Large Scale Self-Similar Skeletal Structure of the Universe
Revelation of the Sun Self-Similarity Skeletal Structures
Large-Scale Self-Similar Skeletal Structure of the Universe. 
V. A. Rantsev-Kartinov 
INF RRC "Kurchatov Institute", Moscow, Russia, rank@nfi.kiae.ru 
1. Introduction 
The given paper is natural continuation of a series of papers (published earlier [1a, b]) 
about of a revealing of self-similar skeletal structures (SSSS) in various types of plasma up to 
space scales. Research by author of the SSSS begin from the analysis of images of various 
types of plasma by means of a method multilevel dynamic contrasting (ММDC), developed 
and described earlier [1c, d]. The analysis of images by this method is carried out by imposing 
of various computer maps of contrasting on the image of plasma received by the various 
methods and in anyone spectral ranges.  
Results of the given analysis of a modern database of images of space objects are shown, 
that the topology of the revealed space structures is identical to those which have been already 
found out and described earlier in a wide range of physical environments , the phenomena and 
scales [1-2]. The typical SSSS consists of separate identical blocks which are linked together 
to form a network. Two types of such blocks are found: (i) coaxially tubular structures (CTS) 
with internal radial bonds, and (ii) cartwheel-like structures (CWS) , located either on an axle 
or in the edge of CTS block.  
The large-scale skeletal structures of the Universe (SSU) have a whole series of remark-
able properties which have been also described before[1c-1f]. So, a long filaments consist of 
straight (“rigid”) nearly identical CTS blocks which is joined flexibly similarly to joints in a 
skeleton. It is assumed such joints may be realized due to stringing of the individual CTS 
blocks on common flow of the magnetic field which penetrates the whole such filament, and 
itself the CTS blocks are an interacting magnetic dipoles with micro-dust skeletons, which are 
immersed into plasma. Here,  the result of the analysis which was been received (with the de-
scription of sequence of the lead operations) by means of the MMDC of maps of the Redshift 
Surveys of galaxies and quasars which have allowed to reveal large-scale structures of the 
mentioned above topologies are given. 
2. Observations of similarity of a structuring in a very broad range of length scales 
2.1. Cartwheel-like structures in the range 10-5 cm – 1023 cm. 
Here, we will try to draw a bridge between laboratory experiments and space with pre-
senting on consideration of a short gallery of cartwheel-like structures, which are probably the 
most inconvenient objects for universally describing in the entire range of observed space 
scales. In a laboratory electric discharges [3,4] and of respective dust deposits [5], the cart-
wheels are located either in the butt-ends of a tubes or on an «axle-tree» filament, or as a 
separate block (the smallest cartwheels are of diameter less than 100 nm (see Figs. 2 and 3 in 
Ref. 5)). So, similar structures of different scales are found in the following typical examples: 
(i) a big icy particles of a hails (Fig. 1A), (ii) a fragment of tornado (Fig. 1B), (iii) a super-
nova remnant (Fig. 1C).  
mailto:rank@nfi.kiae.ru
Fig. 1. The cartwheel-like structures at different length scales. A, Big icy particles of a hail of 
diameter 4.5 cm (a), 5 cm (b), and 5 cm (c). The original images are taken from Ref. [6]. The 
frame in the left lower part of the image (a) is contrasted separately to show an elliptic image 
of the edge of the radial directed tubular structure. The entire structure seems to contain a 
number of similar radial blocks. A distinct coaxial structure of the cartwheel type is seen in 
the central part of image (b). Image (c) shows strong radial bonds between the central point 
and the «wheel». B, Top section: A fragment of the photographic image [7] of a massive tor-
nado of estimated size of some hundred meters in diameter. Bottom section: A fragment of 
the top image shows the cartwheel whose slightly elliptic image is seen in the center. The 
cartwheel seems to be located on a long axle-tree directed down to the right and ended with a 
bright spot on the axle’s edge (see its additionally contrasted image in the left corner insert on 
the bottom image). C, «A flaming cosmic wheel» of the supernova remnant E0102-72, with 
«puzzling spoke-like structures in its interior», which is stretched across forty light-years in 
Small Magellan Cloud, 190,000 light-years from Earth (.../snrg/e0102electricbluet.tif [8]). 
The radial directed spokes are ended with tubular structures seen on the outer edge of the 
cartwheel. The inverted (and additionally contrasted) image of the edge of such a tubule 
(marked with the square bracket) is given in the left corner insert (note that the tubule’s edge 
itself seems to possess a tubular block, of smaller diameter, seen on the bottom of the insert).  
Note that the cosmic wheel’s skeleton (Fig. 1C) tends to repeat the structure of the icy 
cartwheel (Fig. 1A) up to details of its constituent blocks. In particular, some of radial di-
rected spokes are ended with a tubular structure seen on the outer edge of the cartwheel. 
Moreover, in the edge cross-section of this tubular structure, the global cartwheel of the icy 
particle contains a smaller cartwheel whose axle is directed radial (see left lower window in 
Fig. 1A). Thus, there is a trend toward self-similarity (the evidences for such a trend in tubu-
lar skeletons found in the dust deposits are given in Ref. [5]). Note that the images of Fig. 1 
are processed with MMDC [1c,d]. As a rule, the structuring revealed with the help of this 
method may then be easily recognized in the original, non-processed images (especially, for 
properly magnified high-resolution images). 
Thus, the cosmic wheel’s skeleton tends to repeat the structure of the icy cartwheel up 
to details of its constituent blocks. One may obviously add to the last item of this list namely 
galaxy - "Cartwheel", which have 150,000 light-years in diameter and 500 million light-years 
on a distance from Earth in constellation of Sculptor [9].  
Fig. 2. “Cartwheel galaxy" [9], Located 
500 million light-years away in the 
constellation Sculptor, 150,000 light-
years across ~ 1023 cm, the galaxy looks 
like a cartwheel. The galaxy's nucleus is 
the bright object in the center of the 
image; the spoke-like structures are wisps 
of material connecting the nucleus to the 
outer ring of young stars.  
Fig. 3. The schematic image of structures such as 
" cartwheel" is given here. Thus, the cosmic 
wheel's skeleton tends to repeat the structure of 
the cartwheel itself up to details of its constituent 
blocks as in the icy cartwheel.  
The wheel-like supernova remnant G11.2-0.3 which have 40 light-years in diameter and 
25,000 light-years away in the constellation Sagittarius [10] a two-ring coaxial structure, with 
the inner ring of one light-year in diameter. 
Fig. 4. G11.2-0.3: A supernova remnant with a 
central pulsar, located in the constellation of 
Sagittarius [10], 40 light years across and 25,000 
light-years away. Here it is applied MMDC 
which has allowed to reveal CTS blocks from 
which the design of given CW (this space object) 
is made. 
Fig. 5. The Crab nebula which is 6,000 
light-years away in the constellation 
Taurus [11]. The Crab Nebula is the 
remnant of a supernova explosion that 
was seen on Earth in 1054 AD. It is 6000 
light-years from Earth, with the inner 
ring of one light year (1018 cm) in diame-
ter. At the center of the bright nebula is a 
rapidly spinning neutron star, or pulsar 
that emits pulses of radiation 30 times a 
second. Here it is well visible, that the 
given structure represents system of tu-
bular structures which are telescopic 
enclosed each into other. At the attentive 
analysis of the image a radial connections 
which are characteristic for structure such 
as CWS are looked through. 
2.3. The signs of skeletal structuring at cosmological lengths, up to 1027 cm. 
With increasing length scales, the self-illumination of the skeletal network in its certain, 
critical points continues working but the respective dramatic decrease of the average density 
of hot radiating baryonic matter leads to observing of exclusively dim dotted imprints of 
skeletons, like e.g. mysterious dotted images of arcs and circles / ellipses. Note that the typi-
cal blocks of skeletons, the cartwheels on an axle and the tubs with the central rod and the 
cartwheel in the butt-ends are both the dendrites (which are corresponded to examples of the 
fractal dust deposits - the skeletons composed of tubular nano-fibers [5,12]).  
Here it is necessary to note, the blocks of the common network of the Universe (taking 
into attention of very big distances) can be revealed only in places of infringement of its 
tightness, i.e. there where takes place breaks up and tears up of  network filaments which 
show a strong luminescence of these areas. Therefore the surface of lengthy filamentary 
blocks of the Universe either is absolutely not visible, or nevertheless is looked through 
hardly due to its illumination in places of breakings up of filaments of suitable blocks which 
surface is formed by these filaments. It appears, that butt-ends of large-scale blocks of the 
Universe are congestions of galaxies, and galaxies play a role of separate points of these 
blocks depicting contours. Thus, here the hypothesis is actually offered, that many galaxies 
can be presented as butt-ends of filamentary tubular blocks which size will be coordinated to 
scale of galaxies. Cooperating galaxies in that case are butt-ends of the broken blocks or tears 
of their connections formed in result of cosmology accidents (collisions between filaments 
and their tears up as a result of tension). 
The CWS are the most interesting and complex observable blocks in the Universe, and 
also they are the most typical blocks of the observable fractal the structures of which are diffi-
cultly to confuse with any another. If such structure is well oriented in a flatness of a shearing, 
then (at condition of a corresponding statistics) the structure clearly becomes apparent be-
cause the basic massif of points of this structure is fitted to a rim of a wheel, to its axis and ra-
dial spokes, making (on the square) half of area of whole wheel. It allows to identify precisely 
its under such circumstances. It is theoretically difficult to explain topology CWS by means 
of magnetic hydrodynamics and the theory of construction of fractals in open systems. The 
mechanism [1a,b] of construction of the revealed by us topology of fractals spontaneously 
gathering at formation of electric breakdown at the presence of elementary blocks of a dust, 
which have tendency to forming structures (for example, as carbon nanotubes or a similar 
structures but of other elements and chemical compounds) have been earlier considered. The 
sequence of generations CWS right up to the size ~ 1023 cm already has been shown earlier 
[1a,b]. It appears that at largest observable lengths the more or less definite examples of 
distinctive topology, similar to that of Fig. 1, may be found only in the redshift surveys of thin 
slices of space (the redshift surveys are believed to provide a three dimensional distribution of 
galaxies, which may give, in particular, the side-on view on a thin conical slice of space). The 
original data are taken from three different projects, the two-degree-field The result of the 
analysis means of ММDC [7] of maps of redshifts by together with the image of a kind of 
structures on an exit of a radial spokes of the CWS at their passage through its rim is given on 
a next figure.  
Fig. 6. A fragment of similar distribution of the galaxies [13] (20,000 galaxies (for redshifts Z 
< 0.3, i.e. at distances L up to 2.5 billion light-years away) 1.5° thick slice is cantered at dec-
lination -45° in the South Galactic Pole strip, see red points in the colored image at 
http://www.astro.ucla.edu/~wright/lcrs.html). The left border of the cone crosses the left hand 
side of the figure at a distance ~ 1.5 109 light years. Thickening of the spots and subsequent 
smoothing of the image gives a circle and straight radial filaments. 
Fig. 7. Here the same fragment, as on Fig. 6 is resulted. The left part of figure corresponds to 
the initial data, average - the same initial data, but all points are increased on the area twice, 
the right part of figure gives the final image after of Gauss smoothing of intensity distribution 
of points and carrying out of the correlation analysis by means of MMDC for an establish-
ment of connections between separate points. 
Fig. 8. Here the right fragment of Fig. 7 is increased. 
Fig. 9. A fragment of similar distribution of the 
galaxies but some smaller size [13] (1.5° thick 
slice is centred at declination -6° in the North 
Galactic Pole strip, see green points in the 
coloured image at 
http://www.astro.ucla.edu/~wright/lcrs.html)). 
In particular, as the most significant discovery, the author in detail describes the frame 
structure revealed at it such as CWS in scale ~ 1.5*1027 cm that makes about 10 % of the 
scale observable Universe (~1.5 billion light years). The comparative analysis of its structure 
with similar observable structures of smaller scales is carried out to show their absolute topo-
logical identity (Fig. 1).  
Let's look now, what structures can be revealed in database of Galaxy Redshift Survey 
(2dFGRS) [14], which plotted in the redshift space the distribution of some 140,000 galaxies 
(for redshifts Z <0.3, i.e. at distances L up to 2.5 billion light-years away.  
Fig.10. A fragment of the projected 
distribution [14] of the galaxies in the South 
Galactic Pole strip (4° thick slice is centred at 
declination -27.5°), as a function of redshift 
Z and right ascension. The lower border of 
the cone reaches the bottom of the figure at Z 
~ 0.027 (or, equivalently, at a distance ~ 2.7 
108 light years). The slight increase of spots’ 
size in original image at 
.../Public/Pics/2dFzcone.gif [14] gives 
elliptic image of a circular (or at least, an arc-
like) structure. Despite the structuring seen in 
this figure is obviously less reliable than that 
in Fig. 1, the correlation revealed makes it reasonable to suggest an extrapolation of our hy-
pothesis farther to cosmological scales. 
Fig.11. An other fragment of the projected 
distribution [14] of the galaxies. Here the 
structure such as CWS with its axis located 
on an axis of this figure is looked through. 
The rim of this structure is represented as a 
pentagon. Very easily it is possible to track 
structure of connection of separate blocks of 
the common structure and its interweaving 
into structure of the big scales, i.e., its 
connections with others, external in relation 
to it, structures. 
Fig.12. One more fragment of the same 
projected distribution [14] of the galaxies. 
Here the structure such as CWS with its axis 
located on an axis of this figure is also looked 
through. The given structure here is well 
recognized as well as a perfectly visible 
connections of it with other blocks of the 
general structure. The kind and subtleties of 
connections and structure of separate blocks 
is well looked through. 
Fig.13. One more fragment of the same projected distribution [14] of the galaxies. Here in the 
lower  figure for recognition of its kind it is isolated CTS with structure such as CWS at a for-
ward butt-end of it. 
Quasars are the space objects farthest from us. Therefore the structure of their spatial dis-
tribution can tell to us about structure of the Universe during very far times. The database of 
these objects is still small, but, nevertheless, its analysis by means of the described method al-
lows to allocate in an arrangement of quasars the same elements and blocks of a skeletal 
structures, as for more close galaxies. It can suggest an idea us, that the kind of structure of 
the universe during those times far from us differed from that structure which we notice and 
presently a little. Thus, the interpolation of visually correlated sequences of spots of such da-
tabase (e.g., by means of thickening the spots and subsequent smoothing the image) often 
gives various skeletal structures (namely, arcs, rings, straight filaments, sometimes the frag-
ments of tubules and cartwheels) of various size and declination with respect to the observer. 
From optimistic viewpoint, a substantial part of the images may be reduced to a superposition 
of skeletal structures. 
Fig. 14. A fragment of the 2dF Quasar Redshift Survey (2QZ) [15], which plotted in the red-
shift space the distribution of some 20,000 quasars (Z < 3, i.e. L ~ 1.5 1010 light-years). Here 
an each reader can try to unite a separate arches and direct lines, which are designated by 
points - by quasars in an uniform structure or even into a separate blocks (CWS or CTS) of 
the corresponding sizes of the Universe. 
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