Phineas and Ferb Get Busted!

"Phineas and Ferb Get Busted!", broadcast outside the United States and Canada as "At Last", is the forty-ninth broadcast episode of the animated television series Phineas and Ferb. The episode aired in the United States as the premiere of the show's second season on February 16, 2009 on Disney XD.  The episode follows Phineas and Ferb finally being caught by Phineas' mother (and Ferb's stepmother) and sent to reform school, where a harsh and cruel sergeant attempts to destroy their imagination by sitting them down to a commercial about good boys that mind-controlled them. Candace goes to save them after she sees a news report about their horrible condition.

The episode's story was written by the writing team Martin Olson and Bobby Gaylor and constructed into storyboard by Jon Colton Barry and Piero Piluso. Dan Povenmire, co-creator of Phineas and Ferb, directed it. The episode is titled "At Last!" in several countries, such as the United Kingdom. Talk show personality Geraldo Rivera and veteran actor Clancy Brown guest starred as television reporter Morty Williams and the school sergeant, respectively.

Plot
Phineas and Ferb rebuild Phineas' mother (and Ferb's stepmother) Linda's station wagon into a flying car and build a giant tower. Linda is furious, and Phineas confesses that they've been doing similar things all summer. Their father Lawrence suggests forgiving Phineas and Ferb as they thought they had permission, but the tower collapses, destroying part of the house. The parents send the boys to the "Smile Away Reform School", unaware that it is a prison where kids are brainwashed to remove their creativity.

Candace, meanwhile, enjoys life without her brothers to bother her, hanging out with her friends and doing different fun activities with them. A few days later Candace is bored and tired after doing so much, she watches TV with her best friend Stacy. Candace gets haunted by sad consequences of her busting Phineas and Ferb and realizes that she has truly loved her brothers for their genius skills and did not realize it.

Candace initially enjoys life without her brothers to bother her, but later becomes bored and looks up the Reform school. She and her friends Stacy and Jeremy take the flying car to go and save her brothers disguised as reporter Morty Williams and his camera man. Candace secretly asks Phineas and Ferb to escape with her and Jeremy.

They reach the flying car and they see Linda and Lawrence, but the sergeant from the school arrives with a scheme to put Candace and Jeremy in the reform school with Phineas and Ferb. Dr. Doofenshmirtz and Perry the Platypus interrupt with their seemingly never-ending fight, knocking the sergeant off the cliff to his death. Perry and Doofenshmritz disappear and a series of strange events occur. The parents turn into marionettes controlled by a giant Baljeet, then Baljeet turns into one as well being controlled by a talking zebra, and Jeremy proposes to Candace.

It turns out that all of this was Candace's dream. Candace tells the dream to her family at breakfast, even revealing Perry's secret identity making the family guess that when Perry goes away, he goes to defeat Dr. Doofenshmirtz. With Perry's cover blown, an army of OWCA (Organization Without a Cool Acronym) agents and Major Monogram burst into the house and arrest the Fletchers and Flynns to be mind-erased and relocate Perry to a new home.

Just then, a whimpering Perry wakes up in Phineas's bed. The events of the entire episode were all just a bad dream. Phineas says "Ah, hey, Perry. What's wrong boy? You sounded like you were having a bad dream. It's okay now. Go back to sleep." Phineas goes back to sleep. Perry smiles and also goes back to sleep.

Production

"Phineas and Ferb Get Busted" was written by Bobby Gaylor and Martin Olson as a story, but the storyboards were adapted and constructed by Jon Colton Barry and Piero Piluso. Robert F. Hughes and Zac Moncrief as well are credited for additionally writing for the episode. Dan Povenmire, the show's co-creator and executive producer, directed the episode.

The episode is titled "At Last" in several different countries, such as the United Kingdom. Latin America as well labels the episode name in its end credits for the episode, despite entitling it "Al Fin;" however, "Al Fin" literally translates to "At Last."

Geraldo Rivera guest starred as the voice of investigative talk show host Morty Williams. Clancy Brown, known for his work in The Shawshank Redemption, provided the voice of the drill sergeant. "Phineas and Ferb Get Busted" was originally broadcast in America as the premiere of season two on Presidents' Day, February 16, 2009 on Disney XD, at 4:30 PM Eastern/Pacific Time. It was rated TV-G and followed by first season reruns aired in a marathon.

Cultural references
The scene where Phineas and Ferb are strapped to seats and have their eyes forced open to watch films that attempt to destroy their imagination is a direct parody of the film A Clockwork Orange; in the latter, a young man is held down in the same fashion, being forced to watch acts of violence to rid himself of his own violent tendencies.
While Candace and Jeremy are driving the "Flying Car of the Future, Today," a riff from the Back to the Future theme plays in the background.
The Smile Away Reformatory School is based on Alcatraz from the 1979 film, Escape from Alcatraz.
The scene where Candace wakes up and discovers that busting Phineas and Ferb and rescuing them was all just a dream is a reference to Pam Ewing waking up and discovering that her husband, Bobby is killed was all just a dream from the television series, Dallas. Even Perry had the same reference.

Reception
When the episode broadcast on Disney Channel on March 13, 2009, it garnered a total of 3.7 million viewers, 1.4 million of them ages 9–14. It was the series second most watched telecast, behind only "Flop Starz," and was the top-rated in Kids 6-11 in almost 6 months, ranking in Phineas and Ferb's top four most watched in the category. Moreover, it was the day's most watched in Tweens 9-14 and Kids 6-11 and the most watched for cable television in total viewers.

Matt Blum of Wired wrote about the episode, "if it’s any indication, the second season will be even more brilliant than the first season was." Blum as well praised the appearance of Clancy Brown as a guest actor. One of the songs in the episode, "Little Brothers" was voted #4 on Phineas and Ferb's Musical Cliptastic Countdown.


Sulawesian shrew rat

The Sulawesian shrew rat (Melasmothrix naso) is a species of rodent in the family Muridae.  It is the only species in the genus Melasmothrix.
It is found only in central Sulawesi, Indonesia, and is known from the localities of Rano Rano and Mount Nokilalaki.


Cai Li

Cai Li (born August 14, 1987 in Zhejiang) is a Chinese swimmer, who competed for Team China at the 2008 Summer Olympics.

Major achievements
2005 National Games - 1st 50 m free;
2005 East Asian Games - 1st 50 m free;
2006 Asian Games - 3rd 50 m free

Records
2005 National Short-Course Championships - 48.05, 100 m free (AR);
2008 National Champions Tournament - 3:17.07, 4×100 m free relay (AR)


Mandi Bahauddin

Mandi Bahauddin (Punjabi and ) is a city in central Punjab, Pakistan.  It is also the capital of Mandi Bahauddin District.  The city is some 220 metres above the sea level and is located in central Punjab, between the rivers Jhelum (north 12 km) and Chenab (south 39 km).

History

Early history
The recorded history of Mandi Bahauddin goes back to the era before Common Era, connecting the region with the historic figure of Alexander the Great. Some 8 km northwest of the modern-day Mandi Bahauddin town, village Mong on the southern bank of Jhelum River (Greek Hydaspes), the battle Battle of the Hydaspes River was fought between Raja Porus (Sanskrit Paurava) and Alexander. This historic battle of Hydaspes River, which Indian sources refer to as the "Battle of Jhelum", took place in 326 BCE. The kingdom of Raja Porus was situated in the northern Punjab of modern Pakistan. This battle proved the last major fight of Alexander's career, for the Macedonians, after being put up a fierce resistance by Porus' soldiery and having heard of a massive 4,000 elephant force mustered by eastern kingdoms, refused to march further east i.e. Ganges Plains.The Sadar Gate built during the British era in 1933 is present here.

Administration
Mandi Bahauddin, the capital of the district, is also the Tehsil headquarters. Mandi Bahauddin Tehsil has 27 Union Administrations / Union Councils.


Phaeotypa

Phaeotypa is a genus of moth in the family Gelechiidae. It contains the species Phaeotypa stenochorda, which is found in Australia, where it has been recorded from Queensland.

The wingspan is 19–21 mm. The forewings are brown-whitish sprinkled and suffused with fuscous-brown and with fuscous dots on the costa at the base, one-fifth, the middle, and three or four between this and the apex. There is a narrow fuscous-brown bar from the base along the fold to two-fifths and two suffused
fuscous-brown spots beneath the costa beyond the middle, and a third at the apex, these may be confluent. The hindwings are pale grey.


USS Ortolan (AM-45)

The first USS Ortolan was a  in the United States Navy. She was later converted to a submarine rescue ship. She was named after the ortolan, a European bunting.

Ortolan was laid down 9 July 1918 by the Staten Island Shipbuilding Co., New York City, United States; launched 30 January 1919; sponsored by Miss Theresa M. Finn; and commissioned 17 September 1919, Lt. William A. James in command.

U.S. west coast operations
Assigned to the Pacific Fleet, Ortolan got underway for the west coast 10 November 1919. Following stops at east and U.S. Gulf coast ports, Puerto Rico, and Cuba, she arrived at San Diego, California, 13 June 1920. Nine days later she sailed north to Bremerton, Washington, where she remained, with a caretaker crew, until 23 March 1921.

Then returning to Southern California, she served as a tugboat for a year and on 3 May 1922 decommissioned at Mare Island, California. Recommissioned 11 July, she assumed the duties of tender at the Submarine Base, San Pedro, California. From 9 June to 25 August 1923 she conducted  cold weather operations off Alaska in her first extended cruise as flagship, Commander, Composite Submarine Squadrons Pacific in company with  and four S-class submarines. While in Anchorage, Alaska on 17 July 1923 the submarine  was accidentally sunk alongside Ortolan during maintenance, but was quickly raised and there was no loss of life though the submarine's motors were damaged requiring tow by Ortolan.

During September she assisted in the salvage of the seven destroyers wrecked in the Honda Point Disaster, earlier in the month, then resumed tender operations out of San Pedro, California. Operating from there until 1927, she ranged the west coast of the Americas from Panama to Oregon — and once, January–April 1924, cruised in the Caribbean on fleet maneuvers.

In July 1927 she steamed west, accompanying  and two divisions of "S"-boats to Pearl Harbor. The following month she assisted in the search for competitors lost during the "Dole Race", the first flight linking the West Coast and Hawaii. In September she resumed her west coast tender activities and for another two years ranged the eastern Pacific as submarines conducted training exercises.

Redesignated as submarine rescue vessel
Redesignated a submarine rescue vessel ASR–5 on 12 September 1929, Ortolan's mission changed, but, throughout the 1930s, her area of operations continued, with brief exceptions for fleet problems and, in 1936, a four-month tour at Pearl Harbor, in the California area.  In 1939 the Ortolan assisted in the recovery of the USS Squalus off Portsmouth, NH.

Japanese attack at Pearl Harbor
On 10 December 1941, Ortolan sailed west again and on the 21st arrived at Pearl Harbor to assist in the staggering salvage job which was the aftermath of the Japanese attack two weeks earlier. For the next half year she worked on, and finally floated, . On 18 July 1942, she reported for a year's tour with Pearl Harbor based submarines, recovering torpedoes and assisting in preparations for war patrols. She then trained Navy divers and in October prepared for combat duty with the installation of new sound gear and new armament, two 3-inch and two 20 mm guns.

World War II Pacific Theatre operations

Heading out across the Pacific, 1 November, she arrived at Espiritu Santo on the 20th. For the next ten days she salvaged needed war supplies from the sunken Army transport . Ortolan then steamed to Tulagi to make temporary repairs on cruisers damaged during the Battle of Tassafaronga. The cruisers sailed 12 days later and Ortolan commenced a busy two months during which she assisted vessels, PT boats to destroyers and transports, surveyed sunken Japanese and recovered downed "Zeros" for intelligence evaluation.

"Intelligence gathering" extended well into 1943 as Ortolan took on the salvaging of two Japanese submarines, one a two-man "midget", the other a 320-foot boat loaded with supplies. Both lay in the waters off Guadalcanal's northern coast. Although frequently interrupted for other, more pressing, salvage or repair jobs, Ortolan raised the "midget" and towed her to Kukum Bay in May, and, in June delivered her to Noumea.

Return to stateside operations
Overhaul at Auckland followed and in October she returned to the Solomon Islands. There, and in the New Hebrides, she continued salvage work into 1944. On 17 January, she departed for Noumea, thence heading east. After abbreviated transport and submarine training duties en route, she arrived at San Pedro 4 March 1944. At the end of April she reported for duty with the Western Sea Frontier and for the ensuing 18 months operated as escort and torpedo recovery vessel for submarines conducting exercises off California.

Pacific post-war operations
Two months after the formal Japanese surrender Ortolan again headed west. She trained Navy divers at Pearl Harbor until April 1946, then got underway for the Far East. Arriving at Tsingtao, China, 18 May, she operated with U.S. 7th Fleet submarines and conducted diving operations until November. On the 13th she sailed homeward, arriving at San Francisco, California, 24 December.

Decommissioning
Decommissioned 18 March 1947, Ortolan was struck from the Navy List 10 June, and was sold by the Maritime Commission 20 August 1947 to Bay Cities Transportation Co.

Awards
Ortolan (ASR–5) earned one battle star during World War II.


Murray Town, Sierra Leone

Murray Town is a suburb in Sierra Leone's capital of Freetown. The Amputees and War Wounded Association is based here arising from the local camp for such people. The  Sierra Leone Grammar School is also located here. Murray Town contains many colonial style board houses dating back to the turn of the 20th century.

History
Murray Town was founded in April 1829 provide accommodation for liberated enslaved Africans, who had been brought to Freetown by the British Royal Navy West Africa Squadron. It originally housed three hundred and twenty six liberated Africans, under the management of a former African soldier of the Royal African Corps. It was constructed as four wide streets.

Famous people
Thomas Leighton Decker


Theme of Secrets

Theme of Secrets was a 'New Age' album written and produced by Eddie Jobson, released in 1985. Contrarily to his previous album The Green Album (1983), this record was not marketed as a band effort, instead being presented as an Eddie Jobson solo album and a showcase for the Synclavier.

A music video of one track, "Memories of Vienna", appeared on the Channel 4 programme Art of Landscape. It featured scenes of the town of Vienna accompanied by the music. This also appeared on VH-1 in the United States. The album was released simultaneously on CD and on LP on Private Music label. It was re-released in South Korea in 2004.

A sequel of the album entitled Theme of Mystery was recorded, but was never released. Jobson made available one track (entitled "Antarctica") to the members of the Zealot's Lounge, his personal fan club.

Background and recording
Jobson later recounted:

Reception

Allmusic's retrospective review consisted of a single sentence: "This masterpiece of soundscapes was created by using the Synclavier computer, and is a brilliant album from start to finish."

Track listing

Personnel
 Eddie Jobson – synthesizer, synclavier

Production
 Recorded on the Mitsubishi X80 at Beartracks Studio, Suffern, New York.
 Produced by Peter Baumann
 Engineered by Peter Baumann and Eddie Jobson
 Mastered by George Marino

Notes and references


Publier

Publier is a commune in the Haute-Savoie department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in south-eastern France.


David O'Sullivan (hurler)

David O'Sullivan (born 5 November 1988 in Ballygunner) is an Irish hurler who plays for both the Waterford Inter-county hurling team and the Ballygunner GAA club. His brother Brian O'Sullivan is currently also a panel member on the Waterford Senior Hurling Team. He made his championship debut against Limerick on 12 June 2011.

Playing career

Club
O'Sullivan plays his club hurling with Ballygunner in Waterford. His father Tagh managed the senior team in 1998. He won his 1st County Medal in 2009.

College
O'Sullivan played college hurling for De La Salle College in Waterford. While there, he won a Harty Cups and an All-Ireland Colleges medals in 2007 co-captaining the team alongside Craig Molony.

Inter-county
O'Sullivan was named on the Waterford Senior Hurling Panel in 2011. He made his competitive debut against Cork in the 2011 National Hurling League. On 12 June 2011, he made his championship debut in Semple Stadium Thurles in the Munster Senior Hurling Championship against Limerick following the late withdrawal of Richie Foley. He started alongside his brother Brian on the day.

Championship Appearances


Abigail (singer)

Abigail (full name Abigail Zsiga) is an English electronic music artist.  She began her career with the song, "I Feel You", released in 1992.  Since "Could It Be Magic" hit the #1 slot on the British NRG chart, she has been a mainstay on the Hi-NRG Chart as well as the US Hot Dance Music/Club Play chart.

Career

She is known for her Hi-NRG covers of popular songs on both sides of the Atlantic. Some of those are k.d. lang's "Constant Craving", Nirvana's "Smells Like Teen Spirit", and R.E.M.'s "Losing My Religion". Abigail's debut album, Feel Good was released in 1995, on the UK based label, Klone Records. The latter also became a Top 40 club hit for Rozalla in 1995. Abigail's 1999 hit single, "Let the Joy Rise", was produced by the production duo, Thunderpuss. In 2000, she hit #1 with her song "If It Don't Fit" also produced by Thunderpuss.  She had a second #1 in 2001 with "You Set Me Free". In 2003 Abigail released "Falling" which peaked at #9. After "Falling", she released "Songbird", which was remixed by DJ DoNut and was available as a digital download. After which, Abigail decided it was time for a change and added her last name to her recordings.

She released Home...Again in 2005.

In 2006, she lent her vocals to the 10 Monkeys' album Lay Down. Then in 2009, she was featured on the DJ Bill Bennett's album, Forever Young.

Her 2010 album, Be Still My Soul, is a collection of hymns including "Amazing Grace", "How Great Thou Art" and "Be Still My Soul".

In 2013, she makes a return to the dance scene with "Surrender" (Bouvier & Barona featuring Abigail) after a brief hiatus.

Abigail is also a supporter of the international human rights organization, Love146.

Discography

Albums
1995: Feel Good (Klone Records)
2006: Home...Again Performance Anxiety Music
2010: Be Still My Soul
2014: Another Year

Singles
1992: "I Feel You" (Love Decade featuring Gail) (All Around the World)
1993: "Could It Be Magic" (Klone Records)
1993: "Constant Craving" (Klone Records)
1994: "Losing My Religion" (Klone Records)
1994: "Smells Like Teen Spirit" (Klone Records)
1994: "Don't You Wanna Know" (ZYX Music)
1995: "Constant Craving 95" (ZYX Music)
1996: "Night Moves" (Pulse-8 Records)
1997: "The Double Take E.P." (Klone Records)
1999: "Let The Joy Rise" (InterHit Records)
2000: "If It Don't Fit" (Groovilicious Records)
2001: "You Set Me Free" (Groovilicious Records)
2003: "Falling" (Independent Release)
2005: "Songbird" (Beatport.com)
2006: "Lay Down" (with 10 Monkeys) (Eden Music)
2009: "Forever Young" (DJ Bill Bennett featuring Abigail)
2013: "Surrender" (Bouvier & Barona featuring Abigail) (Carrillo Music)
2015: "Let The Joy Rise" (Abigail feat. DJ Toy Armada & DJ Grind) (Swishcraft)
2016: "February - Our Last Kiss" (DJ Joe Guthreaux feat. Abigail) (Swishcraft)

Other music
 "AM Radio" (released to iPod Street Team Winner)
 "In Spite of You" released to iPod Street Team Winner
 "You Came (Rehearsal)" released to iPod Street Team Winner
 "Magical Make Believe" never released, leaked on the internet by the producer by mistake
 "That's Where I'll Be" never released, clips of the song were available on her website
 "You Set Me Free (acoustic)" released to people who joined her mailing list in fall/winter 2010


The Place (album)

The Place is the 34th album by Jandek, and the first of two released in 2003. Released as Corwood Industries, #0772, the album continues the style and story-line of the two that preceded it.

Track listing

External links
Seth Tisue's The Place review


Congregation of St. Basil

The Congregation of St. Basil, also known as the Basilian Fathers, is a community of priests, students for the priesthood, and lay associates. It is an apostolic community whose members profess simple vows. The Basilians seek the glory of God, especially in the works of education and evangelization. The Congregation was founded in 1822 in the aftermath of the French Revolution. In the early 19th century the Basilian Fathers' educational and pastoral work brought them to a variety of locations in Canada and the United States. In the 1960s, the priests began to minister in Mexico, and in Colombia in the 1980s.

Crest
The Basilian crest was developed in the late nineteenth century. Its main components are the founding date of the Congregation (1822); the Congregation's motto in Latin; and a shield bearing four symbols. The four symbols and their meanings are: a chalice, representing the Blessed Sacrament; an open book, representing knowledge; a fleur-de-lis representing both the Blessed Virgin and the French origins of the Basilians; and a Greek cross, representing Christ and honoring St. Basil, the Greek patron of the congregation. The motto, which is translated as "teach me goodness, discipline, and knowledge", is often seen on the logos of Basilian schools around the world.

History

Founding
Amid the turmoil and persecution of the Catholic Church during the French Revolution and after the Reign of Terror, the Archbishop of Vienne, Charles-François d’Aviau Du Bois-de-Sanzay, encouraged Joseph Lapierre to take over the Catholic education of boys in the isolated hill commune of Saint-Symphorien-de-Mahun, Ardèche department. Despite difficulties, the school grew, and in 1800, when the political climate was more favourable, the Archbishop asked Lapierre to also educate candidates for the priesthood. With the addition of Joseph Marie Actorie as director, a minor seminary was founded. Increased growth made it necessary to find a new location, and in 1802 the school moved to Annonay at the suggestion of Henri Léorat-Picansel, a pastor who had previously been in Saint-Symphorien-de-Mahun.

Ten men, priests and students for the priesthood, formed the staff of the school. In the ensuing years, school enrollment grew to over 300 students, and auxiliary institutions were established nearby. In the years leading up to 1820, changing French educational laws and changing Church administration meant falling enrollment. The newly appointed bishop suggested that if they formed an association and bought the property of a nearby school, Maison Seule, that they would have his support. This “coincided with a desire for closer religious life already shown by several of the priests teaching in the college.”

On November 21, 1822, The Feast of the Presentation of Our Lady, the Congregation’s first general chapter was held. Joseph Lapierre was unanimously elected Superior by the nine other priests. “To these men he was the very symbol of their determination that this work should not fail.” The schools became known for their range of teaching including humanities, rhetoric, philosophy, mathematics, physics and chemistry.

Previously known as the Teaching Priests of the Ardèche, the founders chose St. Basil as their namesake. Their new school, Maison Seule, was in the Parish of St. Basil, but he was also an appropriate choice because he was “a monastic founder, a preacher and an author of a treatise on the study of pagan classics.”

Other patrons of the Basilians are: the Blessed Virgin Mary, St. Joseph, St. Francis of Assisi, St. Thomas Aquinas, and St. John Bosco.

The ten founding priests were:
 	Jacques Duret (1762–1841) was born in Annonay, the son of a physician. He studied in Paris and was a classmate of the revolutionary enemy of the Catholic Church, Maximilien Robespierre.
 	André Fayolle, (1791–1867) nephew of Pierre Tourvieille, was a teacher who studied theology before he was ordained.
 	Joseph Lapierre (1757–1838) was a priest who fled persecution during the Revolution and secretly celebrated Mass and provided clandestine Christian education. Lapierre became the first Superior General and prepared and submitted the first draft Constitutions of the Basilians to Rome.
 	Henri Martinesche (1797–1879) was ordained in 1822 and was a teacher and chaplain.
 	Jean François Pagès (1793–1861) studied philosophy and theology and was ordained in 1818.  The following year, he began teaching in Annonay.
 	Augustin Payan (1771–1847) attended the clandestine seminary college at Saint-Symphorien-de-Mahun, becoming a teacher and studying theology.
 	Jean-Baptiste Polly (1772–1846) was mayor of Saint-Symphorien-de-Mahun (then called Mahun Libre by the revolutionaries) and hid priests to protect them. He attended the clandestine seminary college where he studied theology, and was secretly ordained.
 	Pierre Tourvieille (1780–1859) who received covert education during the French Revolution from his older brother, a priest. Tourvieille became the second Basilian Superior General in 1838.
 	Julien Tracol (1796–1885) was a teacher, librarian, record keeper and first unofficial historian of the Congregation of St. Basil.
 	Jean Antoine Vallon (1775–1840) was ordained around 1800 and was a teacher at Saint-Symphorien-de-Mahun and later at Annonay.

France

In their early years, the Basilians were not a religious congregation in the canonical sense. They were an association or society of secular priests willing to live in community and pool their resources to support Christian education and preaching. The members did not take formal religious vows of poverty, chastity and obedience until later. In the early years, boundaries were somewhat fluid on membership in the association, based on who lived in the community and taught at the schools at any time.
The early years of the Basilian congregation were full of challenges. The local bishop, who was prepared to suppress the congregation, died the night before signing a decree. However within a couple of generations, the Basilians had grown sufficiently to be formally approved by Pius IX in 1863.
During the French Third Republic, Catholic schools were again a target, this time of the Socialists who were determined to secularize education. The decrees of 1880 targeted Jesuits but affected all teaching orders including the Basilians, and as a result of the persecution they were forced to close one of their schools in 1881 and one of their houses.
The French government finally suppressed all religious orders in what was known as “La loi de Combes” in 1903. The Basilian confrères were dispersed and their property was sold at auction. The religious life of the Basilian Fathers in France was suspended for twenty years, a blow from which they never recovered.

Canada

The Basilians first came to Canada in 1850 at the invitation of Bishop Armand-François-Marie de Charbonnel. As a Basilian student in Annonay from 1811 to 1819, the Bishop of Toronto turned to his former teacher and Irish Basilian, Father Patrick Molony, CSB, to assist him in his work with the largely Irish Catholic community in Toronto. Eventually, the Congregation sent four of its members to the New World. In 1852, St. Michael's College, Toronto opened its doors, offering a French style of education, a combination of high-school and university education. This effort was a large investment, risk and sacrifice as it represented a significant percentage of the total number of available Basilian priests. In ensuing years, more sacrifices were made in manpower and money to continue the mission foundations in Canada; their work took them to Sandwich in 1856 and Owen Sound in 1863. Four high schools were served by the Basilian order in Toronto including St. Michael's College School, Bishop Michael Power High School, St. Basil-the-Great College School and Father Henry Carr Catholic Secondary School. The institute also founded Assumption College School, which became Assumption University in Windsor, Ontario, now federated with the University of Windsor; St. Thomas More College in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan federated with the University of Saskatchewan; and St. Joseph's College in Edmonton, Alberta affiliated with the University of Alberta. St. Thomas College (later St. Thomas University (New Brunswick) in Chatham, New Brunswick, was founded by the Basilians in 1910, and in 1923 the college was transferred to the local diocesan clergy. Toronto remains one of the largest centers for the Congregation and is home to the Basilian Curial Offices and the Cardinal Flahiff Basilian Centre.

Division and reunion

Discussion between the congregation in France and North America resulted in the amicable decree of separation in June 1922 creating two separate religious congregations, each with their own constitutions.

The French and North American branches were reunited in 1955, an occasion celebrated in Annonay.

United States

The Basilian Fathers have been active in the United States since the last half of the nineteenth century. The first Basilian ministry in the United States was in Louisville, Ohio at St. Louis College in 1867. The Basilians founded and still operate St. Thomas High School and the University of St. Thomas (Texas). In the 1930s the Basilians began an apostolate serving Spanish-speaking populations in Texas in communities such as Galveston, Houston, Sugar Land, Rosenberg, Wharton, New Gulf, Bay City, Angleton, Freeport and Eagle Lake. The work in Texas also served as the platform for Basilian mission work in Mexico and Colombia.

The Basilians also opened Detroit Catholic Central High School in 1928 and Andrean High School in Merrillville, Indiana.  They co-sponsor Detroit Cristo Rey High School with the Sisters, Servants of the Immaculate Heart of Mary.

In 1937, the Basilians took over Aquinas Institute in Rochester, New York, and in 1948 established St. John Fisher College in the same city. St. John Fisher remains a Basilian college and the Basilians maintain strong links to the Aquinas Institute.

Latin America

The Basilians started missions to Mexico in 1961 and Colombia in 1987. The Basilian Fathers have served in Mexico City and currently serve in Tehuacán, Puebla, Mexico; and Bogotá, Cali, and Medellín, Colombia. The congregation established parishes and schools in Colombia and Mexico, and is affiliated with St. Basil’s Medical Centre in Colombia.

Present
Today, the Basilians practice their ministry of teaching and preaching within parishes, campus ministry, schools, and colleges located in Canada, United States, Mexico, and Colombia.
They are currently located at:
 In France, Basilians still serve at Collège Privé Sacré-Coeur and in parishes in and around Annonay.
 In Canada, Basilians serve at St. Michael’s College School, and St. Basil’s Catholic Parish, the University of St. Michael’s College, and the Pontifical Institute of Medieval Studies in Toronto; Assumption College and Assumption Parish in Windsor; and St. Joseph’s College and St. Alphonsus and St. Clare parishes in Edmonton.
 In the United States, Basilians serve at Catholic Central and Cristo Rey high schools in Detroit; St. Kateri Tekakwitha Parish and St. John Fisher College in Rochester; St. Thomas High School, the University of St. Thomas, and St. Anne’s Parish in Houston; and Most Holy Trinity Church in Angleton.
 In Mexico, Basilians serve at Casa San Felipe and Parroquia San Lorenzo in Tehuacán.
 In Colombia, Basilians serve at the parish and school Nuestra Señora de la Asunción in Cali; and Parroquia San Basilio in Medellín.
 As well, there are Basilians engaged in Christian education, pastoral care, and media ministry in Canada and the US.
 The Basilians have novitiate houses in Sugar Land, Texas and Bogotá, Colombia.
 The Basilians have scholasticate (residences for Basilian seminarians) in Houston, Texas; Tlalpan, Mexico; and Medellín, Colombia.
 The Basilians have residences for retired priests in Toronto, Ontario; Las Cruces, New Mexico; Rochester, New York; and Houston, Texas.

Formation
The Basilian formation process consists of four basic steps that occur over a period of approximately seven years:
 Associate: This stage gives a candidate the opportunity to get to know the Basilians and allows the Basilians to get to know him. It can occur while a candidate is in high school, college, or working-. Generally, most associates spend their last associate year living in a Basilian community, thus indicating a stronger desire to commit to the Basilian way of life.
 Novice: This stage marks another important step of a person’s journey into religious life. The novitiate lasts for one year and a day, as prescribed by canon law. It is a year away from friends, family, work, and most things familiar to our everyday life so that the novice may build a strong foundation of prayer and spirituality for the rest of his life as a Basilian. At the end of this year, the novice may profess first (temporary) vows.
 Scholastic: At this stage the candidate is living in temporary vows and engaged in three to four years of theological study. Alongside their theological studies, scholastics are engaged in various pastoral ministries during the year and often travel on assignment each summer. These ministries and assignments are tailored to the individual’s interests and capabilities.
 Supervised Ministry: The Basilians consider the first year of ordination an important stage in the formation process as it is often the most challenging period for new deacons and priests. This serves as an adjustment period to the work of the priesthood in a Basilian apostolate.

Notable Basilians

 David Bauer, Canadian amateur hockey advocate and Olympic hockey coach
 Henry Carr, made significant contributions to Catholic education in Canada including broadening the curriculum at St. Michael’s College’s high school department so its graduates could qualify for admission to university and arranging for St. Michael’s College to become a federated arts college in the university, a model that was copied by other Catholic institutions in English-speaking Canada.
 Ronald Peter Fabbro, Bishop of London, Ontario, 2002–Present
 George Bernard Flahiff, Archbishop of Winnipeg,1961-1982
 Eugene Carlisle LeBel, Influential administrator of Assumption College, Windsor, and later University of Windsor.
 M. Owen Lee, American classics and music scholar, who was well known for his contributions as an intermission commentator, pianist, and quiz panelist on the Metropolitan Opera radio broadcasts.
 Ulysse Paré, Superior General of the Congregation from 1981-1989, under his leadship the Basilians expanded their ministry to Colombia.
 John Michael Miller, Coadjutor Archbishop of Vancouver, 2007-2009 and Archbishop of Vancouver, 2009–Present
 Denis T. O'Connor, Bishop of London, Ontario, 1890-1899 and Archbishop of Toronto, 1899-1908
 Ricardo Ramírez, Auxiliary Bishop of San Antonio, Texas, 1981-1982 and Bishop of Las Cruces, New Mexico, 1982-2013
 Thomas Rosica, CEO of Salt + Light Television network


Fourth Man

Fourth Man or variant may refer to:
 "The Fourth Man", an Agatha Christie short story first published in 1933
 De vierde man (The Fourth Man), a 1981 Dutch novel
 The Fourth Man (1983 film), a Dutch film directed by Paul Verhoeven based on the novel
 The Fourth Man (2007 film), a Serbian film directed by Dejan Zečević
 A character in the Planetary comic book series. See List of Planetary characters#Elijah Snow


Kyuss Lives! Tour

The Kyuss Lives! Tour was a 2011 concert tour by Kyuss Lives!, a spin-off band featuring three former members of the stoner rock band Kyuss. It is the first tour since the "original" Kyuss broke up in 1995, and marks the first time in 19 years that John Garcia, Brant Bjork and Nick Oliveri have performed together. The tour also marks the band's first outing with guitarist Bruno Fevery, who has taken Josh Homme's place. Scott Reeder, who was in Kyuss from 1992 to 1995, temporarily filled in for Oliveri on some European and all Canadian shows.

Background
After Kyuss broke up in 1995, there had been frequent and persistent speculation among fans regarding the possibility of a reunion.

In 2010, a European "John Garcia plays Kyuss" tour was announced, starting with a gig at Roadburn Festival. His backing-band comprised Belgian and Dutch musicians from Agua de Annique, Kong, Celestial Season and Arsenal. The setlists almost exclusively contained Kyuss songs. Brant Bjork and Nick Oliveri joined John Garcia onstage for several concert appearances on the tour, thus representing 3/4 of the original band's lineup. In July of the same year, it was announced that Garcia, Oliveri and Bjork would reunite for a reunion tour under the moniker "Kyuss Lives!", with Bruno Fevery added as the band's guitarist. The worldwide tour passed through different countries of Europe, Oceania and South America. After the tour, the band planned to record a new studio album for a 2012 release. In reference to the new band name, in the Dec/Jan'11 issue of Rock-A-Rolla Garcia stated that "there is never going to be a Kyuss without Josh Homme". He went on to state in the same interview that "Hopefully in the future, him and I can get together and do some writing".

Despite Homme refusing to join Kyuss, the tour was a big success, selling out most shows.

On March 23, 2011, the band announced their first South American tour dates, and in June 6, North American tour dates were announced.

On June 30, 2011 at 013, Tilburg, Netherlands, the band gave a two-part special show, which featured 22 songs.

On July 2, 2011, all members of Queens of the Stone Age, including Josh Homme, watched the show at Eurockéennes Festival from the side of the stage – this was not too long before Homme filed a lawsuit against the band.

On July 13, 2011, TMZ.com reported that Nick Oliveri was arrested following a standoff with members of the Los Angeles country S.W.A.T. team due to a supposed domestic violence. The band later said on their Facebook page that "...TMZ blew this way out of proportion, nobody got hurt and any of that other bullshit.". The band continued their tour the next day with former Kyuss bass player Scott Reeder filling in for Nick Oliveri at four European shows in August.

Tour dates
Source:

Setlist

Line up
John Garcia – Vocals
Brant Bjork – Drums
Bruno Fevery – Guitar
Nick Oliveri – Bass (all dates, except where noted below)
Scott Reeder – Bass (2. – 5. August, all Canadian dates, 18. November (together with Oliveri))

Guests on stage
Ben Ward from Orange Goblin performed "Supa Scoopa and Mighty Scoop" on April 3, 2011 at HMV Forum, London, England.
Mario Lalli and Dino Lalli from Fatso Jetson performed "N.O." on November 18, 2011 at Wiltern Theatre, Los Angeles, California, USA.


Memorial bench

150pxKirsty MacColl memorial bench in Soho Square, London; a close-up of the engraved lyrics
A memorial bench or memorial seat is a piece of furniture which commemorates a person who has died.  Memorial benches are typically made of wood, but can also be made of metal, stone, or synthetic materials.  Typically memorial benches are placed in public places but are often also placed in domestic gardens.


Malik clan (Bihar)

The Malik (or Malick, Mallick, ) are a Muslim community found in the state of Bihar in India.


Lionard Pajoy

Lionard Fernando Pajoy Ortiz (born June 7, 1981) is a Colombian striker who currently plays for Alianza Universidad.

Club career

Early Career in Colombia
Pajoy began his career with Cortulua debuting with the first team during the 2004 season. In 2005, he joined Atlético Huila and remained at the club for one year. The following season, he joined Boyacá Chicó and had his finest season scoring 12 goals in 35 matches.

As a result of his play with Boyacá Chicó, Pajoy was signed by the 2006 Colombian 1st division Champion Cúcuta Deportivo and helped Cúcuta to the semi finals of the Copa Libertadores 2007. He scored his club's 2nd goal in the away match against Nacional de Montevideo which ended in a 2–2 draw and sealed Cúcuta's semifinal spot. After three years with Cúcuta he joined Deportivo Cali during January 2010. However, he was released from the club at the end of may due to poor play. He joined Millonarios for the remainder of the 2010 season but only scored 1 goal in 15 matches.

In early 2011 he was sent on loan to newly promoted Itagüí Ditaires. While with Itagüí he recovered the form that made him a respected scorer in Colombia. On October 1, 2011, Pajoy scored Itagüí's three goals in a 3–1 victory over Real Cartagena. In his one year at the club Pajoy helped lead the club to a 9th place overall finish and a second-place finish in Torneo Finalización, in which he was one of the top scorers with 10 goals in 17 matches.

Major League Soccer
Pajoy signed with Philadelphia Union of Major League Soccer on February 8, 2012. On August 16, 2012, Pajoy was traded with an international roster spot to D.C. United in exchange for Danny Cruz. He scored his first goal for United in a 4–2 win against Chicago one week later. On September 20, Pajoy's half-volley proved the difference in a 1–0 win at his old club.

Return to Colombia
At the end of the 2013 season, Pajoy left DC after they declined the option on his contract. He would return to Colombian football for the 2014 season, signing with top flight side La Equidad on a one-year contract. Unable to find consistent playing time with the Bogotá-based club, he finished the season with just one goal from 20 league appearances.

Peru
Following the expiry of his contract with La Equidad, Pajoy moved to Peru to sign for Unión Comercio. Rediscovering his goalscoring form, Pajoy would finish the first phase of the 2015 season – the Torneo del Inca – with 7 goals from just 8 games, including 4 on his debut in a 4–2 win over Sport Loreto. However, he was unable to prevent the Nueva Cajamarca club from getting knocked out at the group stage. Continuing this form into the 2015 Apertura campaign, the Colombian scored another 8 goals to propel him to the top of the league goalscoring charts. Pajoy would remain among the league's top goalscorers for the rest of the 2015 Torneo Descentralizado, with 10 goals in 15 Clausura appearances. A hat-trick (in a 5–2 win) against bottom club Sport Loreto in the final round of fixtures would confirm his position as the league's top goalscorer with 25 goals in 39 games (scoring at a rate of once every 137 minutes), though his team would fail to qualify for the Playoff Phase.

Following his form in the 2015 season, Pajoy opted not to re-sign with Unión Comercio and instead signed a one-year deal with Alianza Lima, historically one of the most successful and popular clubs in Peru, with the ambition of helping them secure their first Peruvian championship since 2006. Just as he had with his previous club, Pajoy scored on his Alianza debut, netting a 21st-minute winner in a 2–1 win over Alianza Atlético. He remained in the headlines in the next round, being sent off in the club's 2–1 win over Deportivo Municipal. Having been suspended for round 3, he returned to action the next week against Sporting Cristal where he scored both his side's goals in a 4–2 loss.

Career statistics

Club

Updated December 31, 2017

Honors

Alianza Lima
 Peruvian Primera División: 2017

D.C. United
 Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup: 2013

Cúcuta
 Copa Libertadores: 2007 Semi-Finalist


Glacier Kwong

Glacier Kwong (, Glacier Chung Ching Kwong;  1996) is a political activist from Hong Kong. She is founder of the non-governmental organization (NGO) Keyboard Freedom, monitoring privacy abuses and censorship on the Web.<ref name="cnn_2015">{{cite web |title=Too terrified to travel': A new normal for Hong Kong's 'Occupy Generation'? |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2015/02/25/opinion/hong-kong-protester-glacier/index.html |last=Kwong |first=Glacier |website=CNN |date=February 26, 2015 |access-date=September 11, 2019}}</ref>

 Biography
Glacier Kwong, being a student in the Hong Kong University, attended "Umbrella Revolution", non-violence protest that struck Hong Kong during two months of the autumn of 2014. Her family, parents and sister, knew she was attending the protest, and didn't restricted her from the demonstrations, but when British Parliament asked her for interview about the protests, parents didn't give her passport for the travel because they said "it's very political".

Glacier Kwong recorded a short video during the Umbrella Revolution about needed international assistance for Hong Kong and uploaded to the social media, where the video clip gathered over a millions views.

Glacier Kwong also supported the movement Youngspiration, that was created after the end of the Umbrella Revolution to fight for seats in Legislation Council's elections.

 Keyboard Frontline
Glacier Kwong, founder of the NGO Keyboard Frontline, where she advocated for Human rights on the Web. Her interests included personal securities, for example, she said in an interview in 2019, that radio frequency identification (RFID) scanners can trace different personal devices like mobile phone or credit card, so your privacy may be abused by illegal observers.

Trip for international support of Hong Kong pro-democracy movement

Glacier Kwong accompanied Joshua Wong in his foreign travel to find support for Hong Kong pro-democracy movement as well as explain causes of massive demonstrations in Hong Kong in 2019. She said in a press conference in Berlin that she asked German and European Union governments to stop supplying police equipment to Hong Kong because all have to observe human rights.

 Publications
 'Too terrified to travel': A new normal for Hong Kong's 'Occupy Generation? Special to CNN; February 26, 2015


No Limit Kids: Much Ado About Middle School is a 2010 direct-to-video family comedy film. It starred Bill Cobbs, Lee Meriwether, Blake Michael, Celeste Kellogg and Ashton Harrell.  The screenplay was written by Joshua Moody and the film was directed by Dave Moody for Elevating Entertainment Motion Pictures, who also provided the musical score for the film.

Plot
A group of young adolescents: Celeste (Celeste Kellogg), Zach (Blake Michael), Ashton (Ashton Harrell) and Becca (Amanda Waters) that are entering middle school full of questions, doubts and fears, come together to form a club in an abandoned theater on Main Street. Inside the theater, they discover an interesting piece of their history, but also a seemingly homeless man named Charlie (Bill Cobbs), who connects with the kids through their mutual passion for musical theater.

When the teens learn the theater is scheduled for demolition, they embark on a mission to save the town's landmark and to keep Charlie safe. They decide to mount a modern-day version of a Shakespeare play called Much Ado About Middle School based on Shakespeare's Much Ado About Nothing. Through the play's mistaken identities and false assumptions, the teens and others learn that you can not always judge a book by its cover.

Cast
 Bill Cobbs as Charlie
 Blake Michael as Zach
 Celeste Kellogg as Celeste
 Ashton Harrell as Ashton
 Amanda Waters as Becca
 Lee Meriwether as Katie
 Jeff Rose as Frank
 Janet Ivey as Nicole
 Danielle Hill as Danielle

Reception
No Limit Kids: Much Ado About Middle School was praised by family-oriented critics and film festivals for its positive message to youth.  Ted Baehr, writing on his Movieguide site, writes:

No Limit Kids is an entertaining movie about middle school kids who like to sing trying to raise money to save a rundown theater from being torn down. [It] is well worth watching. Bad behavior is rebuked, good behavior is commended, and there's a good story arc where good triumphs over evil.

Baehr praised the singing as "wonderful," but did go on to note the films often "flat dialogue" and "silly scenes", commenting particularly on the mixed success of the film's technique of having its characters talk directly to the camera.

Awards and Festivals

No Limit Kids: Much Ado About Middle School was recognized at several youth and family-oriented film festivals:
Winner
2010 Winner Phoenix International Film Festival (Phoenix, Arizona) - No Limit Kids: Much Ado About Middle School "Best Film for Young Viewers"
2010 Winner Redemptive Film Festival (Regent University, Virginia) - No Limit Kids: Much Ado About Middle School "Redemptive Storytellers Award"
2010 Winner Independents' Film Festival (Tampa, Florida) - No Limit Kids: Much Ado About Middle School "Best Independent Feature Film"
2011 Winner Silver Telly Award - No Limit Kids: Much Ado About Middle School  "Film/Video Category Winner"

Nominations/Official Selections
2010 Official Selection Gideon Film Festival (Asheville, North Carolina) - "No Limit Kids: Much Ado About Middle School"
2010 Official Selection KIDS FIRST! Film Festival (San Francisco, California) - No Limit Kids: Much Ado About Middle School
2010 Official Selection TriMedia Film Festival (Ft Collins, Colorado) - No Limit Kids: Much Ado About Middle School
2010 Official Selection International Black Film Festival of Nashville (Nashville, Tennessee) - No Limit Kids: Much Ado About Middle School
2010 Official Selection Eugene International Film Festival (Eugene, Oregon) - No Limit Kids: Much Ado About Middle School
2011 Nominee KIDS FIRST! Film Festival (San Francisco, California) - "Best Indie Feature Ages 8-12" No Limit Kids: Much Ado About Middle School


Cliometrics

Cliometrics (, also ), sometimes called new economic history, or econometric history, is the systematic application of economic theory, econometric techniques, and other formal or mathematical methods to the study of history (especially social and economic history). It is a quantitative (as opposed to qualitative or ethnographic) approach to economic history. The term cliometrics comes from Clio, who was the muse of history, and was originally coined by the mathematical economist Stanley Reiter in 1960. There has been a revival in 'new economic history' since the late 1990s.

History of the discipline
The new economic history originated in 1958 with The Economics of Slavery in the Antebellum South by American economists Alfred H. Conrad and John R. Meyer, which caused a firestorm of controversy with its claim, based on statistical data, that slavery, being economically efficient and highly profitable for slaves owners, would not have ended in the absence of the U.S. Civil War. The new economic history revolution actually began in the mid-1960s and was resisted because many incumbent economic historians were either historians or economists who had very little connection to economic modeling or statistical techniques. Areas of key interest included transportation history, slavery, and agriculture. Cliometrics became better known when Douglass North and William Parker became the editors of the Journal of Economic History in 1960. The Cliometrics Meetings began to be held around this time at Purdue University and are still held annually in different locations. Today, cliometric approaches are standard in several journals, including the Journal of Economic History, Explorations in Economic History, the European Review of Economic History, and Cliometrica.

According to cliometric economist Claudia Goldin, the success of the cliometric revolution had as an unintended consequence the disappearance of economic historians from history departments. As economic historians started using the same tools as economists, they started to seem more like other economists. In Goldin's words, "the new economic historians extinguished the other side". The other side nearly disappeared altogether, with only a few remaining in history departments and business schools.  However, some new economic historians did, in fact, begin research around this time, among them were Kemmerer and Larry Neal (a student of Albert Fishlow, a leader of the cliometric revolution) from Illinois, Paul Uselding from Johns Hopkins, Jeremy Atack from Indiana, and Thomas Ulen from Stanford.

A group to encourage and further the study of cliometrics, The Cliometric Society, was founded in 1983.

Cliometrics was introduced to Germany by American-born and -educated Richard H. Tilly in the 1970s.

There has been a revival in 'new economic history' since the late 1990s. The number of papers on economic history published in the top economics journals has increased in the last decades, comprising 6.6% of articles in the American Economic Review and 10.8% of articles in the Quarterly Journal of Economics for the period 2004-2014.

Nobel Prize in Economics
In October 1993, the Swedish National Bank awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences to Robert William Fogel and Douglass Cecil North "for having renewed research in economic history".  The Academy noted that "they were pioneers in the branch of economic history that has been called the 'new economic history,' or cliometrics". Fogel and North received the prize for turning the theoretical and statistical tools of modern economics on the historical past: on subjects ranging from slavery and railroads to ocean shipping and property rights.

Fogel is often described as the father of modern econometric history and Neohistoricals. He's especially noted for using careful empirical work to overturn conventional wisdom.  North, a professor at Washington University in St. Louis, was honored as a pioneer in the "new" institutional history. In the Nobel announcement, specific mention was made of a 1968 paper on ocean shipping, in which North showed that organizational changes played a greater role in increasing productivity than did technological change.

Critics
Cliometrics has had sharp critics. Boldizzoni summarized a common critique by arguing that cliometrics is based on the false assumption that the laws of neo-classical economics always apply to human activity. Those laws, he says, are based on rational choice and maximization as they operate in well-developed markets, and do not apply to economies other than those of the capitalist West in the modern era. Instead, Boldizzoni argues that the workings of economies are determined by social, political and cultural conditions specific to each society and time period.

On the other hand, Diebolt argued that cliometrics is mature and well accepted by scholars as an "indispensable tool" in economic history. He says most scholars agree that economic theory, combined with new data as well as historical and statistical methods are necessary to formulate problems precisely, to draw conclusions from postulates and to gain insight into complicated processes. At the applied level, cliometrics is accepted as the way to measure variables and estimate parameters.

A criticism of Cliometrics by Joseph T. Salerno, based on the perspective of the Austrian School of economics, especially that of Ludwig von Mises, can be found in his Introduction to Murray N. Rothbard's A History of Money and Banking in the United States: The Colonial Era to World War II.

Distinguishing cliometrics and cliodynamics
Cliometrics and cliodynamics share the scientific ambition of using quantitative tools and historical data to test general historical principles. Both fields endeavor to gather large amounts of historical data across big samples. However, the two fields also differ in several important ways. Cliodynamics, unlike cliometrics, maintains a close relationship with the natural sciences, often employing dominant methods from the natural sciences such as differential-equation models, power-law relations, and agent-based models. Evolutionary game theory and social network analysis are also frequently employed by cliodynamicists, but not cliometricians. Cliodynamicists also tend to include factors associated with ecological context and biological determinants in their models.


Charles-Joseph Sax

Charles-Joseph Sax (1 February 1790 – 26 April 1865) was a Belgian (he lived in Dinant) musical instrument maker. His son was Adolphe Sax who invented the saxophone, the saxhorn and the saxotromba.

Sax was the son of Francoise Elisabeth (Maréchal) and Antoine Joseph Sax. He was a maker of wind and brass instruments, as well as of pianos, harps, and guitars. Sax was a great instrument maker, and made sure his son had a good education and a leg to stand on for his future. He was a careful, strict, and kind father to his son, Adolphe Sax, and played a big part in his son's successful career.

Instruments built by Charles-Joseph are held in some museum collections.


Palpara railway station

Palpara railway station is a railway station on the Sealdah-Ranaghat line. It serves the local areas of Palpara in the Nadia district of West Bengal.

History
The Sealdah-Kusthia line of the Eastern Bengal Railway was opened to railway traffic in the year 1862. Eastern Bengal Railway used to work only on the eastern side of the Hooghly River.

Station complex
The platform is not at all sheltered. It lacks many facilities including water and sanitation. There is no proper approach road to this station.

Electrification
The Sealdah-Ranaghat sector was electrified in 1963–65.


Your Alibis

"Your Alibis" is the debut single by the fifteen-year-old Lisa Stansfield. The song was written and produced by David Pickerill and Paul O'Donoughue. "Your Alibis" was released by the Devil Records in the United Kingdom in 1981. It was also issued by Dureco Benelux in the Netherlands in 1982. The single's B-side included another song recorded by Stansfield, "The Thought Police." Both songs were released on the In Session album in 1996. "The Thought Police" was also recorded by The Editors who released it as a single on Devil Records in 1981.

Track listings
Dutch/UK 7" single
"Your Alibis" – 4:07
"The Thought Police" – 3:15


Gothic metal

Gothic metal (or goth metal) is a fusion genre combining the heaviness of heavy metal with the dark atmospheres of gothic rock. The music of gothic metal is diverse with bands known to adopt the gothic approach to different styles of heavy metal music. The genre originated during the early 1990s in the United Kingdom originally as an outgrowth of death-doom, a fusion of death metal and doom metal. Lyrics are generally dark and introspective with inspiration from gothic fiction as well as personal experiences.

Pioneers of gothic metal include Paradise Lost, My Dying Bride and Anathema, all from the north of England. Other pioneers from the first half of the 1990s include Type O Negative from the United States, Tiamat from Sweden, and The Gathering from the Netherlands. Norwegian band Theatre of Tragedy developed the "beauty and the beast" aesthetic of combining aggressive male vocals with clean female vocals, a contrast that had been adopted by groups before them, but not as a regular trademark; several bands have employed the technique since. During the mid-1990s, Moonspell, Theatres des Vampires, Rotting Christ and Cradle of Filth brought the gothic approach to black metal. By the end of the decade, a symphonic metal variant of gothic metal had been developed by  Tristania and Within Temptation. Nightwish also integrated elements of gothic metal into their well-known mix of symphonic metal and power metal.

In the 21st century, gothic metal has moved towards the mainstream in Europe, particularly in Finland where groups such as Entwine, HIM, Lullacry and Poisonblack have released hit singles or chart-topping albums. In the US, however, only a few bands such as Type O Negative, HIM, Lacuna Coil, Evanescence and Cradle of Filth have found some degree of commercial success.

Etymology
The term gothic entered heavy metal music with the release of Paradise Lost's Gothic album in 1991. Since then, fans have often been at odds with one another as to "which bands are, or most definitely are not, authentically Goth". Some musicians have disputed the gothic label associated with their bands, including Rozz Williams of Christian Death and Andrew Eldritch of The Sisters of Mercy. In the gothic metal subgenre, members from such groups as After Forever, HIM and Nightwish have similarly downplayed or dismissed the gothic label from their music.

Characteristics

Sonic traits

The music of gothic metal is generally characterised by its dark atmospheres. The adjective "dark" is commonly used to describe gothic music in general while other terms that are less frequently used include deep, romantic, passionate and intense. Gothic metal has also sometimes been viewed as "a combination of the darkness and melancholy of goth rock with heavy metal". Allmusic defines the genre as a fusion of "the bleak, icy atmospherics of goth rock with the loud guitars and aggression of heavy metal" and further notes that "true goth metal is always directly influenced by goth rock — ethereal synths and spooky textures are just as important as guitar riffs, if not more so".

Gothic metal is a varied genre with bands pursuing many different directions, from "slow and crushing variations" to "orchestral and bombastic". The doom metal background of early pioneers like Anathema, Paradise Lost and My Dying Bride has been taken up by groups like Artrosis, Ava Inferi and Draconian. The black metal approach of Cradle of Filth, Theatres des Vampires and early Moonspell can be found in such subsequent bands as Graveworm, Drastique and Samsas Traum while the symphonic metal approach of Tristania and Within Temptation can be found in other groups like Epica, Sirenia and After Forever. Other variations include the symphonic black metal of Trail of Tears, the folk metal of Midnattsol, the industrial metal of Deathstars, Gothminister and Neon Synthesis, the alternative metal of Katatonia, Evanescence and Lacuna Coil, the doom metal of Type O Negative, the nu metal of Coal Chamber, and the metalcore of Motionless in White.

Vocals

There is also a diverse range of vocal styles in gothic metal. Male singers in the genre range from the guttural growls and black metal shrieks of Dani Filth and Morten Veland to the clean baritone vocals of Østen Bergøy and the bass range of Peter Steele. For the female singers, the different vocal styles includes the screams and growls of Cadaveria, the "poppy" vocals of Tanja Lainio from Lullacry and the operatic soprano style of Vibeke Stene from Tristania. There are more female singers in gothic metal than there are in any other heavy metal subgenre, but female vocals are neither necessary nor synonymous with the genre. Liv Kristine of Theatre of Tragedy and Leaves' Eyes notes that the gothic tag is often misinterpreted and points out that "not every band with female vocals is a gothic band". The genre is also known to attract more female fans relative to other subgenres of heavy metal music.

Lyrics
The lyrics of gothic metal are known to be melodramatic, fantasized, romantic, dark or sometimes gloomy. For the three English bands that helped to pioneer the genre, their gloomy lyrics reflect their background in doom metal while their darker or melodramatic lyrics draw influence from gothic rock. The music of My Dying Bride has been noted as "dripping with treachery and pain" from a "lyrical fascination with deceit and transgressions of every variety". Lyrics that focus on suicide and the meaninglessness of life can be found in Anathema while Paradise Lost too has "never lost their depressive edge".

Gothic fiction, a literary genre that blends horror and romance, has been a source of inspiration for the lyrics of many gothic metal bands like Cadaveria, Cradle of Filth, Moonspell, Theatres des Vampires and Xandria. Critic Eduardo Rivadavia of Allmusic identifies drama and mournful beauty as requisite elements of the genre. For My Dying Bride, the subjects of "death and misery and lost love and romance" have been approached repeatedly from different angles. The common gothic theme of lost love is a subject that has been tackled by such gothic metal bands as Theatre of Tragedy,The Wounded and Leaves' Eyes.

Lyrics based on personal experiences are another common feature of many gothic metal bands such as Anathema, Elis, Evanescence, Tiamat, Midnattsol and The Old Dead Tree. Graveworm moved away from fantasy stories in favor of personal lyrics after finding them more suitable for their style of music. The lyrics of fellow Italians Lacuna Coil also do not feature any "fantasy stuff or something that you cannot find in reality" as their co-vocalist Cristina Scabbia finds it desirable that people can relate themselves to her band's lyrics. Similarly, the band Lullacry features lyrics on the subjects of "love, hate, passion and pain" because a person "can easily connect to a song" with lyrics "about human relationships".

History

Precursors

Heavy metal

Heavy metal music is perceived by many members of the goth subculture as the "crass, crude macho antithesis of everything that their music represents". In contrast to the "softer" and "more feminine" character of gothic music, the heavy metal genre is typically associated with aggression and masculinity. Despite this difference, "a few bold souls have identified Black Sabbath's eponymous 1970 debut album as the first ever 'Goth-rock' record". The author Gavin Baddeley notes that the title track of the album "describes a satanic rite, complete with driving-rain and tolling bell sound effects, while the cover focuses on a black-cloaked, spectral-looking girl in a graveyard, shot through a sickly pale ochre filter". Other commentators have described Black Sabbath as the "absolute prototype gothic heavies" and observed that by separating the band's music "from their heavy metallic connotations", one "could cull a killer Goth album from their first five LP's, with every future reference point and requirement intact".

The "vaguely medieval, minor-key sounds" of Rainbow, Dio and Judas Priest has also been described as "gothic" prior to "the emergence of goth rock as a post-punk genre". The bands Blue Öyster Cult and Iron Maiden have featured some gothic lyrics in their music on songs such as "(Don't Fear) The Reaper" and "Phantom of the Opera". Deep Purple's song "Stormbringer" has been called a "goth metal treasure". The Danish metal band Mercyful Fate had also demonstrated "a Gothic obsession with evil and the occult". Frontman King Diamond continued exploring his interest in gothic storytelling after establishing a solo career under his own moniker, issuing "a series of concept albums which told Gothic horror tales with sound effects and song". During the 1980s, the former Misfits frontman Glenn Danzig also "occupied the no man's land between Goth and heavy metal". With the dissolution of his second band Samhain in 1988 and the creation of his own eponymous act, Danzig went on to combine heavy metal riffs with "a heavily romanticized, brooding, gothic sensibility".

The Swiss group Celtic Frost was another precursor to gothic metal, translating the influence they drew from gothic rock acts Bauhaus and Siouxsie and the Banshees into their own albums. The band's "radical fusion of violent black metal and elements of classical music" was dubbed "avant-garde" and had a huge impact "on the evolution of European heavy metal". Christofer Johnsson of Therion cites Celtic Frost's 1987 album Into the Pandemonium in particular for playing a key role in the development of the "gothic and symphonic wave of bands" in the 1990s, noting further that neither his group Therion nor Paradise Lost "would have sounded the way we did without Celtic Frost".

Gothic rock

Gothic rock had emerged as an offshoot of post-punk in the 1980s but by the end of that decade, the genre had splintered into different directions with bands such as The Cure, The Mission and Siouxsie and the Banshees incorporating "more pop and alternative elements" while The Sisters of Mercy, Fields of the Nephilim and Christian Death took on a "heavier, sometimes metal-influenced approach". The Sisters of Mercy was one of the leading goth bands of the 1980s, playing "a slow, gloomy, ponderous hybrid of metal and psychedelia, often incorporating dance beats". The band only released three full-length albums with the debut First and Last and Always released in 1985. Their last album Vision Thing arrived in 1990 as one of the earliest attempts to mix gothic music with heavy metal. Fields of the Nephilim had also released only three studio albums before their initial dissolution in 1991. They have since reformed, released more albums and been recognized for their influence on the "glut of metal bands" in the early 21st century "that incorporated obvious elements of goth into their sound — especially detected in their appreciation of symphonic and keyboard sounds (as well as their fashion sense)".

According to AllMusic, "goth metal first emerged during the early to mid-'80s, centered around Los Angeles' so-called 'death-rock' scene headed by Christian Death". Acclaimed as the "founding fathers of American goth rock", Christian Death went through a major personnel change in 1985 with the departure of the band's leader and founder Rozz Williams. Guitarist Valor Kand took over the reins and, under his leadership, Christian Death subsequently pursued a more metal-oriented direction. In particular, their 1988 album Sex and Drugs and Jesus Christ has been described by critic Steve Huey as "heavy goth-rock bordering on metal".

Origins

The Peaceville Three

As a musical style, gothic metal "truly began in the early 1990s in the north of England" with the three bands Paradise Lost, My Dying Bride and Anathema representing "the core of the movement". They are also recognized as three of the major bands that pioneered the death/doom subgenre, showing why gothic metal originated from death/doom. All three bands were signed to Peaceville Records during the early 1990s and have since been known as the "Peaceville Three". They had roots in "frenetically abrasive death metal, but they were also influenced by what Paradise Lost vocalist, Nick Holmes, described as the 'really bleak, dark sound' of Dead Can Dance".

Paradise Lost was the first to form in 1988 in Halifax, England. Their debut album Lost Paradise was released in 1990 and "helped define the rules of doom/death metal: grinding, de-tuned anthems of woe topped with death metal-style guttural vocals" while demonstrating that the band was "already reaching for realms unknown to their then-amateurish abilities and latent promise". The band was "evolving at a fast clip" and in the following year, their second "aptly titled album" Gothic came as "something of a departure for the band's earliest fans". With a "less deliberate, more energetic arrangements", the album featured a "slightly cleaner approach to guitar crunch" and "cautious use of keyboards and even female vocals, which together added atmospheric nuances to the group's ultra-depressive power chords". Gothic was a chart success across Europe, particularly in Germany, and has since been acclaimed as "one of the most influential albums" in heavy metal music for creating the gothic metal genre. Their 1992 album Shades of God continued the transition while the follow-up 1993 album Icon represented "a turning point" for the band with the experimental use of synthesized strings, timpani, piano and angelic female vocals. By the time of 1995's Draconian Times album, Paradise Lost's music firmly stood "between stark, oppressive goth rock and crunching heavy metal". With these five albums, the band had created "a bold collection of songs that sounded like Black-era Metallica played by a group who loved the Sisters of Mercy". They have since been recognized as the band that "originally laid the gothic seed that other bands have been nicking and reaping in recent years".

From Bradford, My Dying Bride was formed in 1990. An EP, Symphonaire Infernus et Spera Empyrium, "sparked a lot of interest" upon its release in 1991. Their first full-length release, As the Flower Withers, followed shortly after in the same year. The album was critically acclaimed by the press and "turned the Doom genre on its head". They added a violinist to their line-up for their 1993 sophomore effort Turn Loose the Swans. On this "groundbreaking" album, the group introduced a "much greater element of dark romanticism to their doomy music". Vocalist Aaron Stainthorpe explains the band's pursuit of this direction:

Their 1995 album The Angel and the Dark River "marked a shift in the band's strategy, for the first time dropping the death growl of Stainthorpe in favour of a 'clean' vocal delivery". The rest of the group "followed suit, setting aside any death metal influences, carefully using violins and keyboards to enhance the group's brooding excursions" into "fauna-wilting gothic doom metal". While the album was more experimental, the music was still dark and atmospheric.

Also forming in 1990, the Liverpool-based band Anathema released a "highly acclaimed" EP, The Crestfallen, in 1992. The "crushing emotional doom/death" of this EP remained on their 1993 debut full-length Serenades, "the most traditional doom-styled album in their catalog". Their juxtaposition of the fragile and ferocious "fostered a keen fan base". Pentecost III was recorded in 1994 as another EP "that nonetheless ended up long enough to have qualified as a full-length". The year 1995 saw the release of this EP as well as the departure of Darren White. Guitarist Vincent Cavanagh took over vocal duties for their subsequent album The Silent Enigma released later in the same year. The album "marked an important turning point in the band's sound" with critics drawing upon comparisons to Pink Floyd, "bringing new appreciation from a more mainstream band of listeners but also causing a withdrawal of support from hardened Doom fanatics". Like My Dying Bride, this transition involved leaving behind their traditional death metal sound. They continued experimenting with their 1996 album Eternity, "stretching its songs into sorrowful, orchestrated epics" that "quickly proved to be their most original work to date". While Anathema's music has "changed a lot", their "main features remained a heart-rending melancholy and intensity".

Other pioneers

In North America, Peter Steele had formed Type O Negative in 1990 out of the remnants of his former thrash metal band Carnivore. With their debut album Slow, Deep and Hard in 1991, the New York based outfit pursued a "melodramatic goth rock style" that "encompasses long songs built on simple riffs, theatrical shouting vocals, churchy-sounding organ and vocal-harmony passages, and the odd mechanical noise". The Origin of the Feces followed in 1992, but it was their third album Bloody Kisses in 1993 that became their breakthrough album. AllMusic reviewer Steve Huey noted that the album had a "twistedly affectionate send-up of goth rock conventions" and lyrics that "gleefully wallow in goth clichés — sex, death, Christianity, vampires, more sex, and death". The album has since sold nearly a million copies in the United States, a surprise success that "obliged Goths to take notice" of the group. The trademarks of Type O Negative's music include the use of "downtuned, fuzzy guitars" and a "deep baritone croon" from Peter Steele, an "intimidatingly large, sarcastically self-deprecating original, whose dry, dirty one-liners and morbid machismo challenge those who insist the archetypal Goth is a po-faced androgyne". Type O Negative has since been recognized as a pioneer of the genre. In a review of their 2007 album Dead Again, critic Greg Prato of Allmusic declared that "before Type O Negative, there was really no such thing as goth metal".

The year 1988 saw not only the formation of Paradise Lost but another early gothic metal pioneer, the Swedish band Tiamat. Their debut album Sumerian Cry arrived in 1990 and featured "slightly above average death metal". Their third album Clouds was released in 1993 as the band's first turning-point, "starkly reducing speed and heaviness for melody and atmosphere". The album made an impact on the European metal community for its atmospheric doom metal approach "enhanced with keyboards which are never out of place or over-used". The next album Wildhoney was unveiled in 1994 as an "artistic and commercial breakthrough, fully realizing the sound hinted at on previous releases and eliciting effusive praise in metal circles for its brooding, Gothic atmospherics". The album featured an interplay of contrasts between delicate acoustic guitar, gentle whispering vocals and angelic choruses on the one hand and massive riffs, industrial grind and death metal grunting on the other. On subsequent releases, Tiamat moved further into gothic territory with Johan Edlund "dropping the metal growling in favor of an unearthly croon".  The result has seen critics comparing Edlund's vocals to the Sisters of Mercy's Andrew Eldritch, "alongside musical comparisons to Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds". The band has been recognized for producing some of the most "overtly Gothic material" from Scandinavia.

As far back as 1985, Celtic Frost had used female vocals for some songs on their To Mega Therion album. Paradise Lost began making similar use of female vocals from their very first album Lost Paradise in 1990. Inspired by the use of female vocals on Paradise Lost's second album Gothic, The Gathering released their debut album Always... in 1992 with growling vocalist Bart Smits supported by female singer Marike Groot. The music on the album was "firmly rooted in the dark, midtempo style of gothic and doom metal". Their second album Almost a Dance arrived in the following year with new vocalist Niels Duffhues, "a strange choice for the band". Duffhues' "punk-ish" and "alt-rock" style of singing was widely seen as out of place with the music, a perception that was shared by the band themselves, and the album was "largely written off as a result." The Gathering decided to drop the use of male vocals altogether and instead brought in a lead female vocalist Anneke van Giersbergen for their third full length Mandylion, an album that "saw the band adventurously breaking away from the Gothic Doom fare of previous works". The result was considered a "groundbreaking achievement" upon its release in 1995 with critics lavishly describing it as "the perfect pinnacle of gothic metal". The Gathering's "introspective atmosphere owed a creative debt to Dead Can Dance, and established them as a leading band in their native Holland [sic]".

Development

Beauty and the beast

The term "beauty and the beast" refers to an aesthetic contrasting "angelic" female vocals with male growls or aggressive singing. Paradise Lost and The Gathering had already made use of this technique on some songs from their earlier albums, but it was the Norwegian Theatre of Tragedy that first released an entire album devoted to this approach with their self-titled debut in 1995. A second album, Velvet Darkness They Fear, arrived in the following year. Theatre of Tragedy's third album Aégis in 1998 saw the band "venturing into fresh musical territory". The piano was replaced by electronic keyboards while Raymond Rohonyi opted to discard his death growls in favor of a "soft, spoken, sometimes whispering voice". The music was more clean and soft, "stripped of guitar harshness" but with a "near flawless execution" that "prompted many European critics to award Aégis perfect review scores".

Other bands that contrast aggressive male vocals and clean female vocals continued to emerge in the late 1990s. Trail of Tears had formed in 1994 while Tristania formed in 1995 and The Sins of Thy Beloved were formed in 1996. All three Norwegian groups released their debut albums in 1998. Tristania stood apart from the others with their use of three distinct vocal styles in the "operatic soprano Vibeke Stene, clean-singing counter-tenor Østen Bergøy, and harsh, black metal-style shrieker Morten Veland". Their second album Beyond the Veil in 1999 made use of a ten members choir and featured violin passages from Pete Johansen of The Sins of Thy Beloved, earning "rave reviews" across Europe. By then, the band had risen to "the top of the goth metal heap" with their "lush, symphonically enhanced" approach. They were "dealt a potentially crippling blow" when singer, guitarist and principal composer Veland left the group to form Sirenia. Tristania has continued to prosper with subsequent releases and has since been "regarded as one of the world's premiere goth metal bands".

For over a decade, this beauty and the beast aesthetic has flourished with many representatives across the European continent. Cradle of Filth has also been known to make use of this approach through guest female vocalists such as Liv Kristine and Sarah Jezebel Deva. A few critics have since lamented that the approach has been "done to death by countless bands".

Symphonic gothic metal

Tristania was not the only gothic metal band that brought a symphonic edge to their music.  Influenced by the Peaceville trio of Paradise Lost, Anathema and My Dying Bride, the Dutch band Within Temptation was founded in 1996. A debut album Enter was unveiled in the following year, followed shortly by an EP The Dance. Both releases made use of the beauty and beast approach delivered by vocalists Sharon den Adel and Robert Westerholt. Their second full length Mother Earth was released in 2000 and dispensed entirely with the death metal vocals, instead "relying solely on den Adel's majestic vocal ability". The album was a commercial success with their lead single "Ice Queen" topping the charts in Belgium and their native Netherlands. Their third album The Silent Force arrived in 2004 as an "ambitious project featuring a full orchestra and 80-voice choir accompanying the band". The result was another commercial success across Europe and introduced "the world of heavy guitars and female vocals" to "a mainstream audience".

Within Temptation's brand of gothic metal combines "the guitar-driven force of hard rock with the sweep and grandeur of symphonic music". The critic Chad Bowar of About.com describes their style as "the optimum balance" between "the melody and hooks of mainstream rock, the depth and complexity of classical music and the dark edge of gothic metal". The commercial success of Within Temptation has since resulted in the emergence of a large number of other female-fronted gothic metal bands, particularly in the Netherlands.

Another Dutch band in the symphonic gothic metal strain is After Forever. Their debut album Prison of Desire in 2000 was "a courageous, albeit flawed first study into an admittedly daunting undertaking: to wed heavy metal with progressive rock arrangements and classical music orchestration — then top it all of with equal parts gruesome cookie-monster vocals and a fully qualified opera singer". A second album Decipher followed in 2001 with music that was described by guitarist Sander Gommans as being in the style of Within Temptation. Founding member, guitarist and vocalist Mark Jansen departed After Forever only a few months after the release of this album. Jansen would go on to form Epica, another band that performs a blend of gothic and symphonic metal. A debut album The Phantom Agony emerged in 2003 with music that combines Jansen's death grunts with the "angelic tones of a classically trained mezzo-soprano named Simone Simons, over a lush foundation of symphonic power metal". The music of Epica has been described as combination of "a dark, haunting gothic atmosphere with bombastic and symphonic music". Like Within Temptation and After Forever, Epica has been known to make use of an orchestra. Their 2007 album The Divine Conspiracy was a chart success in their home country.

This blend of symphonic and gothic metal has also been arrived at from the opposite direction. The band Nightwish from Finland began as a symphonic power metal act before introducing gothic elements on their 2004 album Once, particularly on the single "Wish I Had an Angel". They continued to mix their style of "bombastic, symphonic and cinematic" metal with a gothic atmosphere on their next albums Dark Passion Play in 2007 and Imaginaerum in 2011. In the book Rough Guide to Heavy Metal, Essi Berelian describes Nightwish as "gothic film score metal". The Swedish group Therion also introduced gothic elements to their brand of symphonic metal on their 2007 album Gothic Kabbalah.

Commercial success

Paradise Lost
With the release of their sixth album One Second in 1997, Paradise Lost brought a more commercial and pop-oriented direction to the genre they had helped created but the success of Draconian Times has not been overcome. Praised by Eduardo Rivadavia of Allmusic as a "radical but impressive departure", the album drew comparisons to Depeche Mode with nothing remaining "of their early death/doom metal origins". Subsequent albums "progressively experimented with electronics and pop elements, with the guitars gradually getting pushed further into the background". The result was "an accessible sound and a strong emphasis on catchy choruses". Despite attaining "a huge reputation in Europe, where all of their albums have sold strongly", the group's status as "the progenitors of gothic metal" has been "constantly overlooked, both in their homeland and the US, possibly because of their determination to never make the same record twice".

Cradle of Filth
In contrast, Cradle of Filth has become "one of the very biggest names" in their black metal genre with impressive albums sales and mainstream appearances on MTV, a level of success that has attracted accusations of "selling out" by the "black metal faithful".

Moonspell and Within Temptation
Moonspell too has "lost a lot of fans who couldn't keep up with the changes" to their music. In the opinion of vocalist Fernando Ribeiro, fans of the early 1990s were "less cynical and more open-minded in their hearts and minds" than they are in 2007. Nonetheless, the band has continued to experience success with their 2006 album Memorial debuting at number 1 on their native Portuguese charts. They were rewarded with the "Best Portuguese Act" award at the 2006 MTV European Music Awards, a feat matched by Within Temptation in the following year with the "Best Dutch & Belgian Act" award. Within Temptation further received recognition as their country's best selling artist at the 2007 World Music Awards.

Lacuna Coil

The Italian band Lacuna Coil has also become a "premiere act" of the gothic metal genre. The group employs both a female vocalist Cristina Scabbia and a male vocalist Andrea Ferro, although the group uses less of a 'beauty and the beast' style, with Ferro primarily using clean vocals. Formed in Milan in 1994, they released a demo tape in 1996 strongly influenced by Paradise Lost and Type O Negative. The band "turned a lot of heads in Italy's ambient/goth scene" with their self-titled EP in 1998. Their debut album In a Reverie was released in 1999 with a style that bore "some similarities to contemporaries like the Gathering and Moonspell". Lacuna Coil's music was also "more accessible than many of their peers". A second album, Unleashed Memories, arrived in 2001, but it was their third full-length, Comalies, that became their breakthrough album, "highly praised by the metal world after its release in October 2002". On the strength of Comalies, Lacuna Coil became the most successful artist in the history of their label Century Media Records as well as the highest selling rock act in their home country Italy. The band has also achieved the distinction of being the first and, as of late 2007, the only European gothic metal band to successfully break into the United States market with radio airplay and impressive album sales. Their highly anticipated fourth album Karmacode was even more successful, debuting at number 28 on the Billboard charts, and also debuting on many European music charts. The Comalies and Karmacode albums "reportedly sold nearly 1 million units combined worldwide, a good chunk of that in the States". The band has also performed on the main stage of the American heavy metal festival Ozzfest. Their last two albums, Shallow Life and Dark Adrenaline, debuted at number 16 and number 15, respectively, on the Billboard charts.

Evanescence
In 2003, the rock group Evanescence from Arkansas, United States also found commercial success with the release of their debut album Fallen. Their style represents a blend of gothic and alternative metal with critics drawing comparisons to other alternative metal acts like P.O.D. and Linkin Park. Further comparisons have since been drawn between Evanescence and gothic metal groups like Within Temptation and Lacuna Coil. Critic Adrien Begrand of PopMatters wryly notes that while Lacuna Coil "had been tirelessly building a fanbase in Europe since the late 1990s with their listener-friendly brand of goth metal", they had been overshadowed by "a bunch of corn-fed kids from Arkansas with a big publicity machine behind them [taking] the very sound the Italian sextet had helped pioneer, and present it to the American suburban goth kids in a much more pop-oriented, dumbed down variation". Cammila Albertson of Allmusic similarly locates Evanescence as one step further from gothic metal, offering the description of the band as "a pop version of an already diluted brand of metal". While Fernando Ribeiro of Moonspell contends that Evanescence is not a metal band, publications such as the New York Times, Rough Guides, Rolling Stone and Blender have nonetheless identified Evanescence as a gothic metal act. Adrian Jackson, former bassist My Dying Bride feels the American group is doing something similar to My Dying Bride music, only in a more commercial direction. Gregor Mackintosh of Paradise Lost notes a generation gap between his group and Evanescence, suggesting that Paradise Lost has only influenced Evanescence indirectly through other acts like Lacuna Coil. The success of Evanescence has been recognized  for opening "new grounds" for gothic metal bands to "explore and conquer".

HIM

Another act that has attracted both commercial success and controversy is the band HIM. The group has "not only dominated the charts in their native Finland but also across Europe and in particular Germany". Their debut album arrived in 1997 as Greatest Lovesongs Vol. 666 with music that "combines metal with '80s rock and some goth influences". HIM began moving towards a more "polished pop" direction on their next album Razorblade Romance in 2000. The band describes their "Sabbath-meets-Depeche Mode sound" as love metal, the title of their fourth album in 2003. Their subsequent release two years later Dark Light was their breakthrough album in the United States with a debut at number 18 on the Billboard charts, a feat exceeded when their next album Venus Doom in 2007 made a debut at number 12. Critic Lance Teegarden of PopMatters notes that HIM is "not the sort of act that conjures up a lukewarm response [as] people either like them or discredit them outright".

Finnish scene
In the 21st century, gothic metal has enjoyed a strong mainstream presence in Finland with many representatives enjoying commercial success. In addition to the aforementioned HIM, the bands Charon, Entwine, For My Pain..., Lullacry, Poisonblack, Sentenced, and To/Die/For have all found their singles or albums hitting the top ten of the Finnish charts. Of these bands, Sentenced notably formed as far back as 1989 with their early albums in the melodic and blackened death metal vein. For My Pain... was formed as a supergroup with members from other prominent bands in Finland including Nightwish, Embraze, Eternal Tears of Sorrow and Reflexion.


Franz Petrak

Franz Petrak (9 October 1886, Mährisch-Weißkirchen – 9 October 1973, Vienna) was an Austrian-Czech mycologist.

From 1906 to 1910, he studied botany at the University of Vienna, where he was a student of Richard Wettstein. In 1913 he obtained his doctorate of sciences, and until 1916, worked as a high school teacher in Vienna. During World War I, he was stationed in Galicia and Albania, where he collected specimens in his spare time. From 1918 to 1938, he worked as a private scientist in his home town, and from 1938 to 1951, was associated with the Naturhistorisches Museum in Vienna.

He was the author of nearly 500 published works, primarily in the field of mycology. Much of his mycological work was published in the journal Annales mycologici and its successor Sydowia. Reportedly, his private herbarium contained 100,000 specimens.

As a taxonomist, he described numerous species within the genus Cirsium (family Asteraceae). The mycological genera Petrakiella, Petrakiopeltis and Petrakina are named in his honor, the latter genus being circumscribed by Raffaele Ciferri in 1932.

Franz Petrak died 9 October 1973 in Vienna.

Selected works
 Die nordamerikanischen Arten der Gattung Cirsium, 1917.
 Die Gattungen der Pyrenomyzeten, Sphaeropsideen und Melanconiee, 1926.
 Die phaeosporen Shaeropsideen und die Gattung Macrophoma, 1926.
 "Index of fungi. Petrak's lists, 1920-1939". Cumulative index by the Commonwealth Mycological Institute (Great Britain), 1956.
 "Index of fungi : list of new species and varieties of fungi, new combinations and new names published 1920-1939", 1957.
 "Index of fungi: a supplement to Petrak's lists, 1920-1939". By the Commonwealth Mycological Institute (Great Britain), 1969.


Museum François Duesberg

Museum François Duesberg was opened on 21 September 1994 and is devoted to decorative arts from the period 1775 to 1825. The museum is located in Mons (Hainaut) opposite the collegiate Saint Waltrude Church in the former buildings of the National Bank of Belgium. It houses a large collection of objects in perfect condition: it has a prestigious collection of clocks and mantel clocks, exceptional gilded French bronzes, porcelain (mainly from Paris and Brussels), pottery, jewelry (including the famous Mons-punch), and numerous items of similar quality.

It was founded by  François Duesberg and his wife Betty whose collections focus on  the periods of Louis XVI, that of Charles X of France and of the First French Empire under Napoleon.

Gallery


Elachista seductilis

Elachista seductilis is a moth of the family Elachistidae that is endemic to New South Wales.

The wingspan is  for males and  for females. The forewings are pale bluish grey. Females are darker. The hindwings are dark grey.

The larvae feed on Carex appressa and Cyperus exaltatus. They mine the leaves of their host plant. The larvae usually mine downwards, but can change direction when meeting obstacles. The mine is straight, gradually widening and greenish white in colour. It can reach a length of  long. The frass is deposited in a long regular row along the center of the mine. Pupation takes place outside of the mine on the midrib of a leaf of the host plant under the shelter of a dense web.


Second District of Cairo

The Second District of Cairo is an Egyptian national electoral constituency which lies within the Cairo Governorate. It covers
 Zeitoun
 Waili
 Heliopolis

The incumbent deputy for the Second district of cairo is Amr Zaki, who was elected to the People's Assembly of Egypt in 2012 from the FJP, of which he is Assistant Secretary.


Estrel Hotel

The Estrel Berlin in Berlin is Europe’s largest convention, entertainment, and hotel complex, and with its 1,125 rooms the largest hotel in Germany. With a total turnover of 100.8 million DM (Deutsche Mark) in the year 2000, the Estrel became the hotel with the highest turnover in Germany, a status which it retained. In 2009 it had a turnover of 50.45 million Euros.

The Estrel employs a total of 450 people including trainees, in addition another 150 employees from outside companies and about 100 part-time employees.

Private ownership

The Estrel does not belong to a hotel chain but is privately owned by the contractor (company's namesake) Ekkehard Streletzki who received for the project Estrel the industry prize "Hotelier of the Year 2000". Furthermore, Ekkehard Streletzki was awarded the “Verdienstkreuz am Bande” (the Federal Cross of Merit on ribbon) by the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany in November 2005 in honour of his lifetime achievement, his social commitment and his work for the city of Berlin.

Location

The hotel is located near the train station Sonnenallee in the district Neukölln near the city center. It has its own railway station which enables guests to arrive and depart with chartered trains, and an own jetty along the Neukölln shipping channel from where sight-seeing and boat tours are on offer.

Opening

The Estrel Hotel was opened in October 1994. Since 1997 the Estrel Festival Center, a reconstructed factory hall, hosts the successful Las Vegas live show Stars in Concert with impersonators of international stars like Michael Jackson, Tina Turner, Elvis Presley and others which was attended in 2010 of more than 3.8 million visitors. The entire Estrel complex was completed in 1999 with the construction of the Convention Center which hosts around 1,800 events a year, including major sporting events (e.g. boxing championships), major fairs (such as the World MoneyNotes Fair) and political events.

2009 World Championships in Athletics

The Estrel is one of two hotels that provided accommodation for the athletes who participated in the 2009 World Championships in Athletics (The other is the Hotel Berlin).

Expansion
The Estrel will be expanded with a new hotel tower. The new tower will have 50 floors, 700 hotel rooms and will stand 176 metres tall making it the second tallest structure of Berlin and the tallest hotel in Germany.


Pang Yan

Pang Yan (born 15 January 1963) is a Chinese athlete. He competed in the men's long jump at the 1988 Summer Olympics.