National service in Singapore
National Service (NS) is the national policy in Singapore mandated by statutory law that requires all male Singaporean citizens and second-generation permanent residents to serve a period of compulsory service in the uniformed services. It was first instituted in 1967 to help build Singapore's military forces soon after its independence, and has since been expanded to involve the police and civil defence force as well.

Upon enlistment, male Singaporean citizens and second-generation permanent residents serve for 2 years in active duty as full-time national servicemen (NSFs) in the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF), Singapore Police Force (SPF) or Singapore Civil Defence Force (SCDF), following which they transition to an operationally-ready reservist state as operationally-ready national servicemen (NSmen)

A two-month reduction in full-time National Service is offered for all pre-enlistees who are able to pass their (now-modified) three-station Individual Physical Proficiency Test (IPPT) consisting of push-ups, sit-ups and a 2.4 km run, with a minimum of 61 points (previously, the IPPT consisted of six single stations, which were the 2.4 km run, sit-ups, pull-ups, standing-broad jump, sit-and-reach stretch and shuttle-run).

The majority of NSFs serve in the Army as part of the SAF. The reasons for this include the relative manpower needs of the Army compared to the Navy and Air Force, the SPF, and SCDF. Moreover, as compared to the Army, the Air Force (RSAF) and Navy (RSN) are smaller armed services composed primarily of regular servicemen. As the manpower requirements of the RSAF and the RSN tend to be more specialized, the constant periodic turnover of NSFs is considered to be very disruptive.

The statutory age cap for reservist obligation is 40 for WOSEs (other ranks) and 50 for commissioned officers (lieutenants onwards in the SAF and the SCDF and police-inspectors and above in the SPF) and they are known as ex-NSmen.

History
The NS (Amendment) act was passed on 15 March 1967, making National Service (NS) compulsory for all 18-year-old male Singapore citizens and permanent residents. The Singapore government felt that it was necessary to build a substantial military force to defend itself. The country had only about 1,000 soldiers at independence. In the late 1960s, the British government had decided to withdraw its troops and bases from the East of Suez, including troops stationed in Singapore. That prompted the government to implement a conscription program for the country's defence needs. It adopted a conscription model drawing on elements from the Israeli and Swiss national conscription schemes. Some 9,000 male youths born between 1 January  and 30 June 1949 became the first batch of young men to be called up for NS. Singapore had sought assistance through official diplomacy from other countries, but their refusal to provide help prompted Israeli diplomats to extend a helping hand to the new sovereign nation in the establishment of the Singapore armed forces.

The stated rationale behind conscription is twofold. Firstly, because Singapore has a population of about five and a half million (as of 2014), an army solely of regulars would not be practical to defend the country. Secondly, national service is supposed to support racial harmony among the Chinese, Malay and Indian communities. 
The Malays were virtually excluded from conscription from the beginning of the draft in 1967 until 1977 and, after the policy was eased, were assigned mainly to serve in the police and civil defence (fire brigade), not in military roles.

In 1987, Lee Hsien Loong (then Second Minister for Defence) stated that "If there is a conflict, if the SAF is called to defend the homeland, we do not want to put any of our soldiers in a difficult position where his emotions for the nation may be in conflict with his religion".

In the past, the duration of the conscription for a typical Singaporean male spanned over a period of either 2 or 2 years and six months depending on his educational qualifications. In 2004, the duration was reduced to 2 years, driven by the technological transformation into the 3rd Generation SAF and the surge in NS intake for the next 10 years. As a bonus incentive, the NS duration can be cut by a further two months when the combat-fit PES A/B1 enlistees are able to obtain a silver or gold for their physical fitness test (NAPFA) prior to enlistment. However, non-combat-fit enlistees (PES B2 and below) will still serve the full 24 months of NS.

Enlistment

According to the Enlistment Act, conscription is mandatory for all "persons subject to [the] act", defined as those who are not less than 16.5 years of age and not more than 40 years of age, with some exemptions and with no specific bias to gender (not limited to males).

Male Singapore citizens and second-generation Permanent Residents (PRs) who have registered for their NRIC are required to register for National Service upon reaching the age of 16 years and six months, during which they would also be required to undergo a mandatory medical examination (PULHHEEMS) to determine their medical status, known as Physical Employment Standards (PES) status, which determines which vocational groups the pre-enlistee is physically able to be posted to.

Pre-enlistees who ran afoul with the law and sentenced to Changi Prison are never released back into Singapore Armed Forces.

Early enlistment
There is a voluntary early enlist scheme by the Central Manpower Base (CMPB) for pre-enlistees who opt for early enlistment, with the consent of their parents, to begin their full-time national service at the earliest age of 16 years and six months.

Mono intake
Mono-intake refers to a type of enlistment where conscripts are directly enlisted into an active battalion unit and undergo their Basic Military Training in Pulau Tekong before returning to their battalion. As of November 2017, the 1BMT programme was fully implemented with the exception of the Naval Diving Unit, Commandos and support vocations. Before November 2017 conscripts underwent their basic military training at their battalion's camp and not in Pulau Tekong.

Second generation male Permanent Residents
Sons who take up permanent residency under the sponsorship of their Permanent Resident parent, are required by law to serve National Service, just like Singaporean male citizens. The rationale is that they too enjoy the socio-economic national benefits of schooling and living in "peacetime" Singapore. Their failure to serve NS will be taken into account should they decide to study, work or travel in Singapore in future. The government advises of such consequences at the point of renunciation.
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After completing mandatory full-time national service, they can qualify to apply for the accelerated Singapore citizenship scheme. However, citizenship is not guaranteed for all applicants, as there are certain criteria that must be met such as educational qualification, income qualification and NS work performance/ conduct appraisal in the NS Certificate of Service issued upon ORD. From 2006 to 2010, about 2% of 3,000 Second Generation Permanent Residents who completed full-time national service and applied for Singapore citizenship were rejected.

If the person is not granted Singapore citizenship but still holds Singapore permanent residency, he is still obliged by law to serve the national service obligations, i.e. operationally-ready reservist duties/in-camp trainings 

Singapore Permanent Residents who served national service but did not acquire Singapore citizenship will be treated equally to those permanent residents without service obligation; they would not have access to the privileges granted to Singapore citizens.

Deferment
Pre-enlistees are allowed to defer NS to complete full-time tertiary studies, up to the 1st pre-university qualification bar (GCE 'A' Levels or Polytechnic Diploma, or their equivalent) before enlistment for Basic Military Training (BMT), following these criteria:
JC students will automatically be granted deferment, if less than 19 years old (Sec 4) or 20 years old (Sec 5)
Polytechnic students from secondary school will automatically be granted defermentif less than 19 years old (Sec 4) or 20 years old (Sec 5)
Polytechnic students from ITE will automatically be granted deferment if less than 21 years old, or 22 years old depending on the academic stream (DPPDirect Poly Progression students will be given priority. Those going on a longer way will not be given priority.)
ITE students will automatically be granted deferment
Cross-ITE streams (NITEC to Higher NITEC) will be granted deferment if less than 21 years old. A grace period may be issued if you are entering the 2nd year Higher Nitec if you are just reached 21 years old before the entry date.
Private schools will be granted deferment if less than 19 years old (Sec 4) or 20 years old (Sec 5)

Those granted approval in national sports teams to compete in national/ overseas events will be drafted as soon as they returned from one of the national level events. As of July 2018, only three people namely Joseph Schooling, Quah Zheng Wen both national swimmers and Maximilian Soh, national sailor, had been granted deferment, no national footballers had been granted deferment.

Disruption

Under special circumstances, Singaporean males are able to leave National Service before their completion, if they fulfill one of the following conditions:

 Accepted an offer into a local undergraduate medical school (there are only two in Singapore, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine and Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine) and wishes to begin tertiary studies. Upon completion of the curriculum, as well as a mandatory year of Postgraduate Year 1 (PGY1) work, they would then be required to complete the remainder of their National Service as a Medical Officer after going through the Medical Officer Conversion Course (MOCC). This form of disruption falls under the Local Medicine Disruption scheme, and is offered to those who:
 Have more than a year of National Service obligation 
 Have less than a year of National Service obligation, but must extend their duration of service until a total of one year remains.
 Be a recipient of a Public Service Commission (PSC) Scholarship (Overseas Merit Scholarship included). NSFs awarded the PSC Overseas Merit Scholarship (OMS) are granted disruption in the first year of full-time NS to pursue their university studies.

Exemption
Complete NS exemptions are rare, usually resulting from permanent disabilities or severe medical conditions to be graded PES F by the SAF Medical Board. National policies have been progressively tightened to close up any loopholes that are exploited by draft evaders.

Failure to enlist
Those who are liable to serve national service as a national duty to the country but refuse are charged under the Enlistment Act. If convicted, they face up to both three years' imprisonment and a fine of S$10,000. Draft defaulters' penalties were increased significantly in January 2006 after Melvyn Tan, who was born in 1956 in Singapore, received a composition fine for defaulting on his National Service obligations in the 1970s after attaining British citizenship.

There have also been cases whereby defaulters who return to Singapore to renew their passports and visas are detained and arrested. Defaulters above 40 will also have to face a maximum of three years of imprisonment and a fine of up to $10,000.

Some NS pre-enlistees are court-martialled for their failure to enlist or refusal to be conscripted. Most of them were Jehovah's Witnesses, who are usually sentenced to three years' imprisonment by default at the SAF detention barrack facility, and are separated from other conscription offenders. The government does not consider conscientious objection to be a legal reason for refusal of national service.

NS Defaulters 
Since 2017, Singapore's High Court set out new sentencing benchmarks for those who default on national service (NS). A NS defaulter is essentially known as a draft evader.

In a written judgment, the court said that the length of sentences should be amplified for those who have defaulted for a longer period of time, to "reflect the decline in a person's physical fitness with age" and also to create a "progressive disincentive" for defaulters to delay their return.

There are four tiers of punishment, which vary in severity according to the length of default period:

Those who evade NS for two to six years will face a minimum jail sentence of between two to four months;

Those who evade NS for seven to 10 years will face a minimum jail sentence of between five to eight months;

Those who evade NS for 11 to 16 years will face a minimum jail sentence of 14 to 22 months

Those who evade NS for 17 or more will face a minimum jail sentence of two to three years.

Type of services

Military service
There are several types of Basic Military Training (BMT) conducted by the SAF at its BMT Centre on Pulau Tekong, an offshore island off the north-east coast of Singapore, or at selected battalion units which directly draft mono-intake recruits. Combat-fit NSFs with higher education undergo a 9-week Enhanced BMT program. NSFs with other educational certificates and mono-intake recruits undergo a similar program (standard BMT program), less a Situational Test (Sit Test), for assessing recruits in the selection posting to command schools, the Specialist Cadet School (SCS) and Officer Cadet School (OCS). Also, a selected handful of top candidates are transferred to the Singapore Police Force to get accelerated advanced training as an Inspector at the Home Team Academy for a period of 9 months, likewise for the Singapore Civil Defence Force where a few are also carefully groomed to become lieutenants. Recently, selected NSFs having at least NITEC certificates who perform exceptionally well are recommended to undergo the Situational Test model to deem assessment suitability for commander training.

NSFs who are medically graded PES C and E (non-combat-fit), go through a 9-week Modified BMT where they are trained for combat service support vocations NSFs who are graded PES A and B1, but did not pass the pre-enlistment National Physical Fitness Award (NAPFA) test, will have to undergo an additional 2-month Physical Training Phase (PTP), making it a 17-week BMT program for additional physical conditioning. Conscripts who are considered medically obese go through a weight-loss 19-week BMT. The obesity of a conscript is determined by his body mass index (BMI) during the pre-enlistment medical checkup. A BMI of above 27 is considered indicative of obesity, as opposed to the World Health Organization's guideline of 30 and above.

Police service
Though a majority will serve in the SAF (predominantly in the Army) for their National Service, a number of enlistees will serve their NS years in the Singapore Police Force (SPF). Those who have been chosen to serve in the SPF undergo training at the Home Team Academy where they study the Penal Code and standard police protocol. After training at the Academy, they will be posted to various departments of the SPF, such as Special Operations Command (SOC), Logistics, Land divisions, Airport Police Division (APD). Those posted to the Police Coast Guard (PCG) or Police KINS will undergo further training. Selection of Officer Cadets (OCTs) to undergo the NS Probationary Inspector Course (NSPI) is a stringent process for Police National Servicemen (Full-time). A very small number, usually one who is awarded the Best Trainee Award, from each cohort will be selected, with the majority of the OCTs being carefully chosen from the Singapore Armed Forces' National Servicemen (Full-time) who have completed their Basic Military Training (BMT) forming the senior officers corps for the Singapore Police Force.

The national service ranks in the SPF differ from the Military and Civil Defence forces slightly and official usage within official correspondence within the organization clearly differentiates an NS officer versus a regular.

Civil defence service
The Singapore Civil Defence Force (SCDF) is the emergency rescue force of Singapore and they provide firefighting, rescue and ambulance services, and has been one of the three National Service postings since 1972. Those enlisted into the SCDF typically undergo 12 weeks of training at the Basic Rescue Training Centre (BRTC), where they are given basic rescue training (BRT), exposed to regimental discipline, and trained to maintain a level of fitness required of all NSFs in Singapore.

Much like the SAF's SISPEC course, selected NSFs are also posted to the Civil Defence Academy (CDA) to undergo the Firefighter Course (FFC) or the Emergency Response Specialist Course (ERSC) within the first two weeks of their BRT stage, passing out as Firefighters for FFC trainees, and as Fire & Rescue Specialists for ERS trainees who would also simultaneously be conferred with the Sergeant rank (Firefighters mostly pass out as Lance Corporals prior to station posting). Firefighters would typically be posted out to the various fire stations island-wide after passing out, while Fire & Rescue Specialists would be posted as Section Commanders at territorial division, fire stations or at the Special Rescue Battalion; based largely on rankings at the time of course completion, a small number may also be posted as Instructors back in the CDA to staff the Command and Staff Training Center (CSTC), Specialist Training Center (STC), or Firefighting Training Center (FFTC).

While a certain level of health and fitness pre-requisites are expected by both the FFC and ERSC administrators before one can be selected for these courses, admission into the ERS course typically requires a certain set of additional qualifications, namely either a minimum of a GCE Advanced Level certificate, a Diploma or a Higher Nitec Certificate. These added pre-requisites are viewed as necessary in the light of a Section Commander's operational and administrative role when posted out. One marked difference between the FFC and ERSC is the added rescue and emergency training received by ERS Specialist Cadet Trainees (SCTs), as well as the General Command & Control Term, which includes the Basic Home Team Course held at the Home Team Academy and an outward-bound Brunei trip which serves to equip and develop the necessary leadership skills required of a specialist junior officer. In terms of administration and duration, the FFC is under the charge of the FFTC and lasts three months, while the ERSC is under the purview of the CSTC and lasts six months.

In addition, there is also the Basic Officer Course under the charge of the CSTW, designed to train NSFs and regulars as Senior Officers of the SCDF, with NSFs graduating as Lieutenants (LTA). While the BOC is traditionally largely made up of NSFs from the SAF who had just completed their Basic Military Training (BMT) at Pulau Tekong, the top 5-10% of the ERSC will also be offered to cross over to the Basic Officer Course (BOC) to be trained and commissioned as Senior Officers after passing out, spending the last three months of the BOC together with Officer Cadet Trainees (OCTs).

NSFs who undergo the full 7-week basic rescue training at the BRTC are subsequently posted and trained to become medical orderlies (medics), dog handlers, provosts, information and communications and logistics specialists or instructors (such as Physical Training Instructors) among many other vocations upon passing out from the BRTC.

Controversies

Alleged discrimination
Military analyst Sean Walsh who authored The Roar of the Lion City (2007), claimed that "official discrimination against the Malay population remains an open secret".

The Ministry of Defence contests the charge, noting that there are "Malay pilots, commandos and air defence personnel" and stating that "the proportion of eligible Malays selected for specialist and officer training is similar to the proportion of eligible non-Malays."

Melvyn Tan
Melvyn Tan, a classical pianist, left Singapore at the age of 12 to study at Yehudi Menuhin School in 1969. He did not return to serve his national service when he reached the age for enlistment. He came back only in 2005 and was given a $3000 fine for defaulting NS. Since his conviction, Tan has returned to Singapore several times to perform. The lack of a custodial sentence for his offence and his ability to perform in Singapore despite objections drew ire from members of the public who criticised the government for allowing the reputation of the nation and SAF to be sullied.

Janil Puthucheary
Janil Puthucheary, a PAP MP, who did not serve national service, as first-generation new naturalised citizens are exempted. Having been compared to Chen Show Mao, a foreign-born new candidate of the Workers' Party who volunteered for national service at naturalisation, Janil retorted that he has instead spent the last 10 years saving kids' lives. He was criticised for his frank comment due to the advantages of a professional career compared with national service. His candidacy has led to Low Thia Khiang, the leader of the Workers' Party, to call for an amendment to the Singapore constitution to allow only male candidates who have served their national service to run for elections.

Patrick Tan
During the lead up to the 2011 presidential election, PAP's endorsed candidate Tony Tan's son, Patrick Tan, was accused of receiving preferential treatment because he received 12 years disruption from full-time NS and was deployed as a medical scientist in the Defence Medical Research Institute (DMRI) when he resumed for national service, both of which are quite rare.

Benjamin James Davis

Ben Davis was a national footballer who signed a professional contract with Fulham Football Club (FC) in 2017 and was offered a second professional contract to Davis in 2018. As Davis is due to serve National Service in 2019, he applied for an application to defer NS to play for Fulham FC and was rejected. He then signed the contract on 29 June 2018.

In a Parliament session in August 2018, it was explained that the deferment for Davis to play for Fulham Football Club (FC) was not granted as there was no commitment to serve Singapore or our national interests. As of 11 January 2019. MINDEF had not received further appeals for deferment from Davis.

Public opinion was divided on his deferment over MINDEF's rigidity and the Ministry's position.

Davis was issued with an Enlistment Notice in September 2018 and is scheduled due enlistment for NS in February 2019.

Since as of 18 February 2019, Mr Benjamin Davis is a National Service (NS) defaulter. He failed to report for NS as required. He is also staying overseas without a valid Exit Permit.

In a MINDEF official press release on 18 February 2019, Mr Davis has committed offences under the Enlistment Act, and is liable upon conviction to a fine of up to $10,000 and/or imprisonment of up to 3 years.

Kevin Kwan

On 22 August 2018, Mindef revealed that Kevin Kwan the author of the novel Crazy Rich Asians which was adapted into a film, is wanted for defaulting on his NS obligations. Kwan in an interview implied that he returned to Singapore on a few occasions and was not arrested despite being wanted. The Ministry of Home Affairs clarified there were no records of him entering Singapore after the year 2000.

Ekawit Tangtrakarn
On 28 August 2018, 24-year-old Thai national Ekawit Tangtrakarn pleaded guilty to breaching the Enlistment Act. On 18 September 2018, Ekawit was sentenced to a $6,000 fine. District Judge John Ng acknowledged that Ekawit was "first and foremost a Thai national" and that there was "there was nothing to show that he had intentionally placed his personal pursuits above his obligations or chose to do his NS at his convenience". This was different from other cases where  individuals wanted to take on citizenship in other countries without fulfilling their NS obligations. 

In 2006, Deputy Prime Minister and then Defence Minister Teo Chee Hean stated that "only those who have emigrated at a young age and have not enjoyed substantial socio-economic benefits are allowed to renounce their citizenship without serving national service."

Jonathan Lee Han Wen
In November 2019, a Singapore-born man who grew up in Hong Kong was sentenced to nine weeks' jail for defaulting on his National Service (NS) obligations for almost five years.

In popular culture

Literature
 From Boys To Men: A Literary Anthology Of National Service In Singapore - edited by Koh, Buck Song and Bhatia, Umej (2002) Landmark Books, Singapore. 
 Shoulder To Shoulder: Our National Service Journal - Ministry of Defence, Singapore (2002)

Film
Army Daze directed by Ong Keng Sen (1996)
Ah Boys to Men series (2012–present), directed by Jack Neo and produced by J Team and mm2 Entertainment, which includes three sequels:
Ah Boys to Men 2 (2013, filmed back-to-back with the first)
Ah Boys to Men 3: Frogmen (2015, to celebrate the Singapore's golden jubilee)
Ah Boys to Men 4 (2017, to celebrate the golden jubilee of National Service)
Zombiepura directed by Jacen Tan (2018) (also produced by mm2 Entertainment, a horror thriller film)

Television
The Recruit Diaries (2013)
When Duty Calls (2017)

Theatre
Army Daze by Michael Chiang (1987, 2006)
Full Tank! (2008)
Radio Silence (2008)
Botak Boys (2008)
Charged (2010)
FRAGO (2017)

Documentary
Every Singaporean Son (2010)
Every Singaporean Son - Epilogue (2011)
Making The Cut: Guards Conversion Course (2011)
Every Singaporean Son II - The Making of an Officer (2012)
Commandos: Documentary (2015)