Robotic Radical Nephrectomy with Vena Caval Tumor Thrombectomy: Experience of Novice Robotic Surgeons
A 61-year-old man presented to a community hospital with a 4-month history of fatigue and a 45-kg weight loss. Investigations revealed a serum hemoglobin concentration of 71 g/l, a 12-cm right-sided renal mass, and a 3-cm right-sided adrenal mass. After receiving four units of packed red blood cells, the patient was discharged home and referred to our institution for definitive management.\nOn initial evaluation at our institution, his vital signs were stable and his body mass index was 43.5 kg/m2. On examination, the patient had a soft, nontender abdomen with a large pannus and no palpable masses. Other results from the physical examination were unremarkable.\nStaging imaging showed an enhancing 12.0×10.7-cm right upper pole mass with an adjacent 3.5-cm adrenal nodule and evidence of a possible subhepatic IVC thrombus (). A computed tomography scan of the chest showed no metastases, and the results of a bone scan were also negative. The serum creatinine concentration was 71 µmol/l, liver enzyme concentrations were within normal limits, and the hemoglobin concentration was 82 g/l.\nThe patient was taken to the operating room for a robotic, possibly open, radical nephrectomy with caval thrombectomy. A vascular surgeon, a hepatobiliary surgeon, and an experienced uro-oncologist were consulted and available for intraoperative assistance.\nAfter all of the ports were placed () and the robot was docked, the ascending colon was reflected medially, the duodenum was kocherized, and the IVC was exposed. The liver extended beyond the lower pole of the kidney and was sufficiently large enough that a single 5-mm grasper was unable to hold the weight of the liver. Thus, another 5-mm assistant port was placed lateral to the initial 5-mm assistant port to help hold the liver off of the kidney ().\nThe renal artery was identified and transected, by using a standard laparoscopic stapling device, in the interaortocaval space to minimize handling of the IVC and thrombus-filled right renal vein. The IVC was then dissected circumferentially above and below the right renal vein; two gonadal veins were clipped and transected, which left a 1.5-cm stump on both, and the right adrenal vein and two lumbar veins were also clipped and transected. The left renal vein was dissected circumferentially in the interaortocaval space. Once the kidney was completely mobilized, except for its lateral attachments to the abdominal wall, the fourth robotic arm was docked and used to provide lateral retraction of the kidney.\nA laparoscopic ultrasound probe was used to visualize the tumor thrombus (). After it was confirmed that the thrombus was not adherent to the IVC wall, that there was no bland thrombus below the tumor thrombus, and that we had adequately mobilized the IVC above the upper limit of the thrombus, the vessel loops were wrapped twice around the IVC above and below the thrombus and around the left renal vein. Despite angioembolization 1 week previously and lateral retraction of the kidney, the thrombus was found to extend far enough into the IVC to necessitate complete cross-clamping of the IVC; tangential exclusion of the thrombus alone, with the use of a laparoscopic Satinksy clamp, was not deemed feasible based on the results of intraoperative ultrasonography.\nThe vessel loops were used to create modified-Rummel tourniquets as described by Abaza [], and the IVC was completely cross-clamped starting with the most cranial IVC vessel loop (). With the vessel loops cinched down completely and secured by Hem-o-Lok clips (Teleflex Inc., Limerick, PA, USA), a small incision was made in one of the gonadal vein stumps to test the hemostasis within the cross-clamped portion of the IVC. Because of continuous bleeding, the gonadal vein stump was religated, the tourniquets were released, and a careful search for another source of inflow to the IVC was initiated. Just above the left renal vein and below our cephalad tourniquet, a missed lumbar vein was identified entering into the IVC posteriorly. After this vein was ligated with clips and the IVC was reclamped, the second gonadal vein stump was incised, and no further venous flow was observed. As such, an incision was made in the wall of the IVC to expose the IVC thrombus, which was delivered intact on complete transection of the renal vein ().\nAfter the IVC lumen was irrigated with heparinized saline, a Van Velthoven-style [] double-arm 4-0 prolene suture was used to close the IVC in two layers, which maintained at least 50% luminal caliber (). Before the IVC was closed, the caudal IVC tourniquet was loosened to vent any clot or debris within the IVC and to test the closure.\nAfter adequate hemostasis was achieved, the thrombus was transected at the level of the renal vein and placed into a small entrapment sac to prevent contamination of the peritoneal space. The right adrenal gland was taken en bloc with the kidney, which was then mobilized free of its remaining superolateral attachments. The specimen was removed through a modified-Gibson incision created by connecting the fourth robotic arm port and the 12-mm assistant port in the right lower quadrant.\nThe entire procedure was performed by two robotic surgeons early on in their learning experience (<25 robotic cases performed); console time was alternated between the two surgeons, and one surgeon remained at the patient's bedside at all times. The total operative time was 527 minutes, and the total IVC cross-clamp time was 15 minutes. Because of adhesions from a prior laparoscopic cholecystectomy and significant hepatomegaly, it took 90 minutes to mobilize the liver off the kidney, to place two laparoscopic locking graspers to retract the liver, and to manage a small liver laceration that occurred during mobilization; direct pressure with application of FloSeal (Baxter Healthcare Inc., Deerfield, IL, USA) was adequate for hemostasis.\nThe total estimated blood loss was 750 ml, half of which was accounted for by the IVC cross-clamp tests. Because the preoperative hemoglobin concentration was only 82 g/l, two units of packed red blood cells were transfused before the operation began, and two additional units were transfused postoperatively. The initial postoperative hemoglobin concentration was 90 g/l, and the hemoglobin concentration at the time of discharge was 95 g/l.\nOn completion of the procedure, a moderate-sized pneumothorax was identified on chest X-ray, which was likely related to the two locking graspers placed on the diaphragm and was used to retract the liver; therefore, a right-sided chest tube was required. The patient required 11.7 mg of a morphine-equivalent dose of intravenous narcotics during the initial 48 hours postoperatively and was then managed with oral antiinflammatory agents only. The patient was discharged home in stable condition on postoperative day 4.\nThe final histopathologic examination indicated clear cell RCC with rhabdoid differentiation (), evidence of tumor extension through the renal capsule into the perinephric fat, and thrombus positive for malignancy (pT3b). The surgical margins were negative, and the adrenal gland showed benign nodular hyperplasia.\nThe patient was found to have bilateral deep venous thrombus on postoperative day 11; thus, the patient was briefly admitted to the hospital for initiation of anticoagulation therapy. The patient was also referred to a hematologic oncologist for consideration of adjuvant therapy and is currently scheduled for restaging imaging at 8 weeks postoperatively.