Victor Rios
Victor M. Rios is an award-winning professor, author, and former high school drop-out and juvenile delinquent.  His research examines how racism, inequality, and class play a role in determining if a person will be successful in education.

Early life 
Rios grew up in a single parent household in one of the poorest neighborhoods in Oakland, California where he was surrounded by drugs and gangs.  Rios dropped out of school in the eighth grade and ended up in Juvenile Hall by the age of fifteen.  After being a victim of gun violence he decided to resume his schooling with the help of one of his high school teachers, Flora Russ and various other mentors.

In 1995 Rios began attending California State University, East Bay, with the condition that he take part in a summer program that would teach him basic college academic skills. He graduated from East Bay in 2000 and by 2005, had earned a master's degree and a Ph.D. from University of California, Berkeley.

Career
Rios is currently employed by University of California, Santa Barbara, where he works as Associate Dean of Social Sciences and Professor of Sociology. He is the winner of various book awards including the 2013 Oliver Cromwell Cox Award for his book Punished: Policing the Lives of Black and Latino Boys, and is the creator of the sociological theories, "The Youth Control Complex", "Racialized Punitive Social Control", and "Cultural Misframing."  In the youth control complex theory Rios argues that the prison and education systems work together to "criminalize, stigmatize, and punish young inner city boys and men." He opposes terms such as "at risk youth", as he feels that the term "at risk" has damaging affects on children.  He recommends the term "at-promise" instead.
Based on over a decade of research, Rios created Project GRIT (Generating Resilience to Inspire Transformation) a human development program that works with educators to refine leadership, civic engagement and personal and academic empowerment in young people placed at-risk.  This program is featured in The Pushouts a documentary funded by the Corporation for Public Broadcasting.
Rios is the author of five books including, Punished: Policing the Lives of Black and Latino Boys (2011); Project GRIT: Generating Resilience to Inspire Transformation (2016); and Human Targets: Schools, Police, and the Criminalization of Latino Youth (2017).  He has been featured in the Chronicle of Higher Education, Ted Talks, the Oprah Winfrey Network, and National Public Radio.  His Ted Talk “Help for kids the education system ignores” has garnered over 1.3 Million views.  In June 2015 Victor was invited to the White House for a discussion related to “Exploring Issues and Solutions at the Intersection of Gun Violence, Policing and Mass Incarceration.”  He met with the Obama Administration’s Domestic Policy Council to give his insight on his research with youth who have experienced gun violence, aggressive policing, and the school-to-prison pipeline.  This event was organized by the The Joint Center and The Joyce Foundation.  He was invited by a member of Congress to attend the Annual White House Congressional Picnic where he had the honor of meeting President Barak Obama.  Victor was also invited to Vice President Joe Biden’s house for a celebration of U.S. Latino Leaders during “Hispanic” Heritage Month.  In 2017 Rios was awarded the Public Understanding of Sociology Award by The American Sociological Association.  He was one of eight major award recipients from an association of over 13,000 members.

In April 2019 the State of California passed a bill, AB 413, changing the label of “at-risk” to “at-promise” in education code, policy, and practice.  For years, Rios and other education reformers had advocated for this change.  In his 2011 book, Punished: Policing the Lives of Black and Latino Boys, Victor wrote: “At-promise youth are those youth who have traditionally been labeled “at-risk”—youth who have been marginalized, have marginalized themselves, or both. An issue with labeling young people as “risks” is that this may generate the very stigma that I am analyzing in this study. Therefore, I am calling them what many community workers call them: at-promise.”  By 2019 Victor and other advocates had convinced school districts and educators across the U.S. to change the way they labeled at-promise young people.   The state legislator picked up on this momentum and made the motion to eliminate “at-risk” from the law:

THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA DO ENACT AS FOLLOWS:

AB 413, as amended, Jones-Sawyer. Education: at-promise youth.
Existing law uses the terms term “at-risk” and “high-risk” to describe youth for purposes of various provisions of the Education Code. and Penal Codes. This bill would delete the term “at-risk” and “high-risk” and would replace those terms it with the terms term “at-promise” and “high-promise” for purposes of these provisions. The billwould would, for purposes of the Education Code, define “at-promise” and “high-promise” to have the same meanings meaning as “at-risk” and “high-risk,” respectively. “at-risk.”
Existing law defines and refers to specified young people with the presence of certain risk factors that make them more likely to be involved with criminal street gangs or the criminal justice system as “at-risk youth.”This bill would change the references in statute to these individuals from “at-risk youth” to “at-promise youth.”

Bibliography 
 Punished: Policing the Lives of Black and Latino Boys (NYU Press, 2011)
 Street Life: Poverty, Gangs, and a Ph.D (Five Rivers Press, 2011)
 Project GRIT: Generating Resilience to Inspire Transformation (Five Rivers Press, 2016)
 Buscando Vida, Encontrando Éxito: La Fuerza de La Cultura Latina en la Educación (Five Rivers Press, 2016)
 Human Targets: Schools, Police, and the Criminalization of Latino Youth (University of Chicago Press, 2017)