{ "56ddde6b9a695914005b9628": "France", "56ddde6b9a695914005b9629": "10th and 11th centuries", "56ddde6b9a695914005b962a": "Denmark, Iceland and Norway", "56ddde6b9a695914005b962b": "Rollo", "56ddde6b9a695914005b962c": "10th", "5ad39d53604f3c001a3fe8d1": "The Normans (Norman: Nourmands; French: Normands; Latin: Normanni", "5ad39d53604f3c001a3fe8d2": "Normandy, a region in France", "5ad39d53604f3c001a3fe8d3": "King Charles III of West Francia.", "5ad39d53604f3c001a3fe8d4": "first half of the 10th century,", "56dddf4066d3e219004dad5f": "William the Conqueror", "56dddf4066d3e219004dad60": "Richard I of Normandy", "56dddf4066d3e219004dad61": "Christian piety", "5ad3a266604f3c001a3fea27": "major political, cultural and military impact on medieval Europe", "5ad3a266604f3c001a3fea28": "The Normans", "5ad3a266604f3c001a3fea29": "The Normans", "5ad3a266604f3c001a3fea2a": "Richard I", "5ad3a266604f3c001a3fea2b": "Kingdom of Sicily", "56dde0379a695914005b9636": "\"Norseman, Viking", "56dde0379a695914005b9637": "9th century", "5ad3ab70604f3c001a3feb89": "Normans\"", "5ad3ab70604f3c001a3feb8a": "9th century)", "56dde0ba66d3e219004dad75": "911", "56dde0ba66d3e219004dad76": "King Charles III", "56dde0ba66d3e219004dad77": "Seine", "5ad3ad61604f3c001a3fec0d": "10th century,", "5ad3ad61604f3c001a3fec0e": "the treaty", "5ad3ad61604f3c001a3fec0f": "Rollo,", "5ad3ad61604f3c001a3fec10": "Viking incursions", "56dde1d966d3e219004dad8d": "Rollo", "5ad3ae14604f3c001a3fec39": "880s,", "5ad3ae14604f3c001a3fec3a": "Danes, Norwegians, Norse\u2013Gaels, Orkney Vikings, possibly Swedes, and Anglo-Danes", "56dde27d9a695914005b9651": "Catholicism (Christianity", "56dde27d9a695914005b9652": "north", "5ad3af11604f3c001a3fec63": "Catholicism", "5ad3af11604f3c001a3fec64": "Frankish", "5ad3af11604f3c001a3fec65": "The Norman language", "56dde2fa66d3e219004dad9b": "fighting horsemen", "5ad3c626604f3c001a3ff011": "rest of France,", "5ad3c626604f3c001a3ff012": "fighting horsemen for more than a generation", "5ad3c626604f3c001a3ff013": "Normans", "56de0f6a4396321400ee257f": "the Pechenegs, the Bulgars, and especially the Seljuk Turks", "5ad3dbc6604f3c001a3ff3e9": "Normans", "5ad3dbc6604f3c001a3ff3ea": "the Pechenegs, the Bulgars, and especially the Seljuk Turks", "5ad3dbc6604f3c001a3ff3eb": "Norman mercenaries were first encouraged to come to the south by the Lombards", "5ad3dbc6604f3c001a3ff3ec": "Sicilian campaign", "56de0ffd4396321400ee258d": "1050s", "56de0ffd4396321400ee258e": "1060s", "56de0ffd4396321400ee258f": "Alexius Komnenos", "5ad3de8b604f3c001a3ff467": "Herv\u00e9", "5ad3de8b604f3c001a3ff468": "1050s", "5ad3de8b604f3c001a3ff469": "Roussel de Bailleul", "5ad3de8b604f3c001a3ff46a": "1050s", "56de10b44396321400ee2593": "Afranji", "56de10b44396321400ee2594": "Oursel", "56de10b44396321400ee2595": "Turkish forces", "5ad3e96b604f3c001a3ff689": "Some Normans", "5ad3e96b604f3c001a3ff68a": "the Armenian", "5ad3e96b604f3c001a3ff68b": "A Norman named Oursel led a force of \"Franks\"", "5ad3e96b604f3c001a3ff68c": "upper Euphrates valley in northern Syria", "56de11154396321400ee25aa": "Italo-Norman", "5ad3ea79604f3c001a3ff6e9": "Byzantine Greece", "5ad3ea79604f3c001a3ff6ea": "George Maniaces", "5ad3ea79604f3c001a3ff6eb": "Sicilian expedition", "56de148dcffd8e1900b4b5bc": "Robert Guiscard", "56de148dcffd8e1900b4b5bd": "February 1082", "56de148dcffd8e1900b4b5be": "30,000", "5ad3ed26604f3c001a3ff799": "Normans", "5ad3ed26604f3c001a3ff79a": "Comiscortes in the service of Byzantium. The city's garrison resisted until February 1082", "5ad3ed26604f3c001a3ff79b": "Ioannina and some minor cities in southwestern Macedonia and Thessaly", "5ad3ed26604f3c001a3ff79c": "30,000 men", "56de15104396321400ee25b7": "Deabolis", "56de15104396321400ee25b8": "Bohemond", "56de15104396321400ee25b9": "Deabolis", "5ad3ee2d604f3c001a3ff7e1": "Dyrrachium using the most sophisticated military equipment of the time, but to no avail", "5ad3ee2d604f3c001a3ff7e2": "the Normans under the command of Bohemond, Robert's son,", "5ad3ee2d604f3c001a3ff7e3": "Bohemond, Robert", "56de1563cffd8e1900b4b5c2": "1185", "56de1563cffd8e1900b4b5c3": "Dyrrachium", "56de1563cffd8e1900b4b5c4": "the Adriatic", "5ad3f028604f3c001a3ff823": "Norman army", "5ad3f028604f3c001a3ff824": "high Byzantine officials.", "5ad3f028604f3c001a3ff825": "Dyrrachium\u2014one of the most important naval bases", "56de15dbcffd8e1900b4b5c8": "King Ethelred II of England", "56de15dbcffd8e1900b4b5c9": "Duke Richard II", "56de15dbcffd8e1900b4b5ca": "Normandy", "56de15dbcffd8e1900b4b5cb": "Sweyn Forkbeard", "5ad3f187604f3c001a3ff86f": "Emma, who stayed in Normandy after Cnut the Great's conquest of the isle.", "5ad3f187604f3c001a3ff870": "1013,", "5ad3f187604f3c001a3ff871": "The Normans", "56de1645cffd8e1900b4b5d0": "Harthacnut", "56de1645cffd8e1900b4b5d1": "1041", "56de1645cffd8e1900b4b5d2": "Robert of Jumi\u00e8ges", "5ad3f350604f3c001a3ff8ef": "1041", "5ad3f350604f3c001a3ff8f0": "English cavalry force", "5ad3f350604f3c001a3ff8f1": "Ralph the Timid earl of Hereford", "56de16ca4396321400ee25c5": "Battle of Hastings", "56de16ca4396321400ee25c6": "Duke William II of Normandy", "56de16ca4396321400ee25c7": "1066", "56de16ca4396321400ee25c8": "Anglo-Saxons", "5ad3f4b1604f3c001a3ff951": "1066, Duke William II of Normandy conquered England killing King Harold II at the Battle of Hastings", "5ad3f4b1604f3c001a3ff952": "Battle of Hastings", "5ad3f4b1604f3c001a3ff953": "Normans", "5ad3f4b1604f3c001a3ff954": "Early Norman kings of England", "56de1728cffd8e1900b4b5d7": "Modern English", "5ad3f5b0604f3c001a3ff9ab": "the Norman aristocracy often identified themselves as English", "5ad3f5b0604f3c001a3ff9ac": "Anglo-Saxon language of their subjects", "5ad3f5b0604f3c001a3ff9ad": "Geoffrey Chaucer", "56de179dcffd8e1900b4b5da": "1169", "56de179dcffd8e1900b4b5db": "Irish", "56de179dcffd8e1900b4b5dc": "Irish", "5ad3f6f5604f3c001a3ffa09": "Bannow Bay", "5ad3f6f5604f3c001a3ffa0a": "The Normans had a profound effect on Irish", "5ad3f6f5604f3c001a3ffa0b": "Trim Castle and Dublin Castle.", "56de17f9cffd8e1900b4b5e0": "Edgar's sister Margaret", "56de17f9cffd8e1900b4b5e1": "King Malcolm III", "56de17f9cffd8e1900b4b5e2": "1072", "56de17f9cffd8e1900b4b5e3": "his son Duncan", "5ad3f7ac604f3c001a3ffa3b": "Edgar's sister Margaret,", "5ad3f7ac604f3c001a3ffa3c": "William the Conqueror", "5ad3f7ac604f3c001a3ffa3d": "his son Duncan", "56de3cd0cffd8e1900b4b6be": "Sybilla of Normandy", "56de3cd0cffd8e1900b4b6bf": "Norman", "5ad3f8d2604f3c001a3ffa8d": "Sybilla of Normandy,", "5ad3f8d2604f3c001a3ffa8e": "Normans and Norman culture to Scotland, part of the process some scholars call the \"Davidian Revolution", "56de3d594396321400ee26ca": "Hereford", "56de3d594396321400ee26cb": "the Welsh", "56de3d594396321400ee26cc": "Edward the Confessor", "5ad3fb01604f3c001a3ffb35": "the Normans had come into contact with Wales", "5ad3fb01604f3c001a3ffb36": "Edward the Confessor had set up the aforementioned Ralph as earl of Hereford", "56de3dbacffd8e1900b4b6d2": "the Marches", "5ad3fb6e604f3c001a3ffb5f": "Marches came completely under the dominance of William's most trusted Norman barons, including Bernard de Neufmarch\u00e9, Roger", "5ad3fb6e604f3c001a3ffb60": "Bernard de Neufmarch\u00e9, Roger of Montgomery", "56de3e414396321400ee26d8": "1018", "56de3e414396321400ee26d9": "William of Montreuil", "5ad3fc41604f3c001a3ffb8f": "Antioch", "5ad3fc41604f3c001a3ffb90": "the Reconquista in Iberia", "5ad3fc41604f3c001a3ffb91": "Roger de Tosny travelled to the Iberian Peninsula to carve out a state for himself from Moorish lands, but failed", "5ad3fc41604f3c001a3ffb92": "First Crusade carved out a Norman principality in Antioch. They were major foreign participants in the Reconquista", "56de3ebc4396321400ee26e6": "1097", "56de3ebc4396321400ee26e7": "Tancred", "56de3ebc4396321400ee26e8": "Jerusalem", "5ad4017a604f3c001a3ffd1f": "1097", "5ad4017a604f3c001a3ffd20": "Tancred", "56de3efccffd8e1900b4b6fe": "380 years", "5ad401f2604f3c001a3ffd41": "Cyprus by the Anglo-Norman forces of the Third", "5ad401f2604f3c001a3ffd42": "Cyprus by the Anglo-Norman forces of the Third", "56de3f784396321400ee26fa": "a storm", "56de3f784396321400ee26fb": "Berengaria", "56de3f784396321400ee26fc": "1191", "56de3f784396321400ee26fd": "Isaac Komnenos", "5ad40280604f3c001a3ffd57": "Richard the Lion-hearted", "5ad40280604f3c001a3ffd58": "91 Richard the Lion-hearted left Messina with a large fleet in order to reach Acre. But a storm", "5ad40280604f3c001a3ffd59": "Isaac Komnenos", "56de40da4396321400ee2708": "Conrad of Montferrat", "56de40da4396321400ee2709": "silver", "56de40da4396321400ee270a": "Guy de Lusignan", "5ad404a6604f3c001a3ffde1": "Isaac surrendered and was confined with silver", "5ad404a6604f3c001a3ffde2": "Guy de Lusignan.", "5ad404a6604f3c001a3ffde3": "Guy de Lusignan", "56de49564396321400ee277a": "Africa", "5ad40419604f3c001a3ffdb7": "Jean de Bethencourt and the Poitevine Gadifer de la Salle conquered the Canarian islands of Lanzarote", "5ad40419604f3c001a3ffdb8": "Canarian islands of Lanzarote", "56de49a8cffd8e1900b4b7a7": "Bethencourt", "56de49a8cffd8e1900b4b7a8": "Enrique P\u00e9rez de Guzm\u00e1n", "56de49a8cffd8e1900b4b7a9": "Maciot de Bethencourt", "5ad403c1604f3c001a3ffd97": "King of the Canary Islands, as vassal to Henry III", "5ad403c1604f3c001a3ffd98": "Maciot de Bethencourt sold the rights to the islands to Enrique P\u00e9rez de Guzm\u00e1n, 2nd Count de Niebla", "56de4a474396321400ee2786": "the Channel Islands", "56de4a474396321400ee2787": "two", "5ad40358604f3c001a3ffd7d": "customary", "5ad40358604f3c001a3ffd7e": "Norman customary law", "5ad40358604f3c001a3ffd7f": "Tr\u00e8s ancien coutumier (Very ancient customary)", "56de4a89cffd8e1900b4b7bd": "Romanesque", "56de4a89cffd8e1900b4b7be": "rounded", "5ad402ce604f3c001a3ffd67": "rounded", "56de4b074396321400ee2793": "Early Gothic", "56de4b074396321400ee2794": "Early Gothic", "56de4b074396321400ee2795": "Kingdom of Sicily", "5ad400b0604f3c001a3ffcdf": "Gothic.", "5ad400b0604f3c001a3ffce0": "Norman", "5ad400b0604f3c001a3ffce1": "Norman-Arab architecture", "56de4b5c4396321400ee2799": "early 11th century", "56de4b5c4396321400ee279a": "the dukes", "5ad3ffd7604f3c001a3ffca7": "visual arts, the Normans did not have the rich and distinctive traditions of the cultures they conquered", "5ad3ffd7604f3c001a3ffca8": "the dukes", "5ad3ffd7604f3c001a3ffca9": "duchy.", "5ad3ffd7604f3c001a3ffcaa": "Normandy experienced a golden age of illustrated manuscripts", "56de4bb84396321400ee27a2": "16th century", "5ad3ff1b604f3c001a3ffc73": "French Wars of Religion in the 16th century and French Revolution", "5ad3ff1b604f3c001a3ffc74": "French Revolution in the 18th", "56de4c324396321400ee27ab": "embroidery", "56de4c324396321400ee27ac": "Bayeux Tapestry", "56de4c324396321400ee27ad": "Odo", "5ad3fe91604f3c001a3ffc47": "Bayeux Tapestry,", "5ad3fe91604f3c001a3ffc48": "Odo, the Bishop of Bayeux", "56de51244396321400ee27ef": "mosaics", "5ad3fe0d604f3c001a3ffc1b": "stonework or metalwork, such as capitals and baptismal fonts", "5ad3fe0d604f3c001a3ffc1c": "sculptured fonts", "5ad3fe0d604f3c001a3ffc1d": "Lombard Salerno was a centre of ivorywork in the 11th century", "56de51c64396321400ee27f7": "11th", "56de51c64396321400ee27f8": "William of Volpiano and John of Ravenna", "5ad3fd68604f3c001a3ffbe7": "classical music in the 11th century. F\u00e9camp Abbey", "5ad3fd68604f3c001a3ffbe8": "musical production and education", "56de52614396321400ee27fb": "southern Italy", "56de52614396321400ee27fc": "Sant'Eufemia", "56de52614396321400ee27fd": "Robert Guiscard", "56de52614396321400ee27fe": "singing", "5ad3fccf604f3c001a3ffbb5": "several monks", "56e16182e3433e1400422e28": "Computational complexity theory", "56e16182e3433e1400422e29": "inherent difficulty", "56e16182e3433e1400422e2a": "computational problem", "5ad5316b5b96ef001a10ab72": "A computational problem is understood to be a task that is in principle amenable to being solved by a computer,", "5ad5316b5b96ef001a10ab73": "Computational complexity theory", "5ad5316b5b96ef001a10ab74": "A computational", "5ad5316b5b96ef001a10ab75": "an algorithm", "5ad5316b5b96ef001a10ab76": "an algorithm.", "56e16839cd28a01900c67887": "significant resources", "56e16839cd28a01900c67888": "mathematical models of computation", "56e16839cd28a01900c67889": "time and storage", "56e16839cd28a01900c6788a": "number of gates in a circuit", "56e16839cd28a01900c6788b": "limits on what computers can and cannot do", "5ad532575b96ef001a10ab7c": "A problem is regarded as inherently difficult if its solution requires significant resources, whatever the algorithm used. The theory", "5ad532575b96ef001a10ab7d": "mathematical models of computation to study these problems and quantifying the amount of resources needed to solve them, such as time and storage", "5ad532575b96ef001a10ab7e": "time and storage", "5ad532575b96ef001a10ab7f": "number of gates", "5ad532575b96ef001a10ab80": "number of processors (used in parallel", "56e17644e3433e1400422f40": "analysis of algorithms and computability theory", "56e17644e3433e1400422f41": "analysis of algorithms", "56e17644e3433e1400422f42": "computational complexity theory", "56e17644e3433e1400422f43": "analysis of algorithms", "5ad5344b5b96ef001a10ab86": "analysis of algorithms and computability theory.", "5ad5344b5b96ef001a10ab87": "all possible algorithms that could be used to solve the same problem", "5ad5344b5b96ef001a10ab88": "computational complexity theory", "5ad5344b5b96ef001a10ab89": "computational complexity", "5ad5344b5b96ef001a10ab8a": "analysis of algorithms", "56e17a7ccd28a01900c679a1": "a problem instance", "56e17a7ccd28a01900c679a2": "a problem", "56e17a7ccd28a01900c679a3": "abstract", "56e17a7ccd28a01900c679a4": "the instance", "56e17a7ccd28a01900c679a5": "the solution", "5ad5364c5b96ef001a10ab90": "computational problem can be viewed as an infinite collection of instances", "5ad5364c5b96ef001a10ab91": "a problem instance", "5ad5364c5b96ef001a10ab92": "problem instance", "5ad5364c5b96ef001a10ab93": "the solution is \"yes\" if the number is prime", "5ad5364c5b96ef001a10ab94": "instance is a number", "56e17e6ee3433e1400422f7f": "2000", "56e17e6ee3433e1400422f80": "asking for a round trip through all sites in Milan", "56e17e6ee3433e1400422f81": "computational problems", "5ad537a15b96ef001a10ab9a": "10", "5ad537a15b96ef001a10ab9b": "quantitative answer to this particular problem instance is of little use", "5ad537a15b96ef001a10ab9c": "asking for a round trip through all sites in Milan whose total length is at most 10 km", "5ad537a15b96ef001a10ab9d": "particular problem instances.", "56e181d9e3433e1400422fa0": "a problem instance", "56e181d9e3433e1400422fa1": "binary alphabet", "56e181d9e3433e1400422fa2": "bitstrings", "56e181d9e3433e1400422fa3": "binary notation", "56e181d9e3433e1400422fa4": "adjacency matrices", "5ad5391e5b96ef001a10aba2": "a problem instance", "5ad5391e5b96ef001a10aba3": "binary", "5ad5391e5b96ef001a10aba4": "a problem instance is a string over an alphabet", "5ad5391e5b96ef001a10aba5": "graphs can be encoded directly via their adjacency matrices", "5ad5391e5b96ef001a10aba6": "by encoding their adjacency lists in binary.", "56e190bce3433e1400422fc8": "Decision problems", "56e190bce3433e1400422fc9": "yes or no, or alternately either 1 or 0", "56e190bce3433e1400422fca": "yes or no, or alternately either 1 or 0", "56e190bce3433e1400422fcb": "yes", "56e190bce3433e1400422fcc": "yes", "5ad53b9d5b96ef001a10abc8": "Decision", "5ad53b9d5b96ef001a10abc9": "Decision", "5ad53b9d5b96ef001a10abca": "Decision", "5ad53b9d5b96ef001a10abcb": "yes or no, or alternately either 1 or 0", "5ad53b9d5b96ef001a10abcc": "yes", "56e19557e3433e1400422fee": "arbitrary", "56e19557e3433e1400422ff0": "The formal language", "56e19557e3433e1400422ff1": "how graphs are encoded as binary strings", "5ad53d705b96ef001a10abd2": "connected graphs", "5ad53d705b96ef001a10abd3": "binary", "5ad53d705b96ef001a10abd4": "binary strings.", "5ad53d705b96ef001a10abd5": "one has to decide how graphs are encoded as binary strings", "56e19724cd28a01900c679f6": "computational problem", "56e19724cd28a01900c679f7": "a single", "56e19724cd28a01900c679f8": "function problem", "56e19724cd28a01900c679f9": "the integer factorization problem", "56e19724cd28a01900c679fa": "complex", "5ad53e615b96ef001a10abda": "decision", "5ad53e615b96ef001a10abdb": "A function problem is a computational problem where a single output (of a total function) is expected for every input, but the output is more complex", "5ad53e615b96ef001a10abdc": "decision problem, that is, it isn't just yes or no. Notable examples include the traveling salesman problem and the integer factorization", "5ad53e615b96ef001a10abdd": "traveling salesman problem and the integer factorization problem.", "5ad53e615b96ef001a10abde": "complex", "56e1a0dccd28a01900c67a2e": "as decision problems", "56e1a0dccd28a01900c67a2f": "the set of triples (a, b, c)", "5ad53f815b96ef001a10abe4": "function problems", "5ad53f815b96ef001a10abe5": "triples (a, b, c)", "5ad53f815b96ef001a10abe6": "set of triples (a, b, c) such that the relation a \u00d7 b = c holds", "56e1a38de3433e140042305c": "how much time the best algorithm requires to solve the problem", "56e1a38de3433e140042305d": "the instance", "56e1a38de3433e140042305e": "as a function of the size of the instance", "56e1a38de3433e140042305f": "bits", "56e1a38de3433e1400423060": "input size", "5ad541ad5b96ef001a10abea": "difficulty of solving a computational problem, one may wish to see how much time the best algorithm requires to solve the problem.", "5ad541ad5b96ef001a10abeb": "larger instances will require more time", "5ad541ad5b96ef001a10abec": "as a function of the size of the instance.", "5ad541ad5b96ef001a10abed": "?", "5ad541ad5b96ef001a10abee": "function of the size of the instance. This is usually taken to be the size of the input in bits", "56e1a564cd28a01900c67a48": "Cobham's", "56e1a564cd28a01900c67a49": "the time taken can be expressed as a function of n", "56e1a564cd28a01900c67a4a": "worst-case time complexity", "56e1a564cd28a01900c67a4b": "T(n)", "56e1a564cd28a01900c67a4c": "polynomial time algorithm", "5ad542db5b96ef001a10abf4": "If the input size is n, the time taken can be expressed as a function of n.", "5ad542db5b96ef001a10abf5": "Cobham's thesis", "5ad542db5b96ef001a10abf6": "worst-case time complexity T(n)", "5ad542db5b96ef001a10abf7": "polynomial in n, then the algorithm is said to be a polynomial time algorithm", "5ad542db5b96ef001a10abf8": "polynomial time algorithm. Cobham's thesis says that a problem can be solved with a feasible amount of resources if it admits a polynomial time", "56e1aba0e3433e1400423094": "Turing machine", "56e1aba0e3433e1400423095": "an algorithm", "56e1aba0e3433e1400423097": "the Turing machine", "56e1aba0e3433e1400423098": "symbols", "5ad543c05b96ef001a10abfe": "A Turing machine is a mathematical model", "5ad543c05b96ef001a10abff": "Turing machine. Since Turing machines", "5ad543c05b96ef001a10ac00": "Turing machine", "5ad543c05b96ef001a10ac01": "a Turing machine that solves the problem. Indeed, this is the statement of the Church\u2013Turing thesis", "56e1aff7cd28a01900c67a68": "deterministic Turing machine", "56e1aff7cd28a01900c67a69": "a fixed set of rules to determine its future actions", "56e1aff7cd28a01900c67a6a": "probabilistic Turing machine", "56e1aff7cd28a01900c67a6b": "non-deterministic Turing machine", "56e1aff7cd28a01900c67a6c": "randomized algorithms", "5ad546c75b96ef001a10ac0e": "A probabilistic Turing", "5ad546c75b96ef001a10ac0f": "non-deterministic", "5ad546c75b96ef001a10ac10": "ability to make probabilistic", "5ad546c75b96ef001a10ac11": "non-deterministic Turing machine is a deterministic Turing machine with an added feature of non-determinism", "5ad546c75b96ef001a10ac12": "One way to view non-determinism is that the Turing machine branches into many possible computational paths at each step,", "56e1b00ce3433e140042309e": "complexity classes", "56e1b00ce3433e140042309f": "time or space) are bounded", "56e1b00ce3433e14004230a1": "deterministic Turing machines", "5ad545545b96ef001a10ac06": "define complexity classes, such as deterministic Turing machines, probabilistic Turing machines, non-deterministic Turing machines", "5ad545545b96ef001a10ac07": "when resources (such as time or space) are bounded", "5ad545545b96ef001a10ac08": "quantum Turing machines, symmetric Turing machines", "5ad545545b96ef001a10ac09": "symmetric Turing machines and alternating Turing machines. They", "56e1b169cd28a01900c67a72": "random access machines", "56e1b169cd28a01900c67a73": "time and memory consumption of these alternate models may vary. What all these models have in common is that the machines operate deterministically", "56e1b169cd28a01900c67a74": "time and memory", "56e1b169cd28a01900c67a75": "the machines operate deterministically", "5ad547945b96ef001a10ac18": "random access machines", "5ad547945b96ef001a10ac19": "time and memory consumption", "5ad547945b96ef001a10ac1a": "time and memory consumption", "5ad547945b96ef001a10ac1b": "the machines operate deterministically", "56e1b355e3433e14004230b0": "non-deterministic Turing machine", "56e1b355e3433e14004230b1": "more unusual resources", "56e1b355e3433e14004230b2": "mathematical models we want to analyze, so that non-deterministic time", "56e1b355e3433e14004230b3": "non-deterministic time", "5ad5489b5b96ef001a10ac2a": "algorithms, but its branching exactly captures many of the mathematical models we want to analyze, so that non-deterministic time", "5ad5489b5b96ef001a10ac2b": "non-deterministic Turing", "5ad5489b5b96ef001a10ac2c": "The non-deterministic Turing machine", "5ad5489b5b96ef001a10ac2d": "non-deterministic Turing", "5ad5489b5b96ef001a10ac2e": "non-deterministic time is a very important resource", "56e1b62ecd28a01900c67aa3": "the total number of state transitions", "56e1b62ecd28a01900c67aa4": "difficulty", "56e1b62ecd28a01900c67aa5": "DTIME(f(n))", "56e1b62ecd28a01900c67aa6": "time", "5ad54a375b96ef001a10ac48": "computational model such as the deterministic Turing machine is used. The time required by a deterministic Turing machine", "5ad54a375b96ef001a10ac49": "DTIME(f(n)).", "5ad54a375b96ef001a10ac4a": "DTIME(f(n))", "5ad54a375b96ef001a10ac4b": "time required by a deterministic Turing machine M on input x", "5ad54a375b96ef001a10ac4c": "if there exists a Turing machine operating in time f(n)", "56e1b754cd28a01900c67abc": "complexity", "56e1b754cd28a01900c67abd": "computational", "56e1b754cd28a01900c67abe": "Blum complexity axioms", "56e1b754cd28a01900c67abf": "complexity measures used in complexity theory include communication complexity, circuit complexity, and decision tree complexity", "56e1b754cd28a01900c67ac0": "complexity", "5ad54b035b96ef001a10ac52": "Analogous definitions can be made for space requirements. Although time and space are the most well-known complexity resources, any complexity measure", "5ad54b035b96ef001a10ac53": "space requirements. Although time and space are the most well-known complexity resources, any complexity measure", "5ad54b035b96ef001a10ac54": "Blum complexity axioms.", "5ad54b035b96ef001a10ac55": "communication complexity, circuit complexity, and decision tree complexity.", "5ad54b035b96ef001a10ac56": "decision tree complexity.", "56e1b8f3e3433e14004230e6": "best, worst and average", "56e1b8f3e3433e14004230e7": "complexity measure", "56e1b8f3e3433e14004230e8": "time", "56e1b8f3e3433e14004230e9": "time complexity", "5ad54c2f5b96ef001a10ac5c": "best, worst and average case complexity", "5ad54c2f5b96ef001a10ac5d": "best, worst and average", "5ad54c2f5b96ef001a10ac5e": "faster", "5ad54c2f5b96ef001a10ac5f": "faster", "56e1ba41cd28a01900c67ae0": "the deterministic sorting algorithm quicksort", "56e1ba41cd28a01900c67ae1": "worst-case", "56e1ba41cd28a01900c67ae2": "O", "5ad54d625b96ef001a10ac64": "deterministic sorting algorithm quicksort.", "5ad54d625b96ef001a10ac65": "solves the problem of sorting a list of integers", "5ad54d625b96ef001a10ac66": "worst-case", "5ad54d625b96ef001a10ac67": "O(n log n", "5ad54d625b96ef001a10ac68": "The best", "56e1bc3ae3433e1400423104": "the most efficient algorithm solving a given problem", "56e1bc3ae3433e1400423105": "analysis of algorithms", "56e1bc3ae3433e1400423106": "lower", "56e1bc3ae3433e1400423107": "running time at most T(n)", "56e1bc3ae3433e1400423108": "all possible algorithms", "5ad54e7c5b96ef001a10ac76": "proving upper and lower bounds on the minimum amount of time required by the most efficient algorithm solving a given problem", "5ad54e7c5b96ef001a10ac77": "The complexity of an algorithm is usually taken to be its worst-case complexity", "5ad54e7c5b96ef001a10ac78": "complexity", "5ad54e7c5b96ef001a10ac79": "lower bounds is much more difficult", "5ad54e7c5b96ef001a10ac7a": "showing that no algorithm can have time complexity lower than T(n).", "56e1bd4acd28a01900c67afc": "big O notation", "56e1bd4acd28a01900c67afd": "constant factors and smaller terms", "56e1bd4acd28a01900c67afe": "T(n) = O(n2)", "56e1bd4acd28a01900c67aff": "computational model used", "5ad54f775b96ef001a10ac88": "constant factors", "5ad54f775b96ef001a10ac89": "big O", "5ad54f775b96ef001a10ac8a": "in big O notation one would write T(n) = O(n2", "5ad54f775b96ef001a10ac8b": "T(n) = O(n2)", "56e1c0f6cd28a01900c67b2c": "complexity classes", "56e1c0f6cd28a01900c67b2d": "framework", "56e1c0f6cd28a01900c67b2e": "complicated definitions", "5ad5501f5b96ef001a10ac90": "a typical complexity class has a definition", "5ad5501f5b96ef001a10ac91": "complexity classes have complicated definitions that do not fit into this framework. Thus, a typical complexity", "5ad5501f5b96ef001a10ac92": "framework.", "5ad5501f5b96ef001a10ac93": "definitions that do not fit into this framework. Thus, a typical complexity class has a definition", "56e1c2eee3433e1400423134": "the chosen machine model", "56e1c2eee3433e1400423135": "linear time on a multi-tape Turing machine, but necessarily requires quadratic time", "56e1c2eee3433e1400423136": "single-tape Turing machines", "56e1c2eee3433e1400423137": "Cobham-Edmonds thesis states that \"the time complexities in any two reasonable and general models of computation are polynomially related\"", "56e1c2eee3433e1400423138": "P", "5ad55ee35b96ef001a10ace4": "bounding the computation time", "5ad55ee35b96ef001a10ace5": "bounding the computation time", "5ad55ee35b96ef001a10ace6": "the language {xx | x is any binary string}", "5ad55ee35b96ef001a10ace7": "xx | x", "5ad55ee35b96ef001a10ace8": "Cobham-Edmonds", "56e1c3e1e3433e1400423148": "time or space", "56e1c3e1e3433e1400423149": "bounding", "56e1c3e1e3433e140042314a": "complexity classes", "5ad55fe75b96ef001a10ad0c": "complexity classes can be defined by bounding the time or space used by the algorithm. Some important complexity classes", "5ad55fe75b96ef001a10ad0d": "time or space used by the algorithm", "5ad55fe75b96ef001a10ad0e": "bounding the time or space", "5ad55fe75b96ef001a10ad0f": "time", "56e1c4fce3433e140042314e": "BPP, ZPP and RP", "56e1c4fce3433e140042314f": "Boolean circuits", "56e1c4fce3433e1400423150": "quantum", "56e1c4fce3433e1400423151": "#P", "56e1c4fce3433e1400423152": "Interactive", "5ad560b85b96ef001a10ad1e": "BPP, ZPP and RP", "5ad560b85b96ef001a10ad1f": "probabilistic Turing", "5ad560b85b96ef001a10ad20": "quantum Turing", "5ad560b85b96ef001a10ad21": "#", "5ad560b85b96ef001a10ad22": "Interactive proof systems.", "56e1c720e3433e140042316a": "computation time", "56e1c720e3433e140042316b": "DTIME(n2)", "56e1c720e3433e140042316c": "time and space hierarchy theorems", "56e1c720e3433e140042316d": "a proper hierarchy", "56e1c720e3433e140042316e": "quantitative", "5ad561c85b96ef001a10ad3c": "computation time indeed defines a bigger set of problems. In particular, although DTIME", "5ad561c85b96ef001a10ad3d": "relaxing the requirements", "5ad561c85b96ef001a10ad3e": "DTIME(n2", "5ad561c85b96ef001a10ad3f": "hierarchy theorems", "5ad561c85b96ef001a10ad40": "quantitative statements", "56e1c7e2cd28a01900c67b74": "The time and space hierarchy theorems", "56e1c7e2cd28a01900c67b75": "EXPTIME", "56e1c7e2cd28a01900c67b76": "PSPACE", "5ad562525b96ef001a10ad50": "time hierarchy theorem tells us that P is strictly contained in EXPTIME, and the space hierarchy", "5ad562525b96ef001a10ad51": "most separation results of complexity classes.", "5ad562525b96ef001a10ad52": "L", "5ad562525b96ef001a10ad53": "P is strictly contained in EXPTIME, and the space hierarchy theorem tells us that L is strictly contained in PSPACE.", "56e1c9bfe3433e1400423192": "a reduction", "56e1c9bfe3433e1400423193": "another problem", "56e1c9bfe3433e1400423194": "X reduces to Y", "56e1c9bfe3433e1400423195": "Cook reductions, Karp reductions and Levin reductions", "56e1c9bfe3433e1400423196": "the bound on the complexity of reductions", "5ad5632f5b96ef001a10ad6c": "the concept of a reduction. A reduction", "5ad5632f5b96ef001a10ad6d": "complexity", "5ad5632f5b96ef001a10ad6e": "reduction.", "5ad5632f5b96ef001a10ad6f": "reduction", "5ad5632f5b96ef001a10ad70": "polynomial-time reductions", "56e1cbe2cd28a01900c67bac": "polynomial-time reduction", "56e1cbe2cd28a01900c67bad": "multiplying two integers", "56e1cbe2cd28a01900c67bae": "polynomial time", "56e1cbe2cd28a01900c67baf": "the same input", "56e1cbe2cd28a01900c67bb0": "multiplication", "5ad5648b5b96ef001a10ad94": "polynomial-time", "5ad5648b5b96ef001a10ad95": "the reduction process takes polynomial time.", "5ad5648b5b96ef001a10ad96": "problem of multiplying two integers. This means an algorithm for multiply", "5ad5648b5b96ef001a10ad97": "input to both inputs of the multiplication algorithm", "5ad5648b5b96ef001a10ad98": "squaring an integer", "56e1ce08e3433e14004231a4": "polynomial-time reductions", "56e1ce08e3433e14004231a5": "no problem in C is harder than X, since an algorithm", "56e1ce08e3433e14004231a6": "solve any problem in C", "56e1ce08e3433e14004231a8": "the set of NP-hard problems", "5ad565575b96ef001a10adb2": "polynomial-time reductions", "5ad565575b96ef001a10adb3": "no problem in C is harder than X", "5ad565575b96ef001a10adb4": "no problem in C is harder than X, since an algorithm for X", "5ad565575b96ef001a10adb5": "A problem X is hard for a class of problems C", "56e1d9fee3433e14004231cb": "NP-complete problems", "56e1d9fee3433e14004231cc": "in P. Because the problem P = NP", "56e1d9fee3433e14004231cd": "there is no known polynomial-time solution", "56e1d9fee3433e14004231ce": "NP", "5ad566375b96ef001a10adce": "X is said to be complete for C.", "5ad566375b96ef001a10adcf": "X", "5ad566375b96ef001a10add0": "NP-complete", "5ad566375b96ef001a10add1": "being able to reduce a known NP-complete problem, \u03a02, to another problem, \u03a01", "56e1dc62cd28a01900c67bca": "P", "56e1dc62cd28a01900c67bcb": "Cobham\u2013Edmonds thesis", "56e1dc62cd28a01900c67bcc": "NP", "56e1dc62cd28a01900c67bcd": "the Boolean satisfiability problem, the Hamiltonian path problem and the vertex cover problem", "56e1dc62cd28a01900c67bce": "deterministic Turing machines", "5ad567055b96ef001a10adea": "complexity class", "5ad567055b96ef001a10adeb": "The complexity class P is often seen as a mathematical abstraction modeling those computational tasks that admit an efficient algorithm", "5ad567055b96ef001a10adec": "NP,", "5ad567055b96ef001a10aded": "the Boolean satisfiability problem, the Hamiltonian path problem", "5ad567055b96ef001a10adee": "non-deterministic Turing machines", "56e1ddfce3433e14004231d5": "many important problems can be shown to have more efficient solutions", "56e1ddfce3433e14004231d6": "protein structure prediction", "56e1ddfce3433e14004231d8": "US$1,000,000", "5ad568175b96ef001a10ae10": "P versus NP problem", "5ad568175b96ef001a10ae11": "many important problems can be shown to have more efficient solutions", "5ad568175b96ef001a10ae12": "protein structure prediction", "5ad568175b96ef001a10ae13": "P versus NP", "5ad568175b96ef001a10ae14": "US$1,000,000", "56e1ded7cd28a01900c67bd4": "Ladner", "56e1ded7cd28a01900c67bd5": "The graph isomorphism problem, the discrete logarithm problem and the integer factorization problem", "56e1ded7cd28a01900c67bd6": "The graph isomorphism problem, the discrete logarithm problem and the integer factorization problem", "5ad568d35b96ef001a10ae1a": "Ladner that", "5ad568d35b96ef001a10ae1b": "The graph isomorphism problem, the discrete logarithm problem and the integer factorization problem", "5ad568d35b96ef001a10ae1c": "The graph isomorphism problem, the discrete logarithm problem", "5ad568d35b96ef001a10ae1d": "The graph isomorphism problem, the discrete logarithm problem", "56e1e9dfe3433e14004231fc": "The graph isomorphism problem", "56e1e9dfe3433e14004231fd": "NP-complete, or NP-intermediate", "56e1e9dfe3433e14004231fe": "polynomial time hierarchy collapses to its second level. Since it is widely believed that the polynomial hierarchy", "56e1e9dfe3433e14004231ff": "second level", "56e1e9dfe3433e1400423200": "Laszlo Babai and Eugene Luks", "5ad569c05b96ef001a10ae36": "computational problem of determining whether two finite graphs are isomorphic.", "5ad569c05b96ef001a10ae37": "The graph isomorphism", "5ad569c05b96ef001a10ae38": "graph isomorphism problem", "5ad569c05b96ef001a10ae39": "polynomial hierarchy", "5ad569c05b96ef001a10ae3a": "to its second level.", "56e1ec83cd28a01900c67c0a": "integer factorization", "56e1ec83cd28a01900c67c0b": "k", "56e1ec83cd28a01900c67c0c": "RSA algorithm", "56e1ec83cd28a01900c67c0e": "general number field sieve", "5ad56aea5b96ef001a10ae48": "The integer factorization problem", "5ad56aea5b96ef001a10ae49": "No efficient integer factorization", "5ad56aea5b96ef001a10ae4a": "The integer factorization", "5ad56aea5b96ef001a10ae4b": "integer", "5ad56aea5b96ef001a10ae4c": "general number field sieve", "56e1ee4de3433e1400423210": "suspected to be unequal", "56e1ee4de3433e1400423211": "P \u2286 NP \u2286 PP \u2286 PSPACE", "56e1ee4de3433e1400423212": "between P and PSPACE", "56e1ee4de3433e1400423214": "Proving that any of these classes are unequal", "5ad56bcd5b96ef001a10ae62": "this has not been proved.", "5ad56bcd5b96ef001a10ae63": "P \u2286 NP \u2286 PP \u2286 PSPACE, but it is possible that P = PSPACE", "5ad56bcd5b96ef001a10ae64": "between P and PSPACE", "5ad56bcd5b96ef001a10ae65": "it is possible that all these complexity classes collapse to one class.", "5ad56bcd5b96ef001a10ae66": "complexity classes collapse", "56e1efa0e3433e140042321a": "co-NP", "56e1efa0e3433e140042321b": "reversed", "56e1efa0e3433e140042321c": "P is not equal to NP", "56e1efa0e3433e140042321d": "P is not equal to NP", "5ad56c6b5b96ef001a10ae6c": "NP; however, it has not yet been proven. It has been shown that if these two complexity classes are not equal then P", "5ad56c6b5b96ef001a10ae6d": "reversed", "5ad56c6b5b96ef001a10ae6e": "NP is not equal", "5ad56c6b5b96ef001a10ae6f": "if these two complexity classes are not equal", "56e1f10ee3433e1400423222": "L", "56e1f10ee3433e1400423223": "there are many complexity classes between the two", "56e1f10ee3433e1400423224": "many complexity classes", "56e1f10ee3433e1400423225": "NL and NC", "56e1f10ee3433e1400423226": "if they are distinct or equal classes", "5ad56d3e5b96ef001a10ae84": "L (the set of all problems that can be solved in logarithmic space) is strictly contained in P or equal to P", "5ad56d3e5b96ef001a10ae85": "there are many complexity classes between the two", "5ad56d3e5b96ef001a10ae86": "complexity classes", "5ad56d3e5b96ef001a10ae87": "NL and NC,", "5ad56d3e5b96ef001a10ae88": "there are many complexity classes", "56e1fc57e3433e140042322c": "intractable problems", "56e1fc57e3433e140042322f": "polynomial time algorithm", "56e1fc57e3433e1400423230": "NP-complete problems", "5ad56e5c5b96ef001a10ae9e": "intractable problems.", "5ad56e5c5b96ef001a10ae9f": "problems that lack polynomial-time solutions are considered to be intractable", "5ad56e5c5b96ef001a10aea0": "Cobham\u2013Edmonds", "5ad56e5c5b96ef001a10aea1": "Even with a much faster computer, the program would only be useful for very small instances", "5ad56e5c5b96ef001a10aea2": "polynomial time", "56e1febfe3433e1400423236": "Presburger arithmetic", "56e1febfe3433e1400423237": "algorithms have been written that solve the problem in reasonable times in most cases. Similarly, algorithms", "56e1febfe3433e1400423238": "NP-complete knapsack problem", "56e1febfe3433e1400423239": "less than quadratic time", "56e1febfe3433e140042323a": "NP-complete Boolean satisfiability problem", "5ad56ef05b96ef001a10aea8": "Presburger arithmetic", "5ad56ef05b96ef001a10aea9": "decision problem in Presburger arithmetic has been shown not to be in P, yet algorithms have been written that solve the problem", "5ad56ef05b96ef001a10aeaa": "algorithms", "5ad56ef05b96ef001a10aeab": "NP-complete Boolean satisfiability problem.", "56e200e4cd28a01900c67c14": "numerous foundations were laid out", "56e200e4cd28a01900c67c15": "Alan Turing in 1936", "56e200e4cd28a01900c67c16": "Turing machines", "56e200e4cd28a01900c67c17": "1936", "56e200e4cd28a01900c67c18": "a computer", "5ad56fe65b96ef001a10aec2": "numerous foundations were laid out by various researchers", "5ad56fe65b96ef001a10aec3": "numerous foundations were laid out", "5ad56fe65b96ef001a10aec4": "Alan Turing", "5ad56fe65b96ef001a10aec5": "Turing machines by Alan Turing in 1936", "5ad56fe65b96ef001a10aec6": "a computer.", "56e202e9e3433e1400423240": "On the Computational Complexity of Algorithms", "56e202e9e3433e1400423241": "Juris Hartmanis and Richard Stearns", "56e202e9e3433e1400423242": "1965)", "56e202e9e3433e1400423243": "time and space complexity", "56e202e9e3433e1400423244": "1965", "5ad570b25b96ef001a10aedc": "\"On the Computational Complexity of Algorithms", "5ad570b25b96ef001a10aedd": "Juris Hartmanis and Richard Stearns (1965)", "5ad570b25b96ef001a10aede": "\"On the Computational Complexity of Algorithms", "5ad570b25b96ef001a10aedf": "time and space complexity and proved the hierarchy theorems", "56e2042ecd28a01900c67c1e": "John Myhill", "56e2042ecd28a01900c67c1f": "1961", "56e2042ecd28a01900c67c20": "Hisao Yamada", "5ad5719f5b96ef001a10aeec": "Raymond Smullyan's study of rudimentary sets (1961), as well as Hisao Yamada", "5ad5719f5b96ef001a10aeed": "John Myhill's definition of linear bounded automata (Myhill", "5ad5719f5b96ef001a10aeee": "1961", "5ad5719f5b96ef001a10aeef": "Hisao Yamada's paper on real-time computations (1962). Somewhat earlier, Boris Trakhtenbrot", "5ad5719f5b96ef001a10aef0": "Boris Trakhtenbrot", "56e20a27cd28a01900c67c24": "input encoding", "56e20a27cd28a01900c67c25": "encoding", "5ad53ac65b96ef001a10abac": "encoding", "5ad53ac65b96ef001a10abad": "independent of the choice of encoding.", "5ad53ac65b96ef001a10abae": "complexity-theoretic theorems regularly assume some concrete choice of input encoding, one tries to keep the discussion abstract enough to be independent", "5ad53ac65b96ef001a10abaf": "encoding, one tries to keep the discussion abstract enough to be independent of the choice of encoding", "56e20a3ae3433e140042324a": "Manuel Blum", "56e20a3ae3433e140042324b": "speed-up theorem", "56e20a3ae3433e140042324d": "Reducibility Among Combinatorial Problems", "56e20a3ae3433e140042324e": "21", "5ad572b15b96ef001a10af06": "Manuel Blum", "5ad572b15b96ef001a10af07": "Manuel Blum developed an axiomatic complexity theory", "5ad572b15b96ef001a10af08": "Stephen Cook", "5ad572b15b96ef001a10af09": "Richard Karp", "5ad572b15b96ef001a10af0a": "Reducibility Among Combinatorial Problems", "5705e26d75f01819005e76d4": "SoCal", "5705e26d75f01819005e76d5": "10", "5705e26d75f01819005e76d6": "economic center", "5705e26d75f01819005e76d7": "demographics and economic", "5705e26d75f01819005e76d8": "demographics and economic ties", "5ad0178577cf76001a68698a": "Kern and San Luis Obispo counties", "5ad0178577cf76001a68698b": "Kern and San Luis Obispo", "5ad0178577cf76001a68698c": "Southern California", "5705e33f52bb89140068964c": "Southern California Megaregion", "5705e33f52bb89140068964d": "11", "5705e33f52bb89140068964e": "Nevada", "5705e33f52bb89140068964f": "Mexican border", "5705e33f52bb891400689650": "Tijuana", "5ad0185a77cf76001a6869b8": "California Megaregion, one of the 11", "5ad0185a77cf76001a6869b9": "Las Vegas, Nevada, and south across the Mexican border into Tijuana", "5ad0185a77cf76001a6869ba": "megaregions of the United States", "5705e3f252bb89140068966a": "Pacific coast", "5705e3f252bb89140068966b": "seven", "5705e3f252bb89140068966c": "over 12 million", "5705e3f252bb89140068966d": "San Diego", "5705e3f252bb89140068966e": "17.5 million", "5ad01a6277cf76001a686a0c": "60", "5ad01a6277cf76001a686a0d": "MSAs", "5ad01a6277cf76001a686a0e": "over four million inhabitants", "5ad01a6277cf76001a686a0f": "MS", "5705e4fe75f01819005e7704": "Colorado", "5705e4fe75f01819005e7705": "Colorado Desert", "5705e4fe75f01819005e7706": "Mojave Desert", "5705e4fe75f01819005e7707": "Mexico\u2013United States border", "5ad01c8877cf76001a686a64": "Colorado Desert and the Colorado River at the border with Arizona, and the Mojave", "5ad01c8877cf76001a686a65": "the Mojave Desert", "5ad01c8877cf76001a686a66": "south", "5705e63175f01819005e7720": "California", "5705e63175f01819005e7721": "3,792,621", "5705e63175f01819005e7722": "Los Angeles", "5705e63175f01819005e7723": "San Diego", "5705e63175f01819005e7724": "south", "5ad01e4677cf76001a686aa6": "Los Angeles and San Diego", "5ad01e4677cf76001a686aa7": "Los Angeles and San Diego", "5ad01e4677cf76001a686aa8": "San Diego", "5ad01e4677cf76001a686aa9": "San Diego, the second most populous city in the state and the eighth most populous in the nation.", "5705e99452bb891400689688": "Los Angeles, Orange, San Diego, San Bernardino, and Riverside", "5705e99452bb891400689689": "United States", "5705e99452bb89140068968a": "counties", "5705e99452bb89140068968b": "top 15", "5705e99452bb89140068968c": "Los Angeles, Orange", "5ad01f0f77cf76001a686ac2": "Los Angeles, Orange, San Diego, San Bernardino, and Riverside", "5ad01f0f77cf76001a686ac3": "15", "5ad01f0f77cf76001a686ac4": "the", "5705eb3375f01819005e7764": "Hollywood", "5705eb3375f01819005e7765": "Los Angeles", "5705eb3375f01819005e7766": "The Walt Disney Company", "5705eb3375f01819005e7767": "music", "5705eb3375f01819005e7768": "Sony", "5ad0206677cf76001a686afa": "The Walt Disney", "5ad0206677cf76001a686afb": "motion picture, television, and music industry", "5ad0206677cf76001a686afc": "Hollywood, a district within Los Angeles, is also a name associated with the motion picture industry. Headquartered in southern California", "5ad0206677cf76001a686afd": "The Walt Disney Company (which also owns ABC), Sony Pictures, Universal, MGM, Paramount Pictures, 20th Century Fox, and Warner Brothers", "5705ec1675f01819005e776e": "skateboard", "5705ec1675f01819005e776f": "Tony Hawk", "5705ec1675f01819005e7770": "Shaun White", "5705ec1675f01819005e7771": "Oahu in terms of famous surf breaks", "5705ec1675f01819005e7772": "Transpacific Yacht Race, or Transpac", "5ad0220a77cf76001a686b2a": "southern California.", "5ad0220a77cf76001a686b2b": "professional surfers", "5ad0220a77cf76001a686b2c": "southern California.", "5ad0220a77cf76001a686b2d": "Trestles, Rincon, The Wedge, Huntington Beach, and Malibu", "5ad0220a77cf76001a686b2e": "America's Cup, the most prestigious prize in yachting, from 1988 to 1995 and hosted three America's Cup", "5705eccb52bb8914006896b8": "Palm Springs", "5705eccb52bb8914006896b9": "beaches", "5705eccb52bb8914006896ba": "southern", "5705eccb52bb8914006896bb": "nearby open spaces", "5ad0228a77cf76001a686b58": "tourists", "5ad0228a77cf76001a686b59": "resort feel", "5ad0228a77cf76001a686b5a": "southern California", "5705edcd52bb8914006896ca": "37\u00b0 9' 58.23\"", "5705edcd52bb8914006896cb": "11", "5705edcd52bb8914006896cc": "ten", "5705edcd52bb8914006896cd": "Tehachapi Mountains", "5705edcd52bb8914006896ce": "northern", "5ad0297e77cf76001a686c3a": "California's north-south midway point lies at exactly 37\u00b0 9' 58", "5ad0297e77cf76001a686c3b": "California's north-south midway point lies at exactly 37\u00b0 9' 58.23\" latitude, around 11", "5ad0297e77cf76001a686c3c": "San Luis Obispo, Kern, and San Bernardino counties", "5ad0297e77cf76001a686c3d": "southern California", "5705eee952bb8914006896de": "Mexico", "5705eee952bb8914006896df": "Alta California", "5705eee952bb8914006896e0": "Monterey", "5705eee952bb8914006896e1": "the Compromise of 1850", "5705eee952bb8914006896e2": "free state", "5ad02cde77cf76001a686cc6": "Mexico", "5ad02cde77cf76001a686cc7": "Californios of Monterey in the upper part and Los Angeles", "5ad02cde77cf76001a686cc8": "the line of the Missouri Compromise.", "5ad02cde77cf76001a686cc9": "the Missouri Compromise. Instead, the passing of the Compromise of 1850", "5705f09e75f01819005e77a4": "taxes", "5705f09e75f01819005e77a5": "\"Cow Counties", "5705f09e75f01819005e77a6": "three times in the 1850s to achieve a separate statehood or territorial status separate from Northern California. The last attempt, the Pico Act of 1859", "5705f09e75f01819005e77a7": "75%", "5705f09e75f01819005e77a8": "Milton Latham", "5ad02e5d77cf76001a686d3a": "pro-slavery southerners in the lightly populated \"Cow Counties", "5ad02e5d77cf76001a686d3b": "Pico Act of 1859", "5ad02e5d77cf76001a686d3c": "John B. Weller.", "5ad02e5d77cf76001a686d3d": "Abraham Lincoln in 1860", "5ad02e5d77cf76001a686d3e": "Senator Milton Latham.", "5705f13d52bb8914006896f0": "Los Angeles Times", "5705f13d52bb8914006896f1": "1900", "5705f13d52bb8914006896f2": "1999", "5705f13d52bb8914006896f3": "Imperial", "5705f13d52bb8914006896f4": "seven", "5ad02ee077cf76001a686d58": "the seven counties of Los Angeles, San Bernardino, Orange, Riverside, San Diego, Ventura and Santa Barbara.\"", "5ad02ee077cf76001a686d59": "a newer county\u2014Imperial\u2014", "5ad02ee077cf76001a686d5a": "southern California as including \"the seven counties of Los Angeles, San Bernardino, Orange, Riverside, San Diego, Ventura and Santa Barbara.\"", "5705f36452bb891400689718": "regional tourism groups", "5705f36452bb891400689719": "California State Automobile Association", "5705f36452bb89140068971a": "three-region", "5705f36452bb89140068971b": "Tehachapis", "5705f36452bb89140068971c": "southern California region", "5ad02ff177cf76001a686da2": "AAA Auto Clubs", "5ad02ff177cf76001a686da3": "AAA Auto Clubs", "5ad02ff177cf76001a686da4": "three-region", "5ad02ff177cf76001a686da5": "regional tourism", "5705f7c875f01819005e77dc": "third", "5705f7c875f01819005e77dd": "vast areas", "5705f7c875f01819005e77de": "use of automobiles and highways", "5705f7c875f01819005e77df": "highways", "5705f7c875f01819005e77e0": "international metropolitan region", "5ad0316a77cf76001a686de4": "Great Lakes Megalopolis and the Northeastern megalopolis.", "5ad0316a77cf76001a686de5": "Los Angeles, Orange County, San Diego, and Riverside-San Bernardino", "5ad0316a77cf76001a686de6": "San Diego\u2013Tijuana", "5705fb7f52bb891400689750": "Camp Pendleton", "5705fb7f52bb891400689751": "the Inland Empire", "5705fb7f52bb891400689752": "United States Census Bureau considers the San Bernardino and Riverside County", "5705fb7f52bb891400689753": "Orange", "5705fb7f52bb891400689754": "1990s", "5ad0331877cf76001a686e16": "most of San Bernardino and Riverside Counties (the non-desert portions) were developed in the 1980s and 1990s", "5ad0331877cf76001a686e17": "L.A. and Orange Counties, there are some differences in development, as most of San Bernardino and Riverside Counties", "5ad0331877cf76001a686e18": "the Imperial Valley.", "5ad0331877cf76001a686e19": "Santa Maria and San Luis Obispo", "5705fc3a52bb89140068976a": "Mediterranean", "5705fc3a52bb89140068976b": "infrequent rain", "5705fc3a52bb89140068976c": "90", "5705fc3a52bb89140068976d": "very rare in the Southwest of the state, it occurs on the Southeast of the state.", "5705fc3a52bb89140068976e": "70-50's", "5ad0381a77cf76001a686e30": "Mediterranean", "5ad0381a77cf76001a686e31": "usually all of Southern California", "5ad0381a77cf76001a686e32": "usually all of Southern California", "5ad0381a77cf76001a686e33": "snow is very rare", "5705fd8475f01819005e7840": "varied", "5705fd8475f01819005e7841": "Pacific Ocean", "5705fd8475f01819005e7842": "topographic", "5705fd8475f01819005e7843": "Peninsular Ranges", "5705fd8475f01819005e7844": "deserts", "5ad0394877cf76001a686e56": "varied collections of geologic, topographic, and natural ecosystem", "5ad0394877cf76001a686e57": "Pacific", "5ad0394877cf76001a686e58": "Pacific", "5ad0394877cf76001a686e59": "Southern California", "5705fec152bb89140068977a": "10,000", "5705fec152bb89140068977b": "so small", "5705fec152bb89140068977c": "6.7", "5705fec152bb89140068977d": "property damage of any earthquake in U.S. history, estimated at over $20 billion", "5705fec152bb89140068977e": "over $20 billion", "5ad03c7377cf76001a686ebc": "1994 Northridge earthquake", "5ad03c7377cf76001a686ebd": "Northridge", "5ad03c7377cf76001a686ebe": "10,000", "5ad03c7377cf76001a686ebf": "15\u201320", "5705ffde52bb891400689784": "San Andreas Fault", "5705ffde52bb891400689785": "magnitude 6.7+ earthquake, such as the San Andreas Fault, which can produce a magnitude 8.0", "5705ffde52bb891400689786": "Puente Hills Fault", "5705ffde52bb891400689787": "The USGS", "5705ffde52bb891400689788": "Earthquake occurrence", "5ad03d2277cf76001a686ecc": "San Andreas Fault,", "5ad03d2277cf76001a686ecd": "San Jacinto Fault, the Puente Hills Fault, and the Elsinore Fault Zone", "5ad03d2277cf76001a686ece": "a California Earthquake forecast", "5ad03d2277cf76001a686ecf": "Earthquake occurrence in California", "570602fa52bb89140068979e": "economically", "570602fa52bb89140068979f": "global", "570602fa52bb8914006897a0": "economic", "5ad0410977cf76001a686efe": "city", "5ad0410977cf76001a686eff": "hub of economic activity for its respective region and being home to many tourist destinations", "5ad0410977cf76001a686f00": "culturally, politically, and economically", "570603c475f01819005e7882": "2010", "570603c475f01819005e7883": "high growth rates", "570603c475f01819005e7884": "10.0%", "570603c475f01819005e7885": "tech-oriented", "570603c475f01819005e7886": "Greater Sacramento region", "5ad0421177cf76001a686f14": "2010 United States Census", "5ad0421177cf76001a686f15": "10.0% in the 2000s", "5ad0421177cf76001a686f16": "tech-oriented", "5ad0421177cf76001a686f17": "Sacramento region.", "5706074552bb8914006897d4": "Metropolitan Statistical Areas", "5706074552bb8914006897d5": "two", "5706074552bb8914006897d6": "five million", "5706074552bb8914006897d7": "the Southern Border Region", "5706074552bb8914006897d8": "17,786,419", "5ad042cf77cf76001a686f24": "Southern California consists of one Combined Statistical Area, eight", "5ad042cf77cf76001a686f25": "Southern California consists of one Combined Statistical Area, eight", "5ad042cf77cf76001a686f26": "Greater Los Angeles", "5ad042cf77cf76001a686f27": "San Diego\u2013Tijuana", "5ad042cf77cf76001a686f28": "San Luis Obispo, and Bakersfield metropolitan areas", "570607f575f01819005e78b4": "Los Angeles", "570607f575f01819005e78b5": "San Diego (at 1.3 million", "570607f575f01819005e78b6": "twelve", "570607f575f01819005e78b7": "100,000", "570607f575f01819005e78b8": "Riverside", "5ad0440877cf76001a686f3e": "Los Angeles (at 3.7 million people) and San Diego", "5ad0440877cf76001a686f3f": "southern California there are also twelve cities with more than 200,000 residents and 34 cities over 100,000 in population. Many of southern California", "5ad0440877cf76001a686f40": "southern California there are also twelve cities with more than 200,000 residents and 34 cities over 100,000 in population. Many of southern California", "5ad0440877cf76001a686f41": "Los Angeles", "5ad0440877cf76001a686f42": "San Diego", "5706094b52bb8914006897de": "petroleum", "5706094b52bb8914006897df": "Hollywood", "5706094b52bb8914006897e0": "housing bubble", "5706094b52bb8914006897e1": "diverse", "5706094b52bb8914006897e2": "heavily impacted", "5ad044f077cf76001a686f58": "Southern California's", "5ad044f077cf76001a686f59": "housing bubble 2001\u20132007, and has been heavily impacted by the housing crash.", "5ad044f077cf76001a686f5a": "petroleum", "5ad044f077cf76001a686f5b": "Southern California is famous", "57060a1175f01819005e78d2": "1920s", "57060a1175f01819005e78d3": "richest agricultural regions in the U.S.", "57060a1175f01819005e78d4": "cattle", "57060a1175f01819005e78d5": "citrus", "57060a1175f01819005e78d6": "aerospace", "5ad0458b77cf76001a686f72": "motion pictures, petroleum and aircraft manufacturing have been major industries.", "5ad0458b77cf76001a686f73": "cattle and citrus were major industries until farmlands were turned into suburbs", "5ad0458b77cf76001a686f74": "aerospace continues to be a major factor.", "5ad0458b77cf76001a686f75": "1920", "57060a6e52bb8914006897f8": "major business districts. Central business districts", "57060a6e52bb8914006897f9": "Central business districts", "57060a6e52bb8914006897fa": "Downtown Riverside", "5ad0461477cf76001a686f7a": "Central business districts", "5ad0461477cf76001a686f7b": "Downtown Los Angeles, Downtown San Diego, Downtown San Bernardino, Downtown Bakersfield, South Coast Metro and Downtown Riverside", "5ad0461477cf76001a686f7c": "Central business districts", "57060cc352bb89140068980e": "business districts", "57060cc352bb89140068980f": "Los Angeles Area", "57060cc352bb891400689810": "San Fernando Valley", "57060cc352bb891400689811": "Los Angeles", "5ad0470477cf76001a686f80": "Downtown Burbank, Downtown Santa Monica, Downtown Glendale and Downtown Long Beach", "5ad0470477cf76001a686f81": "Downtown Los Angeles central business district", "5ad0470477cf76001a686f82": "Century City, Westwood and Warner Center", "57060df252bb891400689820": "business districts of Downtown San Bernardino, Hospitality Business/Financial Centre", "57060df252bb891400689821": "Riverside", "57060df252bb891400689822": "Hospitality Business/Financial Centre", "5ad0475c77cf76001a686f86": "Downtown San Bernardino, Hospitality Business/Financial Centre, University Town", "5ad0475c77cf76001a686f87": "Downtown Riverside.", "57060eaf75f01819005e7910": "Orange County", "57060eaf75f01819005e7911": "University of California, Irvine", "57060eaf75f01819005e7912": "West Irvine", "57060eaf75f01819005e7913": "South Coast Metro", "57060eaf75f01819005e7914": "rapidly", "5ad0483977cf76001a686f8a": "Orange", "5ad0483977cf76001a686f8b": "South Coast Metro and Newport Center districts", "5ad0483977cf76001a686f8c": "international corporations", "5ad0483977cf76001a686f8d": "West Irvine", "57060f3e75f01819005e7922": "Downtown San Diego", "57060f3e75f01819005e7923": "Northern San Diego", "57060f3e75f01819005e7924": "North County", "57060f3e75f01819005e7925": "Northern San Diego", "5ad04b2377cf76001a686f92": "Downtown San Diego", "5ad04b2377cf76001a686f93": "Carmel Valley, Del Mar Heights, Mission Valley", "5ad04b2377cf76001a686f94": "Carmel Valley, Del Mar Heights, Mission Valley, Rancho Bernardo, Sorrento Mesa, and University City", "570610b275f01819005e792a": "Los Angeles International Airport", "570610b275f01819005e792b": "passenger volume", "570610b275f01819005e792c": "third", "570610b275f01819005e792d": "San Diego International Airport", "570610b275f01819005e792e": "Van Nuys Airport", "5ad04bfc77cf76001a686f98": "Los Angeles International Airport,", "5ad04bfc77cf76001a686f99": "San Diego International Airport", "5ad04bfc77cf76001a686f9a": "Los Angeles International", "5ad04bfc77cf76001a686f9b": "Orange County, Bakersfield, Ontario, Burbank and Long Beach", "5706111a52bb89140068984c": "Metrolink", "5706111a52bb89140068984d": "seven", "5706111a52bb89140068984e": "Six", "5706111a52bb89140068984f": "Orange", "5ad04d3077cf76001a686fa0": "Los Angeles,", "5ad04d3077cf76001a686fa1": "Metrolink", "5ad04d3077cf76001a686fa2": "San Bernardino, Riverside, and Orange counties", "570611c475f01819005e793c": "Port of Los Angeles", "570611c475f01819005e793d": "Port of Long Beach", "570611c475f01819005e793e": "Southern California", "5ad04de377cf76001a686fa6": "Port of Los Angeles", "5ad04de377cf76001a686fa7": "Port of Los Angeles", "5ad04de377cf76001a686fa8": "Port of Long Beach", "5ad04de377cf76001a686fa9": "Port of Long Beach", "5706139252bb891400689864": "The Tech Coast", "5706139252bb891400689865": "research", "5706139252bb891400689866": "private", "5706139252bb891400689867": "5", "5706139252bb891400689868": "12", "5ad04ecf77cf76001a686fae": "Irvine, Los Angeles, Riverside, Santa Barbara, and San Diego", "5ad04ecf77cf76001a686faf": "12", "5ad04ecf77cf76001a686fb0": "12", "5ad04ecf77cf76001a686fb1": "Tech Coast", "5ad04ecf77cf76001a686fb2": "Northridge, Pomona", "5706143575f01819005e7950": "NFL", "5706143575f01819005e7951": "NBA", "5706143575f01819005e7952": "MLB", "5706143575f01819005e7953": "Los Angeles Kings", "5706143575f01819005e7954": "LA Galaxy).", "5ad04f7977cf76001a686fb8": "NHL (Los Angeles Kings, Anaheim Ducks); and MLS", "5ad04f7977cf76001a686fb9": "Los Angeles Rams, San Diego Chargers); NBA (Los Angeles Lakers, Los Angeles Clippers)", "5ad04f7977cf76001a686fba": "Los Angeles Dodgers", "5ad04f7977cf76001a686fbb": "Los Angeles Kings, Anaheim Ducks", "5ad04f7977cf76001a686fbc": "LA Galaxy", "5706149552bb891400689880": "Chivas USA", "5706149552bb891400689881": "two", "5706149552bb891400689882": "2014", "5706149552bb891400689883": "StubHub Center", "5706149552bb891400689884": "2018", "5ad050c877cf76001a686fc2": "two", "5ad050c877cf76001a686fc3": "LA Galaxy and Chivas USA \u2014", "5ad050c877cf76001a686fc4": "2014", "5ad050c877cf76001a686fc5": "2018", "570614ff52bb89140068988a": "College sports", "570614ff52bb89140068988b": "UCLA", "570614ff52bb89140068988c": "Trojan", "570614ff52bb89140068988d": "Pac-12 Conference", "570614ff52bb89140068988e": "Pac-12 Conference", "5ad0511577cf76001a686fca": ".", "5ad0511577cf76001a686fcb": "Bruins", "5ad0511577cf76001a686fcc": "Pac-12", "5706155352bb891400689894": "Rugby", "5706155352bb891400689895": "high school", "5706155352bb891400689896": "an official school sport", "5ad051be77cf76001a686fd0": "Rugby is also a growing sport in southern California, particularly at the high school level, with increasing numbers of schools adding rugby", "57092322efce8f15003a7db0": "BSkyB", "57092322efce8f15003a7db1": "BSkyB", "57092322efce8f15003a7db2": "2014", "57092322efce8f15003a7db3": "British Sky Broadcasting Group plc", "57092322efce8f15003a7db4": "Sky UK Limited", "5a2c08aebfd06b001a5ae989": "BSkyB", "5a2c08aebfd06b001a5ae98a": "Sky Television", "5a2c08aebfd06b001a5ae98b": "2014 acquisition of Sky Italia and a majority 90.04% interest in Sky Deutschland in November 2014", "5a2c08aebfd06b001a5ae98c": "1990 by the equal merger of Sky Television and British Satellite Broadcasting, BSkyB became the UK", "5a2c08aebfd06b001a5ae98d": "British Sky Broadcasting Limited to Sky UK Limited", "57094a79efce8f15003a7dc4": "2006", "57094a79efce8f15003a7dc5": "two", "57094a79efce8f15003a7dc6": "Sky picked up the remaining four for \u00a31.3bn. In February 2015, Sky", "57094a79efce8f15003a7dc7": "\u00a31.3bn. In February 2015, Sky bid \u00a34.2bn", "5a2c0c2fbfd06b001a5ae99b": "BSkyB's", "5a2c0c2fbfd06b001a5ae99c": "two of the six Premier League packages that the English FA offered to broadcasters.", "5a2c0c2fbfd06b001a5ae99d": "two of the six Premier League packages that the English FA offered to broadcasters. Sky picked up the remaining four", "5a2c0c2fbfd06b001a5ae99e": "\u00a31.3bn.", "5a2c0c2fbfd06b001a5ae99f": "3D channel.", "57094b4f9928a814004714f6": "ONdigital consortium", "57094b4f9928a814004714f7": "ITV Digital's free-to-air replacement, Freeview", "57094b4f9928a814004714f8": "three", "57094b4f9928a814004714f9": "Sky Three", "57094b4f9928a814004714fa": "Pick TV'", "5a2c14b4bfd06b001a5ae9d3": "ONdigital consortium", "5a2c14b4bfd06b001a5ae9d4": "Sky Three on 31 October 2005, which was itself later re-branded as 'Pick TV", "5a2c14b4bfd06b001a5ae9d5": "Sky News, Sky Three, and Sky Sports News", "5a2c14b4bfd06b001a5ae9d6": "BSkyB was able to join ITV Digital", "5a2c14b4bfd06b001a5ae9d7": "Sky Three, and Sky Sports News. Initially BSkyB provided Sky Travel to the service. However, this was replaced by Sky Three", "57094ca7efce8f15003a7dd6": "Sky+ PVR", "57094ca7efce8f15003a7dd7": "September 2007", "57094ca7efce8f15003a7dd8": "a monthly fee", "57094ca7efce8f15003a7dd9": "January 2010", "57094ca7efce8f15003a7dda": "Sky+HD Box", "5a2c16e3bfd06b001a5ae9e7": "Sky+ PVR", "5a2c16e3bfd06b001a5ae9e8": "September 2007, Sky launched a new TV advertising campaign targeting Sky+ at women. As of 31 March 2008", "5a2c16e3bfd06b001a5ae9e9": "Customers that do not subscribe to BSkyB's channels can still pay a monthly fee to enable Sky+ functions", "5a2c16e3bfd06b001a5ae9ea": "January 2010 BSkyB discontinued the Sky+ Box", "5a2c16e3bfd06b001a5ae9eb": "standard Sky Box to Multiroom upgrade only and started to issue the Sky+HD Box as standard", "57094d489928a8140047150a": "VideoGuard", "57094d489928a8140047150b": "NDS", "57094d489928a8140047150c": "Cisco Systems", "57094d489928a8140047150d": "BSkyB", "57094d489928a8140047150e": "Sky+", "5a2c3a5cbfd06b001a5aea79": "VideoGuard pay-TV scrambling system", "5a2c3a5cbfd06b001a5aea7a": "BSkyB", "5a2c3a5cbfd06b001a5aea7b": "VideoGuard decoders; they are not available as stand-alone DVB CAMs (conditional-access modules", "5a2c3a5cbfd06b001a5aea7c": "NDS, a Cisco Systems company", "5a2c3a5cbfd06b001a5aea7d": "Sky+).", "570953a7efce8f15003a7dfe": "2007", "570953a7efce8f15003a7dff": "basic channels", "570953a7efce8f15003a7e00": "substantially increased the asking price for the channels", "570953a7efce8f15003a7e01": "Video On Demand content", "570953a7efce8f15003a7e02": "HD channels", "5a2c3efbbfd06b001a5aea93": "2007,", "5a2c3efbbfd06b001a5aea94": "basic channels", "5a2c3efbbfd06b001a5aea95": "Video On Demand", "5a2c3efbbfd06b001a5aea96": "their new deal offered \"substantially more value\" by including HD channels and Video On Demand content", "5a2c3efbbfd06b001a5aea97": "2007", "570960cf200fba1400367f01": "July 2013", "570960cf200fba1400367f02": "2013", "570960cf200fba1400367f03": "OneDrive", "570960cf200fba1400367f04": "OneDrive for Business", "570960cf200fba1400367f05": "cloud storage", "5a2c41c8bfd06b001a5aeaa7": "2013,", "5a2c41c8bfd06b001a5aeaa8": "2013", "5a2c41c8bfd06b001a5aeaa9": "SkyDrive will soon become OneDrive\"", "5a2c41c8bfd06b001a5aeaaa": "OneDrive\" and \"SkyDrive Pro", "5a2c41c8bfd06b001a5aeaab": "27 January 2014,", "570961aa200fba1400367f15": "Sam Chisholm", "570961aa200fba1400367f16": "Astra", "570961aa200fba1400367f17": "27 September 2001", "570961aa200fba1400367f18": "Sky Digital platform", "570961aa200fba1400367f19": "3.5 million", "5a2c0e0dbfd06b001a5ae9af": "Sky Digital platform", "5a2c0e0dbfd06b001a5ae9b0": "Astra's", "5a2c0e0dbfd06b001a5ae9b1": "400,000", "5a2c0e0dbfd06b001a5ae9b2": "Michael Grade criticized the operations in front of the Select Committee on National Heritage, mainly for the lack of original programming on many of the new channels.", "5a2c0e0dbfd06b001a5ae9b3": "BSkyB", "570963a5200fba1400367f33": "British Sky Broadcasting or BSkyB", "570963a5200fba1400367f34": "British telecommunications company", "570963a5200fba1400367f35": "11 million", "570963a5200fba1400367f36": "Freeview", "5a2c07d5bfd06b001a5ae97f": "British Sky Broadcasting", "5a2c07d5bfd06b001a5ae980": ".", "5a2c07d5bfd06b001a5ae981": "11 million", "5a2c07d5bfd06b001a5ae982": "Freeview in April 2007.", "5a2c07d5bfd06b001a5ae983": "Isleworth", "57096505ed30961900e84082": "Sky Q Hub", "57096505ed30961900e84083": "Sky Q Silver set top boxes", "57096505ed30961900e84084": "share recordings and other media", "57096505ed30961900e84085": "later in 2016", "57096505ed30961900e84086": "2016", "5a2c31abbfd06b001a5aea33": "(Sky Q Hub", "5a2c31abbfd06b001a5aea34": "satellite feeds.", "5a2c31abbfd06b001a5aea35": "share recordings and other media.", "5a2c31abbfd06b001a5aea36": "Sky Q Silver", "570966e0200fba1400367f4f": "DVB-compliant MPEG-2", "570966e0200fba1400367f50": "Dolby Digital", "570966e0200fba1400367f51": "MPEG-4", "570966e0200fba1400367f52": "OpenTV", "570966e0200fba1400367f53": "DVB-S2", "5a2c382dbfd06b001a5aea71": "Sky+", "5a2c382dbfd06b001a5aea72": "OpenTV", "5a2c382dbfd06b001a5aea73": "Sky News,", "5a2c382dbfd06b001a5aea74": "Dolby Digital soundtracks", "570967c4ed30961900e840ba": "1998", "570967c4ed30961900e840bb": "Astra 2A satellite", "570967c4ed30961900e840bc": "Eurobird 1", "570967c4ed30961900e840bd": "hundreds", "570967c4ed30961900e840be": "28.5\u00b0E", "5a2c3595bfd06b001a5aea5f": "When Sky", "5a2c3595bfd06b001a5aea60": "Astra 2A", "5a2c3595bfd06b001a5aea61": "1998 the new service used the Astra 2", "5a2c3595bfd06b001a5aea62": "1998", "5709686c200fba1400367f77": "22 May 2006", "5709686c200fba1400367f78": "40,000", "5709686c200fba1400367f79": "Thomson", "5709686c200fba1400367f7a": "17,000", "5709686c200fba1400367f7b": "4,222,000", "5a2c30dabfd06b001a5aea29": "22 May 2006.", "5a2c30dabfd06b001a5aea2a": "Thomson.", "5a2c30dabfd06b001a5aea2b": "40,000", "5a2c30dabfd06b001a5aea2c": "the BBC", "5a2c30dabfd06b001a5aea2d": "31 March 2012, Sky announced the total number of homes with Sky+HD was 4,222,000.", "57096b66200fba1400367fa7": "8 February 2007", "57096b66200fba1400367fa8": "March", "57096b66200fba1400367fa9": "digital terrestrial", "57096b66200fba1400367faa": "Virgin Media", "57096b66200fba1400367fab": "English Premier League Football", "5a2c1622bfd06b001a5ae9dd": "8 February 2007,", "5a2c1622bfd06b001a5ae9de": "8 February 2007, BSkyB announced its intention to replace its three free-to-air digital terrestrial channels with four subscription", "5a2c1622bfd06b001a5ae9df": "digital terrestrial", "5a2c1622bfd06b001a5ae9e0": "NTL", "5a2c1622bfd06b001a5ae9e1": "Freeview", "57096c95200fba1400367fbb": "free-to-view), some are encrypted and require a monthly subscription, and some are pay-per-view", "57096c95200fba1400367fbc": "monthly subscription", "57096c95200fba1400367fbd": "VideoGuard UK", "57096c95200fba1400367fbe": "Ku band LNB (9.75/10.600 GHz", "57096c95200fba1400367fbf": "Sky", "5a2c36c4bfd06b001a5aea67": "a monthly subscription", "5a2c36c4bfd06b001a5aea68": "VideoGuard UK equipped receiver", "5a2c36c4bfd06b001a5aea69": "Ku band LNB (9.75/10.600 GHz)", "5a2c36c4bfd06b001a5aea6a": "Sky", "5a2c36c4bfd06b001a5aea6b": "Ku band LNB (9.75/10.600 GHz)", "57096e1ced30961900e84102": "autumn of 1991", "57096e1ced30961900e84103": "ITV were the current rights holders, and fought hard to retain the new rights. ITV", "57096e1ced30961900e84104": "\u00a334m", "57096e1ced30961900e84105": "The BBC", "57096e1ced30961900e84106": "\u00a3304m", "5a2c0a5abfd06b001a5ae993": "ITV were the current rights holders", "5a2c0a5abfd06b001a5ae994": "\u00a3304m", "5a2c0a5abfd06b001a5ae995": "The BBC", "5a2c0a5abfd06b001a5ae996": "ITV", "57096f37200fba1400367fe5": "Ofcom", "57096f37200fba1400367fe6": "\u00a315\u2013100,000", "57096f37200fba1400367fe7": "no", "57096f37200fba1400367fe8": "BSkyB does not carry any control over the channel's content", "57096f37200fba1400367fe9": "BSkyB does not carry any control over the channel's content or carriage issues such as picture quality.", "5a2c3ca9bfd06b001a5aea83": "Ofcom.", "5a2c3ca9bfd06b001a5aea84": "BSkyB has no", "5a2c3ca9bfd06b001a5aea85": "their EPG,", "5a2c3ca9bfd06b001a5aea86": "encryption receive discounts ranging from reduced price to free EPG entries, free carriage on a BSkyB leased transponder", "57097051ed30961900e84132": "1 October 1998", "57097051ed30961900e84133": "Sky Digital", "57097051ed30961900e84134": "Open.... now called Sky Active", "57097051ed30961900e84135": "the ONdigital (later ITV Digital", "57097051ed30961900e84136": "over 100,000", "5a2c0fb8bfd06b001a5ae9b9": "1 October 1998", "5a2c0fb8bfd06b001a5ae9ba": "BSkyB's decision to give away free digiboxes and minidishes from May 1999.", "5a2c0fb8bfd06b001a5ae9bb": "over 100,000 digiboxes had been sold", "5a2c0fb8bfd06b001a5ae9bc": "May 1999", "57097141200fba1400367ff9": "2007", "57097141200fba1400367ffa": "Virgin Media (", "57097141200fba1400367ffb": "Video On Demand service", "57097141200fba1400367ffc": "BBC HD", "57097141200fba1400367ffd": "Channel 4 HD", "5a2c3d73bfd06b001a5aea8b": "in 2007", "5a2c3d73bfd06b001a5aea8c": "Video On Demand service to carry a modest selection of HD content", "5a2c3d73bfd06b001a5aea8d": "2007 from NTL:Telewest) started to offer a high-definition television (HDTV", "5a2c3d73bfd06b001a5aea8e": "ITV HD", "57097b50200fba140036804d": "10 million", "57097b50200fba140036804e": "more than 25m", "57097b50200fba140036804f": "August 2004", "57097b50200fba1400368050": "36%", "57097b50200fba1400368051": "flattened", "5a2c116ebfd06b001a5ae9c1": "10 million homes", "5a2c116ebfd06b001a5ae9c2": "25", "5a2c116ebfd06b001a5ae9c3": "36% of households in the UK represented an audience of more than 25m people. The target was first announced in August 2004", "5a2c116ebfd06b001a5ae9c4": "BSkyB's direct-to-home satellite service became available in 10 million homes in 2010", "57097c8fed30961900e841f2": "Welfare Cash Card", "57097c8fed30961900e841f3": "essentials\"", "57097c8fed30961900e841f4": "often damaging", "57097c8fed30961900e841f5": "Sky TV bills", "57097c8fed30961900e841f6": "betray a man's presence in the household", "5a2c1397bfd06b001a5ae9c9": "\"Welfare Cash Card", "5a2c1397bfd06b001a5ae9ca": "\"essentials\"", "5a2c1397bfd06b001a5ae9cb": "often damaging", "5a2c1397bfd06b001a5ae9cc": "a man's presence in the household.", "5a2c1397bfd06b001a5ae9cd": "Sky TV", "57097d63ed30961900e841fc": "\u00a330m", "57097d63ed30961900e841fd": "no indication", "57097d63ed30961900e841fe": "Virgin Media", "57097d63ed30961900e841ff": "BSkyB", "57097d63ed30961900e84200": "the carriage of their respective basic channels", "5a2c40b8bfd06b001a5aea9d": "\u00a330m for the channels", "5a2c40b8bfd06b001a5aea9e": "Virgin Media agreed to terminate all High Court proceedings against each other relating to the carriage of their respective basic channels.", "5a2c40b8bfd06b001a5aea9f": "the carriage of their respective basic channels", "5a2c40b8bfd06b001a5aeaa0": "BSkyB and Virgin Media agreed to terminate all High Court proceedings against each other relating to the carriage of their respective basic channels.", "5a2c40b8bfd06b001a5aeaa1": "BSkyB. As part of the agreements, both BSkyB", "570d2417fed7b91900d45c3d": "highly diversified", "570d2417fed7b91900d45c3e": "second in Australia, although Victoria is ranked fourth", "570d2417fed7b91900d45c3f": "second in Australia, although Victoria is ranked fourth in terms of GSP per capita", "570d2417fed7b91900d45c40": "Melbourne", "570d2417fed7b91900d45c41": "Melbourne Cricket Ground", "5a6374de68151a001a9222e6": "public universities", "5a6374de68151a001a9222e7": "second in Australia,", "5a6374de68151a001a9222e8": "second in Australia, although Victoria is ranked fourth in terms of GSP per capita", "5a6374de68151a001a9222e9": "Melbourne Cricket Ground", "5a6374de68151a001a9222ea": "eight", "570d2556fed7b91900d45c47": "Bendigo and its environs", "570d2556fed7b91900d45c48": "New South Wales", "570d2556fed7b91900d45c49": "Buckland Valley near Bright", "570d2556fed7b91900d45c4a": "over 1,000", "570d2556fed7b91900d45c4b": "cramped and unsanitary", "5a637a8868151a001a922304": "Bendigo and its environs", "5a637a8868151a001a922305": "New South Wales.", "5a637a8868151a001a922306": "Buckland Valley", "5a637a8868151a001a922307": "over 1,000 miners", "5a637a8868151a001a922308": "cramped and unsanitary;", "570d26efb3d812140066d48f": "multi-member proportional representation system", "570d26efb3d812140066d490": "eight", "570d26efb3d812140066d491": "five", "570d26efb3d812140066d492": "four years", "570d26efb3d812140066d493": "every four years", "5a637f8768151a001a922318": "eight", "5a637f8768151a001a922319": "five representatives elected by Single Transferable Vote", "5a637f8768151a001a92231b": "every four years.", "5a637f8768151a001a92231c": "November 2006", "570d28bdb3d812140066d4a3": "Labor", "570d28bdb3d812140066d4a4": "The Liberals", "570d28bdb3d812140066d4a5": "The Nationals", "570d28bdb3d812140066d4a6": "The Greens", "570d28bdb3d812140066d4a7": "Labor", "5a63866968151a001a922336": "Labor", "5a63866968151a001a922337": "Australian Labor", "5a63866968151a001a922338": "The Greens,", "5a63866968151a001a922339": "The Greens", "5a63866968151a001a92233a": "Labor", "570d29c2b3d812140066d4bd": "61.1%", "570d29c2b3d812140066d4be": "26.7%", "570d29c2b3d812140066d4bf": "Buddhism", "570d29c2b3d812140066d4c0": "168,637", "570d29c2b3d812140066d4c1": "20%", "5a63888168151a001a922340": "61.1% of Victorians describe themselves as Christian. Roman Catholics form the single largest religious group in the state with 26", "5a63888168151a001a922341": "152,775 Muslims", "5a63888168151a001a922342": "Muslims", "5a63888168151a001a922343": "Buddhism is the state's largest non-Christian religion, with 168,637 members as of the most recent census. Victoria", "5a63888168151a001a922344": "152,775", "570d2af0fed7b91900d45c93": "south-east", "570d2af0fed7b91900d45c94": "Australia's most densely populated state and its second-most populous state overall", "570d2af0fed7b91900d45c95": "second-most populous state overall", "570d2af0fed7b91900d45c96": "Melbourne", "570d2af0fed7b91900d45c97": "second-largest", "5a636c5a68151a001a9222c8": "Bass Strait and Tasmania to the south", "5a636c5a68151a001a9222c9": "second-largest", "5a636c5a68151a001a9222ca": "second-largest city.", "5a636c5a68151a001a9222cb": "Melbourne", "5a636c5a68151a001a9222cc": "second-largest", "570d2c20fed7b91900d45ca7": "Koori", "570d2c20fed7b91900d45ca8": "1788", "570d2c20fed7b91900d45ca9": "New South Wales", "570d2c20fed7b91900d45caa": "Sullivan Bay", "570d2c20fed7b91900d45cab": "1803", "5a636ede68151a001a9222d2": "Koori.", "5a636ede68151a001a9222d3": "1788, Victoria was included in the wider colony of New South Wales. The first settlement in the area occurred in 1803", "5a636ede68151a001a9222d4": "Aboriginal peoples, collectively known as the Koori.", "5a636ede68151a001a9222d5": "Sullivan Bay,", "5a636ede68151a001a9222d6": "1927", "570d2d68fed7b91900d45cbb": "26,000 square kilometres (10,000 sq mi", "570d2d68fed7b91900d45cbc": "50%", "570d2d68fed7b91900d45cbd": "6,000 square kilometres (2,300 sq mi", "570d2d68fed7b91900d45cbe": "90%", "570d2d68fed7b91900d45cbf": "270,000", "5a638d2768151a001a92236e": "6,000 square kilometres", "5a638d2768151a001a92236f": "50% of this area is sown for wheat, 33%", "5a638d2768151a001a922370": "26,000 square kilometres (10,000 sq mi)", "5a638d2768151a001a922371": "90% of Australian pears and third of apples", "5a638d2768151a001a922372": "3", "570d2f5bfed7b91900d45ccf": "1975", "570d2f5bfed7b91900d45cd0": "the 1855 colonial constitution, passed by the United Kingdom Parliament as the Victoria Constitution Act 1855", "570d2f5bfed7b91900d45cd1": "Parliament of Victoria", "570d2f5bfed7b91900d45cd2": "certain \"entrenched\" provisions", "570d2f5bfed7b91900d45cd3": "Victoria Constitution Act 1855", "5a63835a68151a001a92232c": "1975, but based on the 1855", "5a63835a68151a001a92232d": "1855 colonial constitution", "5a63835a68151a001a92232e": ".", "5a63835a68151a001a92232f": "absolute majority in both houses, a three-fifths majority in both houses, or the approval of the Victorian people", "5a63835a68151a001a922330": "Victoria Constitution Act", "570d30fdfed7b91900d45ce3": "warmest regions with hot winds", "570d30fdfed7b91900d45ce4": "32 \u00b0C (90 \u00b0F", "570d30fdfed7b91900d45ce5": "2\u20137 \u00b0C (4\u201313 \u00b0F) warmer than around Melbourne", "570d30fdfed7b91900d45ce6": "48.8 \u00b0C (119.8 \u00b0F)", "570d30fdfed7b91900d45ce7": "2009", "5a6395e668151a001a9223a0": "heat", "5a6395e668151a001a9223a1": "15 \u00b0C (59 \u00b0F", "5a6395e668151a001a9223a2": "32 \u00b0C (90 \u00b0F)", "5a6395e668151a001a9223a3": "48.8 \u00b0C", "5a6395e668151a001a9223a4": "2009", "570d32e4fed7b91900d45d01": "state or government schools", "570d32e4fed7b91900d45d02": "Victoria Department of Education", "570d32e4fed7b91900d45d03": "some extra costs are levied", "570d32e4fed7b91900d45d04": "Roman Catholic Church", "570d32e4fed7b91900d45d05": "curriculum standards", "5a638a2468151a001a92234a": "Public schools, also known as state or government schools, are funded and run directly by the Victoria Department of Education", "5a638a2468151a001a92234b": "Victoria Department of Education .", "5a638a2468151a001a92234c": "some extra costs", "5a638a2468151a001a92234d": "Roman Catholic Church", "5a638a2468151a001a92234e": "curriculum", "570d3468b3d812140066d543": "manufacturing", "570d3468b3d812140066d544": "2017", "570d3468b3d812140066d545": "May 2013", "570d3468b3d812140066d546": "October 2016", "570d3468b3d812140066d547": "Ford", "5a638ffe68151a001a922382": "2014 outlining a closure year of 2017. Holden's announcement occurred in May 2013, followed by Ford", "5a638ffe68151a001a922383": "2017", "5a638ffe68151a001a922384": "May 2013", "5a638ffe68151a001a922385": "2017. Holden's announcement occurred in May 2013", "5a638ffe68151a001a922386": "d's Victorian", "570d35b7b3d812140066d54d": "2,000 m (6,600 ft)", "570d35b7b3d812140066d54e": "Mount Bogong", "570d35b7b3d812140066d54f": "1,986 m (6,516 ft", "570d35b7b3d812140066d550": "geologically and climatically diverse areas", "570d35b7b3d812140066d551": "helmeted honeyeater", "5a6394b768151a001a922396": "1,986 m (6,516 ft)", "5a6394b768151a001a922397": "Mount Bogong", "5a6394b768151a001a922398": "1,986 m", "5a6394b768151a001a922399": "honeyeater (state bird)", "5a6394b768151a001a92239a": "pink heath", "570d391fb3d812140066d575": "The Victorian Alps in the northeast are the coldest part of Victoria. The Alps", "570d391fb3d812140066d576": "Great Dividing Range", "570d391fb3d812140066d577": "east-west", "570d391fb3d812140066d578": "below 0 \u00b0C (32 \u00b0F)", "570d391fb3d812140066d579": "\u221211.7 \u00b0C (10.9 \u00b0F", "5a63969068151a001a9223aa": "Victorian Alps", "5a63969068151a001a9223ab": "Great Dividing Range", "5a63969068151a001a9223ac": "east-west", "5a63969068151a001a9223ad": "less than 9 \u00b0C (48 \u00b0F) in winter and below 0 \u00b0C (32 \u00b0F)", "5a63969068151a001a9223ae": "\u221211.7 \u00b0C (10.9 \u00b0F)", "570d4030fed7b91900d45d9f": "government", "570d4030fed7b91900d45da0": "Metro Trains Melbourne", "570d4030fed7b91900d45da1": "the Victorian Government", "570d4030fed7b91900d45da2": "freight services", "570d4030fed7b91900d45da3": "electrified, passenger system", "5a63981168151a001a9223b4": "government", "5a63981168151a001a9223b5": "The Overland Melbourne\u2014Adelaide", "5a63981168151a001a9223b6": "Metro", "5a63981168151a001a9223b7": "Pacific National, CFCL Australia", "5a63981168151a001a9223b8": "Pacific National, CFCL Australia", "570d418dfed7b91900d45dbd": "37", "570d418dfed7b91900d45dbe": "12", "570d418dfed7b91900d45dbf": "Legislative Assembly", "570d418dfed7b91900d45dc0": "Legislative Council", "570d418dfed7b91900d45dc1": "Linda Dessau", "5a63730568151a001a9222dc": "37 seats", "5a63730568151a001a9222dd": "12 seats", "5a63730568151a001a9222de": "Legislative Assembly", "5a63730568151a001a9222df": "Legislative Council", "5a63730568151a001a9222e0": "Linda Dessau.", "570d4329fed7b91900d45dd7": "1 July 1851", "570d4329fed7b91900d45dd8": "1851", "570d4329fed7b91900d45dd9": "one of the largest gold rushes", "570d4329fed7b91900d45dda": "sevenfold", "570d4329fed7b91900d45ddb": "20 million ounces", "5a63787868151a001a9222fa": "1 July 1851,", "5a63787868151a001a9222fb": "1851", "5a63787868151a001a9222fc": "one of the largest gold rushes the world has ever seen", "5a63787868151a001a9222fd": "sevenfold", "5a63787868151a001a9222fe": "20 million ounces of gold, one third of the world's output", "570d44abb3d812140066d5fd": "1,548", "570d44abb3d812140066d5fe": "489", "570d44abb3d812140066d5ff": "Just under 540,800", "570d44abb3d812140066d600": "63,519", "570d44abb3d812140066d601": "Over 61", "5a638b3668151a001a92235a": "1,548", "5a638b3668151a001a92235b": "489 Catholic schools and 214", "5a638b3668151a001a92235c": "just over 311,800", "5a638b3668151a001a92235d": "63,519", "5a638b3668151a001a92235e": "61 per cent", "570d4606b3d812140066d619": "Victoria", "570d4606b3d812140066d61a": "3 million", "570d4606b3d812140066d61b": "60%", "570d4606b3d812140066d61c": "6.4 billion litres", "570d4606b3d812140066d61d": "Asia", "5a638e4468151a001a922378": "Victoria", "5a638e4468151a001a922379": "3 million dairy cattle", "5a638e4468151a001a92237a": "60%", "5a638e4468151a001a92237b": "60% of Australia's 3 million dairy cattle and produces nearly two-thirds", "5a638e4468151a001a92237c": "Asia", "570d47b8b3d812140066d62d": "1,600 mm (5 ft 3 in) broad gauge", "570d47b8b3d812140066d62e": "1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1\u20442 in) standard gauge", "570d47b8b3d812140066d62f": "760 mm (2 ft 6 in) narrow gauge", "570d47b8b3d812140066d630": "mountainous areas", "570d47b8b3d812140066d631": "five", "5a6398fd7f3c80001a150aef": "1,600 mm (5 ft 3 in) broad gauge", "5a6398fd7f3c80001a150af0": "1,435 mm", "5a6398fd7f3c80001a150af1": "1,600 mm", "5a6398fd7f3c80001a150af2": "mountainous areas.", "5a6398fd7f3c80001a150af3": "five formerly government-owned lines which were built in mountainous areas.", "570d4a6bfed7b91900d45e13": "1788", "570d4a6bfed7b91900d45e14": "New South Wales", "570d4a6bfed7b91900d45e15": "New Holland", "570d4a6bfed7b91900d45e16": "Sydney", "5a63772268151a001a9222f0": "1788", "5a63772268151a001a9222f2": "New Holland", "5a63772268151a001a9222f3": "Sydney. The first European settlement in the area later known as Victoria was established in October 1803 under Lieutenant-Governor David Collins at Sullivan Bay", "5a63772268151a001a9222f4": "the French", "570d4c3bfed7b91900d45e31": "1854", "570d4c3bfed7b91900d45e32": "Eureka Stockade", "570d4c3bfed7b91900d45e33": "British troops", "570d4c3bfed7b91900d45e34": "mining licence fees", "570d4c3bfed7b91900d45e35": "Colony of Victoria Act 1855", "5a637c6268151a001a92230e": "1854", "5a637c6268151a001a92230f": "Eureka Stockade", "5a637c6268151a001a922310": "mining licence fees", "5a637c6268151a001a922311": "members of the Victorian Parliament", "5a637c6268151a001a922312": "miners protesting against mining taxes (the \"Eureka Stockade", "570d4e6cb3d812140066d66d": "the political party or coalition with the most seats", "570d4e6cb3d812140066d66e": "The Premier", "570d4e6cb3d812140066d66f": "representatives elected to either house of parliament", "570d4e6cb3d812140066d670": "Daniel Andrews", "570d4e6cb3d812140066d671": "elected to either house of parliament", "5a6381d868151a001a922322": "The Premier of Victoria is the leader of the political party or coalition with the most seats in the Legislative Assembly", "5a6381d868151a001a922323": "The Premier", "5a6381d868151a001a922324": "Premier of Victoria", "5a6381d868151a001a922325": "Daniel Andrews", "5a6381d868151a001a922326": "representatives elected to either house of parliament", "570d50a5fed7b91900d45e7d": "17%", "570d50a5fed7b91900d45e7e": "17%", "570d50a5fed7b91900d45e7f": "32,463", "570d50a5fed7b91900d45e80": "136,000 square kilometres (52,500 sq mi", "570d50a5fed7b91900d45e81": "60%", "5a638bf768151a001a922364": "17% to $8.7 billion", "5a638bf768151a001a922365": "17% to $8.7 billion. This represented 24% of national agricultural production total gross value", "5a638bf768151a001a922366": "2003", "5a638bf768151a001a922367": "136,000 square kilometres (52,500 sq mi)", "5a638bf768151a001a922368": "A quarter", "570d529fb3d812140066d6bb": "a big part", "570d529fb3d812140066d6bc": "sports tourism", "570d529fb3d812140066d6bd": "Melbourne", "570d529fb3d812140066d6be": "regional cities", "570d529fb3d812140066d6bf": "SurfClassic", "5a6391c268151a001a92238c": "tourism in Victoria, particularly cultural tourism", "5a6391c268151a001a92238d": "sports tourism. Most of these events are centred on Melbourne, but others occur in regional cities, such as the V8 Supercars", "5a6391c268151a001a92238e": "Melbourne, but others occur in regional cities, such as the V8 Supercars and Australian Motorcycle Grand Prix at Phillip Island", "5a6391c268151a001a92238f": "regional cities", "5a6391c268151a001a922390": "Port Fairy Folk Festival,", "57105da9a58dae1900cd699e": "southern and central parts of France", "57105da9a58dae1900cd699f": "one-eighth", "57105da9a58dae1900cd69a0": "1562 to 1598", "57105da9a58dae1900cd69a1": "Edict of Nantes", "57105da9a58dae1900cd69a2": "granted the Huguenots substantial religious, political and military autonomy", "5ad23fded7d075001a4288fc": "62 to 1598", "5ad23fded7d075001a4288fd": "southern and central", "5ad23fded7d075001a4288fe": "the French crown", "5ad23fded7d075001a4288ff": "two", "5ad23fded7d075001a428900": "two million", "57106185b654c5140001f8db": "derision,", "57106185b654c5140001f8dc": "Besan\u00e7on Hugues", "57106185b654c5140001f8dd": "Geneva", "57106185b654c5140001f8de": "Amboise plot", "57106185b654c5140001f8df": "1560", "5ad241c7d7d075001a428978": "1560", "5ad241c7d7d075001a428979": "housemates), referring to the connotations of a somewhat related word in German Eidgenosse", "5ad241c7d7d075001a42897a": "Geneva was John Calvin's adopted home and the centre of the Calvinist movement", "5ad241c7d7d075001a42897b": "Calvinist", "5ad241c7d7d075001a42897c": "1560", "57106644b654c5140001f8e5": "availability of the Bible in vernacular languages", "57106644b654c5140001f8e6": "1294", "57106644b654c5140001f8e7": "Jean de R\u00e9ly", "57106644b654c5140001f8e8": "1487", "57106644b654c5140001f8e9": "Paris", "5ad243abd7d075001a428a10": "1294,", "5ad243abd7d075001a428a11": "France", "5ad243abd7d075001a428a12": "1487", "5ad243abd7d075001a428a13": "France.", "5ad243abd7d075001a428a14": "France.", "57106d2fb654c5140001f8ef": "villes de s\u00fbret\u00e9", "57106d2fb654c5140001f8f0": "Montpellier", "57106d2fb654c5140001f8f1": "1622", "57106d2fb654c5140001f8f2": "Edict of Al\u00e8s", "57106d2fb654c5140001f8f3": "1598", "5ad24a2ad7d075001a428bb8": "the ville de s\u00fbret\u00e9 was no more", "5ad24a2ad7d075001a428bb9": "Huguenots", "5ad24a2ad7d075001a428bba": "66 \"villes de s\u00fbret\u00e9\" that the Edict of 1598", "5ad24a2ad7d075001a428bbb": "1629", "5ad24a2ad7d075001a428bbc": "16", "571077ecb654c5140001f909": "Cape of Good Hope", "571077ecb654c5140001f90a": "Cape Town", "571077ecb654c5140001f90b": "Maria de la Queillerie", "571077ecb654c5140001f90c": "Dutch East India Company", "571077ecb654c5140001f90d": "1700", "5ad25b9ed7d075001a428e6e": "16", "5ad25b9ed7d075001a428e6f": "Jan van Riebeeck", "5ad25b9ed7d075001a428e70": "16", "5ad25b9ed7d075001a428e71": "Cape of Good Hope", "5ad25b9ed7d075001a428e72": "commander Jan van Riebeeck (and daughter of a Walloon church minister", "57107932a58dae1900cd69ca": "1624", "57107932a58dae1900cd69cb": "Jess\u00e9 de Forest", "57107932a58dae1900cd69cc": "L'\u00c9glise fran\u00e7aise \u00e0 la Nouvelle-Amsterdam", "57107932a58dae1900cd69cd": "L'Eglise du Saint-Esprit", "57107932a58dae1900cd69ce": "Brooklyn", "5ad25e99d7d075001a428f2e": "New Netherland", "5ad25e99d7d075001a428f2f": "Bushwick.", "5ad25e99d7d075001a428f30": "New France", "5ad25e99d7d075001a428f31": "New Netherland", "5ad25e99d7d075001a428f32": "1624", "57107a3ea58dae1900cd69de": "Charleston", "57107a3ea58dae1900cd69df": "Charleston Orange district", "57107a3ea58dae1900cd69e0": "1697", "57107a3ea58dae1900cd69e1": "British Landgrave Edmund Bellinger", "57107a3ea58dae1900cd69e2": "Pons", "5ad263d9d7d075001a429122": "Dieppe France, Alexander Pepin, Antoine Poitevin of Orsement", "5ad263d9d7d075001a429123": "Suffolk England", "5ad263d9d7d075001a429124": "1685", "5ad263d9d7d075001a429125": "1685, several Huguenot families of Norman and Carolingian nobility and descent, including Edmund Bohun of Suffolk England", "5ad263d9d7d075001a429126": "16", "57107c24a58dae1900cd69e8": "William III of Orange", "57107c24a58dae1900cd69e9": "King of England", "57107c24a58dae1900cd69ea": "League of Augsburg", "57107c24a58dae1900cd69eb": "Dutch Republic", "57107c24a58dae1900cd69ec": "1672.", "5ad267dbd7d075001a42923e": "1672.", "5ad267dbd7d075001a42923f": "England, emerged as the strongest opponent of king Louis XIV after the French attacked the Dutch Republic in 1672", "5ad267dbd7d075001a429240": "French", "5ad267dbd7d075001a429241": "1672.", "57107d73b654c5140001f91d": "Edict of Fontainebleau", "57107d73b654c5140001f91e": "1685", "57107d73b654c5140001f91f": "Protestantism in France, and forced the Huguenots", "57107d73b654c5140001f920": "500,000 Huguenots had fled France by the early 18th century[citation needed].", "5ad24056d7d075001a42892c": "18th century", "5ad24057d7d075001a42892e": "roughly 500,000", "5ad24057d7d075001a42892f": "Louis XIV, who progressively increased persecution of them until he issued the Edict of Fontainebleau", "5ad24057d7d075001a428930": "500,000", "57107e6ca58dae1900cd69f2": "The Catholic Church", "57107e6ca58dae1900cd69f3": "St. Bartholomew's Day massacre", "57107e6ca58dae1900cd69f4": "5,000 to 30,000", "57107e6ca58dae1900cd69f5": "the Huguenots had their own militia", "57107e6ca58dae1900cd69f6": "political", "5ad2454cd7d075001a428a92": "5,000 to 30,000", "5ad2454cd7d075001a428a93": "some of the Huguenots were nobles trying to establish separate centers of power in southern France.", "5ad2454cd7d075001a428a94": "Retaliating against the French Catholics", "5ad2454cd7d075001a428a95": "southern France.", "57108073b654c5140001f925": "Huguenot rebellions", "57108073b654c5140001f926": "southwestern France", "57108073b654c5140001f927": "between 1621 and 1629", "57108073b654c5140001f928": "Henry IV", "57108073b654c5140001f929": "Louis XIII", "5ad24b60d7d075001a428be4": "1629", "5ad24b60d7d075001a428be5": "1621 and 1629", "5ad24b60d7d075001a428be6": "Italian", "5ad24b60d7d075001a428be7": "foreign", "5ad24b60d7d075001a428be8": "Italian Catholic mother Marie de' Medici, became more intolerant of Protestantism.", "57108198b654c5140001f937": "Approximately one million", "57108198b654c5140001f938": "2%", "57108198b654c5140001f939": "Alsace", "57108198b654c5140001f93a": "C\u00e9vennes mountain region", "57108198b654c5140001f93b": "France represent some 2% of its population. Most are concentrated in Alsace in northeast France", "5ad25878d7d075001a428dc6": "A diaspora of French Australians", "5ad25878d7d075001a428dc7": "one million Protestants in modern France represent some 2% of its population. Most are concentrated in Alsace in northeast France", "5ad25878d7d075001a428dc8": "Alsace in northeast France and the C\u00e9vennes mountain region in the south,", "5ad25878d7d075001a428dc9": "2% of its population", "5ad25878d7d075001a428dca": "one", "57108c95b654c5140001f979": "New Rochelle", "57108c95b654c5140001f97a": "New Paltz", "57108c95b654c5140001f97b": "Huguenot Street Historic District", "57108c95b654c5140001f97c": "the oldest street in the United States of America", "57108c95b654c5140001f97d": "Staten Island", "5ad25f29d7d075001a428f60": "21 miles", "5ad25f29d7d075001a428f61": "21 miles", "5ad25f29d7d075001a428f62": "three", "5ad25f29d7d075001a428f63": "three societies or congregations; one in the city of New York,", "5ad25f29d7d075001a428f64": "New Paltz", "57108d69b654c5140001f983": "the Dutch Republic", "57108d69b654c5140001f984": "75,000 to 100,000", "57108d69b654c5140001f985": "ca. 2 million at that time", "57108d69b654c5140001f986": "Amsterdam and the area of West Frisia", "57108d69b654c5140001f987": "Edict of Nantes,", "5ad268cbd7d075001a429292": "75,000", "5ad268cbd7d075001a429293": "75,000", "5ad268cbd7d075001a429294": "1715", "5ad268cbd7d075001a429295": "75,000", "5ad268cbd7d075001a429296": "Dutch Republic", "57108ee6a58dae1900cd6a1a": "Huguon", "57108ee6a58dae1900cd6a1b": "Huguon, the gate of King Hugo", "57108ee6a58dae1900cd6a1c": "le roi Huguet", "57108ee6a58dae1900cd6a1d": "pr\u00e9tendus r\u00e9form\u00e9s", "57108ee6a58dae1900cd6a1e": "night", "5ad24319d7d075001a4289cc": "the gate of King Hugo, was haunted by the ghost of le roi Huguet", "5ad24319d7d075001a4289cd": "1560)", "5ad24319d7d075001a4289ce": "1560)", "5ad24319d7d075001a4289cf": "Huguon, the gate of King Hugo, was haunted by the ghost of le roi Huguet", "5ad24319d7d075001a4289d0": "1560", "571090abb654c5140001f995": "elsewhere in Kent", "571090abb654c5140001f996": "The Weavers", "571090abb654c5140001f997": "economic separation", "571090abb654c5140001f998": "Sandwich, Faversham and Maidstone", "571090abb654c5140001f999": "a restaurant", "5ad26c87d7d075001a429398": "about 1830", "5ad26c87d7d075001a429399": "Canterbury includes a block of houses in Turnagain Lane", "5ad26c87d7d075001a42939a": "Sandwich, Faversham and Maidstone\u2014", "5ad26c87d7d075001a42939b": "variety of occupations necessary to sustain the community", "5ad26c87d7d075001a42939c": "Maidstone", "57109180a58dae1900cd6a40": "Dublin, Cork, Youghal and Waterford in the 17th and 18th centuries.", "57109180a58dae1900cd6a41": "Cork City", "57109180a58dae1900cd6a42": "Dublin", "57109180a58dae1900cd6a43": "a High Sheriff and one of the founders of the Bank of Ireland", "57109180a58dae1900cd6a44": "1696", "5ad27081d7d075001a429454": "Dublin", "5ad27081d7d075001a429455": "1696", "5ad27081d7d075001a429456": "16", "5ad27081d7d075001a429457": "16", "5ad27081d7d075001a429458": "High Sheriff and one of the founders of the Bank of Ireland.", "57109275b654c5140001f99f": "brain drain", "57109275b654c5140001f9a0": "New France", "57109275b654c5140001f9a1": "non-Catholics", "57109275b654c5140001f9a2": "Seven Years' War", "57109275b654c5140001f9a3": "1759-60", "5ad27473d7d075001a4294e8": "1759-60", "5ad27473d7d075001a4294e9": "religious dissenters.", "5ad27473d7d075001a4294ea": "1759-60", "5ad27473d7d075001a4294eb": "British", "571093aba58dae1900cd6a5c": "Henry of Navarre", "571093aba58dae1900cd6a5d": "1598", "571093aba58dae1900cd6a5e": "granted the Protestants equality with Catholics under the throne and a degree of religious and political freedom within their domains", "571093aba58dae1900cd6a5f": "the founding of new Protestant churches", "571093aba58dae1900cd6a60": "Protestantism", "5ad248f7d7d075001a428b8c": "1598, when Henry of Navarre, having succeeded to the French throne as Henry IV", "5ad248f7d7d075001a428b8d": "1598,", "5ad248f7d7d075001a428b8e": "1598,", "5ad248f7d7d075001a428b8f": "founding", "571094b7a58dae1900cd6a66": "education of children as Catholics", "571094b7a58dae1900cd6a67": "prohibited emigration", "571094b7a58dae1900cd6a68": "Four thousand", "571094b7a58dae1900cd6a69": "new converts\"", "571094b7a58dae1900cd6a6a": "Holland, Prussia, and South Africa", "5ad24e85d7d075001a428c4e": "Prussia", "5ad24e85d7d075001a428c4f": "Britain as well as Holland, Prussia, and South Africa. Four thousand emigrated to the North American colonies, where they settled in New York and Virginia", "5ad24e85d7d075001a428c50": "France", "5ad24e85d7d075001a428c51": "hundreds", "5ad24e85d7d075001a428c52": "Those Huguenots", "571095a8a58dae1900cd6a76": "Switzerland and the Netherlands", "571095a8a58dae1900cd6a77": "1555", "571095a8a58dae1900cd6a78": "France Antarctique", "571095a8a58dae1900cd6a79": "1560", "571095a8a58dae1900cd6a7a": "Guanabara Confession of Faith", "5ad25963d7d075001a428e0c": "around 500 people", "5ad25963d7d075001a428e0d": "Brazil in 1555 to found France Antarctique. A couple of ships with around 500 people arrived at the Guanabara Bay", "5ad25963d7d075001a428e0e": "500 people", "5ad25963d7d075001a428e0f": "500", "5710968aa58dae1900cd6a86": "Afrikaans", "5710968aa58dae1900cd6a87": "wine industry", "5710968aa58dae1900cd6a88": "Western Cape province", "5710968aa58dae1900cd6a89": "surnames", "5ad25c69d7d075001a428ea4": "Huguenot", "5ad25c69d7d075001a428ea5": "French Huguenot ancestry. Examples include: Blignaut, Cilliers", "5ad25c69d7d075001a428ea6": "Blignaut, Cilliers, de Klerk (Le Clercq), de Villiers, du Plessis", "5ad25c69d7d075001a428ea7": "Huguenots, some of whom had vineyards in France, or were brandy distillers", "571097baa58dae1900cd6a98": "Paul Revere", "571097baa58dae1900cd6a99": "Henry Laurens", "571097baa58dae1900cd6a9a": "Charleston", "571097baa58dae1900cd6a9b": "Manakin Episcopal Church", "571097baa58dae1900cd6a9c": "Texas", "5ad26586d7d075001a4291b2": "Henry Laurens, who signed the Articles of Confederation for South Carolina", "5ad26586d7d075001a4291b3": "1844", "5ad26586d7d075001a4291b4": "Manakin Episcopal Church in Virginia", "5ad26586d7d075001a4291b5": "Jack Jouett, who made the ride from Cuckoo Tavern to warn Thomas Jefferson", "5ad26586d7d075001a4291b6": "South Carolina", "571098f8a58dae1900cd6ab2": "British lace industry", "571098f8a58dae1900cd6ab3": "Bucks Point", "571098f8a58dae1900cd6ab4": "twenty-five widows who settled in Dover", "571098f8a58dae1900cd6ab5": "first half of the eighteenth century", "5ad26e85d7d075001a4293f2": "twenty-five widows who settled in Dover, and there is no contemporary documentation to support there being Huguenot lacemakers in Bedfordshire", "5ad26e85d7d075001a4293f3": "first half of the eighteenth century and lace with Mechlin patterns and Lille ground did not appear until the end of the 18th century", "5ad26e85d7d075001a4293f4": "Some Huguenots settled in Bedfordshire,", "5ad26e85d7d075001a4293f5": "Bedfordshire, one of the main centres of the British lace", "571099b2b654c5140001f9b3": "Dorotheenstadt and Friedrichstadt", "571099b2b654c5140001f9b4": "one-fifth", "571099b2b654c5140001f9b5": "protest against the occupation of Prussia by Napoleon", "571099b2b654c5140001f9b6": "1806-07", "571099b2b654c5140001f9b7": "Berlin, Stockholm, Hamburg, Frankfurt, Helsinki, and Emden", "5ad27294d7d075001a42949a": "1806", "5ad27294d7d075001a42949b": "Dorotheenstadt and Friedrichstadt.", "5ad27294d7d075001a42949c": "Dorotheenstadt and Friedrichstadt", "5ad27294d7d075001a42949d": "1806", "5ad27294d7d075001a42949e": "one-fifth of the city's population", "5710e8c8a58dae1900cd6b26": "Prussia", "5710e8c8a58dae1900cd6b27": "C\u00e9vennes region", "5710e8c8a58dae1900cd6b28": "Camisards", "5710e8c8a58dae1900cd6b29": "the Catholic Church", "5710e8c8a58dae1900cd6b2a": "1702 and 1709", "5ad24f27d7d075001a428c88": "Frederick William", "5ad24f27d7d075001a428c89": "200,000 to 1,000,000)", "5ad24f27d7d075001a428c8a": "200,000 to 1", "5ad24f27d7d075001a428c8b": "1702 and 17", "5ad24f27d7d075001a428c8c": "18th century, a regional group known as the Camisards", "5710e9f8a58dae1900cd6b30": "Jacksonville", "5710e9f8a58dae1900cd6b31": "Jean Ribault", "5710e9f8a58dae1900cd6b32": "Fort Caroline", "5710e9f8a58dae1900cd6b33": "Spanish forces led by Pedro Menendez", "5710e9f8a58dae1900cd6b34": "September 1565", "5ad25aa1d7d075001a428e40": "15", "5ad25aa1d7d075001a428e41": "65", "5ad25aa1d7d075001a428e42": "Hundreds", "5ad25aa1d7d075001a428e43": "St. Augustine failed when its ships were hit by a hurricane on their way to the Spanish encampment at Fort Matanzas", "5710eb6fb654c5140001fa17": "Charlesfort", "5710eb6fb654c5140001fa18": "Jacksonville, Florida", "5710eb6fb654c5140001fa19": "Pedro Men\u00e9ndez de Avil\u00e9s", "5710eb6fb654c5140001fa1a": "1562", "5710eb6fb654c5140001fa1b": "Wars of Religion", "5ad25d49d7d075001a428eec": "15", "5ad25d49d7d075001a428eed": "15", "5ad25d49d7d075001a428eee": "15", "5ad25d49d7d075001a428eef": "15", "5ad25d49d7d075001a428ef0": "1564", "5710eca0a58dae1900cd6b3a": "Virginia", "5710eca0a58dae1900cd6b3b": "Lower Norfolk County", "5710eca0a58dae1900cd6b3c": "Manakin Town,", "5710eca0a58dae1900cd6b3d": "390", "5710eca0a58dae1900cd6b3e": "12 May 1705,", "5ad26278d7d075001a4290ac": "390", "5ad26278d7d075001a4290ad": "390", "5ad26278d7d075001a4290ae": "390 settlers in the isolated settlement, many had died; others lived outside town on farms in the English style", "5ad26278d7d075001a4290af": "18th and 19th centuries", "5ad26278d7d075001a4290b0": "1700", "5710ed7bb654c5140001fa2b": "1568\u20131609", "5710ed7bb654c5140001fa2c": "Spain", "5710ed7bb654c5140001fa2d": "\"Apologie\" of William the Silent", "5710ed7bb654c5140001fa2e": "William the Silent", "5710ed7bb654c5140001fa2f": "Calvinist", "5ad266f8d7d075001a429206": "1568\u201316", "5ad266f8d7d075001a429207": "Huguenot", "5ad266f8d7d075001a429208": "the early days of the Dutch Revolt, helped support the many early settlements of Huguenots in the Dutch Republic's colonies", "5ad266f8d7d075001a429209": "Cape of Good Hope in South Africa", "5ad266f8d7d075001a42920a": "Gaspard de Coligny", "5710f114a58dae1900cd6b60": "Foreign Protestants Naturalization Act", "5710f114a58dae1900cd6b61": "1708", "5710f114a58dae1900cd6b62": "50,000", "5710f114a58dae1900cd6b63": "Andrew Lortie (born Andr\u00e9 Lortie", "5710f114a58dae1900cd6b64": "transubstantiation", "5ad26ba1d7d075001a429358": "50,000 Protestant Walloons and Huguenots fled to England", "5ad26ba1d7d075001a429359": "50,000 Protestant Walloons and Huguenots fled to England, with many moving on to Ireland and elsewhere.", "5ad26ba1d7d075001a42935a": "Andr\u00e9 Lortie), a leading Huguenot theologian and writer who led the exiled community in London", "5ad26ba1d7d075001a42935b": "Andr\u00e9", "5ad26ba1d7d075001a42935c": "50,000 Protestant Walloons and Huguenots fled to England, with many moving on to Ireland", "5710f2e2a58dae1900cd6b72": "Williamite war", "5710f2e2a58dae1900cd6b73": "William of Orange", "5710f2e2a58dae1900cd6b74": "Dublin, Cork, Portarlington, Lisburn, Waterford and Youghal", "5710f2e2a58dae1900cd6b75": "flax", "5710f2e2a58dae1900cd6b76": "linen industry", "5ad26f6ed7d075001a429422": "late 17th and early 18th", "5ad26f6ed7d075001a429423": "Dublin", "5ad26f6ed7d075001a429424": "Killeshandra in County Cavan", "5ad26f6ed7d075001a429425": "expansion of flax cultivation", "5ad26f6ed7d075001a429426": "expansion of flax cultivation", "5710f4b8b654c5140001fa45": "Prince Louis de Cond\u00e9", "5710f4b8b654c5140001fa46": "Count Ludwig von Nassau-Saarbr\u00fccken", "5710f4b8b654c5140001fa47": "glass-making", "5710f4b8b654c5140001fa48": "1890s", "5710f4b8b654c5140001fa49": "1604", "5ad273b5d7d075001a4294b8": "1604.", "5ad273b5d7d075001a4294b9": "04.", "5ad273b5d7d075001a4294ba": "Prince Louis de Cond\u00e9", "5ad273b5d7d075001a4294bb": "1604", "5711119cb654c5140001fae3": "the Electorate of Brandenburg and Electorate of the Palatinate", "5711119cb654c5140001fae4": "Protestant", "5711119cb654c5140001fae5": "Dutch Cape Colony", "5711119cb654c5140001fae6": "Quebec", "5711119cb654c5140001fae7": "they were accepted and allowed to worship freely", "5ad240eed7d075001a428940": "England", "5ad240eed7d075001a428941": "Sweden", "5ad240eed7d075001a428942": "Protestant", "5ad240eed7d075001a428943": "Protestant", "5ad240eed7d075001a428944": "Protestant", "571112ada58dae1900cd6bcc": "Hugues Capet", "571112ada58dae1900cd6bcd": "Hugues hypothesis", "571112ada58dae1900cd6bce": "Janet Gray", "571112ada58dae1900cd6bcf": "those who want Hugo", "571112ada58dae1900cd6bd0": "double or triple non-French linguistic origins", "5ad2424cd7d075001a42898a": "Hugues Capet, king of France, who reigned long before the Reformation", "5ad2424cd7d075001a42898b": "Protestant", "5ad2424cd7d075001a42898c": "Protestants as a noble man who respected people's dignity and lives. Janet Gray", "5ad2424cd7d075001a42898d": "Janet Gray", "57111380a58dae1900cd6bd6": "Jacques Lefevre", "57111380a58dae1900cd6bd7": "University of Paris", "57111380a58dae1900cd6bd8": "1523", "57111380a58dae1900cd6bd9": "William Farel", "57111380a58dae1900cd6bda": "John Calvin", "5ad2447dd7d075001a428a68": "France", "5ad2447dd7d075001a428a69": "Paris", "5ad2447dd7d075001a428a6a": "1523, followed by the whole Bible in the French language in 1530", "5ad2447dd7d075001a428a6b": "1523, followed by the whole Bible in the French language in 1530", "5ad2447dd7d075001a428a6c": "William Farel", "57111428b654c5140001faff": "24 August \u2013 3 October 1572", "57111428b654c5140001fb00": "Catholics", "57111428b654c5140001fb01": "Nearly 3,000", "57111428b654c5140001fb02": "1573", "57111429b654c5140001fb03": "25,000", "5ad24600d7d075001a428ac8": "3,000 Protestants were killed in Paris and between 3,000 and 7,000", "5ad24600d7d075001a428ac9": "Paris. Similar massacres took place in other towns in the weeks following. The main provincial towns and cities experiencing the Massacre were Aix, Bordeaux", "5ad24600d7d075001a428aca": "between 3,000 and 7,000 more in the French provinces. By 17 September, almost 25,000", "5ad24600d7d075001a428acb": "3,000 Protestants were killed in Paris and between 3,000 and 7,000", "5ad24600d7d075001a428acc": "Nearly 3,000", "571114cfb654c5140001fb09": "Louis XIV", "571114cfb654c5140001fb0a": "acted increasingly aggressively", "571114cfb654c5140001fb0b": "he sent missionaries", "571114cfb654c5140001fb0c": "closed Huguenot schools and excluded them from favored professions", "571114cfb654c5140001fb0d": "dragonnades", "5ad24d2ad7d075001a428c1e": "16", "5ad24d2ad7d075001a428c1f": "1643", "5ad24d2ad7d075001a428c20": "1685", "5ad24d2ad7d075001a428c21": "Louis XIV", "5ad24d2ad7d075001a428c22": "1685", "5711163bb654c5140001fb13": "Westchester", "5711163bb654c5140001fb14": "Bauffet's Point\"", "5711163bb654c5140001fb15": "John Pell, Lord of Pelham Manor, a tract of land consisting of six thousand one hundred acres with the help of Jacob Leisler", "5711163bb654c5140001fb16": "La Rochelle", "5711163bb654c5140001fb17": "Trinity-St. Paul's Episcopal Church", "5ad2615ed7d075001a429018": "Huguenots", "5ad2615ed7d075001a429019": "six thousand one hundred acres", "5ad2615ed7d075001a42901a": "the Huguenots", "5ad2615ed7d075001a42901b": "twenty-three", "5ad2615ed7d075001a42901c": "Eglise du St. Esperit", "57111713a58dae1900cd6c00": "The Huguenots adapted quickly and often married outside their immediate French communities", "57111713a58dae1900cd6c01": "married outside their immediate French communities", "57111713a58dae1900cd6c02": "E.I. du Pont", "57111713a58dae1900cd6c03": "well into the nineteenth century", "57111713a58dae1900cd6c04": "Eleutherian", "5ad264d7d7d075001a429174": "nineteenth century", "5ad264d7d7d075001a429175": "merchants and artisans in the late Colonial and early Federal periods", "5ad264d7d7d075001a429176": "French", "5ad264d7d7d075001a429177": "Their descendants in many families continued to use French first names and surnames for their children", "571117d4a58dae1900cd6c0a": "Pierre Bayle", "571117d4a58dae1900cd6c0b": "Rotterdam", "571117d4a58dae1900cd6c0c": "Historical and Critical Dictionary", "571117d4a58dae1900cd6c0d": "US Library of Congress", "571117d4a58dae1900cd6c0e": "Saint Nicolas", "5ad26acad7d075001a42932a": "Pierre Bayle", "5ad26acad7d075001a42932b": "Dutch", "5ad26acad7d075001a42932c": "Sint Nicolaas", "5ad26acad7d075001a42932d": "multi", "57111992b654c5140001fb43": "The French Protestant Church", "57111992b654c5140001fb44": "1550", "57111992b654c5140001fb45": "Soho Square", "57111992b654c5140001fb46": "Shoreditch", "57111992b654c5140001fb47": "1724", "5ad26dbcd7d075001a4293d4": "Huguenot refugees flocked to Shoreditch, London", "5ad26dbcd7d075001a4293d5": "1724", "5ad26dbcd7d075001a4293d6": "French Protestant Church of London", "5ad26dbcd7d075001a4293d7": "a third", "5ad26dbcd7d075001a4293d8": "Huguenot refugees flocked to Shoreditch", "57111ab8a58dae1900cd6c3c": "Lutheran and Reformed", "57111ab8a58dae1900cd6c3d": "Germany and Scandinavia", "57111ab8a58dae1900cd6c3e": "Edict of Potsdam", "57111ab8a58dae1900cd6c3f": "Elector of Brandenburg and Duke of Prussia", "57111ab8a58dae1900cd6c40": "two new regiments", "5ad271c2d7d075001a429472": "Around 16", "5ad271c2d7d075001a429473": "1685", "5ad271c2d7d075001a429474": "4,000", "5ad271c2d7d075001a429475": "1,500 found refuge in Hamburg, Bremen and Lower Saxony", "5ad271c2d7d075001a429476": "15 (Regiment on foot Wylich)", "57111b95a58dae1900cd6c50": "Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg", "57111b95a58dae1900cd6c51": "Theodor Fontane", "57111b95a58dae1900cd6c52": "Adolf Galland", "57111b95a58dae1900cd6c53": "Lothar de Maizi\u00e8re", "57111b95a58dae1900cd6c54": "Minister of the Interior", "5ad275ccd7d075001a42950e": "Theodor Fontane", "5ad275ccd7d075001a42950f": "Thomas de Maizi\u00e8re", "5ad275ccd7d075001a429510": "General Hermann von Fran\u00e7ois", "5ad275ccd7d075001a429511": "Huguenot", "5ad275ccd7d075001a429512": "Theodor Fontane, General Hermann von Fran\u00e7ois", "57112686b654c5140001fbd3": "solar power", "57112686b654c5140001fbd4": "the Rankine cycle", "57112686b654c5140001fbd5": "steam", "57112686b654c5140001fbd6": "high pressure", "57112686b654c5140001fbd7": "external combustion engines", "5ad3bd8f604f3c001a3fef2d": "solar power, nuclear power", "5ad3bd8f604f3c001a3fef2e": "Rankine cycle", "5ad3bd8f604f3c001a3fef2f": "Non-combustion heat sources", "5ad3bd8f604f3c001a3fef30": "high", "5ad3bd8f604f3c001a3fef31": "Non-combustion heat sources", "571126dfa58dae1900cd6cb2": "the atmospheric engine", "571126dfa58dae1900cd6cb3": "Thomas Newcomen", "571126dfa58dae1900cd6cb4": "1712", "571126dfa58dae1900cd6cb5": "steam pump,", "571126dfa58dae1900cd6cb6": "Papin", "5ad3c637604f3c001a3ff017": "atmospheric engine, invented by Thomas Newcomen around 1712", "5ad3c637604f3c001a3ff018": "Newcomen around 1712.", "5ad3c637604f3c001a3ff019": "1712", "5ad3c637604f3c001a3ff01a": "Water", "5ad3c637604f3c001a3ff01b": "Papin", "571127a5a58dae1900cd6cc4": "United Kingdom", "571127a5a58dae1900cd6cc5": "21 February 1804", "571127a5a58dae1900cd6cc6": "Abercynon in south Wales", "571127a5a58dae1900cd6cc7": "England", "571127a5a58dae1900cd6cc8": "south", "5ad3cd43604f3c001a3ff183": "the United Kingdom and, on 21 February 1804", "5ad3cd43604f3c001a3ff184": "21 February 1804,", "5ad3cd43604f3c001a3ff185": "Abercynon", "5ad3cd43604f3c001a3ff186": "England", "5ad3cd43604f3c001a3ff187": "south Wales", "571135b8a58dae1900cd6d0e": "water pump", "571135b8a58dae1900cd6d0f": "multi-stage centrifugal pumps", "571135b8a58dae1900cd6d10": "1850s", "571135b8a58dae1900cd6d11": "steam locomotives", "571135b8a58dae1900cd6d12": "lower-pressure boiler feed water", "5ad3e83e604f3c001a3ff63b": "water pump", "5ad3e83e604f3c001a3ff63c": "multi-stage centrifugal", "5ad3e83e604f3c001a3ff63d": "1850", "5ad3e83e604f3c001a3ff63e": "steam locomotives.", "5ad3e83e604f3c001a3ff63f": "lower-pressure boiler feed water is an injector", "57113639a58dae1900cd6d18": "three or four expansion stages", "57113639a58dae1900cd6d19": "quadruple expansion engines", "57113639a58dae1900cd6d1a": "19th", "57113639a58dae1900cd6d1b": "marine triple expansion engines", "57113639a58dae1900cd6d1c": "Olympic class", "5ad41b12604f3c001a4004fb": "three or four expansion stages", "5ad41b12604f3c001a4004fc": "quadruple expansion engines", "5ad41b12604f3c001a4004fd": "19th century", "5ad41b12604f3c001a4004fe": "4-cylinder triple-expansion", "5ad41b12604f3c001a4004ff": "Olympic", "571136b8a58dae1900cd6d22": "Corliss", "571136b8a58dae1900cd6d23": "Joy", "571136b8a58dae1900cd6d24": "lengthening rubbing surfaces of the valve", "5ad3f35c604f3c001a3ff8f5": "Corliss", "5ad3f35c604f3c001a3ff8f6": "Joy and Walschaerts motions. Corliss", "5ad3f35c604f3c001a3ff8f7": "lengthening rubbing surfaces", "5ad3f35c604f3c001a3ff8f8": "1840s and 50s,", "57113ba6b654c5140001fc1f": "Lead fusible plugs", "57113ba6b654c5140001fc20": "the lead melts", "57113ba6b654c5140001fc21": "the steam escapes", "57113ba6b654c5140001fc22": "manually suppress the fire", "57113ba6b654c5140001fc23": "dampening the fire", "5ad40ec6604f3c001a40012f": "Lead fusible plugs may be present in the crown of the boiler's firebox", "5ad40ec6604f3c001a400130": "the lead melts", "5ad40ec6604f3c001a400131": "the steam escapes, warning the operators, who may then manually suppress the fire", "5ad40ec6604f3c001a400132": "manually suppress the fire", "5ad40ec6604f3c001a400133": "dampening the fire", "57113be3a58dae1900cd6d28": "James Watt", "57113be3a58dae1900cd6d29": "rotary", "57113be3a58dae1900cd6d2a": "ten", "57113be3a58dae1900cd6d2b": "1883", "57113be3a58dae1900cd6d2c": "the Industrial Revolution", "5ad3bf63604f3c001a3fef5b": "James Watt", "5ad3bf63604f3c001a3fef5c": "rotary", "5ad3bf63604f3c001a3fef5d": "ten-horsepower", "5ad3bf63604f3c001a3fef5e": "1883, engines that could provide 10,000 hp had become feasible", "5ad3bf63604f3c001a3fef5f": "the Industrial Revolution,", "57113c6da58dae1900cd6d32": "first century AD", "57113c6da58dae1900cd6d33": "Hero of Alexandria", "57113c6da58dae1900cd6d34": "Greek", "57113c6da58dae1900cd6d35": "Giovanni Branca", "57113c6da58dae1900cd6d36": "1606", "5ad3c46a604f3c001a3fefb1": "1679, and first used a piston to raise weights in 1690.", "5ad3c46a604f3c001a3fefb2": "Denis Papin", "5ad3c46a604f3c001a3fefb3": "Greek mathematician Hero of Alexandria", "5ad3c46a604f3c001a3fefb4": "Denis Papin", "5ad3c46a604f3c001a3fefb5": "16", "57113f83b654c5140001fc29": "compound engines came into widespread use. Compound engines", "57113f83b654c5140001fc2a": "expansions", "57113f83b654c5140001fc2b": "shipping", "57113f83b654c5140001fc2c": "coal", "57113f83b654c5140001fc2d": "internal combustion engines", "5ad3cc47604f3c001a3ff143": "internal combustion engines gradually resulted in the replacement of reciprocating (piston) steam engines", "5ad3cc47604f3c001a3ff144": "expansions, with double and triple expansion engines", "5ad3cc47604f3c001a3ff145": "shipping", "5ad3cc47604f3c001a3ff146": "coal", "5ad3cc47604f3c001a3ff147": "internal combustion engines", "571142b3a58dae1900cd6d5a": "steam turbines", "571142b3a58dae1900cd6d5b": "late", "571142b3a58dae1900cd6d5c": "several hundred horsepower", "571142b3a58dae1900cd6d5d": "90%", "571142b3a58dae1900cd6d5e": "electric", "5ad3d3af604f3c001a3ff293": "steam turbines starting in the late part of the 19th century. Steam turbines", "5ad3d3af604f3c001a3ff294": "late", "5ad3d3af604f3c001a3ff295": "several hundred horsepower", "5ad3d3af604f3c001a3ff296": "90% of the electric power", "5ad3d3af604f3c001a3ff297": "electric", "571144d1a58dae1900cd6d6e": "burning combustible materials with an appropriate supply of air in a closed space (called variously combustion chamber, firebox", "571144d1a58dae1900cd6d6f": "combustion chamber", "571144d1a58dae1900cd6d70": "solar energy", "571144d1a58dae1900cd6d71": "electric", "5ad3d689604f3c001a3ff30d": "waste heat from an internal combustion", "5ad3d689604f3c001a3ff30e": "combustion chamber, firebox", "5ad3d689604f3c001a3ff30f": "electric", "5ad3d689604f3c001a3ff310": "solar", "5ad3d689604f3c001a3ff311": "electric", "57114667a58dae1900cd6d80": "steam engine indicator", "57114667a58dae1900cd6d81": "1851", "57114667a58dae1900cd6d82": "Charles Porter", "57114667a58dae1900cd6d83": "Charles Richard", "57114667a58dae1900cd6d84": "London Exhibition", "5ad3e8f6604f3c001a3ff66b": "steam engine indicator.", "5ad3e8f6604f3c001a3ff66c": "1851", "5ad3e8f6604f3c001a3ff66d": "Charles Porter by Charles Richard", "5ad3e8f6604f3c001a3ff66e": "Charles Richard", "5ad3e8f6604f3c001a3ff66f": "London Exhibition", "5711475ca58dae1900cd6d8a": "90\u00b0", "5711475ca58dae1900cd6d8b": "180\u00b0", "5711475ca58dae1900cd6d8c": "90\u00b0", "5ad3ed37604f3c001a3ff7a1": "90\u00b0", "5ad3ed37604f3c001a3ff7a2": "180\u00b0", "5ad3ed37604f3c001a3ff7a3": "90\u00b0", "5ad3ed37604f3c001a3ff7a4": "4-cylinder compound, the individual pistons within the group are usually balanced at 180\u00b0, the groups being set at 90\u00b0 to each other.", "5ad3ed37604f3c001a3ff7a5": "the pistons worked in the same phase driving a common crosshead and crank,", "5711488ab654c5140001fc3d": "counterflow", "5711488ab654c5140001fc3e": "two", "5711488ab654c5140001fc3f": "one", "5711488ab654c5140001fc40": "four events", "5711488ab654c5140001fc41": "expansion", "5ad3f03c604f3c001a3ff829": "counterflow", "5ad3f03c604f3c001a3ff82a": "two piston strokes", "5ad3f03c604f3c001a3ff82b": "one", "5ad3f03c604f3c001a3ff82c": "four events", "5ad3f03c604f3c001a3ff82d": "expansion", "57114aceb654c5140001fc47": "Quasiturbine", "57114aceb654c5140001fc48": "counterflow cycle", "57114aceb654c5140001fc49": "an additional port uncovered by the piston at the end of each stroke making the steam flow only in one direction", "5ad3f4ed604f3c001a3ff963": "Quasiturbine", "5ad3f4ed604f3c001a3ff964": "counterflow cycle", "5ad3f4ed604f3c001a3ff965": "an additional port uncovered by the piston", "5ad3f4ed604f3c001a3ff966": "uniflow", "5ad3f4ed604f3c001a3ff967": "improve efficiency by providing an additional port uncovered by the piston at the end of each stroke making the steam flow only in one direction", "57114b1a2419e31400955575": "oscillating cylinder steam engine", "57114b1a2419e31400955576": "trunnion", "57114b1a2419e31400955577": "models", "57114b1a2419e31400955578": "ships", "5ad3fc1f604f3c001a3ffb7b": "oscillating cylinder", "5ad3fc1f604f3c001a3ffb7c": "fixed port face", "5ad3fc1f604f3c001a3ffb7d": "toys and models, because of their simplicity, but have also been used in full size working engines", "5ad3fc1f604f3c001a3ffb7e": "ships", "5ad3fc1f604f3c001a3ffb7f": "oscillating cylinder", "57114dfb50c2381900b54a53": "recycled continuously", "57114dfb50c2381900b54a54": "open loop", "57114dfb50c2381900b54a55": "Mercury", "57114dfb50c2381900b54a56": "water", "5ad415fd604f3c001a400327": "recycled", "5ad415fd604f3c001a400328": "open loop", "5ad415fd604f3c001a400329": "Mercury is the working fluid in the mercury", "5ad415fd604f3c001a40032a": "Mercury", "5ad415fd604f3c001a40032b": "a closed loop system", "57114e8d50c2381900b54a5b": "the working fluid", "57114e8d50c2381900b54a5c": "565 \u00b0C", "57114e8d50c2381900b54a5d": "stainless steel", "57114e8d50c2381900b54a5e": "30 \u00b0C", "57114e8d50c2381900b54a5f": "63%", "5ad418fb604f3c001a400431": "working fluid. Without the pressure", "5ad418fb604f3c001a400432": "565 \u00b0C", "5ad418fb604f3c001a400433": "stainless steel) and condenser temperatures are around 30 \u00b0C", "5ad418fb604f3c001a400434": "30 \u00b0C", "5ad418fb604f3c001a400435": "63%", "57114f0050c2381900b54a65": "Steam engines", "57114f0050c2381900b54a66": "steamboats", "57114f0050c2381900b54a67": "Stanley Steamer", "57114f0050c2381900b54a68": "factories", "57114f0050c2381900b54a69": "an increase in the land available for cultivation", "5ad3c1ad604f3c001a3fef8d": "steam-powered farm tractors, motorcycles (without much success) and even automobiles as the Stanley Steamer.", "5ad3c1ad604f3c001a3fef8e": "steamboats", "5ad3c1ad604f3c001a3fef8f": "motorcycle", "5ad3c1ad604f3c001a3fef90": "factories, mills and mines; powering pumping stations", "5ad3c1ad604f3c001a3fef91": "increase in the land available for cultivation.", "571153422419e3140095557d": "Catch Me Who Can", "571153422419e3140095557e": "Matthew Murray", "571153422419e3140095557f": "twin-cylinder", "571153422419e31400955580": "Middleton Railway", "571153422419e31400955581": "Stockton and Darlington Railway", "5ad3d2aa604f3c001a3ff261": "Locomotion", "5ad3d2aa604f3c001a3ff262": "Matthew Murray", "5ad3d2aa604f3c001a3ff263": "twin-cylinder locomotive Salamanca", "5ad3d2aa604f3c001a3ff264": "Stockton and Darlington Railway.", "5ad3d2aa604f3c001a3ff265": "Middleton Railway. In 1825 George Stephenson built the Locomotion for the Stockton and Darlington Railway", "5711541350c2381900b54a6f": "Arthur Woolf", "5711541350c2381900b54a70": "British", "5711541350c2381900b54a71": "torque variability", "5711541350c2381900b54a72": "cylinder volume", "5ad3eb61604f3c001a3ff71b": "Arthur Woolf,", "5ad3eb61604f3c001a3ff71c": "British engineer", "5ad3eb61604f3c001a3ff71d": "less heat", "5ad3eb61604f3c001a3ff71e": "cylinder volume", "5ad3eb61604f3c001a3ff71f": "Arthur Woolf, who patented his Woolf high-pressure compound engine", "571154c72419e31400955587": "90%", "571154c72419e31400955588": "reciprocating steam engines", "571154c72419e31400955589": "gas turbines", "571154c72419e3140095558a": "steam turbines with reduction gearing", "571154c72419e3140095558b": "reduction gearing", "5ad3f846604f3c001a3ffa5d": "90% of the world's electric production", "5ad3f846604f3c001a3ffa5e": "reciprocating steam engines", "5ad3f846604f3c001a3ffa5f": "gas turbines,", "5ad3f846604f3c001a3ffa60": "steam turbines", "5ad3f846604f3c001a3ffa61": "reduction gearing (although the Turbinia has direct turbines to propellers with no reduction", "571155ae2419e31400955591": "The Rankine cycle", "571155ae2419e31400955592": "removed in a condenser", "571155ae2419e31400955593": "1990s", "571155ae2419e31400955594": "biomass", "571155ae2419e31400955595": "Scottish", "5ad41260604f3c001a40023f": "Rankine cycle is the fundamental thermodynamic underpinning of the steam engine", "5ad41260604f3c001a400240": "removed in a condenser.", "5ad41260604f3c001a400241": "1990s,", "5ad41260604f3c001a400242": "biomass", "5ad41260604f3c001a400243": "Scottish", "571156152419e3140095559b": "duty", "571156152419e3140095559c": "Watt", "571156152419e3140095559d": "94", "571156152419e3140095559e": "7 million", "571156152419e3140095559f": "17", "5ad41813604f3c001a4003dd": "Duty is the number of foot-pounds of work delivered by burning one bushel (94 pounds) of coal", "5ad41813604f3c001a4003de": "Watt", "5ad41813604f3c001a4003df": "94 pounds", "5ad41813604f3c001a4003e0": "7 million, but most were closer to 5 million", "5ad41813604f3c001a4003e1": "17.", "57115ac550c2381900b54a77": "steam turbines", "57115ac550c2381900b54a78": "Reciprocating piston type steam engines", "57115ac550c2381900b54a79": "steam turbines", "57115ac550c2381900b54a7a": "internal combustion engines", "5ad3c061604f3c001a3fef6f": "steam turbines", "5ad3c061604f3c001a3fef70": "Reciprocating piston type steam engines", "5ad3c061604f3c001a3fef71": "steam turbines", "5ad3c061604f3c001a3fef72": "internal combustion engines", "5ad3c061604f3c001a3fef73": "the \"steam age\"", "57115b2850c2381900b54a7f": "Thomas Savery", "57115b2850c2381900b54a80": "a water pump", "57115b2850c2381900b54a81": "1698", "57115b2850c2381900b54a82": "Bento de Moura Portugal", "57115b2850c2381900b54a83": "John Smeaton", "5ad3c57a604f3c001a3feff1": "Thomas Savery", "5ad3c57a604f3c001a3feff2": "a water pump, developed in 1698 by Thomas Savery.", "5ad3c57a604f3c001a3feff3": "16", "5ad3c57a604f3c001a3feff4": "Bento de Moura Portugal introduced an ingenious improvement of Savery's construction \"to render it capable of working itself\"", "5ad3c57a604f3c001a3feff5": "John Smeaton", "57115b8b50c2381900b54a89": "Richard Trevithick", "57115b8b50c2381900b54a8a": "Oliver Evans", "57115b8b50c2381900b54a8b": "1802", "57115b8b50c2381900b54a8c": "transport applications", "57115b8b50c2381900b54a8d": "power", "5ad3cab2604f3c001a3ff0e3": "Richard Trevithick and, separately, Oliver Evans in 1801 introduced engines using high-pressure steam", "5ad3cab2604f3c001a3ff0e4": "Richard Trevithick and, separately, Oliver Evans in 1801 introduced engines using high-pressure steam; Trevithick", "5ad3cab2604f3c001a3ff0e5": "1801 introduced engines using high-pressure steam; Trevithick obtained his high-pressure engine patent in 1802", "5ad3cab2604f3c001a3ff0e6": "transport applications", "5ad3cab2604f3c001a3ff0e7": "steam engine as a power source", "57115bf350c2381900b54a93": "Energiprojekt AB", "57115bf350c2381900b54a94": "Sweden", "57115bf350c2381900b54a95": "5", "57115bf350c2381900b54a96": "8.8", "57115bf350c2381900b54a97": "27-30%", "5ad3d4db604f3c001a3ff2b1": "Energiprojekt AB", "5ad3d4db604f3c001a3ff2b2": "Sweden", "5ad3d4db604f3c001a3ff2b3": "5-cylinder engine (no compound) with superheated steam and consumes approx. 4", "5ad3d4db604f3c001a3ff2b4": "8.8", "5ad3d4db604f3c001a3ff2b5": "27-30%", "57115c7450c2381900b54a9d": "surface condensers", "57115c7450c2381900b54a9e": "automobile radiator", "57115c7450c2381900b54a9f": "water is costly", "57115c7450c2381900b54aa0": "wet", "57115c7450c2381900b54aa1": "3600", "5ad3d7e0604f3c001a3ff35d": "surface condensers", "5ad3d7e0604f3c001a3ff35e": "an automobile radiator and is used in locations where water is costly. Evaporative (wet) cooling towers", "5ad3d7e0604f3c001a3ff35f": "Evaporative", "5ad3d7e0604f3c001a3ff360": "Evaporative (wet) cooling towers", "5ad3d7e0604f3c001a3ff361": "3600 cubic metres", "57115dbe2419e314009555a5": "centrifugal governor", "57115dbe2419e314009555a6": "Boulton", "57115dbe2419e314009555a7": "a flour mill Boulton & Watt were building", "57115dbe2419e314009555a8": "cotton spinning", "57115dbe2419e314009555a9": "hold a set speed", "5ad3ea77604f3c001a3ff6df": "variable steam cut off", "5ad3ea77604f3c001a3ff6e0": "Boulton", "5ad3ea77604f3c001a3ff6e1": "a flour mill Boulton & Watt were building", "5ad3ea77604f3c001a3ff6e2": "cotton spinning. The governor was improved over time and coupled with variable steam cut off, good speed control", "5ad3ea77604f3c001a3ff6e3": "hold a set speed, because it would assume a new constant speed", "57115e532419e314009555af": "1880", "57115e532419e314009555b0": "railway locomotives", "57115e532419e314009555b1": "complicated", "57115e532419e314009555b2": "1930", "57115e532419e314009555b3": "road engines", "5ad3ee11604f3c001a3ff7d7": "1880;", "5ad3ee11604f3c001a3ff7d8": "railway locomotives", "5ad3ee11604f3c001a3ff7d9": "almost universal for marine engines", "5ad3ee11604f3c001a3ff7da": "1930).", "5ad3ee11604f3c001a3ff7db": "road engines", "57115f0a50c2381900b54aa7": "shortening the cutoff", "57115f0a50c2381900b54aa8": "kick back", "57115f0a50c2381900b54aa9": "evacuate the cylinder, choking it and giving excessive compression (\"kick back\")", "57115f0a50c2381900b54aaa": "fixed length", "5ad3f13e604f3c001a3ff865": "shortening the cutoff", "5ad3f13e604f3c001a3ff866": "kick back\")", "5ad3f13e604f3c001a3ff867": "evacuate the cylinder, choking it and giving excessive compression (\"kick back\")", "5ad3f13e604f3c001a3ff868": "fixed length", "5ad3f13e604f3c001a3ff869": "events of fixed length during the engine cycle", "57115f652419e314009555b9": "Jer\u00f3nimo de Ayanz y Beaumont", "57115f652419e314009555ba": "Spanish", "57115f652419e314009555bb": "1606", "57115f652419e314009555bc": "1698", "57115f652419e314009555bd": "1712", "5ad3be46604f3c001a3fef37": "Jer\u00f3nimo de Ayanz y Beaumont obtained the first patent for a steam engine in 1606", "5ad3be46604f3c001a3fef38": "Spanish inventor Jer\u00f3nimo de Ayanz y Beaumont", "5ad3be46604f3c001a3fef39": "1606", "5ad3be46604f3c001a3fef3a": "1712", "5ad3be46604f3c001a3fef3b": "1712", "57115ff82419e314009555c3": "rotating discs", "57115ff82419e314009555c4": "a drive shaft", "57115ff82419e314009555c5": "static discs", "57115ff82419e314009555c6": "turbine casing", "57115ff82419e314009555c7": "3600 revolutions per minute (RPM) in the USA with 60 Hertz power, 3000 RPM", "5ad3f689604f3c001a3ff9e3": "steam", "5ad3f689604f3c001a3ff9e4": "drive shaft", "5ad3f689604f3c001a3ff9e5": "electric generating", "5ad3f689604f3c001a3ff9e6": "drive shaft", "5ad3f689604f3c001a3ff9e7": "3600 revolutions per minute (RPM)", "5711607f2419e314009555cd": "lower", "5711607f2419e314009555ce": "electric motors", "5711607f2419e314009555cf": "steam turbine plant", "5711607f2419e314009555d0": "Advanced Steam movement", "5711607f2419e314009555d1": "pollution", "5ad3c3bc604f3c001a3fef9f": "lower", "5ad3c3bc604f3c001a3fefa0": "electric motors", "5ad3c3bc604f3c001a3fefa1": "steam turbine plant", "5ad3c3bc604f3c001a3fefa2": "Advanced Steam", "5ad3c3bc604f3c001a3fefa3": "Advanced Steam", "571161092419e314009555d7": "Wankel engine", "571161092419e314009555d8": "cylinders and valve gear", "571161092419e314009555d9": "thermal expansion", "5ad40864604f3c001a3ffeeb": "the Wankel", "5ad40864604f3c001a3ffeec": "cylinders and valve gear", "5ad40864604f3c001a3ffeed": "thermal expansion", "5ad40864604f3c001a3ffeee": "Lack of expansive working, or any means of control of the cutoff", "5ad40864604f3c001a3ffeef": "conventional", "5711619950c2381900b54aaf": "1775", "5711619950c2381900b54ab0": "a separate condenser", "5711619950c2381900b54ab1": "half as much coal", "5711619950c2381900b54ab2": "Newcomen's", "5711619950c2381900b54ab3": "a piston", "5ad3c75a604f3c001a3ff045": "1775", "5ad3c75a604f3c001a3ff046": "a separate condenser.", "5ad3c75a604f3c001a3ff047": "half", "5ad3c75a604f3c001a3ff048": "James Watt", "5ad3c75a604f3c001a3ff049": "piston into the partial vacuum", "5711623e50c2381900b54ab9": "two independent mechanisms", "5711623e50c2381900b54aba": "plug valve", "5711623e50c2381900b54abb": "an adjustable spring-loaded valve", "5711623e50c2381900b54abc": "a seal", "5711623e50c2381900b54abd": "power from the engine", "5ad40b9a604f3c001a400019": "two", "5ad40b9a604f3c001a40001a": "plug valve in the top of a boiler", "5ad40b9a604f3c001a40001b": "an adjustable spring-loaded", "5ad40b9a604f3c001a40001c": "a seal illegally", "5ad40b9a604f3c001a40001d": "power", "5711628a2419e314009555dd": "the Corliss steam engine", "5711628a2419e314009555de": "1849", "5711628a2419e314009555df": "four", "5711628a2419e314009555e0": "Rumford medal", "5711628a2419e314009555e1": "30%", "5ad3cb62604f3c001a3ff111": "Corliss steam engine, patented in 1849, which was a four-valve counter flow engine", "5ad3cb62604f3c001a3ff112": "1849,", "5ad3cb62604f3c001a3ff113": "four-valve", "5ad3cb62604f3c001a3ff114": "Rumford medal", "5ad3cb62604f3c001a3ff115": "30% less steam", "571163172419e314009555e7": "thermodynamic", "571163172419e314009555e8": "Watt", "571163172419e314009555e9": "the separate condenser", "571163172419e314009555ea": "Joseph Black", "571163172419e314009555eb": "latent heat", "5ad41733604f3c001a40037f": "thermodynamic", "5ad41733604f3c001a400380": "Watt on a model steam engine led to the development of the separate condenser. Watt", "5ad41733604f3c001a400381": "the separate condenser.", "5ad41733604f3c001a400382": "Joseph Black,", "5ad41733604f3c001a400383": "latent heat", "5711648850c2381900b54ac3": "relatively little work is required to drive the pump", "5711648850c2381900b54ac4": "liquid phase", "5711648850c2381900b54ac5": "1% to 3%", "5711648850c2381900b54ac6": "1500 \u00b0C", "5ad419f8604f3c001a400499": "higher efficiency for a real cycle", "5ad419f8604f3c001a40049a": "liquid phase", "5ad419f8604f3c001a40049b": "1% to 3%", "5ad419f8604f3c001a40049c": "1500 \u00b0C.", "5ad419f8604f3c001a40049d": "condensing the fluid,", "5711651050c2381900b54acb": "injector", "5711651050c2381900b54acc": "recover the latent heat of vaporisation", "5711651050c2381900b54acd": "superheaters", "5711651050c2381900b54ace": "bunker", "5711651050c2381900b54acf": "a chain or screw stoking mechanism", "5ad3d560604f3c001a3ff2c5": "the boiler during operation, condensers to recirculate the water and recover the latent heat of vaporisation, and superheaters", "5ad3d560604f3c001a3ff2c6": "condensers to recirculate the water and recover the latent heat of vaporisation", "5ad3d560604f3c001a3ff2c7": "condensers to recirculate the water", "5ad3d560604f3c001a3ff2c8": "bunker", "5ad3d560604f3c001a3ff2c9": "a chain or screw stoking", "5711658e50c2381900b54ad5": "feed water", "5711658e50c2381900b54ad6": "British", "5711658e50c2381900b54ad7": "dreadnought battleships", "5711658e50c2381900b54ad8": "ocean liners", "5711658e50c2381900b54ad9": "1905", "5ad3ef13604f3c001a3ff7f9": "feed water", "5ad3ef13604f3c001a3ff7fa": "British", "5ad3ef13604f3c001a3ff7fb": "dreadnought battleships", "5ad3ef13604f3c001a3ff7fc": "dreadnought battleships, and ocean liners.", "5ad3ef13604f3c001a3ff7fd": "1905", "571166352419e314009555f1": "water", "571166352419e314009555f2": "a turbine connected to an electrical generator", "571166352419e314009555f3": "electrical generator", "571166352419e314009555f4": "turbo-electric transmission", "571166352419e314009555f5": "Britain", "5ad3fabc604f3c001a3ffb1b": "water", "5ad3fabc604f3c001a3ffb1c": "turbo generator set", "5ad3fabc604f3c001a3ffb1d": "electrical generator.", "5ad3fabc604f3c001a3ffb1e": "turbo-electric transmission,", "5ad3fabc604f3c001a3ffb1f": "Britain", "5711669550c2381900b54adf": "a practical Carnot cycle", "5711669550c2381900b54ae0": "the condenser", "5711669550c2381900b54ae1": "constant pressure", "5711669550c2381900b54ae2": "isothermal", "5711669550c2381900b54ae3": "liquid", "5ad414dd604f3c001a4002c7": "Rankine cycle is sometimes referred to as a practical Carnot cycle", "5ad414dd604f3c001a4002c8": "the condenser", "5ad414dd604f3c001a4002c9": "isothermal", "5ad414dd604f3c001a4002ca": "isobaric (constant pressure)", "5ad414dd604f3c001a4002cb": "liquid not as a gas. Pumping the working fluid in liquid form", "571a484210f8ca1400304fbd": "8", "571a484210f8ca1400304fbe": "hydrogen and helium", "571a484210f8ca1400304fbf": "Diatomic oxygen", "571a484210f8ca1400304fc0": "two", "571a484210f8ca1400304fc1": "half", "571c3a685efbb31900334db2": "8", "571c3a685efbb31900334db3": "chalcogen", "571c3a685efbb31900334db4": "oxides", "571c3a685efbb31900334db5": "third-most abundant", "571c3a685efbb31900334db6": "dioxygen", "5ad21646d7d075001a4283c4": "Oxygen", "5ad21646d7d075001a4283c5": "Oxygen", "5ad21646d7d075001a4283c6": "oxygen is the third-most abundant element in the universe", "5ad21646d7d075001a4283c7": "Diatomic oxygen", "571a49de4faf5e1900b8a94a": "photosynthesis", "571a49de4faf5e1900b8a94b": "sunlight", "571a49de4faf5e1900b8a94c": "ozone", "571c3c47dd7acb1400e4c09c": "oxygen", "571c3c47dd7acb1400e4c09d": "water", "571c3c47dd7acb1400e4c09e": "photosynthesis", "571c3c47dd7acb1400e4c09f": "sunlight", "571c3c47dd7acb1400e4c0a0": "ozone (O\n3), strongly absorbs UVB radiation and consequently the high-altitude ozone", "5ad21e1ad7d075001a42846e": "nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and fats", "5ad21e1ad7d075001a42846f": "Oxygen is used in cellular respiration and released by photosynthesis, which uses the energy of sunlight to produce oxygen", "5ad21e1ad7d075001a428470": "ozone (O\n3), strongly absorbs UVB radiation and consequently the high-altitude ozone", "5ad21e1ad7d075001a428471": "smog.", "571a4b0f10f8ca1400304fd5": "Robert Boyle", "571a4b0f10f8ca1400304fd6": "John Mayow", "571a4b0f10f8ca1400304fd7": "nitroaereus", "571a4b0f10f8ca1400304fd8": "1679", "571c3e8cdd7acb1400e4c0a6": "Robert Boyle", "571c3e8cdd7acb1400e4c0a7": "spiritus nitroaereus or just nitroaereus", "571c3e8cdd7acb1400e4c0a8": "17th", "571c3e8cdd7acb1400e4c0a9": "respiration", "571c3e8cdd7acb1400e4c0aa": "John Mayow", "5ad22a95d7d075001a4285da": "combustion.", "5ad22a95d7d075001a4285db": "1641\u20131679)", "5ad22a96d7d075001a4285dc": "late 17th century,", "5ad22a96d7d075001a4285dd": "chemist John", "5ad22a96d7d075001a4285de": "chemist John Mayow", "571a4d1a4faf5e1900b8a958": "Joseph Priestley", "571a4d1a4faf5e1900b8a959": "clergyman", "571a4d1a4faf5e1900b8a95a": "mercuric oxide (HgO", "571a4d1a4faf5e1900b8a95b": "HgO", "571c4132dd7acb1400e4c0b0": "mercuric oxide (HgO", "571c4132dd7acb1400e4c0b1": "dephlogisticated air", "571c4132dd7acb1400e4c0b2": "1775", "571c4132dd7acb1400e4c0b3": "he published his findings first", "571c4132dd7acb1400e4c0b4": "more active and lived longer", "5ad22cd0d7d075001a428618": "British clergyman", "5ad22cd0d7d075001a428619": "sunlight on mercuric oxide (HgO) inside a glass tube", "5ad22cd0d7d075001a42861a": "An Account of Further Discoveries in Air\"", "5ad22cd0d7d075001a42861b": "dephlogisticated air", "571a4ead10f8ca1400304fdd": "Leonardo da Vinci", "571a4ead10f8ca1400304fde": "Philo of Byzantium", "571a4ead10f8ca1400304fdf": "2nd century BCE", "571a4ead10f8ca1400304fe0": "Philo incorrectly surmised that parts of the air in the vessel were converted into the classical element fire", "571c7abfdd7acb1400e4c0ba": "Philo of Byzantium", "571c7abfdd7acb1400e4c0bb": "fire", "571c7abfdd7acb1400e4c0bc": "Pneumatica", "571c7abfdd7acb1400e4c0bd": "Leonardo da Vinci", "571c7abfdd7acb1400e4c0be": "air", "5ad21f6fd7d075001a4284a4": "experiments on the relationship between combustion and air was conducted by the 2nd century BCE Greek writer on mechanics", "5ad21f6fd7d075001a4284a5": "2nd century BCE", "5ad21f6fd7d075001a4284a6": "Leonardo da Vinci", "5ad21f6fd7d075001a4284a7": "Greek writer on mechanics, Philo of Byzantium", "571a50df4faf5e1900b8a960": "an ignition event, such as heat or a spark", "571a50df4faf5e1900b8a961": "oxidant", "571a50df4faf5e1900b8a962": "oxygen with a high oxidative potential", "571a50df4faf5e1900b8a963": "Oxygen", "571cebc05efbb31900334e48": "rapid combustion", "571cebc05efbb31900334e49": "ignition event, such as heat or a spark, is needed to trigger combustion", "571cebc05efbb31900334e4a": "oxidant", "571cebc05efbb31900334e4b": "chemical energy", "571cebc05efbb31900334e4c": "peroxides, chlorates, nitrates, perchlorates, and dichromates", "5ad2678ad7d075001a42922c": "rapid combustion", "5ad2678ad7d075001a42922d": "fuel", "5ad2678ad7d075001a42922e": "Oxygen is the oxidant", "5ad2678ad7d075001a42922f": "Combustion hazards", "5ad2678ad7d075001a429230": "oxygen", "571a52cb4faf5e1900b8a969": "Concentrated O\n2", "571a52cb4faf5e1900b8a96a": "1\u20443 normal pressure", "571a52cb4faf5e1900b8a96b": "special training", "571ce9bddd7acb1400e4c1a0": "combustion to proceed rapidly", "571ce9bddd7acb1400e4c1a1": "ignition sources are minimized", "571ce9bddd7acb1400e4c1a2": "special training", "571ce9bddd7acb1400e4c1a4": "Apollo 1 crew", "5ad2685dd7d075001a429276": "rapidly and energetically", "5ad2685dd7d075001a429278": "fire that killed the Apollo 1 crew in a launch pad test spread so rapidly because the capsule was pressurized with pure O\n2", "5ad2685dd7d075001a429279": "proceed rapidly and energetically", "571a53d410f8ca1400304fe5": "The Earth's mantle", "571a53d410f8ca1400304fe6": "silica", "571a53d410f8ca1400304fe7": "carbon dioxide (CO\n2", "571ce7f25efbb31900334e3e": "carbon dioxide", "571ce7f25efbb31900334e3f": "crust", "571ce7f25efbb31900334e40": "The Earth's mantle", "571ce7f25efbb31900334e41": "The Earth's mantle", "571ce7f25efbb31900334e42": "oxygen compounds, in particular various complex silicates", "5ad26235d7d075001a429080": "carbon dioxide", "5ad26235d7d075001a429081": "silica SiO\n2", "5ad26235d7d075001a429082": "aluminium oxide", "5ad26235d7d075001a429083": "oxide Fe", "571c7d55dd7acb1400e4c0c4": "monatomic", "571c7d55dd7acb1400e4c0c5": "simplest", "571c7d55dd7acb1400e4c0c6": "HO", "571c7d55dd7acb1400e4c0c7": "hydrogen", "571c7d55dd7acb1400e4c0c8": "Avogadro's law", "5ad23e1bd7d075001a4288b4": "all elements were monatomic and that the atoms in compounds would normally have the simplest atomic ratios with respect to one another", "5ad23e1bd7d075001a4288b5": "water's formula was HO, giving the atomic mass of oxygen as 8 times that of hydrogen, instead of the modern value of about 16", "5ad23e1bd7d075001a4288b6": "that water is formed of two volumes of hydrogen and one volume of oxygen", "5ad23e1bd7d075001a4288b7": "1805,", "5ad23e1bd7d075001a4288b8": "Avogadro's law and the assumption of diatomic elemental molecules", "571c8198dd7acb1400e4c0ce": "phlogiston", "571c8198dd7acb1400e4c0cf": "non-combustible substances that corrode, such as iron", "571c8198dd7acb1400e4c0d0": "Air", "571c8198dd7acb1400e4c0d1": "metals", "571c8198dd7acb1400e4c0d2": "lighter", "5ad22b87d7d075001a428600": "non-combustible substances that corrode", "5ad22b87d7d075001a428601": "iron", "5ad22b87d7d075001a428602": "metals, too, gain weight in rusting (when they were supposedly losing phlogiston).", "5ad22b87d7d075001a428603": "phlogiston theory", "571c83f3dd7acb1400e4c0d8": "a covalent double bond", "571c83f3dd7acb1400e4c0d9": "two", "571c83f3dd7acb1400e4c0da": "Aufbau", "571c83f3dd7acb1400e4c0db": "chemically", "571c83f3dd7acb1400e4c0dc": "filling of molecular orbitals formed from the atomic orbitals of the individual oxygen atoms", "5ad24180d7d075001a428970": "filling of molecular orbitals formed from the atomic orbitals of the individual oxygen atoms", "5ad24180d7d075001a428971": "filling of molecular orbitals formed from the atomic orbitals of the individual oxygen atoms", "5ad24180d7d075001a428972": "O-O molecular axis and \u03c0 overlap of two pairs of atomic 2p orbitals perpendicular to the O-O molecular", "5ad24180d7d075001a428973": "two", "571c8539dd7acb1400e4c0e2": "1773 or earlier, and Joseph Priestley in Wiltshire, in 1774", "571c8539dd7acb1400e4c0e3": "1774", "571c8539dd7acb1400e4c0e4": "his work was published first", "571c8539dd7acb1400e4c0e5": "Antoine Lavoisier", "571c8539dd7acb1400e4c0e6": "phlogiston theory of combustion and corrosion", "5ad21ebdd7d075001a428488": "1774", "5ad21ebdd7d075001a428489": "1774", "5ad21ebdd7d075001a42848a": "Joseph Priestley", "5ad21ebdd7d075001a42848b": "Antoine Lavoisier,", "571c879bdd7acb1400e4c0ec": "spin triplet state", "571c879bdd7acb1400e4c0ed": "triplet oxygen", "571c879bdd7acb1400e4c0ee": "unpaired electrons", "571c879bdd7acb1400e4c0ef": "spontaneous combustion", "571c879bdd7acb1400e4c0f0": "antibonding", "5ad24369d7d075001a4289ea": "triplet oxygen", "5ad24369d7d075001a4289eb": "This combination of cancellations and \u03c3 and \u03c0 overlaps results in dioxygen's double bond character", "5ad24369d7d075001a4289ec": "triplet oxygen reacts only slowly with most organic", "5ad24369d7d075001a4289ed": "spontaneous combustion.", "571c8eb9dd7acb1400e4c0f6": "trapped air", "571c8eb9dd7acb1400e4c0f7": "the same as the weight of the air that rushed back in", "571c8eb9dd7acb1400e4c0f8": "increase was the same as the weight of the air that rushed back in.", "571c8eb9dd7acb1400e4c0f9": "1777", "571c8eb9dd7acb1400e4c0fa": "azote", "5ad2381dd7d075001a42882a": "Azote", "5ad2381dd7d075001a42882b": "Azote", "5ad2381dd7d075001a42882c": "1777", "571c9074dd7acb1400e4c100": "ozone", "571c9074dd7acb1400e4c101": "allotrope", "571c9074dd7acb1400e4c102": "lung tissue", "571c9074dd7acb1400e4c103": "protective radiation shield", "571c9074dd7acb1400e4c104": "UV", "5ad24ce8d7d075001a428c0c": "ozone and is a very reactive allotrope of oxygen that is damaging to lung tissue. Ozone", "5ad24ce8d7d075001a428c0d": "ozone", "5ad24ce8d7d075001a428c0e": "tetraoxygen", "5ad24ce8d7d075001a428c0f": "a rhombohedral O\n8 cluster", "571c91c8dd7acb1400e4c10a": "dioxygen, O\n2", "571c91c8dd7acb1400e4c10b": "dioxygen", "571c91c8dd7acb1400e4c10c": "dioxygen, O\n2", "571c91c8dd7acb1400e4c10d": "energy content", "571c91c8dd7acb1400e4c10e": "cellular respiration", "5ad24b13d7d075001a428bcc": "dioxygen", "5ad24b13d7d075001a428bcd": "O2", "5ad24b13d7d075001a428bce": "dioxygen, O\n2", "5ad24b13d7d075001a428bcf": "energy content", "571c9348dd7acb1400e4c114": "James Dewar", "571c9348dd7acb1400e4c115": "1891", "571c9348dd7acb1400e4c116": "1895", "571c9348dd7acb1400e4c118": "oxyacetylene welding was demonstrated for the first time by burning a mixture of acetylene and compressed O\n2", "5ad23f8fd7d075001a4288ec": "Scottish chemist James Dewar was able to produce enough liquid oxygen to study", "5ad23f8fd7d075001a4288ed": "liquid oxygen", "5ad23f8fd7d075001a4288ee": "The first commercially viable process", "5ad23f8fd7d075001a4288ef": "oxyacetylene welding", "571c96095efbb31900334dbc": "Oxygen", "571c96095efbb31900334dbd": "temperature", "571c96095efbb31900334dbe": "6.04 milliliters", "571c96095efbb31900334dbf": "seawater", "571c96095efbb31900334dc0": "twice as much (14.6 mg\u00b7L\u22121", "5ad24de6d7d075001a428c32": "Oxygen is more soluble in water than nitrogen is. Water", "5ad24de6d7d075001a428c33": "1 molecule of dissolved O\n2 for every 2 molecules of N\n2", "5ad24de6d7d075001a428c34": "temperature", "5ad24de6d7d075001a428c35": "standard atmosphere", "571c97e2dd7acb1400e4c11e": "most abundant", "571c97e2dd7acb1400e4c11f": "third most abundant chemical element in the universe, after hydrogen and helium", "571c97e2dd7acb1400e4c120": "0.9%", "571c97e2dd7acb1400e4c121": "world's oceans", "571c97e2dd7acb1400e4c122": "ultraviolet radiation", "5ad24ff3d7d075001a428ca4": "Oxygen", "5ad24ff3d7d075001a428ca5": "hydrogen and helium", "5ad24ff3d7d075001a428ca6": "oxygen. Oxygen", "5ad24ff3d7d075001a428ca7": "oxygen", "5ad24ff3d7d075001a428ca8": "Oxygen gas", "571caac55efbb31900334dc6": "19th century", "571caac55efbb31900334dc7": "compressing and cooling it. Using a cascade method", "571caac55efbb31900334dc8": "Raoul Pierre Pictet", "571caac55efbb31900334dc9": "a few drops", "571caac55efbb31900334dca": "March 29, 1883", "5ad23eefd7d075001a4288d8": "chemist and physicist", "5ad23eefd7d075001a4288d9": "telegram on December 22, 1877 to the French Academy of Sciences in Paris announcing his discovery of liquid oxygen", "5ad23eefd7d075001a4288da": "oxygen. Just two days later, French physicist Louis Paul Cailletet announced his own method of liquefying molecular oxygen", "5ad23eefd7d075001a4288db": "Zygmunt Wr\u00f3blewski and Karol Olszewski", "5ad23eefd7d075001a4288dc": "Jagiellonian University", "571cac5d5efbb31900334dd0": "the Sun", "571cac5d5efbb31900334dd1": "oxygen-16", "571cac5d5efbb31900334dd2": "Genesis spacecraft", "571cac5d5efbb31900334dd3": "unknown process", "571cac5d5efbb31900334dd4": "Earth", "5ad25553d7d075001a428d34": "Earth, the Moon", "5ad25553d7d075001a428d35": "Earth, the Moon, Mars, and meteorites", "5ad25553d7d075001a428d36": "silicon wafer exposed to the solar wind in space", "5ad25553d7d075001a428d37": "Sun has a higher proportion of oxygen-16 than does the Earth. The measurement implies that an unknown process depleted oxygen-16 from the Sun", "571cb010dd7acb1400e4c128": "Singlet oxygen", "571cb010dd7acb1400e4c129": "common organic molecules", "571cb010dd7acb1400e4c12a": "photosynthesis", "571cb010dd7acb1400e4c12b": "photolysis of ozone", "571cb010dd7acb1400e4c12c": "Carotenoids", "5ad245f9d7d075001a428ac0": "Singlet", "5ad245f9d7d075001a428ac1": "Singlet oxygen", "5ad245f9d7d075001a428ac2": "troposphere by the photolysis of ozone by light of short wavelength, and by the immune system as a source of active oxygen. Carotenoids", "5ad245f9d7d075001a428ac3": "Carotenoids", "571cb27fdd7acb1400e4c132": "Paleoclimatologists", "571cb27fdd7acb1400e4c133": "climate", "571cb27fdd7acb1400e4c134": "12%", "571cb27fdd7acb1400e4c135": "oxygen-18", "571cb27fdd7acb1400e4c136": "warmer climate", "5ad254a5d7d075001a428d24": "Paleoclimatologists", "5ad254a5d7d075001a428d25": "oxygen isotope", "5ad254a5d7d075001a428d26": "12% heavier oxygen-18", "5ad254a5d7d075001a428d27": "lower temperatures. During periods of lower global temperatures,", "571cbe35dd7acb1400e4c13c": "687 and 760 nm", "571cbe35dd7acb1400e4c13d": "carbon cycle", "571cbe35dd7acb1400e4c13e": "canopies", "571cbe35dd7acb1400e4c13f": "global", "571cbe35dd7acb1400e4c140": "remote", "5ad257e2d7d075001a428d98": "Oxygen presents two spectrophotometric absorption", "5ad257e2d7d075001a428d99": "measurement of the radiance", "5ad257e2d7d075001a428d9a": "measurement", "571cc3dedd7acb1400e4c146": "paramagnetic", "571cc3dedd7acb1400e4c147": "Liquid oxygen", "571cc3dedd7acb1400e4c148": "unpaired electrons", "571cc3dedd7acb1400e4c149": "magnetic field", "571cc3dedd7acb1400e4c14a": "a powerful magnet", "5ad2456dd7d075001a428aa2": "paramagnetic", "5ad2456dd7d075001a428aa3": "because of the spin magnetic moments of the unpaired electrons in the molecule, and the negative exchange energy between neighboring O\n2 molecules", "5ad2456dd7d075001a428aa4": "Liquid oxygen is attracted to a magnet to a sufficient extent that, in laboratory demonstrations, a bridge of liquid oxygen", "571cc5c45efbb31900334dda": "dangerous by-products", "571cc5c45efbb31900334ddb": "to destroy invading microbes", "571cc5c45efbb31900334ddc": "pathogen attack", "571cc5c45efbb31900334ddd": "obligately anaerobic", "571cc5c45efbb31900334dde": "2.5 billion years ago", "5ad258b4d7d075001a428dda": "hydrogen peroxide (H\n2O\n2)", "5ad258b4d7d075001a428ddb": "superoxide ion (O\u2212\n2", "5ad258b4d7d075001a428ddc": "Reactive oxygen species", "5ad258b4d7d075001a428ddd": "O\n2 began to accumulate in the atmosphere about 2.5 billion years ago during the Great Oxygenation Event", "5ad258b4d7d075001a428dde": "Great Oxygenation Event,", "571cc6f85efbb31900334de4": "90.20 K", "571cc6f85efbb31900334de5": "light sky-blue color", "571cc6f85efbb31900334de6": "liquefied air", "571cc6f85efbb31900334de7": "liquid nitrogen", "571cc6f85efbb31900334de8": "combustible", "5ad24eb1d7d075001a428c62": "and freeze", "5ad24eb1d7d075001a428c63": "oxygen", "5ad24eb1d7d075001a428c64": "O\n2 are clear substances with a light sky-blue color caused by absorption in the red", "5ad24eb1d7d075001a428c65": "absorption", "571cc8815efbb31900334dee": "water bodies", "571cc8815efbb31900334def": "lower temperatures", "571cc8815efbb31900334df0": "higher oxygen content.", "571cc8815efbb31900334df1": "biochemical oxygen demand", "571cc8815efbb31900334df2": "algae", "5ad252e6d7d075001a428d0c": "due to their higher oxygen content. Water polluted with plant nutrients such as nitrates or phosphates may stimulate growth of algae", "5ad252e6d7d075001a428d0d": "eutrophication", "5ad252e6d7d075001a428d0e": "Water polluted with plant nutrients", "5ad252e6d7d075001a428d0f": "stimulate growth", "571cca4add7acb1400e4c150": "3.5 billion years ago", "571cca4add7acb1400e4c151": "Paleoproterozoic", "571cca4add7acb1400e4c152": "banded iron formations", "571cca4add7acb1400e4c153": "1.7 billion years ago", "571cca4add7acb1400e4c154": "3\u20132.7 billion years ago, reaching 10% of its present level around 1.7 billion years ago.", "5ad25b1cd7d075001a428e66": "photosynthetic archaea and bacteria evolved", "5ad25b1cd7d075001a428e67": "Paleoproterozoic", "5ad25b1cd7d075001a428e68": "free oxygen began to outgas from the oceans", "5ad25b1cd7d075001a428e69": "10%", "571ccc00dd7acb1400e4c15a": "oxygen cycle. This biogeochemical cycle", "571ccc00dd7acb1400e4c15b": "biogeochemical", "571ccc00dd7acb1400e4c15c": "three main reservoirs on Earth: the atmosphere, the biosphere, and the lithosphere", "571ccc00dd7acb1400e4c15d": "oxygen cycle", "571ccc00dd7acb1400e4c15e": "oxygen", "5ad251d6d7d075001a428ce8": "oxygen gas on Earth is the result of the oxygen cycle. This biogeochemical cycle describes the movement of oxygen", "5ad251d6d7d075001a428ce9": "the atmosphere, the biosphere, and the lithosphere", "5ad251d6d7d075001a428cea": "production and consumption", "5ad251d6d7d075001a428ceb": "Photosynthesis", "571ccd9b5efbb31900334df8": "pressure swing adsorption", "571ccd9b5efbb31900334df9": "90% to 93% O\n2", "571ccd9b5efbb31900334dfa": "nitrogen", "571ccd9b5efbb31900334dfb": "non-cryogenic technologies (see also the related vacuum swing adsorption", "571ccd9b5efbb31900334dfc": "90% to 93% O\n2", "5ad25bf3d7d075001a428e94": "zeolite", "5ad25bf3d7d075001a428e95": "continuous supply of gaseous oxygen to be pumped through a pipeline. This is known as pressure swing adsorption", "5ad25bf3d7d075001a428e96": "passing a stream of clean, dry air through one bed of a pair of identical zeolite molecular sieves, which absorbs the nitrogen", "571ccfbadd7acb1400e4c164": "water", "571ccfbadd7acb1400e4c165": "Oxygen gas", "571ccfbadd7acb1400e4c166": "DC", "571ccfbadd7acb1400e4c167": "oxides and oxoacids", "571ccfbadd7acb1400e4c168": "Chemical", "5ad25d05d7d075001a428ed0": "Oxygen gas", "5ad25d05d7d075001a428ed1": "if AC is used, the gases in each limb consist of hydrogen and oxygen", "5ad25d05d7d075001a428ed2": "chemical oxygen generators or oxygen candles", "5ad25d05d7d075001a428ed3": "electrolysis of acidified water", "571cd11add7acb1400e4c16e": "recreational", "571cd11add7acb1400e4c16f": "mild euphoric", "571cd11add7acb1400e4c170": "performance", "571cd11add7acb1400e4c171": "aerobic", "571cd11add7acb1400e4c172": "placebo effect", "5ad26105d7d075001a428ff4": "Oxygen", "5ad26105d7d075001a428ff5": "Oxygen bars", "5ad26105d7d075001a428ff6": "Japan, California, and Las Vegas, Nevada", "5ad26105d7d075001a428ff7": "placebo effect", "571cd3b55efbb31900334e03": "oxygen chambers", "571cd3b55efbb31900334e04": "carbon monoxide from the heme group of hemoglobin", "571cd3b55efbb31900334e05": "anaerobic bacteria", "571cd3b55efbb31900334e06": "Decompression sickness", "5ad25f35d7d075001a428f6a": "oxygen chambers to increase the partial pressure of O\n2 around the patient", "5ad25f35d7d075001a428f6b": "Carbon monoxide poisoning, gas gangrene, and decompression sickness (the 'bends')", "5ad25f35d7d075001a428f6c": "the ana", "5ad25f35d7d075001a428f6d": "divers", "571cd5b1dd7acb1400e4c178": "respiration,", "571cd5b1dd7acb1400e4c179": "oxygen supplementation", "571cd5b1dd7acb1400e4c17a": "heart", "571cd5b1dd7acb1400e4c17b": "Oxygen therapy", "571cd5b1dd7acb1400e4c17c": "gaseous oxygen", "5ad25e70d7d075001a428f1c": "Uptake of O\n2 from the air", "5ad25e70d7d075001a428f1d": "medicine.", "5ad25e70d7d075001a428f1e": "emphysema, pneumonia", "5ad25e70d7d075001a428f1f": "increases oxygen levels in the patient's blood,", "571cd703dd7acb1400e4c182": "electronegativity", "571cd703dd7acb1400e4c183": "oxides", "571cd703dd7acb1400e4c184": "FeO", "571cd703dd7acb1400e4c185": "oxides", "571cd703dd7acb1400e4c186": "corrosion", "5ad261bad7d075001a429050": "elements to give corresponding oxides", "5ad261bad7d075001a429051": "electronegativity", "5ad261bad7d075001a429052": "FeO (w\u00fcstite", "5ad261bad7d075001a429053": "0.05", "571cd88ddd7acb1400e4c18d": "cabin depressurization", "571cd88ddd7acb1400e4c18e": "chemical", "571cd88ddd7acb1400e4c18f": "exothermic", "571cd88ddd7acb1400e4c190": "oxygen", "5ad26000d7d075001a428fae": "People who climb mountains or fly in non-pressurized fixed-wing aircraft", "5ad26000d7d075001a428faf": "Passengers traveling in (pressurized) commercial airplanes have an emergency supply of O\n2 automatically supplied to them in case of cabin depressurization", "5ad26000d7d075001a428fb0": "emergency supply of O\n2 automatically supplied to them", "5ad26000d7d075001a428fb1": "exothermic", "571cda1bdd7acb1400e4c196": "storage methods", "571cda1bdd7acb1400e4c197": "liquid in specially insulated tankers", "571cda1bdd7acb1400e4c198": "as a liquid in specially insulated tankers", "571cda1bdd7acb1400e4c199": "compressed gas", "571cda1bdd7acb1400e4c19a": "hospitals", "5ad25dd3d7d075001a428f00": "Oxygen", "5ad25dd3d7d075001a428f01": "economy", "5ad25dd3d7d075001a428f02": "one liter of liquefied oxygen is equivalent to 840 liters of gaseous oxygen at atmospheric pressure and 20 \u00b0C", "5ad25dd3d7d075001a428f03": "68 \u00b0F", "571cdcb85efbb31900334e0c": "organic solvents", "571cdcb85efbb31900334e0d": "organic compounds that contain oxygen are (where \"R\" is an organic group): alcohols", "571cdcb85efbb31900334e0e": "feeder materials", "571cdcb85efbb31900334e0f": "Epoxides", "571cdcb85efbb31900334e10": "most important", "5ad262e2d7d075001a4290ca": "ethyl acetate, DMF, DMSO", "5ad262e2d7d075001a4290cb": "alcohols", "5ad262e2d7d075001a4290cc": "acid anhydrides (R-CO-O-CO-R", "5ad262e2d7d075001a4290cd": "ketones", "5ad262e2d7d075001a4290ce": "esters", "571cde695efbb31900334e16": "biomolecules", "571cde695efbb31900334e17": "a few common complex biomolecules, such as squalene and the carotenes", "571cde695efbb31900334e18": "carbohydrates", "571cde695efbb31900334e19": "proteins", "571cde695efbb31900334e1a": "bones", "5ad26479d7d075001a42914e": "oxygen", "5ad26479d7d075001a42914f": "oxygen.", "5ad26479d7d075001a429150": "energy-carrying molecules", "5ad26479d7d075001a429151": "oxygen", "571ce3745efbb31900334e20": "Oxygen toxicity", "571ce3745efbb31900334e21": "permanent pulmonary fibrosis.", "571ce3745efbb31900334e22": "160 kPa", "571ce3745efbb31900334e23": "seizures", "571ce3745efbb31900334e24": "seizures", "5ad266d0d7d075001a4291ec": "convulsions (normally fatal for divers). Acute oxygen toxicity", "5ad266d0d7d075001a4291ed": "convulsions (normally fatal for divers)", "5ad266d0d7d075001a4291ee": "Acute oxygen toxicity (causing seizures", "5ad266d0d7d075001a4291ef": "seizures", "571ce5055efbb31900334e2a": "low total pressures used", "571ce5055efbb31900334e2b": "30 kPa (1.4 times normal", "571ce5055efbb31900334e2c": "1.4 times", "571ce5055efbb31900334e2d": "marginally more than normal sea-level O\n2 partial pressure", "571ce5055efbb31900334e2e": "no", "5ad265efd7d075001a4291d0": "no", "5ad265efd7d075001a4291d1": "low total pressures used", "5ad265efd7d075001a4291d2": "1.4 times normal), and the resulting O\n2 partial pressure", "5ad265efd7d075001a4291d3": "30 kPa (1.4 times normal", "571ce6655efbb31900334e34": "at elevated partial pressures", "571ce6655efbb31900334e35": "at partial pressures more than 50 kilopascals (kPa)", "571ce6655efbb31900334e36": "50% oxygen composition at standard pressure or 2.5 times the normal sea-level O\n2 partial pressure of about 21 kPa", "571ce6655efbb31900334e37": "mechanical ventilators", "571ce6655efbb31900334e38": "30%\u201350%", "5ad26530d7d075001a4291a0": "elevated partial pressures, leading to convulsions and other health problems.[j] Oxygen toxicity usually begins to occur at partial pressures", "5ad26530d7d075001a4291a1": "50 kilopascals", "5ad26530d7d075001a4291a2": "kilopascals", "5ad26530d7d075001a4291a3": "oxygen masks", "5725b33f6a3fe71400b8952d": "October 1973", "5725b33f6a3fe71400b8952e": "nearly $12", "5725b33f6a3fe71400b8952f": "1979", "5725b33f6a3fe71400b89530": "shock", "5725b33f6a3fe71400b89531": "Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries", "5a38a8d2a4b263001a8c1875": "October 1973", "5a38a8d2a4b263001a8c1876": "embargo.", "5a38a8d2a4b263001a8c1877": "US$3 per barrel to nearly $12 globally", "5a38a8d2a4b263001a8c1878": "$12", "5a38a8d2a4b263001a8c1879": "second oil shock.\"", "5a75028897ca42001a521daf": "October", "5a75028897ca42001a521db0": "Arab members of OPEC plus Egypt and Syria", "5a75028897ca42001a521db1": "first oil shock", "5a75028897ca42001a521db2": "the 1979 oil crisis, termed the \"second oil shock.\"", "5a75028897ca42001a521db3": "an oil embargo. By the end of the embargo", "5725b5a689a1e219009abd28": "to avoid being targeted by the boycott", "5725b5a689a1e219009abd29": "multilateral negotiations", "5725b5a689a1e219009abd2a": "January 18, 1974", "5725b5a689a1e219009abd2b": "March 1974", "5a38aa28a4b263001a8c187f": "Arab oil producers linked any future policy changes to peace between the belligerents", "5a38aa28a4b263001a8c1880": "withdrawal from parts of the Sinai Peninsula. The promise of a negotiated settlement", "5a38aa28a4b263001a8c1881": "peace between the belligerents.", "5a38aa28a4b263001a8c1882": "Israel to pull back from the Sinai Peninsula and the Golan Heights.", "5a38aa28a4b263001a8c1883": "embargo in March 1974", "5a7504cb97ca42001a521dc3": "NATO", "5a7504cb97ca42001a521dc4": "Japan", "5a7504cb97ca42001a521dc5": "Arab oil producers", "5a7504cb97ca42001a521dc6": "multilateral", "5a7504cb97ca42001a521dc7": "Israel", "5725b76389a1e219009abd4a": "August 15, 1971", "5725b76389a1e219009abd4b": "rise and fall according to market demand", "5725b76389a1e219009abd4c": "increased their reserves (by expanding their money supplies", "5725b76389a1e219009abd4d": "September 1971", "5725b76389a1e219009abd4e": "oil producers' real income decreased", "5a38ab9fa4b263001a8c1889": "1971", "5a38ab9fa4b263001a8c188a": "depreciation of the dollar", "5a38ab9fa4b263001a8c188b": "floating the pound sterling", "5a38ab9fa4b263001a8c188c": "Because oil was priced in dollars, oil producers' real income decreased.", "5a38ab9fa4b263001a8c188d": "1971", "5a75054b97ca42001a521dcd": "Bretton Woods Accord", "5a75054b97ca42001a521dce": "Gold Exchange Standard", "5a75054b97ca42001a521dcf": "rise and fall according to market demand", "5a75054b97ca42001a521dd0": "rise and fall according to market demand", "5a75054b97ca42001a521dd1": "September 1971", "5725b92e38643c19005acbd3": "less than two percent per year", "5725b92e38643c19005acbd4": "After 1971, OPEC was slow to readjust prices to reflect this depreciation. From 1947 to 1967", "5725b92e38643c19005acbd5": "1973\u20131974", "5725b92e38643c19005acbd6": "the oil shock", "5a38ace7a4b263001a8c1893": "two percent", "5a38ace7a4b263001a8c1894": "fairly stable versus other currencies", "5a38ace7a4b263001a8c1895": "gold", "5a38ace7a4b263001a8c1896": "1973\u20131974", "5a38ace7a4b263001a8c1897": "The substantial price increases of 1973\u20131974 largely", "5a7505e497ca42001a521de1": "OPEC", "5a7505e497ca42001a521de2": "1947 to 1967,", "5a7505e497ca42001a521de3": "substantial price increases", "5a7505e497ca42001a521de4": "Oil Shock", "5725bad5271a42140099d0bd": "October 6, 1973", "5725bad5271a42140099d0be": "Iran", "5725bad5271a42140099d0bf": "ten times more", "5725bad5271a42140099d0c0": "Iran", "5725bad5271a42140099d0c1": "Of course [the price of oil] is going to rise", "5a38b07ca4b263001a8c189d": "Syria and Egypt, with support from other Arab nations, launched a surprise attack on Israel,", "5a38b07ca4b263001a8c189e": "Iran was the world's second-largest oil exporter and a close US ally. Weeks later, the Shah of Iran", "5a38b07ca4b263001a8c189f": "ten times more.", "5a38b07ca4b263001a8c18a0": "300 percent,", "5a38b07ca4b263001a8c18a1": "petrochemicals", "5a75066297ca42001a521de9": "launched a surprise attack on Israel", "5a75066297ca42001a521dea": "Yom Kippur", "5a75066297ca42001a521deb": "second-largest", "5a75066297ca42001a521dec": "close US ally", "5a75066297ca42001a521ded": "ten times more", "5725bcb6271a42140099d0eb": "American aid to Israel", "5725bcb6271a42140099d0ec": "October 16, 1973", "5725bcb6271a42140099d0ed": "American aid to Israel", "5725bcb6271a42140099d0ee": "$2.2 billion", "5725bcb6271a42140099d0ef": "principal hostile country\"", "5a38b29da4b263001a8c18a7": "OPEC raised the posted price of oil by 70%, to $5.11 a barrel", "5a38b29da4b263001a8c18a8": "$2.2 billion in emergency aid to Israel, including $1.5 billion", "5a38b29da4b263001a8c18a9": "$2.2 billion]", "5a38b29da4b263001a8c18aa": "OAPEC proclaimed the embargo", "5a38b29da4b263001a8c18ab": "embargo", "5a75082a97ca42001a521df3": "raised the posted price of oil by 70%", "5a75082a97ca42001a521df4": "70%", "5a75082a97ca42001a521df5": "$5.11 a barrel", "5a75082a97ca42001a521df6": "Libya", "5a75082a97ca42001a521df7": "October 20, 1973", "57261dab38643c19005ad037": "over 100 billion dollars", "57261dab38643c19005ad038": "Al-Qaeda and the Taliban", "57261dab38643c19005ad039": "Middle East", "57261dab38643c19005ad03a": "shrinking Western demand", "57261dab38643c19005ad03b": "Wahhabism", "5a38b468a4b263001a8c18b1": "over 100 billion dollars in the ensuing decades", "5a38b468a4b263001a8c18b2": "Middle East.", "5a38b468a4b263001a8c18b3": "100 billion dollars", "5a38b468a4b263001a8c18b4": "Wahhabism, throughout the world, via religious charities such al-Haramain Foundation", "5a38b468a4b263001a8c18b5": "al-Haramain Foundation, which often also distributed funds to violent Sunni extremist groups such as Al-Qaeda and the Taliban", "57261f9f271a42140099d4a9": "price disruptions", "57261f9f271a42140099d4aa": "the USSR", "57261f9f271a42140099d4ab": "1973", "57261f9f271a42140099d4ac": "Kissinger's dominance", "5a38b5bca4b263001a8c18bb": "recessions, periods of excessive inflation, reduced productivity, and lower economic growth", "5a38b5bca4b263001a8c18bc": "oil", "5a38b5bca4b263001a8c18bd": "Kissinger's dominance.", "5a38b5bca4b263001a8c18be": "negotiated settlement", "5a38b5bca4b263001a8c18bf": "Middle East could become another superpower confrontation", "5726241189a1e219009ac2de": "The embargo", "5726241189a1e219009ac2df": "automobiles", "5726241189a1e219009ac2e0": "Macroeconomic", "5726241189a1e219009ac2e1": "the Arctic", "5726241189a1e219009ac2e2": "five to ten years", "5a38b819a4b263001a8c18c5": "Macroeconomic problems consisted of both inflationary and deflationary impacts", "5a38b819a4b263001a8c18c6": "negative influence on the US economy", "5a38b819a4b263001a8c18c7": "price increases changed competitive positions", "5a38b819a4b263001a8c18c8": "Macroeconomic problems", "5a38b819a4b263001a8c18c9": "new ways to increase oil supplies", "5726487b5951b619008f6edd": "Netherlands", "5726487b5951b619008f6ede": "America", "5726487b5951b619008f6edf": "The UK", "5726487b5951b619008f6ee0": "Israel, and Harold Wilson's government supported the Israelis", "5726487b5951b619008f6ee1": "Ted Heath", "5a38b9b3a4b263001a8c18cf": "The embargo was not uniform across Europe.", "5a38b9b3a4b263001a8c18d0": "airfields", "5a38b9b3a4b263001a8c18d1": "Israelis), while the other six faced partial cutbacks. The UK had traditionally been an ally of Israel", "5a38b9b3a4b263001a8c18d2": "Israel,", "5a38b9b3a4b263001a8c18d3": "withdraw to its pre-1967 borders", "572649d8f1498d1400e8db36": "UK", "572649d8f1498d1400e8db37": "a series of strikes by coal miners and railroad workers", "572649d8f1498d1400e8db38": "winter of 1973\u201374", "572649d8f1498d1400e8db39": "Norway", "572649d8f1498d1400e8db3a": "Sweden", "5a38baa2a4b263001a8c18d9": "flying, driving and boating", "5a38baa2a4b263001a8c18da": "gasoline", "5a38baa2a4b263001a8c18db": "prison sentences for those who used more than their ration of electricity.", "5a38baa2a4b263001a8c18dc": "the UK nonetheless", "5a38baa2a4b263001a8c18dd": "banned flying, driving and boating on Sundays.", "57264cac708984140094c1b3": "Price controls", "57264cac708984140094c1b4": "to encourage investment", "57264cac708984140094c1b5": "creating greater scarcity", "57264cac708984140094c1b7": "rationing", "5a38bbe3a4b263001a8c18e3": "to encourage investment.", "5a38bbe3a4b263001a8c18e4": "greater scarcity.", "5a38bbe3a4b263001a8c18e5": "development of alternative", "5a38bbe3a4b263001a8c18e6": "rationing", "5a38bbe3a4b263001a8c18e7": "rationing", "57264d9edd62a815002e80fe": "William E. Simon", "57264d9edd62a815002e80ff": "1973, Nixon", "57264d9edd62a815002e8100": "to coordinate the response to the embargo", "57264d9edd62a815002e8101": "20%", "5a38bd58a4b263001a8c18ed": "20% of American gasoline stations had no fuel.", "5a38bd58a4b263001a8c18ee": "1973, Nixon named William E. Simon", "5a38bd58a4b263001a8c18ef": "coordinate the response to the embargo", "5a38bd58a4b263001a8c18f0": "the same amount", "5a38bd58a4b263001a8c18f1": "lines at gasoline stations", "57264efddd62a815002e8134": "55 mph", "57264efddd62a815002e8135": "Emergency Highway Energy Conservation Act", "57264efddd62a815002e8136": "Bill Clinton", "57264efddd62a815002e8137": "November 28, 1995", "57264efddd62a815002e8138": "1977", "5a38bf63a4b263001a8c18f7": "55 mph", "5a38bf63a4b263001a8c18f8": "Bill Clinton", "5a38bf63a4b263001a8c18f9": "55 mph (89 km/h) speed limit", "5a38bf63a4b263001a8c18fa": "federal 55 mph (89 km/h) speed limit, allowing states to restore their prior maximum speed limit", "5a38bf63a4b263001a8c18fb": "55 mph", "572650325951b619008f6fa9": "energy crisis", "572650325951b619008f6faa": "market and technology realities", "572650325951b619008f6fab": "congresses and presidents", "5a38c16aa4b263001a8c1901": "renewable energy, nuclear power", "5a38c16aa4b263001a8c1902": "backed policies which promise solutions that are politically expedient, but whose prospects are doubtful", "5a38c16aa4b263001a8c1903": "expensive quick fixes", "5a38c16aa4b263001a8c1904": "expensive quick fixes and single-shot solutions that ignore market and technology realities", "5a38c16aa4b263001a8c1905": "expensive quick fixes", "57265200708984140094c237": "the U.S.", "57265200708984140094c238": "British", "57265200708984140094c239": "10 years", "57265200708984140094c23a": "the Arabs and much of the rest of the Third World", "5a38c34ea4b263001a8c190b": "military action", "5a38c34ea4b263001a8c190c": "British intelligence estimate of U.S. intentions", "5a38c34ea4b263001a8c190d": "British intelligence estimate of U.S. intentions,", "5a38c34ea4b263001a8c190e": "British intelligence estimate of U.S. intentions", "5a38c34ea4b263001a8c190f": "Kuwait", "57265360dd62a815002e819a": "Japan", "57265360dd62a815002e819b": "71%", "57265360dd62a815002e819c": "declared Japan a \"nonfriendly\" country", "57265360dd62a815002e819d": "November 22", "57265360dd62a815002e819e": "December 25", "5a38c6bca4b263001a8c1915": "Japan", "5a38c6bca4b263001a8c1916": "a 5% production cut", "5a38c6bca4b263001a8c1917": "withdraw from all of the 1967 territories", "5a38c6bca4b263001a8c1918": "1967 territories", "5a38c6bca4b263001a8c1919": "panic", "57265526708984140094c2bd": "USSR", "57265526708984140094c2be": "Saudi Arabia and Iran", "57265526708984140094c2bf": "Saudi Arabia", "57265526708984140094c2c0": "January 1979", "57265526708984140094c2c1": "November 1979", "5a38c911a4b263001a8c191f": "Iran", "5a38c911a4b263001a8c1920": "seizure of the Grand Mosque in Mecca by Wahhabi extremists", "5a38c911a4b263001a8c1921": "external and internal threats, including increased military competition between them over increased oil revenues", "5a38c911a4b263001a8c1922": "USSR", "5a38c911a4b263001a8c1923": "near absolutist", "5726581fdd62a815002e823a": "large cars", "5726581fdd62a815002e823b": "Japanese", "5726581fdd62a815002e823c": "V8 and six cylinder engines", "5726581fdd62a815002e823d": "Japanese", "5a38cd93a4b263001a8c1929": "unibody construction and front-wheel drive, which became de facto standards", "5a38cd93a4b263001a8c192a": "Subaru DL, and later the Honda Accord", "5a38cd93a4b263001a8c192b": "V8 and six", "5a38cd93a4b263001a8c192c": "Japanese", "5a38cd93a4b263001a8c192d": "Japanese imports", "572659535951b619008f703f": "1981", "572659535951b619008f7040": "Toyota Corona Mark II", "572659535951b619008f7041": "power windows and central locking", "572659535951b619008f7042": "Acura, Lexus and Infiniti", "5a38ceaaa4b263001a8c1933": "Mazda 616 and Datsun 810", "5a38ceaaa4b263001a8c1934": "616", "5a38ceaaa4b263001a8c1935": "mass-market brands.", "5a38ceaaa4b263001a8c1936": "air conditioning, power steering, AM-FM radios", "5a38ceaaa4b263001a8c1937": "Acura, Lexus and Infiniti", "57265a58dd62a815002e8270": "Toyota Hilux", "57265a58dd62a815002e8271": "Dodge D-50", "57265a58dd62a815002e8272": "Ford", "57265a58dd62a815002e8273": "captive import policy", "5a38d2f9a4b263001a8c193d": "Dodge D-50", "5a38d2f9a4b263001a8c193e": "D-50", "5a38d2f9a4b263001a8c193f": "Ford, Chrysler, and GM, respectively", "5a38d2f9a4b263001a8c1940": "captive import policy.", "5a38d2f9a4b263001a8c1941": "Toyota Hilux and the Datsun Truck", "57265bdfdd62a815002e829e": "increase in imported cars", "57265bdfdd62a815002e829f": "at least four", "57265bdfdd62a815002e82a0": "1985", "57265bdfdd62a815002e82a1": "Cadillac DeVille and Fleetwood", "57265bdfdd62a815002e82a2": "Chevrolet Bel Air, and Ford Galaxie 500", "5a38d4b9a4b263001a8c1947": "introduce smaller and fuel-efficient models", "5a38d4b9a4b263001a8c1948": "17.4 miles per gallon, compared to 13.5", "5a38d4b9a4b263001a8c1949": "1985, the average American vehicle moved 17", "5a38d4b9a4b263001a8c194a": "Oldsmobile Cutlass", "5a38d4b9a4b263001a8c194b": "four passengers", "57265ceddd62a815002e82b8": "1979", "57265ceddd62a815002e82b9": "1981", "57265ceddd62a815002e82ba": "1974 Mustang", "5a38d6e6a4b263001a8c1951": "virtually all \"full-size\" American cars had shrunk", "5a38d6e6a4b263001a8c1952": "1981 model year", "5a38d6e6a4b263001a8c1953": "DOT \"downsize\"", "5a38d6e6a4b263001a8c1954": "full front-wheel drive lineup", "5a38d6e6a4b263001a8c1955": "smaller engines and smaller outside dimensions", "57265e11708984140094c3bb": "1981", "57265e11708984140094c3bc": "1979", "57265e11708984140094c3bd": "trying to recover market share", "57265e11708984140094c3be": "$40 per barrel", "5a38d93da4b263001a8c195b": "1981,", "5a38d93da4b263001a8c195c": "increased production, pushing prices down", "5a38d93da4b263001a8c195d": "shrinking or eliminating profits", "5a38d93da4b263001a8c195e": "$40 per barrel, decreased during the 1980s to less than $10 per barrel", "5a38d93da4b263001a8c195f": "$40 per barrel, decreased during the 1980s to less than $10 per barrel", "5725b7f389a1e219009abd5d": "a body of treaties and legislation", "5725b7f389a1e219009abd5e": "Treaties establishing the European Union", "5725b7f389a1e219009abd5f": "regulations and directives which are based on the Treaties.", "5725b7f389a1e219009abd60": "European Parliament and the Council of the European Union", "5725c28a271a42140099d14d": "a body of treaties and legislation", "5725c28a271a42140099d14e": "direct effect or indirect effect", "5725c28a271a42140099d14f": "primary law, secondary law and supplementary law", "5725c28a271a42140099d150": "European Parliament and the Council of the European Union", "57268b43dd62a815002e88f0": "primary law, secondary law and supplementary law", "57268b43dd62a815002e88f1": "Treaties establishing the European Union", "57268b43dd62a815002e88f2": "the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union", "57268b43dd62a815002e88f3": "three", "5ad108f9645df0001a2d0a74": "primary law, secondary law and supplementary law.", "5ad108f9645df0001a2d0a75": "a body of treaties", "5ad108f9645df0001a2d0a76": "Secondary sources include regulations and directives", "5ad108f9645df0001a2d0a77": "supplementary law", "5ad108f9645df0001a2d0a78": "European Parliament", "5725bbec271a42140099d0d1": "the courts of member states and the Court of Justice of the European Union", "5725bbec271a42140099d0d2": "courts of member states", "5725bbec271a42140099d0d4": "The European Court of Justice", "5725bbec271a42140099d0d5": "case law by the Court of Justice", "5725c3a9ec44d21400f3d503": "the courts of member states and the Court of Justice of the European Union", "5725c3a9ec44d21400f3d504": "Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union", "5725c3a9ec44d21400f3d505": "The European Court of Justice", "5725c3a9ec44d21400f3d506": "case law by the Court of Justice", "57268bf9dd62a815002e890a": "the courts of member states and the Court of Justice of the European Union", "57268bf9dd62a815002e890b": "the courts of member states", "57268bf9dd62a815002e890c": "The European Court of Justice", "57268bf9dd62a815002e890d": "case law by the Court of Justice, international law and general principles of European Union law", "5ad10e0f645df0001a2d0b72": "the courts of member states", "5ad10e0f645df0001a2d0b73": "courts of member states.", "5ad10e0f645df0001a2d0b74": "the member state under the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union", "5ad10e0f645df0001a2d0b75": "the Court of Justice", "5ad10e0f645df0001a2d0b76": "case law by the Court of Justice, international law and general principles of European Union law", "5725c743ec44d21400f3d549": "Treaty on European Union (TEU) and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU)", "5725c743ec44d21400f3d54a": "The European Commission", "5725c743ec44d21400f3d54b": "citizens", "5725c743ec44d21400f3d54c": "The European Court of Justice", "5725c743ec44d21400f3d54d": "European Council", "5ad10ece645df0001a2d0b98": "European", "5ad10ece645df0001a2d0b99": "Treaty on European Union (TEU) and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union", "5ad10ece645df0001a2d0b9a": "The European Commission has the initiative to propose legislation. During the ordinary legislative procedure, the Council", "5ad10ece645df0001a2d0b9b": "European Parliament (elected by citizens)", "5ad10ece645df0001a2d0b9c": "\"European Council", "5725ca4389a1e219009abeb4": "The TEU", "5725ca4389a1e219009abeb5": "no longer apply.", "5725ca4389a1e219009abeb6": "can interpret the Treaties", "5725ca4389a1e219009abeb7": "if the Treaty provisions have a direct effect", "5725ca4389a1e219009abeb8": "as soon as they enter into force", "57268d2ddd62a815002e894e": "Treaty on European Union (TEU) and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU)", "57268d2ddd62a815002e894f": "Gibraltar and the \u00c5land islands", "57268d2ddd62a815002e8950": "as soon as they enter into force", "57268d2ddd62a815002e8951": "The Court of Justice", "5ad10f94645df0001a2d0bc4": "Treaty on European Union (TEU)", "5ad10f94645df0001a2d0bc5": "Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU)", "5ad10f94645df0001a2d0bc6": "it cannot rule on their validity, which is subject to international law", "5ad10f94645df0001a2d0bc7": "the Faroe Islands,", "5ad10f94645df0001a2d0bc8": "make specific provisions for regions,", "5725cc38ec44d21400f3d5bb": "with common rules for coal and steel, and then atomic energy", "5725cc38ec44d21400f3d5bc": "Treaty of Rome 1957 and the Maastricht Treaty 1992", "5725cc38ec44d21400f3d5bd": "1985", "5725cc38ec44d21400f3d5be": "Norway did not end up joining", "5725cc38ec44d21400f3d5bf": "Greenland", "57268e2bf1498d1400e8e3b0": "common rules for coal and steel, and then atomic energy", "57268e2bf1498d1400e8e3b1": "1992", "57268e2bf1498d1400e8e3b2": "1986", "57268e2bf1498d1400e8e3b3": "1972", "57268e2bf1498d1400e8e3b4": "1985", "5ad11097645df0001a2d0be0": "common rules for coal and steel, and then atomic energy,", "5ad11097645df0001a2d0be1": "Treaty of Rome 1957 and the Maastricht Treaty 1992 (now: TFEU)", "5ad11097645df0001a2d0be2": "Minor amendments were made", "5ad11097645df0001a2d0be3": "1985,", "5ad11097645df0001a2d0be4": "1972 (though Norway did not end up joining)", "57264865dd62a815002e8062": "Following the Nice Treaty", "57264865dd62a815002e8063": "France and the referendum in the Netherlands", "57264865dd62a815002e8064": "very similar", "57264865dd62a815002e8065": "an amending treaty", "57264865dd62a815002e8066": "altered the existing treaties \u2013 it did not completely replace them", "57268f2bf1498d1400e8e3c4": "the constitutional law of the European Union", "57268f2bf1498d1400e8e3c5": "a single constitutional document", "57268f2bf1498d1400e8e3c6": "the referendum in France and the referendum in the Netherlands", "57268f2bf1498d1400e8e3c7": "Lisbon Treaty", "5ad11186645df0001a2d0bfe": "the 2004 Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe", "5ad11186645df0001a2d0bff": "2004 Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe never came into force. Instead, the Lisbon Treaty was enacted", "5ad11186645df0001a2d0c00": "Its substance", "5ad11186645df0001a2d0c01": "Lisbon Treaty was enacted.", "5ad11186645df0001a2d0c02": "the referendum in France and the referendum in the Netherlands,", "57264a8cdd62a815002e808c": "the Council", "57264a8cdd62a815002e808d": "the Commission", "57264a8cdd62a815002e808e": "The Commission's President", "57264a8cdd62a815002e808f": "one", "57264a8cdd62a815002e8090": "Federica Mogherini", "572691545951b619008f76e1": "Article 17(3)", "572691545951b619008f76e2": "The Commission's President (currently an ex-Luxembourg Prime Minister, Jean-Claude Juncker", "572691545951b619008f76e3": "Decisions are taken by a simple majority vote", "572691545951b619008f76e4": "Ireland", "572691545951b619008f76e5": "Commissioners", "5ad11288645df0001a2d0c30": "Parliament, was not adopted in the Treaty of Lisbon", "5ad11288645df0001a2d0c31": "Parliament", "5ad11288645df0001a2d0c32": "The proposal to make the Commissioners be drawn from the elected Parliament, was not adopted in the Treaty of Lisbon.", "5ad11288645df0001a2d0c33": "2007,", "5ad11288645df0001a2d0c34": "The Commissioners, as a block", "57264e455951b619008f6f65": "Santer Commission", "57264e455951b619008f6f66": "not break any law", "57264e455951b619008f6f67": "Committee of Independent Experts", "57264e455951b619008f6f68": "the European Council", "57264e455951b619008f6f69": "do not have voting rights", "5726926a5951b619008f7709": "1999", "5726926a5951b619008f770a": "Commission v Edith Cresson", "5726926a5951b619008f770b": "Committee of Independent Experts", "5726926a5951b619008f770c": "European Anti-fraud Office", "5726926a5951b619008f770d": "2012", "5ad11374645df0001a2d0c6c": "EU", "5ad11374645df0001a2d0c6d": "Commissioners", "5ad11374645df0001a2d0c6e": "Santer Commission was", "5ad11374645df0001a2d0c6f": "Santer", "5ad11374645df0001a2d0c70": "Commission v Edith Cresson where the European Court of Justice held that a Commissioner giving her dentist a job", "5726545f708984140094c2a5": "different ministers of the member states", "5726545f708984140094c2a6": "former Poland Prime Minister Donald Tusk", "5726545f708984140094c2a7": "inversely to member state size", "5726545f708984140094c2a8": "352 votes", "5726545f708984140094c2a9": "260", "57269424dd62a815002e8a1e": "the Council", "57269424dd62a815002e8a1f": "each six months", "57269424dd62a815002e8a20": "352 votes", "57269424dd62a815002e8a21": "at least 55 per cent of the Council members (not votes) representing 65 per cent of the population of the EU", "5ad1373b645df0001a2d11cc": "different ministers of the member states.", "5ad1373b645df0001a2d11cd": "The heads of government of member states also convene a \"European Council", "5ad1373b645df0001a2d11ce": "former Poland Prime Minister Donald Tusk)", "5ad1373b645df0001a2d11cf": "European Council", "5ad1373b645df0001a2d11d0": "it is weighted inversely to member state size, so smaller member states are not dominated by larger member states", "572656e4dd62a815002e81fa": "a majority of all MEPs", "572656e4dd62a815002e81fb": "qualified majority", "572656e4dd62a815002e81fc": "harder", "572656e4dd62a815002e81fd": "TEU articles 4 and 5", "572656e4dd62a815002e81fe": "the Court of Justice", "572695285951b619008f774b": "294", "572695285951b619008f774c": "a majority in Parliament, a minority in the Council, and a majority in the Commission", "572695285951b619008f774d": "TEU articles 4 and 5", "572695285951b619008f774e": "Conciliation Committee", "5ad138f4645df0001a2d1258": "ordinary legislative procedure\" that applies for most EU acts", "5ad138f4645df0001a2d1259": "To make new legislation, TFEU article 294 defines the \"ordinary legislative procedure", "5ad138f4645df0001a2d125a": "qualified majority to approve changes", "5ad138f4645df0001a2d125b": "TEU articles 4", "5ad138f4645df0001a2d125c": "Many member state courts believe they decide, other member state Parliaments", "572658435951b619008f7025": "judicial", "572658435951b619008f7026": "the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU", "572658435951b619008f7027": "28", "572658435951b619008f7028": "member state courts (the English Court of Appeal, the German Bundesgerichtshof, the Belgian Cour du travail", "572658435951b619008f7029": "to \"ensure that in the interpretation and application of the Treaties the law is observed", "5726965ef1498d1400e8e484": "by assuming the task of interpreting the treaties, and accelerating economic and political integration", "5726965ef1498d1400e8e485": "the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU", "5726965ef1498d1400e8e486": "Civil Service Tribunal", "5726965ef1498d1400e8e487": "three years", "5726965ef1498d1400e8e488": "to \"ensure that in the interpretation and application of the Treaties the law is observed", "5ad139b2645df0001a2d1292": "The judicial", "5ad139b2645df0001a2d1293": "CJEU", "5ad139b2645df0001a2d1294": "28 at present", "5ad139b2645df0001a2d1295": "English Court of Appeal, the German Bundesgerichtshof, the Belgian Cour du travail, etc.", "5ad139b2645df0001a2d1296": "The CJEU's duty is to \"ensure that in the interpretation and application of the Treaties the law is observed", "57265e455951b619008f70bb": "Community law", "57265e455951b619008f70bc": "because the nationalisation law was from 1962, and the treaty was in force from 1958", "57265e455951b619008f70bd": "1964 and 1968", "5726975c708984140094cb1f": "member states", "5726975c708984140094cb20": "1964", "5726975c708984140094cb21": "Court of Justice", "5ad13b23645df0001a2d12f8": "basis of reciprocity", "5ad13b23645df0001a2d12f9": "EU", "5ad13b23645df0001a2d12fa": "Van Gend en Loos", "5ad13b23645df0001a2d12fb": "Court of Justice", "572699db5951b619008f7799": "EU law", "572699db5951b619008f779a": "foundational constitutional questions affecting democracy and human rights", "572699db5951b619008f779b": "1972", "572699db5951b619008f779c": "if the EU does not comply with its basic constitutional rights and principles", "572699db5951b619008f779d": "the ultimate authority of member states, its factual commitment to human rights, and the democratic will of the people", "5ad13dbb645df0001a2d1368": "\"so long as\"", "5ad13dbb645df0001a2d1369": "can decide whether it wishes to expressly legislate against EU law", "5ad13dbb645df0001a2d136a": "1972", "5ad13dbb645df0001a2d136b": "if the EU does not comply with its basic constitutional rights and principles", "5ad13dbb645df0001a2d136c": "ultimate authority of member states, its factual commitment to human rights, and the democratic will of the people.", "57269aa65951b619008f77ab": "administrative law", "57269aa65951b619008f77ac": "1986", "57269aa65951b619008f77ad": "All", "57269aa65951b619008f77ae": "constitutional law concerns the European Union's governance structure, administrative law", "5ad13ef3645df0001a2d138c": "constitutional law", "5ad13ef3645df0001a2d138d": "1986 to not be allowed to bring claims", "5ad13ef3645df0001a2d138e": "courts of member states were not bound to apply an EU law where a national rule conflicted, even though the member state government", "5ad13ef3645df0001a2d138f": "Directives, citizens or corporations were said in 1986 to not be allowed to bring claims against other non-state parties.", "5ad13ef3645df0001a2d1390": "administrative law", "57269bb8708984140094cb95": "Commission v Italy", "57269bb8708984140094cb96": "30", "57269bb8708984140094cb97": "a postal company", "57269bb8708984140094cb98": "Treaty provisions", "5ad14012645df0001a2d13b0": "member states comes under a duty not to replicate Regulations in their own law, in order to prevent confusion.", "5ad14012645df0001a2d13b1": "Italy", "5ad14012645df0001a2d13b2": "they are \u2018directly applicable in all Member States", "57269cc3dd62a815002e8b12": "Directives", "57269cc3dd62a815002e8b13": "at least 4 weeks paid holidays each year, but most member states require more than 28", "57269cc3dd62a815002e8b14": "more than 28 days", "57269cc3dd62a815002e8b15": "early 1990s", "5ad140ab645df0001a2d13ca": "Directives do not generally give citizens (as opposed to the member state", "5ad140ab645df0001a2d13cb": "Directives do not generally give citizens (as opposed to the member state) standing to sue other citizens.", "5ad140ab645df0001a2d13cc": "4 weeks paid holidays each year, but most member states require more than 28 days", "5ad140ab645df0001a2d13cd": "Working Time Directive", "57269e3bf1498d1400e8e516": "the member state cannot enforce conflicting laws", "57269e3bf1498d1400e8e517": "the member state cannot enforce conflicting laws", "57269e3bf1498d1400e8e518": "10 years", "57269e3bf1498d1400e8e519": "British Gas", "57269e3bf1498d1400e8e51a": "60 and men at 65", "5ad141e1645df0001a2d1402": "the member state cannot enforce conflicting laws, and a citizen may rely on the Directive in such an action", "5ad141e1645df0001a2d1403": "Directive 73/173/EEC", "5ad141e1645df0001a2d1404": "a Directive, not just in a dispute with a public authority", "5ad141e1645df0001a2d1405": "it can be invoked between private non-state parties before its deadline for implementation", "5ad141e1645df0001a2d1406": "Swedex GmbH & Co KG", "57269f3ef1498d1400e8e534": "national courts", "57269f3ef1498d1400e8e535": "incorporations would only be nullified for a fixed list of reasons", "57269f3ef1498d1400e8e536": "set up an insurance fund for employees to claim unpaid wages if their employers had gone insolvent", "57269f3ef1498d1400e8e537": "6 million Lira", "5ad14337645df0001a2d145a": "national courts have a duty to interpret domestic law \"as far as possible in the light of the wording and purpose of the directive\"", "5ad14337645df0001a2d145b": "incorporations would only be nullified for a fixed list of reasons", "5ad14337645df0001a2d145c": "if a member state has failed to implement a Directive", "5ad14337645df0001a2d145d": "set up an insurance fund", "5ad14337645df0001a2d145e": "6 million Lira from the Italian government in damages for his loss", "5726a00cf1498d1400e8e550": "European Court of Justice", "5726a00cf1498d1400e8e551": "fundamental rights (see human rights), proportionality, legal certainty, equality before the law and subsidiarity", "5ad14468645df0001a2d148a": "European Court of Justice that constitute unwritten rules which are not expressly provided for in the treaties", "5ad14468645df0001a2d148b": "treaties", "5ad14468645df0001a2d148c": "fundamental rights (see human rights), proportionality, legal certainty, equality before the law and subsidiarity.", "5ad14468645df0001a2d148d": "unwritten", "5726a09f708984140094cc39": "since the 1950s", "5726a09f708984140094cc3a": "Article 5", "5726a09f708984140094cc3b": "the least onerous", "5ad14573645df0001a2d14b0": "since the 1950s.", "5ad14573645df0001a2d14b1": "whether it was appropriate and necessary to achieve the objectives legitimately pursued", "5ad14573645df0001a2d14b2": "the least onerous must be adopted", "5ad14573645df0001a2d14b3": "disproportionate", "5ad14573645df0001a2d14b4": "\"any action by the Community shall not go beyond what is necessary to achieve the objectives of this Treaty\"", "5726a14c708984140094cc51": "since the 1960s", "5726a14c708984140094cc52": "international law and public law,", "5726a14c708984140094cc53": "a proper legal basis", "5726a14c708984140094cc54": "principles of legal certainty and good faith", "5ad146c0645df0001a2d1504": "concept of legal certainty is recognised one of the general principles of European Union law by the European Court of Justice since the 1960s", "5ad146c0645df0001a2d1505": "The concept of legal certainty is recognised one of the general principles of European Union law by the European Court of Justice", "5ad146c0645df0001a2d1506": "Ex post facto laws", "5ad146c0645df0001a2d1507": "proper legal basis. Legislation in member states which implements European Union law must be worded so that it is clearly understandable", "5ad146c0645df0001a2d1508": "so that it is clearly understandable by those who are subject to the law.", "5726a1e5dd62a815002e8b86": "constitutional traditions common to the member states", "5726a1e5dd62a815002e8b87": "fundamental rights recognised and protected in the constitutions of member states", "5ad14816645df0001a2d1540": "late 60", "5ad14816645df0001a2d1541": "Fundamental rights, as in human rights, were first recognised by the European Court of Justice in the late 60s and fundamental rights", "5ad14816645df0001a2d1542": "the European Court of Justice cannot uphold measures which are incompatible with fundamental rights recognised", "5ad14816645df0001a2d1543": "\"international treaties for the protection of human rights on which the member states have collaborated or of which they are signatories, can supply guidelines", "5726a299dd62a815002e8b9e": "None", "5726a299dd62a815002e8b9f": "European Union institutions", "5726a299dd62a815002e8ba0": "1950", "5726a299dd62a815002e8ba1": "European Court of Human Rights", "5726a299dd62a815002e8ba2": "1999", "5ad14966645df0001a2d1580": "None", "5ad14966645df0001a2d1581": "European Union measures", "5ad14966645df0001a2d1582": "1950", "5ad14966645df0001a2d1583": "European Court of Human Rights. The European Court of Justice", "5ad14966645df0001a2d1584": "fundamental rights. It was not envisaged for European Union measures", "5726a34bf1498d1400e8e59e": "2007", "5726a34bf1498d1400e8e59f": "Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union", "5726a34bf1498d1400e8e5a0": "European Union law", "5726a34bf1498d1400e8e5a1": "European Court of Justice", "5ad14a28645df0001a2d159e": "2007", "5ad14a28645df0001a2d159f": "Charter of Fundamental Rights", "5ad14a28645df0001a2d15a0": "rights, freedoms and principles set out in the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union", "5ad14a28645df0001a2d15a1": "the Charter of Fundamental Rights", "5ad14a28645df0001a2d15a2": "European Court of Human Rights", "5726a3c6f1498d1400e8e5ae": "1997 Treaty of Amsterdam", "5726a3c6f1498d1400e8e5af": "1997 Treaty of Amsterdam", "5726a3c6f1498d1400e8e5b0": "1989", "5726a3c6f1498d1400e8e5b1": "30", "5726a3c6f1498d1400e8e5b2": "40", "5ad14b2e645df0001a2d15ea": "1997 Treaty of Amsterdam covering social policy issues in European Union law.", "5ad14b2e645df0001a2d15eb": "1997 Treaty of Amsterdam covering social policy issues in European Union law. The basis for the Social Chapter was developed in 1989", "5ad14b2e645df0001a2d15ec": "The basis for the Social Chapter", "5ad14b2e645df0001a2d15ed": "30 general principles", "5ad14b2e645df0001a2d15ee": "40 pieces of legislation", "5726a46cdd62a815002e8bd0": "11", "5726a46cdd62a815002e8bd1": "The UK", "5726a46cdd62a815002e8bd2": "Social Chapter\"", "5726a46cdd62a815002e8bd3": "1992", "5ad14d8e645df0001a2d16b6": "The UK", "5ad14d8e645df0001a2d16b7": "The UK", "5ad14d8e645df0001a2d16b8": "The UK subsequently was the only member state to veto the Social Charter being included as the \"Social Chapter\" of the 1992 Maastricht Treaty", "5ad14d8e645df0001a2d16b9": "The UK refused to sign the Social Charter and was exempt from the legislation covering Social Charter issues unless it agreed to be bound by the legislation. The UK", "5ad14d8e645df0001a2d16ba": "Social Chapter", "5726a5525951b619008f78dd": "the election of the UK Labour Party to government in 1997", "5726a5525951b619008f78de": "1997", "5726a5525951b619008f78df": "Works Council Directive", "5726a5525951b619008f78e0": "1996", "5726a5525951b619008f78e1": "workforce consultation in businesses", "5ad14e86645df0001a2d16de": ".", "5ad14e86645df0001a2d16df": "1997", "5ad14e86645df0001a2d16e0": "Parental Leave Directive", "5ad14e86645df0001a2d16e1": "1994", "5ad14e86645df0001a2d16e2": "policy initiatives in various social policy areas", "5726a638dd62a815002e8bf6": "France, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg and Germany", "5726a638dd62a815002e8bf7": "1951", "5726a638dd62a815002e8bf8": "cartels", "5726a638dd62a815002e8bf9": "article 66", "5726a638dd62a815002e8bfa": "1957", "5ad14f5a645df0001a2d1710": "Luxembourg and Germany in 1951", "5ad14f5a645df0001a2d1711": "prevent Germany from re-establishing dominance in the production of coal and steel", "5ad14f5a645df0001a2d1712": "Germany from re-establishing dominance in the production of coal", "5ad14f5a645df0001a2d1713": "cartels", "5ad14f5a645df0001a2d1714": "concentrations, or mergers", "5726a7ecf1498d1400e8e654": "Article 101(1)", "5726a7ecf1498d1400e8e655": "abuse of dominant position", "5726a7ecf1498d1400e8e656": "Articles 106 and 107", "5726a7ecf1498d1400e8e657": "Article 102", "5ad15059645df0001a2d1722": "anti-competitive agreements", "5ad15059645df0001a2d1723": "abuse of dominant position, such as price discrimination and exclusive dealing", "5ad15059645df0001a2d1724": "regulations to govern mergers between firms (the current regulation is the Regulation 139/2004/EC).", "5ad15059645df0001a2d1725": "Articles 106 and 107", "5ad15059645df0001a2d1726": "unreasonable restraints that risk eliminating competition", "5726b58f5951b619008f7b55": "2007", "5726b58f5951b619008f7b56": "since the Treaty of Rome 1957", "5726b58f5951b619008f7b57": "consumer prices", "5726b58f5951b619008f7b58": "free trade", "5726b58f5951b619008f7b59": "the Court of Justice", "5ad15170645df0001a2d1734": "the concept of a \"social market economy", "5ad15170645df0001a2d1735": ", particularly workers, consumers, small business, developing industries, and communities.", "5ad15170645df0001a2d1736": "\"four freedoms\" were thought to be inhibited by physical barriers", "5ad15170645df0001a2d1737": "free trade,", "5ad15170645df0001a2d1738": "free trade, without standards to ensure fair trade", "5726b718dd62a815002e8dbe": "customs union", "5726b718dd62a815002e8dbf": "parallel importers", "5726b718dd62a815002e8dc0": "private actors", "5726b718dd62a815002e8dc1": "Commission v France", "5726b718dd62a815002e8dc2": "a protest that blocked heavy traffic passing over the A13, Brenner Autobahn", "5ad15289645df0001a2d175a": "Quantitative restrictions", "5ad15289645df0001a2d175b": "imports", "5ad15289645df0001a2d175c": "duties between member states are prohibited", "5ad15289645df0001a2d175d": "private actors.", "5ad15289645df0001a2d175e": "Brenner Autobahn", "5726b929f1498d1400e8e8e8": "25 per cent", "5726b929f1498d1400e8e8e9": "France", "5726b929f1498d1400e8e8ea": "2003", "5726b929f1498d1400e8e8eb": "cocoa butter", "5726b929f1498d1400e8e8ec": "motorcycles or mopeds pulling trailers", "5ad153e9645df0001a2d1796": "25 per cent", "5ad153e9645df0001a2d1797": "Rewe-Zentral AG v Bundesmonopol f\u00fcr Branntwein", "5ad153e9645df0001a2d1798": "TFEU article 36,", "5ad153e9645df0001a2d1799": "\"chocolate substitute", "5726ba2c708984140094cf59": "Keck and Mithouard", "5726ba2c708984140094cf5a": "prevent cut throat competition", "5726ba2c708984140094cf5b": "Konsumentombudsmannen v De Agostini", "5726ba2c708984140094cf5c": "Unfair Commercial Practices Directive", "5ad1556e645df0001a2d17da": "justifiable under article 36 or as a mandatory requirement", "5ad1556e645df0001a2d17db": "a total ban for advertising alcohol on the radio, TV and in magazines", "5ad1556e645df0001a2d17dc": "to hinder trade", "5ad1556e645df0001a2d17dd": "Konsumentombudsmannen v De Agostini", "5726baf2dd62a815002e8e74": "people to pursue their life goals in any country through free movement", "5726baf2dd62a815002e8e75": "European Community", "5726baf2dd62a815002e8e76": "citizenship", "5726baf2dd62a815002e8e77": "Steymann v Staatssecretaris van Justitie", "5726baf2dd62a815002e8e78": "so long as there was at least an \"indirect quid pro quo\" for the work he did", "5ad15676645df0001a2d17f6": "enable people to pursue their life goals in any country through free movement.", "5ad15676645df0001a2d17f7": "free movement of workers: as a \"factor of production\"", "5ad15676645df0001a2d17f8": "labour mobility on wages and employment of local workers\"", "5ad15676645df0001a2d17f9": "all available research finds little impact\" of \"labour mobility on wages and employment of local workers", "5ad15676645df0001a2d17fa": "so long as there was at least an \"indirect quid pro quo\"", "5726bc1add62a815002e8ea6": "article 7(2)", "5726bc1add62a815002e8ea7": "Jean-Marc Bosman", "5726bc1add62a815002e8ea8": "Gaelic", "5726bc1add62a815002e8ea9": "Hendrix v Employee Insurance Institute", "5726bc1add62a815002e8eaa": "between 3 and 14 hours a week", "5ad157cf645df0001a2d1814": "EU legislation", "5ad157cf645df0001a2d1815": "employment in the public service", "5ad157cf645df0001a2d1816": "his car to Austria violated his right to free movement.", "5ad157cf645df0001a2d1817": "discrimination", "5ad157cf645df0001a2d1818": "absence of EU legislation on the matter", "5726bcde708984140094cfbf": "Citizenship of the EU", "5726bcde708984140094cfc0": "the number of social services that people can access wherever they move", "5726bcde708984140094cfc1": "Commission v Austria", "5726bcde708984140094cfc2": "higher education", "5ad158c0645df0001a2d1828": "higher education, along with other forms of vocational training, should be more access, albeit with qualifying periods. In Commission v Austria", "5ad158c0645df0001a2d1829": "increased the number of social services that people can access wherever they move", "5ad158c0645df0001a2d182a": "Commission v Austria", "5ad158c0645df0001a2d182b": "higher education, along with other forms of vocational training", "5726c002708984140094d073": "TFEU", "5726c002708984140094d074": "if they were non-discriminatory, \"justified by imperative requirements in the general interest\" and proportionately applied", "5726c002708984140094d075": "Reyners v Belgium", "5726c002708984140094d076": "49", "5726c002708984140094d077": "Commission v Italy", "5ad15a11645df0001a2d1856": "right to set up an enterprise without unjustified restrictions.", "5ad15a11645df0001a2d1857": "freedom of establishment", "5ad15a11645df0001a2d1858": "\"undertakings\" such as companies or firms,", "5ad15a11645df0001a2d1859": "a member state government and a private party can hinder freedom of establishment", "5ad15a11645df0001a2d185a": "not proven that this had any object or effect of limiting practitioners from entering the market.", "5726c19add62a815002e8f8a": "2006", "5726c19add62a815002e8f8b": "shipping toxic waste", "5726c19add62a815002e8f8c": "October 2007", "5726c19add62a815002e8f8d": "2005", "5ad15d77645df0001a2d18c0": "2006,", "5ad15d77645df0001a2d18c1": "Spain not even having a crime against shipping", "5ad15d77645df0001a2d18c2": "to create criminal sentences for \"ecological crimes\".", "5ad15d77645df0001a2d18c3": "October 2007,", "5726c3da708984140094d0d9": "German health clinic", "5726c3da708984140094d0da": "Dutch law said only people established in the Netherlands could give legal advice", "5726c3da708984140094d0db": "narcotic drugs", "5726c3da708984140094d0dc": "treatment", "5ad15c52645df0001a2d18ac": "tourists (but not Dutch nationals)", "5ad15c52645df0001a2d18ad": "if the health care received at home was without undue delay, and it followed \"international medical science\"", "5ad15c52645df0001a2d18ae": "higher education", "5ad15c52645df0001a2d18af": "treatments counted as normal and necessary. The Court requires that the individual circumstances of a patient justify waiting lists", "5ad15c52645df0001a2d18b0": "narcotic drugs were controlled in all member states, and so this differed from other cases where prostitution or other quasi-legal activity", "5726c5a9f1498d1400e8eac4": "Daily Mail", "5726c5a9f1498d1400e8eac5": "\u00a31", "5726c5a9f1498d1400e8eac6": "200,000 Danish krone", "5726c5a9f1498d1400e8eac7": "creditor protection, labour rights to participate in work, or the public interest in collecting taxes", "5726c5a9f1498d1400e8eac8": "\u00dcberseering BV v Nordic Construction GmbH", "5ad15b19645df0001a2d187e": "Hungarian authorities", "5ad15b19645df0001a2d187f": "Dutch building company", "5ad15b19645df0001a2d1880": "rules on company seats were not yet harmonised.", "5ad15b19645df0001a2d1881": "the UK could admittedly provide services in Denmark without being established there", "5ad15b19645df0001a2d1882": "without being established there,", "5725b81b271a42140099d097": "Amazonia or the Amazon Jungle", "5725b81b271a42140099d098": "5,500,000", "5725b81b271a42140099d099": "nine", "5725b81b271a42140099d09a": "four", "5725b81b271a42140099d09b": "over half", "5728349dff5b5019007d9efe": "Amazoneregenwoud", "5728349dff5b5019007d9eff": "The Amazon", "5728349dff5b5019007d9f00": "Brazil", "5728349dff5b5019007d9f01": "over half", "5728349dff5b5019007d9f02": "16,000", "5729e2316aef0514001550c4": "moist broadleaf forest", "5729e2316aef0514001550c5": "7,000,000", "5729e2316aef0514001550c6": "nine", "5729e2316aef0514001550c7": "Brazil", "5729e2316aef0514001550c8": "390 billion", "5a0c6698f5590b0018dab3e4": "Amazon rainforest (Portuguese: Floresta Amaz\u00f4nica", "5a0c6698f5590b0018dab3e5": "Amazon rainforest (Portuguese: Floresta Amaz\u00f4nica or Amaz\u00f4nia", "5a0c6698f5590b0018dab3e6": "2,700,000 sq mi), of which 5,500,000 square kilometres (2,100,000", "5a0c6698f5590b0018dab3e7": "nine nations", "5a0c6698f5590b0018dab3e8": "tropical rainforest in the world", "5725be0f271a42140099d117": "wetter climate", "5725be0f271a42140099d118": "Climate fluctuations", "5725be0f271a42140099d119": "Oligocene", "5725be0f271a42140099d11a": "at the last glacial maximum", "5725be0f271a42140099d11b": "the rainforest still managed to thrive", "57283adcff5b5019007d9f94": "extinction of the dinosaurs", "57283adcff5b5019007d9f95": "45\u00b0", "57283adcff5b5019007d9f96": "Climate fluctuations", "57283adcff5b5019007d9f97": "Oligocene", "57283adcff5b5019007d9f98": "expanded", "5729e500af94a219006aa6b5": "Cretaceous\u2013Paleogene", "5729e500af94a219006aa6b6": "66\u201334 Mya", "5729e500af94a219006aa6b7": "Middle Miocene", "5729e500af94a219006aa6b8": "glacial maximum", "5729e500af94a219006aa6b9": "34 million years", "5a0c677bf5590b0018dab3ee": "wetter", "5a0c677bf5590b0018dab3ef": "dinosaurs and the wetter climate", "5a0c677bf5590b0018dab3f0": "tropical rainforest", "5a0c677bf5590b0018dab3f1": "expand into the tropics.", "5a0c677bf5590b0018dab3f2": "glacial periods", "5725c071271a42140099d127": "mid-Eocene", "5725c071271a42140099d128": "toward the Atlantic", "5725c071271a42140099d129": "Solim\u00f5es Basin", "5725c071271a42140099d12a": "5\u201310 million years", "5725c071271a42140099d12b": "easterly", "57283d173acd2414000df78f": "mid-Eocene", "57283d173acd2414000df790": "the Atlantic", "57283d173acd2414000df791": "the Pacific", "57283d173acd2414000df792": "the Amazonas Basin", "57283d173acd2414000df793": "Solim\u00f5es Basin", "5729e6313f37b319004785a9": "mid-Eocene", "5729e6313f37b319004785aa": "the middle", "5729e6313f37b319004785ab": "the Atlantic", "5729e6313f37b319004785ac": "the Pacific", "5729e6313f37b319004785ad": "Solim\u00f5es Basin", "5a0c6a7ef5590b0018dab3f8": "the Purus Arch.", "5a0c6a7ef5590b0018dab3f9": "Atlantic, while to the west water flowed toward the Pacific", "5a0c6a7ef5590b0018dab3fa": "Pacific", "5a0c6a7ef5590b0018dab3fb": "a lake; now known as the Solim\u00f5es Basin.", "5a0c6a7ef5590b0018dab3fc": "Solim\u00f5es Basin. Within the last 5\u201310 million years, this accumulating water broke through the Purus Arch", "5725c41eec44d21400f3d50b": "Last Glacial Maximum", "5725c41eec44d21400f3d50c": "rainfall in the basin during the LGM was lower than for the present", "5725c41eec44d21400f3d50d": "Some scientists argue that the rainforest was reduced to small, isolated refugia separated by open forest and grassland", "5725c41eec44d21400f3d50e": "difficult to resolve because the practical limitations of working in the rainforest mean that data sampling is biased away from the center of the Amazon basin", "5725c41eec44d21400f3d50f": "by the available data", "572841772ca10214002da1a6": "21,000 years", "572841772ca10214002da1a7": "the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and subsequent deglaciation", "572841772ca10214002da1a8": "sediment deposits", "572841772ca10214002da1a9": "reduced moist tropical vegetation cover", "572a0bfaaf94a219006aa779": "21,000", "572a0bfaaf94a219006aa77a": "sediment", "572a0bfaaf94a219006aa77b": "moist tropical", "572a0bfaaf94a219006aa77c": "open forest and grassland", "572a0bfaaf94a219006aa77d": "practical limitations of working in the rainforest mean that data sampling is biased away from the center of the Amazon basin", "5a0c6c78f5590b0018dab402": "21,000 years through the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM)", "5a0c6c78f5590b0018dab403": "rainfall in the basin", "5a0c6c78f5590b0018dab404": "both explanations are reasonably well supported by the available data.", "5a0c6c78f5590b0018dab405": "rainforest", "5725c63438643c19005acc9f": "CALIPSO", "5725c63438643c19005acca0": "182 million tons", "5725c63438643c19005acca1": "1,600", "5725c63438643c19005acca2": "Amazon basin", "5725c63438643c19005acca3": "132 million", "5728455bff5b5019007da078": "NASA's CALIPSO satellite", "5728455bff5b5019007da079": "182 million tons", "5728455bff5b5019007da07a": "27.7 million tons", "5728455bff5b5019007da07b": "132 million tons", "5728455bff5b5019007da07c": "43 million tons", "5729ea263f37b319004785bd": "CALIPSO", "5729ea263f37b319004785be": "NASA", "5729ea263f37b319004785bf": "182 million tons", "5729ea263f37b319004785c0": "1,600", "5729ea263f37b319004785c1": "27.7 million tons", "5a0c6d26f5590b0018dab40a": "CALIPSO satellite", "5a0c6d26f5590b0018dab40b": "27.7 million tons", "5a0c6d26f5590b0018dab40c": "1,600 miles (2,600 km)", "5a0c6d26f5590b0018dab40d": "an average 182 million tons", "5a0c6d26f5590b0018dab40e": "Caribbean Sea,", "5725c95f38643c19005accf3": "Amazonia: Man and Culture in a Counterfeit Paradise", "5725c95f38643c19005accf4": "0.52", "5725c95f38643c19005accf5": "agriculture", "5725c95f38643c19005accf6": "anthropological", "5725c95f38643c19005accf7": "5 million", "572847dd4b864d19001648bc": "poor soil", "572847dd4b864d19001648bd": "Betty Meggers was", "572847dd4b864d19001648be": "0.2", "572847dd4b864d19001648bf": "Amazonia: Man and Culture in a Counterfeit Paradise", "5729eb34af94a219006aa6c9": "Betty Meggers", "5729eb34af94a219006aa6ca": "Amazonia: Man and Culture in a Counterfeit Paradise", "5729eb34af94a219006aa6cb": "0.2", "5729eb34af94a219006aa6cc": "5 million", "5729eb34af94a219006aa6cd": "less than 200,000", "5a0c77e3f5590b0018dab414": "Amazonia: Man and Culture in a Counterfeit Paradise.", "5a0c77e3f5590b0018dab415": "rainforest through hunting", "5a0c77e3f5590b0018dab416": "Betty Meggers", "5a0c77e3f5590b0018dab417": "Amazon rainforest", "5a0c77e3f5590b0018dab418": "early 1980s", "5725cbb289a1e219009abed2": "Francisco de Orellana", "5725cbb289a1e219009abed3": "1540s", "5725cbb289a1e219009abed4": "diseases from Europe, such as smallpox", "5725cbb289a1e219009abed5": "1970s", "5725cbb289a1e219009abed6": "AD 0\u20131250", "5729edd56aef051400155112": "Francisco de Orellana", "5729edd56aef051400155113": "1542", "5729edd56aef051400155114": "AD 0\u20131250", "5729edd56aef051400155115": "Ondemar Dias", "5729edd56aef051400155116": "at least 11,000", "5a0c7b88f5590b0018dab41e": "Francisco de Orellana in 1542", "5a0c7b88f5590b0018dab41f": "Francisco de Orellana in 1542", "5a0c7b88f5590b0018dab420": "Amazon River", "5a0c7b88f5590b0018dab421": "smallpox", "5a0c7b88f5590b0018dab422": "1542. The BBC's Unnatural Histori", "5725cf3238643c19005acd61": "black earth", "5725cf3238643c19005acd62": "large areas", "5725cf3238643c19005acd63": "agriculture and silviculture", "5725cf3238643c19005acd64": "Xingu", "5725cf3238643c19005acd65": "Michael Heckenberger and colleagues of the University of Florida", "5729ef266aef05140015511c": "Terra preta (black earth", "5729ef266aef05140015511d": "agriculture and silviculture", "5729ef266aef05140015511e": "Xingu", "5729ef266aef05140015511f": "Michael Heckenberger", "5729ef266aef051400155120": "roads, bridges and large plazas", "5a0c7cb3f5590b0018dab428": "Terra preta (black earth)", "5a0c7cb3f5590b0018dab429": "Terra preta (black earth)", "5a0c7cb3f5590b0018dab42a": "human management", "5a0c7cb3f5590b0018dab42b": "2003 by Michael Heckenberger and colleagues of the University of Florida", "5a0c7cb3f5590b0018dab42c": "human management, rather than naturally occurring", "5725d16aec44d21400f3d61b": "2.5 million", "5725d16aec44d21400f3d61c": "One in five", "5725d16aec44d21400f3d61d": "40,000", "5725d16aec44d21400f3d61e": "2,200", "5725d16aec44d21400f3d61f": "between 96,660 and 128,843", "5729f0db6aef051400155126": "2.5 million", "5729f0db6aef051400155127": "2,000", "5729f0db6aef051400155128": "40,000", "5729f0db6aef051400155129": "378", "5729f0db6aef05140015512a": "One in five", "5a0c7d74f5590b0018dab432": "2.5 million", "5a0c7d74f5590b0018dab433": "rainforests of the Amazon", "5a0c7d74f5590b0018dab434": "Brazil", "5a0c7d74f5590b0018dab435": "378 reptiles", "5726722bdd62a815002e8528": "247", "5726722bdd62a815002e8529": "16,000", "5726722bdd62a815002e852a": "90,790", "5726722bdd62a815002e852b": "356 \u00b1 47 tonnes per hectare", "5726722bdd62a815002e852c": "438,000", "5729f2646aef051400155130": "highest", "5729f2646aef051400155131": "1,100", "5729f2646aef051400155132": "90,790", "5729f2646aef051400155133": "356 \u00b1 47 tonnes", "5729f2646aef051400155134": "438,000", "5a0c7edcf5590b0018dab43a": "plant", "5a0c7edcf5590b0018dab43b": "1,100 tree species", "5a0c7edcf5590b0018dab43c": "90,790 tonnes of living plants. The average plant biomass is estimated at 356 \u00b1 47 tonnes", "5a0c7edcf5590b0018dab43d": "plants of economic and social interest have been registered in the region", "5a0c7edcf5590b0018dab43e": "plants", "5729f3831d0469140077967b": "electric eels", "5729f3831d0469140077967c": "black caiman", "5729f3831d0469140077967d": "piranha", "5729f3831d0469140077967e": "lipophilic alkaloid toxins", "5729f3831d0469140077967f": "Vampire", "5a0c7fb2f5590b0018dab444": "electric eel", "5a0c7fb2f5590b0018dab445": "anaconda", "5a0c7fb2f5590b0018dab446": "bite and injure", "5a0c7fb2f5590b0018dab447": "lipophilic alkaloid toxins", "5a0c7fb2f5590b0018dab448": "rabies virus.", "5729fd56af94a219006aa72f": "Deforestation", "5729fd56af94a219006aa730": "the early 1960s", "5729fd56af94a219006aa731": "slash and burn", "5729fd56af94a219006aa732": "loss of soil fertility and weed invasion", "5729fd56af94a219006aa733": "areas cleared of forest", "5a0c807ff5590b0018dab44e": "slash and burn method", "5a0c807ff5590b0018dab44f": "1960s,", "5a0c807ff5590b0018dab450": "slash and burn", "5a0c807ff5590b0018dab451": "soils in the Amazon", "5a0c807ff5590b0018dab452": "outer space.", "5729feaf6aef051400155188": "415,000", "5729feaf6aef051400155189": "587,000", "5729feaf6aef05140015518a": "livestock pasture", "5729feaf6aef05140015518b": "second-largest", "5729feaf6aef05140015518c": "Seventy percent of formerly forested land in the Amazon, and 91%", "5a0c817df5590b0018dab458": "1991 and 2000, the total area of forest lost in the Amazon rose from 415,000", "5a0c817df5590b0018dab459": "Brazil is the second-largest global producer of soybeans after the United States", "5a0c817df5590b0018dab45a": "91% of land deforested since 1970", "5a0c817df5590b0018dab45b": "Leydimere Oliveira et al", "572a005f1d046914007796b7": "soy", "572a005f1d046914007796b8": "increased settlement and deforestation. The mean annual deforestation", "572a005f1d046914007796b9": "8,646", "572a005f1d046914007796ba": "18%", "572a005f1d046914007796bb": "declined significantly", "5a0c8ba8f5590b0018dab460": "soy", "5a0c8ba8f5590b0018dab461": "highways successfully opened up the rainforest and led to increased settlement and deforestation. The mean annual deforestation", "5a0c8ba8f5590b0018dab462": "2004 and 2014", "5a0c8ba8f5590b0018dab463": "2004 and 2014", "5a0c8ba8f5590b0018dab464": "transportation projects", "572a020f6aef051400155198": "biodiversity", "572a020f6aef051400155199": "destruction of the forest", "572a020f6aef05140015519a": "carbon", "572a020f6aef05140015519b": "1.1 \u00d7 1011 metric tonnes", "572a020f6aef05140015519c": "1.1 \u00d7 1011", "5a0c9275f5590b0018dab46a": "Environmentalists", "5a0c9275f5590b0018dab46b": "global warming.", "5a0c9275f5590b0018dab46c": "10% of the carbon stores in ecosystems\u2014of the order of 1.1 \u00d7 1011 metric tonnes of carbon", "5a0c9275f5590b0018dab46d": "0.62 \u00b1 0.37 tons", "572a03a06aef0514001551aa": "severely reduced rainfall and increased temperatures", "572a03a06aef0514001551ab": "greenhouse gas", "572a03a06aef0514001551ac": "2100", "572a03a06aef0514001551ad": "though the 21st century", "572a03a06aef0514001551ae": "climate change in addition to deforestation", "5a0c93b9f5590b0018dab472": "Amazon rainforest", "5a0c93b9f5590b0018dab473": "rainforest", "5a0c93b9f5590b0018dab474": "21st century", "5a0c93b9f5590b0018dab475": "rainforest could be threatened though the 21st century by climate change in addition to deforestation.", "5a0c93b9f5590b0018dab476": "reduced rainfall and increased temperatures, leading to an almost complete loss of rainforest cover in the basin by 2100. However, simulations of Amazon basin", "572a064a3f37b3190047865d": "indigenous", "572a064a3f37b3190047865e": "community-based", "572a064a3f37b3190047865f": "deforestation and ecocide", "572a064a3f37b31900478660": "Urarina", "572a064a3f37b31900478661": "Urarina", "5a0c958bf5590b0018dab47c": "deforestation and ecocide", "5a0c958bf5590b0018dab47d": "ethno-biology and community-based conservation efforts.", "5a0c958bf5590b0018dab47e": "rainforest communities continue to disappear, while others, like the U", "5a0c958bf5590b0018dab47f": "indigenous lowland South American peoples has gained increased attention, as have ethno-biology and community-based conservation efforts.", "5a0c958bf5590b0018dab480": "ethno-biology and community-based conservation", "572a07c11d046914007796d5": "remote sensing for the conservation", "572a07c11d046914007796d6": "Trio Tribe", "572a07c11d046914007796d7": "southern Suriname", "572a07c11d046914007796d8": "map out their ancestral lands to help strengthen their territorial claims", "572a07c11d046914007796d9": "to protect their tribal lands from commercial interests", "5a0c96fbf5590b0018dab486": "remote sensing for the conservation of the Amazon is also being used by the indigenous tribes of the basin to protect their tribal lands from commercial interests", "5a0c96fbf5590b0018dab487": "most tribes in the Amazon do not have clearly defined boundaries,", "5a0c96fbf5590b0018dab488": "indigenous", "5a0c96fbf5590b0018dab489": "territorial claims. Currently, most tribes in the Amazon do not have clearly defined boundaries", "5a0c96fbf5590b0018dab48a": "Trio Tribe", "572a09abaf94a219006aa75b": "tree growth", "572a09abaf94a219006aa75c": "carbon", "572a09abaf94a219006aa75d": "Tatiana Kuplich", "572a09abaf94a219006aa75e": "2006", "572a09abaf94a219006aa75f": "Synthetic aperture radar (SAR", "5a0c9832f5590b0018dab490": "accurately map the Amazon's biomass and subsequent carbon related emissions", "5a0c9832f5590b0018dab491": "Tatiana Kuplich organized the trees of the Amazon into four", "5a0c9832f5590b0018dab492": "Synthetic aperture radar (SAR", "5a0c9832f5590b0018dab493": "Synthetic aperture radar", "5a0c9832f5590b0018dab494": "regenerating forest [eleven to eighteen years of continued development]", "572a0b101d046914007796e9": "2005", "572a0b101d046914007796ea": "Woods Hole Research Center", "572a0b101d046914007796eb": "Brazilian National Institute of Amazonian Research", "572a0b101d046914007796ec": "deforestation on regional climate", "572a0b101d046914007796ed": "savanna or desert", "5a0c98fef5590b0018dab49a": "2005,", "5a0c98fef5590b0018dab49b": "Woods Hole Research Center results", "5a0c98fef5590b0018dab49c": "a \"tipping point", "5a0c98fef5590b0018dab49d": "world's climate.", "5a0c98fef5590b0018dab49e": "forest is on the brink of being turned into savanna", "572a0bebaf94a219006aa76f": "2010", "572a0bebaf94a219006aa770": "1,160,000 square miles", "572a0bebaf94a219006aa771": "three", "572a0bebaf94a219006aa772": "2005", "572a0bebaf94a219006aa773": "1.5", "5a0c99fcf5590b0018dab4a4": "2010 drought had three epicenters where vegetation died off, whereas in 2005", "5a0c99fcf5590b0018dab4a5": "8 gigatons", "5a0c99fcf5590b0018dab4a6": "epicenters where vegetation died off", "5a0c99fcf5590b0018dab4a7": "5 gigatons", "5a0c99fcf5590b0018dab4a8": "carbon dioxide", "5725c0f289a1e219009abdf2": "a phylum of animals that live in marine waters worldwide", "5725c0f289a1e219009abdf3": "groups of cilia which they use for swimming \u2013 they are the largest animals that swim by means of cilia", "5725c0f289a1e219009abdf4": "water flow", "5725c0f289a1e219009abdf5": "from a few millimeters to 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in)", "5725c0f289a1e219009abdf6": "the \u2018combs", "57263eaa38643c19005ad371": "comb jellies", "57263eaa38643c19005ad372": "from a few millimeters to 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in)", "57263eaa38643c19005ad373": "water flow through the body cavity", "57263eaa38643c19005ad374": "comb", "57263eaa38643c19005ad375": "marine waters worldwide", "5a8349a2e60761001a2eb509": "Ctenophora (/t\u1d7b\u02c8n\u0252f\u0259r\u0259/; singular ctenophore", "5a8349a2e60761001a2eb50a": "combs\u2019 \u2013 groups of cilia which they use for swimming", "5a8349a2e60761001a2eb50b": "swimming", "5a8349a2e60761001a2eb50c": "separate phyla", "5a8349a2e60761001a2eb50d": "Ctenophora", "5725c337271a42140099d163": "100\u2013150", "5725c337271a42140099d164": "tentilla", "5725c337271a42140099d165": "ten times their own weight", "5725c337271a42140099d166": "tentacles and prey on other ctenophores by using huge mouths armed with groups of large, stiffened cilia that act as teeth", "5725c337271a42140099d167": "large, stiffened cilia", "5726400589a1e219009ac5ee": "ten times their own weight", "5726400589a1e219009ac5ef": "tentilla", "5726400589a1e219009ac5f0": "large, stiffened cilia", "5726400589a1e219009ac5f1": "colloblasts, sticky cells", "5726400589a1e219009ac5f2": "100\u2013150", "5a834af4e60761001a2eb51b": "spiders", "5a834af4e60761001a2eb51c": "ten times their own weight in a day", "5a834af4e60761001a2eb51d": "100\u2013150 species", "5a834af5e60761001a2eb51e": "25 have not been fully described and named", "5a834af5e60761001a2eb51f": "live as parasites on the salps on which adults of their species feed", "5725c57a89a1e219009abe5e": "a single animal can produce both eggs and sperm", "5725c57a89a1e219009abe5f": "produce both eggs and sperm at the same time", "5725c57a89a1e219009abe60": "sequential hermaphrodites", "5725c57a89a1e219009abe61": "platyctenids", "5725c57a89a1e219009abe62": "hermaphroditism and early reproduction enables small populations", "5726415bec44d21400f3dcd1": "a single animal can produce both eggs and sperm", "5726415bec44d21400f3dcd2": "can produce both eggs and sperm at the same time", "5726415bec44d21400f3dcd3": "the eggs and sperm mature at different times", "5726415bec44d21400f3dcd4": "platyctenids", "5726415bec44d21400f3dcd5": "beroids", "5a834caae60761001a2eb539": "fertilized inside their parents' bodies", "5a834caae60761001a2eb53a": "Fertilization is generally external, although platyctenids' eggs are fertilized inside their parents' bodies", "5a834caae60761001a2eb53b": "gradually changing into their adult shapes as they grow", "5a834caae60761001a2eb53c": "reproduction", "5a834caae60761001a2eb53d": "explosive rate", "5725c69738643c19005accb9": "other ctenophores", "5725c69738643c19005accba": "Mnemiopsis", "5725c69738643c19005accbb": "fish larvae and organisms that would otherwise have fed the fish", "5725c69738643c19005accbc": "bays", "5726431d271a42140099d7f5": "bays", "5726431d271a42140099d7f6": "planktonic plants", "5726431d271a42140099d7f7": "Mnemiopsis", "5726431d271a42140099d7f8": "fish stocks to collapse", "5726431d271a42140099d7f9": "accidental introduction of Beroe", "5a834dbde60761001a2eb555": "summer", "5a834dbde60761001a2eb556": "coastal", "5a834dbde60761001a2eb557": "uncommon", "5a834dbde60761001a2eb558": "the Black Sea,", "5a834dbde60761001a2eb559": "planktonic plants)", "5725c91e38643c19005acceb": "66 million years ago", "5725c91e38643c19005accec": "monophyletic", "5725c91e38643c19005acced": "as far back as the early Cambrian, about 515 million years ago", "5725c91e38643c19005accee": "tentacles", "5726449f1125e71900ae1928": "515 million years ago", "5726449f1125e71900ae1929": "Cretaceous\u2013Paleogene extinction", "5726449f1125e71900ae192a": "monophyletic", "5726449f1125e71900ae192b": "tentacles", "5a8352ebe60761001a2eb57d": "early Cambrian", "5a8352ebe60761001a2eb57e": "cnidarians and bilaterians are more closely related to each other than either is to ctenophores", "5a8352ebe60761001a2eb57f": "tentacles but many more comb-rows than modern forms", "5a8352ebe60761001a2eb580": "Cretaceous\u2013Paleogene extinction", "5a8352ebe60761001a2eb581": "various cydippids", "5725cb33271a42140099d1db": "cnidarians", "5725cb33271a42140099d1dc": "colloblasts, which are sticky and adhere to prey", "5725cb33271a42140099d1dd": "bilaterians", "5725cb33271a42140099d1de": "Ctenophores", "5725cb33271a42140099d1df": "colloblasts", "572646655951b619008f6ebf": "cnidarians", "572646655951b619008f6ec0": "muscles; nervous systems; and some have sensory organs", "572646655951b619008f6ec1": "colloblasts", "572646655951b619008f6ec2": "ctenophores and cnidarians", "572646655951b619008f6ec3": "bilaterians", "5a835482e60761001a2eb597": "inter-cell connections and carpet-like basement membranes", "5a835482e60761001a2eb598": "sensory organs", "5a835482e60761001a2eb599": "nervous", "5a835482e60761001a2eb59a": "prey, although a few ctenophore species lack them.", "5a835482e60761001a2eb59b": "colloblasts", "572647d0708984140094c14b": "mesoglea", "572647d0708984140094c14c": "diploblastic", "572647d0708984140094c14d": "ctenophores", "572647d0708984140094c14e": "sponges", "5a835778e60761001a2eb5d9": "intermediate jelly-like layer.", "5a835778e60761001a2eb5da": "three main cell layers and no intermediate jelly-like layer", "5a835778e60761001a2eb5db": "diploblastic, along with sponges", "5a835778e60761001a2eb5dc": "diploblastic", "5a835778e60761001a2eb5dd": "three main cell layers", "572648e8dd62a815002e8076": "cilia", "572648e8dd62a815002e8077": "locomotion", "572648e8dd62a815002e8078": "ctenes,\"", "572648e8dd62a815002e8079": "comb-bearing", "5a8359c1e60761001a2eb5f3": "eight", "5a8359c1e60761001a2eb5f4": "comb-like bands", "5a8359c1e60761001a2eb5f5": "locomotion.", "5a8359c1e60761001a2eb5f6": "ctenes", "5a8359c1e60761001a2eb5f7": "ctenophores are the largest non-colonial animals", "57264a0ef1498d1400e8db40": "Pleurobrachia", "57264a0ef1498d1400e8db41": "oceanic species", "57264a0ef1498d1400e8db42": "to withstand waves and swirling sediment particles", "57264a0ef1498d1400e8db43": "Pleurobrachia, Beroe and Mnemiopsis", "5a835b42e60761001a2eb60d": "swirling", "5a835b42e60761001a2eb60e": "Coastal species", "5a835b42e60761001a2eb60f": "waves", "5a835b42e60761001a2eb610": "sediment", "5a835b42e60761001a2eb611": "three coastal genera", "57264b1ddd62a815002e80a0": "an epithelium, the gastrodermis.", "57264b1ddd62a815002e80a1": "bioluminescence", "57264b1ddd62a815002e80a2": "pharynx", "57264b1ddd62a815002e80a3": "mouth", "57264b1ddd62a815002e80a4": "the mouth and pharynx", "5a836273e60761001a2eb63f": "epithelium", "5a836273e60761001a2eb640": ".", "5a836273e60761001a2eb641": "comb row; and four branches round the sensory complex at the far end from the mouth", "5a836273e60761001a2eb642": "anal pores.", "5a836273e60761001a2eb643": "on the sides nearest to and furthest from the organ that it supplies", "57264cfa708984140094c1c3": "swimming-plates", "57264cfa708984140094c1c4": "ctenes\" or \"comb plates\"", "57264cfa708984140094c1c5": "supporting function", "57264cfa708984140094c1c6": "the direction in which the mouth is pointing", "57264cfa708984140094c1c7": "2 millimeters (0.079 in", "5a836496e60761001a2eb657": "ctenes\"", "5a836496e60761001a2eb658": "9 + 2 pattern, these cilia are arranged in a 9 + 3 pattern", "5a836496e60761001a2eb659": "2 millimeters (0.079 in)", "5a836496e60761001a2eb65a": "away from the mouth", "5a836496e60761001a2eb65b": "escape behavior", "57264e66dd62a815002e811a": "osmotic pressure", "57264e66dd62a815002e811b": "mesoglea", "57264e66dd62a815002e811c": "increase its bulk and decrease its density, to avoid sinking", "57264e66dd62a815002e811d": "pump water out", "5a837038e60761001a2eb6f3": "the ciliary rosettes in the body cavity may pump this into the mesoglea to increase its bulk and decrease its density", "5a837038e60761001a2eb6f4": "increase its bulk and decrease its density, to avoid sinking. Conversely if they move from brackish to full-strength seawater", "5a837038e60761001a2eb6f5": "seawater.", "5a837038e60761001a2eb6f6": "increase its bulk and decrease its density, to avoid sinking", "5a837038e60761001a2eb6f7": "to avoid sinking.", "572655e5f1498d1400e8dc5e": "the aboral organ", "572655e5f1498d1400e8dc5f": "at the opposite end from the mouth", "572655e5f1498d1400e8dc60": "a transparent dome made of long, immobile cilia", "572655e5f1498d1400e8dc61": "a statocyst", "572655e5f1498d1400e8dc62": "a balance sensor", "5a8371dfe60761001a2eb725": "aboral organ (at the opposite end from the mouth). Its main component is a statocyst", "5a8371dfe60761001a2eb726": "a transparent dome", "5a8371dfe60761001a2eb727": "statolith, a solid particle supported on four bundles of cilia", "5a8371dfe60761001a2eb728": "four bundles of cilia, called \"balancers\"", "5a8371dfe60761001a2eb729": "state of the nervous system", "57265746dd62a815002e8218": "sea gooseberry", "57265746dd62a815002e8219": "a pair of long, slender tentacles", "57265746dd62a815002e821a": "rounded", "57265746dd62a815002e821b": "a sheath", "57265746dd62a815002e821c": "at the narrow end", "5a8373a7e60761001a2eb72f": "sheath into which it can be withdrawn", "5a8373a7e60761001a2eb730": "withdrawn.", "5a8373a7e60761001a2eb731": "flattened to various extents, so that they are wider in the plane of the tentacles.", "5a8373a7e60761001a2eb732": "narrow end", "5a8373a7e60761001a2eb733": "sea gooseberry,\" Pleurobrachia", "572658daf1498d1400e8dcac": "tentilla (\"little tentacles\")", "572658daf1498d1400e8dcad": "specialized mushroom-shaped cells in the outer layer of the epidermis", "572658daf1498d1400e8dcae": "they contain striated muscle", "572658daf1498d1400e8dcaf": "three types", "572658daf1498d1400e8dcb0": "capturing prey", "5a837549e60761001a2eb739": "nematocytes", "5a837549e60761001a2eb73a": "fringed with tentilla (\"little tentacles", "5a837549e60761001a2eb73b": "three main components", "5a837549e60761001a2eb73c": "vesicles", "5a837549e60761001a2eb73d": "adhesive", "572659ea5951b619008f7051": "eight", "572659ea5951b619008f7052": "from near the mouth to the opposite end", "572659ea5951b619008f7053": "evenly round the body", "572659ea5951b619008f7054": "a ciliary groove", "5a838553e60761001a2eb759": "eight", "5a838553e60761001a2eb75a": "metachronal rhythm rather like that of a Mexican wave", "5a838553e60761001a2eb75b": "evenly round the body.", "5a838553e60761001a2eb75c": "metachronal rhythm rather like that of a Mexican wave", "5a838553e60761001a2eb75d": "two adjacent comb rows", "57265aaf5951b619008f706b": "lobes", "57265aaf5951b619008f706c": "gelatinous projections edged with cilia", "57265aaf5951b619008f706d": "four", "57265aaf5951b619008f706e": "produce water currents that help direct microscopic prey toward the mouth", "57265aaf5951b619008f706f": "suspended planktonic prey", "5a838676e60761001a2eb763": "Cydippida). Between the lobes on either side of the mouth, many species of lobates", "5a838676e60761001a2eb764": "continuously on suspended", "5a838676e60761001a2eb765": "suspended", "5a838676e60761001a2eb766": "four auricles", "5a838676e60761001a2eb767": "produce water currents that help direct microscopic prey", "57265c10f1498d1400e8dd36": "clapping their lobes", "57265c10f1498d1400e8dd37": "the jet of expelled water drives them backwards very quickly", "57265c10f1498d1400e8dd38": "nerves", "57265c10f1498d1400e8dd39": "mechanical", "5a83878de60761001a2eb777": "four) auricles, the cilia edging the auricles are extensions of cilia in four", "5a83878de60761001a2eb778": "passive", "5a83878de60761001a2eb779": "cilia edging the auricles are extensions of cilia in four of the comb rows", "5a83878de60761001a2eb77a": "clapping their lobes", "5a83878de60761001a2eb77b": "jet of expelled water drives them backwards", "57265d86f1498d1400e8dd50": "Nuda", "57265d86f1498d1400e8dd51": "Beroida, also known as Nuda", "57265d86f1498d1400e8dd52": "\"zip\" the mouth shut when the animal is not feeding", "57265d86f1498d1400e8dd53": "tight closure streamlines the front of the animal", "57265d86f1498d1400e8dd54": "macrocilia\"", "5a83894de60761001a2eb789": "feeding", "5a83894de60761001a2eb78a": "pharynx, just inside the large mouth and filling most of the saclike body", "5a83894de60761001a2eb78b": "macrocilia\"", "5a83894de60761001a2eb78c": "\"zip\" the mouth shut when the animal is not feeding, by forming intercellular connections", "5a83894de60761001a2eb78d": "\"zip\" the mouth shut when the animal is not feeding, by forming intercellular connections with the opposite adhesive strip. This tight closure", "57265e97708984140094c3c3": "Cestida", "57265e97708984140094c3c4": "belt animals", "57265e97708984140094c3c5": "by undulating their bodies as well as by the beating of their comb-rows", "57265e97708984140094c3c6": "Cestum veneris", "57265e97708984140094c3c7": "Velamen parallelum", "5a838a2ee60761001a2eb793": "0.66", "5a838a2ee60761001a2eb794": "aligned in the middle", "5a838a2ee60761001a2eb795": "belt animals", "5a838a2ee60761001a2eb796": "middle", "5a838a2ee60761001a2eb797": "in the middle", "572681c1dd62a815002e8796": "a pair of tentilla-bearing tentacles", "572681c1dd62a815002e8797": "a muscular \"foot\"", "572681c1dd62a815002e8798": "comb-rows", "572681c1dd62a815002e8799": "rocks, algae, or the body surfaces of other invertebrates", "5a838b42e60761001a2eb7a7": "foot\"", "5a838b42e60761001a2eb7a8": "oval", "5a838b42e60761001a2eb7a9": "pair", "5a838b42e60761001a2eb7aa": "comb-rows.", "5a838b42e60761001a2eb7ab": "rocks", "572683075951b619008f7513": "via pores in the epidermis", "572683075951b619008f7514": "internal fertilization and keep the eggs in brood chambers until they hatch", "572683075951b619008f7515": "Mnemiopsis", "572683075951b619008f7516": "in the parts of the internal canal network under the comb rows", "572683075951b619008f7517": "external", "5a838db9e60761001a2eb7b9": "males and females at the same time \u2013 except that in two species of the genus Ocryopsis individuals remain of the same single sex", "5a838db9e60761001a2eb7ba": "brood chambers", "5a838db9e60761001a2eb7bb": "eggs and sperm", "5a838db9e60761001a2eb7bc": "Self-fertilization", "5a838db9e60761001a2eb7bd": "hermaphrodites,", "572684365951b619008f753f": "tentacles and tentacle sheaths", "572684365951b619008f7540": "bottom-dwelling platyctenids, the juveniles behave more like true larvae, as they live among the plankton", "572684365951b619008f7541": "after dropping to the sea-floor", "572684365951b619008f7542": "larvae", "572684365951b619008f7543": "Beroe", "5a838f74e60761001a2eb7cf": "direct", "5a838f74e60761001a2eb7d0": "tentacles", "5a838f74e60761001a2eb7d1": "like the adults, lack tentacles and tentacle sheaths", "5a838f74e60761001a2eb7d2": "bottom-dwelling platyctenids, the juveniles behave more like true larvae", "5a838f74e60761001a2eb7d3": "ecological", "572686fc708984140094c8e5": "they produce secretions (ink) that luminesce at much the same wavelengths as their bodies", "572686fc708984140094c8e6": "are disturbed", "572686fc708984140094c8e7": "ink", "572686fc708984140094c8e8": "Juveniles", "5a8391c7e60761001a2eb7d9": "secretions (ink", "5a8391c7e60761001a2eb7da": "Detailed statistical investigation has not suggested the function of ctenophores' bioluminescence nor produced any correlation between its exact color", "5a8391c7e60761001a2eb7db": "luminesce at much the same wavelengths as their bodies. Juveniles will luminesce", "5a8391c7e60761001a2eb7dc": "they produce secretions (ink) that luminesce at much the same wavelengths as their bodies", "5a8391c7e60761001a2eb7dd": "secretions (ink)", "5726887e708984140094c917": "predators", "5726887e708984140094c918": "jellyfish", "5726887e708984140094c919": "into their own tentacles", "5726887e708984140094c91a": "smaller, weaker swimmers such as rotifers and mollusc and crustacean larvae", "5726887e708984140094c91b": "Lampea", "5a839654e60761001a2eb7f1": "10 times their own weight", "5a839654e60761001a2eb7f2": "fish larvae, to small adult crustaceans", "5a839654e60761001a2eb7f3": "jellyfish", "5a839654e60761001a2eb7f4": "rotifers and mollusc and crustacean larvae", "5a839654e60761001a2eb7f5": "nematocysts", "57268a37f1498d1400e8e33c": "their low ratio of organic matter to salt and water", "57268a37f1498d1400e8e33d": "chum salmon", "57268a37f1498d1400e8e33e": "ctenophores", "57268a37f1498d1400e8e33f": "Red Sea", "57268a37f1498d1400e8e340": "ctenophores", "5a8397d0e60761001a2eb7fb": "\"dead ends", "5a8397d0e60761001a2eb7fc": "guts of possible predators", "5a8397d0e60761001a2eb7fd": "20 times as fast as an equal weight of shrimps", "5a8397d0e60761001a2eb7fe": "ctenophores can provide a good", "5a8397d0e60761001a2eb7ff": "ctenophore populations", "57268c01dd62a815002e8912": "Western Atlantic ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi", "57268c01dd62a815002e8913": "via the ballast tanks of ships", "57268c01dd62a815002e8914": "late 1980s", "57268c01dd62a815002e8915": "by the accidental introduction of the Mnemiopsis-eating North American ctenophore Beroe ovata", "57268c01dd62a815002e8916": "significantly slowed the animal's metabolism", "5a8398bbe60761001a2eb805": "late 1980s the Western Atlantic ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi was accidentally introduced into the Black Sea", "5a8398bbe60761001a2eb806": "Black Sea and Sea of Azov", "5a8398bbe60761001a2eb807": "via the ballast tanks", "5a8398bbe60761001a2eb808": "fish catches by eating both fish larvae", "5a8398bbe60761001a2eb809": "very", "57268da7f1498d1400e8e39c": "their soft, gelatinous bodies", "57268da7f1498d1400e8e39d": "a comb jelly", "57268da7f1498d1400e8e39e": "mid-Cambrian", "57268da7f1498d1400e8e39f": "Three", "57268da7f1498d1400e8e3a0": "tentacles", "5a839ccfe60761001a2eb81f": "505 million years ago", "5a839ccfe60761001a2eb820": "between 24 and 80 comb rows, far more than the 8", "5a839ccfe60761001a2eb821": "505 million years", "5a839ccfe60761001a2eb822": "8 typical of living species. They also appear to have had internal organ-like structures", "5a839ccfe60761001a2eb823": "mid-Cambrian", "57268f05dd62a815002e8990": "515 million years ago", "57268f05dd62a815002e8991": "early Cambrian sessile frond-like fossil Stromatoveris", "57268f05dd62a815002e8992": "Stromatoveris", "57268f05dd62a815002e8993": "Vendobionta", "57268f05dd62a815002e8994": "Ediacaran", "5a83a59be60761001a2eb84b": "Stromatoveris", "5a83a59be60761001a2eb84c": "Ediacaran", "5a83a59be60761001a2eb84d": "rows of cilia, used for filter feeding", "5a83a59be60761001a2eb84e": "swimmers", "5a83a59be60761001a2eb84f": "swimmers", "57269016708984140094ca41": "all other animals", "57269016708984140094ca42": "Porifera (sponges", "5a83a80ae60761001a2eb855": "true hox genes", "5a83a80ae60761001a2eb856": "independently", "5a83a80ae60761001a2eb857": "Porifera", "5a83a80ae60761001a2eb858": "evolution", "5a83a80ae60761001a2eb859": "Wnt signaling pathway", "572691bedd62a815002e89dc": "beroids", "572691bedd62a815002e89dd": "monophyletic", "572691bedd62a815002e89de": "65.5 million years ago", "572691bedd62a815002e89df": "Richard Harbison", "5a83acb4e60761001a2eb85f": "the last common ancestor of modern ctenophores was cydippid-like", "5a83acb4e60761001a2eb860": "cydippid", "5a83acb4e60761001a2eb861": "Cretaceous\u2013Paleogene", "5a83acb4e60761001a2eb862": "molecular phylogeny", "5a83acb4e60761001a2eb863": "26", "5725ce4d38643c19005acd4d": "Fresno", "5725ce4d38643c19005acd4e": "220 miles (350", "5725ce4d38643c19005acd4f": "ash tree", "5725ce4d38643c19005acd50": "an ash leaf", "5725ce4d38643c19005acd51": "ash tree", "5a7b054521c2de001afe9cce": "2015, the city's population was 520", "5a7b054521c2de001afe9ccf": "ash tree\" in Spanish, and an ash leaf is featured on the city's flag.", "5a7b054521c2de001afe9cd0": "San Joaquin", "5a7b054521c2de001afe9cd1": "San Joaquin Valley and is the largest city in the Central Valley, which contains the San Joaquin Valley", "5a7b054521c2de001afe9cd2": "California", "5725cfd0271a42140099d225": "1872", "5725cfd0271a42140099d226": "convenience of the railroad and worried about flooding", "5725cfd0271a42140099d227": "1885", "5725cfd0271a42140099d228": "47", "5725cfd0271a42140099d229": "Central Pacific Railroad", "5a7b05cd21c2de001afe9cd8": "1872,", "5a7b05cd21c2de001afe9cd9": "1872", "5a7b05cd21c2de001afe9cda": "49", "5a7b05cd21c2de001afe9cdb": "1931", "5a7b05cd21c2de001afe9cdc": "Millerton residents", "5725d183271a42140099d23d": "2.7%", "5725d183271a42140099d23e": "Chinatown", "5725d183271a42140099d23f": "Pinedale", "5725d183271a42140099d240": "an interim facility for the relocation of Fresno area Japanese Americans to internment camps", "5725d183271a42140099d241": "an assembly center", "5a7b064b21c2de001afe9ce2": "94", "5a7b064b21c2de001afe9ce3": "3", "5a7b064b21c2de001afe9ce4": "1940", "5a7b064b21c2de001afe9ce5": "North", "5a7b064b21c2de001afe9ce6": "North Fresno", "5725d34aec44d21400f3d639": "BankAmericard", "5725d34aec44d21400f3d63a": "BankAmericard", "5725d34aec44d21400f3d63b": "revolve a balance", "5725d34aec44d21400f3d63c": "1976", "5725d34aec44d21400f3d63d": "Visa Inc", "5a7b070121c2de001afe9cec": "September 1958", "5a7b070121c2de001afe9ced": "BankAmericard in Fresno. After a troubled gestation during which its creator resigned, BankAmericard", "5a7b070121c2de001afe9cee": "one or the other but not both", "5a7b070121c2de001afe9cef": "1958", "5a7b070121c2de001afe9cf0": "Fresno", "5725d42a89a1e219009abf58": "Bill Aken", "5725d42a89a1e219009abf59": "Bob Gallion", "5725d42a89a1e219009abf5a": "Madera", "5725d42a89a1e219009abf5b": "The Fresno Barn", "5725d42a89a1e219009abf5c": "Lupe Mayorga", "5a7b079b21c2de001afe9cf6": "\"Walking Into Fresno\"", "5a7b079b21c2de001afe9cf7": "Mexican", "5a7b079b21c2de001afe9cf8": "Bob", "5a7b079b21c2de001afe9cf9": "Mexican", "5a7b079b21c2de001afe9cfa": "actress Lupe", "5725d662ec44d21400f3d687": "three", "5725d662ec44d21400f3d688": "Roeding Park", "5725d662ec44d21400f3d689": "Kearney Park", "5725d662ec44d21400f3d68a": "Shinzen Japanese Gardens", "5725d662ec44d21400f3d68b": "Kearney Park", "5a7b086921c2de001afe9d00": "Shinzen Japanese", "5a7b086921c2de001afe9d01": "Woodward Park", "5a7b086921c2de001afe9d02": "Kearney Mansion", "5a7b086921c2de001afe9d03": "miles", "5a7b086921c2de001afe9d04": "southwest.", "5725d7e438643c19005acdf9": "Between the 1880s and World War II", "5725d7e438643c19005acdfa": "the original Fresno County Courthouse (demolished), the Fresno Carnegie Public Library", "5725d7e438643c19005acdfb": "San Joaquin Light & Power Building", "5725d7e438643c19005acdfc": "Hughes Hotel", "5a7b093b21c2de001afe9d0a": "Between the 1880s", "5a7b093b21c2de001afe9d0b": "Grand 1401", "5a7b093b21c2de001afe9d0c": "demolished", "5a7b093b21c2de001afe9d0d": "San Joaquin Light & Power Building (currently known as the Grand 1401", "5a7b093b21c2de001afe9d0e": "San Joaquin Light & Power Building", "5725daa8ec44d21400f3d6b3": "1964", "5725daa8ec44d21400f3d6b4": "Fulton Mall", "5725daa8ec44d21400f3d6b5": "Pierre-Auguste Renoir", "5725daa8ec44d21400f3d6b6": "near their current locations", "5725daa8ec44d21400f3d6b7": "wide sidewalks", "5a7b0e2221c2de001afe9d14": "1964.", "5a7b0e2221c2de001afe9d15": "the only Pierre-Auguste Renoir piece in the world that one can walk up to and touch.", "5a7b0e2221c2de001afe9d16": "Fulton Street", "5a7b0e2221c2de001afe9d17": "sidewalks", "5a7b0e2221c2de001afe9d18": "east", "5725db98ec44d21400f3d6c5": "far southeast side", "5725db98ec44d21400f3d6c6": "Kings Canyon Avenue and Clovis Avenue", "5725db98ec44d21400f3d6c7": "1950s through the 1970s", "5725db98ec44d21400f3d6c8": "Sunnyside", "5725db98ec44d21400f3d6c9": "William P. Bell", "5a7b0ec521c2de001afe9d1e": "William P. Bell.", "5a7b0ec521c2de001afe9d1f": "1950s", "5a7b0ec521c2de001afe9d20": "Chestnut Avenue to the West. Its major thoroughfares are Kings Canyon Avenue and Clovis Avenue", "5a7b0ec521c2de001afe9d21": "Fresno's far southeast side, bounded by Chestnut Avenue", "5a7b0ec521c2de001afe9d22": "Sunnyside", "5725dd7d89a1e219009abfea": "Tower Theatre", "5725dd7d89a1e219009abfeb": "1939", "5725dd7d89a1e219009abfec": "water tower", "5725dd7d89a1e219009abfed": "Fresno Normal School", "5725dd7d89a1e219009abfee": "one-half mile", "5a7b0fae21c2de001afe9d28": "1939", "5a7b0fae21c2de001afe9d29": "Olive and Wishon Avenues", "5a7b0fae21c2de001afe9d2a": "half mile", "5a7b0fae21c2de001afe9d2b": "In 1916", "5a7b0fae21c2de001afe9d2c": "Fresno City College", "5725e1c4271a42140099d2d7": "late 1970s", "5725e1c4271a42140099d2d8": "second and third run movies, along with classic films", "5725e1c4271a42140099d2d9": "1978", "5725e1c4271a42140099d2da": "Fresno", "5725e1c4271a42140099d2db": "Evita and The Wiz", "5a7b103b21c2de001afe9d32": "1978", "5a7b103b21c2de001afe9d33": "second and third run movies", "5a7b103b21c2de001afe9d34": "1978", "5a7b103b21c2de001afe9d35": "Tony award", "5a7b103b21c2de001afe9d36": "Roger Rocka", "5725e45689a1e219009ac048": "live", "5725e45689a1e219009ac049": "a few hundred feet", "5725e45689a1e219009ac04a": "Tower District", "5725e45689a1e219009ac04b": "Tower District", "5725e45689a1e219009ac04c": "Tower District", "5a7b10e021c2de001afe9d3c": "few hundred feet of each other. Since renewal, the Tower District", "5a7b10e021c2de001afe9d3d": "live theater and nightclubs", "5a7b10e021c2de001afe9d3e": "restaurants", "5a7b10e021c2de001afe9d3f": "LGBT and hipster Communities", "5725e748ec44d21400f3d733": "early twentieth century homes", "5725e748ec44d21400f3d734": "Storybook houses", "5725e748ec44d21400f3d735": "contrasts", "5725e748ec44d21400f3d736": "in recent decades", "5a7b11bb21c2de001afe9d44": "Hilliard, Taylor & Wheeler.", "5a7b11bb21c2de001afe9d45": "Fresno.", "5a7b11bb21c2de001afe9d46": "Fresno architects", "5a7b11bb21c2de001afe9d47": "north and east", "5a7b11bb21c2de001afe9d48": "Taylor & Wheeler.", "5725ec8289a1e219009ac0ae": "Huntington Boulevard", "5725ec8289a1e219009ac0af": "William Stranahan", "5725ec8289a1e219009ac0b0": "1914", "5725ec8289a1e219009ac0b1": "267", "5725ec8289a1e219009ac0b2": "Fresno Traction Company", "5a7b12a421c2de001afe9d4e": "William Stranahan", "5a7b12a421c2de001afe9d4f": "annexed to the City in January 1912,", "5a7b12a421c2de001afe9d50": "267", "5a7b12a421c2de001afe9d51": "streetcar connections", "5a7b12a421c2de001afe9d52": "1911", "5725edfe38643c19005ace9f": "Southwest Fresno", "5725edfe38643c19005acea0": "southwest", "5725edfe38643c19005acea1": "African-American", "5725edfe38643c19005acea2": "Hmong or Laotian", "5725edfe38643c19005acea3": "Southwest Fresno", "5a7b325021c2de001afe9da8": "41 freeway", "5a7b325021c2de001afe9da9": "99 freeway (which divides it from Downtown Fresno), west of the 41", "5a7b325021c2de001afe9daa": "African-American", "5a7b325021c2de001afe9dab": "Asian-American (principally Hmong", "5a7b325021c2de001afe9dac": "one of the oldest", "5725f00938643c19005aced7": "M. Theo Kearney", "5725f00938643c19005aced8": "palm trees", "5725f00938643c19005aced9": "Fresno Street and Thorne Ave", "5725f00938643c19005aceda": "Brookhaven", "5725f00938643c19005acedb": "Dogg Pound", "5a7b32e621c2de001afe9db2": "early 20th century entrepreneur and millionaire M. Theo Kearney", "5a7b32e621c2de001afe9db3": "32 km", "5a7b32e621c2de001afe9db4": "elite African-American families. Another section, Brookhaven", "5a7b32e621c2de001afe9db5": "Fresno City Council", "5a7b32e621c2de001afe9db6": "Dogg Pound\"", "5725f190ec44d21400f3d76f": "between the 1960s and 1990s", "5725f190ec44d21400f3d770": "Fresno and B streets", "5725f190ec44d21400f3d771": "Cargill Meat Solutions and Foster Farms", "5725f190ec44d21400f3d772": "West Side", "5725f190ec44d21400f3d773": "very little", "5a7b33b821c2de001afe9dbc": "Fresno Housing Authority", "5a7b33b821c2de001afe9dbd": "Fresno and B", "5a7b33b821c2de001afe9dbe": "Elm St", "5a7b33b821c2de001afe9dbf": "stench from these (and other small industrial facilities) has long plagued area residents", "5a7b33b821c2de001afe9dc0": "late 1990", "5725f2c838643c19005aceed": "Ralph Woodward", "5725f2c838643c19005aceee": "300", "5725f2c838643c19005aceef": "2,500", "5725f2c838643c19005acef0": "22 miles (35", "5725f2c838643c19005acef1": "April through October", "5a7b34fa21c2de001afe9dc6": "2005", "5a7b34fa21c2de001afe9dc7": "300 acres", "5a7b34fa21c2de001afe9dc8": "Lewis S. Eaton trail system will cover 22 miles (35 km) between Highway 99 and Friant Dam", "5a7b34fa21c2de001afe9dc9": "2,500 people", "5a7b34fa21c2de001afe9dca": "April through October, 6am to 10pm and November through March, 6am to 7pm", "5725f46289a1e219009ac0fa": "1946", "5725f46289a1e219009ac0fb": "William Smilie", "5725f46289a1e219009ac0fc": "Sierra Sky Park", "5725f46289a1e219009ac0fd": "automobiles", "5725f46289a1e219009ac0fe": "there are now numerous such communities across the United States and around the world", "5a7b359f21c2de001afe9dd0": "1946", "5a7b359f21c2de001afe9dd1": "Sierra", "5a7b359f21c2de001afe9dd2": "personal aircraft and automobiles to share certain roads", "5a7b359f21c2de001afe9dd3": "roads.", "5a7b359f21c2de001afe9dd4": "Sierra Sky Park Airport", "5725f5b1271a42140099d371": "hot and dry", "5725f5b1271a42140099d372": "July", "5725f5b1271a42140099d373": "11.5 inches (292.1 mm", "5725f5b1271a42140099d374": "northwest", "5725f5b1271a42140099d375": "December, January and February", "5a7b37ce21c2de001afe9dda": "three or four", "5a7b37ce21c2de001afe9ddb": "81%", "5a7b37ce21c2de001afe9ddc": "northwest, as winds are driven downward along the axis of the California Central Valley; in December, January and February there is an increased presence of southeastern", "5a7b37ce21c2de001afe9ddd": "292.1 mm)", "5a7b37ce21c2de001afe9dde": "thick tule fog. However, the year averages 81% of possible sunshine, for a total of 3550", "5725f6e138643c19005acf19": "115 \u00b0F (46.1 \u00b0C), set on July 8, 1905", "5725f6e138643c19005acf1a": "January 6, 1913", "5725f6e138643c19005acf1b": "1885", "5725f6e138643c19005acf1c": "2.2 inches", "5725f6e138643c19005acf1d": "3.55 inches", "5a7b3b3121c2de001afe9dee": "17 \u00b0F", "5a7b3b3121c2de001afe9def": "17 \u00b0F (\u22128 \u00b0C)", "5a7b3b3121c2de001afe9df0": "4.43 inches (112.5 mm) from July 1933 to June 1934. The most rainfall in one month was 9.54 inches", "5a7b3b3121c2de001afe9df1": "2.2 inches", "5a7b3b3121c2de001afe9df2": "2.2 inches (0.06 m) on January 21, 1962", "5725f7cd38643c19005acf23": "494,665", "5725f7cd38643c19005acf24": "49.6%", "5725f7cd38643c19005acf25": "8,525", "5725f7cd38643c19005acf26": "30.0%", "5725f7cd38643c19005acf27": "4,404.5", "5a7b3dd921c2de001afe9df8": "494,665", "5a7b3dd921c2de001afe9df9": "8,525", "5a7b3dd921c2de001afe9dfa": "72.6%", "5a7b3dd921c2de001afe9dfb": "African American, 8,525 (1.7%) Native American, 62,528 (12.6%) Asian", "5a7b3dd921c2de001afe9dfc": "1,700.6/km\u00b2", "5725f8f5ec44d21400f3d7b1": "43.3%", "5725f8f5ec44d21400f3d7b2": "19.3%", "5725f8f5ec44d21400f3d7b3": "1,388", "5725f8f5ec44d21400f3d7b4": "3.62", "5725f8f5ec44d21400f3d7b5": "3.07", "5a7b3f0f21c2de001afe9e02": "43.3%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 69,284 (43.8%", "5a7b3f0f21c2de001afe9e03": "11,698", "5a7b3f0f21c2de001afe9e04": "12,843", "5a7b3f0f21c2de001afe9e05": "1,388", "5a7b3f0f21c2de001afe9e06": "12,344 (7.8%)", "5725fabc89a1e219009ac128": "427,652", "5725fabc89a1e219009ac129": "149,025", "5725fabc89a1e219009ac12a": "8.4%", "5725fabc89a1e219009ac12b": "a third", "5725fabc89a1e219009ac12c": "4,097.9 people per square mile (1,582.2/km\u00b2", "5a7b402121c2de001afe9e0c": "Hmong", "5a7b402121c2de001afe9e0d": "97,915", "5a7b402121c2de001afe9e0e": "39.9%", "5a7b402121c2de001afe9e0f": "about a third", "5a7b402121c2de001afe9e10": "a third", "5725fb8138643c19005acf3f": "To avoid interference with existing VHF television stations", "5725fb8138643c19005acf40": "KMJ-TV", "5725fb8138643c19005acf41": "June 1, 1953", "5725fb8138643c19005acf42": "NBC affiliate KSEE", "5725fb8138643c19005acf43": "KGPE", "5a7b409721c2de001afe9e16": "VHF television", "5a7b409721c2de001afe9e17": "KMJ", "5a7b409721c2de001afe9e18": "June", "5a7b409721c2de001afe9e19": "KMJ-TV, which debuted on June 1, 1953", "5a7b409721c2de001afe9e1a": "KMPH, MNTV affiliate KAIL", "5725fcbe271a42140099d3ad": "State Route 99", "5725fcbe271a42140099d3ae": "Sierra Freeway", "5725fcbe271a42140099d3af": "Eisenhower Freeway", "5725fcbe271a42140099d3b0": "west", "5a7b44ae21c2de001afe9e20": "freeway that connects the major population centers of the California Central Valley. State Route 168, the Sierra Freeway", "5a7b44ae21c2de001afe9e21": "the city of Clovis and Huntington Lake. State Route 41 (Yosemite Freeway/Eisenhower Freeway", "5a7b44ae21c2de001afe9e22": "State Route 180 (Kings Canyon Freeway)", "5a7b44ae21c2de001afe9e23": "Yosemite Freeway", "5a7b44ae21c2de001afe9e24": "Sierra Freeway", "5725fe63ec44d21400f3d7dd": "Fresno", "5725fe63ec44d21400f3d7de": "1950s", "5725fe63ec44d21400f3d7df": "SR 99", "5725fe63ec44d21400f3d7e0": "rapidly raising population and traffic in cities along SR 99, as well as the desirability of Federal funding", "5a7b456121c2de001afe9e2a": "Fresno is the largest U.S. city", "5a7b456121c2de001afe9e2b": "the 1950s,", "5a7b456121c2de001afe9e2c": "population", "5a7b456121c2de001afe9e2d": "State Route 99. Due to rapidly raising population and traffic in cities along SR 99", "5a7b456121c2de001afe9e2e": "west", "5725ff8238643c19005acf49": "Amtrak San Joaquins. The main passenger rail station is the recently renovated historic Santa Fe Railroad Depot in Downtown Fresno", "5725ff8238643c19005acf4a": "Downtown Fresno", "5725ff8238643c19005acf4b": "Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railway and Union Pacific Railroad", "5725ff8238643c19005acf4c": "San Joaquin Valley Railroad also operates former Southern Pacific", "5725ff8238643c19005acf4d": "Fresno", "5a7b485921c2de001afe9e52": "Amtrak San Joaquins. The main passenger rail station is the recently renovated historic Santa Fe Railroad Depot in Downtown Fresno", "5a7b485921c2de001afe9e53": "Union Pacific", "5a7b485921c2de001afe9e54": "Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railway and Union Pacific", "5a7b485921c2de001afe9e55": "Southern Pacific", "5a7b485921c2de001afe9e56": "Burlington Northern Santa Fe", "5725d34089a1e219009abf50": "Distributed Adaptive Message Block Switching", "5725d34089a1e219009abf51": "provide a fault-tolerant, efficient routing method for telecommunication messages", "5725d34089a1e219009abf52": "This concept contrasted and contradicted the theretofore established principles of pre-allocation of network bandwidth", "5725d34089a1e219009abf53": "coining the modern name packet switching", "572632ceec44d21400f3dc2f": "Distributed Adaptive Message Block Switching", "572632ceec44d21400f3dc30": "to provide a fault-tolerant, efficient routing method for telecommunication messages", "572632ceec44d21400f3dc31": "Donald Davies", "5a5504e1134fea001a0e17f8": "Distributed Adaptive Message Block Switching", "5a5504e1134fea001a0e17f9": "fault-tolerant, efficient routing method for telecommunication messages", "5a5504e1134fea001a0e17fa": "US Department of Defense", "5a5504e1134fea001a0e17fb": "National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom)", "5a5504e1134fea001a0e17fc": "development of telecommunications", "5a5645196349e2001acdccfc": "research", "5a5645196349e2001acdccfd": "US Department of Defense.", "5a5645196349e2001acdccfe": "RAND Corporation, funded by the US Department of Defense", "5a5645196349e2001acdccff": "fault-tolerant, efficient routing method", "5a5645196349e2001acdcd00": "Donald Davies", "5a605197eae51e001ab14d0b": "with the goal to provide a fault-tolerant, efficient routing method for telecommunication messages", "5a605197eae51e001ab14d0c": "The new concept found little resonance among network implementers until the independent work of Donald Davies", "5a605197eae51e001ab14d0d": "Department of Defense.", "5a605197eae51e001ab14d0e": "US Department of Defense", "5a605197eae51e001ab14d0f": "This concept contrasted and contradicted the theretofore established principles of pre-allocation of network bandwidth", "5a667457846392001a1e1c2d": "Distributed Adaptive Message Block Switching", "5a667457846392001a1e1c2e": "research program", "5a667457846392001a1e1c2f": "NPL)", "5a667457846392001a1e1c30": "Donald Davies", "5a667457846392001a1e1c31": "development of telecommunications in the Bell System.", "5725d52f89a1e219009abf78": "circuit switching", "5725d52f89a1e219009abf79": "a fee per unit of connection time", "5725d52f89a1e219009abf7a": "fee per unit of information transmitted", "572634a789a1e219009ac56c": "circuit switching", "572634a789a1e219009ac56d": "dedicated network bandwidth specifically for each communication session", "572634a789a1e219009ac56e": "pre-allocates dedicated network bandwidth specifically for each communication session", "572634a789a1e219009ac56f": "a fee per unit of information transmitted", "5a55068b134fea001a0e180c": "a method which pre-allocates dedicated network bandwidth specifically for each communication session", "5a55068b134fea001a0e180d": "circuit switching", "5a55068b134fea001a0e180e": "fee per unit of information transmitted", "5a55068b134fea001a0e180f": "fee per unit of information transmitted", "5a55068b134fea001a0e1810": "constant bit rate and latency", "5a56496b6349e2001acdcd06": "fee per unit of information transmitted", "5a56496b6349e2001acdcd07": "constant", "5a56496b6349e2001acdcd08": "fee per unit of information transmitted, such as characters, packets, or messages.", "5a56496b6349e2001acdcd09": "a fee per unit of information transmitted", "5a56496b6349e2001acdcd0a": "dedicated network bandwidth", "5a60556eeae51e001ab14d15": "constant", "5a60556eeae51e001ab14d16": "fee per unit of information transmitted", "5a60556eeae51e001ab14d17": "fee per unit of information", "5a60556eeae51e001ab14d18": "even when no data is transferred", "5a667761846392001a1e1c37": "data is transferred", "5a667761846392001a1e1c38": "fee per unit of information transmitted", "5a667761846392001a1e1c39": "dedicated network bandwidth specifically for each communication session, each having a constant bit rate and latency between nodes", "5a667761846392001a1e1c3a": "constant bit rate and latency between nodes", "5726219489a1e219009ac2d0": "the packets may be delivered according to a multiple access scheme", "5726356938643c19005ad2ff": "Packet mode communication may be implemented with or without intermediate forwarding nodes", "5726356938643c19005ad300": "Packets are normally forwarded by intermediate network nodes asynchronously using first-in, first-out buffering", "5726356938643c19005ad301": "the packets may be delivered according to a multiple access scheme", "5a5507df134fea001a0e181e": "Packet mode", "5a5507df134fea001a0e181f": "a shared physical medium", "5a5507df134fea001a0e1820": "shared physical medium", "5a5507df134fea001a0e1821": "packet switches or routers", "5a5507df134fea001a0e1822": "according to a multiple access scheme.", "5a564b1e6349e2001acdcd10": "according to a multiple access scheme.", "5a564b1e6349e2001acdcd11": "according to a multiple access scheme.", "5a564b1e6349e2001acdcd12": "Packets are normally forwarded by intermediate network nodes asynchronously using first-in, first-out buffering,", "5a564b1e6349e2001acdcd13": "with or without intermediate forwarding nodes (packet switches or routers)", "5a564b1e6349e2001acdcd14": "Packet mode communication may be implemented with or without intermediate forwarding nodes (packet switches or routers", "5a6057f0eae51e001ab14d1d": "10", "5a6057f0eae51e001ab14d1e": "first-in, first-out buffering", "5a6057f0eae51e001ab14d1f": "Packet mode communication", "5a6057f0eae51e001ab14d20": "guaranteed quality of service", "5a6057f0eae51e001ab14d21": "shared physical medium", "5a66797c846392001a1e1c49": "according to a multiple access scheme.", "5a66797c846392001a1e1c4a": "first-in, first-out buffering,", "5a66797c846392001a1e1c4b": "according to a multiple access scheme.", "5a66797c846392001a1e1c4c": "asynchronously", "5a66797c846392001a1e1c4d": "weighted fair queuing", "5726249538643c19005ad07f": "the concept of distributed adaptive message block switching", "5726249538643c19005ad080": "the concept of distributed adaptive message block switching", "5726249538643c19005ad081": "decentralized network with multiple paths between any two points, dividing user messages into message blocks", "5726249538643c19005ad082": "delivery of these messages by store and forward switching", "57263677ec44d21400f3dc49": "distributed adaptive message block switching", "57263677ec44d21400f3dc4a": "Report P-2626 described a general architecture for a large-scale, distributed, survivable communications network", "57263677ec44d21400f3dc4b": "multiple paths between any two points, dividing user messages into message blocks, later called packets, and delivery of these messages by store and forward switching", "57263677ec44d21400f3dc4c": "packets", "5a5508f5134fea001a0e1828": "the concept of distributed adaptive message block switching", "5a5508f5134fea001a0e1829": "three key ideas", "5a5508f5134fea001a0e182a": "three", "5a5508f5134fea001a0e182b": "US Air Force", "5a5508f5134fea001a0e182c": "dividing user messages into message blocks", "5a564c956349e2001acdcd1a": "Baran", "5a564c956349e2001acdcd1b": "a general architecture for a large-scale, distributed, survivable communications network", "5a564c956349e2001acdcd1c": "survivable communications networks", "5a564c956349e2001acdcd1d": "store and forward switching", "5a564c956349e2001acdcd1e": "packets, and delivery of these messages by store and forward switching", "5a6059ace9e1cc001a33cd34": "1961", "5a6059ace9e1cc001a33cd35": "1962, and finally in report RM 3420 in 1964", "5a6059ace9e1cc001a33cd36": "1961 as briefing B-265, later published as RAND report P-2626", "5a6059ace9e1cc001a33cd37": "1961 as briefing B-265", "5a6059ace9e1cc001a33cd38": "1964", "5a667dae846392001a1e1c53": "the concept", "5a667dae846392001a1e1c54": "store and forward switching", "5a667dae846392001a1e1c55": "RM 3420", "5a667dae846392001a1e1c56": "distributed adaptive message block switching", "5a667dae846392001a1e1c57": "delivery of these messages by store and forward switching", "572629c6271a42140099d6a3": "independently developed the same message routing methodology as developed by Baran", "572629c6271a42140099d6a4": "packet switching", "572629c6271a42140099d6a5": "a nationwide network in the UK", "572629c6271a42140099d6a6": "ARPANET", "5726378238643c19005ad313": "Donald Davies at the National Physical Laboratory, UK, independently developed the same message routing methodology as developed by Baran", "5726378238643c19005ad314": "packet switching", "5726378238643c19005ad315": "ACM Symposium on Operating System Principles and suggested it for use in the ARPANET", "5a5509e8134fea001a0e183a": "Donald Davies", "5a5509e8134fea001a0e183c": "1967 ACM Symposium on Operating System Principles", "5a5509e8134fea001a0e183d": "packet switching", "5a5509e8134fea001a0e183e": "packet switching, a more accessible name than Baran's, and proposed to build a nationwide network", "5a605b5ee9e1cc001a33cd3e": "independently developed the same message routing methodology as developed by Baran. He called it packet switching", "5a605b5ee9e1cc001a33cd3f": "1967", "5a605b5ee9e1cc001a33cd40": "packet switching", "5a605b5ee9e1cc001a33cd41": "independently", "5a605b5ee9e1cc001a33cd42": "packet switching", "5a667f50846392001a1e1c67": "message routing methodology as developed by Baran. He called it packet switching", "5a667f50846392001a1e1c68": "the ARPANET", "5a667f50846392001a1e1c69": "a nationwide network in the UK", "5a667f50846392001a1e1c6a": "a person from the Ministry of Defence", "5a667f50846392001a1e1c6b": "packet switching,", "5726385e271a42140099d797": "complete addressing information", "5726385e271a42140099d798": "The packets are routed individually", "5726385e271a42140099d799": "Each packet is labeled with a destination address, source address, and port numbers", "5726385e271a42140099d79a": "At the destination, the original message/data is reassembled in the correct order, based on the packet sequence number", "5a550b52134fea001a0e1844": "The packets are routed individually", "5a550b52134fea001a0e1845": "Each packet is dispatched and may go via different routes", "5a550b52134fea001a0e1846": "The packets are routed individually", "5a550b52134fea001a0e1847": "At the destination", "5a550b52134fea001a0e1848": "a virtual connection, also known as a virtual circuit or byte stream is provided to the end-user by a transport layer protocol", "5a605cdce9e1cc001a33cd48": "In connectionless mode each packet includes complete addressing information", "5a605cdce9e1cc001a33cd49": "the original message/data is reassembled in the correct order, based on the packet sequence number", "5a605cdce9e1cc001a33cd4a": "sometimes resulting in different paths and out-of-order delivery", "5a605cdce9e1cc001a33cd4c": "based on the packet sequence number", "5a668172f038b7001ab0bef8": "a destination address, source address, and port numbers.", "5a668172f038b7001ab0bef9": "The packets are routed individually", "5a668172f038b7001ab0befa": "to help the packet find its way to its destination,", "5a668172f038b7001ab0befb": "addressing information", "5726398589a1e219009ac588": "Connection-oriented transmission requires a setup phase in each involved node before any packet is transferred to establish the parameters of communication", "5726398589a1e219009ac589": "The packets include a connection identifier rather than address information", "5726398589a1e219009ac58a": "connection id in a table", "5726398589a1e219009ac58b": "The packet header can be small", "5a550c52134fea001a0e1856": "establish the parameters of communication", "5a550c52134fea001a0e1857": "in order", "5a550c52134fea001a0e1858": "Routing a packet requires the node to look up the connection id", "5a550c52134fea001a0e1859": "look up the connection id in a table.", "5a550c52134fea001a0e185a": "service parameters", "5a605eaae9e1cc001a33cd52": "in order and with error checking.", "5a605eaae9e1cc001a33cd53": "The packet header can be small", "5a605eaae9e1cc001a33cd54": "look up the connection id", "5a605eaae9e1cc001a33cd55": "Address information is only transferred to each node during the connection set-up phase", "5a605eaae9e1cc001a33cd56": "the route to the destination is discovered and an entry is added to the switching table in each network node through which the connection passes", "5a66850bf038b7001ab0bf3c": "during the connection set-up phase,", "5a66850bf038b7001ab0bf3d": "a setup phase in each involved node before any packet is transferred", "5a66850bf038b7001ab0bf3e": "The packet header can be small, as it only needs to contain this code and any information, such as length, timestamp, or sequence number", "5a66850bf038b7001ab0bf3f": "Acceptable values for service parameters", "57263b1638643c19005ad333": "a handshake between the communicating parties before any user packets are transmitted", "57263b1638643c19005ad334": "provide connection-oriented operations", "57263b1638643c19005ad335": "Internet Protocol (IP)", "57263b1638643c19005ad336": "A typical configuration is to run IP over ATM or a version of MPLS", "5a550e6f134fea001a0e187e": "connection-oriented at layer two,", "5a550e6f134fea001a0e187f": "data link layer", "5a550e6f134fea001a0e1880": "connection-oriented handshake", "5a550e6f134fea001a0e1881": "the lower three layers of the OSI Model", "5a550e6f134fea001a0e1882": "UNI", "5a668682f038b7001ab0bf4e": "connection-oriented handshake", "5a668682f038b7001ab0bf4f": "conventional HDLC-type link management procedures.", "5a668682f038b7001ab0bf50": "between nodes on a link", "5a668682f038b7001ab0bf51": "1980s and early 1990s", "5a668682f038b7001ab0bf52": "by using the HDLC/LAPD/LAPB Set Asynchronous Balanced Mode", "57263c78ec44d21400f3dc7b": "1969", "57263c78ec44d21400f3dc7c": "Two fundamental differences", "57263c78ec44d21400f3dc7d": "sequenced delivery of data to the host", "57263c78ec44d21400f3dc7e": "In the virtual call system", "5a550f98134fea001a0e189c": "about twenty", "5a550f98134fea001a0e189d": "X.25", "5a550f98134fea001a0e189e": "host interface with less functionality", "5a550f98134fea001a0e189f": "virtual call system", "5a550f98134fea001a0e18a0": "the division of functions and tasks between the hosts at the edge of the network and the network core", "5a6688fcf038b7001ab0bf6c": "twenty different", "5a6688fcf038b7001ab0bf6d": "sequenced delivery of data", "5a6688fcf038b7001ab0bf6e": "X.25", "5a6688fcf038b7001ab0bf6f": "sequenced delivery of data", "57263cfcec44d21400f3dc8d": "a proprietary suite of networking protocols developed by Apple Inc. in 1985 for Apple Macintosh computers", "57263cfcec44d21400f3dc8e": "allowed local area networks to be established ad hoc without the requirement for a centralized router or server", "57263cfcec44d21400f3dc8f": "addresses", "57263cfcec44d21400f3dc90": "plug-n-play", "5a55106f134fea001a0e18ae": "AppleTalk", "5a55106f134fea001a0e18af": "for Apple Macintosh computers", "5a55106f134fea001a0e18b0": "automatically assigned addresses, updated the distributed namespace, and configured any required inter-network routing", "5a55106f134fea001a0e18b1": "AppleTalk", "5a55106f134fea001a0e18b2": "It was the primary protocol used by Apple devices", "5a668b1df038b7001ab0bf88": "Apple Macintosh computers", "5a668b1df038b7001ab0bf89": "ad hoc", "5a668b1df038b7001ab0bf8a": "plug-n-play system.", "5a668b1df038b7001ab0bf8b": "AppleTalk system", "57263dcd89a1e219009ac5a2": "The CYCLADES packet switching network was a French research network designed and directed by Louis Pouzin", "57263dcd89a1e219009ac5a3": "It was the first network to make the hosts responsible for reliable delivery of data, rather than the network itself", "57263dcd89a1e219009ac5a4": "the first network to make the hosts responsible for reliable delivery of data, rather than the network itself, using unreliable datagrams", "57263dcd89a1e219009ac5a5": "ARPANET architecture", "5a55114d134fea001a0e18c2": "The CYCLADES packet switching network", "5a55114d134fea001a0e18c3": "first network to make the hosts responsible for reliable delivery of data", "5a55114d134fea001a0e18c4": "The CYCLADES packet switching network", "5a55114d134fea001a0e18c5": "The CYCLADES", "5a55114d134fea001a0e18c6": "reliable delivery of data", "5a668c1af038b7001ab0bfa4": "Louis Pouzin.", "5a668c1af038b7001ab0bfa5": "to explore alternatives to the early ARPANET design and to support network research generally", "5a668c1af038b7001ab0bfa6": "reliable delivery of data", "5a668c1af038b7001ab0bfa7": "unreliable datagrams and associated end-to-end protocol mechanisms", "57263ea0271a42140099d7c3": "DECnet is a suite of network protocols created by Digital Equipment Corporation", "57263ea0271a42140099d7c4": "to connect two PDP-11 minicomputers", "57263ea0271a42140099d7c5": "seven-layer", "57263ea0271a42140099d7c6": "open standards with published specifications", "5a551230134fea001a0e18cc": "a suite of network protocols created by Digital Equipment Corporation, originally released in 1975 in order to connect two PDP-11 minicomputers", "5a551230134fea001a0e18cd": "network architectures,", "5a551230134fea001a0e18ce": "network", "5a551230134fea001a0e18cf": "network protocols", "5a551230134fea001a0e18d0": "Linux", "5a668d25f038b7001ab0bfac": "to connect two PDP-11 minicomputers", "5a668d25f038b7001ab0bfad": "seven-layer", "5a668d25f038b7001ab0bfae": "DECnet", "5a668d25f038b7001ab0bfaf": "Digital Equipment Corporation. However, DECnet Phase II", "5a668d25f038b7001ab0bfb0": "one of the first peer-to-peer network architectures", "57263fd138643c19005ad37b": "a high-level marketing manager", "57263fd138643c19005ad37c": "GE", "57263fd138643c19005ad37d": "They lost money from the beginning", "57263fd138643c19005ad37e": "a time-sharing system", "5a551328134fea001a0e18d6": "the centers were computer service bureaus, offering batch processing services", "5a551328134fea001a0e18d7": "Kemney's work", "5a551328134fea001a0e18d8": "computer time-sharing service", "5a551328134fea001a0e18d9": "a high-level marketing manager, was given the job of turning the business around. He decided that a time-sharing system", "5a551328134fea001a0e18da": "a time-sharing system", "5a668e55f038b7001ab0bfcb": "Schenectady, Phoenix, Chicago, and Phoenix) to facilitate a computer time-sharing service", "5a668e55f038b7001ab0bfcc": "Dartmouth", "5a668e55f038b7001ab0bfcd": "Dartmouth\u2014which used a computer on loan from GE", "5726414e271a42140099d7e5": "to help the state's educational and economic development", "5726414e271a42140099d7e6": "connections to the CDC mainframe at Michigan State University in East Lansing completed the triad", "5726414e271a42140099d7e7": "All of this set the stage for Merit's role in the NSFNET project", "5a551492134fea001a0e18e0": "computer networking between three of Michigan's public universities", "5a551492134fea001a0e18e1": "University of Michigan in Ann Arbor and Wayne State University in Detroit", "5a551492134fea001a0e18e2": "Michigan Educational Research Information Triad to explore computer networking between three of Michigan's public universities", "5a551492134fea001a0e18e3": "NSFNET project", "5a551492134fea001a0e18e4": "additional public universities in Michigan join the network", "5a668fc9f038b7001ab0bfe6": "Michigan State University in East Lansing", "5a668fc9f038b7001ab0bfe7": "1966", "5a668fc9f038b7001ab0bfe8": "to help the state's educational and economic development", "5a668fc9f038b7001ab0bfe9": "NSFNET project starting", "5a668fc9f038b7001ab0bfea": "host to host interactive connections the network was enhanced to support terminal to host connections", "57264228ec44d21400f3dcf5": "Telenet was the first FCC-licensed public data network in the United States", "57264228ec44d21400f3dcf6": "Larry Roberts", "57264228ec44d21400f3dcf7": "as a means of making ARPANET technology public", "57264228ec44d21400f3dcf8": "changed the host interface to X.25 and the terminal interface to X.29", "57264228ec44d21400f3dcf9": "GTE", "5a55157f134fea001a0e18ea": "Larry Roberts", "5a55157f134fea001a0e18eb": "making ARPANET technology public", "5a55157f134fea001a0e18ec": "Telenet", "5a55157f134fea001a0e18ed": "GTE", "5a55157f134fea001a0e18ee": "this was incompatible with their future", "5a6690d6f038b7001ab0bff0": "ARPANET technology", "5a6690d6f038b7001ab0bff1": "former ARPA IPTO director Larry Roberts as a means of making ARPANET technology public. He had tried to interest AT&T", "5a6690d6f038b7001ab0bff2": "this was incompatible with their future.", "5a6690d6f038b7001ab0bff3": "Telenet", "5726431aec44d21400f3dd13": "Tymnet was an international data communications network", "5726431aec44d21400f3dd14": "host computers (servers)at thousands of large companies, educational institutions, and government agencies", "5726431aec44d21400f3dd15": "Users typically connected via dial-up connections or dedicated async connections", "5726431aec44d21400f3dd16": "build their own dedicated networks.", "5726431aec44d21400f3dd17": "The private networks were often connected via gateways to the public network to reach locations not on the private network.", "5a55167b134fea001a0e18fe": "large companies, educational institutions, and government agencies", "5a55167b134fea001a0e18ff": "to reach locations not on the private network", "5a55167b134fea001a0e1900": "Another employee", "5a55167b134fea001a0e1901": "Users", "5a55167b134fea001a0e1902": "large companies, educational institutions", "5a6694dbf038b7001ab0c002": "Tymnet was an international data communications network", "5a6694dbf038b7001ab0c003": "build their own dedicated networks.", "5a6694dbf038b7001ab0c004": "via gateways to the public network", "5a6694dbf038b7001ab0c005": "virtual call packet switched technology and used X.25, SNA/SDLC, BSC and ASCII interfaces to connect host computers", "5a6694dbf038b7001ab0c006": "government agencies and large companies (mostly banks and airlines)", "572643de5951261400b5195a": "two kinds of X.25 networks", "572643de5951261400b5195b": "DATAPAC was developed by Bell Northern Research", "572643de5951261400b5195c": "A user or host could call a host", "5a551a65134fea001a0e191c": "DATAPAC and TRANSPAC", "5a551a65134fea001a0e191d": "DATAPAC clones", "5a551a65134fea001a0e191e": "call a host on a foreign network by including the DNIC of the remote network as part of the destination address", "5a551a65134fea001a0e191f": "DATAPAC clones", "5a551a65134fea001a0e1920": "X.75 and X.121 allowed the interconnection of national X.25 networks", "5a6695e8f038b7001ab0c016": "to provide a X.25 host interface in addition to older host connection schemes", "5a6695e8f038b7001ab0c017": "Bell Canada (a common carrier) and Northern Telecom (a telecommunications equipment supplier)", "5a6695e8f038b7001ab0c018": "Deutsche Bundespost.", "5a6695e8f038b7001ab0c019": "X.25 external interface. Some older networks such as TELENET and TYMNET were modified to provide a X.25", "5a6695e8f038b7001ab0c01a": "interconnection of national X.25 networks", "5726446a89cfff1900a8404d": "AUSTPAC was an Australian public X.25 network operated by Telstra", "5726446a89cfff1900a8404e": "applications such as on-line betting, financial applications", "5726446a89cfff1900a8404f": "Access can be via a dial-up terminal to a PAD, or, by linking a permanent X.25 node to the network", "5a551d87134fea001a0e1944": "AUSTPAC", "5a551d87134fea001a0e1945": "AUSTPAC", "5a551d87134fea001a0e1946": "via a dial-up terminal to a PAD, or, by linking a permanent X.25 node to the network", "5a551d87134fea001a0e1947": "academic institutions", "5a551d87134fea001a0e1948": "financial applications", "5a6696d0f038b7001ab0c020": "AUSTPAC was an Australian public X.25 network operated by Telstra. Started by Telecom Australia", "5a6696d0f038b7001ab0c021": "financial applications", "5a6696d0f038b7001ab0c022": "on-line betting, financial applications", "5a6696d0f038b7001ab0c023": "AUSTPAC", "57264586f1498d1400e8dac6": "Datanet 1 was the public switched data network operated by the Dutch PTT Telecom", "57264586f1498d1400e8dac7": "Datanet 1 only referred to the network and the connected users via leased lines", "57264586f1498d1400e8dac8": "the name also referred to the public PAD service Telepad", "57264586f1498d1400e8dac9": "this use of the name was incorrect", "5a552252134fea001a0e1962": "all these services were managed by the same people within one department", "5a552252134fea001a0e1963": "the public PAD service Telepad", "5a552252134fea001a0e1964": "public switched data network", "5a552252134fea001a0e1965": "use of the name", "5a552252134fea001a0e1966": "the same people within one department", "5a669800f038b7001ab0c03c": "DNIC 2049).", "5a669800f038b7001ab0c03d": "Videotex service", "5a669800f038b7001ab0c03e": "Datanet 1 was the public switched data network operated by the Dutch PTT Telecom", "5a669800f038b7001ab0c03f": "the same people", "5726462b708984140094c117": "The Computer Science Network (CSNET) was a computer network funded by the U.S. National Science Foundation", "5726462b708984140094c118": "to extend networking benefits, for computer science departments at academic and research institutions that could not be directly connected to ARPANET", "5726462b708984140094c119": "Computer Science Network (CSNET", "5a55234d134fea001a0e1974": "The Computer Science Network (CSNET", "5a55234d134fea001a0e1975": "The Computer Science Network (CSNET", "5a55234d134fea001a0e1976": "computer science departments at academic and research institutions", "5a55234d134fea001a0e1977": "NSF)", "5a55234d134fea001a0e1978": "ARPANET", "5a669a2cf038b7001ab0c044": "The Computer Science Network (CSNET)", "5a669a2cf038b7001ab0c045": "to extend networking benefits, for computer science departments at academic and research institutions that could not be directly connected to ARPANET", "5a669a2cf038b7001ab0c046": "funding or authorization limitations", "5a669a2cf038b7001ab0c047": "spreading awareness of, and access to, national networking and was a major milestone on the path to development of the global Internet", "5a669a2cf038b7001ab0c048": "global Internet.", "5726472bdd62a815002e8042": "Internet2 is a not-for-profit United States computer networking consortium led by members from the research and education communities, industry, and government", "5726472bdd62a815002e8043": "Qwest, built the first Internet2 Network, called Abilene, in 1998", "5726472bdd62a815002e8044": "Abilene", "5726472bdd62a815002e8045": "Qwest, built the first Internet2 Network, called Abilene, in 1998", "5726472bdd62a815002e8046": "Internet2 Network", "5a55242b134fea001a0e197e": "Internet2 community, in partnership with Qwest, built the first Internet2 Network, called Abilene, in 1998", "5a55242b134fea001a0e197f": "a brand new nationwide network, boosting its capacity from 10 Gbit/s to 100 Gbit/s", "5a55242b134fea001a0e1980": "Internet2 Network.", "5a55242b134fea001a0e1981": "Internet2 Network", "5a55242b134fea001a0e1982": "National LambdaRail (NLR)", "5a669b3df038b7001ab0c04e": "Abilene, in 1998 and was a prime investor in the National LambdaRail", "5a669b3df038b7001ab0c04f": "Level 3 Communications", "5a669b3df038b7001ab0c050": "Qwest", "5a669b3df038b7001ab0c051": "National LambdaRail (NLR)", "572647e2dd62a815002e805c": "The National Science Foundation Network", "572647e2dd62a815002e805d": "advanced research and education networking in the United States", "572647e2dd62a815002e805e": "it developed into a major part of the Internet backbone.", "5a552578134fea001a0e1990": "The National Science Foundation Network (NSFNET) was a program of coordinated, evolving projects sponsored by the National Science Foundation", "5a552578134fea001a0e1991": "Internet backbone.", "5a552578134fea001a0e1992": "link researchers to the nation's NSF-funded supercomputing centers", "5a552578134fea001a0e1993": "Internet backbone", "5a552578134fea001a0e1994": "The National Science Foundation Network (NSFNET)", "5a669ca9f038b7001ab0c056": "advanced research and education networking", "5a669ca9f038b7001ab0c057": "a major part of the Internet backbone.", "5a669ca9f038b7001ab0c058": "NSFNET", "5a669ca9f038b7001ab0c059": "to link researchers to the nation's NSF-funded supercomputing centers,", "572648d1708984140094c15d": "Very high-speed Backbone Network Service", "572648d1708984140094c15e": "went on to upgrade the entire backbone to OC-48c", "572648d1708984140094c15f": "MCI Telecommunications", "572648d1708984140094c160": "more than 100", "572648d1708984140094c161": "one of the first ever production OC-48c (2.5 Gbit/s) IP links in February 1999", "5a55319c134fea001a0e19ba": "NSF-sponsored supercomputing centers", "5a55319c134fea001a0e19bb": "MCI Telecommunications", "5a55319c134fea001a0e19bc": "NSF.", "5a55319c134fea001a0e19bd": "OC-12c (622 Mbit/s) links on an all OC-12c backbone", "5a55319c134fea001a0e19be": "1999", "5a669d5cf038b7001ab0c05e": "to provide high-speed interconnection between NSF-sponsored supercomputing centers and select access points", "5a669d5cf038b7001ab0c05f": "MCI", "5a669d5cf038b7001ab0c060": "100 universities", "5a669d5cf038b7001ab0c061": "1999", "5a669d5cf038b7001ab0c062": "12 national points of presence", "57264684708984140094c123": "Central Asia", "57264684708984140094c124": "it was most likely carried by Oriental rat fleas living on the black rats that were regular passengers on merchant ships", "57264684708984140094c125": "30\u201360%", "57264684708984140094c126": "17th century", "57264684708984140094c127": "The plague recurred occasionally in Europe until the 19th century", "5a2eb84ba83784001a7d241f": "1343.", "5a2eb84ba83784001a7d2420": "carried by Oriental rat fleas", "5a2eb84ba83784001a7d2421": "30\u20136", "5a2eb84ba83784001a7d2422": "30\u20136", "5a2eb84ba83784001a7d2423": "1343.", "572647935951b619008f6ec9": "commonly present", "572647935951b619008f6eca": "1338\u201339", "572647935951b619008f6ecb": "China", "572647935951b619008f6ecc": "1331", "572647935951b619008f6ecd": "25 million", "5a2eb95ca83784001a7d2429": "1338", "5a2eb95ca83784001a7d242a": "13th century Mongol conquest", "5a2eb95ca83784001a7d242b": "25", "5a2eb95ca83784001a7d242c": "Constantinople", "5a2eb95ca83784001a7d242d": "enzootic", "57264845f1498d1400e8db0a": "Genoese traders", "57264845f1498d1400e8db0b": "Mongol army under Jani Beg", "57264845f1498d1400e8db0c": "infected corpses", "57264845f1498d1400e8db0d": "Sicily and the south of Europe", "57264845f1498d1400e8db0e": "war, famine, and weather", "5a2eba17a83784001a7d2433": "1347", "5a2eba17a83784001a7d2434": "1347", "5a2eba17a83784001a7d2435": "Genoese traders", "5a2eba17a83784001a7d2436": "Kaffa in the Crimea", "5a2eba17a83784001a7d2437": "Mongol army", "572648ed5951b619008f6f03": "northwest", "572648ed5951b619008f6f04": "Russia", "572648ed5951b619008f6f05": "smaller trade relations with their neighbours", "572648ed5951b619008f6f06": "east through Germany and Scandinavia", "572648ed5951b619008f6f07": "1349", "5a2ebaada83784001a7d243d": "June 1348", "5a2ebaada83784001a7d243e": "Norway", "5a2ebaada83784001a7d243f": "1351", "5a2ebaada83784001a7d2440": "neighbours,", "5a2ebaada83784001a7d2441": "Kingdom of Poland, the majority of the Basque Country, isolated parts of Belgium and the Netherlands", "57264991f1498d1400e8db2e": "serious depopulation and permanent change in both economic and social structures", "57264991f1498d1400e8db2f": "autumn 1347", "57264991f1498d1400e8db30": "through the port's trade with Constantinople, and ports on the Black Sea", "57264991f1498d1400e8db31": "the north", "5a2ebb5fa83784001a7d2447": "1347", "5a2ebb5fa83784001a7d2448": "the north", "5a2ebb5fa83784001a7d2449": "1348\u201349,", "5a2ebb5fa83784001a7d244a": "Alexandria", "5a2ebb5fa83784001a7d244b": "Syria", "57264a74708984140094c18b": "Gasquet", "57264a74708984140094c18c": "atra mors", "57264a74708984140094c18d": "Gasquet", "57264a74708984140094c18e": "1823", "57264a74708984140094c18f": "Scandinavia and then Germany", "5a2ec431a83784001a7d2451": "1908", "5a2ec431a83784001a7d2452": "1823", "5a2ec431a83784001a7d2453": "1631", "5a2ec431a83784001a7d2454": "", "5a2ec431a83784001a7d2455": "Black Death", "57264b3edd62a815002e80aa": "the heavens", "57264b3edd62a815002e80ab": "the king of France", "57264b3edd62a815002e80ac": "Miasma theory", "57264b3edd62a815002e80ad": "Miasma theory", "5a2ec55da83784001a7d245b": "Paris in a report to the king of France that blamed the heavens, in the form of a conjunction of three planets in 1345", "5a2ec55da83784001a7d245c": "bad air", "5a2ec55da83784001a7d245d": "45", "5a2ec55da83784001a7d245e": "13", "57264c42dd62a815002e80c6": "Yersinia pestis", "57264c42dd62a815002e80c7": "Hong Kong in 1894", "57264c42dd62a815002e80c8": "Alexandre Yersin", "57264c42dd62a815002e80c9": "The mechanism by which Y. pestis was usually transmitted", "57264c42dd62a815002e80ca": "two populations of rodents", "5a2ec77ba83784001a7d2463": "1865, eventually spreading to India", "5a2ec77ba83784001a7d2464": "1894, among whom was the French-Swiss bacteriologist Alexandre Yersin", "5a2ec77ba83784001a7d2465": "1894, among whom was the French", "5a2ec77ba83784001a7d2466": "Paul-Louis Simond", "5a2ec77ba83784001a7d2467": "Alexandre Yersin", "57264cc6dd62a815002e80e4": "Francis Aidan Gasquet", "57264cc6dd62a815002e80e5": "some form of the ordinary Eastern or bubonic plague", "57264cc6dd62a815002e80e6": "1908", "57264cc6dd62a815002e80e7": "rats and fleas", "57264cc6dd62a815002e80e8": "Justinian plague", "5a2ec82fa83784001a7d246d": "1893", "5a2ec82fa83784001a7d246e": "541 to 700 CE", "5a2ec82fa83784001a7d246f": "Great Pestilence' in 1893 and suggested that \"it would appear to be some form of the ordinary Eastern or bubonic plague", "5a2ec82fa83784001a7d2470": "1908", "57264d58f1498d1400e8db7a": "30\u201375%", "57264d58f1498d1400e8db7b": "100\u2013106", "57264d58f1498d1400e8db7c": "80 percent", "57264d58f1498d1400e8db7d": "90 to 95 percent", "57264d58f1498d1400e8db7e": "purple skin patches (purpura", "5a2ec98aa83784001a7d2477": "Septicemic plague", "5a2ec98aa83784001a7d2478": "100\u2013106 \u00b0F", "5a2ec98aa83784001a7d2479": "100\u2013106 \u00b0F", "5a2ec98aa83784001a7d247a": "Septicemic plague", "5a2ec98aa83784001a7d247b": "eight days. Pneumonic plague has a mortality rate of 90 to 95", "57264e2f708984140094c1e1": "October 2010", "57264e2f708984140094c1e2": "the role of Yersinia pestis in the Black Death", "57264e2f708984140094c1e3": "Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR", "57264e2f708984140094c1e4": "tooth sockets in human skeletons", "57264e2f708984140094c1e5": "unambiguously demonstrates that Y. pestis was the causative agent", "5a2eca47a83784001a7d2481": "2010,", "5a2eca47a83784001a7d2482": "France", "5a2eca47a83784001a7d2483": "2010", "5a2eca47a83784001a7d2484": "PLoS Pathogens", "5a2eca47a83784001a7d2485": "October", "57264f18f1498d1400e8dbae": "genetic branches", "57264f18f1498d1400e8dbaf": "Y. p. orientalis and Y. p. medievalis", "57264f18f1498d1400e8dbb0": "the plague may have entered Europe in two waves", "57264f18f1498d1400e8dbb1": "through the port of Marseille around November 1347", "57264f18f1498d1400e8dbb2": "spring of 1349", "5a2ecb43a83784001a7d248b": "1347 and spread through France over the next two years, eventually reaching England in the spring of 1349", "5a2ecb43a83784001a7d248c": "1349", "5a2ecb43a83784001a7d248d": "Norway, the Hanseatic cities", "5a2ecb43a83784001a7d248e": "spring of 1349", "5a2ecb43a83784001a7d248f": "France and England", "57264fe65951b619008f6fa1": "confirmed and amended", "57264fe65951b619008f6fa2": "England", "57264fe65951b619008f6fa3": "no longer exist", "57264fe65951b619008f6fa4": "October 2011", "5a2ecbe9a83784001a7d2495": "Haensch", "5a2ecbe9a83784001a7d2496": "Schuenemann", "5a2ecbe9a83784001a7d2497": "Haensch", "5a2ecbe9a83784001a7d2498": "2011 sequenced the genome", "5726509bdd62a815002e815a": "J. F. D. Shrewsbury", "5726509bdd62a815002e815b": "reported rates of mortality in rural areas during the 14th-century pandemic were inconsistent with the modern bubonic plague", "5726509bdd62a815002e815c": "contemporary accounts were exaggerations", "5726509bdd62a815002e815d": "the first major work to challenge the bubonic plague theory directly", "5726509bdd62a815002e815e": "Samuel K. Cohn, Jr.", "5a2eccc9a83784001a7d249f": "J. F. D. Shrewsbury in 1970", "5a2eccc9a83784001a7d24a0": "authors, including Samuel K. Cohn, Jr. (2002", "5a2eccc9a83784001a7d24a1": "zoologist", "5a2eccc9a83784001a7d24a2": "Graham Twigg", "5a2eccc9a83784001a7d24a3": "2002", "5726516a708984140094c223": "an epidemiological account of the plague", "5726516a708984140094c224": "lack of reliable statistics", "5726516a708984140094c225": "over 100%", "5726516a708984140094c226": "figures from the clergy.", "5726516a708984140094c227": "between the time of publication of the Domesday Book and the year 1377", "5a2ecd6da83784001a7d24a9": "England, and even estimates of overall population at the start vary by over 100%", "5a2ecd6da83784001a7d24aa": "1377.", "5a2ecd6da83784001a7d24ab": "the spread of the plague in England", "5a2ecd6da83784001a7d24ac": "1377.", "57265285708984140094c25b": "lack of accounts of the death of rats", "57265285708984140094c25c": "marginal significance", "57265285708984140094c25d": "temperatures that are too cold in northern Europe for the survival of fleas", "57265285708984140094c25e": "faster", "57265285708984140094c25f": "5 to 15 years", "5a2eced7a83784001a7d24b1": "17th centuries", "5a2eced7a83784001a7d24b2": "temperatures that are too cold in northern Europe", "5a2eced7a83784001a7d24b3": "primitive transport systems, the spread of the Black Death was much faster than that of modern bubonic plague", "5a2eced7a83784001a7d24b4": "5 to 15 years", "5a2eced7a83784001a7d24b5": "5", "5726534d708984140094c26d": "the cause was a form of anthrax", "5726534d708984140094c26e": "thought it may have been a combination of anthrax and other pandemics", "5726534d708984140094c26f": "typhus, smallpox and respiratory infections", "5726534d708984140094c270": "a type of \"blood poisoning\"", "5726534d708984140094c271": "25 bodies exhumed from the Clerkenwell area of London", "5a2ecfb1a83784001a7d24c5": "Twigg suggested that the cause was a form of anthrax,", "5a2ecfb1a83784001a7d24c6": "Norman Cantor (2001) thought it may have been a combination of anthrax and other pandemics.", "5a2ecfb1a83784001a7d24c7": "Barney Sloane", "5a2ecfb1a83784001a7d24c8": "2001", "5a2ecfb1a83784001a7d24c9": "Twigg suggested that the cause was a form of anthrax", "5726542ff1498d1400e8dc28": "about a third", "5726542ff1498d1400e8dc29": "Half", "5726542ff1498d1400e8dc2a": "Christian burials", "5726542ff1498d1400e8dc2b": "50%", "5726542ff1498d1400e8dc2c": "isolated areas", "5a2ed0a0a83784001a7d24cf": "40% of Egypt's population", "5a2ed0a0a83784001a7d24d0": "Germany", "5a2ed0a0a83784001a7d24d1": "Germany", "5a2ed0a0a83784001a7d24d2": "40%", "5a2ed0a0a83784001a7d24d3": "the most isolated areas", "572654e2708984140094c2b7": "14th to 17th centuries. According to Biraben, the plague was present somewhere in Europe in every year between 1346 and 1671", "572654e2708984140094c2b8": "the plague was present somewhere in Europe in every year between 1346 and 1671", "572654e2708984140094c2b9": "almost a million", "5a2ed136a83784001a7d24d9": "Biraben, the plague was present somewhere in Europe in every year between 1346 and 1671", "5a2ed136a83784001a7d24da": "Second", "5a2ed136a83784001a7d24db": "France alone lost almost a million people to the plague in the epidemic of 1628\u201331", "5a2ed136a83784001a7d24dc": "Europe", "5a2ed136a83784001a7d24dd": "almost a million people to the plague in the epidemic of 1628\u201331", "5726559edd62a815002e81c8": "propose a range of preincident population figures", "5726559edd62a815002e81c9": "end of 1350", "5726559edd62a815002e81ca": "10\u201315% of the population", "5726559edd62a815002e81cb": "1665", "5a2ed246a83784001a7d24e3": "20%", "5a2ed246a83784001a7d24e4": "20%", "5a2ed246a83784001a7d24e5": "13", "5a2ed246a83784001a7d24e6": "7 million to as low as 4 million in 1300, and a postincident population figure as low as 2 million", "5a2ed246a83784001a7d24e7": "20%", "57265642f1498d1400e8dc68": "40,000", "57265642f1498d1400e8dc69": "Russia", "57265642f1498d1400e8dc6a": "22", "57265642f1498d1400e8dc6b": "Italian Plague of 1629\u20131631", "57265642f1498d1400e8dc6c": "1654", "5a2ed354a83784001a7d24ed": "30", "5a2ed354a83784001a7d24ee": "50,000 in Venice, almost a third of the population. Late outbreaks in central Europe included the Italian Plague of 1629\u20131631", "5a2ed354a83784001a7d24ef": "almost a third", "5a2ed354a83784001a7d24f0": "Italian Plague of 1629\u20131631, which is associated with troop movements during the Thirty Years' War", "5a2ed354a83784001a7d24f1": "Over 60%", "57265700dd62a815002e820e": "1.7 million", "57265700dd62a815002e820f": "300,000", "57265700dd62a815002e8210": "half", "57265700dd62a815002e8211": "Sweden v. Russia and allies", "57265700dd62a815002e8212": "1720", "5a2ed42fa83784001a7d24f7": "Spain", "5a2ed42fa83784001a7d24f8": "Sweden v. Russia and allies) killed about 100,000 in Sweden", "5a2ed42fa83784001a7d24f9": "about 14% of the population", "5a2ed42fa83784001a7d24fa": "300,000", "5a2ed42fa83784001a7d24fb": "Sweden, and 300,000 in Prussia", "5726577f708984140094c301": "1500 and 1850", "5726577f708984140094c302": "30 to 50 thousand", "5726577f708984140094c303": "until the second quarter of the 19th century", "5726577f708984140094c304": "two-thirds of its population", "5a2ed525a83784001a7d2501": "1500", "5a2ed525a83784001a7d2502": "thirty-seven", "5a2ed525a83784001a7d2503": "second quarter of the 19th century", "5a2ed525a83784001a7d2504": "thirty-seven larger and smaller epidemics were recorded in Constantinople, and an additional thirty-one", "5a2ed525a83784001a7d2505": "thirty-seven", "572657d9dd62a815002e8230": "melt (magma and/or lava", "572657d9dd62a815002e8231": "metamorphic rock", "572657d9dd62a815002e8232": "a new magma", "572657d9dd62a815002e8233": "igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic", "572657d9dd62a815002e8234": "heat and pressure", "5a57c667770dc0001aeefd66": "igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. The rock cycle", "5a57c667770dc0001aeefd67": "The rock cycle is an important concept in geology which illustrates the relationships between these three types of rock, and magma", "5a57c667770dc0001aeefd68": "melt (magma and/or lava), it is an igneous rock", "5a57c667770dc0001aeefd69": "heat and pressure that change the mineral content of the rock", "5a57c667770dc0001aeefd6a": "fabric.", "5a58cfd63e1742001a15ce32": "The rock cycle", "5a58cfd63e1742001a15ce33": "igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic", "5a58cfd63e1742001a15ce34": "redeposited and lithified into a sedimentary rock", "5a58cfd63e1742001a15ce35": "mineral content", "5a58cfd63e1742001a15ce36": "mineral content", "57265d08708984140094c397": "seafloor spreading", "57265d08708984140094c398": "the crust and rigid uppermost portion of the upper mantle", "57265d08708984140094c399": "asthenosphere", "57265d08708984140094c39a": "the convecting mantle", "57265d08708984140094c39b": "1960s", "5a57ca90770dc0001aeefd70": "1960s", "5a57ca90770dc0001aeefd71": "plate tectonics.", "5a57ca90770dc0001aeefd72": "the same", "5a57ca90770dc0001aeefd73": "the oceanic lithosphere", "5a57ca90770dc0001aeefd74": "convection", "5a58d33e3e1742001a15ce3c": "plate tectonics", "5a58d33e3e1742001a15ce3d": "because the oceanic lithosphere is the rigid upper thermal boundary layer", "5a58d33e3e1742001a15ce3e": "oceanic l", "5a58d33e3e1742001a15ce3f": "1960s,", "5a58d33e3e1742001a15ce40": "asthenosphere", "57265f605951b619008f70db": "divergent boundaries", "57265f605951b619008f70dc": "convergent boundaries", "57265f605951b619008f70dd": "Transform boundaries, such as the San Andreas fault system", "57265f605951b619008f70de": "Alfred Wegener", "57265f605951b619008f70df": "convecting", "5a57cc97770dc0001aeefd84": "resulted in widespread powerful earthquakes.", "5a57cc97770dc0001aeefd86": "divergent boundaries", "5a57cc97770dc0001aeefd87": "earthquakes.", "5a57cc97770dc0001aeefd88": "San Andreas fault system, resulted in widespread powerful earthquakes", "5a58db973e1742001a15ce4e": "Plate tectonics also provided a mechanism for Alfred Wegener's theory of continental drift", "5a58db973e1742001a15ce4f": "how the lithosphere moves over the convecting mantle.", "5a58db973e1742001a15ce50": "Mid-ocean ridges", "5a58db973e1742001a15ce51": "Alfred Wegener's theory of continental drift, in which the continents move across the surface of the Earth over geologic time", "5a58db973e1742001a15ce52": "convergent boundaries", "57266193dd62a815002e832a": "seismic waves in reverse", "57266193dd62a815002e832b": "crust and lithosphere", "57266193dd62a815002e832c": "the mantle below (separated within itself by seismic discontinuities at 410 and 660 kilometers), and the outer core", "57266193dd62a815002e832d": "the mantle", "57266193dd62a815002e832e": "wave speeds", "5a57cf7a770dc0001aeefda2": "seismic waves", "5a57cf7a770dc0001aeefda3": "shear waves were not able to propagate", "5a57cf7a770dc0001aeefda4": "660 kilometers", "5a57cf7a770dc0001aeefda5": "a much more dynamic model.", "5a57cf7a770dc0001aeefda6": "seismic discontinuities at 410 and 660 kilometers", "5a58dd513e1742001a15ce61": "liquid outer core (where shear waves were not able to propagate)", "5a58dd513e1742001a15ce62": "660 kilometers)", "5a58dd513e1742001a15ce63": "CT scan.", "572663a9f1498d1400e8ddf2": "compresses the most recent eon. Therefore, the second scale shows the most recent eon", "572663a9f1498d1400e8ddf4": "the Quaternary", "572663a9f1498d1400e8ddf5": "The Holocene", "572663a9f1498d1400e8ddf6": "Quaternary", "5a57d364770dc0001aeefdc8": "the most recent era", "5a57d364770dc0001aeefdc9": "the second", "5a57d364770dc0001aeefdca": "The second scale compresses the most recent era", "5a57d364770dc0001aeefdcb": "the fourth scale.", "5a57d364770dc0001aeefdcc": "The Holocene (the latest epoch) is too small to be shown clearly", "5a58e3833e1742001a15ce82": "The Pleistocene (P) epoch. Q stands for the Quaternary", "5a58e3833e1742001a15ce83": "The first shows the entire time from the formation of the Earth to the present", "5a58e3833e1742001a15ce84": "short", "5a58e3833e1742001a15ce85": "the most recent eon", "5a58e3833e1742001a15ce86": "Pleistocene", "572665ff708984140094c4c3": "The principle of cross-cutting relationships", "572665ff708984140094c4c4": "younger", "572665ff708984140094c4c5": "the key bed", "572665ff708984140094c4c6": "younger than the fault", "5a57d668770dc0001aeefde6": "Finding the key bed", "5a57d668770dc0001aeefde7": "Faults are younger than the rocks they cut", "5a57d668770dc0001aeefde8": "the key bed in these situations may help determine whether the fault is a normal fault or a thrust fault", "5a57d668770dc0001aeefde9": "younger than the fault", "5a57d668770dc0001aeefdea": "normal fault or a thrust fault.", "5a58e9133e1742001a15cea6": "the formations that were cut are older than the fault", "5a58e9133e1742001a15cea7": "principle", "5a58e9133e1742001a15cea8": "Faults are younger than the rocks they cut", "5a58e9133e1742001a15cea9": "penetrates some formations but not those on top of it", "5a58e9133e1742001a15ceaa": "the formations that were cut are older than the fault,", "572667e2f1498d1400e8de90": "xenoliths", "572667e2f1498d1400e8de91": "magma or lava flows", "572667e2f1498d1400e8de92": "clasts", "572667e2f1498d1400e8de93": "The principle of inclusions and components", "572667e2f1498d1400e8de94": "gravel", "5a57eee0770dc0001aeefed8": "xenoliths are older than the rock which contains them.", "5a57eee0770dc0001aeefed9": "an older formation", "5a57eee0770dc0001aeefeda": "cool", "5a57eee0770dc0001aeefedb": "igneous rocks occurs when xenoliths are found. These foreign bodies", "5a57eee0770dc0001aeefedc": "older than the rock which contains them", "5a58f69e3e1742001a15cede": "xenoliths are older", "5a58f69e3e1742001a15cedf": "magma or lava flows", "5a58f69e3e1742001a15cee0": "The principle of inclusions", "5a58f69e3e1742001a15cee1": "xenoliths", "5a58f69e3e1742001a15cee2": "igneous rocks", "572669a9dd62a815002e8416": "faunal succession", "572669a9dd62a815002e8417": "William Smith", "572669a9dd62a815002e8418": "complex", "572669a9dd62a815002e8419": "organisms", "572669a9dd62a815002e841a": "Charles Darwin", "5a57f0ea770dc0001aeefee2": "throughout the world", "5a57f0ea770dc0001aeefee3": "Charles Darwin's theory of evolution", "5a57f0ea770dc0001aeefee4": "relative", "5a57f0ea770dc0001aeefee5": "a hundred years before", "5a57f0ea770dc0001aeefee6": "fossilization", "5a58feb63e1742001a15cf2e": "almost a hundred years before the publication of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution", "5a58feb63e1742001a15cf2f": "William Smith", "5a58feb63e1742001a15cf30": "uncertainties of fossilization", "5a58feb63e1742001a15cf31": "organisms exist at the same time period", "5a58feb63e1742001a15cf32": "evolutionary thought", "57266c015951b619008f7237": "beginning of the 20th century", "57266c015951b619008f7238": "stratigraphic", "57266c015951b619008f7239": "absolute ages", "57266c015951b619008f723a": "one another", "57266c015951b619008f723b": "fossil sequences", "5a57f487770dc0001aeefefc": "converting the old relative ages into new absolute ages", "5a57f487770dc0001aeefefd": "understanding of geologic time.", "5a57f487770dc0001aeefefe": "20th century,", "5a57f487770dc0001aeefeff": "converting the old relative ages into new absolute ages", "5a57f487770dc0001aeeff00": "fossil sequences in which there was datable material, converting the old relative ages into new absolute ages", "5a59002d3e1742001a15cf38": "20th century,", "5a59002d3e1742001a15cf39": "20th century,", "5a59002d3e1742001a15cf3a": "fossil", "5a59002d3e1742001a15cf3b": "relative ages", "5a59002d3e1742001a15cf3c": "absolute ages.", "57266e72f1498d1400e8df8c": "Thermochemical", "57266e72f1498d1400e8df8d": "closure temperature", "57266e72f1498d1400e8df8e": "isotope ratios of radioactive elements", "57266e72f1498d1400e8df8f": "Dating of lava and volcanic ash layers found within a stratigraphic sequence", "5a57f717770dc0001aeeff06": "minerals that give the amount of time that has passed since a rock passed through its particular closure temperature", "5a57f717770dc0001aeeff07": "closure temperature", "5a57f717770dc0001aeeff08": "age", "5a57f717770dc0001aeeff09": "age data for sedimentary rock units which do not contain radioactive isotopes and calibrate relative dating techniques", "5a57f717770dc0001aeeff0a": "geochronologic and thermochronologic studies", "5a5904ed3e1742001a15cf42": "minerals that give the amount of time that has passed since a rock passed through its particular closure temperature, the point at which different radiometric isotopes", "5a5904ed3e1742001a15cf43": "temperature profiles within the crust, the uplift of mountain ranges", "5a5904ed3e1742001a15cf44": "closure temperature,", "5a5904ed3e1742001a15cf45": "Dating of lava and volcanic ash layers", "5a5904ed3e1742001a15cf46": "Thermochemical techniques", "5726701add62a815002e84c8": "horizontal", "5726701add62a815002e84c9": "In the shallow crust", "5726701add62a815002e84ca": "antiforms", "5726701add62a815002e84cb": "synforms", "5726701add62a815002e84cc": "anticlines and synclines", "5a57fb62770dc0001aeeff10": "they shorten and become thicker.", "5a57fb62770dc0001aeeff11": "faulting and folding.", "5a57fb62770dc0001aeeff12": "older rocks moving on top", "5a57fb62770dc0001aeeff13": "rocks behave plastically, and fold instead of faulting", "5a57fb62770dc0001aeeff14": "thrust faults", "5a5909b13e1742001a15cf4c": "muds", "5a5909b13e1742001a15cf4d": "principle of superposition,", "5a5909b13e1742001a15cf4e": "plastically, and fold", "5a5909b13e1742001a15cf4f": "they shorten and become thicker.", "5a5909b13e1742001a15cf50": "synforms", "572671a5f1498d1400e8dfe4": "Extension", "572671a5f1498d1400e8dfe5": "boudins", "572671a5f1498d1400e8dfe6": "Maria Fold and Thrust Belt", "572671a5f1498d1400e8dfe7": "metamorphosed", "572671a5f1498d1400e8dfe8": "normal faulting and through the ductile stretching and thinning", "5a57fe29770dc0001aeeff1a": "boudins, after the French word for \"sausage", "5a57fe29770dc0001aeeff1b": "Maria Fold", "5a57fe29770dc0001aeeff1c": "drop rock units that are higher below those that are lower. This typically results in younger units being placed", "5a57fe29770dc0001aeeff1d": "thinning", "5a57fe29770dc0001aeeff1e": "normal faulting and through the ductile stretching", "5a590de93e1742001a15cf56": "Extension", "5a590de93e1742001a15cf57": "a", "5a590de93e1742001a15cf58": "less than a meter", "5a590de93e1742001a15cf59": "Normal faults drop rock units that are higher below those that are lower", "5a590de93e1742001a15cf5a": "sedimentary sequence", "572673f5708984140094c69b": "Dikes", "572673f5708984140094c69c": "in areas that are being actively deformed", "572673f5708984140094c69d": "topographic", "572673f5708984140094c69e": "Continual motion along the fault", "572673f5708984140094c69f": "Deformational", "5a580070770dc0001aeeff36": "rings", "5a580070770dc0001aeeff37": "deformation", "5a580070770dc0001aeeff38": "volcanism and igneous", "5a580070770dc0001aeeff39": "topographic gradient in spite of the movement of sediment, and continues to create accommodation space for the material to deposit", "5a580070770dc0001aeeff3a": "accommodation space for the material to deposit", "5a590efb3e1742001a15cf60": "topographic gradients", "5a590efb3e1742001a15cf61": "material on the rock unit that is increasing in elevation to be eroded by hillslopes and channels", "5a590efb3e1742001a15cf62": "Faulting and other deformational processes", "5a590efb3e1742001a15cf63": "volcanism and igneous activity", "5a590efb3e1742001a15cf64": "rings of dikes around the lava tube of a volcano", "57267640f1498d1400e8e074": "layered basaltic lava flows", "57267640f1498d1400e8e075": "Acasta gneiss of the Slave craton", "57267640f1498d1400e8e076": "sedimentary", "57267640f1498d1400e8e077": "Cambrian time", "57267640f1498d1400e8e078": "Canada", "5a580429770dc0001aeeff46": "layered basaltic lava flows", "5a580429770dc0001aeeff47": "the lower rock units were metamorphosed and deformed,", "5a580429770dc0001aeeff48": "the lower rock units were metamorphosed and deformed, and then deformation ended and the upper, undeformed units were deposited", "5a580429770dc0001aeeff49": "metamorphosed and deformed", "5a580429770dc0001aeeff4a": "Acasta gneiss of the Slave craton in northwestern Canada", "5a5915043e1742001a15cf6a": "Acasta gneiss of the Slave craton in northwestern Canada", "5a5915043e1742001a15cf6b": "since Cambrian time.", "5a5915043e1742001a15cf6c": "geologically complex", "5a5915043e1742001a15cf6d": "basaltic lava flows.", "5a5915043e1742001a15cf6e": "the Grand Canyon in the southwestern United States", "572677e7708984140094c723": "the study of rocks", "572677e7708984140094c724": "the study of sedimentary layers", "572677e7708984140094c725": "the study of positions of rock units and their deformation", "572677e7708984140094c726": "soils, rivers, landscapes, and glaciers", "5a5808ef770dc0001aeeff66": "geophysical methods", "5a5808ef770dc0001aeeff67": "stratigraphy", "5a5808ef770dc0001aeeff68": "geophysical methods", "5a5808ef770dc0001aeeff69": "Earth history and understand the processes that occur on and inside the Earth. In typical geological investigations, geologists use primary information related to petrology", "5a5808ef770dc0001aeeff6a": "past and current life and biogeochemical pathways, and use geophysical methods to investigate the subsurface.", "5a5915cd3e1742001a15cf74": "geophysical", "5a5915cd3e1742001a15cf75": "petrology (the study of rocks), stratigraphy", "5a5915cd3e1742001a15cf76": "past", "5a5915cd3e1742001a15cf77": "geophysical", "5a5915cd3e1742001a15cf78": "Earth history and understand the processes that occur on and inside the Earth", "57267947f1498d1400e8e0ec": "identifying", "57267947f1498d1400e8e0ed": "birefringence, pleochroism, twinning, and interference properties", "57267947f1498d1400e8e0ee": "geochemical evolution of rock units", "57267947f1498d1400e8e0ef": "in the laboratory", "57267947f1498d1400e8e0f0": "optical", "5a580ab1770dc0001aeeff78": "petrographic microscope, where the minerals can be identified through their different properties in plane-polarized", "5a580ab1770dc0001aeeff79": "optical microscopy and by using an electron microprobe", "5a580ab1770dc0001aeeff7a": "electron microprobe,", "5a580ab1770dc0001aeeff7b": "chemical compositions", "5a580ab1770dc0001aeeff7c": "electron microprobe,", "5a5918ff3e1742001a15cf7e": "geochemical evolution", "5a5918ff3e1742001a15cf7f": "chemical compositions and variation in composition within individual crystals", "5a5918ff3e1742001a15cf80": "individual locations", "5a5918ff3e1742001a15cf81": "optical microscopy and by using an electron microprobe", "5a5918ff3e1742001a15cf82": "conoscopic lens", "57267b3c5951b619008f7423": "perform high temperature and pressure physical experiments", "57267b3c5951b619008f7424": "use fluid inclusion data and perform high temperature and pressure physical experiments", "57267b3c5951b619008f7425": "metamorphic", "5a580d05770dc0001aeeff96": "fluid inclusion data", "5a580d05770dc0001aeeff97": "high temperature and pressure", "5a580d05770dc0001aeeff98": "magma chamber evolution", "5a580d05770dc0001aeeff99": "subduction", "5a580d05770dc0001aeeff9a": "subduction", "5a591a5f3e1742001a15cf88": "processes that occur within the Earth,", "5a591a5f3e1742001a15cf89": "subduction and magma chamber evolution", "5a591a5f3e1742001a15cf8a": "to understand the temperatures and pressures at which different mineral phases appear, and how they change through igneous and metamorphic processes", "5a591a5f3e1742001a15cf8b": "magma chamber evolution", "57267d52708984140094c7d9": "Structural geologists", "57267d52708984140094c7da": "microscopic analysis of oriented thin sections of geologic samples", "57267d52708984140094c7db": "plot and combine", "57267d52708984140094c7dc": "analog and numerical", "5a5810c4770dc0001aeeffb8": "microscopic", "5a5810c4770dc0001aeeffb9": "analog and numerical experiments", "5a5810c4770dc0001aeeffba": "strain within the crystalline structure", "5a5810c4770dc0001aeeffbb": "strain", "5a5810c4770dc0001aeeffbc": "plot and combine", "5a591f773e1742001a15cfa4": "strain within the crystalline structure of the rocks", "5a591f773e1742001a15cfa5": "plot and combine", "5a591f773e1742001a15cfa6": "strain within the crystalline structure", "5a591f773e1742001a15cfa7": "numerical", "5a591f773e1742001a15cfa8": "Structural geologists use microscopic", "57267ebfdd62a815002e872c": "orogenic wedges", "57267ebfdd62a815002e872d": "those involving orogenic wedges", "57267ebfdd62a815002e872e": "sand", "57267ebfdd62a815002e872f": "all angles remain the same", "57267ebfdd62a815002e8730": "Numerical models", "5a5812f9770dc0001aeeffd0": "Numerical models work in the same way as these analog models", "5a5812f9770dc0001aeeffd1": "realistic", "5a5812f9770dc0001aeeffd2": "pressure, temperature, space, and time.", "5a5812f9770dc0001aeeffd3": "horizontal layers of sand are pulled along a lower surface into a back stop", "5a5812f9770dc0001aeeffd4": "orogenic wedge", "5a5920963e1742001a15cfae": "back stop,", "5a5920963e1742001a15cfaf": "they are often more sophisticated", "5a5920963e1742001a15cfb0": "horizontal", "5a5920963e1742001a15cfb1": "pathways for metamorphism through pressure, temperature, space, and time.", "5a5920963e1742001a15cfb2": "patterns of erosion and uplift", "57268066708984140094c821": "stratigraphers", "57268066708984140094c822": "geophysical surveys that show the locations of stratigraphic units in the subsurface. Geophysical", "57268066708984140094c823": "well logs", "57268066708984140094c824": "computer programs", "57268066708984140094c825": "water, coal, and hydrocarbon", "5a581597770dc0001aeeffe2": "Geophysical data", "5a581597770dc0001aeeffe3": "drill cores. Stratigraphers also analyze data from geophysical surveys", "5a581597770dc0001aeeffe4": "locations of stratigraphic units", "5a581597770dc0001aeeffe5": "locations of stratigraphic units in the subsurface. Geophysical data and well logs can be combined to produce a better view of the subsurface", "5a581597770dc0001aeeffe6": "ancient processes occurring on the surface of the Earth, interpret past environments, and locate areas for water", "5a5929d33e1742001a15cfc2": "stratigraphic sections that can be returned from the field, such as those from drill cores", "5a5929d33e1742001a15cfc3": "geophysical surveys that show the locations of stratigraphic units in the subsurface. Geophysical data and well logs", "5a5929d33e1742001a15cfc4": "data from geo", "5a5929d33e1742001a15cfc5": "geophysical surveys that show the locations of stratigraphic units in the subsurface. Geophysical data", "5a5929d33e1742001a15cfc6": "locate areas for water, coal, and hydrocarbon extraction", "57268220f1498d1400e8e216": "biostratigraphers", "57268220f1498d1400e8e217": "Geochronologists", "57268220f1498d1400e8e218": "to provide better absolute bounds on the timing and rates of deposition", "57268220f1498d1400e8e219": "Magnetic stratigraphers", "5a5817e3770dc0001aeeffec": "timing", "5a5817e3770dc0001aeeffed": "drill cores", "5a5817e3770dc0001aeeffee": "stable isotope", "5a5817e3770dc0001aeeffef": "igneous rock units within the drill cores.", "5a5817e3770dc0001aeefff0": "signs of magnetic reversals in igneous rock units", "5a592b593e1742001a15cfcc": "stable isotope studies", "5a592b593e1742001a15cfcd": "rock samples from outcrop and drill cores for the fossils", "5a592b593e1742001a15cfce": "magnetic reversals in igneous rock units", "5a592b593e1742001a15cfcf": "the timing and rates of deposition. Magnetic stratigraphers look for signs of magnetic reversals in igneous rock units within the drill", "5a592b593e1742001a15cfd0": "stable isotope", "572683f95951b619008f7525": "Persia", "572683f95951b619008f7526": "Abu al-Rayhan al-Biruni", "572683f95951b619008f7527": "Shen Kuo", "572683f95951b619008f7528": "Ibn Sina", "572683f95951b619008f7529": "fossil animal shells", "5a581adb770dc0001aeefff6": "Persia", "5a581adb770dc0001aeefff7": "the Indian subcontinent was once a sea", "5a581adb770dc0001aeefff8": "Greek and Indian scientific", "5a581adb770dc0001aeefff9": "Greek and Indian scientific literature that were not destroyed by the Muslim conquests", "5a581adb770dc0001aeefffa": "erosion of the mountains and by deposition of silt.", "5a592c9d3e1742001a15cfd6": "Persi", "5a592c9d3e1742001a15cfd7": "polymath", "5a592c9d3e1742001a15cfd8": "after the Muslim conquests had come to an end. Abu al-Rayhan al-Biruni (973\u20131048", "5a592c9d3e1742001a15cfd9": "Greek and Indian scientific literature", "5a592c9d3e1742001a15cfda": "97", "57268527708984140094c8bf": "James Hutton", "57268527708984140094c8c0": "Theory of the Earth", "57268527708984140094c8c1": "1795", "57268527708984140094c8c2": "the Earth must be much older than had previously been supposed", "5a581bda770dc0001aef0000": "17", "5a581bda770dc0001aef0001": "1785 he presented a paper entitled Theory of the Earth to the Royal Society of Edinburgh", "5a581bda770dc0001aef0002": "Theory of the Earth", "5a581bda770dc0001aef0003": "Theory of the Earth to the Royal Society of Edinburgh.", "5a581bda770dc0001aef0004": "to allow enough time for mountains to be eroded and for sediments to form new rocks at the bottom of the sea", "5a592d703e1742001a15cfea": "17", "5a592d703e1742001a15cfeb": "1785 he presented a paper entitled Theory of the Earth to the Royal Society of Edinburgh", "5a592d703e1742001a15cfec": "in order to allow enough time for mountains to be eroded", "5a592d703e1742001a15cfed": "James Hutton", "5a592d703e1742001a15cfee": "1795", "572686ac5951b619008f75a9": "William Maclure. In 1807, Maclure", "572686ac5951b619008f75aa": "1809", "572686ac5951b619008f75ab": "1807", "572686ac5951b619008f75ac": "American Philosophical Society", "572686ac5951b619008f75ad": "Observations on the Geology of the United States explanatory of a Geological Map", "5a581e5d770dc0001aef000a": "09", "5a581e5d770dc0001aef000b": "The first geological map", "5a581e5d770dc0001aef000c": "Allegheny", "5a581e5d770dc0001aef000d": "Observations on the Geology of the United States", "5a581e5d770dc0001aef000e": "William Smith's geological map", "5a592e733e1742001a15cff4": "1809 by William Maclure.", "5a592e733e1742001a15cff5": "50", "5a592e733e1742001a15cff6": "Society's Transactions, together with the nation's first geological map. This antedates William Smith", "5a592e733e1742001a15cff7": "1807,", "5a592e733e1742001a15cff8": "six years", "57268882f1498d1400e8e306": "Principles of Geology", "57268882f1498d1400e8e307": "uniformitarianism", "57268882f1498d1400e8e308": "uniformitarianism", "57268882f1498d1400e8e309": "catastrophism", "57268882f1498d1400e8e30a": "Charles Darwin", "5a582cfa770dc0001aef0014": "Principles of Geology, in 1830", "5a582cfa770dc0001aef0015": "the doctrine of uniformitarianism.", "5a582cfa770dc0001aef0016": "Earth's features formed in single, catastrophic events", "5a582cfa770dc0001aef0017": "the idea was not widely accepted at the time", "5a582cfa770dc0001aef0018": "Earth's history", "5a592f3f3e1742001a15cffe": "Principles of Geology", "5a592f3f3e1742001a15cfff": "uniformitarianism.", "5a592f3f3e1742001a15d000": "1830.", "5a592f3f3e1742001a15d001": "Charles Darwin,", "5a592f3f3e1742001a15d002": "catastrophism", "5726d8bd708984140094d35b": "pharma", "5726d8bd708984140094d35c": "tobacco and patent medicines", "5726d8bd708984140094d35d": "sorcery or even poison", "5726d8bd708984140094d35e": "outdated", "5726d8bd708984140094d35f": "herbs", "5a6cb5c14eec6b001a80a624": "herbal remedies were on offer to a large extent. The pharmas also used many other herbs not listed", "5a6cb5c14eec6b001a80a625": "sorcery or even poison.", "5a6cb5c14eec6b001a80a626": "herbs", "5a6cb5c14eec6b001a80a628": "17th", "5726d9935951b619008f7fed": "healthcare professionals with specialised education and training", "5726d9935951b619008f7fee": "optimal", "5726d9935951b619008f7fef": "drug", "5726d9935951b619008f7ff0": "small-business proprietors", "5726d9935951b619008f7ff1": "specialised education and training who perform various roles to ensure optimal health outcomes for their patients through the quality use of medicines", "5a6cb66c4eec6b001a80a62e": "healthcare professionals", "5a6cb66c4eec6b001a80a62f": "optimal health outcomes", "5a6cb66c4eec6b001a80a630": "small-business proprietors, owning the pharmacy", "5a6cb66c4eec6b001a80a631": "metabolism and physiological effects on the human body", "5a6cb66c4eec6b001a80a632": "drug", "5726da89dd62a815002e92b2": "other senior pharmacy technicians", "5726da89dd62a815002e92b3": "General Pharmaceutical Council (GPhC) register. The GPhC", "5726da89dd62a815002e92b4": "regulates the practice of pharmacists and pharmacy technicians", "5726da89dd62a815002e92b5": "health care professional", "5726da89dd62a815002e92b6": "manage the pharmacy department and specialised areas in pharmacy practice", "5a6cb7ce4eec6b001a80a638": "pharmacist", "5a6cb7ce4eec6b001a80a639": "The GPhC", "5a6cb7ce4eec6b001a80a63a": "regulates the practice of pharmacists and pharmacy technicians.", "5a6cb7ce4eec6b001a80a63b": "direct supervision of a pharmacist (if employed in a hospital pharmacy)", "5726db5add62a815002e92d4": "Diocles of Carystus", "5726db5add62a815002e92d5": "writing a five volume book in his native Greek", "5726db5add62a815002e92d6": "De Materia Medica", "5726db5add62a815002e92d7": "materia medica", "5726db5add62a815002e92d8": "many middle eastern scientists", "5a6cb89e4eec6b001a80a640": "Diocles of Carystus (4th century BC)", "5a6cb89e4eec6b001a80a641": "writing a five volume book in his native Greek", "5a6cb89e4eec6b001a80a642": "De Materia Medica (Concerning medical substances)", "5a6cb89e4eec6b001a80a643": "middle eastern scientists during the Islamic Golden Age. The title coined the term materia medica.", "5a6cb89e4eec6b001a80a644": "Diocles of Carystus", "5726dcbddd62a815002e9320": "highly respected", "5726dcbddd62a815002e9321": "Taih\u014d Code (701) and re-stated in the Y\u014dr\u014d Code (718)", "5726dcbddd62a815002e9322": "pre-Heian Imperial court were established", "5726dcbddd62a815002e9323": "superior", "5726dcbddd62a815002e9324": "ranked above", "5a6cba504eec6b001a80a64a": "Meiji Restoration", "5a6cba504eec6b001a80a64b": "Taih\u014d Code (701) and re-stated in the Y\u014dr\u014d Code (718)", "5a6cba504eec6b001a80a64c": "ranked above the two personal physicians", "5a6cba504eec6b001a80a64d": "pharmacist", "5726ddf6f1498d1400e8ee04": "botany and chemistry", "5726ddf6f1498d1400e8ee05": "Muhammad ibn Zakar\u012bya R\u0101zi", "5726ddf6f1498d1400e8ee06": "Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi", "5726ddf6f1498d1400e8ee07": "sodium carbonate and potassium carbonate", "5726ddf6f1498d1400e8ee08": "Al-Muwaffaq\u2019s", "5a6cbba74eec6b001a80a652": "Al-Muwaffaq", "5a6cbba74eec6b001a80a653": "Al-Muwaffaq", "5a6cbba74eec6b001a80a654": "Al-Muwaffaq\u2019s", "5a6cbba74eec6b001a80a655": "arsenious oxide, and being acquainted with silicic acid", "5a6cbba74eec6b001a80a656": "al-Maridini of Baghdad and Cairo, and Ibn al-Wafid", "5726deed5951b619008f80c5": "1317", "5726deed5951b619008f80c6": "Florence, Italy", "5726deed5951b619008f80c7": "a museum", "5726deed5951b619008f80c8": "old prescription books and antique drugs", "5726deed5951b619008f80c9": "1221", "5a6cdddf4eec6b001a80a65c": "Florence", "5a6cdddf4eec6b001a80a65d": "13", "5a6cdddf4eec6b001a80a65e": "a", "5a6cdddf4eec6b001a80a65f": "old prescription books and antique drugs", "5726e08e5951b619008f810f": "pharmacy legislation", "5726e08e5951b619008f8110": "compounding/dispensing medications", "5726e08e5951b619008f8111": "automation", "5726e08e5951b619008f8112": "patients' prescriptions and patient safety issues", "5726e08e5951b619008f8113": "requirements for storage conditions, compulsory texts, equipment", "5a6ce1054eec6b001a80a664": "pharmacy legislation", "5a6ce1054eec6b001a80a665": "automation to assist them", "5a6ce1054eec6b001a80a666": "requirements for storage conditions, compulsory texts, equipment", "5a6ce1054eec6b001a80a667": "dealing with patients' prescriptions and patient safety issues", "5a6ce1054eec6b001a80a668": "patients' prescriptions and patient safety issues.", "5726e179dd62a815002e93ae": "hospitals", "5726e179dd62a815002e93af": "various disciplines of pharmacy", "5726e179dd62a815002e93b0": "patient compliance", "5726e179dd62a815002e93b1": "pharmacists practicing in hospitals", "5a6ce1ca4eec6b001a80a66e": "pharmacy practice residency and sometimes followed by another residency in a specific area.", "5a6ce1ca4eec6b001a80a66f": "neurology/epilepsy management, pediatrics", "5a6ce1ca4eec6b001a80a670": "patient compliance", "5a6ce1ca4eec6b001a80a671": "clinical", "5726e313f1498d1400e8eeb2": "within the premises of the hospital", "5726e313f1498d1400e8eeb3": "unit-dose, or a single dose of medicine", "5726e313f1498d1400e8eeb4": "high risk preparations and some other compounding", "5726e313f1498d1400e8eeb5": "The high cost of medications and drug-related technology, combined with the potential impact of medications and pharmacy services on patient-care outcomes and patient safety", "5726e313f1498d1400e8eeb6": "usually stock a larger range of medications, including more specialized medications, than would be feasible in the community setting", "5a6ce2ec4eec6b001a80a676": "within the premises of the hospital.", "5a6ce2ec4eec6b001a80a677": "compound sterile products for patients including total parenteral nutrition (TPN), and other medications given intravenously", "5a6ce2ec4eec6b001a80a678": "high risk preparations and some other compounding", "5a6ce2ec4eec6b001a80a679": "high cost", "5a6ce2ec4eec6b001a80a67a": "high cost of medications and drug-related technology", "5726e3c4dd62a815002e9404": "optimizes the use of medication and promotes health, wellness, and disease prevention", "5726e3c4dd62a815002e9405": "inside hospitals and clinics", "5726e3c4dd62a815002e9406": "physicians and other healthcare professionals", "5726e3c4dd62a815002e9407": "patient care rounds", "5726e3c4dd62a815002e9408": "in all health care settings, but the clinical pharmacy movement initially began inside hospitals and clinics", "5a6ce4164eec6b001a80a680": ".", "5a6ce4164eec6b001a80a681": "patient care rounds drug", "5a6ce4164eec6b001a80a682": "patient care rounds drug product selection", "5a6ce4164eec6b001a80a683": "hospitals", "5726e5c95951b619008f81cb": "creating a comprehensive drug therapy plan", "5726e5c95951b619008f81cc": "an evaluation of the appropriateness of the drug therapy", "5726e5c95951b619008f81cd": "drug choice, dose, route, frequency, and duration of therapy", "5726e5c95951b619008f81ce": "potential drug interactions, adverse drug reactions, and assess patient drug allergies", "5a6ce4fa4eec6b001a80a688": "creating a comprehensive drug therapy plan", "5a6ce4fa4eec6b001a80a689": "potential drug interactions, adverse drug reactions, and assess patient drug allergies while designing and initiating a drug therapy plan", "5a6ce4fa4eec6b001a80a68a": "drug choice, dose, route, frequency, and duration of therapy) and its efficacy. The pharmacist must also monitor for potential drug interactions", "5a6ce4fa4eec6b001a80a68b": "potential drug interactions, adverse drug reactions, and assess patient drug allergies", "5726e985dd62a815002e94da": "full independent prescribing authority", "5726e985dd62a815002e94db": "North Carolina and New Mexico", "5726e985dd62a815002e94dc": "2011", "5726e985dd62a815002e94dd": "Board Certified Ambulatory Care Pharmacist", "5726e985dd62a815002e94de": "the VA, the Indian Health Service, and NIH", "5a6ce55e4eec6b001a80a690": "independent prescribing authority", "5a6ce55e4eec6b001a80a691": "North Carolina and New Mexico these pharmacist clinicians are given collaborative prescriptive and diagnostic authority", "5a6ce55e4eec6b001a80a692": "In 2011 the board of Pharmaceutical Specialties", "5a6ce55e4eec6b001a80a693": "VA, the Indian Health Service", "5a6ce55e4eec6b001a80a694": "Board Certified Ambulatory Care Pharmacist and these pharmacists will carry the initials BCACP.", "5726ea985951b619008f8261": "medication regimen review", "5726ea985951b619008f8262": "nursing homes", "5726ea985951b619008f8263": "Omnicare, Kindred Healthcare and PharMerica", "5726ea985951b619008f8264": "many elderly people are now taking numerous medications", "5726ea985951b619008f8265": "employ consultant pharmacists and/or provide consulting services", "5a6ce6164eec6b001a80a69a": "dispensing of drugs.", "5a6ce6164eec6b001a80a69b": "nursing homes,", "5a6ce6164eec6b001a80a69c": "Omnicare, Kindred Healthcare and PharMerica", "5a6ce6164eec6b001a80a69d": "many elderly people are now taking numerous medications but continue to live outside of institutional settings", "5a6ce6164eec6b001a80a69e": "employ consultant pharmacists and/or provide consulting services.", "5726eb4b5951b619008f826b": "2000", "5726eb4b5951b619008f826c": "brick-and-mortar community pharmacies", "5726eb4b5951b619008f826d": "online pharmacies", "5726eb4b5951b619008f826e": "homebound", "5726eb4b5951b619008f826f": "the method by which the medications are requested and received", "5a6ce6b54eec6b001a80a6a4": "2000,", "5a6ce6b54eec6b001a80a6a5": "physicians", "5a6ce6b54eec6b001a80a6a6": "online pharmacies", "5a6ce6b54eec6b001a80a6a7": "homebound.", "5a6ce6b54eec6b001a80a6a8": "the method by which the medications are requested and received.", "5726ed6cf1498d1400e8f00c": "to avoid the \"inconvenience\" of visiting a doctor or to obtain medications which their doctors were unwilling to prescribe", "5726ed6cf1498d1400e8f00d": "especially by those who feel that only doctors can reliably assess contraindications, risk/benefit ratios", "5726ed6cf1498d1400e8f00e": "potentially dangerous", "5726ed6cf1498d1400e8f00f": "sell prescription drugs without requiring a prescription", "5726ed6cf1498d1400e8f010": "sell prescription drugs", "5a6ce7444eec6b001a80a6ae": "\"inconvenience\" of visiting a doctor or to obtain medications which their doctors were unwilling to prescribe", "5a6ce7444eec6b001a80a6af": "require a valid prescription, some Internet pharmacies sell prescription drugs without requiring a prescription", "5a6ce7444eec6b001a80a6b0": "a valid prescription", "5a6ce7444eec6b001a80a6b1": "visiting a doctor", "5726edecdd62a815002e957f": "it must be issued for a legitimate medical purpose by a licensed practitioner acting in the course of legitimate doctor-patient relationship", "5726ef73f1498d1400e8f05e": "ease with which people, youth in particular, can obtain controlled substances", "5726ef73f1498d1400e8f05f": "it must be issued for a legitimate medical purpose by a licensed practitioner acting in the course of legitimate doctor-patient relationship", "5726ef73f1498d1400e8f060": "to ensure that the prescription is valid", "5726ef73f1498d1400e8f061": "individual state laws", "5726ef73f1498d1400e8f062": "Vicodin, generically known as hydrocodone", "5a6ce8ea4eec6b001a80a6b6": "ease with which people, youth in particular, can obtain controlled substances", "5a6ce8ea4eec6b001a80a6b7": "state laws outline what defines a valid patient-doctor relationship.", "5a6ce8ea4eec6b001a80a6b8": "Vicodin, generically known as hydrocodone", "5a6ce8ea4eec6b001a80a6b9": "never met", "5a6ce8ea4eec6b001a80a6ba": "ensure that the prescription is valid. Often, individual state laws outline what defines a valid patient-doctor relationship.", "5726f0e35951b619008f82f7": "to reduce consumer costs", "5726f0e35951b619008f82f8": "Canada", "5726f0e35951b619008f82f9": "international drug suppliers", "5726f0e35951b619008f82fa": "no known case of any U.S. citizens buying Canadian drugs for personal use with a prescription, who has ever been charged by authorities.", "5726f0e35951b619008f82fb": "legalize importation of medications from Canada and other countries", "5a6ce9ab4eec6b001a80a6c0": "reduce consumer costs.", "5a6ce9ab4eec6b001a80a6c1": "Canada", "5a6ce9ab4eec6b001a80a6c2": "consumers", "5a6ce9ab4eec6b001a80a6c3": "no", "5726f2375951b619008f830f": "pharmacy practice science and applied information science", "5726f2375951b619008f8310": "information technology departments or for healthcare information technology vendor companies", "5726f2375951b619008f8311": "major national and international patient information projects and health system interoperability goals", "5726f2375951b619008f8312": "medication management system development, deployment and optimization", "5726f2375951b619008f8313": "quickly", "5a6ceb164eec6b001a80a6c8": "pharmacy practice science and applied information science. Pharmacy informaticists work in many practice areas of pharmacy, however, they may also work in information technology", "5a6ceb164eec6b001a80a6c9": "information technology departments or for healthcare information technology vendor companies.", "5a6ceb164eec6b001a80a6ca": "patient information projects", "5a6ceb164eec6b001a80a6cb": "information technology", "5726f36cdd62a815002e95fe": "Specialty pharmacies", "5726f36cdd62a815002e95ff": "19", "5726f36cdd62a815002e9600": "chronic and complex disease states such as cancer, hepatitis, and rheumatoid arthritis", "5726f36cdd62a815002e9601": "injectable, oral, infused, or inhaled", "5726f36cdd62a815002e9602": "lab monitoring, adherence counseling, and assist patients with cost-containment strategies", "5a6ceb7a4eec6b001a80a6d0": "community pharmacy", "5a6ceb7a4eec6b001a80a6d1": "19", "5a6ceb7a4eec6b001a80a6d2": "chronic and complex disease states such as cancer, hepatitis, and rheumatoid arthritis", "5a6ceb7a4eec6b001a80a6d3": "injectable, oral, infused, or inhaled", "5726f48df1498d1400e8f0da": "separately from physicians", "5726f48df1498d1400e8f0db": "pharmacists", "5726f48df1498d1400e8f0dc": "AMA)", "5726f48df1498d1400e8f0dd": "7 to 10 percent", "5726f48df1498d1400e8f0de": "form business partnerships with physicians or give them \"kickback\" payments", "5a6cecdb4eec6b001a80a6d8": "pharmacists are regulated separately from physicians", "5a6cecdb4eec6b001a80a6d9": "AMA)", "5a6cecdb4eec6b001a80a6db": "American Medical Association", "5726f635dd62a815002e9656": "rural areas in the United Kingdom", "5726f635dd62a815002e9657": "Austria", "5726f635dd62a815002e9658": "1.6 kilometres", "5726f635dd62a815002e9659": "1.6 kilometres", "5a6ced7d4eec6b001a80a6e0": "rural areas", "5a6ced7d4eec6b001a80a6e1": "United Kingdom", "5a6ced7d4eec6b001a80a6e2": "4", "5a6ced7d4eec6b001a80a6e3": "4", "5726f7715951b619008f838d": "high risk of a conflict of interest and/or the avoidance of absolute powers", "5726f7715951b619008f838e": "financial self-interest", "5726f7715951b619008f838f": "the checks and balances system of the U.S. and many other governments", "5726f7715951b619008f8390": "directly conflicts with the patient's interest in obtaining cost-effective medication and avoiding the unnecessary use of medication that may have side-effects", "5726f7715951b619008f8391": "sell more medications to the patient", "5a6cee244eec6b001a80a6e8": "avoidance of absolute powers.", "5a6cee244eec6b001a80a6e9": "conflict of interest and/or the avoidance of absolute powers", "5a6cee244eec6b001a80a6ea": "checks and balances system of the U.S. and many other governments", "5a6cee244eec6b001a80a6eb": "because he or she can then sell more medications to the patient. Such self-interest directly conflicts with the patient's interest", "5a6cee244eec6b001a80a6ec": "he or she can then sell more medications to the patient. Such self-interest directly conflicts with the patient's interest in obtaining cost-effective medication", "5726f868dd62a815002e9684": "more integral within the health care system", "5726f868dd62a815002e9685": "integral within the health care system", "5726f868dd62a815002e9686": "clinical services that pharmacists can provide for their patients", "5726f868dd62a815002e9687": "thorough analysis of all medication (prescription, non-prescription, and herbals) currently being taken by an individual", "5726f868dd62a815002e9688": "increased patient health outcomes and decreased costs to the health care system", "5a6ceec84eec6b001a80a6f2": "pharmacists are expected to become more integral within the health care system.", "5a6ceec84eec6b001a80a6f3": "dispensing medication, pharmacists are increasingly expected to be compensated for their patient care skills", "5a6ceec84eec6b001a80a6f4": "patient care skills", "5a6ceec84eec6b001a80a6f5": "prescription, non-prescription, and herbals) currently being taken by an individual. The result is a reconciliation of medication and patient education", "5a6ceec84eec6b001a80a6f6": "increased patient health outcomes and decreased costs to the health care system.", "5726f96ddd62a815002e9698": "Alberta and British Columbia", "5726f96ddd62a815002e9699": "Australian Government", "5726f96ddd62a815002e969a": "medicine use reviews", "5726f96ddd62a815002e969b": "pharmaceutical care or clinical pharmacy", "5726f96ddd62a815002e969c": "Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm. D", "5a6cef5a4eec6b001a80a6fc": "Alberta and British Columbia)", "5a6cef5a4eec6b001a80a6fd": "Australian Government for conducting comprehensive Home Medicines Reviews. In Canada", "5a6cef5a4eec6b001a80a6fe": "medicine use reviews.", "5a6cef5a4eec6b001a80a6ff": "pharmaceutical care or clinical pharmacy has had an evolving influence", "5a6cef5a4eec6b001a80a700": "Doctor of Pharmacy", "5726fa525951b619008f83f7": "mortar and pestle and the \u211e (recipere) character", "5726fa525951b619008f83f8": "show globe", "5726fa525951b619008f83f9": "the Netherlands", "5726fa525951b619008f83fa": "Germany and Austria", "5726fa525951b619008f83fb": "France, Argentina, the United Kingdom, Belgium, Ireland, Italy, Spain, and India", "5a6cefd64eec6b001a80a706": "conical measures, and caduceuses in their logos. Other symbols are common in different countries: the green Greek cross", "5a6cefd64eec6b001a80a707": "The show globe was also used until the early 20th century", "5a6cefd64eec6b001a80a708": "the Netherlands", "5a6cefd64eec6b001a80a709": "France, Argentina, the United Kingdom, Belgium, Ireland, Italy", "5a6cefd64eec6b001a80a70a": "Germany and Austria", "57271c235951b619008f860b": "Civil disobedience", "57271c235951b619008f860c": "apartheid", "57271c235951b619008f860d": "the Singing Revolution", "57271c235951b619008f860e": "Ukraine", "57271c235951b619008f860f": "Georgia", "5728d4c03acd2414000dff9f": "Egyptians", "5728d4c03acd2414000dffa0": "the British occupation", "5728d4c03acd2414000dffa1": "unfair laws", "5728d4c03acd2414000dffa2": "unfair laws", "5728d4c03acd2414000dffa3": "the American Civil Rights Movement", "5a66413dc2b11c001a425ec7": "East", "5a66413dc2b11c001a425ec8": "independence from the British Empire", "5a66413dc2b11c001a425ec9": "British occupation", "5a66413dc2b11c001a425eca": "the Baltic", "5a66413dc2b11c001a425ecb": "Czechoslovakia's", "57271f125951b619008f8635": "Antigone", "57271f125951b619008f8636": "Oedipus", "57271f125951b619008f8637": "Creon", "57271f125951b619008f8638": "Antigone", "57271f125951b619008f8639": "giving her brother Polynices a proper burial", "5728d5793acd2414000dffb3": "Antigone", "5728d5793acd2414000dffb4": "Sophocles", "5728d5793acd2414000dffb5": "Polynices", "5728d5793acd2414000dffb6": "giving her brother Polynices a proper burial", "5728d5793acd2414000dffb7": "She gives a stirring speech", "5a664314c2b11c001a425ed9": "Antigone,", "5a664314c2b11c001a425eda": "Antigone, in which Antigone, one of the daughters of former King of Thebes, Oedipus", "5a664314c2b11c001a425edb": "Creon", "5a664314c2b11c001a425edc": "Antigone", "5a664314c2b11c001a425edd": "obey her conscience rather than human law", "5727213c708984140094da35": "Percy Shelley", "5727213c708984140094da36": "nonviolent", "5727213c708984140094da37": "Henry David Thoreau", "5727213c708984140094da38": "Satyagraha", "5727213c708984140094da39": "campaign for a free India", "5728d63c4b864d1900164f18": "Percy Shelley", "5728d63c4b864d1900164f19": "unjust forms of authority", "5728d63c4b864d1900164f1a": "nonviolent protest.", "5728d63c4b864d1900164f1b": "Gandhi", "5728d63c4b864d1900164f1c": "Satyagraha", "5a664447c2b11c001a425eeb": "19", "5a664447c2b11c001a425eec": "Masque of Anarchy", "5a664447c2b11c001a425eed": "campaign for a free India.", "5a664447c2b11c001a425eee": "unjust forms of authority", "5a664447c2b11c001a425eef": "Shelley's Masque of Anarchy", "572726c9708984140094da7b": "muggers, arsonists, draft evaders, campaign hecklers", "572726c9708984140094da7c": "become utterly debased", "572726c9708984140094da7d": "utterly debased", "572726c9708984140094da7e": "Marshall Cohen", "5728d6f02ca10214002da90e": "become utterly debased", "5728d6f02ca10214002da90f": "Marshall Cohen", "5728d6f02ca10214002da910": "become utterly debased", "5728d6f02ca10214002da911": "Vice President Agnew", "5728d6f02ca10214002da912": "ambiguity", "5a664612c2b11c001a425f09": "anti-war demonstrators, juvenile delinquents and political assassins.\"", "5a664612c2b11c001a425f0a": "a code-word describing the activities of muggers, arsonists", "5a664612c2b11c001a425f0b": "It has been used to describe everything from bringing a test-case in the federal courts to taking aim at a federal official.", "5a664612c2b11c001a425f0c": "juvenile delinquents", "5a664612c2b11c001a425f0d": "anti-war demonstrators", "572807802ca10214002d9bf8": "LeGrande", "572807802ca10214002d9bf9": "impossible", "572807802ca10214002d9bfa": "lawful protest demonstration, nonviolent civil disobedience, and violent civil disobedience", "572807802ca10214002d9bfb": "semantical problems", "572807802ca10214002d9bfc": "no more (or no less) meaning", "5728d7c54b864d1900164f4c": "LeGrande", "5728d7c54b864d1900164f4d": "voluminous", "5728d7c54b864d1900164f4e": "semantical problems and grammatical niceties", "5728d7c54b864d1900164f4f": "lawful protest demonstration", "5728d7c54b864d1900164f50": "violent", "5a6647d2c2b11c001a425f1d": "LeGrande writes that \"the formulation of a single all-encompassing definition of the term is extremely difficult, if not impossible", "5a6647d2c2b11c001a425f1e": "no more (or no less) meaning than the individual orator intends it to have", "5a6647d2c2b11c001a425f1f": "a maze of semantical problems and grammatical niceties.", "5a6647d2c2b11c001a425f20": "voluminous", "5a6647d2c2b11c001a425f21": "Alice", "57280f974b864d1900164370": "civil disobedience,", "57280f974b864d1900164371": "private citizen", "57280f974b864d1900164372": "relation to the state and its laws", "57280f974b864d1900164373": "civil disobedience", "57280f974b864d1900164374": "Civil disobedience", "5728d9403acd2414000e001b": "a citizen's relation to the state and its laws", "5728d9403acd2414000e001c": "refuse to enforce a decision of that country's highest court", "5728d9403acd2414000e001d": "head of government", "5728d9403acd2414000e001e": "citizen", "5728d9403acd2414000e001f": "public official", "5a665002846392001a1e1ab3": "two equally sovereign branches of government,", "5a665002846392001a1e1ab4": "citizen", "5a665002846392001a1e1ab5": "two public agencies", "5a665002846392001a1e1ab6": "highest court", "5a665002846392001a1e1ab7": "two equally sovereign branches of government", "572812e74b864d19001643ce": "Thoreau", "572812e74b864d19001643cf": "imprisonment", "572812e74b864d19001643d0": "not necessarily right", "572812e74b864d19001643d1": "Resign", "572812e74b864d19001643d2": "elite politicians", "5728dafe3acd2414000e005d": "The individual", "5728dafe3acd2414000e005e": "individuals", "5728dafe3acd2414000e005f": "Thoreau", "5728dafe3acd2414000e0060": "Resign.\u201d", "5728dafe3acd2414000e0061": "The majority may be powerful but it is not necessarily right", "5a665142846392001a1e1abd": "the conscience vs. the collective. The individual is the final judge of right and wrong", "5a665142846392001a1e1abe": "?", "5a665142846392001a1e1abf": "an individual in the form of a postman or tax collector", "5a665142846392001a1e1ac0": "confronting him with the fact that he was making a choice", "5a665142846392001a1e1ac1": "majority but it may also express nothing more than the will of elite politicians.", "5728151b4b864d1900164428": "governmental entities", "5728151b4b864d1900164429": "trade unions, banks, and private universities", "5728151b4b864d190016442a": "non-governmental", "5728151b4b864d190016442b": "non-governmental agencies", "5728dc2d3acd2414000e007f": "civil disobedience is only justified against governmental entities", "5728dc2d3acd2414000e0080": "Brownlee argues that disobedience in opposition to the decisions of non-governmental agencies", "5728dc2d3acd2414000e0081": "a larger challenge to the legal system that permits those decisions to be taken", "5728dc2d3acd2414000e0083": "governmental entities. Brownlee argues that disobedience in opposition to the decisions of non-governmental agencies such as trade unions, banks, and private universities", "5a665338846392001a1e1ac7": "Brownlee", "5a665338846392001a1e1ac8": "banks, and private universities", "5a665338846392001a1e1ac9": "if it reflects \"a larger challenge to the legal system that permits those decisions to be taken\"", "5a665338846392001a1e1aca": "breaches of law in protest", "5a665338846392001a1e1acb": "governments.", "572818f54b864d190016446c": "civil disobedience.", "572818f54b864d190016446d": "covert lawbreaking", "572818f54b864d190016446e": "hiding a Jew in their house", "572818f54b864d190016446f": "Book of Exodus", "572818f54b864d1900164470": "Shiphrah and Puah", "5728dddc2ca10214002da9d2": "publicly announced", "5728dddc2ca10214002da9d3": "rules that conflict with morality", "5728dddc2ca10214002da9d4": "assisting in fabricating evidence or committing perjury is more effective than open disobedience. This assumes that common morality does not have a prohibition on deceit", "5728dddc2ca10214002da9d5": "when Hitler's secret police demanded to know if they were hiding a Jew in their house.", "5728dddc2ca10214002da9d6": "Exodus", "5a665549846392001a1e1ad5": "lawbreaking, if it is not done publicly, at least must be publicly announced in order to constitute civil disobedience", "5a665549846392001a1e1ad6": "A Primer for Prospective Jurors", "5a665549846392001a1e1ad7": "Exodus 1: 15", "5a665549846392001a1e1ad8": "Shiphrah and Puah refused a direct order of Pharaoh but misrepresented how they did it. (Exodus 1: 15-19", "5a665549846392001a1e1ad9": "when Hitler's secret police demanded to know if they were hiding a Jew", "57281c594b864d19001644a2": "non-violent. Black's Law Dictionary includes non-violence", "57281c594b864d19001644a3": "Black's Law Dictionary", "57281c594b864d19001644a4": "rebellion", "57281c594b864d19001644a5": "tolerance", "57281c594b864d19001644a6": "non-violent.", "5728df634b864d1900164fe2": "non-violent", "5728df634b864d1900164fe3": "civil rebellion", "5728df634b864d1900164fe4": "destructive", "5728df634b864d1900164fe6": "to help preserve society's tolerance", "5a665747846392001a1e1ae9": "violence and refusal to submit to arrest", "5a665747846392001a1e1aea": "non-violence in its definition of civil disobedience. Christian Bay's encyclopedia article states that civil disobedience requires \"carefully chosen and legitimate means", "5a665747846392001a1e1aeb": "\"carefully chosen and legitimate means", "5a665747846392001a1e1aec": "non-violent. Black's Law Dictionary includes non-violence", "5a665747846392001a1e1aed": "destructive;", "5728202c4b864d19001644ec": "Revolutionary civil disobedience", "5728202c4b864d19001644ed": "Hungarians", "5728202c4b864d19001644ee": "Ferenc De\u00e1k", "5728202c4b864d19001644ef": "Gandhi's acts have been described as revolutionary civil disobedience. It has been claimed that the Hungarians under Ferenc De\u00e1k", "5728202c4b864d19001644f0": "cultural traditions, social customs, religious beliefs", "5728e07e3acd2414000e00e9": "Non-revolutionary", "5728e07e3acd2414000e00ea": "they are judged \"wrong\"", "5728e07e3acd2414000e00eb": "render certain laws ineffective, to cause their repeal", "5728e07e3acd2414000e00ec": "Revolutionary", "5728e07e3acd2414000e00ed": "Gandhi", "5a665870846392001a1e1af3": "government", "5a665870846392001a1e1af4": "revolution", "5a665870846392001a1e1af5": "\"alter or abolish\"", "5a665870846392001a1e1af6": "peaceable revolution.\"", "5a665870846392001a1e1af7": "alter or abolish", "572822233acd2414000df555": "during the Roman Empire", "572822233acd2414000df556": "gathered in the streets", "572822233acd2414000df557": "his arrest was not covered in any newspapers", "572822233acd2414000df558": "higher political office", "572822233acd2414000df559": "after the end of the Mexican War", "5728e3c33acd2414000e0131": "during the Roman Empire", "5728e3c33acd2414000e0132": "prevent the installation of pagan images in the Temple in Jerusalem", "5728e3c33acd2414000e0133": "refuse to sign bail", "5728e3c33acd2414000e0134": "jail solidarity.", "5728e3c33acd2414000e0135": "months", "5a6659d3846392001a1e1b0d": "Mexican War", "5a6659d3846392001a1e1b0e": "pagan", "5a6659d3846392001a1e1b0f": "bail until certain demands are met, such as favorable bail", "5a6659d3846392001a1e1b10": "newspapers in the days, weeks and months after it happened", "5a6659d3846392001a1e1b11": "after the end of the Mexican War.", "572825a92ca10214002d9efe": "illegal acts", "572825a92ca10214002d9eff": "propaganda", "572825a92ca10214002d9f00": "Voice in the Wilderness", "572825a92ca10214002d9f01": "738 days", "572825a92ca10214002d9f02": "preventing it from being cut down", "5728e5224b864d1900165032": "harassment", "5728e5224b864d1900165033": "trespassing at a nuclear-missile installation", "5728e5224b864d1900165034": "symbolic", "5728e5224b864d1900165035": "public policy goals", "5728e5224b864d1900165036": "Julia Butterfly Hill", "5a665b56846392001a1e1b1d": "738", "5a665b56846392001a1e1b1e": "Luna", "5a665b56846392001a1e1b1f": "successfully preventing it from being cut down", "5a665b56846392001a1e1b20": "Voice in the Wilderness,", "5a665b56846392001a1e1b21": "trespassing", "5728284e3acd2414000df5cd": "sending an email to the Lebanon, New Hampshire city councilors stating, \"Wise up or die.\"", "5728284e3acd2414000df5ce": "\"Wise up or die.\"", "5728284e3acd2414000df5cf": "forbidden", "5728284e3acd2414000df5d0": "FCC v. Pacifica Foundation", "5728284e3acd2414000df5d1": "1978", "5728e5f43acd2414000e0171": "pure speech, civil disobedience can consist simply of engaging in the forbidden speech", "5728e5f43acd2414000e0172": "Threatening government officials", "5728e5f43acd2414000e0173": "Threatening government officials", "5728e5f43acd2414000e0174": "Threatening government officials", "5a666b43846392001a1e1c0f": "\"Wise up or die.\"", "5a666b43846392001a1e1c10": "Wise up or die.", "5a666b43846392001a1e1c11": "1978 Supreme Court case of FCC v. Pacifica Foundation", "5a666b43846392001a1e1c12": "FCC v. Pacifica Foundation.", "5a666b43846392001a1e1c13": "Threatening government officials", "57282dfb4b864d1900164668": "a system to function", "57282dfb4b864d1900164669": "using sickles to deflate one of the large domes covering two satellite dishes", "57282dfb4b864d190016466a": "by padlocking the gates and using sickles to deflate one of the large domes", "57282dfb4b864d190016466b": "employ limited coercion", "57282dfb4b864d190016466c": "coercive", "5728e715ff5b5019007da914": "draft dodging", "5728e715ff5b5019007da916": "make it more difficult for a system to function", "5728e715ff5b5019007da917": "engage in moral dialogue", "5728e715ff5b5019007da918": "sit-ins", "5a6681d1f038b7001ab0bf00": "temporarily closed GCSB Waihopai by padlocking the gates", "5a6681d1f038b7001ab0bf01": "coercive.", "5a6681d1f038b7001ab0bf02": "padlocking the gates and using sickles to deflate one of the large domes covering two satellite dishes.", "5a6681d1f038b7001ab0bf03": "coercion by their conscientious aim to engage in moral dialogue, nevertheless they may find it necessary to employ limited coercion", "5a6681d1f038b7001ab0bf04": "their conscientious aim to engage in moral dialogue,", "5728e8212ca10214002daa6c": "criminal", "5728e8212ca10214002daa6d": "make an impression", "5728e8212ca10214002daa6e": "seeming rude", "5728e8212ca10214002daa6f": "lack of understanding of the legal ramifications, or due to a fear of seeming rude", "5728e8212ca10214002daa70": "fear of seeming rude.", "5a6683d5f038b7001ab0bf1e": "decisions and principles that apply in other criminal investigations", "5a6683d5f038b7001ab0bf1f": "lack of understanding of the legal ramifications, or due to a fear of seeming rude.", "5a6683d5f038b7001ab0bf20": "tax-gatherer", "5a6683d5f038b7001ab0bf21": "whether or not to talk to police officers", "5a6683d5f038b7001ab0bf22": "can serve no useful purpose", "5728eb1a3acd2414000e01c5": "belief in the validity of the social contract", "5728eb1a3acd2414000e01c6": "belief in the validity of the social contract", "5728eb1a3acd2414000e01c7": "government", "5728eb1a3acd2414000e01c8": "anarchists", "5728eb1a3acd2414000e01c9": "believe in the legitimacy of any government", "5a668632f038b7001ab0bf44": "infringe the rights of others.", "5a668632f038b7001ab0bf45": "no need to accept punishment", "5a668632f038b7001ab0bf46": "legitimacy", "5a668632f038b7001ab0bf47": "punishment for a violation of criminal law that does not infringe the rights of others.", "5a668632f038b7001ab0bf48": "infringe the rights of others.", "5728ebcb3acd2414000e01d9": "whether or not to plead guilty.", "5728ebcb3acd2414000e01da": "to submit to the punishment prescribed by law", "5728ebcb3acd2414000e01db": "defending oneself in court will increase the possibility of changing the unjust law", "5728ebcb3acd2414000e01dc": "\"I plead for the beauty that surrounds us", "5728ebcb3acd2414000e01dd": "creative plea,\" and will usually be interpreted as a plea of not guilty.", "5a66893ff038b7001ab0bf74": "civil disobedients", "5a66893ff038b7001ab0bf75": "creative plea,\"", "5a66893ff038b7001ab0bf76": "submit to the punishment prescribed by law,", "5a66893ff038b7001ab0bf77": "will increase the possibility of changing the unjust law.", "5a66893ff038b7001ab0bf78": "a plea of not guilty.", "5728ec6a4b864d19001650aa": "Camp Mercury nuclear test site", "5728ec6a4b864d19001650ab": "attempted to enter the test site knowing that they faced arrest", "5728ec6a4b864d19001650ac": "arrested", "5728ec6a4b864d19001650ad": "nolo contendere", "5728ec6a4b864d19001650ae": "suspended", "5a668b33f038b7001ab0bf90": "Committee for Non-Violent Action sponsored a protest in August 1957", "5a668b33f038b7001ab0bf91": "Camp Mercury nuclear test site", "5a668b33f038b7001ab0bf92": "1957, at the Camp Mercury", "5a668b33f038b7001ab0bf93": "Nye County seat of Tonopah, Nevada", "5a668b33f038b7001ab0bf94": "suspended", "5728ed94ff5b5019007da97c": "as a way of continuing their protest, as a way of reminding their countrymen of injustice", "5728ed94ff5b5019007da97d": "reminding their countrymen of injustice", "5728ed94ff5b5019007da97e": "the spirit of protest", "5728ed94ff5b5019007da97f": "as part of a rule connected with civil disobedience", "5a668d4ef038b7001ab0bfc0": "insistence on a guilty plea should be eliminated.", "5a668d4ef038b7001ab0bfc1": "the spirit of protest should be maintained", "5a668d4ef038b7001ab0bfc2": "the neo-conservative insistence on a guilty plea", "5a668d4ef038b7001ab0bfc3": "the spirit", "5a668d4ef038b7001ab0bfc4": "demean the seriousness", "5728eef92ca10214002daab0": "plea bargain", "5728eef92ca10214002daab1": "receive no jail time", "5728eef92ca10214002daab2": "solidarity", "5728eef92ca10214002daab3": "blind", "5728eef92ca10214002daab4": "Mohandas Gandhi", "5a668ef8f038b7001ab0bfdc": "a plea", "5a668ef8f038b7001ab0bfdd": "activists have opted to enter a blind plea, pleading guilty without any plea agreement in place. Mohandas Gandhi pleaded guilty", "5a668ef8f038b7001ab0bfde": "solidarity tactics", "5a668ef8f038b7001ab0bfdf": "cheerful", "5a668ef8f038b7001ab0bfe0": "civil disobedients, as in the case of the Camden 28, in which the defendants were offered an opportunity to plead guilty to one misdemeanor", "5728f50baf94a219006a9e55": "defiant speech", "5728f50baf94a219006a9e56": "explaining their actions", "5728f50baf94a219006a9e57": "lack of remorse, an attempt to avoid responsibility for her actions, and even a likelihood of repeating her illegal actions", "5728f50baf94a219006a9e58": "the ones who are violating the greater law are the members of the Navy\"", "5728f50baf94a219006a9e59": "mistreatment from government officials", "5a66938ff038b7001ab0bff8": "defiant", "5a66938ff038b7001ab0bff9": "\"the ones who are violating the greater law are the members of the Navy\"", "5a66938ff038b7001ab0bffa": "60 days.", "5a66938ff038b7001ab0bffb": "government officials", "5a66938ff038b7001ab0bffc": "the ones who are violating the greater law are the members of the Navy", "5728facd4b864d1900165170": "win an acquittal and avoid imprisonment or a fine", "5728facd4b864d1900165171": "to inform the jury and the public of the political circumstances surrounding the case", "5728facd4b864d1900165172": "seek jury nullification", "5728facd4b864d1900165173": "Vietnam War", "5728facd4b864d1900165174": "A technical defense", "5a66978af038b7001ab0c028": "", "5a66978af038b7001ab0c029": "reduced press coverage", "5a66978af038b7001ab0c02a": "win an acquittal", "5a66978af038b7001ab0c02b": "not", "5a66978af038b7001ab0c02c": "nullification prerogative,", "5728fb6a1d04691400778ef5": "encouraging general disobedience which is neither conscientious nor of social benefit", "5728fb6a1d04691400778ef6": "undermine the law by encouraging general disobedience which is neither conscientious nor of social benefit", "5728fb6a1d04691400778ef7": "any great amount of it would undermine the law by encouraging general disobedience which is neither conscientious nor of social benefit", "5728fb6a1d04691400778ef8": "committing the crime covertly and avoiding attribution", "5728fb6a1d04691400778ef9": "avoiding attribution, or by denying having committed the crime, or by fleeing the jurisdiction", "5a669ee5f038b7001ab0c068": "the law", "5a669ee5f038b7001ab0c069": "is not civil disobedience", "5a669ee5f038b7001ab0c06a": "any great amount of it would undermine the law", "5a669ee5f038b7001ab0c06b": "general disobedience", "5a669ee5f038b7001ab0c06c": "any great amount of it would undermine the law by encouraging general disobedience", "5728fc9e1d04691400778f11": "Indirect civil disobedience", "5728fc9e1d04691400778f12": "direct civil disobedience", "5728fc9e1d04691400778f13": "Vietnam War", "5728fc9e1d04691400778f14": "necessity defense", "5728fc9e1d04691400778f15": "the leaflets will have to be given to the leafleter's own jury as evidence", "5a66a156f038b7001ab0c072": "violating", "5a66a156f038b7001ab0c073": "breaking that law", "5a66a156f038b7001ab0c074": "Fully Informed Jury Association activists", "5a66a156f038b7001ab0c075": "educational leaflets", "5a66a156f038b7001ab0c076": "the leaflets will have to be given to the leafleter's own jury as evidence", "5728fd3c3f37b31900477f2b": "achieving crime control", "5728fd3c3f37b31900477f2d": "it would do more harm than good", "5728fd3c3f37b31900477f2e": "the state (including the judges)", "5728fd3c3f37b31900477f2f": "utilitarian grounds", "5a66a55af038b7001ab0c07c": "utilitarian grounds whether to do so or not", "5a66a55af038b7001ab0c07d": "crime control via incapacitation and deterrence", "5a66a55af038b7001ab0c07e": "the state (including the judges)", "5a66a55af038b7001ab0c07f": "whether it would do more harm than good", "5a66a55af038b7001ab0c080": "utilitarian grounds", "57273a465951b619008f86ff": "Construction", "57273a465951b619008f8700": "manufacturing", "57273a465951b619008f8701": "six to nine percent", "57273a465951b619008f8702": "planning,[citation needed] design, and financing", "57273a465951b619008f8703": "a known client", "5a234eef82b03a001a4aa76a": "construction", "5a234eef82b03a001a4aa76b": "manufacturing in that manufacturing typically involves mass production of similar items without a designated purchaser, while construction", "5a234eef82b03a001a4aa76c": "gross domestic product of developed countries", "5a234eef82b03a001a4aa76d": "planning,[citation needed] design, and financing", "5a25a709ef59cd001a623c0e": "mass production of similar items without a designated purchaser,", "5a25a709ef59cd001a623c0f": "six to nine", "5a25a709ef59cd001a623c10": "manufacturing", "5a25a709ef59cd001a623c11": "mass production of similar items without a designated purchaser", "5a25a709ef59cd001a623c12": "planning,[citation needed] design, and financing", "57273cca708984140094db33": "An architect", "57273cca708984140094db34": "a construction manager, design engineer, construction engineer or project manager", "57273cca708984140094db35": "effective planning", "57273cca708984140094db36": "megaprojects", "57273cca708984140094db37": "Those involved with the design and execution of the infrastructure in question", "5a2350d582b03a001a4aa773": "Large-scale construction requires collaboration", "5a2350d582b03a001a4aa774": "Large-scale construction requires collaboration across multiple disciplines. An architect normally manages the job, and a construction manager, design engineer, construction engineer or project manager", "5a2350d582b03a001a4aa775": "megaprojects", "5a2350d582b03a001a4aa776": "zoning requirements, the environmental impact of the job, the successful scheduling, budgeting, construction-site safety, availability and transportation of building materials, logistics", "5a25a8e9ef59cd001a623c20": "megaprojects", "5a25a8e9ef59cd001a623c21": "An architect normally manages the job, and a construction manager", "5a25a8e9ef59cd001a623c22": "construction manager", "5a25a8e9ef59cd001a623c23": "megaprojects.", "5a25a8e9ef59cd001a623c24": "effective planning is essential", "57273d8bf1498d1400e8f4fe": "buildings, infrastructure and industrial", "57273d8bf1498d1400e8f4ff": "residential and non-residential (commercial/institutional)", "57273d8bf1498d1400e8f500": "heavy/highway, heavy civil or heavy engineering", "57273d8bf1498d1400e8f501": "Infrastructure", "57273d8bf1498d1400e8f502": "Industrial", "5a2352f782b03a001a4aa77b": "three sectors of construction", "5a2352f782b03a001a4aa77c": "Building construction is usually further divided into residential and non-residential", "5a2352f782b03a001a4aa77d": "heavy engineering. It includes large public works, dams, bridges, highways, water/wastewater and utility distribution. Industrial", "5a2352f782b03a001a4aa77e": "Infrastructure is often called heavy/highway, heavy civil or heavy engineering", "5a25ab1bef59cd001a623c32": "buildings, infrastructure and industrial", "5a25ab1bef59cd001a623c33": "sectors or markets", "5a25ab1bef59cd001a623c34": "Industrial includes refineries, process chemical, power generation, mills and manufacturing plants. There are other ways to break the industry into sectors or markets.", "5a25ab1bef59cd001a623c35": "sectors or markets", "5a25ab1bef59cd001a623c36": "commercial/institutional", "57273e50dd62a815002e9a02": "a trade magazine for the construction industry", "57273e50dd62a815002e9a03": "Engineering News-Record (ENR", "57273e50dd62a815002e9a04": "2014", "57273e50dd62a815002e9a05": "transportation, sewer, hazardous waste and water", "5a23548782b03a001a4aa783": "Engineering News-Record (ENR)", "5a23548782b03a001a4aa784": "Engineering News-Record (ENR)", "5a23548782b03a001a4aa785": "largest companies in the United States (Top-40) and also a list the largest global firms", "5a23548782b03a001a4aa786": "by amount of work they are doing outside their home country). In 2014, ENR compiled the data in nine market segments", "5a23548782b03a001a4aa787": "data about the size of design and construction companies.", "5a25ade0ef59cd001a623c44": "Engineering News-Record (ENR) is a trade magazine for the construction industry. Each year, ENR", "5a25ade0ef59cd001a623c45": "by amount of work they are doing outside their home country).", "5a25ade0ef59cd001a623c46": "", "5a25ade0ef59cd001a623c47": "largest global firms (Top-250, by amount of work they are doing outside their home country", "5a25ade0ef59cd001a623c48": "2014, ENR compiled the data in nine market segments", "57273f27dd62a815002e9a0a": "building construction, heavy and civil engineering construction, and specialty trade contractors", "57273f27dd62a815002e9a0b": "construction service firms (e.g., engineering, architecture) and construction managers", "57273f27dd62a815002e9a0c": "The Standard Industrial Classification and the newer North American Industry Classification System", "57273f27dd62a815002e9a0d": "firms engaged in managing construction projects without assuming direct financial responsibility for completion of the construction project", "5a23565482b03a001a4aa78d": "building construction, heavy and civil engineering construction, and specialty trade contractors", "5a23565482b03a001a4aa78e": "Standard Industrial", "5a23565482b03a001a4aa78f": "The Standard Industrial Classification", "5a23565482b03a001a4aa790": "construction", "5a25b230ef59cd001a623c4e": "Standard Industrial Classification and the newer North American Industry Classification", "5a25b230ef59cd001a623c4f": "classification system for companies that perform or otherwise engage in construction. To recognize the differences of companies in this sector, it is divided into three", "5a25b230ef59cd001a623c50": "building construction, heavy and civil engineering construction, and specialty trade contractors", "5a25b230ef59cd001a623c51": "assuming direct financial responsibility", "5a25b230ef59cd001a623c52": "The Standard Industrial Classification and the newer North American Industry Classification", "57274046dd62a815002e9a12": "Building construction", "57274046dd62a815002e9a13": "small renovations", "57274046dd62a815002e9a14": "the owner of the property", "57274046dd62a815002e9a15": "structural collapse, cost overruns, and/or litigation", "57274046dd62a815002e9a16": "make detailed plans and maintain careful oversight during the project", "5a2358cc82b03a001a4aa795": "small renovations, such as addition of a room, or renovation of a bathroom", "5a2358cc82b03a001a4aa796": "structural collapse, cost overruns, and/or litigation", "5a2358cc82b03a001a4aa797": "make detailed plans and maintain careful oversight", "5a2358cc82b03a001a4aa798": "design team for the entire project", "5a25b668ef59cd001a623c76": "design, financial, estimating and legal", "5a25b668ef59cd001a623c77": "those with experience in the field make detailed plans and maintain careful oversight during the project", "5a25b668ef59cd001a623c78": "those with experience in the field make detailed plans and maintain careful oversight during the project to ensure a positive outcome.", "5a25b668ef59cd001a623c79": "design, financial, estimating", "5a25b668ef59cd001a623c7a": "cost overruns, and/or litigation", "572742bd5951b619008f8785": "local building authority regulations and codes of practice", "572742bd5951b619008f8786": "Materials readily available in the area", "572742bd5951b619008f8787": "waste", "572742bd5951b619008f8788": "Cost of construction", "5a25bb0bef59cd001a623cb2": "building authority", "5a25bb0bef59cd001a623cb3": "often more expensive to build", "5a25bb0bef59cd001a623cb4": "economies of scale", "5a25bb0bef59cd001a623cb5": "waste,", "5a25bb0bef59cd001a623cb6": "waste, careful planning", "572744aff1498d1400e8f588": "3D printing technology", "572744aff1498d1400e8f589": "20 hours", "572744aff1498d1400e8f58a": "2014", "572744aff1498d1400e8f58b": "2 metres (6 ft 7 in", "5a25bd5cef59cd001a623cc4": "3D-printed building", "5a25bd5cef59cd001a623cc5": "advances in 3D printing technology", "5a25bd5cef59cd001a623cc6": "additive manufacturing techniques for manufactured parts", "5a25bd5cef59cd001a623cc7": "20", "5a25bd5cef59cd001a623cc8": "3.5 metres (11 ft) per hour, sufficient to complete a building in a week", "572745c6708984140094db99": "designs into reality", "572745c6708984140094db9a": "plan the physical proceedings, and to integrate those proceedings with the other parts", "572745c6708984140094db9b": "the property owner", "572745c6708984140094db9c": "quantity surveyor", "572745c6708984140094db9d": "the most cost efficient bidder", "5a25c087ef59cd001a623cce": "bill of quantities", "5a25c087ef59cd001a623ccf": "design team", "5a25c087ef59cd001a623cd1": "quantity surveyor", "5a25c087ef59cd001a623cd2": "work, either based directly on the design", "57274e0d708984140094dbe5": "previously separated specialties", "57274e0d708984140094dbe6": "entirely separate companies", "57274e0d708984140094dbe7": "one-stop shopping", "57274e0d708984140094dbe8": "design build", "5a25c41def59cd001a623cd8": "integration of previously separated specialties", "5a25c41def59cd001a623cd9": "experts from all related fields", "5a25c41def59cd001a623cda": "\"one-stop shopping\"", "5a25c41def59cd001a623cdb": "\"design build\" contract", "5a25c41def59cd001a623cdc": "architects, interior designers, engineers, developers, construction managers", "57274e975951b619008f87f9": "design-build, partnering and construction management", "57274e975951b619008f87fa": "architects, interior designers, engineers and constructors", "57274e975951b619008f87fb": "establishing relationships with other necessary participants through the design-build process", "5a25d23bef59cd001a623ce2": "establishing relationships with other necessary participants", "5a25d23bef59cd001a623ce3": "partnering and construction management", "5a25d23bef59cd001a623ce4": "architects, interior designers, engineers", "5a25d23bef59cd001a623ce5": "partnering and construction management", "5a25d23bef59cd001a623ce6": "companies are growing beyond traditional offerings of design or construction services alone and are placing more emphasis on establishing relationships with other necessary participants", "57274f67708984140094dbf5": "preventable financial problems", "57274f67708984140094dbf6": "builders ask for too little money to complete the project", "57274f67708984140094dbf7": "when the present amount of funding cannot cover the current costs for labour and materials", "57274f67708984140094dbf8": "Fraud", "5a25d529ef59cd001a623cec": "Underbids", "5a25d529ef59cd001a623ced": "Fraud is a problem", "5a25d529ef59cd001a623cee": "Cash flow problems exist when the present amount of funding cannot cover the current costs", "5a25d529ef59cd001a623cef": "Financial planning", "5a25d529ef59cd001a623cf0": "Fraud is a problem in many fields, but is notoriously prevalent in the construction field. Financial planning", "5727502f708984140094dc07": "Mortgage bankers, accountants, and cost engineers", "5727502f708984140094dc08": "mortgage banker", "5727502f708984140094dc09": "Accountants", "5727502f708984140094dc0a": "Cost engineers and estimators", "5727502f708984140094dc0b": "identified change orders or project changes that increased costs", "5a25d89aef59cd001a623cf6": "financial management", "5a25d89aef59cd001a623cf7": "Cost overruns", "5a25d89aef59cd001a623cf8": "equity", "5a25d89aef59cd001a623cf9": "mortgage banker is highly likely", "5a25d89aef59cd001a623cfa": "owner's equity in the property is the most obvious source of funding for a building project", "572750e8dd62a815002e9af0": "zoning and building code requirements. Constructing a project that fails to adhere to codes", "572750e8dd62a815002e9af1": "the owner", "572750e8dd62a815002e9af2": "the desire to prevent things that are indisputably bad", "572750e8dd62a815002e9af3": "things that are a matter of custom or expectation", "572750e8dd62a815002e9af4": "An attorney", "5a25e0a9ef59cd001a623d00": "zoning and building code requirements.", "5a25e0a9ef59cd001a623d01": "owner", "5a25e0a9ef59cd001a623d02": "malum prohibitum considerations", "5a25e0a9ef59cd001a623d03": "arguing that a rule is inapplicable", "5a25e0a9ef59cd001a623d04": "isolating businesses to a business district and residences to a residential district.", "572751b4708984140094dc1b": "A construction project", "572751b4708984140094dc1c": "A contract", "572751b4708984140094dc1d": "a delay costs money, and in cases of bottlenecks, the delay can be extremely expensive", "572751b4708984140094dc1e": "that each side is capable of performing the obligations set out", "572751b4708984140094dc1f": "poorly drafted contracts", "5a25e4a2ef59cd001a623d0a": "construction project is a complex", "5a25e4a2ef59cd001a623d0b": "a delay costs money, and in cases of bottlenecks, the delay can be extremely expensive", "5a25e4a2ef59cd001a623d0c": "delay", "5a25e4a2ef59cd001a623d0d": "clear expectations and clear paths to accomplishing those expectations", "5a25e4a2ef59cd001a623d0e": "confusion and collapse", "5727526cdd62a815002e9b0e": "relationship contracting", "5727526cdd62a815002e9b0f": "Public-Private Partnering", "5727526cdd62a815002e9b10": "private finance initiatives (PFIs", "5727526cdd62a815002e9b11": "co-operation", "5a25e8d5ef59cd001a623d14": "highly competitive and adversarial practices", "5a25e8d5ef59cd001a623d15": "co-operative", "5a25e8d5ef59cd001a623d16": "stakeholders within a construction project", "5a25e8d5ef59cd001a623d17": "Public-Private Partnering", "5a25e8d5ef59cd001a623d18": "new forms", "572753335951b619008f8853": "the architect or engineer", "572753335951b619008f8854": "the architect or engineer", "572753335951b619008f8855": "the architect's client and the main contractor", "572753335951b619008f8856": "the main contractor", "572753335951b619008f8857": "the building is ready to occupy", "5a25eae4c93d92001a40033d": "The procedure", "5a25eae4c93d92001a40033e": "project coordinator.", "5a25eae4c93d92001a40033f": "design the works, prepare the specifications and produce construction drawings", "5a25eae4c93d92001a400340": "direct contractual relationship", "5a25eae4c93d92001a400341": "direct contractual relationship with the main contractor", "57275411dd62a815002e9b30": "The owner", "57275411dd62a815002e9b31": "D&B contractors", "57275411dd62a815002e9b32": "The owner", "57275411dd62a815002e9b33": "a consortium of several contractors", "57275411dd62a815002e9b34": "they design phase 2", "5a25eed2c93d92001a400347": "list of requirements for a project", "5a25eed2c93d92001a400348": "a list of requirements", "5a25eed2c93d92001a400349": "present different ideas", "5a25eed2c93d92001a40034a": "a consortium of several contractors working together", "5a25eed2c93d92001a40034b": "design phase 2. This is in contrast to a design-bid-build contract", "572754fff1498d1400e8f660": "contractors", "572754fff1498d1400e8f661": "damage to the existing electrical, water, sewage, phone, and cable facilities", "572754fff1498d1400e8f662": "electrical, water, sewage, phone, and cable", "572754fff1498d1400e8f663": "the municipal building inspector", "572754fff1498d1400e8f664": "occupancy permit", "5a25f133c93d92001a400351": "contractors are typically required to verify and have existing utility lines marked,", "5a25f133c93d92001a400352": "inspects the building periodically to ensure that the construction adheres to the approved plans and the local building code", "5a25f133c93d92001a400353": "existing electrical, water, sewage, phone, and cable facilities, which could cause outages and potentially hazardous situations", "5a25f133c93d92001a400354": "adheres to the approved plans", "5a25f133c93d92001a400355": "existing utility lines marked", "572755b7708984140094dc4d": "$960 billion", "572755b7708984140094dc4e": "$680 billion", "572755b7708984140094dc4f": "667,000", "572755b7708984140094dc50": "fewer than 10", "572755b7708984140094dc51": "828,000", "5a25f38dc93d92001a40035b": "13.2% unemployment rate", "5a25f38dc93d92001a40035c": "$960 billion", "5a25f38dc93d92001a40035d": "1", "5a25f38dc93d92001a40035e": "667,000 firms", "5a25f38dc93d92001a40035f": "828,000", "5727565ef1498d1400e8f674": "\u00a342,090, compared to \u00a326,719", "5727565ef1498d1400e8f675": "\u00a326,719", "5727565ef1498d1400e8f676": "US/Canada", "5a25f6a3c93d92001a400365": "higher average salaries", "5a25f6a3c93d92001a400366": "\u00a343,389 per annum, compared to \u00a340,000 in the UK", "5a25f6a3c93d92001a400367": "$100,000", "5a25f6a3c93d92001a400368": "higher average salaries than in the UK for example. The average earning for a professional in the construction industry in the Middle East", "5a25f6a3c93d92001a400369": "more affluent roles are available,", "572756fe708984140094dc71": "Construction", "572756fe708984140094dc72": "Falls", "572756fe708984140094dc73": "electrocution, transportation accidents, and trench cave-ins", "572756fe708984140094dc74": "Proper safety equipment", "5a25fa34c93d92001a40036f": "Construction is one of the most dangerous occupations in the world", "5a25fa34c93d92001a400370": "three times that for all workers", "5a25fa34c93d92001a400371": "securing ladders", "5a25fa34c93d92001a400372": "securing ladders and inspecting scaffolding", "5a25fa34c93d92001a400373": "electrocution, transportation accidents, and trench cave-ins", "572746addd62a815002e9a5e": "independent schools", "572746addd62a815002e9a5f": "academic scholarship", "572746addd62a815002e9a60": "charging their students tuition", "572746addd62a815002e9a61": "the right to select their students", "5a6787d4f038b7001ab0c27a": "Private schools", "5a6787d4f038b7001ab0c27b": "mandatory taxation through public (government) funding", "5a6787d4f038b7001ab0c27c": "tax credit scholarships that might be available.", "5a6787d4f038b7001ab0c27d": "financial need, or tax credit scholarships", "5a6787d4f038b7001ab0c27e": "mandatory taxation through public (government) funding", "57274712708984140094dbad": "more than $45,000", "57274712708984140094dbae": "tuition-free' schools", "57274712708984140094dbaf": "Australia", "57274712708984140094dbb0": "Canada", "5a678908f038b7001ab0c296": "$4", "5a678908f038b7001ab0c297": "primary and secondary educational levels", "5a678908f038b7001ab0c298": "universities and other tertiary institutions", "5a678908f038b7001ab0c299": "'tuition-free", "5a678908f038b7001ab0c29a": "primary and secondary educational levels; it is almost never used of universities", "5727478cf1498d1400e8f59a": "lower sixth", "5727478cf1498d1400e8f59b": "upper sixth", "5727478cf1498d1400e8f59c": "prep schools", "5727478cf1498d1400e8f59d": "peer tuitions", "5727478cf1498d1400e8f59e": "teachers", "5a678aa6f038b7001ab0c2a0": "enriched learning environments, including a low student to teacher ratio, small class sizes and services, such as libraries, science laboratories and computers", "5a678aa6f038b7001ab0c2a1": "computers", "5a678aa6f038b7001ab0c2a3": "pay higher salaries for the best teachers", "5a678aa6f038b7001ab0c2a4": "libraries, science laboratories and computers. Some private schools are boarding schools", "5727482bf1498d1400e8f5a4": "Roman Catholic", "5727482bf1498d1400e8f5a5": "Orthodox", "5727482bf1498d1400e8f5a6": "religious education", "5a678dcef038b7001ab0c2ba": "denomination", "5a678dcef038b7001ab0c2bc": "religious education, together with the usual academic subjects", "5a678dcef038b7001ab0c2bd": "religion.", "5a678dcef038b7001ab0c2be": "religious education, together with the usual academic subjects", "5727490bdd62a815002e9a82": "power of expulsion", "5727490bdd62a815002e9a83": "blazer", "5727490bdd62a815002e9a84": "more expensive", "5a678f35f038b7001ab0c2c4": "prestige and the social status of the 'old school tie", "5a678f35f038b7001ab0c2c5": "higher-paid", "5a678f35f038b7001ab0c2c6": "higher quality of education", "5a678f35f038b7001ab0c2c7": "power of expulsion, a tool not readily available to government schools", "5a678f35f038b7001ab0c2c8": "blazer", "57274971708984140094dbbb": "Presbyterian Church", "57274971708984140094dbbc": "Catholic", "57274971708984140094dbbd": "Sydney", "57274971708984140094dbbe": "girls", "5a6790dbf038b7001ab0c2ce": "Presbyterian", "5a6790dbf038b7001ab0c2cf": "'grammar schools'", "5a6790dbf038b7001ab0c2d0": "Campbelltown", "5a6790dbf038b7001ab0c2d1": "Anglican Church, Uniting Church and Presbyterian Church", "5a6790dbf038b7001ab0c2d2": "religious", "57274a1edd62a815002e9a9a": "Article 7, Paragraph 4", "57274a1edd62a815002e9a9b": "a second Gleichschaltung", "57274a1edd62a815002e9a9c": "7.8%", "57274a1edd62a815002e9a9d": "11.1%", "57274a1edd62a815002e9a9e": "6.1% to 7.8%", "5a6792f1f038b7001ab0c2ea": "Article 7, Paragraph 4", "5a6792f1f038b7001ab0c2eb": "in a state of emergency.", "5a6792f1f038b7001ab0c2ec": "to protect these schools from a second Gleichschaltung or similar event in the future", "5a6792f1f038b7001ab0c2ed": "11.1%", "5a6792f1f038b7001ab0c2ee": "Percent of students in private high schools reached 11.1%", "57274a8ff1498d1400e8f5bc": "Sonderungsverbot", "57274a8ff1498d1400e8f5bd": "Ersatzschulen", "57274a8ff1498d1400e8f5be": "very low tuition fees", "5a67978ef038b7001ab0c306": "segregation of pupils according to the means of their parents", "5a67978ef038b7001ab0c307": "segregation of pupils according to the means of their parents", "5a67978ef038b7001ab0c308": "same types of diplomas as public schools.", "5a67978ef038b7001ab0c309": "Ersatzschulen lack the freedom to operate completely outside of government regulation", "5a67978ef038b7001ab0c30a": "very low", "57274b35f1498d1400e8f5d4": "Erg\u00e4nzungsschulen", "57274b35f1498d1400e8f5d5": "vocational schools. However, these vocational schools", "57274b35f1498d1400e8f5d6": "by charging their students tuition fees", "57274b35f1498d1400e8f5d7": "religious groups", "5a67986af038b7001ab0c310": "Erg\u00e4nzungsschulen", "5a67986af038b7001ab0c311": "the German dual education system.", "5a67986af038b7001ab0c312": "government", "5a67986af038b7001ab0c313": "by charging their students tuition fees.", "5a67986af038b7001ab0c314": "religious", "57274beff1498d1400e8f5e4": "independent schools", "57274beff1498d1400e8f5e5": "CBSE", "57274beff1498d1400e8f5e6": "30", "57274beff1498d1400e8f5e7": "union government", "5a6799adf038b7001ab0c31a": "independent schools, but since some private schools receive financial aid from the government, it can be an aided or an unaided school", "5a6799adf038b7001ab0c31b": "aided or an unaided school.", "5a6799adf038b7001ab0c31c": "schools since Education appears in the Concurrent list of legislative subjects in the constitution", "5a6799adf038b7001ab0c31d": "private schools are called independent schools", "5a6799adf038b7001ab0c31e": "school leaving", "57274ca8dd62a815002e9aa4": "societies", "57274ca8dd62a815002e9aa5": "India", "57274ca8dd62a815002e9aa6": "Annual Status of Education Report", "57274ca8dd62a815002e9aa7": "evaluates learning levels in rural India", "57274ca8dd62a815002e9aa8": "English", "5a679cc7f038b7001ab0c344": "non-profit trusts and societies can run schools in India", "5a679cc7f038b7001ab0c345": "local", "5a679cc7f038b7001ab0c346": "fewer", "5a679cc7f038b7001ab0c347": "poorer academic achievement in government schools than in private schools", "5a679cc7f038b7001ab0c348": "corruption by school inspectors", "57274d1cdd62a815002e9aae": "scoil phr\u00edobh\u00e1ideach", "57274d1cdd62a815002e9aaf": "a certain number of teacher's salaries are paid by the State", "57274d1cdd62a815002e9ab0": "\u20ac5,000", "57274d1cdd62a815002e9ab1": "Society of Jesus", "57274d1cdd62a815002e9ab2": "\u20ac25,000 per year", "5a679db8f038b7001ab0c34e": "private schools", "5a679db8f038b7001ab0c34f": "school fees, which tend to be relatively low in Ireland", "5a679db8f038b7001ab0c350": "relatively low", "5a679db8f038b7001ab0c351": "Irish private schools must still work towards the Junior Certificate and the Leaving Certificate,", "5a679db8f038b7001ab0c352": "\u20ac25,000", "57274d9bf1498d1400e8f5f6": "1957", "57274d9bf1498d1400e8f5f7": "Chinese", "57274d9bf1498d1400e8f5f8": "English", "57274d9bf1498d1400e8f5f9": "National School system", "57274d9bf1498d1400e8f5fa": "Over 60", "5a679f83f038b7001ab0c364": "Chinese secondary schools are required", "5a679f83f038b7001ab0c365": "the", "5a679f83f038b7001ab0c366": "surrender their properties", "5a679f83f038b7001ab0c367": "National Type\" schools", "5a679f83f038b7001ab0c368": "the schools", "57274e145951b619008f87e7": "aided' schools", "57274e145951b619008f87e8": "fully funded by private parties", "57274e145951b619008f87e9": "Kathmandu", "57274e145951b619008f87ea": "English", "57274e145951b619008f87eb": "the state's official language", "5a67a1e3f038b7001ab0c388": "middle-class families", "5a67a1e3f038b7001ab0c389": "middle-class", "5a67a1e3f038b7001ab0c38a": "nursery schools.", "5a67a1e3f038b7001ab0c38b": "un-aided", "5a67a1e3f038b7001ab0c38c": "Preschool education is mostly limited to organized neighbourhood nursery schools.", "57274eca5951b619008f87ff": "88", "57274eca5951b619008f8800": "28,000", "57274eca5951b619008f8801": "3.7%", "57274eca5951b619008f8802": "Catholic", "57274eca5951b619008f8803": "Auckland", "5a67a2c7f038b7001ab0c3a2": "88 private schools in New Zealand, catering for around 28,000", "5a67a2c7f038b7001ab0c3a3": "2", "5a67a2c7f038b7001ab0c3a4": "3.7%", "5a67a2c7f038b7001ab0c3a5": "decline in private school numbers occurred between 1979 and 1984", "5a67a2c7f038b7001ab0c3a6": "as a result of many private schools opting to become state-integrated schools, mostly due of financial difficulties", "57274f49f1498d1400e8f61e": "Anglican", "57274f49f1498d1400e8f61f": "Wellington", "57274f49f1498d1400e8f620": "Presbyterian", "57274f49f1498d1400e8f621": "Christchurch", "57274f49f1498d1400e8f622": "Society of St Pius X", "5a67a492f038b7001ab0c3c4": "Presbyterian", "5a67a492f038b7001ab0c3c5": "There are three private schools", "5a67a492f038b7001ab0c3c6": "Society of St Pius X", "5a67a492f038b7001ab0c3c7": "Presbyterian", "5a67a492f038b7001ab0c3c8": "three private schools", "5727500f708984140094dbfd": "7.5%", "5727500f708984140094dbfe": "32%", "5727500f708984140094dbff": "80%", "5727500f708984140094dc00": "August 1992", "5727500f708984140094dc01": "natural science", "5a67a5d9f038b7001ab0c3dc": "7.5% of primary enrollment, 32% of secondary enrollment and about 80%", "5a67a5d9f038b7001ab0c3de": "Per unit costs", "5a67a5d9f038b7001ab0c3df": "flexibility", "5a67a5d9f038b7001ab0c3e0": "1992", "572750df5951b619008f882f": "Education Service Contracting scheme", "572750df5951b619008f8830": "The Tuition Fee Supplement", "572750df5951b619008f8831": "Private Education Student Financial Assistance", "5a67a898f038b7001ab0c3f4": "enrollment overflows.", "5a67a898f038b7001ab0c3f5": "students enrolled in priority courses in post-secondary and non-degree programmes", "5a67a898f038b7001ab0c3f6": "pursue college/technical education in private colleges and universities", "5a67a898f038b7001ab0c3f7": "The Private Education Student Financial Assistance", "5a67a898f038b7001ab0c3f8": "The Tuition Fee Supplement", "5727515f708984140094dc11": "The South African Schools Act of 1996 recognises two categories of schools: \"public\" (state-controlled) and \"independent\"", "5727515f708984140094dc12": "1996", "5727515f708984140094dc13": "independent", "5727515f708984140094dc14": "traditional private schools", "5727515f708984140094dc15": "nineteenth century", "5a67aa48f038b7001ab0c3fe": "nineteenth century", "5a67aa48f038b7001ab0c3ff": "South African Schools Act", "5a67aa48f038b7001ab0c400": "After the abolition of apartheid, the laws governing private education in South Africa changed significantly", "5a67aa48f038b7001ab0c401": "nineteenth century", "5a67aa48f038b7001ab0c402": "(state-controlled)", "57275409708984140094dc35": "government schools formerly reserved for white children", "57275409708984140094dc36": "better", "57275409708984140094dc37": "much higher", "5a67b759f038b7001ab0c43a": "Model C,", "5a67b759f038b7001ab0c43b": "a \"semi-private\" form called Model C,", "5a67b759f038b7001ab0c43c": "Model C", "5a67b759f038b7001ab0c43d": "better academic results", "5a67b759f038b7001ab0c43e": "compulsory school fees", "572754dd708984140094dc3b": "10%", "572754dd708984140094dc3c": "10,000", "572754dd708984140094dc3d": "700", "572754dd708984140094dc3e": "The Knowledge School", "572754dd708984140094dc3f": "school voucher model", "5a67b94bf038b7001ab0c444": "Over 10% of Swedish pupils", "5a67b94bf038b7001ab0c445": "700 employees and teaches nearly 10,000 pupils. The Swedish system", "5a67b94bf038b7001ab0c446": "Sweden is internationally known for this innovative school voucher", "5a67b94bf038b7001ab0c447": "school voucher model", "5a67b94bf038b7001ab0c448": "2008", "572756265951b619008f886d": "13", "572756265951b619008f886e": "public schools", "572756265951b619008f886f": "9", "572756265951b619008f8870": "13", "572756265951b619008f8871": "\u00a327,000", "5a67d87ef038b7001ab0c48a": "Preparatory schools in the UK prepare pupils aged up to 13 years old to enter public schools", "5a67d87ef038b7001ab0c48b": "13 per cent at A-level", "5a67d87ef038b7001ab0c48c": "A-level", "5a67d87ef038b7001ab0c48d": "single-sex (though this is becoming less common)", "5a67d87ef038b7001ab0c48e": "\u00a327,000+ per year", "572757bef1498d1400e8f690": "Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka", "572757bef1498d1400e8f691": "segregation academies", "572757bef1498d1400e8f692": "South", "572757bef1498d1400e8f693": "white", "572757bef1498d1400e8f694": "African-American", "5a67dae18476ee001a58a738": "Brown v. Board of Education", "5a67dae18476ee001a58a739": "with all deliberate speed", "5a67dae18476ee001a58a73a": "\"Christian academies", "5a67dae18476ee001a58a73b": "College Preparatory.", "5a67dae18476ee001a58a73c": "African-American", "572758e0f1498d1400e8f6ae": "endowments", "572758e0f1498d1400e8f6af": "First Amendment", "572758e0f1498d1400e8f6b0": "Blaine Amendments", "572758e0f1498d1400e8f6b1": "charter status", "5a67dedd8476ee001a58a74c": "courts' interpretation", "5a67dedd8476ee001a58a74d": "restrictions or possibly forbidden, according to the courts' interpretation of the Establishment Clause", "5a67dedd8476ee001a58a74e": "preferring the advantages of independent control of their student admissions and course content instead of the public funding", "5a67dedd8476ee001a58a74f": "Blaine Amendments", "5a67dedd8476ee001a58a750": "charter status", "572759665951b619008f8883": "Massachusetts", "572759665951b619008f8884": "1852", "572759665951b619008f8885": "1972", "572759665951b619008f8886": "268 U.S. 510", "572759665951b619008f8887": "McCrary", "5a67e29c8476ee001a58a756": "compulsory education in Massachusetts in 1852", "5a67e29d8476ee001a58a757": "Massachusetts in 1852", "5a67e29d8476ee001a58a758": "states may set standards for educational accomplishment", "5a67e29d8476ee001a58a759": "Runyon v. McCrary, 427 U.S. 160 (1976); Wisconsin v. Yoder,", "5a67e29d8476ee001a58a75a": "Wisconsin v. Yoder", "572759dbdd62a815002e9b94": "$40,000", "572759dbdd62a815002e9b95": "$50,000", "572759dbdd62a815002e9b96": "Groton School", "572759dbdd62a815002e9b97": "fundraising drives", "5a67e5278476ee001a58a760": "$40,000 annually for day schools in New York City, and nearly $50,000", "5a67e5278476ee001a58a761": "throughout the country", "5a67e5278476ee001a58a762": "far exceeds their capacity.", "5a67e5278476ee001a58a763": "New York", "5a67e5278476ee001a58a764": "hundreds of millions of dollars", "5727aa413acd2414000de921": "John Harvard", "5727aa413acd2414000de922": "1977", "5727aa413acd2414000de923": "James Bryant Conant", "5727aa413acd2414000de924": "Association of American Universities", "5727aa413acd2414000de925": "Charles W. Eliot", "5a81ee4b31013a001a334f9d": "coeducational after its 1977 merger with Radcliffe College.", "5a81ee4b31013a001a334f9e": "Congregationalist and Unitarian clergy", "5a81ee4b31013a001a334f9f": "during the 18th century, and by the 19th century", "5a81ee4b31013a001a334fa0": "Radcliffe", "5a81ee4b31013a001a334fa1": "Charles W. Eliot's", "5727aeac3acd2414000de987": "Harvard Library", "5727aeac3acd2414000de988": "79", "5727aeac3acd2414000de989": "over 18 million", "5727aeac3acd2414000de98a": "eight", "5727aeac3acd2414000de98b": "150", "5a81f28431013a001a334fb1": "high,", "5a81f28431013a001a334fb2": "Harvard Library", "5a81f28431013a001a334fb3": "79", "5a81f28431013a001a334fb4": "eight U.S. presidents, several foreign heads of state, 62 living billionaires, 335 Rhodes Scholars, and 24", "5a81f28431013a001a334fb5": "62", "5727aec03acd2414000de991": "Boston", "5727aec03acd2414000de992": "$37.6 billion", "5727aec03acd2414000de993": "Charles River", "5727aec03acd2414000de994": "eleven", "5727aec03acd2414000de995": "Harvard Yard", "5a81f0f031013a001a334fa7": "$37.6 billion financial endowment is the largest of any academic institution.", "5a81f0f031013a001a334fa8": "eleven", "5a81f0f031013a001a334fa9": "85", "5a81f0f031013a001a334faa": "Allston neighborhood", "5a81f0f031013a001a334fab": "eleven separate academic units\u2014ten", "5727afa82ca10214002d93c2": "1636", "5727afa82ca10214002d93c3": "the Great and General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony", "5727afa82ca10214002d93c4": "1638", "5727afa82ca10214002d93c5": "1639", "5727afa82ca10214002d93c6": "1650", "5a81f84e31013a001a335007": "printing press", "5a81f84e31013a001a335008": "The charter", "5a81f84e31013a001a335009": "Harvard", "5a81f84e31013a001a33500a": "1638, the college became home for North America's first known printing press, carried by the ship John of London. In 1639", "5a81f84e31013a001a33500b": "Cambridge.", "5727b0892ca10214002d93e8": "Puritan", "5727b0892ca10214002d93e9": "English university model\u2014\u200b\u200bmany leaders in the colony had attended the University of Cambridge", "5727b0892ca10214002d93ea": "It was never affiliated with any particular denomination", "5a82001531013a001a3350a1": "Puritan", "5a82001531013a001a3350a2": "43", "5a82001531013a001a3350a3": "to advance learning and perpetuate it to posterity, dreading to leave an illiterate ministry to the churches when our present ministers shall lie in the dust\"", "5a82001531013a001a3350a4": "clergymen", "5a82001531013a001a3350a5": "Congregational and Unitarian churches.", "5727b8df3acd2414000dea99": "1804", "5727b8df3acd2414000dea9a": "Samuel Webber", "5727b8df3acd2414000dea9b": "1805", "5a82025a31013a001a3350b5": "1805", "5a82025a31013a001a3350b6": "changing of the tide from the dominance of traditional ideas at Harvard to the dominance of liberal, Arminian ideas", "5a82025a31013a001a3350b7": "1803 and the president of Harvard Joseph Willard died a year later, in 1804", "5a82025a31013a001a3350b8": "Throughout the 18th century", "5a82025a31013a001a3350b9": "Congregationalist", "5727c0402ca10214002d9564": "Louis Agassiz", "5727c0402ca10214002d9565": "intuition", "5727c0402ca10214002d9566": "Thomas Reid and Dugald Stewart", "5a8203d431013a001a3350bf": "New York and on the campus at Harvard College.", "5a8203d431013a001a3350c0": "deistic Scottish school", "5a8203d431013a001a3350c1": "observation with intuition and the assumption that a person can grasp the \"divine plan", "5a8203d431013a001a3350c2": "deistic", "5a8203d431013a001a3350c3": "shape", "5727c3b02ca10214002d95ba": "Charles W. Eliot", "5727c3b02ca10214002d95bb": "Transcendentalist Unitarian convictions.", "5727c3b02ca10214002d95bc": "William Ellery Channing and Ralph Waldo Emerson", "5a8205d131013a001a3350f7": "1869", "5a8205d131013a001a3350f8": "student self-direction.", "5a8205d131013a001a3350f9": "Eliot, president 1869\u20131909, eliminated the favored position of Christianity from the curriculum while opening it to student self-direction", "5a8205d131013a001a3350fa": "Transcendentalist Unitarian", "5a8205d131013a001a3350fb": "dignity and worth of human nature, the right and ability of each person to perceive truth, and the indwelling God in each person", "5727c55bff5b5019007d94ce": "James Bryant Conant", "5727c55bff5b5019007d94cf": "Conant devised programs", "5727c55bff5b5019007d94d0": "1945", "5a82079731013a001a33511d": "Conant (president", "5a82079731013a001a33511e": "entitlement for the wealthy", "5a82079731013a001a33511f": "entitlement for the wealthy, so Conant devised programs to identify, recruit, and support talented youth. In 1943", "5a82079731013a001a335120": "programs", "5a82079731013a001a335121": "entitlement for the wealthy", "5727c69d3acd2414000dec13": "four", "5727c69d3acd2414000dec14": "1977", "5727c69d3acd2414000dec15": "steadily increased", "5a8209f831013a001a335131": "post-World War II period", "5a8209f831013a001a335132": "Harvard", "5a8209f831013a001a335133": "became more diverse", "5a8209f831013a001a335134": "post-World War II", "5a8209f831013a001a335135": "four men attending Harvard College for every woman studying at Radcliffe", "5727c8863acd2414000dec49": "3 miles", "5727c8863acd2414000dec4a": "twelve residential Houses", "5727c8863acd2414000dec4b": "Charles River", "5727c8863acd2414000dec4c": "half a mile", "5a820c4931013a001a335145": "209-acre", "5a820c4931013a001a335146": "Quadrangle (commonly referred to as the Quad), which formerly housed Radcliffe", "5a820c4931013a001a335147": "Radcliffe College", "5a820c4931013a001a335148": "merged its residential system with Harvard", "5a820c4931013a001a335149": "Harvard Yard", "5727cc15ff5b5019007d9576": "Allston", "5727cc15ff5b5019007d9577": "John W. Weeks Bridge", "5727cc15ff5b5019007d9578": "Longwood Medical and Academic Area", "5a820ebf31013a001a33516b": "John W. Weeks", "5a820ebf31013a001a33516c": "14", "5a820ebf31013a001a33516d": "3.3 miles (5.3 km) southwest of downtown Boston and 3.3", "5a820ebf31013a001a33516e": "14", "5a820ebf31013a001a33516f": "Harvard Medical School", "5727cd0f4b864d1900163d72": "fifty percent", "5727cd0f4b864d1900163d73": "new and enlarged bridges, a shuttle service and/or a tram", "5727cd0f4b864d1900163d74": "enhanced transit infrastructure, possible shuttles open to the public, and park space which will also be publicly accessible", "5a8221dc31013a001a33522f": "tracts of land in Allston", "5a8221dc31013a001a335230": "with the intent of major expansion", "5a8221dc31013a001a335231": "fifty", "5a8221dc31013a001a335232": "not only the school, but surrounding community,", "5a8221dc31013a001a335233": "transit", "5727cebc2ca10214002d96f0": "2,400", "5727cebc2ca10214002d96f1": "7,200", "5727cebc2ca10214002d96f2": "14,000", "5727cebc2ca10214002d96f3": "1875", "5727cebc2ca10214002d96f4": "1858", "5a82237d31013a001a335243": "1875", "5a82237d31013a001a335244": "7,200 undergraduates and 14,000", "5a82237d31013a001a335245": "7,200 undergraduates and 14,000", "5a82237d31013a001a335246": "14,000 graduate students", "5a82237d31013a001a335247": "red bandanas for his crew so they could more easily be distinguished", "5727cff1ff5b5019007d95c4": "$32 billion", "5727cff1ff5b5019007d95c5": "about 30%", "5727cff1ff5b5019007d95c6": "Allston Science Complex", "5727cff1ff5b5019007d95c7": "$4.093 million", "5727cff1ff5b5019007d95c8": "$159 million", "5a8224ea31013a001a33524d": "$159 million for students, and a Pell Grant reserve of $4.093 million", "5a8224ea31013a001a33524e": "$12 billion.", "5a8224ea31013a001a33524f": "30% loss in 2008-09. In December 2008, Harvard announced that its endowment had lost 22% (approximately $8 billion", "5a8224ea31013a001a335250": "Forbes", "5a8224ea31013a001a335251": "protests from local residents", "5727d0f73acd2414000ded13": "late 1980s", "5727d0f73acd2414000ded14": "Duke Kent-Brown", "5727d0f73acd2414000ded15": "$230 million", "5a8225de31013a001a335261": "1980", "5a8225de31013a001a335262": "shantytown", "5a8225de31013a001a335263": "blockaded", "5a8225de31013a001a335264": "$230 million (out of $400", "5a8225de31013a001a335265": "$230 million (out of $400 million", "5727d1c93acd2414000ded3f": "5.3%", "5727d1c93acd2414000ded40": "2007", "5727d1c93acd2414000ded41": "the program was believed to disadvantage low-income and under-represented minority applicants applying to selective universities", "5727d1c93acd2414000ded42": "2016", "5a82294a31013a001a335271": "\"more selective, lower transfer-in\"", "5a82294a31013a001a335272": "5.3% of applicants for the class of 2019, a record low", "5a82294a31013a001a335273": "5.3%", "5a82294a31013a001a335274": "2019, a record low and the second lowest acceptance rate among all national universities. Harvard College ended its early admissions program in 2007", "5a82294a31013a001a335275": "low-income and under-represented minority applicants", "5727d3843acd2414000ded69": "seven", "5727d3843acd2414000ded6a": "eight", "5727d3843acd2414000ded6b": "reliance on teaching fellows for some aspects of undergraduate education", "5a822bc531013a001a335281": "seven", "5a822bc531013a001a335282": "Empirical and Mathematical Reasoning", "5a822bc531013a001a335283": "arts and sciences focus", "5a822bc531013a001a335284": "seven classes outside of their concentration. Since 2008", "5a822bc531013a001a335285": "The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, The New York Times, and some students have criticized Harvard for its reliance on teaching fellow", "5727d4922ca10214002d977c": "semester calendar beginning in early September and ending in mid-May", "5727d4922ca10214002d977d": "four-course rate average", "5727d4922ca10214002d977e": "degrees summa cum laude", "5727d4922ca10214002d977f": "60%", "5a822dc931013a001a335295": "a senior thesis and/or advanced course work.", "5a822dc931013a001a335296": "30%", "5a822dc931013a001a335297": "90%", "5a822dc931013a001a335298": "quality of the student body and its motivation", "5a822dc931013a001a335299": "\"John Harvard Scholar\" and \"Harvard College Scholar", "5727d6154b864d1900163e34": "$38,000", "5727d6154b864d1900163e35": "$57,000", "5727d6154b864d1900163e36": "nothing", "5727d6154b864d1900163e37": "$414 million", "5727d6154b864d1900163e38": "88%", "5a82325231013a001a3352b9": "$5", "5a82325231013a001a3352ba": "room and board", "5a82325231013a001a3352bb": "$57,000. Beginning 2007, families with incomes below $60,000 pay nothing", "5a82325231013a001a3352bc": "8%) and work-study (4%).", "5a82325231013a001a3352bd": "2012\u201313", "5727d6faff5b5019007d969a": "Widener Library", "5727d6faff5b5019007d969b": "18 million", "5727d6faff5b5019007d969c": "Cabot Science Library, Lamont Library, and Widener Library", "5727d6faff5b5019007d969d": "Pusey Library", "5a8235a931013a001a3352d7": "Harvard", "5a8235a931013a001a3352d8": "18 million volumes", "5a8235a931013a001a3352d9": "18 million volumes. According to the American Library Association, this makes it the largest academic library in the United States", "5a8235a931013a001a3352da": "popular libraries", "5a8235a931013a001a3352db": "easy", "5727d88b4b864d1900163e5e": "three", "5727d88b4b864d1900163e5f": "Western art from the Middle Ages to the present emphasizing Italian early Renaissance, British pre-Raphaelite, and 19th-century French art", "5727d88b4b864d1900163e60": "Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology", "5a82370631013a001a3352e1": "the Germanic Museum", "5a82370631013a001a3352e2": "three museums", "5a82370631013a001a3352e3": "Busch-Reisinger Museum", "5a82370631013a001a3352e4": "19th-century", "5a82370631013a001a3352e5": "Blaschka Glass Flowers", "5727d9c43acd2414000dee17": "2003", "5727d9c43acd2414000dee18": "2011", "5727d9c43acd2414000dee19": "second most commonly named \"dream college\", both for students and parents in 2013", "5a8238f531013a001a3352f5": "2014, Harvard topped the University Ranking by Academic Performance (URAP). It was ranked 8th on the 2013-2014", "5a8238f531013a001a3352f6": "2009", "5a8238f531013a001a3352f7": "Times were published in partnership as the THE-QS World University Rankings", "5a8238f531013a001a3352f8": "second", "5a8238f531013a001a3352f9": "1st university in the world in terms of number of alumni holding CEO position in Fortune Global 500 companies", "5727da564b864d1900163e8e": "42", "5727da564b864d1900163e8f": "Yale University", "5727da564b864d1900163e90": "every two years", "5a823a7731013a001a335309": "Yale", "5a823a7731013a001a33530a": "international amateur competition in the world", "5a823a7731013a001a33530b": "The Game", "5a823a7731013a001a33530c": "every two", "5a823a7731013a001a33530d": "the oldest continuous international amateur competition in the world.", "5727db85ff5b5019007d96fc": "1875 and is usually called simply \"The Game\"", "5727db85ff5b5019007d96fd": "1903", "5727db85ff5b5019007d96fe": "1906", "5727db85ff5b5019007d96ff": "Yale", "5a823e6f31013a001a33532d": "Rose Bowl", "5a823e6f31013a001a33532e": "Rose Bowl in 1920", "5a823e6f31013a001a33532f": "widening", "5a823e6f31013a001a335330": "captain", "5a823e6f31013a001a335331": "forward pass", "5727dc473acd2414000dee43": "Lavietes Pavilion", "5727dc473acd2414000dee44": "The Malkin Athletic Center", "5727dc473acd2414000dee45": "three", "5a8241e631013a001a335361": "The Malkin Athletic Center, known as the \"MAC\"", "5a8241e631013a001a335362": "several varsity sports", "5a8241e631013a001a335363": "five", "5a8241e631013a001a335364": "three weight rooms, and a three", "5a8241e631013a001a335365": "Olympic-size", "5727dd2e4b864d1900163eba": "23", "5727dd2e4b864d1900163ebb": "Thames River", "5727dd2e4b864d1900163ebc": "Cornell", "5727dd2e4b864d1900163ebd": "2003", "5a82432131013a001a33536b": "23 years, the Harvard-Yale", "5a82432131013a001a33536c": "Thames", "5a82432131013a001a33536d": "one of the top teams in the country in rowing", "5a82432131013a001a33536e": "Intercollegiate Sailing Association", "5a82432131013a001a33536f": "2003", "5727de862ca10214002d9860": "Ban Ki-moon;", "5727de862ca10214002d9861": "John Quincy Adams", "5727de862ca10214002d9862": "Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Figueres", "5727de862ca10214002d9863": "Benazir Bhutto", "5a82458131013a001a335387": "Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu; former Pakistani Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto", "5a82458131013a001a335388": "U.N. Secretary General Ban Ki-moon", "5a82458131013a001a335389": "U.N. Secretary General Ban Ki-moon", "5a82458131013a001a33538a": "U.N", "5a82458131013a001a33538b": "Greek", "5727e0474b864d1900163f08": "O'Brien;", "5727e0474b864d1900163f09": "Leonard Bernstein; cellist Yo Yo Ma", "5727e0474b864d1900163f0a": "Yo Yo Ma", "5727e0474b864d1900163f0b": "W. E. B. Du Bois", "5a8251c231013a001a3353ef": "John Alden Carpenter; comedian", "5a8251c231013a001a3353f0": "Matt Damon, Fred Gwynne, Hill Harper, Rashida Jones, Tommy Lee Jones", "5a8251c231013a001a3353f1": "Ryan Fitzpatrick; NFL center Matt Birk;", "5a8251c231013a001a3353f2": "Matt Damon, Fred Gwynne, Hill Harper, Rashida Jones, Tommy Lee Jones, Ashley Judd, Jack Lemmon", "5a8251c231013a001a3353f3": "Darren Aronofsky", "5727e21e4b864d1900163f34": "Shing-Tung Yau", "5727e21e4b864d1900163f35": "Alan Dershowitz and Lawrence Lessig", "5727e21e4b864d1900163f36": "Stephen Greenblatt", "5a8257efe60761001a2eb1cf": "cognitive scientist Steven Pinker,", "5a8257efe60761001a2eb1d0": "Elias Corey", "5a8257efe60761001a2eb1d1": "Harvey Mansfield", "5a8257efe60761001a2eb1d2": "Baroness Shirley Williams and Michael Sandel, Fields Medalist mathematician Shing-Tung Yau", "5a8257efe60761001a2eb1d3": "Robert Putnam, Joseph Nye, and Stanley Hoffmann", "5727c94bff5b5019007d954a": "Jacksonville", "5727c94bff5b5019007d954b": "1,345,596", "5727c94bff5b5019007d954c": "12th", "5727c94bff5b5019007d954d": "Duval County", "5727c94bff5b5019007d954e": "1968", "5a1c539bb4fb5d00187145fa": "Jacksonville metropolitan area, with a population of 1,345,596 in 2010", "5a1c539bb4fb5d00187145fb": "Duval", "5a1c539bb4fb5d00187145fc": "1968.", "5a1c539bb4fb5d00187145fd": "Jacksonville metropolitan area", "5a1c539bb4fb5d00187145fe": "Jacksonville is the principal city in the Jacksonville", "5727cb4b2ca10214002d9676": "St. Johns River", "5727cb4b2ca10214002d9677": "340 miles (550", "5727cb4b2ca10214002d9678": "Fort Caroline", "5727cb4b2ca10214002d9679": "Timucua", "5727cb4b2ca10214002d967a": "Andrew Jackson", "5a1c55b4b4fb5d0018714605": "Miami. The Jacksonville Beaches communities", "5a1c55b4b4fb5d0018714606": "1564", "5a1c55b4b4fb5d0018714607": "the Cow Ford", "5a1c55b4b4fb5d0018714608": "Wacca Pilatka to the Seminole and the Cow Ford", "5727cd7dff5b5019007d958e": "third largest", "5727cd7dff5b5019007d958f": "golf", "5727cd7dff5b5019007d9590": "two", "5727cd7dff5b5019007d9591": "\"Jacksonvillians\" or \"Jaxsons", "5a1c60f0b4fb5d001871460e": "Harbor improvements since the late 19th century", "5a1c60f0b4fb5d001871460f": "two United States Navy bases and the Port of Jacksonville, Florida's third", "5a1c60f0b4fb5d0018714610": "\"Jacksonvillians\" or \"Jaxsons", "5a1c60f0b4fb5d0018714611": "Port of Jacksonville", "5a1c60f0b4fb5d0018714612": "Significant factors in the local economy include services such as banking, insurance, healthcare and logistics.", "57280e1aff5b5019007d9bec": "thousands", "57280e1aff5b5019007d9bed": "University of North Florida team", "57280e1aff5b5019007d9bee": "Timucuan", "57280e1aff5b5019007d9bef": "the historical era", "57280e1aff5b5019007d9bf0": "Ossachite", "5a1c6968b4fb5d0018714618": "modern city of Jacksonville has been inhabited for thousands of years. On Black Hammock Island in the national Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve", "5a1c6968b4fb5d0018714619": "Black Hammock Island", "5a1c6968b4fb5d001871461a": "remnants of pottery in the United States, dating to 2500", "5a1c6968b4fb5d001871461b": "Black Hammock Island", "5a1c6968b4fb5d001871461c": "Ossachite", "57280fd3ff5b5019007d9c26": "Jean Ribault", "57280fd3ff5b5019007d9c27": "France", "57280fd3ff5b5019007d9c28": "Pedro Men\u00e9ndez de Avil\u00e9s", "57280fd3ff5b5019007d9c29": "San Mateo", "57280fd3ff5b5019007d9c2a": "Fort Caroline", "5a1c6d30b4fb5d0018714622": "Jean Ribault charted the St. Johns River", "5a1c6d30b4fb5d0018714623": "a stone column near", "5a1c6d30b4fb5d0018714624": "because he discovered it in May.", "5a1c6d30b4fb5d0018714625": "Pedro Men\u00e9ndez de Avil\u00e9s", "5a1c6d30b4fb5d0018714626": "1964", "572810ec2ca10214002d9d06": "French and Indian War", "572810ec2ca10214002d9d07": "constructed the King's Road connecting St. Augustine to Georgia", "572810ec2ca10214002d9d08": "cattle were brought across the river there", "572810ec2ca10214002d9d09": "the United States", "572810ec2ca10214002d9d0a": "February 9, 1832", "5a1c8092b4fb5d001871462d": "17", "5a1c8092b4fb5d001871462e": "King's Road connecting St. Augustine to Georgia", "5a1c8092b4fb5d0018714630": "1832", "5728128cff5b5019007d9c76": "Confederate", "5728128cff5b5019007d9c77": "The Skirmish of the Brick Church", "5728128cff5b5019007d9c78": "Battle of Cedar Creek", "5728128cff5b5019007d9c79": "Warfare and the long occupation", "5728128cff5b5019007d9c7a": "1864", "5a1c836ab4fb5d0018714636": "Confederate cause.", "5a1c836ab4fb5d0018714637": "Battle of Olustee", "5a1c836ab4fb5d0018714638": "Battle of Olustee", "5a1c836ab4fb5d0018714639": "The Skirmish of the Brick Church in 1862", "5a1c836ab4fb5d001871463a": "American Civil War,", "572815d9ff5b5019007d9cbc": "Reconstruction and the Gilded Age", "572815d9ff5b5019007d9cbd": "Grover Cleveland", "572815d9ff5b5019007d9cbe": "yellow fever outbreaks", "572815d9ff5b5019007d9cbf": "Florida East Coast Railway", "572815d9ff5b5019007d9cc0": "railroad", "5a1c850fb4fb5d001871464a": "the Gilded Age,", "5a1c850fb4fb5d001871464b": "Grover Cleveland", "5a1c850fb4fb5d001871464c": "yellow fever outbreaks. In addition, extension of the Florida East Coast Railway further south", "5a1c850fb4fb5d001871464d": "Florida East Coast Railway further south", "5a1c850fb4fb5d001871464e": "Florida East Coast Railway", "5728170d3acd2414000df443": "Spanish moss at a nearby mattress factory", "5728170d3acd2414000df444": "over 2,000", "5728170d3acd2414000df445": "declare martial law", "5728170d3acd2414000df446": "Great Fire of 1901", "5a1c861fb4fb5d0018714654": "Spanish moss", "5a1c861fb4fb5d0018714655": "May 3, 1901", "5a1c861fb4fb5d0018714656": "kitchen fire", "5a1c861fb4fb5d0018714657": "Great Fire of 1901", "5a1c861fb4fb5d0018714658": "Architect Henry John Klutho", "57281940ff5b5019007d9d44": "New York\u2013based filmmakers", "57281940ff5b5019007d9d45": "silent", "57281940ff5b5019007d9d46": "Winter Film Capital of the World", "57281940ff5b5019007d9d47": "the emergence of Hollywood as a major film production center", "5a1c8753b4fb5d0018714668": "Film Capital of the World\". However, the emergence of Hollywood as a major film production center ended the city's film industry", "5a1c8753b4fb5d0018714669": "Hollywood as a major film production center ended the city's film industry. One converted movie studio site, Norman Studios, remains in Arlington", "5a1c8753b4fb5d001871466a": "Winter Film Capital of the World\". However, the emergence of Hollywood as a major film production center ended the city's film industry.", "5a1c8753b4fb5d001871466b": "Norman Studios", "57281ab63acd2414000df493": "highways led residents", "57281ab63acd2414000df494": "55.1%", "57281ab63acd2414000df495": "white flight", "57281ab63acd2414000df496": "Mayor W. Haydon Burns", "57281ab63acd2414000df497": "World War II. The construction of highways led residents to move to newer housing in the suburbs. After World War II", "5a1c883cb4fb5d0018714670": "rapid urban sprawl after World War II", "5a1c883cb4fb5d0018714671": "highways", "5a1c883cb4fb5d0018714672": "2010", "5a1c883cb4fb5d0018714673": "non-Hispanic white", "5a1c883cb4fb5d0018714674": "white flight", "57281bb84b864d190016449a": "tax base dissipated", "57281bb84b864d190016449b": "unincorporated suburbs", "57281bb84b864d190016449c": "annexing outlying communities", "57281bb84b864d190016449d": "Voters outside the city limits", "5a1c88d2b4fb5d001871467a": "tax base", "5a1c88d2b4fb5d001871467b": "unincorporated suburbs", "5a1c88d2b4fb5d001871467c": "1958,", "5a1c88d2b4fb5d001871467d": "unincorporated suburbs had difficulty obtaining municipal services, such as sewage and building code enforcement. In 1958", "57281d494b864d19001644be": "the traditional old boy network", "57281d494b864d19001644bf": "11", "57281d494b864d19001644c0": "Jacksonville Consolidation", "57281d494b864d19001644c1": "all 15 of Duval County's public high schools lost their accreditation", "5a1c8971b4fb5d0018714682": "traditional old boy network.", "5a1c8971b4fb5d0018714683": "11", "5a1c8971b4fb5d0018714684": "Jacksonville Consolidation, led by J. J. Daniel and Claude Yates, began to win more support during this period, from both inner city blacks", "5a1c8971b4fb5d0018714685": "1964 all 15 of Duval County's public high schools lost their accreditation", "5a1c8971b4fb5d0018714686": "Lower taxes, increased economic development, unification of the community, better public spending and effective administration", "57281edd3acd2414000df4eb": "voters approved the plan", "57281edd3acd2414000df4ec": "Hans Tanzler", "57281edd3acd2414000df4ed": "Consolidated City of Jacksonville", "57281edd3acd2414000df4ee": "a half-penny sales tax", "57281edd3acd2414000df4ef": "a half-penny sales tax", "5a1c8a1eb4fb5d0018714696": "When a consolidation referendum was held in 1967, voters approved the plan", "5a1c8a1eb4fb5d0018714697": "Consolidated City of Jacksonville.", "5a1c8a1eb4fb5d0018714698": "Fire, police", "5a1c8a1eb4fb5d0018714699": "Bold New City of the South\"", "572820512ca10214002d9e72": "757.7 sq mi or 1,962 km2", "572820512ca10214002d9e73": "St. Johns River", "572820512ca10214002d9e74": "The Trout River", "572820512ca10214002d9e75": "13.34%", "572820512ca10214002d9e76": "Baldwin", "5a1c8aedb4fb5d00187146a0": "2,264 km2", "5a1c8aedb4fb5d00187146a1": "St. Johns", "5a1c8aedb4fb5d00187146a2": "water", "5a1c8aedb4fb5d00187146a3": "Trout River", "5a1c8aedb4fb5d00187146a4": "Baldwin", "572821274b864d1900164510": "tallest building in Downtown Jacksonville's skyline", "572821274b864d1900164511": "Barnett Center", "572821274b864d1900164512": "617 ft", "572821274b864d1900164513": "28", "572821274b864d1900164514": "flared base", "5a1c8bb4b4fb5d00187146aa": "Wells Fargo", "5a1c8bb4b4fb5d00187146ac": "188 m) and includes 42 floors. Other notable structures include the 37-story Wells Fargo Center", "5a1c8bb4b4fb5d00187146ad": "Wells Fargo Center (with its distinctive flared base making it the defining building in the Jacksonville skyline), originally built in 1972", "5a1c8bb4b4fb5d00187146ae": "42", "5728223cff5b5019007d9dc4": "humid subtropical climate (K\u00f6ppen Cfa", "5728223cff5b5019007d9dc5": "May through September", "5728223cff5b5019007d9dc6": "mild", "5728223cff5b5019007d9dc7": "low latitude", "5a1c8c34b4fb5d00187146b4": "humid subtropical climate (K\u00f6ppen Cfa)", "5a1c8c34b4fb5d00187146b5": "mild weather", "5a1c8c34b4fb5d00187146b6": "dri", "5a1c8c34b4fb5d00187146b7": "low latitude", "57282358ff5b5019007d9dde": "104 \u00b0F (40 \u00b0C)", "57282358ff5b5019007d9ddf": "thunderstorms", "57282358ff5b5019007d9de0": "extremely high humidity", "57282358ff5b5019007d9de1": "July", "5a1c8d0bb4fb5d00187146bc": "104 \u00b0F (40 \u00b0C)", "5a1c8d0bb4fb5d00187146bd": "thunderstorm", "5a1c8d0bb4fb5d00187146be": "rapid heating", "5a1c8d0bb4fb5d00187146bf": "53 F in January", "572824f13acd2414000df58f": "Hurricane Dora", "572824f13acd2414000df590": "110 mph (180 km/h", "572824f13acd2414000df591": "Tropical Storm Beryl", "572824f13acd2414000df592": "Saffir-Simpson Scale", "572824f13acd2414000df593": "2008", "5a1c8e0bb4fb5d00187146c4": "Hurricane Dora", "5a1c8e0bb4fb5d00187146c5": "110 mph (180 km/h)", "5a1c8e0bb4fb5d00187146c6": "Hurricane Dora", "5a1c8e0bb4fb5d00187146c7": "Jacksonville Beach pier was severely damaged, and later demolished. The rebuilt pier", "5a1c8e0bb4fb5d00187146c8": "1964, the only recorded storm to hit the First Coast with sustained hurricane-force winds.", "572826634b864d19001645be": "Arab", "572826634b864d19001645bf": "821,784", "572826634b864d19001645c0": "largest", "572826634b864d19001645c1": "Filipino community", "5a1c8ea7b4fb5d00187146ce": "Jacksonville", "5a1c8ea7b4fb5d00187146cf": "2010[update]", "5a1c8ea7b4fb5d00187146d0": "25,033 in the metropolitan area", "5a1c8ea7b4fb5d00187146d1": "2010 Census", "5a1c8ea7b4fb5d00187146d2": "United States Navy", "572827fc3acd2414000df5bb": "29.7%", "572827fc3acd2414000df5bc": "23.9%", "572827fc3acd2414000df5bd": "females", "572827fc3acd2414000df5be": "91.3 males", "5a1c8f54b4fb5d00187146d8": "2010", "5a1c8f54b4fb5d00187146d9": "10.9%", "5a1c8f54b4fb5d00187146da": "94.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.3", "5a1c8f54b4fb5d00187146db": "In the city", "5a1c8f54b4fb5d00187146dc": "43.8%", "5727e6cbff5b5019007d97ee": "half of the world's wealth is now in the hands of those in the top percentile, whose assets each exceed $759,900", "5727e6cbff5b5019007d97ef": "3.5 billion", "5727e6cbff5b5019007d97f0": "$759,900", "5727e6cbff5b5019007d97f1": "the methodology used", "5727e6cbff5b5019007d97f2": "on the basis of the methodology used: by using net wealth", "5729d36b1d04691400779607": "40%", "5729d36b1d04691400779608": "financial assets", "5729d36b1d04691400779609": "nearly $41 trillion", "5729d36b1d0469140077960a": "more than half", "5729d36b1d0469140077960b": "a greater tendency to take on debts", "5ad242e5d7d075001a4289a4": "$759,900.", "5ad242e5d7d075001a4289a5": "3.5 billion", "5ad242e5d7d075001a4289a6": "$759,900.", "5ad242e5d7d075001a4289a7": "Oxfam's claims have however been questioned on the basis of the methodology", "5ad242e5d7d075001a4289a8": "the accelerating disparity could trigger a recession. In October 2015, Credit Suisse published a study which shows global inequality continues to increase", "5727e8424b864d1900163fc0": "top 400", "5727e8424b864d1900163fc1": "New York Times", "5727e8424b864d1900163fc2": "Inherited wealth", "5727e8424b864d1900163fc3": "substantial privilege", "5729d44b1d04691400779611": "wealth", "5729d44b1d04691400779612": "richest 1 percent", "5729d44b1d04691400779613": "Inherited wealth", "5729d44b1d04691400779614": "over 60 percent", "5729d44b1d04691400779615": "Institute for Policy Studies", "5ad2434fd7d075001a4289d6": "top 400 richest Americans", "5ad2434fd7d075001a4289d7": "New York Times", "5ad2434fd7d075001a4289d8": "grew up", "5ad2434fd7d075001a4289d9": "substantial privilege", "5ad2434fd7d075001a4289da": "wealth than half", "5727e9523acd2414000def95": "Neoclassical", "5727e9523acd2414000def96": "differences in value added by labor, capital and land", "5727e9523acd2414000def97": "differences in value added by different classifications of workers. In this perspective, wages and profits are determined by the marginal value added", "5727e9523acd2414000def98": "productivity gap", "5727e9523acd2414000def99": "by the marginal value added of each economic actor", "5729d51d3f37b3190047858f": "differences in value added by labor, capital and land", "5729d51d3f37b31900478590": "value added by different classifications of workers", "5729d51d3f37b31900478591": "wages and profits", "5729d51d3f37b31900478592": "worker, capitalist/business owner, landlord", "5729d51d3f37b31900478593": "the productivity gap", "5ad243a7d7d075001a428a06": "Neoclassical", "5ad243a7d7d075001a428a07": "productivity gap", "5ad243a7d7d075001a428a08": "productivity", "5ad243a7d7d075001a428a09": "inequality", "5ad243a7d7d075001a428a0a": "marginal value added of each economic actor", "5727ea45ff5b5019007d986e": "competitive pressure to reduce costs", "5727ea45ff5b5019007d986f": "raises the productivity", "5727ea45ff5b5019007d9870": "increasing unemployment", "5727ea45ff5b5019007d9871": "rising levels of property income", "5729d609af94a219006aa661": "labor inputs (workers", "5729d609af94a219006aa662": "to reduce costs and maximize profits", "5729d609af94a219006aa663": "increasingly substitute capital equipment for labor inputs", "5729d609af94a219006aa664": "productivity", "5729d609af94a219006aa665": "stagnant", "5ad2442bd7d075001a428a3c": "competitive pressure to reduce costs", "5ad2442bd7d075001a428a3d": "raises the productivity of each worker", "5ad2442bd7d075001a428a3e": "unemployment (the \"reserve army of labour\"", "5ad2442bd7d075001a428a3f": "stagnant wages", "5ad2442bd7d075001a428a40": ".", "5727ec062ca10214002d99b6": "workers wages will not be controlled by these organizations, or by the employer, but rather by the market", "5727ec062ca10214002d99b7": "the law of supply and demand,", "5727ec062ca10214002d99b8": "chronically understaffed", "5727ec062ca10214002d99b9": "offering a higher wage the best of their labor", "5727ec062ca10214002d99ba": "unfair", "5729d878af94a219006aa66b": "the market", "5729d878af94a219006aa66c": "prices", "5729d878af94a219006aa66d": "wages", "5729d878af94a219006aa66e": "markets", "5729d878af94a219006aa66f": "high levels of inequality", "5ad2461ad7d075001a428ad2": "wages will not be controlled by these organizations, or by the employer, but rather by the market. Wages", "5ad2461ad7d075001a428ad3": "Their competitors will take advantage of the situation by offering a higher wage the best of their labor", "5ad2461ad7d075001a428ad4": "law of supply and demand,", "5ad2461ad7d075001a428ad5": "offering a higher wage", "5ad2461ad7d075001a428ad6": "unfair.", "5727ed2e3acd2414000df001": "Competition amongst employers", "5727ed2e3acd2414000df002": "low demand", "5727ed2e3acd2414000df003": "high wages", "5727ed2e3acd2414000df004": "limit the supply of workers", "5727ed2e3acd2414000df005": "Professional and labor organizations", "5729da0faf94a219006aa675": "low wage", "5729da0faf94a219006aa676": "competition between workers", "5729da0faf94a219006aa677": "expendable nature of the worker in relation to his or her particular job", "5729da0faf94a219006aa678": "high wages", "5729da0faf94a219006aa679": "employers", "5ad2467ad7d075001a428af6": "competition between workers drives down the wage. An example of this would be jobs such as dish-washing or customer service. Competition amongst workers", "5ad2467ad7d075001a428af7": "high supply", "5ad2467ad7d075001a428af8": "high wages", "5ad2467ad7d075001a428af9": "limit the supply of workers which results in higher demand and greater incomes for members. Members may also receive higher wages through collective bargaining", "5ad2467ad7d075001a428afa": "labor organizations", "5727ee372ca10214002d99ec": "entrepreneurship rates at the individual level (self-employment", "5727ee372ca10214002d99ed": "entrepreneurship is motivated by survival needs such as income for food and shelter (\"push\" motivations), whereas opportunity-based entrepreneurship", "5727ee372ca10214002d99ee": "push", "5727ee372ca10214002d99ef": "pull", "5727ee372ca10214002d99f0": "opportunity-based entrepreneurship", "5729de24af94a219006aa689": "higher economic inequality", "5729de24af94a219006aa68a": "higher economic inequality tends to increase entrepreneurship rates at the individual level (self-employment). However, most of it is often based on necessity", "5729de24af94a219006aa68b": "Necessity-based", "5729de24af94a219006aa68c": "achievement-oriented motivations (\"pull\") such as vocation", "5729de24af94a219006aa68d": "positive", "5ad2472bd7d075001a428b22": "entrepreneurship rates", "5ad2472bd7d075001a428b23": "entrepreneurship rates at the individual level (self-employment", "5ad2472bd7d075001a428b24": "\"push\" motivations), whereas opportunity-based entrepreneurship is driven by achievement-oriented", "5ad2472bd7d075001a428b25": "pull", "5ad2472bd7d075001a428b26": "Necessity-based", "5727ef664b864d1900164060": "A progressive tax", "5727ef664b864d1900164061": "top tax rate", "5727ef664b864d1900164062": "steeper tax progressivity applied to social spending", "5727ef664b864d1900164063": "progressive tax system", "5729e02f1d04691400779639": "tax rate", "5729e02f1d0469140077963a": "the level of the top tax rate", "5729e02f1d0469140077963b": "steeper tax progressivity applied to social spending", "5729e02f1d0469140077963c": "Gini index", "5ad247b0d7d075001a428b42": "progressive tax is a tax by which the tax rate increases as the taxable base amount increases. In a progressive tax system", "5ad247b0d7d075001a428b43": "progressive tax is a tax by which the tax rate increases as the taxable base amount increases", "5ad247b0d7d075001a428b44": "steeper tax progressivity", "5ad247b0d7d075001a428b45": "tax regime.", "5ad247b0d7d075001a428b46": "the tax rate increases as the taxable base amount increases. In a progressive tax system", "5727f05b4b864d1900164068": "Education", "5727f05b4b864d1900164069": "education", "5727f05b4b864d190016406a": "lower incomes, and thus lower aggregate savings and investment", "5727f05b4b864d190016406b": "poor", "5727f05b4b864d190016406c": "savings", "5729e1101d04691400779641": "variation in individuals' access to education", "5729e1101d04691400779642": "high wages", "5729e1101d04691400779643": "much lower", "5729e1101d04691400779644": "lower incomes", "5729e1101d04691400779645": "education", "5ad24840d7d075001a428b5c": "education", "5ad24840d7d075001a428b5d": "education raises incomes and promotes growth because it helps to unleash the productive potential of the poor", "5ad24840d7d075001a428b5e": "high wages for those with this education", "5ad24840d7d075001a428b5f": "poor", "5ad24840d7d075001a428b60": "lower aggregate savings", "5727f16c3acd2414000df05b": "increasing access to education", "5727f16c3acd2414000df05c": "$105 billion", "5727f16c3acd2414000df05d": "boom-and-bust cycles", "5727f16c3acd2414000df05e": "economists with the Standard & Poor's rating agency", "5729e1e36aef0514001550ba": "2014", "5729e1e36aef0514001550bb": "2014", "5729e1e36aef0514001550bc": "increasing access to education", "5729e1e36aef0514001550bd": "$105 billion", "5729e1e36aef0514001550be": "boom-and-bust cycles", "5ad248e0d7d075001a428b82": "increasing access to education.", "5ad248e0d7d075001a428b83": "$105 billion in growth to the country's economy over five years.", "5ad248e0d7d075001a428b84": "boom-and-bust cycles.", "5ad248e0d7d075001a428b85": "Standard & Poor's", "5ad248e0d7d075001a428b86": "In 2014,", "5727f2714b864d1900164072": "1910\u20131940", "5727f2714b864d1900164073": "increase in skilled workers, which led to a decrease in the price of skilled labor", "5727f2714b864d1900164074": "decrease in wages", "5727f2714b864d1900164075": "High school education", "5727f2714b864d1900164076": "decrease in wages", "5729e2b76aef0514001550ce": "1910\u20131940", "5729e2b76aef0514001550cf": "a decrease in the price of skilled labor", "5729e2b76aef0514001550d0": "it differs from the present high school education, which is regarded as a stepping-stone to acquire college and advanced degrees", "5729e2b76aef0514001550d1": "Education", "5729e2b76aef0514001550d2": "gender inequality in education can result to low economic growth, and continued gender inequality in education", "5ad24b96d7d075001a428bee": "1910\u20131940,", "5ad24b96d7d075001a428bef": "decreased inequality", "5ad24b96d7d075001a428bf0": "decrease in wages", "5ad24b96d7d075001a428bf1": "Education is very important for the growth of the economy, however educational inequality", "5ad24b96d7d075001a428bf2": "decrease in wages caused a period of compression", "5727f6723acd2414000df0e7": "union membership", "5727f6723acd2414000df0e8": "continental European", "5727f6723acd2414000df0e9": "continental European liberalism", "5727f6723acd2414000df0ea": "little support", "5729e38daf94a219006aa69d": "economic inequality", "5729e38daf94a219006aa69e": "social exclusion", "5729e38daf94a219006aa69f": "CEPR", "5729e38daf94a219006aa6a0": "little support", "5729e38daf94a219006aa6a1": "lower", "5ad24e50d7d075001a428c3a": "union membership", "5ad24e50d7d075001a428c3b": "continental European countries", "5ad24e50d7d075001a428c3c": "economic liberalism", "5ad24e50d7d075001a428c3d": "little", "5ad24e50d7d075001a428c3e": "economic inequality.", "5727f7523acd2414000df10d": "Scandinavia", "5727f7523acd2414000df10e": "high inequality", "5727f7523acd2414000df10f": "decline of organized labor", "5727f7523acd2414000df110": "decline of organized labor", "5729e4291d04691400779651": "Sociologist", "5729e4291d04691400779652": "University of Washington", "5729e4291d04691400779653": "decline of organized labor", "5729e4291d04691400779654": "high rates of unionization, particularly in Scandinavia", "5729e4291d04691400779655": "weak labor movements", "5ad24efad7d075001a428c74": "Scandinavia, have very low levels of inequality", "5ad24efad7d075001a428c75": "low levels of inequality", "5ad24efad7d075001a428c76": "technological changes", "5ad24efad7d075001a428c77": "decline of organized labor in the United States has played a more significant role in expanding the income gap than technological changes", "5ad24efad7d075001a428c78": "Sociologist Jake Rosenfield of the University of Washington", "5727fc37ff5b5019007d9a18": "reduced wages", "5727fc37ff5b5019007d9a19": "reduced wages as a result of the competition, while low-skilled workers in the poor countries may see increased wages.", "5727fc37ff5b5019007d9a1a": "technological innovation", "5727fc37ff5b5019007d9a1b": "machine labor", "5729f1283f37b319004785d7": "global to a domestic scale", "5729f1283f37b319004785d8": "low-skilled workers in the poor countries", "5729f1283f37b319004785d9": "trade liberalisation", "5729f1283f37b319004785da": "minor", "5729f1283f37b319004785db": "machine labor", "5ad24fb7d7d075001a428c92": "increased wages", "5ad24fb7d7d075001a428c93": "technological innovation", "5ad24fb7d7d075001a428c94": "machine labor", "5ad24fb7d7d075001a428c95": "global to a domestic", "5727fd123acd2414000df185": "53%", "5727fd123acd2414000df186": "-40%", "5727fd123acd2414000df187": "discrimination", "5727fd123acd2414000df188": "males", "5729f1c13f37b319004785e7": "Gender pay gap", "5729f1c13f37b319004785e8": "males", "5729f1c13f37b319004785e9": "women", "5729f1c13f37b319004785ea": "Thomas Sowell", "5729f1c13f37b319004785eb": "difference in earnings between women and men. The income gap", "5ad258f3d7d075001a428de4": "53%", "5ad258f3d7d075001a428de5": "-40% in Bahrain", "5ad258f3d7d075001a428de6": ".", "5ad258f3d7d075001a428de7": "males in the labor market", "5ad258f3d7d075001a428de8": "Gender", "5727ff083acd2414000df1ab": "social welfare", "5727ff083acd2414000df1ac": "equal distributions of wealth", "5727ff083acd2414000df1ad": "it acquires more capital", "5727ff083acd2414000df1ae": "social welfare programs", "5729f24baf94a219006aa6dd": "Economist", "5729f24baf94a219006aa6de": "levels of economic inequality", "5729f24baf94a219006aa6df": "more capital", "5729f24baf94a219006aa6e0": "more wealth and income", "5729f24baf94a219006aa6e1": "more developed countries move back to lower levels of inequality.", "5ad2594ed7d075001a428df8": "social welfare programs", "5ad2594ed7d075001a428df9": "lower levels of inequality", "5ad2594ed7d075001a428dfa": "capital, which leads to the owners of this capital having more wealth and income", "5ad2594ed7d075001a428dfb": "it acquires more capital", "5ad2594ed7d075001a428dfc": "Economist Simon", "57287b322ca10214002da3be": "1910 to 1940", "57287b322ca10214002da3bf": "after the 1970s", "57287b322ca10214002da3c0": "service", "57287b322ca10214002da3c1": "manufacturing sector to the service sector", "5729f3883f37b319004785f1": "Kuznets", "5729f3883f37b319004785f2": "the Kuznets curve", "5729f3883f37b319004785f3": "very weak", "5729f3883f37b319004785f4": "eventually decrease", "5729f3883f37b319004785f5": "move from the manufacturing sector to the service sector", "5ad259fdd7d075001a428e26": "after the 1970s", "5ad259fdd7d075001a428e27": "1910 to 1940", "5ad259fdd7d075001a428e28": "manufacturing sector to the service sector", "5ad259fdd7d075001a428e29": "service", "5ad259fdd7d075001a428e2a": "Kuznets saw middle-income developing economies level of inequality bulging out to form what is now known as the Kuznets curve", "57287c2bff5b5019007da26c": "Wealth concentration", "57287c2bff5b5019007da26d": "the means to invest in new sources of creating wealth", "57287c2bff5b5019007da26e": "greater return of capital (r) than economic growth", "57287c2bff5b5019007da26f": "larger fortunes", "5729f4273f37b319004785fb": "in the possession of already-wealthy individuals or entities", "5729f4273f37b319004785fc": "those who already hold wealth", "5729f4273f37b319004785fd": "wealth condensation", "5729f4273f37b319004785fe": "Thomas Piketty", "5729f4273f37b319004785ff": "higher returns", "5ad25a8bd7d075001a428e30": "con", "5ad25a8bd7d075001a428e31": "those who already hold wealth have the means to invest", "5ad25a8bd7d075001a428e32": "economic growth (g", "5ad25a8bd7d075001a428e33": "economic growth (g)", "5ad25a8bd7d075001a428e34": "in the possession of already-wealthy individuals or entities.", "5729f4e46aef051400155156": "Economist", "5729f4e46aef051400155157": "market forces", "5729f4e46aef051400155158": "rare and desired", "5729f4e46aef051400155159": "political power", "5729f4e46aef05140015515a": "rent-seeking", "5ad25af2d7d075001a428e52": "rent-seeking\". While the market will bid up compensation for rare and desired skills to reward wealth creation, greater productivity", "5ad25af2d7d075001a428e53": "market forces should serve as a brake on such concentration, which may better be explained by the non-market force known as \"rent-seeking\"", "5ad25af2d7d075001a428e54": "rare and desired", "5ad25af2d7d075001a428e55": "political power generated by wealth", "5ad25af2d7d075001a428e56": "rent-seeking", "5729f60caf94a219006aa6ef": "inequality", "5729f60caf94a219006aa6f0": "human capital is neglected", "5729f60caf94a219006aa6f1": "life expectancy", "5729f60caf94a219006aa6f2": "inequality", "5729f60caf94a219006aa6f3": "-.620", "5ad25c56d7d075001a428e9a": "inequality", "5ad25c56d7d075001a428e9b": "human capital", "5ad25c56d7d075001a428e9c": "life expectancy is lower", "5ad25c56d7d075001a428e9d": "inequality researchers have found include higher rates of health and social problems, and lower", "5ad25c56d7d075001a428e9e": "(r = -.620)", "572a05eb3f37b31900478653": "2013", "572a05eb3f37b31900478654": "rising inequality", "572a05eb3f37b31900478655": "negative effect", "572a05eb3f37b31900478656": "Unemployment", "572a05eb3f37b31900478657": "economic", "5ad25cced7d075001a428ec6": "2013 Economics Nobel prize winner", "5ad25cced7d075001a428ec7": "Increasing inequality harms economic growth", "5ad25cced7d075001a428ec8": "2013", "5ad25cced7d075001a428ec9": "negative effect on subsequent long-run economic growth", "5ad25cced7d075001a428eca": "economic", "572a06866aef0514001551be": "British", "572a06866aef0514001551bf": "higher rates of health and social problems (obesity, mental illness, homicides, teenage births, incarceration, child conflict, drug use", "572a06866aef0514001551c0": "lower", "572a06866aef0514001551c1": "equality", "572a06866aef0514001551c2": "23", "5ad25d39d7d075001a428ed8": "Japan and Finland and states like Utah and New Hampshire with high levels of equality, than in countries (US", "5ad25d39d7d075001a428ed9": "higher rates", "5ad25d39d7d075001a428eda": "lower rates of social goods", "5ad25d39d7d075001a428edb": "inequality", "5ad25d39d7d075001a428edc": "23 developed countries", "572a070c6aef0514001551c8": "better health and longer lives", "572a070c6aef0514001551c9": "poorer countries", "572a070c6aef0514001551ca": "life expectancy", "572a070c6aef0514001551cb": "Americans", "572a070c6aef0514001551cc": "more equally", "5ad25eead7d075001a428f4c": "better health and longer lives", "5ad25eead7d075001a428f4d": "poorer countries,", "5ad25eead7d075001a428f4e": "life expectancy", "5ad25eead7d075001a428f4f": "Americans live no longer on average (about 77 years in 2004) than Greeks (78", "5ad25eead7d075001a428f50": "equally", "572a07a86aef0514001551d2": "income inequality", "572a07a86aef0514001551d3": "Richard Wilkinson and Kate Pickett", "572a07a86aef0514001551d4": "nine", "572a07a86aef0514001551d5": "countries with bigger income inequalities", "572a07a86aef0514001551d6": "greater equality", "5ad25f42d7d075001a428f72": "income inequalities\", and more common among states in the US with larger income inequalities", "5ad25f42d7d075001a428f73": "Richard Wilkinson and Kate Pickett", "5ad25f42d7d075001a428f74": "nine", "5ad25f42d7d075001a428f75": "US with larger income inequalities", "5ad25f42d7d075001a428f76": "per capita income.", "572a0a391d046914007796df": "inequality", "572a0a391d046914007796e0": "homicides", "572a0a391d046914007796e1": "fifty", "572a0a391d046914007796e2": "tenfold difference in homicide rates related to inequality. They estimated that about half", "572a0a391d046914007796e3": "differences in the amount of inequality in each province or state", "5ad25fcbd7d075001a428f8c": "income", "5ad25fcbd7d075001a428f8d": "Crime", "5ad25fcbd7d075001a428f8e": "fifty studies", "5ad25fcbd7d075001a428f8f": "tenfold", "5ad25fcbd7d075001a428f90": "differences in the amount of inequality in each province or state", "572a0bafaf94a219006aa765": "the greatest good", "572a0bafaf94a219006aa766": "distributive efficiency\" within society", "572a0bafaf94a219006aa767": "basic necessities like food, water, and healthcare", "572a0bafaf94a219006aa768": "decreases", "572a0bafaf94a219006aa769": "higher aggregate utility", "5ad260dbd7d075001a428fd8": "greatest good for the greatest number", "5ad260dbd7d075001a428fd9": "distributive efficiency\" within society", "5ad260dbd7d075001a428fda": "luxury items providing relatively less utility to that person", "5ad260dbd7d075001a428fdb": "decreases", "5ad260dbd7d075001a428fdc": "higher aggregate utility. Some studies have found evidence for this theory, noting that in societies where inequality is lower, population-wide satisfaction and happiness", "572a0c541d046914007796f3": "consumption", "572a0c541d046914007796f4": "libertarian", "572a0c541d046914007796f5": "2001", "572a0c541d046914007796f6": "Thomas B. Edsall", "572a0c541d046914007796f7": "journalist", "5ad2616fd7d075001a429036": "income", "5ad2616fd7d075001a429037": "Conservative researchers", "5ad2616fd7d075001a429038": "2001", "5ad2616fd7d075001a429039": "Thomas B. Edsall.", "5ad2616fd7d075001a42903a": "journalist Thomas B. Edsall.", "572a0d21af94a219006aa783": "Central Banking economist", "572a0d21af94a219006aa784": "systematic economic inequalities", "572a0d21af94a219006aa785": "the Financial crisis of 2007\u201308", "572a0d21af94a219006aa786": "easier credit", "572a0d21af94a219006aa787": "unsustainable monetary stimulation", "5ad261cfd7d075001a429062": "Central Banking", "5ad261cfd7d075001a429063": "systematic economic inequalities, within the United States and around the world", "5ad261cfd7d075001a429064": "the Financial crisis of 2007", "5ad261cfd7d075001a429065": "easier credit to the lower and middle income earners", "5ad261cfd7d075001a429066": "unsustainable monetary stimulation.", "572a0e0e1d04691400779707": "inequality in wealth and income is negatively correlated with the duration of economic growth spells (not the rate of growth). High levels of inequality", "572a0e0e1d04691400779708": "the quality of a country's institutions and high levels of education", "572a0e0e1d04691400779709": "declines", "572a0e0e1d0469140077970a": "higher GDP growth", "572a0e0e1d0469140077970b": "The poor and the middle class", "5ad2623dd7d075001a429092": "inequality", "5ad2623dd7d075001a429093": "quality of a country's institutions and high levels of education.", "5ad2623dd7d075001a429094": "declines", "5ad2623dd7d075001a429095": "GDP", "5ad2623dd7d075001a429096": "The poor", "572a0ecb1d04691400779717": "economists", "572a0ecb1d04691400779718": "economic growth", "572a0ecb1d04691400779719": "long-run economic growth", "572a0ecb1d0469140077971a": "it is a waste of resources", "572a0ecb1d0469140077971b": "inequality-associated effects", "5ad262aad7d075001a4290c0": "drives people to poverty, constrains liquidity limiting labor mobility", "5ad262aad7d075001a4290c1": "economic growth", "5ad262aad7d075001a4290c2": "economic growth.", "5ad262aad7d075001a4290c3": "reducing its inequality", "5ad262aad7d075001a4290c4": "inequality harms economic growth. High and persistent unemployment, in which inequality", "572a1046af94a219006aa78d": "both global inequality and inequality within countries prevent growth by limiting aggregate demand", "572a1046af94a219006aa78e": "by limiting aggregate demand", "572a1046af94a219006aa78f": "Economist", "572a1046af94a219006aa790": "the increasing importance of human capital in development", "572a1046af94a219006aa791": "widespread education", "5ad262ffd7d075001a4290e4": "2009 that both global inequality and inequality within countries prevent growth by limiting aggregate demand", "5ad262ffd7d075001a4290e5": "widespread education has become the secret to growth", "5ad262ffd7d075001a4290e6": "2009", "5ad262ffd7d075001a4290e7": "increasing importance of human capital in development.", "572a11663f37b31900478693": "1993", "572a11663f37b31900478694": "long lasting detrimental", "572a11663f37b31900478695": "the channels through which inequality may affect economic growth", "572a11663f37b31900478696": "redistributive taxation", "572a11663f37b31900478697": "politically and socially unstable", "5ad26367d7d075001a4290fe": "In 1993, Galor and Zeira showed that inequality", "5ad26367d7d075001a4290ff": "long lasting detrimental", "5ad26367d7d075001a429100": "the channels through which inequality may affect economic growth", "5ad26367d7d075001a429101": "human capital formation", "5ad26367d7d075001a429102": "politically and socially unstable", "572a12381d0469140077972b": "Harvard", "572a12381d0469140077972c": "growth and investment", "572a12381d0469140077972d": "reduce growth in relatively poor countries but encourage growth in richer countries", "572a12381d0469140077972e": "encourage growth", "572a12381d0469140077972f": "between 1960 and 2000", "5ad26420d7d075001a429134": ". Studies of larger data sets have found no correlations for any fixed lead time, and a negative impact on the duration of growth.", "5ad26420d7d075001a429135": "growth and investment\". According to work by Barro in 1999 and 2000, high levels of inequality reduce growth", "5ad26420d7d075001a429136": "encourage growth", "5ad26420d7d075001a429137": "encourage growth in richer countries", "5ad26420d7d075001a429138": "1999", "572a13841d0469140077973b": "the Kuznets curve hypothesis", "572a13841d0469140077973c": "increases", "572a13841d0469140077973d": "Thomas Piketty", "572a13841d0469140077973e": "Economist", "572a13841d0469140077973f": "wars and \"violent economic and political shocks\"", "5ad2647bd7d075001a429156": "Kuznets curve hypothesis, with its emphasis on the balancing of economic growth", "5ad2647bd7d075001a429157": "first increases, then decreases. Economist Thomas Piketty challenges this notion, claiming that from 1914", "5ad2647bd7d075001a429158": "Thomas Piketty", "5ad2647bd7d075001a429159": "inequality throughout the developed world", "5ad2647bd7d075001a42915a": "wars and \"violent economic and political shocks", "572a18a4af94a219006aa7df": "1970s", "572a18a4af94a219006aa7e0": "reduced consumer demand", "572a18a4af94a219006aa7e1": "risen with increased income inequality", "572a18a4af94a219006aa7e2": "several years", "572a18a4af94a219006aa7e3": "more equality in the income distribution", "5ad264e2d7d075001a42917c": "in the 1970s", "5ad264e2d7d075001a42917d": "reduced consumer demand", "5ad264e2d7d075001a42917e": "risen with increased income inequality", "5ad264e2d7d075001a42917f": "several", "5ad264e2d7d075001a429180": "more equality in the income distribution.", "572a1a5c6aef051400155284": "special efforts", "572a1a5c6aef051400155285": "existing level of inequality", "572a1a5c6aef051400155286": "halve poverty in ten years, but a country with high inequality would take nearly 60 years to achieve the same reduction", "572a1a5c6aef051400155287": "United Nations", "572a1a5c6aef051400155288": "reducing poverty", "5ad2654fd7d075001a4291a8": "special efforts must be made", "5ad2654fd7d075001a4291a9": "a country with high inequality would take nearly 60 years to achieve the same reduction", "5ad2654fd7d075001a4291aa": "halve poverty in ten years", "5ad2654fd7d075001a4291ab": "United Nations Ban", "5ad2654fd7d075001a4291ac": "poverty reduction and the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals", "572a1ba46aef05140015528e": "land and housing", "572a1ba46aef05140015528f": "through various associations and other arrangements", "572a1ba46aef051400155290": "extra-legal", "572a1ba46aef051400155291": "200", "572a1ba46aef051400155292": "government land", "5ad265d2d7d075001a4291c6": "land", "5ad265d2d7d075001a4291c7": "various associations", "5ad265d2d7d075001a4291c8": "extra-legal", "5ad265d2d7d075001a4291c9": "200", "5ad265d2d7d075001a4291ca": "government land", "572a1c943f37b319004786e1": "affordable housing", "572a1c943f37b319004786e2": "quality rental units", "572a1c943f37b319004786e3": "demand for higher quality housing increased", "572a1c943f37b319004786e4": "gentrification of older neighbourhoods", "572a1c943f37b319004786e5": "ad valorem property tax policy", "5ad266efd7d075001a4291f4": "1994:148).", "5ad266efd7d075001a4291f5": "quality rental units decreased", "5ad266efd7d075001a4291f6": "demand for higher quality housing increased", "5ad266efd7d075001a4291f7": "demand for higher quality housing", "5ad266efd7d075001a4291f8": "ad valorem property tax", "572a1dbb3f37b319004786f5": "shared by everyone", "572a1dbb3f37b319004786f6": "finances", "572a1dbb3f37b319004786f7": "aspirational consumption", "572a1dbb3f37b319004786f8": "taking on debt", "572a1dbb3f37b319004786f9": "economic instability", "5ad2676ed7d075001a429210": "shared by everyone,", "5ad2676ed7d075001a429211": "finances.", "5ad2676ed7d075001a429212": ".", "5ad2676ed7d075001a429213": "taking on debt", "5ad2676ed7d075001a429214": "economic instability.", "572a1f086aef0514001552c0": "created", "572a1f086aef0514001552c1": "multiplier", "572a1f086aef0514001552c2": "environmental degradation", "572a1f086aef0514001552c3": "population levels would start to drop to a sustainable level", "5ad267e2d7d075001a429246": "economic inequality", "5ad267e2d7d075001a429247": "multiplier. If there were fewer people however, this multiplier", "5ad267e2d7d075001a429248": "environmental degradation", "5ad267e2d7d075001a429249": "more waste and pollution is created,", "5ad267e2d7d075001a42924a": "If (as WWF argued), population levels would start to drop to a sustainable level", "572a1fe16aef0514001552d0": "private ownership of the means of production by a class of owners", "572a1fe16aef0514001552d1": "a small portion of the population lives off unearned property income", "572a1fe16aef0514001552d2": "wage or salary", "572a1fe16aef0514001552d3": "socially", "572a1fe16aef0514001552d4": "reflective", "5ad2684bd7d075001a429262": "private ownership of the means of production by a class of owners", "5ad2684bd7d075001a429263": ".", "5ad2684bd7d075001a429264": "wage or salary.", "5ad2684bd7d075001a429265": "socially", "5ad2684bd7d075001a429266": "reflective of individual contributions to the social product.", "572a20816aef0514001552e4": "Robert Nozick", "572a20816aef0514001552e5": "taxation", "572a20816aef0514001552e6": "force", "572a20816aef0514001552e7": "forceful taking of property", "572a20816aef0514001552e8": "when they improve society as a whole, including the poorest members", "5ad268b2d7d075001a429288": "Robert Nozick argued that government redistributes wealth by force", "5ad268b2d7d075001a429289": "usually in the form of taxation)", "5ad268b2d7d075001a42928a": "force", "5ad268b2d7d075001a42928b": "forceful taking of property,", "5ad268b2d7d075001a42928c": "when they improve society as a whole, including the poorest members", "572a213e6aef0514001552ee": "capability deprivation\u201d", "572a213e6aef0514001552ef": "the end itself", "572a213e6aef0514001552f0": "to \u201cwid[en] people\u2019s choices and the level of their achieved well-being", "572a213e6aef0514001552f1": "increasing functionings (the things a person values doing), capabilities", "572a213e6aef0514001552f2": "the ability to pursue valued goals", "5ad2690ed7d075001a4292b0": "capability deprivation", "5ad2690ed7d075001a4292b1": "the end", "5ad2690ed7d075001a4292b2": "to \u201cwid[en] people\u2019s choices and the level of their achieved well-being", "5ad2690ed7d075001a4292b3": "through increasing functionings", "5ad2690ed7d075001a4292b4": "the ability to pursue valued goals", "572a2224af94a219006aa823": "they are in some way deprived of earning as much income as they would otherwise. An old, ill man cannot earn as much as a healthy young man", "572a2224af94a219006aa824": "earn as much as a healthy young man", "572a2224af94a219006aa825": "gender roles and customs", "572a2224af94a219006aa826": "fear of their lives", "572a2224af94a219006aa827": "a better relevant income", "5ad26964d7d075001a4292cc": "inequality increases,", "5ad26964d7d075001a4292cd": "cannot earn as much as a healthy young man;", "5ad26964d7d075001a4292ce": "gender roles and customs may prevent a woman", "5ad26964d7d075001a4292cf": "fear of their lives.", "5ad26964d7d075001a4292d0": "a better relevant income.", "57283c464b864d19001647c8": "private research university", "57283c464b864d19001647c9": "1890", "57283c464b864d19001647ca": "seven", "57283c464b864d19001647cb": "four", "57283c464b864d19001647cc": "15,000", "5acf774877cf76001a684e96": "Pritzker School of Medicine", "5acf774877cf76001a684e97": "The University of Chicago (UChicago, Chicago, or U of C", "5acf774877cf76001a684e98": "The University of Chicago (UChicago, Chicago, or U of C) is a private research university in Chicago. The university, established in 1890", "5acf774877cf76001a684e99": "the Graham School", "5acf774877cf76001a684e9a": "Harris School of Public Policy Studies", "57283db6ff5b5019007d9fbc": "various academic disciplines", "57283db6ff5b5019007d9fbd": "Chicago's physics department", "57283db6ff5b5019007d9fbe": "beneath the university's Stagg Field", "57283db6ff5b5019007d9fbf": "University of Chicago Press", "57283db6ff5b5019007d9fc0": "2020", "5acf782877cf76001a684eb2": "the world's first man-made, self-sustaining nuclear reaction beneath the university's Stagg Field", "5acf782877cf76001a684eb3": "man-made, self-sustaining nuclear reaction beneath the university's Stagg Field", "5acf782877cf76001a684eb4": "Stagg Field", "5acf782877cf76001a684eb5": "University of Chicago Press, the largest university press in the United States", "5acf782877cf76001a684eb6": "2020,", "57283f014b864d19001647e8": "American Baptist Education Society", "57283f014b864d19001647e9": "John D. Rockefeller", "57283f014b864d19001647ea": "William Rainey Harper", "57283f014b864d19001647eb": "1891", "57283f014b864d19001647ec": "1892", "5acf7dcf77cf76001a684f7a": "John D. Rockefeller", "5acf7dcf77cf76001a684f7b": "1890", "5acf7dcf77cf76001a684f7c": "1891, and the first classes were held in 1892", "5acf7dcf77cf76001a684f7d": "1891", "5acf7dcf77cf76001a684f7e": "1900", "57284142ff5b5019007da00a": "Marshall Field", "57284142ff5b5019007da00b": "Silas B. Cobb", "57284142ff5b5019007da00c": "Cobb Lecture Hall", "57284142ff5b5019007da00d": "$100,000", "57284142ff5b5019007da00e": "Charles L. Hutchinson", "5acf7ecb77cf76001a684fa2": "George C. Walker of the Walker", "5acf7ecb77cf76001a684fa3": "1890 by the American Baptist Education Society and a donation from oil magnate and philanthropist John D. Rockefeller", "5acf7ecb77cf76001a684fa4": "Adolphus Clay Bartlett", "5acf7ecb77cf76001a684fa5": "Walker Museum", "5acf7ecb77cf76001a684fa6": "John D. Rockefeller on land donated by Marshall Field. While the Rockefeller donation", "572843304b864d1900164848": "Des Moines College, Kalamazoo College, Butler University, and Stetson University", "572843304b864d1900164849": "1896", "572843304b864d190016484a": "made a grade of A for all four years", "572843304b864d190016484b": "University of Chicago professors", "572843304b864d190016484c": "1910", "5acf7fdf77cf76001a684fd4": "1890s,", "5acf7fdf77cf76001a684fd5": "Mount Carroll", "5acf7fdf77cf76001a684fd6": "affiliated schools", "5acf7fdf77cf76001a684fd7": "1896,", "57284456ff5b5019007da05c": "Robert Maynard Hutchins", "57284456ff5b5019007da05d": "University of Chicago Hospitals (now called the University of Chicago Medical Center", "57284456ff5b5019007da05e": "24-year", "57284456ff5b5019007da05f": "to emphasize academics over athletics", "57284456ff5b5019007da060": "the Common Core", "5acf808877cf76001a685004": "1929, the university's fifth", "5acf808877cf76001a685005": "plan to merge the University of Chicago and Northwestern University", "5acf808877cf76001a685006": "University of Chicago Hospitals", "5acf808877cf76001a685007": "1933", "5acf808877cf76001a685008": "Robert Maynard Hutchins", "57284618ff5b5019007da0a8": "1950s", "57284618ff5b5019007da0a9": "increasing crime and poverty", "57284618ff5b5019007da0aa": "after their second year", "57284618ff5b5019007da0ab": "Hyde Park", "57284618ff5b5019007da0ac": "allowed very young students to attend college", "5acf82c277cf76001a685064": "early 1950", "5acf82c277cf76001a685065": "crime and poverty in the Hyde Park neighborhood", "5acf82c277cf76001a685066": "declined", "5acf82c277cf76001a685067": "Hyde Park", "5acf82c277cf76001a685068": "early entrant program", "572847ff3acd2414000df869": "1962", "572847ff3acd2414000df86a": "the university's off-campus rental policies", "572847ff3acd2414000df86b": "1967", "572847ff3acd2414000df86c": "two", "572847ff3acd2414000df86d": "social and political action,\"", "5acf86ff77cf76001a6850f8": "the 1960s, beginning in 1962", "5acf86ff77cf76001a6850f9": "1962", "5acf86ff77cf76001a6850fa": "President George Beadle's", "5acf86ff77cf76001a6850fb": "1967", "5acf86ff77cf76001a6850fc": "1967 issued what became known as the Kalven Report", "572849b4ff5b5019007da0f2": "mid-2000s", "572849b4ff5b5019007da0f3": "Milton Friedman Institute", "572849b4ff5b5019007da0f4": "$200 million", "572849b4ff5b5019007da0f5": "Chicago Theological Seminary", "572849b4ff5b5019007da0f6": "David G. Booth", "5acf879f77cf76001a68511c": "2000s,", "5acf879f77cf76001a68511d": "2008, the University of Chicago announced plans to establish the Milton Friedman Institute", "5acf879f77cf76001a68511e": "$200", "5acf879f77cf76001a68511f": "David G. Booth donated $300", "5acf879f77cf76001a685120": "2009, planning or construction on several new buildings, half of which cost $100 million or more, was underway. Since 2011", "57284b904b864d19001648e2": "the Main Quadrangles", "57284b904b864d19001648e3": "six", "57284b904b864d19001648e4": "Cobb, Shepley, Rutan and Coolidge, Holabird & Roche", "57284b904b864d19001648e5": "Magdalen Tower", "57284b904b864d19001648e6": "Christ Church Hall", "5acf8b1177cf76001a68518e": "Main Quadrangles", "5acf8b1177cf76001a68518f": "Cobb, Shepley, Rutan and Coolidge", "5acf8b1177cf76001a685190": "Main Quadrangles consist of six quadrangles, each surrounded by buildings, bordering one larger quadrangle", "5acf8b1177cf76001a685191": "two University of Chicago trustees", "57284d484b864d1900164900": "1940s", "57284d484b864d1900164901": "Eero Saarinen", "57284d484b864d1900164902": "School of Social Service Administration", "57284d484b864d1900164903": "Harris School of Public Policy Studies", "57284d484b864d1900164904": "2003", "5acf8bbd77cf76001a6851b2": "1940s,", "5acf8bbd77cf76001a6851b3": "1999 and updated in 2004, produced the Gerald Ratner Athletics Center (2003), the Max Palevsky Residential Commons (2001", "5acf8bbd77cf76001a6851b4": "the glass dome-shaped Joe and Rika Mansueto Library, which provides a grand reading room for the university library", "5acf8bbd77cf76001a6851b5": "both north and south of the Midway, including the Laird Bell Law Quadrangle", "5acf8bbd77cf76001a6851b6": "2001)", "57284e9fff5b5019007da150": "Singapore, London, and the downtown Streeterville neighborhood of Chicago", "57284e9fff5b5019007da151": "Seine", "57284e9fff5b5019007da152": "2010", "57284e9fff5b5019007da153": "Renmin University", "57284e9fff5b5019007da154": "2015", "5acf8c4b77cf76001a6851bc": "The Center in Paris", "5acf8c4b77cf76001a6851bd": "Renmin", "5acf8c4b77cf76001a6851be": "The Center in Paris,", "5acf8c4b77cf76001a6851bf": "2010", "5acf8c4b77cf76001a6851c0": "2015.", "5728501aff5b5019007da166": "a board of trustees. The Board of Trustees", "5728501aff5b5019007da167": "50", "5728501aff5b5019007da168": "fourteen", "5728501aff5b5019007da169": "Andrew Alper", "5728501aff5b5019007da16a": "Daniel Diermeier", "5acf8d4077cf76001a6851f6": "a board of trustees. The Board of Trustees", "5acf8d4077cf76001a6851f7": "long-term development and plans of the university", "5acf8d4077cf76001a6851f8": "fundraising efforts", "5acf8d4077cf76001a6851f9": "Board of Trustees oversees the long-term development and plans of the university and manages fundraising efforts, and is composed of 50", "5acf8d4077cf76001a6851fa": "Daniel Diermeier.", "5728510f4b864d1900164936": "The Higher Learning Commission", "5728510f4b864d1900164937": "four", "5728510f4b864d1900164938": "seven", "5acf900177cf76001a68527e": "four divisions of graduate research", "5acf900177cf76001a68527f": "seven professional schools", "5acf900177cf76001a685280": "Fermilab", "5acf900177cf76001a685281": "The Higher Learning Commission.", "5acf900177cf76001a685282": "four divisions of graduate research and seven professional schools. The university also contains a library system, the University of Chicago Press, the University of Chicago Laboratory Schools", "57285213ff5b5019007da180": "50", "57285213ff5b5019007da181": "28", "57285213ff5b5019007da182": "five", "57285213ff5b5019007da183": "New Collegiate Division. The first four are sections within their corresponding graduate divisions, while the New Collegiate Division", "5acf941b77cf76001a68532e": "50 academic majors and 28", "5acf941b77cf76001a68532f": "28", "5acf941b77cf76001a685330": "The College of the University of Chicago grants Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Science degrees in 50", "5acf941b77cf76001a685331": "University of Chicago grants Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Science degrees in 50 academic majors and 28", "5acf941b77cf76001a685332": "five divisions", "572853e8ff5b5019007da188": "Common Core", "572853e8ff5b5019007da189": "17", "572853e8ff5b5019007da18a": "rigorous, intense", "572853e8ff5b5019007da18b": "Uni in the USA", "5acf974277cf76001a6853a8": "a distribution", "5acf974277cf76001a6853a9": "2013\u20132014", "5acf974277cf76001a6853aa": "15 courses", "5acf974277cf76001a6853ab": "15 courses and demonstrated proficiency in a foreign language are required under the Core", "5acf974277cf76001a6853ac": "rigorous, intense learning experience.", "572855973acd2414000df925": "University of Chicago Laboratory Schools", "572855973acd2414000df926": "Sonia Shankman Orthogenic School", "572855973acd2414000df927": "four", "572855973acd2414000df928": "four public charter schools", "572855973acd2414000df929": "University of Chicago campus", "5acf98ad77cf76001a6853c6": "academic institutions", "5acf98ad77cf76001a6853c7": ".", "5acf98ad77cf76001a6853c8": "Since 1983, the University of Chicago has maintained the University of Chicago School Mathematics Project,", "5acf98ad77cf76001a6853c9": "University of Chicago School Mathematics Project", "5acf98ad77cf76001a6853ca": "University of Chicago Laboratory Schools", "572856beff5b5019007da190": "six", "572856beff5b5019007da191": "9.8 million volumes", "572856beff5b5019007da192": "Regenstein Library", "572856beff5b5019007da193": "2011", "572856beff5b5019007da194": "1.3 million", "5acf99b577cf76001a6853ee": "University of Chicago Library system encompasses six", "5acf99b577cf76001a6853ef": "University of Chicago Library system", "5acf99b577cf76001a6853f0": "University of Chicago Library", "5acf99b577cf76001a6853f1": "2011,", "57285841ff5b5019007da19a": "12", "57285841ff5b5019007da19b": "113", "57285841ff5b5019007da19c": "Oriental Institute", "57285841ff5b5019007da19d": "Fermilab", "57285841ff5b5019007da19e": "Sunspot, New Mexico", "5acf9a5277cf76001a68541c": "12", "5acf9a5277cf76001a68541d": "113", "5acf9a5277cf76001a68541e": "Oriental", "5acf9a5277cf76001a68541f": "Woods Hole, Mass", "5acf9a5277cf76001a685420": "Woods Hole, Mass. Although formally unrelated, the National Opinion Research Center is located on Chicago", "57286010ff5b5019007da1ca": "shaping ideas about the free market", "57286010ff5b5019007da1cb": "Chicago Pile-1", "57286010ff5b5019007da1cc": "Miller\u2013Urey experiment", "57286010ff5b5019007da1cd": "1953", "5acf9b1177cf76001a685440": "REM sleep", "5acf9b1177cf76001a685441": "1947. The chemical experiment that tested how life originated on early Earth, the Miller\u2013Urey experiment, was conducted at the university.", "5acf9b1177cf76001a685442": "REM sleep", "5acf9b1177cf76001a685443": "Miller\u2013Urey experiment,", "5acf9b1177cf76001a685444": "The university's sociology", "572861cc4b864d190016495e": "1933", "572861cc4b864d190016495f": "2000", "572861cc4b864d1900164960": "1996", "572861cc4b864d1900164961": "2002", "572861cc4b864d1900164962": "Several thousand", "5acf9bcf77cf76001a68547a": "Cinema & Media studies (1996) and theater & performance studies (2002", "5acf9bcf77cf76001a68547b": "1959", "5acf9bcf77cf76001a68547c": "art history", "5acf9bcf77cf76001a68547d": "dramatic, music, and visual arts", "5acf9bcf77cf76001a68547e": "2012, five", "572863363acd2414000df985": "5,792", "572863363acd2414000df986": "3,468", "572863363acd2414000df987": "5,984", "572863363acd2414000df988": "15,244", "572863363acd2414000df989": "international students", "5acf9d3477cf76001a685512": "15,244", "5acf9d3477cf76001a685513": "four graduate divisions, 5,984", "5acf9d3477cf76001a685514": "3,468 students in its four graduate divisions, 5,984 students in its professional schools, and 15,244", "5acf9d3477cf76001a685515": "5,984 students in its professional schools, and 15,244", "5acf9d3477cf76001a685516": "2015, the College of the University of Chicago had an acceptance rate of 7", "572864542ca10214002da2de": "University Athletic Association (UAA", "572864542ca10214002da2df": "Division III", "572864542ca10214002da2e0": "Big Ten Conference", "572864542ca10214002da2e1": "Jay Berwanger", "572864542ca10214002da2e2": "University President Robert Maynard Hutchins de-emphasized varsity athletics in 1939 and dropped football", "5acf9dfb77cf76001a685556": "founding member of the Big Ten Conference", "5acf9dfb77cf76001a685557": "1935", "5acf9dfb77cf76001a685558": "1935, Chicago Maroons football player Jay Berwanger became the first winner of the Heisman Trophy", "5acf9dfb77cf76001a685559": "1935, Chicago Maroons football player Jay Berwanger became the first winner of the Heisman Trophy", "5acf9dfb77cf76001a68555a": "1946", "5728659f4b864d190016498a": "400", "5728659f4b864d190016498b": "Recognized Student Organizations", "5728659f4b864d190016498c": "University of Chicago College Bowl Team", "5728659f4b864d190016498d": "Doc Films", "5728659f4b864d190016498e": "Off-Off Campus", "5acf9e9377cf76001a685582": "over 400 clubs", "5acf9e9377cf76001a685583": "Recognized Student Organizations (RSOs)", "5acf9e9377cf76001a685584": "2013-14 and 2014-2015.", "5acf9e9377cf76001a685585": "2013-14 and 2014-2015.", "5acf9e9377cf76001a685586": "2013-14 and 2014-2015.", "5728667eff5b5019007da1fc": "graduate and undergraduate students", "5728667eff5b5019007da1fd": "an Executive Committee", "5728667eff5b5019007da1fe": "$2 million", "5728667eff5b5019007da1ff": "$2 million", "5acf9f9877cf76001a6855b6": "All Recognized Student Organizations", "5acf9f9877cf76001a6855b7": "graduate and undergraduate", "5acf9f9877cf76001a6855b8": ".", "5acf9f9877cf76001a6855b9": "an Executive Committee", "5acf9f9877cf76001a6855ba": "$2 million.", "572867543acd2414000df9a1": "fifteen", "572867543acd2414000df9a2": "seven", "572867543acd2414000df9a3": "Alpha Phi Omega", "572867543acd2414000df9a4": "Four", "572867543acd2414000df9a5": "ten", "5acfa09277cf76001a6855ca": "seven", "5acfa09277cf76001a6855cb": "fifteen fraternities and seven", "5acfa09277cf76001a6855cc": "University of Chicago Interfraternity Council", "5acfa09277cf76001a6855cd": "University of Chicago Interfraternity Council.", "5acfa09277cf76001a6855ce": "2002,", "5728683b3acd2414000df9af": "May", "5728683b3acd2414000df9b0": "1987", "5728683b3acd2414000df9b1": "Festival of the Arts", "5728683b3acd2414000df9b2": "Kuviasungnerk/Kangeiko", "5728683b3acd2414000df9b3": "Summer Breeze", "5acfa18177cf76001a6855f8": "University of Chicago Scavenger Hunt, in which large teams of students compete to obtain notoriously esoteric items from a list.", "5acfa18177cf76001a6855f9": "Festival of the Arts (FOTA)", "5acfa18177cf76001a6855fa": "a week-long winter festival, Kuviasungnerk/Kangeiko", "5acfa18177cf76001a6855fb": "Kuviasungnerk/Kangeiko", "5acfa18177cf76001a6855fc": "the Latke-Hamantash", "57286951ff5b5019007da20e": "Satya Nadella", "57286951ff5b5019007da20f": "Larry Ellison", "57286951ff5b5019007da210": "Larry Ellison", "57286951ff5b5019007da211": "Larry Ellison, Goldman Sachs", "57286951ff5b5019007da212": "James O. McKinsey", "5acfa23577cf76001a68562e": "Satya Nadella", "5acfa23577cf76001a68562f": "Jon Corzine", "5acfa23577cf76001a685630": "Thomas S. Ricketts", "5acfa23577cf76001a685631": "Adam Silver", "5acfa23577cf76001a685632": "Satya Nadella", "57286ab72ca10214002da31e": "Saul Alinsky", "57286ab72ca10214002da31f": "David Axelrod", "57286ab72ca10214002da320": "Robert Bork", "57286ab72ca10214002da321": "Masaaki Shirakawa", "57286ab72ca10214002da322": "Eliot Ness", "5acfa29c77cf76001a685666": "David Axelrod", "5acfa29c77cf76001a685667": "David Axelrod", "5acfa29c77cf76001a685668": "Marek Belka", "5acfa29c77cf76001a685669": "Governor of the Bank of Japan Masaaki Shirakawa,", "5acfa29c77cf76001a68566a": "Masaaki Shirakawa,", "57286bf84b864d19001649d2": "Lauren Oliver", "57286bf84b864d19001649d3": "Philip Roth", "57286bf84b864d19001649d4": "Allan Bloom", "57286bf84b864d19001649d5": "Studs Terkel", "57286bf84b864d19001649d6": "Kurt Vonnegut", "5acfa31377cf76001a685682": "Saul Bellow", "5acfa31377cf76001a685683": "Allan Bloom", "5acfa31377cf76001a685684": "The Good War", "5acfa31377cf76001a685685": "Lauren Oliver", "5acfa31377cf76001a685686": "Studs Terkel", "57286d7d4b864d19001649e0": "Philip Glass", "57286d7d4b864d19001649e1": "Alex Seropian", "57286d7d4b864d19001649e2": "Halo", "57286d7d4b864d19001649e3": "Ed Asner", "57286d7d4b864d19001649e4": "Mike Nichols", "5acfa53677cf76001a6856f4": "Halo video game series", "5acfa53677cf76001a6856f5": "Ed Asner", "5acfa53677cf76001a6856f6": "Carl Van Vechten", "5acfa53677cf76001a6856f7": "Roger Ebert", "57286ec63acd2414000df9d1": "Carl Sagan", "57286ec63acd2414000df9d2": "John M. Grunsfeld", "57286ec63acd2414000df9d3": "David Suzuki", "57286ec63acd2414000df9d4": "John B. Goodenough", "57286ec63acd2414000df9d5": "Clair Cameron Patterson", "5acfa71b77cf76001a68572c": "Richard Hamming, the creator of the Hamming Code, lithium-ion battery developer John B. Goodenough", "5acfa71b77cf76001a68572d": "James Watson", "5acfa71b77cf76001a68572e": "John B. Goodenough", "5acfa71b77cf76001a68572f": "John B. Goodenough", "572870b2ff5b5019007da222": "Thomas Sowell", "572870b2ff5b5019007da223": "Margaret Thatcher", "572870b2ff5b5019007da224": "Paul Samuelson", "572870b2ff5b5019007da225": "Eugene Fama", "5acfa8a277cf76001a68576c": "Paul Samuelson, the first American to win the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, and Eugene Fama", "5acfa8a277cf76001a68576d": "Margaret Thatcher", "5acfa8a277cf76001a68576e": "Eugene Fama", "5acfa8a277cf76001a68576f": "Thomas Sowell", "5acfa8a277cf76001a685770": "Herbert A. Simon, responsible for the modern interpretation of the concept of organizational decision-making, Paul Samuelson", "572871bc4b864d1900164a04": "David Graeber and Donald Johanson", "572871bc4b864d1900164a05": "Samuel Reshevsky", "572871bc4b864d1900164a06": "Samuel P. Huntington", "5acfa93777cf76001a685780": "David Graeber and Donald Johanson,", "5acfa93777cf76001a685781": "a female hominid australopithecine known as \"Lucy\"", "5acfa93777cf76001a685782": "David Graeber", "5acfa93777cf76001a685783": "Samuel P. Huntington", "5acfa93777cf76001a685784": "Samuel P. Huntington.", "572872dd2ca10214002da37e": "A. A. Michelson", "572872dd2ca10214002da37f": "Robert A. Millikan", "572872dd2ca10214002da380": "Arthur H. Compton", "572872dd2ca10214002da381": "Enrico Fermi", "572872dd2ca10214002da382": "Maria Goeppert-Mayer", "5acfa9b877cf76001a6857a8": "Enrico Fermi", "5acfa9b877cf76001a6857a9": "Robert A. Millikan, discoverer of the Compton Effect Arthur H. Compton", "5acfa9b877cf76001a6857aa": "Robert A. Millikan", "5acfa9b877cf76001a6857ab": "Enrico Fermi", "5acfa9b877cf76001a6857ac": "Maria Goeppert-Mayer,", "5728742cff5b5019007da246": "James Henry Breasted", "5728742cff5b5019007da247": "Alberto Calder\u00f3n", "5728742cff5b5019007da248": "Ted Fujita", "5728742cff5b5019007da249": "Glenn T. Seaborg", "5728742cff5b5019007da24a": "Charles Brenton Huggins and Janet Rowley", "5acfab5077cf76001a6857d0": "Saul Bellow", "5acfab5077cf76001a6857d1": "chemists Glenn T. Seaborg", "5acfab5077cf76001a6857d2": "James O. McKinsey.", "5acfab5077cf76001a6857d3": "Friedrich Hayek, meteorologist Ted Fujita", "5acfab5077cf76001a6857d4": "Allan Bloom", "5728759cff5b5019007da25a": "Goldman Sachs", "5728759cff5b5019007da25b": "Raghuram Rajan", "5728759cff5b5019007da25c": "David Bevington", "5728759cff5b5019007da25d": "John Mearsheimer and Robert Pape", "5728759cff5b5019007da25e": "Neil Shubin and Paul Sereno", "5acfac7177cf76001a6857f8": "Raghuram Rajan, the 74th United States Secretary of the Treasury and former Goldman Sachs Chairman and CEO Hank Paulson", "5acfac7177cf76001a6857f9": "Hank Paulson, former Chairman of President Barack Obama's Council of Economic Advisors Austan Goolsbee", "5acfac7177cf76001a6857fa": "Raghuram Rajan,", "5acfac7177cf76001a6857fb": "Steven Levitt", "5acfac7177cf76001a6857fc": "Raghuram Rajan,", "57285ed5ff5b5019007da1b6": "\u5143\u671d", "57285ed5ff5b5019007da1b7": "the Great Yuan", "57285ed5ff5b5019007da1b8": "Kublai Khan", "57285ed5ff5b5019007da1b9": "Kublai Khan", "57285ed5ff5b5019007da1ba": "1271", "5ad3ffb3604f3c001a3ffc93": "Northern Yuan", "5ad3ffb3604f3c001a3ffc94": "Yu\u00e1n Ch\u00e1o), officially the Great Yuan (Chinese: \u5927\u5143; pinyin: D\u00e0 Yu\u00e1n", "5ad3ffb3604f3c001a3ffc95": "Genghisid rulers", "5ad3ffb3604f3c001a3ffc96": "Kublai Khan, leader of the Mongolian Borjigin clan. Although the Mongols", "5ad3ffb3604f3c001a3ffc97": "68, after which its Genghisid rulers returned to their Mongolian homeland and continued to rule the Northern Yuan", "572860e03acd2414000df977": "Mongol Empire", "572860e03acd2414000df978": "the Ming dynasty", "572860e03acd2414000df979": "the Ming dynasty", "572860e03acd2414000df97a": "Genghis Khan", "5ad3ffef604f3c001a3ffcaf": "Mongol Empire", "5ad3ffef604f3c001a3ffcb0": "Ming", "5ad3ffef604f3c001a3ffcb1": "the Ming", "5ad3ffef604f3c001a3ffcb2": "Genghis Khan", "57286192ff5b5019007da1dc": "1271", "57286192ff5b5019007da1dd": "Commentaries on the Classic of Changes (I Ching", "57286192ff5b5019007da1de": "Dai \u00d6n Ulus", "57286192ff5b5019007da1df": "Great Mongol State", "57286192ff5b5019007da1e0": "Great Khan", "5ad4003b604f3c001a3ffcb7": "In 1271, Kublai Khan imposed", "5ad4003b604f3c001a3ffcb8": "I Ching", "5ad4003b604f3c001a3ffcb9": "Mongol dynasty\" or \"Mongol Dynasty of China\"", "5ad4003b604f3c001a3ffcba": "Great Mongol State\"", "5ad4003b604f3c001a3ffcbb": "Great Khan", "572863c72ca10214002da2d4": "Mongol and Turkic", "572863c72ca10214002da2d5": "1206", "572863c72ca10214002da2d6": "\u00d6gedei Khan", "572863c72ca10214002da2d7": "1251", "572863c72ca10214002da2d8": "nephew", "5ad400f0604f3c001a3ffcef": "Mongol and Turkic", "5ad400f0604f3c001a3ffcf0": "12", "5ad400f0604f3c001a3ffcf1": "M\u00f6ngke Khan", "5ad400f0604f3c001a3ffcf2": "M\u00f6ngke Khan succeeded \u00d6gedei's son, G\u00fcy\u00fck, as Great Khan in 1251.", "5ad400f0604f3c001a3ffcf3": "Kublai was unable to read Chinese but had several Han Chinese teachers", "572864dd4b864d1900164976": "the Jin", "572864dd4b864d1900164977": "Xiao Zhala", "572864dd4b864d1900164978": "Shi Tianze", "572864dd4b864d1900164979": "10,000 troops", "572864dd4b864d190016497a": "3", "5ad40158604f3c001a3ffd0b": "the Jin.", "5ad40158604f3c001a3ffd0c": "Xiao Zhala (\u856d\u672d\u524c) defected and commanded the 3 Tumens in the Mongol army. Liu Heima", "5ad40158604f3c001a3ffd0d": "Shi Tianze, Liu Heima", "5ad40158604f3c001a3ffd0e": "10,000 troops", "5ad40158604f3c001a3ffd0f": "4", "5728661e2ca10214002da2e8": "Han Chinese", "5728661e2ca10214002da2e9": "Jin", "5728661e2ca10214002da2ea": "between Han and Jurchen", "5728661e2ca10214002da2eb": "Shi Bingzhi", "5728661e2ca10214002da2ec": "Song dynasty", "5ad401de604f3c001a3ffd2d": "Han Chinese who lived in the Jin dynasty. Interethnic marriage between Han and Jurchen", "5ad401de604f3c001a3ffd2e": "Jin dynasty", "5ad401de604f3c001a3ffd2f": "Interethnic marriage between Han and Jurchen became common", "5ad401de604f3c001a3ffd30": "Shi Bingzhi (\u53f2\u79c9\u76f4, Shih Ping-chih)", "5ad401de604f3c001a3ffd31": "Song dynasty", "572867212ca10214002da2f2": "M\u00f6ngke Khan", "572867212ca10214002da2f3": "southern China. The Mongol force that invaded southern China", "572867212ca10214002da2f4": "1259", "572867212ca10214002da2f5": "his brother, Ariq B\u00f6ke", "572867212ca10214002da2f6": "Zhongtong", "5ad40219604f3c001a3ffd45": "Kublai", "5ad40219604f3c001a3ffd46": "southern China.", "5ad40219604f3c001a3ffd47": "1256. He died in 1259 without a successor. Kublai returned from fighting the Song in 1260", "5ad40219604f3c001a3ffd48": "his brother, Ariq B\u00f6ke, was challenging his claim to the throne. Kublai convened a kurultai", "5ad40219604f3c001a3ffd49": "Zhongtong.", "572867d72ca10214002da2fc": "Ogedei", "572867d72ca10214002da2fd": "the south", "572867d72ca10214002da2fe": "prince Wonjong", "572867d72ca10214002da2ff": "northeast", "572867d72ca10214002da300": "1262", "5ad402ae604f3c001a3ffd5d": "Ogedei", "5ad402ae604f3c001a3ffd5e": "south.", "5ad402ae604f3c001a3ffd5f": "prince Wonjong as the ruler of Korea, making it a Mongol tributary state. Kublai was also threatened by domestic unrest. Li Tan", "5ad402ae604f3c001a3ffd60": "western frontier", "5ad402ae604f3c001a3ffd61": "1262.", "572869b84b864d19001649ae": "preserving Mongol interests in China and satisfying the demands of his Chinese subjects", "572869b84b864d19001649af": "salt and iron", "572869b84b864d19001649b0": "local", "572869b84b864d19001649b1": "three, later four", "572869b84b864d19001649b2": "Han Chinese", "5ad402f1604f3c001a3ffd69": "preserving Mongol interests in China", "5ad402f1604f3c001a3ffd6a": "salt and iron.", "5ad402f1604f3c001a3ffd6b": "three, later four, classes with the Han Chinese occupying the lowest rank", "5ad402f1604f3c001a3ffd6c": "four, classes with the Han Chinese occupying the lowest rank", "5ad402f1604f3c001a3ffd6d": "the Han Chinese occupying the lowest rank", "57286b003acd2414000df9c1": "Karakorum in Mongolia to Khanbaliq", "57286b003acd2414000df9c2": "Khanbaliq", "57286b003acd2414000df9c3": "1264", "57286b003acd2414000df9c4": "Zhongdu", "57286b003acd2414000df9c5": "Confucian propriety and ancestor veneration", "5ad40346604f3c001a3ffd73": "Karakorum", "5ad40346604f3c001a3ffd74": "Khanbaliq", "5ad40346604f3c001a3ffd75": "1264, constructing a new city near the former Jurchen capital Zhongdu, now modern Beijing, in 1266", "5ad40346604f3c001a3ffd76": "Zhongdu", "5ad40346604f3c001a3ffd77": "Confucian propriety and ancestor veneration,", "57286bb84b864d19001649c8": "commercial, scientific, and cultural", "57286bb84b864d19001649c9": "Mongol peace", "57286bb84b864d19001649ca": "southern China", "57286bb84b864d19001649cb": "Daidu in the north", "57286bb84b864d19001649cc": "Marco Polo", "5ad40397604f3c001a3ffd83": "commercial, scientific, and cultural growth", "5ad40397604f3c001a3ffd84": "Mongol peace", "5ad40397604f3c001a3ffd85": "southern China to Daidu in the north", "5ad40397604f3c001a3ffd86": "Daidu in the north.", "5ad40397604f3c001a3ffd87": "Marco Polo, who wrote the most influential European account of Yuan China. Marco Polo", "57286c8cff5b5019007da218": "the Song Emperor", "57286c8cff5b5019007da219": "1115", "57286c8cff5b5019007da21a": "1234", "57286c8cff5b5019007da21b": "Kong Duancao", "57286c8cff5b5019007da21c": "30,000", "5ad403df604f3c001a3ffd9b": "the Song Emperor to Quzhou", "5ad403df604f3c001a3ffd9c": "1115\u20131234", "5ad403df604f3c001a3ffd9d": "1234)", "5ad403df604f3c001a3ffd9e": "Kong Duancao", "57286d4f2ca10214002da328": "northern China", "57286d4f2ca10214002da329": "1268 and 1273", "57286d4f2ca10214002da32a": "Yangzi River basin", "57286d4f2ca10214002da32b": "Hangzhou", "57286d4f2ca10214002da32c": "drowned", "5ad40432604f3c001a3ffdbb": "the south.", "5ad40432604f3c001a3ffdbc": "between 1268 and 1273,", "5ad40432604f3c001a3ffdbd": "Yangzi River basin", "5ad40432604f3c001a3ffdbe": "Hangzhou", "5ad40432604f3c001a3ffdbf": "drowned", "57286dfa2ca10214002da332": "after 1279", "57286dfa2ca10214002da333": "typhoon", "57286dfa2ca10214002da334": "Annam (Dai Viet", "57286dfa2ca10214002da335": "Battle of B\u1ea1ch \u0110\u1eb1ng", "57286dfa2ca10214002da336": "1288", "5ad40480604f3c001a3ffdcf": "Wars and construction projects had drained the Mongol treasury. Efforts to raise and collect tax revenues were plagued by corruption and political scandals", "5ad40480604f3c001a3ffdd0": "typhoon. Kublai botched his campaigns against Annam, Champa, and Java, but won a Pyrrhic victory against Burma", "5ad40480604f3c001a3ffdd1": "The Tran dynasty", "5ad40480604f3c001a3ffdd2": "Battle of B\u1ea1ch \u0110\u1eb1ng", "57286ead2ca10214002da346": "1253", "57286ead2ca10214002da347": "Zhenjin", "57286ead2ca10214002da348": "1285", "57286ead2ca10214002da349": "Emperor Chengzong", "57286ead2ca10214002da34a": "1294 to 1307", "5ad404d4604f3c001a3ffde7": "1253,", "5ad404d4604f3c001a3ffde8": "his eldest son, Zhenjin", "5ad404d4604f3c001a3ffde9": "1285", "5ad404d4604f3c001a3ffdea": "Chengzong", "5ad404d4604f3c001a3ffdeb": "1307", "57286f373acd2414000df9db": "Buyantu Khan (Ayurbarwada", "57286f373acd2414000df9dc": "actively support and adopt mainstream Chinese culture", "57286f373acd2414000df9dd": "Li Meng", "57286f373acd2414000df9de": "Department of State Affairs", "57286f373acd2414000df9df": "1313", "5ad40515604f3c001a3ffe05": "Buyantu Khan (Ayurbarwada)", "5ad40515604f3c001a3ffe06": "adopt mainstream Chinese culture after the reign of Kublai", "5ad40515604f3c001a3ffe07": "Mongol elite. He had been mentored by Li Meng", "5ad40515604f3c001a3ffe08": "State Affairs", "5ad40515604f3c001a3ffe09": "Buyantu Khan", "57286fa83acd2414000df9e5": "Emperor Gegeen Khan", "57286fa83acd2414000df9e6": "1321 to 1323", "57286fa83acd2414000df9e7": "Baiju", "57286fa83acd2414000df9e8": "the comprehensive institutions of the Great Yuan", "57286fa83acd2414000df9e9": "five", "5ad40582604f3c001a3ffe19": "Emperor Gegeen Khan", "5ad40582604f3c001a3ffe1a": "1321", "5ad40582604f3c001a3ffe1b": "Baiju", "5ad40582604f3c001a3ffe1c": "the comprehensive institutions of the Great Yuan", "5ad40582604f3c001a3ffe1d": "five princes", "5728705c2ca10214002da35a": "Shangdu", "5728705c2ca10214002da35b": "War of the Two Capitals", "5728705c2ca10214002da35c": "four days", "5728705c2ca10214002da35d": "poison by El Tem\u00fcr,", "5728705c2ca10214002da35e": "Tugh Tem\u00fcr", "5ad405f0604f3c001a3ffe2d": "Shangdu in 1328", "5ad405f0604f3c001a3ffe2e": "War of the Two Capitals.", "5ad405f0604f3c001a3ffe2f": "four days after", "5ad405f0604f3c001a3ffe30": "Yes\u00fcn Tem\u00fcr's favorite retainer Dawlat Shah", "5ad405f0604f3c001a3ffe31": "Tugh Tem\u00fcr", "5728710c3acd2414000df9ef": "cultural contribution", "5728710c3acd2414000df9f0": "Academy of the Pavilion of the Star of Literature", "5728710c3acd2414000df9f1": "1329", "5728710c3acd2414000df9f2": "Jingshi Dadian", "5728710c3acd2414000df9f3": "Buddhism", "5ad40639604f3c001a3ffe4b": "cultural contribution instead. He adopted many measures honoring Confucianism and promoting Chinese cultural values", "5ad40639604f3c001a3ffe4c": "Academy of the Pavilion of the Star of Literature", "5ad40639604f3c001a3ffe4d": "Buddhism", "5ad40639604f3c001a3ffe4e": "institutional compendium named Jingshi Dadian (Chinese: \u7d93\u4e16\u5927\u5178)", "5ad40639604f3c001a3ffe4f": "Buddhism.", "572871bd3acd2414000dfa03": "1332", "572871bd3acd2414000dfa04": "Emperor Ningzong", "572871bd3acd2414000dfa05": "13", "572871bd3acd2414000dfa06": "nine", "572871bd3acd2414000dfa07": "Liao, Jin, and Song", "5ad4066a604f3c001a3ffe5f": "1332", "5ad4066a604f3c001a3ffe60": "Emperor Ningzong)", "5ad4066a604f3c001a3ffe61": "13-year-old", "5ad4066a604f3c001a3ffe62": "nine", "5ad4066a604f3c001a3ffe63": "Liao, Jin, and Song", "572872822ca10214002da374": "struggle, famine, and bitterness among the populace", "572872822ca10214002da375": "the Mongols beyond the Middle Kingdom saw them as too Chinese", "572872822ca10214002da376": "the army and the populace", "572872822ca10214002da377": "Outlaws", "572872822ca10214002da378": "administration", "5ad406b6604f3c001a3ffe73": "struggle, famine, and bitterness", "5ad406b6604f3c001a3ffe74": "the Mongols beyond the Middle Kingdom saw them as too Chinese.", "5ad406b6604f3c001a3ffe75": "the army and the populace", "5ad406b6604f3c001a3ffe76": "Outlaws ravaged the country without interference from the weakening Yuan armies.", "5ad406b6604f3c001a3ffe77": "intrigues and rivalries", "57287338ff5b5019007da232": "late 1340s", "57287338ff5b5019007da233": "Red Turban Rebellion", "57287338ff5b5019007da234": "fear of betrayal", "57287338ff5b5019007da235": "Red Turban rebels", "57287338ff5b5019007da236": "1368\u20131644", "5ad406e9604f3c001a3ffe7d": "late 1340s onwards", "5ad406e9604f3c001a3ffe7e": "Red Turban Rebellion", "5ad406e9604f3c001a3ffe7f": "fear of betrayal", "5ad406e9604f3c001a3ffe80": "Khanbaliq,", "5ad406e9604f3c001a3ffe81": "1644", "572878942ca10214002da3a2": "The political unity of China and much of central Asia promoted trade between East and West. The Mongols' extensive West Asian and European contacts", "572878942ca10214002da3a3": "The Mongols' extensive West Asian and European contacts", "572878942ca10214002da3a4": "the Ilkhanate", "572878942ca10214002da3a5": "Eastern crops such as carrots, turnips, new varieties of lemons, eggplants, and melons", "5ad40726604f3c001a3ffe8f": "political unity of China and much of central Asia promoted trade", "5ad40726604f3c001a3ffe90": "Mongols' extensive West Asian and European contacts produced a fair amount of cultural exchange. The other cultures and peoples in the Mongol World Empire", "5ad40726604f3c001a3ffe91": "Ilkhanate,", "572879574b864d1900164a14": "Western", "572879574b864d1900164a15": "Nestorianism and Roman Catholicism", "572879574b864d1900164a16": "Taoism", "572879574b864d1900164a17": "Confucian", "572879574b864d1900164a18": "travel literature, cartography, geography, and scientific education", "5ad40762604f3c001a3ffe95": "Western musical instruments", "5ad40762604f3c001a3ffe96": "Taoism", "5ad40762604f3c001a3ffe97": "Taoism", "5ad40762604f3c001a3ffe98": "Confucian", "5ad40762604f3c001a3ffe99": "travel literature, cartography, geography, and scientific education.", "57287b4a4b864d1900164a28": "Marco Polo", "57287b4a4b864d1900164a29": "Cambaluc,\" the capital of the Great Khan", "57287b4a4b864d1900164a2a": "the Travels of Marco Polo", "57287b4a4b864d1900164a2b": "Il milione", "57287b4a4b864d1900164a2c": "contact with Persian traders", "5ad40796604f3c001a3ffea9": "12", "5ad40796604f3c001a3ffeaa": "Cambaluc", "5ad40796604f3c001a3ffeab": "Il milione", "5ad40796604f3c001a3ffeac": "Il milione (or, The Million", "57287c142ca10214002da3d0": "Guo Shoujing", "57287c142ca10214002da3d1": "365.2425 days of the year", "57287c142ca10214002da3d2": "granaries were ordered built", "57287c142ca10214002da3d3": "Beijing", "57287c142ca10214002da3d4": "sorghum", "5ad407de604f3c001a3ffebb": "Guo Shoujing,", "5ad407de604f3c001a3ffebc": "365.2425 days of the year", "5ad407de604f3c001a3ffebd": "granaries were ordered built throughout the empire", "5ad407de604f3c001a3ffebe": "Beijing was rebuilt with new palace grounds that included artificial lakes, hills and mountains, and parks. During the Yuan period, Beijing", "5ad407de604f3c001a3ffebf": "sorghum,", "57287ccb2ca10214002da3da": "non-native Chinese people", "57287ccb2ca10214002da3db": "Eternal Heaven", "57287ccb2ca10214002da3dc": "the Song dynasty and the Ming dynasty", "57287ccb2ca10214002da3dd": "Ming dynasty", "57287ccb2ca10214002da3de": "a period of foreign domination", "5ad4081b604f3c001a3ffed9": "non-native Chinese people ruled all of China", "5ad4081b604f3c001a3ffeda": "Eternal Heaven,", "5ad4081b604f3c001a3ffedb": "the Mongol Empire", "5ad4081b604f3c001a3ffedc": "the Ming dynasty", "57287d4a2ca10214002da3e4": "Han Chinese, Khitans, Jurchens, Mongols, and Tibetan Buddhists", "57287d4a2ca10214002da3e5": "Tang, Song, as well as Khitan Liao and Jurchen Jin", "57287d4a2ca10214002da3e6": "Liu Bingzhong and Yao Shu", "57287d4a2ca10214002da3e7": "tripartite", "57287d4a2ca10214002da3e8": "civil, military, and censorial offices", "5ad408aa604f3c001a3ffeff": "Han Chinese, Khitans, Jurchens, Mongols, and Tibetan Buddhists.", "5ad408aa604f3c001a3fff00": "Tang, Song, as well as Khitan Liao and Jurchen Jin", "5ad408aa604f3c001a3fff01": "Yao Shu", "5ad408aa604f3c001a3fff02": "tripartite division of authority", "57287ddf3acd2414000dfa3f": "Privy Council", "57287ddf3acd2414000dfa40": "since the Sui and Tang dynasties", "57287ddf3acd2414000dfa41": "Mongols and Semuren", "57287ddf3acd2414000dfa42": "native Chinese dynasties, as the real military authority in Yuan times resided in the Privy Council", "5ad408ed604f3c001a3fff0f": "Privy Council", "5ad408ed604f3c001a3fff10": "since the Sui and Tang", "5ad408ed604f3c001a3fff11": "Mongols and Semuren,", "5ad408ed604f3c001a3fff12": "native Chinese dynasties, as the real military authority in Yuan times resided in the Privy Council", "57287e512ca10214002da3f8": "1269", "57287e512ca10214002da3f9": "Mongolian, Tibetan, and Chinese", "57287e512ca10214002da3fa": "Most of the Emperors could not master written Chinese, but they could generally converse well", "57287e512ca10214002da3fb": "Tugh Temur", "57287e512ca10214002da3fc": "Emperor Wenzong", "5ad40955604f3c001a3fff2b": "the end", "5ad40955604f3c001a3fff2c": "Chinese languages", "5ad40955604f3c001a3fff2d": "could not master written Chinese", "5ad40955604f3c001a3fff2e": "Tugh Temur,", "5ad40955604f3c001a3fff2f": "Wenzong)", "57287ee3ff5b5019007da274": "1290", "57287ee3ff5b5019007da275": "1291", "57287ee3ff5b5019007da276": "harvests of their Chinese tenants", "5ad40995604f3c001a3fff45": "1290 in all parts of the Mongol Empire", "5ad40995604f3c001a3fff46": "1291", "5ad40995604f3c001a3fff47": "income from the harvests of their Chinese tenants eaten up by costs of equipping and dispatching men for their tours of duty", "57287f6a3acd2414000dfa51": "painting, mathematics, calligraphy, poetry, and theater", "57287f6a3acd2414000dfa52": "poetry, painting, and calligraphy", "57287f6a3acd2414000dfa53": "the Song dynasty", "57287f6a3acd2414000dfa54": "qu", "57287f6a3acd2414000dfa55": "zaju", "5ad409d6604f3c001a3fff5f": "vernacular", "5ad409d6604f3c001a3fff60": "painting, poetry, and calligraphy", "5ad409d6604f3c001a3fff61": "the Tang dynasty and Song dynasty,", "5ad409d6604f3c001a3fff62": "qu. One of the key factors in the mix of the zaju variety show was the incorporation of poetry", "57287fec4b864d1900164a3c": "western khanates", "57287fec4b864d1900164a3d": "Buddhism", "57287fec4b864d1900164a3e": "Tibetan Buddhism was established as the de facto state religion. The top-level department and government agency known as the Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan", "57287fec4b864d1900164a3f": "Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs (Xuanzheng Yuan", "57287fec4b864d1900164a40": "Sakya", "5ad40a0e604f3c001a3fff79": "the Yuan dynasty", "5ad40a0e604f3c001a3fff7a": "Islam. Instead, Kublai Khan, the founder of the Yuan dynasty, favored Buddhism", "5ad40a0e604f3c001a3fff7b": "Tibetan Buddhism", "5ad40a0e604f3c001a3fff7d": "Sakya", "5728804b4b864d1900164a46": "1249", "5728804b4b864d1900164a47": "1314", "5728804b4b864d1900164a48": "matrices", "5728804b4b864d1900164a49": "polynomial algebra", "5728804b4b864d1900164a4a": "1303", "5ad40a41604f3c001a3fff8b": "1249\u20131314)", "5ad40a41604f3c001a3fff8c": "13", "5ad40a41604f3c001a3fff8d": "matrices. Zhu used a method of elimination", "5ad40a41604f3c001a3fff8e": "polynomial", "5ad40a41604f3c001a3fff8f": "13", "5728809f2ca10214002da40c": "applied mathematics", "5728809f2ca10214002da40d": "a cubic interpolation formula", "5728809f2ca10214002da40e": "Shoushi Li", "5728809f2ca10214002da40f": "Shoushi Li (\u6388\u6642\u66a6) or Calendar for Fixing the Seasons", "5728809f2ca10214002da410": "1281", "5ad40a72604f3c001a3fffa9": "work on spherical trigonometry. Gou derived a cubic interpolation formula for his astronomical calculations", "5ad40a72604f3c001a3fffaa": "cubic interpolation formula for his astronomical calculations", "5ad40a72604f3c001a3fffab": "Shoushi Li", "5ad40a72604f3c001a3fffac": "cubic interpolation formula for his astronomical calculations. His calendar, the Shoushi Li", "5ad40a72604f3c001a3fffad": "13", "572881022ca10214002da416": "non-Mongol physicians", "572881022ca10214002da417": "herbal remedies", "572881022ca10214002da418": "spiritual cures", "572881022ca10214002da419": "Imperial Academy of Medicine", "572881022ca10214002da41a": "it ensured a high income", "5ad40ac5604f3c001a3fffc7": "non-Mongol physicians", "5ad40ac5604f3c001a3fffc8": "herbal", "5ad40ac5604f3c001a3fffc9": "herbal", "5ad40ac5604f3c001a3fffca": "Imperial Academy of Medicine", "5ad40ac5604f3c001a3fffcb": "high income and medical ethics were compatible with Confucian virtues.", "572881704b864d1900164a50": "Four Great Schools\" that the Yuan inherited from the Jin dynasty. All four", "572881704b864d1900164a51": "inherited from the Jin dynasty", "572881704b864d1900164a52": "military campaigns by the Mongols as they expanded towards the west", "572881704b864d1900164a53": "acupuncture, moxibustion, pulse diagnosis, and various herbal drugs and elixirs", "572881704b864d1900164a54": "1347", "5ad40af0604f3c001a3fffdf": "Four", "5ad40af0604f3c001a3fffe0": "the Yuan inherited from the Jin dynasty.", "5ad40af0604f3c001a3fffe1": "spread to other parts of the empire", "5ad40af0604f3c001a3fffe2": "acupuncture, moxibustion, pulse diagnosis, and various herbal drugs and elixirs", "572881d34b864d1900164a5a": "Muslim medicine", "572881d34b864d1900164a5b": "Jesus the Interpreter", "572881d34b864d1900164a5c": "1263", "572881d34b864d1900164a5d": "humoral system", "572881d34b864d1900164a5e": "yin-yang and wuxing", "5ad40b55604f3c001a3ffffb": "Muslim medicine. The Nestorian physician Jesus the Interpreter founded the Office of Western Medicine", "5ad40b55604f3c001a3ffffc": "Jesus the Interpreter founded the Office of Western Medicine", "5ad40b55604f3c001a3ffffd": "1263 during the reign of Kublai", "5ad40b55604f3c001a3ffffe": "humoral system contradicted the yin-yang and wuxing philosophy", "5ad40b55604f3c001a3fffff": "yin-yang and wuxing", "572882242ca10214002da420": "Kingdom of Qocho and Tibetan intermediaries", "572882242ca10214002da421": "Wang Zhen", "572882242ca10214002da422": "12th century", "572882242ca10214002da423": "T\u00f6regene Khatun", "572882242ca10214002da424": "1273", "5ad40b87604f3c001a400005": "Kingdom of Qocho and Tibetan intermediaries.", "5ad40b87604f3c001a400006": "Mongol", "5ad40b87604f3c001a400007": "12th century.", "5ad40b87604f3c001a400008": "T\u00f6regene Khatun, \u00d6gedei", "5ad40b87604f3c001a400009": "12th", "5728827b2ca10214002da42a": "chao", "5728827b2ca10214002da42b": "bark of mulberry trees", "5728827b2ca10214002da42c": "1275", "5728827b2ca10214002da42d": "woodblocks", "5728827b2ca10214002da42e": "1294", "5ad40bd9604f3c001a400035": "the chao, the paper money of the Yuan. Chao were made from the bark of mulberry trees", "5ad40bd9604f3c001a400036": "bark of mulberry trees", "5ad40bd9604f3c001a400037": "1275.", "5ad40bd9604f3c001a400038": "woodblocks", "5ad40bd9604f3c001a400039": "1294,", "572883153acd2414000dfa6f": "patrimonial feudalism", "572883153acd2414000dfa70": "autocratic-bureaucratic", "572883153acd2414000dfa71": "various allied groups from Central Asia and the western end of the empire", "572883153acd2414000dfa72": "strong \"colonial", "572883153acd2414000dfa73": "Ilkhanate", "5ad40c2d604f3c001a400049": "patrimonial feudalism and the traditional Chinese autocratic-bureaucratic system", "5ad40c2d604f3c001a40004a": "autocratic-bureaucratic system", "5ad40c2d604f3c001a40004b": "various allied groups from Central Asia and the western end of the empire", "5ad40c2d604f3c001a40004c": "strong \"colonial", "572883a33acd2414000dfa79": "Central Asian Muslims", "572883a33acd2414000dfa7a": "Han Chinese and Khitans", "572883a33acd2414000dfa7b": "Besh Baliq, Almaliq, and Samarqand", "572883a33acd2414000dfa7c": "artisans and farmers", "572883a33acd2414000dfa7d": "Ahai", "5ad40c62604f3c001a400065": "Central Asian Muslims to serve as administrators in China, the Mongols also sent Han Chinese", "5ad40c62604f3c001a400066": "Han Chinese", "5ad40c62604f3c001a400067": "Bukhara", "5ad40c62604f3c001a400068": "artisans and farmers", "57288428ff5b5019007da28e": "restricting Halal slaughter and other Islamic practices like circumcision, as well as Kosher butchering for Jews", "57288428ff5b5019007da28f": "Kosher butchering", "57288428ff5b5019007da290": "Zhu Yuanzhang", "57288428ff5b5019007da291": "thanks", "57288428ff5b5019007da292": "Muslims in the semu class", "5ad40cac604f3c001a400087": "Kosher butchering for Jews, forcing them to eat food the Mongol way", "5ad40cac604f3c001a400088": "Kosher butchering", "5ad40cac604f3c001a400089": "Zhu Yuanzhang", "5ad40cac604f3c001a40008a": "\"thanks\"", "5ad40cac604f3c001a40008b": "Chen Youding.", "5728848cff5b5019007da298": "Frederick W. Mote", "5728848cff5b5019007da299": "degrees of privilege\" to which they were entitled institutionally and legally", "5728848cff5b5019007da29a": "rich and well socially standing", "5728848cff5b5019007da29b": "poverty", "5ad40cdb604f3c001a400091": "Frederick W. Mote", "5ad40cdb604f3c001a400092": "actual social power and wealth,", "5ad40cdb604f3c001a400093": "well socially standing", "5ad40cdb604f3c001a400094": "rich Mongol and Semu than there were Mongol and Semu who lived in poverty", "572885023acd2414000dfa83": "Northern Chinese", "572885023acd2414000dfa84": "Southern Chinese were ranked lower because southern China", "572885023acd2414000dfa85": "because southern China withstood and fought to the last before caving in", "572885023acd2414000dfa86": "because southern China withstood and fought to the last before caving in", "572885023acd2414000dfa87": "private southern Chinese manufacturers and merchants", "5ad40d28604f3c001a4000b5": "Northern Chinese", "5ad40d28604f3c001a4000b6": "Southern Chinese were ranked lower because southern China", "5ad40d28604f3c001a4000b7": "because southern China withstood and fought to the last before caving in.", "5ad40d28604f3c001a4000b8": "because southern China withstood and fought to the last before caving in.", "5ad40d28604f3c001a4000b9": "private southern Chinese manufacturers and merchants.", "5728855d3acd2414000dfa8d": "the Uighurs", "5728855d3acd2414000dfa8e": "Karluk Kara-Khanid ruler, who in turn was ranked higher than the Korean King", "5728855d3acd2414000dfa8f": "the Korean King", "5728855d3acd2414000dfa90": "the Uighurs surrendered to the Mongols first", "5ad40d50604f3c001a4000c9": "Karluk Kara-Khanid ruler", "5ad40d50604f3c001a4000ca": "Karluk Kara-Khanid ruler", "5ad40d50604f3c001a4000cb": "the Korean King,", "5ad40d50604f3c001a4000cc": "the Koreans surrendered last", "572885c44b864d1900164a78": "Central Region", "572885c44b864d1900164a79": "Xuanzheng", "572885c44b864d1900164a7a": "Khanbaliq (modern Beijing", "572885c44b864d1900164a7b": "Beijing", "572885c44b864d1900164a7c": "Zhongshu Sheng", "5ad40d89604f3c001a4000d1": "The Central Region", "5ad40d89604f3c001a4000d2": "Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs (or Xuanzheng", "5ad40d89604f3c001a4000d3": "Khanbaliq (modern Beijing); similarly, another top-level administrative department called the Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs", "5ad40d89604f3c001a4000d4": "Beijing", "5ad40d89604f3c001a4000d5": "Zhongshu Sheng)", "5728eff82ca10214002daadc": "disease", "5728eff82ca10214002daadd": "pathogens", "5728eff82ca10214002daade": "neuroimmune system", "5728eff82ca10214002daadf": "the blood\u2013brain barrier, blood\u2013cerebrospinal fluid barrier, and similar fluid\u2013brain barriers", "572a14af3f37b319004786c1": "pathogens", "572a14af3f37b319004786c2": "innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system, or humoral immunity versus cell-mediated immunity", "572a14af3f37b319004786c3": "innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system, or humoral immunity versus cell-mediated immunity", "572a14af3f37b319004786c4": "neuroimmune system", "5ad49c34ba00c4001a268d9a": "The immune system is a system of many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease. To function properly, an immune system", "5ad49c34ba00c4001a268d9b": "viruses", "5ad49c34ba00c4001a268d9c": "pathogens, from viruses", "5ad49c34ba00c4001a268d9d": "innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system", "5ad49c34ba00c4001a268d9e": "blood\u2013brain barrier, blood\u2013cerebrospinal fluid barrier, and similar fluid\u2013brain barriers", "5728f2e26aef051400154896": "Immunodeficiency", "5728f2e26aef051400154897": "autoimmunity", "5728f2e26aef051400154898": "Immunology", "5728f2e26aef051400154899": "HIV/AIDS", "5ad49faaba00c4001a268e24": ".", "5ad49faaba00c4001a268e25": "immunosuppressive", "5ad49faaba00c4001a268e26": "hyperactive immune system", "5ad49faaba00c4001a268e27": "genetic", "5ad49faaba00c4001a268e28": "diabetes mellitus type 1", "5728f3724b864d1900165116": "Robert Koch", "5728f3724b864d1900165117": "microorganisms", "5728f3724b864d1900165118": "yellow fever", "5728f3724b864d1900165119": "430 BC", "5ad4a049ba00c4001a268e42": "Immunology is a science that examines the structure and function of the immune system", "5ad4a049ba00c4001a268e43": "430 BC.", "5ad4a049ba00c4001a268e44": "Pierre-Louis Moreau de Maupertuis", "5ad4a049ba00c4001a268e45": "Robert Koch", "5ad4a049ba00c4001a268e46": "1891 proofs, for which he was awarded a Nobel Prize in 1905", "5728f6446aef0514001548e4": "Innate immune systems", "5728f6446aef0514001548e5": "adaptive immune system", "5728f6446aef0514001548e6": "an immunological memory", "5728f6446aef0514001548e7": "physical barriers", "5ad4a110ba00c4001a268e60": "layered defenses of increasing specificity", "5ad4a110ba00c4001a268e61": "pathogens such as bacteria", "5ad4a110ba00c4001a268e62": "the adaptive immune system, which is activated by the innate response. Here, the immune system", "5ad4a110ba00c4001a268e63": "improve its recognition of the pathogen", "5ad4a110ba00c4001a268e64": "immunological memory", "5728f7774b864d190016512e": "self and non-self molecules", "5728f7774b864d190016512f": "self molecules", "5728f7774b864d1900165130": "non-self molecules", "5728f7774b864d1900165131": "antigens", "5728f7774b864d1900165132": "specific immune receptors", "5ad4a682ba00c4001a268eca": "adaptive immunity depend on the ability of the immune system to distinguish between self and non-self molecules. In immunology", "5ad4a682ba00c4001a268ecb": "antigens (short for antibody", "5ad4a682ba00c4001a268ecc": "non-self molecules", "5ad4a682ba00c4001a268ecd": "specific immune receptors", "5ad4a682ba00c4001a268ece": "elicit an immune response.", "5728f9882ca10214002dab5a": "pattern recognition receptors", "5728f9882ca10214002dab5b": "innate immune system", "5728f9882ca10214002dab5c": "microorganisms", "5728f9882ca10214002dab5d": "non-specific", "5ad4a75aba00c4001a268ee8": "cells and mechanisms of the innate immune system. The innate response", "5ad4a75aba00c4001a268ee9": "when damaged, injured or stressed cells", "5ad4a75aba00c4001a268eea": "damaged, injured or stressed cells", "5ad4a75aba00c4001a268eeb": "Innate immune", "5ad4a75aba00c4001a268eec": "The innate immune system", "5728fb002ca10214002dab6a": "the exoskeleton", "5728fb002ca10214002dab6b": "waxy cuticle", "5728fb002ca10214002dab6c": "coughing and sneezing", "5728fb002ca10214002dab6d": "mucus", "5728fb002ca10214002dab6e": "urine also mechanically expels pathogens, while mucus", "5ad4abe25b96ef001a109d64": "mechanical, chemical", "5ad4abe25b96ef001a109d65": "The waxy cuticle of many leaves, the exoskeleton of insects, the shells and membranes of externally deposited eggs, and skin", "5ad4abe25b96ef001a109d66": "mechanical, chemical, and biological barriers", "5ad4abe25b96ef001a109d67": "mucus", "5ad4abe25b96ef001a109d68": "waxy cuticle of many leaves, the exoskeleton of insects, the shells and membranes of externally deposited eggs", "5728fc2eaf94a219006a9ec7": "\u03b2-defensins", "5728fc2eaf94a219006a9ec8": "lysozyme and phospholipase A2", "5728fc2eaf94a219006a9ec9": "defensins and zinc", "5728fc2eaf94a219006a9eca": "gastric acid and proteases", "5728fc2eaf94a219006a9ecb": "menarche", "5ad4acbd5b96ef001a109d78": "antimicrobial peptides", "5ad4acbd5b96ef001a109d79": "lysozyme", "5ad4acbd5b96ef001a109d7a": "saliva", "5ad4acbd5b96ef001a109d7b": "following menarche,", "5ad4acbd5b96ef001a109d7c": "gastric acid", "5728fd206aef05140015494c": "commensal flora", "5728fd206aef05140015494d": "fungi, oral antibiotics can lead to an \"overgrowth\" of fungi", "5728fd206aef05140015494e": "lactobacilli", "5728fd206aef05140015494f": "pH or available iron", "5ad4b0f25b96ef001a109dbc": "genitourinary and gastrointestinal", "5ad4b0f25b96ef001a109dbd": "pathogens will reach sufficient numbers to cause illness. However, since most antibiotics", "5ad4b0f25b96ef001a109dbe": "antibiotics", "5ad4b0f25b96ef001a109dbf": "pathogenic bacteria for food and space and, in some cases, by changing the conditions in their environment, such as pH", "5ad4b0f25b96ef001a109dc0": "candidiasis", "572900f73f37b31900477f69": "Inflammation", "572900f73f37b31900477f6a": "increased blood flow into tissue", "572900f73f37b31900477f6b": "eicosanoids and cytokines", "572900f73f37b31900477f6c": "prostaglandins", "572900f73f37b31900477f6d": "interleukins", "5ad4b1895b96ef001a109dc6": "Inflammation is one of the first responses of the immune system to infection. The symptoms of inflammation", "5ad4b1895b96ef001a109dc7": ".", "5ad4b1895b96ef001a109dc8": "Growth factors and cytotoxic factors", "5ad4b1895b96ef001a109dc9": "interferons", "5ad4b1895b96ef001a109dca": "Growth factors and cytotoxic factors may also be released. These cytokines", "572905ce1d04691400778f83": "phagocytes", "572905ce1d04691400778f84": "cytokines", "572905ce1d04691400778f85": "phagosome", "572905ce1d04691400778f86": "phagolysosome", "572905ce1d04691400778f87": "acquiring nutrients", "5ad4ca235b96ef001a10a0b6": "Phagocytes generally patrol the body searching for pathogens", "5ad4ca235b96ef001a10a0b7": "cytokines.", "5ad4ca235b96ef001a10a0b8": "phagosome,", "5ad4ca235b96ef001a10a0b9": "by the activity of digestive enzymes", "5ad4ca235b96ef001a10a0ba": "engulfment of pathogens as a defense mechanism", "5729081d3f37b31900477fab": "Neutrophils and macrophages", "5729081d3f37b31900477fac": "Neutrophils", "5729081d3f37b31900477fad": "50% to 60%", "5729081d3f37b31900477fae": "chemotaxis", "5729081d3f37b31900477faf": "interleukin 1", "5ad4cb055b96ef001a10a0de": "phagocytes that travel throughout the body in pursuit of invading pathogens", "5ad4cb055b96ef001a10a0df": "in the bloodstream and are the most abundant type of phagocyte, normally representing 50% to 60% of the total circulating leukocytes.", "5ad4cb055b96ef001a10a0e0": "neutrophils", "5ad4cb055b96ef001a10a0e1": "Neutrophils", "5ad4cb055b96ef001a10a0e2": "Macrophages", "572908c13f37b31900477fbd": "Leukocytes", "572908c13f37b31900477fbe": "Leukocytes (white blood cells", "572908c13f37b31900477fbf": "adaptive immune system", "572908c13f37b31900477fc0": "macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells", "5ad4c94f5b96ef001a10a098": "Leukocytes (white blood cells)", "5ad4c94f5b96ef001a10a099": "innate immune system.", "5ad4c94f5b96ef001a10a09a": "phagocytes (macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells), mast cells", "5ad4c94f5b96ef001a10a09b": "phagocytes", "5ad4c94f5b96ef001a10a09c": "phagocytes", "5729efab3f37b319004785cf": "Dendritic cells (DC", "5729efab3f37b319004785d0": "neuronal dendrites", "5729efab3f37b319004785d1": "T cells", "5729efab3f37b319004785d2": "T cells, one of the key cell types of the adaptive immune system", "5ad4cd245b96ef001a10a110": "Dendritic cells (DC)", "5ad4cd245b96ef001a10a111": "the nervous system.", "5ad4cd245b96ef001a10a112": "neuronal dendrites, as both have many spine-like projections, but dendritic cells", "5ad4cd245b96ef001a10a113": "no way connected to the nervous system.", "5ad4cd245b96ef001a10a114": "Dendritic cells", "5729f06f1d04691400779673": "Natural killer cells, or NK cells", "5729f06f1d04691400779674": "missing self.\"", "5729f06f1d04691400779675": "MHC I (major histocompatibility complex", "5729f06f1d04691400779676": "killer cell immunoglobulin receptors (KIR", "5ad4cf8e5b96ef001a10a148": "Natural killer cells, or NK cells", "5ad4cf8e5b96ef001a10a149": "Normal body cells", "5ad4cf8e5b96ef001a10a14a": "they express intact self MHC antigens. Those MHC antigens are recognized by killer cell immunoglobulin receptors", "5ad4cf8e5b96ef001a10a14b": "many years it was unclear", "5ad4cf8e5b96ef001a10a14c": "recognition of \"missing self\"", "5729f12e3f37b319004785e1": "vertebrates", "5729f12e3f37b319004785e2": "antigen presentation", "5729f12e3f37b319004785e3": "pathogens or pathogen-infected cells", "5ad4d0385b96ef001a10a178": "The adaptive immune system evolved in early vertebrates and allows for a stronger immune response as well as immunological memory", "5ad4d0385b96ef001a10a179": "adaptive immune system evolved in early vertebrates and allows for a stronger immune response as well as immunological memory", "5ad4d0385b96ef001a10a17a": "antigen presentation", "5ad4d0385b96ef001a10a17b": "antigen presentation", "5ad4d0385b96ef001a10a17c": "memory cells", "5729f1fcaf94a219006aa6d3": "killer T cell and the helper T cell", "5729f1fcaf94a219006aa6d4": "regulatory T cells", "5729f1fcaf94a219006aa6d5": "Class I MHC molecules", "5729f1fcaf94a219006aa6d6": "Class II MHC molecules", "5729f1fcaf94a219006aa6d7": "\u03b3\u03b4 T cells", "5ad4d10e5b96ef001a10a1a0": "B cells", "5ad4d10e5b96ef001a10a1a1": "\"non-self\" target", "5ad4d10e5b96ef001a10a1a2": "two major subtypes of T cells: the killer T cell and the helper T cell. In addition there are regulatory T cells", "5ad4d10e5b96ef001a10a1a3": "two major subtypes of T cells: the killer T cell and the helper T cell. In addition there are regulatory T cells", "5ad4d10e5b96ef001a10a1a4": "antigens coupled to Class I MHC molecules,", "5729f39a6aef05140015514c": "Killer T cells", "5729f39a6aef05140015514d": "T cell receptor (TCR", "5729f39a6aef05140015514e": "CD8", "5729f39a6aef05140015514f": "perforin", "5729f39a6aef051400155150": "granulysin", "5ad4d2105b96ef001a10a1c6": "Killer T", "5ad4d2105b96ef001a10a1c7": "cells that are infected with viruses (and other pathogens), or are otherwise damaged or dysfunctional", "5ad4d2105b96ef001a10a1c8": "activation signal, or additional activation signals provided by \"helper\" T cells (see below).", "5ad4d2105b96ef001a10a1c9": "TCR) binds to this specific antigen in a complex with the MHC Class I", "5ad4d2105b96ef001a10a1ca": "cytotoxins, such as perforin", "5729f4b41d0469140077968b": "CD4", "5729f4b41d0469140077968c": "200\u2013300", "5729f4b41d0469140077968d": "200\u2013300)", "5729f4b41d0469140077968e": "cytokines", "5729f4b41d0469140077968f": "CD40 ligand (also called CD154", "5ad4d2d65b96ef001a10a1f8": "MHC:antigen complex", "5ad4d2d65b96ef001a10a1f9": "helper T cell", "5ad4d2d65b96ef001a10a1fa": "Cytokine", "5ad4d2d65b96ef001a10a1fb": "antigen bound to Class II MHC molecules", "5ad4d2d65b96ef001a10a1fc": "antibody", "5729f5a03f37b31900478605": "helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells and NK cells", "5729f5a03f37b31900478606": "T cell receptor (TCR", "5729f5a03f37b31900478607": "\u03b3\u03b4 T cells", "5729f5a03f37b31900478608": "receptor diversity", "5729f5a03f37b31900478609": "V\u03b39/V\u03b42 T cells", "5ad4d4795b96ef001a10a232": "CD4+ and CD8+ (\u03b1\u03b2) T cells", "5ad4d4795b96ef001a10a233": "CD4+ and CD8+", "5ad4d4795b96ef001a10a234": "The conditions that produce responses", "5ad4d4795b96ef001a10a235": "highly restricted V\u03b41+ T cells", "5729f69caf94a219006aa6f9": "B cell", "5729f69caf94a219006aa6fa": "proteolysis", "5729f69caf94a219006aa6fb": "lymphokines", "5ad4d52a5b96ef001a10a260": "T", "5ad4d52a5b96ef001a10a261": "peptides on its surface MHC class II molecules", "5ad4d52a5b96ef001a10a262": "antigenic peptides", "5ad4d52a5b96ef001a10a263": "plasm", "5ad4d52a5b96ef001a10a264": "challenges directly", "5729f799af94a219006aa707": "long-lived memory cells", "5729f799af94a219006aa708": "adaptive", "5729f799af94a219006aa709": "passive short-term memory or active long-term memory", "5729f799af94a219006aa70a": "pathogen", "5ad4d6a75b96ef001a10a2c6": "some of their offspring become long-lived memory cells.", "5ad4d6a75b96ef001a10a2c7": "B cells and T cells", "5ad4d6a75b96ef001a10a2c8": "passive short-term memory", "5ad4d6a75b96ef001a10a2c9": "Immunological memory", "5ad4d6a75b96ef001a10a2ca": "B cells and T cells are activated and begin to replicate, some of their offspring become long-lived memory cells", "5729f8516aef05140015516c": "microbes", "5729f8516aef05140015516d": "IgG", "5729f8516aef05140015516e": "Breast milk or colostrum", "5729f8516aef05140015516f": "passive immunity", "5ad4d7395b96ef001a10a2f4": "Newborn infants have no prior exposure to microbes", "5ad4d7395b96ef001a10a2f5": "Several layers", "5ad4d7395b96ef001a10a2f6": "IgG, is transported from mother to baby directly across the placenta", "5ad4d7395b96ef001a10a2f7": "antibody", "5ad4d7395b96ef001a10a2f8": "passive immunity can also be transferred artificially from one individual to another via antibody-rich serum.", "5729f9953f37b3190047861f": "immunomodulators", "5729f9953f37b31900478620": "adaptive and innate", "5729f9953f37b31900478621": "lupus erythematosus", "5729f9953f37b31900478622": "immunosuppressive", "5ad4e61e5b96ef001a10a5ac": "hormones", "5ad4e61e5b96ef001a10a5ad": "male", "5ad4e61e5b96ef001a10a5ae": "prolactin, growth hormone and vitamin D", "5ad4e61e5b96ef001a10a5af": "osterone seem to be immunosuppressive. Other hormones appear to regulate the immune system as well, most notably prolactin", "5ad4e61e5b96ef001a10a5b0": "lupus erythematosus", "5729fa40af94a219006aa70f": "NFIL3", "5729fa40af94a219006aa710": "heart disease, chronic pain, and asthma", "5729fa40af94a219006aa711": "sleep deprivation", "5ad4ea425b96ef001a10a626": "active immunizations may have a diminished effect and may result in lower antibody", "5ad4ea425b96ef001a10a627": "well-rested individual", "5ad4ea425b96ef001a10a628": "NFIL3, which have been shown to be closely intertwined with both T-cell differentiation and our circadian rhythms", "5ad4ea425b96ef001a10a629": "heart disease, chronic pain, and asthma", "5ad4ea425b96ef001a10a62a": "circadian rhythms", "5729fb003f37b31900478627": "decline in hormone levels with age", "5729fb003f37b31900478628": "vitamin D", "5729fb003f37b31900478629": "hormones", "5729fb003f37b3190047862a": "cholecalciferol", "5ad4e90e5b96ef001a10a608": "cholecalciferol", "5ad4e90e5b96ef001a10a609": "weakened immune responses in aging individuals. Conversely, some hormones are regulated by the immune system, notably thyroid hormone activity. The age-related decline", "5ad4e90e5b96ef001a10a60a": "thyroid hormone activity", "5ad4e90e5b96ef001a10a60b": "sun and therefore produce less cholecalciferol via UVB radiation", "5ad4e90e5b96ef001a10a60c": "UVB", "5729fc3d1d0469140077969d": "killer T cells", "5729fc3d1d0469140077969e": "MHC class I", "5729fc3d1d0469140077969f": "viral antigens", "5729fc3d1d046914007796a0": "antibodies", "5ad4e4cf5b96ef001a10a586": "killer T cells, sometimes with the assistance of helper T cells", "5ad4e4cf5b96ef001a10a587": "abnormal", "5ad4e4cf5b96ef001a10a588": "Tumor", "5ad4e4cf5b96ef001a10a589": "abnormal", "5ad4e4cf5b96ef001a10a58a": "Tumor", "5729fd111d046914007796a5": "phagocytic", "5729fd111d046914007796a6": "Pathogen-associated molecular patterns or PAMPs", "5729fd111d046914007796a7": "rapid apoptosis", "5729fd111d046914007796a8": "Systemic acquired resistance (SAR", "5729fd111d046914007796a9": "RNA silencing", "5ad4e3a15b96ef001a10a560": "phagocytic", "5ad4e3a15b96ef001a10a561": "localized hypersensitive response,", "5ad4e3a15b96ef001a10a562": "rapid apoptosis to prevent the spread of the disease to other parts of the plant. Systemic acquired resistance", "5ad4e3a15b96ef001a10a563": "cells at the site of infection undergo rapid apoptosis to prevent the spread of the disease to other parts of the plant", "5ad4e3a15b96ef001a10a564": "RNA silencing mechanisms are particularly important in this systemic response as they can block virus replication", "5729fe5c3f37b3190047862f": "autoimmune disorders", "5729fe5c3f37b31900478630": "self and non-self", "5729fe5c3f37b31900478631": "thymus and bone marrow", "5729fe5c3f37b31900478632": "\"self", "5ad4db615b96ef001a10a434": "autoimmune", "5ad4db615b96ef001a10a435": "T cells", "5ad4db615b96ef001a10a436": "preventing autoimmunity", "5ad4db615b96ef001a10a437": "cells that recognize self-antigens, preventing autoimmunity", "5ad4db615b96ef001a10a438": "thymus and bone marrow)", "5729fefbaf94a219006aa739": "Immunodeficiencies", "5729fefbaf94a219006aa73a": "young and the elderly", "5729fefbaf94a219006aa73b": "50 years of age", "5729fefbaf94a219006aa73c": "obesity, alcoholism, and drug use", "5729fefbaf94a219006aa73d": "malnutrition", "5ad4d91d5b96ef001a10a380": "severe immunodeficiency and a high susceptibility to infection", "5ad4d91d5b96ef001a10a381": "young and the elderly,", "5ad4d91d5b96ef001a10a382": "obesity, alcoholism", "5ad4d91d5b96ef001a10a383": "impaired cell-mediated immunity, complement activity, phagocyte function, IgA antibody concentrations, and cytokine production", "5ad4d91d5b96ef001a10a384": "severe immunodeficiency and a high susceptibility to infection.", "5729ffda1d046914007796af": "vaccination. The principle behind vaccination", "5729ffda1d046914007796b0": "immunization", "5729ffda1d046914007796b1": "an antigen from a pathogen", "5729ffda1d046914007796b2": "natural specificity", "5ad4d8845b96ef001a10a344": "following infection", "5ad4d8845b96ef001a10a345": "B and T", "5ad4d8845b96ef001a10a346": "vaccination. The principle behind vaccination (also called immunization", "5ad4d8845b96ef001a10a347": "natural specificity of the immune system", "5ad4d8845b96ef001a10a348": "infectious disease remaining one of the leading causes of death in the human population", "572a019f3f37b31900478643": "enzymes that digest the barrier, for example, by using a type II secretion system. Alternatively, using a type III secretion system", "572a019f3f37b31900478644": "type III secretion system", "572a019f3f37b31900478645": "shut down host defenses", "572a019f3f37b31900478646": "elude host immune responses", "5ad4f4405b96ef001a10a77e": "ability to elude host immune responses.", "5ad4f4405b96ef001a10a77f": "by secreting enzymes", "5ad4f4405b96ef001a10a780": "a hollow tube", "5ad4f4405b96ef001a10a781": "proteins to move from the pathogen to the host. These proteins are often used to shut down host defenses", "5ad4f4405b96ef001a10a782": "proteins to move from the pathogen to the host", "572a02483f37b3190047864b": "Frank Burnet", "572a02483f37b3190047864c": "pathogens, an allograft", "572a02483f37b3190047864d": "histocompatibility", "572a02483f37b3190047864e": "Niels Jerne", "5ad4f11d5b96ef001a10a702": "clonal selection theory", "5ad4f11d5b96ef001a10a703": "Niels Jerne, formulated the clonal selection theory (CST) of immunity", "5ad4f11d5b96ef001a10a704": "clonal selection theory (CST) of immunity", "5ad4f11d5b96ef001a10a705": "clonal selection theory (CST) of immunity", "5ad4f11d5b96ef001a10a706": "clonal selection theory (CST) of immunity", "572a03086aef0514001551a2": "Glucocorticoids", "572a03086aef0514001551a3": "cytotoxic or immunosuppressive drugs such as methotrexate or azathioprine. Cytotoxic drugs", "572a03086aef0514001551a4": "methotrexate or azathioprine", "572a03086aef0514001551a5": "cyclosporin", "5ad4ef8b5b96ef001a10a6b8": "Anti-inflammatory drugs are often used to control the effects of inflammation", "5ad4ef8b5b96ef001a10a6b9": "methotrexate or azathioprine. Cytotoxic drugs", "5ad4ef8b5b96ef001a10a6ba": "central obesity", "5ad4ef8b5b96ef001a10a6bb": "cytotoxic or immunosuppressive drugs such as methotrexate or azathioprine", "5ad4ef8b5b96ef001a10a6bc": "Immunosuppressive", "572a04d51d046914007796cd": "cytotoxic natural killer cells and CTLs (cytotoxic T lymphocytes", "572a04d51d046914007796ce": "cortisol and catecholamines", "572a04d51d046914007796cf": "melatonin. Inflammation causes a great deal of oxidative stress and the presence of melatonin", "572a04d51d046914007796d0": "free radical", "5ad4ec305b96ef001a10a668": "differentiated effector cells, such as cytotoxic natural killer cells and CTLs (cytotoxic T lymphocytes", "5ad4ec305b96ef001a10a669": "to elicit an effective response against any intruding pathogens.", "5ad4ec305b96ef001a10a66a": "anti-inflammatory molecules, such as cortisol and catecholamines", "5ad4ec305b96ef001a10a66b": "counteract free radical production", "5ad4ec305b96ef001a10a66c": "melatonin. Inflammation causes a great deal of oxidative stress and the presence of melatonin during sleep times", "572a058aaf94a219006aa751": "vitamin D receptor", "572a058aaf94a219006aa752": "steroid hormone calcitriol", "572a058aaf94a219006aa753": "symbiotic relationship", "572a058aaf94a219006aa754": "CYP27B1", "572a058aaf94a219006aa755": "dendritic cells, keratinocytes and macrophages", "5ad4e7eb5b96ef001a10a5f4": "extends a vitamin D receptor.", "5ad4e7eb5b96ef001a10a5f5": "T-cells", "5ad4e7eb5b96ef001a10a5f6": "vitamin D receptor. This is essentially a signaling device that allows the T-cell to bind to the active form of vitamin D", "5ad4e7eb5b96ef001a10a5f7": "CYP27B1,", "5ad4e7eb5b96ef001a10a5f8": "CYP27B1", "572a06af3f37b31900478667": "Pattern recognition receptors", "572a06af3f37b31900478668": "defensins", "572a06af3f37b31900478669": "phagocytic", "572a06af3f37b3190047866a": "RNA interference pathway", "5ad4df065b96ef001a10a4f4": "Pattern recognition receptors are proteins used by nearly all organisms to identify molecules associated with pathogens. Antimicrobial peptides", "5ad4df065b96ef001a10a4f5": "Pattern recognition receptor", "5ad4df065b96ef001a10a4f6": "complement system", "5ad4df065b96ef001a10a4f7": "The complement system and phagocytic cells", "5ad4df065b96ef001a10a4f8": "across all eukaryotes,", "572a07fc6aef0514001551dc": "immunoglobulins and T cell receptors", "572a07fc6aef0514001551dd": "lamprey and hagfish", "572a07fc6aef0514001551de": "Variable lymphocyte receptors (VLRs", "572a07fc6aef0514001551df": "adaptive immune system", "5ad4d5e15b96ef001a10a298": "adaptive immune system occurred", "5ad4d5e15b96ef001a10a299": "immunoglobulins and T cell receptors", "5ad4d5e15b96ef001a10a29a": "hagfish.", "5ad4d5e15b96ef001a10a29b": "Variable lymphocyte receptors (VLRs) that, like the antigen receptors", "5ad4d5e15b96ef001a10a29c": "Variable lymphocyte receptors (VLRs)", "572a096e6aef0514001551e4": "lymphocytes or an antibody-based humoral response", "572a096e6aef0514001551e5": "restriction modification system", "572a096e6aef0514001551e6": "bacteriophages", "572a096e6aef0514001551e7": "CRISPR sequences", "5ad4de4c5b96ef001a10a4d8": "invertebrates", "5ad4de4c5b96ef001a10a4d9": "multicomponent, adaptive immune system arose with the first vertebrates, as invertebrates do not generate lymphocytes", "5ad4de4c5b96ef001a10a4da": "lymphocytes or an antibody-based humoral response.", "5ad4de4c5b96ef001a10a4db": "acquired", "5ad4de4c5b96ef001a10a4dc": "Offensive elements of the immune systems are also present in unicellular eukaryotes, but studies of their roles in defense", "572a0a686aef0514001551ec": "\"cellular\" and \"humoral\"", "572a0a686aef0514001551ed": "Elie Metchnikoff", "572a0a686aef0514001551ee": "phagocytes", "572a0a686aef0514001551ef": "Robert Koch and Emil von Behring", "572a0a686aef0514001551f0": "soluble components (molecules", "5ad4f0675b96ef001a10a6e8": "\"cellular\" and \"humoral\" theories of immunity. According to the cellular theory", "5ad4f0675b96ef001a10a6e9": "Elie Metchnikoff", "5ad4f0675b96ef001a10a6ea": "Robert Koch and Emil von Behring", "5ad4f0675b96ef001a10a6eb": "cells", "572a0b0b6aef0514001551f6": "cancers", "572a0b0b6aef0514001551f7": "MHC class I molecules", "572a0b0b6aef0514001551f8": "TGF-\u03b2", "572a0b0b6aef0514001551f9": "macrophages and lymphocytes.", "5ad4e56d5b96ef001a10a598": "tumors evade the immune system and go on to become cancers", "5ad4e56d5b96ef001a10a599": "reduced number of MHC class I molecules", "5ad4e56d5b96ef001a10a59a": "cytokine TGF-\u03b2", "5ad4e56d5b96ef001a10a59b": "macrophages and lymphocytes.", "5ad4e56d5b96ef001a10a59c": "no longer attacks the tumor cells.", "572a0bf96aef051400155204": "Hypersensitivity", "572a0bf96aef051400155205": "four", "572a0bf96aef051400155206": "Type I hypersensitivity is an immediate or anaphylactic", "572a0bf96aef051400155207": "IgE", "572a0bf96aef051400155208": "Type II", "5ad4dd325b96ef001a10a4a8": "hypersensitivity", "5ad4dd325b96ef001a10a4a9": "(Type I \u2013 IV)", "5ad4dd325b96ef001a10a4aa": "allergy. Symptoms can range from mild discomfort", "5ad4dd325b96ef001a10a4ab": "Type IV", "5ad4dd325b96ef001a10a4ac": "Type II", "572a0ce11d046914007796fd": "intracellular pathogenesis", "572a0ce11d046914007796fe": "Salmonella", "572a0ce11d046914007796ff": "Plasmodium falciparum", "572a0ce11d04691400779700": "Mycobacterium tuberculosis", "572a0ce11d04691400779701": "protein A", "5ad4f7895b96ef001a10a7f0": "evasion", "5ad4f7895b96ef001a10a7f1": "intracellular pathogenesis)", "5ad4f7895b96ef001a10a7f2": "inside host cells, where it is shielded from direct contact with immune cells, antibodies and complement. Some examples of intracellular", "5ad4f7895b96ef001a10a7f3": "intracellular", "5ad4f7895b96ef001a10a7f4": "antibodies and complement", "572a0e4b6aef051400155214": "antigenic variation", "572a0e4b6aef051400155215": "HIV", "572a0e4b6aef051400155216": "Trypanosoma brucei", "572a0e4b6aef051400155217": "antigens", "5ad4f8255b96ef001a10a80e": "avoiding", "5ad4f8255b96ef001a10a80f": "to rapidly change non-essential epitopes (amino acids and/or sugars) on the surface of the pathogen", "5ad4f8255b96ef001a10a810": "Trypanosoma brucei", "5ad4f8255b96ef001a10a811": "antigenic variation. An example is HIV, which mutates rapidly, so the proteins on its viral envelope", "5ad4f8255b96ef001a10a812": "parasite Trypanosoma", "572a0f073f37b3190047867f": "immune surveillance", "572a0f073f37b31900478680": "human papillomavirus", "572a0f073f37b31900478681": "tyrosinase", "572a0f073f37b31900478682": "melanomas", "572a0f073f37b31900478683": "melanocytes", "5ad4e4425b96ef001a10a572": "immune surveillance", "5ad4e4425b96ef001a10a573": ".", "5ad4e4425b96ef001a10a574": "proteins normally important for regulating cell growth and survival, that commonly mutate into cancer inducing molecules called oncogenes", "5ad4e4425b96ef001a10a575": "transforms certain skin cells (e.g. melanocytes) into tumors called melanomas.", "5ad4e4425b96ef001a10a576": "proteins normally important for regulating cell growth and survival, that commonly mutate into cancer inducing molecules called oncogenes.", "572a10cd6aef051400155222": ">500 Da", "572a10cd6aef051400155223": "hydrophilic amino acids are overrepresented in epitope regions than hydrophobic amino acids", "572a10cd6aef051400155224": "Immunoproteomics", "572a10cd6aef051400155225": "B cells", "572a10cd6aef051400155226": "immunoinformatics", "5ad4f3a25b96ef001a10a758": "neutralizing", "5ad4f3a25b96ef001a10a759": ">500 Da) can provoke a neutralizing immune response, particularly if the drugs are administered repeatedly, or in larger doses", "5ad4f3a25b96ef001a10a75a": "machine learning techniques using databases of existing known epitopes", "5ad4f3a25b96ef001a10a75b": "hydrophobic amino acids", "5ad4f3a25b96ef001a10a75c": "Immunoproteomics is the study of large sets of proteins (proteomics", "572a12386aef051400155234": "leptin, pituitary growth hormone, and prolactin", "572a12386aef051400155235": "APCs", "572a12386aef051400155236": "Th1", "572a12386aef051400155237": "Th1", "5ad4eb355b96ef001a10a64c": "immunological functions", "5ad4eb355b96ef001a10a64d": "leptin, pituitary growth hormone, and prolactin.", "5ad4eb355b96ef001a10a64e": "cortisol, epinephrine", "5ad4eb355b96ef001a10a64f": "leptin, pituitary growth hormone, and prolactin.", "5ad4eb355b96ef001a10a650": "APCs and T-cells, a shift of the Th1/Th2 cytokine", "572a135daf94a219006aa79f": "bacteriophage", "572a135daf94a219006aa7a0": "defensins", "572a135daf94a219006aa7a1": "vaccination", "572a135daf94a219006aa7a2": "Adaptive (or acquired) immunity", "5ad49d30ba00c4001a268dd4": "Pathogens", "5ad49d30ba00c4001a268dd5": "immune system", "5ad49d30ba00c4001a268dd6": "Adaptive (or acquired) immunity", "5ad49d30ba00c4001a268dd7": "Adaptive", "5ad49d30ba00c4001a268dd8": "vaccination", "572a142e3f37b319004786b9": "carbohydrates", "572a142e3f37b319004786ba": "signal amplification", "572a142e3f37b319004786bb": "catalytic cascade", "572a142e3f37b319004786bc": "by disrupting their plasma membrane", "5ad4c6775b96ef001a10a010": "rapid killing", "5ad4c6775b96ef001a10a011": "binding of complement proteins to carbohydrates", "5ad4c6775b96ef001a10a012": "catalytic cascade", "5ad4c6775b96ef001a10a013": "protease activity,", "5ad4c6775b96ef001a10a014": "carbohydrates on the surfaces of microbes", "57293b843f37b31900478133": "United Nations", "57293b843f37b31900478134": "the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)", "57293b843f37b31900478135": "greenhouse gas concentrations", "57293b843f37b31900478136": "United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC", "57293b843f37b31900478137": "Resolution 43/53", "5a3e2a95378766001a0024af": "IPCC)", "5a3e2a95378766001a0024b0": "the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)", "5a3e2a95378766001a0024b1": "United Nations General Assembly through Resolution 43/53", "5a3e2a95378766001a0024b2": "IPCC", "5a3e2a95378766001a0024b3": "UNFCCC)", "57293bc91d0469140077919b": "Hoesung Lee", "57293bc91d0469140077919c": "Korean", "57293bc91d0469140077919d": "Ismail El Gizouli", "57293bc91d0469140077919e": "Rajendra K. Pachauri, elected in May 2002", "57293bc91d0469140077919f": "February 2015", "5a3e2ba4378766001a0024b9": "Hoesung Lee", "5a3e2ba4378766001a0024ba": "2015. The previous chairs were Rajendra K. Pachauri, elected in May 2002; Robert Watson in 1997", "5a3e2ba4378766001a0024bb": "Rajendra K. Pachauri, elected in May 2002; Robert Watson", "5a3e2ba4378766001a0024bc": "2015. The previous chairs were Rajendra K. Pachauri, elected in May 2002; Robert Watson in 1997; and Bert Bolin in 1988", "5a3e2ba4378766001a0024bd": "Rajendra K. Pachauri, elected in May 2002; Robert Watson in 1997", "57293c246aef051400154bb8": "representatives appointed by governments and organizations", "57293c246aef051400154bb9": "350 government officials and climate change experts.", "57293c246aef051400154bba": "government officials and climate change experts", "57293c246aef051400154bbb": "seven-eighths", "5a3e2dc0378766001a0024c3": "Non Governmental and Intergovernmental Organizations", "5a3e2dc0378766001a0024c4": "Sessions of the IPCC Bureau, workshops, expert and lead authors meetings", "5a3e2dc0378766001a0024c5": "2003 meeting", "5a3e2dc0378766001a0024c6": "IPCC Bureau", "5a3e2dc0378766001a0024c7": "Plenary sessions of the IPCC and IPCC Working groups", "57293ca73f37b3190047815b": "1989", "57293ca73f37b3190047815c": "United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP", "57293ca73f37b3190047815d": "the WMO", "57293ca73f37b3190047815e": "UNEP", "57293ca73f37b3190047815f": "Financial Regulations and Rules of the WMO", "5a3e2f07378766001a0024cd": "IPCC Trust Fund, established in 1989", "5a3e2f07378766001a0024ce": "UNEP", "5a3e2f07378766001a0024cf": "1989 by the United Nations Environment Programme", "5a3e2f07378766001a0024d0": "the IPCC Panel", "5a3e2f07378766001a0024d1": "World Meteorological Organization", "57293d116aef051400154bc8": "carry out research nor does it monitor climate related data", "57293d116aef051400154bc9": "published sources", "57293d116aef051400154bca": "non-peer-reviewed sources", "57293d116aef051400154bcb": "model results, reports from government agencies and non-governmental organizations, and industry journals", "5a3e307f378766001a0024d7": "The IPCC does not carry out research nor does it monitor climate related data. Lead authors of IPCC reports", "5a3e307f378766001a0024d8": "IPCC reports", "5a3e307f378766001a0024d9": "authors should give priority to peer-reviewed sources", "5a3e307f378766001a0024da": "peer-reviewed", "5a3e307f378766001a0024db": "model results, reports from government agencies and non-governmental organizations, and industry journals", "57293d6d1d046914007791b7": "two", "57293d6d1d046914007791b8": "ten to fifteen \"lead authors\"", "57293d6d1d046914007791b9": "ten to fifteen", "57293d6d1d046914007791ba": "coordinating lead authors", "57293d6d1d046914007791bb": "the Working Group chairs", "5a3e488b378766001a00253b": "Contributing authors prepare text, graphs or data", "5a3e488b378766001a00253c": "two", "5a3e488b378766001a00253d": "Working Group chairs.", "5a3e488b378766001a00253e": "lead authors", "5a3e488b378766001a00253f": "Contributing authors", "57293e221d046914007791d5": "substantially increasing the atmospheric concentrations", "57293e221d046914007791d6": "additional warming of the Earth's surface", "57293e221d046914007791d7": "over half", "57293e221d046914007791d8": "business as usual", "57293e221d046914007791d9": "0.3 to 0.6 \u00b0C", "5a3e3405378766001a0024e1": "WG I Summary for Policymakers", "5a3e3405378766001a0024e2": "0.3", "5a3e3405378766001a0024e3": "0.3 to 0.6 \u00b0C over the last 100 years", "5a3e3405378766001a0024e4": "global mean surface air temperature", "5a3e3405378766001a0024e5": "a decade or more.", "57293e983f37b3190047818b": "2001", "57293e983f37b3190047818c": "16", "57293e983f37b3190047818d": "Science", "57293e983f37b3190047818e": "at least 90% certain", "57293e983f37b3190047818f": "between 1.4 and 5.8 \u00b0C above 1990 levels", "5a3e3614378766001a0024eb": "2001,", "5a3e3614378766001a0024ec": "Royal Society of Canada", "5a3e3614378766001a0024ed": "Science,", "5a3e3614378766001a0024ee": "TAR's", "5a3e3614378766001a0024ef": "by 2100\".", "57293f353f37b3190047819b": "Richard Lindzen", "57293f353f37b3190047819c": "does not faithfully summarize the full WGI report", "57293f353f37b3190047819d": "John Houghton", "57293f353f37b3190047819e": "co-chair of TAR WGI", "57293f353f37b3190047819f": "supported by scientific evidence", "5a3e3752378766001a0024f5": "TAR", "5a3e3752378766001a0024f6": "IPCC", "5a3e3752378766001a0024f7": "Richard Lindzen", "5a3e3752378766001a0024f8": "governments,", "5a3e3752378766001a0024f9": "the SPM", "57293f8a6aef051400154bde": "the same procedures", "57293f8a6aef051400154bdf": "2011", "57293f8a6aef051400154be0": "2011", "57293f8a6aef051400154be1": "requested by governments", "5a3e3907378766001a0024ff": "IPCC is publishing Special Reports on specific topics. The preparation and approval process for all IPCC", "5a3e3907378766001a002500": "Special Reports on specific topics. The preparation and approval process for all IPCC Special Reports", "5a3e3907378766001a002501": "2011 two IPCC Special Report were finalized", "5a3e3907378766001a002502": "SRREN)", "5a3e3907378766001a002503": "Special Report on Managing Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation (SREX)", "572940246aef051400154bec": "the Data Distribution Centre and the National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme", "572940246aef051400154bed": "default emission factors", "572940246aef051400154bee": "fuel consumption, industrial production", "572940246aef051400154bef": "WMO Executive Council and UNEP Governing Council", "5a3e3aa9378766001a002509": "The IPCC concentrates its activities on the tasks allotted to it by the relevant WMO Executive Council and UNEP Governing Council", "5a3e3aa9378766001a00250a": "The IPCC concentrates its activities on the tasks allotted to it by the relevant WMO Executive Council and UNEP", "5a3e3aa9378766001a00250b": "Data Distribution Centre", "5a3e3aa9378766001a00250c": "The IPCC", "5a3e3aa9378766001a00250d": "National Greenhouse Gas Inventories", "572940973f37b319004781a5": "the date", "572940973f37b319004781a6": "the poor application of well-established IPCC procedures in this instance\"", "572940973f37b319004781a7": "misquoted its own source", "572940973f37b319004781a8": "WWF report", "5a3e495c378766001a002545": "the conclusion in the final summary was robust.", "5a3e495c378766001a002547": "projection", "5a3e495c378766001a002548": "policymakers.", "5a3e495c378766001a002549": "\"Variations of Snow and Ice in the past and at present on a Global and Regional Scale\"", "572941273f37b319004781ad": "chairman", "572941273f37b319004781ae": "making it seem like climate change is more serious by overstating the impact", "572941273f37b319004781af": "a climate expert who had been co-chair of the IPCC working group II", "572941273f37b319004781b0": "Himalayan glaciers", "572941273f37b319004781b1": "generally unfounded and also marginal to the assessment", "5a3e3de4378766001a002513": "Robert Watson", "5a3e3de4378766001a002514": "The IPCC needs to look at this trend in the errors and ask why it happened\". Martin Parry", "5a3e3de4378766001a002515": "IPCC", "5a3e3de4378766001a002516": "Himalayan glaciers", "5a3e3de4378766001a002517": "IPCC", "57294209af94a219006aa201": "1999", "57294209af94a219006aa202": "Michael E. Mann, Raymond S. Bradley and Malcolm K. Hughes", "57294209af94a219006aa203": "hockey stick graph", "57294209af94a219006aa204": "Jones et al. 1998, Pollack, Huang & Shen 1998, Crowley & Lowery 2000 and Briffa 2000", "5a3e40d1378766001a00251d": "MBH99), which has been referred to as the \"hockey stick graph", "5a3e40d1378766001a00251e": "2000 and Briffa 2000", "5a3e40d1378766001a00251f": "temperature units,", "5a3e40d1378766001a002520": "IPCC Second Assessment Report of 1995", "5a3e40d1378766001a002521": "central England", "57294279af94a219006aa209": "between 1000 and 1900", "57294279af94a219006aa20a": "Fred Singer", "57294279af94a219006aa20b": "Capitol Hill, Washington, D.C.", "57294279af94a219006aa20c": "18 July 2000", "57294279af94a219006aa20d": "United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation", "5a3e42de378766001a002527": "between 1000 and 1900,", "5a3e42de378766001a002528": "John Lawrence Daly", "5a3e42de378766001a002529": "argued against the graph at a United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation hearing", "5a3e42de378766001a00252a": "18 July 2000", "5a3e42de378766001a00252b": "hockey stick graph\"", "572943ab1d04691400779219": "Joe Barton", "572943ab1d0469140077921a": "Ed Whitfield", "572943ab1d0469140077921b": "23 June 2005", "572943ab1d0469140077921c": "Sherwood Boehlert", "572943ab1d0469140077921d": "Sherwood Boehlert", "5a3e44ea378766001a002531": "Mann, Bradley and Hughes", "5a3e44ea378766001a002532": "Mann, Bradley and Hughes.", "5a3e44ea378766001a002533": "Sherwood Boehlert, chairman of the House Science Committee, said this was a \"misguided and illegitimate investigation\"", "5a3e44ea378766001a002534": "Rep. Joe Barton, chairman of the House", "5a3e44ea378766001a002535": "National Research Council's", "572944e03f37b319004781e1": "2007", "572944e03f37b319004781e2": "2001", "572944e03f37b319004781e3": "Ten of these 14 reconstructions", "572944e03f37b319004781e4": "Ten", "572944e03f37b319004781e5": "divergence problem", "5a3e582e378766001a00259f": "IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (AR4)", "5a3e582e378766001a0025a0": "three highlighted in the 2001", "5a3e582e378766001a0025a1": "newer studies.", "5a3e582e378766001a0025a2": "Crowley & Lowery", "5a3e582e378766001a0025a3": "Ten", "572945b11d0469140077922f": "1 February 2007", "572945b11d04691400779230": "the actual temperature rise was near the top end of the range given by IPCC's 2001 projection", "572945b11d04691400779231": "near the top end of the range given by IPCC's 2001 projection", "572945b11d04691400779232": "above the top of the range of the IPCC projection", "5a3e5697378766001a002595": "temperatures", "5a3e5697378766001a002596": "six years", "5a3e5697378766001a002597": "IPCC", "5a3e5697378766001a002598": "IPCC's 2001", "5a3e5697378766001a002599": "above the top", "572949306aef051400154c68": "projected rises in sea levels", "572949306aef051400154c69": "9\u201388 cm", "572949306aef051400154c6a": "0.5\u20131.4 m [50\u2013140 cm", "572949306aef051400154c6b": "2001", "5a3e4a34378766001a00254f": "9\u201388 cm", "5a3e4a34378766001a002550": "2100 sea levels would be 0.5\u20131.4 m", "5a3e4a34378766001a002551": "the IPCC itself", "5a3e4a34378766001a002552": "Third Assessment Report", "5a3e4a34378766001a002553": "2100 sea levels would be 0.5\u20131.4 m [50\u2013140 cm] above 1990 levels", "57294baaaf94a219006aa26b": "coordinating lead author of the Fifth Assessment Report", "57294baaaf94a219006aa26c": "Science Magazine", "57294baaaf94a219006aa26d": "concurring, smaller assessments of special problems instead of the large scale approach", "5a3e4c01378766001a002559": "Michael Oppenheimer,", "5a3e4c01378766001a00255a": "2008-2009", "5a3e4c01378766001a00255b": "IPCC assessment reports", "5a3e4c01378766001a00255c": "Science Magazine's", "5a3e4c01378766001a00255d": "Science Magazine", "57294e6b1d04691400779275": "global regulation based on the Montreal Protocol", "57294e6b1d04691400779276": "Climate Change", "57294e6b1d04691400779277": "states and governments", "5a3e4e57378766001a002563": "Ozone depletion and global warming). In case of the Ozone", "5a3e4e57378766001a002564": "different, if not opposing goals", "5a3e4e57378766001a002565": "The underlying linear model of policy-making of more knowledge we have, the better the political response will be is being doubted.", "5a3e4e57378766001a002566": "the IPCC is having built a broad science consensus while states and governments still follow different, if not opposing goals", "5a3e4e57378766001a002567": "more knowledge we have, the better the political response", "5729506d6aef051400154cac": "Sheldon Ungar", "5729506d6aef051400154cad": "varying regional cost-benefit analysis and burden-sharing conflicts", "5729506d6aef051400154cae": "regional burden sharing conflicts. In case of the IPCC conclusions and the failure of the Kyoto Protocol, varying regional cost-benefit analysis and burden-sharing", "5729506d6aef051400154caf": "the UK government", "5a3e5014378766001a002577": "Sheldon Ungar", "5a3e5014378766001a002578": "easy-to-understand bridging metaphors", "5a3e5014378766001a002579": "immediate risks with everyday relevance", "5a3e5014378766001a00257a": "ozone depletion", "5a3e5014378766001a00257b": "burden-sharing conflicts with regard to the distribution of emission reductions", "5729517d6aef051400154cc8": "scientific papers and independently documented results from other scientific bodies", "5729517d6aef051400154cc9": "any significant new evidence or events that change our understanding of climate science", "5729517d6aef051400154cca": "the IPCC", "5a3e51b6378766001a002581": "the I", "5a3e51b6378766001a002582": "it operates on the basis of scientific papers and independently documented results from other scientific bodies,", "5a3e51b6378766001a002584": "climate science", "5a3e51b6378766001a002585": "the IPCC", "572951f16aef051400154cce": "five", "572951f16aef051400154ccf": "Nature", "572951f16aef051400154cd0": "turning the whole climate science assessment process into a moderated \"living\" Wikipedia-IPCC", "572951f16aef051400154cd1": "remove government oversight from its processes", "5a3e539a378766001a00258b": "February 2010,", "5a3e539a378766001a00258c": "Nature calling for changes to the IPCC.", "5a3e539a378766001a00258d": "five", "5a3e539a378766001a00258e": "political interference.", "5a3e539a378766001a00258f": "turning the whole climate science assessment process into a moderated \"living\" Wikipedia", "57296d571d04691400779413": "itself", "57296d571d04691400779414": "composite", "57296d571d04691400779415": "The fundamental theorem of arithmetic", "57296d571d04691400779416": "primes", "57296d571d04691400779417": "one can include arbitrarily many instances of 1 in any factorization", "5a89117e19b91f001a626f2d": "3", "5a89117e19b91f001a626f2e": "composite", "5a89117e19b91f001a626f2f": "product of primes that is unique up to ordering", "5a89117e19b91f001a626f30": "primes that is unique up to ordering", "5a89117e19b91f001a626f31": "one can include arbitrarily many instances of 1 in any factorization", "57296f293f37b319004783a3": "primality", "57296f293f37b319004783a4": "trial division", "57296f293f37b319004783a5": "Miller\u2013Rabin primality test, which is fast but has a small probability of error, and the AKS primality test", "57296f293f37b319004783a6": "Miller\u2013Rabin primality test, which is fast but has a small probability of error, and the AKS primality test", "57296f293f37b319004783a7": "22,338,618", "5a89128d3b2508001a72a494": "primality.", "5a89128d3b2508001a72a495": "trial division.", "5a89128d3b2508001a72a496": "Miller\u2013Rabin primality test, which is fast but has a small probability of error, and the AKS primality test", "5a89128d3b2508001a72a497": "Miller\u2013Rabin primality test, which is fast but has a small probability of error, and the AKS primality test,", "5a89128d3b2508001a72a498": "22,338,618", "572970c11d04691400779463": "infinitely many", "572970c11d04691400779464": "Euclid", "572970c11d04691400779465": "statistical", "572970c11d04691400779466": "prime number theorem", "572970c11d04691400779467": "end of the 19th century", "5a8913713b2508001a72a49e": "n is prime", "5a8913713b2508001a72a49f": "Euclid", "5a8913713b2508001a72a4a0": "statistical behaviour", "5a8913713b2508001a72a4a1": "theorem", "5a8913713b2508001a72a4a2": "end of the 19th century,", "5729727baf94a219006aa437": "Goldbach's conjecture", "5729727baf94a219006aa438": "the twin prime conjecture", "5729727baf94a219006aa439": "algebraic", "5729727baf94a219006aa43a": "public-key cryptography", "5729727baf94a219006aa43b": "prime ideals", "5a89150d3b2508001a72a4a8": "Goldbach's conjecture", "5a89150d3b2508001a72a4a9": "the twin prime conjecture (that there are infinitely many pairs of primes whose difference is 2", "5a89150d3b2508001a72a4aa": "algebraic", "5a89150d3b2508001a72a4ab": "public-key cryptography", "5a89150d3b2508001a72a4ac": "twin prime", "572973f76aef051400154f0a": "2", "572973f76aef051400154f0b": "three distinct divisors, namely 1, 2, and n.", "572973f76aef051400154f0c": "odd prime", "572973f76aef051400154f0d": "9", "572973f76aef051400154f0e": "even numbers are multiples of 2 and numbers ending in 0 or 5", "5a8917433b2508001a72a4b2": "2 is prime", "5a8917433b2508001a72a4b3": "1, 2, and n", "5a8917433b2508001a72a4b4": "odd prime refers to any prime number greater than 2", "5a8917433b2508001a72a4b5": "9,", "5a8917433b2508001a72a4b6": "even numbers are multiples of 2 and numbers ending in 0 or 5", "57297547af94a219006aa45b": "1", "57297547af94a219006aa45c": "Christian Goldbach listed 1 as the first prime in his famous correspondence with Leonhard Euler", "57297547af94a219006aa45d": "Leonhard Euler", "57297547af94a219006aa45e": "10,006,721", "57297547af94a219006aa45f": "prime number, but rather forms its own special category as a \"unit", "5a8919843b2508001a72a4bc": "1", "5a8919843b2508001a72a4bd": "Henri Lebesgue", "5a8919843b2508001a72a4be": "mathematicians", "5a8919843b2508001a72a4bf": "Most early Greeks did not even consider 1 to be a number, so they could not consider it to be a prime.", "5a8919843b2508001a72a4c0": "Most early Greeks did not", "57297781af94a219006aa4a3": "Euclid's fundamental theorem of arithmetic", "57297781af94a219006aa4a4": "if 1 were considered a prime", "57297781af94a219006aa4a5": "the sum of divisors function", "57297781af94a219006aa4a6": "sum of divisors function", "57297781af94a219006aa4a7": "only the single number 1", "5a8923a23b2508001a72a4c6": "15", "5a8923a23b2508001a72a4c7": "Euclid's fundamental theorem", "5a8923a23b2508001a72a4c8": "the sum of divisors function.", "5a8923a23b2508001a72a4c9": "the sum of divisors function.", "5a8923a23b2508001a72a4ca": "multiples of 1", "572978f91d046914007794d3": "Rhind papyrus", "572978f91d046914007794d4": "Ancient Greeks", "572978f91d046914007794d5": "Euclid's Elements", "572978f91d046914007794d6": "Euclid", "572978f91d046914007794d7": "simple method to compute primes", "5a8925e53b2508001a72a4d0": "Rhind", "5a8925e53b2508001a72a4d1": "Ancient Greeks.", "5a8925e53b2508001a72a4d2": "Euclid's E", "5a8925e53b2508001a72a4d3": "Euclid's", "5a8925e53b2508001a72a4d4": "simple method to compute primes,", "57297a276aef051400154f88": "1640", "57297a276aef051400154f89": "Euler", "57297a276aef051400154f8a": "22n + 1", "57297a276aef051400154f8b": "up to n = 4 (or 216 + 1)", "57297a276aef051400154f8c": "2p \u2212 1, with p a prime", "5a8929e43b2508001a72a4da": "40 Pierre de Fermat stated (without proof) Fermat", "5a8929e43b2508001a72a4db": "Euler).", "5a8929e43b2508001a72a4dc": "Fermat number 232 + 1 is composite", "5a8929e43b2508001a72a4dd": "up to n = 4", "5a8929e43b2508001a72a4de": "2p \u2212 1, with p a prime", "57297bc9af94a219006aa4c7": "trial division", "57297bc9af94a219006aa4c8": "if a complete list of primes up to is known", "57297bc9af94a219006aa4c9": "1", "57297bc9af94a219006aa4ca": "the square root of n", "57297bc9af94a219006aa4cb": "three", "5a892b473b2508001a72a4e4": "trial division", "5a892b473b2508001a72a4e5": "if a complete list of primes up to is known", "5a892b473b2508001a72a4e6": "square root of n.", "5a892b473b2508001a72a4e7": "1 and less than or equal to the square root of n", "5a892b473b2508001a72a4e8": "three", "57297d421d046914007794e5": "two", "57297d421d046914007794e6": "probabilistic (or \"Monte Carlo\")", "57297d421d046914007794e7": "deterministic algorithms", "57297d421d046914007794e8": "deterministic", "57297d421d046914007794e9": "1/(1-p)n", "5a892d303b2508001a72a4ee": "two", "5a892d303b2508001a72a4ef": "Monte Carlo\") and deterministic algorithms", "5a892d303b2508001a72a4f0": "deterministic algorithms", "5a892d303b2508001a72a4f1": "deterministic", "5a892d303b2508001a72a4f2": "1/(1-p)n", "57297ed93f37b3190047845f": "Fermat primality test", "57297ed93f37b31900478460": "Fermat's little theorem) that np\u2261n (mod p) for any n if p is a prime number", "57297ed93f37b31900478461": "composite numbers (the Carmichael numbers", "57297ed93f37b31900478462": "Solovay-Strassen tests", "57297ed93f37b31900478463": "Solovay-Strassen tests", "5a892e8e3b2508001a72a4f8": "Fermat primality test,", "5a892e8e3b2508001a72a4f9": "satisfy the Fermat", "5a892e8e3b2508001a72a4fa": "composite numbers (the Carmichael numbers)", "5a892e8e3b2508001a72a4fb": "Solovay-Strassen", "5a892e8e3b2508001a72a4fc": "Solovay-Strassen", "572980f9af94a219006aa4d1": "2p + 1 with p prime", "572980f9af94a219006aa4d2": "2p \u2212 1, where p is an arbitrary prime", "572980f9af94a219006aa4d3": "The Lucas\u2013Lehmer test", "572980f9af94a219006aa4d4": "Sophie Germain primes", "572980f9af94a219006aa4d5": "Sophie Germain primes", "5a8930573b2508001a72a502": "2p + 1", "5a8930573b2508001a72a503": "2p \u2212 1, where p is an arbitrary prime", "5a8930573b2508001a72a504": "The Lucas\u2013Lehmer test", "5a8930573b2508001a72a505": "The Lucas\u2013Lehmer", "5a8930573b2508001a72a506": "The Lucas\u2013Lehmer", "572982e66aef051400154f92": "distributed computing", "572982e66aef051400154f93": "2009,", "572982e66aef051400154f94": "US$100,000", "572982e66aef051400154f95": "The Electronic Frontier Foundation", "572982e76aef051400154f96": "256kn + 1, 256k(n + 1) \u2212 1", "5a89320b3b2508001a72a50c": "distributed computing. In 2009, the Great Internet Mersenne Prime Search project", "5a89320b3b2508001a72a50d": "2009, the Great Internet Mersenne Prime Search", "5a89320b3b2508001a72a50e": "US$100,000 prize for first discovering a prime with at least 10 million digits. The Electronic Frontier Foundation also offers $150,000 and $250,000", "5a89320b3b2508001a72a50f": "Electronic Frontier", "5a89320b3b2508001a72a510": "256kn + 1, 256k(n + 1) \u2212 1", "572985011d04691400779501": "the floor function", "572985011d04691400779502": "Chebyshev", "572985011d04691400779503": "3", "572985011d04691400779504": "n < p < 2n \u2212 2", "572985011d04691400779505": "Wilson's theorem", "5a8933ed3b2508001a72a516": "the floor function,", "5a8933ed3b2508001a72a517": "Chebyshev", "5a8933ed3b2508001a72a518": "n > 3.", "5a8933ed3b2508001a72a519": "n < p < 2n \u2212 2, for any natural number n > 3", "5a8933ed3b2508001a72a51a": "Wilson's", "572987e46aef051400154fa2": "their greatest common divisor is one", "572987e46aef051400154fa3": "Dirichlet's theorem", "572987e46aef051400154fa4": "1/6", "572987e46aef051400154fa5": "infinitely many", "572987e46aef051400154fa6": "infinitely many primes", "5a89357c3b2508001a72a520": "Dirichlet's theorem", "5a89357c3b2508001a72a521": "Dirichlet's theorem on arithmetic progressions", "5a89357c3b2508001a72a522": "1/6.", "5a89357c3b2508001a72a523": "9", "5a89357c3b2508001a72a524": "3, 6", "572989846aef051400154fc0": "zeta function", "572989846aef051400154fc1": "finite value", "572989846aef051400154fc2": "diverges (i.e., exceeds any given number", "572989846aef051400154fc3": "exceeds any given number", "572989846aef051400154fc4": "modern algebraic number theory", "5a8937553b2508001a72a52a": "zeta function", "5a8937553b2508001a72a52b": "finite value", "5a8937553b2508001a72a52c": "diverges", "5a8937553b2508001a72a52d": "exceeds any given number), so there must be infinitely many primes.", "5a8937553b2508001a72a52e": "algebraic number theory is the following identity (Basel problem", "57298ef11d0469140077952d": "1859", "57298ef11d0469140077952e": "\u22122, \u22124, ...", "57298ef11d0469140077952f": "random noise.", "57298ef11d04691400779530": "asymptotic", "57298ef11d04691400779531": "asymptotic distribution of primes (about x/log x of numbers less than x are primes, the prime number theorem", "5a89392f3b2508001a72a534": "1859", "5a89392f3b2508001a72a535": "\u22122, \u22124, ...", "5a89392f3b2508001a72a536": "random noise", "5a89392f3b2508001a72a537": "asymptotic distribution of primes", "5a89392f3b2508001a72a538": "asymptotic distribution", "57299021af94a219006aa50b": "1912", "57299021af94a219006aa50c": "Goldbach's conjecture", "57299021af94a219006aa50d": "all numbers up to n = 2 \u00b7 1017", "57299021af94a219006aa50e": "Vinogradov's", "57299021af94a219006aa50f": "Chen's theorem", "5a893a003b2508001a72a53e": "all four of Landau's problems from 1912 are still unsolved", "5a893a003b2508001a72a53f": "Goldbach's", "5a893a003b2508001a72a540": "all numbers up to n = 2 \u00b7 1017.", "5a893a003b2508001a72a541": "Vinogradov's", "5a893a003b2508001a72a542": "Vinogradov's", "572991943f37b319004784a1": "twin prime conjecture", "572991943f37b319004784a2": "pairs of primes with difference 2", "572991943f37b319004784a3": "Polignac's conjecture", "572991943f37b319004784a4": "n2 + 1", "572991943f37b319004784a5": "Brocard's", "5a893bd73b2508001a72a548": "twin prime conjecture", "5a893bd73b2508001a72a549": "pairs of primes with difference 2 (twin prime conjecture)", "5a893bd73b2508001a72a54a": "Polignac's", "5a893bd73b2508001a72a54b": "n2 + 1.", "5a893bd73b2508001a72a54c": "Brocard's conjecture", "57299326af94a219006aa515": "number theory", "57299326af94a219006aa516": "G. H. Hardy", "57299326af94a219006aa517": "1970s", "57299326af94a219006aa518": "hash tables and pseudorandom number generators", "57299326af94a219006aa519": "pseudorandom number generators", "5a893ce63b2508001a72a552": "number theory in general, and the study of prime numbers in particular, was seen as the canonical example of pure mathematics", "5a893ce63b2508001a72a553": "G. H. Hardy", "5a893ce63b2508001a72a554": "1970s,", "5a893ce63b2508001a72a555": "to distribute wear", "5a893ce63b2508001a72a556": "Prime numbers are also used for hash tables", "572995d46aef051400154fe8": "a recurring decimal", "572995d46aef051400154fe9": "p \u2212 1 or a divisor of p \u2212 1", "572995d46aef051400154fea": "(p \u2212 1)! + 1", "572995d46aef051400154feb": "(n \u2212 1)!", "572995d46aef051400154fec": "p is not a prime factor of q", "5a8940ba3b2508001a72a55c": "recurring", "5a8940ba3b2508001a72a55d": "p \u2212 1 or a divisor of p \u2212 1", "5a8940ba3b2508001a72a55e": "(p \u2212 1)! + 1", "5a8940ba3b2508001a72a55f": "(n \u2212 1)!", "5a8940ba3b2508001a72a560": "p is not a prime factor", "572996c73f37b319004784b3": "RSA", "572996c73f37b319004784b4": "Diffie\u2013Hellman key exchange", "572996c73f37b319004784b5": "512-bit", "572996c73f37b319004784b6": "modular exponentiation", "572996c73f37b319004784b7": "1024", "5a8942233b2508001a72a566": "RSA", "5a8942233b2508001a72a567": "Diffie\u2013Hellman key exchange", "5a8942233b2508001a72a568": "512-bit primes are frequently used for RSA and 1024", "5a8942233b2508001a72a569": "modular", "5a8942233b2508001a72a56a": "1024", "572998673f37b319004784d5": "cicadas of the genus Magicicada", "572998673f37b319004784d6": "underground. They only pupate and then emerge from their burrows", "572998673f37b319004784d7": "17", "572998673f37b319004784d8": "the prime number intervals between emergences make it very difficult for predators to evolve", "572998673f37b319004784d9": "up to 2% higher", "5a8943753b2508001a72a570": "cicadas", "5a8943753b2508001a72a571": "grubs underground. They only pupate and then emerge from their burrows", "5a8943753b2508001a72a572": "12 years, then predators appearing every 2, 3, 4, 6", "5a8943753b2508001a72a573": "the prime number intervals between emergences make it very difficult for predators to evolve that could specialize as predators on Magicicadas", "5a8943753b2508001a72a574": "up to 2% higher", "57299a6f6aef051400155016": "minimality or indecomposability", "57299a6f6aef051400155017": "the smallest subfield", "57299a6f6aef051400155018": "it cannot be written as the knot sum of two nontrivial knots", "57299a6f6aef051400155019": "as a connected sum of prime knots", "57299a6f6aef05140015501a": "any object can be, essentially uniquely, decomposed into its prime components", "5a8944653b2508001a72a57a": "any object can be, essentially uniquely, decomposed", "5a8944653b2508001a72a57b": "Q or the finite field with p elements", "5a8944653b2508001a72a57c": "any object can be, essentially uniquely, decomposed into its prime components.", "5a8944653b2508001a72a57d": "prime", "5a8944653b2508001a72a57e": "any object can be, essentially uniquely, decomposed into its prime components.", "57299c2c6aef051400155020": "commutative ring R", "57299c2c6aef051400155021": "prime elements and irreducible elements", "57299c2c6aef051400155022": "irreducible elements", "57299c2c6aef051400155023": "given x and y in R such that p divides the product xy, then p divides x or y", "57299c2c6aef051400155024": "if it is not a unit and cannot be written as a product of two ring elements that are not units", "5a8945a43b2508001a72a584": "Prime numbers", "5a8945a43b2508001a72a585": "prime elements", "5a8945a43b2508001a72a586": "prime elements and irreducible elements", "5a8945a43b2508001a72a587": "given x and y in R such that p divides the product xy", "5a8945a43b2508001a72a588": "p divides the product", "57299d1c1d04691400779581": "fundamental theorem of arithmetic", "57299d1c1d04691400779582": "Gaussian integers", "57299d1c1d04691400779583": "a + bi", "57299d1c1d04691400779584": "arbitrary integers", "57299d1c1d04691400779585": "4k + 3", "5a89464f3b2508001a72a58e": "fundamental theorem of arithmetic continues to hold in unique factorization domains", "5a89464f3b2508001a72a58f": "4k + 1 are not.", "5a89464f3b2508001a72a590": "4k + 3 are Gaussian primes, whereas rational primes of the form 4k + 1", "5a89464f3b2508001a72a591": "arbitrary integers.", "5a89464f3b2508001a72a592": "Rational primes (i.e. prime elements in Z) of the form 4k + 3 are Gaussian primes", "57299ec43f37b3190047850d": "ring theory", "57299ec43f37b3190047850e": "Prime ideals, which generalize prime elements in the sense that the principal ideal generated by a prime element is a prime ideal", "57299ec43f37b3190047850f": "algebraic number theory", "57299ec43f37b31900478510": "The fundamental theorem of arithmetic", "57299ec43f37b31900478511": "Noetherian", "5a89473c3b2508001a72a598": "ring theory", "5a89473c3b2508001a72a599": "primary ideals", "5a89473c3b2508001a72a59a": "algebraic number theory and algebraic geometry", "5a89473c3b2508001a72a59b": "The fundamental theorem of arithmetic generalizes to the Lasker\u2013Noether", "5a89473c3b2508001a72a59c": "Noetherian", "5729a03f1d04691400779593": "Prime ideals", "5729a03f1d04691400779594": "ramification in geometry", "5729a03f1d04691400779595": "the ring of integers of quadratic number fields", "5729a03f1d04691400779596": "solvability of quadratic equations", "5a8949463b2508001a72a5a2": "prime ideals in the ring", "5a8949463b2508001a72a5a3": "geometry. Such ramification", "5a8949463b2508001a72a5a4": "ring of integers", "5a8949463b2508001a72a5a5": "proving quadratic reciprocity, a statement that concerns the solvability of quadratic equations", "5a8949463b2508001a72a5a6": "Arithmetic geometry also benefits from this notion, and many concepts exist in both geometry", "5729a26d6aef05140015505a": "gets smaller", "5729a26d6aef05140015505b": "completed (or local) fields", "5729a26d6aef05140015505c": "the absolute value", "5729a26d6aef05140015505d": "local-global principle", "5a894a483b2508001a72a5ac": "gets smaller when a number is multiplied by p", "5a894a483b2508001a72a5ad": "global fields may be transferred back and forth to the completed (or local) fields.", "5a894a483b2508001a72a5ae": "the p-adic norm |\u2212|p", "5a894a483b2508001a72a5af": "local-global", "5a894a483b2508001a72a5b0": "p-adic norm", "5729a3716aef05140015506a": "Olivier Messiaen", "5729a3716aef05140015506b": "La Nativit\u00e9 du Seigneur", "5729a3716aef05140015506c": "Quatre \u00e9tudes de rythme (1949\u201350)", "5729a3716aef05140015506d": "third", "5729a3716aef05140015506e": "movements of nature", "5a894b333b2508001a72a5b6": "Olivier Messiaen used prime numbers to create ametrical music", "5a894b333b2508001a72a5b7": "Neumes rythmiques", "5a894b333b2508001a72a5b8": "Neumes rythmiques", "5a894b333b2508001a72a5b9": "third \u00e9tude, \"Neumes rythmiques", "5a894b333b2508001a72a5ba": "movements of nature, movements of free and unequal durations\".", "572f5533a23a5019007fc55c": "the North Sea in the Netherlands", "572f5533a23a5019007fc55d": "Cologne", "572f5533a23a5019007fc55e": "Danube", "572f5533a23a5019007fc55f": "1,230 km (760 mi", "572fe1d404bcaa1900d76e37": "flows through the Rhineland and eventually empties into the North Sea in the Netherlands.", "572fe1d404bcaa1900d76e3a": "the Netherlands", "572fe1d404bcaa1900d76e3b": "1,230 km (760 mi", "5ad25e17d7d075001a428f12": "Rhineland and eventually empties into the North Sea in the Netherlands", "5ad25e17d7d075001a428f13": "760 mi", "5ad25e17d7d075001a428f14": "Netherlands.", "5ad25e17d7d075001a428f15": "1,050,000 people", "5ad25e17d7d075001a428f16": "1,230 km (760 mi", "572f55e8a23a5019007fc56b": "Gaulish name R\u0113nos", "572f55e8a23a5019007fc56c": "R", "572f55e8a23a5019007fc56d": "R\u012bnaz", "572f55e8a23a5019007fc56e": "1st century BC)", "572fe288a23a5019007fcad7": "Gaulish name R\u0113nos", "572fe288a23a5019007fcad8": "Rhin", "572fe288a23a5019007fcad9": "R\u012bnaz", "572fe288a23a5019007fcada": "Rijn", "572fe288a23a5019007fcadb": "Rijn (formerly also spelled Rhijn", "5ad262fbd7d075001a4290dc": "Gaulish name R\u0113nos, which was adapted in Roman-era geography (1st century BC", "5ad262fbd7d075001a4290dd": "1st", "5ad262fbd7d075001a4290de": "1st", "5ad262fbd7d075001a4290df": "1st", "572f567cb2c2fd140056803f": "Rhine-kilometers\" (Rheinkilometer", "572f567cb2c2fd1400568040": "1939", "572f567cb2c2fd1400568041": "the Old Rhine Bridge at Constance", "572f567cb2c2fd1400568042": "Hoek van Holland", "572f567cb2c2fd1400568043": "canalisation projects", "572fe393947a6a140053cdba": "Rhine-kilometers\" (Rheinkilometer", "572fe393947a6a140053cdbb": "1939", "572fe393947a6a140053cdbc": "the Old Rhine Bridge at Constance", "572fe393947a6a140053cdbd": "Hoek van Holland", "572fe393947a6a140053cdbe": "canalisation projects completed in the 19th and 20th century", "5ad2649ad7d075001a429160": "0 km", "5ad2649ad7d075001a429161": "Rheinkilometer)", "5ad2649ad7d075001a429162": "1939", "5ad2649ad7d075001a429163": "19th", "5ad2649ad7d075001a429164": "1,232 kilometres (766 miles", "572f5703a23a5019007fc573": "north", "572f5703a23a5019007fc574": "nearly 86 km long", "572f5703a23a5019007fc575": "Rhine Valley", "572f5703a23a5019007fc576": "only a few metres high", "572f5703a23a5019007fc577": "Liechtenstein", "572fe41e04bcaa1900d76e4b": "Chur", "572fe41e04bcaa1900d76e4c": "nearly 86 km long", "572fe41e04bcaa1900d76e4d": "599 m to 396 m", "572fe41e04bcaa1900d76e4e": "the Rhine Valley (German: Rheintal", "572fe41e04bcaa1900d76e4f": "Liechtenstein", "5ad2660dd7d075001a4291d8": "Chur.", "5ad2660dd7d075001a4291d9": "wide glacial alpine valley known as the Rhine", "5ad2660dd7d075001a4291da": "a natural dam", "5ad2660dd7d075001a4291db": "86 km", "5ad2660dd7d075001a4291dc": "599 m to 396 m", "572f57c704bcaa1900d7686d": "Lake Constance", "572f57c704bcaa1900d7686e": "Alter Rhein (\"Old Rhine\") and in the East by a modern canalized section", "572f57c704bcaa1900d7686f": "a modern canalized section", "572f57c704bcaa1900d76870": "Isel", "572f57c704bcaa1900d76871": "Donkey", "572fe4a304bcaa1900d76e55": "Lake Constance", "572fe4a304bcaa1900d76e56": "a modern canalized section", "572fe4a304bcaa1900d76e57": "Alter Rhein (\"Old Rhine\") and in the East by a modern canalized section", "572fe4a304bcaa1900d76e58": "small islands by precipitating sediments", "572fe4a304bcaa1900d76e59": "\"Isel\"", "5ad268a9d7d075001a42927e": "The mouth of the Rhine", "5ad268a9d7d075001a42927f": "Alter Rhein", "5ad268a9d7d075001a429280": "Alter Rhein", "5ad268a9d7d075001a429281": "Donkey\").", "5ad268a9d7d075001a429282": "Donkey", "572f5875947a6a140053c89a": "Diepoldsau", "572f5875947a6a140053c89b": "Fu\u00dfach,", "572f5875947a6a140053c89c": "strong sedimentation", "572f5875947a6a140053c89d": "parallel to the canalized Rhine into the lake", "572f5875947a6a140053c89e": "silt up the lake.", "572fe53104bcaa1900d76e69": "Fu\u00dfach", "572fe53104bcaa1900d76e6a": "Diepoldsau", "572fe53104bcaa1900d76e6b": "to counteract the constant flooding and strong sedimentation in the western Rhine Delta", "572fe53104bcaa1900d76e6c": "The Dornbirner Ach", "572fe53104bcaa1900d76e6d": "sediment", "5ad26aa8d7d075001a429320": "Diepoldsau", "5ad26aa8d7d075001a429321": "Diepoldsau", "5ad26aa8d7d075001a429322": "The Dornbirner Ach", "5ad26aa8d7d075001a429323": "to counteract the constant flooding and strong sedimentation", "5ad26aa8d7d075001a429324": "Lake Tuggenersee", "572f58d9a23a5019007fc57d": "three", "572f58d9a23a5019007fc57e": "Seerhein", "572f58d9a23a5019007fc57f": "upper lake", "572f58d9a23a5019007fc580": "lower lake", "572f58d9a23a5019007fc581": "Swiss-Austrian border", "572fe60fb2c2fd140056858b": "three", "572fe60fb2c2fd140056858c": "Austria", "572fe60fb2c2fd140056858d": "the Alps", "572fe60fb2c2fd140056858e": "approximately 47\u00b039\u2032N", "572fe60fb2c2fd140056858f": "Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg", "5ad26d27d7d075001a4293c0": "three bodies of water", "5ad26d27d7d075001a4293c1": "Bavaria and Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg", "5ad26d27d7d075001a4293c2": "Swiss-Austrian", "5ad26d27d7d075001a4293c3": "Swiss-Austrian border", "5ad26d27d7d075001a4293c4": "Lake Constance consists of three bodies of water: the Obersee (\"upper lake\"), the Untersee", "572f59b4a23a5019007fc587": "greater density of cold water", "572f59b4a23a5019007fc588": "Upper Lake. But then, at the so-called Rheinbrech", "572f59b4a23a5019007fc589": "Lindau", "572f59b4a23a5019007fc58a": "Lake \u00dcberlingen", "572f59b4a23a5019007fc58b": "along the entire length", "572fe92204bcaa1900d76e95": "Rheinbrech,", "572fe92204bcaa1900d76e96": "Lindau", "572fe92204bcaa1900d76e97": "Lake \u00dcberlingen", "572fe92204bcaa1900d76e98": "Rhine Gutter", "572fe92204bcaa1900d76e99": "water level", "5ad26fafd7d075001a42942c": "Rhine", "5ad26fafd7d075001a42942d": "Rhine Gutter\")", "5ad26fafd7d075001a42942e": "Rhine", "5ad26fafd7d075001a42942f": "Lake \u00dcberlingen.", "5ad26fafd7d075001a429430": "Upper Lake. But then, at the so-called Rheinbrech, the Rhine", "572f609ca23a5019007fc5af": "westward", "572f609ca23a5019007fc5b0": "the river Aare", "572f609ca23a5019007fc5b1": "1,000 m3/s (35,000 cu ft/s)", "572f609ca23a5019007fc5b2": "Finsteraarhorn", "572f609ca23a5019007fc5b3": "Basel", "572fe9b3947a6a140053cde0": "westward", "572fe9b3947a6a140053cde1": "the river Aare", "572fe9b3947a6a140053cde2": "1,000 m3/s (35,000 cu ft/s", "572fe9b3947a6a140053cde3": "Finsteraarhorn", "572fe9b3947a6a140053cde4": "German", "5ad2741ed7d075001a4294d4": "the river Aare.", "5ad2741ed7d075001a4294d5": "1,000 m3/s (35,000 cu ft/s", "5ad2741ed7d075001a4294d6": "The Rhine emerges from Lake Constance", "5ad2741ed7d075001a4294d7": "Lake Constance", "5ad2741ed7d075001a4294d8": "Finsteraarhorn,", "572f60f4947a6a140053c8ea": "Basel", "572f60f4947a6a140053c8eb": "Rhine knee", "572f60f4947a6a140053c8ec": "the Central Bridge", "572f60f4947a6a140053c8ed": "300 km long", "572f60f4947a6a140053c8ee": "up to 40 km", "572fec30947a6a140053cdf2": "Basel", "572fec30947a6a140053cdf3": "Rhine knee", "572fec30947a6a140053cdf4": "North", "572fec30947a6a140053cdf5": "High Rhine", "572fec30947a6a140053cdf6": "the Central Bridge", "5ad275c8d7d075001a429504": "Rhine knee", "5ad275c8d7d075001a429505": "\"Rhine knee\"; this is a major bend, where the overall direction of the Rhine changes from West to North. Here the High Rhine", "5ad275c8d7d075001a429506": "Basel", "5ad275c8d7d075001a429507": "300 km long", "5ad275c8d7d075001a429508": "40 km wide", "572f64ccb2c2fd14005680b7": "19th Century", "572f64ccb2c2fd14005680b8": "increased", "572f64ccb2c2fd14005680b9": "fell significantly", "572f64ccb2c2fd14005680ba": "Grand Canal d'Alsace", "572f64ccb2c2fd14005680bb": "large compensation pools", "572feddda23a5019007fcb5b": "Upper Rhine region", "572feddda23a5019007fcb5c": "19th Century", "572feddda23a5019007fcb5d": "increased", "572feddda23a5019007fcb5e": "fell significantly", "572feddda23a5019007fcb5f": "Grand Canal d'Alsace", "5ad278add7d075001a429572": "19th", "5ad278add7d075001a429573": "Rhine straightening", "5ad278add7d075001a429574": "Rhine straightening program in the 19th Century", "5ad278add7d075001a429575": "19th Century", "5ad278add7d075001a429576": "19th", "572f65e9b2c2fd14005680cb": "The Rhine", "572f65e9b2c2fd14005680cc": "The Rhine is the longest river in Germany. It is here that the Rhine encounters some more of its main tributaries, such as the Neckar", "572f65e9b2c2fd14005680cd": "300 m3/s (11,000 cu ft/s", "572f65e9b2c2fd14005680ce": "the Moselle", "572f65e9b2c2fd14005680cf": "400 m (1,300 ft", "572ff07304bcaa1900d76ef5": "Germany", "572ff07304bcaa1900d76ef6": "Germany", "572ff07304bcaa1900d76ef7": "the Moselle", "572ff07304bcaa1900d76ef8": "Dutch border", "572ff07304bcaa1900d76ef9": "2,290 m3/s (81,000 cu ft/s", "5ad27abcd7d075001a42962a": "The Rhine is the longest river in Germany", "5ad27abcd7d075001a42962b": "300 m3/s", "5ad27abcd7d075001a42962c": "400", "5ad27abcd7d075001a42962d": "2,290 m3/s", "5ad27abcd7d075001a42962e": "400 m (1,300 ft)", "572f6a0ba23a5019007fc5eb": "the Middle Rhine", "572f6a0ba23a5019007fc5ec": "Rhine Gorge", "572f6a0ba23a5019007fc5ed": "erosion", "572f6a0ba23a5019007fc5ee": "the Romantic Rhine", "572ff12e04bcaa1900d76eff": "the Middle Rhine", "572ff12e04bcaa1900d76f00": "the Rhine Gorge", "572ff12e04bcaa1900d76f02": "many castles and vineyards", "572ff12e04bcaa1900d76f03": "the Romantic Rhine", "5ad27d5dd7d075001a4296bc": "2002)", "5ad27d5dd7d075001a4296bd": "2002", "5ad27d5dd7d075001a4296be": "Rhine Gorge,", "5ad27d5dd7d075001a4296bf": "Rhine", "5ad27d5dd7d075001a4296c0": "the Middle Rhine flows through the Rhine Gorge", "572f6c85947a6a140053c940": "industry", "572f6c85947a6a140053c941": "along the Lower Rhine", "572f6c85947a6a140053c942": "Duisburg", "572f6c85947a6a140053c943": "The Ruhr", "572f6c85947a6a140053c944": "drinking water", "572ff293947a6a140053ce52": "major source of water pollution", "572ff293947a6a140053ce53": "Lower Rhine", "572ff293947a6a140053ce54": "Switzerland", "572ff293947a6a140053ce55": "Duisburg", "572ff293947a6a140053ce56": "The Ruhr", "5ad27f33d7d075001a429752": "industry was a major source of water pollution", "5ad27f33d7d075001a429753": "along the Lower Rhine", "5ad27f33d7d075001a429754": "Duisburg is the home of Europe's largest inland port", "5ad27f33d7d075001a429755": "The Ruhr", "5ad27f33d7d075001a429756": "the Emscher", "572f6ec7a23a5019007fc621": "tourism", "572f6ec7a23a5019007fc622": "R\u00fcdesheim am Rhein", "572f6ec7a23a5019007fc623": "Lorelei.", "572f6ec7a23a5019007fc624": "the Middle Rhine Valley", "572ff35f947a6a140053ce66": "tourism", "572ff35f947a6a140053ce67": "UNESCO World Heritage Site", "572ff35f947a6a140053ce68": "R\u00fcdesheim am Rhein", "572ff35f947a6a140053ce69": "Lorelei", "572ff35f947a6a140053ce6a": "Near Sankt Goarshausen", "5ad28098d7d075001a4297b8": "viniculture and tourism.", "5ad28098d7d075001a4297b9": "The Rhine Gorge between R\u00fcdesheim am Rhein and Koblenz", "5ad28098d7d075001a4297ba": "The Rhine Gorge between R\u00fcdesheim am Rhein and Koblenz", "5ad28098d7d075001a4297bb": "Lorelei.", "5ad28098d7d075001a4297bc": "narrow river banks", "572f7588947a6a140053c984": "Duisburg", "572f7588947a6a140053c985": "second east-west shipping route", "572f7588947a6a140053c986": "the Lippe", "572f7588947a6a140053c987": "Emmerich Rhine Bridge", "572f7588947a6a140053c988": "400 m", "572ff430a23a5019007fcba9": "Lower Rhine", "572ff430a23a5019007fcbaa": "Rhine-Ruhr region", "572ff430a23a5019007fcbab": "Duisport", "572ff430a23a5019007fcbac": "Emmerich Rhine Bridge", "572ff430a23a5019007fcbad": "400 m", "5ad28253d7d075001a429832": "North Rhine-Westphalia.", "5ad28253d7d075001a429833": "The Lower Rhine flows through North Rhine-Westphalia", "5ad28253d7d075001a429834": "Duisburg", "5ad28253d7d075001a429835": "Emmerich Rhine Bridge,", "5ad28253d7d075001a429836": "400", "572f76d1b2c2fd1400568153": "Rijn", "572f76d1b2c2fd1400568154": "the Meuse", "572f76d1b2c2fd1400568155": "Two thirds", "572ff4ca04bcaa1900d76f24": "west", "572ff4ca04bcaa1900d76f25": "the North Sea", "572ff4ca04bcaa1900d76f26": "the Meuse", "572ff4ca04bcaa1900d76f27": "Oude Maas branches off, near Dordrecht, farther down rejoining the Nieuwe Maas to form Het Scheur", "5ad2852ad7d075001a429892": "Two thirds", "5ad2852ad7d075001a429893": "farther west", "5ad2852ad7d075001a429894": "North Sea", "5ad2852ad7d075001a429895": "Oude Maas branches off, near Dordrecht, farther down rejoining the Nieuwe Maas", "572f7b33947a6a140053c9a2": "Pannerdens Kanaal and redistributes in the IJssel and Nederrijn", "572f7b33947a6a140053c9a3": "Nederrijn", "572f7b33947a6a140053c9a4": "Lek", "572f7b33947a6a140053c9a5": "Noord River", "572ff56304bcaa1900d76f2d": "Pannerdens Kanaal", "572ff56304bcaa1900d76f2e": "Nederrijn", "572ff56304bcaa1900d76f2f": "one ninth", "572ff56304bcaa1900d76f30": "Lek", "572ff56304bcaa1900d76f31": "Wijk bij Duurstede", "5ad286b4d7d075001a4298f6": "third", "5ad286b4d7d075001a4298f7": "Nieuwe Maas", "5ad286b4d7d075001a4298f8": "Wijk bij Duurstede", "5ad286b4d7d075001a4298f9": "two ninths", "5ad286b4d7d075001a4298fa": "Nederrijn", "572ff5fcb2c2fd1400568657": "Rijn", "572ff5fcb2c2fd1400568658": "draining the surrounding land and polders", "572ff5fcb2c2fd1400568659": "Kromme Rijn", "572ff5fcb2c2fd140056865a": "Kromme Rijn (\"Bent Rhine", "572ff5fcb2c2fd140056865b": "Oude Rijn", "5ad28861d7d075001a42993e": "Rijn, from here on, is used only for smaller streams", "5ad28861d7d075001a42993f": "smaller streams farther to the north", "5ad28861d7d075001a429940": "Kromme Rijn", "5ad28861d7d075001a429941": "Channel River, the course of which now lies below the English Channel.", "5ad28861d7d075001a429942": "ice ages,", "572ff673b2c2fd1400568669": "Rhine-Meuse Delta", "572ff673b2c2fd140056866a": "near Millingen aan de Rijn", "572ff673b2c2fd140056866b": "Rhine Delta", "5ad28a54d7d075001a4299a6": "Rhine-Meuse Delta,", "5ad28a54d7d075001a4299a7": "The Rhine-Meuse Delta,", "5ad28a54d7d075001a4299a8": "Rhine", "5ad28a54d7d075001a4299a9": "Rhine-Meuse delta, or even Rhine\u2013Meuse\u2013Scheldt delta", "5ad28a54d7d075001a4299aa": "Scheldt", "572ff7ab04bcaa1900d76f51": "Nederrijn", "572ff7ab04bcaa1900d76f52": "three", "572ff7ab04bcaa1900d76f53": "Waal", "572ff7ab04bcaa1900d76f54": "the Rip", "572ff7ab04bcaa1900d76f55": "Old Meuse", "5ad28c93d7d075001a429a0e": "Lake IJsselmeer", "5ad28c93d7d075001a429a0f": "Nieuwe Merwede", "5ad28c93d7d075001a429a10": "IJssel until it flows into Lake IJsselmeer", "5ad28c93d7d075001a429a11": "three", "572ff83ab2c2fd1400568681": "St. Elizabeth's flood", "572ff83ab2c2fd1400568682": "1421", "572ff83ab2c2fd1400568683": "just south of today's line Merwede-Oude Maas to the North Sea", "572ff83ab2c2fd1400568684": "an archipelago-like estuary", "572ff83ab2c2fd1400568685": "From 1421 to 1904", "5ad28ea7d7d075001a429a50": "1421", "5ad28ea7d7d075001a429a51": "1421)", "5ad28ea7d7d075001a429a52": "1421", "5ad28ea7d7d075001a429a53": "Amer", "5ad28ea7d7d075001a429a54": "14", "572ff890a23a5019007fcbcd": "dammed", "572ff890a23a5019007fcbce": "drainage channels", "572ff890a23a5019007fcbcf": "The construction of Delta Works", "572ff890a23a5019007fcbd0": "second half of the 20th Century", "5ad2909bd7d075001a429a9e": "the delta's main arms", "5ad2909bd7d075001a429a9f": "The construction of Delta Works changed the Delta", "5ad2909bd7d075001a429aa0": "20th", "5ad2909bd7d075001a429aa1": "Rhine water runs into the sea", "572ff935b2c2fd140056869b": "tidal delta", "572ff935b2c2fd140056869c": "tidal currents.", "572ff935b2c2fd140056869d": "strong tidal currents could tear huge areas of land into the sea", "572ff935b2c2fd140056869e": "Zaltbommel", "5ad292f0d7d075001a429ad4": "Rhine-Meuse Delta is a tidal delta", "5ad292f0d7d075001a429ad5": "Brakel and Zaltbommel", "5ad292f0d7d075001a429ad6": "tear huge areas of land", "5ad292f0d7d075001a429ad7": "sedimentation of the rivers", "572ffa79a23a5019007fcbe9": "Tethys sea", "572ffa79a23a5019007fcbea": "Triassic Period of the Mesozoic Era", "572ffa79a23a5019007fcbeb": "Jurassic Period", "572ffa79a23a5019007fcbec": "Mediterranean geography", "572ffa79a23a5019007fcbed": "Iberia", "5ad295d4d7d075001a429afa": "Triassic Period", "5ad295d4d7d075001a429afb": "Triassic Period of the Mesozoic Era", "5ad295d4d7d075001a429afc": "180 MBP, in the Jurassic", "5ad295d4d7d075001a429afd": "Jurassic Period,", "5ad295d4d7d075001a429afe": "240 MBP and 220 MBP (million years before present", "572ffb02b2c2fd14005686b7": "N\u2013S rift system", "572ffb02b2c2fd14005686b8": "Upper Rhine Graben", "572ffb02b2c2fd14005686b9": "Miocene", "572ffb02b2c2fd14005686ba": "the Rhone and Danube drained the northern flanks of the Alps.", "5ad297dbd7d075001a429b2a": "the watersheds of the Rhone", "5ad297dbd7d075001a429b2b": "Upper Rhine Graben, in southwest Germany and eastern France and the Lower Rhine", "5ad297dbd7d075001a429b2c": "a N\u2013S rift system to develop in this zone", "5ad297dbd7d075001a429b2d": "Eocene onwards", "572ffc0f947a6a140053cef0": "Through stream capture", "572ffc0f947a6a140053cef1": "Pliocene period", "572ffc0f947a6a140053cef2": "down to the Vosges Mountains", "5ad2990cd7d075001a429b5e": "stream capture, the Rhine extended its watershed southward. By the Pliocene period, the Rhine had captured streams", "5ad2990cd7d075001a429b5f": "Pliocene period", "5ad2990cd7d075001a429b60": "the Rhone.", "5ad2990cd7d075001a429b61": "the Meuse", "5ad2990cd7d075001a429b62": "Vosges", "572ffce5a23a5019007fcc15": "Ice Ages", "572ffce5a23a5019007fcc16": "six", "572ffce5a23a5019007fcc17": "120 m (390 ft", "572ffce5a23a5019007fcc18": "northwest", "572ffce5a23a5019007fcc19": "Brest, France", "5ad29b43d7d075001a429bca": "2.5 million years ago", "5ad29b43d7d075001a429bcb": "120 m", "5ad29b43d7d075001a429bcc": "Early Pleistocene", "5ad29b43d7d075001a429bcd": "France", "572ffd75b2c2fd14005686e5": "~74,000", "572ffd75b2c2fd14005686e6": "~11,600 BP", "572ffd75b2c2fd14005686e7": "west", "572ffd75b2c2fd14005686e8": "120 m", "572ffd75b2c2fd14005686e9": "English Channel, the Irish Channel and most of the North Sea were dry land", "5ad29d35d7d075001a429c12": "~74,000", "5ad29d35d7d075001a429c13": "70,000 BP", "5ad29d35d7d075001a429c14": "the lower Rhine flowed roughly west through the Netherlands and extended to the southwest, through the English Channel and finally, to the Atlantic Ocean", "5ad29d35d7d075001a429c15": "120 m (390 ft)", "5ad29d35d7d075001a429c16": "120 m (390 ft", "572fff45947a6a140053cf26": "a glacier", "572fff45947a6a140053cf27": "A tundra", "572fff45947a6a140053cf28": "22,000\u201314,000 yr BP", "572fff45947a6a140053cf29": "ice-sheets", "572fff45947a6a140053cf2a": "loess", "5ad29f7ed7d075001a429c72": "a glacier", "5ad29f7ed7d075001a429c73": "loess or wind-blown dust over that tundra, settled in and around the Rhine Valley", "5ad29f7ed7d075001a429c74": "22,000\u201314,000 yr BP", "5ad29f7ed7d075001a429c75": "22,000\u201314,000 yr BP", "572fffb404bcaa1900d76fef": "22,000 years ago", "572fffb404bcaa1900d76ff0": "thaw", "572fffb404bcaa1900d76ff1": "the Rhine", "572fffb404bcaa1900d76ff2": "13,000 BP", "572fffb404bcaa1900d76ff3": "9000 BP", "5ad2a15ad7d075001a429cc8": "22,000", "5ad2a15ad7d075001a429cc9": "13,000 BP. By 9000 BP", "5ad2a15ad7d075001a429cca": "alpine glaciers began to thaw and fall-winter snow covers melted in spring. Much of the discharge was routed to the Rhine and its downstream extension", "5ad2a15ad7d075001a429ccb": "Meltwater, adding to the ocean and land subsidence", "573003dd947a6a140053cf42": "7500 yr ago", "573003dd947a6a140053cf43": "Rates of sea-level rise had dropped so far", "573003dd947a6a140053cf44": "7000 years", "573003dd947a6a140053cf45": "tectonic subsidence", "573003dd947a6a140053cf46": "1\u20133 cm (0.39\u20131.18 in) per century", "5ad2a3b3d7d075001a429d5a": "7500 y", "5ad2a3b3d7d075001a429d5b": "1\u20133 cm", "5ad2a3b3d7d075001a429d5c": "3000 years", "5ad2a3b3d7d075001a429d5d": "39 inches in last 3000 years).", "5ad2a3b3d7d075001a429d5e": "7500 yr ago", "5730042804bcaa1900d77011": "~11,700 years ago", "5730042804bcaa1900d77012": "Late-Glacial valley", "5730042804bcaa1900d77013": "the Netherlands,", "5730042804bcaa1900d77014": "~8,000 years ago", "5ad2a58bd7d075001a429dcc": "~8,000", "5ad2a58bd7d075001a429dcd": "~11", "5ad2a58bd7d075001a429dce": "~8,000 years ago", "5ad2a58bd7d075001a429dcf": "~8,000 years ago", "57300580b2c2fd140056874d": "~3000 yr BP", "57300580b2c2fd140056874e": "sediment load", "57300580b2c2fd140056874f": "flooding", "57300580b2c2fd1400568750": "80", "57300580b2c2fd1400568751": "11\u201313th century AD", "5ad2a71ad7d075001a429e02": "~3000 yr BP", "5ad2a71ad7d075001a429e03": "6000 years", "5ad2a71ad7d075001a429e04": "upland areas (central Germany", "5ad2a71ad7d075001a429e05": "6000 years", "5ad2a71ad7d075001a429e06": "11\u201313th century", "5730069004bcaa1900d7702d": "the North Sea", "5730069004bcaa1900d7702e": "the North Sea", "5730069004bcaa1900d7702f": "to the north and enters the IJsselmeer", "5730069004bcaa1900d77030": "a freshwater lake", "5730069004bcaa1900d77031": "three", "5ad2a901d7d075001a429e28": "Meuse estuary, near Rotterdam", "5ad2a901d7d075001a429e29": "1932", "5ad2a901d7d075001a429e2a": "1709, by river engineering works, including the digging of the Pannerdens canal and since the 20th century", "5ad2a901d7d075001a429e2b": "three", "5ad2a901d7d075001a429e2c": "20th", "57300761947a6a140053cf9a": "1st century BC in Roman-era geography", "57300761947a6a140053cf9b": "Germania", "57300761947a6a140053cf9c": "6th century BC", "57300761947a6a140053cf9d": "Herodotus and first enters the historical period in the 1st century BC", "5ad2afe2d7d075001a429f1a": "1st century BC in Roman-era geography", "5ad2afe2d7d075001a429f1b": "Gaul and Germania.", "5ad2afe2d7d075001a429f1c": "6th century BC, and by the 1st century BC", "5ad2afe2d7d075001a429f1d": "8.727", "573007fab2c2fd140056876b": "AD 14", "573007fab2c2fd140056876c": "upper Danube", "573007fab2c2fd140056876d": "the empire fell", "573007fab2c2fd140056876e": "between the modern Baden and W\u00fcrttemberg.", "573007fab2c2fd140056876f": "eastwards", "5ad2b1e1d7d075001a429f68": "AD 14 until after AD 70,", "5ad2b1e1d7d075001a429f69": "Frankfurt", "5ad2b1e1d7d075001a429f6a": "AD 14 until after AD 70", "5ad2b1e1d7d075001a429f6b": "after AD", "5ad2b1e1d7d075001a429f6c": "Germanic populations of these lands seem in Roman times to have been scanty, and Roman subjects from the modern Alsace-Lorraine", "57300888b2c2fd1400568775": "eight", "57300888b2c2fd1400568776": "whether a state or threat of war", "57300888b2c2fd1400568777": "army of Germania Inferior", "57300888b2c2fd1400568778": "oppidum Ubiorum", "57300888b2c2fd1400568779": "town of the Ubii", "5ad2b3bcd7d075001a429fa4": "14", "5ad2b3bcd7d075001a429fa5": "AD 14", "5ad2b3bcd7d075001a429fa6": "two", "5ad2b3bcd7d075001a429fa7": "XXI, possibly a Galatian legion", "5ad2b3bcd7d075001a429fa8": "XX Valeria", "57300911947a6a140053cfb6": "the Migration period, by the 5th century", "57300911947a6a140053cfb7": "the kingdoms of Francia on the Lower Rhine, Burgundy on the Upper Rhine and Alemannia on the High Rhine", "57300911947a6a140053cfb8": "dragons rock", "57300911947a6a140053cfb9": "Siegfried", "57300911947a6a140053cfba": "Hagen", "5ad2b5ddd7d075001a429ff2": "5", "5ad2b5ddd7d075001a429ff3": "Kriemhild's golden treasure,", "5ad2b5ddd7d075001a429ff4": "dragons", "5ad2b5ddd7d075001a429ff5": "Drachenfels (Siebengebirge) (\"dragons rock\"), near Bonn", "5ad2b5ddd7d075001a429ff6": "Hagen", "573009a004bcaa1900d7704f": "6th century", "573009a004bcaa1900d77050": "10th century", "573009a004bcaa1900d77051": "Lower Lorraine", "573009a004bcaa1900d77052": "Archduke Sigismund of Austria", "573009a004bcaa1900d77053": "1469", "5ad2b72fd7d075001a42a022": "6th century", "5ad2b72fd7d075001a42a023": "9th, it formed part of the border between Middle and Western Francia, but in the 10th century", "5ad2b72fd7d075001a42a024": "15th century", "5ad2b72fd7d075001a42a025": "1469 and eventually fell to France in the Thirty Years' War.", "5ad2b72fd7d075001a42a026": "the Thirty Years' War.", "57300a25a23a5019007fcc97": "Peace of Westphalia", "57300a25a23a5019007fcc98": "Establishing \"natural borders\"", "57300a25a23a5019007fcc99": "Napoleon", "57300a25a23a5019007fcc9a": "1806 and lasted until 1814", "57300a25a23a5019007fcc9b": "1840", "5ad2b882d7d075001a42a040": "Peace of Westphalia,", "5ad2b882d7d075001a42a041": "natural borders\"", "5ad2b882d7d075001a42a042": "1806 and lasted until 1814, during which time it served as a significant source of resources and military manpower for the First French Empire. In 1840", "5ad2b882d7d075001a42a043": "1814", "5ad2b882d7d075001a42a044": "1814", "57300a9a04bcaa1900d77063": "end of World War I", "57300a9a04bcaa1900d77064": "1930", "57300a9a04bcaa1900d77065": "the German army", "57300a9a04bcaa1900d77066": "Adolf Hitler's rise to power", "57300a9a04bcaa1900d77067": "1936", "5ad2ba09d7d075001a42a064": "end of World War I, the Rhineland was subject to the Treaty of Versailles", "5ad2ba09d7d075001a42a065": "1936", "5ad2ba09d7d075001a42a066": "1936", "5ad2ba09d7d075001a42a067": "1936,", "57300bf504bcaa1900d77087": "Arnhem", "57300bf504bcaa1900d77088": "formidable natural obstacle", "57300bf504bcaa1900d77089": "September 1944", "57300bf504bcaa1900d7708a": "Ludendorff Bridge", "57300bf504bcaa1900d7708b": "Seven Days to the River Rhine", "5ad2bb5fd7d075001a42a080": "World War II", "5ad2bb5fd7d075001a42a081": "1944.", "5ad2bb5fd7d075001a42a082": "the Cold War", "5ad2bb5fd7d075001a42a083": "Seven Days", "5ad2bb5fd7d075001a42a084": "Seven Days to the River Rhine", "57300c67947a6a140053cff0": "1,230 kilometres (764 miles). In 1932 the German encyclopedia Knaurs Lexikon stated the length as 1,320 kilometres", "57300c67947a6a140053cff1": "Knaurs Lexikon", "57300c67947a6a140053cff2": "1,320 kilometres (820 miles)", "57300c67947a6a140053cff3": "typographical error", "57300c68947a6a140053cff4": "2010", "5ad2bcdfd7d075001a42a0ae": "1932", "5ad2bcdfd7d075001a42a0af": "2010", "5ad2bcdfd7d075001a42a0b0": "2010,", "5ad2bcdfd7d075001a42a0b1": "1932", "5ad2bcdfd7d075001a42a0b2": "764", "572fac17947a6a140053cb54": "1998", "572fac17947a6a140053cb55": "Scotland Act 1998", "572fac17947a6a140053cb56": "the areas in which it can make laws", "572fac17947a6a140053cb57": "Parliament of the United Kingdom", "572fac17947a6a140053cb58": "Westminster", "5ad0213377cf76001a686b0c": "the Scotland Act 1998,", "5ad0213377cf76001a686b0d": "1997", "5ad0213377cf76001a686b0e": "Westminster.", "5ad0213377cf76001a686b0f": "Westminster.", "5ad0213377cf76001a686b10": "The first meeting of the new Parliament took place on 12 May 1999.", "572facb0a23a5019007fc863": "lack of a Parliament of Scotland", "572facb0a23a5019007fc864": "three", "572facb0a23a5019007fc865": "the outbreak of the First World War", "572facb0a23a5019007fc866": "late 1960s", "572facb0a23a5019007fc867": "a directly elected Scottish Assembly", "5ad0225377cf76001a686b3e": "Parliament", "5ad0225377cf76001a686b3f": "Suggestions for a 'devolved' Parliament were made before 1914", "5ad0225377cf76001a686b40": "demands for some form of home rule or complete independence,", "5ad0225377cf76001a686b41": "to examine ways of enabling more self-government for Scotland, within the unitary state of the United Kingdom", "5ad0225377cf76001a686b42": "1973", "572fad30a23a5019007fc86d": "North Sea", "572fad30a23a5019007fc86e": "\"It's Scotland's oil", "572fad30a23a5019007fc86f": "The party argued that the revenues from the oil were not benefitting Scotland as much as they should", "572fad30a23a5019007fc870": "1974", "572fad30a23a5019007fc871": "1978", "5ad0247477cf76001a686b90": "rising support for Scottish independence", "5ad0247477cf76001a686b91": "devolved legislature in 1974. However, it was not until 1978", "5ad0247477cf76001a686b92": "1978 that final legislative proposals for a Scottish Assembly were passed by the United Kingdom Parliament.", "5ad0247477cf76001a686b93": "oil in the North Sea", "572fadcbb2c2fd1400568329": "Edinburgh", "572fadcbb2c2fd140056832a": "40%", "572fadcbb2c2fd140056832b": "failed", "572fadcbb2c2fd140056832c": "51.6%", "572fadcbb2c2fd140056832d": "32.9%", "5ad025df77cf76001a686ba2": "32.9%", "5ad025df77cf76001a686ba3": "an elected assembly would be set up in Edinburgh", "5ad025df77cf76001a686ba4": "1979", "5ad025df77cf76001a686ba5": "32.9% of the eligible voting population did not, or had been unable to, vote.", "572fae4b04bcaa1900d76bdf": "a Scottish Parliament", "572fae4b04bcaa1900d76be0": "the Conservative Party", "572fae4b04bcaa1900d76be1": "1989", "572fae4b04bcaa1900d76be2": "Scottish Constitutional Convention", "5ad026a777cf76001a686bc8": "1980s and 1990s,", "5ad026a777cf76001a686bc9": "the Parliament.", "5ad026a777cf76001a686bca": "pressure group,", "5ad026a777cf76001a686bcb": "1989 Scottish Constitutional Convention with various organisations such as Scottish churches, political parties and representatives of industry taking part. Publishing its blueprint for devolution", "572faec7b2c2fd1400568333": "a new Scottish Parliament Building", "572faec7b2c2fd1400568334": "Enric Miralles", "572faec7b2c2fd1400568335": "Spanish", "572faec7b2c2fd1400568336": "leaf-shaped", "572faec7b2c2fd1400568337": "Queen Elizabeth II", "5ad0278077cf76001a686be4": "Scottish Parliament Building", "5ad0278077cf76001a686be5": "Scottish Parliament building", "5ad0278077cf76001a686be6": "Garden Lobby,", "5ad0278077cf76001a686be7": "9 October 2004.", "5ad0278077cf76001a686be8": "Scottish Parliament Building, in the Holyrood area of Edinburgh. The Scottish Parliament building", "572faf74b2c2fd1400568347": "the General Assembly Hall of the Church of Scotland on the Royal Mile in Edinburgh", "572faf74b2c2fd1400568348": "in the courtyard adjoining the Assembly Hall", "572faf74b2c2fd1400568349": "the meeting of the Church's General Assembly", "572faf74b2c2fd140056834a": "the former Strathclyde Regional Council debating chamber in Glasgow", "572faf74b2c2fd140056834b": "University of Aberdeen", "5ad0285977cf76001a686c0c": "the Royal Mile", "5ad0285977cf76001a686c0d": "Official photographs and television interviews", "5ad0285977cf76001a686c0e": "General Assembly Hall of the Church of Scotland on the Royal Mile in Edinburgh. Official photographs and television interviews were held in the courtyard adjoining the Assembly Hall", "5ad0285977cf76001a686c0f": "the University of Aberdeen in May 2002", "572fb059947a6a140053cb80": "City of Edinburgh Council", "572fb059947a6a140053cb81": "Lothian Regional Council on George IV Bridge", "572fb059947a6a140053cb82": "demolished", "572fb059947a6a140053cb83": "Parliament Square, High Street and George IV Bridge", "572fb059947a6a140053cb84": "the main hall", "5ad0291f77cf76001a686c28": "the MSP's offices", "5ad0291f77cf76001a686c29": "The former administrative building of Lothian Regional Council on George IV Bridge", "5ad0291f77cf76001a686c2a": "Midlothian County Buildings facing Parliament Square, High Street and George IV Bridge in Edinburgh", "5ad0291f77cf76001a686c2b": "Parliament's visitors' centre and shop, whilst the main hall was used as the Parliament", "572fb42904bcaa1900d76c15": "one MSP to serve as Presiding Officer, the equivalent of the speaker (currently Tricia Marwick", "572fb42904bcaa1900d76c16": "Tricia Marwick", "572fb42904bcaa1900d76c17": "secret ballot of the 129 MSPs, which is the only secret ballot", "572fb42904bcaa1900d76c18": "129", "572fb42904bcaa1900d76c19": "A vote clerk", "5ad02a9777cf76001a686c5e": "deputies", "5ad02a9777cf76001a686c5f": "The Presiding Officer and deputies are elected by a secret ballot of the 129 MSPs", "5ad02a9777cf76001a686c60": "vote clerk sits in front of the Presiding Officer and operates the electronic voting equipment and chamber clocks.", "5ad02a9777cf76001a686c61": "Tricia Marwick", "5ad02a9777cf76001a686c62": "Elaine Smith and John Scott", "572fbb04a23a5019007fc8f7": "the Presiding Officer", "572fbb04a23a5019007fc8f8": "the Parliamentary Bureau", "572fbb04a23a5019007fc8f9": "five or more seats in the Parliament", "572fbb04a23a5019007fc8fa": "The Presiding Officer", "5ad02bef77cf76001a686ca2": "the Parliamentary Bureau", "5ad02bef77cf76001a686ca3": "Presiding Officer is responsible", "5ad02bef77cf76001a686ca4": "one representative from each political parties with five or more seats in the Parliament", "5ad02bef77cf76001a686ca5": "the Presiding Officer", "572fbea404bcaa1900d76c5b": "a hemicycle", "572fbea404bcaa1900d76c5c": "to encourage consensus amongst elected members", "572fbea404bcaa1900d76c5d": "131 seats in the debating chamber. Of the total 131", "572fbea404bcaa1900d76c5e": "2", "572fbea404bcaa1900d76c5f": "vote", "5ad02cfc77cf76001a686ce2": "Scottish Parliament", "5ad02cfc77cf76001a686ce3": "The debating chamber", "5ad02cfc77cf76001a686ce4": "The debating chamber of the Scottish Parliament", "5ad02cfc77cf76001a686ce5": "Law officers sit in the front row", "5ad02cfc77cf76001a686ce6": "the semicircle, with opposing parties on either side", "572fbf21a23a5019007fc937": "silver and inlaid with gold", "572fbf21a23a5019007fc938": "Scottish rivers", "572fbf21a23a5019007fc939": "Wisdom, Compassion, Justice and Integrity", "572fbf21a23a5019007fc93a": "the Queen", "572fbf21a23a5019007fc93b": "a glass case suspended from the lid", "5ad02de677cf76001a686d1e": "the parliamentary mace, which is made from silver and inlaid with gold panned from Scottish rivers", "5ad02de677cf76001a686d1f": "mace,", "5ad02de677cf76001a686d20": "the parliamentary mace", "5ad02de677cf76001a686d21": "the lid of the case is rotated so that the mace is above the glass,", "5ad02de677cf76001a686d22": "the parliamentary mace, which is made from silver and inlaid with gold panned from Scottish rivers", "572fbfa504bcaa1900d76c73": "April", "572fbfa504bcaa1900d76c74": "in the debating chamber", "572fbfa504bcaa1900d76c75": "the public", "572fbfa504bcaa1900d76c76": "free", "572fbfa504bcaa1900d76c77": "the Official Report", "5ad02e6777cf76001a686d44": "Parliament typically", "5ad02e6777cf76001a686d45": "June and from early September to mid December", "5ad02e6777cf76001a686d46": "2 pm to 6 pm and on Thursdays from 9:15 am to 6 pm.", "5ad02e6777cf76001a686d47": "Plenary meetings", "5ad02e6777cf76001a686d48": "Plenary meetings", "572fc043a23a5019007fc95d": "Wednesdays", "572fc043a23a5019007fc95e": "up to four minutes", "572fc043a23a5019007fc95f": "religious beliefs", "572fc043a23a5019007fc960": "the Presiding Officer", "572fc043a23a5019007fc961": "nominate speakers", "5ad02f4977cf76001a686d72": "Prayers", "5ad02f4977cf76001a686d73": "Time for Reflection,", "5ad02f4977cf76001a686d74": "Prayers", "5ad02f4977cf76001a686d75": "the Presiding Officer", "572fc41f947a6a140053cc80": "The Presiding Officer (or Deputy Presiding Officer)", "572fc41f947a6a140053cc81": "who speaks in chamber debates and the amount of time for which they are allowed to speak", "572fc41f947a6a140053cc82": "different viewpoints and political parties", "572fc41f947a6a140053cc83": "ministers or party leaders", "572fc41f947a6a140053cc84": "Gaelic", "5ad02fdf77cf76001a686d98": "political parties when selecting members to speak", "5ad02fdf77cf76001a686d99": "ministers or party leaders open debates, with opening speakers given between 5 and 20 minutes, and succeeding speakers allocated less time. The Presiding Officer", "5ad02fdf77cf76001a686d9a": "20 minutes", "5ad02fdf77cf76001a686d9b": "less time.", "5ad02fdf77cf76001a686d9c": "if a large number of members wish to participate in the debate.", "572fc49d04bcaa1900d76ccb": "5 pm", "572fc49d04bcaa1900d76ccc": "\"Decision Time\"", "572fc49d04bcaa1900d76ccd": "vote", "572fc49d04bcaa1900d76cce": "by means of electronic consoles on their desks", "572fc49d04bcaa1900d76ccf": "seconds", "5ad0309377cf76001a686dbe": "all the motions and amendments", "5ad0309377cf76001a686dbf": "Decision Time\"", "5ad0309377cf76001a686dc0": "Decision Time", "5ad0309377cf76001a686dc1": "\"There will be a division\"", "5ad0309377cf76001a686dc2": "each division is known in seconds", "572fc5a1947a6a140053cc8a": "The outcome of most votes", "572fc5a1947a6a140053cc8b": "political parties", "572fc5a1947a6a140053cc8c": "whips", "572fc5a1947a6a140053cc8d": "Errant members can be deselected as official party candidates during future elections, and, in serious cases, may be expelled from their parties outright", "572fc5a1947a6a140053cc8e": "moral", "5ad0313b77cf76001a686dd2": "The outcome of most votes can be predicted beforehand", "5ad0313b77cf76001a686dd3": "MSPs, known as whips,", "5ad0313b77cf76001a686dd4": "Scottish Parliament", "5ad0313b77cf76001a686dd5": "backbench rebellions", "572fc659b2c2fd1400568447": "Immediately after Decision Time", "572fc659b2c2fd1400568448": "45 minutes", "572fc659b2c2fd1400568449": "Such motions are on issues which may be of interest to a particular area", "572fc659b2c2fd140056844a": "other members", "572fc659b2c2fd140056844b": "\"winds up\" the debate", "5ad031cf77cf76001a686dea": "Decision Time a \"Members Debate\" is held,", "5ad031cf77cf76001a686deb": ".", "5ad031cf77cf76001a686dec": "Members Business", "5ad031cf77cf76001a686ded": "Members Business", "572fc6f204bcaa1900d76cf5": "in committee", "572fc6f204bcaa1900d76cf6": "stronger", "572fc6f204bcaa1900d76cf7": "there is no revising chamber", "572fc6f204bcaa1900d76cf8": "The principal role", "572fc6f204bcaa1900d76cf9": "other locations throughout Scotland", "5ad0327377cf76001a686e04": "committee.", "5ad0327377cf76001a686e05": "there is no revising chamber.", "5ad0327377cf76001a686e06": "committee", "5ad0327377cf76001a686e07": "Committees can also meet at other locations throughout Scotland.", "572fc78d04bcaa1900d76d07": "MSPs", "572fc78d04bcaa1900d76d08": "the balance of parties across Parliament", "572fc78d04bcaa1900d76d09": "functions", "572fc78d04bcaa1900d76d0a": "committees", "572fc78d04bcaa1900d76d0b": "fourth Session", "5ad0392577cf76001a686e4e": "balance of parties", "5ad0392577cf76001a686e4f": "Mandatory Committees in the fourth Session of the Scottish Parliament are: Public Audit", "5ad0392577cf76001a686e50": "the Scottish Parliament's standing orders, which govern their remits and proceedings", "5ad0392577cf76001a686e51": "fourth", "572fc80b04bcaa1900d76d11": "at the beginning of each parliamentary session", "572fc80b04bcaa1900d76d12": "one (or more)", "572fc80b04bcaa1900d76d13": "Subject Committees", "572fc80b04bcaa1900d76d14": "Session", "5ad039be77cf76001a686e5e": "Subject Committees", "5ad039be77cf76001a686e5f": "Subject Committees", "5ad039be77cf76001a686e60": "Subject", "5ad039be77cf76001a686e61": "Subject Committees", "572fc8a904bcaa1900d76d1f": "A further type of committee is normally set up", "572fc8a904bcaa1900d76d20": "large-scale development projects", "572fc8a904bcaa1900d76d21": "Scottish Parliament or Scottish Government.", "572fc8a904bcaa1900d76d22": "Private Bill Committees", "5ad03aa977cf76001a686e88": ".", "5ad03aa977cf76001a686e89": "development projects such as infrastructure projects that require the use of land or property", "5ad03aa977cf76001a686e8a": "consider", "5ad03aa977cf76001a686e8b": "Private Bill Committees have been set up to consider legislation on issues such as the development of the Edinburgh", "572fca7eb2c2fd1400568473": "The Scotland Act 1998", "572fca7eb2c2fd1400568474": "Queen Elizabeth II", "572fca7eb2c2fd1400568475": "devolved competencies", "572fca7eb2c2fd1400568476": "Parliament of the United Kingdom at Westminster", "572fca7eb2c2fd1400568477": "Parliament", "5ad03b2777cf76001a686e98": "competencies", "5ad03b2777cf76001a686e99": "Parliament of the United Kingdom and given royal assent by Queen Elizabeth II", "5ad03b2777cf76001a686e9a": "Queen Elizabeth II on 19 November 1998", "5ad03b2777cf76001a686e9b": "primary legislation on these issues.", "5ad03b2777cf76001a686e9c": "Scottish Parliament has the power to pass laws and has limited tax-varying capability. Another of the roles of the Parliament is to hold the Scottish Government", "572fcb6da23a5019007fc9f1": "in Schedule 5 to the Scotland Act as reserved matters. All matters that are not specifically reserved are automatically devolved to the Scottish Parliament", "572fcb6da23a5019007fc9f2": "Scottish Parliament", "572fcb6da23a5019007fc9f3": "Scots law", "572fcb6da23a5019007fc9f4": "up to 3 pence in the pound", "572fcb6da23a5019007fc9f5": "The 2012 Act", "5ad03c2977cf76001a686eb4": "specific devolved matters", "5ad03c2977cf76001a686eb5": ".", "5ad03c2977cf76001a686eb6": "The Scottish Parliament", "5ad03c2977cf76001a686eb7": "borrowing powers and some other unconnected matters such as setting speed limits and control of air guns", "572fcc43b2c2fd140056847d": "Reserved matters", "572fcc43b2c2fd140056847e": "The Scottish Parliament", "572fcc43b2c2fd140056847f": "Westminster", "572fcc43b2c2fd1400568480": "The Scottish Parliament", "5ad03cd377cf76001a686ec4": "outside the legislative competence of the Scotland Parliament.", "5ad03cd377cf76001a686ec5": "The Scottish Parliament is unable to legislate on such issues that are reserved to, and dealt with at, Westminster", "5ad03cd377cf76001a686ec6": "Ministerial functions", "5ad03cd377cf76001a686ec7": "reserved", "572fcd86947a6a140053ccda": "Bills", "572fcd86947a6a140053ccdb": "the Scottish Government", "572fcd86947a6a140053ccdc": "a private member", "572fcd86947a6a140053ccdd": "an outside proposer", "572fcd86947a6a140053ccde": "in a number of stages", "5ad03e5077cf76001a686ed4": "Most draft laws are government bills", "5ad03e5077cf76001a686ed5": "a committee of the Parliament can present a bill", "5ad03e5077cf76001a686ed6": "Scottish Parliament can introduce a bill as a private member", "5ad03e5077cf76001a686ed7": "a member of the Scottish Parliament", "572fce12a23a5019007fca11": "the first, or introductory stage", "572fce13a23a5019007fca12": "accompanying documents \u2013 Explanatory Notes, a Policy Memorandum setting out the policy underlying the bill, and a Financial Memorandum", "572fce13a23a5019007fca13": "whether the bill is within the legislative competence of the Parliament.", "572fce13a23a5019007fca14": "the relevant committee or committees", "572fce13a23a5019007fca15": "Stage 2", "5ad03efa77cf76001a686edc": "Stage 2", "5ad03efa77cf76001a686edd": "Stage 2.", "5ad03efa77cf76001a686ede": "Stage 2", "5ad03efa77cf76001a686edf": "Stage", "572fd1c4947a6a140053cd02": "Stage 3", "572fd1c4947a6a140053cd03": "two parts", "572fd1c4947a6a140053cd04": "a final vote", "572fd1c4947a6a140053cd05": "wrecking amendments\"", "572fd1c4947a6a140053cd06": "Decision Time", "5ad03f8077cf76001a686ee4": "Stage 3 is the final stage of the bill", "5ad03f8077cf76001a686ee5": "Stage 3 is the final stage of the bill", "5ad03f8077cf76001a686ee6": "Decision Time", "5ad03f8077cf76001a686ee7": "progress and take up parliamentary time", "572fd264b2c2fd14005684a9": "the Monarch", "572fd264b2c2fd14005684aa": "refer the bill to the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom for a ruling on whether it is within the powers of the Parliament.", "572fd264b2c2fd14005684ab": "4-week period", "572fd264b2c2fd14005684ac": "the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom", "572fd264b2c2fd14005684ad": "a phrase", "5ad0403c77cf76001a686eec": "Scottish Parliament.", "5ad0403c77cf76001a686eed": "the Presiding Officer submits it to the Monarch for royal assent", "5ad0403c77cf76001a686eee": "Scottish Parliament", "5ad0403c77cf76001a686eef": "conventional enacting formula", "5ad0403c77cf76001a686ef0": "Supreme Court of the United Kingdom for a ruling on whether it is within the powers of the Parliament", "572fd47fa23a5019007fca55": "The party, or parties, that hold the majority of seats in the Parliament", "572fd47fa23a5019007fca56": "First Minister", "572fd47fa23a5019007fca57": "Any member", "572fd47fa23a5019007fca58": "elected MSPs", "572fd47fa23a5019007fca59": "the Sovereign", "5ad040d977cf76001a686ef6": "Scottish Government.", "5ad040d977cf76001a686ef7": "Scottish Ministers who form the government of Scotland", "5ad040d977cf76001a686ef8": "the Lord Advocate and the Solicitor General", "5ad040d977cf76001a686ef9": "the First Minister chooses the ministers", "572fd6aa04bcaa1900d76d9f": "first Thursday in May", "572fd6aa04bcaa1900d76da0": "first Thursday in May", "572fd6aa04bcaa1900d76da1": "the Monarch on the proposal of the Presiding Officer", "572fd6aa04bcaa1900d76da2": "28 days", "572fd6aa04bcaa1900d76da3": "they supplant it", "5ad0415577cf76001a686f04": "the first Thursday in May every four years (1999, 2003, 2007 and so on)", "5ad0415577cf76001a686f05": "The date of the poll may be varied by up to one", "5ad0415577cf76001a686f06": "Presiding Officer.", "5ad0415577cf76001a686f07": "the Monarch on the proposal of the Presiding Officer.", "572fd73e947a6a140053cd32": "Several procedures", "572fd73e947a6a140053cd33": "MSPs", "572fd73e947a6a140053cd34": "a statement to the chamber setting out the Government's legislative programme for the forthcoming year", "572fd73e947a6a140053cd35": "issues related to the substance of the statement", "5ad041c477cf76001a686f0c": ".", "5ad041c477cf76001a686f0d": "statements to Parliament upon which MSPs are invited to question", "5ad041c477cf76001a686f0e": "The First Minister or members of the cabinet", "5ad041c477cf76001a686f0f": "the Scottish Parliament", "572fd7b8947a6a140053cd3a": "Parliamentary time", "572fd7b8947a6a140053cd3b": "Thursday", "572fd7b8947a6a140053cd3c": "any member of the Scottish Government", "572fd7b8947a6a140053cd3d": "issues under their jurisdiction", "572fd7b8947a6a140053cd3e": "four", "5ad0426c77cf76001a686f1c": "\"General Question Time", "5ad0426c77cf76001a686f1d": "2.30pm", "5ad0426c77cf76001a686f1e": "12 p.m. and 12:30 p.m.", "5ad0426c77cf76001a686f1f": "Opposition leaders", "572fd8efb2c2fd14005684f9": "73", "572fd8efb2c2fd14005684fa": "one member to represent the constituency", "572fd8efb2c2fd14005684fb": "2005", "572fd8efb2c2fd14005684fc": "55,000", "572fd8efb2c2fd14005684fd": "due to their dispersed population and distance from the Scottish Parliament in Edinburgh", "5ad0431077cf76001a686f2e": "73 are elected to represent first past the post constituencies and are known as \"Constituency MSPs\"", "5ad0431077cf76001a686f2f": "first past the post constituencies and are known as \"Constituency MSPs\". Voters", "5ad0431077cf76001a686f30": "The island archipelagos of Orkney, Shetland", "5ad0431077cf76001a686f31": "a by-election in his or her constituency", "572fda6fb2c2fd140056850b": "proportionally to the number of votes received in the second vote of the ballot using the d'Hondt method", "572fda6fb2c2fd140056850c": "d'Hondt method", "572fda6fb2c2fd140056850d": "quotient", "572fda6fb2c2fd140056850e": "constituency seats", "572fda6fb2c2fd140056850f": "iteratively", "5ad043a977cf76001a686f36": "The party with the highest quotient is awarded the seat, which is then added to its constituency seats in allocating the second seat.", "5ad043a977cf76001a686f37": "The party with the highest quotient is awarded the seat, which is then added to its constituency seats in allocating the second seat", "5ad043a977cf76001a686f38": "the number of list votes cast for each party is divided by one plus the number of seats the party won", "5ad043a977cf76001a686f39": "d'Hondt", "572fdb17b2c2fd140056851d": "a number of qualifications", "572fdb17b2c2fd140056851e": "1981", "572fdb17b2c2fd140056851f": "18", "572fdb17b2c2fd1400568520": "police and the armed forces", "572fdb17b2c2fd1400568521": "Mental Health (Care and Treatment) (Scotland) Act 2003", "5ad0440a77cf76001a686f48": "House of Commons, a number of qualifications apply to being an MSP", "5ad0440a77cf76001a686f49": "MSP. Such qualifications were introduced under the House of Commons Disqualification Act 1975 and the British Nationality Act 1981", "5ad0440a77cf76001a686f4a": "MSP", "5ad0440a77cf76001a686f4b": "a citizen of a British overseas territory, or a European Union", "572fdbb004bcaa1900d76dd9": "a party has commanded a parliamentary majority", "572fdbb004bcaa1900d76dda": "Labour", "572fdbb004bcaa1900d76ddb": "151 votes", "572fdbb004bcaa1900d76ddc": "eight", "572fdbb004bcaa1900d76ddd": "Scottish independence", "5ad0447f77cf76001a686f50": "16 seats", "5ad0447f77cf76001a686f51": "The SNP took 16 seats from Labour,", "5ad0447f77cf76001a686f52": "151 votes", "5ad0447f77cf76001a686f53": "Liberal Democrats and one seat from the Conservatives.", "572fdc34a23a5019007fca93": "the Conservatives", "572fdc34a23a5019007fca94": "Edinburgh Pentlands", "572fdc34a23a5019007fca95": "five seats", "572fdc34a23a5019007fca96": "Annabel Goldie", "572fdc34a23a5019007fca97": "Cameron", "5ad044f977cf76001a686f60": "the loss of Edinburgh Pentlands", "5ad044f977cf76001a686f61": "Edinburgh Pentlands", "5ad044f977cf76001a686f62": "David McLetchie, to the SNP. McLetchie", "5ad044f977cf76001a686f63": "Annabel Goldie claiming that their support had held firm. Nevertheless, she too announced she would step down as leader of the party. Cameron", "5ad044f977cf76001a686f64": "Cameron congratulated the SNP on their victory", "572fdd03a23a5019007fca9d": "are able to vote on domestic legislation that applies only to England, Wales and Northern Ireland", "572fdd03a23a5019007fca9e": "domestic legislation of the Scottish Parliament", "572fdd03a23a5019007fca9f": "West Lothian question", "572fdd03a23a5019007fcaa0": "Conservative", "572fdd03a23a5019007fcaa1": "England", "5ad0457b77cf76001a686f6a": "the West Lothian", "5ad0457b77cf76001a686f6b": "give MPs representing English constituencies a new \"veto\" over laws only affecting England", "5ad0457b77cf76001a686f6c": "Conservative", "5ad0457b77cf76001a686f6d": "West Lothian question", "572ff626947a6a140053ce8e": "Islamism", "572ff626947a6a140053ce8f": "all spheres of life.\" Islamism favors the reordering of government and society", "572ff626947a6a140053ce90": "reordering of government and society in accordance with the Shari'a", "572ff626947a6a140053ce91": "two poles", "572ff626947a6a140053ce92": "revolution or invasion", "5acfe40a77cf76001a686390": "Islamism", "5acfe40a77cf76001a686391": "all spheres of life.\" Islamism favors the reordering of government and society", "5acfe40a77cf76001a686392": "Shari'a.", "5acfe40a77cf76001a686393": "revolution or invasion; at the other \"reformist\"", "572ff760b2c2fd1400568677": "democratic", "572ff760b2c2fd1400568678": "Palestine", "572ff760b2c2fd1400568679": "abolish the state of Israel", "572ff760b2c2fd140056867a": "democracy", "572ff760b2c2fd140056867b": "religious", "5acfe5ce77cf76001a6863ac": "democratic process include parties like the Tunisian Ennahda Movement. Jamaat-e-Islami of Pakistan is basically a socio-political and democratic", "5acfe5ce77cf76001a6863ad": "Palestine", "5acfe5ce77cf76001a6863ae": "abolish the state of Israel.", "5acfe5ce77cf76001a6863af": "democratic", "5acfe5ce77cf76001a6863b0": "religious", "572ff86004bcaa1900d76f65": "major division", "572ff86004bcaa1900d76f66": "Sunni pan-Islamism", "572ff86004bcaa1900d76f67": "sharia", "572ff86004bcaa1900d76f68": "democracy", "572ff86004bcaa1900d76f69": "to maintain their legitimacy", "5acfe69177cf76001a6863be": "major division within Islamism is between what Graham E. Fuller has described as the fundamentalist \"guardians of the tradition\"", "5acfe69177cf76001a6863bf": "Sunni pan-Islamism underwent a remarkable shift in the second half of the 20th century\"", "5acfe69177cf76001a6863c0": "building of Islamic institutions,\" and rejection of Shia Islam", "5acfe69177cf76001a6863c1": "democracy in much of the Arab Muslim world", "5acfe69177cf76001a6863c2": "their popularity is such that no government can call itself democratic that excludes mainstream Islamist groups.", "572ff932a23a5019007fcbd5": "political", "572ff932a23a5019007fcbd6": "Islam", "572ff932a23a5019007fcbd7": "Islamism is a controversial", "572ff932a23a5019007fcbd8": "illiberal Islamic regimes", "572ff932a23a5019007fcbd9": "religion from politics", "5acfe6eb77cf76001a6863c8": "political role for Islam but also because its supporters believe their views merely reflect Islam, while the contrary idea that Islam is, or can be, apolitical", "5acfe6eb77cf76001a6863c9": "Islam, while the contrary idea that Islam is, or can be, apolitical", "5acfe6eb77cf76001a6863ca": "Islamism", "5acfe6eb77cf76001a6863cb": "illiberal Islamic regimes", "5acfe6eb77cf76001a6863cc": "religion from politics.", "572ffabf04bcaa1900d76f9f": "Islamism", "572ffabf04bcaa1900d76fa0": "Americans", "572ffabf04bcaa1900d76fa1": "a historical fluke of the \"short-lived era of the heyday of secular Arab nationalism between 1945 and 1970", "572ffabf04bcaa1900d76fa2": "between 1945 and 1970", "572ffabf04bcaa1900d76fa3": "quietist/non-political Islam", "5acfe73c77cf76001a6863d2": "not Muslims", "5acfe73c77cf76001a6863d3": "Americans to explain the Iranian Islamic Revolution", "5acfe73c77cf76001a6863d4": "Islamism", "5acfe73c77cf76001a6863d5": "between 1945 and 1970\"", "5acfe73c77cf76001a6863d6": "quietist/non-political Islam,", "572ffbaa947a6a140053cee6": "1970s", "572ffbaa947a6a140053cee7": "dangerous enemies", "572ffbaa947a6a140053cee8": "leftist/communist/nationalist insurgents/opposition", "572ffbaa947a6a140053cee9": "the mujahideen Muslim Afghanistan", "572ffbaab2c2fd14005686cd": "experience, ideology, and weapons", "5acfe78477cf76001a6863e6": "1970s and sometimes later", "5acfe78477cf76001a6863e7": "dangerous enemies.", "5acfe78477cf76001a6863e8": "leftist/communist/nationalist insurgents", "5acfe78477cf76001a6863e9": "mujahideen", "5acfe78477cf76001a6863ea": "experience, ideology, and weapons\"", "572ffc99947a6a140053cef6": "Anwar Sadat", "572ffc99947a6a140053cef7": "peace", "572ffc99947a6a140053cef8": "political support", "572ffc99947a6a140053cef9": "1975", "572ffc99947a6a140053cefa": "released Islamists from prison and welcomed home exiles", "5acfe80877cf76001a6863f0": "Egyptian President Anwar Sadat", "5acfe80877cf76001a6863f1": "peace", "5acfe80877cf76001a6863f2": "political support in his struggle against leftists.", "5acfe80877cf76001a6863f3": "1975 but not before Islamists came to completely dominate university student unions.", "5acfe80877cf76001a6863f4": "released Islamists from prison and welcomed home exiles", "572ffd9e04bcaa1900d76fc7": "strict, conservative Saudi-based Wahhabism", "572ffd9e04bcaa1900d76fc8": "hate them for their religion ... for Allah's sake,\"", "572ffd9e04bcaa1900d76fc9": "wars", "572ffd9e04bcaa1900d76fca": "infidels", "572ffd9e04bcaa1900d76fcb": "Saudi", "5acfe84677cf76001a686404": "Wahhabist", "5acfe84677cf76001a686405": "hate them", "5acfe84677cf76001a686406": "horrible wars of the 20th century", "5acfe84677cf76001a686407": "infidels", "5acfe84677cf76001a686408": "Wahhabism", "572ffe6fb2c2fd14005686ef": "Islamist", "572ffe6fb2c2fd14005686f0": "housing assistance", "572ffe6fb2c2fd14005686f1": "to avoid prohibitively costly dowry demands", "572ffe6fb2c2fd14005686f2": "incompetent, inefficient, or neglectful", "572ffe6fb2c2fd14005686f3": "rhetoric", "5acfe89777cf76001a68640e": "Islamist movements such as the Muslim Brotherhood", "5acfe89777cf76001a68640f": "housing", "5acfe89777cf76001a686410": "prohibitively costly dowry", "5acfe89777cf76001a686411": "incompetent", "5acfe89777cf76001a686412": "rhetoric.", "572ffee1947a6a140053cf14": "law and philosophy", "572ffee1947a6a140053cf15": "All India Muslim League", "572ffee1947a6a140053cf16": "1908", "572ffee1947a6a140053cf17": "Indian National Congress", "572ffee1947a6a140053cf18": "The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam", "5acfe8e777cf76001a686422": "law", "5acfe8e777cf76001a686423": "All India Muslim League.", "5acfe8e777cf76001a686424": "1908", "5acfe8e777cf76001a686425": "Indian nationalist and secularist Indian National Congress", "5acfe8e777cf76001a686426": "The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam.", "572fffb1b2c2fd14005686f9": "secularism and secular nationalism", "572fffb1b2c2fd14005686fa": "crowd out", "572fffb1b2c2fd14005686fb": "nationalist differences", "572fffb1b2c2fd14005686fc": "1930", "572fffb1b2c2fd14005686fd": "the Pakistan movement", "5acfe91c77cf76001a686436": "secularism and secular nationalism weaken the spiritual foundations of Islam and Muslim society, but that India's Hindu-majority population", "5acfe91c77cf76001a686437": "crowd out Muslim", "5acfe91c77cf76001a686438": "nationalist differences.", "5acfe91c77cf76001a686439": "1932", "5acfe91c77cf76001a68643a": "Pakistan", "5730005db2c2fd1400568703": "Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi", "5730005db2c2fd1400568704": "journalism", "5730005db2c2fd1400568705": "1941", "57300137b2c2fd1400568717": "Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi", "57300137b2c2fd1400568718": "journalism", "57300137b2c2fd140056871a": "through his writing", "57300137b2c2fd140056871b": "in a modern context", "5acfe95877cf76001a686440": "Maududi founded the Jamaat-e-Islami party in 1941", "5acfe95877cf76001a686441": "journalism", "5acfe95877cf76001a686442": "1972", "5acfe95877cf76001a686443": "India, and then after independence from Britain, in Pakistan", "5acfe95877cf76001a686444": "modern", "57300200b2c2fd1400568729": "Sharia", "57300200b2c2fd140056872a": "an Islamic state", "57300200b2c2fd140056872b": "unity of God", "57300200b2c2fd140056872c": "Islamic", "57300200b2c2fd140056872d": "da'wah", "5acfe99177cf76001a686454": "Sharia, and Islam required the establishment of an Islamic state", "5acfe99177cf76001a686455": "an Islamic state.", "5acfe99177cf76001a686456": "unity of God", "5acfe99177cf76001a686457": "the Iranian", "5acfe99177cf76001a686458": "da'wah.", "5730035e04bcaa1900d77001": "1928", "5730035e04bcaa1900d77002": "Ismailiyah, Egypt", "5730035e04bcaa1900d77003": "Hassan al Banna", "5730035e04bcaa1900d77004": "the Qur'an", "5730035e04bcaa1900d77005": "imperialist", "5acfe9d477cf76001a68645e": ".", "5acfe9d477cf76001a68645f": "Ismailiyah, Egypt", "5730040f947a6a140053cf4c": "violence", "5730040f947a6a140053cf4d": "1949", "5730040f947a6a140053cf4e": "Mahmud Fami Naqrashi", "5730040f947a6a140053cf4f": "1948", "5730040f947a6a140053cf50": "Gamal Abdul Nasser", "5acfea0677cf76001a686462": "engage in violence against the government, and its founder Al-Banna was assassinated in 1949 in retaliation", "5acfea0677cf76001a686463": "1949 in retaliation for the assassination of Egypt's premier Mahmud Fami Naqrashi three months earlier. The Brotherhood", "5acfea0677cf76001a686464": "Egypt's premier Mahmud", "5acfea0677cf76001a686465": "1949", "5acfea0677cf76001a686466": "Gamal Abdul Nasser", "573004bf947a6a140053cf56": "one of the most influential movements", "573004bf947a6a140053cf57": "semi-legal\"", "573004bf947a6a140053cf58": "field candidates", "573004bf947a6a140053cf59": "75%", "573004bf947a6a140053cf5a": "Mohamed Morsi", "5acfea4977cf76001a686476": "one of the most influential", "5acfea4977cf76001a686477": "semi-legal\"", "5acfea4977cf76001a686478": "field candidates during elections", "5acfea4977cf76001a686479": "75%", "5acfea4977cf76001a68647a": "Mohamed Morsi, an Islamist democrat of Muslim Brotherhood, was the first democratically elected president of Egypt", "573005b9947a6a140053cf6a": "quick and decisive", "573005b9947a6a140053cf6b": "a pivotal event", "573005b9947a6a140053cf6c": "economic", "573005b9947a6a140053cf6d": "decline", "573005b9947a6a140053cf6e": "different democratic and anti-democratic Islamist movements", "5acfea9277cf76001a68648a": "decisive defeat", "5acfea9277cf76001a68648b": "pivotal event in the Arab Muslim world", "5acfea9277cf76001a68648c": "economic", "5acfea9277cf76001a68648d": "decline in the popularity and credibility", "5acfea9277cf76001a68648e": "popularity", "5730088e947a6a140053cfac": "Ali Shariati", "5730088e947a6a140053cfad": "ideological", "5730088e947a6a140053cfae": "somewhere between", "5730088e947a6a140053cfaf": "Prophet Mohammad", "5730088e947a6a140053cfb0": "conspiracy against Islam", "5acfeae177cf76001a68649e": "Mohammad Iqbal", "5acfeae177cf76001a68649f": "ideologue of the Iranian Revolution", "5acfeae177cf76001a6864a0": "Prophet Mohammad and his successors", "5acfeae177cf76001a6864a1": "conspiracy against Islam by the Western governments.", "57300e2604bcaa1900d770b7": "The Islamic Republic", "57300e2604bcaa1900d770b8": "economic", "57300e2604bcaa1900d770b9": "Shia terrorist groups", "57300e2604bcaa1900d770ba": "2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict", "57300e2604bcaa1900d770bb": "President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad", "5acfeb2577cf76001a6864b0": "The Islamic Republic has also maintained its hold on power in Iran", "5acfeb2577cf76001a6864b1": "US economic sanctions", "5acfeb2577cf76001a6864b2": "Shia terrorist groups", "5acfeb2577cf76001a6864b3": "2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict", "5acfeb2577cf76001a6864b4": "President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's", "57300ec0947a6a140053d004": "the Soviet Union", "57300ec0947a6a140053d005": "an Islamic rebellion", "57300ec0947a6a140053d006": "send aid and sometimes to go themselves to fight for their faith", "57300ec0947a6a140053d007": "marginal", "57300ec0947a6a140053d008": "16,000 to 35,000", "5acfeb5f77cf76001a6864ba": "Soviet Union deployed its 40th Army into Afghanistan", "5acfeb5f77cf76001a6864bb": "Islamic rebellion", "5acfeb5f77cf76001a6864bc": "send aid and sometimes to go themselves to fight for their faith.", "5acfeb5f77cf76001a6864bd": "marginal", "5acfeb5f77cf76001a6864be": "16,000 to 35,000 Muslim volunteers", "57300f8504bcaa1900d770d1": "radicalize the Islamist movement", "57300f8504bcaa1900d770d2": "Saddam Hussein's", "57300f8504bcaa1900d770d3": "Islamist groups that received its aid", "57300f8504bcaa1900d770d4": "Saudi monarchy. Islamists accused the Saudi", "57300f8504bcaa1900d770d5": "the west", "5acfeba077cf76001a6864c4": "radicalize the Islamist movement", "5acfeba077cf76001a6864c5": "Saddam Hussein", "5acfeba077cf76001a6864c6": "Islamist groups that received its aid", "5acfeba077cf76001a6864c7": "Saudi", "5acfeba077cf76001a6864c8": "the west", "573010fab2c2fd14005687d7": "conservative Muslims", "573010fab2c2fd14005687d8": "Saudi Arabia", "573010fab2c2fd14005687d9": "domestic Islamists who attacked it", "573010fab2c2fd14005687da": "Algeria", "573010fab2c2fd14005687db": "Osama bin Laden", "5acfebe477cf76001a6864d6": "conservative Muslims and", "5acfebe477cf76001a6864d7": "the kingdom, and a de facto cooperation with the Palestinian-Israeli peace process developed. Saudi Arabia", "5acfebe477cf76001a6864d8": "domestic Islamists", "5acfebe477cf76001a6864d9": "Algeria and Osama bin Laden's terror attacks climaxing in the 9/11 attack.", "5acfebe477cf76001a6864da": "Osama bin Laden's", "573011de04bcaa1900d770f9": "Qutb's", "573011de04bcaa1900d770fa": "1966", "573011de04bcaa1900d770fb": "Brotherhood", "573011de04bcaa1900d770fc": "Fringe or splinter movements", "573011de04bcaa1900d770fd": "1970s", "5acfec2077cf76001a6864f2": "Qutb's", "5acfec2077cf76001a6864f3": "1960", "5acfec2077cf76001a6864f4": "Brotherhood", "5acfec2077cf76001a6864f5": "Fringe or splinter", "5acfec2077cf76001a6864f6": "the 1970s", "5730126ba23a5019007fcd09": "Egyptian Islamic Jihad organization responsible for the assassination of Anwar Sadat in 1981. Unlike earlier anti-colonial movements the extremist group", "5730126ba23a5019007fcd0a": "1981", "5730126ba23a5019007fcd0b": "\"apostate\" leaders of Muslim states, leaders who held secular leanings or who had introduced or promoted Western/foreign ideas and practices into Islamic societies", "5730126ba23a5019007fcd0c": "apostate", "5730126ba23a5019007fcd0d": "Muhammad Abd al-Salaam Farag", "5acfec5577cf76001a6864fc": "Egyptian Islamic Jihad", "5acfec5577cf76001a6864fd": "Egyptian Islamic Jihad organization responsible for the assassination of Anwar Sadat in 1981.", "5acfec5577cf76001a6864fe": "\"apostate\"", "5acfec5577cf76001a6864ff": "apostate\"", "5acfec5577cf76001a686500": "Muhammad Abd al-Salaam Farag,", "5730131c947a6a140053d052": "violence", "5730131c947a6a140053d053": "al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya", "5730131c947a6a140053d054": "unsuccessful", "5730131c947a6a140053d055": "2003", "5730131c947a6a140053d056": "political figures", "5acfec9277cf76001a686506": "violence", "5acfec9277cf76001a686507": "al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya (Islamic Group)", "5acfec9277cf76001a686508": "unsuccessful,", "5acfec9277cf76001a686509": "2003.", "5acfec9277cf76001a68650a": "political figures, arson of video shops and attempted takeovers of government buildings.", "5730208fa23a5019007fcded": "quiescent", "5730208fa23a5019007fcdee": "HAMAS", "5730208fa23a5019007fcdef": "the destruction of Israel and the establishment of an Islamic state in Palestine.", "5730208fa23a5019007fcdf0": "Palestine", "5730208fa23a5019007fcdf1": "alcohol", "5acfecc577cf76001a686510": "\"quiescent\"", "5acfecc577cf76001a686511": "HAMAS", "5acfecc577cf76001a686512": "calling for the destruction of Israel and the establishment of an Islamic state", "5acfecc577cf76001a686513": "Palestine Intifada in 1987", "5acfecc577cf76001a686514": "alcohol and going about without hijab.", "573020f7b2c2fd14005688f7": "Hamas", "573020f7b2c2fd14005688f8": "542", "573020f7b2c2fd14005688f9": "majority of the seats", "573020f7b2c2fd14005688fa": "2007", "573020f7b2c2fd14005688fb": "driving Israel out of the Gaza Strip", "5acfed0b77cf76001a686524": "Hamas", "5acfed0b77cf76001a686525": "542 people", "5acfed0b77cf76001a686526": "it won the majority of the seats,", "5acfed0b77cf76001a686527": "2006", "5acfed0b77cf76001a686528": "driving Israel out of the Gaza Strip, but criticized for failure to achieve its demands", "57302700a23a5019007fce89": "Islamist regime", "57302700a23a5019007fce8a": "Hassan al-Turabi", "57302700a23a5019007fce8b": "National Islamic Front", "57302700a23a5019007fce8c": "with money from foreign Islamist banking systems", "57302700a23a5019007fce8d": "university and military academy", "5acfed5277cf76001a68652e": "Islamist regime", "5acfed5277cf76001a68652f": "National Islamic Front", "5acfed5277cf76001a686530": "money from foreign Islamist banking systems, especially those linked with Saudi Arabia", "5acfed5277cf76001a686531": "university", "573027d6a23a5019007fce9d": "1985", "573027d6a23a5019007fce9e": "with the help of the military", "573027d6a23a5019007fce9f": "sharia law", "573027d6a23a5019007fcea0": "Osama bin Laden", "573027d6a23a5019007fcea1": "American attack on Iraq in the 1991 Gulf War", "5acfed9477cf76001a686540": "1985", "5acfed9477cf76001a686541": "with the help of the military.", "5acfed9477cf76001a686542": "sharia law, torture", "5acfed9477cf76001a686543": "Osama bin Laden for a time (before 9/11)", "5730285a04bcaa1900d7726d": "Front Islamique de Salut (the Islamic Salvation Front", "5730285a04bcaa1900d7726e": "Algeria", "5730285a04bcaa1900d7726f": "1989", "5730285a04bcaa1900d77270": "staying home", "5730285a04bcaa1900d77271": "a military coup d'\u00e9tat", "5acfedc577cf76001a686548": "Front Islamique de Salut (the Islamic Salvation Front)", "5acfedc577cf76001a686549": "Algeria.", "5acfedc577cf76001a68654a": "1989", "5acfedc577cf76001a68654b": "unemployment among young Algerian men", "5acfedc577cf76001a68654c": "a military coup d'\u00e9tat", "573028fa04bcaa1900d77287": "justice and prosperity", "573028fa04bcaa1900d77288": "vicious and destructive", "573028fa04bcaa1900d77289": "poorest countries on earth", "573028fa04bcaa1900d7728a": "1992", "573028fa04bcaa1900d7728b": "80%", "5acfee0a77cf76001a686552": "justice and prosperity, due to a vicious and destructive civil war between political and tribal warlords, making Afghanistan one of the poorest", "5acfee0a77cf76001a686553": "vicious and destructive civil war", "5acfee0a77cf76001a686554": "poorest", "5acfee0a77cf76001a686555": "1992,", "5acfee0a77cf76001a686556": "80% of Afghanistan", "57302a3aa23a5019007fcecf": "The Taliban", "57302a3aa23a5019007fced0": "Pakistan", "57302a3aa23a5019007fced1": "Islamic fundamentalist or neofundamentalist", "57302a3aa23a5019007fced2": "Sharia", "57302a3aa23a5019007fced3": "Osama bin Laden", "5acfee4777cf76001a68655c": "The Taliban were spawned by the thousands of madrasahs the Deobandi movement", "5acfee4777cf76001a68655d": "Pakistan. The Taliban", "5acfee4777cf76001a68655e": "Islamic fundamentalist or neofundamentalist,", "5acfee4777cf76001a68655f": "Sharia", "5acfee4777cf76001a686560": "Osama bin Laden", "57302ad804bcaa1900d772af": "July 1977", "57302ad804bcaa1900d772b0": "alcohol and nightclubs", "57302ad804bcaa1900d772b1": "Islamism", "57302ad804bcaa1900d772b2": "his means of seizing power", "57302ad804bcaa1900d772b3": "1988", "5acfee8977cf76001a686566": "July 1977,", "5acfee8977cf76001a686567": "banning alcohol and nightclubs within six months", "5acfee8977cf76001a686568": "Islamism, and \"Islamization\" or implementation of Islamic law", "5acfee8977cf76001a686569": "his means of seizing power.", "5acfee8977cf76001a68656a": "July 1977,", "57302bd0b2c2fd14005689db": "a Wahhabi/Salafi jihadist extremist militant group", "57302bd0b2c2fd14005689dc": "Sunni Arabs from Iraq and Syria", "57302bd0b2c2fd14005689dd": "a caliphate", "57302bd0b2c2fd14005689de": "ten million", "57302bd0b2c2fd14005689df": "recognition", "5acfeee177cf76001a686570": "Wahhabi/Salafi jihadist extremist", "5acfeee177cf76001a686571": "Sunni Arabs from Iraq and Syria", "5acfeee177cf76001a686572": "a caliphate, with religious, political and military authority over all Muslims worldwide", "5acfeee177cf76001a686573": "ten million", "5acfeee177cf76001a686574": "it lacks international recognition.", "57302cd004bcaa1900d772d7": "2004", "57302cd004bcaa1900d772d8": "March 2003", "57302cd004bcaa1900d772d9": "March 2011", "57302cd004bcaa1900d772da": "its failure to consult and \"notorious intransigence\")", "57302cd004bcaa1900d772db": "a terrorist", "5acfef1b77cf76001a68657a": "2014", "5acfef1b77cf76001a68657b": "March 2003 invasion of Iraq by Western forces, joined the fight in the Syrian Civil War beginning in March 2011", "5acfef1b77cf76001a68657c": "March 2011, and was expelled from al-Qaeda in early 2014", "5acfef1b77cf76001a68657d": "terrorist", "57302e45947a6a140053d22e": "different view", "57302e45947a6a140053d22f": "7th century,", "57302e45947a6a140053d230": "1924", "57302e45947a6a140053d231": "the true Islamic system", "57302e45947a6a140053d232": "ended the true Islamic system", "5acfef5477cf76001a686582": "the party takes a different view", "5acfef5477cf76001a686583": "1924", "5acfef5477cf76001a686584": "7th", "5acfef5477cf76001a686585": "true Islamic", "5acfef5477cf76001a686586": "ended the true Islamic system, something for which it blames \"the disbelieving", "57302efe04bcaa1900d772f5": "armed", "57302efe04bcaa1900d772f6": "through \"ideological struggle", "57302efe04bcaa1900d772f7": "elites", "57302efe04bcaa1900d772f8": "Egypt", "57302efe04bcaa1900d772f9": "terrorist groups", "5acfef9577cf76001a6865a0": "\"ideological struggle\"", "5acfef9577cf76001a6865a1": "coup.", "5acfef9577cf76001a6865a2": "elites", "5acfef9577cf76001a6865a3": "Egypt", "5acfef9577cf76001a6865a4": "terrorist groups and many jihadi terrorists", "57302faa04bcaa1900d77311": "900,000", "57302faa04bcaa1900d77312": "strong Islamist outlook", "57302faa04bcaa1900d77313": "2007", "57302faa04bcaa1900d77314": "Londonistan", "57302faa04bcaa1900d77315": "incitement to terrorism", "5acfefcc77cf76001a6865aa": "900,000 Muslims", "5acfefcc77cf76001a6865ab": "strong Islamist", "5acfefcc77cf76001a6865ac": "2007", "5acfefcc77cf76001a6865ad": "Londonistan.", "5acfefcc77cf76001a6865ae": "incitement to terrorism which has caused many Islamists to leave the UK to avoid internment.", "57303048947a6a140053d254": "since 2001", "57303048947a6a140053d255": "State Department", "57303048947a6a140053d256": "Christian Whiton", "57303048947a6a140053d257": "Defense Secretary", "57303048947a6a140053d258": "undermining the communist ideology", "5acff00c77cf76001a6865b4": "since 2001.", "5acff00c77cf76001a6865b5": "State Department.", "5acff00c77cf76001a6865b6": "Christian Whiton", "5acff00c77cf76001a6865b7": "Secretary Robert Gates called for establishing something similar to the defunct U.S. Information Agency", "5acff00c77cf76001a6865b8": "undermining the communist ideology during the Cold War", "573060b48ab72b1400f9c4c6": "Latin", "573060b48ab72b1400f9c4c7": "colonization, use of military force", "573060b48ab72b1400f9c4c9": "Japanese) political and economic dominance especially in Asia", "573060b48ab72b1400f9c4ca": "technologies and ideas", "5acff36377cf76001a6865ee": "Latin", "5acff36377cf76001a6865ef": "colonization, use of military force", "5acff36377cf76001a6865f0": "19th", "5acff36377cf76001a6865f1": "Japanese) political and economic dominance especially in Asia", "5acff36377cf76001a6865f2": "technologies and ideas.", "573062662461fd1900a9cdf7": "influence", "573062662461fd1900a9cdf8": "Formal imperialism\"", "573062662461fd1900a9cdfa": "\"othering\"", "573062662461fd1900a9cdfb": "direct", "5acff3b377cf76001a6865f8": "diplomacy or military force.", "5acff3b377cf76001a6865f9": "Formal imperialism\" is defined as \"physical control or full-fledged colonial rule\". \"Informal imperialism", "5acff3b377cf76001a6865fa": "Imperialism is particularly focused on the control that one group, often a state power, has on another group", "5acff3b377cf76001a6865fb": "diplomacy or military force", "5acff3b377cf76001a6865fc": "less direct", "57306797396df919000960ee": "uneven", "57306797396df919000960ef": "informal", "57306797396df919000960f0": "aggressiveness", "57306797396df919000960f1": "formal\" and \"informal", "57306797396df919000960f2": "ownership of private industries", "5acff4b177cf76001a686614": "imperialism", "5acff4b177cf76001a686615": "Informal", "5acff4b177cf76001a686616": "aggressiveness", "5acff4b177cf76001a686617": "Informal", "5acff4b177cf76001a686618": "technological superiority", "573081c2069b531400832133": "distinction of an empire", "573081c2069b531400832134": "world systems theory", "573081c2069b531400832135": "Lenin", "573081c2069b531400832136": "empires due to their political and economic authority over other nations", "573081c2069b531400832137": "overland", "5acff55577cf76001a68661e": "The greatest distinction of an empire is through the amount of land that a nation has conquered and expanded.", "5acff55577cf76001a68661f": "world systems theory.", "5acff55577cf76001a686620": "Lenin suggested that \"imperialism was the highest form of capitalism", "5acff55577cf76001a686621": "empire", "5acff55577cf76001a686622": "sea", "573083dc2461fd1900a9ce6d": "colonialism", "573083dc2461fd1900a9ce6e": "political focus", "573083dc2461fd1900a9ce6f": "ideological", "573083dc2461fd1900a9ce70": "Ottoman", "573083dc2461fd1900a9ce71": "a person or group of people", "5acff5b077cf76001a686628": "colonialism", "5acff5b077cf76001a686629": "one's superiority, domination and influence upon a person or group of people", "5acff5b077cf76001a68662a": "ideological as well as financial reasons, colonialism is simply the development for settlement or commercial intentions", "5acff5b077cf76001a68662b": "Contiguous land empires such as the Russian or Ottoman are generally excluded from discussions of colonialism", "5acff5b077cf76001a68662c": "colonialism", "573085ea8ab72b1400f9c54c": "Imperialism", "573085ea8ab72b1400f9c54d": "taking physical control of another", "573085ea8ab72b1400f9c54e": "by conquering the other state's lands and therefore increasing its own dominance", "573085ea8ab72b1400f9c54f": "the characteristics of the conquering peoples", "573085ea8ab72b1400f9c550": "the exploitation of the valuable assets and supplies of the nation that was conquered", "5acff63377cf76001a68665a": "Imperialism", "5acff63377cf76001a68665b": "taking physical control of another,", "5acff63377cf76001a68665c": "by conquering the other state's lands and therefore increasing its own dominance.", "5acff63377cf76001a68665d": "characteristics of the conquering peoples are inherited by the conquered indigenous populations", "5acff63377cf76001a68665e": "imperialism", "5730876a396df9190009617a": "the defense and justification of empire-building", "5730876a396df9190009617b": "the races of highest 'social efficiency'", "5730876a396df9190009617c": "imperialism", "5730876a396df9190009617d": "Social Darwinism", "5730876a396df9190009617e": "whiteness", "5acff69e77cf76001a686664": "Social Darwinism\" and a theory of races formed a supposedly rational justification for imperialism", "5acff69e77cf76001a686665": "the races of highest 'social efficiency", "5acff69e77cf76001a686666": "imperialism was needed. Halford Mackinder felt that Great Britain needed to be one of the greatest imperialists and therefore justified imperialism", "5acff69e77cf76001a686667": "Social Darwinism", "5acff69e77cf76001a686668": "whiteness", "573088da069b53140083216b": "Germany", "573088da069b53140083216c": "Britain", "573088da069b53140083216d": "Political", "573088da069b53140083216e": "necessary for a state\u2019s survival", "573088da069b53140083216f": "tales of their discoveries", "5acff6ea77cf76001a686680": "Germany", "5acff6ea77cf76001a686681": "Britain", "5acff6ea77cf76001a686682": "Political geographers", "5acff6ea77cf76001a686683": "necessary", "5acff6ea77cf76001a686684": "tales of their discoveries. These societies also served as a space for travellers to share these stories", "57308cf88ab72b1400f9c576": "environmental determinism", "57308cf88ab72b1400f9c577": "temperate zone", "57308cf88ab72b1400f9c578": "Orientalism", "57308cf88ab72b1400f9c579": "uncivilized", "57308cf88ab72b1400f9c57a": "the superior and the norm", "5acff73377cf76001a68668a": "environmental determinism", "5acff73377cf76001a68668b": "temperate", "5acff73377cf76001a68668c": "Orientalism", "5acff73377cf76001a68668d": "uncivilized", "5acff73377cf76001a68668e": "essentialized Orient.", "57308ddc396df919000961a4": "British Empire", "57308ddc396df919000961a5": "Terra nullius", "57308ddc396df919000961a6": "Aboriginal", "57308ddc396df919000961a7": "eighteenth century", "57308ddc396df919000961a8": "empty land", "5ad02ab477cf76001a686c68": "British", "5ad02ab477cf76001a686c69": "Terra nullius (Latin expression which stems from Roman law", "5ad02ab477cf76001a686c6a": "settlers considered it unused by its sparse Aboriginal", "5ad02ab477cf76001a686c6b": "eighteenth century", "5ad02ab477cf76001a686c6c": "empty land", "57308f6b8ab72b1400f9c580": "geography", "57308f6b8ab72b1400f9c581": "irrational and backward", "57308f6b8ab72b1400f9c582": "inferior", "57308f6b8ab72b1400f9c583": "The discourse of Orientalism", "57308f6b8ab72b1400f9c584": "rational and progressive", "5ad02aff77cf76001a686c7c": "imaginative geography", "5ad02aff77cf76001a686c7d": "irrational and backward", "5ad02aff77cf76001a686c7e": "irrational and backward in opposition to the rational and progressive West. Defining the East as a negative vision of itself, as its inferior", "5ad02aff77cf76001a686c7f": "Orientalism", "5ad02aff77cf76001a686c80": "irrational and backward", "5730909d8ab72b1400f9c58a": "the role of nineteenth-century maps", "5730909d8ab72b1400f9c58b": "the use of blank space to denote unknown or unexplored territory", "5730909d8ab72b1400f9c58c": "to denote unknown or unexplored territory", "5730909d8ab72b1400f9c58d": "nineteenth-century cartographic techniques", "5730909d8ab72b1400f9c58e": "French", "5ad02be477cf76001a686c9a": "maps", "5ad02be477cf76001a686c9b": "blank space", "5ad02be477cf76001a686c9c": "nineteenth-century cartographic techniques", "5ad02be477cf76001a686c9d": "French and British power into West Africa", "573092088ab72b1400f9c594": "Genghis Khan", "573092088ab72b1400f9c595": "pre-Columbian era", "573092088ab72b1400f9c596": "Sub-Saharan Africa", "573092088ab72b1400f9c597": "dozens", "573092088ab72b1400f9c598": "Sub-Saharan Africa has also featured dozens of empires that predate the European colonial era, for example the Ethiopian", "5ad02cf577cf76001a686cd8": "Genghis Khan during the Mongol Empire, and of other war-lords.", "5ad02cf577cf76001a686cd9": "pre-Columbian", "5ad02cf577cf76001a686cda": "Saharan Africa has also featured dozens of empires that predate the European colonial era, for example the Ethiopian", "5ad02cf577cf76001a686cdb": "India, and many other empires", "5ad02cf577cf76001a686cdc": "Ethiopian", "573093598ab72b1400f9c5ae": "Cultural imperialism", "573093598ab72b1400f9c5af": "soft power", "573093598ab72b1400f9c5b0": "Dallas", "573093598ab72b1400f9c5b1": "Roman imperialism local elites would be exposed to the benefits and luxuries of Roman", "573093598ab72b1400f9c5b2": "bans on foreign popular culture, control of the internet and unauthorised satellite dishes", "5ad02d3077cf76001a686cf6": "Cultural imperialism", "5ad02d3077cf76001a686cf7": "soft power, such that it changes the moral, cultural and societal worldview of another", "5ad02d3077cf76001a686cf8": "Dallas", "5ad02d3077cf76001a686cf9": "Roman imperialism", "5ad02d3077cf76001a686cfa": "bans on foreign popular culture, control of the internet and unauthorised satellite dishes etc", "57309446396df919000961b8": "around 1700", "57309446396df919000961b9": "colonizing, influencing, and annexing other parts of the world", "57309446396df919000961ba": "thousands of years", "57309446396df919000961bb": "middle of the 20th century", "57309446396df919000961bc": "Open Door Policy", "5ad02de177cf76001a686d14": "middle of the 20th century", "5ad02de177cf76001a686d15": "colonizing, influencing, and annexing other parts of the world in order to gain political power", "5ad02de177cf76001a686d16": "thousands of years", "5ad02de177cf76001a686d17": "around 1700", "5ad02de177cf76001a686d18": "Open Door Policy\"", "57309564069b5314008321a5": "1919", "57309564069b5314008321a6": "1999", "57309564069b5314008321a7": "historians", "57309564069b5314008321a8": "economy", "57309564069b5314008321a9": "many imperial powers", "5ad02e3377cf76001a686d32": "Ronald Robinson", "5ad02e3377cf76001a686d33": "historians John Gallagher", "5ad02e3377cf76001a686d34": "economy grew significantly", "5ad02e3377cf76001a686d35": "many imperial powers rich and prosperous.", "573098f38ab72b1400f9c5d2": "economic growth", "573098f38ab72b1400f9c5d3": "colonies", "573098f38ab72b1400f9c5d4": "mid-18th century", "573098f38ab72b1400f9c5d5": "Mughal state", "5ad02e8277cf76001a686d4e": "economic growth by collecting resources from colonies", "5ad02e8277cf76001a686d4f": "colonies", "5ad02e8277cf76001a686d50": "the mid-18th", "5ad02e8277cf76001a686d51": "Mughal state,", "5ad02e8277cf76001a686d52": "economic profit", "573099ee8ab72b1400f9c5dc": "communication", "573099ee8ab72b1400f9c5dd": "deadly explosives", "573099ee8ab72b1400f9c5de": "the machine gun", "573099ee8ab72b1400f9c5df": "arrows, swords, and leather shields", "573099ee8ab72b1400f9c5e0": "Europe also continued to advance in military technology. European", "5ad02ef677cf76001a686d68": "advancements in communication, Europe also continued to advance in military technology", "5ad02ef677cf76001a686d69": "explosives that could be used in combat, and with innovations in machinery they were able to manufacture improved firearms", "5ad02ef677cf76001a686d6a": "the machine gun", "5ad02ef677cf76001a686d6b": "swords, and leather shields (e.g. the Zulus in Southern Africa", "5ad02ef677cf76001a686d6c": "less-developed countries were still fighting with arrows, swords, and leather shields (e.g. the Zulus in Southern Africa", "57309bfb8ab72b1400f9c5e6": "British", "57309bfb8ab72b1400f9c5e7": "late 1870s", "57309bfb8ab72b1400f9c5e8": "philanthropy", "57309bfb8ab72b1400f9c5e9": "to constantly expand investment, material resources and manpower", "5ad02f5777cf76001a686d84": "British experience", "5ad02f5777cf76001a686d85": ". Those", "5ad02f5777cf76001a686d86": "a policy, nor a short space of decades", "5ad02f5777cf76001a686d87": "unease, even squeamishness, with the fact of power", "5ad02f5777cf76001a686d88": "the late 19th century, but a world system extending over a period of centuries, often going back to Christopher Columbus", "57309ef18ab72b1400f9c600": "aristocracy", "57309ef18ab72b1400f9c601": "before World War I", "57309ef18ab72b1400f9c602": "1950s", "57309ef18ab72b1400f9c603": "disease", "57309ef18ab72b1400f9c604": "domestic social reforms could cure the international disease of imperialism by removing its economic foundation. Hobson theorized that state intervention through taxation", "5ad02fda77cf76001a686d8e": "aristocracy, and imperialism has long been debated among historians and political theorists.", "5ad02fda77cf76001a686d8f": "1950s", "5ad02fda77cf76001a686d90": "1950s.", "5ad02fda77cf76001a686d91": "disease of imperialism", "5ad02fda77cf76001a686d92": "domestic social reforms could cure the international disease of imperialism", "5730a0778ab72b1400f9c60a": "environmental determinism", "5730a0778ab72b1400f9c60b": "the environment in which they lived", "5730a0778ab72b1400f9c60c": "less civilized\"", "5730a0778ab72b1400f9c60d": "Africa", "5730a0778ab72b1400f9c60e": "orientalism and tropicality", "5ad0301577cf76001a686db4": "environmental determinism served as a moral justification", "5ad0301577cf76001a686db5": "the environment", "5ad0301577cf76001a686db6": "less civilized\"", "5ad0301577cf76001a686db7": "Africa", "5ad0301577cf76001a686db8": "orientalism and tropicality", "5730a314069b5314008321eb": "geographic scholars under colonizing empires", "5730a314069b5314008321ec": "Northern Europe and the Mid-Atlantic", "5730a314069b5314008321ed": "guidance and intervention", "5730a314069b5314008321ee": "orientalism", "5730a314069b5314008321ef": "colonizing empires", "5ad0312677cf76001a686dc8": "geographic scholars", "5ad0312677cf76001a686dc9": "tropical climates yielded lazy attitudes, sexual promiscuity, exotic culture, and moral degeneracy", "5ad0312677cf76001a686dca": "guidance and intervention from the European empire to aid in the governing of a more evolved social structure", "5ad0312677cf76001a686dcb": "orientalism is a view of a people based on their geographical location.", "5ad0312677cf76001a686dcc": "European", "5730a40f396df91900096234": "sixteenth century", "5730a40f396df91900096235": "1599", "5730a40f396df91900096236": "Queen Elizabeth", "5730a40f396df91900096237": "almost bringing the company into bankruptcy", "5730a40f396df91900096238": "Portuguese", "5ad0316177cf76001a686dda": "sixteenth century. In 1599", "5ad0316177cf76001a686ddb": "17", "5ad0316177cf76001a686ddc": "Britain's imperialist ambitions can be seen as early as the sixteenth century. In 15", "5ad0316177cf76001a686ddd": "In 1767 political activity caused exploitation of the East India Company causing the plundering of the local economy, almost bringing the company into bankruptcy", "5ad0316177cf76001a686dde": "Portuguese", "5730a4d02461fd1900a9cf29": "1830", "5730a4d02461fd1900a9cf2a": "after 1850", "5730a4d02461fd1900a9cf2b": "North and West Africa, as well as South-East Asia", "5730a4d02461fd1900a9cf2c": "when Germany started to build her own colonial empire", "5730a4d02461fd1900a9cf2d": "Catholicism", "5ad031ef77cf76001a686df2": "1830", "5ad031ef77cf76001a686df3": "after 1850", "5ad031ef77cf76001a686df4": "North and West Africa", "5ad031ef77cf76001a686df5": "when Germany started to build her own colonial empire.", "5ad031ef77cf76001a686df6": "Catholicism.", "5730a951069b531400832213": "civilize the inferior", "5730a951069b531400832214": "France sent small numbers of settlers", "5730a951069b531400832215": "France sent small numbers of settlers", "5730a951069b531400832216": "Christianity and French culture", "5730a951069b531400832217": "Algeria", "5ad0322877cf76001a686dfc": "civilize the inferior\".", "5ad0322877cf76001a686dfd": "small numbers of settlers", "5ad0322877cf76001a686dfe": "France sent small numbers of settlers to its colonies", "5ad0322877cf76001a686dff": "Christianity and French culture.", "5730aa52069b53140083221d": "overseas colonies", "5730aa52069b53140083221e": "anti-colonial movements", "5730aa52069b53140083221f": "Vietnam", "5730aa52069b531400832220": "they won the war in Algeria,", "5730aa52069b531400832221": "1960", "5ad032b377cf76001a686e0c": "overseas colonies as bases from which they fought to liberate France", "5ad032b377cf76001a686e0d": "anti-colonial movements", "5ad032b377cf76001a686e0e": "Vietnam in the 1950s", "5ad032b377cf76001a686e0f": "Vietnam in the 1950s. Whereas they won the war in Algeria", "5ad032b377cf76001a686e10": "they won the war in Algeria,", "5730ab63396df91900096260": "Scandinavia and northern Europe", "5730ab63396df91900096261": "middle period of classical antiquity", "5730ab63396df91900096262": "late antiquity", "5730ab63396df91900096263": "Muslim Iberia", "5730ab63396df91900096264": "an amorphous area of central Europe", "5ad0354e77cf76001a686e1e": "Scandinavia and northern Europe, Germanic tribes expanded throughout northern and western Europe in the middle period of classical antiquity; southern Europe", "5ad0354e77cf76001a686e1f": "middle period", "5ad0354e77cf76001a686e20": "800 CE", "5ad0354e77cf76001a686e21": "Muslim Iberia", "5730ac782461fd1900a9cf73": "late 19th century", "5730ac782461fd1900a9cf74": "1862", "5730ac782461fd1900a9cf75": "after the Franco-German War", "5730ac782461fd1900a9cf76": "Europe itself", "5730ac782461fd1900a9cf77": "Napoleon", "5ad035bd77cf76001a686e26": "late 19th century.", "5ad035bd77cf76001a686e27": "90", "5ad035bd77cf76001a686e28": "the late 19th century", "5ad035bd77cf76001a686e29": "Europe itself", "5ad035bd77cf76001a686e2a": "Napoleon, who caused the dissolution of that Holy Roman Empire, Prussia", "5730aef38ab72b1400f9c682": "South Pacific", "5730aef38ab72b1400f9c683": "German prestige", "5730aef38ab72b1400f9c684": "German New Guinea", "5730aef38ab72b1400f9c685": "1884", "5730aef38ab72b1400f9c686": "Hamburg merchants and traders", "5ad0383677cf76001a686e38": "South Pacific,", "5ad0383677cf76001a686e39": "imperialism", "5ad0383677cf76001a686e3a": "German New Guinea in 1884.", "5ad0383677cf76001a686e3b": "Hamburg merchants and traders, his neighbors at Friedrichsruh", "5730b1022461fd1900a9cfa3": "1894", "5730b1022461fd1900a9cfa4": "Japan took part of Sakhalin Island from Russia", "5730b1022461fd1900a9cfa5": "Manchuria", "5730b1022461fd1900a9cfa6": "Thailand", "5ad0388377cf76001a686e40": "1937", "5ad0388377cf76001a686e41": "Japan absorbed Taiwan. As a result of the Russo-Japanese War in 1905, Japan took part of Sakhalin Island", "5ad0388377cf76001a686e42": "Manchuria", "5ad0388377cf76001a686e43": "Thailand", "5730b255396df919000962b0": "People\u2019s Republic of China", "5730b255396df919000962b1": "after 1932", "5730b255396df919000962b2": "Lenin", "5730b255396df919000962b3": "Eastern Europe", "5730b255396df919000962b4": "Bolshevik", "5ad0391f77cf76001a686e48": "Soviet Union and the People\u2019s Republic of China supported post\u2013World War II communist movements", "5ad0391f77cf76001a686e49": "1923", "5ad0391f77cf76001a686e4a": "Bolshevik leaders had effectively reestablished a polity with roughly the same extent as that empire by 1921, however with an internationalist ideology: Lenin", "5730b4282461fd1900a9cfc5": "world revolution", "5730b4282461fd1900a9cfc6": "Lenin", "5730b4282461fd1900a9cfc7": "socialism in one country", "5730b4282461fd1900a9cfc8": "Nikita Khrushchev", "5730b4282461fd1900a9cfc9": "Mao Zedong", "5ad039ec77cf76001a686e66": "Trotsky, and others, believed that the revolution could only succeed in Russia as part of a world revolution", "5ad039ec77cf76001a686e67": "Lenin wrote extensively on the matter and famously declared that Imperialism was the highest stage of capitalism", "5ad039ec77cf76001a686e68": "'socialism in one country' for the Soviet Union", "5730b541396df919000962c2": "mercantilism", "5730b541396df919000962c3": "1776", "5730b541396df919000962c4": "about 1820", "5730b541396df919000962c5": "free trade", "5730b541396df919000962c6": "1815", "5ad03a1a77cf76001a686e6c": "mercantilism, and involved colonies and holdings primarily in North America, the Caribbean, and India.", "5ad03a1a77cf76001a686e6d": "1776", "5ad03a1a77cf76001a686e6e": "1820.", "5ad03a1a77cf76001a686e6f": "free trade that gave it dominance in the trade of much of the world.", "5730b6592461fd1900a9cfcf": "British", "5730b6592461fd1900a9cfd0": "pseudo-sciences", "5730b6592461fd1900a9cfd1": "Africa", "5730b6592461fd1900a9cfd2": "Social Darwinism", "5ad03a3e77cf76001a686e74": "British", "5ad03a3e77cf76001a686e75": "pseudo-sciences of Social Darwinism", "5ad03a3e77cf76001a686e76": "Africa and major additions in Asia", "5730b7ce069b5314008322c3": "make the world safe for democracy", "5730b7ce069b5314008322c4": "interventionism in Central America", "5730b7ce069b5314008322c5": "Philippines", "5730b7ce069b5314008322c6": "a war", "5730b7ce069b5314008322c7": "a \"racket", "5ad03a6b77cf76001a686e7a": "make the world safe for democracy\"", "5ad03a6b77cf76001a686e7b": "interventionism in Central America and Woodrow Wilson\u2019s mission to \"make the world safe for democracy", "5ad03a6b77cf76001a686e7c": "Philippines and Cuba", "5ad03a6b77cf76001a686e7d": "a war", "5730b8ca8ab72b1400f9c704": "Isiah Bowman", "5730b8ca8ab72b1400f9c705": "1917", "5730b8ca8ab72b1400f9c706": "the American delegation from the Paris Peace Conference", "5730b8ca8ab72b1400f9c707": "a 'new world' which was to be characterized by geographical order", "5730b8ca8ab72b1400f9c708": "Wilson's geographer.", "5ad03a8a77cf76001a686e82": "Isiah Bowman. Bowman", "5ad03a8a77cf76001a686e83": "1917, he was appointed to then President Woodrow Wilson's inquiry in 1917", "5ad03a8a77cf76001a686e84": "Isiah Bowman. Bowman was the director of the American Geographical Society in 1914", "5730bb522461fd1900a9d011": "internal strife", "5730bb522461fd1900a9d012": "internal colonialism\"", "5730bb522461fd1900a9d013": "12 to 15 million", "5730bb522461fd1900a9d015": "the contemporary Orient", "5ad03b0b77cf76001a686e90": "internal strife between various people groups", "5ad03b0b77cf76001a686e91": "internal colonialism", "5ad03b0b77cf76001a686e92": "12 to 15 million Africans", "5ad03b0b77cf76001a686e93": "imperialism or colonialism.", "5730bc308ab72b1400f9c73c": "1923", "5730bc308ab72b1400f9c73d": "Suleiman the Magnificent", "5730bc308ab72b1400f9c73e": "32 provinces", "5730bc308ab72b1400f9c73f": "the Caucasus", "5730bc308ab72b1400f9c740": "During the 16th and 17th centuries", "5ad03b4677cf76001a686ea2": "1299", "5ad03b4677cf76001a686ea3": "Suleiman the Magnificent,", "5ad03b4677cf76001a686ea4": "17th centuries", "5ad03b4677cf76001a686ea5": "the Caucasus", "5730bd00069b5314008322d7": "Istanbul", "5730bd00069b5314008322d9": "Germany in the early 20th century,", "5730bd00069b5314008322da": "Turkey", "5730bd00069b5314008322db": "the creation of modern Balkan and Middle Eastern states", "5ad03b7977cf76001a686eaa": "Istanbul as its capital and control of lands around the Mediterranean basin, the Ottoman Empire", "5ad03b7977cf76001a686eab": "Istanbul as its capital and control of lands around the Mediterranean basin", "5ad03b7977cf76001a686eac": "Germany in the early 20th century,", "5ad03b7977cf76001a686ead": "Turkey in the Ottoman Anatolian heartland, as well as the creation of modern Balkan and Middle Eastern states, thus ending Turkish colonial ambitions", "5ad03b7977cf76001a686eae": "Turkish colonial ambitions.", "5732b6b5328d981900602021": "Warsaw", "5732b6b5328d981900602022": "Vistula River", "5732b6b5328d981900602023": "260 kilometres (160 mi", "5732b6b5328d981900602024": "2.666 million", "5732b6b5328d981900602025": "9th", "5ad4bbbb5b96ef001a109e88": "Warszawa", "5ad4bbbb5b96ef001a109e89": "Warsaw", "5ad4bbbb5b96ef001a109e8a": "Vistula", "5ad4bbbb5b96ef001a109e8b": "1.740 million", "5ad4bbbb5b96ef001a109e8c": "9th", "573312fcd058e614000b56e6": "Economist Intelligence Unit", "573312fcd058e614000b56e7": "2012", "573312fcd058e614000b56e8": "FMCG manufacturing, metal processing, steel and electronic manufacturing and food processing", "573312fcd058e614000b56e9": "The Warsaw Stock Exchange", "573312fcd058e614000b56ea": "Frontex", "5ad4bcc45b96ef001a109e9c": "Economist Intelligence Unit ranked Warsaw as the 32nd", "5ad4bcc45b96ef001a109e9d": "manufacturing, metal processing, steel and electronic manufacturing and food processing", "5ad4bcc45b96ef001a109e9e": "The Warsaw Stock", "5ad4bcc45b96ef001a109e9f": "2012 the Economist Intelligence Unit ranked Warsaw as the 32nd", "5ad4bcc45b96ef001a109ea0": "Frontex,", "5733140a4776f419006606e0": "1313", "5733140a4776f419006606e1": "Krak\u00f3w", "5733140a4776f419006606e2": "1596", "5733140a4776f419006606e3": "King Sigismund III Vasa", "5733140a4776f419006606e4": "because it has survived many wars, conflicts and invasions", "5ad4bdbd5b96ef001a109ed8": "1596", "5ad4bdbd5b96ef001a109ed9": "Krak\u00f3w served as the Polish capital city. Due to its central location between the Polish\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth's capitals of Krak\u00f3w and Vilnius", "5ad4bdbd5b96ef001a109eda": "1795", "5ad4bdbd5b96ef001a109edb": "King Sigismund III", "5ad4bdbd5b96ef001a109edc": "because it has survived many wars, conflicts and invasions throughout its long history", "573314e3d058e614000b56f0": "Roman Catholic", "573314e3d058e614000b56f1": "Polish Academy of Sciences", "573314e3d058e614000b56f2": "UNESCO World Heritage Site", "573314e3d058e614000b56f3": "architectural attractions", "573314e3d058e614000b56f4": "parks and royal gardens", "5ad510be5b96ef001a10ab56": "Roman Catholic archdiocese", "5ad510be5b96ef001a10ab57": "UNESCO World Heritage Site. Other main architectural attractions include the Castle Square", "5ad510be5b96ef001a10ab58": "parks and royal gardens", "5ad510be5b96ef001a10ab59": "Academy of Sciences", "5ad510be5b96ef001a10ab5a": "architectural attractions", "57332442d058e614000b5720": "Warszawa", "57332442d058e614000b5721": "\"belonging to Warsz", "57332442d058e614000b5722": "a fisherman", "57332442d058e614000b5723": "a village located at the modern-day site of Mariensztat neighbourhood", "57332442d058e614000b5724": "miasto sto\u0142eczne Warszawa", "5ad50bb95b96ef001a10aaae": "Warszawa, approximately /v\u0251\u02d0r\u02c8\u0283\u0251\u02d0v\u0259/ (also formerly spelled Warszewa and Warszowa", "5ad50bb95b96ef001a10aaaf": "belonging to Warsz", "5ad50bb95b96ef001a10aab0": "the Vr\u0161ovci family which had escaped to Poland.", "5ad50bb95b96ef001a10aab1": "Vr\u0161ovci family which had escaped to Poland.", "5ad50bb95b96ef001a10aab2": "The Capital City of Warsaw", "57332562d058e614000b5730": "Jazd\u00f3w (12th/13th century). After Jazd\u00f3w", "57332562d058e614000b5731": "The Prince of P\u0142ock", "57332562d058e614000b5732": "1300", "57332562d058e614000b5733": "1413.", "57332562d058e614000b5734": "1526", "5ad4bea25b96ef001a109ef6": "The Prince of P\u0142ock, Boles\u0142aw II of Masovia", "5ad4bea25b96ef001a109ef7": "1300.", "5ad4bea25b96ef001a109ef8": "Warszowa. The Prince of P\u0142ock, Boles\u0142aw II of Masovia", "5ad4bea25b96ef001a109ef9": "1413.", "5ad4bea25b96ef001a109efa": "1526", "5733266d4776f41900660712": "General Sejm", "5733266d4776f41900660713": "1569", "5733266d4776f41900660714": "religious freedom in the Polish\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth", "5733266d4776f41900660715": "Due to its central location between the Commonwealth's capitals of Krak\u00f3w and Vilnius", "5733266d4776f41900660716": "1596", "5ad4c99d5b96ef001a10a0a3": "1569.", "5ad4c99d5b96ef001a10a0a4": "religious freedom in the Polish\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth", "5ad4c99d5b96ef001a10a0a5": "Due to its central location between the Commonwealth's capitals of Krak\u00f3w", "5ad4c99d5b96ef001a10a0a6": "1596.", "57332a734776f41900660726": "until 1796", "57332a734776f41900660727": "Kingdom of Prussia", "57332a734776f41900660728": "Napoleon", "57332a734776f41900660729": "1815", "57332a734776f4190066072a": "1816", "5ad4ca605b96ef001a10a0ca": "Kingdom of Prussia", "5ad4ca605b96ef001a10a0cb": "Napoleon's army in 1806", "5ad4ca605b96ef001a10a0cc": "1815", "5ad4ca605b96ef001a10a0cd": "1816.", "5ad4ca605b96ef001a10a0ce": "until 1796,", "57332b66d058e614000b5758": "4 August 1915 until November 1918", "57332b66d058e614000b5759": "areas controlled by Russia in 1914", "57332b66d058e614000b575a": "Pi\u0142sudski", "57332b66d058e614000b575b": "1920", "57332b66d058e614000b575c": "the Red Army", "5ad4caf45b96ef001a10a0d4": "from 4 August 1915 until November 1918.", "5ad4caf45b96ef001a10a0d5": "areas controlled by Russia in 1914, which included Warsaw", "5ad4caf45b96ef001a10a0d6": "Pi\u0142sudski", "5ad4caf45b96ef001a10a0d7": "1920", "5ad4caf45b96ef001a10a0d8": "Red Army defeated. Poland stopped by itself the full brunt of the Red Army", "57332c1e4776f4190066073a": "1 September 1939", "57332c1e4776f4190066073b": "German Nazi colonial administration", "57332c1e4776f4190066073c": "several hundred thousand, some 30%", "57332c1e4776f4190066073d": "19 April 1943", "57332c1e4776f4190066073e": "almost a month", "5ad50c9f5b96ef001a10aae0": "the General Government", "5ad50c9f5b96ef001a10aae1": "30%", "5ad50c9f5b96ef001a10aae2": "1943,", "5ad50c9f5b96ef001a10aae3": "September 1939 began the Second World War,", "5ad50c9f5b96ef001a10aae4": "almost a month.", "57332e48d058e614000b5762": "Red Army", "57332e48d058e614000b5763": "Stalin was hostile to the idea of an independent Poland", "57332e48d058e614000b5764": "1 August 1944", "57332e48d058e614000b5765": "63", "57332e48d058e614000b5766": "between 150,000 and 200,000", "5ad4cc135b96ef001a10a0f2": "Red", "5ad4cc135b96ef001a10a0f3": "Stalin", "5ad4cc135b96ef001a10a0f4": "1 August 1944,", "5ad4cc135b96ef001a10a0f5": "63", "5ad4cc135b96ef001a10a0f6": "between 150,000 and 200,000.", "57332f81d058e614000b5776": "Bricks for Warsaw", "57332f81d058e614000b5777": "prefabricated housing projects", "57332f81d058e614000b5778": "Eastern Bloc city", "57332f81d058e614000b5779": "Palace of Culture and Science", "57332f81d058e614000b577a": "UNESCO's World Heritage list", "5ad4cd6e5b96ef001a10a124": "\"Bricks for Warsaw\" campaign", "5ad4cd6e5b96ef001a10a125": "prefabricated housing", "5ad4cd6e5b96ef001a10a126": "Eastern Bloc city,", "5ad4cd6e5b96ef001a10a127": "Palace of Culture and Science, a gift from the Soviet Union", "5ad4cd6e5b96ef001a10a128": "UNESCO's World Heritage list.", "573330444776f41900660758": "John Paul II", "573330444776f41900660759": "anti-communist fervor", "573330444776f4190066075a": "less than a year", "573330444776f4190066075b": "Victory Square", "573330444776f4190066075c": "incentive for the democratic changes", "5ad4d0ca5b96ef001a10a196": "John Paul II's", "5ad4d0ca5b96ef001a10a197": "anti-communist fervor there", "5ad4d0ca5b96ef001a10a198": "1983 brought support to the budding solidarity movement and encouraged the growing anti-communist fervor there. In 1979", "5ad4d0ca5b96ef001a10a199": "Victory Square", "5ad4d0ca5b96ef001a10a19a": "incentive for the democratic changes.", "5733314e4776f4190066076a": "300", "5733314e4776f4190066076b": "325 mi", "5733314e4776f4190066076c": "Vistula River", "5733314e4776f4190066076d": "115.7 metres (379.6 ft", "5733314e4776f4190066076e": "at the right bank of the Vistula, by the eastern border of Warsaw", "5ad4d1785b96ef001a10a1b2": "300 km", "5ad4d1785b96ef001a10a1b3": "325", "5ad4d1785b96ef001a10a1b4": "Vistula River.", "5ad4d1785b96ef001a10a1b5": "115.7 metres", "5ad4d1785b96ef001a10a1b6": "at the right bank of the Vistula", "57335c20d058e614000b58f9": "two", "57335c20d058e614000b58fa": "Vistula Valley", "57335c20d058e614000b58fb": "The Vistula River", "57335c20d058e614000b58fc": "moraine plateau", "57335c20d058e614000b58fd": "Warsaw Escarpment", "5ad4d2855b96ef001a10a1da": "Vistula Valley", "5ad4d2855b96ef001a10a1db": "two main geomorphologic formations: the plain moraine plateau", "5ad4d2855b96ef001a10a1dc": "The Vistula", "5ad4d2855b96ef001a10a1dd": "Warsaw Escarpment.", "5ad4d2855b96ef001a10a1de": "moraine plateau", "57335ddbd058e614000b592f": "plain moraine plateau", "57335ddbd058e614000b5930": "former flooded terraces", "57335ddbd058e614000b5931": "valleys and ground depressions", "57335ddbd058e614000b5932": "the highest terrace", "57335ddbd058e614000b5933": "pine forest", "5ad50de85b96ef001a10ab12": "pine forest).", "5ad50de85b96ef001a10ab13": "valleys and ground depressions with water systems coming from the Vistula old \u2013 riverbed", "5ad50de85b96ef001a10ab14": "the highest terrace.", "5ad50de85b96ef001a10ab15": "The plain moraine", "5ad50de85b96ef001a10ab16": "peat swamps", "57335fcad058e614000b5970": "the turbulent history of the city and country", "57335fcad058e614000b5971": "Second World War", "57335fcad058e614000b5972": "After liberation", "57335fcad058e614000b5973": "Leopold Kronenberg Palace", "57335fcad058e614000b5974": "basic design typical of Eastern bloc countries", "5ad4d55f5b96ef001a10a274": "1950s", "5ad4d55f5b96ef001a10a275": "the turbulent history of the city and country.", "5ad4d55f5b96ef001a10a276": "Leopold Kronenberg Palace).", "5ad4d55f5b96ef001a10a277": "Second World War,", "5ad4d55f5b96ef001a10a278": "basic design typical of Eastern bloc countries.", "573361404776f4190066093c": "Gothic", "573361404776f4190066093d": "14th century", "573361404776f4190066093e": "Masovian gothic style", "573361404776f4190066093f": "Renaissance", "573361404776f41900660940": "mannerist architecture", "5ad50f1c5b96ef001a10ab2e": "1562", "5ad50f1c5b96ef001a10ab2f": "Renaissance", "5ad50f1c5b96ef001a10ab30": "Renaissance", "5ad50f1c5b96ef001a10ab31": "Gothic architecture", "5ad50f1c5b96ef001a10ab32": "mannerist", "573362b94776f41900660974": "17th century", "573362b94776f41900660975": "1688\u20131692", "573362b94776f41900660976": "rococo architecture", "573362b94776f41900660977": "neoclassical architecture", "573362b94776f41900660978": "1775\u20131795", "5ad4d8d65b96ef001a10a362": "1825\u20131828", "5ad4d8d65b96ef001a10a363": "1775\u20131795)", "5ad4d8d65b96ef001a10a364": "the 17th century.", "5ad4d8d65b96ef001a10a365": "rococo architecture", "5ad4d8d65b96ef001a10a366": "neoclassical architecture in Warsaw", "5733638fd058e614000b59e8": "bourgeois architecture", "5733638fd058e614000b59e9": "were not restored by the communist authorities after the war", "5733638fd058e614000b59ea": "socialist realism style", "5733638fd058e614000b59eb": "Warsaw University of Technology", "5733638fd058e614000b59ec": "the most distinctive buildings", "5ad4d9be5b96ef001a10a3b0": "socialist realism", "5ad4d9be5b96ef001a10a3b1": "Palais Garnier in Paris). Despite that the Warsaw University of Technology building", "5ad4d9be5b96ef001a10a3b2": "bourgeois architecture", "5ad4d9be5b96ef001a10a3b3": "were not restored by the communist authorities", "5ad4d9be5b96ef001a10a3b4": "Warsaw University of Technology", "5733647e4776f419006609ae": "many places", "5733647e4776f419006609af": "Pawiak", "5733647e4776f419006609b0": "The Warsaw Citadel", "5733647e4776f419006609b1": "the children who served as messengers and frontline troops in the Warsaw Uprising", "5733647e4776f419006609b2": "Warsaw Uprising Monument", "5ad4da795b96ef001a10a3e6": "the statue of Little Insurgent located at the ramparts of the Old Town", "5ad4da795b96ef001a10a3e7": "Pawiak", "5ad4da795b96ef001a10a3e8": "children", "5ad4da795b96ef001a10a3e9": "The Warsaw Citadel,", "5ad4da795b96ef001a10a3ea": "Warsaw Uprising Monument", "57336755d058e614000b5a3c": "The Saxon Garden", "57336755d058e614000b5a3d": "100", "57336755d058e614000b5a3e": "east end", "57336755d058e614000b5a3f": "Krasi\u0144ski Palace Garden", "57336755d058e614000b5a40": "\u0141azienki Park", "5ad4db9f5b96ef001a10a43e": "two-level garden", "5ad4db9f5b96ef001a10a43f": "Krasi\u0144ski Palace Garden", "5ad4db9f5b96ef001a10a440": "\u0141azienki Park", "5ad4db9f5b96ef001a10a441": "43", "5ad4db9f5b96ef001a10a442": "The eastern", "573368044776f41900660a29": "green", "573368044776f41900660a2a": "New Orangery", "573368044776f41900660a2b": "Pole Mokotowskie", "573368044776f41900660a2c": "Park Ujazdowski", "573368044776f41900660a2d": "1927", "5ad4dc755b96ef001a10a46e": "Praga Park", "5ad4dc755b96ef001a10a46f": "Park Skaryszewski", "5ad4dc755b96ef001a10a470": "1927 a zoological garden", "5ad4dc755b96ef001a10a471": "green spaces in the city include the Botanic Garden", "5ad4dc755b96ef001a10a472": "New Orangery displays plants of subtropics", "573368e54776f41900660a53": "the location of Warsaw within the border region of several big floral regions", "573368e54776f41900660a54": "within the borders of Warsaw", "573368e54776f41900660a55": "Masovian Primeval Forest", "573368e54776f41900660a56": "Kabaty Forest", "573368e54776f41900660a57": "two", "5ad50fe55b96ef001a10ab4c": "Bielany", "5ad50fe55b96ef001a10ab4d": "Bielany Forest", "5ad50fe55b96ef001a10ab4e": "due to the location", "5ad50fe55b96ef001a10ab4f": "Bielany Forest, located within the borders of Warsaw, is the remaining part of the Masovian Primeval Forest. Bielany Forest", "5ad50fe55b96ef001a10ab50": "Bielany", "57337ddc4776f41900660bba": "13", "57337ddc4776f41900660bbb": "15 kilometres (9 miles", "57337ddc4776f41900660bbc": "otter, beaver and hundreds of bird species", "57337ddc4776f41900660bbd": "several lakes", "57337ddc4776f41900660bbe": "to clean them of plants and sediments", "5ad4dd325b96ef001a10a49e": "13 natural reserves", "5ad4dd325b96ef001a10a49f": "15 kilometres", "5ad4dd325b96ef001a10a4a0": "otter, beaver", "5ad4dd325b96ef001a10a4a1": "Czerniak\u00f3w Lake", "5ad4dd325b96ef001a10a4a2": "to clean them of plants and sediments.", "57337ea24776f41900660bd0": "foreign-born inhabitants", "57337ea24776f41900660bd1": "Jewish", "57337ea24776f41900660bd2": "34%", "57337ea24776f41900660bd3": "833,500", "57337ea24776f41900660bd4": "internal migration and urbanisation", "5ad4f1365b96ef001a10a70c": "Jewish", "5ad4f1365b96ef001a10a70d": "significant numbers of foreign-born inhabitants.", "5ad4f1365b96ef001a10a70e": "833,500 were of Polish mother tongue", "5ad4f1365b96ef001a10a70f": "internal migration and urbanisation", "5ad4f1365b96ef001a10a710": "34% percent", "57337f6ad058e614000b5bcb": "1,300,000", "57337f6ad058e614000b5bcc": "420,000", "57337f6ad058e614000b5bcd": "1951", "57337f6ad058e614000b5bce": "better only because they lived in the capital", "57337f6ad058e614000b5bcf": "residency registration", "5ad4f1c95b96ef001a10a726": "1,300,000", "5ad4f1c95b96ef001a10a727": "420,000", "5ad4f1c95b96ef001a10a728": "1951", "5ad4f1c95b96ef001a10a729": "Varsovians thought of themselves as better only because they lived in the capital.", "5ad4f1c95b96ef001a10a72a": "residency registration", "57338007d058e614000b5bda": "multi-cultural", "57338007d058e614000b5bdb": "711,988", "57338007d058e614000b5bdc": "56.2%", "57338007d058e614000b5bdd": "2.8%", "57338007d058e614000b5bde": "1944", "5ad4f28c5b96ef001a10a730": "multi-cultural city", "5ad4f28c5b96ef001a10a731": "711,988 inhabitants", "5ad4f28c5b96ef001a10a732": "56.2%", "5ad4f28c5b96ef001a10a733": "2.8%", "5ad4f28c5b96ef001a10a734": "1944", "573380e0d058e614000b5be9": "a commune (gmina", "573380e0d058e614000b5bea": "counties or powiats", "573380e0d058e614000b5beb": "Krak\u00f3w", "5ad4f40c5b96ef001a10a774": "a commune (gmina", "5ad4f40c5b96ef001a10a775": "counties or powiats", "5ad4f40c5b96ef001a10a776": "Krak\u00f3w do not have entitlements of powiat, so the registration numbers in Krak\u00f3w", "5ad4f40c5b96ef001a10a777": "powiat", "5ad4f40c5b96ef001a10a778": "Krak\u00f3w", "57338160d058e614000b5bf9": "Warsaw City Council", "57338160d058e614000b5bfa": "60", "57338160d058e614000b5bfb": "every four years", "57338160d058e614000b5bfc": "committees", "57338160d058e614000b5bfd": "30", "5ad4f4d95b96ef001a10a792": "Warsaw City Council", "5ad4f4d95b96ef001a10a793": "60", "5ad4f4d95b96ef001a10a794": "every four years.", "5ad4f4d95b96ef001a10a795": "committees which have the oversight of various functions of the city government", "5ad4f4d95b96ef001a10a796": "30 days", "57338255d058e614000b5c0d": "President", "57338255d058e614000b5c0e": "Jan Andrzej Menich", "57338255d058e614000b5c0f": "1695\u20131696", "57338255d058e614000b5c10": "the City council", "57338255d058e614000b5c11": "Centrum", "5ad4f5765b96ef001a10a7a6": "President.", "5ad4f5765b96ef001a10a7a7": "Jan Andrzej Menich (1695\u20131696)", "5ad4f5765b96ef001a10a7a8": "1994\u20131999 the mayor of the district Centrum automatically was designated as the President of Warsaw", "5ad4f5765b96ef001a10a7a9": "the City council.", "5ad4f5765b96ef001a10a7aa": "Centrum automatically was designated as the President of Warsaw: the mayor of Centrum was elected by the district council of Centrum", "573382d24776f41900660c37": "\u015ar\u00f3dmie\u015bcie", "573382d24776f41900660c38": "304,016", "573382d24776f41900660c39": "emerging market", "573382d24776f41900660c3a": "12%", "573382d24776f41900660c3b": "191.766 billion PLN", "5ad4f63b5b96ef001a10a7c2": "\u015ar\u00f3dmie\u015bcie", "5ad4f63b5b96ef001a10a7c3": "304,016 companies", "5ad4f63b5b96ef001a10a7c4": "emerging market.", "5ad4f63b5b96ef001a10a7c5": "12%", "5ad4f63b5b96ef001a10a7c6": "191.766 billion PLN", "5733834ed058e614000b5c26": "1817", "5733834ed058e614000b5c27": "World War II", "5733834ed058e614000b5c28": "April 1991", "5733834ed058e614000b5c29": "374", "5733834ed058e614000b5c2a": "Polish United Workers' Party (PZPR", "5ad4f7235b96ef001a10a7dc": "18", "5ad4f7235b96ef001a10a7dd": "the reintroduction of a free-market economy", "5ad4f7235b96ef001a10a7de": "World War II. It was re-established in April 1991", "5ad4f7235b96ef001a10a7df": "374 companies", "5ad4f7235b96ef001a10a7e0": "Polish United Workers' Party (PZPR).", "573383d0d058e614000b5c35": "1951", "573383d0d058e614000b5c36": "Fiat 125p", "573383d0d058e614000b5c37": "Daewoo", "573383d0d058e614000b5c38": "AvtoZAZ", "573383d0d058e614000b5c39": "Chevrolet Aveo", "5ad4f7df5b96ef001a10a7fa": "1951.", "5ad4f7df5b96ef001a10a7fb": "Fiat 125p", "5ad4f7df5b96ef001a10a7fc": "Daewoo,", "5ad4f7df5b96ef001a10a7fd": "Chevrolet Aveo", "5ad4f7df5b96ef001a10a7fe": "1951.", "57339555d058e614000b5df3": "1816", "57339555d058e614000b5df4": "Warsaw University of Technology", "57339555d058e614000b5df5": "2,000", "57339555d058e614000b5df6": "Medical University of Warsaw", "57339555d058e614000b5df7": "Fryderyk Chopin", "5ad4f8b35b96ef001a10a82a": "1818", "5ad4f8b35b96ef001a10a82b": "Warsaw University of Technology is the second academic school of technology in the country", "5ad4f8b35b96ef001a10a82c": "2,000 professors", "5ad4f8b35b96ef001a10a82d": "Fryderyk Chopin", "5ad4f8b35b96ef001a10a82e": "the Fryderyk Chopin University of Music", "57339902d058e614000b5e70": "1816", "57339902d058e614000b5e71": "over two million items", "57339902d058e614000b5e72": "architects", "57339902d058e614000b5e73": "Irena Bajerska", "57339902d058e614000b5e74": "more than 10,000 m2 (107,639.10 sq ft)", "5ad4faa45b96ef001a10a85a": "15 December 1999", "5ad4faa45b96ef001a10a85b": "over two million", "5ad4faa45b96ef001a10a85c": "architects Marek Budzy\u0144ski and Zbigniew Badowski", "5ad4faa45b96ef001a10a85d": "Irena Bajerska", "5ad4faa45b96ef001a10a85e": "over two million items.", "573399b54776f41900660e64": "infrastructure", "573399b54776f41900660e65": "Three-Year Plan", "573399b54776f41900660e66": "solid economic growth, an increase in foreign investment as well as funding from the European Union", "573399b54776f41900660e67": "improved markedly", "5ad4fbeb5b96ef001a10a882": "infrastructure in Warsaw", "5ad4fbeb5b96ef001a10a883": "Three-Year Plan to rebuild Poland (especially Warsaw) was a major success, but what followed was very much the opposite", "5ad4fbeb5b96ef001a10a884": "solid economic growth, an increase in foreign investment as well as funding from the European Union.", "5ad4fbeb5b96ef001a10a885": "improved markedly.", "5ad4fbeb5b96ef001a10a886": "past decade Warsaw", "57339a554776f41900660e74": "Warsaw has some of the best medical facilities in Poland and East-Central Europe", "57339a554776f41900660e75": "Children's Memorial Health Institute (CMHI", "57339a554776f41900660e76": "Maria Sk\u0142odowska-Curie Institute of Oncology", "57339a554776f41900660e77": "700", "57339a554776f41900660e78": "developed", "5ad4fd0f5b96ef001a10a896": "Today, Warsaw has some of the best medical facilities in Poland and East-Central Europe. The city is home to the Children's Memorial Health Institute", "5ad4fd0f5b96ef001a10a897": "Children's Memorial Health Institute (CMHI)", "5ad4fd0f5b96ef001a10a898": "Maria Sk\u0142odowska-Curie Institute of Oncology it is one of the largest and most modern oncological institutions in Europe", "5ad4fd0f5b96ef001a10a899": "700 beds", "5ad4fd0f5b96ef001a10a89a": "developed", "57339ad74776f41900660e86": "musical", "57339ad74776f41900660e87": "events and festivals", "57339ad74776f41900660e88": "Palace of Culture and Science", "57339ad74776f41900660e89": "Warsaw", "57339ad74776f41900660e8a": "events and festivals", "5ad4fe635b96ef001a10a8b8": "Teatr", "5ad4fe635b96ef001a10a8b9": "the International Contemporary Music Festival Warsaw Autumn,", "5ad4fe635b96ef001a10a8ba": "Palace of Culture and Science", "5ad4fe635b96ef001a10a8bb": "Warsaw Autumn, the Jazz Jamboree, Warsaw", "5ad4fe635b96ef001a10a8bc": "events", "57339c16d058e614000b5ec5": "Ogr\u00f3d Saski", "57339c16d058e614000b5ec6": "Ogr\u00f3d Saski (the Saxon Garden", "57339c16d058e614000b5ec7": "1870 to 1939", "57339c16d058e614000b5ec8": "Momus", "57339c16d058e614000b5ec9": "Wojciech Bogus\u0142awski Theatre", "5ad4ff375b96ef001a10a8d6": "the Saxon Garden)", "5ad4ff375b96ef001a10a8d7": "Ogr\u00f3d Saski (the Saxon Garden)", "5ad4ff375b96ef001a10a8d8": "Leon Schiller's musical theatre Melodram", "5ad4ff375b96ef001a10a8d9": "Momus,", "5ad4ff375b96ef001a10a8da": "Wojciech Bogus\u0142awski Theatre (1922\u201326)", "57339dd94776f41900660ecc": "Wianki", "57339dd94776f41900660ecd": "thousands", "57339dd94776f41900660ece": "Midsummer\u2019s Night", "57339dd94776f41900660ecf": "when they would be married", "57339dd94776f41900660ed0": "fern", "5ad500e95b96ef001a10a912": "Wianki (Polish for Wreaths", "5ad500e95b96ef001a10a913": "thousands", "5ad500e95b96ef001a10a914": "Midsummer\u2019s Night", "5ad500e95b96ef001a10a915": "when they would be married", "5ad500e95b96ef001a10a916": "fern", "57339eb9d058e614000b5ef6": "art posters", "57339eb9d058e614000b5ef7": "60", "57339eb9d058e614000b5ef8": "prestigious", "57339eb9d058e614000b5ef9": "paintings", "57339eb9d058e614000b5efa": "arms", "5ad502385b96ef001a10a954": "largest collections of art posters in the world, Museum of Hunting and Riding and the Railway Museum. From among Warsaw's 60", "5ad502385b96ef001a10a955": "art posters", "5ad502385b96ef001a10a956": "expositions the most notable are: the world's first Museum of Posters boasting one of the largest collections of art posters in the world", "5ad502385b96ef001a10a957": "paintings", "5ad502385b96ef001a10a958": "arms", "5733a1854776f41900660f0a": "Warsaw Uprising Museum and in the Katy\u0144 Museum which preserves the memory of the crime. The Warsaw Uprising Museum", "5733a1854776f41900660f0b": "Katy\u0144 Museum", "5733a1854776f41900660f0c": "stereoscopic", "5733a1854776f41900660f0d": "The Museum of Independence", "5733a1854776f41900660f0e": "60", "5ad5036c5b96ef001a10a984": "Katy\u0144 Museum", "5ad5036c5b96ef001a10a985": "The Museum of Independence", "5ad5036c5b96ef001a10a986": "stereoscopic", "5ad5036c5b96ef001a10a987": "The Museum of Independence", "5ad5036c5b96ef001a10a988": "60", "5733a2a9d058e614000b5f28": "Royal Ujazd\u00f3w Castle", "5733a2a9d058e614000b5f29": "500", "5733a2a9d058e614000b5f2a": "Zach\u0119ta National Gallery of Art", "5733a2a9d058e614000b5f2b": "modern art by Polish and international artists", "5733a2a9d058e614000b5f2c": "last weekend of September", "5ad5041c5b96ef001a10a9ac": "Royal Ujazd\u00f3w Castle", "5ad5041c5b96ef001a10a9ad": "500 projects", "5ad5041c5b96ef001a10a9ae": "Zach\u0119ta National Gallery of Art,", "5ad5041c5b96ef001a10a9af": "modern art", "5ad5041c5b96ef001a10a9b0": "last weekend of September.", "5733a32bd058e614000b5f32": "Polonia Warsaw", "5733a32bd058e614000b5f33": "1946", "5733a32bd058e614000b5f34": "twice", "5733a32bd058e614000b5f35": "Konwiktorska Street", "5733a32bd058e614000b5f36": "their disastrous financial situation", "5ad505165b96ef001a10a9f4": "Polonia Warsaw, have significantly fewer supporters, yet they managed to win Ekstraklasa Championship in 2000", "5ad505165b96ef001a10a9f5": "1946,", "5ad505165b96ef001a10a9f6": "2000", "5ad505165b96ef001a10a9f7": "Konwiktorska Street", "5ad505165b96ef001a10a9f8": "disastrous financial situation", "5733a45d4776f41900660f23": "syrenka", "5733a45d4776f41900660f24": "The mermaid (syrenka", "5733a45d4776f41900660f25": "since at least the mid-14th century", "5733a45d4776f41900660f26": "1390", "5733a45d4776f41900660f27": "a sword", "5ad5071f5b96ef001a10aa38": "syrenka", "5ad5071f5b96ef001a10aa39": "the question:", "5ad5071f5b96ef001a10aa3a": "the", "5ad5071f5b96ef001a10aa3b": "the year 1390,", "5ad5071f5b96ef001a10aa3c": "a sword", "5733a560d058e614000b5f77": "The best-known legend,", "5733a560d058e614000b5f78": "the depths of the oceans and seas", "5733a560d058e614000b5f79": "the coast of Denmark", "5733a560d058e614000b5f7a": "Warszowa", "5733a560d058e614000b5f7b": "captured the mermaid", "5ad507d25b96ef001a10aa4c": "mermaid.", "5ad507d25b96ef001a10aa4d": "the depths of the oceans and seas.", "5ad507d25b96ef001a10aa4e": "the coast of Denmark and can be seen sitting at the entrance to the port of Copenhagen.", "5ad507d25b96ef001a10aa4f": "Warszowa,", "5ad507d25b96ef001a10aa50": "captured the mermaid.", "5733a5f54776f41900660f44": "Maria Sk\u0142odowska-Curie", "5733a5f54776f41900660f45": "the Nobel Prize", "5733a5f54776f41900660f46": "Famous musicians", "5733a5f54776f41900660f47": "seven months", "5733a5f54776f41900660f48": "1745", "5ad508665b96ef001a10aa68": "Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Chopin.", "5ad508665b96ef001a10aa69": "Nobel Prize.", "5ad508665b96ef001a10aa6a": "\u017belazowa Wola", "5ad508665b96ef001a10aa6b": "seven months", "5ad508665b96ef001a10aa6c": "Casimir Pulaski, a Polish general and hero of the American Revolutionary War, was born here in 1745", "5733a6ac4776f41900660f58": "Warsaw. She was born Maria G\u00f3rska in Warsaw", "5733a6ac4776f41900660f59": "1916", "5733a6ac4776f41900660f5a": "Art Deco style", "5733a6ac4776f41900660f5b": "poet", "5733a6ac4776f41900660f5c": "Isaac Bashevis Singer", "5ad509615b96ef001a10aa7c": "Warsaw. She was born Maria G\u00f3rska in Warsaw", "5ad509615b96ef001a10aa7d": "1916", "5ad509615b96ef001a10aa7e": "Art Deco", "5ad509615b96ef001a10aa7f": "poet, was born in Warsaw, as was Moshe Vilenski, the Israeli composer", "5ad509615b96ef001a10aa80": "Isaac Bashevis Singer", "5733cf61d058e614000b62e9": "1754\u20131763", "5733cf61d058e614000b62ea": "British America and New France", "5733cf61d058e614000b62eb": "60,000", "5733cf61d058e614000b62ec": "2 million", "5ad3a01a604f3c001a3fe971": "1754\u20131763) was the North American theater of the worldwide Seven Years' War", "5ad3a01a604f3c001a3fe972": "1754\u20131763", "5ad3a01a604f3c001a3fe973": "Native American allies", "5ad3a01a604f3c001a3fe974": "2 million", "5ad3a01a604f3c001a3fe975": "60,000 European settlers", "5733cff84776f419006612b4": "primarily along the frontiers between New France and the British colonies, from Virginia in the South to Nova Scotia in the North", "5733cff84776f419006612b5": "It began with a dispute over control of the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers", "5733cff84776f419006612b6": "May 1754", "5ad3a076604f3c001a3fe9a7": "Virginia in the South to Nova Scotia", "5ad3a076604f3c001a3fe9a8": "It began with a dispute over control of the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers", "5ad3a076604f3c001a3fe9a9": "It began with a dispute over control of the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers", "5ad3a076604f3c001a3fe9aa": "May 1754,", "5ad3a076604f3c001a3fe9ab": "May 1754, during which Virginia militiamen under the command of 22-year-old George Washington ambushed a French patrol.", "5733d13e4776f419006612c4": "1755", "5733d13e4776f419006612c5": "the main effort by Braddock was a disaster", "5733d13e4776f419006612c6": "poor management, internal divisions, and effective Canadian scouts", "5733d13e4776f419006612c7": "Fort Beaus\u00e9jour", "5733d13e4776f419006612c8": "expulsion of the Acadians", "5ad3a16d604f3c001a3fe9e1": "1755,", "5ad3a16d604f3c001a3fe9e2": "disaster", "5ad3a16d604f3c001a3fe9e3": "poor management, internal divisions, and effective Canadian scouts", "5ad3a16d604f3c001a3fe9e4": "Fort Beaus\u00e9jour on the border separating Nova Scotia from Acadia", "5ad3a16d604f3c001a3fe9e5": "Orders for the deportation were given by William Shirley, Commander-in-Chief, North America, without direction from Great Britain. The Acadians", "5733d249d058e614000b6331": "William Pitt", "5733d249d058e614000b6332": "France was unwilling to risk large convoys to aid the limited forces it had in New France.", "5733d249d058e614000b6333": "European theatre of the war", "5733d249d058e614000b6334": "Sainte Foy in Quebec", "5ad3a1cd604f3c001a3fe9f5": "1757 British", "5ad3a1cd604f3c001a3fe9f6": "France was unwilling to risk large convoys", "5ad3a1cd604f3c001a3fe9f7": "France was unwilling to risk large convoys to aid the limited forces it had in New France.", "5ad3a1cd604f3c001a3fe9f8": "New France. France concentrated its forces against Prussia and its allies in the European theatre of the war.", "5ad3a1cd604f3c001a3fe9f9": "Sainte Foy in Quebec,", "5733d2dbd058e614000b6339": "France ceded its territory east of the Mississippi", "5733d2dbd058e614000b633a": "Louisiana west of the Mississippi River (including New Orleans) to its ally Spain, in compensation for Spain's loss to Britain of Florida", "5733d2dbd058e614000b633b": "one of the most significant developments in a century of Anglo-French conflict", "5ad3a21d604f3c001a3fea1d": "France ceded its territory east of the Mississippi", "5ad3a21d604f3c001a3fea1e": "France ceded its territory east of the Mississippi", "5ad3a21d604f3c001a3fea1f": "Louisiana west of the Mississippi River (including New Orleans) to its ally Spain", "5ad3a21d604f3c001a3fea20": "The outcome was one of the most significant developments in a century of Anglo-French conflict", "5ad3a21d604f3c001a3fea21": "one of the most significant developments in a century of Anglo-French conflict. France ceded its territory east of the Mississippi to Great Britain", "5733d3cb4776f419006612ea": "1740s", "5733d3cb4776f419006612eb": "it obscures the fact that Indians fought on both sides of the conflict", "5733d3cb4776f419006612ec": "a much larger conflict between France and Great Britain", "5733d3cb4776f419006612ed": "Fourth Intercolonial War and the Great War for the Empire", "5ad3a27c604f3c001a3fea31": "1740s,", "5ad3a27c604f3c001a3fea32": "1740s, British colonists named the second war in King George's reign", "5ad3a27c604f3c001a3fea33": "it obscures the fact that Indians fought on both sides of the conflict,", "5ad3a27c604f3c001a3fea34": "British colonists named the second war in King George's reign after their opponents", "5ad3a27c604f3c001a3fea35": "Fourth Intercolonial War and the Great War for the Empire.", "5733d4c8d058e614000b6353": "Seven Years\" refers to events in Europe, from the official declaration of war in 1756 to the signing of the peace treaty in 1763", "5733d4c8d058e614000b6354": "six years", "5733d4c8d058e614000b6355": "1760", "5733d4c8d058e614000b6356": "Battle of Jumonville Glen", "5ad3a2e3604f3c001a3fea3b": "mainland North America,", "5ad3a2e3604f3c001a3fea3c": "six years, from the Battle of Jumonville Glen in 1754 to the capture of Montreal in 1760.", "5ad3a2e3604f3c001a3fea3d": "1760", "5ad3a2e3604f3c001a3fea3e": "These dates do not correspond with the fighting on mainland North America, where the fighting between the two colonial powers was largely concluded in six years", "5ad3a2e3604f3c001a3fea3f": "Battle of Jumonville Glen in 1754 to the capture of Montreal in 1760.", "5733d5704776f4190066130e": "75,000", "5733d5704776f4190066130f": "along the St. Lawrence River valley", "5733d5704776f41900661310": "throughout the St. Lawrence and Mississippi watersheds", "5ad3a342604f3c001a3fea59": "New Orleans", "5ad3a342604f3c001a3fea5a": "about 75,000 and was heavily concentrated along the St. Lawrence", "5ad3a342604f3c001a3fea5b": "New Orleans, Biloxi, Mississippi, Mobile, Alabama", "5ad3a342604f3c001a3fea5c": "New Orleans, Biloxi, Mississippi, Mobile, Alabama and small settlements in the Illinois Country", "5ad3a342604f3c001a3fea5d": "throughout the St. Lawrence and Mississippi", "5733d68ed058e614000b637f": "20 to 1", "5733d68ed058e614000b6380": "Nova Scotia and Newfoundland in the north, to Georgia in the south", "5733d68ed058e614000b6381": "along the coast", "5ad3a38c604f3c001a3fea63": "20", "5ad3a38c604f3c001a3fea64": "British settlers outnumbered the French 20", "5ad3a38c604f3c001a3fea65": "Nova Scotia and Newfoundland in the north, to Georgia", "5ad3a38c604f3c001a3fea66": "Nova Scotia and Newfoundland", "5ad3a38c604f3c001a3fea67": "along the coast, the settlements were growing into the interior.", "5733d7cbd058e614000b63ab": "native tribes. To the north, the Mi'kmaq and the Abenaki", "5733d7cbd058e614000b63ac": "Mi'kmaq and the Abenaki", "5733d7cbd058e614000b63ad": "much of present-day Upstate New York and the Ohio Country", "5733d7cbd058e614000b63ae": "The Iroquois", "5ad3a3fc604f3c001a3fea77": "native tribes.", "5ad3a3fc604f3c001a3fea78": "native tribes", "5ad3a3fc604f3c001a3fea79": "Mi'kmaq and the Abenaki", "5ad3a3fc604f3c001a3fea7a": "much of present-day Upstate New York and the Ohio Country,", "5ad3a3fc604f3c001a3fea7b": "Iroquois", "5733da01d058e614000b63f9": "Catawba", "5733da01d058e614000b63fa": "western portions of the Great Lakes region", "5733da01d058e614000b63fb": "Iroquois Six Nations, and also by the Cherokee", "5ad3a733604f3c001a3feac9": "Catawba, Muskogee-speaking Creek and Choctaw, and the Iroquoian-speaking Cherokee tribes", "5ad3a733604f3c001a3feaca": "Catawba, Muskogee-speaking Creek and Choctaw, and the Iroquoian-speaking Cherokee", "5ad3a733604f3c001a3feacb": "Great Lakes region (an area not directly subject to the conflict between the French and British", "5ad3a733604f3c001a3feacc": "western portions of the Great Lakes", "5ad3a733604f3c001a3feacd": "Huron, Mississauga, Ojibwa, Winnebago, and Potawatomi", "5733dab4d058e614000b6409": "no French regular army troops were stationed in North America", "5733dab4d058e614000b640a": "few British troops. New France was defended by about 3,000", "5733dab4d058e614000b640b": "British colonies mustered local militia companies", "5ad3a79a604f3c001a3fead3": "no French regular army troops were stationed in North America", "5ad3a79a604f3c001a3fead4": "no French regular army troops were stationed in North America,", "5ad3a79a604f3c001a3fead5": "few British troops", "5ad3a79a604f3c001a3fead6": "few British troops", "5ad3a79a604f3c001a3fead7": "British colonies mustered local militia companies, generally ill trained and available only for short periods", "5733db8dd058e614000b6428": "3,000 miles (4,800 km", "5733db8dd058e614000b6429": "200 Troupes de la marine and 30 Indians", "5733db8dd058e614000b642a": "Whenever he encountered British merchants or fur-traders, C\u00e9loron informed them of the French claims on the territory and told them to leave", "5ad3a7ef604f3c001a3feadd": "C\u00e9loron buried lead plates", "5ad3a7ef604f3c001a3feade": "3,000 miles (4,800 km)", "5ad3a7ef604f3c001a3feadf": "30 Indians", "5ad3a7ef604f3c001a3feae0": "200 Troupes de la marine and 30 Indians", "5ad3a7ef604f3c001a3feae1": "British merchants or fur-traders, C\u00e9loron informed them of the French claims on the territory and told them to leave.", "5733dc95d058e614000b644a": "they owned the Ohio Country", "5733dc95d058e614000b644b": "Pickawillany", "5733dc95d058e614000b644c": "threatened \"Old Briton\" with severe consequences", "5733dc95d058e614000b644d": "ignored the warning", "5ad3a839604f3c001a3feaf1": "they owned the Ohio Country and that they would trade with the British regardless of the French", "5ad3a839604f3c001a3feaf2": "Miami rivers, which lay just south of the village of Pickawillany", "5ad3a839604f3c001a3feaf3": "Miami", "5ad3a839604f3c001a3feaf4": "C\u00e9loron threatened", "5ad3a839604f3c001a3feaf5": "ignored the warning.", "5733dd4f4776f419006613aa": "very badly disposed towards the French", "5733dd4f4776f419006613ab": "each side proposing that action be taken", "5733dd4f4776f419006613ac": "British colonists would not be safe as long as the French were present", "5ad3a893604f3c001a3feafb": "very badly disposed", "5ad3a893604f3c001a3feafc": "very badly disposed towards the French, and are entirely devoted to the English.", "5ad3a893604f3c001a3feafd": "each side proposing that action be taken. William Shirley", "5ad3a893604f3c001a3feafe": "each side proposing that action be taken", "5ad3a893604f3c001a3feaff": "British colonists would not be safe as long as the French were present.", "5733e5a14776f4190066145b": "1749", "5733e5a14776f4190066145c": "Ohio Company of Virginia", "5733e5a14776f4190066145d": "Christopher Gist", "5733e5a14776f4190066145e": "Treaty of Logstown", "5733e5a14776f4190066145f": "the mouth of the Monongahela River", "5ad3a8fe604f3c001a3feb05": "1749", "5ad3a8fe604f3c001a3feb06": "Ohio Company of Virginia for the purpose of developing trade and settlements in the Ohio Country", "5ad3a8fe604f3c001a3feb07": "Christopher Gist,", "5ad3a8fe604f3c001a3feb08": "the territory was also claimed by Pennsylvania, both colonies began pushing for action to improve their respective claims", "5ad3a8fe604f3c001a3feb09": "mouth of the Monongahela River (the site of present-day Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania)", "5733e771d058e614000b6545": "King George's War", "5733e771d058e614000b6546": "Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle", "5733e771d058e614000b6547": "conflicting territorial claims", "5733e771d058e614000b6548": "were claimed by both sides", "5ad3ad01604f3c001a3febd3": "the Ohio Country in the south", "5ad3ad01604f3c001a3febd4": "King George's War)", "5ad3ad01604f3c001a3febd5": "formally ended in 1748", "5ad3ad01604f3c001a3febd6": "issues in Europe", "5ad3ad01604f3c001a3febd7": "it reached no", "5733e8ae4776f419006614a6": "Marquis de la Jonqui\u00e8re", "5733e8ae4776f419006614a7": "300 men", "5733e8ae4776f419006614a8": "to punish the Miami people of Pickawillany", "5733e8ae4776f419006614a9": "capturing three traders and killing 14 people of the Miami nation", "5ad3ad60604f3c001a3fec03": "Marquis de la Jonqui\u00e8re, died and was temporarily replaced by Charles le Moyne de Longueuil", "5ad3ad60604f3c001a3fec04": "Marquis de la Jonqui\u00e8re, died and was temporarily replaced by Charles le Moyne de Longueuil", "5ad3ad60604f3c001a3fec05": "300", "5ad3ad60604f3c001a3fec06": "punish the Miami people of Pickawillany for not following C\u00e9loron's orders to cease trading with the British.", "5ad3ad60604f3c001a3fec07": "killing 14 people", "5733ea04d058e614000b6594": "Paul Marin de la Malgue", "5733ea04d058e614000b6595": "Lake Erie's south shore", "5733ea04d058e614000b6596": "Fort Le Boeuf (present-day Waterford, Pennsylvania", "5733ea04d058e614000b6597": "to protect the King's land in the Ohio Valley from the British", "5733ea04d058e614000b6598": "Tanaghrisson", "5ad3ade2604f3c001a3fec15": "Paul Marin de la Malgue was given command of a 2,000-man force of Troupes de la Marine and Indians", "5ad3ade2604f3c001a3fec16": "Fort Le Boeuf (present-day Waterford, Pennsylvania)", "5ad3ade2604f3c001a3fec17": "Lake Erie's south shore", "5ad3ade2604f3c001a3fec18": "to protect the King's land in the Ohio Valley from the British.", "5ad3ade2604f3c001a3fec19": "Tanaghrisson", "5733eb34d058e614000b65cc": "Superintendent for Indian Affairs", "5733eb34d058e614000b65cd": "Warraghiggey", "5733eb34d058e614000b65ce": "colonel", "5733eb34d058e614000b65cf": "Mohawk Chief Hendrick", "5ad3ae4f604f3c001a3fec47": "Superintendent for Indian Affairs in the New York region", "5ad3ae4f604f3c001a3fec48": "Superintendent for Indian Affairs in the New York region", "5ad3ae4f604f3c001a3fec49": "Warraghiggey", "5ad3ae4f604f3c001a3fec4a": "colonel of the Iroquois", "5ad3ae4f604f3c001a3fec4b": "Mohawk Chief Hendrick, Speaker", "5733ef47d058e614000b662b": "Ohio Company", "5733ef47d058e614000b662c": "Major George Washington", "5733ef47d058e614000b662d": "Jacob Van Braam", "5733ef47d058e614000b662e": "December 12", "5ad3aedc604f3c001a3fec51": "Ohio Company", "5ad3aedc604f3c001a3fec52": "Ohio Company,", "5ad3aedc604f3c001a3fec53": "George Washington (whose brother was another Ohio Company investor) of the Virginia Regiment to warn the French to leave Virginia territory. Washington", "5ad3aedc604f3c001a3fec54": "Jacob Van Braam", "5ad3aedc604f3c001a3fec55": "December 12, Washington and his men reached Fort Le Boeuf.", "5733f062d058e614000b6633": "Jacques Legardeur de Saint-Pierre", "5733f062d058e614000b6634": "the letter from Dinwiddie demanding an immediate French withdrawal from the Ohio Country", "5733f062d058e614000b6635": "\"As to the Summons you send me to retire, I do not think myself obliged to obey it.\"", "5733f062d058e614000b6636": "Ren\u00e9-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle had explored the Ohio Country nearly a century earlier", "5ad3af4e604f3c001a3fec73": "Jacques Legardeur de Saint-Pierre, who succeeded Marin", "5ad3af4e604f3c001a3fec74": "Legardeur de Saint-Pierre, who succeeded Marin", "5ad3af4e604f3c001a3fec75": "the letter from Dinwiddie demanding an immediate French withdrawal from the Ohio Country", "5ad3af4e604f3c001a3fec76": "\"As to the Summons you send me to retire, I do not think myself obliged to obey it.\"", "5ad3af4e604f3c001a3fec77": "Ren\u00e9-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle had explored the Ohio Country nearly a century earlier.", "5733f1784776f41900661575": "500 men", "5733f1784776f41900661576": "1754", "5733f1784776f41900661577": "Fort Duquesne", "5ad3afa9604f3c001a3fec85": "Saint-Pierre during the same period", "5ad3afa9604f3c001a3fec86": "500", "5ad3afa9604f3c001a3fec87": "1754. When these forces arrived at the fort on April 16", "5ad3afa9604f3c001a3fec88": "Fort Duquesne.", "5ad3afa9604f3c001a3fec89": "Fort Duquesne", "5733f309d058e614000b6648": "surprised the Canadians", "5733f309d058e614000b6649": "They killed many of the Canadians", "5733f309d058e614000b664a": "to gain the support of the British", "5ad3b08b604f3c001a3fecb1": ".", "5ad3b08b604f3c001a3fecb2": "While en route, Washington learned of Trent", "5ad3b08b604f3c001a3fecb3": "Washington, with Tanaghrisson and his party, surprised the Canadians on May 28", "5ad3b08b604f3c001a3fecb4": "Canadians on May 28 in what became known as the Battle of Jumonville Glen. They killed many of the Canadians", "5ad3b08b604f3c001a3fecb5": "his own people.", "5733f410d058e614000b6663": "dislodge the French", "5733f410d058e614000b6664": "well before Braddock's departure for North America", "5733f410d058e614000b6665": "dispatched six regiments to New France", "5733f410d058e614000b6666": "blockade French ports", "5ad3b147604f3c001a3fecd5": "dislodge the French", "5ad3b147604f3c001a3fecd6": "blockade", "5ad3b147604f3c001a3fecd7": "Word of the British military plans leaked to France", "5ad3b147604f3c001a3fecd8": "King Louis XV dispatched six regiments to New France", "5ad3b147604f3c001a3fecd9": "blockade French ports,", "5733f5264776f419006615a3": "Albany Congress", "5733f5264776f419006615a4": "formalize a unified front in trade and negotiations with various Indians", "5733f5264776f419006615a5": "The plan that the delegates agreed to was never ratified", "5733f5264776f419006615a6": "to formalize a unified front in trade and negotiations with various Indians", "5ad3b1be604f3c001a3fece9": "Albany Congress in June and July, 1754.", "5ad3b1be604f3c001a3fecea": "War", "5ad3b1be604f3c001a3feceb": "formalize a unified front in trade", "5ad3b1be604f3c001a3fecec": "The plan that the delegates agreed to was never ratified by the colonial legislatures nor approved of by the crown", "5ad3b1be604f3c001a3feced": "The plan that the delegates agreed to was never ratified by the colonial legislatures nor approved of by the crown.", "5733f5f24776f419006615c1": "Braddock", "5733f5f24776f419006615c2": "disaster", "5733f5f24776f419006615c3": "Approximately 1,000", "5733f5f24776f419006615c4": "Washington and Thomas Gage", "5ad3b260604f3c001a3fed05": "Braddock (with George Washington", "5ad3b260604f3c001a3fed06": "Braddock (with George Washington as one of his aides) led about 1,500 army troops and provincial militia", "5ad3b260604f3c001a3fed07": "The expedition was a disaster.", "5ad3b260604f3c001a3fed08": "1,000", "5ad3b260604f3c001a3fed09": "Washington and Thomas Gage,", "5733f7b9d058e614000b66a9": "Shirley and Johnson", "5733f7b9d058e614000b66aa": "logistical difficulties, exacerbated by Shirley's inexperience in managing large expeditions", "5733f7b9d058e614000b66ab": "Fort Niagara", "5733f7b9d058e614000b66ac": "garrisons", "5ad3b2e8604f3c001a3fed23": "Shirley and Johnson.", "5ad3b2e8604f3c001a3fed24": "Shirley and Johnson.", "5ad3b2e8604f3c001a3fed25": "logistical difficulties", "5ad3b2e8604f3c001a3fed26": "Fort Niagara.", "5ad3b2e8604f3c001a3fed27": "Niagara", "5733f8dc4776f419006615f7": "Marquis de Vaudreuil", "5733f8dc4776f419006615f8": "sent Dieskau to Fort St. Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric to meet that threat", "5733f8dc4776f419006615f9": "both sides withdrawing from the field. Johnson", "5733f8dc4776f419006615fa": "Fort William Henry", "5733f8dc4776f419006615fb": "Ticonderoga Point", "5ad3b373604f3c001a3fed49": "Marquis de Vaudreuil.", "5ad3b373604f3c001a3fed4a": "Vaudreuil sent Dieskau to Fort St. Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric to meet that threat", "5ad3b373604f3c001a3fed4b": "Johnson was seen as the larger threat, Vaudreuil sent Dieskau to Fort St. Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric to meet that threat. Dieskau", "5ad3b373604f3c001a3fed4c": "Fort William Henry,", "5ad3b373604f3c001a3fed4d": "Ticonderoga Point", "5733f9fa4776f4190066161f": "Colonel Monckton", "5733f9fa4776f41900661620": "captured Fort Beaus\u00e9jour", "5733f9fa4776f41900661621": "Petitcodiac in 1755 and at Bloody Creek near Annapolis Royal in 1757", "5ad3b3dc604f3c001a3fed67": "Colonel Monckton", "5ad3b3dc604f3c001a3fed68": "Colonel Monckton", "5ad3b3dc604f3c001a3fed69": ".", "5ad3b3dc604f3c001a3fed6a": ".", "5ad3b3dc604f3c001a3fed6b": "clashes of any size were at Petitcodiac in 1755 and at Bloody Creek near Annapolis Royal in 1757.", "5733faaf4776f4190066162f": "William Shirley", "5733faaf4776f41900661630": "Albany", "5733faaf4776f41900661631": "attacks on Fort Frontenac on the north shore of Lake Ontario", "5733faaf4776f41900661632": "Maine district", "5ad3b498604f3c001a3fed7b": "William Shirley", "5ad3b498604f3c001a3fed7c": "William Shirley", "5ad3b498604f3c001a3fed7d": "Albany", "5ad3b498604f3c001a3fed7e": "Fort Frontenac on the north shore of Lake Ontario", "5ad3b498604f3c001a3fed7f": "Maine", "5733fb7bd058e614000b66ff": "Major General James Abercrombie", "5733fb7bd058e614000b6700": "Major General Louis-Joseph de Montcalm", "5733fb7bd058e614000b6701": "May 18, 1756", "5ad3b4e8604f3c001a3fed99": "James Abercrombie as his second in command", "5ad3b4e8604f3c001a3fed9a": "Major General James Abercrombie", "5ad3b4e8604f3c001a3fed9b": "Major General Louis-Joseph de Montcalm and seconded by the Chevalier de L\u00e9vis and Colonel Fran\u00e7ois-Charles de Bourlamaque", "5ad3b4e8604f3c001a3fed9c": "Major General Louis-Joseph de Montcalm and seconded by the Chevalier de L\u00e9vis and Colonel Fran\u00e7ois-Charles de Bourlamaque", "5ad3b4e8604f3c001a3fed9d": "May 18, 1756, England formally declared war on France", "5733fc6ed058e614000b670f": "Oneida Carry", "5733fc6ed058e614000b6710": "supply chain, so he ordered an attack against the forts Shirley had erected at the Oneida Carry. In the March Battle of Fort Bull", "5733fc6ed058e614000b6711": "45,000 pounds", "5733fc6ed058e614000b6712": "campaigns on Lake Ontario", "5ad3b567604f3c001a3fedb3": "Lake Ontario, and endangered the Oswego garrison, already short on supplies. French forces in the Ohio", "5ad3b567604f3c001a3fedb4": "Oneida Carry. In the March Battle of Fort Bull", "5ad3b567604f3c001a3fedb5": "Battle of Fort Bull, French forces destroyed the fort and large quantities of supplies", "5ad3b567604f3c001a3fedb6": "45,000 pounds of gunpowder", "5ad3b567604f3c001a3fedb7": "campaigns on Lake Ontario,", "5733fd66d058e614000b6735": "Abercrombie", "5733fd66d058e614000b6736": "Ticonderoga", "5733fd66d058e614000b6737": "Oswego", "5733fd66d058e614000b6738": "disposition of prisoners' personal effects", "5ad3b6d8604f3c001a3fedfb": "Ticonderoga", "5ad3b6d8604f3c001a3fedfc": "Abercrombie refused to take any significant actions until Loudoun approved them.", "5ad3b6d8604f3c001a3fedfd": "Abercrombie refused to take any significant actions until Loudoun", "5ad3b6d8604f3c001a3fedfe": "Lake George. With Abercrombie pinned down at Albany", "5ad3b6d8604f3c001a3fedff": "disposition of prisoners' personal effects.", "5733fe73d058e614000b673d": "an attack on New France's capital, Quebec", "5733fe73d058e614000b673e": "to distract Montcalm", "5733fe73d058e614000b673f": "William Pitt", "5733fe73d058e614000b6740": "Loudoun returned to New York", "5ad3b781604f3c001a3fee23": "an attack on New France's capital, Quebec.", "5ad3b781604f3c001a3fee24": "an attack on New France's capital, Quebec.", "5ad3b781604f3c001a3fee25": "Quebec. Leaving a sizable force at Fort William Henry to distract Montcalm, he began organizing for the expedition to Quebec", "5ad3b781604f3c001a3fee26": "William Pitt, the Secretary of State responsible for the colonies,", "5ad3b781604f3c001a3fee27": "Loudoun returned to New York", "5733ffa7d058e614000b674f": "French irregular forces", "5733ffa7d058e614000b6750": "Lake George", "5733ffa7d058e614000b6751": "attacked the British column", "5ad3b826604f3c001a3fee47": "French irregular forces (Canadian scouts and Indians) harassed Fort William Henry throughout the first half of 1757. In January they ambushed British", "5ad3b826604f3c001a3fee48": "French", "5ad3b826604f3c001a3fee49": "Lake George", "5ad3b826604f3c001a3fee4a": "Lake George", "5ad3b826604f3c001a3fee4b": "attacked the British column", "57340111d058e614000b677d": "British blockade of the French coastline limited French shipping. The situation in New France was further exacerbated by a poor harvest in 1757", "57340111d058e614000b677e": "allegedly corrupt machinations of Fran\u00e7ois Bigot", "57340111d058e614000b677f": "the St. Lawrence", "5ad3b911604f3c001a3fee63": "British blockade of the French coastline", "5ad3b911604f3c001a3fee64": "British blockade of the French coastline", "5ad3b911604f3c001a3fee65": "British blockade of the French coastline limited French shipping. The situation in New France was further exacerbated by a poor harvest in 1757", "5ad3b911604f3c001a3fee66": "winter", "5ad3b911604f3c001a3fee67": "defense of the St. Lawrence", "5734025d4776f419006616c3": "British failures in North America, combined with other failures in the European theater", "5734025d4776f419006616c4": "Newcastle", "5734025d4776f419006616c5": "three major offensive actions", "5734025d4776f419006616c6": "Two", "5ad3b9cd604f3c001a3fee87": "British failures", "5ad3b9cd604f3c001a3fee88": "The British failures in North America, combined with other failures in the European theater", "5ad3b9cd604f3c001a3fee89": "Loudoun", "5ad3b9cd604f3c001a3fee8a": "Loudoun.", "5ad3b9cd604f3c001a3fee8b": "Two", "573403394776f419006616dd": "3,600", "573403394776f419006616de": "18,000", "573403394776f419006616df": "destroyed Fort Frontenac, including caches of supplies destined for New France's western forts and furs destined for Europe", "573403394776f419006616e0": "Abercrombie was recalled and replaced by Jeffery Amherst", "5ad3ba81604f3c001a3fee9b": "3,600", "5ad3ba81604f3c001a3fee9c": "18,000", "5ad3ba81604f3c001a3fee9d": "18,000", "5ad3ba81604f3c001a3fee9e": "destroyed Fort Frontenac", "5ad3ba81604f3c001a3fee9f": "Abercrombie was recalled and replaced by Jeffery Amherst", "57340549d058e614000b67dd": "focus on an invasion of Britain", "57340549d058e614000b67de": "The invasion failed both militarily and politically", "57340549d058e614000b67df": "Lagos and Quiberon Bay", "5ad3bb12604f3c001a3feeb9": "invasion of Britain", "5ad3bb12604f3c001a3feeba": "focus on an invasion of Britain", "5ad3bb12604f3c001a3feebb": "The invasion failed both militarily and politically", "5ad3bb12604f3c001a3feebc": "The invasion failed both militarily and politically", "5ad3bb12604f3c001a3feebd": "Lagos and Quiberon Bay.", "573406d1d058e614000b6801": "James Wolfe", "573406d1d058e614000b6802": "successfully cut off the French frontier forts further to the west and south", "573406d1d058e614000b6803": "Battle of Sainte-Foy", "573406d1d058e614000b6804": "Battle of the Restigouche", "5ad3bb68604f3c001a3feec3": "James Wolfe defeated Montcalm", "5ad3bb68604f3c001a3feec4": "Wolfe", "5ad3bb68604f3c001a3feec5": "victory at Fort Niagara", "5ad3bb68604f3c001a3feec6": "Battle of Sainte-Foy,", "5ad3bb68604f3c001a3feec7": "Battle of Sainte-Foy,", "573407d7d058e614000b6813": "Governor Vaudreuil", "573407d7d058e614000b6814": "any French residents who chose to remain in the colony would be given freedom to continue worshiping in their Roman Catholic tradition", "573407d7d058e614000b6815": "General Amherst", "5ad3bbcc604f3c001a3feecd": "Vaudreuil negotiated from Montreal a capitulation with General Amherst.", "5ad3bbcc604f3c001a3feece": "Governor Vaudreuil negotiated from Montreal a capitulation with General Amherst.", "5ad3bbcc604f3c001a3feecf": "any French residents who chose to remain in the colony would be given freedom to continue worshiping in their Roman Catholic tradition", "5ad3bbcc604f3c001a3feed0": "General Amherst. Amherst", "5ad3bbcc604f3c001a3feed1": "General Amherst", "573408ef4776f41900661757": "10 February 1763,", "573408ef4776f41900661758": "15 February 1763", "573408ef4776f41900661759": "Caribbean islands of Guadeloupe and Martinique, which had been occupied by the British. France chose to cede the former", "573408ef4776f4190066175a": "They viewed the economic value of the Caribbean islands' sugar cane to be greater and easier to defend than the furs from the continent", "5ad3bc28604f3c001a3feedf": "10 February 1763", "5ad3bc28604f3c001a3feee0": "15 February 1763", "5ad3bc28604f3c001a3feee1": "15 February 1763.", "5ad3bc28604f3c001a3feee2": "1763, and war in the European theatre of the Seven Years' War was settled by the Treaty of Hubertusburg on 15 February 1763.", "5ad3bc28604f3c001a3feee3": "They viewed the economic value of the Caribbean islands' sugar cane to be greater and easier to defend than the furs", "57340a094776f4190066177d": "80,000", "57340a094776f4190066177e": "1755", "57340a094776f4190066177f": "North American provinces", "57340a094776f41900661780": "New Orleans", "5ad3bce5604f3c001a3feefb": "80,000 primarily French-speaking Roman Catholic residents. The deportation of Acadians beginning in 1755", "5ad3bce5604f3c001a3feefc": "80,000 primarily French-speaking Roman Catholic residents. The deportation of Acadians beginning in 1755", "5ad3bce5604f3c001a3feefd": "beginning in 17", "5ad3bce5604f3c001a3feefe": "Canada", "5ad3bce5604f3c001a3feeff": "New Orleans", "57340b1bd058e614000b6869": "King George III", "57340b1bd058e614000b686a": "outlined the division and administration of the newly conquered territory", "57340b1bd058e614000b686b": "west of the Appalachian Mountains", "5ad3bd30604f3c001a3fef0f": "King George III issued the Royal Proclamation of 1763 on October 7, 1763", "5ad3bd30604f3c001a3fef10": "King George III issued the Royal Proclamation of 1763 on October 7, 1763", "5ad3bd30604f3c001a3fef11": "outlined the division and administration of the newly conquered territory", "5ad3bd30604f3c001a3fef12": ".", "5ad3bd30604f3c001a3fef13": "west of the Appalachian Mountains to its Indian population", "57340d124776f419006617bf": "disappearance of a strong ally and counterweight to British expansion, leading to their ultimate dispossession.", "57340d124776f419006617c0": "construction of military roads", "57340d124776f419006617c1": "1769", "57340d124776f419006617c2": "tribes that did not want to do business with the British, and a rise in tensions between the Choctaw and the Creek", "57340d124776f419006617c3": "Cuba", "5ad3bd87604f3c001a3fef23": "Cuba, including the entire governmental records from St. Augustine, although some Christianized Yamasee were resettled to the coast of Mexico.", "5ad3bd87604f3c001a3fef24": "construction of military roads to the area", "5ad3bd87604f3c001a3fef25": "1769", "5ad3bd87604f3c001a3fef26": "Yamasee", "5ad3bd87604f3c001a3fef27": "elimination of French power in North America", "573735e8c3c5551400e51e71": "force", "573735e8c3c5551400e51e72": "A fundamental error", "573735e8c3c5551400e51e73": "Sir Isaac Newton", "573735e8c3c5551400e51e74": "nearly three hundred years", "573735e8c3c5551400e51e75": "Einstein", "5ad25efad7d075001a428f56": "Philosophers", "5ad25efad7d075001a428f57": "motion", "5ad25efad7d075001a428f58": "Galileo Galilei and Sir Isaac Newton. With his mathematical insight, Sir Isaac Newton", "5ad25efad7d075001a428f59": "motion and force", "5ad25efad7d075001a428f5a": "Sir Isaac Newton", "57373a9fc3c5551400e51e7b": "a Standard Model", "57373a9fc3c5551400e51e7c": "gauge bosons", "57373a9fc3c5551400e51e7d": "strong, electromagnetic", "57373a9fc3c5551400e51e7e": "electroweak", "57373a9fc3c5551400e51e7f": "electroweak interaction.", "5ad25f82d7d075001a428f84": "technology", "5ad25f82d7d075001a428f85": "forces between particles smaller than atoms.", "5ad25f82d7d075001a428f86": "by which forces are emitted and absorbed.", "5ad25f82d7d075001a428f87": "strong, electromagnetic, weak, and gravitational.:2\u201310:79", "57373d0cc3c5551400e51e85": "Aristotle", "57373d0cc3c5551400e51e86": "Aristotelian cosmology", "57373d0cc3c5551400e51e87": "four", "57373d0cc3c5551400e51e88": "on the ground", "57373d0cc3c5551400e51e89": "unnatural", "5ad2605dd7d075001a428fc6": "Aristotle", "5ad2605dd7d075001a428fc7": "four", "5ad2605dd7d075001a428fc8": "left alone.", "5ad2605dd7d075001a428fc9": "Aristotle", "57373f80c3c5551400e51e8f": "17th century", "57373f80c3c5551400e51e90": "Galileo Galilei, who was influenced by the late Medieval idea that objects in forced motion carried an innate force of impetus. Galileo", "57373f80c3c5551400e51e91": "an innate force of impetus.", "57373f80c3c5551400e51e92": "Galileo Galilei, who was influenced by the late Medieval idea that objects in forced motion carried an innate force of impetus. Galileo", "57373f80c3c5551400e51e93": "friction", "5ad26103d7d075001a428fec": "Galileo Galilei", "5ad26103d7d075001a428fed": "Galileo Galilei, who was influenced by the late Medieval idea that objects in forced motion carried an innate force of impetus. Galileo", "5ad26103d7d075001a428fee": "Galileo Galilei, who was influenced by the late Medieval idea that objects in forced motion carried an innate force of impetus. Galileo", "5ad26103d7d075001a428fef": "Galileo Galilei, who was influenced by the late Medieval idea that objects in forced motion carried an innate force of impetus. Galileo", "5737432bc3c5551400e51e99": "Newton", "5737432bc3c5551400e51e9a": "lack of net force", "5737432bc3c5551400e51e9b": "Newton", "5737432bc3c5551400e51e9c": "Newton's First", "5737432bc3c5551400e51e9d": "the laws of physics are the same", "5ad261a4d7d075001a429048": "objects continue to move in a state of constant velocity", "5ad261a4d7d075001a429049": "Aristotelian belief that a net force is required to keep an object moving with constant velocity", "5ad261a4d7d075001a42904a": "Newton's First Law of Motion", "5ad261a4d7d075001a42904b": "the laws of physics are the same", "5737477bc3c5551400e51ea3": "the laws of physics", "5737477bc3c5551400e51ea4": "a curving parabolic path", "5737477bc3c5551400e51ea5": "at rest", "5737477bc3c5551400e51ea6": "Inertia", "5ad26257d7d075001a42909c": "moving vehicle", "5ad26257d7d075001a42909d": "the person", "5ad26257d7d075001a42909e": "the outside world that is at rest", "5ad26257d7d075001a42909f": "outside world that is moving with a constant speed in the opposite direction", "573749741c4567190057445d": "inertia", "573749741c4567190057445e": "rotational inertia", "573749741c4567190057445f": "Albert Einstein", "573749741c45671900574460": "weightlessness", "573749741c45671900574461": "principle of equivalence", "5ad262f7d7d075001a4290d4": "many different forms of constant motion,", "5ad262f7d7d075001a4290d5": "constancy of the length of a day", "5ad262f7d7d075001a4290d6": "Albert Einstein extended the principle of inertia further when he explained that reference frames subject to constant acceleration", "5ad262f7d7d075001a4290d7": "gravity acting on their shared reference frame", "573750f51c45671900574467": "Newton's Second Law", "573750f61c45671900574468": "kinematic measurements. However, while kinematics", "573750f61c45671900574469": "General relativity", "573750f61c4567190057446a": "General relativity", "573750f61c4567190057446b": "fixed", "5ad26382d7d075001a42911a": "force", "5ad26382d7d075001a42911b": "mass", "5ad26382d7d075001a42911c": "kinematic measurements.", "5ad26382d7d075001a42911d": "space-time and mass,", "5737534ec3c5551400e51eab": "Newton's Third Law", "5737534ec3c5551400e51eac": "Newton's Third Law", "5737534ec3c5551400e51ead": "unidirectional force or a force that acts on only one body", "5737534ec3c5551400e51eae": "F and \u2212F are equal in magnitude", "5ad26421d7d075001a42913e": "situations where forces can be attributed to the presence of different objects.", "5ad26421d7d075001a42913f": "F", "5ad26421d7d075001a429140": "a force \u2212F on the first body", "573755afc3c5551400e51eb3": "the center of mass", "573755afc3c5551400e51eb4": "closed", "573755afc3c5551400e51eb5": "the mass of the system.", "5ad266f6d7d075001a4291fe": "forces that are unbalanced.", "5ad266f6d7d075001a4291ff": "no internal forces", "5ad266f6d7d075001a429200": "unaccelerated", "5ad266f6d7d075001a429201": "the system itself", "573766251c45671900574471": "intuitive understanding", "573766251c45671900574472": "precise operational definitions that are consistent with direct observations and compared to a standard measurement scale", "573766251c45671900574473": "Newtonian mechanics", "573766251c45671900574474": "Through experimentation", "5ad26797d7d075001a429236": "the conceptual definition of force offered by Newtonian mechanics.", "5ad26797d7d075001a429237": "Newtonian mechanics.", "5ad26797d7d075001a429238": "force", "5ad26797d7d075001a429239": "temperature", "57376828c3c5551400e51eb9": "vector quantities", "57376828c3c5551400e51eba": "scalar quantities", "57376828c3c5551400e51ebb": "Associating forces with vectors", "57376828c3c5551400e51ebc": "ambiguous", "57376828c3c5551400e51ebd": "you do not know which direction either person is pulling", "5ad26839d7d075001a42925a": "scalar quantities).", "5ad26839d7d075001a42925b": "Forces act in a particular direction", "5ad26839d7d075001a42925c": "vectors", "5ad26839d7d075001a42925d": "scalar quantities", "57376a1bc3c5551400e51ec3": "conditions of static equilibrium", "57376a1bc3c5551400e51ec4": "magnitude and direction", "57376a1bc3c5551400e51ec5": "the net force", "57376a1bc3c5551400e51ec6": "their respective lines of application", "57376a1bc3c5551400e51ec7": "parallelogram", "5ad26925d7d075001a4292c4": "equivalent resultant vector that is equal in magnitude and direction to the transversal of the parallelogram", "5ad26925d7d075001a4292c5": "net force)", "5ad26925d7d075001a4292c6": "two forces act on a point particle, the resulting force, the resultant (also called the net force", "5ad26925d7d075001a4292c7": "lines of action. However, if the forces are acting on an extended body, their respective lines of application", "57376c50c3c5551400e51ecd": "independent components", "57376c50c3c5551400e51ece": "two", "57376c50c3c5551400e51ecf": "the original force", "57376c50c3c5551400e51ed0": "Orthogonal components", "57376c50c3c5551400e51ed1": "three-dimensional with", "5ad269a7d7d075001a4292e0": "added, forces can also be resolved into independent components at right angles to each other", "5ad269a7d7d075001a4292e1": "two forces", "5ad269a7d7d075001a4292e2": "vector addition yields the original force", "5ad269a7d7d075001a4292e3": "Orthogonal force vectors can be three-dimensional with the third component being at right-angles to the other two.", "57376df3c3c5551400e51ed7": "static friction", "57376df3c3c5551400e51ed8": "static friction", "57376df3c3c5551400e51ed9": "applied force", "57376df3c3c5551400e51eda": "the characteristics of the contact between the surface and the object.", "5ad26a5fd7d075001a429318": "object does not move because the applied force is opposed by static friction", "5ad26a5fd7d075001a429319": "no acceleration. The static friction increases or decreases in response to the applied force up to an upper limit", "5ad26a5fd7d075001a42931a": "static", "5ad26a5fd7d075001a42931b": "static friction, generated between the object and the table surface. For a situation with no movement, the static friction", "57377083c3c5551400e51edf": "forces", "57377083c3c5551400e51ee0": "spring reaction force", "57377083c3c5551400e51ee1": "the object's weight", "57377083c3c5551400e51ee2": "gravity", "57377083c3c5551400e51ee3": "Isaac Newton", "5ad26aedd7d075001a429332": "Three Laws of Motion.", "5ad26aedd7d075001a429333": "forces", "5ad26aedd7d075001a429334": "gravity acting on the object balanced by a force applied by the \"spring reaction force", "5ad26aedd7d075001a429335": "weighing scales", "573776eec3c5551400e51ee9": "Galileo", "573776eec3c5551400e51eea": "rest", "573776eec3c5551400e51eeb": "Aristotle", "573776eec3c5551400e51eec": "behind the foot of the mast of a moving ship", "573776eec3c5551400e51eed": "at the foot of the mast", "5ad26c15d7d075001a42937c": "Dynamic equilibrium was first described by Galileo", "5ad26c15d7d075001a42937d": "Aristotelian", "5ad26c15d7d075001a42937e": "Aristotelian", "5ad26c15d7d075001a42937f": "Galileo", "57377862c3c5551400e51ef3": "dynamic equilibrium", "57377862c3c5551400e51ef4": "kinetic friction force", "57377862c3c5551400e51ef5": "kinetic friction", "57377862c3c5551400e51ef6": "Aristotle", "5ad27697d7d075001a429518": "dynamic", "5ad27697d7d075001a429519": "the object started with a non-zero velocity", "5ad27697d7d075001a42951a": "object started with a non-zero velocity", "5ad27697d7d075001a42951b": "kinetic friction", "57377aac1c45671900574479": "Schr\u00f6dinger equation", "57377aac1c4567190057447a": "Newtonian equations", "57377aac1c4567190057447b": "classical position variables", "57377aac1c4567190057447c": "quantized", "57377aac1c4567190057447d": "force\" keeps its meaning in quantum mechanics", "5ad2772cd7d075001a42953e": "forces\". However, the potentials V(x,y,z) or fields, from which the forces", "5ad2772cd7d075001a42953f": "force\"", "5ad2772cd7d075001a429540": "quantum mechanics, though one is now dealing with operators instead of classical variables and though the physics is now described by the Schr\u00f6dinger equation", "5ad2772cd7d075001a429541": "Newtonian equations", "57377c98c3c5551400e51efb": "spin", "57377c98c3c5551400e51efc": "Pauli principle", "57377c98c3c5551400e51efd": "spin", "57377c98c3c5551400e51efe": "symmetric spin function", "57377c98c3c5551400e51eff": "symmetric spin function (e.g. parallel spins) the spatial variables must be antisymmetric", "5ad277d3d7d075001a429546": "spin\", and there is the Pauli principle relating the space and the spin variables. Depending on the value of the spin,", "5ad277d3d7d075001a429547": "symmetric (i.e. the apparent force must be attractive", "5ad277d3d7d075001a429548": "two bosons", "5ad277d3d7d075001a429549": "two bosons", "57377ec7c3c5551400e51f05": "mathematical by-product", "57377ec7c3c5551400e51f06": "force", "57377ec7c3c5551400e51f07": "conservation of momentum can be directly derived from the homogeneity or symmetry of space", "57377ec7c3c5551400e51f08": "Feynman diagrams", "57377ec7c3c5551400e51f09": "straight line", "5ad278c3d7d075001a42957c": "conservation of momentum", "5ad278c3d7d075001a42957d": "Gauge bosons are emitted away from the vertex as wavy lines and, in the case of virtual particle", "5ad278c3d7d075001a42957e": "virtual particle exchange", "5ad278c3d7d075001a42957f": "Feynman diagrams. In a Feynman", "5737804dc3c5551400e51f0f": "four", "5737804dc3c5551400e51f10": "strong and weak forces", "5737804dc3c5551400e51f11": "electromagnetic force", "5737804dc3c5551400e51f12": "masses", "5737804dc3c5551400e51f13": "Pauli exclusion principle", "5ad27941d7d075001a4295a8": "universe are based on four fundamental interactions", "5ad27941d7d075001a4295a9": "four", "5ad27941d7d075001a4295aa": "strong and weak", "5ad27941d7d075001a4295ab": "The strong and weak forces", "5737821cc3c5551400e51f19": "Isaac Newton", "5737821cc3c5551400e51f1a": "20th", "5737821cc3c5551400e51f1b": "unification models", "5737821cc3c5551400e51f1c": "self-consistent unification", "5ad279e5d7d075001a4295c2": "The development of fundamental theories", "5ad279e5d7d075001a4295c3": "Isaac Newton", "5ad279e5d7d075001a4295c4": "Michael Faraday and James Clerk Maxwell demonstrated that electric and magnetic forces were unified through one consistent theory of electromagnetism", "5ad279e5d7d075001a4295c5": "In the 20th century, the development of quantum mechanics led to a modern understanding that the first three fundamental forces", "573784fa1c45671900574483": "Isaac Newton. Before Newton", "573784fa1c45671900574484": "Galileo", "573784fa1c45671900574485": "9.81 meters per second", "573784fa1c45671900574486": "sea level", "573784fa1c45671900574487": "force", "5ad27a80d7d075001a4295fa": "gravity was not identified as a universal force until the work of Isaac Newton.", "5ad27a80d7d075001a4295fb": "Galileo was instrumental in describing the characteristics of falling", "5ad27a80d7d075001a4295fc": "gravity towards the surface of the Earth", "5ad27a80d7d075001a4295fd": "force", "573786b51c4567190057448d": "at larger distances", "573786b51c4567190057448e": "the Moon", "573786b51c4567190057448f": "the mass of the attracting body", "573786b51c45671900574490": "radius", "5ad27e30d7d075001a429700": "Newton came to realize that the effects of gravity might be observed in different ways at larger distances. In particular, Newton", "5ad27e30d7d075001a429701": "the same force of gravity", "5ad27e30d7d075001a429702": "Newton", "5ad27e30d7d075001a429703": "mass of the attracting body.", "57378862c3c5551400e51f21": "a dimensional constant is used to describe the relative strength of gravity. This constant has come to be known as Newton's Universal Gravitation Constant", "57378862c3c5551400e51f22": "Henry Cavendish", "57378862c3c5551400e51f23": "1798", "57378862c3c5551400e51f24": "Newton", "5ad27f01d7d075001a429742": "equation", "5ad27f01d7d075001a429743": "Newton", "5ad27f01d7d075001a429744": "Newton's Universal Gravitation Constant", "5ad27f01d7d075001a429745": "the force on a spherical object of mass", "5737898f1c45671900574495": "Mercury", "5737898f1c45671900574496": "Vulcan", "5737898f1c45671900574497": "general relativity", "5737898f1c45671900574498": "Albert Einstein", "5737898f1c45671900574499": "Albert Einstein", "5ad27fb9d7d075001a429782": "Newton's Law of Gravitation", "5ad27fb9d7d075001a429783": "astrophysicists predicted the existence of another planet (Vulcan)", "5ad27fb9d7d075001a429784": "theory of general relativity", "5ad27fb9d7d075001a429785": "Mercury that Newton's Law of Gravitation seemed not to fully explain", "57378b141c4567190057449f": "general relativity", "57378b141c456719005744a0": "straight line", "57378b141c456719005744a1": "gravitational force", "57378b141c456719005744a2": "global sense", "5ad28035d7d075001a4297a6": "general relativity", "5ad28035d7d075001a4297a7": "gravitational", "5ad28035d7d075001a4297a8": "the ballistic trajectory", "5ad28035d7d075001a4297a9": "gravitational force\".", "57378c9b1c456719005744a7": "Lorentz's Law", "57378c9b1c456719005744a8": "electric current", "57378c9b1c456719005744a9": "electromagnetic force", "57378c9b1c456719005744aa": "electromagnetic force", "5ad280d4d7d075001a4297d6": "the force on a charge moving in a magnetic field", "5ad280d4d7d075001a4297d7": "magnetism", "5ad280d4d7d075001a4297d8": "electromagnetic", "5ad280d4d7d075001a4297d9": "Law describes the force on a charge moving in a magnetic field.", "57378e311c456719005744af": "James Clerk Maxwell", "57378e311c456719005744b0": "1864", "57378e311c456719005744b1": "20", "57378e311c456719005744b2": "4", "57378e311c456719005744b3": "James Clerk Maxwell", "5ad28173d7d075001a4297fa": "The origin of electric and magnetic fields", "5ad28173d7d075001a4297fb": "James Clerk Maxwell unified a number of earlier theories into a set of 20 scalar equations", "5ad28173d7d075001a4297fc": "4 vector equations by Oliver Heaviside and Josiah Willard Gibbs", "5ad28173d7d075001a4297fd": "James Clerk Maxwell", "573792ee1c456719005744b9": "electromagnetic theory", "573792ee1c456719005744ba": "quantum mechanics", "573792ee1c456719005744bb": "quantum electrodynamics (or QED", "573792ee1c456719005744bc": "photons. In QED, photons", "573792ee1c456719005744bd": "quantum electrodynamics", "5ad28237d7d075001a429820": "electromagnetism was developed using quantum mechanics", "5ad28237d7d075001a429821": "quantum mechanics", "5ad28237d7d075001a429822": "QED,", "5ad28237d7d075001a429823": "electromagnetism", "5737958b1c456719005744c3": "electromagnetic force. However, these characteristics actually result from the Pauli exclusion principle", "5737958b1c456719005744c4": "Pauli exclusion principle", "5737958b1c456719005744c5": "energy", "5737958b1c456719005744c6": "as a structural force", "5ad283bcd7d075001a42985a": "quantum mechanical state", "5ad283bcd7d075001a42985b": "lower energy quantum mechanical states for them all, so some of them must be in higher energy states", "5ad283bcd7d075001a42985c": "electrons", "5ad283bcd7d075001a42985d": "When the electrons in a material are densely", "573796edc3c5551400e51f33": "elementary particles", "573796edc3c5551400e51f34": "a residual of the force", "573796edc3c5551400e51f35": "the nuclear force. Here the strong force", "573796edc3c5551400e51f36": "virtual pi and rho mesons", "573796edc3c5551400e51f37": "color confinement", "5ad28471d7d075001a429876": "elementary", "5ad28471d7d075001a429877": "searches for free quarks has shown that the elementary particles affected are not directly observable. This phenomenon is called color confinement.", "5ad28471d7d075001a429878": "the nuclear force", "5ad28471d7d075001a429879": "quarks has shown that the elementary", "57379829c3c5551400e51f3d": "The weak force", "57379829c3c5551400e51f3e": "beta decay (of neutrons in atomic nuclei) and the associated radioactivity", "57379829c3c5551400e51f3f": "radioactivity", "57379829c3c5551400e51f40": "1013", "57379829c3c5551400e51f41": "1015 kelvins", "5ad28597d7d075001a4298ae": "W and Z bosons. Its most familiar effect is beta decay (of neutrons in atomic nuclei) and the associated radioactivity", "5ad28597d7d075001a4298af": "weak", "5ad28597d7d075001a4298b0": "strong force", "5ad28597d7d075001a4298b1": ".", "57379a4b1c456719005744cd": "normal force is due to repulsive forces of interaction between atoms at close contact. When their electron clouds overlap, Pauli repulsion", "57379a4b1c456719005744ce": "fermionic nature of electrons) follows resulting in the force that acts in a direction normal to the surface interface between two objects.:93", "57379a4b1c456719005744cf": "fermionic nature of electrons", "57379a4b1c456719005744d0": "The normal force", "5ad28614d7d075001a4298c0": "normal", "5ad28614d7d075001a4298c1": "normal", "5ad28614d7d075001a4298c2": "impact force on an object crashing into an immobile surface", "5ad28614d7d075001a4298c3": "tables and floors as well as being the force that responds whenever an external force pushes on a solid object. An example of the normal force", "57379ed81c456719005744d5": "ideal strings that are massless, frictionless, unbreakable, and unstretchable", "57379ed81c456719005744d6": "ideal pulleys", "57379ed81c456719005744d7": "instantaneously in action-reaction pairs", "57379ed81c456719005744d8": "conservation of mechanical energy", "57379ed81c456719005744d9": "By connecting the same string multiple times to the same object through the use of a set-up that uses movable pulleys", "5ad2866ed7d075001a4298e6": "Tension forces", "5ad2866ed7d075001a4298e7": "Tension forces", "5ad2866ed7d075001a4298e8": "tension forces instantaneously in action-reaction pairs", "5737a0acc3c5551400e51f47": "idealized point particles", "5737a0acc3c5551400e51f48": "three-dimensional objects. However, in real life, matter has extended structure", "5737a0acc3c5551400e51f49": "extended fluids", "5737a0acc3c5551400e51f4a": "other parts of an object", "5737a0acc3c5551400e51f4b": "extended structure", "5ad286fdd7d075001a429900": "matter has extended structure and forces that act on one part of an object might affect other parts of an object. For situations where lattice holding together the atoms", "5ad286fdd7d075001a429901": "three-dimensional objects", "5ad286fdd7d075001a429902": "pressure gradients as follows", "5ad286fdd7d075001a429903": "Newton's laws and Newtonian mechanics in general were first developed to describe how forces affect idealized point particles", "5737a25ac3c5551400e51f51": "forces", "5737a25ac3c5551400e51f52": "stress-tensor", "5737a25ac3c5551400e51f53": "pressure terms", "5737a25ac3c5551400e51f54": "stress-tensor is being calculated. This formalism", "5ad2877cd7d075001a429912": "where is", "5ad2877cd7d075001a429913": "shear", "5ad2877cd7d075001a429914": "pressure", "5ad2877cd7d075001a429915": "tensor) as well as shear", "5737a4511c456719005744df": "force in the same way that angle is the rotational equivalent for position, angular velocity for velocity", "5737a4511c456719005744e0": "an unbalanced torque", "5737a4511c456719005744e1": "Newton's Second Law of Motion", "5ad28846d7d075001a42992e": "rotational", "5ad28846d7d075001a42992f": "angular velocity", "5ad28846d7d075001a429930": "angular", "5ad28846d7d075001a429931": "First Law of Motion", "5737a5931c456719005744e7": "toward the center of the curving path", "5737a5931c456719005744e8": "perpendicular", "5737a5931c456719005744e9": "radial (centripetal) force", "5737a5931c456719005744ea": "radial", "5737a5931c456719005744eb": "tangential force", "5ad288e1d7d075001a429970": "unbalanced centripetal", "5ad288e1d7d075001a429971": "unit vector pointing in the radial direction", "5ad288e1d7d075001a429972": "radial", "5ad288e1d7d075001a429973": "velocity of the object", "5737a7351c456719005744f1": "potential forms", "5737a7351c456719005744f2": "potential forms", "5737a7351c456719005744f3": "net mechanical energy", "5737a7351c456719005744f4": "difference in potential energy", "5737a7351c456719005744f5": "an artifact", "5ad2895bd7d075001a429982": "mechanical work that allows energy to convert only between kinetic or potential forms", "5ad2895bd7d075001a429983": "net mechanical energy is conserved whenever a conservative force acts on the system. The force, therefore, is related directly to the difference in potential energy", "5ad2895bd7d075001a429984": "conservative force", "5ad2895bd7d075001a429985": "the potential field in the same way that the direction and amount of a flow of water can be considered to be an artifact of the contour map", "5737a84dc3c5551400e51f59": "forces as being due to gradient of potentials", "5737a84dc3c5551400e51f5a": "macrophysical considerations", "5737a84dc3c5551400e51f5b": "friction", "5737a84dc3c5551400e51f5c": "Nonconservative forces", "5ad289c2d7d075001a42999e": "gradients", "5ad289c2d7d075001a42999f": "forces as arising from a macroscopic statistical average of microstates", "5ad289c2d7d075001a4299a0": "gradient of potentials", "5ad289c2d7d075001a4299a1": "gradients of microscopic potentials.", "5737a9afc3c5551400e51f61": "statistical mechanics", "5737a9afc3c5551400e51f62": "nonconservative forces", "5737a9afc3c5551400e51f63": "nonconservative forces", "5737a9afc3c5551400e51f64": "Second", "5737a9afc3c5551400e51f65": "nonconservative forces", "5ad28a57d7d075001a4299b0": "energy transformations within closed systems", "5ad28a57d7d075001a4299b1": "nonconservative forces necessarily result in energy transformations within closed systems from ordered to more random conditions as entropy increases.", "5ad28a57d7d075001a4299b2": "transfer of heat. According to the Second law of thermodynamics, nonconservative forces necessarily result in energy transformations within closed systems", "5ad28a57d7d075001a4299b3": "nonconservative forces necessarily result in energy transformations within closed systems from ordered to more random conditions as entropy increases.", "5737aafd1c456719005744fb": "kilogram-force", "5737aafd1c456719005744fc": "kilopond", "5737aafd1c456719005744fd": "metric slug", "5737aafd1c456719005744fe": "kip", "5737aafd1c456719005744ff": "metric slug (sometimes mug or hyl)", "5ad28ad0d7d075001a4299cc": "the newton", "5ad28ad0d7d075001a4299cd": "kilogram-force (kgf)", "5ad28ad0d7d075001a4299ce": "pound-force has a metric counterpart, less commonly used than the newton: the kilogram-force", "5ad28ad0d7d075001a4299cf": "kilogram-force is not a part of the modern SI system" }