%!PS-Adobe-2.0 %%Creator: dvips(k) 5.86 Copyright 1999 Radical Eye Software %%Title: arXiv:hep-th/9901001v3 10 May 1999 %%Pages: 13 %%PageOrder: Ascend %%BoundingBox: 0 0 612 792 %%EndComments %DVIPSWebPage: (www.radicaleye.com) %DVIPSCommandLine: dvips -R -P pk -K1 -z imamura2.dvi -o %DVIPSParameters: dpi=600, compressed, comments removed %DVIPSSource: TeX output 2024.04.27:1735 %%BeginProcSet: texc.pro /TeXDict 300 dict def TeXDict begin/N{def}def/B{bind def}N/S{exch}N/X{S N}B/A{dup}B/TR{translate}N/isls false N/vsize 11 72 mul N/hsize 8.5 72 mul N/landplus90{false}def/@rigin{isls{[0 landplus90{1 -1}{-1 1}ifelse 0 0 0]concat}if 72 Resolution div 72 VResolution div neg scale isls{ landplus90{VResolution 72 div vsize mul 0 exch}{Resolution -72 div hsize mul 0}ifelse TR}if Resolution VResolution vsize -72 div 1 add mul TR[ matrix currentmatrix{A A round sub abs 0.00001 lt{round}if}forall round exch round exch]setmatrix}N/@landscape{/isls true N}B/@manualfeed{ statusdict/manualfeed true 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Fr(9)3861 457 y FB(.)-9 606 y(\(Generically)-8 b(,)25 b(momen)m(ta)g Fs(m)1059 570 y Fi(0)1059 631 y Fr(8)1124 606 y FB(and)h Fs(m)1392 570 y Fi(0)1392 631 y Fr(9)1457 606 y FB(are)g(not)f(in)m(tegers,)j (due)e(to)f(the)i(presence)g(of)f(Wilson)e(lines,)i(while)-9 756 y(winding)34 b(n)m(um)m(b)s(ers)i Fs(n)816 771 y Fr(8)891 756 y FB(and)g Fs(n)1142 771 y Fr(9)1217 756 y FB(are)f(alw)m(a)m(ys)h(in)m(tegers.\))53 b(In)35 b(T)-8 b(able)35 b(I,)i(it)d(is)h(displa)m(y)m(ed)h(ho)m(w)g(the)g(states)-9 905 y(carrying)26 b(these)j(c)m(harges)f(are)f(transformed)f(b)m(y)i (the)f(dualities.)40 b(As)28 b(is)e(kno)m(wn)j(from)c(this)i(table,)g (c)m(harges)316 1086 y Fh(T)-8 b(able)32 b(I.)73 b(Ob)5 b(jects)30 b(carrying)g(c)m(harges)h Fg(m)1793 1053 y Fi(0)1793 1108 y Fk(\026)1870 1086 y Fh(and)f Fg(n)2102 1100 y Fk(\026)2178 1086 y Fh(in)f(eac)m(h)j(theory)e(related)h(b)m(y)f (dualities.)p 978 1221 1924 5 v 978 1237 V 1570 1342 a Fs(m)1655 1306 y Fi(0)1655 1367 y Fr(8)1949 1342 y Fs(m)2034 1306 y Fi(0)2034 1367 y Fr(9)2327 1342 y Fs(n)2385 1357 y Fr(8)2677 1342 y Fs(n)2735 1357 y Fr(9)p 978 1391 V 1078 1495 a FB(hetero)150 b Fs(x)1548 1459 y Fr(8)1621 1495 y FB(KK)99 b Fs(x)1927 1459 y Fr(9)1999 1495 y FB(KK)105 b Fs(x)2311 1459 y Fr(8)2383 1495 y FB(F1)110 b Fs(x)2661 1459 y Fr(9)2734 1495 y FB(F1)1083 1645 y(t)m(yp)s(e)34 b(I)155 b Fs(x)1548 1609 y Fr(8)1621 1645 y FB(KK)99 b Fs(x)1927 1609 y Fr(9)1999 1645 y FB(KK)h Fs(x)2306 1609 y Fr(8)2378 1645 y FB(D1)f Fs(x)2656 1609 y Fr(9)2728 1645 y FB(D1)1028 1794 y(t)m(yp)s(e)33 b(I)s(IA)120 b Fs(x)1568 1758 y Fr(8)1640 1794 y FB(F1)f Fs(x)1927 1758 y Fr(9)1999 1794 y FB(KK)163 b(D0)227 b(D2)1030 1944 y(t)m(yp)s(e)33 b(I)s(IB)122 b Fs(x)1568 1908 y Fr(8)1640 1944 y FB(F1)138 b Fs(x)1946 1908 y Fr(9)2019 1944 y FB(F1)119 b Fs(x)2306 1908 y Fr(9)2378 1944 y FB(D1)99 b Fs(x)2656 1908 y Fr(8)2728 1944 y FB(D1)p 978 1993 V -9 2264 a(\()p Fs(P)92 2279 y Fk(\026)138 2264 y Fs(;)17 b(Q)259 2279 y Fk(\026)306 2264 y FB(\))33 b(\()p 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(equation)f(in)g(\(1)3581 2843 y(.)3608 2865 y(2\))g(is)h(a)-9 3014 y(consequence)h(of)c(the)h(fact)f(that)h(the)g(T)g(dual)e(of)i(a)f (winding)f(t)m(yp)s(e)j(I)f(D-string)e(is)h(half)f(of)h(a)h(t)m(yp)s(e) g(I)s(IA)-9 3163 y(D-particle)30 b(on)j(an)f(orien)m(tifold)e(8-plane.) 137 3313 y(W)-8 b(e)23 b(should)g(note)g(that)f(in)g(generic)h(7-brane) g(bac)m(kgrounds,)j(there)e(is)e(a)g(certain)h(subtlet)m(y)g (concerning)-9 3462 y(the)29 b(de\014nition)f(of)h(winding)f(n)m(um)m (b)s(ers)i(of)e(strings)h(on)g(the)h(t)m(yp)s(e)g(I)s(IB)f(side.)42 b(W)-8 b(e)29 b(explain)g(this)f(in)h(Section)-9 3612 y(3)j(b)s(efore)h(giving)e(the)i(\014nal)f(result.)1029 3945 y Fl(x)p Fy(2.)93 b(Sp)s(ectrum)37 b(of)h(a)h(Heterotic)d(String) 137 4167 y FB(If)30 b(w)m(e)i(assume)f(the)f(left)g(mo)m(v)m(er)h (\(without)e(tilde\))g(is)h(sup)s(ersymmetric)g(and)h(the)g(righ)m(t)e (mo)m(v)m(er)i(\(with)-9 4316 y(tilde\))41 b(is)h(b)s(osonic,)j(the)e (mass)g(form)m(ula)e(and)i(the)g(lev)m(el)f(matc)m(hing)g(condition)f (for)h Fs(T)3269 4280 y Fk(d)3352 4316 y FB(compacti\014ed)-9 4466 y(heterotic)32 b(string)g(theory)h(are)g(giv)m(en)g(b)m(y)698 4644 y Fs(M)802 4607 y Fr(2)p 644 4688 252 4 v 644 4779 a FB(8)p Fs(\031)t(T)809 4794 y Fr(str)934 4711 y FB(=)1047 4644 y(1)p 1047 4688 49 4 v 1047 4779 a(2)1106 4711 y(\()p Fs(a)1195 4664 y Fk(\026)1195 4733 y Fr(0)1242 4711 y FB(\))1280 4670 y Fr(2)1341 4711 y FB(+)22 b(\()p Fs(N)1555 4726 y Fr(osc)1676 4711 y FB(+)g Fs(a)p FB(\))28 b(=)2005 4644 y(1)p 2005 4688 V 2005 4779 a(2)2063 4711 y(\()2104 4704 y Fj(e)2101 4711 y Fs(a)2152 4664 y Fk(\026)2152 4733 y Fr(0)2199 4711 y FB(\))2237 4670 y Fr(2)2299 4711 y FB(+)2407 4644 y(1)p 2407 4688 V 2407 4779 a(2)2465 4711 y(\()2507 4702 y Fj(e)2503 4711 y Ft(a)2557 4726 y Fr(0)2597 4711 y FB(\))2635 4670 y Fr(2)2697 4711 y FB(+)22 b(\()2844 4679 y Fj(f)2833 4711 y Fs(N)2911 4726 y Fr(osc)3031 4711 y Fm(\000)h FB(1\))p Fs(;)345 b FB(\(2)3677 4690 y(.)3704 4711 y(1\))-9 4948 y(where)38 b Fs(\026)c FB(=)g(10)24 b Fm(\000)i Fs(d;)17 b(:)g(:)g(:)e(;)i FB(9)36 b(lab)s(els)f(the)i(compacti\014ed)f(directions,)h(and)g(the)g(constan) m(t)g Fs(a)g FB(is)f Fm(\000)p FB(1)p Fs(=)p FB(2)g(for)-9 5098 y(the)h(NS)g(sector)h(and)e(0)h(for)f(the)h(R)g(sector.)57 b(The)37 b(v)-5 b(ariables)36 b Fs(a)2324 5051 y Fk(\026)2324 5120 y Fr(0)2407 5098 y FB(and)2604 5091 y Fj(e)2601 5098 y Fs(a)2652 5051 y Fk(\026)2652 5120 y Fr(0)2736 5098 y FB(represen)m(t)j(the)e(zero)g(mo)s(de)f(of)-9 5247 y(the)29 b(compacti\014ed)g(co)s(ordinates)f Fs(X)1324 5211 y Fk(\026)1371 5247 y FB(,)i(and)f(the)g(v)m(ector)2071 5238 y Fj(e)2067 5247 y Ft(a)2121 5262 y Fr(0)2190 5247 y FB(is)g(the)g(zero-mo)s(de)f(asso)s(ciated)h(with)g(the)g(16-)-9 5397 y(dimensional)f(in)m(ternal)i(space)i(of)f(the)g(righ)m(t)g(mo)m (v)m(er.)43 b(Due)31 b(to)g(the)g(quan)m(tization)f(of)h(the)g(momen)m (ta)f(and)1915 5687 y(3)p eop %%Page: 4 4 4 3 bop -127 158 a FB(wrapping)28 b(n)m(um)m(b)s(ers,)i(the)f(2)p Fs(d)13 b FB(+)g(16-dimensional)24 b(v)m(ector)30 b(\()p Fs(a)2120 111 y Fk(\026)2120 180 y Fr(0)2167 158 y Fs(;)2213 151 y Fj(e)2210 158 y Fs(a)2261 111 y Fk(\026)2261 180 y Fr(0)2308 158 y Fs(;)2356 149 y Fj(e)2352 158 y Ft(a)2406 173 y Fr(0)2446 158 y FB(\))e(tak)m(es)h(v)-5 b(alues)29 b(in)e(the)i(Loren)m(tzian)-127 307 y(self-dual)35 b(ev)m(en)j (lattice,)e(the)g(so-called)f(`Narain)h(lattice'.)53 b(F)-8 b(or)35 b(simplicit)m(y)-8 b(,)35 b(let)h(us)h(assume)g(the)f (torus)-127 457 y Fs(T)-56 420 y Fk(d)17 457 y FB(is)c(rectangular.)43 b(Then,)33 b(the)g(zero)g(mo)s(des)g(are)f(quan)m(tized)i(as)524 592 y Fj(0)524 738 y(B)524 788 y(B)524 838 y(B)524 891 y(@)647 693 y Fs(a)698 646 y Fk(\026)698 715 y Fr(0)649 836 y Fj(e)647 843 y Fs(a)698 796 y Fk(\026)698 865 y Fr(0)653 983 y Fj(e)649 992 y Ft(a)703 1007 y Fr(0)795 592 y Fj(1)795 738 y(C)795 788 y(C)795 838 y(C)795 891 y(A)895 838 y FB(=)998 592 y Fj(0)998 738 y(B)998 788 y(B)998 838 y(B)998 891 y(@)1198 640 y Fk(l)1219 648 y Ff(s)p 1131 656 189 4 v 1131 665 a Fi(p)p 1190 665 36 3 v 55 x Fr(2)p Fk(R)1278 728 y Ff(\026)1346 583 y Fj(\020)1396 679 y Fs(m)1481 694 y Fk(\026)1550 679 y FB(+)22 b Ft(w)1729 694 y Fk(\026)1797 679 y Fm(\001)g Ft(k)h Fm(\000)2038 640 y Fr(1)p 2038 656 36 4 v 2038 713 a(2)2083 679 y Ft(w)2164 694 y Fk(\026)2233 679 y Fm(\001)f Ft(w)2364 694 y Fk(\027)2407 679 y Fs(n)2465 694 y Fk(\027)2508 583 y Fj(\021)2580 679 y Fm(\000)2717 631 y Fk(R)2770 639 y Ff(\026)p 2690 656 149 4 v 2690 665 a Fi(p)p 2749 665 36 3 v 55 x Fr(2)p Fk(l)2805 728 y Ff(s)2848 679 y Fs(n)2906 694 y Fk(\026)1199 804 y(l)1220 812 y Ff(s)p 1132 820 189 4 v 1132 829 a Fi(p)p 1190 829 36 3 v 1190 884 a Fr(2)q Fk(R)1279 892 y Ff(\026)1347 747 y Fj(\020)1397 843 y Fs(m)1482 858 y Fk(\026)1551 843 y FB(+)g Ft(w)1730 858 y Fk(\026)1798 843 y Fm(\001)g Ft(k)g Fm(\000)2039 804 y Fr(1)p 2039 820 36 4 v 2039 877 a(2)2084 843 y Ft(w)2165 858 y Fk(\026)2234 843 y Fm(\001)g Ft(w)2365 858 y Fk(\027)2408 843 y Fs(n)2466 858 y Fk(\027)2509 747 y Fj(\021)2581 843 y FB(+)2716 795 y Fk(R)2769 803 y Ff(\026)p 2689 820 149 4 v 2689 829 a Fi(p)p 2748 829 36 3 v 55 x Fr(2)p Fk(l)2804 892 y Ff(s)2847 843 y Fs(n)2905 858 y Fk(\026)1830 1007 y Ft(k)h Fm(\000)f Fs(n)2069 1022 y Fk(\026)2116 1007 y Ft(w)2197 1022 y Fk(\026)3003 592 y Fj(1)3003 738 y(C)3003 788 y(C)3003 838 y(C)3003 891 y(A)3092 838 y Fs(;)354 b FB(\(2)3560 816 y(.)3586 838 y(2\))-127 1219 y(where)33 b Fs(R)228 1234 y Fk(\026)307 1219 y FB(are)f(compacti\014cation)e (radii,)g Ft(k)i FB(is)f(a)h(v)m(ector)g(on)g(a)g(16-dimensional)c (self-dual)j(ev)m(en)i(lattice)-127 1368 y Fs(\000)14 b FB(,)35 b(and)f Ft(w)281 1383 y Fk(\026)362 1368 y FB(are)g(Wilson)f(lines)h(whic)m(h)h(tak)m(e)g(v)-5 b(alues)34 b(on)g(the)h(torus)f Ft(R)2509 1332 y Fr(16)2584 1368 y Fs(=\000)14 b FB(.)48 b(F)-8 b(rom)33 b(this)h(equation,)h(w)m(e)-127 1518 y(can)d(read)g(mo)s(di\014ed)f(momen)m(ta)f Fs(m)1174 1482 y Fi(0)1174 1543 y Fk(\026)1221 1518 y FB(,)i(whic)m(h)h(are)f (momen)m(ta)e(con)m(taining)h(the)h(shift)f(due)i(to)e(the)i(Wilson) -127 1667 y(line,)e(as)1114 1827 y Fs(m)1199 1786 y Fi(0)1199 1851 y Fk(\026)1273 1827 y FB(=)d Fs(m)1462 1842 y Fk(\026)1531 1827 y FB(+)22 b Ft(w)1710 1842 y Fk(\026)1778 1827 y Fm(\001)g Ft(k)h Fm(\000)2019 1759 y FB(1)p 2019 1803 49 4 v 2019 1895 a(2)2078 1827 y Ft(w)2159 1842 y Fk(\026)2228 1827 y Fm(\001)e Ft(w)2358 1842 y Fk(\027)2402 1827 y Fs(n)2460 1842 y Fk(\027)2503 1827 y Fs(;)943 b FB(\(2)3560 1805 y(.)3586 1827 y(3\))-127 2026 y(where)32 b Fs(m)238 2041 y Fk(\026)317 2026 y FB(and)f Fs(n)563 2041 y Fk(\026)641 2026 y FB(are)g(in)m(tegers.)44 b(No)m(w,)32 b(w)m(e)g(are)f (considering)g Fs(S)6 b(O)s FB(\(32\))30 b(heterotic)h(string)f(theory) -8 b(,)32 b(and)-127 2175 y Fs(\000)46 b FB(should)33 b(b)s(e)g(the)g Fs(S)6 b(O)s FB(\(32\))31 b(w)m(eigh)m(t)i(lattice,)e (whic)m(h)i(is)f(generated)h(b)m(y)h(the)f(basis)483 2458 y Fs(\013)545 2473 y Fk(i)601 2458 y FB(=)27 b 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y(.)2380 4691 y(1)2232 4841 y(1)2479 3982 y Fj(1)2479 4128 y(C)2479 4178 y(C)2479 4228 y(C)2479 4277 y(C)2479 4327 y(C)2479 4377 y(C)2479 4427 y(C)2479 4477 y(C)2479 4526 y(C)2479 4576 y(C)2479 4626 y(C)2479 4676 y(C)2479 4729 y(A)2568 4452 y Fs(:)878 b FB(\(2)3560 4430 y(.)3586 4452 y(7\))-127 5063 y(F)-8 b(or)32 b(example,)g(in)g(the)h Fs(S)805 5027 y Fr(1)876 5063 y FB(compacti\014ed)g(case,)g(the)g(v)m(ector)h Ft(W)2256 5078 y Fr(9)2327 5063 y FB(is)f(giv)m(en)f(b)m(y)1060 5330 y Ft(W)1176 5345 y Fr(9)1242 5330 y FB(=)1446 5263 y Fs(l)1475 5278 y Fk(s)p 1356 5307 246 4 v 1356 5325 a Fm(p)p 1439 5325 49 4 v 82 x FB(2)p Fs(R)1562 5422 y Fr(9)1628 5184 y Fj( )1694 5330 y Ft(w)1775 5345 y Fr(9)1814 5330 y Fs(;)17 b Fm(\000)1945 5263 y FB(1)p 1945 5307 V 1945 5399 a(2)2004 5330 y Ft(w)2087 5289 y Fr(2)2085 5355 y(9)2148 5330 y Fm(\000)2258 5263 y Fs(R)2333 5227 y Fr(2)2332 5288 y(9)p 2258 5307 115 4 v 2280 5399 a Fs(l)2311 5370 y Fr(2)2309 5423 y Fk(s)2382 5330 y Fs(;)g FB(1)2475 5184 y Fj(!)2557 5330 y Fs(:)889 b FB(\(2)3560 5309 y(.)3586 5330 y(8\))1797 5687 y(4)p eop %%Page: 5 5 5 4 bop -9 158 a FB(The)33 b(v)m(ectors)i Ft(W)639 173 y Fk(\026)717 158 y FB(also)d(satisfy)h(the)g(equation)1561 370 y Ft(W)1677 385 y Fk(\026)1745 370 y Fm(\001)22 b Ft(W)1911 385 y Fk(\027)1982 370 y FB(=)27 b Fm(\000)p Fs(\016)2205 385 y Fk(\026\027)2292 370 y Fs(:)1271 b FB(\(2)3677 348 y(.)3704 370 y(9\))-9 582 y(Therefore,)27 b(they)f(form)e(an)g(orthonormal)f(basis)h(of)h(the)g Fs(d)p FB(-dimensional)c(sub-manifold)h(with)j(a)f(negativ)m(e)-9 731 y(de\014nite)29 b(metric.)42 b(The)30 b(mo)s(duli)c(parameters)k (of)e(the)i(heterotic)f(string)g(theory)h(are)f(sp)s(eci\014ed)h(b)m(y) g(giving)-9 881 y(this)35 b(sub-manifold)d(and)j(the)h(string)e (coupling)g(constan)m(t,)i(and)f(this)g(implies)e(that)i(the)g(mo)s (duli)d(space)-9 1030 y(of)g(the)h(heterotic)f(string)g(compacti\014ed) g(on)h Fs(T)1729 994 y Fk(d)1802 1030 y FB(is)1503 1195 y Fs(S)6 b(O)s FB(\(16)21 b(+)h Fs(d;)17 b(d)p 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Fk(\026)1603 2310 y Fr(0)1650 2289 y FB(\))1688 2247 y Fr(2)1750 2289 y Fm(\000)g FB(\()p Fs(a)1938 2241 y Fk(\026)1938 2310 y Fr(0)1985 2289 y FB(\))2023 2247 y Fr(2)2090 2289 y FB(=)28 b Fm(\000)p FB(2\()2369 2256 y Fj(f)2358 2289 y Fs(N)2436 2304 y Fr(osc)2557 2289 y FB(+)2657 2282 y Fj(e)2655 2289 y Fs(a)p FB(\))g Fm(\024)g FB(2)p Fs(:)589 b FB(\(2)3629 2267 y(.)3655 2289 y(12\))-9 2501 y(Equation)41 b(\(2)508 2479 y(.)534 2501 y(12\))g(corresp)s(onds)h(to)f(the)g(BPS)h (condition)e(for)g(junctions)h(\()p Ft(J)28 b Fm(\001)f Ft(J)p FB(\))42 b Fm(\024)h FB(2)d(giv)m(en)i(in)3699 2464 y Fr(8\))p Fk(;)14 b Fr(9\))3861 2501 y FB(.)-9 2650 y(\(In)34 b(this)f(pap)s(er,)h(w)m(e)h(adopt)e(a)h(signature)f (for)g(the)h(in)m(tersection)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)g(that)f(is)g(opp)s (osite)g(to)h(that)f(in)-9 2800 y(Refs.)216 2763 y Fr(2\))p Fk(;)15 b Fr(4\))380 2800 y FB(.\))43 b(The)34 b(mass)e(form)m(ula)f (can)i(b)s(e)g(rewritten)f(as)1570 2974 y Fs(M)1674 2938 y Fr(2)p 1516 3018 252 4 v 1516 3110 a FB(4)p Fs(\031)t(T)1681 3125 y Fr(str)1805 3042 y FB(=)c(\()p Ft(W)2063 3057 y Fk(\026)2131 3042 y Fm(\001)22 b Ft(K)p FB(\))2307 3001 y Fr(2)2346 3042 y Fs(:)1169 b FB(\(2)3629 3020 y(.)3655 3042 y(13\))-9 3265 y(In)33 b(particular,)e(massless)i(states) g(should)g(satisfy)1675 3477 y Ft(W)1791 3492 y Fk(\026)1860 3477 y Fm(\001)21 b Ft(K)28 b FB(=)f(0)p Fs(:)1338 b FB(\(2)3629 3456 y(.)3655 3477 y(14\))-9 3689 y(Equation)35 b(\(2)502 3668 y(.)528 3689 y(14\))g(de\014nes)h(a)f(subspace)i(of)d (co)s(dimension)g Fs(d)p FB(.)50 b(Because)36 b(all)d(of)h(the)i Ft(W)3228 3704 y Fk(\026)3309 3689 y FB(ha)m(v)m(e)g(negativ)m(e)-9 3839 y(norms)f(and)i(the)f(whole)g(space)h(has)f(signature)g(\(+)1914 3802 y Fk(d)p Fr(+16)2080 3839 y Fs(;)17 b Fm(\000)2201 3802 y Fk(d)2241 3839 y FB(\),)37 b(this)f(subspace)i(has)e(a)g(p)s (ositiv)m(e)f(de\014nite)-9 3988 y(metric.)55 b(Because)38 b(the)f(lattice)f(on)g(the)i(subspace)g(corresp)s(onds)h(to)d(massless) h(gauge)g(\014elds,)h(the)f(sub-)-9 4138 y(lattice)28 b(is)h(nothing)g(but)h(a)f(ro)s(ot)g(lattice)f(of)h(the)h(gauge)f (group.)43 b(Let)29 b(us)i(in)m(tro)s(duce)e(the)h(basis)g Ft(U)3563 4153 y Fk(i)3621 4138 y FB(on)f(the)-9 4287 y(sub-lattice)i(corresp)s(onding)i(to)f(the)h(fundamen)m(tal)f(w)m (eigh)m(t.)44 b(Then,)34 b(an)m(y)g(v)m(ector)g Ft(K)e FB(can)h(b)s(e)g(expanded)-9 4436 y(as)1534 4586 y Ft(K)28 b FB(=)f Fs(a)1804 4601 y Fk(i)1833 4586 y Ft(U)1919 4601 y Fk(i)1969 4586 y FB(+)22 b Fs(c)2109 4601 y Fk(\026)2156 4586 y Ft(W)2272 4601 y Fk(\026)2318 4586 y Fs(:)1197 b FB(\(2)3629 4564 y(.)3655 4586 y(15\))-9 4773 y(The)35 b(co)s(e\016cien)m(ts)f Fs(a)738 4788 y Fk(i)800 4773 y FB(giv)m(e)g(the)g(Dynkin)g(lab)s(el)e(of)h(the)h(state)g(asso)s (ciated)g(with)f(the)h(v)m(ector)h Ft(K)p FB(.)46 b(On)34 b(the)-9 4923 y(other)g(hand,)h(the)f(co)s(e\016cien)m(ts)h Fs(c)1226 4938 y Fk(\026)1307 4923 y FB(giv)m(e)f(cen)m(tral)g(c)m (harges)h(of)f(the)g(state,)h(b)s(ecause)g(the)g(mass)f(square)h(of)-9 5072 y(eac)m(h)e(state)g(is)f(giv)m(en)h(as)g(the)g(sum)f(of)h(the)g (square)g(of)f(the)h Fs(c)2203 5087 y Fk(\026)2250 5072 y FB(:)1676 5250 y Fs(M)1780 5214 y Fr(2)p 1622 5294 V 1622 5386 a FB(4)p Fs(\031)t(T)1787 5401 y Fr(str)1912 5317 y FB(=)2015 5234 y Fj(X)2054 5409 y Fk(\026)2152 5317 y Fs(c)2194 5276 y Fr(2)2194 5342 y Fk(\026)2240 5317 y Fs(:)1275 b FB(\(2)3629 5296 y(.)3655 5317 y(16\))1915 5687 y(5)p eop %%Page: 6 6 6 5 bop 19 158 a FB(When)40 b(w)m(e)g(compactify)e(heterotic)h(string)f (theory)i(on)f(a)g(torus)g Fs(T)2531 122 y Fk(d)2571 158 y FB(,)i(new)f(2)p Fs(d)e(U)10 b FB(\(1\))39 b(\014elds)h(app)s (ear)-127 307 y(from)f(the)i(metric)e(and)h(the)h(NS-NS)g(2-form)d (\014eld,)k(and)f(at)f(a)g(generic)g(p)s(oin)m(t)f(in)h(mo)s(duli)e (space,)43 b(the)-127 457 y(gauge)24 b(group)h(is)f(a)g(subgroup)h(of)f Fs(S)6 b(O)s FB(\(32\))g Fm(\002)g Fs(U)k FB(\(1\))1699 420 y Fr(2)p Fk(d)1773 457 y FB(.)41 b(F)-8 b(or)23 b(example,)j(if)d (w)m(e)j(compactify)d(the)i Fs(x)3332 420 y Fr(8)3397 457 y FB(direction)-127 606 y(and)33 b(in)m(tro)s(duce)f(the)h(Wilson)f (line)1139 838 y Ft(w)1220 853 y Fr(8)1287 838 y FB(=)1391 716 y Fj(\022\022)1523 770 y FB(1)p 1523 814 49 4 v 1523 906 a(2)1582 716 y Fj(\023)1643 732 y Fk(n)1706 838 y Fs(;)17 b FB(0)1799 796 y Fr(16)p Fi(\000)p Fk(n)1971 716 y Fj(\023)2049 838 y Fs(;)114 b FB(\()p Fs(n)28 b(<)g FB(8\))919 b(\(2)3511 816 y(.)3538 838 y(17\))-127 1082 y(then)37 b(gauge)g(symmetry)g(is)f(brok)m(en)h(to)g Fs(S)6 b(O)s FB(\(2)p Fs(n)p FB(\))24 b Fm(\002)h Fs(S)6 b(O)s FB(\(32)23 b Fm(\000)j FB(2)p Fs(n)p FB(\))f Fm(\002)g Fs(U)10 b FB(\(1\))2721 1045 y Fr(2)2761 1082 y FB(.)55 b(If)37 b(w)m(e)h(adjust)f(the)g(com-)-127 1231 y(pacti\014cation)31 b(radius)h(to)h(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)32 b(sp)s(eci\014ed)h(b)m(y)1506 1420 y(1)p 1506 1464 V 1506 1555 a(2)1564 1487 y Ft(w)1647 1446 y Fr(2)1645 1512 y(8)1708 1487 y FB(+)1816 1420 y Fs(R)1891 1384 y Fr(2)1890 1444 y(8)p 1816 1464 115 4 v 1838 1555 a Fs(l)1869 1527 y Fr(2)1867 1580 y Fk(s)1969 1487 y FB(=)27 b(1)p Fs(;)1276 b FB(\(2)3511 1466 y(.)3538 1487 y(18\))-127 1745 y(then)46 b(some)f(winding)f(mo)s(des)h(b)s (ecome)h(massless,)j(and)c(the)h(gauge)f(symmetry)g Fs(S)6 b(O)s FB(\(2)p Fs(n)p FB(\))30 b Fm(\002)h Fs(U)10 b FB(\(1\))46 b(is)-127 1895 y(enhanced)34 b(to)e Fs(E)492 1910 y Fk(n)p Fr(+1)630 1895 y FB(.)43 b(W)-8 b(e)33 b(can)g(con\014rm)f(this)g(b)m(y)i(observing)f(the)g(sub-lattice)e(giv) m(en)i(b)m(y)g(\(2)3284 1873 y(.)3311 1895 y(14\).)1065 2229 y Fl(x)p Fy(3.)92 b(Corresp)s(ondence)38 b(of)g(states)19 2451 y FB(In)g(Ref.)333 2415 y Fr(3\))400 2451 y FB(,)g(it)f(is)g(sho)m (wn)i(that)e(the)h(junction)f(lattice)f(asso)s(ciated)h(with)g(the)h (7-brane)f(bac)m(kground)-127 2601 y Fs(A)-54 2565 y Fk(n)-7 2601 y Fs(B)5 b(C)i(B)e(C)38 b FB(\()p Fs(n)28 b(<)g FB(8\))j(is)f(iden)m(tical)g(to)h(the)g(ro)s(ot)f(lattice)g(of)h (the)g(a\016ne)h(Lie)f(algebra)3020 2569 y Fj(b)2996 2601 y Fs(E)3068 2616 y Fk(n)p Fr(+1)3205 2601 y FB(.)43 b(On)31 b(the)h(het-)-127 2750 y(erotic)h(side,)g(this)g(bac)m(kground) h(corresp)s(onds)h(to)e Fs(T)1812 2714 y Fr(2)1884 2750 y FB(compacti\014cation)e(with)i(the)g(Wilson)f(line)g(\(2)3608 2729 y(.)3635 2750 y(17\))-127 2900 y(and)39 b(the)g (compacti\014cation)e(radius)h Fs(R)1354 2915 y Fr(8)1433 2900 y FB(satisfying)g(\(2)1961 2878 y(.)1988 2900 y(18\).)61 b(In)39 b(the)h(7-brane)e(bac)m(kground,)k(in)c(addi-)-127 3049 y(tion)31 b(to)i(junctions)f Ft(\012)694 3013 y Fk(i)755 3049 y FB(asso)s(ciated)g(with)g(the)h(\014nite)f(Lie)g (algebra)g Fs(E)2436 3064 y Fk(n)p Fr(+1)2573 3049 y FB(,)h(w)m(e)g(ha)m(v)m(e)h(three)f(indep)s(enden)m(t)-127 3199 y(junctions,)39 b Fs(\016)t FB(,)h Ft(\012)522 3162 y Fr(0)561 3199 y FB(,)g(and)e Ft(\006)g FB(\(Fig.1\).)58 b(An)38 b(arbitrary)f(junction)h(on)g(the)g(bac)m(kground)h(is)f (expanded)h(as)-127 3348 y(follo)m(ws:)1229 3498 y Ft(J)28 b FB(=)g Fs(a)1470 3513 y Fk(i)1498 3498 y Ft(\012)1579 3456 y Fk(i)1629 3498 y FB(+)22 b Fs(k)s Ft(\012)1862 3456 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Ft(\012)1830 4392 y Fr(0)1970 4428 y Fs(\016)179 b Ft(\006)p 1246 4477 1152 5 v 1301 4582 a(\012)1382 4546 y Fk(i)p 1464 4627 5 150 v 1516 4582 a Fs(A)1589 4546 y Fk(ij)1296 4731 y Ft(\012)1377 4695 y Fr(0)p 1464 4776 V 1784 4731 a Fm(\003)135 b FB(1)190 b Fm(\003)1332 4881 y Fs(\016)p 1464 4925 V 410 w FB(1)1315 5030 y Ft(\006)p 1464 5075 V 388 w Fm(\003)283 b(\000)2254 4991 y Fr(1)p 2204 5007 133 4 v 2204 5064 a(8)p Fi(\000)p Fk(n)-127 5397 y FB(The)32 b(comp)s(onen)m(ts)f(expressed)i(as)e(`)p Fm(\003)p FB(')f(in)g(the)h(table)f(dep)s(end)i(on)e(the)h(con)m(v)m (en)m(tion)h(used)g(in)e(de\014ning)g(the)1797 5687 y(6)p eop %%Page: 7 7 7 6 bop -9 158 a FB(junctions)30 b Ft(\012)490 122 y Fr(0)560 158 y FB(and)h Ft(\006)p FB(.)43 b(By)31 b(adding)e Fs(\016)35 b FB(to)30 b(them,)h(w)m(e)g(can)g(\014x)g(these)h(comp)s (onen)m(ts)f(to)f(arbitrary)f(v)-5 b(alues.)-9 307 y(The)40 b(corresp)s(ondence)g(of)f(the)g(v)m(ector)h Ft(U)1561 322 y Fk(i)1628 307 y FB(in)e(\(2)1835 286 y(.)1861 307 y(15\))g(and)h(junctions)g Ft(\012)2739 271 y Fk(i)2806 307 y FB(is)f(trivial.)59 b(Here,)41 b(w)m(e)f(fo)s(cus)-9 457 y(on)33 b(determining)e(ho)m(w)i(w)m(e)h(can)g(repro)s(duce)f(the)h (in)m(tersection)f(\()p Ft(\006)22 b Fm(\001)g Ft(\006)p FB(\),)33 b(whic)m(h)g(is)g(indep)s(enden)m(t)h(of)e(the)-9 606 y(con)m(v)m(en)m(tion.)62 b(Because)40 b(the)f(three)g(junctions)f Ft(\012)1849 570 y Fr(0)1889 606 y FB(,)i Fs(\016)i FB(and)c Ft(\006)h FB(carry)f(cen)m(tral)h(c)m(harges)g(and)g Fs(\016)j FB(and)d Fs(\012)3849 570 y Fr(0)-9 756 y FB(resp)s(ect)31 b(the)f(same)g(sup)s(ersymmetry)-8 b(,)31 b(the)f(con)m(tribution)f(of) g(these)i(three)g(c)m(harges)g(to)e(the)h(mass)g(can)g(b)s(e)-9 905 y(expressed)35 b(as)1407 1014 y Fs(M)1511 978 y Fr(2)p 1354 1059 252 4 v 1354 1150 a FB(4)p Fs(\031)t(T)1519 1165 y Fr(str)1643 1082 y FB(=)28 b(\()p Fs(xk)d FB(+)d Fs(y)2072 1075 y Fj(e)2066 1082 y Fs(n)p FB(\))2162 1041 y Fr(2)2223 1082 y FB(+)g Fs(z)2370 1041 y Fr(2)2410 1082 y Fs(\033)2469 1041 y 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y(de\014ne)e(the)f(winding)e(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)i(on)g(the)g(t)m(yp)s (e)g(I)s(IB)g(side)f(using)h(heterotic)f(quan)m(tum)h(n)m(um)m(b)s (ers.)137 4948 y(There)40 b(is)e(only)h(one)g(case)g(in)f(whic)m(h)i (suc)m(h)g(subtlet)m(y)f(do)s(es)h(not)e(exist.)63 b(The)39 b(reason)g(w)m(e)h(need)g(the)-9 5098 y(string)29 b(attac)m(hed)i(on)e (the)i(string)e(lo)s(op)f(of)i(the)g(junction)f Ft(\006)h FB(is)f(that)h(the)g(mono)s(drom)m(y)f(around)h(the)g(lo)s(op)-9 5247 y(c)m(hanges)43 b(the)f(c)m(harge)h(of)e(the)h(string)f(lo)s(op.) 70 b(Therefore,)45 b(in)c(the)h(\015at)g(bac)m(kground,)j(where)e(the)f (R-R)-9 5397 y(c)m(harge)29 b(of)g(eac)m(h)g(O7-plane)f(is)g(canceled)i (b)m(y)f(four)g(D7-branes)f(and)h(the)g(mono)s(drom)m(y)f(around)h(the) g(cycle)1915 5687 y(7)p eop %%Page: 8 8 8 7 bop -127 158 a FB(is)31 b(1,)h(con\014gurations)f(lik)m(e)g Ft(\006)h FB(are)f(not)h(allo)m(w)m(ed,)f(and)h(the)g(de\014nition)f (of)g(the)h(winding)f(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)h(is)f(v)m(ery)-127 307 y(clear.)43 b(On)33 b(the)g(heterotic)f(side,)h(the)g(bac)m (kground)g(is)g(sp)s(eci\014ed)g(b)m(y)g(the)g(follo)m(wing)d(Wilson)i (line:)798 592 y Ft(w)879 607 y Fr(8)946 592 y FB(=)c(\(0)1137 551 y Fr(8)1176 592 y Fs(;)17 b FB(\(1)p Fs(=)p FB(2\))1443 551 y Fr(8)1481 592 y FB(\))p Fs(;)114 b Ft(w)1741 607 y Fr(9)1808 592 y FB(=)28 b(\(0)1999 551 y Fr(4)2038 592 y Fs(;)17 b FB(\(1)p Fs(=)p FB(2\))2305 551 y Fr(4)2343 592 y Fs(;)g FB(0)2436 551 y Fr(4)2475 592 y Fs(;)g FB(\(1)p Fs(=)p FB(2\))2742 551 y Fr(4)2781 592 y FB(\))p Fs(:)627 b FB(\(3)3560 571 y(.)3586 592 y(6\))-127 877 y(On)30 b(this)h(bac)m(kground,)h(there)f(is)f(no)g(subtlet)m(y)i(concerning)e (the)h(de\014nition)f(of)f(c)m(harges,)k(and)d(b)m(y)i(means)-127 1027 y(of)24 b(Eq.\(1)207 1005 y(.)235 1027 y(2\),)i(w)m(e)f(can)g (represen)m(t)i(the)e(winding)e(n)m(um)m(b)s(ers)j(of)e(strings)g(on)h (the)g(t)m(yp)s(e)g(I)s(IB)g(side)g(b)m(y)g(quan)m(tum)-127 1176 y(n)m(um)m(b)s(ers)39 b(on)f(the)g(heterotic)g(side.)60 b(If)38 b(all)e(the)j(comp)s(onen)m(ts)f(of)g(the)g(v)m(ector)2801 1167 y Fj(e)2797 1176 y Ft(a)2851 1191 y Fr(0)2928 1176 y FB(v)-5 b(anish,)40 b(w)m(e)f(obtain)e(a)-127 1326 y(con\014guration)32 b(with)h(t)m(w)m(o)h(string)e(lo)s(ops)g(with)h(c) m(harges)h(\()p Fs(P)2071 1341 y Fk(\026)2118 1326 y Fs(;)17 b(Q)2239 1341 y Fk(\026)2285 1326 y FB(\))33 b(\(Fig.2\).)43 b(If)33 b(the)h(comp)s(onen)m(ts)g(of)e(the)-127 1475 y(v)m(ector)174 1466 y Fj(e)170 1475 y Ft(a)224 1490 y Fr(0)298 1475 y FB(=)j Ft(k)25 b Fm(\000)h Fs(n)654 1490 y Fr(8)693 1475 y Ft(w)774 1490 y Fr(8)839 1475 y Fm(\000)f Fs(n)999 1490 y Fr(9)1039 1475 y Ft(w)1120 1490 y Fr(9)1196 1475 y FB(tak)m(e)37 b(nonzero)h(v)-5 b(alues,)37 b(eac)m(h)h(comp)s(onen)m(t)f(should)f(b)s(e)h(regarded)g (as)-127 1625 y(the)f(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)g(of)f(strings)h(attac)m(hed)g (to)f(eac)m(h)i(D7-brane.)51 b(As)37 b(a)e(result,)h(w)m(e)h(obtain)d (the)i(con\014guration)-127 1774 y(in)e(Fig.3.)50 b(In)35 b(this)g(case,)h(the)g(c)m(harges)g(of)e(the)i(string)e(lo)s(ops)g(are) h(not)g(constan)m(t)h(on)f(them,)h(due)f(to)g(the)-127 1924 y(fundamen)m(tal)28 b(strings)h(lying)e(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)k(the)e (lo)s(ops)f(and)h(D7-branes.)42 b(Nev)m(ertheless,)32 b(w)m(e)e(can)f(de\014ne)h(the)-127 2073 y(c)m(harge)c(\()p Fs(P)273 2088 y Fk(\026)319 2073 y Fs(;)17 b(Q)440 2088 y Fk(\026)487 2073 y FB(\))24 b(of)h(the)g(junction)g(uniquely)g(as)g (one)h(half)d(of)i(the)g(sum)g(of)g(the)g(c)m(harges)h(that)f(go)g (through)-127 2222 y(cycles)35 b(wrapp)s(ed)h(around)e(the)h Fs(x)1112 2186 y Fr(8)1186 2222 y FB(and)f Fs(x)1432 2186 y Fr(9)1506 2222 y FB(directions,)h(whic)m(h)g(are)f(represen)m (ted)j(b)m(y)e(the)g(dashed)g(lines)-127 2372 y(in)44 b(Fig.3.)78 b(The)46 b(c)m(harge)f(of)f(an)m(y)i(segmen)m(t)f(in)f(the) h(con\014guration)f(in)g(Fig.3)f(is)h(determined)h(b)m(y)g(the)-127 2521 y(information)34 b(w)m(e)k(ha)m(v)m(e)h(already)d(giv)m(en.)58 b(In)37 b(Fig.3,)g(w)m(e)h(assume)g(that)e(the)i(branc)m(h)g(cuts)g(go) f(out)m(w)m(ard.)-127 2671 y(By)d(means)g(of)g(con)m(tin)m(uous)h (deformation,)d(w)m(e)j(can)f(collect)f(all)f(16)i(D7-branes)f(at)h (the)g(same)g(p)s(osition.)-127 2820 y(As)28 b(w)m(e)g(mo)m(v)m(e)g (D7-branes,)g(the)g(branc)m(h)g(cuts)h(attac)m(hed)f(on)f(them)g(are)g (also)g(mo)m(v)m(ed.)42 b(If)28 b(the)f(branc)m(h)i(cuts)-127 2970 y(go)39 b(across)h(strings,)h(the)f(c)m(harges)h(of)e(the)h (strings)f(c)m(hange,)j(and)e(if)e(a)h(D7-brane)g(go)s(es)g(across)i (strings)-127 3119 y(with)26 b(D-string)f(c)m(harge,)k(the)e(n)m(um)m (b)s(er)g(of)f(strings)g(attac)m(hed)i(to)e(the)h(D7-brane)f(is)g(c)m (hanged)i(through)e(the)-127 3268 y(Hanan)m(y-Witten)36 b(e\013ect.)53 b(T)-8 b(aking)35 b(accoun)m(t)h(of)f(these)i(facts,)g (w)m(e)f(obtain)f(the)h(con\014guration)e(in)h(Fig.4.)-127 3418 y(In)d(this)f(con\014guration,)g(w)m(e)h(ha)m(v)m(e)h(separated)f (eac)m(h)h(O7-plane)d(in)m(to)h(a)g(B-)g(and)g(a)g(C-brane,)i(and)e (the)h(24)-127 3567 y(7-branes)g(w)m(e)i(ha)m(v)m(e)f(obtained)f(are)h (lab)s(eled)e Fs(A)1601 3582 y Fr(1)1640 3567 y FB(,)i Fm(\001)17 b(\001)g(\001)n FB(,)32 b Fs(A)1948 3582 y Fr(16)2023 3567 y FB(,)g Fs(B)2156 3582 y Fr(1)2196 3567 y FB(,)g Fs(C)2325 3582 y Fr(1)2365 3567 y FB(,)g Fm(\001)17 b(\001)g(\001)n FB(,)33 b Fs(B)2674 3582 y Fr(4)2713 3567 y FB(,)g Fs(C)2843 3582 y Fr(4)2914 3567 y FB(in)f(coun)m(ter-clo) s(c)m(kwise)-127 3717 y(order.)44 b(As)33 b(a)f(result,)h(in)m(v)-5 b(arian)m(t)31 b(c)m(harges)i(of)g(the)g(junctions)f(are)h(giv)m(en)f (as)h(follo)m(ws:)1264 4002 y Fs(Q)1341 4017 y Fe(a)1381 4027 y Ff(i)1439 4002 y FB(=)28 b Fs(k)1594 4017 y Fk(i)1621 4002 y Fs(;)1825 b FB(\(3)3560 3980 y(.)3586 4002 y(7\))1250 4176 y Fs(Q)1327 4191 y Fe(b)1372 4200 y Fd(1)1439 4176 y FB(=)28 b(0)p Fs(;)1854 b FB(\(3)3560 4155 y(.)3586 4176 y(8\))1259 4351 y Fs(Q)1336 4366 y Fe(c)1372 4375 y Fd(1)1439 4351 y FB(=)28 b(0)p Fs(;)1854 b FB(\(3)3560 4329 y(.)3586 4351 y(9\))1250 4525 y 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Fs(Q)1327 5237 y Fe(b)1372 5246 y Fd(4)1439 5222 y FB(=)28 b Fm(\000)p Fs(m)1705 5237 y Fr(9)1767 5222 y FB(+)22 b Fs(n)1923 5237 y Fr(9)1985 5222 y Fm(\000)g Fs(s;)1267 b FB(\(3)3511 5201 y(.)3538 5222 y(14\))1259 5397 y Fs(Q)1336 5412 y Fe(c)1372 5421 y Fd(4)1439 5397 y FB(=)28 b Fm(\000)p Fs(m)1705 5412 y Fr(9)1767 5397 y Fm(\000)23 b Fs(n)1925 5412 y Fr(8)1986 5397 y FB(+)f Fs(n)2142 5412 y Fr(9)2204 5397 y Fm(\000)h Fs(s;)1047 b FB(\(3)3511 5375 y(.)3538 5397 y(15\))1797 5687 y(8)p eop %%Page: 9 9 9 8 bop -9 158 a FB(where)34 b Fs(s)e FB(is)g(de\014ned)i(b)m(y)1687 344 y Fs(s)28 b FB(=)1874 277 y(1)p 1874 321 49 4 v 1874 413 a(2)1974 237 y Fr(16)1950 261 y Fj(X)1953 444 y Fk(i)p Fr(=1)2086 344 y Fs(k)2137 359 y Fk(i)2165 344 y Fs(:)1350 b FB(\(3)3629 323 y(.)3655 344 y(16\))-9 582 y(Because)34 b(the)f(v)m(ector)h Ft(k)e FB(tak)m(es)i(v)-5 b(alues)33 b(on)f(the)h(lattice)e Fs(\000)14 b FB(,)33 b Fs(s)f FB(is)g(alw)m(a)m(ys)h(an)g(in)m(teger.)137 731 y(Junctions,)c(whic)m (h)g(are)f(dual)f(to)g(heterotic)h(string)f(states,)j(should)d(b)s(e)i (prop)s(er;)g(i.e.,)g(their)e(in)m(v)-5 b(arian)m(t)-9 881 y(c)m(harges)26 b(should)e(b)s(e)h(in)m(tegers.)41 b(A)m(t)25 b(\014rst)g(sigh)m(t,)h(ho)m(w)m(ev)m(er,)j(Eq.\(3)2359 859 y(.)2387 881 y(7\))24 b(giv)m(es)h(fractional)e(c)m(harges)i Fs(Q)3571 896 y Fe(a)3611 906 y Ff(i)3666 881 y FB(when)-9 1030 y Ft(k)39 b FB(con)m(tains)g(an)h(o)s(dd)f(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)g(of)g (spinor)g(ro)s(ots)g Fs(\013)1915 1045 y Fk(s)1991 1030 y FB(in)f(\(2)2198 1009 y(.)2225 1030 y(4\).)63 b(W)-8 b(e)39 b(can)h(alw)m(a)m(ys)g(mak)m(e)f(this)g(junction)-9 1180 y(prop)s(er)29 b(b)m(y)h(adding)e(n)m(ull)g(junctions.)43 b(W)-8 b(e)29 b(ha)m(v)m(e)i(t)m(w)m(o)e(indep)s(enden)m(t)i(n)m(ull)d (junctions)h Ft(N)3204 1195 y Fr(1)3272 1180 y FB(and)g Ft(N)3546 1195 y Fr(2)3585 1180 y FB(,)h(whic)m(h)-9 1329 y(go)e(around)h(all)e(24)i(junctions.)42 b(Because)31 b(the)e(compacti\014cation)e(manifold)f(is)j Fs(S)2983 1293 y Fr(2)3022 1329 y FB(,)h(these)g(junctions)f(can)-9 1479 y(shrink)k(to)f(a)g(p)s(oin)m(t.)43 b(They)34 b(ha)m(v)m(e)g(the)f (follo)m(wing)d(in)m(v)-5 b(arian)m(t)31 b(c)m(harges:)150 1724 y Ft(N)238 1739 y Fr(1)305 1724 y FB(:)d(\(0)447 1683 y Fr(16)521 1724 y Fs(;)17 b FB(1)p Fs(;)g FB(1)p Fs(;)g Fm(\000)p FB(1)p Fs(;)g Fm(\000)p FB(1)p Fs(;)g FB(1)p Fs(;)g FB(1)p Fs(;)g Fm(\000)p FB(1)p Fs(;)g Fm(\000)p FB(1\))p Fs(;)112 b Ft(N)1838 1739 y Fr(2)1905 1724 y FB(:)28 b(\(1)2047 1683 y Fr(16)2121 1724 y Fs(;)17 b Fm(\000)p FB(15)p Fs(;)g Fm(\000)p FB(13)p Fs(;)g FB(11)p Fs(;)g FB(9)p Fs(;)g Fm(\000)p FB(7)p Fs(;)g Fm(\000)p FB(5)p Fs(;)g FB(3)p Fs(;)g FB(1\))p Fs(:)157 b FB(\(3)3629 1702 y(.)3655 1724 y(17\))-9 1969 y(If)28 b(all)f Fs(Q)293 1984 y Fe(a)333 1994 y Ff(i)392 1969 y FB(of)h(a)g(junction)h(are)f (half)g(o)s(dd)g(in)m(teger,)h(b)m(y)h(adding)e(the)h(n)m(ull)e (junction)h(\()p Ft(N)3140 1984 y Fr(1)3194 1969 y FB(+)14 b Ft(N)3372 1984 y Fr(2)3411 1969 y FB(\))p Fs(=)p FB(2,)29 b(w)m(e)g(can)-9 2119 y(mak)m(e)h(it)f(a)h(prop)s(er)g(junction.)42 b(F)-8 b(urthermore,)30 b(using)g(n)m(ull)f(junctions,)h(w)m(e)h(can)g (\014x)f(an)m(y)h(t)m(w)m(o)g(of)e Fs(Q)3625 2134 y Fe(b)3670 2144 y Ff(i)3731 2119 y FB(and)-9 2268 y Fs(Q)68 2283 y Fe(c)104 2293 y Ff(i)159 2268 y FB(to)24 b(an)m(y)h(v)-5 b(alues,)26 b(and)e(in)f(the)i(relations)e(\(3)1678 2247 y(.)1704 2268 y(7\)-\(3)1911 2247 y(.)1937 2268 y(15\))h(w)m(e)h (adopted)g(the)f(con)m(v)m(en)m(tion)i Fs(Q)3314 2283 y Fe(b)3359 2292 y Fd(1)3426 2268 y FB(=)h Fs(Q)3606 2283 y Fe(c)3642 2292 y Fd(1)3709 2268 y FB(=)h(0.)137 2418 y(Finally)-8 b(,)35 b(let)g(us)i(con\014rm)e(that)h(the)h(in)m (tersection)f(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)h(de\014ned)g(in)e(Ref.)3037 2381 y Fr(2\))3140 2418 y FB(is)h(consisten)m(t)h(with)-9 2567 y(the)k(inner)f(pro)s(duct)h(of)f(the)h(v)m(ector)h Ft(K)p FB(.)67 b(According)40 b(to)h(Ref.)2362 2531 y Fr(2\))2428 2567 y FB(,)i(the)e(in)m(tersection)f(n)m(um)m(b)s(ers)i (among)-9 2717 y(unit)32 b(junctions)g(are)267 2972 y(\()p Ft(a)359 2987 y Fk(i)410 2972 y Fm(\001)21 b Ft(a)513 2987 y Fk(j)550 2972 y FB(\))28 b(=)g(\()p Ft(b)820 2987 y Fk(i)870 2972 y Fm(\001)22 b Ft(b)982 2987 y Fk(j)1019 2972 y FB(\))27 b(=)h(\()p Ft(c)1276 2987 y Fk(i)1326 2972 y Fm(\001)22 b Ft(c)1426 2987 y Fk(j)1462 2972 y FB(\))28 b(=)f Fs(\016)1674 2987 y Fk(ij)1735 2972 y Fs(;)114 b FB(\()p Ft(a)1968 2987 y Fk(i)2019 2972 y Fm(\001)22 b Ft(b)2131 2987 y Fk(j)2168 2972 y FB(\))27 b(=)h Fm(\000)2424 2904 y FB(1)p 2424 2949 V 2424 3040 a(2)2483 2972 y Fs(;)114 b FB(\()p Ft(a)2716 2987 y Fk(i)2767 2972 y Fm(\001)22 b Ft(c)2867 2987 y Fk(j)2903 2972 y FB(\))28 b(=)3082 2904 y(1)p 3082 2949 V 3082 3040 a(2)3141 2972 y Fs(;)374 b FB(\(3)3629 2950 y(.)3655 2972 y(18\))1350 3319 y(\()p Ft(b)1450 3334 y Fk(i)1501 3319 y Fm(\001)22 b Ft(c)1601 3334 y Fk(j)1637 3319 y FB(\))28 b(=)1806 3144 y Fj(8)1806 3219 y(<)1806 3369 y(:)1930 3249 y Fm(\000)p FB(1)112 b(\()p Fs(i)28 b Fm(\024)h Fs(j)6 b FB(\))1969 3398 y(1)138 b(\()p Fs(i)28 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b(compacti\014ed)f(on)h Fs(T)1074 4763 y Fr(2)1144 4799 y FB(and)g(in)m(v)-5 b(arian)m(t)28 b(c)m(harges)k(of)d(junctions)h(on)g Fs(S)2805 4763 y Fr(2)2875 4799 y FB(with)f(24)h(7-branes.)43 b(In)30 b(or-)-9 4948 y(der)e(to)f(\014nd)i(the)f(necessary)i(relations,)d(w)m (e)i(used)g(a)e(\015at)h(bac)m(kground)h(on)e(the)i(t)m(yp)s(e)f(I)s (IB)g(side.)42 b(Ho)m(w)m(ev)m(er,)-9 5098 y(once)28 b(w)m(e)h(ha)m(v)m(e)h(obtained)d(the)i(relations)d(\(3)1606 5076 y(.)1633 5098 y(7\)-\(3)1840 5076 y(.)1866 5098 y(15\),)i(they)h(are)f(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable)26 b(for)h(non-\015at)h(bac)m (kgrounds,)-9 5247 y(b)s(ecause)37 b(b)s(oth)f(the)g(junction)f (lattice)f(and)i(the)g(Narain)f(lattice)f(are)i(discrete,)h(and)f(the)g (relations)f(b)s(e-)-9 5397 y(t)m(w)m(een)f(them)d(are)i(in)m(v)-5 b(arian)m(t)30 b(under)j(con)m(tin)m(uous)g(deformations)d(of)i(mo)s (duli)d(parameters.)44 b(In)32 b(fact,)g(the)1915 5687 y(9)p eop %%Page: 10 10 10 9 bop -127 158 a FB(mo)s(duli)30 b(space)k(of)e(elliptic)d(K3)k(is) 1339 341 y Fs(S)6 b(O)s FB(\(18)p Fs(;)17 b FB(2\))p 869 385 1349 4 v 869 477 a Fs(S)6 b(O)s FB(\(18\))21 b Fm(\002)i Fs(S)6 b(O)s FB(\(2\))20 b Fm(\002)j Fs(S)6 b(O)s FB(\(18)p Fs(;)17 b FB(2;)g Ft(Z)p FB(\))2250 408 y Fm(\002)23 b Ft(R)2434 367 y Fr(+)2515 408 y Fm(\002)f Ft(R)2698 367 y Fr(+)2757 408 y Fs(;)689 b FB(\(4)3560 387 y(.)3586 408 y(1\))-127 667 y(where)40 b(the)f(t)m(w)m(o)h(copies)f (of)g Ft(R)1022 631 y Fr(+)1119 667 y FB(represen)m(t)i(the)e(K\177)-49 b(ahler)38 b(structure)i(of)f(the)g(base)h(manifold)c(and)j(that)-127 816 y(of)34 b(the)g(elliptic)d(\014b)s(er,)k(resp)s(ectiv)m(ely)-8 b(.)49 b(In)35 b(the)f(case)h(of)f(the)h(compacti\014cation)d(of)h (F-theory)-8 b(,)35 b(w)m(e)g(should)-127 966 y(ignore)c(the)h(K\177) -49 b(ahler)30 b(structure)j(of)e(the)h(elliptic)d(\014b)s(er.)43 b(Hence,)33 b(the)f(mo)s(duli)d(space)k(of)e(t)m(yp)s(e)h(I)s(IB)g (theory)-127 1115 y(compacti\014ed)27 b(on)g Fs(S)633 1079 y Fr(2)700 1115 y FB(is)g(iden)m(tical)f(to)h(that)g(of)h Fs(T)1679 1079 y Fr(2)1718 1115 y FB(-compacti\014ed)e(heterotic)i (string)e(theory)-8 b(,)30 b(\(2)3396 1094 y(.)3422 1115 y(10\),)e(and)-127 1265 y(it)c(is)h(exp)s(ected)i(that)e(at)g(an)m(y)g (p)s(oin)m(t)g(on)g(the)g(mo)s(duli)e(space)j(w)m(e)g(can)g(use)g(the)f (form)m(ulae)f(\(3)3165 1243 y(.)3192 1265 y(7\)-\(3)3399 1243 y(.)3425 1265 y(15\).)40 b(F)-8 b(or)-127 1414 y(example,)35 b(applying)e(these)j(form)m(ulae)e(to)g(a)h(v)m(ector)g Ft(W)1956 1429 y Fr(8)2030 1414 y FB(with)g(the)g(Wilson)e(line)h(\(2) 3029 1393 y(.)3056 1414 y(17\),)h(w)m(e)g(correctly)-127 1564 y(obtain)c(the)i(junction)g Ft(\006)p FB(,)f(although)g(the)h(bac) m(kground)g(is)f(not)h(\015at.)1339 1898 y Fy(Ac)m(kno)m(wledgemen)m (ts)19 2120 y FB(I)e(w)m(ould)g(lik)m(e)f(to)h(thank)g(B.Zwiebac)m(h,)h (K.Murak)-5 b(ami)29 b(and)i(I.Kishimoto)d(for)i(v)-5 b(aluable)30 b(discussions)-127 2270 y(and)j(B.Kol)e(for)h(a)g(commen)m (t)g(on)h(the)g(mo)s(duli)d(space)j(of)g(K3.)1560 2589 y Ft(References)68 2707 y FB(1\))49 b(M.R.Gab)s(erdiel)31 b(and)h(B.Zwiebac)m(h,)i(Nucl.Ph)m(ys.)p Ft(B518)p FB(\(1998\)151,)e FA(hep-th/9709013)p FB(,)204 2856 y Fc(\\Exc)-5 b(eptional)33 b(gr)-5 b(oups)35 b(fr)-5 b(om)34 b(op)-5 b(en)34 b(strings.")68 3006 y FB(2\))49 b(O.DeW)-8 b(olfe)31 b(and)i(B.Zwiebac)m(h,)g FA(hep-th/9804210)p FB(,)204 3155 y Fc(\\String)h(Junctions)h(for)f(A)n (rbitr)-5 b(ary)36 b(Lie)e(A)n(lgebr)-5 b(a)35 b(R)-5 b(epr)g(esentations.")68 3305 y FB(3\))49 b(O.DeW)-8 b(olfe,)31 b FA(hep-th/9809026)p FB(,)204 3454 y Fc(\\A\016ne)j(Lie)h (A)n(lgebr)-5 b(as,)34 b(String)g(Junctions)h(and)f(7-Br)-5 b(anes.")68 3603 y FB(4\))49 b(O.DeW)-8 b(olfe,)31 b(T.Hauer,)j (A.Iqbal)e(and)h(B.Zwiebac)m(h,)g FA(hep-th/9812028)p FB(,)204 3753 y Fc(\\Unc)-5 b(overing)33 b(the)i(Symmetries)f(on)g ([p,q])g(7-br)-5 b(anes:)44 b(Beyond)34 b(the)h(Ko)-5 b(dair)g(a)34 b(Classi\014c)-5 b(ation.")68 3902 y FB(5\))49 b(O.DeW)-8 b(olfe,)31 b(T.Hauer,)j(A.Iqbal)e(and)h(B.Zwiebac)m(h,)g FA(hep-th/9812209)p FB(,)204 4052 y Fc(\\Unc)-5 b(overing)44 b(In\014nite)g(Symmetries)g(on)h([p,q])g(7-br)-5 b(anes:)64 b(Kac-Mo)-5 b(o)g(dy)45 b(A)n(lgebr)-5 b(as)44 b(and)g(Be-)204 4201 y(yond.")68 4351 y FB(6\))49 b(Y.Imam)m(ura,)31 b(Ph)m(ys.Rev.)p Ft(D58)p FB(\(1998\)106005,)i FA(hep-th/9802189)p FB(,)204 4500 y Fc(\\)p Fs(E)326 4515 y Fr(8)400 4500 y Fc(\015avor)i(multiplets.")68 4649 y FB(7\))49 b(A.Sen,)33 b(Nucl.Ph)m(ys.)p Ft(B475)p FB(\(1996\)562,)g FA(hep-th/9605150)p FB(,)204 4799 y Fc(\\F-The)-5 b(ory)33 b(and)i(Orientifolds.")68 4948 y FB(8\))49 b(O.DeW)-8 b(olfe,)31 b(T.Hauer,)j(A.Iqbal)e(and)h (B.Zwiebac)m(h,)204 5098 y(Nucl.Ph)m(ys.)p Ft(B534)p FB(\(1998\)261,)f FA(hep-th/9805220)p FB(,)204 5247 y Fc(\\Constr)-5 b(aints)40 b(on)g(the)h(BPS)f(Sp)-5 b(e)g(ctrum)41 b(of)g(N)g(=)g(2,)h(D)e(=)h(4)f(The)-5 b(ories)40 b(with)h(A-D-E)g (Flavor)204 5397 y(Symmetry.")1773 5687 y FB(10)p eop %%Page: 11 11 11 10 bop 186 158 a FB(9\))48 b(A.Mikhailo)m(v,)29 b(N.Nekraso)m(v)i (and)e(S.Sethi,)h(Nucl.Ph)m(ys.)p Ft(B531)p FB(\(1998\)345,)g FA(hep-th/9803142)p FB(,)321 307 y Fc(\\Ge)-5 b(ometric)35 b(R)-5 b(e)g(alizations)34 b(of)g(BPS)h(States)g(in)f(N=2)h(The)-5 b(ories.")1891 5687 y FB(11)p eop %%Page: 12 12 12 11 bop 2434 465 a Ft(\012)2515 429 y Fr(0)2442 590 y Ft(\006)1687 856 y Fs(\016)1106 274 y(A)1179 238 y Fk(n)1226 274 y Fs(B)5 b(C)i(B)e(C)1604 112 y Fj(\022)1679 181 y Fr(1)1679 272 y(0)1729 112 y Fj(\023)-20 b(\022)1896 178 y Fr(0)1899 242 y Fd(1)p 1855 254 117 4 v 1855 295 a(8)p Fb(\000)p Ff(n)1997 112 y Fj(\023)2060 236 y(\022)2136 305 y Fr(0)2136 397 y(1)2186 236 y Fj(\023)2060 568 y(\022)2136 637 y Fr(1)2136 729 y(0)2186 568 y Fj(\023)1230 814 y @beginspecial 289 @llx 319 @lly 431 @urx 381 @ury 1420 @rwi @setspecial %%BeginDocument: ods.eps %AI3_IncludePlacedImages /Adobe_Illustrator_1.1 dup 100 dict def load begin /Version 0 def /Revision 0 def /bdef {bind def} bind def /ldef {load def} bdef /xdef {exch def} bdef /_K {3 index add neg dup 0 lt {pop 0} if 3 1 roll} bdef /_k 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