Old Watertown High School

Old Watertown High School is a historic school building at 341 Mount Auburn Street in Watertown, Massachusetts, United States. The  story brick building was built in 1913 by local architect Charles Brigham. Now an assisted living facility named Brigham House, the English Revival structure is one of Watertown's most imposing public buildings, standing about one mile east of Watertown center. When built it first served as the city's high school, but was converted to a junior high school in 1925, a role it served until the late 1980s. It then stood vacant until its conversion to housing in the 2000s.

The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2006.


Buli Airport

Buli Airport  is an airport in Buli, Pekaulang, Maba, East Halmahera Regency, North Maluku, Indonesia.

Airlines and destinations
The following airline are currently serving Buli airport.


Gustavo Gac-Artigas

Gustavo Gac-Artigas is a Chilean American writer, playwright, actor, theater director and editor. Born in Santiago, Chile, he has lived in New Jersey since 1995. He is a correspondent member of the North American Academy of the Spanish Language (Academia Norteamericana de la Lengua Española-ANLE).

Biography
In 1968 Gac-Artigas traveled to Bulgaria to participate in the Democratic Youth World Festival and to Czechoslovakia invited by the government of the time to observe the changes introduced during the Prague Spring. Upon his return to Chile, he dropped out of college and embarked on a trip through Latin America performing in different countries with a documentary theater play called Poetry Mail which included poems by established writers, local writers and songs intertwined with current events from national and local newspapers. With Poetry Mail, Gac-Artigas traversed South America from his native Chile to Bogota, Colombia. In Colombia he worked with Enrique Buenaventura and Santiago Garcia and the Teatro La Candelaria in Bogotá.

In 1971 he returned to Chile where he founded and directed the experimental Theatre del Cobre (TEC) in the Cultural House of El Teniente copper mine during the government of Salvador Allende.
TEC's last performance in Chile was at the Chuquicamata mine, in the northern part of the country with the play Freedom, Freedom, an adaptation by Gac-Artigas of Flavio Rengel’s play about a group opposed to the 1973 coup d'état. The presentation began on September 10, 1973 and ended with a forum attended by David Baytelman, manager of the mine, mineworkers, and some political leaders on September 11, day in which the group was supposed to continue their tour to present the play for the workers of the nitrate mine.

Gac-Artigas was arrested on September 11 in the afternoon, and three days later led to Rancagua, 2,000 kilometers south, where he was imprisoned in the public jail as political prisoner number 3245 on the list prepared by the Chilean National Institute of Human Rights. He was interrogated for three days, “with haste”—as the military used to call torture—by a lieutenant named Medina. Months later he was out of jail thanks to the intervention of the UN and was taken to Santiago where, with a deportation order, and a travel document issued by the Red Cross, he left the country for exile in Paris. There, along with Colombian actress Perla Valencia, he founded the group Théâtre de la Résistance-Chili (then Nuevo Teatro Los Comediantes) with which he toured the stages of Europe and participated in major international festivals such as: Nancy, Avignon, Ljubljana, Hammamet, Djendouba, Tabarka, Hammam Lift, Yverdon, Bern, Zurich and Stagedoor Festival among others.

In 1984 he tried to return to Chile, but on September 5 of that year his name appeared on a list of about 5,000 people forbidden from entering the country for representing “a danger to the internal security of the State”. This failed attempt forced him to wander, with his group, through Latin America, from Buenos Aires to Bogota crossing through Bolivia, Peru and Ecuador. He remained with his group in Colombia for one year performing in different parts of the country. After a hunger strike, he was sent back to Europe, to Rotterdam, and not Paris, because after one year out of France he had lost his political refugee status in that country. Between 1986 and 1989 he lived in the Netherlands, where he continued his theater work and with his group he participated in the Stagedoor Festival (1986) and the Latino Festival of Utrecht (1989). In 1989 he received the “Poetry Park Award” for his story “Dr. Zamenhofstraat.”

In 2018 his novel Y todos éramos actores, un siglo de luz y sombra [And All of Us Were Actors, A Century Of Light And Shadow] (2016)  English edition translated by Andrea G. Labinger obtained second place of the ILBA (International Latino Book Award 2018) in the category Best Fiction Book in Translation - Spanish to English.

Since 1991, Gac-Artigas has lived in the United States. In 1992 he was invited by the theater department of Texas Christian University as artist in residence to direct his work Discoverings.

He currently resides in New Jersey where he continues his literary work.

Works

Novels
Y todos éramos actores, un siglo de luz y sombra [And All of Us Were Actors, A Century Of Light And Shadow] (2016)  English edition translated by Andrea G. Labinger (March 2017). The novel obtained second place of the ILBA (International Latino Book Award 2018) in the category Best Fiction Book in Translation - Spanish to English.[2]
 It Was A Time To Dream (1992)
Second edition, digital and paperback: It Was Time To Dream Of The Pregnant Birdies (2016)
And The Earth Was Round (1993)
Second edition, digital and paperback: And The Earth Was Round (2016)
Ado’s Plot of Land (2002)
Second edition, digital and paperback (2016)
An Ordinary Murder

Theatre
The Land Of Tears Of Blood or We Call You Chile Freedom (1978)
 Premiered in Paris and performed at the Avignon and Nancy International festivals, and throughout France.
Columbus’ Egg or Coca-Cola Offers You A Journey Of Dreams In Latin America (1982)
 Premiered at the Gérard Philipe Theatre, Champigny-sur-Marne, France, performed in the Hall of Honor of the UNESCO, Paris, and throughout France, at several international festivals such as Carrefour de l’Europe, Hammamet, Djendouba, Tabarka, Hammam Lift, Bern, Manizales, Rotterdam, Sategedoor Festival, San Juan Puerto Rico and Manizales. A one year tour in Colombia.
Gonzalito or Yesterday I Learned That I Can Return (1989)
 Premiered in Rotterdam, the Netherlands, at the Latino Festival of Utrecht.
Five Flashes of Eternity (1992)
Discoverings (1992)
 Premiered at the Texas Christian University, 1992

Novella
Dalibá, The Witch Of The Caribbean (1984)

Poetry
Ex-Iliads (1989)

College textbooks
To The Point: a complete reference manual for Spanish grammar (Prentice Hall, College Division, 1999)
Sans détour: a complete reference manual for French grammar (Prentice Hall, College Division, 1999)
Roadmap To The Culture And Civilization Of Latin America (Academic Press Jan, 2006, sixth ed. 2012
E-GPS mobile application essay / essay: A comprehensive App designed to guide students through the writing of the Most Frequently Requested types of essays: argumentative, expository, compare and contrast and literary commentaries in two languages, English and Spanish, all in one App. It Works with the same principle of a GPS: to guide towards independence. Once students have internalized the structural patterns of the essays, they will be able to reproduce them automatically within any context. (For iOS and Android). ENE Academic Press, 2015.

Anthologies
Anthology Of Songs Of Struggle And Hope. Editorial Quimantú, Chile (1973). Co-author: Perla Valencia

Opinion Articles
 The Presidential Debate in the US, hurry, tickets are selling out! El debate presidencial en los EE.UU., apurarse que se están acabando los boletos
 USA, Elections 2016: The End of Democracy?
 When Saying “Nous Sommes Paris” Is Not Enough
 The Irresistible Rise of Donald Trump

Reception
Severo Sarduy, about his first novel, It Was A Time To Dream: “Imaginative writing of extreme theatricality and fiction (based on historical facts sometimes recognizable) that make text one halogen,
Edith Grossman, about his second novel, "E il orbo era rondo": “I was really impressed by the superposition of different time periods, the interpenetration of the historical, the mythological and the surreal. A difficult but valuable book, closer to an epic poem than to a novel.”

About And All of Us Were Actors, A Century of Light and Shadow.

Gac-Artigas' works have been performed in 18 international theater festivals:
 World Festival of Nancy (France, 1975)
 Avignon Festival (France, 1975, 1980)
 Festival Ljubljana (Yugoslavia, 1980)
 Festival of Bern (Switzerland, 1980)
 Festival Zurich (Switzerland, 1980)
 Festival of Yverdon (Switzerland, 1981, 1983)
 Festival of Hammamet (Tunisia, 1982)
 Djendouba Festival (Tunisia, 1982)
 Festival of Tabarka (Tunisia, 1982)
 Hammam-Lif Festival (Tunisia, 1982)
 Carrefour de l’Europe (France, 1983, 1984)
 VII International Festival of Manizales (Colombia, 1985)
 Stagedoor Festival (Netherlands, 1986)
 Latino Festival in Utrecht (Netherlands, 1989)
 XXVII International Festival of the Instituto de Cultura Puertorriqueña (San Juan, Puerto Rico, 1991)

Notes


Lake Vanda

Lake Vanda is a lake in Wright Valley, Victoria Land, Ross Dependency, Antarctica. The lake is 5 km long and has a maximum depth of 69 m. On its shore, New Zealand maintained Vanda Station from 1968 to 1995. Lake Vanda is a hypersaline lake with a salinity more than ten times that of seawater, more than the salinity of the Dead Sea, and perhaps even more than of Lake Assal (Djibouti), which is the world's most saline lake outside of Antarctica. (Previous sentence, however, is not true according to List of bodies of water by salinity). Lake Vanda is also meromictic, which means that the deeper waters of the lake don't mix with the shallower waters. There are three distinct layers of water ranging in temperature from  on the bottom to the middle layer of  and the upper layer ranges from . It is only one of the many saline lakes in the ice-free valleys of the Transantarctic Mountains. The longest river of Antarctica, Onyx River, flows West, inland, into Lake Vanda. There is a meteorological station at the mouth of the river.

The lake is covered by a transparent ice sheet  year-round, though melting in late December forms a moat out to approximately  from the shore. The surface of the ice is not covered with snow and is "deeply rutted with cracks and melt lines". During the colder months the moat refreezes.

While no species of fish live in Lake Vanda or the Onyx River, microscopic life such as cyanobacteria algal blooms have been recorded. Due to the concerns over impact to the natural environment that may occur during research, scientific diving operations are limited to work in the upper layer (above ) and remotely operated underwater vehicle use is not allowed.

Vanda Station

Lake Vanda Station was well known for The Royal Lake Vanda Swim Club. Visitors to Lake Vanda Station could dip into the high salinity waters when the icecap edge melted out during summer to form a 'moat', and receive a Royal Lake Vanda Swim Club shoulder patch. Vanda staff would assist the melt by hacking out a 'pool'. Many dignitaries and politicians were inducted into the club, The dip had to be naked (Rule 1), complete immersion (Rule 4), witnessed by a 'Vandal' (Vanda Station staffer) and with no restrictions on photography (Rule 6) to qualify. Rule 10 allowed a natural figleaf, but it had to be natural and also naturally green without artificial aid.

Vanda Station was removed in 1995 as lake levels rose, and is replaced by a shelter, Lake Vanda Hut, that is periodically staffed by 2-8 stream researchers.


Overhall Grove

Overhall Grove is a 17.4 hectare biological Site of Special Scientific Interest to the east of  Knapwell in Cambridgeshire. It is a Nature Conservation Review site, Grade II, and it is managed by the Wildlife Trust for Bedfordshire, Cambridgeshire and Northamptonshire.

This site is the largest elm woodland in the county. It was seriously affected by Dutch elm disease, but many trees have regenerated from their bases, and the mixture of new growth and dead wood provides a very good habitat for insects and birds. There are the remains of a medieval manor and moat at the northern end, and a family of badgers have unearthed pottery dating back to the eleventh century. The ecological value of the site is enhanced by a stream, ponds, clearings and rides.

There is access by a footpath from Knapwell High Street.


Watson Creek

Watson Creek is a stream in Fillmore County, in the U.S. state of Minnesota.

Watson Creek was named for Thomas and James Watson, pioneer settlers.


Tom Kelley (photographer)

Tom Kelley Sr. (December 12, 1914 – January 8, 1984) was an American photographer who photographed Hollywood celebrities in the 1940s and 1950s. He is best known for his iconic 1949 nude photographs of Marilyn Monroe, which were distributed widely as calendar art—one of which was featured in the inaugural issue of Playboy magazine in 1953. He paid Marilyn Monroe only $50 dollars for the shoot.

Biography
Kelley was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He learned photography as an apprentice in a New York photo studio, and then worked for the Associated Press and Town & Country magazine. After coming to California in 1935, Kelley established a photography studio in Hollywood and produced promotional photographs of motion picture stars. David O. Selznick and Samuel Goldwyn retained Kelley to take promotional photos of their stars and starlets for magazine covers and advertising. Later, Kelley's business shifted to commercial and advertising photography.

Some of Kelley's most famous photo subjects have included Gary Cooper, Greta Garbo, James Cagney, Clark Gable, Winston Churchill, Bob Hope, Marlene Dietrich, Joan Crawford, Jack Benny, David Bowie, John F. Kennedy, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Yma Sumac and, of course, Marilyn Monroe, with and without clothes. Tom Kelley had a way of making his subjects feel comfortable behind the camera. He would bring his wife with him to his shoots to create a more soothing and relaxed atmosphere.

Kelley served on the panel of judges at the Miss Universe 1952 and Miss Universe 1956 pageants. Kelley was one of the judges for the famed annual Cavalcades of Jazz beauty contests from 1955 to 1958 which was held at Wrigley Field in Los Angeles and the last one at The Shrine Auditorium. These concerts and beauty pageants were produced by an African-American Leon Hefflin, Sr. Kelley appeared in the 1966 documentary film The Legend of Marilyn Monroe.

The Red Velvet photos
When Kelley originally approached Marilyn about the nude shoot, she turned him down. Monroe was concerned initially about the potential negative effects that such publicity could bring her young career. She was aware that at that time it was not considered traditionally "appropriate" to be nude. Nonetheless a few days later she gave in and decided to pose for the photos, signing them ' Mona Monroe'. Kelley believed that it was in part because she owed him a favor, having lent her a few bucks for a cab ride home. But Monroe herself said several times that she really just needed the money when she was hungry and needed to make a payment on her vehicle. She joked, however, that she was glad she wasn’t eating much at the time because it gave her "a real washboard stomach" in the photos. Upon doing the shoot, Kelley stated "all of her constraints seemed to vanish with her clothes", and that she seemed to be more "herself" in the nude. He even went as far as to say that she was "graceful as an otter". Kelley gave Marilyn fifty dollars for the shoot and, despite its aggressive popularity, she never received any additional remuneration.

Playboy Past
The photos of Monroe also succeeded in building a relationship between Tom Kelley and Hugh Hefner. In 1953 Hefner was getting serious about introducing his new sexually charged magazine, Playboy.
Featuring Kelley's now-classic photo of Marilyn Monroe on the cover of its very first issue significantly factored in Playboy's launch into popularity, selling over 50,000 copies. Continuing to partner with Hefner for future editions, Kelley always seemed to make his models more relaxed in order to obtain uniquely appealing and popular photos. One model, Neva Gilbert, Miss July 1954, remembered the experience in a 2016 Associated Press interview, again recalling how he would always bring his wife with him to the shoots. Kelley had her lay on a tiger rug with red painted nails for $20 an hour. Neva said of the photos, "I didn't think it was dirty. I felt they were in good taste. I thought nudes were lovely."

Legacy
Tom Kelley Jr. attempted to auction off, not only his father's photographs of Marilyn Monroe, but also their intellectual property rights such that the buyer could remarket them in any way they so chose. Kelley Jr. set the price high, but when the bid only reached $840,000 he decided not to sell.


Jack Faust (attorney)

John R. "Jack" Faust (born June 16, 1932) is a retired Portland, Oregon, attorney, television personality and political activist.

Early life

Education
Faust graduated from Jefferson High School in Portland, Oregon in 1949, the University of Oregon in 1953, and graduated first in his class at the University of Oregon Law School in 1958. At law school he was Editor-in-chief of the law review and received the Order of the Coif and the Phi Delta Phi Award for Outstanding Graduate Pacific Northwest.

Military service
Served in the U.S. Army from 1953–1955 as a Special Agent in the 441st Counterintelligence Corps detachment, Far East Command.

Career

Attorney
A well-known Oregon lawyer, he practiced with Schwabe, Williamson & Wyatt of Portland and retired 2007. His practice consisted of corporate, appellate and general law. Faust represented public utilities, insurance companies, local baseball teams, public officials, public figures, pro bono clients, and numerous others. He served as president of the Multnomah County Bar Association, and vice-president of the Oregon State Bar. Faust was selected by his peers for listing in Best Lawyers in America, and Best Lawyers in Portland.  He is featured as the team's lawyer in the 2014 prize-winning "Battered Bastards of Baseball," a Netflix documentary on the short but colorful life of the Portland Mavericks baseball team.

Town Hall
For 13 years, Faust moderated Town Hall, a weekly public affairs television program on ABC affiliate KATU. The program featured discussions, often contentious, between public officials, experts and plain citizens on topics that ranged from serious (child abuse) to light (alien abductions). It drew high ratings and received numerous honors including national awards from United Press International, the San Francisco State Broadcaster, and the Iris Award for Outstanding Local Public Affairs Program in the Nation from the National Association of Television Program Executives.

Business
Jack Faust's business activities include serving on the boards of Pacific Northwest Bell, Equitable Savings & Loan and Western Savings Bank.

Civic involvement

His civic involvement includes time spent as a member of the United States Advisory Committee on Trade Negotiations, the United States Bus De-regulation Commission, the Oregon Land Conservation and Development Commission (vice chairman), the Oregon Commission on Higher Education In Portland, the Oregon Transportation Study Committee, the Multnomah County Charter review Committee (chairman), the Metropolitan Coliseum-Stadium Task Force, and the Oregon Trail Commission Coordinating Council.

Faust also served as Chairman of the Board of Lewis & Clark College, and as a member of the boards of Portland Opera, Campfire Girls, SEI, Arlington Club (president). He served as master of ceremonies or speaker at numerous civic banquets and charitable fundraisers, where he Introduced Presidents Ford, Reagan, Bush Sr., Vice President Nelson Rockefeller, U.S. senators, Oregon governors from Tom McCall to Ted Kulongoski, and other public figures.  He served as a director of Oregonians for Higher Education Excellence, a committee that successfully  advocated for the 2013 Oregon legislation giving the state's seven public universities self-governance.

Politics
Faust was Campaign Chairman for Senator Bob Packwood from 1974 to 1992, and active in the campaigns of Oregon Governors Victor Atiyeh and Tom McCall, Oregon Secretary of State Norma Paulus, Oregon Attorney General Lee Johnson, and others.

Awards
He was named Portland's First Citizen, recognized as Multnomah County Medical Society Layman of the Year, received the Distinguished Service Award of the Anti-Defamation League, and the Salvation Army Community Pride Award, an Honorary Doctor of Humanities Degree from Lewis & Clark College, the Drug Awareness Council Person of the Year Award, the Oregon Toastmasters Communicator of the Year, and also named as one of 100 Outstanding Graduates of Jefferson High from 1909 to 2009.


Joint Committee on the Draft Registration of Overseas Entities Bill

The Joint Committee on the Draft Parliamentary Buildings Bill is a joint select committee of the House of Commons and House of Lords in the Parliament of the United Kingdom. The Committee was established in 2018 with a remit to consider the Draft Registration of Overseas Entities Bill. They are due to report on 10 May 2019.

Membership

As of 19 March 2019, the members of the committee are as follows:


Robert Loua

Robert Loua is a former Guinean sprinter who competed in the men's 100m competition at the 1996 Summer Olympics. He recorded an 11.21, not enough to qualify for the next round past the heats.


IMF Economic Review

The IMF Economic Review (IMFER) is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Palgrave Macmillan on behalf of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), whose main research publication it is. The IMF Economic Review has a focus on open economy macroeconomics, but also features content on global economic policies, international finance as well as international trade. Its current publication frequency is of four issues per year and its current editor and co-editor are the economists Pierre-Olivier Gourinchas and Ayhan Kose.

History

Prior to 2010, the IMF Economic Review was published under the title IMF Staff Papers. The IMF Staff Papers were first published in 1964, reaching its maximum publication frequency with four issues per year in 1978. According to Olivier Blanchard, the creation of the IMF Economic Review followed the dual motive of filling the gap between macroeconomic theory and practice as well as reviving the IMF Staff Papers, which had become "too inbred" over time, ranking poorly in listings of academic journals.

Reception

According to Thomson Reuters' Journal Citation Report 2012, the 5-year impact factor of the IMF Economic Review was 2.559.


Jim Williams (rugby union)

Jim Williams (born 8 December 1968) is a former international rugby union player and coach. He was most recently assistant coach to the Australian national rugby union team. Williams has been head coach of the Greater Sydney Rams in the National Rugby Championship since 2015, succeeding Brian Melrose

Early life
Born in Young, New South Wales, Williams played rugby league as a boy. He began rugby union after joining the army at age 17. He played for Young RFC, then moved to Brisbane where he played for West Brisbane.

West Hartlepool, England
Williams moved to England in 1994 and played one season with West Hartlepool.

Australian rugby
On returning to Australia, Williams played Sydney club rugby while remaining on the fringes of the NSW Waratahs team. It wasn't until he changed to the back row that he was able to find enough form to be picked up by Eddie Jones at the ACT Brumbies in 1998. It was his form playing for the Brumbies that led to his selection for the Australian squad for the 1999 Rugby World Cup.

Munster & Ireland
After missing Wallabies selection in 2001, Williams accepted a two-year deal with Munster, and soon captained the Irish club. He played 30 Heineken Cup matches for Munster, and scored 15 points. Williams played until 2005 when he was appointed assistant coach.

Wallabies assistant coach
He continued in coaching roles at Munster until 2008 when new Wallabies coach Robbie Deans offered him the Assistant Coach role. At the start of Australia's international rugby season in June 2008 Williams took up his new role alongside fellow assistant Michael Foley.
Williams left the Wallabies in 2011.


Guest family

The Guest family is a British family that has been prominent in business and politics since the 18th century. It was involved in the British iron and steel industry, particularly the Dowlais Ironworks in Wales, which later became part of Guest, Keen and Nettlefolds. Hereditary titles held by members of the family include Baron Wimborne, Baron Ashby St Ledgers and Viscount Wimborne, all in the Peerage of the United Kingdom.

John Guest
John Guest (1722–1785 or 25 November 1787) was a brewer, farmer and coal merchant in Broseley, Shropshire. He collaborated with Isaac Wilkinson in starting the Plymouth Ironworks in 1763 and there came to the attention of Thomas Lewis and the other Dowlais partners. He moved to Dowlais and was appointed manager of the works on 30 April 1767. He built his first house at Morlais Brook, Gellifaelog, but, isolated from his family, became a "lonely and melancholy man". By 1767, Guest had moved most of his family to Dowlais. His children were:
Thomas Guest (infra); and
Sarah Guest, who married William Taitt (died 1815), another of the Dowlais partners.

Thomas Guest
Thomas Guest (died 1807) continued his father's work at Dowlais. He married Jemima Revel Phillips of Shifnal, Shropshire. They had three daughters and two sons:
Josiah John Guest (infra); and
Thomas Revel Guest (1790–1837), a partner in Dowlais with two shares, and the firm's agent in Ireland. Along with his brother, he was one of the promoters and original shareholders of the Taff Vale Railway. On his death, he left one share to his brother and one to his nephew, Edward John Hutchins.
Thomas Guest did much to modernise production at Dowlais, employing several of his relatives, including Cornelius Guest, Charles Guest and George Guest.

Sir Josiah John Guest, 1st Baronet

Sir Josiah John Guest, 1st Baronet (1785–1852), married:
11 March 1817: Maria Elizabeth Ranken (died January 1818), the third daughter of William Ranken from Ireland.
29 July 1833: Lady Charlotte Elizabeth Bertie (1812–1895), eldest child of Albemarle Bertie, 9th Earl of Lindsey. They had ten children, including:
Ivor Bertie Guest (infra);
Montague Guest; and
Arthur Guest.

Ivor Bertie Guest, 1st Baron Wimborne

Ivor Bertie Guest, 1st Baron Wimborne (1835–1914), married Lady Cornelia Henrietta Maria Spencer-Churchill (1847–1927), daughter of John Spencer-Churchill, 7th Duke of Marlborough, and aunt of Winston Churchill. They had four daughters and five sons:
Frances Charlotte Guest (1869-1957);
Corisande Evelyn Vere Guest (1870-1943);
Elaine Augusta Guest (1871-1958);
Ivor Churchill Guest (1873-1939) (infra);
Christian Henry Charles Guest (1874–1957);
Frederick Edward Guest (1875-1937) (infra);
Rosamund Cornelia Gwladys Guest (1877-1947);
Lionel Guest (1880–1935), was a co-founder of the Ritz-Carlton Montreal. He married Flora Bigelow Dodge, daughter of John Bigelow, in 1905. Flora was the author of Laughter and Tears (1926) and the mother, by her first marriage, of John Bigelow Dodge; and
Oscar Guest (1888–1958).

Ivor Churchill Guest, 1st Viscount Wimborne

Ivor Churchill Guest, 1st Viscount Wimborne (1873–1939), married Alice Katherine Sibell Grosvenor, daughter of Robert Wellesley Grosvenor, 2nd Baron Ebury. They had two daughters, and one son:
Ivor Grosvenor Guest, 2nd Viscount Wimborne.

Frederick Edward Guest

Frederick Edward Guest (1875–1937), married Amy Phipps (1873–1959), daughter of American industrialist Henry Phipps. The couple had two sons and a daughter, all of whom eventually immigrated to the United States:
Raymond Richard Guest (1907–1991), married three times, with five children.
Winston Frederick Churchill Guest (1906–1982), a polo player who married (1) Helena Woolworth McCann (div. 1934), granddaughter of F. W. Woolworth, then (2) Lucy Douglas Cochrane (C. Z. Guest).
He had two sons with Helena Woolworth McCann:
 Winston Alexander Guest Jr.
 Frederick E. Guest II
He had a son and a daughter with Lucille Douglas Cochrane:
 Alexander Michael Douglas Dudley Guest
Cornelia Guest
Diana Guest (1909–1994), married (1) Marc Sevastopoulo, (2) Count Jean de Gaillard de la Valdène (1895–1977), then (3) Allen Manning.
She had two children with Count Jean de Gaillard de la Valdène:
 Guy Winston de Gaillard de la Valdène
 Lorraine Aimee de Gaillard de la Valdène

Family tree

John Guest (1722-1785)
Thomas Guest (d. 1807), ∞ Jemima Revel Phillips
Sir Josiah John Guest, 1st Baronet (1785–1852), ∞ 1817 : Maria Elizabeth Ranken (d. 1818), ∞ 1833 : Lady Charlotte Elizabeth Bertie (1812–1895)
Charlotte Maria Guest (1834–1902), ∞ Richard Du Cane (d. 1904)
Ivor Bertie Guest, 1st Baron Wimborne (1835–1914), ∞ Lady Cornelia Henrietta Maria Spencer-Churchill (1847–1927)
Ivor Churchill Guest, 1st Viscount Wimborne (1873–1939), ∞ 1902 : The Hon. Alice Grosvenor (1880–1948)
Ivor Grosvenor Guest, 2nd Viscount Wimborne (1903–1967), ∞ Lady Mabel Edith Fox-Strangways (b. 1918)
Ivor Fox-Strangways Guest, 3rd Viscount Wimborne (1939–1993), ∞ 1966 : Victoria Ann Vigors, ∞ Venetia Margaret Barker (née Quarry)
Ivor Mervyn Vigors Guest, 4th Viscount Wimborne (b. 1968), ∞ Ieva Imsa
Greta Guest (b. 2011)
Ilona Charlotte Guest (b. 1985), ∞ 2012 : Oliver Hilton-Johnson
Rosemary Guest
Cynthia Guest
Christian Henry Charles Guest (1874–1957), ∞ The Hon. Frances Lyttelton (1885–1918)
John Guest (b. 1913)
Frederick Edward Guest (1875–1937), ∞ 1905 : Amy Phipps (1873–1959)
Winston Frederick Churchill Guest (1906–1982), ∞ (div.) Helena Woolworth McCann, ∞ Lucy "C. Z." Douglas Cochrane (1920–2003)
Winston Alexander Guest
Frederick E. Guest II (b. 1938)
Alexander Michael Douglas Cochrane Guest (b. 1954)
Cornelia Cochrane Churchill Guest (b. 1963)
Raymond R. Guest (1907–1991), ∞ 1935 : Elizabeth "Lily" Polk, ∞ 1953 : Ellen Tuck French Astor, ∞ Princess Caroline Cecile Alexandrine Jeanne Murat (1923-2012)
Elizabeth Guest (Stevens)
Raymond Richard Guest, Jr. (1939-2001)
Virginia Guest (Valentine)
Achille Murat Guest, ∞ married Judith Wall
Laetitia Amelia Guest (Oppenheim)
Diana Guest Manning (1909–1994), ∞ Marc Sevastopoulo, ∞ Count Jean de Gaillard de la Valdène (1895–1977), ∞ Allen Manning
Guy Winston de Gaillard de la Valdène
Lorraine Aimee de Gaillard de la Valdène
Lionel Guest (1880–1935), ∞ 1905 : Flora Bigelow Dodge
Oscar Montague Guest (1888–1958), ∞ 1924 : Kathleen Susan Paterson (1903–1982)
Bertie Warner Guest (b. 1925), ∞ 1949 : Margaret Rose Henderson
Jonathan Bertie Guest (b. 1952)
Veronica Susan Guest (b. 1953)
Harriet Clare Guest (b. 1955)
Diana Charlotte Guest (b. 1959)
Patrick Henry Guest (b. 1927), ∞ 1951 : Juliet Marian James
Peter Hugh Guest (b. 1952)
Matthew James Guest (b. 1954)
David Christian Guest (b. 1960)
Cornelia Guest (b. 1928), ∞ 1948 : Hugh Dearman Janson, ∞ 1957 : Peter Frederick Arthur Denman (b. 1923)
Francesca Marie-Carola Denman (b. 1959)
Philip Roderick Denman (b. 1961)
Benedict Raphael Denman (b. 1970)
Revel Sarah Guest (b. 1931), ∞ 1963 : Robert Alan Albert
Justin Thomas Albert (b. 1965)
Corisande Charlotte Albert (b. 1967)
Katharine Gwladys Guest (1837–1926), ∞ Reverend Frederick Cecil Alderson (d. 1907)
Thomas Merthyr Guest (1838–1904), ∞ Lady Theodora Grosvenor (1840–1924)
Montague John Guest (1839–1909), never married
Augustus Frederick Guest (1840–1862)
Arthur Edward Guest (1841–1898), ∞ Adeline Mary Chapman (d. 1931)
Mary Enid Evelyn Guest (1843–1912), ∞ Austen Henry Layard (1817–1894)
Constance Rhiannon Guest (1844–1916), ∞ Hon. Charles George Cornwallis Eliot (1839–1901)
Blanche Vere Guest (1847–1919), ∞ Edward Ponsonby, 8th Earl of Bessborough (1851–1920)
Lady Olwen Verene Ponsonby (1876–1927), ∞ Geoffrey Browne, 3rd Baron Oranmore and Browne (1861–1927)
Dominick Browne, 4th Baron Oranmore and Browne (1901–2002), ∞ 1925 (div. 1936) : Mildred Egerton, ∞ 1936 (div. 1950) : Oonagh Guinness, ∞ 1951 : Constance Stevens
Hon. Patricia Helen Browne (b. 1926)
Hon. Brigid Verena Browne (1927–1941)
Dominick Geoffrey Thomas Browne, 5th Baron Oranmore and Browne (b. 1929)
Hon. Martin Michael Dominick Browne (b. 1931)
Shaun Dominick Browne (b. 1964)
Hon. Judith Browne (b. 1934)
Hon. Garech Browne (b. 1939), 1981 : Princess Harshad Purna Devi
Hon. Tara Browne (1945–1966)
Lady Helen Blanche Irene Ponsonby (1878–1962), ∞ John Congreve (1872-1957)
Vere Ponsonby, 9th Earl of Bessborough (1880–1956), ∞ 1952 : Roberte de Neuflize
Frederick Ponsonby, 10th Earl of Bessborough (b. 1913), ∞ Mary Munn (1915–2013)
Lady Charlotte Mary Roberte Paul Ponsonby (b. 1949), ∞ Yanni Petsopoulos
Desmond Ponsonby (1915–1925)
Moyra Blanche Madeleine Ponsonby (b. 1918), ∞ 1945 : Sir Denis Browne (1892–1967)
George Ponsonby(1931–1951)
Hon. Cyril Myles Brabazon (1881–1915), ∞ Rita Narcissa Longfield
Arthur Ponsonby, 11th Earl of Bessborough (1912–2002), ∞ 1952 : Patricia Minnigerode (d. 1952), ∞ 1956 (div. 1963) : Anne Marie Galitzine (née Slatin), ∞ 1963 : Madeleine Lola Margaret Grand
Myles Fitzhugh Longfield Ponsonby, 12th Earl of Bessborough (b. 1941), ∞ 1972 : Alison Marjorie Storey
Hon. Frederick Arthur William Ponsonby (b. 1974), ∞ 2005 : Emily Mott
Hon. Eleanor Grace Ponsonby (b. 2006)
Hon. William Ponsonby (b. 2008)
Lady Chloe Patricia Ponsonby (b. 1975)
Hon. Henry Shakerley Ponsonby (b. 1977)
Lady Sarah Ponsonby (1943–2010)
Hon. Matthew Douglas Longfield Ponsonby (b. 1965), ∞ Jamilie Emett Searle
Hon. Charles Arthur Longfield Ponsonby (b. 1967), ∞ Jennifer Waghorn
Hon. Bertie Brabazon (1885–1967)
Lady Gweneth Frida (1888–1984), ∞ Hon. Windham Baring, ∞ Ralph Cavendish.
Thomas Revel Guest Esq (1790–1837)
Dr Thomas Revel Guest aka Dr Thomas Revel Johnson (1817–1863), ∞ Harriet "Bessie" Jane Willmot
Catharine Anna Johnson, ∞ Dr Alexander Haden (later Alexander Haden-Guest)
Sarah Guest aka Sarah Johnson (~1819–?)
Sarah Guest, ∞ Edward Hutchins
Edward John Hutchins (1809–1876), ∞ Isabel Clara de Bernaben
Sarah Guest ∞ William Taitt (d. 1815)


USS New London (1859)

USS New London (1859) was a screw steamer of the Union Navy during the American Civil War. She was outfitted with a Parrott rifle and 32-pounders, and was assigned as a gunboat in the Union blockade of the Confederate States of America.

Built in Connecticut in 1859

New London was built at Mystic, Connecticut in 1859, purchased by the Navy at New York City on 26 August 1861; and commissioned at New York Navy Yard on 29 October 1861, with Lieutenant Abner Read in command.

Civil War service

Gulf of Mexico operations

Ordered to the Gulf of Mexico on 2 November, New London, aided by , captured the schooner Olive laden with lumber shortly before midnight on 21 November. Early the next morning, she took the steamboat Anna carrying turpentine and rosin from Pascagoula, Mississippi, to New Orleans, Louisiana.

About dawn a week later, she took the steamboat Henry Lewis carrying sugar and molasses; and that afternoon she captured a schooner trying to slip through the blockade with naval stores for Havana, Cuba. On 28 November 1861 she captured , which was later put into service in the U.S. Navy.

New London captured the steamer Advocate on 1 December; and the schooner Delight with sloops Empress and Osceola on 9 December. On the 28th the schooner Gypsy became her prize.

Operations on shore

Not content just to capture ships, New London, with  and Henry Lewis, rounded out her record on the last day of 1861 by sending a landing party ashore to capture Biloxi, Mississippi, destroying a Confederate battery and taking possession of two guns and the schooner Captain Spedden.

On 20 February 1862 a boat expedition from New London landed on Cat Island, Mississippi and interned 12 small sloops and schooners suspected of being pilot boats for blockade runners.

On 4 April, with  and , New London engaged CSS Carondelet, CSS Pamlico, and CSS Oregon while Henry Lewis landed 1,200 Union Army troops at Pass Christian, Mississippi and destroyed a Confederate camp there. Boats from New London captured the yachts Comet and Algerine near New Basin, Louisiana on 2 June. On 17 June she captured and destroyed batteries at North and South passes.

On 18 July, accompanied by the Grey Cloud, the New London approached the large hotel at Pascagoula and announced its arrival by firing two shells over the hotel.  Both steamers had been reinforced by men from the  for this raid. The New London docked at the Hotel Wharf at Pascagoula, Mississippi, and deployed about 60 sailors and marines to the village to capture mails and confiscate the telegraph equipment.  Sentries quickly spotted a Confederate cavalry patrol and the sailors and marines withdrew to their gunboats.  The Grey Cloud moved about a half-mile west and attempted to enter the Pascagoula River with the intent on capturing local schooners with turpentine and lumber.  However, the mouth of the river was obstructed to prevent passage.  At this point the gunboats stood off shore and put in three launches loaded with about 25 sailors and marines each and proceeded up the river.  About a mile from the mouth where the river is not but 200 yards wide, the launches were ambushed by a platoon of 30 troopers of the Mobile Dragoons under Lieut Hallett, a cavalry unit armed with Sharps carbines.  The launches returned fire, but where in the open and withdrew to the mouth of the river with eight or nine wounded.  Once the launches were clear, the New London fired 25 shells into the village and the Grey Cloud fired seven shells; however, only one civilian was reported slightly wounded.  After sitting off shore 19 July, the ships withdrew from the shoreline. Ref: Charleston Daily Courier, 29 July 1862

Blockading the Texas coast

During the ensuing years New London served on blockade duty in the Gulf of Mexico, operating primarily off the Texas coast. She and  captured the British schooner Tampico off Sabine Pass, Texas, attempting to run out laden with cotton on 3 April 1863. On the 10th, while reconnoitering near Sabine City, a boat crew from New London captured a small sloop. Among the prisoners was Capt. Charles Fowler, CSN, who had commanded CSS Josiah Bell when the Confederate warship took  and  in January.

On 18 April, another boat expedition was surprised and driven off by Confederate troops.

On 7 July, with , New London engaged batteries below Donaldsonville, Louisiana. Three days later, while steaming to New Orleans, the ship engaged Confederate batteries at White Hall Point, Mississippi.

Back off the Texas coast, she captured the schooner Raton del Nilo on 3 December.

Post-war decommissioning and subsequent career

New London continued to serve the West Gulf Blockading Squadron through the end of the Civil War. She sailed north on 12 July 1865 and decommissioned at Boston, Massachusetts, 3 August 1865. She was sold at public auction on 8 September 1865 to M. M. Comstock.

Redocumented as Acushnet on 27 December 1865, she operated in merchant service until 1910.


Mindy Jostyn

Mindy Jostyn (June 5, 1956 in Long Island City - March 10, 2005 in Hudson, New York) was an American singer and multi-instrumentalist.

Jostyn grew up in San Jose, California and Wellesley, Massachusetts. When she was eleven years old she founded her first band, "The Tigers".
Her musical focal points were folk rock and pop. She played violin, guitar and harp, among other instruments. Before embarking on her solo career she was much sought-after by international artists like Joe Jackson, Billy Joel, The Hooters, Cyndi Lauper, Jon Bon Jovi and Shania Twain.
She was married to Jacob Brackman, an American journalist, author and lyricist. She died of cancer in March 2005.

Solo discography
 Five Miles From Hope (1995)
 Cedar Lane (1997)
 In His EYES (1998)
 Blue Stories (2001)
 Coming Home (2005)

Other activities
She performed with the following artists on their tours:
 Carly Simon (1996–2005)
 Cyndi Lauper "Sisters of Avalon"-Tour in Japan (1996)
 Andreas Vollenweider World tour (1995)
 John Mellencamp "Dance Naked"-Tour (1994)
 The Hooters "Out of Body" World Tour (1992–1993)
 Joe Jackson "Laughter and Lust" World Tour (1991)
 Billy Joel "Storm Front" World Tour (1989–1990)
 The New York Rock and Soul Revue (1989-1992)

She accompanied musically the following on their recordings:
 Pat Benatar
 Shania Twain
 Jon Bon Jovi
 Kate Taylor
 John Waite
 Chaka Khan

On the following albums she can be heard continuously:
 The New York Rock and Soul Revue: Live at the Beacon (1991)
 Donald Fagen - Kamakiriad (1993)
 The Hooters - Out Of Body (1993)
 The Hooters - The Hooters Live (1994)
 John Waite - When You Were Mine (1997)
 Charlie McIntosh - Cold Rain (1994)
 Carly Simon - Film Noir (1997)
 Andreas Vollenweider - Kryptos Columbia (1997)
 Andreas Vollenweider - Cosmology (2000)


Region-beta paradox

The region-beta paradox denotes the phenomenon that people can sometimes recover more quickly from more intense emotions or pain than from less distressing experiences. The hypothesized reason is that intense states trigger psychological defense processes that reduce the distress, while less intense states do not trigger the same psychological defense processes and, therefore, less effective attenuation of the stress occurs. However, people typically predict intense states to last longer.

The paradox has been observed in the psychological effects of exposure to terrorist attacks. This is likely related to activation of coping, cognitive dissonance and other forms of mental mobilization.

It has been computationally modelled in an affective computing model.

Origin of name
The name originates from the illustration in the paper by Daniel Gilbert et al. that introduced the paradox. They consider a commuter who has the habit of walking to destinations within a mile of her origin, and biking to more distant destinations. Since the bike is faster the commuter will reach some distant locations more quickly than a nearer destinations (region beta in their diagram), reversing the normal tendency to arrive later at more distant locations.

This non-monotonicity applies to states where interventions can be chosen, but are not chosen below certain thresholds (because of cost etc.). For example, injured people may be more likely to seek out effective means to speed their recovery (taking medicine, going to a doctor, undergoing surgery) when the injury is more severe than for mild injuries, making the lesser injuries last longer.


Bulgarian–Ottoman wars

The Bulgarian–Ottoman wars were fought between the kingdoms remaining from the disintegrating Second Bulgarian Empire, and the Ottoman Empire, in the second half of the 14th century. The wars resulted with the collapse and subordination of the Bulgarian Empire, and effectively came to an end with the Ottoman conquest of Tarnovo in July 1393, although other Bulgarian territories, such as the Tsardom of Vidin, held out slightly longer. As a result of the wars the Ottoman Empire greatly expanded its territory on the Balkan peninsula, stretching from Danube to the Aegean Sea.

The situation in the Balkans on the eve of the Ottoman invasion

From the 13th century, the two main Balkan powers Byzantium and Bulgaria fell victims to a process of decentralization, as local feudal lords grew stronger and more independent from the emperors in Constantinople and Tarnovo. This weakened the military and economic power of the central rulers. The process deteriorated central authority to an even larger extent in the 14th century, when numerous nobles came to be only nominally subordinated to the government. In Bulgaria the powerful House of Shishman ruled over the Vidin Province in the west, while in the east  Balik established a quasi-independent Despotate of Dobruja.

While the two Empires were facing enormous internal difficulties, the Serbs took the favorable opportunity to expand its domain.  During the civil war in Byzantium in 1320s and 1330s, the Serbs conquered most of the Bulgarian and Aromanian populated Macedonia from the Byzantines. In 1330 Serbian forces defeated Bulgarian ones, led by Emperor Michail Shishman at Velbazhd effectively raising the country to the status of the most powerful state in the region. In 1346, Serbian king Stefan Uroš IV Dušan received the title of Emperor with the blessing of the Bulgarian Emperor Ivan Alexander, although after his death in 1355, the large Serbian Empire disintegrated into a few independent states. In Bulgaria of the same period Ivan Sratsimir inherited Vidin from his father Ivan Alexander in 1356, while despot Dobrotitsa – nominally his subject – ruled Dobruja. Lack of stability was eminent in the southern Balkans as well: in 1341–1347 the Byzantine Empire was shaken by a bloody civil war between John V Palaiologos and John VI Kantakouzenos.

Circa mid 14th century the Balkans were politically disunited into a number of small states frequently in competition with each other and there was no single strong entity with a powerful enough army to withstand the Muslim invaders. In addition to the mainly Orthodox countries such as Bulgaria, Byzantium and Serbia, there were a number of Catholic possessions to the west and south held by Venice, Genoa and the Kingdom of Hungary as well as Kingdom of Bosnia whose Bosnian Church (closely related to the Bogomils) was considered heretic by both Orthodox and Catholics. Religious dissimilarity was thus also a source for constant political tensions in the region.

Military actions during the reign of Ivan Alexander

During the civil war in Byzantium both Palaiologos and Kantakouzenos were trying to find external allies and used foreign mercenaries. The Bulgarian Emperor supported the first opponent whose stronghold was Constantinople. John Kantakouzenos on the other hand regularly hired Ottoman Turk mercenaries from Asia Minor who soon became a fixture on the battlefields in Thrace. The Byzantines often lost control over the Ottomans then as the latter regularly plundered villages in the Southern Balkans after the 1320s.

In 1344, Momchil, the independent Bulgarian ruler of the Rhodope and Aegean regions, whose army grew to 2,000 men, took an important role in the Byzantine civil war. While at first he supported John Kantakouzenos, from the spring of 1344 Momchil reneged, provoked by the aggression of the Ottoman allies. In June he defeated the Ottoman fleet near the Portogalos bay. According to sources, at night the Bulgarian ruler sent boats to burn the anchored Ottoman ships and soon after he defeated the army of Kantakouzenos at Mosynopolis.

Probably the first local ruler to become aware of the impending Ottoman threat, Momchil unsuccessfully pleaded with the emperors of Bulgaria and Byzantium for help. Even though his troops continued the resistance in the Eastern Rhodopes, in May 1345 the Turks led by Umur Beg marched from Asia Minor and devastated Bulgarian territories driving away people and livestock. Soon after, on 7 July 1345, Ottoman forces under Umur Beg defeated Momchil's army in the battle of Peritor near his capital Xanthi. Sources attest that the independent ruler perished in the battle without leaving asuccessor, and with little political will or leadership left to counter the Ottoman invasion.

During the Byzantine civil wars Ivan Alexander regained control over several towns in Thrace and the Rhodopes but his frequent interference in the internal affairs of Byzantium hampered any closer relations between the two counties despite the peace established in 1332. In 1352 Turkish forces invaded Bulgaria anew, raiding Thrace, particularly the vicinities of Aitos, Yambol, and Plovdiv, and capturing rich spoils. In the same year the Ottomans seized their first fortress on the Balkans, Tsimpe on the Gallipoli peninsula, setting firm foot in Europe. Until 1354 Ottoman forces again ravaged the lands around Yambol and Plovdiv as well as the lower valleys of the Maritsa and Tundzha rivers.

In 1355 the Ottomans launched a campaign towards Sofia, but were soon engaged by the army of Ivan Alexander's eldest son and heir Michael Asen close to Ihtiman. The Turks prevailed in the following battle, although both sides suffered heavy casualties. Despite the victory and the death of young Michael Asen, the Turks were unable to reach Sofia.

Unsuccessful alliance

The defeat raised serious alert not only in Tarnovo, but also in Constantinople, forcing John Kantakouzenos to abdicate and removing one of the main facilitators of the Ottoman invasion. Faced with threat, Bulgaria and Byzantium made an attempt for rapprochement. In 1355 a daughter of the Bulgarian Emperor, Keratsa, married Andronikos, the infant son of the new Byzantine Emperor John V Palaiologos. Unfortunately, the new relations between the houses of Tarnovo and Constantinople did not live up to the expectations of mounting a more significant response to the invading Ottomans.

After the death of Stefan Dušan on 20 December 1355, the Serbian Empire lost much of its hegemony in the Western Balkans and the large and ethnically diverse empire split into several successor states. The Bulgarian and Byzantine Empires of the period were once again the only remaining major political powers on the peninsula with the potential to stop the Ottoman expansion.  Between 1354 and 1364 the Turks conquered Thrace as a number of important fortresses and towns, such as Plovdiv and Stara Zagora fell under attack. From the end of the 1350s Ottoman military units even reached the surroundings of the capital as, according to sources, the Emperor took precautions to strengthen the city walls. Ottoman chronicler Seadeddin suggests that Turkish advance between 1359 and 1364 involved destruction and depopulation of many areas: the towns Plovdiv, Stara Zagora, and Sliven were devastated, and others such as Venets and Sotirgrad were completely destroyed. Destruction was accompanied by slaughter and deportation of the local populace to Asia Minor.

Not only was there a total lack of coordination between the two Empires, but they also quarreled over the Black Sea ports of Mesembria and Anchialos. Bulgaria successfully defended them in 1364, but the continuing conflict deepened the distrust and animosity between the two states despite the impending danger.

The last years of Ivan Alexander
Apart from the economic devastation and military threat from the south, Bulgaria had other problems: in 1365 the Hungarian King Louis I invaded northwestern Bulgaria, seizing the important Vidin fortress and capturing the eldest living son of the tsar, Ivan Sratsimir. In his unsuccessful initial attempts to retake Vidin, Ivan Alexander even resorted to using Ottoman mercenaries. Eventually, in the summer of 1369, the Bulgarian Emperor restored his authority over the Vidin Province with the help of the Wallachian voivode Vladislav I, but that proved to be his last success.

After Ivan Alexander's death on 17 February 1371, the lands populated by Bulgarians were divided into several independent states. Much of the former territory of the Second Bulgarian Empire came under the rule of the tsar's third son Ivan Shishman; the northwestern areas were the dominance of the eldest son Ivan Sratsimir, despot Dobrotitsa held Dobruja, and most of Macedonia was divided into several feudal states controlled by Serbian nobles.

Battle of Chernomen and its consequences

In 1371 two feudal lords in Macedonia organised a campaign against the Turks. Serbian brothers Vukashin and Uglesha, respectively the king of Prilep and the despot of Ser, gathered a numerous Christian army aiming to stop the Muslim invaders. Uglesha, whose lands bordered Ottoman territory to the east, realized the threat and unsuccessfully appealed to Serbian and Bulgarian states for help. Ruling over mixed Serbian-Greek-Bulgarian population, the two brothers set off to the east with 20 to 70,000 strong ethnically diverse army. Considerably less numerous troops led by Lala Şahin Pasha attacked the united Balkan forces at night on 26 September as the latter camped by the village of Chernomen in the lower Maritsa valley. The entire army was pushed back and Vukashin and Uglesha perished along with much of their forces.

Immediately after the battle, the armies of Murad I embarked on another campaign overrunning Northern Thrace and forcing young Ivan Shishman to pull back north of the Balkan Mountains. A number of fortresses fell, though after prolonged and fierce sieges: the town of Diampol, for instance, fought against the forces of Timurtash for months but was eventually forced to surrender because of food shortage. One of Ivan Shishman's voivodes, Shishkin, was killed in battle on the southern skirts of the Balkan Mountains further easing the Ottoman conquest of the Rhodopes, Kostenets, Ihtiman, and Samokov. After a bloody siege they captured Bitola in the southwest and soon encroached on the Sofia Valley. In 1373 Ivan Shishman was forced to negotiate a humiliating peace treaty: he became an Ottoman vassal strengthening the union with a marriage between Murad and Shishman's sister Kera Tamara. To compensate, the Ottomans returned some of the conquered lands, including Ihtiman and Samokov.

Between 1371 and 1373 the Ottomans emerged as a considerable power on the Balkans. They ruled over the entire Thrace and had seized the lands of Uglesha in Eastern Macedonia and managed to subordinate Vukashin's son Marko and Ivan Shishman who became their vassals.

The fall of the Rhodopes

During the same period (1371–1373) the invaders took control of the Rhodopes, a mountain studded with strong and well-guarded fortresses, approaching from the north. The Rakovitsa fortress (now in ruins) was besieged by Daud Pasha and fiercely defended by its voivoda Kurt; after futile attempts to capture it with force, the Turks agreed to negotiations and the Bulgarians surrendered keeping their property.

Similarly, the population of Tsepina, one of the strategic fortresses of the Rhodopes, resisted Ottoman attacks for nine months before surrendering in return for their lives and property after Daud Pasha cut off the water supplies. In the same way  Stanimaka (Asenovgrad) was taken and soon after fell the northern Rhodopes fortress of Batkun whose commander Georgi died in the final assault.

The Ottomans faced a stubborn resistance in the Rhodopes interior: central areas were invaded by the armies of Dzhedit Pasha and Ibrahim Pasha. The former advanced through the road between Stanimaka and Bachkovo Monastery along the valley of Chepelarska river, while Ibrahim pasha set off from Plovdiv via Parvenets and then through the valley of Vacha River. Fighting occurred at Zarenitsa, Zagrad, Gradishte, Chiltepe and Karakulas (along Vacha), Imaretdere and Momina Voda (heights close to Ardino) among others. Especially ferocious were the engagements at Momina Voda, where prominent Ottoman general Sarǎ Baba was killed,  and Karakulas where Enihan Baba perished.

Fall of Sofia
While Ivan Shishman was desperately trying to resist against the strong Ottoman pressure, his brother Ivan Sratsimir not only withheld help but tried to make use of the difficulties which his brother faced to expand his domains over certain areas of the Tarnovo Tsardom. As Shishman's attention was pointed to the south, Ivan Sratsimir took control of the important city of Sofia which was disputed between the two brothers. However, by 1373 the city was again in the Tarnovo Tsardom and it is possible that there was an armed conflict between the two Bulgarian states. Despot Dobrotitsa also did not give any support to the Emperor in Tarnovo. He was in conflict with Genova and was involved in the internal affairs of the Empire of Trebizond trying to put on its throne his son-in-law.

After the temporary quiet which followed after 1373, in 1380 the Ottomans again started hostilities. With a large army Sultan Murad moved towards the southwestern regions of the Tarnovo Tsardom with the main objective to seize its center Sofia. After a bloody clash in the Zlatitsa valley the Turks moved on to Sofia and besieged it. The city which was commanded by ban Yanuka repulsed all the attacks of the superior Ottoman forces under Lala Şahin. The later could not continue the siege and was forced to pull back to Odrin where he reported his failure to the Sultan. While he was absent the Turks managed to infiltrate Sofia and one Muslim Bulgarian captured ban Yanuke while hunting and sent him to Lala Şahin who was in Plovdiv at that time. From there the Bulgarian commander was sent back to Sofia and when the defenders saw their captured leader they surrendered the city to the Ottomans (1382).

The Ottomans installed a strong garrison and brought Muslim settlers from Asia Minor. On the following year fell Serres The new Ottoman success did not bring together Ivan Shishman and Ivan Sratsimir. Between 1384 and 1386 a war broke out between Bulgaria and Wallachia, and the Vlachs seized several settlements along the Danube but were later defeated and their voivoda Dan I was killed. Ivan Sratsimir took part in the action as an ally of the Vlachs which deepened the mistrust between the two brothers.

After the Ottomans secured the possession of the area around Sofia, they continued their march to the northwest. The main objective of Murad was to break the ties between Bulgaria and Serbia because despite the fact that Ivan Shishman was his vassal, Murad did not trust him and knew that the Bulgarian ruler was waiting for an appropriate opportunity to renege. After bitter fighting, in 1386 the Turks seized Pirot and Naissus, killing and enslaving many Bulgarians.

The campaign of 1388

The advance of the Ottomans in the central parts of the Balkan peninsula caused serious anxiety not only for Ivan Shishman but also in Serbia and Bosnia. The Serbian Prince Lazar and the Bosnian King Tvardko organized an anti-Ottoman coalition and the Bulgarian Emperor joined them but was unable to send troops. In 1387 the united forces of Bosnians and Serbs defeated the Ottomans in the Battle of Pločnik.

However, while the Christian states did not make any attempt to exploit the victory, the Turks' reaction was swift. In 1388 a 30,000 strong army commanded by Ali Pasha passed through the eastern Balkan Mountains and struck deep into Bulgaria's north. The Bulgarians were completely surprised and the invaders seized Ovech, Shumen, Madara and other towns. Due to the surprise campaign at first the towns and the castles were unable to organize proper defence but after the initial shock the Bulgarians took precautions. When the army of Ali Pasha besieged Varna, the defenders stiffly resisted and the Turks were forced to abandon the siege and march northwards.

In Tutrakan the citizens allowed the Turks to install a small garrison but then they killed the Turkish soldiers and prepared for siege. Ali Pasha immediately burned the surrounding fields and soon the starving town had to surrender. After this success they advanced to the west towards Nicopolis, one of the strongest Bulgarian fortresses along the Danube. The defence was organized by Ivan Shishman who was currently in the town. Although the Ottomans had nearly 30,000 men they could not take it and Ali Pasha had to seek reinforcements from Murad himself. According to Seadeddin the Sultan marched to Nikopol with an enormous army firmly decided to seize the town at all costs. When Ivan Shishman faced the new enemy he sought a truce. Murad agreed and the Bulgarians saved Nikopol but were forced to cede another key Danubian fortress, Dorostolon. However, when Ali Pasha reached Silistra, the Bulgarians refused to surrender the town. Murad besieged Nikopol for a second time and this time Ivan Shishman agreed to the Ottoman conditions and a Turkish garrison was installed in Silistra.

As a result of the campaign the Turks took most of eastern Bulgaria including several key towns. Now the authority of Ivan Shishman was reduced to the lands to the west of the capital Tarnovo and several castles along the Danube. To the east the Bulgarians kept Varna and the capital of the Principality of Karvuna, Kaliakra. Probably at that time Ivan Sratsimir became an Ottoman vassal.


James Ferguson (water polo)

James Michael "Jim" Ferguson  (born April 27, 1949) is a retired water polo player from the United States. He played on UCLA's team from 1968–1970 which included the undefeated 1969 team in which he received All-American honors. He was born in Kokomo, Indiana.

In the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, West Germany, Ferguson was co-captain of the USA Team that won a bronze medal. In 1973 Ferguson was selected to the All World Team.  An outstanding competitor, Ferguson was inducted into the USA Water Polo Hall of Fame in 1984, to the International Water Polo Hall of Fame in 1992, and was inducted into UCLA's Athletic Hall of Fame in October 2007. In October 2015, Ferguson was named to the Pac 12 All Century Team as a Driver/Attacker along with one other UCLA player.


Philosophy in Taiwan

Philosophy in Taiwan(Chinese: 台灣哲學) is the set of philosophical and thought movements in Taiwan, while Taiwanese Philosophy approaches Taiwan as a subject of philosophical significance. For instance, the postwar concurrence with Neo-Confucianism canonized the Chinese Philosophy in Taiwan, contra the Cultural Revolution in the People's Republic of China, may somehow omit the complexity of Taiwanese Philosophy. With the unearthing literature and sprouting discourses due to the merits of democratization, public debates on whether historical configuration of Taiwanese Philosophy or many faces of Taiwanese philosophers, have unveiled the world intellectualism of Taiwanese Philosophy via Japan in the Golden 1920s and later substituted with the postwar Chinese Confucian Canons. Nevertheless, a reinvigorated formulation on Taiwanese Philosophy that China and Japan at different times imprint as exogenesis; and thus, a burgeoning philosophical development with the Taiwanese Gemeinschaft

The History of Taiwanese Philosophy
The History of Taiwanese Philosophy is inasmuch green as the Taiwanese History: the 1895 Sino-Japanese War is not only a turning point for East-Asian Realpolitik scenarios[1], but also a cornerstone for the East-Asian philosophy. Taiwan, as a fragment of/f empires, broods its philosophical significance by absorbing quintessential from the liminal neighbors such as Japan, China. Taiwanese Philosophy embarks with Lin Mosei’s 1916 publication, ‘Wang Yang-ming’s Liangzhi’(王陽明の良知說), on East Asian Studies by Tokyo Imperial University [3]; and overall, it chronicalized with the early sprouting from Aborigines and Ming-Qing Han settlements; the pre-enlightenment, the enlightenment, the golden times during the Japanese colonial rules; the postwar and White Terror suppression; and blossomy systemic studies since the democratization.

Aborigines
Literature on the Taiwanese Aboriginal Philosophy is scarce that only through colloquial myths and legends could it be studied.
Some other studies on the knowledge system of the Taiwanese Aborigines are an attempt to reformulate a normative principle on Taiwanese Philosophy.

Ming and Qing Periods
During the Ming and Qing imperial times, the Han Chinese settlement in Taiwan came into a broad mass; the Confucianism was also imported through Han private schools and temples. Canonical Confucianism lecture scripts, on I-ching in particular, were ostensible, however, lost hereinafter. The understanding on Confucianism at that time was more likely to philology, rather than philosophy.

Figures: Tēnn Iōng-sik(:zh:鄭用錫); Tēnn Iōng-kàm(:zh:鄭用鑑); Âng Khì-seng(:zh:洪棄生); N̂g king (黃敬); Ng Zii-gong(:zh:吳子光); Wang Shi-chun(王士俊); Qiongfang Shi:zh:施瓊芳; Siā Tiāu-guân (謝肇源); Iûnn Khik-tsiong:zh:楊克彰; Tân Tsìn-iāu (陳震曜).

Japanese Era
The year 1895 was never merely the watershed of the East Asian history, but also a running point for a modern philosophy of each nation. Taiwan, as a fragment of/f empires, on one hand influenced from the modernization movements neighbor China (May Fourth Movement), Japan (Taisho Democracy), Russia (October Revolution), and Korean Independence Movement; one the other through abroad scholarship in China, Japan, and even the United States inherited from Christian Theology, German Idealism, Dialectical Materialism, and American Pragmatism, and Heideggerian thoughtsystem via the Kyoto School.

Taiwanese Philosophy was thought a part of Japanese colonial modern heritage but sui generis brood from the civil society against the imperial dominance. Chronically, it was illustrated with ‘Pre-Enlightenment (1896~1916)’, ‘Enlightenment (1916~1930)’, and ‘Golden Times (1930~1945)’; and characteristically with four faces ‘The Continental through Japanese Philosophies’ , ‘American Pragmatism’, ‘Christian Theology’, and ‘Modern Sinology”.

Figures: Wen Kwei Liao(:zh:廖文奎); Shenqie Zhang(:zh:張深切); Zeng Tianzong(:zh:曾天從); Li Chun sheng(:zh:李春生); Lim-Pan-Liong:zh:林攀龍; Lin Qiu-wu(:zh:林秋悟); Lin Mosei(:zh:林茂生); Isshū Yō(:zh:楊杏庭); Hung Yao-hsün(:zh:洪耀勳);Hsiang-yu Su(:zh:蘇薌雨); Ming-kun Kuo(:zh:郭明昆); Fa-Yu Cheng(:zh:鄭發育); Shao-Hsing Chen(:zh:陳紹馨).

Pre-Enlightenment (1896~1916)
The history of Presbyterian Church in Taiwan(基督教長老會) is tied with Taiwanese modernization since the late Qing Magistrae; Taiwanese Philosophy was by no exception that Taiwanese intellectuals who acquired the westernization value and thoughts were also cultivated and educated through the Presbyterian system, e.g. Li Chun sheng(:zh:李春生) was a Dadaocheng tea merchant who baptized and formulated his Christian thoughts contra Darwinism; Lin Mosei who was the first Taiwanese who held doctorate in the United States had been educated and served in a Presbyterian grammar school; and Rev. J. S. Chou (周再賜) who was the first Taiwanese studying theology in the United States and being reverend stewardship in Japan.

Li Chun sheng(:zh:李春生) published a series of Christian studies after his magum opus ‘Zhǔ jīn xīn jí’(主津新集, 1896) in Yokohama and adopted heuristics on Confucianism canons. He considered Confucius an ‘anonymous Christian’, a concept from theologian Karl Rahner. The early sprouting Taiwanese Philosophy was yet systemic until the year 1916, which Lin Mosei(:zh:林茂生)’s grounding paper ‘Wang Yang-ming’s Liangzhi’(王陽明の良知說) during his studying time in Tokyo Imperial University.

Figures: Li Chun sheng(:zh:李春生); Lin Mosei(:zh:林茂生); Rev. J. S. Chou周再賜.

Enlightenment (1916~1930)
Embarked with the 1916 Lin Mosei(:zh:林茂生)’s Yangmingism comparative systemic study with Kant and Descartes, Taiwanese Philosophy was burgeoning with the ‘Sturm und Drang’ in the East Asia, e.g. the institutionalization of philosophy departments, from the 1910 in Tokyo Imperial University, the 1912 in Kyoto University with the founding of the Kyoto School, in the same year in Peking University.

Taiwanese intellectuals who endeavored under the modernization education were multi-cultural and -lingual, from Taiwanese, Japanese, English, and even French and German. Hung Yao-hsün(:zh:洪耀勳), Chin-sui Hwang(:zh:黃金穗), and Zeng Tianzong(:zh:曾天從) were intellectually associative with the Kyoto School and familiar with Japanese and German languages; Lin Mosei(:zh:林茂生), Wen Kwei Liao(:zh:廖文奎) had their doctorates in the United States for their fluent articulations in English, and Wen Kwei Liao(:zh:廖文奎) have his manifest ‘Quo Vadis Formosa?’ in French. Su-Qing Lin(:zh:林素琴), the first Taiwanese female scholar holding a bachelor in philosophy, published her research based on the Oeuvres De Descartes by  and Paul Tannery in 1953.

Intellectuals trends had also influenced. Lin Qiu-wu(:zh:林秋悟)’s critique on Buddhism was Marxian, and Wen Kwei Liao(:zh:廖文奎)’s pragmatist approach on reading intellectual histories was a pioneer. The intellectual movement was not just from works and papers but civic engagement of rebellious enlightenment.

Figures: Lin Mosei(:zh:林茂生); Lin Qiu-wu(:zh:林秋悟); Wen Kwei Liao(:zh:廖文奎); Shenqie Zhang(:zh:張深切); Shao-Hsing Chen(:zh:陳紹馨).

Golden Times (1930~1945)
Lin Mosei(:zh:林茂生)’s 1929 dissertation ‘Public Education in Formosa under the Japanese Administration: Historical and Analytical Study of the Development and the Cultural Problems’ was under the supervision of John Dewey and Paul Monroe; adopting pragmatist approach on the education system observation, Lin Mosei(:zh:林茂生) unveiled the injustice on education policy under the colonial rule and towards a universal humane value of equality and liberty; Hung Yao-hsün(:zh:洪耀勳)’s review ‘View on Fūdo’ (風土文化觀) on Tetsuro Watsuji(:ja:和辻哲郎) and Hegelian dialectics and phenomenology, distant the Being of Taiwanese from the Chinese and the Japanese; . Shao-Hsing Chen(:zh:陳紹馨)’s ‘黑格爾市民社會論’ (Hegel's Theorem on Civil Society, 1936) formulatedn on the relation of individual and society was particularly on civil society formation from Adam Ferguson and G.W.F. Hegel; Zeng Tianzong(:zh:曾天從)’s ‘the Principles on Truth’ (真理原理論, 1937) is an enquiry of truth from phenomenological viewing, as founding the epistemology of Taiwanese Philosophy. The salient movement of Taiwan Philosophy at that time could rendered Si̍t-chûn Movement, however, came into silence with the 1937 outbreak of Sino-Japan War and the ‘Japanization’(:zh:皇民化運動) assimilation.

Figures: Wen Kwei Liao(:zh:廖文奎); Shenqie Zhang(:zh:張深切); Zeng Tianzong(:zh:曾天從); Li Chun sheng(:zh:李春生);  Lim-Pan-Liong:zh:林攀龍; Lin Qiu-wu(:zh:林秋悟); Lin Mosei(:zh:林茂生); 劉明電; Isshū Yō(:zh:楊杏庭); Hung Yao-hsün(:zh:洪耀勳);Hsiang-yu Su(:zh:蘇薌雨); Ming-kun Kuo(:zh:郭明昆); Fa-Yu Cheng(:zh:鄭發育); Shao-Hsing Chen(:zh:陳紹馨).

Four Faces of Taiwanese Philosophy under the Japan Colonial Rules

The Continental through Japanese Philosophies
Inherited from the Continental Philosophy, e.g. the German Idealism; Marxism; and Heideggerian philosophy from the Kyoto School, the Taiwanese philosophers as Hung Yao-hsün(:zh:洪耀勳), Chin-sui Hwang(:zh:黃金穗), Zeng Tianzong(:zh:曾天從), Fa-Yu Cheng(:zh:鄭發育), Shao-Hsing Chen(:zh:陳紹馨), Isshū Yō(:zh:楊杏庭), Shao-Hsing Chen(:zh:陳紹馨), Shoki Coe(:zh:黃彰輝), C. K. Wu (吳振坤) had the intellectual affinity with the Kyoto scholars. Hung Yao-hsün(:zh:洪耀勳) was one of these prominent figures of the Taiwanese Philosophy; In 1936, he issued ‘Art and Philosophy’ (藝術と哲學) with the Wilhelm Dilthey’s perspective on literature and thinking; and later in 1938 ‘Existence and Truth – Review on Schala Nuzubidse’s Theorem on Truth’(存在と真理─ヌツビッゼの真理論の一考察). , Shao-Hsing Chen(:zh:陳紹馨)in 1935/36 formulated the relation of individual and society based on the civil society formation from Adam Ferguson and G.W.F. Hegel (アダム・ファーグスンの市民社会論, 1935) and (ヘーゲルにおける市民社会論の成立, 1936). Isshū Yō(:zh:楊杏庭) in 1935 articulated on his ‘Infinite Negation and Creativity’ (無限否定と創造性) that from Henri Bergson, Martin Heidegger; Lev Shestov, the negation of life was not identified with the passiveness and nothingness. Zeng Tianzong(:zh:曾天從)’s 1937 ‘真理原理論’(the Principles on Truth, 1937) was one of the ostensibly recognized philosophical works in Japan; it was published by Risosha (東京理想社) and prefaced by Gen'yoku Kuwaki(桑木嚴翼). Shoki Coe(:zh:黃彰輝) studied philosophy in Tokyo, dialectical theology in particular, and had his bachelor's degree in 1937. C. K. Wu (吳振坤) of Tainan Theological College and Seminary studied with the religious philosopher Seiichi Hatano(:ja:波多野精一) during the 1940s and later promoted in Yale University and published Hatano's ‘Philosophy of the Religion’ (宗教哲學, 1940) transcript.Chin-sui Hwang(:zh:黃金穗), was an apostle of Tanabe Hajime(:ja:田邊元) on mathematics logics; his 1939 ‘On Dailiness – A Phenomenological Suggestion’(日常性について―現象學的試論) contrasted the dialects of the dailiness and nightiness, and in 1959 he transcribed Rene Descartes’ ‘Discourse on the Method’.. Fa-Yu Cheng(:zh:鄭發育) was supervised by Nishida Kitarō(:ja:西田幾多郎), and in 1984 he transcripted ‘An Inquiry into the Good’ (善的研究) and founded the empirical psychology in Taiwan..

Figures: Hung Yao-hsün(:zh:洪耀勳); Shao-Hsing Chen(:zh:陳紹馨); Isshū Yō(:zh:楊杏庭); [[[Zeng Tianzong]](:zh:曾天從); C. K. Wu (吳振坤); Shoki Coe(:zh:黃彰輝),]; 黃金穗; Fa-Yu Cheng(:zh:鄭發育); 林素琴.

American Pragmatism
Pragmatism is the intellectual heritage in the nineteenth and twentieth century America, as an interdisciplinary studies on philosophy, psychology, education and so forth. Lin Mosei(:zh:林茂生, as Hu shi(:zh:胡適), studied under the pragmatist John Dewey.. Lin Mosei(:zh:林茂生 had this pragmatist approach on researching education and critique on Japanization assimilation as his Columbia dissertation ‘Public Education in Formosa under the Japanese Administration: Historical and Analytical Study of the Development and the Cultural Problems’.Wen-kwei Liao(:zh: 廖文奎)’s Chicago dissertation ‘the Individual and the Coomunity’ on intellectual histories comparison from George Herbert Meadean pragmatist social psychology. Hsiang-yu Su(:zh:蘇薌雨) had studied in Peking University since 1924, while he accepted the intellectual influence from the May Fourth Movement.

Figures: Lin Mosei(:zh:林茂生); Wen Kwei Liao(:zh:廖文奎);Hsiang-yu Su(:zh:蘇薌雨).

Christian Theologies
Presbyterian Church in Taiwan(基督教長老會) tied with the intellectual history of Taiwan. Li Chun sheng(:zh:李春生), a tea merchant and founder of the Presbyterian Church in Dadaocheng. His ‘Mín jiào yuānyù jiě’ (民教冤獄解, 1903), ‘Tiān yǎn lùn shū hòu’ (天演論書後, 1907), ‘Dōngxī zhé héng’  (東西哲衡, 1908) et cetera has stanced for the Christian dogmas. Lin Mosei ](:zh:林茂生) was cultivated in the Presbyterian system and his the Christian view of points on civilization histories had been published on the ‘Taiwan Church News’. J. S. Chou (:zh:周再賜) was a son of the priest and the first Taiwanese studying theology in Kyoto, the United States and being reverend stewardship in Japan. He was also the principal of the Kyoal Girls’ Senior High School (共愛学園中学校) in ‘Gunma’. Rev. Koe Bé-se 郭馬西 was recommended by the Church to Meiji Academy (Meiji Gakuin) studying theology and later to the Auburn Theological Seminary, Union Theological Seminary in the City of New York (1921), and the Department of Anthropology at the Columbia University (1926). Rev. Ai Chih Tsai(:zh:蔡愛智 was also a graduate from a Presbyterian grammar school and has his bachelor's degree at Doshisa University (1938), master (1940) and the doctor (1941) on theology at Chicago University; and the first Taiwanese steward in Seattle and the first one who found the Taiwanese church in Seattle, and the first president of the Taiwanese Union. C. K. Wu (吳振坤) revived the postwar Tainan Theological College and Seminary with Shoki Coe(:zh:黃彰輝). Shoki Coe(:zh:黃彰輝) also started with the founding of Tunghai University

Figures: Li Chun sheng(:zh:李春生); Lin Mosei(:zh:林茂生); 周再賜; Rev. Koe Bé-se(:zh:郭馬西); Rev. Ai Chih Tsai(:zh:蔡愛智); C. K. Wu (吳振坤); Shoki Coe(:zh:黃彰輝)

Modern Sinology on Confucianism
Modern Sinology, aside from canonical interpretation, is a research through the lens of modern western philosophy and elaborate further on own problematics. As the Japanese, Korea, and the Western Sinologists, Taiwanese philosophers Lin Mosei(:zh:林茂生), Shenqie Zhang(:zh:張深切), Ming-kun Kuo(:zh:郭明昆), Lin Qiu-wu(:zh:林秋悟), Dongfang Zhang:zh:張冬芳 reinvigorated understandings onto Confucianism canons. Lin Mosei(:zh:林茂生)’s ‘Wang Yang-ming’s Liangzhi’(王陽明の良知說) compared Kantian and Descartean conscience with Yangmingism. Lin Mosei(:zh:林茂生) and Dongfang Zhang:zh:張冬芳 lectured the Oriental philosophy and literature in the postwar founding National Taiwan University. Shenqie Zhang(:zh:張深切) )’s ‘Studies on Confucianism’(孔子哲學評論) (1954) was banned and his manuscript ‘Studies on Laoziism’(老子哲學評論) was also unable to publish. Lin Qiu-wu(:zh:林秋悟)’s Marxian critique on Buddhism was another westernized interpretation on the Oriental canons.

Figures: Lin Mosei(:zh:林茂生); Shenqie Zhang(:zh:張深切); Ming-kun Kuo(:zh:郭明昆); Lin Qiu-wu(:zh:林秋悟); Dongfang Zhang(:zh:張冬芳).

Postwar and the White Terror (1945-1980)
The postwar retrocession was expected from the Taiwanese civil society. Public engagement in the public sphere from Lin Mosei(:zh:林茂生)’s ‘Mingpao’ (民報), Chin-sui Hwang(:zh:黃金穗)’s ‘Hsin-hsin’ (新新), Wen Kwei Liao(:zh:廖文奎) and his brother Wen-yi Liao(:zh:廖文毅)’s ‘Avant-garde’ (前鋒), Hung Yao-hsün(:zh:洪耀勳) and Shenqie Zhang(:zh:張深切)’s ‘New Taiwan’ (新台灣) in Beijing. was temporarily revival until the February 28 Incident.

Most of these Taiwanese philosophers suffered for the wartime and the suppression. Lin Mosei(:zh:林茂生) was disappeared and murdered by the espionage during February 28 Incident. Dong-fang Chang(:zh:張冬芳) was mentally ill due to the White Terror prosecution. Wen Kwei Liao(:zh:廖文奎) witnessed the corruption and urged the emancipation, Formosa Speaks (1950) during his exile in Hongkong, Isshū Yō(:zh:楊杏庭) was involved with the Taiwanese Independence movement in Tokyo, Shoki Coe left Taiwan but engaged with overseas Taiwanese Independence and addressed ‘Self-determination for Taiwanese People’ (臺灣人民自決運動) in 1972, and coorganized ‘Formosan Association of Public Affairs in 1980. C. K. Wu (吳振坤) on his deanship of Tainan Theological College and Seminary sustaining the intellectual lineage of Taiwanese philosophy.

The outbreak of the Korean War draw the United States foreign aid to Taiwan, whereas the western culture imported occasionally. Hung Yao-hsün(:zh:洪耀勳) introduced ‘:de:Existenzphilosophie’, ‘:fr:L'existentialisme’, ‘Existentialism into the Taiwanese intellectual circles, Chin-sui Hwang(:zh:黃金穗) promoted :de: Erlanger Konstruktivismus; in the 1960s, Yin Haiguang(:zh:殷海光) introducing logic positivism and Keynesian thoughtssystems.
In the 1958, ‘A Manifesto on the Reappraisal of Chinese Culture: Our Joint Understanding of the Sinological Study Relating to World Cultural Outlook’ was jointly addressed by Carsun Chang(:zh:張君勱), Mou Zongsan(:zh:牟宗三), Xu Fuguan(:zh:徐復觀) in Hongkong. In the meantime, Yin Haiguang(:zh:殷海光), Lei Chen(:zh:雷震, and Chang Fo-chuan(張佛泉)’ liberalist stance on “Free China Journal’(:zh:自由中國) and organizing ‘China Democracy Party’ :zh: 中國民主黨 caused prosecution from the authority, and even in 1972’ a scandal occrued that McCarthyism student spies prosecuted the professors and students in the department of philosophy at the National Taiwan University (see, :zh:臺大哲學系事件).

Figures: Yin Haiguang(:zh:殷海光); Lei Chen(:zh:雷震; Chang Fo-chuan(張佛泉).

Development since Democratization (1980-)
In the 1980s democratization, it had sprouting the thoughts and movements from the long silence. Bookstores, salons, and soapboxes, along with the mass movement, burgeoned and formulated the public sphere. 15. July, 1987 was the watershed of the Taiwanese political history when the lifting of Martial law in Taiwan was proclaimed, however, in the 90s still a battlefront for enfranchising liberty and freedom. Cheng Nan-jung(:zh:鄭南榕, a graduate from philosophy and a dissident magazine founder, was intellectual martyrdom for speech freedom from body to mind.
By the Taiwanese cultural sociologist Ren-yi Liao (廖 仁義)’s 1988 grounding formulation, ‘Taiwanese Philosophy has been a civil intellectual movement against domination, rather than an academic form of conception.’  Systemic researches on Taiwanese philosophers from Wen Kwei Liao(:zh:廖文奎), Li Chun sheng(:zh:李春生), Hung Yao-hsün(:zh:洪耀勳)  embarked with two proceedings published in 2016  and 2019.