by being featured in the original song "You Don't Want It" with frequent collaborator and 10 Summers Records founder DJ Mustard.
On May 12, 2016 he released O.M.M.I.O 3 it has 19 tracks including a bonus track "Feda" that's only on SoundCloud. RJ also released TNB 2 (Takin Niggas Beats) on October 11, 2016. On December 15th, 2017 RJ & DJ Mustard released a collaboration named "The Ghetto"

Discography

Albums

Mixtapes

Guest appearances


WNNG-FM

WNNG-FM 99.9 is an FM Christian radio station in Warner Robins, Georgia. It now operates under a Christian talk and teaching format, as "WNNG 99.9". The station shares studio space and offices with WMUB-LD TV 38, WBML and WRWR, and an online newspaper in Warner Robins, where it first started in the mid 1990s as Christian FM station WAFI, later WCOP-FM, owned by Toccoa Falls College. The call letters were once on an AM station in Sarasota, Florida.

In March 2017, it was announced that Augusta Radio Fellowship Institute had purchased WNNG-FM from Georgia Eagle Media for $330,000. Shortly thereafter, the station changed formats to its current Christian format.


Jack Zalusky

John Francis Zalusky (June 22, 1879 – August 11, 1935) was a professional baseball catcher. He played part of one season of Major League Baseball with the New York Highlanders, now known as the New York Yankees, playing in seven games  during the 1903 season.

External links


Tersinka

Tersinka () is a rural locality (a selo) in Rudnyansky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 67 as of 2010. There is 1 street.


Ruchkino

Ruchkino () is a rural locality (a village) in Kameshkovsky District, Vladimir Oblast, Russia. The population was 19 as of 2010.


Henry Robinson (bishop)

Henry Robinson (c. 1553 – 19 June 1616) was an English cleric who served as Bishop of Carlisle from 1598 to 1616. He was educated at The Queen's College, Oxford (B.A. 12 July 1572, M.A. 20 June 1575, B.D. 10 July 1582, and D.D. 6 July 1590). He was elected fellow of Queen's in 1575, was Principal of St Edmund Hall, Oxford from 1576 to 1581, and then Provost of Queen's from 1581 to 1598. He was also a member of Gray's Inn from 1601 and took part in the Hampton Court Conference of 1603.

Memorial Inscription

Memorial to Bishop Henry Robinson in Carlisle Cathedral. The inscription reads:

Henrico Robinsono Carleolensi SS. Theol. Doctori, collegii reginae Oxoniae praeposito providissimo, tandemq. hujus Ecclesiae per annos xviii Episcopo vigilantissimo. xiiio Calend. Julii, anno apartu virginis, 1616, aetat. suae lxiiiio pie in Domino obdormienti. Bernard' Robinsonus frater ac haeres hoc qualecunq. μνημειον, amoris testimonium collocavit.

Non sibi, sed Patriae, praeluxit Lampadis instar,Deperdens oleam, non operam, Ille suam:In minimis fide Servo, majoribus apto,Maxima nunc Domini gaudia adire datur.

To Henry Robinson of Carlisle, Doctor of Sacred Theology, the most provident Provost of The Queen's College, Oxford, and also for 18 years the most vigilant Bishop of this church. On 19th June [13th of the Calends of July] in the year of the virgin birth 1616, in the 64th year of his age, he fell to sleep in the holy Lord. Bernard Robinson his brother and heir placed this memorial, a testimony of his love.

Not from him, but from the nation, the likeness of a light shines,Exhausting its oil, not his labour:In servitude to faith in the least things, as in greater things,He is now permitted to enter upon the greatest joy of the Lord.


Joseph Kaiponohea ʻAeʻa

Joseph Kaiponohea ʻAeʻa (June, 1882 – November 14, 1914) was the adoptive son of Queen Liliʻuokalani under the Hawaiian tradition of hānai. He was considered her favorite hānai son.

Biography
He was born in June 1882 to Joseph Kapaeau ʻAeʻa and his wife Kaheo ʻAeʻa. Both his parents were pure Native Hawaiians and retainers of the future Queen Liliʻuokalani, who was heir-presumptive to the Hawaiian throne at the time. Not having any children of her own, Liliʻuokalani adopted the infant boy under the Hawaiian tradition of hānai. She named him Joseph Kaiponohea ʻAeʻa and referred to him as Kaipo throughout his life. Besides Kaipo, she also adopted Lydia Kaʻonohiponiponiokalani Aholo and John ʻAimoku Dominis.

Historian Helena Allen described how the Queen "adored him — a curly haired, bright-eyed toddler — her heart contracted every time she saw him". Both biological parents took advantage of Liliʻuokalani's love for Kaipo to extort favors and debt forgiveness from her, blackmailing her by threatening to take their son away if she refused.

He was educated at Fort Street School and ʻIolani College and graduated in 1900 from the Kamehameha School for Boys. In 1901, he was recommended as a candidate for the United States Military Academy at West Point by Delegate Robert William Wilcox, but he failed to pass the English section of entrance examination. After his failure, Wilcox chose part Native Hawaiians: E. Vivian Richardson, who declined the nomination, and later Clarence Kumukoa Lyman, who became the first Native Hawaiian to attend West Point.

ʻAeʻa worked as a stenographer and clerk in the Honolulu clerk's office. In 1909, he was named in the queen's deed trust as a beneficiary in which she willed him Kealohilani, her Waikiki residence, and the fishery grounds of Hamohamo. He never married or had children. While at the Waikiki home of Kealohilani, Kaipo died on November 14, 1914, at the age of thirty-two. The cause of death was Bright's disease. Following a funeral service at St. Andrews Cathedral, he was buried the following day at the upper Manoa cemetery. Too ill to attend the funeral, Liliʻuokalani remained in at Washington Place in mourning for her hānai son.


Jack Recknitz

Jack Recknitz (born Hans-Joachim Recknitz; 1931-2013) was a German and Polish actor. Born 25 May 1931 in Baden-Baden to a family of actors: Hans-Joachim Zinke senior and Katharina Recknitz. Early in his youth he started working for the Leipzig Radio as a speaker and news anchor, as well as appearing in various theatres in the German Democratic Republic. In 1953 he graduated from Schauspielschule in Mannheim and passed his actors' exams as an extramural student.

He appeared on stage in Annaberg, Parchim, Bautzen and Karl-Marx-Stadt (modern Chemnitz). In 1965 he moved to Poland, where he appeared in over 80 feature films, mostly in the roles of foreigners: Germans, Britons or Americans. While in Poland he was sometimes credited as Jacek Recknitz. Between 1966 and 1968 he also worked at the Polish Radio. In addition to his film work, in 1967 he became a permanent member of the Jewish Theatre in Warsaw, where he remained until 1980. Perhaps his greatest acting success was the role of unnamed "foreign journalist", based on the real-life experiences of Julien Bryan, in the 1978 film ...Gdziekolwiek jesteś Panie Prezydencie (Wherever you may be, Mr. President) by Andrzej Trzos-Rastawiecki. For this role he received the Special Prize at the Polish Film Festival in Gdynia.

Late in his life he moved back to his native Baden-Baden in Germany, where he died on 13 January 2013.


The Best of Reba McEntire

Mercury Records released The Best of Reba McEntire in 1985 after McEntire had left the label for MCA. It includes two number one singles along with her more minor hits while on the label.

Track listing

Chart performance

Album

Certifications/sales


Manhattoe

Manhattoe/Manhattoes is a term describing a place and, mistakenly, a people.  The place was the very southern tip of Manhattan island in the time of the Dutch Colonization of what became New Amsterdam there.  The people were a band of the Wappinger native to southwest Westchester County known as the Weckquaesgeek, who controlled the upper three-quarters of the island as a hunting grounds.

As was common practice early in the days of European settlement of North America, a people came to be associated with a place, with its name displacing theirs among the settlers and those associated with them, such as explorers, mapmakers, trading company superiors who sponsored many of the early settlements, and officials in the settlers' mother country in Europe.

Because of this early conflation there is enduring confusion over whether "Manhattoe/Manhattoes" were a people or a place.  There is certainty it was a place, at the very tip of Manhattan Island, so referred to by the Dutch, who evidently inherited the Native American name for the spot they chose to place their settlement (rather than named it after a people already living there, as the island was not permanently inhabited at the time of their 1609 arrival nor Peter Minuit's subsequent purchase of it from the Canarse Indians for $24 in 1639).

Period accounts maintain that Manhattan island was used as a hunting ground by two tribes, the Canarse (Canarsee, or Canarsie)  of today's Brooklyn at its southern one-quarter and the Weckquaesgeek the rest, each having no more than temporary camps for hunting parties.

Manhattoes/Manhattans (place)

Manhattoes was the name of a Dutch settlement in New Netherlands in the early decades of their settlement there in the 1600s.  Located at the very southern tip of today's Manhattan Island, it was known by the native term by both the Dutch and the English who wished to displace them. Fort Nieuw Amsterdam was built in 1627, but the common name held fast.  Eventually, by the time of the incorporation of the settlement, the fort's name displaced the original, and "Manhattoes" became Nieuw Amsterdam in 1653.

The terms Manhattans and Manhatans were also used for the Manhattoes by some Dutch, giving rise to Manhattan island's contemporary name and conflation with a people (the Wecquaeskgeek) who neither occupied that part of the island nor went by that name.

Manhattoe/Manhattan (people)

Manhattoe, also Manhattan, was a name erroneously given to a Native American people of the lower Hudson River, the Weckquaesgeek, a Wappinger band which occupied the southwestern part of today's Westchester County. In the early days of Dutch settlement they utilized the upper three-quarters of Manhattan Island as a hunting grounds.

The people - Wecquaesgeek - became conflated with a place - the Manhattoes, regardless that it was the only part of the island they did not occupy.  Over time that term became "Manhattan" and "Manhattans" for those who hunted the vast majority of the island, as well as the name of the island.

Notes


Cookley

Cookley is a village in the Wyre Forest District of Worcestershire, England, a few miles to the north  of Kidderminster, and close to the villages of Kinver and Wolverley. It lies on the River Stour, and the Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal in the civil parish of Wolverley and Cookley.  At the time of the 2001 census had a population of 2,491.

Commerce within the village include a Florist, a cafe, an Indian take away, a fish and chip shop and a village shop; all of which are family-run. It also has a Tesco Express and two Public Houses.

The Village Hall is large and very well used by many different groups and clubs. It is situated alongside Cookley Playing Fields.
The village has very active junior/senior Football and Cricket clubs.

History

Saxon estate
The name Cookley was originally Culnan Clif, a place for which there is a Saxon charter with a boundary clause covering a substantial part of the northern part of the parish of Wolverley and Cookley.  The medieval village of Cookley lay on the opposite side of river Stour to the present village, next to Caunsall.  It gave its name to Cookley Wood, a former common, also known as Blakeshall Common.  Blakeshall was thus also part of the Saxon estate.  The estate was granted by William I to Worcester Cathedral Priory, which already owned the adjoining estate of Wolverley.  From that time, the two were administered together as the manor of Wolverley.  Nevertheless, the Domesday Book extent of Wolverley can be explained in terms of the preceding Saxon estate of Wolverley only.

Cookley Forge
The present village of Cookley developed near Cookley Forge, a water-powered finery forge on the river, just west of the bridge.  The forge was initially a slitting mill established in about 1639,   replacing a corn mill.  The forge was probably added in the 1670s, and was one of the works of the Foley family's "Ironworks in Partnership" in the 1690s.

The forge passed before 1725 to the Knight family and remained in their hands until it closed in the late 19th century.  Operations at the forge seem to have been expanded in the early 19th century, tinplate production being added.  In this period, the Knight family concentrated their operations around Cookley Forge, disposing of or closing other works.  This works became the main employer in the area.  It prospered in the canal era.  With the Staffordshire and Worcestershire canal, running beside the works and a canal arm leading into them, the canal was the main transport artery for the works.  However, later in the 19th century, in the railway era, the works were at a competitive disadvantage, because there was no connection to a railway.  Ultimately, the works at Cookley were closed and relocated to the Cookley Works at Brockmoor near Brierley Hill in 1886.  The site of the forge has remained in industrial use, at one period being occupied by Steel Stampings Ltd.

The present village began with houses built by the Knight family for their workers and the division of fields along Castle Road into house plots, starting in the 1810s with Portway Piece in Austcliffe.


The East of England Local Government Association (EELGA) is an association of the 52 local authorities in the East of England. It is a regional grouping of the Local Government Association and the regional employers organisation. It was established in April 2010 following the abolition of the East of England Regional Assembly.

History

Regional planning
From April 2010 the East of England Regional Strategy Board of the East of England Local Government Association was responsible, in cooperation with the East of England Development Agency, for strategic planning in the region. This role as a local authority leaders' board was established by the Local Democracy, Economic Development and Construction Act 2009. This role ended in 2010 with the abolition of statutory regional planning in England.

Economic development
In 2011 overlapping local enterprise partnerships were established covering the region:
Greater Cambridge and Greater Peterborough (including Cambridgeshire and parts of Essex, Hertfordshire and Suffolk)
Hertfordshire (Hertfordshire)
New Anglia (Norfolk and Suffolk)
South East (including Essex)
South East Midlands (including Bedfordshire)

Membership
There are 50 local authorities in the region, of which 11 are upper tier authorities:
Bedford Borough Council (unitary)
Cambridgeshire County Council and 5 district councils
Central Bedfordshire Council (unitary)
Essex County Council and 12 district councils
Hertfordshire County Council and 10 district councils
Luton Borough Council (unitary)
Norfolk County Council and 7 district councils
Peterborough City Council (unitary)
Southend-on-Sea Borough Council (unitary)
Suffolk County Council and 5 district councils
Thurrock Council (unitary)


Monogamy in animals

Monogamous pairing in animals refers to the natural history of mating systems in which species pair bond to raise offspring. This is associated, usually implicitly, with sexual monogamy.

Monogamous mating
Monogamy is defined as a pair bond between two adult animals of the same species – typically of the opposite sex. This pair may cohabitate in an area or territory for some duration of time, and in some cases may copulate and reproduce with only each other. Monogamy may either be short-term, lasting a one to a few seasons or long-term, lasting many seasons and in extreme cases, life-long. Monogamy can be partitioned into two categories, social monogamy and genetic monogamy which may occur together in some combination, or completely independently of one another. As an example, in the cichlid species Variabilichromis moorii, a monogamous pair will care for eggs and young together, but the eggs may not all be fertilized by the male giving the care. Monogamy in mammals is rather rare, only occurring in 3-9% of these species. A larger percentage of avian species are known to have monogamous relationships (about 90%), but most avian species practice social but not genetic monogamy in contrast to what was previously assumed by researchers. Monogamy is quite rare in fish and amphibians, but not unheard of, appearing in a select few species.

Social monogamy
Social monogamy refers to the cohabitation of one male and one female. The two individuals may cooperate in search of resources such as food and shelter and/or in caring for young. Paternal care in monogamous species is commonly displayed through carrying, feeding, defending, and socializing offspring. With social monogamy there may not be an expected sexual fidelity between the males and the females. The existence of purely social monogamy is a polygamous or polyandrous social pair with extra pair coupling. Social monogamy has been shown to increase fitness in prairie voles. It has been shown that female prairie voles live longer when paired with males in a social monogamous relationship. This could be because of the shared energy expenditure by the males and females lower each individual's input. In largemouth bass, females are sometimes seen to exhibit cuckold behavior by laying some of their eggs in another female's nest, thus "stealing" fertilizations from other females. Sexual conflicts that have been proposed to arise from social monogamy include infidelity and parental investment. The proposed conflict is derived from the conflict-centric differential allocation hypothesis, which states that there is a tradeoff between investment and attractiveness.

Genetic monogamy
Genetic monogamy refers to a mating system in which fidelity of the bonding pair is exhibited. Though individual pairs may be genetically monogamous, no one species has been identified as fully genetically monogamous.

In some species, genetic monogamy has been enforced. Female voles have shown no difference in fecundity with genetic monogamy, but it may be enforced by males in some instances. Mate guarding is a typical tactic in monogamous species. It is present in many animal species and can sometimes be expressed in lieu of parental care by males. This may be for many reasons, including paternity assurance.

Evolution of monogamy in animals
While the evolution of monogamy in animals cannot be broadly ascertained, there are several theories as to how monogamy may have evolved.

 Anisogamy
 Anisogamy is a form of sexual reproduction which involves the fusion of two unequally-sized gametes. In many animals, there are two sexes: the male, in which the gamete is small, motile, usually plentiful, and less energetically expensive, and the female, in which the gamete is larger, more energetically expensive, made at a lower rate, and largely immobile. Anisogamy is thought to have evolved from isogamy, the fusion of similar gametes, multiple times in many different species.
 The introduction of anisogamy has caused males and females to tend to have different optimal mating strategies.  This is because males may increase their fitness by mating with many females, whereas females are limited by their own fecundity. Females are therefore typically more likely to be selective in choosing mates. Monogamy is suggested to limit fitness differences, as males and females will mate in pairs. This would seem to be non-beneficial to males, but may not be in all cases. Several behaviors and ecological concerns may have led to the evolution of monogamy as a relevant mating strategy. Partner and resource availability, enforcement, mate assistance, and territory defense may be some of the most prevalent factors effecting animal behavior.
 Facultative monogamy
 First introduced by Kleiman, facultative monogamy occurs when females are widely dispersed. This can either occur because females in a species tend to be solitary or because the distribution of resources available cause females to thrive when separated into distinct territories. In these instances, there is less of a chance for a given male to find to find multiple females to mate with. In such a case, it becomes more advantageous for a male to remain with a female. Rather than seeking out another and risking (a) not finding another female and or (b) not being able to fight off another male from interfering with his offspring by mating with the female or through infanticide.
 In these situations, male to male competition is reduced and female choice is limited. The end result is that the mate choice is more random than in a more dense population, which has a number of effects including limiting dimorphism and sexual selection.
 With resource availability, limited mating with multiple mates may be harder because the density of individuals is lowered. The habitat cannot sustain multiple mates, so monogamy may be more prevalent. This is because resources may be found more easily for the pair than for the individual. The argument for resource availability has been shown in many species, but in several species, once resource availability increases, monogamy is still apparent.
 With increased resource availability, males may be offsetting the restriction of their fitness through several means. In instances of social monogamy, males may offset any lowered fitness through extra pair coupling. Extra pair coupling refers to male and females mating with several mates, but only raising offspring with one mate. The male may not be related to all of the offspring of his main mate, but some offspring are being raised in other broods by other males and females, thereby offsetting any limitation of monogamy. Males are cuckolds, but because they have other female sexual partners, they cuckold other males and increase their own fitness. Males exhibit parental care habits in order to be an acceptable mate to the female. Any males which do not exhibit parental care would not be accepted as a sexual partner for socially monogamous females in an enforcement pattern.
 Obligate monogamy
 Kleiman also offered a second theory. In obligate monogamy, the driving force behind monogamy is a greater need for paternal investment. This theory assumes that without biparental care fitness level of offspring would be greatly reduced. This paternal care may or may not be equal to that of the maternal care.
 Related to paternal care, some researchers have argued that infanticide is the true cause of monogamy. This theory has not garnered much support, however, critiqued by several authors including Lukas and Clutton-Brock and Dixson

Enforcement
Monogamous mating may also be caused simply by enforcement through tactics such as mate guarding. In these species, the males will prevent other males from copulating with their chosen female or vice versa. Males will help to fend off other aggressive males, and keep their mate for themselves. This is not seen in all species, such as some primates, in which the female may be more dominant than the male and may not need help to avoid unwanted mating; the pair may still benefit from some form of mate assistance, however, and therefore monogamy may be enforced to ensure the assistance of males. Bi-parental care is not seen in all monogamous species, however, so this may not be the only cause of female enforcement.

Mate assistance and territory defense
In species where mate guarding is not needed, there may still be a need for the pair to protect each other. An example of this would be sentinel behavior in avian species. The main advantage of sentinel behavior is that many survival tactics are improved. As stated, the male or female will act as a sentinel and signal to their mate if a predator is present. This can lead to an increase in survivorship, foraging, and incubation of eggs.

Male care for offspring is rather rare in some taxa of species. This is because males may increase their fitness by searching for multiple mates. Females are limited in fitness by their fecundity, so multiple mating does not affect their fitness to the same extent. Males have the opportunity to find a new mate earlier than females when there is internal fertilization or the females exhibit the majority of the care for the offspring. When males are shown to care for offspring as well as females, it is referred to as bi-parental care.

Bi-parental care may occur when there is a lower chance of survival of the offspring without male care. The evolution of this care has been associated with energetically expensive offspring. Bi-parental care is exhibited in many avian species. In these cases, the male has a greater chance to increase his own fitness by seeing that his offspring live long enough to reproduce. If the male is not present in these populations, the survivorship of the offspring is drastically lowered and there is a lowering in male fitness. Without monogamy, bi-parental care is less common and there is an increased chance of infanticide. Infanticide with monogamous pairing would lead to a lowered fitness for socially monogamous males and is not seen to a wide extent.

Consequences of monogamous mating
Monogamy as a mating system in animals has been thought to lower levels of some pre and post copulatory competition methods. Because of this reduction in competition in some instances the regulation of certain morphological characteristics may be lowered. This would result in a vast variety of morphological and physiological differences such as sexual dimorphism and sperm quality.

Sexual dimorphism
Sexual dimorphism denotes the differences in males and females of the same species. Even in animals with seemingly no morphological sexual dimorphism visible there is still dimorphism in the gametes. Males have the smaller gametes and females have the larger gametes. As soon as the two sexes emerge the dimorphism in the gamete structures and sizes may lead to further dimorphism in the species. Sexual dimorphism is often caused through evolution in response to male male competition and female choice. In polygamous species there is a noted sexual dimorphism. The sexual dimorphism is seen typically in sexual signaling aspects of morphology. Males typically exhibit these dimorphic traits and they are typically traits which help in signaling to females or male male competition. In monogamous species sexual conflict is thought to be lessened, and typically little to no sexual dimorphism is noted as there is less ornamentation and armor. This is because there is a relaxation of sexual selection. This may have something to do with a feedback loop caused by a low population density. If sexual selection is too strenuous in a population where there is a low density the population will shrink. In the continuing generations sexual selection will become less and less relevant as mating becomes more random. A similar feedback loop is thought to occur for the sperm quality in genetically monogamous pairs.

Sperm quality
Once anisogamy has emerged in a species due to gamete dimorphism there is an inherent level of competition. This could be seen as sperm competition in the very least. Sperm competition is defined as a post copulatory mode of sexual selection which causes the diversity of sperm across species. As soon as sperm and egg are the predominant mating types there is an increase in the need for the male gametes. This is because there will be a large number of unsuccessful sperm which will cost a certain level of expenditure on energy without a benefit from the individual sperm. Sperm in polygamous sexual encounters have evolved for size, speed, structure, and quantity. This competition causes selection for competitive traits which can be pre or post copulatory. In species where cryptic female choice is one of the main sources of competition females are able to choose sperm from among various male suitors.  Typically the sperm of the highest quality are selected.

In genetically monogamous species it can be expected that sperm competition is absent or otherwise severely limited. There is no selection for the highest quality sperm amongst the sperm of multiple males, and copulation is more random than it is in polygamous situations. Therefore, sperm quality for monogamous species has a higher variation and lower quality sperm have been noted in several species. The lack of sperm competition is not advantageous for sperm quality. An example of this is in the Eurasian bullfinch which exhibits relaxed selection and sperm competition. The sperm of these males have a lower velocity then other closely related but polygamous passerine bird species and the amount of abnormalities in sperm structure, length, and count when compared to similar bird families is increased.

Animals
The evolution of mating systems in animals has received an enormous amount of attention from biologists. This section briefly reviews three main findings about the evolution of monogamy in animals.

The amount of social monogamy in animals varies across taxa, with over 90% of birds engaging in social monogamy while only 39% of mammals are known to do the same.

This list is not complete. Other factors may also contribute to the evolution of social monogamy. Moreover, different sets of factors may explain the evolution of social monogamy in different species. There is no one-size-fits-all explanation of why different species evolved monogamous mating systems.

Sexual dimorphism
Sexual dimorphism refers to differences in body characteristics between females and males. A frequently studied type of sexual dimorphism is body size. For example, among mammals, males typically have larger bodies than females. In other orders, however, females have larger bodies than males. Sexual dimorphism in body size has been linked to mating behavior.

In polygynous species, males compete for control over sexual access to females. Large males have an advantage in the competition for access to females, and they consequently pass their genes along to a greater number of offspring. This eventually leads to large differences in body size between females and males.  Polygynous males are often 1.5 to 2.0 times larger in size than females. In monogamous species, on the other hand, females and males have more equal access to mates, so there is little or no sexual dimorphism in body size. From a new biological point of view, monogamy could result from mate guarding and is engaged as a result of sexual conflict.

Some researchers have attempted to infer the evolution of human mating systems from the evolution of sexual dimorphism. Several studies have reported a large amount of sexual dimorphism in Australopithecus, an evolutionary ancestor of human beings that lived between 2 and 5 million years ago.

These studies raise the possibility that Australopithecus had a polygamous mating system. Sexual dimorphism then began to decrease. Studies suggest sexual dimorphism reached modern human levels around the time of Homo erectus 0.5 to 2 million years ago.
This line of reasoning suggests human ancestors started out polygamous and began the transition to monogamy somewhere between 0.5 million and 2 million years ago.

Attempts to infer the evolution of monogamy based on sexual dimorphism remain controversial for three reasons:
 The skeletal remains of Australopithecus are quite fragmentary. This makes it difficult to identify the sex of the fossils. Researchers sometimes identify the sex of the fossils by their size, which, of course, can exaggerate findings of sexual dimorphism.
 Recent studies using new methods of measurement suggest Australopithecus had the same amount of sexual dimorphism as modern humans. This raises questions about the amount of sexual dimorphism in Australopithecus.
 Humans may have been partially unique in that selection pressures for sexual dimorphism might have been related to the new niches that humans were entering at the time, and how that might have interacted with potential early cultures and tool use.  If these early humans had a differentiation of gender roles, with men hunting and women gathering, selection pressures in favor of increased size may have been distributed unequally between the sexes.
 Even if future studies clearly establish sexual dimorphism in Australopithecus, other studies have shown the relationship between sexual dimorphism and mating system is unreliable. Some polygamous species show little or no sexual dimorphism. Some monogamous species show a large amount of sexual dimorphism.
Studies of sexual dimorphism raise the possibility that early human ancestors were polygamous rather than monogamous. But this line of research remains highly controversial. It may be that early human ancestors showed little sexual dimorphism, and it may be that sexual dimorphism in early human ancestors had no relationship to their mating systems.

Testis size

The relative sizes of male testes often reflect mating systems. In species with promiscuous mating systems, where many males mate with many females, the testes tend to be relatively large. This appears to be the result of sperm competition. Males with large testes produce more sperm and thereby gain an advantage impregnating females. In polygynous species, where one male controls sexual access to females, the testes tend to be small. One male defends exclusive sexual access to a group of females and thereby eliminates sperm competition.

Studies of primates, support the relationship between testis size and mating system.  Chimpanzees, which have a promiscuous mating system, have large testes compared to other primates. Gorillas, which have a polygynous mating system, have smaller testes than other primates. Humans, which have a socially monogamous mating system, have moderately sized testes.  The moderate amounts of sexual non-monogamy in humans may result in a low to moderate amount of sperm competition.

Monogamy as a best response
In species where the young are particularly vulnerable and may benefit from protection by both parents, monogamy may be an optimal strategy. Monogamy tends to also occur when populations are small and dispersed. This is not conductive to polygamous behavior as the male would spend far more time searching for another mate. The monogamous behavior allows the male to have a mate consistently, without having to waste energy searching for other females. Furthermore, there is an apparent connection between the time a male invests in their offspring and their monogamous behavior. A male which is required to care for the offspring to ensure their survival is much more likely to exhibit monogamous behavior over one that does not.
The selection factors in favor of different mating strategies for a species of animal, however, may potentially operate on a large number of factors throughout that animal's life cycle.  For instance, with many species of bear, the female will often drive a male off soon after mating, and will later guard her cubs from him.  It is thought that this may be due to the fact that too many bears close to one another may deplete the food available to the relatively small but growing cubs.  Monogamy may be social but rarely genetic. For example, in the cichlid species Variabilichromis moorii, a monogamous pair will care for their eggs and young but the eggs are not all fertilized by the same male. Thierry Lodé argued that monogamy should result from conflict of interest between the sexes called sexual conflict.

Monogamous species
There are species which have adopted monogamy with great success. For instance, the male prairie vole will mate exclusively with the first female he ever mates with. The vole is extremely loyal and will go as far as to even attack other females that may approach him. This type of behavior has been linked to the hormone vasopressin. This hormone is released when a male mates and cares for young. Due to this hormone's rewarding effects, the male experiences a positive feeling when they maintain a monogamous relationship. To further test this theory, the receptors that control vasopressin were placed into another species of vole that is promiscuous. After this addition, the originally unfaithful voles became monogamous with their selected partner. These very same receptors can be found in human brain, and have been found to vary at the individual level—which could explain why some human males tend to be more loyal than others.

Black vultures stay together as it is more beneficial for their young to be taken care of by both parents. They take turns incubating the eggs, and then supplying their fledglings with food. Black vultures will also attack other vultures that are participating in extra pair copulation, this is an attempt to increase monogamy and decrease promiscuous behavior.<citation needed> Similarly, emperor penguins also stay together to care for their young. This is due to the harshness of the Antarctic weather, predators and the scarcity of food. One parent will protect the chick, while the other finds food. However, these penguins only remain monogamous until the chick is able to go off on their own. After the chick no longer needs their care, approximately 85% of parents will part ways and typically find a new partner every breeding season.

Hornbills are a socially monogamous bird species that usually only have one mate throughout their lives, much like the prairie vole. The female will close herself up in a nest cavity, sealed with a nest plug, for two months. At this time, she will lay eggs and will be cared for by her mate. The males are willing to work to support himself, his mate, and his offspring in order for survival; however, unlike the emperor penguin, the hornbills do not find new partners each season.

It is relatively uncommon to find monogamous relationships in fish, amphibians and reptiles; however, the red-backed salamander as well as the Caribbean cleaner goby practice monogamy as well. However, the male Caribbean cleaner goby fish has been found to separate from the female suddenly, leaving her abandoned. In a study conducted by Oregon State University, it was found that this fish practices not true monogamy, but serial monogamy. This essentially means that the goby will have multiple monogamous relationships throughout its life – but only be in one relationship at a time. The red-backed salamander exhibited signs of social monogamy, which is the idea that animals form pairs to mate and raise offspring, but still will partake in extra pair copulation with various males or females in order to increase their biological fitness. This is a relatively new concept in salamanders, and has not been seen frequently – it is also concerning that the act of monogamy may inhibit the salamanders reproductive rates and biological success. However, the study which was conducted in cooperation by the University of Louisiana, Lafayette, and the University of Virginia showed that the salamanders are not inhibited by this monogamy if they show alternative strategies with other mates.

Azara's night monkeys are another species that proved to be monogamous. In an 18-year study conducted by the University of Pennsylvania, these monkeys proved to be entirely monogamous, exhibiting no genetic information or visual information that could lead to the assumption that extra pair copulation was occurring. This explained the question as to why the male owl monkey invested so much time in protecting and raising their own offspring. Because monogamy is often referred to as "placing all your eggs in one basket" the male wants to ensure his young survive, and thus pass on his genes.

Other monogamous species include wolves, otters, a few hooved animals, some bats, certain species of fox, and the Eurasian beaver. This beaver is particularly interesting as it is practicing monogamy in its reintroduction to certain parts of Europe; however, its American counterpart is not monogamous at all and often partakes in promiscuous behavior. The two species are quite similar in ecology but American beavers tend to be less aggressive than European beavers. In this instance, the scarcity of the European beavers' population could drive its monogamous behavior; moreover, it lowers the risk of parasite transmission which is correlated with biological fitness. Monogamy is proving to be very efficient for this beaver, as their population is climbing.


Jan Jensen (rower)

Jan Jensen is a Danish lightweight rower. He won a gold medal at the 1981 World Rowing Championships in Munich with the lightweight men's eight.