Aquimarina rubra

Aquimarina rubra  is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Aquimarina which has been isolated from sediments from a pond which was cultivated with sea cucumbers from Rongcheng in China.


Georg Fischler

Georg Fischler (born 3 July 1985 in Hall in Tirol) is an Austrian former luger who competed between 2003 and 2018. He and doubles partner Peter Penz took two medals at the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyongchang: a silver in the doubles competition and a bronze in the team relay. They were also gold medallists in the doubles at the 2012 European Luge Championships in Paramonovo. In addition the pair took six medals at the FIL World Luge Championships: four in the doubles and two in mixed team competitions.

He won two medals in the mixed team event at the FIL World Luge Championships with a silver in 2009 and a bronze in 2007. He also finished fifth in the men's doubles event at the 2008 championships in Oberhof, Germany. Fischler also finished sixth in the men's doubles event at the 2008 FIL European Luge Championships in Cesana, Italy.

In August 2018 Penz and Fischler announced their retirement from competition. He confirmed that he would remain in the sport as a coach with the Austrian Luge Federation. The pair made their last competitive appearance at the 2018–19 Luge World Cup's opening round at Igls in November 2018.


Wentzel

Wentzel and Wentzell are surnames, and may refer to:

Wentzel
 Emil Wentzel (c. 1817–1892), timber merchant and politician in South Australia
 Gregor Wentzel (1898–1978), German physicist
 Stan Wentzel (1917–1991), Major League Baseball player
 Sune Wentzel (born 1971), Norwegian frisbeer
 Volkmar Wentzel (1915–2006), American photographer
 Lucan Wentzel (born 1989) South African Firefighter

Wentzel may also refer to:
 Wentzel–Kramers–Brillouin approximation

Wentzell
 Alexander D. Wentzell (born 1937), Russian-American mathematician
 Fritz Wentzell (1899–1948), highly decorated German military leader during World War II

Wentzell may also refer to:
 Freidlin–Wentzell theorem, a statistics tool relating to Brownian motion


Billy Wiles

William "Billy" Wiles (born 1971) is an American professional wrestler, better known by the ring names Billy Wiles and Bilvis Wesley. He is best known for his appearances in Extreme Championship Wrestling in the late 1990s and early 2000s, where he was part of the New Dangerous Alliance, often teaming with C.W. Anderson.

Professional wrestling career
Prior to first wrestling in a ring, Wiles was once a timekeeper. He then became a construction worker within Extreme Championship Wrestling, building up rings and working as a hauler backstage. Eventually he worked his way into the sport and his first known match in ECW was against Axl Rotten in a house show in Waltham, Massachusetts, in a losing effort. He wrestled  Sabu, Louie Spicolli and Balls Mahoney, but failed to defeat them. Wiles challenged Taz for the ECW World Television Championship in a singles match in the same venue in Waltham, Massachusetts to a losing effort.

Wiles would work alongside Lou E. Dangerously's Dangerous Alliance, teaming up with C.W. Anderson, proceeding to feud against Roadkill and Danny Doring and The Hardcore Chair Swingin' Freaks (Balls Mahoney and Axl Rotten). The brink of the feud with Roadkill and Doring happened at ECW Living Dangerously. Doring and Roadkill's manager Elektra turned on them, allowing Anderson and Wiles to pick up the win. Wiles soon left the Dangerous Alliance sometime after Cyberslam 2000 as a singles competitor, facing Nova, Michael Shane and Steve Corino in several matches on ECW Hardcore TV and ECW on TNN tapings. He formed a tag team with "The Prodigy" Tom Marquez dubbed as the Sideshow Freaks. They fought Doring and Roadkill, and Christian York and Joey Matthews. The team would eventually split up.

Wiles wrestled at the final Extreme Championship Wrestling pay-per-view event Guilty as Charged, scoring the victory against Mike Bell in a dark match.

Wiles appeared at the Legends of the Arena event at The Arena in Philadelphia on June 27, 2009, winning a match against The Musketeer, using New Jack's theme song for distraction.

Wiles now trains talent at the Monster Factory in Paulsboro, New Jersey with Danny Cage and The Blue Meanie.

Personal life
Prior to becoming a wrestler, Wiles was a drummer for a local band. He was good friends with fellow wrestler Balls Mahoney, whom he met during his sophomore year of high school. He cites Roddy Piper as his favorite wrestler.

Championships and accomplishments
Monster Factory Pro Wrestling
MFPW Tag Team Championship (1 time) (with Joe Gibson)


József Horváth (footballer)

József Horváth (born 21 May 1949) is a Hungarian former footballer who played for Újpest FC and Rot-Weiss Essen, and in the North American Soccer League between 1978 and 1981 for the Rochester Lancers, Washington Diplomats and San Jose Earthquakes. He played at the international level for Hungary. Horváth also spent time in the American Soccer League, United Soccer League, and played indoor soccer in both the NASL and Major Indoor Soccer League.


Valladolises y Lo Jurado

Valladolises y Lo Jurado is a village in Murcia, Spain. It is part of the municipality of Murcia.


Eastern gray squirrel

The eastern gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis), also known as the grey squirrel depending on region, is a tree squirrel in the genus Sciurus. It is native to eastern North America, where it is the most prodigious and ecologically essential natural forest regenerator. Widely introduced to certain places around the world, the eastern gray squirrel in Europe, in particular, is regarded as an invasive species.

Distribution
Sciurus carolinensis is native to the eastern and midwestern United States, and to the southerly portions of the central provinces of Canada. The native range of the eastern gray squirrel overlaps with that of the fox squirrel (Sciurus niger), with which it is sometimes confused, although the core of the fox squirrel's range is slightly more to the west. The eastern gray squirrel is found from New Brunswick, through southwestern Quebec and throughout southern Ontario plus in southern Manitoba, south to East Texas and Florida. Breeding eastern gray squirrels are found in Nova Scotia, but whether this population was introduced or came from natural range expansion is not known. It has also been introduced into Ireland, Britain, Italy, South Africa, and Australia (where it was extirpated by 1973). Eastern gray squirrels in Europe are a concern because they have displaced some of the native squirrels there.
In 1966, this squirrel was also introduced to Vancouver Island in Western Canada in the area of Metchosin, and has spread widely from there. They  are considered highly invasive and a threat to both the local ecosystem and the native red squirrel.

A prolific and adaptable species, the eastern gray squirrel has also been introduced to, and thrives in, several regions of the western United States. The gray squirrel is an invasive species in Britain; it has spread across the country and has largely displaced the native red squirrel, S. vulgaris. In Ireland, the red squirrel has been displaced in several eastern counties, though it still remains common in the south and west of the country. That such a displacement might happen in Italy is of concern, as gray squirrels might spread to other parts of mainland Europe.

Etymology
The generic name, Sciurus, is derived from two Greek words, skia, meaning shadow, and oura, meaning tail. This name alludes to the squirrel sitting in the shadow of its tail. The specific epithet, carolinensis, refers to the Carolinas, where the species was first recorded and where the animal is still extremely common. In the United Kingdom and Canada, it is simply referred to as the "grey squirrel".  In the US, "eastern" is used to differentiate the species from the western gray squirrel (Sciurus griseus).

Description

The eastern gray squirrel has predominantly gray fur, but it can have a brownish color. It has a usual white underside as compared to the typical brownish-orange underside of the fox squirrel. It has a large bushy tail. Particularly in urban situations where the risk of predation is reduced, both white – and black-colored individuals are quite often found. The melanistic form, which is almost entirely black, is predominant in certain populations and in certain geographic areas, such as in large parts of southeastern Canada. Melanistic squirrels appear to exhibit a higher cold tolerance than the common gray morph; when exposed to -10 °C, black squirrels showed an 18% reduction in heat loss, a 20% reduction in basal metabolic rate, and an 11% increase to non-shivering thermogenesis capacity when compared to the common gray morph. Genetic variations within these include individuals with black tails and black-colored squirrels with white tails. (See tree squirrel for more information on these color variations.)

The head and body length is from , the tail from , and the adult weight varies between . They do not display sexual dimorphism, meaning there is no gender difference in size or coloration.

The tracks of an eastern gray squirrel are difficult to distinguish from the related fox squirrel and Abert's squirrel, though the latter's range is almost entirely different from the gray's. Like all squirrels, the eastern gray shows four toes on the front feet and five on the hind feet. The hind foot-pad is often not visible in the track. When bounding or moving at speed, the front foot tracks will be behind the hind foot tracks. The bounding stride can be two to three feet long.

The dental formula of the eastern gray squirrel is 1023/1013 (Upper teeth/Lower Teeth).

 × 2 = 22 total teeth.

Incisors exhibit indeterminate growth, meaning they grow consistently throughout life, and their cheek teeth exhibit brachydont (low-crowned teeth) and bunodont (having tubercles on crowns) structures.

Behavior

Like many members of the family Sciuridae, the eastern gray squirrel is a scatter-hoarder; it hoards food in numerous small caches for later recovery. Some caches are quite temporary, especially those made near the site of a sudden abundance of food which can be retrieved within hours or days for reburial in a more secure site. Others are more permanent and are not retrieved until months later. Each squirrel is estimated to make several thousand caches each season. The squirrels have very accurate spatial memory for the locations of these caches, and use distant and nearby landmarks to retrieve them. Smell is used partly to uncover food caches, and also to find food in other squirrels' caches. Scent can be unreliable when the ground is too dry or covered in snow.

Squirrels sometimes use deceptive behavior to prevent other animals from retrieving cached food. They will pretend to bury the object if they feel that they are being watched. They do this by preparing the spot as usual, for instance, digging a hole or widening a crack, miming the placement of the food, while actually concealing it in their mouths, and then covering up the "cache" as if they had deposited the object. They also hide behind vegetation while burying food or hide it high up in trees (if their rival is not arboreal). Such a complex repertoire suggests that the behaviors are not innate, and imply theory of mind thinking.

The eastern gray squirrel is one of very few mammalian species that can descend a tree head-first. It does this by turning its feet so the claws of its hind paws are backward-pointing and can grip the tree bark.

Eastern gray squirrels build a type of nest, known as a drey, in the forks of trees, consisting mainly of dry leaves and twigs.  The dreys are roughly spherical, about 30~60 cm in diameter and are usually insulated with moss, thistledown, dried grass, and feathers to reduce heat loss. Males and females may share the same nest for short times during the breeding season, and during cold winter spells. Squirrels may share a drey to stay warm. They may also nest in the attic or exterior walls of a house, where they may be regarded as pests, as well as fire hazards due to their habit of gnawing on electrical cables. In addition, squirrels may inhabit a permanent tree den hollowed out in the trunk or a large branch of a tree.

Eastern gray squirrels are crepuscular, or more active during the early and late hours of the day, and tend to avoid the heat in the middle of a summer day. They do not hibernate.

Predation
Predators include humans, hawks, weasels, raccoons, foxes, domestic and feral cats, snakes, owls, and dogs. In its introduced range in South Africa, it has been preyed on by African harrier-hawks.

Reproduction

Eastern gray squirrels can breed twice a year, but younger and less experienced mothers normally have a single litter per year in the spring. Depending on forage availability, older and more experienced females may breed again in summer. In a year of abundant food, 36% of females bear two litters, but none will do so in a year of poor food. Their breeding seasons are December to February and May to June, though this is slightly delayed in more northern latitudes. The first litter is born in February or March, the second in June or July, though, again, bearing may be advanced or delayed by a few weeks depending on climate, temperature, and forage availability. In any given breeding season, an average of 61 – 66% of females bear young. If a female fails to conceive or loses her young to unusually cold weather or predation, she re-enters estrus and has a later litter. Five days before a female enters estrus, she may attract up to 34 males from up to 500 meters away. Eastern gray squirrels exhibit a form of polygyny, in which the competing males will form a hierarchy of dominance, and the female will mate with multiple males depending on the hierarchy established.

Normally, one to four young are born in each litter, but the largest possible litter size is eight. The gestation period is about 44 days. The young are weaned around 10 weeks, though some may wean up to six weeks later in the wild. They begin to leave the nest after 12 weeks, with autumn born young often wintering with their mother. Only one in four squirrel kits survives to one year of age, with mortality around 55% for the following year. Mortality rates then decrease to around 30% for following years until they increase sharply at eight years of age.

Rarely, eastern gray females can enter estrus as early as five and a half months old, but females are not normally fertile until at least one year of age. Their mean age of first estrus is 1.25 years. The presence of a fertile male will induce ovulation in a female going through estrus. Male eastern grays are sexually mature between one and two years of age. Reproductive longevity for females appears to be over 8 years, with 12.5 years documented in North Carolina. These squirrels can live to be 20 years old in captivity, but in the wild live much shorter lives due to predation and the challenges of their habitat. At birth, their life expectancy is 1–2 years, an adult typically can live to be six, with exceptional individuals making it to 12 years.

Growth and ontogeny

Newborn gray squirrels weigh 13-18 grams and are entirely hairless and pink, although vibrissae are present at birth. 7–10 days postpartum, the skin begins to darken,  just before the juvenile pelage grows in. Lower incisors erupt 19–21 days postpartum, while upper incisors erupt after 4 weeks. Cheek teeth erupt during week 6. Eyes open after 21–42 days, and ears open 3–4 weeks postpartum. Weaning is initiated around 7 weeks postpartum, and is usually finished by week 10, followed by the loss of the juvenile pelage. Full adult body mass is achieved by 8–9 months after birth.

Communication

As in most other mammals, communication among eastern gray squirrel individuals involves both vocalizations and posturing. The species has a quite varied repertoire of vocalizations, including a squeak similar to that of a mouse, a low-pitched noise, a chatter, and a raspy "mehr mehr mehr". Other methods of communication include tail-flicking and other gestures, including facial expressions. Tail flicking and the "kuk" or "quaa" call are used to ward off and warn other squirrels about predators, as well as to announce when a predator is leaving the area. Squirrels also make an affectionate coo-purring sound that biologists call the "muk-muk" sound. This is used as a contact sound between a mother and her kits and in adulthood, by the male when he courts the female during mating season.

The use of vocal and visual communication has been shown to vary by location, based on elements such as noise pollution and the amount of open space. For instance, populations living in large cities generally rely more on the visual signals, due to the generally louder environment with more areas without much visual restriction. However, in heavily wooded areas, vocal signals are used more often due to the relatively lower noise levels and a dense canopy restricting visual range.

Diet

Eastern gray squirrels eat a range of foods, such as tree bark, tree buds, berries, many types of seeds and acorns, walnuts, and other nuts, like hazelnuts (see picture) and some types of fungi found in the forests, including fly agaric mushrooms (Amanita muscaria). They can cause damage to trees by tearing the bark and eating the soft cambial tissue underneath. In Europe, sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus L.) and beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) suffer the greatest damage. The squirrels also raid gardens for tomatoes, corn, strawberries, and other garden crops. Sometimes they eat the tomato seeds and discard the rest. On occasion, eastern gray squirrels also prey upon insects, frogs, small rodents including other squirrels, and small birds, their eggs, and young. They also gnaw on bones, antlers, and turtle shells – likely as a source of minerals scarce in their normal diet.

Eastern gray squirrels have a high enough tolerance for humans to inhabit residential neighborhoods and raid bird feeders for millet, corn, and sunflower seeds. Some people who feed and watch birds for entertainment also intentionally feed seeds and nuts to the squirrels for the same reason. However, in the UK eastern gray squirrels can take a significant proportion of supplementary food from feeders, preventing access and reducing use by wild birds. Attraction to supplementary feeders can increase local bird nest predation, as eastern gray squirrels are more likely to forage near feeders, resulting in increased likelihood of finding nests, eggs and nestlings of small passerines.

Habitat
In the wild, eastern gray squirrels can be found inhabiting large areas of mature, dense woodland ecosystems, generally covering 100 acres (40 hectares) of land. These forests usually contain large mast-producing trees such as oaks and hickories, providing ample food sources. Oak-hickory hardwood forests are generally preferred over coniferous forests due to the greater abundance of mast forage. This is why they are found only in parts of eastern Canada which do not contain boreal forest (i.e. they are found in some parts of New Brunswick, in southwestern Quebec, throughout southern Ontario and in southern Manitoba).

Eastern gray squirrels generally prefer constructing their dens upon large tree branches and within the hollow trunks of trees. They also have been known to take shelter within abandoned bird nests. The dens are usually lined with moss plants, thistledown, dried grass, and feathers. These perhaps provide and assist in the insulation of the den, used to reduce heat loss. A cover to the den is usually built afterwards.

Close to human settlements, eastern gray squirrels are found in parks and back yards of houses within urban environments and in the farmlands of rural environments.

Introductions

The eastern gray squirrel is an introduced species in a variety of locations in western North America: in western Canada, to the southwest corner of British Columbia and to the city of Calgary, Alberta; in the United States, to the states of Washington and Oregon and, in California, to the city of San Francisco and the San Francisco Peninsula area in San Mateo and Santa Clara Counties, south of the city. It has become the most common squirrel in many urban and suburban habitats in western North America, from north of central California to southwest British Columbia. At the turn of the 20th century, the eastern gray squirrel was introduced into South Africa, Ireland, Hawaii, Bermuda, Madeira Island, the Azores, the Canary Islands, Cape Verde, Italy and the United Kingdom.

In South Africa, though exotic, it is not usually considered an invasive species owing to its small range (only found in the extreme southwestern part of the Western Cape, going north as far as the small farming town of Franschhoek), as well because it inhabits urban areas and places greatly affected by humans, such as agricultural areas and exotic pine plantations. Here, it mostly eats acorns and pine seeds, although it will take indigenous and commercial fruit, as well. Even so, it is unable to use the natural vegetation (fynbos) found in the area, a factor which has helped to limit its spread. It does not come into contact with native squirrels due to geographic isolation (a native tree squirrel, Paraxerus cepapi, is found only in the savanna regions in the northeast of the country) and different habitats.

Gray squirrels were first introduced to Britain in the 1870s, as fashionable additions to estates. They spread rapidly across England, and then became established in both Wales and parts of southern Scotland. On mainland Britain, they have almost entirely displaced native red squirrels. Larger than red squirrels and capable of storing up to four times more fat, gray squirrels are better able to survive winter conditions. They produce more young and can live at higher densities. Gray squirrels also carry the squirrelpox virus, to which red squirrels have no immunity. When an infected gray squirrel introduces squirrelpox to a red squirrel population, its decline is 17-25 times greater than through competition alone.

In Ireland, the displacement of red squirrels has not been as rapid because only a single introduction occurred, in County Longford. Schemes have been introduced to control the population of gray squirrels in Ireland to encourage the native red squirrels. Eastern gray squirrels have also been introduced to Italy, and the European Union has expressed concern that they will similarly displace the red squirrel from parts of the European continent.

Displacement of red squirrels

In Britain and Ireland, the eastern gray squirrel is not regulated by natural predators, other than the European pine marten, which is generally absent from England and Wales. This has aided its rapid population growth and has led to the species being classed as a pest. Measures are being devised to reduce its numbers, including one plan for celebrity television chefs to promote the idea of eating the squirrels. In areas where relict populations of red squirrels survive, such as the islands of Anglesey, Brownsea and the Isle of Wight, programs exist to eradicate gray squirrels and prevent them from reaching these areas in order to allow red squirrel populations to recover and grow.

Although complex and controversial, the main factor in the eastern gray squirrel's displacement of the red squirrel is thought to be its greater fitness, hence a competitive advantage over the red squirrel on all measures. The eastern gray squirrel tends to be larger and stronger than the red squirrel and has been shown to have a greater ability to store fat for winter. The squirrel can, therefore, compete more effectively for a larger share of the available food, resulting in relatively lower survival and breeding rates among the red squirrel. Parapoxvirus may also be a strongly contributing factor; red squirrels have long been fatally affected by the disease, while the eastern gray squirrels are unaffected, but thought to be carriers – although how the virus is transmitted has yet to be determined. However, several cases of red squirrels surviving have been reported, as they have developed an immunity – although their population is still being massively affected. The red squirrel is also less tolerant of habitat destruction and fragmentation, which has led to its population decline, while the more adaptable eastern gray squirrel has taken advantage and expanded.

Similar factors appear to have been at play in the Pacific region of North America, where the native American red squirrel has been largely displaced by the eastern gray squirrel in parks and forests throughout much of the region.

Ironically, "fears" for the future of the eastern gray squirrel arose in 2008, as the melanistic form (black) began to spread through the southern British population. In the UK, if a "grey squirrel" (eastern gray squirrel) is trapped, under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981, it is illegal to release it or to allow it to escape into the wild; instead, it should be humanely destroyed.

Fossil record of the eastern gray squirrel
Twenty different Pleistocene fauna specimens contain S. carolinensis, found in Florida and dated to be as early as the late Irvingtonian period. Body size seems to have increased during the early to middle Holocene and then decreased to the present size seen today.

As food

Gray squirrels were eaten in earlier times by Native Americans and their meat is still popular with hunters across most of their range in North America. Today, it is still available for human consumption and is occasionally sold in the United Kingdom. However, physicians in the United States have warned that squirrel brains should not be eaten, because of the risk that they may carry Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease.


Erasmus Lewes

Erasmus Lewes (1663 or 1664 – 1745) was a Welsh Anglican clergyman, copies of some of whose sermons are held by the National Library of Wales.

Life
Lewes was the youngest son of John Lewes, a clergyman from Llangunllo, Wales, and was born in 1663 or 1664 (since when he matriculated at Jesus College, Oxford in February 1684, he was said to be 20 years old).  Lewes graduated from the University of Oxford in 1688 and was thereafter ordained, beycoming vicar of Roch in Pembrokeshire in 1692 and vicar of Brawdy in the same county in 1694.  In the following year, he was made rector of Betws Bledrws and vicar of Lampeter, Cardiganshire.  He died on 19 February 1745 and was commemorated with a memorial stone in the church at Lampeter.  Handwritten copies of some of his sermons, in English, are held by the National Library of Wales, which also holds other notes written by him in Latin and in English.


Roland Leroux

Roland Leroux is a German manager and a leading representative of professional organisations on both the national and the European Level.

Since 2012 he has been the president of FECCIA (European Federation on Managerial Staff in the Chemical and Allied Industries).

In 2014 he was elected president of ULA - United Leaders Association, the German confederation of managerial organisations.
Since 2011, Leroux is also a member of the board of VAA
, the German organisation for managers from the chemical industry.

Leroux graduated in Chemistry with a diploma in 1984. In 1986 he received a PhD in Physical Chemistry.

In his professional life, Leroux has headed the division of industrial and laboratory glass for many years and he was head of Schott AG Corporate Environment, Health, Safety and Security. He serves also as the Corporate Data Protection Officer.

As the chairman of the Executive Staff Committee (Sprecherausschuss), a representative body for executive staff, he represents the interests of the senior managers of Schott AG.


Cherry Red Airline

Cherry Red Airline, also known as the Cherry Air Service, was the first airline in Prince Albert, Saskatchewan.

History
It was founded by Norman Cherry and H. Holroyde in 1928.  Cherry noticed an unmet demand for transportation services by mines in Saskatchewan, especially Consolidated Mining and Smelting, and decided to create an airline to meet that need.  He hired pilot Alva Malone and partnered with H. Holroyde.  The airline had a fleet consisting of two airplanes: a two-seat Pheasant biplane and a six-seat Buhl CA-6 Airsedan (CF-AAY).  To earn extra revenue, Cherry decided to issue stamps starting at $0.10 for carrying airmail, making the airline the first airmail provider in Prince Albert.  Existing stamps issued by the company are sought after by collectors.  The great depression brought about the end of the airline as mine traffic dried up.  by 1932, the company had failed.  The Buhl Airsedan had previously been lost in an accident with no fatalities.  The Pheasant biplane was sold and, in 1932, it crash landed, rendering it inoperable.  The plane languished in storage until the Moose Jaw branch of the Western Development Museum acquired it in 1950.  Volunteers worked from 1960 to 1964 to restore it, and it has been in the museum's permanent collection ever since.  It is the oldest surviving airplane in Saskatchewan.


Sophisticated Ladies (Sweet Substitute album)

Sophisticated Ladies (also issued as “Sweet Substitute”) is an album by the English jazz/swing  all girl singing trio Sweet Substitute released in 1981 on the Black Lion Records label. At the time the trio consisted of Angie Masterton, Teri Leggett and Kate McNab. “Take Me to the Mardi Gras” and “Do You Know What it Means (To Miss New Orleans)” were recorded with Chris Barber’s band and Dear Mr. Berkeley with the Digby Fairweather Friends. "Take Me to the Mardi Gras" was issued as a 7" single in the UK and Germany in 1980.

Track listing

Side 1
"Lullaby of Broadway" (Harry Warren) – 2:43
"Sophisticated Lady" (Duke Ellington) – 4:14
"Tiger Blues" (Andy Leggett) – 4:09
"Sleepy Suzy" (Andy Leggett) – 2:23
"Take Me to the Mardi Gras" (Paul Simon) – 3:32

Side 2
"I Got an Uncle in Harlem" (Oran “Hot Lips” Page) – 3:11
"Good Morning Heartache" (Irene Higginbotham/Ervin Drake/Dan Fisher) – 3:22
"Dear Mr. Berkeley" (Andy Leggett) – 2:34
"Sweet Misery" Unaccompanied Voices  (Hoyt Axton) – 2:46
"Do You Know What it Means (To Miss New Orleans)" (Alter/de Lange) – 4:05
"Satin Doll" (Duke Ellington) – 2:34

Musicians
Trumpets: Kenny Baker, Bert Ezzard, Eddie Blair, Digby Fairweather, Pat Halcox, Chris Barber
Trombones: Pete Strange, Billy Lamb, Jack Thirwell, Chris Barber
Saxophones: Randy Colville, Bill Skeat, Danny Moss, Henry Mackenzie, Bernie George, Danny Moss, John Crocker, Andy Leggett
Guitars: Denny Wright, Andy Leggett, Johnny McCallum, Roger Hill
Piano: Barney Bates, Peter Wingfield
Bass: Len Skeat, Harvey Weston, Vic Pitt
Drums: Stan Bourke, Norman Emberson
Reeds: Ian Wheeler, John Crocker
Cornet: Digby Fairweather
Clarinet: Randy Colville

Production

Produced by: Alan Bates
Arrangers: Alyn Ainsworth, Andy Leggett,Digby Fairweather & Pete Strange
Recorded and re-mixed at: R. G. Jones Studios, Wimbledon, England
Recording Engineer: Gerry Kitchingham


Mexican Stock Exchange

The Mexican Stock Exchange (), commonly known as Mexican Bolsa, Mexbol, or BMV, is one of two stock exchanges in Mexico, the other being BIVA - Bolsa Institucional de Valores . It is the second largest stock exchange in Latin America, only after São Paulo based B3 in Brasil. It is also the fifth largest stock exchange in the Americas. The exchange platform is owned by BMV Group, which also owns the derivative exchange MexDer and the custody agency Indeval.

The BMV was created out of the merger of the three stock exchanges which formerly operated in Mexico: The Bolsa de Valores de México, which operated in Mexico City, the Bolsa de Occidente (Occidental Stock Exchange) in Guadalajara, and the Bolsa de Monterrey (Monterrey Stock Exchange). The exchange kept modernising until its introduction of a fully electronic system for trading which was consolidated in 1999.

In 2014, the Mexican Stock Exchange completed its first trade as a part of MILA which, together with the stock exchanges of Santiago, Lima, and Colombia, is the second largest securities market by total capitalisation in Latin America.

History

Bolsa de México
From 1880 to 1900, Plateros and Cadena streets in the historic centre of Mexico City were home to recurring meetings in which brokers and businessmen purchased and sold all kinds of commodities as well as stocks in public offerings. Afterwards, exclusive groups of shareholders and issuing company representatives would gather to negotiate behind closed doors in different places around the city.

In 1894, Manuel Algara, Camilo Arriaga, and Manuel Nicolín pushed, among the most distinguished brokers of the time, the idea of a normative and institutionalised system to trade securities. With the increased backing and widespread support for his ideas, the Bolsa Nacional (National Stock Exchange) was founded on 31 October 1894 at 9 Plateros Street, later renamed Madero Street. Less than a year later, another group of brokers, led by Francisco A. Llerena and Luis G. Necochea, formed a society named Bolsa de México (Stock Exchange of Mexico), and registered as a competing establishment on 14 June 1895. Because of coinciding objectives and links between members of the two institutions, leaders began discussing a union between them. On 3 September 1895, the merger was finalised, keeping the name Bolsa de México, and the administrative offices at the Plateros Street address. The company was officially inaugurated on 21 October 1895.

By the start of the following year, Bolsa de México had three public issuing companies and eight private ones, among them, the Bank of Mexico, the National Bank of Mexico, and the  (later acquired by Banco Santander).
On 1 March 1933, the Congress of Mexico passed and President Abelardo L. Rodríguez signed into law the Regulatory Decree of the General Law of Credit Institutions and Auxiliary Organisations, normalising the exchange of securities and the stock market in Mexico.

Bolsa de Valores de México, S.A.

Because of the legal reforms of the time, and the concession authorised by Congress on 28 October 1933, which for the first time included stock exchanges, the charter and bylaws of the Bolsa de Valores de México, S.A. (Stock Exchange of Mexico) were approved, and on 5 September, the institution was incorporated. That same year, the National Securities Commission, later renamed National Banking and Securities Commission, was established to supervise the Bolsa de Valores de México.

Because of substantial industrial and commercial growth in Mexico mid-century, owing to the rise in the creation of maquiladoras in northern Mexico, as well as the accumulation of capital and the constant creation of new businesses at the time, the Monterrey Stock Exchange was established, and it grew to serve the entire North of the country, reaching over 100 listings. Soon after, businesses in Guadalajara started organising a third stock exchange, and in 1960, the Occidental Stock Exchange was established to serve the West coast of Mexico.

Mexican Stock Exchange created

Because of low performance in the Guadalajara and Monterrey stock exchanges, however, Congress passed in 1975 the Securities' Market Law, which prompted the Bolsa de Valores de México to change its name to Bolsa Mexicana de Valores (Mexican Stock Exchange) and merge the other two exchange houses into it, creating thus the single entity that remains to this day the only stock exchange in Mexico.

On 19 April 1990, the Centro Bursátil was finished on Paseo de la Reforma, turning the Stock Exchange Centre into the heart of the financial district of Mexico City. Five years later, the BMV completely modernised the centre, introducing a completely electronic system (BMV-SENTRA) which was phased into the workings of the exchange, becoming fully operational by 1999.

In 2001, Citigroup became the first foreign company to begin trading in the BMV, opening the door to many new companies to do the same, especially from Central and South America. The same year, the Securities'  Market Law was reformed according to the demutualisation of BMV. The following year, the Corporativo Mexicano del Mercado de Valores, S.A. de C.V. was constituted to manage the hiring of personnel, and administration of the Stock Exchange and other financial institutions within the Centre.

In 2003, the global market was made available through the BMV, allowing national investors access to foreign securities from within the country. In 2006, the Mexican securities market was opened to foreigners through the MexDer system, allowing them operation from anywhere in the world. In October of the same year, four ETFs (exchange-traded funds) over indexes of the stock exchange itself were listed, placing BMV in the first place in Latin America in terms of ETFs listed over own indexes, and as the leading stock exchange in terms of total ETFs.

In 2010, the BMV signed an alliance with the world's largest derivatives exchange, the Chicago Mercantile Exchange, putting Mexican derivatives within reach of international investors.

The Mexican Stock Exchange, BMV, announced its first trade made as part of the Latin American Integrated Market (MILA by its Spanish initials) on 2 December 2014. The trade on MIILA was a $1,415 purchase of 200 shares in Chilean retailer Falabella, executed by GBM Mexico through GBM Chile. With the entry of Mexico into MILA, the integrated stock market now counts 798 issuers among the four countries, making it the biggest market by number of listed companies in Latin America, and the biggest in terms of market capitalization, according to the World Federation of Exchanges. The joint capitalization of the four bourses tops US$1.25 trillion, making it larger than the US$1.22 trillion BM&F Bovespa. The move comes largely as step in the integration efforts between Mexico, Chile, Colombia, and Peru, as members of the Pacific Alliance.

Structure and operations

BMV is now a public company following its IPO in June 2008, and its shares are traded on the BMV equities market. It operates by concession of the Secretariat of Finance and Public Credit.

Until its IPO BMV was owned by its members, which were a group of banks and brokerage firms. The exchange trades debt instruments including Federal Treasury certificates (CETES), Federal Government Development bonds (BONDES), Investment Unit bonds (UDIBONOS), Bankers acceptances, promissory notes with yield payable at maturity, commercial paper and development bank bonds. In addition, it also trades stocks, debentures, mutual fund shares, and warrants. Trading is conducted electronically through the BMV-SENTRA Equities System. Settlement is T+2, and trading hours are 8:30 a.m. to 3 p.m. for the capital markets and 8 a.m. to 2:30 p.m. for debt instruments (Monday through Friday),

Indices

The BMV calculates 13 indices of stock prices. Each index can be used as an underlying value for derivative products listed on specialized markets. The main benchmark stock index is called the IPC, which stands for Índice de Precios y Cotizaciones, and is the broadest indicator of the BMV's overall performance. It is made up of a balanced weighted selection of shares that are representative of all the shares listed on the exchange from various sectors across the economy, and is revised twice a year. Weight is determined by market capitalization. The IPC's value is related to the previous day's value, rather than the base date of October 30, 1978. Since February 2009 the IPC index has included BMV's own A shares. Indice Mexico (INMEX) is a market capitalization weighted index of 20 to 25 of the BMV's most highly marketable issuers, using their most representative series. The sample is limited to issuers with a minimum market value of $100 million and is revised every six months. The weighting cannot be greater than 10% at the start of each calculation period.

Listed companies

Some major examples:
América Móvil: Telecom
Cemex: Cement
FEMSA: Conglomerate
Alfa: Conglomerate
Grupo Aeroportuario del Pacifico: Airports
Grupo Bimbo: Food
Grupo Industrial Saltillo: Conglomerate
Grupo Modelo: Beverage
Banco Santander (Mexico): Retail and Private Banking
Siemens AG: Conglomerate
Azteca: Television, Media
Televisa: Television, Media
Telmex: Telecom
Walmex: Retail

See also
List of stock exchange mergers in the Americas
List of stock exchanges in the Americas
List of Mexican companies
List of largest Mexican companies
Economy of Mexico
Mexican peso


Highland Chief (1798 ship)

Highland Chief was launched at Calcutta in 1798. She made two voyages for the British East India Company (EIC) before a French privateer captured her in 1802 south of the Bay of Bengal.

Career
EIC voyage #1 (1799): Captain Thomas Scott sailed from Bengal on 16 January 1799. Highland Chief reached St Helena on 10 April. She was part of a convoy of some 18 ships that left St Helena on 9 May under escort by . Highland Chief arrived at the Downs on 13 July.

She was admitted to British Registry on 14 August 1799. Highland Chief appears in Lloyd's Register in 1799 with Scott, master. Lennox & Co., owner, and trade London—India. On 17 October Captain William Greenway (or Greenaway) sailed from Falmouth for Bengal. The 14-gun brig  was to escort the merchantmen.

EIC voyage #2 (1800–1801): Captain William Greenway left Bengal on 11 December 1800, bound for England. Highland Chief reached St Helena on 24 February 1801. She was part of a small convoy under escort by  that also included , , and .

In May during a fog off the Lizard a frigate ran into Highland Chief. Both vessels sustained substantial damage. Highland Chief arrived on 23 May at Plymouth "in distress". Then on 7 June the hired armed lugger Valiant escorted Highland Chief and a convoy to the River Thames. Highland Chief finally arrived in the Downs on 10 June, and Gravesend two days later.

Capture
Highland Chief, Captain Greenaway, sailed from Gravesend on 23 September, bound for India. She sailed via Madeira and Rio de Janeiro, and arrived at the Cape of Good Hope on 16 December.

On 13 August 1802 Lloyd's List reported that a small privateer had captured Highland Chief as she was on her way to Bengal and that her captain had been killed when the privateers boarded her. The privateer sent Highland Chief into Île de France. Then on 26 December Lloyd's List reported that , Tay, and Highland Chief had been taken into Île de France and condemned there as prizes of war.

On 5 February 1802 Highland Chief encountered the French privateer Subtilite (or Subtile), of five guns and 116 men under the command of Captain Pineau at . Subtile was flying American colours and seemed unarmed; Greenway thought that it might be the American brig Roebuck, which they had seen several times since leaving the Cape. As the vessel got close, the British realized that it was armed, much more heavily crewed than it had initially appeared to be, and was hostile. An engagement ensued of about half an hour. At the outset, Highland Chiefs Portuguese and lascar crewmen fled below, leaving only 21 English crew to continue the fight. After the exchange of four or five broadsides Subtile came alongside and 95 Frenchmen came on board, capturing her.

Highland Chief had already struck when one of the Frenchmen in the rigging fired a Blunderbuss at Captain Greenway, who was standing on the poop deck, killing him. In addition to the loss of Captain Greenway, several crew had been wounded by cutlasses during the boarding. The French had lost eight men dead and 19 wounded.

Next day Subtile captured Roebuck, firing on her despite the fact that she was flying American colours and hence was a neutral vessel. The French plundered Roebuck, transferring both that plunder and Highland Chiefs guns and some other items to Subtile. After about 30 hours Pineau dispatched Highland Chief to Mauritius. He put all his prisoners aboard Roebuck, put some extra water and provisions aboard her, and sent her on to India. She arrived at Vizagaptam around 5 March.

In June 1802,  sailed to Île de France having on board a number of French prisoners, who had been detained in Bengal. The prisoners were under the charge of Mr. Campbell, who the Bengal Government had also charged with negotiating with the Governor of Île de France for the release of Tay, Highland Chief, and Porcher. The vessels and their cargoes were estimated to be worth £100,000. That the preliminaries had been signed was known at the time of capture to both the captain of Porcher and the captain of Bellone, the privateer that had captured her and Tay. Even so, the French prize court upheld the seizures.

Porcher eventually returned to British ownership following a recapture. It is not currently clear what subsequently happened to Highland Chief or Tay.

Notes, citations, and references
Notes

Citations


John Thompson (banker)

John Thompson (November 27, 1802 – April 19, 1891) was a United States banker, financial publisher, and dealer in bank notes.

Early life
Thompson was born in Peru, Massachusetts near Pittsfield on November 27, 1802.  He was the son of a farmer and former Revolutionary War soldier.

Career
At twenty years old, Thompson worked as a teacher in Hampshire County before becoming a lottery-ticket dealer in Poughkeepsie, New York with Yates & McIntyre (Archibald McIntyre and Henry Yates, brother of Governor Joseph C. Yates).  The lottery scheme was legalized by the State Legislature for the benefit of Union College.  In 1832, he left Poughkeepsie for New York City to become a dealer in bank notes.

In 1836, he founded Thompson's Bank Note Reporter. The publication was devoted to "sorting out the good banks and their notes from bad banks and their notes."  In 1885, the renamed "Thomson's Bank-Note and Commercial Reporter" was purchased by Anthony Stumpf and Charles David Steurer who renamed the weekly publication the The American Banker.

In 1863, together with his sons, Samuel and Frederick, he founded First National Bank of the City of New York (a predecessor to today's Citibank) in 1863; it opened its doors on July 22 of that year.  George Fisher Baker became president of the bank after the Thompsons left the bank in the hands of Harris C. Fahnestock, a former partner of railroad financier Jay Cooke in the banking firm of Jay Cooke & Company, in 1877.

He also founded Chase National Bank of the City of New York in 1877 (a predecessor to today's JPMorgan Chase Bank).  The bank was named after their friend and U.S. Secretary of the Treasury Salmon P. Chase.

Personal life
In 1828, Thompson was married to Electa Ferris (1808–1902), a daughter of Lydia Smith Ferris and Solomon Ferris. They resided in New York City at 295 Madison Avenue and summered at The Anchorage in Highland, New York.  Together, Electa and John were the parents of six children, including:

 Melvina Thompson (1829–1832), who died in childhood.
 Irving Ferris Thompson (1832–1833), who died in infancy.
 Eudora Thompson (1832–1899), who married Francis G. Adams (1825–1903), a son of Herman Culyer Adams, in 1851.
 Samuel C. Thompson (1835–1884), who married Abigail E. Sherman (1841–1907), daughter of Edward T Sherman.
 Frederick Ferris Thompson (1836–1899), who married Mary Lee Clark, daughter of Governor Myron Holley Clark, in 1857.

After a severe illness that lasted four months, Thompson died on April 19, 1891 at his home in New York at 295 Madison Avenue.  His wife died at her home in New York in September 1902 at the age of 95.


Funda Eryiğit

Funda Eryiğit (born 6 November 1984) is an Turkish actress.

Early life
After graduating from Kadir Has Anatolian High School, she graduated from Istanbul University State Conservatory Theater Department after completing the International Relations Department of Istanbul University Political Sciences Faculty.

Career
She won the Best Actress award in the musical / comedy category at the 18th Sadri Alışık Theater and Cinema Player Awards due to her performance in Sessizlik at Istanbul State Theater's 2012-2013 season. She has also been nominated for the Best Actress award at the 17th Afife Theater Awards. In 2016, she appeared in the Poyraz Karayel series.

She was first recognised for her role Canım Ailem. She became popular after playing the role of Esra in Gecenin Kraliçesi.

Filmography


Asif Kottayil

Asif Kottayil (born 24 May 1985 in Trikaripur, Kasaragod is an Indian footballer who plays as a central midfielder for Mohun Bagan in the I-League.

Career

Prayag United
After playing college football at Payyanur College, Asif was signed by Malabar United of the I-League 2nd Division for the 2008 season. After two seasons with Malabar, Asif was signed by Prayag United who were then known as Chirag United, where he made just the one appearance in one season.

Chirag United Kerala
After one season at Chirag United, Asif joined Chirag United Club Kerala after Chirag Group who were sponsors of Chirag United dropped their sponsorship of the Kolkata club and took over Viva Kerala, renaming the Kerala-based club as Chirag United Kerala. He only stayed at the club for one season however scoring once in nineteen appearances.

Back to Prayag United
On 11 May 2012 it was announced that Asif had re-signed for Prayag United for the 2012-13 I-League season.
In first season he played 24 I-League matches and scored a one goal.

Career statistics

Club


5th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)

{{Infobox military unit
|unit_name= 5th Panzer Division
|native_name= 5. Panzerdivision— 5. PzDiv —XX
|image=
|caption=
|dates=15 November 1938 – 8 May 1945
|country=
|branch= German Heer
|type=Panzer
|role=Armoured warfare
|size=Division
|command_structure=  Wehrmacht
|garrison=Wehrkreis VIII: Oppeln
|garrison_label=
|nickname=
|motto=
|colors=
|march=
|mascot=
|battles=World War II
 Invasion of Poland
 Battle of France
 Battle of Greece
 Operation Barbarossa
 Battle of Moscow
 Battles of Rzhev
 Operation Bagration
 East Prussian Offensive

|decorations=
|notable_commanders=

|identification_symbol=
|identification_symbol_label=1940
|identification_symbol_2=
|identification_symbol_2_label=1941–1945
|identification_symbol_3=
|identification_symbol_3_label=at Kursk
|identification_symbol_4=
|identification_symbol_4_label=
}}

The 5th Panzer Division''' () was an armoured division in the German Army, the Wehrmacht, during World War II, established in 1938.

The division fought in Poland, France, the Balkans and in the Soviet Union; first as part of Army Group Centre (1941–44) and then Army Group North. The division surrendered to Soviet and Western Allied forces in April and May 1945.

History
The 5th Panzer Division was formed in Oppeln, now Opole in Poland, on 15 November 1938 as part of a second wave of new armoured divisions in Germany following the creation of the original three tank divisions in 1935. Alongside the 5th Panzer Division the 4th had been formed in Würzburg five days earlier. The personnel of the division was mainly made up of Silesians and Sudeten Germans, the Sudetenland having been annexed by Germany shortly before.

The division took part in the invasion of Poland in 1939 but played no major role in it, being part of the southern thrust of the German advance towards Lwów and taking part in the Battle of Lwow. The 5th Panzer Division played a much greater role in the German invasion of France and Belgium. It took part in the battle of Belgium, advanced towards Lille and participated in the Battle of Dunkirk. It continued its advance south, took Brest on 19 June and continued on towards the French-Spanish border. The division remained in France until January 1941. During this time, in September 1940, it lost one of its two tank regiments to the newly created 11th Panzer Division in an effort to increase the number of German tank divisions that, in turn, slightly weakened the existing ones.

The 5th Panzer Division was sent to Romania and Bulgaria in early 1941 and took part in the German invasion of Yugoslavia and Greece. It advanced through southern Yugoslavia and into Greece and was engaged in heavy fighting against the 2nd New Zealand Division. After the end of the Greek campaign the division was sent to the north to participate in the German invasion of the Soviet Union, Operation Barbarossa, in which the 5th Panzer Division took part in the advance on Moscow. Coming within 34 km of the city the division was forced to retreat after the Soviet counterattack in December 1941 and remained in a defensive position throughout the winter of 1941–42. It did not take part in the German advance on the Caucasus and the Volga, Case Blue, instead remaining with the Army Group Center and being engaged in defensive battles.

The division did not actively participate in the German offensive during the Battle of Kursk but was involved in defensive battles after the failure of the former. For the remainder of the war the division continued to retreat and fight in defensive battles on the Eastern Front in Poland, briefly in Courland and East Prussia. It was trapped on the Samland peninsula in April 1945 and parts of the division were evacuated by the German Navy, thereby being able to surrender to the Western Allies at the end of the war. The remainder surrendered to Soviet forces in April 1945.

Throughout the fighting on the Eastern Front the division was seen as one of the best German units by their Soviet counterparts. Up until July 1944, when Operation Bagration caused the destruction of the German Army Group Center, the Soviet High Command advised against directly engaging the division if possible.

Commanding officers
The commanders of the division:
 Generalleutnant Heinrich von Vietinghoff (2 September 1939 – 8 October 1939)
 Generalleutnant Max von Hartlieb-Walsporn (8 October 1939 – 29 May 1940)
 General der Panzertruppen Joachim Lemelsen (29 May 1940 – 25 November 1940)
 General der Panzertruppe Gustav Fehn (25 November 1940 – 10 August 1942)
 Generalleutnant Eduard Metz (10 August 1942 – 1 February 1943)
 Generalmajor Johannes Nedtwig (1 February 1943 – 20 June 1943)
 Generalleutnant Ernst Felix Fäckenstedt (20 June 1943 – 7 September 1943)
 General der Panzertruppe Karl Decker (7 September 1943 – 16 October 1944)
 Generalmajor Rolf Lippert (16 October 1944 – 5 February 1945)
 Generalmajor Günther Hoffmann-Schönborn (5 February 1945 – April 1945)
 Oberst der Reserve Hans-Georg Herzog (April 1945)

Organisation
The organisation of the division:


Win McMurry

Win McMurry (born March 12, 1983) is an American sportscaster. Until October 2013, she anchored Golf Channel's "PGA Tour Primetime" and reported for Golf Central, Morning Drive and other programming features and specials. She is also the host of a series of travel shows on GolfChannel.com titled “Gone With the Win”, and McMurry is also the resident fantasy golf expert, as well as the network's authority on golf fashion.

McMurry previously worked as a producer, writer and host of PGA Tour Entertainment’s PGA Tour Today, Monday Backspin, and Morning Movers on PGATour.com. She has also worked at CBS Sports Network as a golf cart driver for personnel covering the PGA Tour, and a runner for the NFL, and NCAA Basketball, and as a production assistant for WCBS-TV.

Personal life
McMurry was born in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, to Jane Hight McMurry and John E. McMurry, Jr MD, and raised in Wilmington, North Carolina. She is a graduate of University of North Carolina Chapel Hill with a Bachelor of Science in Journalism and Communications Studies and a Post-Graduate Certificate in Business from the Kenan-Flagler School of Business. She also has a sister, Allison Louise McMurry.

McMurry works with many charities, including the Special Olympics, OutFox Cancer, Children’s Miracle Network Hospitals, The First Tee and Junior Champions Foundation.

McMurry was named golf’s "No.1 Beauty" by Sports Illustrated's GOLF Magazine, and crowned "Miss Fantasy Challenge" by Golf Channel. McMurry has received two Telly Awards for her work as a producer, writer, and host of groundbreaking online content for the PGA Tour.


Leslie Dixon

Leslie Dixon is an American screenwriter and film producer. She began her career as an original screenwriter, writing films such as 1987's Outrageous Fortune and Overboard. She then moved into adaptations and re-writes, developing the screenplays for: Mrs. Doubtfire, The Thomas Crown Affair, Pay It Forward, and Hairspray. She has also produced a variety of films, and the television series Limitless.

Biography

Early life
Leslie Dixon is the granddaughter of photographer Dorothea Lange and landscaper painter Maynard Dixon. Dixon grew up in the California Bay Area. At the age of 18, she was living alone in San Francisco without enough money to afford college. Once she realized that she wanted to pursue writing, she moved to Hollywood at the age of 26 with hopes of making her way into the film industry. Having no contacts within the industry, she began by working office jobs for several years and eventually landed a job as a script reader. During her time as a script reader, she studied the scripts she was reading. She learned the structure of scripts, their layout on the page, the elements that were needed in order to make a script appealing and successful, and she recognized the types of scripts that gained the most attention from producers. This gave her insight into "what was and wasn’t being bought". After a year of living in Hollywood, she wrote her first screenplay (written with an unknown co-writer). Her partner got an agent attached to the piece, and after receiving two offers, it was sold to Columbia Pictures for $30,000. However, the screenplay never made it to production.

Career
Her first solo screenplay was Outrageous Fortune (1987), written for Shelley Long and Bette Midler. The idea for the screenplay came at Robert Cort's request for a "female buddy film". From 1987 to 1997, Dixon continued to write romantic comedies, including Overboard (1987), Loverboy (1989), Mrs. Doubtfire (1993), and That Old Feeling (1997). She also wrote an adaptation for The Thomas Crown Affair (1999), a re-write from Alan Trustman's original screenplay in 1968, and then the drama Pay It Forward (2000) based on Catherine Ryan Hyde's 1999 novel of the same name. After reading Alan Glynn's The Dark Fields, she wrote Limitless (2011).

In 2004, Dixon was nominated for a Saturn Award for Best Writing for her Freaky Friday (2003) screenplay.

Personal life
She is married to fellow screenwriter, producer and director Tom Ropelewski. Their son was born January 16, 1996. They reside in Beverly Hills, California.

Filmography

Feature Films

TV Shows


Fluid catalytic cracking

Fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) is one of the most important conversion processes used in petroleum refineries. It is widely used to convert the high-boiling, high-molecular weight hydrocarbon fractions of petroleum crude oils into more valuable gasoline, olefinic gases, and other products. Cracking of petroleum hydrocarbons was originally done by thermal cracking, which has been almost completely replaced by catalytic cracking because it produces more gasoline with a higher octane rating. It also produces byproduct gases that have more carbon-carbon double bonds (i.e. more olefins), and hence more economic value, than those produced by thermal cracking.

The feedstock to FCC is usually that portion of the crude oil that has an initial boiling point of  or higher at atmospheric pressure and an average molecular weight ranging from about 200 to 600 or higher. This portion of crude oil is often referred to as heavy gas oil or vacuum gas oil (HVGO). In the FCC process, the feedstock is heated to a high temperature and moderate pressure, and brought into contact with a hot, powdered catalyst. The catalyst breaks the long-chain molecules of the high-boiling hydrocarbon liquids into much shorter molecules, which are collected as a vapor.

Economics
Oil refineries use fluid catalytic cracking to correct the imbalance between the market demand for gasoline and the excess of heavy, high boiling range products resulting from the distillation of crude oil.

As of 2006, FCC units were in operation at 400 petroleum refineries worldwide and about one-third of the crude oil refined in those refineries is processed in an FCC to produce high-octane gasoline and fuel oils. During 2007, the FCC units in the United States processed a total of  per day of feedstock and FCC units worldwide processed about twice that amount.

FCC units are less common in EMEA because those regions have high demand for diesel and kerosene, which can be satisfied with hydrocracking. In the US, fluid catalytic cracking is more common because the demand for gasoline is higher.

Flow diagram and process description
The modern FCC units are all continuous processes which operate 24 hours a day for as long as 3 to 5 years between scheduled shutdowns for routine maintenance.

There are several different proprietary designs that have been developed for modern FCC units. Each design is available under a license that must be purchased from the design developer by any petroleum refining company desiring to construct and operate an FCC of a given design.

There are two different configurations for an FCC unit: the "stacked" type where the reactor and the catalyst regenerator are contained in two separate vessels, with the reactor above the regenerator. There is a skirt between these vessels allowing the regenerator off-gas piping to connect to the top of the regenerator vessel. And the "side-by-side" type where the reactor and catalyst regenerator are in two separate vessels. The stacked configuration occupies less physical space of the refinery area. These are the major FCC designers and licensors:

Side-by-side configuration:
CB&I
ExxonMobil Research and Engineering (EMRE)
Shell Global Solutions
Axens / Stone & Webster Process Technology — currently owned by Technip
Universal Oil Products (UOP) — currently fully owned subsidiary of Honeywell

Stacked configuration:
Kellogg Brown & Root (KBR)

Each of the proprietary design licensors claims to have unique features and advantages. A complete discussion of the relative advantages of each of the processes is beyond the scope of this article.

Reactor and Regenerator
The reactor and regenerator are considered to be the heart of the fluid catalytic cracking unit. The schematic flow diagram of a typical modern FCC unit in Figure 1 below is based upon the "side-by-side" configuration. The preheated high-boiling petroleum feedstock (at about 315 to 430 °C) consisting of long-chain hydrocarbon molecules is combined with recycle slurry oil from the bottom of the distillation column and injected into the catalyst riser where it is vaporized and cracked into smaller molecules of vapor by contact and mixing with the very hot powdered catalyst from the regenerator. All of the cracking reactions take place in the catalyst riser within a period of 2–4 seconds. The hydrocarbon vapors "fluidize" the powdered catalyst and the mixture of hydrocarbon vapors and catalyst flows upward to enter the reactor at a temperature of about 535 °C and a pressure of about 1.72 bar.

The reactor is a vessel in which the cracked product vapors are: (a) separated from the spent catalyst by flowing through a set of two-stage cyclones within the reactor and (b) the spent catalyst flows downward through a steam stripping section to remove any hydrocarbon vapors before the spent catalyst returns to the catalyst regenerator. The flow of spent catalyst to the regenerator is regulated by a slide valve in the spent catalyst line.

Since the cracking reactions produce some carbonaceous material (referred to as catalyst coke) that deposits on the catalyst and very quickly reduces the catalyst reactivity, the catalyst is regenerated by burning off the deposited coke with air blown into the regenerator. The regenerator operates at a temperature of about 715 °C and a pressure of about 2.41 bar, hence the regenerator operates at about 0.7 bar higher pressure than the reactor. The combustion of the coke is exothermic and it produces a large amount of heat that is partially absorbed by the regenerated catalyst and provides the heat required for the  vaporization of the feedstock and the endothermic cracking reactions that take place in the catalyst riser. For that reason, FCC units are often referred to as being 'heat balanced'.

The hot catalyst (at about 715 °C) leaving the regenerator flows into a catalyst withdrawal well where any entrained combustion flue gases are allowed to escape and flow back into the upper part to the regenerator. The flow of regenerated catalyst to the feedstock injection point below the catalyst riser is regulated by a slide valve in the regenerated catalyst line. The hot flue gas exits the regenerator after passing through multiple sets of two-stage cyclones that remove entrained catalyst from the flue gas.

The amount of catalyst circulating between the regenerator and the reactor amounts to about 5 kg per kg of feedstock, which is equivalent to about 4.66 kg per litre of feedstock. Thus, an FCC unit processing  will circulate about 55,900 tonnes per day of catalyst.

Main column
The reaction product vapors (at 535 °C and a pressure of 1.72 bar) flow from the top of the reactor to the bottom section of the  main column (commonly referred to as the main fractionator where feed splitting takes place) where they are distilled into the FCC end products of cracked petroleum naphtha, fuel oil, and offgas. After further processing for removal of sulfur compounds, the cracked naphtha becomes a high-octane component of the refinery's blended gasolines.

The main fractionator offgas is sent to what is called a gas recovery unit where it is separated into butanes and butylenes, propane and propylene, and lower molecular weight gases (hydrogen, methane, ethylene and ethane). Some FCC gas recovery units may also separate out some of the ethane and ethylene.

Although the schematic flow diagram above depicts the main fractionator as having only one sidecut stripper and one fuel oil product, many FCC main fractionators have two sidecut strippers and produce a light fuel oil and a heavy fuel oil. Likewise, many FCC main fractionators produce a light cracked naphtha and a heavy cracked naphtha. The terminology light and heavy in this context refers to the product boiling ranges, with light products having a lower boiling range than heavy products.

The bottom product oil from the main fractionator contains residual catalyst particles which were not completely removed by the cyclones in the top of the reactor. For that reason, the bottom product oil is referred to as a slurry oil. Part of that slurry oil is recycled back into the main fractionator above the entry point of the hot reaction product vapors so as to cool and partially condense the reaction product vapors as they enter the main fractionator. The remainder of the slurry oil is pumped through a slurry settler. The bottom oil from the slurry settler contains most of the slurry oil catalyst particles and is recycled back into the catalyst riser by combining it with the FCC feedstock oil. The clarified slurry oil or decant oil is withdrawn from the top of slurry settler for use elsewhere in the refinery, as a heavy fuel oil blending component, or as carbon black feedstock.

Regenerator flue gas
Depending on the choice of FCC design, the combustion in the regenerator of the coke on the spent catalyst may or may not be complete combustion to carbon dioxide . The combustion air flow is controlled so as to provide the desired ratio of carbon monoxide (CO) to carbon dioxide for each specific FCC design.

In the design shown in Figure 1, the coke has only been partially combusted to . The combustion flue gas (containing CO and ) at 715 °C and at a pressure of 2.41 bar is routed through a secondary catalyst separator containing swirl tubes designed to remove 70 to 90 percent of the particulates in the flue gas leaving the regenerator. This is required to prevent erosion damage to the blades in the turbo-expander that the flue gas is next routed through.

The expansion of flue gas through a turbo-expander provides sufficient power to drive the regenerator's combustion air compressor. The electrical motor-generator can consume or produce electrical power. If the expansion of the flue gas does not provide enough power to drive the air compressor, the electric motor/generator provides the needed additional power. If the flue gas expansion provides more power than needed to drive the air compressor, then the electric motor/generator converts the excess power into electric power and exports it to the refinery's electrical system.

The expanded flue gas is then routed through a steam-generating boiler (referred to as a CO boiler) where the carbon monoxide in the flue gas is burned as fuel to provide steam for use in the refinery as well as to comply with any applicable environmental regulatory limits on carbon monoxide emissions.

The flue gas is finally processed through an electrostatic precipitator (ESP) to remove residual particulate matter to comply with any applicable environmental regulations regarding particulate emissions. The ESP removes particulates in the size range of 2 to 20 µm from the flue gas. Particulate filter systems, known as Fourth Stage Separators (FSS) are sometimes required to meet particulate emission limits. These can replace the ESP when particulate emissions are the only concern.

The steam turbine in the flue gas processing system (shown in the above diagram) is used to drive the regenerator's combustion air compressor during start-ups of the FCC unit until there is sufficient combustion flue gas to take over that task.

Feedstock

Mechanism and products of catalytic cracking
The fluid catalytic cracking process breaks large hydrocarbons by their conversion to carbocations, which undergo myriad rearrangements.

Figure 2 is a very simplified schematic diagram that exemplifies how the process breaks high boiling, straight-chain alkane (paraffin) hydrocarbons into smaller straight-chain alkanes as well as branched-chain alkanes, branched alkenes (olefins) and cycloalkanes (naphthenes). The breaking of the large hydrocarbon molecules into smaller molecules is more technically referred to by organic chemists as scission of the carbon-to-carbon bonds.

As depicted in Figure 2, some of the smaller alkanes are then broken and converted into even smaller alkenes and branched alkenes such as the gases ethylene, propylene, butylenes, and isobutylenes. Those olefinic gases are valuable for use as petrochemical feedstocks. The propylene, butylene and isobutylene are also valuable feedstocks for certain petroleum refining processes that convert them into high-octane gasoline blending components.

As also depicted in Figure 2, the cycloalkanes (naphthenes) formed by the initial breakup of the large molecules are further converted to aromatics such as benzene, toluene, and xylenes, which boil in the gasoline boiling range and have much higher octane ratings than alkanes.

In the cracking process carbon is also produced which gets deposited on the catalyst (catalyst coke). The carbon formation tendency or amount of carbon in a crude or FCC feed is measured with methods such as Micro Carbon Residue, Conradson Carbon Residue, or Ramsbottom Carbon Residue.

Catalysts
Modern FCC catalysts are fine powders with a bulk density of 0.80 to 0.96 g/cm3 and having a particle size distribution ranging from 10 to 150 µm and an average particle size of 60 to 100 μm. The design and operation of an FCC unit is largely dependent upon the chemical and physical properties of the catalyst. The desirable properties of an FCC catalyst are:

 Good stability to high temperature and to steam
 High activity
 Large pore sizes
 Good resistance to attrition
 Low coke production

A modern FCC catalyst has four major components: crystalline zeolite, matrix, binder, and filler. Zeolite is the active component and can comprise from about 15 to 50 weight percent of the catalyst. Faujasite (aka Type Y) is the zeolite used in FCC units. The zeolite are strong solid acids (equivalent to 90% sulfuric acid). The alumina matrix component of an FCC catalyst also contributes to catalytic activity sites. The binder and filler components provide the physical strength and integrity of the catalyst. The binder is usually silica sol and the filler is usually a clay (kaolin). The major suppliers of FCC catalysts worldwide include Albemarle Corporation, W.R. Grace Company, and BASF Catalysts (formerly Engelhard). The price for lanthanum oxide used in fluid catalytic cracking has risen from $5 per kilogram in early 2010 to $140 per kilogram in June 2011. FCC units continuously withdraw and replace some of the catalyst in order to maintain a steady level of activity.

History
The first commercial use of catalytic cracking occurred in 1915 when Almer M. McAfee of Gulf Refining Company developed a batch process using aluminum chloride (a Friedel Crafts catalyst known since 1877) to catalytically crack heavy petroleum oils. However, the prohibitive cost of the catalyst prevented the widespread use of McAfee's process at that time.

In 1922, a French mechanical engineer named Eugene Jules Houdry and a French pharmacist named E.A. Prudhomme set up a laboratory near Paris to develop a catalytic process for converting lignite coal to gasoline. Supported by the French government, they built a small demonstration plant in 1929 that processed about 60 tons per day of lignite coal. The results indicated that the process was not economically viable and it was subsequently shut down.

Houdry had found that Fuller's earth, a clay mineral containing aluminosilicates, could convert oil derived from the lignite to gasoline. He then began to study the catalysis of petroleum oils and had some success in converting vaporized petroleum oil to gasoline. In 1930, the Vacuum Oil Company invited him to come to the United States and he moved his laboratory to Paulsboro, New Jersey.

In 1931, the Vacuum Oil Company merged with Standard Oil of New York (Socony) to form the Socony-Vacuum Oil Company. In 1933, a small Houdry unit processed  of petroleum oil. Because of the economic depression of the early 1930s, Socony-Vacuum was no longer able to support Houdry's work and gave him permission to seek help elsewhere.

In 1933, Houdry and Socony-Vacuum joined with Sun Oil Company in developing the Houdry process. Three years later, in 1936, Socony-Vacuum converted an older thermal cracking unit in their Paulsboro refinery in New Jersey to a small demonstration unit using the Houdry process to catalytically crack  of petroleum oil.

In 1937, Sun Oil began operation of a new Houdry unit processing  in their Marcus Hook refinery in Pennsylvania. The Houdry process at that time used reactors with a fixed bed of catalyst and was a semi-batch operation involving multiple reactors with some of the reactors in operation while other reactors were in various stages of regenerating the catalyst. Motor-driven valves were used to switch the reactors between online operation and offline regeneration and a cycle timer managed the switching. Almost 50 percent of the cracked product was gasoline as compared with about 25 percent from the thermal cracking processes.

By 1938, when the Houdry process was publicly announced, Socony-Vacuum had eight additional units under construction. Licensing the process to other companies also began and by 1940 there were 14 Houdry units in operation processing .

The next major step was to develop a continuous process rather than the semi-batch Houdry process. That step was implemented by advent of the moving-bed process known as the Thermofor Catalytic Cracking (TCC) process which used a bucket conveyor-elevator to move the catalyst from the regeneration kiln to the separate reactor section. A small semicommercial demonstration TCC unit was built in Socony-Vacuum's Paulsboro refinery in 1941 and operated successfully, producing . Then a full-scale commercial TCC unit processing  began operation in 1943 at the Beaumont, Texas refinery of Magnolia Oil Company, an affiliate of Socony-Vacuum. By the end of World War II in 1945, the processing capacity of the TCC units in operation was about .

It is said that the Houdry and TCC units were a major factor in the winning of World War II by supplying the high-octane gasoline needed by the air forces of Great Britain and the United States for the more efficient higher compression ratio engines of the Spitfire and the Mustang.

In the years immediately after World War II, the Houdriflow process and the air-lift TCC process were developed as improved variations on the moving-bed theme. Just like Houdry's fixed-bed reactors, the moving-bed designs were prime examples of good engineering by developing a method of continuously moving the catalyst between the reactor and regeneration sections. The first air-lift TCC unit began operation in October 1950 at the Beaumont, Texas refinery.

This fluid catalytic cracking process had first been investigated in the 1920s by Standard Oil of New Jersey, but research on it was abandoned during the economic depression years of 1929 to 1939. In 1938, when the success of Houdry's process had become apparent, Standard Oil of New Jersey resumed the project as part of a consortium of that include five oil companies (Standard Oil of New Jersey, Standard Oil of Indiana, Anglo-Iranian Oil, Texas Oil and Dutch Shell), two engineering-construction companies (M.W. Kellogg Limited and Universal Oil Products) and a German chemical company (I.G. Farben). The consortium was called Catalytic Research Associates (CRA) and its purpose was to develop a catalytic cracking process which would not impinge on Houdry's patents.

Chemical engineering professors Warren K. Lewis and Edwin R. Gilliland of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) suggested to the CRA researchers that a low velocity gas flow through a powder might "lift" it enough to cause it to flow in a manner similar to a liquid. Focused on that idea of a fluidized catalyst, researchers Donald Campbell, Homer Martin, Eger Murphree and Charles Tyson of the Standard Oil of New Jersey (now Exxon-Mobil Company) developed the first fluidized catalytic cracking unit. Their U.S. Patent No. 2,451,804, A Method of and Apparatus for Contacting Solids and Gases, describes their milestone invention. Based on their work, M. W. Kellogg Company constructed a large pilot plant in the Baton Rouge, Louisiana refinery of the Standard Oil of New Jersey. The pilot plant began operation in May 1940.

Based on the success of the pilot plant, the first commercial fluid catalytic cracking plant (known as the Model I FCC) began processing  of petroleum oil in the Baton Rouge refinery on May 25, 1942, just four years after the CRA consortium was formed and in the midst of World War II. A little more than a month later, in July 1942, it was processing . In 1963, that first Model I FCC unit was shut down after 21 years of operation and subsequently dismantled.

In the many decades since the Model I FCC unit began operation, the fixed bed Houdry units have all been shut down as have most of the moving bed units (such as the TCC units) while hundreds of FCC units have been built. During those decades, many improved FCC designs have evolved and cracking catalysts have been greatly improved, but the modern FCC units are essentially the same as that first Model I FCC unit.


Gluta travancorica

Gluta travancorica (Malayalam: ശെന്തുരുണി) is a species of plant in the Anacardiaceae family. It is endemic to India.

This species is commonly found in the eastern area of Southern Kerala, especially Kollam District. A wildlife sanctuary in Kollam district is named after this tree, which is locally called 'shenduruni'.


Deca i Sunce

Deca i Sunce (Children and the Sun) is the fourth studio album by the Serbian hip-hop artist Marčelo. This is the first album released under moniker "Marčelo & Filteri". The album contains 14 songs.

Track listing

Other
Luxury Edition of the album is released on July 6, 2011. It comes with three additional tracks on main disc (, and ) and bonus DVD called , recording of concert in Belgrade Youth Center.


Scheffel bogie

A Scheffel bogie is a flexible, high-stability bogie designed to reduce lateral force vibrations and accommodate turning on narrow gauge tracks at high speed. It first went into service in a fleet of South African Railway (SAR) ore wagons in 1975. It is named after its inventor, Dr. Herbert Scheffel, who designed the Scheffel bogie to facilitate the development of South Africa's  narrow-gauge railway system. The Scheffel bogie was used to set the world narrow gauge speed record of  on Cape gauge tracks.


Thomas Claiborne Creasy House

The Thomas Claiborne Creasy House is a historic house at 415 South Main Street in Gretna, Virginia.  It is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, built in 1840 with later additions that substantially complemented the original construction.  The original main block is Italianate in style, with Colonial Revival addition made in the 1880s and a Craftsman addition in 1923.  A Colonial Revival porch wraps around much of the structure, unifying the parts.  The house stands on a large landscaped parcel that includes several surviving farm outbuildings and the family cemetery of the Creasys.  Thomas Creasy, who bought the 1840 house and substantially enlarged it, was one of Gretna's wealthiest businessmen of the post-Reconstruction era.  The property is now used as a function and event facility.

The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2015.


Charles Cagniard de la Tour

Baron Charles Cagniard de la Tour (31 March 1777 – 5 July 1859) was a French engineer and physicist. Charles Cagniard was born in Paris, and after attending the École Polytechnique became one of the ingénieurs géographiques. He examined the mechanism of voice-production, invented a blowing machine and contributed to acoustics by inventing an improved siren. He also studied yeast.

In 1822, he discovered the critical point of a substance in his cannon barrel experiments. Listening to discontinuities in the sound of a rolling flint ball in a sealed cannon filled with fluids at various temperatures, he observed the critical temperature. Above this temperature, the densities of the liquid and gas phases become equal and the distinction between them disappears, resulting in a single supercritical fluid phase.

He was made a baron in 1818. He died in Paris.

Research

He was the author of numerous inventions, including the cagniardelle, a blowing machine, which consists essentially of an Archimedean screw set obliquely in a tank of water in such a way that its lower end is completely and its upper end partially immersed, and operated by being rotated in the opposite direction to that required for raising water.

He invented the improved siren,  which was named after him, around 1819 and he used it for ascertaining the number of vibrations corresponding to a sound of any particular pitch. He also made experiments on the mechanism of voice-production.

In course of an investigation in 1822–1823 on the effects of heat and pressure on certain liquids he found that for each there was a certain temperature above which it refused to remain liquid but passed into the gaseous state, no matter what the amount of pressure to which it was subjected, and in the case of water he determined this critical temperature, with a remarkable approach to accuracy, to be 362 °C. He also studied the nature of yeast and the influence of extreme cold upon its life.

Notes


Kopernika Street in Bydgoszcz

Kopernika street is located in central Bydgoszcz. Several buildings on Kopernika Street are registered on the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship Heritage List. The street is named for Nicolaus Copernicus (1473  1543).

Location
Kopernika Street is located in the eastern part of central Bydgoszcz. The street runs between Ossoliński Alley and Staszica and Paderewskiego Streets. It is close to the precinct of the Pomeranian Philharmonic orchestra.

Naming
The name of the street has changed over time:
 Eigenheimm Straße A and then Hindenburg straße (1914  1920)
 Ulica Kopernika (1920  1939)
 Bismarck Straße (1939  1945) after Otto von Bismarck
 Ulica Kopernika (1945 onwards)

History

In the early 20th century, Bydgoszcz was called "Bromberg". A large distinct area developed east of the town centre. This area was delineated by Ossoliński Alley, Adam Mickiewicz Alley and Markwarta, Paderewskiego and Staszica streets. The area lay north of a Christian cemetery which became Ludowy Park, on Jagiellońska street.

In 1906, the Emperor Wilhelm Royal Institute of Agriculture, (Kaiser Wilhelm's Institut für Landwirtschaft zu Bromberg) was constructed to the east of the area. At the same time, between 1905 and 1907, the Royal School of Bromberg (Stadt Real Schule) was constructed to the west of the area. This became the Copernicanum building. Between 1903 and 1907, most of the tenements on Adam Mickiewicz Alley were completed. This formed the north boundary of the area. Between 1910 and 1912, the People's School for Boys (Bürgerschule) was formed on the western boundary. It became High School N° VI.

The resulting triangular area was then further developed as the Sielanka (). In December 1912, Josef Stübben (1845  1936) made a sketch for the area. The project was led by Heinrich Metzger, and urban engineer. The surveyor was Bernhard Hirsch.

In the draft, the area was divided into seven irregularly shaped parts. Five of the parts were devoted to the construction of small houses. These parts were near what became Asnyka Street and the southern part of Paderewskiego Street.

The Copernicanum building was built on Staszica Street but the south western tip of the area near Markwarta street remained available for development. At the time, this land was the property of the Province of Posen. It later became a square named after Leszek the White (1124  1227), a Polish prince.

In the 1920s, fifty plots for building were defined. Their land areas varied from 600 to 1400 m2. The first house to be built in Sielanka became 5 Kopernika Street. During World War I, construction ceased.

In 1925, the town allowed the resumption of construction and encouraged the project with generous loans and appropriate regulations. Local workers were employed. Between 1914 and 1945, the town issued forty-eight building permits. Thirty-six of these were issued between 1927 and 1933.

Places and buildings

Copernicanum building

The Copernicum building appears on the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship Heritage List, No.601363, Reg.A/784 (May 5, 1992) It was constructed between 1903 and 1906 by Carl Zaar and Rudolf Vahl. The building is designed in the Art Nouveau (Secession) style.

The Copernicum building has had several occupants and owners. These include a Prussian realschule; a Copernicus High School for mathematics and natural sciences (1923); and a military hospital during the German occupation (1939  1945). Since 2005, the owner has been the Kazimierz Wielki University (after Casimir III the Great (1330  1370)).

Kopernika Square
Kopernika Square is a green park landscaped in 1973. Its statuary includes a metal sculpture of a female figure by Maria Chudoba-Wiśniewska, a mid-20th century sculptor of Poznań. The sculpture weighs 864 kg and is 4,57m tall. The sculpture was erected in the park during the National Open Air Sculpture Festival (Ogólnopolski Plener Rzeźbiarski) which ran from August to September, 1973. Ellipse shaped stones are positioned on the grass, surrounding the statue. They represent the planets of the solar system in orbit, and the Sun and Moon.

House at 1 Asnyka street, corner with Kopernika street
In 1932, the house on the corner of Asnyka Street and Kopernika Street was designed, built and occupied by the architect Bogdan Raczkowski (1888  1939) in 1932. It is designed in the Functionalist style. In 1921, Rackowski became a member of the Bydgoszcz municipal council. In December 1922, he became a member of the City Development Committee. In 1934, Raczkowski retired. In 1939, he fell foul of the Gestapo and was shot dead by the Selbstschutz (the local German paramilitary organisation) in Fordon. Here, in the "Valley of Death" the German occupation force murdered many people, commencing with the intelligencia of Bydgoszcz.

House at 3 Kopernika street
3 Kopernika Street on the corner with Asnyka Street was constructed between 1933 and 1935. It was designed by Paweł Wawrzon in the Funcionalist style. The large villa has a massive avant-corps which carries a balcony. On both street elevations there are ample shed dormers overhanging the gable. The entrance has a delicate transom light, topped by an oeil-de-boeuf and a springline window.

Building at 5  7 Kopernika street
The large house at 5  7 Kopernika Street was built between 1914 and 1916 by Rudolf Kern. It was designed in the early modernist style. The house was built for the Secretary of the Bydgoszcz Regency, Ernest Werner. Later, another floor was added. The house had a family area on the ground floor with five bedrooms above and servants' quarters in the basement.

The house has two avant-corps. One is on the main elevation topped by a balcony. The other one is on the side. It is curved with thin and tall openings. At the gable, a large dormer is situated between two kernel and eyelid dormers. The entrance has a semi-circular transom light, and two pilasters, one on either side.

House at 7a Kopernika street
The villa at 7a was built between 1933 and 1935. It was designed by Bolesław Polakiewicz. in the functionalist style. Polakiewicz designed 9 buildings Kopernika Street and Ossoliński Alley. The villa demonstrates cubic or rectangular forms, enhanced by curves and openings.

Villa at 9 Kopernika Street
9 Kopernika Street was built between 1932 and 1933. It was another design by Bolesław Polakiewicz in the functionalist style. The villa is near the corner with Ossoliński Alley.

Villa at 10 Kopernika street
10 Kopernika Street was built on the corner of Szenwalda Street between 1930 and 1931. It was designed by Stanisław Mankowski in a Polish national style with elements of functionalism. The house became a local branch of the Deutsche Bank. In 2005, the building underwent renovation.
The main architectural elements of the building are the entrances on both streets, the avant-corps and the gables.

House at 12Kopernika street
12 Kopernika Street was built between 1932 and 1936. It was designed in the functionalist style by Knauff of Warsaw

House at 14 Kopernika street
14 Kopernika Street was built in 1934 in the functionalist style. The house has its original vertical glass opening overhanging the entrance which allows light to enter each floor.

House at 16 Kopernika Street
The villa was built in 1933 in an early modernist style. It was listed on the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship heritage list as number 601364, registration A/61/1-2, 20 January 2002.

The villa was commissioned by Antoni Weynerowski, the owner of a successful shoe factory, LEO. The shoe factory became KOBRA. The house was a wedding gift to his son, Witold and Witold's wife Julia. Julia was of Dutch descent and so the roof was designed in the style of de l'Orme. The villa was surrounded by beautiful gardens. After World War II, the villa became the property of the city and became a kindergarten for the children of members of the police force.


Beer and pretzels game

A beer and pretzels game is any of a class of tabletop games that are light on rules and strategy, feature a high amount of randomness and a light theme. This is in direct contrast to Eurogames, which involve complex rules and emphasize strategy over randomness. The term was originally coined to describe relatively simple wargames that did not require extraordinary focus to play. The name was then adopted by gamers to mean casual, short and easy to play games in general. Examples of beer and pretzels games include Bohnanza, Wizwar and Pit.

Characteristics

Beer and pretzels games vary greatly in theme and gameplay, but have a set of common characteristics. Rules are simple and generally explainable in just a few minutes, turns pass quickly and humor is common. Randomness, either in the form of cards or dice is essential. Fortunes may revert quickly and the game often ends suddenly and unexpectedly. Scoring requires very simple calculations.

From a design stand-point, beer and pretzels games are non-trivial to create. They need to have enough depth to encourage repeat play without a stiff learning curve, and need to be enjoyable in quick sessions.