Structures in the Universe and Origin of Galaxies
Structures in the Universe and Origin of Galaxies
Structures in the Universe and Origin of Galaxies 
V. A. Rantsev-Kartinov 
INF RRC "Kurchatov Institute", Moscow, Russia, rank@nfi.kiae.ru 
Abstract 
The analysis of images (of obtained in various ranges of the lengths of waves) of luminous objects 
in the universe by means of a method of multilevel dynamic contrasting led author to the 
conclusions: a) the structures of all observable galaxies represents a complicated constructions 
which have the tendency to self-similarity and made of separate (basic) blocks, which are a 
coaxially tubular structures and a cartwheel-like structures; b) the majority of observable objects in 
the universe are luminous butt-ends of almost invisible (of almost completely transparent) of 
filamentary formations which structures are seen only near to their luminous butt-ends; c) the result 
of  analysis of images of cosmic objects show the structure of many pairs of cooperating galaxies 
point to opportunity of their formation at butt-ends generated in a place of break of the similar 
filament; d) the interacting galaxies (M 81 and M 82) show they are butt-ends of sawed off of two 
branches of a treelike filament and their interaction is coming out through this filament; e) as our 
Universe is in dynamics the processes of formation of stars, galaxies and their congestions can go 
and presently by means of a fracturing of filaments with a corresponding diameters and of the time 
for their such formation is necessary much less, than along existing standard model. 
1. Introduction.
 Research by author of a skeletal structures of the Universe (SSU) began from the analysis of 
images of various types of plasma by means of a method multilevel dynamic contrasting (ММDC), 
developed and described earlier [1a, b]. The analysis of images by ММDC is carried out by 
imposing of various computer maps of contrasting on the image of plasma obtained by the various 
methods and in any spectral ranges. Some results of the given analysis of a modern database of 
images of space objects here are given. It is shown, that the topology of the revealed space 
structures is identical to those which have been already found out and described earlier in a wide 
range of physical environments , the phenomena and scales [1-2]. The basic role in SSU is 
connected with its separate blocks in the form of coaxially-tubular blocks (CTB). These CTB have 
complex multi-layered structure of the telescopic enclosed tubes which lateral walls represent a 
weaving of similar filaments of smaller diameter, with the central cord. Except for that, these blocks 
inside have also radial connections. Extended filaments of these structures are collected of almost 
identical CTB, which are flexibly connected among themselves as in joints of a skeleton. It is 
assumed such joints may be realized due to stringing of the individual CTB on common flow of the 
magnetic field which penetrates the whole such filament, and itself the CTB are the interacting 
magnetic dipoles with micro-dust skeletons, which are immersed into plasma. 
2. Observations of cartwheel structures in laboratory and cosmic plasma 
 Here, we will try to connect laboratory experiments and space by considering a short gallery 
of cartwheel-like structures, which are probably the most inconvenient objects for universally 
describing the entire range of observed space scales. In laboratory electric discharges [1] and their 
respective dust deposits [2] the cartwheels may be located either on the butt-ends of a tubes, or on 
an «axle-tree» filament, but they may be separate blocks also (the smallest cartwheels are of 
diameter less than 100 nm (see Figs. 2 and 3 in Phys. Lett. A, 269, 363-367 (2000)). So, similar 
structures of different scales are found in the following typical examples: (i) big icy particles of a 
hail (Fig. 1A), (ii) a fragment of tornado (Fig. 1B), (iii) a supernova remnant. 
Fig. 1. The cartwheel-like structures at different length scales are presented. A) Big icy particles of 
hail of diameter 4.5 cm (a), 5 cm (b), and 5 cm (c). The frame in the left lower part of the image (a) 
is contrasted separately to show an elliptic image of the edge of the radial directed tubular structure. 
The entire structure seems to contain a number of similar radial blocks. A distinct coaxial structure 
of the cartwheel type is seen in the central part of image (b). Image (c) shows strong radial bonds 
between the central point and the «wheel». B) Top section: A fragment of the photographic image 
of a massive tornado of estimated size of some hundred meters in diameter. Bottom section: A 
fragment of the top image shows the cartwheel whose slightly elliptic image is seen in the center. 
The cartwheel seems to be located on a long axle-tree directed down to the right and ended with a 
bright spot on the axle’s edge (see its additionally contrasted image in the left corner insert on the 
bottom image). C) «A flaming cosmic wheel» of the supernova remnant E0102-72, with «puzzling 
spoke-like structures in its interior», which is stretched across forty light-years in Small Magellan 
Cloud, 190,000 light-years from Earth [13]. The radial directed spokes are ended with tubular 
structures seen on the outer edge of the cartwheel. The inverted (and additionally contrasted) image 
of the edge of such a tubule (marked with the square bracket) is given in the left corner insert (note 
that the tubule’s edge itself seems to possess a tubular block, of smaller diameter, seen on the 
bottom of the insert). 
Fig. 2. a) The «cartwheel» structure in tokamak TM-2 plasma (minor radius 8 cm, toroidal direction 
is horizontal)  Diameters of larger and smaller ring-shaped structures on a common axle are ~2.2 
cm and ~1 cm, respectively.  Image (positive) is taken in visible light by a streak camera with time 
resolution < 1 µs (original picture is taken from Vinogradova N.D., Razumova K.A. Int. Conf. 
Plasma Phys., Culham, U.K., 1965). b) The TEM image (magnification 34,000) of a small fragment 
of dust particle (1.2 µm diameter) extracted from the oil used in the vacuum pumping system of 
tokamak T-10. The tubule, whose edge with the distinct central rod is seen in the lower left part of 
the figure, is of ~70 nm diameter and ~140 nm long. Diameter of slightly inhomogeneous cylinder 
on the left side of the tubule is ~10 nm. The radial bonds between the side-on cylinder and the 
central rod are of ~ 10 nm diameter. c) Another fragment of the same dust particle. The cartwheel (a 
coaxial two-ring structure, D ~ 100 nm) is declined with respect to image’s plane and located on a 
thick rod (which probably “works” as an axle of the cartwheel).  
 Note that the cosmic wheel’s skeleton (FIGURE 1C) tends to repeat the structure of the icy 
cartwheel (FIGURE 1A) up to details of its constituent blocks. In particular, some of radial directed 
spokes are ended with a tubular structure seen on the outer edge of the cartwheel. Moreover, in the 
edge cross-section of this tubular structure, the global cartwheel of the icy particle contains a 
smaller cartwheel whose axle is directed radially (see left lower window in FIGURE 1A). Thus, 
there is a trend toward self-similarity (the evidences for such a trend in tubular skeletons found in 
the dust deposits).  
Fig. 3. The schematic image of structures such as "cartwheel" is given here. Thus, the cosmic 
wheel's skeleton tends to repeat the structure of the cartwheel itself up to details of its constituent 
blocks as in the icy cartwheel (see Fig. 1A).  
3. Observations of "electric torch-like structures“ in laboratory and cosmic plasma 
 One of the new phenomena which has been found out at the analysis of images of plasma, 
were a rectilinear dark filamentary structures which butt-end can shine as open butt-end of optical 
fibers in such ranges of lengths of waves which correspond with temperature of researched plasma. 
Such the CTS have been described and have received the name" electric torch-like structures" 
(ETSs) [1c, d].  
        width 0.35 cm  width 1.75 cm
Fig. 4. a) The image of a luminescence of tokamak T-6 of plasma in seen light, at exposure ~ 1 µ s. 
 height of a picture corresponds to ~ 8 cm. In the left bottom corner the tubular structure such as The
ETS with diameter ~1 cm is visible and directed almost along a diagonal of figure. b) Right 
section: The image (width 1.75 cm) of the left-hand side of the denser and hotter core of the 
vertically aligned long plasma column (the Z-pinch axis in shown with a dashed-and-dotted line) in 
the electric discharge of Z-pinch type. The image (positive) is taken in the visible light with time 
exposure 2 ns nearly at the moment when discharge’s magnetic field squeezes the hot plasma 
column and partly strips a skeletal network from ambient luminous plasma (for an example of a 
strongly stripped skeleton in the same Z-pinch. Left section: The magnified, 0.35 cm wide window 
reveals the «hot spot» to be the edge of the filament which is close enough to a brighter core.  
          A    B        C    
Fig. 5. The"electric torch-like structures“ (ETLS) in Z-pinch plasmas, electronic temperatures ~ 300 
eV, density ~ 1018 cm-3, time of exposure ~ 2 ns. Heights of these images are ~ 1 mm, diameters of 
onductor of electromagnetic signals. Therefore, the open end of a dendrite electric circuit or a local 
observable ETLSs are ~ 0.25 mm. 
 It seems that the straight blocks of skeletons may work as a guiding system for (and/or) a 
disruption of such a circuit (e.g., its sparkling, fractures, etc.) may self-illuminate its and to make its 
observable. The similar phenomena are observed in space plasma. Many luminous objects in the 
Universe represent such luminous butt-end of the CTS. The butt-ends of such open optical paths 
can correspond to sizes of stars, planetary nebulas, or galaxies and their congestions. 
Fig. 6. The torch-like structure of the 
filament of ~ 0.1 light year in diameter 
is seen in the fragment of the optical 
image of the Crab nebula [3]). The 
light from the filament’s edge 
anisotropically illuminates the ambient 
gas. Regardless the cylindrical straight 
body of the filament is visible due to 
internal radiation source or external 
illumination, the visible continuity of 
the filament is not destroyed by the 
partly opaque surrounding medium 
(seen in the left upper corner of the 
window) and may be traced in the full 
image outside the window.  
Fig. 7. The 
electric torch-
like structure in 
the 2,400 light-
year-wide core 
of the spiral 
galaxy NGC 
1512 [4], which 
is 30 million 
light-years away 
and 70,000 light 
years across. (a) 
Color-composite 
image of the 
core, (b) similar 
image in the 
2200 Å light, (c) 
contrasted image 
of a part of the 
image «b» 
(diameter of 
straight filament 
with a bright 
spot on its edge, 
seen in the upper 
right, is ~ 60 
light-years).  
4. Revelation of a Coaxially-Tubular Blocks of the SSU. 
 The CТS are basis of the SSU as this type of blocks composes an overwhelming part of it. It 
is possible to show, that almost all luminous objects in the Universe are butt-ends of the above 
mentioned blocks of either scale. The CTS revealed in the Universe tend to self-similarity that leads 
to fractality of built by them and by observed structures. It is easy to demonstrate it by the examples 
of a structure of blocks of various scales of galaxies. The central fragment very large spiral galaxy 
where are precisely revealed the CTS of various scales (from 1017 cm up to 4 1018 cm) as an 
example is produced in the next figure.  
Fig. 8. a) Spiral galaxy NGC 1808. Constellation: Columba [5]. Distance: 40 million light years. 
b) A central portion of this galaxy. c) The width of figure corresponds ~ 7 1018 cm. The arrow 
specifies a direction of an axis of a galaxy. In the center of this galaxy it is revealed: the CТS 
(cylinder) in diameter ~ 2.3 1018 cm ; a telescopic putted  tubular block (by diameter ~1.7 1018 cm ) 
on its axis;  a dark filament (in diameter ~ 5 1017 cm) inside of them on axis of galaxy. Continuation 
in space above a galaxy of a central filament is a dark filament, leaving on the center same filament, 
but the greater diameter. The similar structure from telescopic enclosed the CТS is revealed to the 
left of the axis. It has of blue the CТS in the center of the similar structure built from tubes with a 
bright blue luminescence of their butt-end. In the center inside this structure it is precisely looked 
through bright white the CТS which center leaves dark thin filament which butt-end above all 
structure shine a blue luminescence. d) The magnified part of the window "с“. 
5. Revelation of skeletal structures of the cooperating galaxies
 The CTS are most representative in the common structure of the Universe. Their 
participation in its dynamics leads to observation and definition of role of these structures in every 
possible space accident. It is possible to show, all cooperating galaxies represent interactions of 
the similar CTSs in the form of a breaks and/or collisions of the CTSs of a corresponding sizes. 
The image processed by means of the ММDC and received in the field of ultraviolet on next Fig. 5 
is given, which represents the image of two cooperating galaxies, UGC 06471 and UGC 06472, 
and corresponding schematic of its representations in a window on the right.  
http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/newsdesk/archive/releases/2001/04/image/d
The galaxy UGC 06471 and UGC 06472 
Fig. 9.  
The galaxy UGC 
06471 and UGC 
06472 [6]. It is 
revealed, that the 
given object 
represents 
interaction of a 
three CTS. It is 
possible to 
assume, that two 
galaxies in the 
foreground are 
butt-end of a 
break of one the 
CTS (from the 
analysis of 
identity having 
chopped off on 
their external 
environments). 
The third CTS could be the reason of such break, as a result of its collision with a joint of first two. 
More thin analysis of this group of the CTS shows their topological identity. These blocks represent 
telescopic the enclosed tubes with radial connections.  
http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/newsdesk/archive/releases/2001/04/image/d
(http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/newsdesk/archive/releases/2001/22/image/a ) 
Fig. 10. Two interacting galaxies NGC 7318 A and NGC 7318 B [7] which are in constellation 
Pegasus on distance 270 million light years from the Earth are given here. These galaxies represent 
mutually - perpendicular butt-ends of a break of one CTS with diameter ~ 3 1022 cm. The structure 
of this break is precisely traced and its plan is given in a window below. This structure has fractured 
in a place of its fold at folding up twice. The multi-layered design of an internal structure of break-
up of this CTS is very well seen. These galaxies were born as a result of a given filament fracturing. 
http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/newsdesk/archive/releases/2001/22/image/a
   A       B 
Fig. 11. A) Here w
have the cooperating 
galaxies NGC 7319A
and NGC 7319B
 [7] 
of the same 
constellation Pegasus 
which also are by 
result of a fracturing 
of the CTS with 
diameter ~ 3 1022 cm. 
B) Here the result of 
the MMDC analysis 
of this image is 
presented. Butt-ends 
of the fracturing are 
located mutually 
perpendicularly. Dark 
filament on the right 
shows possible points 
of interface of the 
fracturing. From 
under index “b”, at 
the left, the outline of 
a dark filament which 
could be the reason of 
fracturing of this CTS 
is seen. C) This is a 
scheme of the image.  
     C 
Fig. 12. a) The images of 
o cooperating galaxies 
038/4039 of
NGC 4
constellation Corvus [8] 
are submitted. b) Here 
the result of the MMDC 
analysis of galaxies 
image is presented. 
Identity of structures of 
these two galaxies as 
topological, so and in the 
sizes is visible. 
Moreover, in structure of 
the top galaxy a radial 
spokes which connects of 
a central coaxially-
tubular part of galaxy 
with tubes located on 
lateral surface of a 
filament with the greater 
size are looked through. 
It is seen, what interface 
details of the lower 
galaxy have the same 
sizes as at the upper 
galaxy external coaxial of 
the top galaxy shows that 
the coaxially-tubular 
structures from which it consist have the same topology as the topology of whole galaxy. These two 
galaxies as a punch and a matrix have the same topology and the size. That is, their birth is caused 
by a breach of one CTS because their corresponding elements can be combined precisely. c) This is 
schematic representation of the given image. 
Fig. 13. Here two cooperating galaxies - NGC 2207 and IC 2163 are submitted [9]. The width of 
figure corresponds ~ 4 1023 cm. The analysis of the image (by means of MMDC) is applied for 
 build a united network of the 
niverse. In that case all objects of this network are in direct connection. Such communication is 
revealing structure of interaction. For simplification of perception the schematic image of the given 
interaction of galaxies below is given. It is visible, that the given galaxies represent butt-ends of the 
broken CTS (the larger galaxy, NGC 2207, is on the left; the smaller one, IC 2163, is on the right). 
The first of them has the same size which is characteristic for spiral galaxies ~ 2 1023 cm 
Proceeding from the submitted scheme, it is possible to tell that the script of observable process can 
appear absolutely other, than it is represented now by astronomers. 
 The large-scale CTS, incorporating among themselves can
shown for the neighboring galaxies especially strongly when they belong to one treelike filament, 
being butt-ends of its branches. Sometimes this is able to reveal, and demonstrate. 
   A       B 
    C      
Fig. 14. A) They are the 
g galaxies М81 and М82 
to opinion of contemporary astronomers, according to the im
6. Cartwheel-Like Structures of the Universe
cooperatin
of the constellation « the Big she-
bear» [10]. B) The MMDC has 
allowed revealing their structural 
interaction. М81 is a butt-end of an 
internal and acting part of a treelike 
filament with diameter ~ 3.5 1023 
cm, and М82 a butt-end of its 
lateral cut down branch. To the 
right of the М82 it is looked 
through parallel to an axis of the 
basic filament the dark CTS which, 
obviously, has cut off a branch, 
having created the given galaxy. 
The bright luminous object located 
before М82 and hardly below of it, 
presentation of the image. Contrary 
age, obviously, these galaxies did 
not collide. 
lays on an axis of this dark structure. C) This is a schematic r
 The CWS are the in the Universe, and also 
hey are the most typical blocks of f which are difficultly to 
vealed by us topology of fractals spontaneously 
most interesting and complex observable blocks 
 the observable fractal structures ot
confuse with any another. If such structure is well oriented in a flatness of a shearing, then (at 
condition of a corresponding statistics) the structure clearly becomes apparent because the basic 
massif of points of this structure is fitted to a rim of a wheel, to its axis and radial spokes, making 
(on the square) half of area of whole wheel. It allows to identify precisely its under such 
circumstances.  
 It is theoretically difficult to explain topology CWS by means of magnetic hydrodynamics. 
The mechanism [1a,b] of construction of the re
gathering at formation of electric breakdown at the presence of elementary blocks of a dust, which 
have tendency to forming structures (for example, as carbon nanotubes or a similar structures but of 
other elements and chemical compounds) have been earlier considered. The sequence of 
generations CWS right up to the size ~ 1023 cm already has been shown earlier [1a, b]. The result of 
the analysis by means of ММDC of maps of redshifts is given below.  
   A       B 
   C       D 
Fig. 15. A) A fragment of distribution of the galaxies (
distances L up to 2.5 billion light-years away) 3.0° thickness
in the South Galactic Pole strip. B) The image of map of
20,000 galaxies (for redshifts Z < 0.3, i.e. at 
 of slice is centered at declination - 45° 
 redshift in the red points in the colored 
image at http://www.astro.ucla.edu/~wright/lcrs.html [11]. The left border of the cone crosses the 
left hand side of the figure at a distance ~ 1.5 109 light years. Thickening of the spots with 
subsequent smoothing of the image are used here for correlation analysis the result of which gives a 
circle and a straight radial filaments - connections similar to a spokes. C) Here the increased image 
of South Pole of a redshift map after carrying out of the correlation analysis is given. At the left it is 
clearly seen the structure of type of cartwheel. D) Here the increased image of window in image C 
is given. It is clearly seen the components of cartwheel structure, the diameter of which is about 1.5 
1027 cm (1.5 109 of light years).  
http://www.astro.ucla.edu/~wright/lcrs.html
Fig. 16. Here have given the revealed Universe structure on the Southern part mentioned above 
databases, but not on 3.0 degree a cut but on its full set, i.e., its 9 degree a variant.  
Fig. 17. In center it is given image of the CWS with scale ~ 1.5 1027 cm which is result of analysis 
by means of the ММDC of a map redshift [11], at the left it is given image of the CWS of galactic 
scale (~ 1023 cm) [12]; on the right it is given image of the CWS of an explosion of supernova (~ 4 
1019 cm) [13]. Here topological identity of observable large-scale structures of the Universe 
distinguished almost on 8 orders of size is precisely traced. It is well visible, that on an exit of radial 
spokes through a rim of the CWS it is formed structures similar to it itself. Through them the given 
structure is intertwined into the general network of the Universe. 
7. CONCLUSIONS
a) Our Universe has general skeletal structure which is made of separate coaxially-tubular blocks 
and blocks of type cartwheels.  
b) It is self-similar on any scales, and, h
) All luminous objects observable in the Universe are or by free butt-ends of the corresponding 
ence, fractal.  
sizes of coaxially-tubular blocks (of telescopic putted in each other), or by breaks of filaments 
which is assembled of these blocks.  
of formation of stars, galaxies and their d) As our Universe is in dynamics the processes 
congestions can go and presently by means of a fracturing of filaments with a corresponding 
diameters and of the time for their such formation is necessary much less, than along existing 
standard model.  
 This is evidently shown on an examples of revealed structures at the analyses of the images 
cooperating galaxies and a part of structure of the Universe showing the same topology which 
 been revealed by us on a wide range of scales and the phenomena earlier. The identity of 
-7 28
observable topology now is shown from 10  сm up to 10  cm, i.e., on 35 orders of size. It is 
possible to assume, that if we will be able to analysis of structure of substance at moving aside 
reduction of scales there we shall discover the same topology. That it means and what will be a 
result for us - will show time. 
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