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Musical Merry-Go-Round

Musical Merry-Go-Round is a NBC TV series which aired from July 25, 1947 to 1949. The series featured live music performances. Production history Each 30 minute episode was hosted by Jack Kilty, "who sat in front of the camera and played records." Little else is known about this early television series. Musical Merry-Go-Round was an innovative early TV pioneering effort to do music videos. It was renamed from predecessor groundbreaking series called Disc Magic. Martin Block, the orchestra leader, was host as one of the emcees featuring musical performances.

2019 United States FIBA Basketball World Cup team

The United States men's national basketball team competed in the 2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup and finished in seventh place. After winning the past two World Cups in 2010 and 2014, they were seeking to become the first country to capture three straight gold medals. With high-profile players electing not to participate, Team USA was devoid of A-list players from the National Basketball Association (NBA). They lost to France in the quarterfinals, ending their 58-game winning streak in FIBA (International Basketball Federation) and Olympic competition. Normally played every four years, the tournament was moved from its expected 2018 playing to avoid conflicting with soccer's World Cup schedule. After rule changes by FIBA in 2015, the US no longer automatically qualified for the World Cup despite winning the Olympics in 2016. Changes in timing also resulted in the qualifying rounds overlapping with the NBA's season. Consequently, USA Basketball decided to deploy squads of players mostly from the NBA G League, the NBA's development league. Coached by Jeff Van Gundy, they qualified the US for the World Cup, where the Americans switched to a team of NBA players coached by Gregg Popovich. They finished the World Cup as one of the top two countries in the Americas, directly qualifying them for the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo. Background In 2015, FIBA changed the World Cup qualification process into a two-round tournament of home-and-away round robins over 16 months, which was similar to FIFA World Cup's process for soccer. Olympic gold no longer resulted in an automatic World Cup bid. The US was in the Americas group of 16 teams battling for 12 spots in the second round of the qualifying stage and finally for seven World Cup berths. To be eligible for the World Cup, the US first had to participate in the 2017 FIBA AmeriCup. The United States had not played in the FIBA Americas tournament since 2007; they had been exempt from qualifying, having won every prior Olympics and world championships. Players for the qualifying squads were chosen by a USA Basketball qualification committee. Their teams were made up of players primarily from the NBA G League, since FIBA had changed the World Cup qualifiers from summer to year-round, most of which conflicted with the seasons of top professional leagues such as the NBA and the EuroLeague. Unlike in soccer, there is no culture for leagues to schedule in-season breaks for players to compete for their national team. The coach for the qualifiers was Jeff Van Gundy, who is a basketball analyst for ESPN/ABC and a former NBA head coach who coached in the NBA Finals. He made his national team coaching debut in the 2017 Americup. Van Gundy and his squads were tasked with qualifying the US for the World Cup, when the U.S would switch to a team of NBA players coached by Gregg Popovich. The five-time NBA champion Popovich of the San Antonio Spurs took over the national team from Mike Krzyzewski, who won three Olympic gold medals and two World Cups for the US. Qualification Playing games in North and South America, the US qualified for the World Cup after going 10–2. They relied on an assortment G League players and free agents, using a total of 54 different players in the 12 games. First round In the first round of qualification, games were played in three windows in November 2017 along with February and June 2018. The November team included four players from the US squad that went 5–0 to win the AmeriCup. Only two players—forward Travis Wear and guard Larry Drew II—returned for Team USA in their second qualifying window. The final window was also the first that was not during the NBA season. While some NBA players joined their national teams, the US continued playing with G League players. Trey McKinney-Jones and Marcus Thornton joined the Americans after needing to withdraw in February on account of 10-day contracts they had signed with NBA teams. On June 28, 2018, the US lost 78–70 to Mexico. It was the Americans first loss under Van Gundy and just the second defeat in 30 games against Mexico. It was also Team USA's first loss at the national-team level since 2006. The Mexico squad had just four players from its November team that lost by 36 points to the US They added players from various professional leagues who were unavailable earlier, including former NBA player Gustavo Ayón, who was coming off a EuroLeague championship with Real Madrid. The Americans advanced after finishing the round 5–1. Second round In the first window of the second round, the US roster had a larger presence of players with NBA experience, though they were still mainly G League players. The June–July window in the first round conflicted with the NBA free agency period and NBA Summer League, while its first two windows were during the NBA season. For the second window, the United States again relied exclusively on G-Leaguers, using nine current players and three free agents with previous NBA experience. Nine of the 12 players had not played in the eight earlier qualifiers. The US qualified for the World Cup after rallying with a late 12–0 run against Uruguay to win 78–70. World Cup roster An initial pool of 35 players was named in April 2018 as candidates for the United States' 12-man roster. The list included 11 members from their 2016 Olympic gold-medal team, and five players who had won nine of the previous 10 NBA Most Valuable Player Awards. The US held its first minicamp in July 2018, which 23 of the 35 players attended. In the past, USA Basketball managing director Jerry Colangelo had mandated that players attended camps or risk disqualification; however, rules were relaxed in recent years. In June 2019, a group of 20 players were initially invited to training camp to be held in Las Vegas in early August. A number of players withdrew leading up to camp, but replacements were named, leaving 15 candidates to vie for 12 spots on the World Cup roster. Only four of the remaining players had been NBA All-Stars: Brook Lopez, Kyle Lowry, Khris Middleton, and Kemba Walker. Of the 11 Americans who were among the 15 All-NBA selections in 2018–19, only third-team member Kemba Walker remained. Lowry withdrew after his thumb had not recovered from surgery a month earlier to repair a torn tendon he suffered in the 2019 NBA playoffs during the Toronto Raptors' championship run. Harrison Barnes was the only player with Olympic experience (2016) on the final US roster. It had become customary for the Americans' World Cup teams to have few former Olympians. Barnes and Mason Plumlee (2014 World Cup) were the only former senior-level national team players. While Team USA typically drew fewer star players for the World Cup than the Olympics, the turnout was low even by World Cup standards. Only 4 members from the original 35-player pool were left on the final roster. A factor cited by Colangelo was FIBA moving the World Cup and the Olympics to back-to-back years, and its conflicts with the NBA schedule. Six NBA teams had preseason games scheduled overseas in 2019–20. The US was left with only two players, Middleton and Walker, who were All-Stars in the prior season. Measured either by All-Star or All-NBA selections, the remaining roster ranked among the least accomplished of any US Olympic or World Cup roster made up of NBA players since they were first allowed in 1992. Excluded was the 1998 World Championship team, which did not include NBA players due to the 1998–99 NBA lockout; they used a mix of non-NBA pro players and college players and finished with the bronze medal. The 2019 squad's two All-Stars from the prior season tied the low set by the 2004 Olympic team, which infamously did not win gold, for the fewest players coming off an All-Star season leading up to an international competition. The five career All-Star appearances of Lopez, Middleton, and Walker was the lowest ever, roughly half the total of past World Cup squads. Their All-NBA total also ranked the lowest. Walker, who had recently signed with the Boston Celtics as a free agent, was joined on the US team by Celtics teammates Jaylen Brown, Jayson Tatum, and Marcus Smart. It was the first time Team USA had four teammates from the same NBA team. The following were candidates to make the team: Exhibition games Group phase First round Czech Republic Donovan Mitchell scored a team-high 16 points and led all Americans with 25 minutes played as the US won 88–67 over the Czech Republic. The Czechs took an early 11–7 lead, but the US pretty much cruised the rest of the way. NBA player Tomáš Satoranský scored a game-high 17 points and added five assists for the Czech Republic, whose game plan was to have their point guard use his advantage over Walker. However, Walker held his own on defense and had 13 points along with four assists. Barnes was the second-leading scorer for Team USA with 14 points. Turkey Middleton made two free throws with 2.1 seconds remaining in overtime to put the US ahead 93–92, and they hung on to win after Turkey's Ersan Ilyasova missed a 3-pointer as time expired. The Turks were ahead 92–91 with under 20 seconds remaining, but Cedi Osman and Doğuş Balbay missed four straight free throws to keep the Americans in the game. Tatum had forced overtime by making two of his three free throws after be was fouled shooting a 3-pointer with 0.1 seconds left in regulation. The US led 10–2 early, and were never behind in the first half. They led 26–21 after one quarter, and were up 41–26 with 5:33 remaining in the half. However, US-born Scottie Wilbekin, who was naturalized in Turkey a year before, led a 12–0 run, and the contest remained close for the rest of the game. Ranked No. 17 in the world, Turkey figured to be the US team's toughest competition in the first round. Their lineup featured NBA players Ilyasova, Osman, Furkan Korkmaz and Semih Erden. Ilyasova had a game-high 23 points and 14 rebounds in 38 minutes. The Turks played most of the game using a 2–3 zone defense, which stalled Team USA's offense. The Americans made 14-of-40 from 3-point range and just 13-of-37 on 2-pointers. Tatum sprained his left ankle while making the pass to a driving Middleton which led to the game-winning free throws. He was ruled out for at least the next two games. Japan The US raced out to an 11–100 lead en route to a 53-point win over Japan, 98–45. Brown had 20 points and seven rebounds, and Walker scored 15 and Barnes added 14 in the Americans' best offensive performance to date. Team USA held Rui Hachimura, Japan's top player and the No. 9 overall pick of the 2019 NBA draft, to four points on two-of-eight shooting. Yudai Baba led the Japanese with 18 points and was their only player to score in double figures. In addition to missing Tatum, the US played without Smart, who was suffering a left quad strain. Smart had missed most of training camp with a calf strain, also on his left side. The Americans had already qualified for the next round, which lowered the stakes for the game. Second round Greece Walker scored a team-high 15 points and had six assists in a 69–53 win over Greece. The NBA's reigning most valuable player, Giannis Antetokounmpo, had 15 points and 13 rebounds for the Greeks, but his plus-minus was -17 when he was in the game. Coach Popovich went to a small lineup at times, enabling the United States to switch effectively on pick and rolls by Antetokounmpo. American center Lopez did not play at all in the game. Antetokounmpo and his brother, Thanasis Antetokounmpo, had to be separated from the US team after a hard foul by Thanasis late in the game left Barnes on his stomach. Brazil Walker and Myles Turner each scored 16 points in a 89–73 win over Brazil. The US advanced to the quarterfinals, and also clinched a berth in the 2020 Summer Olympics as one of the top two finishing teams from the Americas (along with Argentina). Final round France France came back from a seven-point fourth quarter deficit to win 89–79 over the US, ending the Americans' 58-game winning streak in FIBA and Olympic competition. Evan Fournier scored 22 points and reigning back-to-back NBA Defensive Player of the Year Award winner Rudy Gobert had 21 points and 16 rebounds for the French. Mitchell had 29 points for Team USA, but he was held scoreless in the final period. The loss dropped the US into the fifth-place bracket. In the third quarter, Team USA was faced with its first 10-point deficit of the tournament, when Popovich went to a small lineup. The United States went on a 20–9 run to lead 66–63 entering the final period. However, the French outscored the Americans 20–5 over the final 6:59. The US missed seven of their 11 free throws in the quarter and committed three turnovers in the final 3:07. Serbia Bogdan Bogdanović scored 28 points to lead Serbia to a 94–89 win over the United States, who were assured of their worst major tournament finish ever, surpassing their sixth-place showing in the 2002 World Championship. The Serbs outscored the Americans 32–7 in the first quarter for a 25-point lead, but the US held a 33–12 advantage in the second period to trail 44–40 at the half. Entering the tournament, the US and Serbia were widely considered the favorites to meet for the gold medal. Poland The United States won 87–74 over Poland to finish the World Cup in seventh place. The Americans received strong performances from Mitchell (16 points and 10 assists) and Joe Harris (14 points). The US was up 17 points at halftime, but Poland kept the match close for much of the second half. Notes

Bex–Villars–Bretaye railway

The Bex–Villars–Bretaye Railway (, BVB) is a metre gauge railway line operating between the towns of Bex and Villars-sur-Ollon and the Col de Bretaye mountain pass, situated in the Chablais region of southwest Switzerland. It is, in fact, two railways, one mixed adhesion and rack worked between Bex and Villars-sur-Ollon, the other, linking Villars to the Col de Bretaye being worked on the Abt rack system. Passengers making the full journey are required to change trains at Villars. History The authority to construct the railway was gained in three stages, that from Bex, a small town on the main Lausanne–Simplon railway, to Villars-sur-Ollon on 15 October 1897; from Villars to Chesières on 19 December 1905 and from Villars to Bretaye on 5 October 1911. The lines were opened in five stages. A tramway was opened from Bex to Bévieux on 10 September 1898, continuing to Gryon from 3 June 1900 as a rack railway and reaching Villars, again as tramway, just over one year later. The line from Villars to Chesières was opened on 12 August 1901, less than eight months after authorisation while the final link, that from Villars to Bretaye, opened on 18 December 1913 as a distinct company. The two companies BGVC and VB merged in 1943. However, the company was officially registered as "Forces motrices de l'Avançon" and this company still exists. Simply, the railway no longer belongs to this company. Since 1999 the line has been operated as part of the Transports Publics du Chablais and details from that date of investments are included under that heading. Line The line, with a total length of 17.1 km, rises from at Bex to at Bretaye. Of this length, 7.34 km is operated on the Abt rack system. The first part of the line, reflecting its tramway history, runs alongside and through the streets of Bex from its terminal in the square outside the main line station. For many years, the 3.4-km section between Bex station and Bévieux had a regular tram service in addition to the through service, albeit running only approximately hourly, using 1948-built three-axle trams 15 and 16. A bus service replaced the tram service in 2002, but in 2007 it was reported that a single round trip was still scheduled to take place each weekday, departing Bévieux at 7:01 and Bex at 7:15, using one of the 1948 trams. In 2013, this round trip was still being operated and was scheduled to depart Bévieux at 6:58 and return from Bex at 7:12, on weekdays only. Electrical power is provided at 700 V DC through an overhead contact wire. Locomotives, railcars, and rolling stock The passenger services on the line are operated by railcars (self-propelled railway vehicles; in French automotrice), either singly or with driving-trailer cars (voiture pilote) or the more recently built twin-unit railcars (automotrice-double) of class Beh4/8. A full list is given below based on the official stock list of the railway together with personal observation. Most of the goods wagons used on the line date from 1900–1910. Abbreviations ACMV....Ateliers de constructions mécaniques de Vevey BBC.....Brown, Boveri & Cie BT......Bombardier Transportation SAAS....S. A. Ateliers de Secheron, Geneva SIG.....Societe Industrielle SLM.....Schweizerische Lokomotiv- und Maschinenfabrik, Winterthur

Lauren Kieffer

Lauren Kieffer (born June 6, 1987, Mount Carmel, Illinois) is an American equestrian who competes in eventing. As the leading USA rider in the Rolex Kentucky Three Day Event CCI, she won the Pinnacle Cup Trophy in 2014 and again in 2016, both times riding the Dutch Warmblood mare Veronica with whom she has been paired since 2013. Kieffer was a member of the gold medal-winning US eventing team at the 2015 Pan American Games, riding Meadowbrook's Scarlett. Kieffer comes from a "non-horsey" family, the only daughter of a diesel mechanic and an accountant. She began riding lessons at age six, and began competing in eventing at age 12. She is closely associated with champion equestrians and trainers David and Karen O'Connor, with whom she has served a working apprenticeship since her late teens. As of April 2016, Kieffer was the world's ninth-ranked eventing equestrian according to the Fédération Equestre Internationale (FEI), and at the time of the 2016 Summer Olympics in which Kieffer competed, was considered the top-ranked female eventing athlete in the United States. CCI***** results International Championship Results

1973–74 Norwegian 1. Divisjon season

The 1973–74 Norwegian 1. Divisjon season was the 35th season of ice hockey in Norway. Ten teams participated in the league, and Hasle-Loren Idrettslag won the championship. First round Second round Final round Final tiebreaker Hasle-Løren Idrettslag - Frisk Asker 3:0 Relegation round External links Norwegian Ice Hockey Federation Nor

Chirwon Je clan

Chirwon Zhu clan () was one of the Korean clans. Their Bon-gwan was in Haman County, South Gyeongsang Province. According to the research in 2015, the number of Chirwon Je clan was 20095. Their founder was who was a politician in Han dynasty. Zhuge Liang was a 6th descendant of . Zhuge Chung (), a great-grandchild of Zhuge Liang, came over to Silla during 13th king Michu of Silla’s reign.

Mike Lamin

Mike Lamin is a politician in Sierra Leone. He is a member of the Revolutionary United Front and former government Minister of Trade, Industry and State Enterprise and was detained alongside side other government ministers Pallo Bangura and Peter Vandy among others in 2000.

Bayview Park, San Francisco

Bayview Park (sometimes Bay View Park) is a park in the Bayview-Hunters Point neighborhood of southeast San Francisco. The park's land is mainly occupied by a large hill named either Bayview Hill or Candlestick Hill, west of the former site of Candlestick Park and east of the Bayshore Freeway; it is prominently visible from both. The hill was initially proposed as parkland by Daniel Burnham in his 1905 Burnham Plan for San Francisco as Visitacion Park, but the park was not created until 1915. Prior to that, the title to the land was held by the Bay View Land Company, which intended to erect luxury houses on the site. After plans for housing fell through, it was proposed to create a pest house on the site in 1902 until the Crocker Land Company donated adjacent land to the city to block plans for the pest house. KYA (1260 AM) opened a studio and 5000-watt radio transmitter on the hill in 1937, and further development of the area occurred in 1958, when part of the hill was quarried to create fill and land for Candlestick Park. Currently, the park receives relatively few visitors to what is considered one of the best-preserved remnants of pre-Columbian open spaces in San Francisco. History Evidence of Native American settlement is given by a shell mound noted in 1910 near present-day Harney Way, just south of Bayview Park, by Nels C. Nelson. Although the mound was leveled during subsequent land development, later auger tests suggest significant and intact shell midden deposits continue to exist below grade. As Nelson noted during a 1910 excavation of the site, the so-called Bayshore or Crocker Mound (designated CA-SFr-07) was the largest of the 10-12 mounds in the Hunters Point area, covering an area of to a depth of . Nelson's 1910 excavation of of CA-SFr-7 showed the midden contained more than 28 burials. The hill and land that would become Bayview Park were granted to José Cornelio Bernal as part of the Rancho Rincon de las Salinas y Potrero Viejo by Governor Pro tem Manuel Jimeno in 1839. Park origins The Bay View Land Company was incorporated in 1894 and had offered of land to the City of San Francisco in 1897 at a purchase price of for a proposed Mission Park and Zoo. The land had formerly been used for the Bay View racetrack, and the editors of the San Francisco Call noted the parcel was being offered at an inflated price (albeit at only "comparatively moderate" inflation when evaluated against competing offers and parcels), as it had been assessed for only . After plans for Mission Park fell through, the Bay View Land Company began to formulate plans to offer luxury homes on the site, but it was considered too remote from downtown, and the houses were cancelled. In December 1901, The Bay View Land Company offered an parcel containing the hill to the City for a smallpox and leprosy pest house at a price of as an alternative to a politically-controversial parcel then known as the Pattridge (or Partridge) site. The Bay View parcel was considered too remote even for a smallpox hospital, as access would require a new road costing . A committee recommended the Bay View parcel over the Partridge Estate in February 1902 in favor of the Bay View parcel, and money was taken from a planned expansion of the existing hospital. The Board of Health, however, adopted a resolution calling for the Pattridge site in March 1902, saying the existing buildings could be reused and again citing the remoteness of the Bay View parcel. Despite the need for a new road, the price "frankly admitted by the agent to be double its market price," and the need to build a water supply system and reservoir, the Bay View site was finally chosen over the Pattridge site based on objections from neighbors to the Pattridge site. Based on the budget set aside for the new hospital, the city offered $800 per acre for a tract, which The Bay View Land Company promptly rejected, saying their minimum price was US$8,000. A third site for the hospital was proposed in April, but eventually The Bay View Land Company agreed to the lower price and the deed for the land was conveyed in December 1902. Although the common narrative is that Charles Crocker donated an adjacent parcel to the City on the condition that plans for the hospital be dropped, Crocker had died in 1888 and his similarly-named son, Charles Frederick Crocker, had died in 1897. Instead, it was the Crocker Land Company which donated the parcel. Burnham proposed the land (from the hill extending to the Bay) should be set aside as a park he named Visitacion Park in a report submitted to the Board of Supervisors in September 1905. In the wake of the April 1906 earthquake and fire, however, Burnham's plans were shelved. The park was created in 1915. Burnham's plans also called for a neighboring University Mound Park, which became John McLaren Park in 1926. Radio station Radio station KYA was sold to the Hearst Publishing Company in 1934, becoming the full-time voice of the San Francisco Examiner. William Randolph Hearst retained Julia Morgan to design a new transmitter building atop Candlestick Hill, and KYA began broadcasting at an uprated 5,000 watts from the new building and tall radio tower on June 1, 1937. Quarrying for Candlestick Park The Giants moved from New York to San Francisco in 1958, lured in part by promises from then-Mayor George Christopher to build a new stadium; Candlestick Point was the site chosen, at the prompting of the landowner, Charles Harney, who had previously purchased the land from the City in July 1953. Harney sold the land back to the City in 1957 at a significant profit, with the sale price exceeding 30× his purchase price. Harney had claimed the land was being sold to the city at below-market value as part of the condition that his construction company would be awarded a no-bid contract for the stadium and parking lot. Fill for land reclaimed from the Bay during the construction of Candlestick Park and its parking lot in 1958 was quarried from the north and east slopes of Bayview Hill. Harney, the developer of the Park and lot, said that if the hill had been leveled to a height of , enough fill would be produced to reclaim from the Bay. The hill was retained as a natural windbreak to shelter Candlestick Park from strong westerly winds; when the Park opened in 1960, however, the hill instead apparently acted to funnel winds through the stands and field, resulting in the Park's notorious chilly and windy reputation. During the first 1961 Major League Baseball All-Star Game at Candlestick Park, Stu Miller was charged with a balk after he was caught by a gust of wind; newspaper accounts would later state that he was blown off the mound. As a result, Mayor Christopher later commissioned a study, resulting in a proposal advanced by city planners to cut through the middle of the hill in order to funnel a deflecting wind northward. Recent developments of the hill's northeast slope were added to the site in 1997. Park features The sole park access for bicyclists and pedestrians is from the west side of the park, at the eastern end of Key Avenue. Artificial In addition to the 1937 Morgan-designed transmitter building, Works Progress Administration work crews built retaining walls and stairways in the 1930s from local chert which are now in disrepair. The paved loop path to and around the top of the hill serves as an extension of Key Avenue, screened from motorized traffic by a metal gate. Geology The area of Bayview Park is occupied by a single large hill known as either Bayview Hill or Candlestick Hill, which rises to a height of above sea level. The hill consists of sheared Marin Headlands terane composed of radiolarian chert, shale, greenstone, and greywacke. Before the hill was quarried to provide fill for the land that became Candlestick Park and its parking lot, the hill directly bordered San Francisco Bay. The west side of the hill has a notable rock formation known as Indian Head Rock, near the 1937 Morgan transmitter building. Flora A promontory near the summit of the hill contains a stand of Islais cherry trees (Prunus ilicifolia). During spring, several wildflowers bloom lower on the hill in its grasslands which retain many native species such as California goldfields, California buttercup, dwarf checkerbloom, San Francisco blue-eyed Mary, and the California larkspur, the latter two of which are found wild within San Francisco only in Bayview Park.

Luige

Luige is a small borough () in Kiili Parish, Harju County, in northern Estonia, located about south from the centre of Tallinn. As of 2011 Census, the settlement's population was 1280. Luige gained its small borough status on 18 August 2008, before that it was a village.

Scangraphic

Scangraphic is a division of Dr. Böger Duplomat Apparate GmbH & Co.KG, based in Wedel near Hamburg, Germany. It was founded by Bernd Holthusen and Knut Schmiedl. Mannesmann AG acquired Scangraphic in 1200, and the company was renamed Mannesmann Scangraphic. By 1994 Mannesmann Scangraphic is sold to the ITRACO Holding. The company is now called Scangraphic PrePress Technology GmbH. The company designed, developed and produced digital typesetting systems: Scantext 1000, launched in 1981 and Scantext 2000, launched in 1986. External links Scangraphic

Vele coal mine

The Vele Coal Mine is a coal mine located in Limpopo Province. The majority of its shares are held by Coal Africa Limited (CoAL). Objections There were several objections to mining at this location, which as of 2016, are not fully resolved. This included a land claim, and protests from environmental, cultural, political and youth groups. A main concern is its proximity to the Greater Mapungubwe Transfrontier Conservation Area, a World Heritage Site. Operation The mine has coal reserves amounting to 721 million tonnes of coking coal, one of the largest coal reserves in Africa and the world. The mine produces around 14 million tonnes of coal per year. When fully operational three coal seams will be mined in opencast as well as underground operations.

Robert Faas

Robert Faas (3 April 1889 – 9 January 1966) was a German international footballer.

Russia and the American Revolution

The Russian Empire's role in the American Revolutionary War was part of a global conflict of colonial supremacy between the Thirteen Colonies and the Kingdom of Great Britain. Prior to the onset of the war, the Russian Empire had already begun exploration along North America's west coast; and, the year following the combat's conclusion, the Eurasian empire established its first colony in Alaska. Although the Russian Empire did not directly send troops or supplies to the colonies or British Empire during the war, it responded to the Declaration of Independence, played a role in international diplomacy, and contributed to the lasting legacy of the American Revolution abroad. Russia in North America prior to the war As other European states expanded westward across the Atlantic Ocean, the Russian Empire went eastward and conquered the vast wilderness of Siberia. Although it initially went east with the hope of increasing its fur trade, the Russian imperial court in St. Petersburg hoped that its eastern expansion would also prove its cultural, political, and scientific belonging to Europe. The Eurasian empire looked to North America after reaching the Pacific Ocean in 1639 and occupying the Kamchatka Peninsula in the 1680s. From 1729–1741, the Russian court sponsored the Danish explorer Vitus Bering and his Russian counterpart Aleksei Chirikov to begin the Russian search for North America. In their initial 1729 expedition, the pair missed the Alaskan coast due to a thick fog. When they set off again in 1741, Chirikov reached the shore of the Alaskan panhandle only to have his search party ambushed and killed by the native Tlingits. After the dreadful event, Chirikov hurriedly sailed back to Kamchatka. Bering, on the other hand, had worse luck. He made it ashore to central Alaska, and then sailed back to Kamchatka along the barren Aleutians, only to endure a hard winter on one of the islands, losing many men. However, when Bering and his remaining crew returned to Petropavlovsk, they brought with them over nine hundred sea otter pelts. The valuable furs with which survivors of Bering's expedition returned sparked greater interest in the fur trade. Russian Promyshlenniki, or fur traders, began to set off to Alaska in droves with hopes of striking it rich. The drive to obtain furs led the promyshlenniki to exploit the native Aleuts through fear, threats, and forced commerce. Through this economic abuse of the native peoples, the traders caused much environmental harm - many animals were hunted to near-extinction. The subjugated tribes rebelled against their imperial overlords in 1764, but their valiant resistance was met by fierce retribution and defeat at Russian hands in 1766. Prior to the onset of the American Revolutionary War, the Russian expansion into North America boosted the empire's economy and prestige, but caused much detriment to the local wildlife of Alaska, and brought about the desolation of the Aleut through disease, warfare, and exploitation. Russia and the Declaration of Independence News of the Declaration of Independence's penning and signing finally reached Imperial Russia on August 13, 1776. In imperial correspondence, Vasilii Grigor'evich Lizakevich, a Russian ambassador in London wrote to Count Nikita Ivanovich Panin, a Russian statesmen, and praised the leadership, bravery, and virtue of colonial leaders as shown through the declaration. It is worth noting, though, that, in this same dispatch, Lizakevich never noted the "natural rights of man" mentioned in the document; and, instead only focused on the actions of the American forefathers. When Catherine the Great caught wind of the declaration's creation and adoption, the tsarina attributed the actions of Britain's former colonists to "personal fault" on the part of the British Crown in the form of its colonial policies. Moreover, the monarch believed "that the separation of the colonies from the mother country did not conflict with the interests of Russia and might even be advantageous to her." More documentation of the Russian reception of the Declaration of Independence comes from the accounts of Pavel Petrovich Svinyin, a representative of the tsarist government to the United States. In his accounts from 1811–1813, Svinyin noted that it appeared that American civilians enjoyed almost all the enumerated liberties as outlined by the declaration and constitution. Despite the publication of Svinyin's observations of American life, the full text of the Declaration of Independence was outlawed in the Russian Empire until the reign and reform era of Tsar Alexander II ( 1855-1881 ). Historians attribute this absence of the document to the disconnect between the Declaration of Independence's values and the policies which the Russian monarchy enforced. The Declaration of Independence also inspired the beliefs and doctrines of some members of Russia's Decembrist Uprising. To them, America represented a sort of "motherland of freedom." Even though it was never fully published before the Decembrist Revolt, the Declaration of Independence still managed to infiltrate the minds of members of Russian society. Russian diplomacy during the war Catherine the Great and imperial policy Catherine the Great, a Russian empress who ruled from 1762–1796, played a modest role in the American Revolutionary War through her politicking with other European heads of state. Initially, the tsarina took a keen interest in the American struggle because it affected "English and European politics" and frankly believed that Britain was to blame for the conflict. She held a negative opinion of King George and his diplomats, often treating them with contempt. Nonetheless, the British crown still formally requested 20,000 troops in 1775 and sought an alliance. She refused both pleas. Upon Spain's entry into the war, Britain once again turned to the Russian Empire, but this time, the English hoped for naval support. Catherine II once again ignored the British requests. Perhaps Catherine the Great's greatest diplomatic contribution came from the creation and proclamation of the First League of Armed Neutrality in 1780. This declaration of armed neutrality had several stipulations, but three crucial ones: first, "that neutral ships may freely visit the ports of belligerent Powers;" second, "that the goods of belligerent Powers on neutral ships are permitted to pass without hindrance, with the exception of war contraband;" and, third, "under the definition of a blockaded port falls only a port into which entry is actually hampered by naval forces." Most European nations agreed to these terms, but Britain refused to recognize the arrangement because it undermined the blockade, its most effective military strategy. After establishing a league of neutral parties, Catherine the Great attempted to act as a mediator between the United States and Britain by submitting a ceasefire plan. During her attempts at mediation, though, the Battle of Yorktown thwarted any hope of a peaceful and diplomatic solution to the American Revolutionary War. These negotiations were accompanied by political intrigue. In 1780, during the period of Catherine II's mediating, Britain attempted to bribe the Russian Empire into an alliance. London offered St. Petersburg the island of Menorca if the Russians would agree to join the British in the war. Despite the economic boost such an acquisition offered, Catherine the Great refused this bribe and utilized it as an opportunity to make George III a laughing–stock of the European powers. Even though she took a rather ambivalent approach to international policy during the period of the American Revolution, some scholars believe that history has smiled too much on Catherine the Great during this time. This negative opinion of the tsarina holds that she simply acted in the best interest of the Russian Empire and did not actually care for the cause of the Thirteen Colonies. Francis Dana's mission Francis Dana served as the United States Ambassador to Russia from December 19, 1780 until September 1783. His original mission was to "sign in St. Petersburg the convention about the adherence of the United States to the armed neutrality, and to reach an agreement about a treaty concerning friendship and trade." Dana experienced some difficulties during his trip. First off, the Russian Empire had not yet recognized the United States as a nation, and, secondly, the Russians could not formally accept a representative from a state which they had not yet acknowledged. The American diplomat fought against these presumptions and put forth, in a long memorandum to the Russian imperial court, that America's nationhood stemmed from the Declaration of Independence and not from a peace treaty with Great Britain. However, "The argumentation of Francis Dana, based on the principles of popular sovereignty, could not, it goes without saying, make a special impression (on the contrary, only a negative one) on the Tsarist Government." Due to these hindrances to the success of his mission, Robert Livingston moved that the Continental Congress recall Dana from St. Petersburg. Ironically, Dana left Russia the day after the signing of the peace treaty between the United States and Britain. Unfortunately for Francis Dana, he spent years in the Russian courts only to see his mission uncompleted. Many historians have overlooked the broader political occurrences at the time of Dana's mission. Several believe Catherine II's refusal to acknowledge the American diplomat rooted itself in Russia's desire to avoid conflict with Great Britain. However, Catherine the Great used her denial of Dana as a leverage point in her annexation of Crimea. She voiced to her fellow heads of state that she remained neutral during their conflicts, so they should not meddle with her political affairs. Perhaps this politicking on the part of Catherine II also played a role in the failure of Dana's quest. Legacy of the war in Russia and America Unbeknownst to many, Russia played a significant role in the American Revolutionary War. First and foremost, Catherine the Great's position as perhaps the foremost sponsor of ongoing mediations between the European powers and America, that transpired during the war years, ultimately served to as a means of legitimizing and rallying support for the American cause, amongst the other European powers. Her political and military positions acted to further isolate the British within greater European politics, and in the final analysis, to help pave the way for the eventual victory of the young republic. "The proclamation of the Declaration of Armed Neutrality by Russia, which received the official approval of the Continental Congress of the United States in October, 1780, had great international significance." If Catherine the Great had not politically maneuvered with other imperial powers and negotiated neutrality with other potentially belligerent states, and if instead she had chosen to support the British position, then perhaps the American Revolution may have been a somewhat different story. Other than Russia's influence on the United States during this time, the Eurasian empire and the United States had many mutually beneficial relationships. Several scholars from both states, such as Benjamin Franklin and Mikhail Lomonosov, had direct or indirect relationships with one another. The Imperial Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg even elected Franklin to its honorary ranks in November, 1789. Russia and America also shared a prosperous commercial relationship. Though no Russian ships directly reached the ports of America during the war due to the empire's declaration of neutrality, many merchants from both countries were freely trading with each other after 1783. In December 1807 Russia first officially agreed to provide full diplomatic recognition of the new American republic, authorizing a full top level diplomatic exchange. On December 18, 1832, the two countries formally signed a trade treaty that K.V. Nesselrode and James Buchanan negotiated. Upon the signing of this agreement, President Andrew Jackson remarked that the trade "furnishe[d] new motives for that mutual friendship which both countries have so far nourished with respect to each other." Jackson was not the only president to speak to the connections of Russia and America. Before the official trade agreement, the various benevolent relationships between Russia and the United States would even lead President Thomas Jefferson to declare "Russia as the Power friendliest to the Americans." Clearly, the American Revolution started a trend of positive relations between the two states. Despite these examples of positive connections between Russia and America during this time, one cannot ignore the ideological conflict that would have existed between the monarchical empire and democratic republic. Although the American victory undoubtedly weakened the British Empire, the American Revolution "provoked a sharply negative reaction of the ruling classes" in Russia, and, most likely, in other European states. Moreover, it was impossible to speak out about changes to Russia's political structure, potential of revolution, or democratic freedoms during this period. One could "write more or less objectively about the right to freedom and independence of the American people, and its experience of victorious revolutionary struggle against England." Such revolutionary ideology inspired Russian authors Alexander Radishchev and Nikolay Novikov to write about American successes during the war, condemn slavery, and rebuke the decimation of Native Americans. As time passed, the American Revolution even inspired some members of the Decembrist Revolt in St. Petersburg as, to them, America represented a sort of "motherland of freedom." Although revolution in Russia would not succeed until 1917, the ideals that inspired American patriots created ripples in the tsarist empire.

Xinxiang County

Xinxiang County () is a county in Xinxiang, Henan Province. It is situated in the center of the northern Henan Plateau. The Taihang Mountains are to the north, and the Yellow River is to the south. The area is with a population of in 2002. The postal code is 453700. The county dates back to the Sui Dynasty (AD 581–618). Administrative Xiaoji Town, Dazhaoying Town, Jupo Town, Qiliying Town, Langgongmiao Town and Guguzhai Town; Hehe Township.

Vahi, Tartu County

Vahi is a small borough () in Tartu Parish, Tartu County in eastern Estonia. It has a population of 1620 (as of 31 December 2011).

Arunqash

Arunqash (, also Romanized as Arūnqāsh, Oroonghash, Owranqāsh, Ūranqāsh, and Urungāsh) is a village in Dodangeh-ye Sofla Rural District, Ziaabad District, Takestan County, Qazvin Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 444, in 91 families.

Battle of Phase Line Bullet

The Battle of Phase Line Bullet was one of the clashes which led to the destruction of the Tawakalna Iraqi Republican Guard Division, on the 26 February 1991, by a simultaneous attack of the 1st and 3rd armoured divisions, the 1st Infantry Division, and the 2nd Armoured Cavalry Regiment. The battle was one of the rare examples of an American armoured force being repulsed by a screen of Iraqi entrenched infantry, APCs, and Iraqi T-72 tanks during Desert Storm. The incident also involved American friendly fire casualties. Background The initial skirmishes between American and Iraqi Republican Guard units took place earlier that day around pre-established line 73 Easting, some 30 miles west of Wadi al Batin, where the 2 ACR managed to destroy two Iraqi armoured brigades. The skirmishes in this sector were still going on when the 3rd Armoured Division, positioned north, made the first contact with a brigade of the Tawakalna Armoured Division around 03:30pm. Weather conditions were extremely poor, hampering visibility and identification of targets. Flank screen maneuver As the usual practice for armored reconnaissance, a troop of M3 Bradleys (Alpha Troop), belonging to the 4th Squadron of the 7th Cavalry Regiment, was scouting ahead of the main tank force. The flank screen maneuver took place along the southern boundaries between the 2 ACR and 3rd Armored Division operational areas. Task Forces 4-34 and 4-32 were advancing from the rear. The general movement of the US forces followed an eastward direction. The fumes from hundreds of oil wells set on fire by the Iraqis, combined with an intense shamal, forced the US vehicles to use thermal sights. Surprising contact At 03:00pm, the reconnaissance troop of 14 Bradleys received information from the GHQ of the 3rd Armoured Division that no enemy unit remained between them and the Kuwaiti border. Suddenly, they found a screen line of Iraqi APCs straight ahead, barely to the east. The poor weather, along with burning oil fumes, reduced the visibility conditions to almost zero. The enemy screen line was part of the 9th Armored Brigade of Tawakalna Division. A burst of small-arms and heavy machine gunfire, RPGs and Sagger missiles erupted. Initially, the American commander thought they were engaging dismounted infantry supported by BMPs, but later he realized that they were also receiving main-gun tank rounds. The US vehicles retaliated by firing TOW missiles, 25 mm cannon and machine guns. The contact lasted for about two hours, until the Bradleys, battered by enemy and friendly fire and running out of ammunition, were forced to withdraw. American M1 Abrams tanks from TF 4-34, positioned in the rear echelon, fired in support of the IFVs, destroying at least one T-72 and several Iraqi APCs. They also hit three Bradleys (A-24, A-31 and A-22), causing two American deaths. The 2 ACR also became entangled in the fighting from the rear right. Another Bradley (A-36) was first disabled by a 12.7 mm round from an NSVT heavy machine gun which penetrated the transmission and later shattered by a large caliber shaped charge impact in the turret's front. Bradley A-35 also took some damage from a mix of ricocheting 12.7 mm bursts and indirect fire, but was able to drive out, while A-33 suffered two injured and its radio station hit by 12.7 mm fire. During the process of rescuing casualties from A-24, Bradley A-26, commanded by Sergeant Major Ronald Sneed, was near-missed by a T-72 main round, which spattered the vehicle with splinters. While providing cover for A-21 who was attempting to assess the situation with A-36, Bradley A-22, commanded by Staff Sergeant Meyers, was struck in the turret by an M-1 tank from TF 4-34, killing one of the crew. The gunner of A-24 was also killed by a tank round fired by a friendly tank. The disabled A-22, A-36 and A-24 were left abandoned on the battleground, while A-31, although heavily damaged, was able to pull back. All the remainder Bradleys were raked by machine gun fire and shell splinters, but they remained operational. Aftermath American forces were unable to find a breach in the northern Iraqi lines until the first hours of February 27. That morning, 7th Cav scouts found the hulls of 18 APCs, mostly BMP-1s, and six T-72s disabled or abandoned by their crews. The clash is one of the few recorded actions where an American assault was repulsed by dug-in Iraqi armour. The commander of Alpha troop, Captain Gerald Davie, later acknowledged that "we were ten times too close to the enemy than we would choose to be".

Pinakion

In ancient Greece, a pinakion () (pl. pinakia) was a small bronze plate used to identify a citizen of a city. Pinakia for candidates for political office or for jury membership were inserted into randomization machines (kleroteria).

Colorado Bend State Park

Colorado Bend State Park is a Texas state park in the Hill Country region. It was purchased in 1984 and opened to public in 1987. It is representative of the karst features typically seen in the Hill Country, with many sinkholes, caves, and springs. Hiking trails The Spicewood Springs trail is one of the hiking trails in the park with numerous creek crossings. The trail is one way, but hikers can take a slightly different hike back. It has numerous spring-fed swimming holes found along the trail. The Gorman Creek trail is divided into a blue-marker loop and a yellow-marker loop, with dry chaparral terrain. The highlights of the park trails are a travertine creek on the east, and a large waterfall with caves on the west. A protected portion of the park is open by guided tour only. The Gorman Spring and a couple of other springs feed Gorman Creek, which then descends a spectacular feet forming what is known as Gorman Falls. The tour is a round trip trail leading to the spectacular waterfall, which is formed by fern covered Travertine. The self-guided Gorman Spring trail and the trail to the waterfall is now open to the public during regular park hours. There are also many wild cave tour opportunities, ranging in difficulties from walking to crawling. Flora A variety of flowers could be found in Colorado Bend State Park.

Oxoeicosanoid

The oxoeicosanoids are nonclassic eicosanoids, derived from arachidonic acid (AA). For example, Lipoxygenase produces 5-HETE from AA; a dehydrogenase then produces 5-oxo-eicosatetraenoic acid, an oxoeicosanoid, from 5-HETE. They are similar to the leukotrienes in their actions, but they act via a different receptor.

Bonatea (plant)

Bonatea is a genus of orchids native to tropical and southern Africa, with one species extending into Yemen and Saudi Arabia. Species currently recognized as of May 2014: Bonatea antennifera Rolfe - South Africa, Mozambique, Botswana, Zimbabwe Bonatea boltonii (Harv.) Bolus - South Africa Bonatea cassidea Sond. - South Africa, Swaziland, Zimbabwe Bonatea lamprophylla J.Stewart - Mozambique, KwaZulu-Natal Bonatea polypodantha (Rchb.f.) L.Bolus - South Africa Bonatea porrecta (Bolus) Summerh. - South Africa, Mozambique, Botswana, Swaziland Bonatea pulchella Summerh. - Mozambique, KwaZulu-Natal, Transvaal Bonatea rabaiensis (Rendle) Rolfe in D.Oliver - Kenya, Tanzania Bonatea saundersioides (Kraenzl. & Schltr.) Cortesi - Mpumalanga, KwaZulu-Natal, Swaziland Bonatea speciosa (L.f.) Willd. - South Africa, Mozambique Bonatea stereophylla (Kraenzl.) Summerh. - Tanzania Bonatea steudneri (Rchb.f.) T.Durand & Schinz - from South Africa to Saudi Arabia, including Democratic Republic of the Congo, Tanzania, Angola, Mozambique, Sudan, Ethiopia, etc. Bonatea volkensiana (Kraenzl.) Rolfe in D.Oliver - Kenya, Tanzania

Tecapa

Tecapa is a complex stratovolcano in central El Salvador.

Shell Shock (Part I)

"Shell Shock (Part I)" is the sixth episode of the tenth season of the American police procedural drama NCIS, and the 216th episode overall. It originally aired on CBS in the United States on November 13, 2012. The episode is written by Nichole Mirante-Matthews and directed by Leslie Libman, and was seen by 17.05 million viewers. When a Navy Lieutenant who recently returned home from the Middle East is found dead from a brutal attack, the NCIS team questions the victim’s friend, Marine Captain Joe Wescott. Gibbs realizes the Captain is suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder, but knows his experience overseas may also provide a key link to the crime. The plot continues in "Shell Shock (Part II)". Plot The episode begins with two men trying to run from a gang but they are eventually caught and beaten badly. The gang then drags one of the men into the darkness while the other flees. The next morning, the team is called over to investigate the body of the man who was dragged off, Sergeant Michael Torres. They find out that Torres was with his commanding officer, Captain Joe Westcott and track down Westcott at Torres' house. Westcott tells the team about the attack and how he feels guilty that he didn't try to save Torres. However, Gibbs is not convinced that Westcott is telling the whole truth. More inconsistencies surface when Ducky's autopsy reveals that Torres was not beaten by a gang of men, but by only a pair, which contradicts Westcott's account. Surveillance footage of the attack does not provide any conclusive evidence either since the tape it was recorded on is corrupted. Gibbs then has Westcott tell him about the story of how his squad was ambushed by insurgents in Iraq shortly before their tour of duty ended. Several of Westcott's men were killed and Westcott himself witnessed one of his men getting captured. However, rather than try to help him, Westcott fled in fear. Though the captured soldier was rescued by another squadmate, he died shortly after due to his wounds. Westcott can't forgive himself for succumbing to cowardice and it is revealed that he suffers from Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, as he is constantly reliving the ambush in his mind. The team manages to clean up the surveillance footage and sees that there were only three men involved in the fight: Westcott, Torres and another man named Randall J. Kersey, who claims never to have seen Westcott nor has he been outside the country. They surmise that Westcott suffered another PTSD episode; he believed Kersey was one of the insurgents and began to assault him. Torres tried to intervene but was knocked down and struck his head on the pavement, dying instantly. After sending Westcott to therapy to have his PTSD treated, Gibbs has McGee obtain satellite photos of the insurgent base where Westcott had been ambushed. To the team's shock, they discover that Kersey was indeed present at the base as one of the insurgents. The team raids Kersey's house but are too late: Kersey has already fled but the team discovers evidence that he had already built two bombs and is planning an attack. Meanwhile, Tony finds an old camera with photos of his mother, who died when he was eight years old. Unfortunately, McGee gets hold of Tony's embarrassing old high school portrait and Ziva gives him a relentless amount of grief. Production "Shell Shock (Part I)" is written by Nichole Mirante-Matthews and directed by Leslie Libman. The episode is a tribute to "all of our brave men and women overseas, as well as our veterans here at home", Mirante-Matthews said. The theme of the episode is posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and showrunner Gary Glasberg gave Mirante-Matthews (Part I) and Gina Lucita Monreal (Part II) the task of writing the two-part story arc in May 2012. The writers had to use "several weeks of research and conversation" to get enough information about PTSD and its effect on people in the military. On September 13, 2012, TV Guide announced that Brad Beyer would guest star as Marine Captain Joe Westcott, who "shows signs of post-traumatic stress disorder". Together with Beyer, Glen Powell was cast to portray Westcott's brother Luke and Mark Rolston as their father George. Reception "Shell Shock (Part I)" was seen by 17.05 million live viewers following its broadcast on November 13, 2012, with a 3.1/9 share among adults aged 18 to 49. A rating point represents one percent of the total number of television sets in American households, and a share means the percentage of television sets in use tuned to the program. In total viewers, "Shell Shock (Part I)" easily won NCIS and CBS the night. The spin-off NCIS: Los Angeles drew second and was seen by 15.77 million viewers. Compared to the last episode "Namesake", "Shell Shock (Part I)" was down in both viewers and adults 18-49. Carla Day from TV Fanatic gave the episode 4.5 (out of 5) and stated that "[the episode] started out as a fairly routine NCIS case when a marine, Michael Torres, was found beaten to death in an alley. The investigation became more complicated when his fellow marine's story didn't check out and Gibbs figured out he was suffering from PTSD. That was a compelling story, but NCIS ended with a surprise that blew the top off the entire mystery."

Apocalypse (1990 video game)

Apocalypse is a futuristic 3D space shoot 'em up game released in 1990 for the Acorn Archimedes written by Gordon J. Key and published by The Fourth Dimension. Plot Sometime in the future, computers have evolved into sentient, mobile life-forms known as 'Rakonans'. They then proceed to conquer numerous planets, depleting the natural resources until nothing is left, and then swarming in a locust-like fashion to the next planet. The consequence of this is that humans then enter into conflict with the Rakonans in order to survive. The game sees the player acting as a Llanerk (a type of assault aircraft in the form of a flying saucer) pilot for the 'Royal Guild of Spacing'. During the course of the game, nine planets must be 'sterilised' by removing a set number of Rakonan units. Apocalypse is notable for the extremely high review scores awarded by The Micro User, and was only the second game on the Archimedes to feature fast, realtime true 3D polygon graphics (the first being David Braben's Zarch (1988), published by Superior Software).

2020 in country music

This is a list of notable events in country music that took place, or will take place, in 2020. Events January 2 - Capitol Records Nashville signs Hot Country Knights, a fictitious band portrayed by Dierks Bentley and members of his road band. January 4 – Radio personality Fitz takes over as permanent host of Bob Kingsley's Country Top 40, succeeding the longtime radio host who died in 2019. Affiliates of Fitz's previous programs – The Fitz Show, The Hit List with Fitz, and Nashville Minute with Fitz – were replaced with programs from KCCS Productions, which produces CT40. January 7 - Rascal Flatts announced that they would be disbanding following a farewell tour after 20 years together. Top hits of the year The following songs placed within the Top 20 on the Hot Country Songs, Country Airplay, and/or Canada Country charts in 2020: Singles released by American and Australian artists Singles released by Canadian artists Top new album releases The following albums placed on the Top Country Albums charts in 2020: Other top albums Announced Deaths January 15 – Chris Darrow, 75, American musician (Nitty Gritty Dirt Band). January 18 – David Olney, 71, American singer-songwriter, heart attack. January 29 – Eddie Setser, 77, American songwriter ("Seven Spanish Angels") February 12 – Paul English, 87, American drummer (Willie Nelson), pneumonia.

1985 American League Championship Series

The 1985 American League Championship Series was played between the Kansas City Royals and the Toronto Blue Jays from October 8 to 16. Major League Baseball decided to extend the Championship Series in both leagues from its best-of-five (1969–1984) to the current best-of-seven format starting with this year, and it proved pivotal in the outcome of the ALCS. The Blue Jays seemingly put a stranglehold on the Series, earning a three games to one lead over the Royals after four games. However, Kansas City staged an improbable comeback, winning the next three games to win the American League Championship Series four games to three. The Royals would proceed to defeat their cross-state rivals, the St. Louis Cardinals, in the World Series four games to three. Background The Royals had long been a contending team in the American League, with great regular season success but frustration in the playoffs. They won three consecutive American League West division titles from 1976 to 1978, only to be defeated in the ALCS all three years by the New York Yankees. The Royals did manage to defeat the Yankees and win the ALCS in 1980; however, they lost the World Series to the Philadelphia Phillies four games to two. In 1984, K.C. again won the West Division, but were swept in the ALCS by the eventual World champion Detroit Tigers, who won 20 more games during the regular season than the Royals. 1985 saw the Royals post a record of 91–71 (.562) winning another West Division pennant, ahead of the California Angels by a game. By contrast, the Blue Jays franchise was established in 1977, and the late 1970s and early 1980s for them were marked by the challenges faced by an expansion team. Beginning in 1982, however, they played increasingly solid seasons, achieving their first winning season in 1983 and finishing second in the American League East in 1984 behind Detroit. 1985 proved to be a breakout year for Toronto, as they rode strong offense and pitching to the second-best record in Major League Baseball, at 99–62 (.615), winning the AL East by two games over the Yankees. The Eastern division champion had the home-field advantage for the second consecutive year. From 1969-84 in the ALCS, the Western division champion had home-field advantage in odd-numbered years and the Eastern division champion had it in even-numbered years. Summary Toronto Blue Jays vs. Kansas City Royals Game summaries Game 1 Tuesday, October 8, 1985, at Exhibition Stadium in Toronto The Toronto Blue Jays entered the series as the favorite to win the series. The first game featured Toronto pitcher Dave Stieb and Kansas City pitcher Charlie Leibrandt at Exhibition Stadium in Toronto. Neither team was able to score runs in the first inning; however, in the second inning the Blue Jays offense became productive. Jesse Barfield singled and advanced to second base when Willie Upshaw was hit by a pitch. Garth Iorg forced Barfield out at third, but with Iorg on first and Upshaw on second, Ernie Whitt singled to score Upshaw with the first run of the series. Tony Fernández singled to shortstop allowing Iorg to score, and a single by Damaso Garcia loaded the bases with one out. Leibrandt induced a pop fly out by Lloyd Moseby and a ground ball out by George Bell. After nearly breaking the game open in the second inning, the Blue Jays increased their lead in the third inning and Leibrandt was removed form the game. A double by Cliff Johnson was followed by a base on balls to Barfield. The game was forced into a rain delay. Whether the rain ended Leibrandt's effectiveness or the Jays simply figured him out, Upshaw's single loaded the bases with no outs and led to relief pitcher Steve Farr entering the game. Rance Mulliniks singled to score Johnson and keep the bases loaded. A walk to Whitt scored Barfield to increase the score to 4–0. A sacrifice fly from Fernandez made it 5–0. Farr finally settled down and proceeded to get next two batters out; however, the Royals were down 5–0 en route to a 6–1 loss. The final Jays' run was scored when George Bell singled and scored on a throwing error by Steve Balboni on a fielder's choice to the next batter, Cliff Johnson. Willie Wilson scored the Royals' only run in the ninth inning when he singled, moved to third on a George Brett single, and scored on a fielders choice ground out by Pat Sheridan. The Blue Jays scored six runs and left nine runners on base. Leibrandt was credited with the loss while Stieb pitched eight innings for the win and Tom Henke pitched the ninth inning. The victory gave the Jays a one-game to none lead in the ALCS. Game 2 Wednesday, October 9, 1985, at Exhibition Stadium in Toronto, Ontario Game 2 produced excitement and controversy with the Blue Jays winning, 6–5, in ten innings. This game featured Royals' pitcher Bud Black against Toronto left-hander Jimmy Key. The Royals scored in the third inning when Buddy Biancalana singled and scored on an unexpected home run by the light-hitting Willie Wilson to make the score 2–0. They increased their lead in the fourth inning when Darryl Motley walked and scored on a double by Jim Sundberg. The Jays, trailing the game 3–0, got on the scoreboard in the bottom of the fourth inning when George Bell reached base on an error by George Brett and scored a run on Cliff Johnson's double to decrease the gap 3–1. As in Game 1, rain interrupted the game with the Blue Jays at bat. In the sixth inning, with two outs and the Royals leading the game 3–1, Black hit Bell with a pitch, then Cliff Johnson singled to left field to put runners at first and second. Black threw a wild pitch, allowing the runners to advance. Blue Jays manager Bobby Cox pulled Johnson and sent in pinch-runner Lou Thornton. This change was successful when Barfield singled up the middle to score both runners and tie the game at three runs apiece. Black retired Upshaw to end the inning. In the bottom of the eighth inning, Royals manager Dick Howser went to closer Dan Quisenberry. With one out, Lloyd Moseby singled, stole second base, and advanced to third on a throwing error by catcher Jim Sundberg. When Moseby then scored on George Bell's sacrifice fly, the Blue Jays were only three outs from a 2–0 series lead. Kansas City, however, would not go quietly. Leading off the ninth inning, reserve outfielder Pat Sheridan pinch-hit for Motley and drilled a game-tying home run off Tom Henke. Neither team scored over the rest of the ninth, and the game went into extra innings. In the top of the tenth, Willie Wilson hit a lead-off single and stole second with two outs. Frank White then hit a low line drive on which center fielder Lloyd Moseby seemed to make a shoe-string catch. Replays showed that he may have made the play, but both Kubek and Costas agreed that it was very difficult to decide, even after watching it numerous times in slow motion. The play was ruled no catch, and White was credited with an RBI single. The Blue Jays then came to bat with a controversial one-run Kansas City lead. The Blue Jays responded in their half of the tenth inning with an infield single by Tony Fernández. Fernandez moved to second on Damaso Garcia's ground out and scored on Moseby's single, with Fernández running through third base coach Jimy Williams' stop sign. Quisenberry then tried to pick off Moseby, but Steve Balboni misplayed the throw to first base and Moseby advanced to second on the error. Al Oliver's two out single brought Moseby home with the winning run and the Blue Jays headed to Kansas City with a two games to none series lead. Each closer was involved in the decision as Henke was credited the win and Quisenberry assigned the loss. Game 3 Friday, October 11, 1985, at Royals Stadium in Kansas City, Missouri In past years, a 2–0 hole would mean a must-win game, but the Royals entered Game 3 not having to win to keep playing but only to keep the series close. Game 3 saw the Royals send the 1985 Cy Young Award winner Bret Saberhagen to the mound against Doyle Alexander for the Blue Jays. And George Brett's one-man show put the Royals back into the series. Entering the game, Dick Howser had an all-time postseason managerial record of 0–11. With two outs in the first, Brett unloaded a home run to give the Royals a 1–0 lead. The Blue Jays threatened in the third when Garcia doubled and reached third on Lonnie Smith's throwing error. Moseby grounded to Brett at third, who stunned everybody by gunning the ball home and getting Garcia to preserve the 1–0 Kansas City lead. In the fourth, Brett opened with a double, went to third on McRae's fly out to right, and scored on White's sacrifice fly to give the Royals a 2–0 lead. But the Blue Jays fought back. In the fifth, Whitt singled and Barfield homered to tie the game at two. Garcia then doubled and scored when Moseby singled off of Saberhagen's leg. Rance Mulliniks then drilled a two-run homer and the Blue Jays were suddenly ahead 5–2 and were 15 defensive outs from taking a 3–0 series lead. Bud Black succeeded Saberhagen and promptly loaded the bases on singles by Johnson and Bell and a walk to Whitt. With Barfield, who had already homered, at the plate, Howser sent for Steve Farr, who got the Royals out of the jam with a ground out. The Royals fought back, getting a Jim Sundberg home run in the fifth to make it 5–3. In the sixth, Wilson singled and Brett hit his second homer of the night, tying the game at five. Dennis Lamp replaced Alexander and retired the Royals without any further damage. In the eighth, Brett singled, went to second on McRae's bunt, went to third on White's infield grounder, and scored on Balboni's bloop single—Balboni's first hit of the series—to give the Royals a 6–5 lead. Howser stuck with Farr who got through the ninth in order, with the last out coming on a foul pop by Lloyd Moseby, caught by Brett. With that, the Royals won, 6–5. Brett had arguably his best playoff performance ever, going 4 for 4 with a single, a double, two homers, three RBIs, four runs scored, and throwing out Garcia at the plate. The win narrowed the Blue Jays lead in the series to 2–1 entering Game 4 in Kansas City. It was Howser's first post-season win in 12 tries. Game 4 Saturday, October 12, 1985, at Royals Stadium in Kansas City, Missouri In Game 4, Toronto prevailed 3–1, making it the second game of the series in which the Blue Jays won after trailing going into their final at bat. This gave Toronto a 3–1 lead in the best-of-seven series, and put them one win away from becoming the first team outside the United States to represent their league in the World Series. The fourth game was a rematch of the pitchers who had started Game 1, with Stieb taking on Leibrandt. Entering the bottom of the sixth, the Blue Jays had only two hits and the Royals only one. But a walk to Lonnie Smith and a single to Willie Wilson put runners at first and third with nobody out and the hot-hitting George Brett at the plate. Showing great respect for Brett's dominance in the series, Toronto manager Bobby Cox opted to intentionally walk him, loading the bases with nobody out. Initially, the play seemed to backfire, as Stieb walked Hal McRae to give the Royals a 1–0 lead. But Stieb got out of the inning by inducing a Sheridan pop out and a double play grounder from Frank White. Entering the ninth, it appeared the bases-loaded walk to McRae was going to be the difference in the game. Leibrandt opened the ninth having surrendered only four hits. But a walk to Damaso Garcia and a double by Moseby tied the game. Quisenberry entered the game and gave up a single to George Bell and a double to Al Oliver that scored Moseby and Bell, giving the Jays a 3–1 lead. The Royals did get two on and two out in the ninth, but Henke got out of the jam and emerged as the winning pitcher for the second time in three games. Game 5 Sunday, October 13, 1985, at Royals Stadium in Kansas City, Missouri A well-rested Danny Jackson pitched for Kansas City trying to stave off elimination in the ALCS. The Blue Jays sent in their own well-rested starter, Jimmy Key, to pitch with the goal of playing in the World Series for the first time in franchise history. In the bottom of the first inning, Lonnie Smith doubled, stole third, and scored on a ground out by George Brett. In the second inning, Frank White reached first on a bunt, advanced to third on a Balboni single, and scored on a sacrifice fly by Darryl Motley. Danny Jackson earned the victory. The Blue Jays scattered eight hits but couldn't score a run. In the fourth inning, the Jays led off with back to back singles but were unable to score after George Bell was thrown out by Royals Left fielder Lonnie Smith after trying to go first to third on a single to left. In the fifth inning, the Blue Jays had runners on second and third with no outs and were again unable to do anything. In the sixth inning, they loaded the bases with two outs and again failed to score. Through the final three innings, no Toronto hitter was able to reach base. Jackson pitched a complete game shutout to cut the Blue Jays lead to three games to two, sending the series back to Toronto. Game 6 Tuesday, October 15, 1985, at Exhibition Stadium in Toronto, Ontario A win for the Royals in the first ever LCS Game 6 would force the first ever Game 7 while a win for the Blue Jays would earn the franchise its first appearance in the World Series. Game 6 was the first series appearance for pitcher Mark Gubicza, who started for the Royals against Blue Jays pitcher Doyle Alexander, the Game 3 starter for Toronto. In the top of the first inning, walks to Wilson and Brett allowed the Royals' Willie Wilson to score a run when Hal McRae singled. The Blue Jays tied the score in the bottom of the first inning when Garcia doubled, Moseby singled, and Garcia scored when Mulliniks grounded into a double play. In the top of the third inning, George Brett reached on a fielder's choice and scored on a double by Hal McRae. The Blue Jays responded when Fernandez doubled to left field and moved up to third base on a wild pitch by Gubicza. Fernandez then scored on Moseby's ground out to tie the score at 2–2. In the fifth inning, Brett hit his third home run of the series—all of them against Blue Jays' pitcher Doyle Alexander—and the Royals led the game 3–2. In the sixth inning, Sundberg reached on a base on balls and advanced to second base on a sacrifice bunt. Sundberg subsequently scored on a double by Buddy Biancalana. Biancalana advanced to third on a throwing error and scored on Lonnie Smith's double. The Blue Jays scored one run when Moseby singled, advanced to second base with a base on balls to Upshaw. Moseby scored on Cliff Johnson's single to make the score 5–3, but the Royals held on and tied the series at three wins apiece. Game 7 Wednesday, October 16, 1985, at Exhibition Stadium in Toronto, Ontario Earlier in the day, Jack Clark put the St. Louis Cardinals into the World Series with a three-run home run off the Dodgers' reliever Tom Niedenfuer. The American League opponent would be the winner of this ALCS Game 7, promising an intriguing match-up for the World Championship: either an I-70 Series between Missouri's two major league teams, or the first appearance of a franchise from outside the United States. The Blue Jays sent Dave Stieb to the mound for the third time in the series, as he had won both his previous starts. The Royals countered with Bret Saberhagen, who was pitching for the first time since his injury in Game 3. Up to this point, the Royals had scored the first run in every game except Game 1. This trend continued when Pat Sheridan reached on a bunt, advanced to second base on a fielder's choice by Balboni, and scored on a single by Jim Sundberg. In the bottom of the third inning, the Blue Jays hit Saberhagen with a batted ball for the second time in the series, with Mulliniks winding up at second base. After Saberhagen retired the side, Leibrandt came on to pitch for the Royals. In the fourth inning, Sheridan homered, giving the Royals a 2–0 lead. In the bottom of the fifth, the Blue Jays reduced the lead to one when Garcia singled and scored on Upshaw's double. With the score 2–1, the Royals came to bat in the sixth inning against a tiring Stieb. Wilson hit a fly ball out, Brett walked and McRae was hit by a pitch. Sheridan subsequently hit into a fielder's choice that forced Brett out at third base, putting runners at first and second with two outs. Stieb then walked Balboni to face the presumably lesser hitting threat, Jim Sundberg. Sundberg drilled a high drive toward right field that hit the top of the fence and bounced high in the air, landing in play next to Jesse Barfield. All three runners, running on contact with two outs, scored easily and Sundberg stood at third base with a three-run triple, giving the Royals a 5–1 lead. Blue Jays relief pitcher Jim Acker entered for Stieb and gave up a base hit single to Frank White that allowed Sundberg to score increasing the lead to 6–1. Leibrandt was still on the mound to start the ninth inning. With one out, he gave up a single to Barfield and a double to Fernandez. Quisenberry made his third appearance of the series, and a chance to send the Royals to the World Series. He allowed one of the inherited runners to score on a ground out and closed out the game, giving the Royals a 6–2 win in Game 7. They became the first team to overcome a 3–1 deficit in the LCS. Kansas City Royals' George Brett was 8 for 23 with two doubles, three home runs, five RBIs, seven walks, and a .348 batting average. Brett was named the series MVP, having played a role in 11 of Kansas City's 26 runs, scoring six and driving in five. This would be the last postseason game played at Exhibition Stadium; the next postseason appearance for the Blue Jays would come in 1989, their first season in the then-new SkyDome. Composite box 1985 ALCS (4–3): Kansas City Royals over Toronto Blue Jays Aftermath The seventh game of the series marked Blue Jays' manager Bobby Cox's last with the team, as he left the organization to become the general manager of the Atlanta Braves. The Royals went on to win the 1985 World Series against the St. Louis Cardinals by again coming back from a 3–1 series deficit to take the title in seven games. The two teams met again in the 2015 ALCS, with the Royals holding home-field advantage that time. In a reverse of the 1985 series, as of Game 5, the Royals held a 3-2 lead, winning games 1, 2, and 4. The similarities ended there, as the Royals won the decisive sixth game. Toronto would not break through for a World Series berth until 1992 when the team faced off against former manager Bobby Cox and the Braves in the World Series.

Thyrsis (poem)

"Thyrsis" (from the title of Theocritus's poem "Θύρσις") is a poem written by Matthew Arnold in December 1865 to commemorate his friend, the poet Arthur Hugh Clough, who had died in November 1861 aged only 42. The character, Thyrsis, was a shepherd in Virgil's Seventh Eclogue, who lost a singing match against Corydon. The implication that Clough was a loser is hardly fair, given that he is thought by many to have been one of the greatest Nineteenth Century poets (but see line 80: "For Time, not Corydon, hath conquer’d thee"). Arnold's decision to imitate a Latin pastoral is ironic in that Clough was best known for The Bothie of Tober-na-Vuolich, subtitled 'a long-vacation pastoral': a thoroughly modern poem which broke all the rules of classical pastoral poetry. Arnold's poem is remembered above all for its lines describing the view of Oxford from Boars Hill: "And that sweet city with her dreaming spires,/ She needs not June for beauty's heightening". Portions of it also appear in An Oxford Elegy by Ralph Vaughan Williams. External links Text of poem at Bartleby.com

Varada Jishin

Emi (born 29 April 1988), professionally credited by her stage name Varada is an Indian actress who appears in Malayalam television programs and films. She made her acting debut in the film Vaasthavam in 2006. She appeared as heroine in the film Sultan in 2008. Varada is best known for her roles in television shows. Her breakthrough role was with the soap opera Amala (2013 – 15). Early life Emi was born on 29 April 1988 to Mohan Abraham and Pushpa Mohan. Her grand parents worked in Gujarat, India. Hence she was born in Gujarat. She has a younger brother named Eric Mohan. Her father was from Ayyanthole, Thrissur. She was brought up in Thrissur. After her primary education from Sacred Heart Convent Girls Higher Secondary School in Thrissur in 2004, Varada joined the St. Joseph's English Medium Higher Secondary School in Eravu for higher secondary education. She completed graduation in Bachelor of Arts in Economics from University of Calicut. Career While studying in plus two (higher secondary), she modeled for a calendar and soon advertisements followed. Then she anchored for a local telvison channel in her hometown Thrissur, followed by programs in Jeevan TV and Kairali TV. She made her acting debut in the film Vaasthavam in 2006. She appeared as heroine in the film Sultan in 2008. It was from Sultan that she took the stage name Varada, as per the suggestion of writer-director A. K. Lohithadas (who was a mentor of the film's director). She made her television debut with Snehakoodu on Surya TV. Varada got a breakthrough with the title role in the serial Amala on Mazhavil Manorama. Then she appeared as heroine in the serial Pranayam on Asianet, which was a remake of the Hindi soap opera Yeh Hai Mohabbatein. She quit the show after pregnancy. Personal life On 25 May 2014, Varada married her Amala co-star Jishin Mohan. And the couple have a son, Jian. Jishin is from Kannur, Kerala. While acting in Amala, they relocated to Thiruvananthapuram and later moved to Thrissur after their son was born. Filmography Films Television Acting Television Shows Choice of Youth - Jeevan TV as Anchor Patturumal (Season 1) - Kairali TV as Anchor Patturumal (Season 2) - Kairali TV as Anchor Raaree Raareeram Raaro - Asianet Plus as Anchor Chef Master (Season 2) - Kaumudy TV as Anchor Smart Show - Flowers as Contestant Don't Do Don't Do - Asianet Plus as Contestant Don't Do Don't Do (Adventurous)- Asianet Plus as Contestant Kalikkalam - Surya TV as Contestant Aarppo Erro - Kairali TV as Contestant Star War - Surya TV as Contestant Tamaar Padaar - Flowers TV as Contestant Malayali Veettamma - Flowers TV as Supporting artist Super Jodi - Surya TV as Contestant Thakarppan Comedy - Mazhavil Manorama as Contestant Thakarppan Comedy Mimicry Mahamela - Mazhavil Manorama as Team leader Boein Boeing - Zee Keralam as Contestant Keralotsavam - Surya TV as Team Leader Life is Beutiful - Surya TV as Anchor Guest appearances Celebrity League - Flowers Ponnona Onam - Surya TV Ivide Ingananu Bhai - Mazhavil Manorama Comedy Stars - Asianet Onnum Onnum Moonnu - Mazhavil Manorama Aswamedham - Kairali TV Suryolsavam - Surya TV Nammal Thammil - Asianet Sreekandon Nair Show - Surya TV Vanitha - Mazhavil Manorama Run Baby Run - Asianet Plus A Lamode - Yes India Vision Annie's Kitchen - Amrita TV Ponnona Ruchikal - Zee Keralam Ennishtam - ACV Surya Jodi- Surya TV FAQ - Online Serial Hub - Online Other Credits Mangalam Swararaga Sandhya Music Videos Asianet Promo song Awards and nominations Won 2013 - Surasu Memorial Award for Best Actress - Amala (Mazhavil Manorama) 2013 - Colourful Film & TV Award for Best Actress - Amala (Mazhavil Manorama) 2014 - Kannur Rajan Award (Lion's Club) for Best Actress - Amala (Mazhavil Manorama) 2014 - Ramu Kariat Memorial (FAC) Award for Popular Actress - Amala (Mazhavil Manorama) 2014 - Manappuram Minnale Award for Best Actress - Amala (Mazhavil Manorama) 2015 - Vindhyan Award for Popular Actress - Amala (Mazhavil Manorama) 2015 - CKMA & Malanad News Award for Popular Actress - Amala (Mazhavil Manorama) 2015 - Smartsa Kannur Vision Award for Popular Actress - Amala (Mazhavil Manorama) 2016 - Asianet Television Award for Best Actress (Special Jury) - Pranayam (Asianet) Nominations 2016 - Asianet Television Award for Best Actress - Pranayam (Asianet) 2016 - Asianet Television Award for Best Popular Actress - Pranayam (Asianet)

Saint-Georges-Lagricol

Saint-Georges-Lagricol is a commune in the Haute-Loire department in south-central France.

1998 Sefton Metropolitan Borough Council election

Elections to Sefton Metropolitan Borough Council, England were held on 7 May 1998. One third of the council was up for election and the council stayed under no overall control. After the election, the composition of the council was Labour 31 Liberal Democrat 23 Conservative 14 Independent 1 Election result

Yuriy Galkin

Yuriy Galkin is a double-bassist and jazz composer of Russian origin, based in the United States. Galkin started his musical studies as a classical pianist at the age of seven. Later, he switched to acoustic and electric bass inspired by jazz music. Yuriy Galkin studied at Gnessin Russian Academy of Music along with accomplishing a Master's Degree in Aeronautical Engineering. He completed his post-graduate studies at the Royal Academy of Music under a full scholarship and has been based in London since 2005. While at the Royal Academy, Galkin was studying under Jeff Clyne, Duncan Hopkins, Gerard Presencer, Pete Churchill and Hans Koller. In 2007 Yuriy Galkin won the UK composition competition led by Tim Garland. His piece was performed and recorded on tour by the Northern Underground Orchestra. In 2008 Yuriy Galkin founded the nine-piece Symbiosis Jazz Orchestra performing his own compositions. In October 2009, the orchestra recorded its first CD which contained seven of Galkin's original works . Yuriy Galkin's composition "Evolvent" won the 2010 Dankworth Prize for Jazz Composition.

Fu Quanyou

Fu Quanyou (; b. November 1930) is a general of the People's Republic of China. Fu was born in Guo County (now Yuanping), Shanxi Province in 1930. He joined the People's Liberation Army in October 1946, and the Communist Party of China in August 1947. He joined the Chinese People's Volunteer Army in February 1953 and fought in Korea until October 1958 when he returned to China. In 1960 he graduated from the PLA's higher military academy. He became the commander of Chengdu Military Region in June 1985, and the commander of Lanzhou Military Region in May 1990. He was a member of 12th - 15th CPC central committees, and a delegate in the 8th and 9th National People's Congress. He was made lieutenant general in 1988, and general in 1993. From October 1992 to September 1995, he was the director of the General Logistics Department of the PLA. He was promoted to the head of General Staff Department of the PLA in September 1995. Fu was a member of the Central Military Commission from October 1992 until his retirement in March 2003.

State diagram

A state diagram is a type of diagram used in computer science and related fields to describe the behavior of systems. State diagrams require that the system described is composed of a finite number of states; sometimes, this is indeed the case, while at other times this is a reasonable abstraction. Many forms of state diagrams exist, which differ slightly and have different semantics. Overview State diagrams are used to give an abstract description of the behavior of a system. This behavior is analyzed and represented by a series of events that can occur in one or more possible states. Hereby "each diagram usually represents objects of a single class and track the different states of its objects through the system". State diagrams can be used to graphically represent finite-state machines (also called finite automata). This was introduced by Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver in their 1949 book The Mathematical Theory of Communication. Another source is Taylor Booth in his 1967 book Sequential Machines and Automata Theory. Another possible representation is the state-transition table. Directed graph A classic form of state diagram for a finite automaton (FA) is a directed graph with the following elements (Q, Σ, Z, δ, q0, F): Vertices Q: a finite set of states, normally represented by circles and labeled with unique designator symbols or words written inside them Input symbols Σ: a finite collection of input symbols or designators Output symbols Z: a finite collection of output symbols or designators The output function ω represents the mapping of ordered pairs of input symbols and states onto output symbols, denoted mathematically as ω : Σ × Q→ Z. Edges δ: represent transitions from one state to another as caused by the input (identified by their symbols drawn on the edges). An edge is usually drawn as an arrow directed from the present state to the next state. This mapping describes the state transition that is to occur on input of a particular symbol. This is written mathematically as δ : Q × Σ → Q, so δ (the transition function) in the definition of the FA is given by both the pair of vertices connected by an edge and the symbol on an edge in a diagram representing this FA. Item δ(q, a) = p in the definition of the FA means that from the state named q under input symbol a, the transition to the state p occurs in this machine. In the diagram representing this FA, this is represented by an edge labeled by a pointing from the vertex labeled by q to the vertex labeled by p. Start state q0: (not shown in the examples below). The start state q0 ∈ Q is usually represented by an arrow with no origin pointing to the state. In older texts, the start state is not shown and must be inferred from the text. Accepting state(s) F: If used, for example for accepting automata, F ∈ Q is the accepting state. It is usually drawn as a double circle. Sometimes the accept state(s) function as "Final" (halt, trapped) states. For a deterministic finite automaton (DFA), nondeterministic finite automaton (NFA), generalized nondeterministic finite automaton (GNFA), or Moore machine, the input is denoted on each edge. For a Mealy machine, input and output are signified on each edge, separated with a slash "/": "1/0" denotes the state change upon encountering the symbol "1" causing the symbol "0" to be output. For a Moore machine the state's output is usually written inside the state's circle, also separated from the state's designator with a slash "/". There are also variants that combine these two notations. For example, if a state has a number of outputs (e.g. "a= motor counter-clockwise=1, b= caution light inactive=0") the diagram should reflect this : e.g. "q5/1,0" designates state q5 with outputs a=1, b=0. This designator will be written inside the state's circle. Example: DFA, NFA, GNFA, or Moore machine S1 and S2 are states and S1 is an accepting state or a final state. Each edge is labeled with the input. This example shows an acceptor for strings over {0,1} that contain an even number of zeros. Example: Mealy machine S0, S1, and S2 are states. Each edge is labeled with "j / k" where j is the input and k is the output. Harel statechart Harel statecharts, invented by computer scientist David Harel, are gaining widespread usage since a variant has become part of the Unified Modeling Language (UML). The diagram type allows the modeling of superstates, orthogonal regions, and activities as part of a state. Classic state diagrams require the creation of distinct nodes for every valid combination of parameters that define the state. This can lead to a very large number of nodes and transitions between nodes for all but the simplest of systems (state and transition explosion). This complexity reduces the readability of the state diagram. With Harel statecharts it is possible to model multiple cross-functional state diagrams within the statechart. Each of these cross-functional state machines can transition internally without affecting the other state machines in the statechart. The current state of each cross-functional state machine in the statechart defines the state of the system. The Harel statechart is equivalent to a state diagram but it improves the readability of the resulting diagram. Alternative semantics There are other sets of semantics available to represent state diagrams. For example, there are tools for modeling and designing logic for embedded controllers. These diagrams, like Harel's original state machines, support hierarchically nested states, orthogonal regions, state actions, and transition actions. State diagrams versus flowcharts Newcomers to the state machine formalism often confuse state diagrams with flowcharts. The figure below shows a comparison of a state diagram with a flowchart. A state machine (panel (a)) performs actions in response to explicit events. In contrast, the flowchart (panel (b)) does not need explicit events but rather transitions from node to node in its graph automatically upon completion of activities. Nodes of flowcharts are edges in the induced graph of states. The reason is that each node in a flowchart represents a program command. A program command is an action to be executed. So it is not a state, but when applied to the program's state, it results in a transition to another state. In more detail, the source code listing represents a program graph. Executing the program graph (parsing and interpreting) results in a state graph. So each program graph induces a state graph. Conversion of the program graph to its associated state graph is called "unfolding" of the program graph. The program graph is a sequence of commands. If no variables exist, then the state consists only of the program counter, which keeps track of where in the program we are during execution (what is the next command to be applied). In this case before executing a command the program counter is at some position (state before the command is executed). Executing the command moves the program counter to the next command. Since the program counter is the whole state, it follows that executing the command changed the state. So the command itself corresponds to a transition between the two states. Now consider the full case, when variables exist and are affected by the program commands being executed. Then between different program counter locations, not only does the program counter change, but variables might also change values, due to the commands executed. Consequently, even if we revisit some program command (e.g. in a loop), this doesn't imply the program is in the same state. In the previous case, the program would be in the same state, because the whole state is just the program counter, so if the program counterpoints to the same position (next command) it suffices to specify that we are in the same state. However, if the state includes variables, then if those change value, we can be at the same program location with different variable values, meaning in a different state in the program's state space. The term "unfolding" originates from this multiplication of locations when producing the state graph from the program graph. A representative example is a do loop incrementing some counter until it overflows and becomes 0 again. Although the do loop executes the same increment command iteratively, so the program graph executes a cycle, in its state space is not a cycle, but a line. This results from the state being the program location (here cycling) combined with the counter value, which is strictly increasing (until the overflow), so different states are visited in sequence, until the overflow. After the overflow the counter becomes 0 again, so the initial state is revisited in the state space, closing a cycle in the state space (assuming the counter was initialized to 0). The figure above attempts to show that reversal of roles by aligning the arcs of the state diagrams with the processing stages of the flowchart. You can compare a flowchart to an assembly line in manufacturing because the flowchart describes the progression of some task from beginning to end (e.g., transforming source code input into object code output by a compiler). A state machine generally has no notion of such a progression. The door state machine shown at the top of this article, for example, is not in a more advanced stage when it is in the "closed" state, compared to being in the "opened" state; it simply reacts differently to the open/close events. A state in a state machine is an efficient way of specifying a particular behavior, rather than a stage of processing. Other extensions An interesting extension is to allow arcs to flow from any number of states to any number of states. This only makes sense if the system is allowed to be in multiple states at once, which implies that an individual state only describes a condition or other partial aspect of the overall, global state. The resulting formalism is known as a Petri net. Another extension allows the integration of flowcharts within Harel statecharts. This extension supports the development of software that is both event driven and workflow driven.

Montgomery County Memorial Library System

Montgomery County Memorial Library System is a public library system in Montgomery County, Texas, United States. The system operates libraries in several Montgomery County cities and areas. History The library started with 1,200 items inside the Conroe School Recreation Center in 1946. It was originally maintained by a women's group known as the HUB Club. In 1948 the Library became a branch of the Montgomery County government, with an allocated budget of US$25,000. The first librarian was Katherine Ard. A bookmobile was also purchased to help serve the outer areas of Montgomery County. In 1950 the library was relocated to a vacated automobile showroom. Five years later, a $300,000 bond was approved for a new library, which was finished in 1957. A second bookmobile was added in 1967. In 1970 Mattie Howard was selected to replace Ard as the library director. The satellite East Branch Library, located in a leased area of a shopping mall between the towns of New Caney and Porter, was opened in 1974. In 1975 Hank Blasick was appointed director of the library. A year later the Central Library in Conroe was expanded, adding , and the South Branch Library opened in The Woodlands Information Center. In 1978 the South Branch Library building was completed with the help of donations and a federal LSCA grant of $75,000. In 1980 the Central Library was enclosed, additional square footage giving the building a total of . On June 21, 1980, the Central Library suffered fire damage, destroying a large number of books. The Central Library was forced to close until April 1981. David Calloway become the library director in May 1981. In 1983, the Bookmobile service was discontinued and the East Branch Library was moved to the East County Courthouse Annex. In 1985, the Magnolia Branch Library, with , was opened in the Southwest County Annex. In October 1986, the East Branch Library was given its own building next to the East County Annex in New Caney. In April 1987, Mike Baldwin was selected to be library director. A month later, Commissioners' Court renamed the East Branch to R.B. Tullis Library. In June 1988, a West Branch Library opened inside the Western Hills Shopping Center. The space was donated with 3 years of free rent. In 1991, County Judge Alan B. Sadler appointed a Citizens' Library Task Force charged with determining the library services needs of county residents. In July, the West Branch Library was approved for expansion using LSCA grant money and matching funds from the County by purchasing additional space in the Western Hills Shopping Center. A month later, the Library Task Force recommended a bond election for $9.25 million to build new facilities in Conroe, in The Woodlands, and in Magnolia, as well as using $500,000 for new books throughout the system, and $750,000 for automation and computerization of the library system. On November 5, the bond election was held and approved with 63% of the vote. The South Branch Library in The Woodlands was set on fire due to arson in January 1992. In May of that year, the Library reopened in a temporary location filled with thousands of donated books. In July, a LSCA grant for $100,000 was approved by the State Library to assist in the construction of the new South Regional Library. The expanded West Branch Library was opened to the public on November 20, 1992. In March 1993, the library system received a grant from Houston Area Library System (HALS) to assist with library system automation. In July, Commissioners' Court, in conjunction with NHMCCD, approved a 5-year contract with SirsiDynix. The temporary facility for the South Branch Library closed on May 16, 1994 to allow materials to be moved to the new facility. On June 13, the new South Regional Library was opened to the public. The Central Library was then closed to allow for its move. On July 25, the new Central Library in Conroe opened its doors to the public. The South Regional Library and Central Library held their Grand Openings on September 10 and September 17, respectively. Ground breaking for the new Magnolia branch building was held in February 1997. Jerilynn A. Williams was appointed library director on June 2, 1997. In September, public access to the internet was added as a library service. In October, the new Magnolia Branch was renamed Malcolm Purvis Magnolia Branch Library in honor of Commissioner Malcolm Purvis. The grand opening was held on November 22, 1997. During the 1999 fiscal year, the Montgomery County Memorial Library System circulated over one million items for the first time. A total of 1,021,324 items were circulated that fiscal year. The library system was also awarded grants from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation to continue offering computer services to the public, including funding for a computer training lab. A Planning Task Force was created in 2001 to determine the library service needs of county residents and to recommend a course of action for the library. In January 2002, a Facilities Master Plan was accepted. A $10 million bond issue was added to the November ballot to fund new buildings for the R.B. Tullis and West Branch libraries and to add a new facility in the western reaches of The Woodlands. The bond passed with a 52% margin despite strong opposition led by a group of citizens opposed to an increase in taxes. Controversies Montgomery County Texas had a divisive string of book challenges. In August 2002, a group of citizens attended a meeting of the Commissioners' Court to push for the removal of Robie Harris' It's Perfectly Normal due to complaints that the title was inappropriate. AT first, the directive was given to remove the work from Library shelves, which was a violation of the very policy that the Court had approved just 6 years earlier. Shortly thereafter, it was agreed that the book would be reconsidered in keeping with the established procedures. The Republican Leadership Council (RLC) pushed for a change in policy on how the committee was devised. Previously, it was 5 librarians; however, it was amended to include 5 citizens as well. The RLC also started a campaign to combat a bond issue to raise $10 million for library expansions, citing tax increases as the reason for the campaign. In 2003 a library takeover was planned by County Judge Alan B. Sadler that resulted in an investigation by the Montgomery County District Attorney and a confidential settlement regarding violations of Texas open meeting laws. Sadler sought to give control over the approval of all materials procured by the library to the county commission. As a result of these ongoing struggles, Library Director Jerilynn A. Williams received the PEN First Amendment Award in 2003. Branches Central Library (Conroe) Malcolm Purvis Magnolia Branch Library (Magnolia) Charles B. Stewart - West Branch Library (Montgomery) South Regional Branch Library (The Woodlands) R.B. Tullis Branch Library (New Caney) R.F. Meador Branch (Willis) George & Cynthia Woods Mitchell Library (The Woodlands) The Central Library in Conroe houses the fourth largest genealogical collection in Texas with an emphasis on Southern U.S. genealogy. Notes External links Montgomery County Memorial Library System Montgomery Memorial Library System

Berlin–Munich high-speed railway

The Berlin–Munich high-speed railway is a high-speed rail line between the German cities of Berlin, Nuremberg, Erfurt, Leipzig and Munich. The line was opened on 10 December 2017. The line was first planned in 1991 as part of the "Travel Project for German Unity" - a scheme of linking up east and west German travel infrastructure after reunification. About two million passengers traveled the route in its first year of operation, exceeding the expectation of the rail operator Deutsche Bahn. The new line reduced travel time by train between Berlin and Munich from 6 hours to 3 hours and 55 minutes. Construction began in 1996 and cost about €10 billion ($11.8 billion), making it the most expensive transport project in Germany since reunification. The line traverses the Thuringian Forest and required the construction of 22 tunnels and 29 bridges.

Don't Disturb Mi

Don’t Disturb Mi is the 67th studio album releases by a Jamaican Rapper and DJ, Macka Diamond, released on February 7, 2012, under Money Ooh Productions/VPAL. This album replicates today's Reggae/Dancehall culture. Macka Diamond says "so basically there is a little of everything for everyone,all the fans" in response to what can fans expect from her on this album. Fans should enjoy listening while driving, going about their daily activities, hanging out with friends or on the dance floor of any party. This was her first full-album release after she won the International Reggae and World Music Awards (IRAWMA) Best Female International Rapper/DJ for 2011. Track listing

Isa Kandi

Isa Kandi (, also Romanized as ‘Īsá Kandī; also known as Qarah Dāghlī) is a village in Chaybasar-e Shomali Rural District, Bazargan District, Maku County, West Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 385, in 66 families.

Anatole Vologe

Anatole "Tola" Vologe (May 25, 1909 – May 24, 1944) was a French field hockey player who competed in the 1936 Summer Olympics. He was a member of the French field hockey team, which finish fourth in the 1936 Olympic tournament. He played all five matches as forward. He was executed during World War II.

Niphosaperda

Niphosaperda rondoni is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae, and the only species in the genus Niphosaperda. It was described by Breuning in 1962.

Desimir

Desimir () is a Serbian masculine given name, derived from desiti meaning "to happen", and the common mir meaning "peace". It may refer to: Desimir Žižović, Yugoslav comics artist, Mirko and Slavko Desimir Gajić, coach for Sonja Stolić Desimir Stanojević, Serbian actor, Srećni ljudi

Roman Catholic Diocese of Honolulu

The Catholic Diocese of Honolulu, officially in Latin Dioecesis Honoluluensis, is an ecclesiastical territory or particular church of the Catholic Church in the United States. The diocese comprises the entire state of Hawaii and the unincorporated Hawaiian Islands. The diocese is suffragan to and a part of the ecclesiastical province of the Metropolitan Archdiocese of San Francisco, which includes the suffragan dioceses of Las Vegas, Oakland, Reno, Sacramento, Salt Lake City, San Jose, Santa Rosa and Stockton. The patrons of the Diocese of Honolulu are the Blessed Virgin Mary, under the title of Malia O Ka Malu or Our Lady Queen of Peace, Saint Damien of Molokai, and Saint Marianne of Molokai. The diocese is governed by the Bishop of Honolulu. His canonical seat or cathedra is located at the Cathedral Basilica of Our Lady of Peace. With his clergy, the bishop ministers to a culturally diverse population in the following languages: Hawaiian; English; Ilokano; Tagalog; Samoan; Tongan; Japanese; Korean; Spanish; and Vietnamese. It is one of the most diverse and one of the largest dioceses in the United States, in terms of territorial area which spans statewide and includes unpopulated Hawaiian Islands. Early history Summary Pope Gregory XVI had divided Oceania into two vicariates apostolic. The evangelization of the Vicariate Apostolic of Oriental Oceania (consisting of the prefectures apostolic of Tahiti, the Marquesas, and the Sandwich Islands) was entrusted to the Picpus Fathers, then recently established by Pierre Coudrin. The Vicariate Apostolic of Occidental Oceania was likewise entrusted to the Society of Mary, Marianists and Marists, founded in 1836 at Lyon by Jean-Claude-Marie Colin. Shortly after the disappearance at sea of the Vicar Apostolic of Oriental Oceania, Msgr. Rouchouze and a company of missionaries on the Marie Joseph in 1843, the Vatican canonically erected from its territories the Vicariate Apostolic of the Sandwich Islands. Similar vicariates apostolic were created for Tahiti and the Marquesas. Blessed Pius IX changed its name in 1848 to the Vicariate Apostolic of the Hawaiian Islands. Venerable Pope Pius XII elevated the vicariate apostolic to the dignity of a diocese on January 25, 1941, as it remains today. Missionaries The first Catholic mission to the Kingdom of Hawaii was established by the creation of the Prefecture Apostolic of the Sandwich Islands by Pope Leo XII and the appointment of Alexis Bachelot as its first and only prefect, a member of the Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary, a religious institute called the Picpus Fathers, founded by Pierre Coudrin during the French Revolution. The first Picpus Fathers departed from Bordeaux aboard the La Comète on November 21, 1826, and stopped in Valparaíso in Chile on February 8, 1827. The Picpus Fathers resumed their trip on February 25. They entered port at Honolulu Harbor on July 7. Having originally been refused entry by Protestant advisors to the king, the Picpus Fathers did not disembark from their ship until July 9, the Feast of Our Lady of Peace. Among the first Picpus Fathers were Abraham Armand and Alexis Bachelot of France, as well as Patrick Short of the United Kingdom. They were joined by six lay brothers. It has been claimed that Fathers Armand, Bachelot and Short concelebrated the first Mass in the Hawaiian Islands on Bastille Day, July 14, 1827, in honor of their religious institute's French heritage, but this is untrue, and an anachronism: concelebration of masses was not practiced at the time, and since France was being ruled by the restored Bourbon monarchy, "Bastille Day" would certainly not be marked as a national holiday. They performed the first baptism on November 30. The Picpus Fathers were quick to plunge into the Hawaiian society. They learned the local language, went into the Native Hawaiian community and began preaching to them. They distributed Hawaiian language Bibles and taught the lessons of Jesus from the gospels. Hundreds of Native Hawaiians chose to receive the sacraments of baptism, confirmation and Eucharist. Among the first converts were William Pitt Kalanimoku who was baptized aboard the French vessel L'Uranie by Abbe de Quelen which arrived in 1819, four months after the death of Kamehameha the Great. Also the royal governors of Oahu, Boki and Liliha. They would both become pivotal members of the Catholic underground. Persecution Christian missionaries were influential in shaping the modern society of the kingdom after the deaths of Kamehameha I and Kamehameha II. The missionaries, largely Congregationalists from New England, baptized the queen regent Kaahumanu and persuaded her to create religious policy favoring the suppression of the Catholic Church in Hawaii. Kamehameha III agreed and enacted its expulsion from the kingdom. Fathers Bachelot and Short were forcibly boarded onto the brig Waverly by the chiefs loyal to Kaahumanu and they left Honolulu Harbor on December 24, 1831. They landed off the coast of California and worked in the California Missions near the present-day City of Los Angeles. Native Hawaiian converts of the Catholic Church claimed to have been imprisoned, beaten and tortured after the physical expulsion of their missionary priests. The persecution was prescribed, according to the Bishop Museum, by the Protestant ministers claiming that such treatment was ordained by God. Commodore John Downes of the United States Navy frigate expressed American disappointment of the king's decision resulting in the brief end of physical harm for the converts. In 1835, both the vicar apostolic (Rouchouze) and prefect apostolic (Bachelot) working from Valparaíso dispatched Columba Murphy, a religious brother from Ireland affiliated with the Picpus Fathers, to evaluate the situation in the Hawaiian Islands. While other Picpus Fathers were denied entry into the kingdom, the king permitted Murphy to disembark from his ship due to his investigative role and the fact that Murphy, a mere brother, could not minister the sacraments. On September 30, 1836, Arsenius Walsh, a Picpus Father, arrived in Honolulu to continue Murphy's work. Murphy had left earlier to report back to his superiors. The royal government refused Walsh's entry. However, the captain of the French Navy ship La Bonite persuaded the king to allow Walsh to stay. The royal government agreed to permit the Picpus Fathers to work freely in the Hawaiian Islands as long as they only attended to foreign Catholics, not Native Hawaiians. On April 17, 1837, Fathers Bachelot and Short returned to Honolulu thinking the deal made with Father Walsh would apply to them. On April 30, the royal government forced them back onto their ship. The American and British Consuls compelled the king to allow Bachelot and Short to disembark. As a result, the captains of British Navy and French Navy vessels escorted Bachelot and Short into Honolulu. Short would leave the Hawaiian Islands again in October. France, which claimed to be a defender of the Catholic Church, dispatched the French Navy frigate Artemise which sailed into Honolulu Harbor on July 10, 1839. Captain Cyrille Pierre Théodore Laplace was ordered by his government to: Fearing an assault on his kingdom for the religious persecution, Kamehameha III issued the Edict of Toleration on June 17, 1839. A major disappointment for the Protestant ministers, Catholics became free to worship in the kingdom with the proclamation: As an act of reconciliation, Kamehameha III donated land to the Catholic Church in Hawaii for the construction of their first permanent church. Foundation Shortly after the Laplace incident and the issuance of the Edict of Toleration, Msgr. Etienne Rouchouze, Vicar Apostolic of Oriental Oceania, moved to Honolulu from Valparaíso, Chile. The bishop disembarked from his ship at Honolulu Harbor in the company of three Picpus Fathers. One of them was the earlier exiled Louis Désiré Maigret. Their arrival officially signified the Catholic victory over persecution in the Hawaiian Islands and the beginning of a permanent Catholic Church in Hawaii. The first permanent church broke ground on the memorial feast of Our Lady of Peace on July 9, 1840. Our Lady of Peace had been the patroness of the Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary since the turmoil of the French Revolution. Fathers Armand, Bachelot and Short had consecrated the Hawaiian Islands under the protection of Our Lady of Peace when they first arrived. During the groundbreaking Mass, 280 Native Hawaiian catechumens received baptism and confirmation. For the rest of the year, devotees harvested large blocks of coral off the southern coastline of Oahu to build what would become the Cathedral Basilica of Our Lady of Peace. On the various neighbor islands, Bishop Rouchouze commissioned the construction of other permanent churches to serve as parish missions. They also started building makeshift schools to teach in the Catholic traditions of academia. A printing press was brought into Honolulu for the production of Catholic literature including missals and hymnals written in the Hawaiian language. In January 1842, an excited Bishop Rouchouze, pleased with the success of his work, decided to sail back to the Paris home of the Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary in order to recruit more Picpus Fathers and religious brothers to serve in the growing Catholic Church in Hawaii. Tragically, Bishop Rouchouze was lost at sea during his voyage back to the Hawaiian Islands. His vicar general took charge of the Vicariate Apostolic of Oriental Oceania while a search party was dispatched. Years later, the search was officially ended and Bishop Rouchouze was declared deceased. Bishops Vicar Apostolic of the Sandwich Islands Louis Desire Maigret, SS.CC. (1847–1848) Vicars Apostolic of the Hawaiian Islands Louis Desire Maigret, SS.CC. (1848–1882) Herman Koeckemann, SS.CC. (1882–1892) Gulstan Ropert, SS.CC. (1892–1903) Libert H. Boeynaems, SS.CC. (1903–1926) Stephen Alencastre, SS.CC. (1926–1940) Bishops of Honolulu James Joseph Sweeney (1941–1968) John Joseph Scanlan (1968–1981) Joseph Anthony Ferrario (1982–1993) Francis X. DiLorenzo (1994–2004), appointed Bishop of Richmond Clarence Richard Silva (2005-present) Vicariate Apostolic Through the period that began with the landing of Fathers Armand, Bachelot and Short to the proclamation of the Edict of Toleration and arrival of Bishop Rouchouze, the Hawaiian Islands were administered as a prefecture within the larger Vicariate Apostolic of Oriental Oceania. Created in 1833 by Pope Gregory XVI and governed from South America, its territories included the Marquesas and Tahiti. After the disappearance of Bishop Rouchouze, the three prefectures were elevated into independent vicariates apostolic. Each would be led by their own bishops. Maigret The Vicariate Apostolic of the Sandwich Islands was established and on July 11, 1847, Blessed Pius IX appointed Louis Desiré Maigret as the succeeding prelate to the late Msgr. Rouchouze. The new vicar apostolic was consecrated in Chile as the titular bishop of Arathia and quickly attended to the needs of the fledgling Catholic Church in Hawaii. The name of the see was changed in 1848 to the Vicariate Apostolic of the Hawaiian Islands. Msgr. Maigret completed the construction of the Cathedral Basilica of Our Lady of Peace. He also invited the Sisters of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary to open proper Catholic schools. The priests and religious brothers of the Society of Mary (Marianists) were invited to do the same. Msgr. Maigret died on June 11, 1882, and was buried in a crypt below the sanctuary of the cathedral he built and loved. Koeckemann Pope Leo XIII immediately elevated Bernard Hermann Koeckemann, a Picpus Father from Germany, as the second Vicar Apostolic of the Hawaiian Islands. He was consecrated as the titular bishop of Olba. During his episcopate, Msgr. Koeckemann saw a wave of new Catholics from the exponentially growing sugarcane plantation laborer population in the Hawaiian Islands. The Catholic Church in Hawaii embraced new parishioners from the Philippines, Poland, Portugal and Spain among others. There were so many devout Portuguese members that churches often had to include Masses in which the sermon (for the rest of the Mass would have been in Latin) was delivered in the Portuguese language. Msgr. Koeckemann also saw the rise of leprosy cases throughout the kingdom. He oversaw the work of Saint Damien of Molokai and Saint Marianne Cope as they served the ailing lepers residing in an isolated colony on the Makanalua peninsula on the island of Molokai. Both would have causes for canonization opened for them by their respective religious institutes. On February 22, 1892, Msgr. Koeckemann died and was buried at the Honolulu Catholic Cemetery. Ropert It took several months before Pope Leo XIII appointed someone to succeed Bishop Koeckemann. On June 3, 1892, the pope chose a Picpus Father from France, Gulstan Francis Ropert to become the third Vicar Apostolic of the Hawaiian Islands. He was consecrated as titular bishop of Panopolis. It was during his reign that the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi was embroiled in revolution. American businessmen plotted to overthrow the peaceably reigning Queen of Hawaiʻi. United States Marines marched towards ʻIolani Palace, a neighbor of the Cathedral Basilica of Our Lady of Peace, and arrested Queen Liliʻuokalani. A provisional government was proclaimed before a republic was established. Msgr. Ropert received pleas by his Native Hawaiian followers to defend Liliʻuokalani, being tried by a military court for treason against the newly created government. Unfortunately, there wasn't much Msgr. Ropert could do. He would become the sole bishop of a new Republic of Hawaiʻi. Msgr. Ropert also was responsible for the spiritual needs of local families whose children were sent overseas to fight in the Spanish–American War. He also consoled Filipinos whose families were lost in the Philippine–American War. Later in his reign, the Hawaiian Islands became a territory of the United States becoming the first bishop of the Territory of Hawaiʻi. Msgr. Ropert died on January 4, 1903, and was buried in Honolulu Catholic Cemetery. Boeynaems Again it would take several months before Pope Leo XIII appointed someone to succeed the episcopacy in the Hawaiian Islands. On April 8, 1903, the pope appointed a Picpus Father from Antwerp in Belgium, Libert Hubert John Louis Boeynaems to become the fourth Vicar Apostolic of the Hawaiian Islands. He was consecrated titular bishop of Zeugma. During his reign, Msgr. Boeynaems observed many of his faithful being sent to fight in Europe during World War I. He also oversaw the increasing militarization of the Hawaiian Islands. The entire coastline of the island of Oahu was fortified and several United States military bases were established, including: Fort Shafter, Pearl Harbor and Schofield Barracks. With the absence of an established military ordinariate in the United States, Msgr. Boeynaems ministered to Catholic service members. After a period of illness, Msgr. Boeynaems died on May 13, 1926, and was buried in Honolulu Catholic Cemetery. Alencastre When Msgr. Boeynaems became ill, Pope Pius XI elevated the first person to have grown up in the Hawaiian Islands to become a vicar apostolic. The pope appointed Stephen Peter Alencastre, a Picpus Father born in Portugal who was brought as an infant to the Hawaiian Islands with his family to live. Msgr. Alencastre was raised and educated in Hawaii, living on the various islands. He subsequently graduated from Saint Louis College and was accepted into the Congregation of the Sacred Hearts. He was ordained to the priesthood and educated in Europe by the Picpus Fathers, earning a doctorate in sacred theology. He was later appointed and consecrated as coadjutor vicar apostolic and titular bishop of Arabissus to assist the ailing Msgr. Boeynaems, suffering in hospital. Upon Msgr. Boeynaems' death, Msgr. Alencastre succeeded as the fifth and final Vicar Apostolic of the Hawaiian Islands. Seeing a need for new locally trained priests, Msgr. Alencastre established Saint Stephen's Seminary in Kalihi Valley, named after his personal patron saint. He also oversaw the renovation of the Cathedral Basilica of Our Lady of Peace, modernizing it in time for the centennial celebration of the Catholic Church in Hawaii in 1927. He died aboard a ship en route from Los Angeles on November 9, 1940. Diocese Msgr. Alencastre's premonition that the vicariate would be elevated to diocesan status was fulfilled earlier than expected. Upon his death, Venerable Pius XII decided that the Hawaiian Islands no longer needed a missionary church. Rather, its flourishing Catholic community was mature enough to be administered as a fully independent body of its own. The pope canonically erected the new Diocese of Honolulu on January 25, 1941. Sweeney After several months of consideration, the Pope looked outside of the Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary for a successor to the last vicar apostolic. Pope Pius XII appointed a diocesan priest of the Archdiocese of San Francisco, James Joseph Sweeney as the first Bishop of Honolulu on May 20, 1941; Msgr. Sweeney was subsequently ordained to the episcopate on July 25, 1941, in the Cathedral of Saint Mary of Assumption in San Francisco, California. Bishop Sweeney's first few months in episcopacy happened in the advent of a most tragic event in Hawaii. On December 7, Japanese imperial forces bombed Pearl Harbor and scraped metropolitan Honolulu. Thousands of military and civilians died. Explosions were heard around downtown Honolulu and near the Cathedral Basilica of Our Lady of Peace. Bishop Sweeney shepherded the diocese throughout World War II. Blessed John XXIII opened the Second Vatican Council on October 11, 1962, and Bishop Sweeney was a council father, one of many prelates from the United States to attend the sessions. Inspired by the reforms agreed upon in Rome, he enacted major changes to the liturgy in the Diocese of Honolulu. One of his actions was to renovate the Cathedral Basilica of Our Lady of Peace in keeping with the newly promulgated Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy. Soon all parishes offered Mass primarily in the vernacular in place of Latin and altars were built facing the congregation instead of the sanctuary wall. Slowly, other languages were incorporated into the Mass including the Hawaiian language. Bishop Sweeney also invited the Marist Fathers and Brothers to staff several parishes on the islands of Oahu and Kauai. Bishop Sweeney fell ill and could not perform his duties with full vigor. His request for an auxiliary bishop was granted. Years later, Msgr. Sweeney died on his birthday on June 19, 1968. He was buried in Colma near San Francisco, where he spent his early years as a priest. Scanlan Pope Paul VI appointed John Joseph Scanlan, the diocese's auxiliary bishop and apostolic administrator as its second ordinary on March 6, 1968. A San Francisco archdiocesan priest from County Cork in Ireland, Msgr. Scanlan witnessed the growth of a young state of Hawaii. He was maintained cordial relations with the Catholic Governor of Hawaii, John A. Burns even when the Hawaii legislature passed a bill permitting abortion on demand and Governor Burns allowed the bill to become law without his signature. Scanlan was also remembered for his invitation of several religious institutes to establish themselves in the Hawaiian Islands. Among such groups were the Society of Jesus, the Christian Brothers of Ireland, the Religious of the Virgin Mary, and the Dominican Sisters of Iloilo. The Jesuits primarily minister to the students of the University of Hawaii at Mānoa. In 1977, Msgr. Scanlan served as the principal consecrator of Father Joseph Ferrario as auxiliary bishop. His age was beginning to affect his work. Feeling the pressures of being 75 years old, Msgr. Scanlan chose to retire on June 30, 1981. He died on January 31, 1997, at Nazareth House in San Rafael, a retirement home for priests and religious. His funeral was held at the metropolitan Cathedral of Saint Mary of the Assumption and later at the Cathedral Basilica of Our Lady of Peace in Honolulu. Bishop Scanlan, a father of the Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, had the honor of being buried beside Bishop Maigret, a father of the First Vatican Ecumenical Council, in a crypt under the sanctuary of the Cathedral Basilica of Our Lady of Peace. Ferrario Pope John Paul II appointed the diocese's auxiliary bishop Joseph Anthony Ferrario, a former Sulpican educator and diocesan priest, as the third Bishop of Honolulu on May 13, 1982. DiLorenzo Upon Msgr. Ferrario's announcement of his retirement, the Vatican had appointed Msgr. Francis DiLorenzo, auxiliary bishop of Scranton as Apostolic Administrator of Honolulu. Later, on November 29, 1994, Pope John Paul II, appointed Msgr. DiLorenzo as the fourth Bishop of Honolulu. The Vatican later appointed Msgr. DiLorenzo as ordinary of the See of Richmond upon the announcement of the retirement of Richmond bishop Walter Francis Sullivan. Msgr. DiLorenzo assumed leadership of the Diocese of Richmond upon installation on May 24, 2004. With the departure of Msgr. DiLorenzo, the diocesan college of consultors in accordance with the Code of Canon Law, on May 28, 2004, elected from their peers Father Thomas L. Gross as temporary diocesan administrator. He also served on the committee that screened candidates for the post of Bishop of Honolulu. On February 1, 2006, Father Marc R. Alexander became diocesan administrator. Silva Pope Benedict XVI appointed Clarence Richard Silva, the first native-born person in the episcopacy of the Hawaiian Islands to become a Bishop of Honolulu on May 17, 2005. He also became the second person of Portuguese ancestry in the episcopate since the Msgr. Stephen Peter Alencastre, SS.CC. Formerly the Vicar General of the Diocese of Oakland, Silva was ordained to the episcopate and installed as bishop at the Neal S. Blaisdell Center Arena on July 21. Over 3,500 were in attendance, making it one of the largest events held by the Diocese of Honolulu in its history. The principal consecrator was William Joseph Levada, Archbishop of San Francisco and newly appointed Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith. The ordination and installation ceremony was the last official ceremonial function as metropolitan bishop over the Province of San Francisco for Levada; other non-ceremonial functions would continue until his official departure from office. Also in attendance were Gabriel Montalvo Higuera, Archbishop Apostolic Nuncio to the United States, and Anthony Apuron, Archbishop of Agana as well as personal friend Deacon Larry Sousa of Norman, Oklahoma. Although scheduled to attend the episcopal ordination, Roger Mahony, Cardinal Archbishop of Los Angeles, was unable to be present due to unforeseen airplane problems at Los Angeles International Airport. Special Anniversaries of Significance to the Diocese January 23 – Memorial, Saint Marianne Cope, religious (2005) January 25 – Anniversary of the Canonical Erection by Pope Pius XII of the Catholic Diocese of Honolulu (1941) May 10 – Memorial, Saint Damien of Molokai, religious (1995) May 17 – Anniversary of the Appointment of Clarence Richard Silva, Vicar General of the Diocese of Oakland, as Fifth Bishop of Honolulu (2005) July 9 – Memorial, Blessed Virgin Mary under the Title, Queen of Peace July 21 – Anniversary of the Ordination to the Episcopate and Installation of Clarence Richard Silva as Fifth Bishop of Honolulu (2005) July 28 – Anniversary of Dedication of the Co-Cathedral of Saint Theresa of the Child Jesus, Honolulu (1985) August 15 – Anniversary of Dedication of the Cathedral Basilica of Our Lady, Queen of Peace, Honolulu (1843) Parishes See, List of parishes of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Honolulu. Saints and Blesseds Though the Diocese of Honolulu may be small, a number of Catholics have found their way to holiness and these include: Jozef de Veuster (Damian of Molokai) (1840–1889), Professed Priest of the Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary (Picpus) Barbara Cope (Marianne) (1838–1918), Professed Religious of the Franciscan Sisters of Syracuse Ira Barnes Dutton (Joseph) (1843–1931), Layperson of the Diocese of Honolulu; Member of the Secular Franciscans Helio Koa'eloa (ca. 1815–1846), Married Layperson of the Diocese of Honolulu Gulstan-Francois Ropert (1839–1903), Professed Priest of the Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary (Picpus); Apostolic Vicar of the Hawaiian Islands; Titular Bishop of Panopolis Ambrose Kanoealu'i Hutchison (ca. 1856–1932), Married Layperson of the Diocese of Honolulu Leopoldina Burns (Maria Leopoldina) (1855–1942), Professed Religious of the Franciscan Sisters of Syracuse Aloysius Schmitt (1909–1944), Priest of the Archdiocese of Dubuque High schools Damien Memorial School, Honolulu Maryknoll School, Honolulu Sacred Hearts Academy, Honolulu Saint Francis School, Honolulu Saint Louis School, Honolulu St. Anthony High School, Wailuku St. Joseph High School, Hilo Arms

Dukurs

Dukurs (feminine: Dukure) is a Latvian surname. Individuals with the surname include: Dainis Dukurs (born 1954), Latvian bobsledder Martins Dukurs (born 1984), Latvian skeleton racer, son of Dainis Tomass Dukurs (born 1984), Latvian skeleton racer, son of Dainis

Newport, Newfoundland and Labrador

Newport is a settlement in Newfoundland and Labrador.

Magnolia Hotshots all-time roster

The following is a list of players, both past and current, who appeared at least in one game for the Purefoods/Coney Island/B-Meg/San Mig Coffee/Star/Magnolia PBA franchise. __NOTOC__ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

Grandad of Races

Grandad of Races is a 1950 American short documentary film about the Palio di Siena held in the Piazza del Campo in Siena, directed by André de la Varre. It won an Oscar at the 23rd Academy Awards in 1951 for Best Short Subject (One-Reel). Cast Art Gilmore as Narrator

2010 in webcomics

Notable events of 2010 in webcomics. Events Keenspot stopped being a webcomic collective and moved to content development and publishing on July 1. After launching a new mobile platform, DC Comics shuts down their Zuda Comics imprint in July. The New England Webcomics Weekend was held for the second and last time on November 6–7. Awards Clickburg Webcomic Awards, won by Hallie Lama, Setsuna, and Michiel van de Pol. Eagle Awards, "Favourite Web-Based Comic" won by Warren Ellis and Paul Duffield's FreakAngels. Eisner Awards, "Best Digital Comic" won by Cameron Stewart's Sin Titulo. Harvey Awards, "Best Online Comics Work" won by Scott Kurtz' PvP. Ignatz Awards, "Outstanding Online Comic" won by Mike Dawson's Troop 142. Joe Shuster Awards, "Outstanding Webcomic Creator" won by Karl Kerschl (The Abominable Charles Christopher). Hugo Award for Best Graphic Story won by Kaja Foglio, Phil Foglio, and Cheyenne Wright's Girl Genius, Volume 9. Webcomics started January — Molarity Redux by Michael Molinelli January 8 — Denma by Yang Yeong-soon February 9 — Zahra's Paradise by Amil and Khalil February 23 — Dream Life, a late coming of age by Salgood Sam April 1 — I Taste Sound by Mike Riley May 8 — Go Get a Roomie! by Chloé C. June 12 — Whomp! by Ronnie Filyaw June 30 — Paranatural by Zack Morrison July — Vattu by Evan Dahm August 27 — Shadowbinders by Kambrea and Thom Pratt December 24 — The Wormworld Saga by Daniel Lieske Along with the Gods by Joo Ho-min Cheapjack Shakespeare by Shaun McLaughlin Cheese in the Trap by Soonkki Crocodile in Water, Tiger on Land Si Juki by Faza Ibnu Ubaidillah Salman Tower of God by Lee Jong-hui Webcomics ended Goats by Jonathan Rosenberg, 1997 – 2010 8-Bit Theater by Brian Clevinger, 2001 – 2010 A Modest Destiny by Sean Howard, 2003 – 2010 Girly by Josh Lesnick, 2003 – 2010 Fission Chicken by J.P. Morgan, 2006 – 2010 Order of Tales by Evan Dahm, 2008 – 2010 Writer J by Oh Seong-dae, 2009 – 2010

British Polish Chamber of Commerce

In June 1989, as Poland turned away from communism, a group of British-Polish students and graduates, Polish expats and British businessmen, established ‘Interes’, an organisation promoting business, trade and investment between Britain and Poland. Under the Chairmanship of Leszek Jakubowski who took over from Barbara Stachowiak in 1993, Interes and the Polish Enterprise Centre were transformed into the British Polish Chamber of Commerce (BPCC), a non-profit organization incorporated in the UK in 1995 as a company limited by guarantee, with Juliusz Bogacki as its Chief Executive. In 1997 the BPCC moved to the Ognisko Polskie on Exhibition Road, where it continued to promote bilateral trade and investment between Britain and Poland, running conferences, workshops, trade missions, business clinics and its regular monthly Open Forum meetings, as well as publish ‘Eagle Eye’, the Chamber magazine. In 1998/9 the British Polish Chamber of Commerce (BPCC) amalgamated with its sister organisation the British Chamber of Commerce in Poland (BCCP) to form one bilateral organisation. The British Chamber of Commerce in Poland (BCCP) was established in 1992 as a non-profit organization incorporated in the UK as a company limited by guarantee. Its original role was to support British companies investing in the Polish market, shortly after the country's economic transformation. In 2001, the Chamber changed its name and its statute to become a bilateral chamber, supporting two-way trade and investment relations between the United Kingdom and Poland. The Chamber's regular events in Poland include business mixers, conferences, seminars and workshops aimed at the international business community and at Polish exporters interested in the UK market. Shortly before Poland joined the EU on 1 May, 2004, the BPCC began holding regular events in London, looking at various aspects of doing business in Poland. After Poland's EU Accession, the BPCC began organising regular recruitment fairs, matching UK companies and employment agencies with Polish workers seeking to work in the UK. These have been held around Poland and in London. Since February 2007, the BPCC has been holding events in London, the Midlands, the North and Scotland aimed at Polish entrepreneurs that have set up businesses in the UK. Since July 2013, the Chamber has been engaged on a joint project with UK Trade and Investment as part of the UK Government's Overseas Business Network initiative to support UK exporters. A separate team was recruited to identify Polish importers, distributors, wholesalers and agents and match them with potential UK exporters. Since October 2014, the Chamber has mirrored the trade project to offer similar support to Polish exporters, identifying for them UK importers, distributors, wholesalers and agents, matched to a Sourcing From Poland service for UK importers. Officers The present Chief Executive Officer is Paweł Siwecki, who replaced Joe Tunney in December 2012. Martin Oxley was the chamber's CEO from 2005 to 2011, when he left the Chamber to head up the UKTI team at the British Embassy in Warsaw. Before Oxley became CEO, day-to-day running of the chamber was the responsibility of Executive Director Barbara Stachowiak-Kowalska MBE (from 1993 to 2005). Antoni F. Reczek, President of PwC Polska, replaced Alan Jarman as Chairman of the Board in June 2012. Recent activities and achievements The British Polish Chamber of Commerce has been awarded 'best British chamber in continental Europe' for four years in a row (2008, 2007, 2006 and 2005) by COBCOE, the Council of British Chambers of Commerce in Continental Europe. The BPCC was runner-up for this award in 2004 and 2003. For three years in a row, the BPCC has been awarded the best British chamber for trade development (2014, 2015 and 2016), recognising its preeminent position as a UKTI/DIT Overseas Delivery Partner. Since August 2014, the BPCC has been an accredited chamber within the British Chambers of Commerce, the second British chamber outside the UK to win accreditation. In April 2015, the BPCC was also accredited by COBCOE. External links British Polish Chamber of Commerce Council of British Chambers of Commerce in Continental Europe (COBCOE)

Marj Al-Hamam

Marj Al-hamam () Literally "Meadow of Doves" in Arabic language, is the district number 27 of Metropolitan Amman – Greater Amman Municipality (GAM); it is situated to the western part of GAM. It comprises 16 neighborhoods and population gatherings (Circassians neighborhood, Alia Housing, Officers Housing,..); it is 53 Km2 of space; its population counts for 82788 capita. Its zoning borders include Naour, Mqabalein, and Wadi EsSeer. Since 2007, it has been part of the Greater Amman Municipality.

Laurence Gandar

Laurence Owen Vine Gandar (28 January 1915 – 15 November 1998) was a South African journalist and newspaper editor. He is best known as an editor of South African newspaper The Rand Daily Mail. Early life Laurence Gandar was born on 28 January 1915 in Durban, Natal, South Africa. After high school, he attended the University of Natal and obtained a Bachelor of Arts. He would represent the province of Natal in hurdles and long jump. After university, he started work as a journalist on a local paper. When war broke out in 1939, he enlisted in the Union Defence Force and rose from the rank of corporal to captain, becoming the Brigade Intelligence Officer in the 6th South African Armoured Division in Italy. He would marry his wife Isobel Ballance in 1944. Career After the war he returned to journalism in Durban with the Argus Newspaper group and would eventually become an assistant editor. He would leave the newspaper in 1953, describing it as 'spineless', and joined the Anglo American Corporation in their public relations department working as an editor for their publication, the Optima. In October 1957, he was offered the role of editor of the Rand Daily Mail, one of many English South African newspapers owned by Anglo American. He would change the editorial style of the newspaper to a liberal tone, which was in opposition to the views most white people, and would inform South Africans about the racial and human rights abuses of apartheid and challenged the ruling Afrikaner National Party government. He would also challenge the white opposition parties for their lack of firm opposition to Apartheid. His change in editorial style would have a negative effect on circulation in the mid-60s, falling to 112,000 from 125,000 readers and would continue until the papers demise in 1985. In 1959, it was instrumental in persuading liberals to break away from the white opposition United Party and form the Progressive Party and would later assist the new party's only MP, Helen Suzman to be elected in 1961. In a 1963 editorial he would write the following concerning the future South Africa had, 'There are two choices and only two. There is racial separation, with massive economic sacrifices - or there is economic integration, with far-reaching political concessions. There is no middle course. At present we are trying to get the best of both worlds, and it is killing us.' During June and July 1965, he and journalist Benjamin Pogrund wrote a series of articles on conditions in South African prisons for black South Africans in Port Elizabeth, Pretoria and the Cinderella Prison in Boksburg based on interviews with prison officials and prisoners. The articles cited assaults on prisoners, sodomy and unhygienic conditions in these prisons. The Prison Act, 1959 forbade newspapers from discussing conditions in prisons, forbidding interviews with prisoners, ex-prisoners, and administrators of the facilities, with a possible prison sentence of one year for breaching the act if in defense one could not prove the allegations in court. During this period the newspaper was subjected to around the clock surveillance, Security Branch raids, the eavesdropping of the editor, journalists and the newsroom as well as infiltration by police informants and the intimidations and prosecution of informants. The attacks against the newspaper were also taken up by the government controlled South African Broadcasting Corporation (SABC) and the Afrikaner newspapers and silence from the English newspapers. On 22 August 1965, he was visited at home and had his passport confiscated and the same would happen to Pogrund. The government would instead of investigating the claims through the means of a judicial inquiry, prosecute two prisoners and two wardens sentencing one to three years in jail, 'confessing' to making up the charges and being a paid informant of the paper, a claim that the Rand Daily Mail was not allowed to challenge at his trial. They would be charged with contravening South Africa's Prisons Act and would eventually appear in court in November 1968 in a trial that last 88 days. The prosecution would successfully argue that 17 allegations in the articles were false and the judge agreed finding the two guilty on two charges of publishing false allegations and not 'verifying' the facts. Gandar was fined R100 on both charges or three months imprisonment and Pogrund received two three-month sentences suspended for three years and subject to him not contravening the Prison Act. In 1965 he fired as editor of the Rand Daily Mail by it board of directors because of poor circulation figures but after a threatened walk-out by the senior journalists, Gandar was appointed as editor-in-chief and Raymond Louw appointed as the new editor. Gander would remain in his new role until 1969. Gandar was appointed the first director of the Minority Rights Group in Britain which investigated and publicized the treatment of the worlds minorities, a position that lasted three years and afterwards returned to South Africa. Honours Gandar won a Kemsley Empire Journalist Scholarship and would spend a year in Britain. In 2010, he was honoured with a posthumous award as a World Press Freedom Hero from the International Press Institute. Other awards include a gold medal award by the British Institute of Journalists and a World Press Achievement Award in 1966 for his newspaper from the American Newspaper Publishers Association. Death He retired to the south coast of Natal and played golf and invested in the stock-market. His wife Isobel died in 1998. Gandar died in Pietermaritzburg, KwaZulu-Natal South Africa on 15 November 1998, after several years of illness, from Parkinson's disease. He was survived by a grandson Owen Gandar.

Joyce London Alexander

Joyce London Alexander (born 1949) was a US district court magistrate judge. She was the first African American to be appointed Chief Magistrate judge in the United States. Life In 1949, Alexander was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Her parents were Edna and Oscar London. She attended Cambridge High and Latin School, where she was continually elected a class officer. While there, she became the first African American president of the Student Council. She also participated on the track team. She went on to study at Howard University through a scholarship from the Boston NAACP. While in college, she worked as a legislative assistant to Tip O'Neill. She persuaded him to hire her as a legislative aide. Her work as a legislative assistant got her interested in work in justice. She graduated from Howard University in 1969. Afterward, she earned her J.D. from New England Law School in 1972. She also received a grant from the NAACP to take additional classes at New York University on federal jurisdiction and labor law. Career Alexander began her legal career in 1972. She became a staff attorney working for the Greater Boston Legal Assistance Project as a Reginald Heber Smith Community Lawyer fellow. After her fellowship, she was legal counsel for many years with the Youth Activities Commission in Boston. She also worked as an assistant professor at Tufts University, teaching urban law and black politics. She served as the chair of President Carter's Massachusetts delegation at the Democratic National Convention. She also co-founded the Urban League of Eastern Massachusetts, and was its first female president along with being one of the youngest presidents of any Urban League. While there, she increased its budget tenfold. She became the first African American woman nationwide, along with being the first woman in Massachusetts, to be an on-camera legal editor for a major network. Alexander was often called upon to appear on television and on interviews. In 1979, Alexander was appointed to the United States district court as a magistrate judge by President Jimmy Carter. She was the first African American female judge to be appointed to that position, nationwide. She was also one of the youngest to ever be appointed to that position, nationwide. On January 2, 1996, she was made Chief Judge. She became the first African American chief magistrate judge working on the federal bench. She also simultaneously became the first African American chief judge of any court in Massachusetts. Community work Alexander co-founded and served as president of the Urban League of Eastern Massachusetts. She also served as chairperson of the Massachusetts Black Judges Conference, wherein she developed a scholarship program for minority students of law. She served as chairperson of the Judicial Council of the National Bar Association from 1987 to 1988. She participates in the "Kids, Courts and Citizenship" program in Boston, which she founded and maintains. In the program,more than 5,000 fifth-grade students of Boston public schools have visited her courtroom, spoken with her, and held a mock trial in her courtroom. Awards Alexander has received honorary law degrees from Northeastern University School of Law, Bridgewater State College, Suffolk University, and North Carolina State University. In 1980, Alexander was honored as one of the ten Outstanding Young Women in the United States. Additionally, the Boston Jaycees honored her as one of the Ten Outstanding Young Leaders of Massachusetts. The Southern Christian Leadership Conference gave her the Martin Luther King, Jr. Drum Major for Justice Award in 1985. In 1986, she received the Equal Justice Award from the National Bar Association. In 1992, the Cambridge Community Center gave her a Cambridge Community Service Award. In 1994, the National Bar Association's Judicial Council awarded her the William Hastie Award. in 1997 she received the C. Francis Stadford Award from the National Bar Association, which is their highest honor. Also in 1997, the Harvard University Foundation for Excellence in Multicultural and Racial Relations bestowed her with the Medal of Honor.

Jean-Pierre Tempet

Jean-Pierre Tempet (born 31 December 1954) is a French former football goalkeeper.

Mazanabad

Mazanabad () may refer to: Mazanabad, Sardasht Mazanabad, Vazineh, Sardasht County

Oakbourne station

Oakbourne station is a defunct railroad station on Oakburne Road in Westtown Township, Pennsylvania. Established by the Pennsylvania Railroad, it closed in 1961 and was subsequently demolished. SEPTA Regional Rail later used the line for R3 West Chester Line, but did not use the Oakburne stop. History Oakbourne Station was originally called Lecompton Station, and later Hemphill Station after a neighboring landowner, but was changed to Oakbourne when a post office was established there in 1883, with Ellen Jane Speakman serving as postmistress. During the American Civil War, the station was used as a marshaling point for the neighboring Camp Elder, which housed Union prisoners captured by the Confederacy and unofficially paroled during the Battle of Gettysburg in 1863. A post office was located in the station building until it closed in 1928, when Ellen Speakman retired. A small single-track siding served as a freight yard for the Oakbourne Epileptic Hospital and Colony Farm and other local industries. Service to the station was terminated in 1961, and the building was razed several years later. SEPTA subsequently took over the Pennsylvania Railroad route for SEPTA Regional Rail's R3 West Chester Line. However, it did not reopen the Oakbourne stop. SEPTA discontinued regular passenger service to the line in September 1986, due to deteriorating track conditions and Chester County's desire to expand facilities at Exton station on the Paoli/Thorndale Line. The West Chester Railroad heritage railway restored the line for weekend excursions in 1997, but does not use Oakburne station. External links West Chester Railroad's official website

Coke La Rock

Coke La Rock (aka Coco La Rock) (born April 25, 1955) is an old school New York City rapper who is sometimes credited as being the first MC in the history of hip-hop. In November, 2010, Coke La Rock was inducted into the High Times Counterculture Hall of Fame at the annual ceremonies at the Cannabis Cup in Amsterdam. Kool Herc and Coke La Rock Although it has been written that La Rock comes from Jamaica, he was born in The Bronx, New York City on April 24, 1955. Coke La Rock was a friend and musical partner of DJ Kool Herc, who himself is generally considered to have laid down the foundation for hip-hop music starting in 1973. La Rock was thus an original member of Herc's MC crew the Herculoids. According to Herc, Coke La Rock's MC name had various iterations, beginning as "A-1 Coke" and then moving on to "Nasty Coke" before it was finalized as "Coke La Rock". Coke La Rock joined Kool Herc for his first party, in 1973, to celebrate Herc's sister Cindy's birthday. It wasn't until about the fifth or sixth party that he took the name Coke La Rock. The name came to him in a dream. Before that time, he had no name and did his rapping out of sight from the audience, so no one knew who was doing the rapping. His original raps were usually shout-outs to friends, but gradually the poetry emerged. He originated such phrases as "You rock and you don't stop" and "Hotel, motel, you don't tell, we won't tell" (which was immortalized on the first Sugarhill Gang single "Rapper's Delight", although La Rock received no credit). Coke La Rock's raps were always purely improvisational, unlike those of later 70s-era rap groups—such as the Furious Five and Cold Crush Brothers, who wrote down and rehearsed their rhymes and created elaborate routines. According to La Rock, while rapping "at first I would just call out [my friends'] names. Then I pretended dudes had double-parked cars; that was to impress the girls. Truthfully, I wasn’t there to rap, I was just playing around." Nonetheless, La Rock's raps would, as with much else at Kool Herc's parties in the mid-1970s, serve as a basic model for other hip-hop artists that would come onto the Bronx music scene by the end of the decade. La Rock himself has argued, in a reference to two pioneering New York City narcotics dealers, that "me and Herc were to hip-hop what Nicky Barnes and Frank Lucas were to drugs." Decline in popularity and later years As other nascent hip-hop groups patterned themselves after Herc and La Rock and improved on their formula, the popularity of Herc and the Herculoids began to wane as early as 1977. After Kool Herc was stabbed at a party, La Rock went looking to kill the perpetrator, who was part of the Executive Playhouse crew. He found the man's friends in a Bronx pool hall, but they had already moved their friend down south to avoid a confrontation. After this incident, La Rock decided to step away from hip hop and let the younger generation move in. Since he'd had a long run lasting several years of being on top of the Bronx hip hop scene, La Rock didn't want to continue if murder was going to continue to be part of the game. Also his son, Dante La Rock, had just been born, and he needed to spend more time at home. Gary Harris, an employee of the first hip-hop record label, Sugar Hill, noted that "people respected Herc and Coke, but by the early eighties those guys were like specters—they just weren’t visible on the scene anymore." In contrast to other early Bronx hip-hop artists like Afrika Bambaataa and Grandmaster Flash, Coke La Rock—like his partner Kool Herc—never achieved any recording success (indeed he did not record at all). However, late 2008 saw the release of what was deemed the first ever recording featuring La Rock, a song titled "Hello – Merry Christmas Baby!" which was released by Sedgwick & Cedar as part of a special holiday compilation to pay homage to the birthplace of hip-hop. La Rock's place in hip-hop history was arguably immortalized in the legendary 1986 Boogie Down Productions song "South Bronx" (the opening salvo of the so-called "Bridge Wars") wherein KRS-One raps: Now way back in the days when hip-hop began With Coke La Rock, Kool Herc, and then Bam Coke La Rock had no association with, nor relation to, KRS-One's DJ at the time, Scott La Rock. Nor did Coke La Rock and another influential old-school MC, T La Rock, know one another in the early days of hip-hop, and thus the name similarity is coincidental.

Seyon Lodge State Park

Seyon Lodge State Park is a state park near Groton, Vermont in the United States. It is one of seven state parks located in Groton State Forest. The focus of Seyon Lodge State Park is the 39-acre Noyes Pond. Activities includes bicycling, fly fishing, hiking, picnicking, snowshoeing and cross country skiing. The Lodge at Seyon operates year-round and features private lodging, event and meeting facilities for individual guests and groups.

Athletics at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics – Girls' 400 metres

The girls' 400 metres event at the 2010 Youth Olympic Games was held on 17–21 August 2010 in Bishan Stadium. Schedule Results Heats Finals Final D Final C Final B Final A External links iaaf.org - Women's 400m

GaraSh

GaraSh () is a Belarusian comedy film first released in 2015, directed by Andrei Kureichik. Plot This dark comedy about car mechanics working in the Shabany district on the outskirts of Minsk reveals a clash of civilisations. The young hero, born in Belarus, has lived and worked in the USA under the program Work & Travel 5 years , adopted that lifestyle and made the «American dream» his formula for happiness. On his return to Belarus he works in a Shabany garage which has its own philosophy; a different view of reality, closer to that of the Soviet Union. Cast Aleksandr Kullinkovich: Boris Grigorievich, senior mechanic Yuri Naumov: Auto Electrician Vitaly Kuren: Artem Borzov, «American» Vasily Nitsko: Ivan Ivanovich, a government official Elizaveta Shukova: a client of the garage, the daughter of an official Vadim Gaidukovsky: Seller of auto parts Evelina Sakuro: Stripper Oleg Hrushetsky: Mechanic Egor Zabelov: Grisha, musician

Christian video game

A Christian video game, or Bible game, is a video game based on teachings of Christianity. Christian video games were first marketed successfully by BibleBytes in the early 1980s on several different microcomputer platforms. Wisdom Tree introduced Christian themes to console games, starting in 1991, with the unlicensed Bible Adventures for the Nintendo Entertainment System. Now they are made by many different developers. Most of these new developers meet yearly at the "Christian Games Developers Conference" and build support through the Christian Game Developers Foundation. Definition Christian video games are any game with Christian themes. Although this is sometimes called a game genre, Christian games can follow the gameplay of many different genres. This ranges from Guitar Praise, a Christian-themed rhythm game, to the shooter game Catechumen. Some Christian-games with an evangelical purpose can be thought of as serious games, but most Christian games are simply entertainment for players who are already Christians. or historically interested in Christianity. History One of the first Christian Video Games was the “Bible Computer Games” series published by BibleBytes (now a division of Kidware Software LLC) for the TRS-80 Color Computer in 1982. The “Bible Computer Games” were then released on the Timex Sinclair and Texas Instruments TI-99/4A computer platforms in 1983. The Bible Computer Games Series was then released on the Apple IIe, Commodore 64, Commodore VIC-20, and the Kaypro CP/M computer platforms in 1984. An MS-DOS version of the Bible Computer Games was released in 1986 by PC Enterprises. Several Christian themed computer programming books, based on the original BibleBytes "Bible Computer Games" source code, were also written by the Conrods. John & Joyce Conrod were the primary authors on the first two books while their son, Philip Conrod was one of the original game developers and served as technical editor. The first BASIC programming book, "Computer Bible Games", included the BASIC source code for the Timex/Sinclair, Radio Shack TRS-80 Color Computer, and Texas Instruments TI-99 computer systems. The first programming book was written in the Fall of 1983 and published by Ac'cent Books on January 1, 1984. These beginner computer programming books were designed to teach students how to write BASIC Bible Computer Games on their own personal computer. Since then, PC Enterprises and BibleByte Books has published several "Computer Bible Games" programming books for Microsoft Small Basic, Visual Basic, Visual C# and Java. All of these Bible themed programming books were designed for Christian Middle-School and High-School students in addition to Homeschool Computer Science students. Another Christian video game pioneer was Bernard K. Bangley, who wrote "Bible BASIC : Bible Games for Personal Computers" with his son, David Bangley. Bible BASIC was published by Harper & Row in December, 1983. His book included type-in BASIC programs to create Bible games. The programs were intended to work in any version of BASIC, but the book included tips for adapting the programs for the Apple II, Atari 400/800, Commodore VIC-20/64, and TRS-80, as well as extending and customising the programs to make them more interesting. Music Machine by Sparrow Records, for the Atari 2600, was the first Atari 2600 Christian videogame. However, it does not appear to have been a market success. Starting in the late 1980s, the unlicensed game developer Color Dreams using the name of Wisdom Tree, developed the first Christian video game for the Nintendo Entertainment System, called Bible Adventures. It featured Bible accounts such as Noah's Ark, Baby Moses, and David and Goliath. It was released in 1991 to Christian bookstores. In 2000 Catechumen was released, made by N'Lightning Software. Catechumen is a Roman-themed first-person shooter video game. It is known for being one of the most expensive Christian video games made. N'Lightning Software spent nearly $830,000 during the development process. The game had disappointing sales. Catechumen had a spiritual successor released in 2001, called Ominous Horizons: A Paladin's Calling, which eventually led to the company's disbandment. In 2006 Left Behind: Eternal Forces was released by Inspired Media Entertainment based on the evangelical Christian Left Behind series of novels. Left Behind: Eternal Forces was a real-time strategy game. Upon its release, Eternal Forces was subject to much criticism and controversy from various watchdog groups claiming that it promoted religious warfare and bigotry. Inspired Media Entertainment went on to create four sequel to Left Behind: Eternal Forces. In 2010 Digital Praise (creators of Dance Praise and several other Christian video games) merged with Inspired Media Entertainment. But in 2011 Inspired Media Entertainment went defunct, and in 2013, the United States Securities and Exchange Commission made public their pending lawsuit against Left Behind Games. They allege that CEO Troy Lyndon issued nearly two billion unregistered shares.

Robin Murphy Williams

Robin Murphy Williams (October 11, 1914 – June 3, 2006) was an American sociologist who is primarily known for identifying and defining 15 core values that are central to the American way of life. Life Williams was born on October 11, 1914, in the city of Hillsborough, North Carolina. He graduated from North Carolina State College in 1933 at the age of 19 before going on earn an M.A. at Harvard University in 1939 and his PhD from the same establishment in 1943. Following the work and studies he did on soldiers during the Second World War, Williams went on to take up a role as a professor at Cornell University, where he taught from 1946 to 1985. In 1990 he joined the University of California at Irvine, where he would continue to publish books until the very end of his life. His sister Helen Coble reveals that his final publication was made when he reached the age of 89. Williams died at the age of 91 following complications that arose from bowel surgery which was undertaken by his daughter, Dr Susan Williams. Career/works As Philip Kasinitz states "From his earliest academic work to his chairing the committee in 1989, Robin Williams Jr insisted on confronting the centrality of race in the U.S society." Fresh out of Harvard University, Robin Williams found his way to the war torn battlefields from where he would begin his analysis on the reasons that push soldiers to fight in the war. This would give him the sufficient data needed for his first publication The American Soldier: adjustment during army life. In this work he comes to the realization that what pushes man to participate in the violence of war is not the protection of the abstract notion of a nation, but rather the concrete idea which is direct protection of his comrades in the battlefield and the indirect protection of their loved ones at home. "People fought to save their buddies, because of relational solidarity," The study offered key findings that "essentially created the social science foundations for the way military infantry are trained." The elaboration of Robin William's 12 core American Values remains Perhaps his most influential and pivotal work with regards to the effect on the sociological spheres. Robin William's established what he believed encompassed the 9 core values that drove the American individuals in 1970 before adding 3 more in 1975. He presented them in this manner: Equal opportunity, achievement and success, material comfort, activity and work, practicality and efficiency, progress, science, democracy and enterprise and finally freedom. Williams proceeded by adding these core values after 1975: religiosity, education, religious love and monogamy. These values would go on to be an important part of the sociological approach of the American population, earning substantial space in manuals and other books alike. However, it would not be without criticism. Indeed, Williams' theory has received criticism for the lack of inclusion of the different races and ethnicities which are an integral part of the American culture which, however, do not comply with the same principles of religiosity, for example.

Sainte-Rosalie

Sainte-Rosalie is a former town in Quebec, Canada which was annexed to the town of Saint-Hyacinthe in 2002.

Scarre

Scarre is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: Chris Scarre, English archaeologist and writer Geoffrey Scarre, moral philosopher

Murilo Becker

Murilo Becker Da Rosa (born July 14, 1983 in Farroupilha) is a Brazilian professional basketball player. Professional career Becker was eligible for the 2005 NBA Draft, but he was not drafted. During his pro club career, Becker has played with the Brazilian League club Bauru. National team career Becker has been a member of the senior Brazilian national basketball team. With Brazil, he played at the following tournaments: the 2003 FIBA AmeriCup, the 2005 FIBA AmeriCup, the 2006 FIBA World Cup, the 2007 FIBA AmeriCup, and the 2010 FIBA World Cup.

Micromus subanticus

Micromus subanticus is a species of brown lacewing in the family Hemerobiidae. It is found in the Caribbean, Europe & Northern Asia (excluding China), Central America, and North America.

Lowland peltops

The lowland peltops or clicking shieldbill (Peltops blainvillii) is a species of bird in the family Artamidae. It is found in Indonesia and Papua New Guinea. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest.

Giuliano De Risi

Giuliano De Risi (°Rome, 14 June 1945) is an Italian journalist. He was Chief Editor from 2005 to November 2010 of AGI - Agenzia Giornalistica Italia. From May 2014 he was appointed Special Adviser in charge of International Relations and Communication in Italy ADA, Académie Diplomatique Africaine - Coalition for International Development. From 2011 to 2013 he was coordinator of the OIL Editorial, periodic energy culture Eni Group. Biography Having embarked in a journalistic career at an early age, he was a foreign and cultural editor of the Voce Repubblicana, the Italian Republican Party’s daily, and later collaborated with important Italian titles such as l’Astrolabio, directed by Ferruccio Parri, the first president of the Italian government council after World War II, l’Espresso, the Fiera Letteraria, l’Europeo, Aut and Mondo Nuovo, as well as with the RAI (the national broadcasting company) . He has been a director of Lazio, ieri oggi e domani, the journal of the Placido Martini Institute of Economic and Social Research. Further, he was head of the public relations department of the Ministry of Transport and of the National Transport Plan, as well as the public relations consultant to the President of the Cassa per il Mezzogiorno (the agency for the development of the central and southern regions of Italy), a consultant to the EUR’s Governance Commissary (the autonomous district of Rome), image consultant of Cap Gemini Italia and a member of the Foreign Investment Committee for the Mezzogiorno Region. He collaborated in the investigative papers such as “Alarm: Are We Racists?” with the assistance of the Italian Immigrant association (1994), and "Prostitution, Drugs, AIDS, an emergency of humanity" (1994), with the participation of the Italian Red Cross. As director of AGI, he launched Agimondo.Org, the first official site of the Italian ONGs, AgiAfro, the first web site of African news about Africa, AGIChina24 and the first site for information and assistance to Italian entrepreneurs in China. He is a member of the jury for several prices, such as: the Capri-Agnes prize for International Journalism, the Amalfi Media Coast Award, the Tevere Prize for Journalism and the Scanno Music Prize. Awards "The Journalist’s Sign" from the Roman Journalists’ Association, 1979. Distinguished with the silver medal with ribbon by the Czecholovakian republic for a series of articles on the “Czechoslovakian Spring” by Alexander Dubček. Ischia Prize for International Journalism and nominated Journalist of the Year by the media (press) agencies in 2008.

McCumber cube

In 1991, John McCumber created a model framework for establishing and evaluating information security (information assurance) programs, now known as The McCumber Cube. This security model is depicted as a three-dimensional Rubik's Cube-like grid. The concept of this model is that, in developing information assurance systems, organizations must consider the interconnectedness of all the different factors that impact them. To devise a robust information assurance program, one must consider not only the security goals of the program (see below), but also how these goals relate specifically to the various states in which information can reside in a system and the full range of available security safeguards that must be considered in the design. The McCumber model helps one to remember to consider all important design aspects without becoming too focused on any one in particular (i.e., relying exclusively on technical controls at the expense of requisite policies and end-user training). Dimensions and attributes Desired goals Confidentiality: assurance that sensitive information is not intentionally or accidentally disclosed to unauthorized individuals. Integrity: assurance that information is not intentionally or accidentally modified in such a way as to call into question its reliability. Availability: ensuring that authorized individuals have both timely and reliable access to data and other resources when needed. Information states Storage: Data at rest (DAR) in an information system, such as that stored in memory or on a magnetic tape or disk. Transmission: transferring data between information systems - also known as data in transit (DIT). Processing: performing operations on data in order to achieve a desired objective. Safeguards Policy and practices: administrative controls, such as management directives, that provide a foundation for how information assurance is to be implemented within an organization. (examples: acceptable use policies or incident response procedures) - also referred to as operations. Human factors: ensuring that the users of information systems are aware of their roles and responsibilities regarding the protection of information systems and are capable of following standards. (example: end-user training on avoiding computer virus infections or recognizing social engineering tactics) - also referred to as personnel Technology: software and hardware-based solutions designed to protect information systems (examples: anti-virus, firewalls, intrusion detection systems, etc.) Motivation Per John McCumber's website, the idea is to push back the advance of security as an art and support it with a structured methodology that functions independent of technology evolution. The basis of this methodology is the inter-relationship among confidentiality, integrity and availability with storage, transmission and processing while applying the policy, procedures, human side and technology.

Interior Division

The Interior Division () is an administrative division of the state of Sabah, Malaysia. It occupies the southwest portion of Sabah, bordered by the neighbouring state of Sarawak on its west. With an area of 18,298 square kilometres, it covers 24.9% of Sabah's territory and is home to approximately 14.7% of Sabah's total population. The largest town in the Interior Division is Keningau. Other main towns in this division include Beaufort, Kuala Penyu, Sipitang, Tambunan and Tenom. The coastal parts of the Division are settled mainly by Bruneian Malays and Kedayan, whereas the inland areas to the east of the Crocker Range are mostly settled by various subgroups of the Kadazan-Dusun people. The town of Tambunan is considered to be a major centre of Kadazan culture, while Tenom is the largest town in the heartland of the Murut people. The Long Pasia and Long Mio are the gateway to the Lun Bawang/ Lun Dayeh tribes in Sipitang. In addition, there are large numbers of Chinese people in most of the towns, particularly Beaufort, Keningau and Tenom. The majority of the Division's ethnic Chinese residents are of the Hakka subgroup. Districts Interior Division is subdivided into the following administrative districts: Beaufort District (1,735 km2) (Beaufort Town) Keningau District (3,533 km2) (Keningau Town) Kuala Penyu District (453 km2) (Kuala Penyu Town) Nabawan District (6,089 km2) (Nabawan Town) Sipitang District (2,732 km2) (Sipitang Town) Tambunan District (1,347 km2) (Tambunan Town) Tenom District (2,409 km2) (Tenom Town) History The present divisions of Sabah is largely inherited from the division of the North Borneo Chartered Company. Following the acquisition of North Borneo under the royal charter issued in 1881, the administrative division introduced by Baron von Overbeck was continued by the establishment of two residences comprising West Coast Residency and East Coast Residency. Seat of the two residents was in Sandakan, where the governor was based. Each resident, in turn, was divided into several provinces managed by a district officer. As North Borneo progresses, the number of residencies has increased to five including: Tawau Residency (also known as East Coast Residency), Sandakan Residency, West Coast Residency, Kudat Residency, and Interior Residency; the provinces were initially named after the members of the board: Alcock, Cunlife, Dewhurst, Keppel, Dent, Martin, Elphinstone, Myburgh and Mayne. The senior residents occupied Sandakan and the West Coast, while the other three resident with the second class residencies occupied Interior, East Coast and Kudat. The residents of Sandakan and West Coast were members of the Legislative Council, the Legislative Assembly of the Company. The division into residencies was maintained when North Borneo became a Crown Colony after World War II. On 16 September 1963, with the formation of Malaysia, North Borneo which subsequently became the state of Sabah took over the administrative structure through the Ordinance on Administrative Units. At the same time, the Yang di-Pertua Negeri, the head of state of Sabah, was authorised by proclamation to divide the state into divisions and districts. The abolition of the residency term was in favour of the division term that took place in 1976. Today, the division has only formal significance and no longer constitutes its own administrative level. The resident's post was also abolished, as Sabah's municipal administration is in the hands of the district officers.

Arthur Kornberg

Arthur Kornberg (March 3, 1918 – October 26, 2007) was an American biochemist who won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1959 for his discovery of "the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)" together with Dr. Severo Ochoa of New York University. He was also awarded the Paul-Lewis Award in Enzyme Chemistry from the American Chemical Society in 1951, L.H.D. degree from Yeshiva University in 1962, as well as National Medal of Science in 1979. His primary research interests were in biochemistry, especially enzyme chemistry, deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis (DNA replication) and studying the nucleic acids which control heredity in animals, plants, bacteria and viruses. Early life and education Born in New York City, Kornberg was the son of Jewish parents Joseph and Lena (née Katz) Kornberg, who emigrated to New York from Austrian Galicia (now part of Poland) in 1900 before they were married. His paternal grandfather had changed the family name from Queller (also spelled Kweller) to avoid the draft by taking on the identity of someone who had already completed military service. Joseph married Lena in 1904. Joseph worked as a sewing machine operator in the sweat shops of the Lower East side of New York for almost 30 years, and when his health failed, opened a small hardware store in Brooklyn, where Arthur assisted customers at the age of nine. Joseph spoke at least six languages although he had no formal education. Arthur Kornberg was educated first at Abraham Lincoln High School and then at City College in New York City. He received at B.Sc. in 1937, followed by an M.D. at the University of Rochester in 1941. Kornberg had a mildly elevated level of bilirubin in his blood— jaundice due to a hereditary genetic condition known as Gilbert's syndrome—and, while at medical school, he took a survey of fellow students to discover how common the condition was. The results were published in Kornberg's first research paper in 1942. Kornberg's internship was at Strong Memorial Hospital in Rochester, New York, between 1941–1942. After completing his medical training, he joined the armed services as a lieutenant in the United States Coast Guard, serving as a ship's doctor in 1942. Rolla Dyer, the Director of National Institutes of Health, had noticed his paper and invited him to join the research team at the Nutrition Laboratory of the NIH. From 1942 to 1945, Kornberg's work was the feeding of specialized diets to rats to discover new vitamins. Research and career The feeding of rats was boring work, and Kornberg became fascinated by enzymes. He transferred to Dr Severo Ochoa's laboratory at New York University in 1946, and took summer courses at Columbia University to fill out the gaps in his knowledge of organic and physical chemistry while learning the techniques of enzyme purification at work. He became Chief of the Enzyme and Metabolism Section at NIH from 1947–1953, working on understanding of ATP production from NAD and NADP. This led to his work on how DNA is built up from simpler molecules. While working at NIH, he also researched at Washington University in St. Louis (in the lab of Carl Ferdinand Cori and Gerty Cori in 1947), and the University of California, Berkeley (in the lab of Horace Barker in 1951). In 1953 he became Professor and Head of the Department of Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, until 1959. Here he continued experimenting with the enzymes which created DNA. In 1956 he isolated the first DNA polymerizing enzyme, now known as DNA polymerase I. This won him the Nobel prize in 1959. In 1960 he received a LL.D. again from City College, followed by a D.Sc. at the University of Rochester in 1962. He became Professor and Executive Head of the Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, in 1959. In an interview in 1997, Arthur Kornberg (referring to Josh Lederberg) said: "Lederberg really wanted to join my department. I knew him; he's a genius, but he'd be unable to focus and to operate within a small family group like ours, and so, I was instrumental in establishing a department of genetics [at Stanford] of which he would be chairman." Kornberg's mother died of gas gangrene from a spore infection after a routine gall bladder operation in 1939. This started his lifelong fascination with spores, and he devoted some of his research efforts to understanding them while at Washington University. From 1962 to 1970, in the midst of his work on DNA synthesis, Kornberg devoted half his research effort to determining how DNA is stored in the spore, what replication mechanisms are included, and how the spore generates a new cell. This was an unfashionable but complex area of science, and although some progress was made, eventually Kornberg abandoned this research. The Arthur Kornberg Medical Research Building at the University of Rochester Medical Center was named in his honor in 1999. Until his death, Kornberg maintained an active research laboratory at Stanford and regularly published peer reviewed scientific journal articles. For several years the focus of his research was the metabolism of inorganic polyphosphate. The "Kornberg school" of biochemistry refers to Arthur Kornberg's many graduate students and post-doctoral fellows, i.e., his intellectual children, and the trainees of his trainees, i.e., his intellectual grandchildren. Kornberg's intellectual children include I. Robert Lehman, Charles C. Richardson, Randy Schekman, William T. Wickner, James Rothman, Arturo Falaschi and Ken-ichi Arai. Books For the Love of Enzymes: The Odyssey of a Biochemist. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 1989, The Golden Helix: Inside Biotech Ventures. University Science Books, 2002, Enzymatic Synthesis of DNA, John Wiley & Sons, 1961 DNA Synthesis, W. H. Freeman and Co., San Francisco, 1974 DNA Replication, W. H. Freeman and Co., San Francisco, 1980 DNA Replication (2nd Edition) with Tania A. Baker., W. H. Freeman and Co., New York, 1992 Personal life On November 21, 1943, Kornberg married Sylvy Ruth Levy, also a biochemist of note. She worked closely with Kornberg and contributed significantly to the discovery of DNA polymerase. According to their second son, Thomas, “the joke in the family—and it was just a joke—was that when the prize was announced, she said 'I was robbed!’” Arthur and Sylvy Kornberg had three sons: Roger David Kornberg (1947), Thomas B. Kornberg (1948), and Kenneth Andrew Kornberg (1950). Roger is Professor of Structural Biology at Stanford University, and the 2006 laureate of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Thomas discovered DNA polymerase II and III in 1970 and is now a professor at the University of California, San Francisco. Kenneth is an architect specializing in the design of biomedical and biotechnology laboratories and buildings. Arthur Kornberg was married three times. His first two wives predeceased him. Sylvy Kornberg died in 1986. Arthur Kornberg remarried in 1988 but his second wife, the former Charlene Walsh Levering, died in 1995. In December 1998 Arthur Kornberg married Carolyn Frey Dixon. When he was in his eighties, Kornberg continued to conduct research full-time at Department of Biochemistry at Stanford. He died on October 26, 2007 at Stanford Hospital from respiratory failure.

Milk River, Alberta

Milk River is a town in Alberta, Canada, named after the Milk River which flows immediately to its south. This location results in Milk River being one of the few Canadian communities within the Mississippi River drainage system. It is south of Lethbridge, and from the Canada-U.S. border. It is primarily a service centre for the many farms and cattle ranches which surround it. History The Milk River area was first settled around the beginning of the 20th century. Milk River was incorporated as a village on July 31, 1916, and then a town on March 15, 1956. The town's motto, "Under Eight Flags", refers to the area having been under the flags of seven governments as well as the Hudson's Bay Company. Including the Hudson's Bay Company's flag (1818–1869), the eight flags are France (1682–1762), the Spanish Empire (1762–1800), the French Republic (1800–1803), the United States (1803–1818), the British Empire (1869–1945), the Canadian Red Ensign (1945–1965), and the current Canadian Maple Leaf (1965–present). Geography Climate The nearest weather station is in Masinasin, Alberta, which is approximately away. Demographics In the 2016 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the Town of Milk River recorded a population of 827 living in 375 of its 420 total private dwellings, a change from its 2011 population of 811. With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2016. In the 2011 Census, the Town of Milk River had a population of 811 living in 357 of its 418 total dwellings, a -0.6% change from its 2006 population of 816. With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2011. The population of the Town of Milk River according to its 2007 municipal census is 846. Attractions Recreation venues in Milk River include a nine-hole golf course, curling rink, swimming pool and skateboard park. Government The town is governed by a town council composed of a mayor and four councillors. Municipal elections are held every four years. Infrastructure The town is connected to two highways: Highway 4, which heads south to Interstate 15 and north to Lethbridge, and Highway 501, which heads west to Cardston and east to Saskatchewan. Air service is provided by Milk River Airport and rail service is offered through Canadian Pacific Railway. Milk River Health Centre Health services are provided by the Milk River and District Health Centre. The hospital offers 24/7 emergency department services with on call laboratory and diagnostic imaging services. Between 2005 and 2008, the emergency department averaged 1,351 visits per year. The tertiary referral centre for the hospital is Chinook Regional Hospital in Lethbridge. Education Milk River has two schools – Milk River Elementary School and Erle Rivers High School. Media The Milk River Review was a weekly newspaper that was published between November 11, 1948 and May 27, 1954. It continued as a weekly throughout its run as The Review from June 17, 1954 to August 21, 1958, and again under the title of County of Warner Review and Advertiser between September 1, 1958 and March 30, 1961. Finally, the weekly newspaper returned to its original name, running as the Milk River Review from June 1, 1961 through to November 16, 1961.

State symbols of the President of Ukraine

The official symbols of the head of state () are the state insignia of the President of Ukraine. Pursuant to presidential decree of November 29, 1999, they include four items: colour (standart), collar, bulawa and official seal. Some of the items of the set are adopted from the Cossack regalia (Kleinodien) that once were accepted from the King of Poland Stefan Batory. Standard The Standard of the President of Ukraine is a square royal blue banner, featuring a tryzub, bordered by gold ornament and external fringe of the same colour. The staff is wooden with a round onyx top decorated with an embossed lay-on yellow ornament. Collar The collar represents a chained badge, which consists of a pendant locket, six enameled medallions and twelve decorative links in a special order. All of its elements are joined by shaped rings. Bulawa The presidential bulawa (mace) is made of gold-plated silver and its case from mahogany, decorated with an embossed picture of the minor state coat of arms. The handle and the top of the bulawa feature a decorative ornament and precious stones. The mace symbolizes the continuity of centuries-old traditions of Ukrainian state development. Seal The round presidential seal bears the minor state coat of arms in the centre, around which there is a circular inscription "President of Ukraine". Under the minor coat of arms there is a stylized symbol of the Order of Yaroslav the Wise. The presidential seal is used to certify the signature of Ukrainian President on official documents, certificates of presidential awards and honorary titles of the country, as well as President's messages to the heads of other states. Notes External links Невідома Україна. "Повернута самостійність". Фільм 108 National Cinematheque of Ukraine. 1993 Official Symbols of the President of Ukraine (President.gov.ua)

Dar Derafsh-e Seyyed Karim

Dar Derafsh-e Seyyed Karim (, also Romanized as Dār Derafsh-e Seyyed Karīm) is a village in Baladarband Rural District, in the Central District of Kermanshah County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 63, in 11 families.

Nemile

Nemile () is a village and municipality (obec) in Šumperk District in the Olomouc Region of the Czech Republic. The municipality covers an area of , and has a population of 620 (as at 3 July 2006). Nemile lies approximately south-west of Šumperk, north-west of Olomouc, and east of Prague.

Warohunugamwanehaora

Warohunugamwanehaora is a character in San Cristoval folklore in Melanesia; he is similar to Qat and Maui, being the youngest of a band of brothers. Mythology The youngest of a family of brothers, Warohunugamwanehaora was born and grew to adulthood all in one day. His brothers feared and envied him for his cleverness and strength and under the guidance of the oldest brother, Warohunugaraiia, they try several times to kill him. The first time, they trick Warohunugamwanehaora into a deep hole and drop a post on him, but when they turn around there he is, sitting on top of the pole. Then they try sending him against various vicious animals—a giant clam, a man-eating fish, a wild boar—hoping he will be killed, but each time Warohunugamwanehaora is victorious and when they arrive home he is sitting there waiting for them. Next they try magic, sending the young man up a betel tree and enchanting the tree to become so tall that he will never be able to get back. But Warohunugamwanehaora causes the tree to bend down until it touches the ground in front of his house and again, when the brothers arrive home there he is awaiting them. Finally the brothers decide they must kill him themselves, and devise a plan to cook and eat him. With Warohunugamwanehaora's help they build a mighty oven, and when the fire under it is hot enough they throw him in and pile huge rocks on the top. The oven gets hotter and hotter until even the stones piled on top grow soft; although they feel sure their plan has succeeded, the brothers (wary by this time) wait until the oven is completely cold before opening it. Just as they are pulling the last stones away a voice behind them says, "Is it done, my brothers?" and there behind them, sure enough, is Warohunugamwanehaora. At last out of patience with his brothers, particularly the eldest who has been the instigator of the repeated murder attempts, Warohunugamwanehaora builds a very small oven and a very small fire and tells Warohunugaraiia to get in. Thinking he could not be harmed by such a small cookfire, the eldest brother gets in and is promptly roasted to a turn, and Warohunugamwanehaora and the rest devour him. Sources

Sheykhjanlu

Sheykhjanlu (, also Romanized as Sheykhjānlū) is a village in Khanandabil-e Gharbi Rural District, in the Central District of Khalkhal County, Ardabil Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its existence was noted, but its population was not reported.

Wizard of Wor

Wizard of Wor is an arcade game released in 1980 by Midway. Up to two players fight together in a series of monster-infested mazes, clearing each maze by shooting the creatures. The game was ported to the Atari 8-bit family, Commodore 64, Atari 2600, and Atari 5200 and renamed to The Incredible Wizard for the Bally Astrocade. The original cartridge came with a cash prize offer to the first person to complete the game. Gameplay The players' characters, called Worriors, must kill all the monsters by shooting them. Player one has yellow Worriors, on the right, and player two has blue Worriors, on the left. In a two-player game, the players are also able to shoot each other's Worriors, earning bonus points and causing the other player to lose a life. Team-oriented players can successfully advance through the game by standing back-to-back (such as in a corner) and firing at anything that comes at them. Each dungeon consists of a single-screen rectangular grid with walls and corridors in various formations. The Worriors and the monsters can travel freely through the corridors. Each dungeon has doors at the left and right edges, which connect with each other, making the dungeon wrap around. Whenever a door is traversed by a player or monster, both doors deactivate for a short period, making them impassable. A player who exits the door can pop back through the door immediately when the Worluk or Wizard is in the dungeon. A small radar display indicates the positions of all active monsters. As long as a player has at least one life in reserve, a backup Worrior is displayed in a small sealed cubbyhole at the corresponding bottom corner of the dungeon. When the current Worrior is killed, the cubbyhole opens and the player has 10 seconds to move the backup into play before automatically being forced in. The various monsters include the following: Burwor: A blue wolf-type creature. Garwor: A yellow Tyrannosaurus rex-type creature. Thorwor: A red scorpion-like creature. Worluk: An Insectoid-type creature. Wizard of Wor: A blue wizard. Both Garwors and Thorwors have the ability to turn invisible at times, but will always appear on the radar. All enemies except the Worluk can shoot at the Worriors. Each dungeon starts filled with six Burwors. In the first dungeon, killing the last Burwor will make a Garwor appear; in the second, the last two Burwors are replaced by Garwors when killed; and so on. From the sixth dungeon on, a Garwor will replace every Burwor when killed. On every screen, killing a Garwor causes a Thorwor to appear. There will never be more than six enemies on the screen at once. From the second dungeon on, after the last Thorwor is killed, a Worluk will appear and try to escape through one of the side doors. The level ends when the Worluk either escapes or is killed; in the latter case, all point values for the next dungeon are doubled. The Wizard of Wor will appear in or after the second dungeon once the Worluk has either escaped or been killed. After a few seconds the Wizard will disappear and teleport across the dungeon, gradually approaching a Worrior. The Wizard remains in the dungeon until he shoots a Worrior or is killed. He uses a speech synthesizer to taunt the players throughout the game. Players are referred to as "Worriors" during the first seven levels, then as "Worlords" beyond that point. The "Worlord Dungeons" are more difficult than the earlier levels because they have fewer interior walls. There are two special dungeons with increased difficulty. Level 4 is "The Arena," with a large open area in its center, and Level 13 is "The Pit," with no interior walls at all. A bonus Worrior is awarded before each of these levels. Every sixth dungeon after Level 13 is another Pit. A player who survives any Pit level without losing a life earns the title of "Worlord Supreme." Each dungeon begins with a dramatic rendition of the five-note opening from "Danger Ahead"—the theme to the radio and television series Dragnet—with the fifth note only playing on the "double score dungeon" screen. Reception Wizard of Wor was moderately successful in arcades. Electronic Games called the Atari 8-bit version "outstanding." It similarly praised the arcade version, stating that while one-person and competitive two-person play was excellent, two people cooperating was "a unique playing experience". Danny Goodman of Creative Computing Video & Arcade Games called The Incredible Wizard for the Astrocade "an incredibly good replica" of Wizard of Wor. Video magazine's 1982 Guide to Electronic Games agreed, calling it "a near-perfect translation" of the arcade original. It would go on to be awarded "Best Multi-Player Video Game" at the 4th annual Arkie Awards where it was described as "the finest cartridge ever produced for [the Astrocade]", and the Atari version would be honored at the 5th Arkies with a Certificate of Merit in the same category. Legacy Wizard of Wor is included in the compilations Midway Arcade Treasures 2 (2004) and Midway Arcade Origins (2012).

Klara Semb

Klara Semb (17 October 1884 – 16 October 1970) was a Norwegian folklorist, choreographer and folk dance educator. She was born in Kistiania; the daughter of Ole H. Semb and Amalie Jansen. She studied and documented old folk song traditions, and was leading folk dance courses of the organization Noregs Ungdomslag. She documented regional variations of traditional costumes, the bunad, and was a pioneer in bringing the bunad into a wider public. Among her books are the songbook Norske Folkeviser from 1920 and four volumes treating Norwegian folk dances. She published the children's book Danse, danse dokka mi in 1958. She was decorated Knight, First Class of the Order of St. Olav in 1954.

Joseph William Sutton

Joseph William Sutton (21 October 1844 – 21 February 1914), identified in the print media as J. W. Sutton, was an Australian engineer, shipbuilder, inventor, pioneer in electric lighting and x-ray pioneer in Queensland. Life and times In 1844, Sutton was born in Stepney, London, England. His parents were George Sutton (Shipwright) and Elizabeth Kemmesat. He was christened on 1 December 1844. After Elizabeth's death, the George Sutton with three of his children (Hannah, Henry and Joseph) moved from London and arrived in Sydney 15 October 1852 on board the "Coldstream". (A year later Hannah and Henry were married in the same service 22 December 1853, to Daniel McLauchlan and Jemima Evans respectively at Christ Church St Laurence. Empire Sydney 28/12/1853). Joseph married Mary Hurley (15 September 1847 – 11 July 1926) on 21 October 1869 in Balmain, Sydney. They lived for many years in "Stonehenge" on Bowen Terrace, overlooking the foundry on Kangaroo point. The couple built a home, Hurlton (a name derived from their surnames Hurley and Sutton) in Laurel Avenue, Chelmer in Brisbane. After the death of his widow, Hurlton was purchased in 1928 by William Robert Black, a philanthropist who donated it to the Presbyterian Church for use as a children's home; the house, which is highly modified, is now listed on the Brisbane Heritage Register. Sutton was a prominent figure in Brisbane at the end of the 19th century. Throughout his life, he was keen on experimenting and inventing. Of particular note is the invention of the gold extraction process, which was utilized at the Mount Morgan field. Sutton was interested in the early development of telephones, electric lights and Rontgen rays. Personal life Family: Ellen O'Donnel, (b.27 Sept 1870, d. 2 Jan. 1951), married William Charles Costin (Charles William) Clerk of the Legislative Council and Clerk of Parliaments. Mary Allen, (b. 11 April 1872, d. 26 Feb 1935), married Edward Barton, a prominent electrical engineer and member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly. Joseph William Sutton jun., (b. 10 September 1874, d. 20 Aug. 1941), A.M.I.E.E. was a prominent electrical engineer for the Postmaster General, Brisbane. George Moorehead, (b. July 1876, d. 1 Jun 1879. Georgina Moorehead, (b. 1879, d. 1926). Helen Allison, (b. 1881, d. 1 July 1903), married Henry Beresford Cox Corfield. Sylvia Lenore, (b. 1888, d. 2 September 1888). Sutton died 21 Feb. 1914 and was buried at Toowong Cemetery in Brisbane. At the time they were living at "Inglenenk" Gladstone Road South Brisbane. The Sutton family plot has been long gone, and is now a grassy patch. Early career Joseph received his education in Sydney then indentured at the Sydney firm of John Fitzpatrick, coppersmith. One year after Sutton became a journeyman, he moved to Brisbane. In May 1870, he started business with his friend James Hipwood as Hipwood and Sutton. The partners, with others, started the Bulimba Smelting Works, Mr. Sutton taking the position of manager. To illustrate the language and sign of the times, the following advertisement of 9 June 1870 in The Brisbane Courier is provided. Notice. To all those interested in Sugar Making, Distilling, Brewing, Engineering, &c. Messrs. HIPWOOD & SUTTON will commence business as COPPERSMITHS, BRASSFOUNDERS, FINISHERS, PLUMBERS, &c. about MONDAY, June 13, and are prepared to execute any orders that they may be favored with. Vacuum, Wetzel, Bour, and Tache Pans, Clarifiers, &c.; Rum Stills from 100 to 2000 gallons; Wine and Whiskey Stills, 15 to 100 gallons; Brewing Coppers and Tinned Copper Pipes of all sizes; Copper and Iron Pipes, Lamps, Oil Feeders, &c., and every requisite for the Engine Room. Address: Hipwood & Sutton, Northern Copper Works, Eagle-street, Brisbane. 4858. – The Brisbane Courier The company of Hipwood and Sutton did business as coppersmiths and brassfounders, and remained in business until 1877, at which time the company disbanded. J. W. Sutton and Company Sutton reorganized and continued in business as J. W. Sutton and Company, Engineering Works. In 1880, the business was expanded to Kangaroo Point, as Sutton foresaw the growth of the company to meet the needs of the sugar industry and the engineering trades. At Kangaroo Point, two partners were brought into the business, W. Bussell and W. Hiley. In the 1880s the J. W. Sutton and Company's shipbuilding yard and foundry was a prominent industrial complex at Kangaroo Point. Prior to establishing J. W. Sutton and Company, Sutton was manager at the tin smelting works and foundry at Bulimba. There is a good description of the company in "The Queenslander" 17 June 1883. At this point they employed about 200 men at Kangaroo Point works. In 1885, the city directory listed the business: "SUTTON, J. W., and Co. (J. W. Sutton and W. Hiley), engineers, iron and brass founders, coppersmiths, and iron ship builders, 29 Eagle street; tel. 43. Works, Kangaroo Point; tel. 48". The listing (presumably Sutton's residence) that preceded this entry was: "Sutton, J. W. (J. W. Sutton and Co.), Stonehenge, Bowen terrace". Pugh's Almanac in 1885 listed J.W. Sutton and Co. at Kangaroo Point as a boat and ship builder; as coppersmith and brass founders at 25 Eagle-street and Kangaroo Point; as engineers and iron-founders at Eagle-street with boiler works at Kangaroo Point, smelter and assayer at Eagle-street. The Alexandra Mine and Battery at Palmerville Station, Maytown, Queensland was equipped with a battery plant. The battery plant that supplied electricity included a Cornish boiler in a brick mount with a flue leading to an intact nine metre high metal chimney. The Cornish boiler was manufactured by J. W. Sutton & Co. The firm provided materials and aided in bridge construction for the South Coast railway line in Queensland. In addition, several key sugar factories were equipped with machinery from J. W. Sutton and Co. During the floods of 1893, the original foundry was destroyed. Sutton rebuilt the foundry and was flooded again in the same year. Not long after, the company was sold to Evans, Anderson and Phelan. Kitson Lighting and Heating Company Limited Joseph William Sutton was a manager and consultant engineer. At the end of 1902 Sutton took an extensive trip to Europe and America for the Kitson Light Co. An article on this trip was written in the Brisbane Courier 17 Jan 1903 entitled "An Australian in England and America" From the Richmond River Express 17 Nov 1903: "On Saturday last Ald. Frost, who has been a consistent advocate for a trial of the Kitson light, for the purposes of, town lighting, was kept busy with the able electrical engineer, Mr. J. Sutton, who was sent from Brisbane by the Kitson Light Co. to instal the lamp at the intersection of Walker and Canterbury streets, in putting up the iron post and fixing the necessary machinery for the production of the light." Electrical pioneer On 9 December 1882, at Brisbane Queensland, the public was introduced to electricity by having a demonstration that utilized eight arc lights, erected along Queen Street. The lamps were erected on 20 foot cast iron standards. The power to supply these arc lights was taken from a 10 horsepower Crompton DC generator driven by a Robey steam engine in the foundry of J. W. Sutton & Co. at Adelaide Street. Later, the Brisbane Courier newspaper received electricity supplied from the foundry of J. W. Sutton at Foundry Lane, later called Isles Lane (now the site of a multi storey building). The power was from a 10 hp Crompton DC generator. On 10 December 1882, the J. W. Sutton & Co. offices at Adelaide Street in Brisbane were lighted by electricity for the first time in Queensland. Sutton was the father-in-law of Edward Barton who was also heavily involved in Brisbane's electric lighting. From The Telegraph, Brisbane; 24 Feb 1921. "Mr. W. M. L'Estrange, of the Ipswich Electric Supply Company, Limited; had stated that the residence of Mr. C. Hardie Buzacott, of Chelmer, was one of the first houses in Australia to be lit up by electric light, as Mr. Buzacott had brought a plant out from England about the year 1887, and which he had installed at his residence for lighting purposes. Mr. L'Estrange also stated that about the same time Mr. Sutton, of Laurel, avenue, Chelmer also installed an electric plant at his residence, and, that probably Mr. Sutton's residence with that of Mr. Buzacott's could be claimed to be the first private dwellings to be lit up by electricity in Australia." Education pioneer Sutton was keenly involved in all things educational. Sutton was a founding member of the Brisbane Technical College from September 1882. The college was originally part of the Brisbane School of Arts. In November 1892 Sutton was involved in organising the separation from the School of Arts. Sutton became the chairman of the subcommittee (1897), handling the separation and obtaining a new building. By 1900 Sutton was Chairman of the Brisbane Technical College 1899–1901. In Aug 1900 Sutton was appointed a member of the council of the Brisbane Technical College. By donating to the building fund Mr and Mrs Sutton became life members of the college. Sutton was reappointed to the council in November 1903. He remained as an ordinary member till post 1904. Sutton was also involved with having physics as a foundation discipline in its own right included in the curriculum for the University of Queensland. Post 1904 Sutton's health (most likely deteriorating from his exposure to radiation from X-rays as well as to radium) caused him to slowly withdraw from public life. Photographic pioneer Joseph William Sutton was involved in the very beginning of the Queensland Photographic Society: From "The Week" newspaper Brisbane Sat 20 Sept 1884: "PHOTOGRAPHIC SOCIETY.—The newly formed Queensland photographers' society held a meeting on Monday in rooms over Sloss', confectioners, Queen-street. There was a good attendance of members. The following officers were elected for the ensuing year:—President, the Hon A. C. Gregory; vice-presidents, Professor Pepper, and Mr. J. W. Sutton ; secretary, Mr. J. R. Hall; committee, Messrs. Rickardo, Lyons, and Service." From the beginning Sutton was often availing his steamers to be used to take members along the Brisbane river for photo shoots, as seen from The Brisbane Courier 17 Feb 1885: "The chairman (Sutton on this occasion) notified his intention of taking the members down the Bay, probably on Saturday next, for the purpose of giving them an opportunity to exhibit their skill in "snapping" pretty glimpses of river scenery." In these early days many of the society meetings were held at the Sutton household: Brisbane Courier 25 Jan 1886. "A MEETING of the Queensland Photographic Society was held on Saturday evening at Mr. J.W. Sutton's house. Mr. Sutton, who is vice-president, took the chair..... Mr Sutton very kindly placed his large veranda at the disposal of the members, together with the use of his dark-room for practical demonstrations on the nights of meeting, and also his optical lanterns for exhibitions of transparencies, which generous offer was accepted with a hearty vote of thanks." The Telegraph 17 Mar 1886: "The monthly meeting of the Queensland Photographic Society was held at Mr. J. W. Sutton's house on Monday evening. That gentleman presided....... Mr. Sutton exhibited specimens of prints done with Morgan and Kidd's contact paper, and promised to give a practical demonstration of the process on the next meeting night." The Brisbane Courier 27 July 1886: "A CONVERSAZIONE was held last night at the School of Arts by the Queensland Photographic Society to celebrate the first anniversary of their formation..... The society, which had just completed its first year, at first encountered great difficulties, but through the kindness of several of their members – notably Mr. J. W. Sutton, who had placed many facilities they could not otherwise have obtained at their disposal, they had been very successful. The society now numbered 133 members, and had a satisfactory balance at the bank at its disposal." The Brisbane Courier 1887: The second annual conversazione of the Queensland Photographic Society was held last night in the lecture hall of the Y.M.C.A. with great success...At 9 o'clock Mr J. W. Sutton exhibited, by means of the oxy-hydrogen limelight, a large collection of lantern-slides. This exhibition opened with a number of very fine views of Melbourne buildings and streets and Victorian scenery." The New Photography; Sutton was the first in Brisbane to demonstrate X-Rays and X-Ray photography, only four months after Roentgen's discovery 29th February 1896. Prof. Lyle being the first in Australia on 4th of April 1896, followed by Prof. Bragg 30th May 1896. Displays and awards gained at the Queensland Exhibition Nov 1875: Silver medal, value £3: J. W. Sutton, smelted tin. Certificate of merit: J. W. Sutton, mineral cabinet. 1876: J. W. Sutton, Mineral specimens: First-class. J. W. Sutton, Tin block trophy: Highly commended. Hipwood and Sutton, Bells: First prize 1877: Scientific instruments displayed by Messrs. J. W. Sutton and Co. 1878: Microphone made and exhibited by Mr. J. W. Sutton. Telephones, of which there are several, exhibited by Mr. W. J. Cracknell and H. Starke of the Telegraph Department, and Mr, J. W. Sutton "The prismatic (or fairy) fountain, which has been constructed by Mr. J. W. Sutton for the council of the National Association, was tried on Friday evening, and was found to act admirably; it is placed under the dome of the building, and will add greatly to the beauty of the exhibition, while tending to keep the atmosphere cool and pleasant." 1879: Judge Sugar industry inventor In 1878, Sutton developed a better method to extract sugar from sugar cane juice."What looks like a decided improvement upon the open air methods hitherto followed to evaporate cane juice has just been patented by Messrs. J. W. Sutton and Co., coppersmiths, Brisbane. Mr. Sutton aims at evaporating juice at a heat of from 120° to 180°. This he does in the open air. He obtains the required temperature by means of a steam coil running around his evaporating pan, which is of the ordinary circular form. This heat will not boil the liquor, of course; that he accomplishes by menus of a perforated pipe or coil coming in at the bottom of the evaporating pan. Through this latter coil, a current of air is forced by a fan blast. The air may either be of atmospheric temperature, or it may be heated, as seems most desirable. In the event of heated air being forced into the liquor, or through it, the air is passed through furnaces in a series of pipes, by which means it becomes highly rarefied, and the temperature is raised at the same time. We have seen the apparatus at work, cold air being used, and there was a particularly brisk ebullion, while the temperature of the liquid at first barely marked 130°. Mr. Sutton's calculation at the time was that three gallons were evaporated per hour from each superficial foot of liquid while the temperatures was 180°. The evaporation was certainly very rapid, and the temperature completely under control. Two pans upon this principle have been ordered, one by Mr. R. Muir, of Nerang, who intends to have it at work early next month. The advantage claimed are- at least double the ordinary rate of evaporation by open fire-boiling, with absolute security from burning, and perfect control over the entire apparatus, including facilities for skimming and cleaning the liquor and syrups on the boiling proceeds. Mr. Sutton has gone into this matter, as he has into other improvements, with energy and skill, and deserves the success likely to flow from his efforts.""Messrs. J. W. Sutton and Co. have been granted a patent for an improvement in the manufacture of sugar, and, from the many trials to which it has lately been subjected, is pronounced by those most interested in judging its capabilities a very decided success.""A trial of Messrs. J. and W. Sutton and Co's new patent atmospheric battery for concentrating cane juice was held yesterday afternoon at Mr. O. Randle's sugar plantation, Eagle Farm." X-ray pioneer Sutton had been unsuccessfully trying to obtain x-rays experimenting with spent incandescent lamps and Geisler tubes, and it wasn't until he obtained Röntgen's Crookes tube that he finally became successful. In early July 1896, Sutton was the first to demonstrate X-rays in Brisbane for physician Dr. John Thompson. (See also The Queenslander, illustrated article; radiograph of keys and of hand, on 18 July page 117.) On 8 August 1896, at the invitation of the Royal Society of Queensland, Sutton performed a demonstration of Röntgen rays and in doing so left his mark in the annals of history an Australian pioneer of X-rays in Queensland. Sutton opened with a review of the historical aspects of what was known of the subject. Then he produced a diagram on the blackboard of the electromagnetic spectrum and reviewed the various portions that included the visible, ‘infra red’, ‘heat rays’, ‘ultra violet’ spectrums and the 'unmapped rays'. An account of the evening recalled: "He proceeded to state that photography had revealed the fact that photographically active rays extended a distance of nine or ten times the length of the visual spectrum. and both from the ultra violet and the infra red portion of the spectrum; there emanated a long series of rays which, though quite invisible, possessed chemical energy and heat, and with which it was quite possible to make radiographs through many opaque substances, and it was supposed that somehow in these outskirts of the spectrum, the X-rays would be found if they are associated with light at all." Sutton then explained the apparatus he had prepared to demonstrate. The contraption consisted of an electric battery and large induction coil which provided the electric current to illuminate the Crookes focus tube. He asked the audience to observe an ordinary vacuum tube or Geissler tube. He passed electric current through the tube, a large three-bulb tube, and the tube was instantly filled with the well-known phosphorescent glow. Sutton remarked that X-rays were emanating from the tube, but the rays were so diffuse as to be of no effect. Next, the Geissler tube was replaced by a Crookes tube. Electric current was passed through the Crookes tube. He explained that the Crookes tube had "a more complete vacuum" and "other improvements made". Sutton explained that it was necessary to make additional improvements and refinements in the vacuum tube which required "a more complete vacuum". The final step involved an arrangement of aluminium and platinum discs utilized to focus the X-rays. Further recollections of the evening: "Having thus explained the apparatus, Mr. Sutton made several exposures of plates with remarkably good results. One interesting exposure was a collection of various articles, offering various degrees of opacity to the rays. The development of the plates was admirably carried out by Mr. Ferguson under circumstances decidedly unfavourable to such delicate work, with capital results. The exhibition of articles on the fluorescent screen, where the wonderful effects of the X-rays were at once visible, called forth frequent applause. Coins placed in a cigar case were plainly seen, and so were similar articles placed between two-inch thick deal boards, or in the middle of a thick book. Neither the wood nor the paper seemed to offer much resistance to the light. The proceedings were terminated by a hearty vote of thanks to the lecturer and demonstrator." There are many references in the newspapers of the time of Sutton subsequently performing many demonstrations of these invisible rays using himself and other volunteers from his audiences. He later went on to also demonstrate the invisible rays of radium. Ships built by J. W. Sutton and Company The following is a partial list of ships built by J. W. Sutton and Co. at Kangaroo Point. Information obtained from Lloyd's Register and other sources. See also "Steamers on the River" from Ipswitch to the sea. by William Torrance. 1880, Essex, iron steamship, 79 gross tons. Length: 91', beam 18'6", draft: 6'3". Built as an unpowered lighter until circa 1888 (engine added) and in 1895 the boiler was added. In April 1903, first registered by William Collin & Sons Ltd, Brisbane. She serviced Maryborough, Queensland. 1882, Iceberg, iron screw steamer, 285 tons and 127 feet long. She was 289 gross registered tons, a refrigerated cargo steamship. 1883, Pearl Steamer for the Sandgate and Woody Point Ferry. See: https://www.flotilla-australia.com/qldothers.htm 1883, Mavis, paddle wheel steamer, 47 tons gross measurement, the first steamer to run to Bribie Island. Utilized to convey timber from the Coochin Sawmills to Brisbane, taking back general cargo and supplies for residents in the Bribie district. Built for James Campbell and Sons sawmill. 1883, Redcliffe, Steamer for the Redcliffe and Sandgate Steam Ferry Company. Built June 1883. 1883, Eucalypta, Steamer for Gilbert Burnett, of Cleveland, For carrying timber for his sawmill. Dimensions:— Length, 75 feet; beam, 16 feet and depth of hold, 5 feet. She was propelled by a stern-wheel 11 feet in diameter, driven by a pair of engines of 16 horse-power, fitted with a surface condenser. From "The Telegraph" 18 Aug 1883. 1883, Transit, The first Steam Ferry for the Brisbane River, built for the Brisbane Steam Ferry Company and launched 22 September. From the Brisbane Courier same date: The new vessel is of punt shape, and is 50 ft. long, or 78 ft. over lips. The beam is 18 ft., or, over all sides, 29 ft, ; depth from dock to keel, 6 ft. 4in. The punt has a clear roadway for carriages 14 ft. wide and 50 ft. long. 1884, Atlas, Barge, Launched 20 January. Built for A.S. N. Company. Length overall 85 ft ; breadth of beam, 35 ft depth of hold, 5 ft. She is built of iron, with pitch pine decks. Cargo up to 300 tons. 1884, Maid of Sker, iron paddle steamer with riveted iron hull, 52 tons gross, length: 74’8", beam: 17’, draft: 5’2", fitted with a steam engine capable of sixteen horsepower, twin cylinder condensing steam engine made in Birkenhead, England. The engine and boiler were mounted on deck. For propulsion a paddle wheel was used on each side, she had iron side wheels, a coal fired paddle steamer. She had a crew of 4, her skipper was Rudi Huth. Built for C.H. Philpott of the Nerang River to transport timber from Philpott's Mill to Brisbane. The Maid received her name from a popular novel of the times (published 1872) written by R.D. Blackmore, whose most famous work was Lorna Doone. The maid, in the novel, came from the Sker House in Wales. 1884, Lady Musgrave, iron steamship, 160 gross tons, 88 tons net. Length: 111'2", beam: 20'2", draft: 9'2". Built for William Collin's passenger/cargo trade from Brisbane, Maryborough and Bundaberg. Powered by a compounded engine that produced 45 horsepower. Captain William Collin's first purpose built vessel. Collin built his fortune as a salvager and had previously owned used vessels. Launched 6 September. On 27 March 1904, Lady Musgrave was ship wrecked off Richmond River bar. 1884, Canaipa, iron stern wheel paddle steamer, built and owned by J. W. Sutton & Co. Powered by compound horizontal surface condensing engine of 60 hp. Ship registered at Brisbane. Designed for the Brisbane River – Moreton Bay service and the Brisbane – Southport trade. 1885, Undine, Launched 7 February. Iron Steamer modelled on the Thorneycroft torpedo boats. 60 feet long, her engines are compound surface condensing, cylinders 9in. and 18in. diameter respectively, 16 horse power nominal, 80 indicated. For personal use by J. W. Sutton. Ref "The Week" Sat 21 Mar 1885 1885, Curlew, Tug boat for the Harbours and Rivers Department. Launched 17 Aug 1885. The first of four to be called the Pelican, Seagull, and Hawk. The length is 70 ft. ; beam, moulded, 16 ft.; depth of hold, 7 ft. The Curlew was fitted with compound surface condensing engines, 21-horsepower cylinders, 12in. and 24in, respectively. Brisbane Courier 17 Aug 1885. 1886, Hawk, The last of four tug boats for the Harbours and Rivers Department. 3 September. The dimensions of the boat are; length, 65 ft., width of beam, 16 ft, draft, 5 ft., speed, ten knots, fitted with compound surface condensing engines, 25 h.p. 1889, Tridacna, clamshell hopper. Tridacna is a clam found in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Tinana, Collin steamer. steamer. Hopper dredge, name unknown, contracted to build during the First McIlwraith Ministry. Enterprise. 1897,Cleveland "The Capricornian" 18 May 1897. The suction dredge to the order of Messrs. Brand and Drybrough, of Townsville. The hull is of steel, 80 ft. long, 26 ft. abeam, and 3 ft. deep, with steel deck and both longitudinal and cross bulkheads, dividing the craft into a number of compartments, and giving great strength. Professional service Queensland Amateur Photographic Society, Vice President: 1884–1886, founding member. President: 1892. Queensland Photographic Society, Vice President: 1892. Queensland Philosophical Society, President: 1899. Royal Society of Queensland, President: 1899, member: 1877; Scientific interest: applied physical sciences. J. W. Sutton's presidential address of 1900 "For The People For Education For Science" is an important address outlining the advanced state of science in Brisbane at the turn of the century. Trustee of the Queensland Museum from 20 Nov 1899 till his resignation 10 Oct 1907 (as reported in the Brisbane Telegraph these dates). Queensland Acclimatisation Society, member. Exhibitor and later Judge at the Queensland Exhibition since 1875 (Brisbane Courier 12 July 1875). Served on the Central Bridge Committee 1888 (Kangaroo Point bridge). Patents Improvements in the wet process for the extraction of gold or silver or both from pulverized ores or from other finely-divided material, and in apparatus therefor. No. 3856. Improvements in the separation of gold from its chloride solution. No. 4152. Improvements in the chlorination of pulverized ores containing gold or silver, and in apparatus therefor. No. 4543. Rotary apparatus for generation of chlorin gas, &c. U.S. Patent No. 527,899. "Joseph William Sutton, a subject of the Queen of Great Britain, and a resident of Ohelmer, in the county of Stanley and Colony of Queensland, have invented a certain new and useful improved rotary apparatus to be used in the generation of chlorin gas and its application to the chlorination of finely divided auriferous material and silver ores…" – J.W. Sutton, U.S. Patent No. 527,899. Improvements in recovery of gold precipitated from its chloride solution by sulphate of iron. No. 5625. Pneumatic cushion-spring for wheeled vehicles. U.S. Patent No. 1,048,371.

Operation Tannenbaum

Operation Tannenbaum ("Fir Tree"), known earlier as Operation Grün ("Green"), was a planned but cancelled invasion of Switzerland by Germany and Italy during World War II. Background Before the outbreak of the Second World War, Adolf Hitler made repeated assurances that Germany would respect Swiss neutrality in the event of a military conflict in Europe. In February 1937, he announced to the Swiss federal Councillor Edmund Schulthess that "at all times, whatever happens, we will respect the inviolability and neutrality of Switzerland", reiterating this promise shortly before the German invasion of Poland. These were, however, purely political manoeuvres intended to guarantee Switzerland's passiveness. Nazi Germany planned to end Switzerland's independence after it had defeated its main enemies on the continent. National Socialist attitudes towards Switzerland In a meeting held with Fascist Italy's leader, Benito Mussolini, and foreign minister, Galeazzo Ciano, in June 1941, Hitler stated his opinion on Switzerland quite plainly: In a later discussion, the German foreign minister Joachim von Ribbentrop directly alluded to the possibility of carving up Switzerland between the two Axis powers: In August 1942, Hitler further described Switzerland as "a pimple on the face of Europe" and as a state that no longer had a right to exist, denouncing the Swiss people as "a misbegotten branch of our Volk." From a Nazi viewpoint, Switzerland, as a small, multilingual, decentralized democracy where German-speakers felt more of an affinity with their French-speaking fellow Swiss citizens than towards their German brothers across the border, was the antithesis of the racially homogeneous and collectivised "Führer State". Hitler also believed that the independent Swiss state had come into existence at a time of temporary weakness of the Holy Roman Empire, and now that German power had been re-established after the National Socialist takeover, the independent country of Switzerland had become obsolete. Although Hitler despised the democratically-minded German Swiss as the "wayward branch of the German people", he still acknowledged their status as Germans. Furthermore, the openly pan-German political aims of the Nazi party called for the unification of all Germans into a Greater Germany, which included the Swiss people. The first goal of the 25-point National Socialist Program stated that "We [the National Socialist Party] demand the unification of all Germans in the Greater Germany on the basis of the people's right to self-determination." In their maps of Greater Germany, German textbooks included the Netherlands, Belgium, Austria, Bohemia-Moravia, the German-speaking parts of Switzerland, and western Poland from Danzig (Gdańsk in Polish) to Krakau (Kraków). Ignoring Switzerland's status as a sovereign state, these maps frequently showed its territory as a German Gau. The author of one of these textbooks, Ewald Banse, explained, "Quite naturally we count you Swiss as offshoots of the German nation, along with the Dutch, the Flemings, the Lorrainers, the Alsatians, the Austrians and the Bohemians ... One day we will group ourselves around a single banner, and whosoever shall wish to separate us, we will exterminate!" Various Nazis were vocal about the German intent to "expand Germany's boundaries to the farthest limits of the old Holy Roman Empire, and even beyond." Though not himself politically aligned with the Nazis even if his ideas offered them ideological support, geopolitician Karl Haushofer had also advocated for the partition of Switzerland between its surrounding countries in his work, such that Romandy (Welschland) would be awarded to Vichy France, Ticino to Italy, and Northern, Central and Eastern Switzerland to Germany. Military preparations The Swiss government approved an increase in defence spending, with a first installment of 15 million Swiss francs (out of a total multi-year budget of 100 million francs) to go towards modernisation of the armed forces. With Hitler's renunciation of the Treaty of Versailles in 1935, this spending jumped to 90 million francs. The K31 became the standard-issue infantry rifle in 1933, and was superior to the German Kar98 in ease of use, accuracy, and weight. By the end of World War II, nearly 350,000 would be produced. Switzerland has a unique form of generalship. In peacetime, there is no officer with a rank higher than that of Korpskommandant (3-star-general). However, in times of war and in 'need', the Bundesversammlung elects a General to command the army and air force. On 30 August 1939, Henri Guisan was elected General, with 204 votes out of 227 cast. He immediately began preparations for war. When, two days after his election, the Wehrmacht invaded Poland and World War II began, Guisan called for a general mobilisation and issued Operationsbefehl Nr. 1, the first of what was to become a series of evolving defensive plans. This first plan assigned the existing three army corps to the east, north, and west of Switzerland, with reserves in the center and south of the country. Guisan reported to the Federal Council on September 7 that by the time Britain declared war on Germany, "our entire army had been in its operational positions for ten minutes." He also had his Chief of the General Staff increase the upper service eligibility age from 48 to 60 years (men of these ages would form the rear-echelon Landsturm units), and ordered the formation of an entirely new army corps of 100,000 men. Germany started planning the invasion of Switzerland on 25 June 1940, the day that France surrendered. At this point, the German army in France consisted of three groups with two million soldiers in 102 divisions. Recognizing that Switzerland and Liechtenstein were surrounded by Occupied France and the Axis Powers, Guisan issued Operationsbefehl Nr. 10, a complete overhaul of existing Swiss defensive plans. In this plan, the Fortress Saint-Maurice, the Gotthard Pass in the south, and the Fortress Sargans in the northeast would serve as the defence line. The Alps would be their fortress. The Swiss 2nd, 3rd, and 4th Army Corps were to stage delaying actions at the border, while all who were able were to retreat to the Alpine refuge known as the Réduit national. The population centers were, however, all located in the flat plains in the north of the country. They would have to be abandoned to the German forces in order for the rest of the country to survive. After the armistice with France, Hitler demanded to see plans for the invasion of Switzerland. Franz Halder, the head of Oberkommando des Heeres (OKH), recalled: "I was constantly hearing of outbursts of Hitler's fury against Switzerland, which, given his mentality, might have led at any minute to military activities for the army." Captain Otto-Wilhelm Kurt von Menges in OKH submitted a draft plan for the invasion. Generaloberst Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb's [[Army Group C|Heeresgruppe 'C''']] (HGr. C), led by Generalleutnant Wilhelm List and the 12th Army would conduct the attack. Leeb himself personally reconnoitered the terrain, studying the most promising invasion routes and paths of least resistance. Menges noted in his plan that Swiss resistance was unlikely and that a nonviolent Anschluss was the most likely result. With "the current political situation in Switzerland," he wrote, "it might accede to ultimatum demands in a peaceful manner, so that after a warlike border crossing a rapid transition to a peaceful invasion must be assured." The German plan continued to undergo revision until October, when the 12th Army submitted its fourth draft, now called Operation Tannenbaum. The original plan had called for 21 German divisions, but that figure was downsized to 11 by the OKH. Halder himself had studied the border areas, and concluded that the "Jura frontier offers no favorable base for an attack. Switzerland rises, in successive waves of forest-covered terrain across the axis of an attack. The crossing points on the river Doubs and the border are few; the Swiss frontier position is strong." He decided on an infantry feint in the Jura in order to draw out the Swiss Army and then cut it off in the rear, as had been done in France. With the 11 German divisions and roughly 15 more Italian divisions prepared to enter from the south, the Axis plans were to invade Switzerland with somewhere between 300,000 and 500,000 men. For reasons that are still uncertain, Hitler never ordered the invasion. One theory is that a neutral Switzerland would have been useful to hide Axis gold and to serve as a refuge for war criminals in case of defeat. This may also explain Germany's continued recognition of Sweden's neutrality. One simpler explanation is that there would have been little strategic gain in conquering Switzerland, while a drawn-out and costly mountain war might well have ensued. Although the Wehrmacht feigned moves against Switzerland in its offensives, it never attempted to invade. After D-Day, Operation Tannenbaum was put on hold. German plans for Nazi rule in Switzerland Germany's political objective in the expected conquest of Switzerland was to regain the bulk of the "racially suitable" Swiss population for the German people, and aimed at direct annexation into the German Reich of at least its ethnic German parts. With this purpose in mind, Heinrich Himmler in September 1941 discussed with his subordinate, Gottlob Berger, the suitability of various people for the position of Reichskommissar for the 'reunion' of Switzerland with Germany.Jürg Fink, Die Schweiz aus der Sicht des Dritten Reiches, 1933–1945 (Zurich: Schulthess, 1985), 71–72. This yet-to-be-chosen official would have had the task of facilitating the total amalgamation (Zusammenwachsen) of the Swiss and German populations. Himmler further attempted to expand the SS into Switzerland, with the formation of the Germanische SS Schweiz in 1942. A document named Aktion S, found in the Himmler files, detailed at length the planned process for the establishment of Nazi rule in Switzerland from its initial conquest by the Wehrmacht up to its complete consolidation as a German province. It is not known whether this plan was endorsed by any high-level members of the German government. After the Second Armistice at Compiègne in June 1940, the Reich Interior Ministry produced a memorandum on the annexation of a strip of eastern France from the mouth of the Somme river to Lake Geneva, intended as a reserve for post-war German colonisation. The planned dissection of Switzerland would have accorded with this new French-German border, annexing the French-speaking region of Romandy into the Reich despite the linguistic difference. Italian involvement Germany's wartime ally Italy, under the rule of Benito Mussolini, desired the Italian-speaking areas of Switzerland as part of its irredentist claims in Europe, particularly the Swiss canton of Ticino. In a tour of the Italian alpine regions, he announced to his entourage that "the New Europe ... could not have more than four or five large states; the small ones [would] have no further raison d'être and [would] have to disappear". Switzerland's future in an Axis-dominated Europe was further discussed in a 1940 round-table conference between Italian foreign minister Galeazzo Ciano and German foreign minister Joachim von Ribbentrop, also attended by Hitler. Ciano proposed that in the event of Switzerland's dissolution, it should be divided along the central chain of the Western Alps, since Italy desired the areas to the south of this demarcation line as part of its own war aims. This would have left Italy in control of Ticino, Valais, and Graubünden.

The Steep Ascent

The Steep Ascent is a 1944 novella by the American writer Anne Morrow Lindbergh. It follows a pregnant woman and her pilot husband as they fly from England over France and the Alps to Italy. Reception The book was published in March 1944. The early reviews were negative, comparing the novel unfavorably to Antoine de Saint-Exupéry. Later reviews were more positive and the book went on to sell well. Kirkus Reviews wrote that "the literature of flight has no more gifted contributor than Anne Morrow Lindbergh", and that "her prose style has a rhythm tuned to the rhythm of flight". The critic commended the use of symbology, but wrote that "the immediate value and appeal of the book lies not there, but rather in the spiritual message it carries for each reader".

The Third Rail (album)

The Third Rail (sometimes also referred to as Third Rail) is the fourth and final studio album by New York City-based blues rock band Railroad Jerk, released on October 8, 1996 on Matador Records. Critical reception Chris Nelson, of Addicted to Noise, ranked The Third Rail as his fourth favorite album of 1996. Writing in the Village Voice, Robert Christgau gave the album a B+ grade, writing that on it, the band's frontman Marcellus Hall "...represents Manhattan art-slackerdom like the proud denizen he is." AllMusic's Stephen Thomas Erlewine gave the album 4 out of 5 stars, writing that "...much of the album rocks harder and better than any of their previous records." Track listing Clean Shirt – 4:07 Objectify Me – 3:11 You Forgot – 3:48 Natalie – 4:20 You Bet – 4:32 Well – 4:45 Dusty Knuckle – 4:01 Middle Child – 3:13 This Is Not To Say I Still Miss You – 3:14 Another Nite At The Bar – 2:54 (I Can't Get) No Sleep – 3:47 Sweet Librarian – 1:57 Untitled – 0:33

Aki Aleong

Assing "Aki" Aleong (born December 19, 1934) is a Trinidad and Tobago–born American character actor and singer who has also been active in songwriting and musical production. His first important role was in the 1957 movie No Down Payment, which starred Joanne Woodward and Jeffrey Hunter. He is probably best known for portraying Senator Hidoshi during the first season of Babylon 5, as well as portraying Mr. Chiang, the aide to Nathan Bates in the weekly series of V: The Series. He also portrayed the character of Colonel Mitamura in Farewell to the King. He owned the Gingham Dog fast food restaurant in Hollywood, California, c. 1965. He co-wrote and produced the nonsense doo-wop record Shombalor by Sheriff and the Ravels for Vee-Jay records in 1958. He has a listing in the current "Joel Whitburn's Top Pop Singles 1955–2008" with "Trade Winds, Trade Winds", appearing in November 1961. The song peaked at #101 in Billboard on the "Bubbling Under the Hot 100" charts, and it remained on the chart for four weeks. According to an interview with Aleong on YouTube ("Part 1 of Twyman Creative Insider Interview with Aki Aleong") the song was Number 1 in Los Angeles in 1961. While that is not exactly accurate, "Trade Winds, Trade Winds" did reach Number 10 on KDAY and Number 11 on KRLA, two L.A. Top 40 stations. He is a member of the Media Action Network for Asian Americans (MANAA) and is the executive director for Asians in Media. He is President & CEO of Mustard Seed Media Group. He starred as "Agent X" in the WongFu Productions YouTube short starring Ryan Higa, Agents of Secret Stuff.

Lycium pallidum

Lycium pallidum is a species of flowering plant in the nightshade family known by the common names pale wolfberry and pale desert-thorn. It is native to northern Mexico and the southwestern United States. In Mexico it can be found in Sonora, Chihuahua, Zacatecas, and San Luis Potosi. In the United States it occurs from California to Texas and as far north as Utah and Colorado. Description This shrub grows tall. It is a dense tangle of spiny spreading or erect branches. It can form bushy thickets. The leaves are pale, giving the plant its name. The flowers are solitary or borne in pairs. They are funnel-shaped and "creamy-yellow to yellowish-green" or "greenish cream, sometimes tinged with purple". They are fragrant and pollinated by insects. The fruit is a juicy, oval-shaped, shiny red berry containing up to 50 seeds. The plant reproduces by seed and it can also spread via cuttings, and by suckering and layering. Ecology and habitat This plant grows in many types of desert habitat. It occurs in pinyon-juniper woodland, sagebrush, shrubsteppe, savanna, and other ecosystems. It can grow in high-salinity soils. It is characteristic of the flora of the Mojave Desert, and it also occurs in the Sonoran and Chihuahuan Deserts. In the Mojave Desert it grows alongside plants such as winterfat (Krascheninnikovia lanata), range ratany (Krameria parvifolia), spiny hopsage (Grayia spinosa), Shockley goldenhead (Acamptopappus shockleyi), Fremont dalea (Dalea fremontii), spiny menodora (Menodora spinescens), and species of ephedra, prickly pear, and yucca. In Arizona it grows in riparian habitat with sycamore (Platanus wrightii), willows (Salix spp.), Arizona walnut (Juglans major), Fremont cottonwood (Populus fremontii), alligator juniper (Juniperus deppeana), Arizona white oak (Quercus arizonica), and velvet ash (Fraxinus velutina). This plant is common around Anasazi ruins; they may have simply collected it and dropped the seeds, but it is possible they cultivated it. Many types of animals consume the fruits. Phainopepla especially favor it. Woodrats like the foliage. Uses Native Americans utilized the plant for a number of medicinal and other purposes. The Navajo used it for toothache. They considered it a sacred plant and sacrificed it to the gods. Several groups used the fruit for food by eating it fresh, cooked, or dried, eating it mixed with clay, boiling it into a syrup, and making it into beverages. Among the Zuni people, the berries are eaten raw when perfectly ripe or boiled and sometimes sweetened. The ground leaves, twigs and flowers given to warriors for protection during war.

J. D. Kendis

J. D. Kendis (1886–1957) was an American film producer. He was president of low-budget film company Jay-Dee-Kay Productions, known for its exploitation films released from the mid-1930s to the 1950s. Elmer Clifton directed several of the films. Kendis also released films under the Continental Pictures brand. Ida Kendis was Secretary and Treasurer of his film company. He died in 1957 at age 71. Filmography Guilty Parents (1934) 1937 release of The Hawk (1935) Jaws of the Jungle (1935) Gambling with Souls (1936) Wolves of the Sea (1936) Slaves in Bondage (1937), a sequel to Gambling with Souls Paroled from the Big House, also called Main Street Girl, (1938) Secrets of a Model (1940) Youth Aflame (1941) Escort Girl (1941) Teen Age (1942) Vegas Nights (1948) Hollywood Burlesque (1949)

Prisoner of Love (Miami Sound Machine song)

"Prisoner of Love" was the second single released by the American band Miami Sound Machine on their first English language album, and eighth overall, Eyes of Innocence. The song was written by the band's drummer and lead songwriter Enrique "Kiki" Garcia. Song history The single was released worldwide following the release of the album with great expectations. The lead single, "Dr. Beat", also written by Enrique Garcia, had moderate success, and performed especially well on the dance charts. "Prisoner of Love" was unable to follow the success, debuting on the UK Singles Chart at only #98 and failing to chart elsewhere. The single was only released in Europe. In the United States, "I Need a Man" was released as the second single. Track listing 7" single "Prisoner Of Love" (Enrique E. Garcia) – 3:55 "I Need Your Love" (Enrique E. Garcia) – 4:33 12" single "Prisoner Of Love (Remix)" (Enrique E. Garcia) – 6:36 (remixed by Pablo Flores) "Prisoner Of Love (Instrumental)" (Enrique E. Garcia) – 4:45 "Toda Tuya (Todo Dia Eva Dia De Indio)" (Gloria M. Estefan, Jorge Ben) – 4:39 Charts

Halton Castle, Northumberland

Halton Castle is a pele tower and grade I listed building situated close to Hadrian's Wall to the north of the village of Corbridge in Northumberland, England. The tower was first recorded in 1382 and it is still present today. It has four storeys and a basement with a stone vault. In the 15th century a manor house was built onto the north side of the tower giving it a T-shaped plan. In about 1696 much of this building was demolished by the then owner John Douglas and replaced with the present five bay residence. In 1757 Anne Douglas the heiress of Halton married Sir Edward Blackett and the castle remains a residence of the Blackett family.

Tricholoma saponaceum

Tricholoma saponaceum, also known as the soap-scented toadstool, soapy knight or soap tricholoma is an inedible mushroom found in woodlands in Europe and North America. Taxonomy Tricholoma saponaceum was first described in 1818 by the father of mycology Elias Magnus Fries and given the name Agaricus saponaceus, before being placed in the genus Tricholoma by German mycologist Paul Kummer in 1871. The specific epithet saponaceum is derived from the Latin 'of or pertaining to soap'. Its names in other European languages, such as French Tricolome à odeur de savon, and German Seifenritterling have a similar derivation to its English names-soap-scented toadstool, soapy knight or soap tricholoma—all relating to its soapy scent. Tricholoma saponaceum is yet another fungus which may represent a species complex of two or more species. The variety ardosiacum, described by Italian mycologist Giacomo Bresadola, has a dark blue-grey cap. Description Tricholoma saponaceum has a convex cap with a vague umbo up to across, which flattens with age. The colour is highly variable, with greyish, greenish, olive, yellowish and brownish shades reported. The cap is paler at the margin and fades with age. The widely spaced gills are adnexed and whitish, although may be tinted pale green and bruise pink. The stipe lacks a ring and can be swollen in its midriff, and measures tall by wide. A key distinguishing feature in the western United States is an orange-pink colour at the stipe's base. The spore print is white, and the oval smooth spores measure 5–6 × 3–4 μm. The odour is distinctive and has been likened to newly scrubbed floors or soap. Its gills may lead it to being confused with Hygrophorus species. Distribution and habitat Tricholoma saponaceum is a terrestrial mushroom found in Europe and North America. It is abundant in the Pacific Northwest and Rocky Mountains. It is found in coniferous and deciduous woodlands (more commonly the former in North America) from late summer to late autumn. Spruce, live oak, tanoak, and madrone are species it can be associated with in the western United States. It is associated with oak in Central and southern Europe. Toxicity Bland or mild tasting, the fungus is usually classified as inedible or possibly mildly poisonous in guidebooks.

2002 PBA Commissioner's Cup Finals

The 2002 Samsung-PBA Commissioner's Cup Finals was the best-of-7 basketball championship series of the 2002 PBA Commissioner's Cup and the conclusion of the conference's playoffs. The Batang Red Bull Thunder and Talk 'N Text Phone Pals played for the 82nd championship contested by the league. Batang Red Bull Thunder wins their 2nd PBA title and retain the crown they won in the same conference last season with a 4-3 series victory over the Talk 'N Text Phone Pals. Series scoring summary Games summary Game 1 Jerald Honeycutt poured 22 of his 32 points in the final half as the Phone Pals dictated the tempo up to the last minute. Lordy Tugade drilled three straight triples to push the Thunder to within 98-101, but wrong decisions in the end dash their bid, Tugade converted a twinner with three seconds left instead of shooting a potential game-tying triple. Game 2 Tony Lang turn in a game-high 37 points and joined hands with Willie Miller in the final half to power the Thunder to a victory and redeem himself from a lackluster 14-point output in the first game of the series. Willie Miller, Jimwell Torion and Junthy Valenzuela scored crucial three-pointers in the third and fourth quarter with Miller knocking in 11 of his 14 points in that span, including three triples that broke the backs of the Phone Pals, which lost Victor Pablo early in the game due to a knee injury when he fell on his back while trying to stop Junthy Valenzuela underneath the basket. Game 3 Jerald Honeycutt came up with his third consecutive double-double performance of 26 points and 13 rebounds while Pete Mickeal finished with 21 markers, four of which dealt the killer blows on the Thunder, Mickeal's short jumper and two free throws off a foul by Julius Nwosu capped a remarkable night for the Phone Pals. Game 4 Willie Miller fended off the Phone Pals' last-ditch effort after sinking both of his free throws and knocking in a decisive triple in the final minute to save the Thunder from a total collapse after posting 20-point margins three-fourths of the way before the Phone Pals' uprising. Sean Lampley, who replaces Tony Lang on a short notice, finished with 22 points and 9 rebounds. Game 5 A 25-10 run by the Phone Pals broke the 30-all count at halftime and allow them to settle comfortably on a 55-40 advantage entering the fourth quarter. The Thunder's miscues and lethargic plays in which the Phone Pals forced them to costly turnovers saw the previous lowest output in a championship game set by Alaska in 2000 were shattered as Red Bull finished the game with only 55 points. Game 6 Donbel Belano, Gilbert Demape and Jerald Honeycutt made their shots from the outside as the Phone Pals' three-point shooting clicked to keep them ahead, 43-39, in the first half. Game 7 Jimwell Torion drained a game-clinching triple with 1:31 left that found its mark and dashed the hopes of the Phone Pals, the tough defense put up by both teams resulted to an all-time low combined total of 127 points in the final game and the lowest winning output of 67. Roster Broadcast notes

Dock jumping

Dock jumping also known as dock diving is a dog sport in which dogs compete in jumping for distance or height from a dock into a body of water. There are dock jumping events in the United States and other countries such as United Kingdom, Australia, Germany, and Austria. History Dock jumping first appeared in 1997 at the Incredible Dog Challenge, an event sponsored and produced by pet food manufacturer Purina. There are now a number of organizations that run dock jumping competitions in different countries. In the United States, DockDogs was established in 2000; its first event was at the ESPN 2000 Great Outdoor Games competition. The Super Retriever Series Super Dock was also established in 2000 and created as a qualifier for ESPN Great Outdoor Games along with the Retriever Trials. www.superretrieverseries.com Splash Dogs was started in 2003. Ultimate Air Dogs was founded in 2005, by former Major League Baseball player Milt Wilcox. In 2008, UAD partnered with the United Kennel Club (UKC) which added dock jumping as a recognized UKC sport. In 2009, UKC also recognized competitions run by Splash Dogs. Dogs can get UKC titles by competing in dock distance or height jumping like they can in agility, obedience, weight pulling, and others. North American Diving Dogs was formed in 2014 and offers diving dog titles recognized by the American Kennel Club (AKC) and Canadian Kennel Club (CKC). In the United Kingdom, Dash 'n' Splash, which runs competitions across southern England, was established in 2005, followed by JettyDogs in 2007. K9 Aqua Sports was started in 2014, and runs competitions across all of England and Scotland Dock The dock is usually long by wide and above the water surface, but may differ depending on the sanctioning organization. Any body of water or pool that is at least deep can be used. The dock is covered in artificial turf, carpet, or a rubber mat for better traction and safety for the competitors. The handler may use any amount of the dock and they may start their dog from any point on the dock when competing. Official jump distance The jump distance is measured, by most organizations, from the lateral midpoint of the end of the dock to the point at which the base of the dog's tail (where the tail meets the body) breaks the water's surface. DockDogs Big Air Discipline measures the distance to the point that the base of the dog's tail breaks the surface of the water. Purina's Incredible Diving Dog event measures the distance to the point that the dog's nose is at when its body enters the water. The jump distance is measured electronically using digital video freeze frame technology or, in some cases, is measured manually by judges. Each team takes two jumps in round-robin format. The longer of the two jumps is that team's score for that competition. A jump in which the dog's tail enters the water at a point further from the dock than another part of the dog's body is scored using the point of the dog (for example, the head/nose) that breaks the surface of the water closest to the dock. If the dog's strides are off so that the dog starts its jump before the end of the dock, that is a disadvantage, because the jump is always judged from the edge of the dock, not from where the dog leaves the dock. A jump is only official if or when the toy leaves the handler's hand. The dog is not required to retrieve the toy for the jump to count. Techniques Two different techniques can be used to encourage the dog to jump into the water. Place and send Walk the dog to the end of the dock and or, hold the dog back while throwing the toy into the water. Walk the dog back to the starting point, place the dog, then release or send the dog to go get the toy. This is effective for dogs that are not trained to wait or stay on the dock, especially if they have a lot of speed and can compensate for the lack of lift at the end of the dock. Chase The dog is placed in a stay or wait at its starting position on the dock. The handler walks to the end of the dock holding the toy, then calls the dog and throws the toy, trying to keep the toy just in front of the dog's nose so they chase it into the water. The goal is to use this method to get the dog at the optimum launch angle to increase distance by getting him to jump up, instead of just out or flat, as with place and send. The chase method is difficult to master. However, if the dog is toy-driven, he can be trained to follow the toy. Divisions There are many divisions depending on the sanctioning organization. All teams are ranked according to how far they jump and are rated against teams within their own divisions for placements. Even small dogs have their own division, "lap dogs", along with older dogs (8 years and older), the "veteran" division. DockDogs also recognizes dogs over the age of 10 with their "Legend Dog" division. Notable competitions ESPN's Great Outdoor Games Super Retriever Series Records

Jo Bannister

Jo Bannister (born 31 July 1951 in Rochdale, Lancashire) is a British crime fiction novelist. Life and work She began her career as a journalist and rose to become editor of the County Down Spectator before resigning to devote all her time to her writing. She has had over 30 novels published both in English and translated into several other languages. Most of these belong to five series, while nine are standalone novels. Her books are well reviewed, with the New York Times, for example, referring to her "solid series of British police procedurals", and praising the Castlemere novels for their "superb character work" in the context of a "deeply satisfying series". Clio Rees and Harry Marsh novels Striving with Gods ( An Uncertain Death) (1984) Gilgamesh (1989) The Going Down of the Sun (1989) The Fifth Cataract (2005) Mickey Flynn novels Shards (a.k.a. Critical Angle) (1990) Death and Other Lovers (1991) Castlemere novels A Bleeding of Innocents (1993) Charisma (a.k.a. Sins of the Heart) (1994) A Taste for Burning (a.k.a. Burning Desires) (1995) No Birds Sing (1996) Broken Lines (1998) The Hireling's Tale (1999) Changelings (2000) Rosie Holland novels The Primrose Convention (1997) The Primrose Switchback (2000) Brodie Farrell novels Echoes of Lies (2001) True Witness (2002) Reflections (2003) The Depths of Solitude (2004) Breaking Faith (2005) Requiem for a Dealer (2006) Flawed (2007) Closer Still (2008) Liars All (2009) Hazel Best & Gabriel Ash novels Deadly Virtues (2013) Perfect Sins (2014) Desperate Measures (2015) Other Countries (2017) Kindred Spirits (2018) Standalone novels The Matrix (1981) The Winter Plain (1982) A Cactus Garden (1983) Mosaic (1986) The Mason Codex (a.k.a. Unlawful Entry) (1988) The Lazarus Hotel (1996) Tinderbox (2006) From Fire and Flood (2007) Fathers and Sins (2008) Death in High Places (2011)

Jack Regan (hurler)

Jack Regan (born 7 August 1995) is an Irish hurler who plays as a full-forward for the Meath senior team. Born in Summerhill, County Meath, Regan first played competitive hurling at juvenile and underage levels with the Kiltale club. He eventually became a member of the club's senior team, and has won five county senior championship medals since 2012. Regan made his debut on the inter-county scene at the age of sixteen when he was selected for the Meath minor team. After winning an All-Ireland medal in his debut year, he had two further championship seasons with the minor team. Regan subsequently joined the Meath under-21 team, winning an All-Ireland medal as captain in 2016. By this stage he had also joined the Meath senior team, making his debut during the 2014 league. Honours Kiltale Meath Senior Hurling Championship: 2012, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017 Meath All-Ireland Under-21 B Hurling Championship: 2016 (c) All-Ireland Minor B Hurling Championship: 2011

Blinding White Noise: Illusion and Chaos

Blinding White Noise: Illusion & Chaos is the debut album by progressive metal band Skyharbor. It was released on April 23, 2012 through Basick Records. This is a double-disc album. Daniel Tompkins (who would later join Skyharbor) performed vocal duties on disc one (Illusion), and Sunneith Revankar (Bhayanak Maut) performed vocal duties on disc two (Chaos). The album features several guest appearances, including Marty Friedman (ex-Megadeth) who performed guitar solos on 'Catharsis' and 'Celestial'. Vishal J. Singh of Amogh Symphony contributed a classical guitar solo on 'Celestial' as well. New Zealand based musician and renowned producer Zorran Mendonsa played additional guitars on 'Trayus'. Disc 2 (Chaos) features largely harsh vocals with the occasional clean sung chorus, while Disc 1 (Illusion) features almost entirely clean vocals. Track listing Disc one Disc two Personnel Skyharbor Keshav Dhar - Guitars, Bass, Drum programming, Production & Mixing Additional musicians Daniel Tompkins - Vocals and Lyrics on Disc One Sunneith Revankar - Vocals and Lyrics on Disc Two Marty Friedman - Guitar Solos on 'Catharsis' and 'Celestial' Vishal J. Singh - Guitar Solo on 'Celestial' Zorran Mendonsa - Additional Guitars on 'Trayus'

Holy League (1571)

The Holy League (, , ) of 1571 was arranged by Pope Pius V and included the major Catholic maritime states in the Mediterranean except France. It was intended to break the Ottoman Empire’s control of the eastern Mediterranean Sea and was formally concluded on 25 May 1571. Its members were: the Papal States under Pius V, Habsburg Spain under Philip II (including Naples and Sicily), the Republic of Venice, the Republic of Genoa, the Knights of Malta, the Grand Duchy of Tuscany and the Order of Saint Stephen under Cosimo I de' Medici, the Duchy of Savoy under Emmanuel Philibert, the Duchy of Urbino under Guidobaldo II della Rovere, the Duchy of Parma under Ottavio Farnese. These states were to have a force of 200 galleys, 100 other ships, 50,000 infantry, 4,500 cavalry and adequate artillery ready by 1 April each year. Don Juan de Austria, illegitimate half-brother of King Philip II of Spain, was designated supreme commander. The League kept membership open for the Holy Roman Empire, France and Portugal, but none of them joined. The Empire preferred to maintain its truce with Istanbul, while France had an active anti-Spanish alliance with the Ottomans. Portugal had no forces to spare, owing to its heavy engagement in its own Moroccan campaign, its ongoing maritime confrontations with the Ottomans in the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean, and colonial conflicts with the Malaccan and Johorean Sultanates The League initially assembled a fleet to aid the Venetian defenders of Cyprus which was invaded by Ottoman forces under the command of Lala Mustafa in July 1570, but was too late to prevent the island's capture by the Ottomans. On 7 October 1571, the League won a decisive victory over the Ottoman fleet at the Battle of Lepanto in the Gulf of Patras. The fleet of the Holy League in this engagement consisted of 212 warships (206 galleys and 6 galleasses, the modern large galleys developed by Venice) with 1,815 guns and manned by 28,500 infantry. The majority of warships were Venetian (6 galleasses, 109 galleys), the next largest contingent were Spanish (49 galleys, including 26 galleys from Naples, Sicily and other Italian territories), and Genoese (27 galleys), with additional warships from the Papal States (seven galleys), the Order of Saint Stephen from the Grand Duchy of Tuscany (five galleys), the Duchy of Savoy and the Knights of Malta (three galleys each), and some privately owned galleys in Spanish service. The victory at Lepanto confirmed the de facto division of the Mediterranean, with the eastern half under firm Ottoman control and the western under the Habsburgs and their Italian allies. The following year, as the allied Christian fleet resumed operations, it faced a renewed Ottoman navy of 200 vessels under Kılıç Ali Pasha, but the Ottoman commander actively avoided engaging the allied fleet and headed for the safety of the fortress of Modon. The arrival of the Spanish squadron of 55 ships evened the numbers on both sides and opened the opportunity for a decisive blow, but friction among the Christian leaders and the reluctance of Don John squandered the opportunity. Pius V died on 1 May 1572. The diverging interests of the League members began to show, and the alliance began to unravel. In 1573, the Holy League fleet failed to sail altogether; instead, Don John attacked and took Tunis, only for it to be retaken by the Ottomans in 1574. Venice, fearing the loss of her Dalmatian possessions and a possible invasion of Friuli, and eager to cut her losses and resume the trade with the Ottoman Empire, initiated unilateral negotiations with the Porte. The Holy League was disbanded with the peace treaty of 7 March 1573, which concluded the War of Cyprus.

Bruce Peebles & Co. Ltd.

Bruce Peebles & Co. Ltd. was an Edinburgh industrial electrical engineering company. Early history The company was founded as D. Bruce Peebles & Co. by Scottish engineer David Bruce Peebles (1826–1899) in Edinburgh in 1866. The company initially specialised in gas engineering but later expanded to include electrical engineering as well. It continued to trade after Peebles' death and, in 1902, the name was changed to Bruce Peebles & Co. Ltd. The company held the British manufacturing rights for the Cascade converter and a licence to manufacture three-phase electrical equipment designed by Ganz of Budapest. Canadian Electric Traction Company In 1903, Peebles expanded into Canada. Along with other investors, it formed the Canadian Electric Traction Company and supplied the three-phase equipment, car motors and generators for the South Western Traction Company of London, Ontario. The main line ran 28-miles between London and Port Stanley, a resort town on Lake Erie. It was the only three-phase traction line in Canada, and was closed in 1918. New factory In 1904 the company opened a new factory at a site in East Pilton, Edinburgh, employing 3,000 at its peak in the 1950s. The works had its own internal railway system, which was electrified and used electric shunting locomotives built by Peebles themselves. This was the first electric line in Edinburgh (main line electrification did not reach Edinburgh until the early 1990s). In 1905 the company was exhibiting at the Third International Electric Tramway and Railway Exhibition. It also manufactured at least one (from an order of ten) electric locomotives for the Portmadoc, Beddgelert and South Snowdon Railway. War work During both World Wars, the works produced shells, submarine and aircraft parts, tank and electrical equipment such as mobile search lights and minesweeping units. Woodhead Line electrification It was the main sub contractor for the electrification of the Woodhead Line between Manchester and Sheffield from 1947–1954, a major engineering achievement. Throughout this period it specialised in large scale transformers for power stations, including the world's largest 400 kV 'quadrature booster' for the UK national grid. It also produced heavy electric motors for various uses, including railway locomotives. Ownership changes The company became part of the Reyrolle Parsons Group in 1969, part of Northern Engineering Industries in 1977 and part of Rolls Royce plc in 1989. Many young electrical engineers were taken on by this company, with a special course in electrical engineering being run at the nearby Telford College. They gained skills in highly specialised work, and Peebles' products were exported all over the world. The late Ron Brown, MP for Leith, was employed by the company, as was the late Sir Duncan McDonald who was the chief transformer designer. The business divided In 1998 the business was split, with the Peebles Electrical Machine Division (Motors & Generators) being acquired by Pope (Australia) and the Transformer Division going to the Austrian company VA Tech. Transformer division In April 1999 a substantial fire destroyed the main transformer works in East Pilton. The company decided that a replacement factory should be relocated to Leith Docks to better facilitate transfer of the largest transformers onto ships for export. The Pilton site was sold for residential redevelopment. VA Tech closed the Leith factory during 2005 and continued service work only. The entire VA Tech company became part of Siemens that year. Motors & Generators division The motors & generators business relocated to Wood Road in the nearby Rosyth dockyard. Parsons Peebles Motor & Generators was acquired by Clyde Blowers Capital in January 2013. The company is still located in the Royal dockyard Rosyth and continues to manufacture and service specialised motors and generators.

Prince Max Emanuel of Thurn and Taxis (b. 1935)

Max Emanuel Prinz von Thurn und Taxis (born 7 September 1935) is the heir presumptive to the nominal Fürst von Thurn und Taxis title held, according to the traditional house law of the former German princely House of Thurn and Taxis, by his nephew Albert, 12th Prince of Thurn and Taxis. Max Emanuel is a member of the former German princely House of Thurn and Taxis, whose wealth derives from founding the German postal service and brewing. These preparations were defeated however, after locals and a conservation society managed to get a local referendum held in 1997 to scrap the plans. Max Emanuel continued his plans four years later to build a hotel and golf course on the same site. People living nearby were upset that the view seen from the castle's grounds would be ruined by new construction meant for tourists; consequently the local council ruled that most of the land surrounding the castle was unusable for commercial development. Max Emanuel responded to these complaints by saying a luxury hotel would draw wealthy visitors to the village and help the local economy; restaurant, shop owners, and other members of the tourist industry tended to favor his plans, while village counselors, local farmers and others were opposed, believing that any commercial development would ruin the rural landscape and create too much noise. Those in favor of King Ludwig's legacy stated that the hotel would violate the romantic legacy the mad king left. A bureaucratic mistake during initial plans four year previously left one piece of land available for commercial development in 2001, a fact that Max Emanuel was able to take advantage of. With a seat on the council as a Christian Social Union member, he proceeded with plans for a scaled-down leisure complex of 50 rooms and a six-hole golf training course, which the Bavarian state parliament ruled to be legal. Critics complained that even these plans would impede the views of the castle, as it would be easy for further construction to continue building the site up. As a result of these new plans, efforts were quickly underway by various groups, such as the Bavarian Society for the Protection of Nature, to declare the castle and surrounding land a world heritage site. Max Emanuel and his family stated that if the plans were not approved, they would be forced to sell Schloss Bullachberg (the property in the shadow of the castle) as well as a nearby ancestral castle that required restoration; many saw this announcement as a barely concealed threat: if their plans were rejected, these properties might be sold to another developer with even more unpleasant plans for the area. Construction plans still remain in limbo today; in 2006, Porsche Automobil Holding SE acquired the property, intending to continue the project.

Æthelwig

Æthelwig (c. 1013–16 February in either 1077 or 1078) was an Abbot of Evesham before and during the Norman Conquest of England. Born sometime around 1010 or 1015, he was elected abbot in 1058. Known for his legal expertise, he administered estates for Ealdred, the Bishop of Worcester prior to his election as abbot. After his election, he appears to have acted as Ealdred's deputy, and was considered as a possible successor when Ealdred was elected Archbishop of York. Æthelwig worked during his abbacy to recover estates that had been lost to Evesham, as well as acquiring more estates. After the Norman Conquest, in 1066, Æthelwig was one of the few Englishmen trusted by the new King William the Conqueror, and was given authority over parts of western England. As part of his duties, he was a royal judge and held important prisoners. During the Harrying of the North in 1069–1070, Æthelwig gave aid to refugees from the north of England. He also helped the king in the rebellion of 1075, preventing one of the rebels from joining the others. Æthelwig died on 16 February in either 1077 or 1078, and was memorialised in a work on his life that was later incorporated in the Chronicon Abbatiae de Evesham, a 13th-century history of the abbey and its abbots. Early life and election as abbot Æthelwig was probably born about 1010 to 1015, and inherited a large amount of land from his family. He served as an administrator of the estates of Ealdred, the Bishop of Worcester, as well as those of Evesham Abbey. Æthelwig was also known as a legal expert. He was elected abbot in 1058, and was blessed on 23 April 1058, by Ealdred, who was the diocesan bishop for Evesham. He replaced the previous abbot, Mannig, who had become paralysed. One story has it that Ealdred asked King Edward the Confessor to give the abbacy to Æthelwig, another, in the Chronicon de Abbatiae Evesham, a history of Evesham Abbey, states that it was Mannig who asked the king to make the appointment. The Chronicon also states that the blessing took place at Gloucester, and that Ealdred was Archbishop at the time, although Ealdred did not become Archbishop of York until 1060. During Æthelwig's abbacy, he appears to have acted as the deputy for Ealdred, as bishop of Worcester. In 1062, he was one of the candidates to succeed Ealdred as bishop, when Ealdred was promoted to Archbishop of York, but Wulfstan was chosen instead. Æthelwig also served as a judge for King Edward the Confessor, at one point hearing a case at the royal court along with Wulfstan and Regenbald, the chancellor. The abbot also led military forces in battle, and served King Edward as an advisor. Æthelwig's relationship with Wulfstan, when Wulfstan was acting as the abbot's diocesan bishop, appears to have been tense, for on the only recorded visitation by Wulfstan to Evesham during Æthelwig's abbacy, Æthelwig was not there. Although in legal matters Wulfstan and Æthelwig were in conflict, personally, Æthelwig is said to have regarded Wulfstan as a father figure, and as the abbot's confessor. The fact that the Evesham's house chronicle appears to have been reworked after 1100 to gloss over embarrassing incidents of the abbots submitting to the bishops of Worcester makes evaluation of Æthelwig's relations with his episcopal superiors more difficult. During Edward's reign, Æthelwig worked to recover some of the abbey's estates that had been granted to others in the past but had not been returned to the abbey's custody. He managed to restore the abbey's possession of a number of these lost estates. A large section of the description of the abbot's life in the Chronicon is concerned with a listing of estates that Æthelwig acquired or recovered. The estates listed were in the counties of Worcestershire, Warwickshire, and Gloucestershire. After the Conquest After the Norman Conquest, Æthelwig was trusted by the new king, William the Conqueror, and given some administrative duties. Æthelwig was one of a very small number of native Englishmen trusted by the king, which group included Ealdred and Wulfstan. Probably in 1069, Æthelwig was given authority in the former lands of the Mercian kingdom. After the deposition of Godric, the abbot of Winchcombe Abbey in 1070, Æthelwig served as his jailor. In 1072, Æthelwig was acting as a royal judge in the western part of England. During the rebellion of 1075, Æthelwig kept Roger de Breteuil, the Earl of Hereford, one of the rebels, from joining up with the other rebels. In this action, Æthelwig was assisted by Wulfstan, as well as the sheriff of Worcestershire, Urse d'Abetot. Æthelwig also took the opportunity after the Norman Conquest to acquire more lands, obtaining 36 estates by redeeming loans. Æthelwig used his knowledge of English law not only on his own account, but to aid the new Norman ecclesiastics, such as Lanfranc, the Archbishop of Canterbury, and Serlo, the Abbot of Gloucester. A number of English landowners commended themselves into Æthelwig's care after the Conquest, and this led to conflicts over who owned the lands after Æthelwig's death. Although Æthelwig was known for his loyalty to King William, he had an uncle who held land at Witton who died fighting for King Harold Godwinson, probably at the Battle of Stamford Bridge. While abbot, even after the Conquest, Æthelwig continued to build and ornament his abbey in the Anglo-Saxon style, not the Norman Romanesque which was being used in many of the other churches and abbeys. Besides his administrative and legal duties, Æthelwig was known for his care for the sick and the poor, as well as lepers. After the Harrying of the North by King William in 1069–1070, Æthelwig offered shelter to refugees from the ravaged areas. The Chronicon states that Æthelwig offered aid to the refugees because of his charitable nature, but it is possible that it was also part of his royal duties in western England. Æthelwig also administered Winchcombe Abbey for a number of years, at first from 1066 to 1069 when a Norman monk was appointed abbot, and then again from 1075 until Æthelwig's death. Hemming, a medieval monastic writer from Worcester Priory, wrote of Æthelwig that he "surpassed everyone by his intelligence, his shrewdness and his knowledge of worldly law". The Chronicon reports that Æthelwig suffered from gout, and states that it was the cause of his death. Æthelwig died in either 1077 or 1078. The Chronicon gives his death date as 16 February 1077, but it is unclear if the Chronicon began its years on 1 January or in March, so the date could be 1077 or 1078. Writing about Æthelwig A near-contemporary account of Æthelwig's life, or Vita, is included in the Chronicon Abbatiae de Evesham, the monastic chronicle for Evesham Abbey. This was a 13th-century work by Thomas of Marlborough, which was written to bolster the Evesham's case for exemption from the jurisdiction of the Bishops of Worcester, in whose diocese Evensham was. In order to do this, Thomas incorporated earlier works dealing with Evesham's history, including the work on Æthelwig. However, because of Thomas' purpose in composing the Chronicon, he probably altered some of the texts he included, and it appears that the life of Æthelwig was first incorporated into a complete history of the abbey and then that composit work was adapted by Thomas into his Chronicon. The main evidence for this is internal stylistic evidence, where the Æthelwig material is stylistic uniform with other material dating to prior to 1077, with information after 1077 forming a separate writing style. The historian R. R. Darlington argued that the Vita was written right after Æthelwig's death, but another historian, David Knowles, wrote that it probably was written about 1110, possibly by the prior of Evesham, Dominic. Antonia Gransden, another historian, agrees with Darlington, and finds it more likely to have been written shortly after Æthelwig's death. The work itself is not a hagiography, in that it doesn't attribute any miracles to Æthelwig, and instead is a mix of charters and narratives. Nor does it give any details on Æthelwig's early life or his selection as abbot. A large portion of the work is a detailed list of lands acquired by Æthelwig for the abbey, and concludes with a short description of the abbott's death. Citations

Ungra

Ungra (; ) is a commune in Brașov County, Romania. It is composed of two villages, Dăișoara (Dahl; Longodár) and Ungra. In Ungra there is a medieval 13th century Transylvanian Saxon church and many old houses. At the 2011 census, 88.4% of inhabitants were Romanians, 8.4% Roma, 1.7% Germans and 1.5% Hungarians.

Multi expression programming

Multi Expression Programming (MEP) is a genetic programming variant encoding multiple solutions in the same chromosome. MEP representation is not specific (multiple representations have been tested). In the simplest variant, MEP chromosomes are linear strings of instructions. This representation was inspired by Three-address code. MEP strength consists in the ability to encode multiple solutions, of a problem, in the same chromosome. In this way one can explore larger zones of the search space. For most of the problems this advantage comes with no running-time penalty compared with genetic programming variants encoding a single solution in a chromosome. Example of MEP program Here is a simple MEP program: 1: a 2: b 3: + 1, 2 4: c 5: d 6: + 4, 5 7: * 3, 5 On each line we can have a terminal or a function. In the case of functions we also need pointers to its arguments. When we decode the chromosome we obtain multiple expressions: E1 = a, E2 = b, E4 = c, E5 = d, E3 = a + b. E6 = c + d. E7 = (a + b) * d. Which expression will represent the chromosome? In MEP each expression is evaluated and the best of them will represent the chromosome. For most of the problems, this evaluation has the same complexity as in the case of encoding a single solution in each chromosome. Software MEPX MEPX is a cross platform (Windows, Mac OSX, and Linux Ubuntu) free software for automatic generation of computer programs. It can be used for data analysis, particularly for solving regression and classification problems. libmep Libmep is a free and open source library implementing Multi Expression Programming technique. It is written in C++. hmep hmep is a new open source library implementing Multi Expression Programming technique in Haskell programming language.

Canada–Holy See relations

Although the Roman Catholic Church has been territorially established in Canada since the founding of New France in the early 17th century, Holy See–Canada relations were only officially established during the pontificate of Pope Paul VI in 1969. In part, this is because the Holy See had lost its territorial sovereignty over the Papal States during the pontificate of Pope Pius IX and that territorial sovereignty over Vatican City State was only established by the Lateran Treaty of 1929. Also, relations with neighbouring Italy were poor during the Mussolini regime and were only re-established in the post-1945 era. Areas of cooperation between Ottawa and Rome have traditionally included education, health care, the struggle against poverty and international diplomacy. Before the establishment of the welfare state, Church involvement was evident in many sectors of Canadian society. Today, Canada's international preoccupations in favor of justice and peace are often in line with those of Rome which favors dialogue on a global level. Pope John Paul II was the first pope to visit Canada in 1984 and re-visited Canada in 1987 and 2002. 17th and 18th centuries After the British conquest of 1759, relations with Rome were temporarily frozen and Jesuits were forbidden from entering the country. However, religious tolerance was quickly re-established under the 1774 Quebec Act, owing to the anti-American sentiment of colonial administrators. Before the 1774 Quebec Act, Lower Canada's remaining bishops began to die as they succumbed to old age, and new bishops and cardinals were blocked from entering by British Administrators. After the last death in 1768, the British colonial governor reversed his decision and began to allow limited numbers of Catholic Administrator to enter, paving the way for the Quebec Act 1774. As a result of the religious freedoms it granted to Catholics, Colonial Americans in the 13 colonies (because of their anti-Catholic stance) labeled it as one of the "Intolerable Acts" an influence to the start of the American Revolution. 19th century John A. Macdonald, Canada's first prime minister, is thought to have had problematic relations with the Church, as it was manifest by the anger of many Catholics against Macdonald during the Louis Riel affair, a conflict which had many sectarian undertones. In the 19th century, Pope Leo XIII had an apostolic delegation and did send diplomatic envoys to important socio-political events in Canada. Pope Leo took a strong interest in Canadian affairs and wrote the encyclical Affari Vos on the Manitoba Schools Question. 20th century Wilfrid Laurier, Canada's first francophone prime minister, had genuinely good relations with Pope Pius X, and during his time as PM the Church went through a relatively prosperous period in terms of vocations and social influence. Pierre Trudeau, another Quebec Catholic PM, was raised as a strict Catholic, but later cooled to the institution after the publication of Humanae Vitae in 1968. After 1968, Trudeau passed a number of liberal laws on divorce, adultery, homosexuality and abortion, laws which have profoundly liberalized and secularized Canadian society. Governors General of Canada have sometimes been very Catholic. Jules Léger was the brother of Cardinal Paul-Émile Léger. Jeanne Sauvé was a former member of the Catholic Action movement. Georges Vanier was a servant of God who has been proposed for beatification. In practice, abortion was only completely legalized under the government of Conservative Catholic Brian Mulroney, who personally objected to it but could not prevent a 1988 Supreme Court decision removing all previous restrictions to the procedure.

Hiwannee, Mississippi

Hiwannee is an unincorporated community in Wayne County, in the U.S. state of Mississippi. History A post office called Hiwannee was established in 1901, and remained in operation until 1973. Hiwannee is a name derived from the Choctaw language purported to mean "fruit-destroying insect". Variant transliterations are "Hewhannee" and "Hiyoowanne".

Rudnik (Gornji Milanovac)

Rudnik is a village in the municipality of Gornji Milanovac, Serbia. According to the 2011 census, the town has a population of 1,490 people. History In 1363 it was under the control of Nikola Altmanović. It probably fell under the control of his uncle Vojislav Vojinović some years early and had been granted to Nikola as a vassal.