Where else is H2 applied?
doc-7688
Apart from its use as a reactant, H
2 has wide applications in physics and engineering. It is used as a shielding gas in welding methods such as atomic hydrogen welding. H2 is used as the rotor coolant in electrical generators at power stations, because it has the highest thermal conductivity of any gas. Liquid H2 is used in cryogenic research, including superconductivity studies. Because H
2 is lighter than air, having a little more than 1⁄14 of the density of air, it was once widely used as a lifting gas in balloons and airships.
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doc-7674
A molecular form called protonated molecular hydrogen (H+
3) is found in the interstellar medium, where it is generated by ionization of molecular hydrogen from cosmic rays. This charged ion has also been observed in the upper atmosphere of the planet Jupiter. The ion is relatively stable in the environment of outer space due to the low temperature and density. H+
3 is one of the most abundant ions in the Universe, and it plays a notable role in the chemistry of the interstellar medium. Neutral triatomic hydrogen H3 can only exist in an excited form and is unstable. By contrast, the positive hydrogen molecular ion (H+
2) is a rare molecule in the universe.
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doc-17350
Zinc is more reactive than iron or steel and thus will attract almost all local oxidation until it completely corrodes away. A protective surface layer of oxide and carbonate (Zn
5(OH)
6(CO
3)
2) forms as the zinc corrodes. This protection lasts even after the zinc layer is scratched but degrades through time as the zinc corrodes away. The zinc is applied electrochemically or as molten zinc by hot-dip galvanizing or spraying. Galvanization is used on chain-link fencing, guard rails, suspension bridges, lightposts, metal roofs, heat exchangers, and car bodies.
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doc-16717
The gas centrifuge process, where gaseous uranium hexafluoride (UF
6) is separated by the difference in molecular weight between 235UF6 and 238UF6 using high-speed centrifuges, is the cheapest and leading enrichment process. The gaseous diffusion process had been the leading method for enrichment and was used in the Manhattan Project. In this process, uranium hexafluoride is repeatedly diffused through a silver-zinc membrane, and the different isotopes of uranium are separated by diffusion rate (since uranium 238 is heavier it diffuses slightly slower than uranium-235). The molecular laser isotope separation method employs a laser beam of precise energy to sever the bond between uranium-235 and fluorine. This leaves uranium-238 bonded to fluorine and allows uranium-235 metal to precipitate from the solution. An alternative laser method of enrichment is known as atomic vapor laser isotope separation (AVLIS) and employs visible tunable lasers such as dye lasers. Another method used is liquid thermal diffusion.
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doc-7694
L' H2 è un prodotto di alcuni tipi di metabolismo anaerobico ed è prodotto da diversi microrganismi, solitamente attraverso reazioni catalizzate da enzimi contenenti ferro o nichel chiamati idrogenosi. Questi enzimi catalizzano la reazione redox reversibile tra H2 e i suoi componenti due protoni e due elettroni. La creazione di idrogeno gassoso avviene nel trasferimento in acqua degli equivalenti riducenti prodotti durante la fermentazione piruvata. Il ciclo naturale della produzione e del consumo di idrogeno da parte degli organismi è chiamato ciclo dell' idrogeno.
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doc-7695
La scissione dell' acqua, in cui l' acqua è decomposta nei suoi protoni componenti, elettroni e ossigeno, si verifica nelle reazioni di luce in tutti gli organismi fotosintetici. Alcuni di questi organismi, tra cui l' alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii e cianobatteri, si sono evoluti un secondo passo nelle reazioni oscure in cui protoni ed elettroni sono ridotti a formare gas H2 da idrogenosi specializzate nel cloroplasto. Sono stati compiuti sforzi per modificare geneticamente le idrogenasi cianobatteriche per sintetizzare efficacemente il gas H2 anche in presenza di ossigeno. Sono stati compiuti sforzi anche con alghe geneticamente modificate in un bioreattore.
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doc-7678
This reaction is favored at low pressures but is nonetheless conducted at high pressures (2.0  MPa, 20 atm or 600 inHg). This is because high-pressure H
2 is the most marketable product and Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) purification systems work better at higher pressures. The product mixture is known as "synthesis gas" because it is often used directly for the production of methanol and related compounds. Hydrocarbons other than methane can be used to produce synthesis gas with varying product ratios. One of the many complications to this highly optimized technology is the formation of coke or carbon:
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doc-17355
Zinc chloride is often added to lumber as a fire retardant and can be used as a wood preservative. It is also used to make other chemicals. Zinc methyl (Zn(CH3)
2) is used in a number of organic syntheses. Zinc sulfide (ZnS) is used in luminescent pigments such as on the hands of clocks, X-ray and television screens, and luminous paints. Crystals of ZnS are used in lasers that operate in the mid-infrared part of the spectrum. Zinc sulfate is a chemical in dyes and pigments. Zinc pyrithione is used in antifouling paints.
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doc-7670
Uno dei primi effetti quantistici da notare esplicitamente (ma non compresi all' epoca) fu un' osservazione di Maxwell che coinvolgeva l' idrogeno, mezzo secolo prima che arrivasse la teoria meccanica quantistica completa. Maxwell ha osservato che la capacità termica specifica di H2 si discosta inevitabilmente da quella di un gas diatomico sotto la temperatura ambiente e comincia ad assomigliare sempre più a quella di un gas monatomico a temperature criogeniche. Secondo la teoria quantistica, questo comportamento deriva dalla spaziatura dei livelli di energia rotazionale (quantizzata), che sono particolarmente ampi in H2 a causa della sua bassa massa. Questi livelli ampiamente distanziati inibiscono l' uguale ripartizione dell' energia termica in movimento rotazionale nell' idrogeno a basse temperature. I gas diatomici composti da atomi più pesanti non hanno livelli così largamente distanziati e non presentano lo stesso effetto.
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doc-7655
Compounds of hydrogen are often called hydrides, a term that is used fairly loosely. The term "hydride" suggests that the H atom has acquired a negative or anionic character, denoted H−, and is used when hydrogen forms a compound with a more electropositive element. The existence of the hydride anion, suggested by Gilbert N. Lewis in 1916 for group I and II salt-like hydrides, was demonstrated by Moers in 1920 by the electrolysis of molten lithium hydride (LiH), producing a stoichiometry quantity of hydrogen at the anode. For hydrides other than group I and II metals, the term is quite misleading, considering the low electronegativity of hydrogen. An exception in group II hydrides is BeH
2, which is polymeric. In lithium aluminium hydride, the AlH−
4 anion carries hydridic centers firmly attached to the Al(III).
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doc-16700
The most common forms of uranium oxide are triuranium octoxide (U
3O
8) and UO
2. Both oxide forms are solids that have low solubility in water and are relatively stable over a wide range of environmental conditions. Triuranium octoxide is (depending on conditions) the most stable compound of uranium and is the form most commonly found in nature. Uranium dioxide is the form in which uranium is most commonly used as a nuclear reactor fuel. At ambient temperatures, UO
2 will gradually convert to U
3O
8. Because of their stability, uranium oxides are generally considered the preferred chemical form for storage or disposal.
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