{ "56be4db0acb8001400a502ec": "Super Bowl 50", "56be4db0acb8001400a502ed": "Super Bowl 50", "56be4db0acb8001400a502ee": "Super Bowl 50", "56be4db0acb8001400a502ef": "Super Bowl 50 was", "56be4db0acb8001400a502f0": "emphasized the \"golden anniversary\" with various gold-themed initiatives,", "56be8e613aeaaa14008c90d1": "Super Bowl 50", "56be8e613aeaaa14008c90d2": "The game was played on February 7, 2016,", "56be8e613aeaaa14008c90d3": ".", "56bea9923aeaaa14008c91b9": "Super Bowl 50", "56bea9923aeaaa14008c91ba": "s 24\u201310 to earn their third Super Bowl title.", "56bea9923aeaaa14008c91bb": "The game was played on February 7, 2016,", "56beace93aeaaa14008c91df": "Super Bowl 50 was", "56beace93aeaaa14008c91e0": "Super Bowl 50", "56beace93aeaaa14008c91e1": "Super", "56beace93aeaaa14008c91e2": "under which the game would have been known as \"Super Bowl L\"),", "56beace93aeaaa14008c91e3": "2015 season.", "56bf10f43aeaaa14008c94fd": "24\u201310 to earn their third Super Bowl title.", "56bf10f43aeaaa14008c94fe": "Super", "56bf10f43aeaaa14008c94ff": "at Levi's Stadium in the San Francisco Bay Area at Santa Clara, California", "56bf10f43aeaaa14008c9500": "Super Bowl 50 was", "56bf10f43aeaaa14008c9501": "Super Bowl 50", "56d20362e7d4791d009025e8": ".", "56d20362e7d4791d009025e9": "The American Football Conference (AFC) champion Denver Broncos", "56d20362e7d4791d009025ea": "Carolina Panthers 24\u201310 to earn their third Super Bowl title.", "56d20362e7d4791d009025eb": "Super Bowl 50 was", "56d600e31c85041400946eae": "2015 season.", "56d600e31c85041400946eb0": "50.", "56d600e31c85041400946eb1": "Super Bowl 50 was", "56d9895ddc89441400fdb50e": "(NFL) for the 2015 season.", "56d9895ddc89441400fdb510": "2015 season.", "56be4e1facb8001400a502f6": ".", "56be4e1facb8001400a502f9": "one of four teams that have made eight appearances in the Super Bowl.", "56be4e1facb8001400a502fa": "1995.", "56beaa4a3aeaaa14008c91c2": "The Panthers", "56beaa4a3aeaaa14008c91c3": "have made eight appearances in the Super Bowl.", "56bead5a3aeaaa14008c91e9": "They defeated the Arizona Cardinals 49\u201315 in the NFC Championship Game", "56bead5a3aeaaa14008c91ea": ".", "56bead5a3aeaaa14008c91eb": "that have made eight appearances in the Super Bowl.", "56bead5a3aeaaa14008c91ec": "our teams that have made eight appearances in the Super Bowl.", "56bead5a3aeaaa14008c91ed": "Cam Newton was named the NFL Most Valuable Player (MVP).", "56bf159b3aeaaa14008c9507": ".", "56bf159b3aeaaa14008c9508": ".", "56bf159b3aeaaa14008c9509": "1995.", "56bf159b3aeaaa14008c950a": "our teams that have made eight appearances in the Super Bowl.", "56bf159b3aeaaa14008c950b": "a chance to defend their title from Super Bowl XLIX by defeating them 20", "56d2045de7d4791d009025f3": "Cam Newton was named the NFL Most Valuable Player (MVP).", "56d2045de7d4791d009025f4": ".", "56d2045de7d4791d009025f5": ".", "56d2045de7d4791d009025f6": ".", "56d6017d1c85041400946ebe": ".", "56d6017d1c85041400946ec1": "20\u201318 in the AFC Championship Game.", "56d6017d1c85041400946ec2": "They defeated the Arizona Cardinals 49\u201315 in the NFC Championship Game and", "56d98a59dc89441400fdb52a": "the NFL Most Valuable Player (MVP).", "56d98a59dc89441400fdb52b": ".", "56d98a59dc89441400fdb52e": "The Panthers", "56be4eafacb8001400a50302": "Denver", "56be4eafacb8001400a50303": "Denver linebacker", "56be4eafacb8001400a50304": "which they recovered for a touchdown.", "56beab833aeaaa14008c91d2": "Denver linebacker Von Miller", "56beab833aeaaa14008c91d3": "Denver linebacker", "56beab833aeaaa14008c91d4": "Newton was limited by Denver's defense", "56beae423aeaaa14008c91f4": "Newton was limited by Denver's defense", "56beae423aeaaa14008c91f5": "Den", "56beae423aeaaa14008c91f6": "which they recovered for a touchdown.", "56beae423aeaaa14008c91f7": "forced fumbles.", "56bf17653aeaaa14008c9511": ".", "56bf17653aeaaa14008c9513": "Denver linebacker", "56bf17653aeaaa14008c9514": "The Broncos took an early lead in Super Bowl 50 and never trailed.", "56bf17653aeaaa14008c9515": "The Broncos took an early lead in Super Bowl 50 and never trailed.", "56d204ade7d4791d00902603": "Denver linebacker Von Miller was named Super Bowl MVP,", "56d204ade7d4791d00902604": ".", "56d601e41c85041400946ece": "The Broncos took an early lead in Super Bowl 50 and never trailed.", "56d601e41c85041400946ecf": "which sacked him seven times and forced him into three turnovers", "56d601e41c85041400946ed0": "which they recovered for a touchdown.", "56d601e41c85041400946ed1": "The Broncos took an early lead in Super Bowl 50 and never trailed.", "56d601e41c85041400946ed2": ".", "56d98b33dc89441400fdb53b": ".", "56d98b33dc89441400fdb53c": "The Broncos took an early lead in Super Bowl 50 and never trailed.", "56d98b33dc89441400fdb53d": ".", "56d98b33dc89441400fdb53e": "Denver linebacker", "56be5333acb8001400a5030a": "CBS broadcast Super Bowl 50 in the U.S.", "56be5333acb8001400a5030b": "$5 million for a 30-second commercial during the game.", "56be5333acb8001400a5030c": "The Super Bowl 50 halftime show was head", "56be5333acb8001400a5030d": "The Super Bowl 50 halftime show was head", "56be5333acb8001400a5030e": "The Super Bowl 50 halftime show was head", "56beaf5e3aeaaa14008c91fd": "It was the third-most watched U.S. broadcast ever.", "56beaf5e3aeaaa14008c91fe": "$5 million for a 30-second commercial during the game.", "56beaf5e3aeaaa14008c91ff": "who head", "56beaf5e3aeaaa14008c9200": "who head", "56beaf5e3aeaaa14008c9201": "It was the third-most watched U.S. broadcast ever.", "56bf1ae93aeaaa14008c951b": "CBS broadcast Super Bowl 50", "56bf1ae93aeaaa14008c951c": "$5 million for a 30-second commercial during the game.", "56bf1ae93aeaaa14008c951e": "The Super Bowl 50", "56bf1ae93aeaaa14008c951f": "It was the third-most watched U.S. broadcast ever.", "56d2051ce7d4791d00902608": "It was the third-most watched U.S. broadcast ever.", "56d2051ce7d4791d00902609": "e.", "56d2051ce7d4791d0090260a": "respectively.", "56d2051ce7d4791d0090260b": "Coldplay with", "56d602631c85041400946ed8": "CBS broadcast Super Bowl 50", "56d602631c85041400946eda": ".", "56d602631c85041400946edb": "pectively.", "56d602631c85041400946edc": "pectively.", "56d98c53dc89441400fdb544": "It was the third-most watched U.S. broadcast ever.", "56d98c53dc89441400fdb545": ".", "56d98c53dc89441400fdb546": "respectively.", "56d98c53dc89441400fdb548": "pectively.", "56be53b8acb8001400a50314": "that it would be \"an important game for us as a league\".", "56be53b8acb8001400a50315": "that it would be \"an important game for us as a league\".", "56be53b8acb8001400a50316": "that it would be \"an important game for us as a league\".", "56beafca3aeaaa14008c9207": "that it would be \"an important game for us as a league\".", "56beafca3aeaaa14008c9208": "that it would be \"an important game for us as a league\".", "56bf42f53aeaaa14008c95a3": "In early 2012", "56d2053ae7d4791d00902610": "that it would be \"an important game for us as a league\".", "56d6edd00d65d21400198250": ".", "56d6edd00d65d21400198251": "that it would be \"an important game for us as a league\".", "56d98d0adc89441400fdb54e": "that it would be \"an important game for us as a league\".", "56d98d0adc89441400fdb54f": "that it would be \"an important game for us as a league\".", "56be5438acb8001400a5031a": ".", "56be5438acb8001400a5031b": ".", "56be5438acb8001400a5031c": ".", "56beb03c3aeaaa14008c920b": "Miami's Sun Life Stadium, and the San Francisco Bay Area's Levi's Stadium.", "56beb03c3aeaaa14008c920d": "San Francisco Bay Area's Levi's Stadium.", "56bf3c633aeaaa14008c9580": ".", "56bf3c633aeaaa14008c9581": ".", "56bf3c633aeaaa14008c9582": ".", "56d20564e7d4791d00902612": ".", "56d6ee6e0d65d21400198254": ".", "56d6ee6e0d65d21400198255": ".", "56d6ee6e0d65d21400198256": ".", "56d6ee6e0d65d21400198257": "The league eventually narrowed the bids to three sites:", "56d6ee6e0d65d21400198258": "San Francisco Bay Area's Levi's Stadium.", "56d98db6dc89441400fdb552": ".", "56d98db6dc89441400fdb553": ".", "56d98db6dc89441400fdb554": ".", "56be54bdacb8001400a50322": "that the two finalists were Sun Life Stadium and Levi's Stadium.", "56be54bdacb8001400a50323": "The South Florida/Miami area has previously hosted the event 10 times", "56be54bdacb8001400a50324": "has previously hosted the event 10 times (tied for most with New Orleans),", "56be54bdacb8001400a50325": "has previously hosted the event 10 times (tied for most with New Orleans),", "56be54bdacb8001400a50326": "The San Francisco Bay Area last hosted in 1985 (Super Bowl XIX),", "56beb0f43aeaaa14008c921b": "that the two finalists were Sun Life Stadium and Levi's Stadium.", "56beb0f43aeaaa14008c921c": "that the two finalists were Sun Life Stadium and Levi's Stadium.", "56beb0f43aeaaa14008c921d": "being Super Bowl XLIV in 2010.", "56beb0f43aeaaa14008c921e": "chances.", "56beb0f43aeaaa14008c921f": "The South Florida/Miami area has", "56bf21b43aeaaa14008c9525": "that the two finalists were Sun Life Stadium and Levi's Stadium.", "56bf21b43aeaaa14008c9526": "that the two finalists were Sun Life Stadium and Levi's Stadium.", "56bf21b43aeaaa14008c9528": "that the two finalists were Sun Life Stadium and Levi's Stadium.", "56bf21b43aeaaa14008c9529": "The Miami bid depended on whether the stadium underwent renovations.", "56d6ef6a0d65d21400198260": "The San Francisco Bay Area las", "56d6ef6a0d65d21400198262": ".", "56d98f0ddc89441400fdb558": "2012, that the two finalists were Sun Life Stadium and Levi's Stadium.", "56d98f0ddc89441400fdb559": "Sun Life Stadium and Levi's Stadium.", "56d98f0ddc89441400fdb55a": "Super Bowl XLIV in 2010", "56d98f0ddc89441400fdb55b": "The San Francisco Bay Area last hosted in 1985 (Super Bowl XIX),", "56d98f0ddc89441400fdb55c": "Sun Life Stadium and Levi's Stadium.", "56be5523acb8001400a5032c": "awarded the game to Levi's Stadium.", "56be5523acb8001400a5032d": "2003.", "56be5523acb8001400a5032e": "The $1.2 billion stadium opened in 2014.", "56be5523acb8001400a5032f": "e to Levi's Stadium.", "56be5523acb8001400a50330": "the first in California since Super Bowl XXXVII took place in San Diego in 2003.", "56beb2153aeaaa14008c9225": "voted and awarded the game to Levi's Stadium.", "56beb2153aeaaa14008c9226": ".", "56beb2153aeaaa14008c9227": "e to Levi's Stadium.", "56beb2153aeaaa14008c9228": "2003", "56beb2153aeaaa14008c9229": "and the first in California since Super Bowl XXXVII took place in San Diego in 2003.", "56bf23363aeaaa14008c952f": "e to Levi's Stadium.", "56bf23363aeaaa14008c9530": "The $1.2 billion stadium opened in 2014.", "56bf23363aeaaa14008c9531": "2003.", "56bf23363aeaaa14008c9532": "It is the first Super Bowl held in the San Francisco Bay Area since Super Bowl XIX in 1985,", "56bf23363aeaaa14008c9533": "and the first in California since Super Bowl XXXVII took place in San Diego in 2003.", "56d6f0770d65d21400198268": "It is the first Super Bowl held in the San Francisco Bay Area since Super Bowl XIX in 1985,", "56d6f0770d65d21400198269": "The $1.2 billion stadium opened in 2014.", "56d6f0770d65d2140019826a": "and the first in California since Super Bowl XXXVII took place in San Diego in 2003.", "56d6f0770d65d2140019826c": "voted and awarded the game to Levi's Stadium.", "56d98fbfdc89441400fdb562": "to Levi's Stadium.", "56d98fbfdc89441400fdb563": "The $1.2 billion stadium opened in 2014.", "56d98fbfdc89441400fdb564": "Levi's Stadium.", "56d98fbfdc89441400fdb565": "and the first in California since Super Bowl XXXVII took place in San Diego in 2003.", "56be572b3aeaaa14008c9052": "John Fox in their last Super Bowl appearance prior to Super Bowl 50.", "56beb2a03aeaaa14008c922f": ".", "56beb2a03aeaaa14008c9230": "Super Bowl.", "56beb2a03aeaaa14008c9231": "John Fox in their last Super Bowl appearance prior to Super Bowl 50.", "56beb2a03aeaaa14008c9232": "John Fox in their last Super Bowl appearance prior to Super Bowl 50.", "56beb2a03aeaaa14008c9233": "The", "56bf28c73aeaaa14008c9539": "50.", "56bf28c73aeaaa14008c953a": "The Carolina Panthers", "56bf28c73aeaaa14008c953c": "the number one seeds from both conferences met in the Super Bowl.", "56bf28c73aeaaa14008c953d": "The Carolina Panthers", "56d6f1190d65d21400198272": "the number one seeds from both conferences met in the Super Bowl.", "56d6f1190d65d21400198273": "one of four teams to have made eight appearances in the Super Bowl.", "56d6f1190d65d21400198274": "John Fox in their last Super Bowl appearance prior to Super Bowl 50.", "56d6f1190d65d21400198275": "John Fox in their last Super Bowl appearance prior to Super Bowl 50.", "56d6f1190d65d21400198276": "The Carolina Panthers", "56d99179dc89441400fdb56c": ".", "56d99179dc89441400fdb56d": "Coinci", "56d99179dc89441400fdb570": "John Fox in their last Super Bowl appearance prior to Super Bowl 50.", "56be59683aeaaa14008c9058": "Despite wai", "56be59683aeaaa14008c9059": "the", "56be59683aeaaa14008c905a": "15 regular season games since the league expanded to a 16-game schedule in 1978.", "56beb3083aeaaa14008c923d": "1978", "56beb3083aeaaa14008c923e": "Wi", "56beb3083aeaaa14008c923f": "Ten players were selected to the Pro Bowl (the most in franchise history) al", "56beb3083aeaaa14008c9240": "selection", "56beb3083aeaaa14008c9241": "Kelvin Benjamin to a torn ACL in the preseason,", "56bf2afe3aeaaa14008c9543": "1978", "56bf2afe3aeaaa14008c9544": "schedule in 1978.", "56bf2afe3aeaaa14008c9545": "Wi", "56bf2afe3aeaaa14008c9547": "DeAngelo Williams and losing top wide receiver Kelvin Benjamin to a torn ACL in the preseason", "56d6f2000d65d2140019827c": "DeAngelo Williams and losing top wide receiver Kelvin Benjamin to a torn ACL in the preseason", "56d6f2000d65d2140019827d": "Despite waiving longtime", "56d6f2000d65d2140019827e": "1978.", "56d6f2000d65d2140019827f": ".", "56d9943fdc89441400fdb576": "the Carolina Panthers had their best regular season in franchise history", "56d9943fdc89441400fdb577": "15 regular season games since the league expanded to a 16-game schedule in 1978.", "56d9943fdc89441400fdb578": "but also posting the best start to a season by an NFC team in NFL history,", "56d9943fdc89441400fdb57a": ".", "56beb3a03aeaaa14008c9247": "The Panthers offense", "56beb3a03aeaaa14008c9248": "45 total touchdowns (35 passing, 10 rushing),", "56beb3a03aeaaa14008c9249": "Cam Newton had one of his best seasons, throwing for 3,837 yards and rushing for 636,", "56beb3a03aeaaa14008c924a": "Ginn also rushed for 60 yards and returned 27 punts for 277 yards.", "56beb3a03aeaaa14008c924b": "Newton's leading receivers were tight end Greg Olsen, wh", "56bf6b303aeaaa14008c960b": "Cam Newton had one of his best seasons, throwing for 3,837 yards and rushing for 636", "56bf6b303aeaaa14008c960c": "Cam Newton had", "56bf6b303aeaaa14008c960d": "Newton's leading receivers were tight end Greg Olsen,", "56bf6b303aeaaa14008c960e": "Other key receivers included veteran Jerricho Cotchery (", "56bf6b303aeaaa14008c960f": "The", "56d6f2960d65d21400198286": "Pro Bowl selections.", "56d6f2960d65d21400198287": ").", "56d6f2960d65d21400198288": ".", "56d6f2960d65d21400198289": ".", "56d6f2960d65d2140019828a": "who led the team with 989 rushing yards and six touchdowns in 13 games,", "56d997cddc89441400fdb586": "(31 receptions for 447 yards).", "56d997cddc89441400fdb587": ".", "56d997cddc89441400fdb588": ".", "56d997cddc89441400fdb589": "4.", "56d997cddc89441400fdb58a": ".", "56beb4343aeaaa14008c925b": "The Panthers defense gave up just 308 points", "56beb4343aeaaa14008c925c": "The Panthers line also featured veteran defensive end Jared Allen,", "56beb4343aeaaa14008c925d": "Luke Kuechly.", "56beb4343aeaaa14008c925e": "Josh Norman", "56beb4343aeaaa14008c925f": "the team in sacks with 11", "56d6f3500d65d21400198290": ".", "56d6f3500d65d21400198291": "The Panthers", "56d6f3500d65d21400198292": "Thomas Davis and Luke Kuechly.", "56d6f3500d65d21400198293": "Davis compiled 5\u00bd sacks, four forced fumbles, and four interceptions, wh", "56d6f3500d65d21400198294": "the season and had four interceptions, two of which were returned for touchdown", "56d9992fdc89441400fdb59c": ".", "56d9992fdc89441400fdb59e": ".", "56d9992fdc89441400fdb59f": "who was the NFL's active career sack leader with 136,", "56d9992fdc89441400fdb5a0": "two of which were returned for touchdowns.", "56beb4e43aeaaa14008c9265": "who had won four divisional championships in his four years as Broncos head coach", "56beb4e43aeaaa14008c9266": "was benched after throwing four interceptions in favor of backup quarterback Bro", "56beb4e43aeaaa14008c9267": "who took over as the starter for most of the remainder of the regular season.", "56beb4e43aeaaa14008c9268": "who took over as the starter for most of the remainder of the regular season.", "56beb4e43aeaaa14008c9269": "the Denver Broncos", "56bf301c3aeaaa14008c954d": "the Denver Broncos underwent numerous coaching changes", "56bf301c3aeaaa14008c954e": "including a mutual parting with head coach John Fox", "56bf301c3aeaaa14008c954f": ".", "56bf301c3aeaaa14008c9550": "that Manning was getting old, as he turned 39 in the 2015 off-season.", "56bf301c3aeaaa14008c9551": "Manning suffered a partial tear of the plantar fasciitis in his left foot.", "56d6f4030d65d2140019829a": "including a mutual parting with head coach John Fox (wh", "56d6f4030d65d2140019829b": "who took over as the starter for most of the remainder of the regular season.", "56d6f4030d65d2140019829c": "took over as the starter for most of the remainder of the regular season.", "56d6f4030d65d2140019829d": "and the simple fact that Manning was getting old, as he turned 39 in the 2015 off-season.", "56d6f4030d65d2140019829e": "in the 2015 off-season.", "56d99b7bdc89441400fdb5c8": "He set the NFL's all-time record for career passing yards in this game, but", "56d99b7bdc89441400fdb5c9": "weiler, wh", "56d99b7bdc89441400fdb5ca": "including a mutual parting with head coach John Fox (", "56d99b7bdc89441400fdb5cb": "Manning suffered a partial tear of the plantar fasciitis in his left foot.", "56d99b7bdc89441400fdb5cc": "2015 off-season.", "56beb57b3aeaaa14008c9279": "4", "56beb57b3aeaaa14008c927a": "s.", "56beb57b3aeaaa14008c927b": "Manning", "56beb57b3aeaaa14008c927c": "Manning", "56beb57b3aeaaa14008c927d": "4", "56bf38383aeaaa14008c956b": "with 17 interceptions.", "56bf38383aeaaa14008c956c": ".", "56bf38383aeaaa14008c956d": "with 17 interceptions.", "56bf38383aeaaa14008c956e": ".", "56bf38383aeaaa14008c956f": "Demaryius Thomas led the team with 105 receptions for 1,304 yards and six touchdown", "56d6fe0b0d65d214001982a4": "4", "56d6fe0b0d65d214001982a5": "with 17 interceptions.", "56d6fe0b0d65d214001982a6": "Veteran receiver Demaryius Thomas led", "56d6fe0b0d65d214001982a7": ".", "56d99c44dc89441400fdb5d6": "4", "56d99c44dc89441400fdb5d7": "with 17 interceptions.", "56d99c44dc89441400fdb5d8": "4", "56d99c44dc89441400fdb5d9": "Running back C. J. Anderson was the", "56d99c44dc89441400fdb5da": "Running back Ronnie Hillman al", "56beb6533aeaaa14008c928d": "The Broncos' defense ranked first in the NFL yards allowed (", "56beb6533aeaaa14008c928e": "Derek Wolfe and Malik Jackson each had 5\u00bd sacks.", "56beb6533aeaaa14008c9290": "Linebacker Brandon Marshall led the team in total tackles with 109", "56beb6533aeaaa14008c9291": "Cornerbacks Aqib Talib (three interceptions) and Chris Harris, Jr.", "56bf3e803aeaaa14008c9588": "Linebacker DeMarcus Ware was selected to play", "56bf3e803aeaaa14008c9589": "Lineback", "56bf3e803aeaaa14008c958b": "(296). Defensive ends Derek Wolfe and Malik Jackson each had 5\u00bd sacks.", "56d6fea90d65d214001982ae": "(296).", "56d6fea90d65d214001982af": "(296). Defensive ends Derek Wolfe and Malik Jackson each had 5\u00bd sacks.", "56d6fea90d65d214001982b0": "Linebacker Brandon Marshall led the team in total tackles with 109, wh", "56d6fea90d65d214001982b2": "Cornerbacks Aqib Talib (three interceptions) and", "56d99da8dc89441400fdb5fd": "(296). Defensive ends Derek Wolfe and Malik Jackson each had 5\u00bd sacks.", "56d99da8dc89441400fdb5ff": "Linebacker Brandon Marshall led the team in total tackles with 109", "56d99da8dc89441400fdb600": "(296). Defensive ends Derek Wolfe and Malik Jackson each had 5\u00bd sacks.", "56beb6f23aeaaa14008c92a1": "The Panthers beat the Seattle Seahawks", "56beb6f23aeaaa14008c92a2": "FC Championship Game, 49\u201315, racking up 487 yards and forcing seven turnovers.", "56beb6f23aeaaa14008c92a3": "racking up 487 yards and forcing seven turnovers.", "56beb6f23aeaaa14008c92a4": "turnovers.", "56beb6f23aeaaa14008c92a5": ".", "56bf34293aeaaa14008c9559": "The Panthers then blew out the Arizona Cardinals in the NFC Championship Game", "56bf34293aeaaa14008c955a": ".", "56bf34293aeaaa14008c955b": "racking up 487 yards and forcing seven turnovers.", "56d701280d65d214001982b8": "The Panthers beat the Seattle Seahawks in the divisional round", "56d701280d65d214001982ba": "The Panthers beat the Seattle Seahawks", "56d701280d65d214001982bc": ".", "56d99e78dc89441400fdb616": "The Panthers beat the Seattle Seahawks in the divisional round", "56d99e78dc89441400fdb618": ".", "56d99e78dc89441400fdb619": "avenging their elimination from a year earlier.", "56d99e78dc89441400fdb61a": ".", "56beb7953aeaaa14008c92ab": "The Broncos defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers in the divisional round,", "56beb7953aeaaa14008c92ac": "The Broncos defeated the Pittsburgh", "56beb7953aeaaa14008c92ad": "They then beat the defending Super Bowl XLIX champion New England Patriots in", "56beb7953aeaaa14008c92ae": "final three minutes of the game.", "56beb7953aeaaa14008c92af": "Des", "56bf36b93aeaaa14008c9561": "The Broncos defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers in", "56bf36b93aeaaa14008c9562": "the final three minutes of the game.", "56bf36b93aeaaa14008c9563": "They then beat the defending Super Bowl XLIX champion New England Patriots in", "56bf36b93aeaaa14008c9564": "two playoff games.", "56bf36b93aeaaa14008c9565": "he didn't throw any in their two playoff games.", "56d7018a0d65d214001982c2": ".", "56d7018a0d65d214001982c3": "23\u201316, by scoring 11 points in the final three minutes of the game.", "56d7018a0d65d214001982c5": "They then beat the defending Super Bowl XLIX champion New England Patriots", "56d99f99dc89441400fdb628": "The Broncos defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers", "56d99f99dc89441400fdb629": ".", "56d99f99dc89441400fdb62c": "New England's 2-point conversion attempt with 17 seconds left on the clock.", "56beb7fd3aeaaa14008c92b5": ".", "56beb7fd3aeaaa14008c92b6": "went down with a broken arm in the NFC Championship Game.", "56beb7fd3aeaaa14008c92b7": ".", "56beb7fd3aeaaa14008c92b8": ".", "56bf3a223aeaaa14008c9575": "an 11-year veteran who had already overcome three ACL tears in his career", "56bf3a223aeaaa14008c9576": "went down with a broken arm in the NFC Championship Game.", "56bf3a223aeaaa14008c9577": ".", "56bf3a223aeaaa14008c9579": "Despite this, he insisted he would still find a way to play in the Super Bowl.", "56d703d10d65d214001982d6": ".", "56d703d10d65d214001982d7": "Thomas Davis, an 11-year veteran who had already overcome three ACL tears", "56d703d10d65d214001982d8": "went down with a broken arm in the NFC Championship Game.", "56d9a026dc89441400fdb632": "nt down with a broken arm in the NFC Championship Game.", "56beb86b3aeaaa14008c92bd": "He is also the oldest quarterback ever to play in a Super Bowl at age 39.", "56beb86b3aeaaa14008c92be": "He is also the oldest quarterback ever to play in a Super Bowl at age 39.", "56beb86b3aeaaa14008c92bf": "The past record was held by John Elway,", "56beb86b3aeaaa14008c92c0": "who led the Broncos to victory in Super Bowl XXXIII", "56beb86b3aeaaa14008c92c1": "who led the Broncos to victory in Super Bowl XXXIII at age 38 and", "56bf3fd53aeaaa14008c9591": "The past record was held by John Elway, wh", "56bf3fd53aeaaa14008c9592": "Denver's Executive Vice President of Football Operations and General Manager.", "56bf3fd53aeaaa14008c9593": "The past record was held by John Elway,", "56bf3fd53aeaaa14008c9594": "He is also the oldest quarterback ever to play in a Super Bowl at age 39.", "56bf3fd53aeaaa14008c9595": "He is also the oldest quarterback ever to play in a Super Bowl at age 39.", "56d704430d65d214001982de": "Super Bowls.", "56d704430d65d214001982e0": "He is also the oldest quarterback ever to play in a Super Bowl at age 39.", "56d704430d65d214001982e1": "He is also the oldest quarterback ever to play in a Super Bowl at age 39.", "56d704430d65d214001982e2": "38 and is currently Denver's Executive Vice President of Football Operations and General Manager.", "56d9a0eadc89441400fdb63e": "He is also the oldest quarterback ever to play in a Super Bowl at age 39.", "56d9a0eadc89441400fdb63f": "He is also the oldest quarterback ever to play in a Super Bowl at age 39.", "56d9a0eadc89441400fdb640": "and is currently Denver's Executive Vice President of Football Operations and General Manager.", "56beb90c3aeaaa14008c92c7": "Manning was the #1 selection of the 1998 NFL draft,", "56beb90c3aeaaa14008c92c8": "while Newton was picked first in 2011.", "56beb90c3aeaaa14008c92c9": "Newton was picked first in 2011", "56beb90c3aeaaa14008c92ca": "Manning was the #1 selection of the 1998 NFL draft, while Newton was picked first in 2011.", "56beb90c3aeaaa14008c92cb": "who was the #1 pick in their draft classes.", "56bf41013aeaaa14008c959b": "Manning was the #1 selection of the 1998 NFL draft, while Newton was picked first in 2011.", "56bf41013aeaaa14008c959c": "Manning was the #1 selection of the 1998 NFL draft, while Newton was picked first in 2011.", "56bf41013aeaaa14008c959d": "Newton was picked first in 2011", "56bf41013aeaaa14008c959e": "26", "56d7096b0d65d214001982fc": "Manning was the #1 selection of the 1998 NFL draft, while Newton was picked first in 2011.", "56d7096b0d65d214001982fd": "Newton was picked first in 2011.", "56d7096b0d65d214001982fe": "who was the #1 pick in their draft classes.", "56d9a199dc89441400fdb647": "Manning was the #1 selection of the 1998 NFL draft, while Newton was picked first in 2011.", "56d9a199dc89441400fdb648": "Newton was picked first in 2011", "56d9a199dc89441400fdb649": "Manning was 39, Newton was 26).", "56beb97c3aeaaa14008c92db": "in which both head coaches played in the game themselves.", "56beb97c3aeaaa14008c92dc": "elves.", "56beb97c3aeaaa14008c92dd": "elves.", "56beb97c3aeaaa14008c92de": "Kub", "56beb97c3aeaaa14008c92df": "elves.", "56bf6c3e3aeaaa14008c9615": "elves.", "56bf6c3e3aeaaa14008c9617": "elves.", "56d709ef0d65d21400198306": "which both head coaches played in the game themselves.", "56d709ef0d65d21400198307": "which both head coaches played in the game themselves.", "56beba103aeaaa14008c92e5": "2015 season", "56beba103aeaaa14008c92e6": "Levi's Stadium's field was of a high enough quality to host a Super Bowl;", "56beba103aeaaa14008c92e7": "the NFL re-sodded the field with a new playing surface;", "56beba103aeaaa14008c92e8": "goal, although the field has not had any major issues since.", "56beba103aeaaa14008c92e9": "Baltimore Ravens kicker Justin Tucker", "56bf467d3aeaaa14008c95a5": "Levi's Stadium's field was of a high enough quality to host a Super Bowl;", "56bf467d3aeaaa14008c95a6": ".", "56bf467d3aeaaa14008c95a7": ".", "56d70adc0d65d21400198311": "Bal", "56d70adc0d65d21400198312": "Levi's Stadium's field was of a high enough quality to host a Super Bowl;", "56d70adc0d65d21400198313": "Levi's Stadium's field was of a high enough quality to host a Super Bowl;", "56d70adc0d65d21400198314": "during the game and player slipping during plays all throughout the game.", "56d9a419dc89441400fdb678": "all throughout the game.", "56d9a419dc89441400fdb679": ".", "56bebad93aeaaa14008c92f9": "ite as the designated home team in the Super Bowl was the Pittsburgh Steelers;", "56bebad93aeaaa14008c92fa": "which was their primary color at the time.", "56bebad93aeaaa14008c92fb": "They also lost Super Bowl XXI wh", "56bebad93aeaaa14008c92fc": "would wear their standard home uniform: black jerseys with silver pants.", "56bebad93aeaaa14008c92fd": "Elway's last game as Denver QB,", "56bf48cc3aeaaa14008c95ab": "Elway's last game as Denver QB,", "56bf48cc3aeaaa14008c95ac": "which was their primary color at the time.", "56bf48cc3aeaaa14008c95ae": ",", "56bf48cc3aeaaa14008c95af": "Elway stated, \"We've had Super Bowl success in our white uniforms.", "56d70ccc0d65d2140019831d": "the Broncos elected to wear their road white jerseys with matching white pants.", "56d70ccc0d65d2140019831f": "The", "56d9a637dc89441400fdb697": ".", "56d9a637dc89441400fdb698": "Elway stated, \"We've had Super Bowl success in our white uniforms.", "56d9a637dc89441400fdb699": "Denver wore blue jerseys, which was their primary color at the time.", "56d9a637dc89441400fdb69a": "Denver wore blue jerseys, which was their primary color at the time.", "56bebb293aeaaa14008c9303": "The Panthers used the San Jose State practice facility and stayed at the San Jose Marriott.", "56bebb293aeaaa14008c9304": "The Broncos practiced at Stanford University and stayed at the Santa Clara Marriott.", "56bebb293aeaaa14008c9305": "The Panthers used the San Jose State practice facility and stayed at the San Jose Marriott.", "56bebb293aeaaa14008c9306": "The Broncos practiced at Stanford University and stayed at the Santa Clara Marriott.", "56bf49993aeaaa14008c95b5": "The Panthers used the San Jose State practice facility and stayed at the San Jose Marriott.", "56bf49993aeaaa14008c95b6": "The Panthers used the San Jose State practice facility and stayed at the San Jose Marriott.", "56bf49993aeaaa14008c95b7": "The Panthers used the San Jose State practice facility and stayed at the San Jose Marriott.", "56bf49993aeaaa14008c95b8": "The Broncos practiced at Stanford University and stayed at the Santa Clara Marriott.", "56d70d240d65d21400198326": "The Panthers used the San Jose State practice facility and stayed at the San Jose Marriott.", "56d70d240d65d21400198327": "The Panthers used the San Jose State practice facility and stayed at the San Jose Marriott.", "56d70d240d65d21400198328": "The Broncos practiced at Stanford University and stayed at the Santa Clara Marriott.", "56d70d240d65d21400198329": "The Broncos practiced at Stanford University and stayed at the Santa Clara Marriott.", "56d9a6b4dc89441400fdb6a0": "The Panthers used the San Jose State practice facility and stayed at the San Jose Marriott.", "56d9a6b4dc89441400fdb6a1": "The Panthers used the San Jose State practice facility and stayed at the San Jose Marriott.", "56d9a6b4dc89441400fdb6a2": "The Broncos practiced at Stanford University and stayed at the Santa Clara Marriott.", "56d9a6b4dc89441400fdb6a3": ". The Broncos practiced at Stanford University and stayed at the Santa Clara Marriott.", "56bebbbf3aeaaa14008c9315": "On June 4, 2014, the NFL announced", "56bebbbf3aeaaa14008c9316": "the NFL announced that the practice of branding Super Bowl games with Roman numerals", "56bebbbf3aeaaa14008c9317": "Jaime Weston, the league's vice president of brand and creative", "56bebbbf3aeaaa14008c9318": "using the standardized logo template introduced at Super Bowl XLV.", "56bebbbf3aeaaa14008c9319": ".", "56bf4e1b3aeaaa14008c95bd": "The use of Roman numerals will be reinstated for Super Bowl LI.", "56bf4e1b3aeaaa14008c95be": ". The use of Roman numerals will be reinstated for Super Bowl LI.", "56bf4e1b3aeaaa14008c95c0": "The use of Roman numerals will be reinstated for Super Bowl LI.", "56bf4e1b3aeaaa14008c95c1": ".", "56d70daa0d65d21400198332": ".", "56d70daa0d65d21400198333": "The use of Roman numerals will be reinstated for Super Bowl LI.", "56d70daa0d65d21400198334": "The use of Roman numerals will be reinstated for Super Bowl LI.", "56d70daa0d65d21400198335": "in the standard logo", "56d70daa0d65d21400198336": "The use of Roman numerals will be reinstated for Super Bowl LI.", "56d9a7addc89441400fdb6a8": "using the standardized logo template introduced at Super Bowl XLV.", "56d9a7addc89441400fdb6ab": "The use of Roman numerals will be reinstated for Super Bowl LI.", "56bebc383aeaaa14008c931f": "s.", "56bebc383aeaaa14008c9320": ".", "56bebc383aeaaa14008c9321": "painted on fields", "56bf52483aeaaa14008c95c7": ".", "56bf52483aeaaa14008c95c8": "Gold footballs were gi", "56d70e570d65d2140019833c": ".", "56d70e570d65d2140019833e": "Gold footballs were given to each high school that", "56d70e570d65d2140019833f": "Gold", "56d9b01fdc89441400fdb6d4": ".", "56bebcbe3aeaaa14008c9325": "held at the Moscone Center in San Francisco.", "56bebcbe3aeaaa14008c9326": "The annual NFL Experience was held at the Moscone Center in San Francisco.", "56bebcbe3aeaaa14008c9327": "San Francisco mayor Ed Lee said of the highly visible homeless presence in this area \"", "56bebcbe3aeaaa14008c9328": "San Francisco city supervisor Jane Kim un", "56bebcbe3aeaaa14008c9329": "In addition, \"Super Bowl City\" op", "56bf53e73aeaaa14008c95cb": "empty", "56bf53e73aeaaa14008c95cc": "San Francisco mayor Ed Lee said of the highly visible homeless presence in this area \"", "56bf53e73aeaaa14008c95cd": "The annual NFL Experience was held at the Moscone Center in San Francisco.", "56bf53e73aeaaa14008c95ce": "The annual NFL Experience was held at the Moscone Center in San Francisco.", "56d7145c0d65d2140019834c": "The annual NFL Experience was held at the Moscone Center in San Francisco.", "56d7145c0d65d2140019834d": "opened on January 30 at Justin Herman Plaza on The Embarcadero,", "56d7145c0d65d2140019834f": "San Francisco mayor Ed Lee said of the highly visible homeless presence in this area \"", "56d9b389dc89441400fdb6ec": "the Bay Area's technology, culinary creations, and cultural diversity.", "56d9b389dc89441400fdb6ed": "San Francisco during Super Bowl Week", "56d9b389dc89441400fdb6ee": "Ed Lee sa", "56d9b389dc89441400fdb6ef": ".", "56d9b389dc89441400fdb6f0": "The annual NFL Experience was held at the Moscone Center in San Francisco.", "56bebd713aeaaa14008c932f": "at Bellomy Field at Santa Clara University, and a pep rally.", "56bebd713aeaaa14008c9330": "Ad", "56bebd713aeaaa14008c9331": "including a week-long event at the Santa Clara Convention Center,", "56bf555e3aeaaa14008c95d3": "Ad", "56bf555e3aeaaa14008c95d4": "rally.", "56bf555e3aeaaa14008c95d5": "Ad", "56d714cd0d65d21400198356": ".", "56d714cd0d65d21400198358": "but still may need the city council to help fund the event.", "56d714cd0d65d21400198359": "which has announced plans to set aside seed funding for the event.", "56d9b43edc89441400fdb700": "rally.", "56d9b43edc89441400fdb701": ".", "56bebde53aeaaa14008c9335": "Super Bowl Opening Night.", "56bebde53aeaaa14008c9336": ".", "56bebde53aeaaa14008c9337": "Super Bowl Opening Night.", "56bebde53aeaaa14008c9338": "SAP Center in San Jose.", "56bebde53aeaaa14008c9339": "Super Bowl Opening Night.", "56bf57043aeaaa14008c95d9": "as Super Bowl Opening Night.", "56bf57043aeaaa14008c95da": "Super Bowl Opening Night.", "56bf57043aeaaa14008c95db": "Super Bowl Opening Night.", "56bf57043aeaaa14008c95dc": "Super Bowl Opening Night.", "56bf57043aeaaa14008c95dd": "Super Bowl Opening Night.", "56d71bd80d65d2140019835e": "The game's media day", "56d71bd80d65d21400198360": "The game's media day", "56d71bd80d65d21400198361": "Super Bowl Opening Night.", "56d71bd80d65d21400198362": "player introductions on a replica of the Golden Gate Bridge.", "56d9b4ebdc89441400fdb708": "Super Bowl Opening Night.", "56d9b4ebdc89441400fdb709": "Super Bowl Opening Night.", "56d9b4ebdc89441400fdb70a": "Super Bowl Opening Night.", "56d9b4ebdc89441400fdb70b": "Super Bowl Opening Night.", "56d9b4ebdc89441400fdb70c": "Super Bowl Opening Night.", "56bebe873aeaaa14008c933f": "For the first time, the Super Bowl 50 Host Committee", "56bebe873aeaaa14008c9340": ".", "56bebe873aeaaa14008c9341": "For the first time, the Super Bowl 50 Host Committee", "56bebe873aeaaa14008c9342": "For the first time, the Super Bowl 50 Host Committee", "56bebe873aeaaa14008c9343": "Super Bowl.", "56bf59523aeaaa14008c95e3": "For", "56bf59523aeaaa14008c95e4": "The host committee has already raised over $40 million through sponsors including Apple", "56bf59523aeaaa14008c95e5": ".", "56d71cb60d65d21400198368": "the Super Bowl program that provides local companies with contracting opportunities in", "56d9b5ffdc89441400fdb720": "For the first time, the Super Bowl 50 Host Committee", "56d9b5ffdc89441400fdb721": ".", "56bebec43aeaaa14008c9349": "it raises for philanthropic causes in the Bay Area.", "56bebec43aeaaa14008c934a": "sustainable environments.", "56bf5abc3aeaaa14008c95e9": "causes in the Bay Area.", "56bf5abc3aeaaa14008c95ea": "environments.", "56d71d150d65d2140019836e": "The Super Bowl 50 Host Committee has vowed to be \"the most giving Super Bowl ever", "56d71d150d65d2140019836f": "it raises for philanthropic causes in the Bay Area.", "56d71d150d65d21400198370": "environments.", "56d9b6a3dc89441400fdb72f": "causes in the Bay Area.", "56d9b6a3dc89441400fdb730": "environments.", "56bec0353aeaaa14008c934d": "In addition to the Vince Lombardi Trophy", "56bec0353aeaaa14008c934e": "18-karat gold-plated \"", "56bec0353aeaaa14008c934f": "Each digit will weigh 33 lb (15 kg) for a total of 66 lb (30 kg).", "56bec0353aeaaa14008c9350": "Like the Lombardi Trophy, the \"50\" will be designed by Tiffany & Co.", "56bec0353aeaaa14008c9351": "Like the Lombardi Trophy, the \"50\" will be designed by Tiffany & Co.", "56bf5b933aeaaa14008c95ed": ".", "56bf5b933aeaaa14008c95ef": "Like the Lombardi Trophy, the \"50\" will be designed by Tiffany & Co.", "56bf5b933aeaaa14008c95f1": "Like the Lombardi Trophy, the \"50\" will be designed by Tiffany & Co.", "56d71d9d0d65d21400198374": "In addition to the Vince Lombardi Trophy", "56d71d9d0d65d21400198377": "Like the Lombardi Trophy, the \"50\" will be designed by Tiffany & Co.", "56bec0dd3aeaaa14008c9357": "In the United States,", "56bec0dd3aeaaa14008c9358": "The network's lead broadcast team of Jim Nantz and", "56bec0dd3aeaaa14008c9359": "Washburn on the sidelines.", "56bec0dd3aeaaa14008c935a": "provide a 360-degree view of plays and \"bullet time\" effects.", "56bec0dd3aeaaa14008c935b": ".", "56bf5e7b3aeaaa14008c95f7": "In", "56bf5e7b3aeaaa14008c95f8": ".", "56bf5e7b3aeaaa14008c95f9": "ed to provide a 360-degree view of plays and \"bullet time\" effects.", "56bf5e7b3aeaaa14008c95fa": "the cameras were upgraded to 5K resolution.", "56bf5e7b3aeaaa14008c95fb": "with Tracy Wolfson and Evan Washburn on the sidelines.", "56d71ed50d65d2140019837c": "olution.", "56d71ed50d65d2140019837d": "between the three main broadcast television partners of the NFL.", "56d9b7dcdc89441400fdb740": "n on the sidelines.", "56d9b7dcdc89441400fdb741": "the cameras were upgraded to 5K resolution.", "56d9b7dcdc89441400fdb742": "the cameras were upgraded to 5K resolution.", "56d9b7dcdc89441400fdb743": "olution.", "56d9b7dcdc89441400fdb744": "50, the cameras were upgraded to 5K resolution.", "56bec1823aeaaa14008c9361": "Spanish-language broadcaster of the game", "56bec1823aeaaa14008c9362": "and sideline reporter John Sutcliffe", "56bec1823aeaaa14008c9363": "On December 28, 2015,", "56bec1823aeaaa14008c9364": "On", "56bec1823aeaaa14008c9365": "broadcast the game (", "56bf6d343aeaaa14008c961b": "broadcast of the Super Bowl.", "56d71fc00d65d21400198386": "Spanish-language broadcaster of the game", "56d71fc00d65d21400198389": "sideline reporter John Sutcliffe", "56d9ba95dc89441400fdb754": "Super Bowl.", "56d9ba95dc89441400fdb757": "Super Bowl.", "56d9ba95dc89441400fdb758": "fe", "56bec2013aeaaa14008c9371": "only provided to Verizon Wireless customers via the NFL Mobile service.", "56bec2013aeaaa14008c9372": "The ESPN Deportes Spanish broadcast was made available through WatchESPN.", "56bec2013aeaaa14008c9373": "CBS provided digital streams of the game via CBSSports.com", "56bec2013aeaaa14008c9374": "ku).", "56bec2013aeaaa14008c9375": "ku).", "56bf6e7a3aeaaa14008c961f": "ku).", "56bf6e7a3aeaaa14008c9620": "ku).", "56bf6e7a3aeaaa14008c9621": "only provided to Verizon Wireless customers via the NFL Mobile service.", "56bf6e7a3aeaaa14008c9622": "ku).", "56d7205e0d65d21400198391": "Due to Verizon Communications exclusivity, streaming on smartphones was only prov", "56d7205e0d65d21400198392": "ku).", "56d9bc13dc89441400fdb75e": ").", "56d9bc13dc89441400fdb75f": "Due", "56d9bc13dc89441400fdb760": "The ESPN Deportes Spanish broadcast was made available through WatchESPN.", "56bec2573aeaaa14008c937b": "beginning with a special episode of The Late Show with Stephen Colbert following the game.", "56bec2573aeaaa14008c937c": "Following a break for late local programming", "56bf6f743aeaaa14008c9631": "beginning with a special episode of The Late Show with Stephen Colbert following the game.", "56bf6f743aeaaa14008c9632": "beginning with a special episode of The Late Show with Stephen Colbert following the game.", "56d720c70d65d21400198396": "50, beginning with a special episode of The Late Show with Stephen Colbert following the game.", "56d720c70d65d21400198397": "following the game.", "56d720c70d65d21400198398": "beginning with a special episode of The Late Show with Stephen Colbert following the game.", "56bec3153aeaaa14008c9389": "a record high price for a Super Bowl ad.", "56bec3153aeaaa14008c938a": "all national advertising in pattern with the television broadcast.", "56bec3153aeaaa14008c938b": "Nintendo and The Pok\u00e9mon Company al", "56bec3153aeaaa14008c938c": "the 20th anniversary of the Pok\u00e9mon video game and media franchise.", "56bf717d3aeaaa14008c9635": "CBS set", "56bf717d3aeaaa14008c9637": "all national advertising in pattern with the television broadcast.", "56bf717d3aeaaa14008c9638": "own Doritos ads for a chance to have it aired during the game.", "56bf717d3aeaaa14008c9639": "franchise.", "56d721af0d65d2140019839e": "Nintendo and The Pok\u00e9mon Company also made their Super Bowl debut,", "56d721af0d65d2140019839f": "during the game at a steep discount.", "56d721af0d65d214001983a0": "Doritos ads for a chance to have it aired during the game.", "56d9bdc1dc89441400fdb768": "discount.", "56d9bdc1dc89441400fdb769": "it aired during the game.", "56d9bdc1dc89441400fdb76a": "It was al", "56bec38b3aeaaa14008c9397": "QuickBooks sponsored a \"Small Business Big Game\" contest", "56bec38b3aeaaa14008c9398": "the United States for the free advertisement.", "56bec38b3aeaaa14008c9399": "Death Wish Coffee had a 30-second commercial aired free of charge courtesy of", "56bec38b3aeaaa14008c939a": "Death Wish Coffee be", "56bf71e73aeaaa14008c963f": "charge courtesy of QuickBooks.", "56bf71e73aeaaa14008c9640": "Death Wish Coffee", "56d722330d65d214001983a6": "QuickBooks", "56d722330d65d214001983a7": "charge courtesy of QuickBooks.", "56d722330d65d214001983a8": ".", "56d9be16dc89441400fdb770": "charge courtesy of QuickBooks.", "56d9be16dc89441400fdb771": "Death Wish Coffee had a 30-second commercial aired free", "56bec4343aeaaa14008c93a9": "Super Bowl.", "56bec4343aeaaa14008c93aa": "Super Bowl.", "56bec4343aeaaa14008c93ab": "Super Bowl.", "56bec4343aeaaa14008c93ac": "Super Bowl.", "56d723560d65d214001983ac": "Super Bowl.", "56d723560d65d214001983ad": "Glass.", "56d723560d65d214001983ae": "Universal paid for The Secret Life of Pets and the debut trailer for", "56d723560d65d214001983af": "Disney paid for Captain America: Civil War, The Jungle Book and Alice Through the Looking Glass", "56d9bf70dc89441400fdb77b": "Super Bowl.", "56d9bf70dc89441400fdb77c": "Super Bowl.", "56d9bf70dc89441400fdb77d": "Fox", "56bec4a33aeaaa14008c93b1": ".", "56bec4a33aeaaa14008c93b2": "Westwood One will carry the game throughout North America,", "56bec4a33aeaaa14008c93b3": "Westwood One will carry the game throughout North America,", "56bec4a33aeaaa14008c93b4": "Boomer Esiason and Dan Fouts as color analysts, and", "56bec4a33aeaaa14008c93b5": "Mark Malone as sideline reporters.", "56bf738b3aeaaa14008c9655": ".", "56bf738b3aeaaa14008c9656": ".", "56d723ad0d65d214001983b4": "Westwood One will carry the game throughout North America", "56d723ad0d65d214001983b5": ".", "56d723ad0d65d214001983b8": "Jim Gray will anchor the pre-game and halftime coverage.", "56d9c049dc89441400fdb78e": ".", "56d9c049dc89441400fdb78f": "Westwood One will carry the game throughout North America,", "56d9c049dc89441400fdb790": ".", "56d9c049dc89441400fdb791": "Jim Gray will anchor the pre-game and halftime coverage.", "56d9c049dc89441400fdb792": "Westwood One will carry the game throughout North America,", "56bec5233aeaaa14008c93cf": "In Denver,", "56bec5233aeaaa14008c93d0": "In Denver, KOA (850 AM) and KRFX (103.5 FM) will carry the game", "56bec5233aeaaa14008c93d1": "which is based in Chester, South Carolina.", "56bec5233aeaaa14008c93d2": "WB", "56bec5233aeaaa14008c93d3": ".", "56d724620d65d214001983be": "In Denver, KOA (850 AM) and KRFX (103.5 FM) will carry the game", "56d724620d65d214001983bf": "e, with Dave Logan on play-by-play and Ed McCaffrey on color commentary.", "56d724620d65d214001983c0": "South Carolina.", "56d724620d65d214001983c1": "In North Carolina, WBT (1110 AM) will carry the gam", "56d9c203dc89441400fdb7a0": "In Denver", "56d9c203dc89441400fdb7a3": "all.", "56bec5ff3aeaaa14008c93e3": "In the United Kingdom, BBC Radio 5 Live and 5 Live Sports Extra will carry the contest.", "56bec5ff3aeaaa14008c93e4": "In the United Kingdom, BBC Radio 5 Live and 5 Live Sports Extra will carry the contest.", "56bec5ff3aeaaa14008c93e5": "with Greg Brady, Darren Fletcher and Rocky Boiman on commentary.", "56d724ea0d65d214001983c8": "In the United Kingdom, BBC Radio 5 Live and 5 Live Sports Extra will carry the contest.", "56d724ea0d65d214001983c9": "British English broadcast, with Greg Brady, Darren Fletcher and Rocky Boiman on commentary.", "56bec6573aeaaa14008c93e9": "Super Bowl Most Valuable Players.", "56bec6573aeaaa14008c93ea": "Bart Starr (MVP of Super Bowls I and II) and Chuck Howley (", "56bec6573aeaaa14008c93eb": "Super Bowl Most Valuable Players.", "56bec6573aeaaa14008c93ec": "No plans were announced regarding the recognition of Harvey Martin", "56bec6573aeaaa14008c93ed": "Broncos quarterback) was", "56d7251d0d65d214001983cc": "43 previous Super Bowl Most Valuable Players.", "56d7251d0d65d214001983cd": "shown in the locker room preparing for the game.", "56d7251d0d65d214001983cf": "who died in 2001", "56d9c3a6dc89441400fdb7b4": "Most Valuable Players.", "56d9c3a6dc89441400fdb7b5": "43 previous Super Bowl Most Valuable Players.", "56d9c3a6dc89441400fdb7b6": "Bart", "56d9c3a6dc89441400fdb7b7": "Peyton Manning (MVP of Super Bowl XLI and current Broncos quarterback)", "56d9c3a6dc89441400fdb7b8": "who died in 2001", "56bec6ac3aeaaa14008c93fd": ".", "56bec6ac3aeaaa14008c93fe": ".", "56bec6ac3aeaaa14008c93ff": "Academy Award winner Marlee Matlin provided American Sign Language (ASL) translation.", "56bec6ac3aeaaa14008c9400": "Academy Award winner Marlee Matlin provided American Sign Language (ASL) translation.", "56bec6ac3aeaaa14008c9401": "Lady Gaga performed the national anthem,", "56d20650e7d4791d00902614": "Lady Gaga performed the national anthem", "56d20650e7d4791d00902615": ".", "56d7253b0d65d214001983d4": ".", "56d7253b0d65d214001983d5": "provided American Sign Language (ASL) translation.", "56d9c455dc89441400fdb7c4": ".", "56d9c455dc89441400fdb7c5": ".", "56d9c455dc89441400fdb7c6": "provided American Sign Language (ASL) translation.", "56bec7353aeaaa14008c940d": "Coldplay on the single \"Hymn for the Weekend\", would be making an appearance.", "56bec7353aeaaa14008c940e": "Coldplay.", "56bec7353aeaaa14008c940f": "Beyonc\u00e9, who headlined the Super Bowl XLVII halftime show", "56bec7353aeaaa14008c9410": "Coldplay on the single \"Hymn for the Weekend\",", "56bec7353aeaaa14008c9411": "o headlined the Super Bowl XLVIII halftime show, and Mark Ronson also performed.", "56d725790d65d214001983d8": "who head", "56d725790d65d214001983da": "would be making an appearance.", "56d725790d65d214001983db": "Coldplay on the single \"Hymn for the Weekend\", would be making an appearance.", "56d9c551dc89441400fdb7d0": "who head", "56d9c551dc89441400fdb7d1": "On January 7, 2016, Pepsi con", "56d9c551dc89441400fdb7d2": "Coldplay on the single \"Hymn for the Weekend\",", "56d9c551dc89441400fdb7d3": "would be making an appearance.", "56bec7a63aeaaa14008c9417": "Denver took the opening kickoff", "56bec7a63aeaaa14008c9418": "Andre Caldwell.", "56bec7a63aeaaa14008c9419": "First, linebacker Shaq Thompson tackled Ronnie Hillman for a 3-yard loss.", "56bec7a63aeaaa14008c941a": "Denver to settle for a 3\u20130 lead on a Brandon McManus 34-yard field goal.", "56bec7a63aeaaa14008c941b": "A pair of carries by C. J. Anderson moved the ball up 20", "56d728a10d65d21400198413": "plays.", "56d728a10d65d21400198414": "First, linebacker Shaq Thompson tackled Ronnie Hillman for a 3-yard loss.", "56d728a10d65d21400198415": "Caldwell.", "56d728a10d65d21400198416": "The score marked the first time in the entire postseason that Carolina was facing a deficit.", "56d9c5e7dc89441400fdb7d8": "Andre Caldwell.", "56d9c5e7dc89441400fdb7d9": "Owen Daniels and a 22-yard throw to receiver Andre Caldwell.", "56d9c5e7dc89441400fdb7da": "C. J. Anderson moved the ball up 20 yards to the Panthers 14-yard line,", "56d9c5e7dc89441400fdb7db": "goal.", "56d9c5e7dc89441400fdb7dc": "The score marked the first time in the entire postseason that Carolina was facing a deficit.", "56bec8243aeaaa14008c942b": "CBS analyst and retired referee Mike Carey stat", "56bec8243aeaaa14008c942c": "but the call was ruled an incompletion and upheld after a replay challenge.", "56bec8243aeaaa14008c942d": "Cam Newton appeared to complete a 24-yard pass Jerricho Cotchery", "56bec8243aeaaa14008c942e": "lead.", "56bec8243aeaaa14008c942f": "This was the first fumble return touchdown in a Super Bowl since Super Bowl XX", "56d728e00d65d2140019841c": "but the call was ruled an incompletion and upheld after a replay challenge.", "56d728e00d65d2140019841d": "but the call was ruled an incompletion and upheld after a replay challenge.", "56d728e00d65d2140019841e": "Cam Newton appeared to complete a 24-yard pass Jerricho Cotchery", "56d728e00d65d2140019841f": ".", "56d728e00d65d21400198420": "This was the first fumble return touchdown in a Super Bowl sin", "56d9c660dc89441400fdb7e7": "challenge.", "56d9c660dc89441400fdb7e8": "but the call was ruled an incompletion and upheld after a replay challenge.", "56d9c660dc89441400fdb7e9": "lead.", "56d9c660dc89441400fdb7ea": "This was the first fumble return touchdown in a Super Bowl since Super", "56bec8a13aeaaa14008c9435": "left in the second quarter.", "56bec8a13aeaaa14008c9436": "Despite Denver's excellent field position, they could not get the ball into the end zone", "56bec8a13aeaaa14008c9437": "Later on, Broncos receiver Jordan Norwood received Brad Nortman's short 28", "56bec8a13aeaaa14008c9438": "61", "56bec8a13aeaaa14008c9439": "McManus kicked a 33-yard field goal that increased their lead to 13\u20137.", "56d729180d65d21400198426": ".", "56d729180d65d21400198427": "score to 10\u20137 with 11:28 left in the second quarter.", "56d729180d65d21400198428": "with 11:28 left in the second quarter.", "56d729180d65d21400198429": "tch", "56d729180d65d2140019842a": "le", "56d9c6e0dc89441400fdb7f0": "left in the second quarter.", "56d9c6e0dc89441400fdb7f4": "Despite Denver's excellent field position, they could not get the ball into the end zone", "56bec9133aeaaa14008c9445": "Mike Tolbert lost a fumble while being tackled by safety Darian Stewart, wh", "56bec9133aeaaa14008c9446": "Danny Trevathan recovered on the Broncos 40-yard line.", "56bec9133aeaaa14008c9447": "Kony Ealy tipped a Manning pass to himself and then intercepted it,", "56bec9133aeaaa14008c9448": "Newton was sacked by DeMarcus Ware as time expired in the half.", "56bec9133aeaaa14008c9449": "Newton was sacked by DeMarcus Ware as time expired in the half.", "56d729ec0d65d21400198430": "Mike Tolbert lost a fumble while being tackled by safety Darian Stewart", "56d729ec0d65d21400198431": "Kony Ealy tipped a Manning pass", "56d729ec0d65d21400198432": "Kony Ealy tipped a Manning pass to himself and then intercepted it", "56d729ec0d65d21400198434": ".", "56d9c79edc89441400fdb804": "which linebacker Danny Trevathan recovered on the Broncos 40-yard line.", "56d9c79edc89441400fdb805": "Mike Tolbert lost a fumble wh", "56d9c79edc89441400fdb806": "Kony Ealy tipped a Manning pass to himself and then intercepted it", "56d9c79edc89441400fdb807": "However, the Panthers soon took the ball back wh", "56d9c79edc89441400fdb808": "Newton was sacked by DeMarcus Ware as time expired in the half.", "56bec98e3aeaaa14008c9455": "when Newton completed a 45-yard pass to Ted Ginn Jr.", "56bec98e3aeaaa14008c9456": "After the miss", "56bec98e3aeaaa14008c9457": "After the miss", "56bec98e3aeaaa14008c9458": "that", "56bec98e3aeaaa14008c9459": ".", "56d7282f0d65d21400198408": "Ted Ginn Jr.", "56d7282f0d65d21400198409": "Graham Gano hit the uprights on a 44-yard field goal attempt.", "56d7282f0d65d2140019840a": ".", "56d7282f0d65d2140019840c": "Ward fumbled the ball during the return, but", "56d9c92bdc89441400fdb80e": ".", "56d9c92bdc89441400fdb80f": "35", "56d9c92bdc89441400fdb810": "Graham Gano hit the uprights on a 44-yard field goal attempt.", "56d9c92bdc89441400fdb811": "After the mis", "56bec9e83aeaaa14008c945f": "and then recovered it for Carolina on the 50-yard line.", "56bec9e83aeaaa14008c9460": ".", "56bec9e83aeaaa14008c9461": "The next three drives of the game would end in punts.", "56bec9e83aeaaa14008c9462": "16\u201310.", "56d7261e0d65d214001983e0": "early in the fourth, the Broncos drove to the Panthers 41-yard line.", "56d7261e0d65d214001983e1": "On the next play", "56d7261e0d65d214001983e2": "and then recovered it for Carolina on the 50-yard line.", "56d7261e0d65d214001983e4": "The next three drives of the game would end in punts.", "56d9ca0adc89441400fdb820": ".", "56d9ca0adc89441400fdb821": "41-yard line.", "56d9ca0adc89441400fdb822": "cutting the Panthers deficit to one score at 16\u201310.", "56d9ca0adc89441400fdb823": "The next three drives of the game would end in punts.", "56beca913aeaaa14008c946d": "With 4:51 left in regulation", "56beca913aeaaa14008c946e": "and soon faced 3rd-and-9.", "56beca913aeaaa14008c946f": "but a holding penalty on cornerback Josh Norman gave the Broncos a new set of downs.", "56beca913aeaaa14008c9470": "On the next play, Miller stripped the ball away from Newton,", "56beca913aeaaa14008c9471": "giving Denver a 24\u201310 lead with 3:08 left and essentially putting the gam", "56d726b60d65d214001983ea": "On the next play, Miller stripped the ball away from Newton", "56d726b60d65d214001983eb": "Miller stripped the ball away from Newton,", "56d726b60d65d214001983ec": "Although several players dove into the pile to attempt to recover it", "56d726b60d65d214001983ed": "The", "56d726b60d65d214001983ee": "Denver a 24\u201310 lead with 3:08 left and essentially putting the game away.", "56d9cb47dc89441400fdb832": "With 4:51 left in regulation", "56d9cb47dc89441400fdb833": "On the next play, Miller stripped the ball away from Newton,", "56d9cb47dc89441400fdb834": ".", "56d9cb47dc89441400fdb835": "Meanwhile, Denver's offense was kept out of the end zone for three plays, but", "56d9cb47dc89441400fdb836": "Then Anderson scored on a 2-yard touchdown run and", "56becaf93aeaaa14008c9481": "Miller had six total tackles (five solo), 2\u00bd sacks, and two forced fumbles.", "56becaf93aeaaa14008c9482": "Manning finished the game 13", "56becaf93aeaaa14008c9483": ".", "56becaf93aeaaa14008c9484": "weeks after breaking his right arm in the NFC title game.", "56becaf93aeaaa14008c9485": "Newton completed 18 of 41 passes for 265 yards, with one interception.", "56d7270c0d65d214001983f4": "Manning finished the game 13", "56d7270c0d65d214001983f5": "Manning finished the game 13", "56d7270c0d65d214001983f6": "Anderson was the game's leading rusher with", "56d7270c0d65d214001983f7": "Sanders was his top receiver with six receptions for 83 yards.", "56d7270c0d65d214001983f8": "game.", "56d9ccacdc89441400fdb842": "Sanders was his top receiver with six receptions for 83 yards.", "56d9ccacdc89441400fdb843": "Anderson was", "56d9ccacdc89441400fdb844": "all 11 attempts during the post-season.", "56d9ccacdc89441400fdb845": "Newton completed 18 of 41 passes for 265 yards, with one interception.", "56d9ccacdc89441400fdb846": "Charles Johnson had four total tackles, a sack, and a forced fumble.", "56becb823aeaaa14008c948b": "Denver won despite being massively outgained in total yards (", "56becb823aeaaa14008c948c": "was just 1-of-14 on third down, while Carolina was barely better at 3-of-15.", "56becb823aeaaa14008c948d": "The previous record was 244 yards by the Baltimore Ravens in Super Bowl XXXV.", "56becb823aeaaa14008c948e": "Jordan Norwood's 61", "56becb823aeaaa14008c948f": "and the first quarterback ever to win a Super Bowl with two different teams", "56d7277c0d65d214001983fe": "Denver was just 1-of-14 on third down, while Carolina was barely bet", "56d7277c0d65d214001983ff": "first downs (21 to 11).", "56d7277c0d65d21400198401": "The Broncos' seven sacks tied a Super Bowl record set by the Chicago Bears in Super Bowl XX.", "56d7277c0d65d21400198402": "the same franchise he went to the Super Bowl with as a play", "56d9cd9adc89441400fdb84c": "Super Bowl 50 featured numerous records from individuals and teams.", "56d9cd9adc89441400fdb84d": "Super Bowl 50 featured numerous records from individuals and teams.", "56d9cd9adc89441400fdb84e": "Super Bowl 50 featured numerous records from individuals and teams.", "56d9cd9adc89441400fdb84f": "The Broncos' seven sacks tied a Super Bowl record set by the Chicago Bears in Super Bowl XX.", "56d9cd9adc89441400fdb850": "Man", "5733a5f54776f41900660f45": "was the first female recipient of the Nobel Prize", "5733a5f54776f41900660f48": "One of the most famous people born in Warsaw", "5733a5f54776f41900660f44": "One of the most famous people born in Warsaw was Maria Sk\u0142odowska-Curie,", "5733a5f54776f41900660f46": "Famous musicians include W\u0142adys\u0142aw Szpilman and Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Chopin.", "5733a5f54776f41900660f47": "he moved to the city with his family when he was seven months old.", "57336755d058e614000b5a3d": "Ther", "57336755d058e614000b5a3f": "the Krasi\u0144ski Palace Garden is a popular strolling destination for the Varsovians.", "57336755d058e614000b5a3c": "The Saxon Garden, covering the area of 15.5 ha, was formally a royal garden.", "57336755d058e614000b5a3e": "At the east end of the park, the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier is situated.", "57336755d058e614000b5a40": "The \u0141azienki Park covers the area of 76 ha.", "57337ddc4776f41900660bbb": "About 15 kilometres (9 miles) from Warsaw", "57337ddc4776f41900660bbc": "includes the otter, beaver and hundreds of bird species.", "57337ddc4776f41900660bba": "About 15 kilometres (9 miles) from Warsaw,", "57337ddc4776f41900660bbd": "There are also several lakes in Warsaw \u2013", "57337ddc4776f41900660bbe": "There are", "57337ea24776f41900660bd0": "it was the most diverse city in Poland,", "57337ea24776f41900660bd3": "Polish mother tongue.", "57337ea24776f41900660bd2": "According to Russian census of 1897, out of the total population of 638,000", "57337ea24776f41900660bd1": "there was a significant Jewish minority in Warsaw.", "57337ea24776f41900660bd4": "Most of the modern day population growth is based on internal migration and urbanisation.", "57339555d058e614000b5df4": "Warsaw University of Technology is the second academic school of technology in the country,", "57339555d058e614000b5df5": "employing 2,000 professors.", "57339555d058e614000b5df6": "the largest medical school in Poland and", "57339555d058e614000b5df3": "The University of Warsaw was established in 1816,", "57339555d058e614000b5df7": "one of the largest in Europe, the", "57339902d058e614000b5e70": "ounded in 1816, is home to over two million items.", "57339902d058e614000b5e71": "is home to over two million items.", "57339902d058e614000b5e72": "The building was designed by architects Marek Budzy\u0144ski and Zbigniew Badowski and", "57339902d058e614000b5e73": "The University Library garden, designed by Irena Bajerska, was opened on 12 June 2002.", "57339902d058e614000b5e74": "and plants covering 5,111 m2 (55,014.35 sq ft).", "573399b54776f41900660e64": "Warsaw suffered considerably during its time as an Eastern Bloc economy \u2013", "573399b54776f41900660e65": "Warsaw", "573399b54776f41900660e66": "Warsaw has", "573399b54776f41900660e67": "have improved markedly.", "57339a554776f41900660e74": "Today, Warsaw has some of the best medical facilities in Poland and East-Central Europe.", "57339a554776f41900660e75": "the highest-reference hospital in all of Poland,", "57339a554776f41900660e76": "While the Maria Sk\u0142odowska-Curie Institute of Oncology", "57339a554776f41900660e77": "it is one of the largest and most modern oncological institutions in Europe.", "57339a554776f41900660e78": "The infrastructure has developed a lot over the past years.", "57339ad74776f41900660e86": "Thanks to numerous musical venues, including the Teatr Wielki,", "57339ad74776f41900660e87": "Warsaw hosts many events and festivals", "57339ad74776f41900660e88": "the Congress Hall in the Palace of Culture and Science, Warsaw hosts many events and festivals", "57339ad74776f41900660e89": "Warsaw Autumn, the Jazz Jamboree", "57339ad74776f41900660e8a": "Warsaw hosts many events and festivals.", "57339c16d058e614000b5ec5": "Nearby, in Ogr\u00f3d Saski (the Saxon Garden)", "57339c16d058e614000b5ec6": "the Summer Theatre was in operation from 1870 to 1939,", "57339c16d058e614000b5ec7": "the Summer Theatre was in operation from 1870 to 1939,", "57339c16d058e614000b5ec8": "the theatre complex also included Momus, Warsaw's first literary cabaret", "57339c16d058e614000b5ec9": "The Wojciech Bogus\u0142awski Theatre (1922\u201326),", "57339dd94776f41900660ecc": "Wianki (Polish for Wreaths) have", "57339dd94776f41900660ecd": "Wianki (Polish for Wreaths)", "57339dd94776f41900660ece": "Wianki (Polish for Wreaths)", "57339dd94776f41900660ecf": ".", "57339dd94776f41900660ed0": "Each Midsummer\u2019s Eve,", "57339eb9d058e614000b5ef6": "boasting one of the largest collections of art posters in the world,", "57339eb9d058e614000b5ef7": "Warsaw's 60 museums,", "57339eb9d058e614000b5ef8": "Warsaw's 60", "57339eb9d058e614000b5ef9": "some paintings from Adolf Hitler's private collection, and Museum of the Polish Army wh", "57339eb9d058e614000b5efa": "Museum of the Polish Army whose set portrays the history of arms.", "5733a1854776f41900660f0a": "A fine tribute to the fall of Warsaw and history of Poland", "5733a1854776f41900660f0b": "which preserves the memory of the crime.", "5733a1854776f41900660f0c": "Warsaw Fotoplastikon.", "5733a1854776f41900660f0d": "patriotic and political objects connected with Poland's struggles for independence.", "5733a1854776f41900660f0e": "ich host a permanent exhibition of the history of Warsaw from its origins until today.", "5733a2a9d058e614000b5f28": "The 17th century Royal Ujazd\u00f3w Castle currently houses Centre for Contemporary Art", "5733a2a9d058e614000b5f29": "The Centre currently realizes about 500 projects a year.", "5733a2a9d058e614000b5f2a": "the oldest exhibition site in Warsaw", "5733a2a9d058e614000b5f2b": ".", "5733a2a9d058e614000b5f2c": "Since 2011 Warsaw Gallery Weekend is held on last weekend of September.", "5733a32bd058e614000b5f32": "Ekstraklasa Championship in 2000.", "5733a32bd058e614000b5f33": "yet they managed to win Ekstraklasa Championship in 2000.", "5733a32bd058e614000b5f34": "and won the cup twice as well.", "5733a32bd058e614000b5f35": "Polonia's home venue is located at Konwiktorska Street,", "5733a32bd058e614000b5f36": "Polonia was relegated from the country's top flight in 2013 bec", "5733a45d4776f41900660f23": "The mermaid (syrenka) is Warsaw's symbol and", "5733a45d4776f41900660f24": "The mermaid (syrenka) is Warsaw's symbol and", "5733a45d4776f41900660f25": "This imagery has been in use since at least the mid-14th century.", "5733a45d4776f41900660f26": "The oldest existing armed seal of Warsaw is from the year 1390,", "5733a45d4776f41900660f27": "laws.", "5733a560d058e614000b5f77": "daughters set out on a journey through the depths of the oceans and seas.", "5733a560d058e614000b5f78": "the depths of the oceans and seas.", "5733a560d058e614000b5f79": "One of them decided to stay on the coast of Denmark and", "5733a560d058e614000b5f7a": "She stopped to rest on a sandy beach by the village of Warszowa,", "5733a560d058e614000b5f7b": "A greedy merchant also heard her songs;", "5733a6ac4776f41900660f58": "Tamara de Lempicka was a famous artist born in Warsaw.", "5733a6ac4776f41900660f59": "Tamara de Lempicka was a famous artist born in Warsaw.", "5733a6ac4776f41900660f5a": "Better than anyone else she represented the Art Deco style in painting and art.", "5733a6ac4776f41900660f5b": "Nathan Alterman, the Israeli poet, was born in Warsaw,", "5733a6ac4776f41900660f5c": "Warsaw has just now been destroyed.", "573312fcd058e614000b56e6": "ranked Warsaw as the 32nd most liveable city in the world.", "573312fcd058e614000b56e7": "Warsaw as the 32nd most liveable city in the world.", "573312fcd058e614000b56e8": "Warsaw", "573312fcd058e614000b56e9": "The Warsaw Stock Exchange is one of the largest and most important in Central and Eastern Europe.", "573312fcd058e614000b56ea": "has its headquarters in Warsaw.", "5733140a4776f419006606e0": "The first historical reference to Warsaw dates back to the year 1313, at a time", "5733140a4776f419006606e1": "The first historical reference to Warsaw dates back to the year 1313", "5733140a4776f419006606e2": "when King Sigismund III Vasa moved his court from Krak\u00f3w to Warsaw in 1596.", "5733140a4776f419006606e3": "en King Sigismund III Vasa moved his court from Krak\u00f3w to Warsaw in 1596.", "5733140a4776f419006606e4": "Warsaw gained the title of the \"Phoenix City\" bec", "573314e3d058e614000b56f0": "Warsaw,", "573314e3d058e614000b56f1": "the University of Warsaw,", "573314e3d058e614000b56f2": "Warsaw with its picturesque Old Town in 1980 was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.", "573314e3d058e614000b56f3": "Warsaw", "573314e3d058e614000b56f4": "luxurious parks and royal gardens.", "57332442d058e614000b5720": "Warsaw's name in the Polish language is", "57332442d058e614000b5721": "A native or resident of Warsaw is known as a Varsovian \u2013 in Polish", "57332442d058e614000b5722": "Warsz was a 12th/13th-century nobleman wh", "57332442d058e614000b5723": "o owned a village located at the modern-day site of Mariensztat neighbourhood.", "57332442d058e614000b5724": "The official city name in full is miasto sto\u0142eczne Warszawa (", "57332562d058e614000b5730": "Warszowa.", "57332562d058e614000b5731": "Boles\u0142aw II of Masovia", "57332562d058e614000b5732": "Warszowa.", "57332562d058e614000b5733": "becoming the official capital of Masovian Duchy in 1413.", "57332562d058e614000b5734": "the duchy was reincorporated into the Polish Crown in 1526.", "5733266d4776f41900660712": "Warsaw for the first time became the seat of the General Sejm, permanent from 1569.", "5733266d4776f41900660713": "Warsaw for the first time became the seat of the General Sejm, permanent from 1569.", "5733266d4776f41900660714": "In 1573 the city gave its name to the Warsaw Confederation,", "5733266d4776f41900660715": "Warsaw became the capital of the Commonwealth and the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland wh", "5733266d4776f41900660716": "when King Sigismund III Vasa moved his court from Krak\u00f3w to Warsaw in 1596.", "57332a734776f41900660726": "Warsaw remained the capital of the Polish\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth", "57332a734776f41900660727": "Warsaw remained the capital of the Polish\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth until 1796", "57332a734776f41900660728": "Liberated by Napoleon's army in 1806", "57332a734776f41900660729": "Warsaw became the centre of the Congress Poland,", "57332a734776f4190066072a": "The Royal University of Warsaw was established in 1816.", "57332b66d058e614000b5758": "Warsaw was occupied by Germany from 4 August 1915 until November 1918.", "57332b66d058e614000b5759": "from areas controlled by Russia in 1914, which included Warsaw.", "57332b66d058e614000b575a": "set up what became the Second Polish Republic, with Warsaw the capital.", "57332b66d058e614000b575b": "In the course of the Polish-Bolshevik War of 1920,", "57332b66d058e614000b575c": "ich the capital was successfully defended and the Red Army defeated.", "57332c1e4776f4190066073a": ".", "57332c1e4776f4190066073b": "came under the rule of the General Government,", "57332c1e4776f4190066073c": ".", "57332c1e4776f4190066073d": "Wh", "57332c1e4776f4190066073e": "Jewish fighters launched the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising.", "57332e48d058e614000b5762": "the Red Army was deep into Polish territory and pursuing the Germans toward Warsaw.", "57332e48d058e614000b5763": "rived.", "57332e48d058e614000b5764": "the Warsaw Uprising began.", "57332e48d058e614000b5765": "the Warsaw Uprising began", "57332e48d058e614000b5766": "Polish civilian deaths are estimated at between 150,000 and 200,000.", "57332f81d058e614000b5776": "the \"Bricks for Warsaw\" campaign was initiated,", "57332f81d058e614000b5777": "and large prefabricated housing projects were erected in Warsaw", "57332f81d058e614000b5778": "a gift from the Soviet Union.", "57332f81d058e614000b5779": "a gift from the Soviet Union.", "57332f81d058e614000b577a": "Warsaw's historic Old Town was inscribed onto UNESCO's World Heritage list.", "573330444776f41900660758": "Poland:", "573330444776f41900660759": "John Paul II's visits to his native country in 1979", "573330444776f4190066075a": "In 1979, less than a year after becoming pope", "573330444776f4190066075b": "John Paul celebrated Mass in Victory Square in Warsaw", "573330444776f4190066075c": "These words were very meaningful for the Polish citizens wh", "5733314e4776f4190066076a": "Warsaw lies in east-central Poland about 300 km (190 mi)", "5733314e4776f4190066076b": "Berlin, Germany.", "5733314e4776f4190066076c": "The city straddles the Vistula River.", "5733314e4776f4190066076d": "The highest point on the left side of the city lies at", "5733314e4776f4190066076e": "general).", "57335c20d058e614000b58f9": "the plain moraine plateau and the Vistula Valley", "57335c20d058e614000b58fa": "the Vistula Valley with its asymmetrical pattern of different terraces.", "57335c20d058e614000b58fc": "The left one is situated both on the moraine plateau", "57335c20d058e614000b58fb": "Warsaw, which divides the city into two parts, left and right.", "57335c20d058e614000b58fd": "Warsaw, is the edge of moraine plateau called Warsaw Escarpment.", "57335ddbd058e614000b592f": "The plain moraine plateau", "57335ddbd058e614000b5930": "The pattern of the Vistula terraces is asymmetrical.", "57335ddbd058e614000b5931": ".", "57335ddbd058e614000b5932": "parted by peat swamps or small ponds cover the highest terrace.", "57335ddbd058e614000b5933": "These are mainly forested areas (pine forest).", "57335fcad058e614000b5970": "the turbulent history of the city and country.", "57335fcad058e614000b5971": "Warsaw was razed to the ground by bombing raids and planned destruction.", "57335fcad058e614000b5972": "During the Second World War", "57335fcad058e614000b5973": "the 1950s and 1960s (e.g. Leopold Kronenberg Palace).", "57335fcad058e614000b5974": "Mass residential blocks were erected, with", "573361404776f4190066093c": "Gothic architecture is represented in the majestic churches but", "573361404776f4190066093d": "The most significant buildings are St. John's Cathedral (14th century),", "573361404776f4190066093e": "The most significant buildings are St. John's Cathedral (14th century)", "573361404776f4190066093f": "the house of Baryczko merchant family (1562),", "573361404776f41900660940": "The most interesting examples of mannerist architecture are the Royal Castle (", "573362b94776f41900660974": "during the later decades of the 17th century.", "573362b94776f41900660975": "(1688\u20131692).", "573362b94776f41900660976": "(1688\u20131692).", "573362b94776f41900660977": "The neoclassical architecture in Warsaw", "573362b94776f41900660978": "Some of the best examples of the neoclassical style are the", "5733638fd058e614000b59e8": "Exceptional examples of the bourgeois architecture of the later periods", "5733638fd058e614000b59e9": "building) or", "5733638fd058e614000b59ea": "Warsaw Philharmony edifice originally inspired by Palais Garnier in Paris)", "5733638fd058e614000b59eb": "Despite that the Warsaw University of Technology building", "5733638fd058e614000b59ec": "the most distinctive buildings in prewar Warsaw.", "5733647e4776f419006609ae": "There are also many places commemorating the heroic history of Warsaw.", "5733647e4776f419006609af": "now occupied by a Mausoleum of Memory of Martyrdom and the museum,", "5733647e4776f419006609b0": "was a place of martyr for the Poles.", "5733647e4776f419006609b1": "There are also many places commemorating the heroic history of Warsaw.", "5733647e4776f419006609b2": "in memory of the largest insurrection of World War II.", "573368044776f41900660a29": "Other green spaces in the city include the Botanic Garden and the University Library garden.", "573368044776f41900660a2a": "New Orangery displays plants of subtropics from all over the world.", "573368044776f41900660a2b": "where was the first horse racetrack and then the airport),", "573368044776f41900660a2c": "Park Ujazdowski (close to the Sejm and John Lennon street)", "573368044776f41900660a2d": "The oldest park in Praga, the Praga Park, was established in 1865\u20131871 and", "573368e54776f41900660a53": "The flora of the city may be considered very rich in species.", "573368e54776f41900660a54": "Bielany Forest nature reserve is connected with Kampinos Forest.", "573368e54776f41900660a55": "Bielany Forest nature reserve is connected with Kampinos Forest.", "573368e54776f41900660a56": "Other big forest area is Kabaty Forest by the southern city border.", "573368e54776f41900660a57": "War", "57337f6ad058e614000b5bcb": "In 1939, c. 1,300,000 people lived in Warsaw", "57337f6ad058e614000b5bcc": "in 1945 \u2013 only 420,000.", "57337f6ad058e614000b5bcd": "The first remedial measure was the Warsaw area enlargement (1951) \u2013", "57337f6ad058e614000b5bce": "ought of themselves as better only because they lived in the capital.", "57337f6ad058e614000b5bcf": "even though since 1990 there are no limitations to residency registration anymore", "57338007d058e614000b5bda": "Throughout its existence, Warsaw has been a multi-cultural city.", "57338007d058e614000b5bdb": "Warsaw has been a multi-cultural city.", "57338007d058e614000b5bdc": "inhabitants 56.2% were Catholics,", "57338007d058e614000b5bdd": "189 Protestants (2.4%) and 2,818 Mariavites (0.4%)", "57338007d058e614000b5bde": "Most of them were destroyed in the aftermath of the Warsaw Uprising of 1944.", "573380e0d058e614000b5be9": "The basic unit of territorial division in Poland is a commune (gmina).", "573380e0d058e614000b5bea": "The basic unit of territorial division in Poland is a commune (gmina).", "573380e0d058e614000b5beb": "are of the same type for all districts.", "57338160d058e614000b5bf9": "Legislative power in Warsaw", "57338160d058e614000b5bfa": "Warsaw City Council (Rada Miasta), which comprises 60 members.", "57338160d058e614000b5bfb": "have the oversight of various functions of the city government.", "57338160d058e614000b5bfc": "the City Council divides itself into committees wh", "57338160d058e614000b5bfd": "the Council has 30 days to override the veto by a two-thirds majority vote.", "57338255d058e614000b5c0d": "The mayor of Warsaw is called President.", "57338255d058e614000b5c0e": "The first Warsaw President was Jan Andrzej Menich (1695\u20131696).", "57338255d058e614000b5c0f": "1990. The first Warsaw President was Jan Andrzej Menich (1695\u20131696).", "57338255d058e614000b5c10": "Since 1990 the President of Warsaw had been elected by the City council.", "57338255d058e614000b5c11": "the mayor of the district Centrum automatically was designated as the President of Warsaw", "573382d24776f41900660c37": "Warsaw", "573382d24776f41900660c38": "In 2006, 304,016 companies were registered in the city.", "573382d24776f41900660c39": "Warsaw was ranked as the 7th greatest emerging market.", "573382d24776f41900660c3a": "Warsaw produces 12% of Poland's national income, wh", "573382d24776f41900660c3b": ".", "5733834ed058e614000b5c26": "1817 and continued trading until World War II.", "5733834ed058e614000b5c27": "Warsaw's first", "5733834ed058e614000b5c28": "World War II.", "5733834ed058e614000b5c29": "with 374 companies listed and total capitalization of 162 584 mln EUR as of 31 August 2009.", "5733834ed058e614000b5c2a": "the headquarters of the Polish United Workers' Party (PZPR).", "573383d0d058e614000b5c35": "when the license expired) and the Polonez.", "573383d0d058e614000b5c36": "Egypt and Colombia.", "573383d0d058e614000b5c37": "In 1995 the factory was purchased by the South Korean car manufacturer Daewoo,", "573383d0d058e614000b5c38": "In 2005 the factory was sold to AvtoZAZ, a Ukrainian car manufacture", "573383d0d058e614000b5c39": "The license for the production of the Aveo expired in February 2011 and", "573166ede6313a140071cef2": "is the capital and largest city of Poland", "573166ede6313a140071cef3": "is the capital and largest city of Poland.", "573166ede6313a140071cef4": "Warsaw the 9th most-populous capital city in the European Union.", "573166ede6313a140071cef5": "within a greater metropolitan area of 2.666 million residents", "573166ede6313a140071cef6": "Warsaw the 9th most-populous capital city in the European Union.", "5732b6b5328d981900602021": "is the capital and largest city of Poland.", "5732b6b5328d981900602022": "Warsaw the 9th most-populous capital city in the European Union.", "5732b6b5328d981900602023": "It stands on the Vistula River in east-central Poland, roughly 260 kilometres (160 mi)", "5732b6b5328d981900602024": "within a greater metropolitan area of 2.666 million residents", "5732b6b5328d981900602025": "Warsaw the 9th most-populous capital city in the European Union.", "56ddde6b9a695914005b9628": "ce.", "56ddde6b9a695914005b9629": "The Normans (Norman", "56ddde6b9a695914005b962a": "Denmark, Iceland and Norway wh", "56ddde6b9a695914005b962b": "They were descended from Norse", "56ddde6b9a695914005b962c": ".", "56dddf4066d3e219004dad5f": "at the Battle of Hastings in 1066.", "56dddf4066d3e219004dad60": "The Duchy of Normandy", "56dddf4066d3e219004dad61": "The Normans were famed for their martial spirit and eventually for their Christian piety", "56dde0379a695914005b9636": "Viking\".", "56dde0379a695914005b9637": "Viking\".", "56dde0ba66d3e219004dad75": "The Duchy of Normandy, which began in 911 as a fiefdom,", "56dde0ba66d3e219004dad76": "King", "56dde0ba66d3e219004dad77": "The Duchy of Normandy,", "56dde1d966d3e219004dad8d": "Be", "56dde27d9a695914005b9651": "the Norse religion and", "56dde27d9a695914005b9652": "France.", "56dde2fa66d3e219004dad9b": ".", "56dde3aa9a695914005b9660": "The Normans fought so valiantly that Prince Guaimar III begged them to stay, but", "56dde3aa9a695914005b9661": "in 1016, Norman pilgrims to the shrine of the Archangel Michael at Monte Gargano we", "56dde3aa9a695914005b9662": "to the shrine of the Archangel Michael at Monte Gargano we", "56de0daecffd8e1900b4b595": "Henry III legally ennobled the Hauteville leader,", "56de0daecffd8e1900b4b596": "William Iron Arm, with the title of count in his capital of Melfi.", "56de0e25cffd8e1900b4b59a": "From these bases, the Normans eventually captured Sicily and Malta from the Saracens,", "56de0e25cffd8e1900b4b59b": "From these", "56de0e25cffd8e1900b4b59c": "such as William Iron Arm's citadel at Squillace, and cathedrals", "56de0ed14396321400ee2579": "entitled \"Kitab Rudjdjar\" (\"The Book of Roger\").", "56de0ed14396321400ee257a": "Book of Roger\").", "56de0ed14396321400ee257b": "Institutionally", "56de0f6a4396321400ee257f": "they entered the Byzantine Empire and then Armenia,", "56de0ffd4396321400ee258d": "was Herv\u00e9 in the 1050s.", "56de0ffd4396321400ee258e": "Robert Crispin led the Normans of Edessa against the Turks.", "56de0ffd4396321400ee258f": "Roussel de Bailleul even tried to carve out an independent state in Asia Minor", "56de10b44396321400ee2593": "Afranji, meaning \"Franks.\"", "56de10b44396321400ee2594": "upper Euphrates valley in northern Syria.", "56de10b44396321400ee2595": "Anatolia.", "56de11154396321400ee25aa": "The Raoulii we", "56de148dcffd8e1900b4b5bc": "count of Apulia", "56de148dcffd8e1900b4b5bd": "en Dyrrachium was betrayed to the Normans by the Venetian and Amalfitan merchants wh", "56de148dcffd8e1900b4b5be": "They lost Dyrrachium, Valona, and Butrint in 1085, after the death of Robert.", "56de15104396321400ee25b7": "the Byzantines in the city of Deabolis.", "56de15104396321400ee25b8": "Robert's son, landed in Valona and besieged Dyrrachium us", "56de15104396321400ee25b9": "Meanwhile, they occupied Petrela,", "56de1563cffd8e1900b4b5c2": "when a large Norman army invaded Dyrrachium", "56de1563cffd8e1900b4b5c3": "the most important naval bases of the Adriatic\u2014fell again to Byzantine hands.", "56de1563cffd8e1900b4b5c4": "when a large Norman army invaded Dyrrachium", "56de15dbcffd8e1900b4b5c8": "Emma, sister of Duke Richard II of Normandy, and King Ethelred II of England.", "56de15dbcffd8e1900b4b5c9": "who stayed in Normandy after Cnut the Great's conquest of the isle.", "56de15dbcffd8e1900b4b5ca": "Ethelred fled to Normandy in 1013,", "56de15dbcffd8e1900b4b5cb": "isle.", "56de1645cffd8e1900b4b5d0": "at the invitation of his half-brother Harthacnut,", "56de1645cffd8e1900b4b5d1": "When finally Edward the Confessor returned from his father's refuge in 1041,", "56de1645cffd8e1900b4b5d2": "He appointed Robert of Jumi\u00e8ges archbishop of Canterbury and", "56de16ca4396321400ee25c5": "King Harold II at the Battle of Hastings.", "56de16ca4396321400ee25c6": "Duke William II of Normandy conquered England killing King Harold II at the Battle of Hastings.", "56de16ca4396321400ee25c7": "Duke William II of Normandy conquered England killing King Harold II at the Battle of Hastings.", "56de16ca4396321400ee25c8": "England.", "56de1728cffd8e1900b4b5d7": ".", "56de179dcffd8e1900b4b5da": "in 1169.", "56de179dcffd8e1900b4b5db": ".", "56de179dcffd8e1900b4b5dc": "The Normans settled mostly in an area in the east of Ireland,", "56de17f9cffd8e1900b4b5e0": "William who had already disputed Scotland's southern borders.", "56de17f9cffd8e1900b4b5e1": "Edgar's sister Margaret", "56de17f9cffd8e1900b4b5e2": "William invaded Scotland in 1072,", "56de17f9cffd8e1900b4b5e3": "who had already disputed Scotland's southern borders.", "56de3cd0cffd8e1900b4b6be": "Alexander I had married Sybilla of Normandy,", "56de3cd0cffd8e1900b4b6bf": "part of the process some scholars call the \"Davidian Revolution\".", "56de3d594396321400ee26ca": ".", "56de3d594396321400ee26cb": "him with defending the Marches and warring with the Welsh.", "56de3d594396321400ee26cc": "Ralph as earl of Hereford", "56de3dbacffd8e1900b4b6d2": "most trusted Norman barons", "56de3e414396321400ee26d8": "carved out a Norman principality in Antioch.", "56de3e414396321400ee26d9": "In 1064, during the War of Barbastro, William of Montreuil led the papal army and", "56de3ebc4396321400ee26e6": "Siege of Antioch", "56de3ebc4396321400ee26e7": "his nephew Tancred with an army of Italo-Normans.", "56de3ebc4396321400ee26e8": "Tancred was", "56de3efccffd8e1900b4b6fe": "which would be under Western European domination for the following 380 years.", "56de3f784396321400ee26fa": "Richard the Lion-hearted left Messina with a large fleet in order to reach Acre.", "56de3f784396321400ee26fb": "Richard the Lion-hearted left Messina with a large fleet in order to reach Acre.", "56de3f784396321400ee26fc": "But a storm dispersed the fleet.", "56de3f784396321400ee26fd": "In April 1191 Richard", "56de40da4396321400ee2708": "Conrad of Montferrat.", "56de40da4396321400ee2709": "Isaac surrendered and was confined with silver chains, bec", "56de40da4396321400ee270a": "Richard", "56de41504396321400ee2714": "While in Limassol, Richard the Lion-Heart married Berengaria of Navarre", "56de41504396321400ee2715": "The wedding was held on 12 May 1191 at the Chapel of St. George and", "56de41504396321400ee2716": "well.", "56de48f34396321400ee2770": "It was only in 1489 that the Venetians acquired full control of the island, wh", "56de48f34396321400ee2771": "Shortly af", "56de49564396321400ee277a": "Lanzarote, Fuerteventura and El Hierro off the Atlantic coast of Africa.", "56de49a8cffd8e1900b4b7a7": "Bethencourt took the title of King of the Canary Islands", "56de49a8cffd8e1900b4b7a8": "In 1418, Jean's nephew Maciot de Bethencourt sold the rights to the islands to", "56de49a8cffd8e1900b4b7a9": "In 1418, Jean's nephew Maciot de Bethencourt sold the rights to the islands to", "56de4a474396321400ee2786": "Jersey and Guernsey in the Channel Islands.", "56de4a474396321400ee2787": "Norman customary law was transcribed in two customaries in Latin by", "56de4a89cffd8e1900b4b7bd": "They spread a unique Romanesque idiom to England and Italy,", "56de4a89cffd8e1900b4b7be": ".", "56de4b074396321400ee2793": "In England", "56de4b074396321400ee2794": "In England", "56de4b074396321400ee2795": "Sicily.", "56de4b5c4396321400ee2799": "How", "56de4b5c4396321400ee279a": "The church was utilised by the dukes as a unifying force for their disparate duchy.", "56de4bb84396321400ee27a2": "The French Wars of Religion in the 16th century", "56de4c324396321400ee27ab": "which is not a tapestry but a work of embroidery.", "56de4c324396321400ee27ac": "which is not a tapestry but a work of embroidery.", "56de4c324396321400ee27ad": "the Bayeux Tapestry, which is not a tapestry but a work of embroidery.", "56de51244396321400ee27ef": "Many churches preserve", "56de51c64396321400ee27f7": ".", "56de51c64396321400ee27f8": "At F\u00e9camp, under two Italian abbots", "56de52614396321400ee27fb": "several monks of Saint-Evroul fled to southern Italy", "56de52614396321400ee27fc": "several monks of Saint-Evroul fled to southern Italy", "56de52614396321400ee27fd": "patronised by Robert Guiscard and established a Latin monastery at Sant'Eufemia.", "56de52614396321400ee27fe": ".", "56df9e2838dc4217001520f6": ".", "56df9e2838dc4217001520f8": ".", "56df9e2838dc4217001520f9": ".", "56e0b94b7aa994140058e6b7": ".", "56e0b94b7aa994140058e6b8": ".", "56e0b94b7aa994140058e6b9": ".", "56e0b94b7aa994140058e6bb": ".", "56df9ee138dc421700152108": "before emigrating to the United States in 1884 to work for Thomas Edison in New York City.", "56df9ee138dc421700152109": "1884 to work for Thomas Edison in New York City.", "56df9ee138dc42170015210a": "His patented AC induction motor and transformer were licensed by George Westinghouse, wh", "56df9ee138dc42170015210b": "to the United States in 1884 to work for Thomas Edison in New York City.", "56df9ee138dc42170015210c": "battles.", "56e0b9d57aa994140058e6c1": "New York City.", "56e0b9d57aa994140058e6c2": "work for Thomas Edison in New York City.", "56e0b9d57aa994140058e6c3": "Thomas Edison in New York City.", "56e0b9d57aa994140058e6c4": "His patented AC induction motor and transformer were licensed by George Westinghouse, wh", "56e0b9d57aa994140058e6c5": "George Westinghouse, who also hired Tesla for a short time as a consultant.", "56dfa01738dc42170015211d": "the possibility of wireless communication with his devices.", "56dfa01738dc42170015211e": "Tesla", "56dfa01738dc42170015211f": "Tesla we", "56e0bab7231d4119001ac35b": "Tesla", "56e0bab7231d4119001ac35c": "He also built a wireless controlled boat, one of the first ever exhibited.", "56e0bab7231d4119001ac35d": "He also built a wireless controlled boat, one of the first ever exhibited.", "56e0bab7231d4119001ac35e": "his unfinished Wardenclyffe Tower project", "56dfa0d84a1a83140091ebb7": "Tesla died on 7 January 1943.", "56dfa0d84a1a83140091ebb8": "named the SI unit of magnetic flux density the tesla in his honor.", "56dfa0d84a1a83140091ebb9": "He lived most of his life in a series of New York hotels, through his retirement.", "56dfa0d84a1a83140091ebba": ".", "56e0bb9f7aa994140058e6cb": "Tesla died on 7 January 1943.", "56e0bb9f7aa994140058e6cc": "Tesla died on 7 January 1943.", "56e0bb9f7aa994140058e6cd": "1960", "56e0bb9f7aa994140058e6ce": "There has been a resurgence in popular interest in Tesla since the 1990s.", "56e0bb9f7aa994140058e6cf": "an archetypal \"mad scientist\".", "56dfa13d4a1a83140091ebc1": "(modern-day Croatia)", "56dfa13d4a1a83140091ebc2": ". His father, Milutin Tesla, was a Serbian Orthodox priest.", "56dfa13d4a1a83140091ebc3": "Serbian epic poem", "56dfa13d4a1a83140091ebc4": "credited his eidetic memory and creative abilities to his mother's genetics and influence.", "56e0bcc0231d4119001ac36b": "poems.", "56e0bcc0231d4119001ac36c": "whose father was also an Orthodox priest", "56e0bcc0231d4119001ac36d": "Tesla's mother, \u0110uka Tesla (n\u00e9e Mandi\u0107),", "56e0bcc0231d4119001ac36e": "Serbian epic poems.", "56e0bcc0231d4119001ac36f": "bor", "56dfa1d34a1a83140091ebd4": "Tesla was the fourth of five children.", "56dfa1d44a1a83140091ebd6": "Tesla was the fourth of five children.", "56dfa1d44a1a83140091ebd7": "In 1862, the Tesla family moved to Gospi\u0107", "56e0c0c7231d4119001ac375": "Tesla was the fourth of five children.", "56e0c0c7231d4119001ac376": "He had an older brother named Dane and three sisters, Milka, Angelina and Marica.", "56e0c0c7231d4119001ac377": "Dane was killed in a horse-riding accident when Nikola was five.", "56e0c0c7231d4119001ac378": "In 1862, the Tesla family moved to Gospi\u0107, Austrian Empire,", "56e0c0c7231d4119001ac379": "Tesla's father worked as a pastor.", "56dfa24a38dc421700152142": "he was profoundly influenced by a math teacher Martin Sekuli\u0107.", "56dfa24a38dc421700152143": "The classes were held in German,", "56dfa24a38dc421700152144": "Tesla was able to perform integral calculus in his head", "56dfa24a38dc421700152145": "ich prompted his teachers to believe that he was cheating.", "56dfa24a38dc421700152146": "In 1870, Tesla moved to Karlovac, to attend school at the Higher Real Gymnasium", "56e0c1617aa994140058e6d5": "ere he was profoundly influenced by a math teacher Martin Sekuli\u0107.", "56e0c1617aa994140058e6d6": "ere he was profoundly influenced by a math teacher Martin Sekuli\u0107.", "56e0c1617aa994140058e6d7": "ere he was profoundly influenced by a math teacher Martin Sekuli\u0107.", "56e0c1617aa994140058e6d8": "The classes were held in German,", "56e0c1617aa994140058e6d9": "aduating in 1873.:33", "56dfa2c54a1a83140091ebf2": "In 1873, Tesla returned to his birthtown, Smiljan.", "56dfa2c54a1a83140091ebf3": "he was bedridden for nine months and was near death multiple times.", "56dfa2c54a1a83140091ebf4": "he was bedridden for nine months and was near death multiple times.", "56dfa2c54a1a83140091ebf5": "his father had originally wanted him to enter the priesthood).", "56dfa2c54a1a83140091ebf6": "In 1873, Tesla returned to his birthtown, Smiljan.", "56e0c2307aa994140058e6df": "In 1873, Tesla returned to his birthtown, Smiljan.", "56e0c2307aa994140058e6e0": "times.", "56e0c2307aa994140058e6e1": "he was bedridden for nine months and was near death multiple times.", "56e0c2307aa994140058e6e2": "his father had originally wanted him to enter the priesthood).", "56e0c2307aa994140058e6e3": "his father had originally wanted him to enter the priesthood).", "56dfa3394a1a83140091ebfc": "the Austro-Hungarian Army in Smiljan by running away to Tomingaj, near Gra\u010dac.", "56dfa3394a1a83140091ebfd": "Mark Twain's works had helped him to miraculously recover from his earlier illness.", "56dfa3394a1a83140091ebfe": "He read many books while in Tomingaj,", "56dfa3394a1a83140091ebff": "In 1874, Tesla evaded being drafted into the Austro-Hungarian Army", "56dfa3394a1a83140091ec00": "He read many books while in Tomingaj,", "56e0c2bc231d4119001ac389": "near Gra\u010dac.", "56e0c2bc231d4119001ac38a": "He read many books while in Tomingaj,", "56e0c2bc231d4119001ac38b": "He read many books while in Tomingaj,", "56e0c2bc231d4119001ac38c": "illness", "56dfa3c338dc421700152154": "He never graduated from the university and did not receive grades for the last semester.", "56dfa3c338dc421700152155": "he were removed from the school, Tesla would be killed through overwork.", "56dfa3c338dc421700152156": "family. Tesla", "56dfa3c338dc421700152157": "gambling.", "56dfa3c338dc421700152158": "He never graduated from the university and did not receive grades for the last semester", "56e0cbf3231d4119001ac3ab": "In 1875, Tesla", "56e0cbf3231d4119001ac3ac": "In 1875, Tesla", "56e0cbf3231d4119001ac3ad": "After his father's death in 1879,", "56e0cbf3231d4119001ac3ae": "During his third year, Tesla gambled away his allowance and his tuition money,", "56e0cbf3231d4119001ac3af": "Tesla would be killed through overwork.", "56dfa7887aa994140058dfa9": "In December 1878, Tesla", "56dfa7887aa994140058dfaa": "his family to hide the fact that he dropped out of school.", "56dfa7887aa994140058dfab": "where he worked as a draftsman for 60 florins a month.", "56dfa7887aa994140058dfac": "His friends thought that he had drowned in the Mur River.", "56dfa7887aa994140058dfad": "He spent his spare time playing cards with local men on the streets.", "56e0ccaa7aa994140058e717": "In December 1878, Tesla left Graz and", "56e0ccaa7aa994140058e718": "and severed all relations with his family to hide the fact that he dropped out of school.", "56e0ccaa7aa994140058e719": "His friends thought that he had drowned in the Mur River.", "56e0ccaa7aa994140058e71a": "ere he worked as a draftsman for 60 florins a month.", "56e0ccaa7aa994140058e71b": ".", "56dfaa047aa994140058dfbd": "Tesla was returned to Gospi\u0107 under police guard for not having a residence permit.", "56dfaa047aa994140058dfbe": "Tesla was returned to Gospi\u0107 under police guard for not having a residence permit.", "56dfaa047aa994140058dfbf": "Milutin Tesla died at the age of 60", "56dfaa047aa994140058dfc0": "he died of a stroke", "56dfaa047aa994140058dfc1": "During that year, Tesla taught a large class of students in his old school", "56e0cd33231d4119001ac3bf": "Tesla was returned to Gospi\u0107 under police guard for not having a residence permit.", "56e0cd33231d4119001ac3c0": "in Gospi\u0107.", "56e0cd33231d4119001ac3c1": "Higher Real Gymnasium, in Gospi\u0107.", "56e0cd33231d4119001ac3c2": "although some sources say that he died of a stroke).", "56dfac8e231d4119001abc5b": ". Tesla", "56dfac8e231d4119001abc5c": "Unfortunately, he arrived too late to enroll at Charles-Ferdinand University", "56dfac8e231d4119001abc5e": "Tesla did, however, attend lectures at the university,", "56dfac8e231d4119001abc5f": ".", "56e0cdb9231d4119001ac3c7": "where he was to study.", "56e0cdb9231d4119001ac3c8": "Gospi\u0107 for Prague", "56e0cdb9231d4119001ac3c9": "where he was to study.", "56e0cdb9231d4119001ac3ca": "Gospi\u0107 for Prague", "56dfad0a7aa994140058dfc7": "In 1881, Tesla moved to", "56dfad0a7aa994140058dfc8": "Ferenc Pusk\u00e1s at a telegraph company, the Budapest Telephone Exchange.", "56dfad0a7aa994140058dfc9": "Tesla was allocated the chief electrician position.", "56dfad0a7aa994140058dfca": "ed.", "56dfad0a7aa994140058dfcb": "in the Central Telegraph Office instead.", "56e0d402231d4119001ac3fc": "In 1881, Tesla", "56e0d402231d4119001ac3fd": "In 1881, Tesla", "56e0d402231d4119001ac3fe": "Tesla was allocated the chief electrician position.", "56e0d402231d4119001ac3ff": "Tesla was allocated the chief electrician position.", "56dfb0c8231d4119001abc83": "In 1882, Tesla began working for the Continental Edison Company in France", "56dfb0c8231d4119001abc84": "In 1882, Tesla began working for the Continental Edison Company in France", "56dfb0c8231d4119001abc85": "In June 1884, he relocated to New York City:57\u201360 wh", "56dfb0c8231d4119001abc86": "Thomas Edison to work at his Edison Machine Works on Manhattan's lower east side.", "56dfb0c8231d4119001abc87": "In June 1884, he relocated to New York City:57\u201360 wh", "56e0d54a7aa994140058e769": "In 1882, Tesla began working for the Continental Edison Company in France", "56e0d54a7aa994140058e76a": "In 1882, Tesla began working for the Continental Edison Company in France", "56e0d54a7aa994140058e76b": "In June 1884, he relocated to New York City:57\u201360 wh", "56e0d54a7aa994140058e76c": "In June 1884, he relocated to New York City:57\u201360 wh", "56e0d54a7aa994140058e76d": "Thomas Edison to work at his Edison Machine Works on Manhattan's lower east side.", "56dfb4be7aa994140058e00d": "In 1885, he said that he could redesign Edison's inefficient motor and generators,", "56dfb4be7aa994140058e00e": "After months of work, Tesla fulfilled the task and inquired about payment.", "56dfb4be7aa994140058e010": "In 1885, he said that he could redesign Edison's inefficient motor and generators,", "56e0d6367aa994140058e773": "In 1885, he said that he could redesign Edison's inefficient motor and generators,", "56e0d6367aa994140058e774": "hand.", "56e0d6367aa994140058e775": "After months of work, Tesla fulfilled the task and inquired about payment.", "56dfb5777aa994140058e021": "After leaving Edison's company Tesla partnered with two businessmen in 1886", "56dfb5777aa994140058e022": ".", "56dfb5777aa994140058e023": "Tesla Electric Light & Manufacturing.", "56dfb5777aa994140058e024": "Tesla Electric Light & Manufacturing.", "56dfb5777aa994140058e025": "Tesla Electric Light & Manufacturing.", "56e0d6cf231d4119001ac420": "Tesla Electric Light & Manufacturing.", "56e0d6cf231d4119001ac421": "Tesla Electric Light & Manufacturing.", "56e0d6cf231d4119001ac422": "Tesla Electric Light & Manufacturing.", "56e0d6cf231d4119001ac423": "Tesla Electric Light & Manufacturing.", "56e0d6cf231d4119001ac424": "The company ins", "56dfb5f5231d4119001abcb5": "They eventually forced Tesla out leaving him penniless.", "56dfb5f5231d4119001abcb6": "They eventually forced Tesla out leaving him penniless.", "56dfb5f5231d4119001abcb8": "$2 per day.", "56dfb5f5231d4119001abcb9": "inter of 1886/1887 as a time of \"terrible headaches and bitter tears.", "56e0d76d231d4119001ac42b": "he had assigned them to the company in lieu of stock.", "56e0d76d231d4119001ac42c": "$2 per day.", "56e0d76d231d4119001ac42d": "They eventually forced Tesla out leaving him penniless.", "56dfb666231d4119001abcc0": "Alfred S. Brown, a Western Union superintendent, and New York attorney Charles F. Peck.", "56dfb666231d4119001abcc1": "they formed the Tesla Electric Company with", "56dfb666231d4119001abcc2": "would go \u2153 to Tesla, \u2153 to Peck and Brown, and \u2153 to fund development.", "56dfb666231d4119001abcc3": "They set up a laboratory for Tesla at 89 Liberty Street in Manhattan wh", "56e0d810231d4119001ac432": "Tesla met Alfred S. Brown, a Western Union superintendent, and New York attorney Charles F. Peck.", "56e0d810231d4119001ac433": "Alfred S. Brown, a Western Union superintendent, and New York attorney Charles F. Peck.", "56e0d810231d4119001ac434": "Tesla met Alfred S. Brown, a Western Union superintendent, and New York attorney Charles F. Peck.", "56e0d810231d4119001ac435": "They set up a laboratory for Tesla at 89 Liberty Street in Manhattan wh", "56e0d810231d4119001ac436": "Alfred S. Brown, a Western Union superintendent, and New York attorney Charles F. Peck.", "56dfb6d17aa994140058e053": "One of the things Tesla developed at that laboratory in 1887", "56dfb6d17aa994140058e054": "This innovative electric motor, patented in May 1888,", "56dfb6d17aa994140058e055": "brushes.", "56dfb6d17aa994140058e056": "was a simple self-starting design that did not need a commutator,", "56dfb6d17aa994140058e057": "was a simple self-starting design", "56e0d9e0231d4119001ac43c": "The motor used polyphase current which generated a rotating magnetic field to turn the motor (", "56e0d9e0231d4119001ac43d": "brushes.", "56e0d9e0231d4119001ac43e": "the high maintenance of constantly servicing and replacing mechanical brushes.", "56e0d9e0231d4119001ac43f": "brushes.", "56e057e1231d4119001ac043": "Thomas Commerford Martin (a friend and public", "56e057e1231d4119001ac044": "at the American Institute of Electrical Engineers (now IEEE)", "56e057e1231d4119001ac045": "In 1888, the editor of Electrical World magazine", "56e057e1231d4119001ac046": "Westinghouse looked into getting a patent on a similar commutator-less,", "56e057e1231d4119001ac047": "at the American Institute of Electrical Engineers (now IEEE)", "56e0dbb57aa994140058e779": "In 1888, the editor of Electrical World magazine", "56e0dbb57aa994140058e77a": "that Tesla had a viable AC motor and related power system \u2014", "56e0dbb57aa994140058e77b": "patents.", "56e0dbb57aa994140058e77c": "by the Italian physicist Galileo Ferraris,", "56e0dbb57aa994140058e77d": "(now IEEE).", "56e05900231d4119001ac04d": "In July 1888, Brown and Peck negotiated a licensing deal with George Westinghouse", "56e05900231d4119001ac04e": "George Westinghouse for Tesla's polyphase induction motor and transformer designs for $60,000 in", "56e05900231d4119001ac04f": "In July 1888", "56e05900231d4119001ac051": "George Westinghouse for Tesla's polyphase induction motor and transformer designs for", "56e0dc667aa994140058e783": "George Westinghouse for Tesla's polyphase induction motor and transformer designs for $60,000 in", "56e0dc667aa994140058e784": "$2.50 per AC horsepower produced by each motor.", "56e0dc667aa994140058e785": "Pittsburgh labs.", "56e0dc667aa994140058e786": ".", "56e059c8231d4119001ac057": "During that year, Tesla", "56e059c8231d4119001ac058": "During that year, Tesla", "56e059c8231d4119001ac059": "Between them, they settled on a 60-cycle AC current system Tesla proposed (", "56e059c8231d4119001ac05a": "They ended up using a DC traction motor instead.", "56e0e518231d4119001ac444": "During that year, Tesla worked in Pittsburgh", "56e0e518231d4119001ac445": "They ended up using a DC traction motor instead.", "56e05a78231d4119001ac062": "\" an electrical distribution battle being waged between Thomas", "56e05a78231d4119001ac063": "between Thomas Edison and George Westinghouse that", "56e05a78231d4119001ac064": "The competition resulted in Edison Machine Works pursuing AC development in 1890", "56e05a78231d4119001ac065": "2 Thomas", "56e0e5f37aa994140058e78b": "point.", "56e0e5f37aa994140058e78c": ".", "56e0e5f37aa994140058e78d": ".", "56e0e5f37aa994140058e78e": "The acquisition of a feasible AC motor ga", "56e0e5f37aa994140058e78f": "Thomas Edison was no longer in control of his own company, wh", "56e07c86231d4119001ac1cd": "George Westinghouse", "56e07c86231d4119001ac1ce": "Chicago with alternating current, beating out a General Electric bid by one million dollars.", "56e07c86231d4119001ac1cf": "George Westinghouse won the bid to light the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago with", "56e07c86231d4119001ac1d0": "In 1893", "56e07c86231d4119001ac1d1": ":79", "56e0ecd37aa994140058e7d5": "Chicago with alternating current, beating out a General Electric bid by one million dollars.", "56e0ecd37aa994140058e7d6": "In 1893,", "56e0ecd37aa994140058e7d7": "It", "56e0ecd37aa994140058e7d8": "This World's Fair devoted a building to electrical exhibits.", "56e0812c231d4119001ac213": "Richard Dean Adams", "56e0812c231d4119001ac214": "In 1893 Richard Dean Adams", "56e0812c231d4119001ac215": "was awarded to Westinghouse Electric.", "56e0812c231d4119001ac216": "was awarded to Westinghouse Electric.", "56e0812c231d4119001ac217": "In 1893 Richard Dean Adams", "56e0ee12231d4119001ac459": "who headed up the Niagara Falls Cataract Construction Company", "56e0ee12231d4119001ac45a": ".", "56e0ee12231d4119001ac45b": "Adams pumped Tesla for information about the current state of all the competing systems.", "56e0ee12231d4119001ac45c": "Tesla's opinion on what system would be best to transmit power generated at the falls.", "56e089ab231d4119001ac285": "Although a patent-sharing agreement was signed between the two companies in", "56e089ab231d4119001ac287": "the patents for a lump sum payment of $216,000;", "56e089ab231d4119001ac288": "to be an overly generous $2.50 per AC horsepower royalty.", "56e089ab231d4119001ac289": "In 1897, Westinghouse explained his financial difficulties to Tesla in stark terms", "56e0ef0c231d4119001ac462": "involved in takeover attempts and patent battles with Westinghouse Electric.", "56e0ef0c231d4119001ac463": "in licenses and royalties to Tesla, Brown, and Peck).", "56e0ef0c231d4119001ac464": "horsepower royalty.", "56e08a1f7aa994140058e5da": "Tesla became a naturalized citizen of the United States,", "56e08a1f7aa994140058e5db": "his South Fifth Avenue laboratory, and later another at 46 E. Houston Street, in New York.", "56e08a1f7aa994140058e5dc": "He lit electric lamps w", "56e08a1f7aa994140058e5dd": "he patented the Tesla coil.", "56e0ef90231d4119001ac468": "In the same year, he patented the Tesla coil.", "56e0ef90231d4119001ac469": "he patented the Tesla coil.", "56e0ef90231d4119001ac46a": "Tesla became a naturalized citizen of the United States", "56e0ef90231d4119001ac46b": "30", "56e08aa0231d4119001ac299": "Tesla served as a vice president of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers,", "56e08aa0231d4119001ac29a": "the forerunner (along with the Institute of Radio Engineers) of the modern-day IEEE", "56e08aa0231d4119001ac29d": "Tesla served as a vice president of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers,", "56e0f019231d4119001ac470": ".", "56e0f019231d4119001ac471": "1892 to 1894.", "56e0f019231d4119001ac472": "the forerunner (along with the Institute of Radio Engineers) of the modern-day IEEE", "56e08b3c231d4119001ac2a4": "Tesla began investigating", "56e08b3c231d4119001ac2a5": ")", "56e08b3c231d4119001ac2a6": "announcement of the discovery of x-rays\u2014", "56e08b3c231d4119001ac2a7": "The only thing captured in the image was the metal locking screw on the camera lens.", "56e0f32d231d4119001ac4c8": ").", "56e0f32d231d4119001ac4c9": "\").", "56e0f32d231d4119001ac4ca": "tube.", "56e0f32d231d4119001ac4cb": "The only thing captured in the image was the metal locking screw on the camera lens.", "56e0f32d231d4119001ac4cc": "en he tried to photograph Mark", "56e08d32231d4119001ac2ad": ".", "56e08d32231d4119001ac2ae": "In March 1896", "56e08d32231d4119001ac2af": "radiation).", "56e08d32231d4119001ac2b0": "In his research, Tesla devised several experimental setups to produce X-rays.", "56e08d32231d4119001ac2b1": "that worked from the output of the Tesla Coil (", "56e0f5a6231d4119001ac4d4": "Wilhelm R\u00f6ntgen's discovery of X-ray and X-ray imaging (radiography)", "56e0f5a6231d4119001ac4d5": "In March 1896", "56e0f5a6231d4119001ac4d6": "In his research, Tesla devised several experimental setups to produce X-rays.", "56e08f4a231d4119001ac2b7": "Tesla", "56e08f4a231d4119001ac2b8": "he attributed the skin damage to various causes.", "56e08f4a231d4119001ac2b9": "Tesla", "56e08f4a231d4119001ac2ba": "Tesla noted the hazards of working with his circuit and single-node X-ray-producing devices.", "56e08f4a231d4119001ac2bb": "These plasma waves can occur in force-free magnetic fields.", "56e0f6aa231d4119001ac4ee": "He believed early on that damage to the skin was not caused by the Roentgen rays,", "56e0f6aa231d4119001ac4ef": ".", "56e0f6aa231d4119001ac4f0": "These plasma waves can occur in force-free magnetic fields.", "56e0f6aa231d4119001ac4f1": "He", "56e0e69b7aa994140058e795": "Benjamin Lamme had made great progress developing an efficient version of Tesla", "56e0e69b7aa994140058e796": "Benjamin Lamme had made great progress developing an efficient version of Tesla", "56e0e69b7aa994140058e797": "their complete polyphase phase AC system as the \"Tesla Polyphase System\",", "56e0ed557aa994140058e7dd": ".", "56e0ed557aa994140058e7e0": "he constructed known as the Egg of Columbus.", "56e0fa5b7aa994140058e859": "while experimenting with his single-electrode vacuum tubes;", "56e0fa5b7aa994140058e85a": "him.", "56e0fa5b7aa994140058e85b": "him.", "56e0fa5b7aa994140058e85c": "In comparing these particles with the bits of metal proje", "56e0fb14231d4119001ac525": "Association.", "56e0fb14231d4119001ac526": "Tesla's theories on the possibility of the transmission by radio waves go", "56e0fb14231d4119001ac527": "Association.", "56e0fb887aa994140058e869": "In 1898, Tesla", "56e0fb887aa994140058e86a": "Tesla demonstrated a radio-controlled boat\u2014", "56e0fb887aa994140058e86b": "The crowd that witnessed the demonstration made outrageous claims", "56e0fb887aa994140058e86c": "The crowd that witnessed the demonstration mad", "56e0fb887aa994140058e86d": "hidden inside.", "56e0fc3f7aa994140058e877": "patent", "56e0fc3f7aa994140058e878": "patent", "56e0fc3f7aa994140058e879": "patent).", "56e0fc3f7aa994140058e87a": "patent", "56e0fc3f7aa994140058e87b": "patent", "56e0fd167aa994140058e881": "On 17 May 1899, Tesla moved to Colorado Springs", "56e0fd167aa994140058e882": "ere he would have room for his high-voltage, high-frequency experiments;", "56e0fd167aa994140058e883": "needed without charging for it.", "56e0fd167aa994140058e884": "recorded his initial spark length at five inches long, but very thick and noisy.", "56e0fde0cd28a01900c673ea": "Tesla investigated atmospheric electricity,", "56e0fde0cd28a01900c673eb": "He stated that he observed stationary waves during this time.", "56e0fde0cd28a01900c673ec": "the earth had a resonant frequency.", "56e0fe85e3433e1400422a6a": ".", "56e0fe85e3433e1400422a6b": "with discharges consisting of millions of volts and up to 135 feet long.", "56e0fe85e3433e1400422a6c": ".", "56e0fe85e3433e1400422a6d": "Light bulbs within 100 feet of the lab glowed even when turned off.", "56e0fe85e3433e1400422a6e": ".", "56e0ff5dcd28a01900c673fb": "\"", "56e0ff5dcd28a01900c673fc": "\"", "56e0ff5dcd28a01900c673fd": "\"", "56e0ff5dcd28a01900c673fe": "\"", "56e10043e3433e1400422a84": "During his time at his lab, Tesla observed unusual signals from his receiver wh", "56e10043e3433e1400422a85": "Mars, Venus, or other planets.", "56e10043e3433e1400422a86": "During his time at his lab, Tesla observed unusual signals from his receiver wh", "56e10043e3433e1400422a87": "which he concluded may be communications from another planet.", "56e10043e3433e1400422a88": "transmission.", "56e100b6cd28a01900c67403": "Instead, Tesla used the money to fund his Colorado Springs experiments.", "56e100b6cd28a01900c67404": "Instead, Tesla used the money to fund his Colorado Springs experiments.", "56e100b6cd28a01900c67405": "Instead, Tesla used the money to fund his Colorado Springs experiments.", "56e100b6cd28a01900c67406": "Instead, Tesla used the money to fund his Colorado Springs experiments.", "56e1011ecd28a01900c6740b": "On 7 January 1900, Tesla left Colorado Springs.", "56e1011ecd28a01900c6740c": "His lab was torn down in 1904,", "56e1011ecd28a01900c6740d": "His lab was torn down in 1904,", "56e1011ecd28a01900c6740e": "His lab was torn down in 1904,", "56e10179cd28a01900c67413": ".", "56e10179cd28a01900c67414": "Wardenclyffe near Shoreham, Long Island.", "56e10179cd28a01900c67415": "Wardenclyffe near Shoreham, Long Island.", "56e101f4e3433e1400422a8e": "When asked where all the money had gone", "56e101f4e3433e1400422a8f": ".", "56e101f4e3433e1400422a91": "Morgan", "56e10296cd28a01900c67423": "Over the next five years", "56e10296cd28a01900c67424": "Morgan.", "56e10296cd28a01900c67425": "In December 1901,", "56e10296cd28a01900c67426": "The tower was erected to its full 187 feet (57 m).", "56e10325cd28a01900c67435": "his 200 horsepower (150 kilowatts) 16,000 rpm bladeless turbine.", "56e10325cd28a01900c67436": "his bladeless turbine engines were tested at 100\u20135,000 hp.", "56e10325cd28a01900c67437": "turbine.", "56e10325cd28a01900c67438": "turbine.", "56e10412e3433e1400422aba": "Tesla invented a steam-powered mechanical oscillator\u2014Tesla's oscillator.", "56e10412e3433e1400422abb": "two.", "56e10412e3433e1400422abc": "arrived.", "56e10412e3433e1400422abd": "In February 1912, an article\u2014\"Nikola Tesla, Dreamer\" by Allan L. Benson\u2014", "56e10412e3433e1400422abe": "two.", "56e1066be3433e1400422ae4": "Tesla theorized that the application of electricity to the brain enhanced intelligence.", "56e1066be3433e1400422ae5": "he crafted \"a plan to make dull students br", "56e1066be3433e1400422ae6": "The plan was, at least provisionally approved by then superintendent of New York City schools,", "56e1066be3433e1400422ae7": "William H. Maxwell.", "56e1075ae3433e1400422afa": "Before World War I, Tesla sought overseas investors.", "56e1075ae3433e1400422afb": "Tesla lost the funding he was receiving from his patents in European countries.", "56e1075ae3433e1400422afc": "Eventually, he sold Wardenclyffe for", "56e1075ae3433e1400422afd": "Eventually, he sold Wardenclyffe for", "56e1075ae3433e1400422afe": "After the war started, Tesla lost the funding he was receiving from his patents in European countries", "56e108abe3433e1400422b0c": "but one must add that if he was dreaming, at least he was dreaming correctly.\"", "56e108abe3433e1400422b0d": "dreaming correctly.", "56e108abe3433e1400422b0e": "Tesla", "56e108abe3433e1400422b0f": "France's first radar system in the 1930s", "56e1097dcd28a01900c6748f": "On 6 November 1915, a Reuters", "56e1097dcd28a01900c67490": "Nobel Prize", "56e1097dcd28a01900c67491": "There were unsubstantiated rumors at the time that Tesla", "56e1097dcd28a01900c67492": "y rumor that a person has not been given a Nobel Prize bec", "56e10a28cd28a01900c674b1": "Ther", "56e10aa5cd28a01900c674b3": "in 1915 and Tesla did receive one of 38 possible bids in 1937).", "56e10aa5cd28a01900c674b4": "one of 38 possible bids in 1915 and Tesla did receive one of 38 possible bids in 1937).", "56e10aa5cd28a01900c674b5": "and Tesla did receive one of 38 possible bids in 1937).", "56e10b6ee3433e1400422b24": "In 1928, Tesla received his last patent, U.S. Patent", "56e10b6ee3433e1400422b25": "for a biplane capable of taking off vertically (VTOL aircraft) and", "56e10b6ee3433e1400422b26": "for a biplane capable of taking off vertically (VTOL aircraft)", "56e10b6ee3433e1400422b27": "turbine engines in rotor aircraft.", "56e10c61e3433e1400422b36": "Starting in 1934, the Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company", "56e10c61e3433e1400422b37": "settlement.", "56e10c61e3433e1400422b38": "settlement.", "56e10c61e3433e1400422b39": "Tesla's life.", "56e10d2dcd28a01900c674d7": "In 1935", "56e10d2dcd28a01900c674d8": "In 1935", "56e10d2dcd28a01900c674d9": "a method of accurately determining the location of underground mineral deposits.", "56e10d2dcd28a01900c674da": "the location of underground mineral deposits.", "56e10d2dcd28a01900c674db": "and a method of accurately determining the location of underground mineral deposits.", "56e10ddce3433e1400422b48": "cab.", "56e10ddce3433e1400422b49": "Tesla", "56e10ddce3433e1400422b4a": "Tesla's back was severely wrenched and three of his ribs were broken in the accident (", "56e10ddce3433e1400422b4b": "him.", "56e10ddce3433e1400422b4c": "Tesla", "56e10e73cd28a01900c674eb": ".", "56e10e73cd28a01900c674ec": "the Van de Graaff generator.", "56e10e73cd28a01900c674ed": "being used against ground-based infantry or for anti-aircraft purposes.", "56e10e73cd28a01900c674ee": ".", "56e10e73cd28a01900c674ef": "The press variably referred to it as a \"peace ray\" or death ray.", "56e10f14e3433e1400422b5c": "I have built, demonstrated and used it.", "56e10f14e3433e1400422b5d": "I have built, demonstrated and used it.", "56e10f14e3433e1400422b5e": "that are accelerated via high voltage (by means akin to his magnifying transformer).", "56e10f14e3433e1400422b5f": "that are accelerated via high voltage (by means akin to his magnifying transformer).", "56e10f14e3433e1400422b60": "Only a little time will pass before I can give it to the world.", "56e10fbacd28a01900c67509": "weapons.", "56e10fbacd28a01900c6750a": "beam weapons.", "56e10fbacd28a01900c6750b": "This treatise is currently in the Nikola Tesla Museum archive in Belgrade.", "56e10fbacd28a01900c6750c": "weapons.", "56e10fbacd28a01900c6750d": "that would put an end to all war.", "56e11044e3433e1400422b76": "Tesla said that efforts had been made to steal the invention.", "56e11044e3433e1400422b77": "the blueprint for the teleforce weapon was all in his mind.", "56e11044e3433e1400422b78": "His room had been entered and", "56e110c3cd28a01900c67531": "that Tesla had placed on his door two days earlier.", "56e110c3cd28a01900c67532": "that Tesla had placed on his door two days earlier.", "56e110c3cd28a01900c67533": "His body was later found by maid Alice Monaghan af", "56e110c3cd28a01900c67534": "Tesla had placed on his door two days earlier.", "56e110c3cd28a01900c67535": "the cause of death had been coronary thrombosis.", "56e11161e3433e1400422b86": "Tesla's belongings, even though Tesla was an American citizen.", "56e11161e3433e1400422b87": "Tesla's belongings, even though Tesla was an American citizen.", "56e11161e3433e1400422b89": "would constitute a hazard in unfriendly hands, stat", "56e11161e3433e1400422b8a": "belongings, even though Tesla was an American citizen.", "56e111e5e3433e1400422b90": ".", "56e111e5e3433e1400422b91": "On 10 January 1943, New York City mayor Fiorello La Guardia read a eulogy w", "56e111e5e3433e1400422b92": "Tesla's body was taken to the Ferncliff Cemetery in Ardsley, New York,", "56e111e5e3433e1400422b93": "people attended a state funeral for Tesla at the Cathedral of Saint John the Divine.", "56e111e5e3433e1400422b94": "where it was later cremated.", "56e1127bcd28a01900c67549": "N", "56e1127bcd28a01900c6754a": "following pressure from Tesla's nephew", "56e1127bcd28a01900c6754b": "Charlotte Muzar transported Tesla's ashes from the United States to Belgrade.", "56e1127bcd28a01900c6754c": "The", "56e1127bcd28a01900c6754d": ".", "56e11996e3433e1400422bde": "some that have lain hidden in patent archives.", "56e11996e3433e1400422bdf": "Many inventions developed by Tesla were not put into patent protection.", "56e11996e3433e1400422be0": "but many other patents were approved in countries around the globe.", "56e11996e3433e1400422be1": "some that have lain hidden in patent archives.", "56e11a16cd28a01900c675b5": "his dinner order to the headwaiter, who also could be the only one to serve him.", "56e11a16cd28a01900c675b6": "him.", "56e11a16cd28a01900c675b7": "Tesla would then resume his work, often until 3:00 a.m.", "56e11a16cd28a01900c675b8": "his dinner order to the headwaiter, who also could be the only one to serve him.", "56e11a73e3433e1400422bf0": "For exercise, Tesla walked between 8 to 10 miles per day.", "56e11a73e3433e1400422bf1": "For exercise, Tesla walked between 8 to 10 miles per day.", "56e11a73e3433e1400422bf2": "saying that it stimulated his brain cells.", "56e11a73e3433e1400422bf3": "saying that it stimulated his brain cells.", "56e11afbcd28a01900c675c7": "Tesla said that he did not believe in telepathy", "56e11afbcd28a01900c675c8": ".", "56e11afbcd28a01900c675c9": "Tesla said that he believed that all fundamental laws could be reduced to one", "56e11ba9cd28a01900c675d7": "He said that he had been visited by a specific injured white pigeon daily.", "56e11ba9cd28a01900c675d8": "He said that he had been visited by a specific injured white pigeon daily.", "56e11ba9cd28a01900c675d9": "He said that he had been visited by a specific injured white pigeon daily.", "56e11ba9cd28a01900c675da": "He said that he had been visited by a specific injured white pigeon daily.", "56e11ba9cd28a01900c675db": "He said that he had been visited by a specific injured white pigeon daily.", "56e11c24e3433e1400422c18": "Tesla was 6 feet 2 inches (1.88 m) tall and weighed", "56e11c24e3433e1400422c19": "Tesla was 6 feet 2 inches (1.88 m) tall and", "56e11c24e3433e1400422c1a": "most no weight variance from", "56e11c24e3433e1400422c1b": "He was an elegant, stylish figure in New York City,", "56e11cedcd28a01900c675e7": "He typically did not make drawings by hand but worked from memory.", "56e11cedcd28a01900c675e8": "During his early life, Tesla was repeatedly stricken with illness.", "56e11cedcd28a01900c675e9": "Tesla w", "56e11cedcd28a01900c675ea": "33", "56e11cedcd28a01900c675eb": "He typically did not make drawings by hand but worked from memory.", "56e11d8ecd28a01900c675f1": "sometimes spending more than 48 hours in a stretch at a gaming table.", "56e11d8ecd28a01900c675f2": "rest.", "56e11d8ecd28a01900c675f3": "when he felt he had arrived at the solution, he suddenly closed the telephone.", "56e11d8ecd28a01900c675f4": "telephone.", "56e11d8ecd28a01900c675f5": "whom Tesla had befriended, confirmed that Tesla rarely slept.", "56e11e57e3433e1400422c28": "he said his chastity was very helpful to his scientific abilities.", "56e11e57e3433e1400422c29": "...", "56e11e57e3433e1400422c2a": "work ...", "56e11f05e3433e1400422c2e": "Tesla was asocial and prone to seclude himself with his work.", "56e11f05e3433e1400422c2f": "Tesla was asocial and prone to seclude himself with his work.", "56e11f05e3433e1400422c30": "Tesla was asocial and prone to seclude himself with his work.", "56e11f05e3433e1400422c31": "Tesla was asocial and prone to seclude himself with his work.", "56e11f05e3433e1400422c32": "Tesla was asocial and prone to seclude himself with his work.", "56e11f83cd28a01900c67611": "Tesla was a good friend of", "56e11f83cd28a01900c67612": "Tesla occasionally attended dinner parties held by Viereck and his wife.", "56e11f83cd28a01900c67613": "Tesla occasionally attended dinner parties held by Viereck and his wife.", "56e12005cd28a01900c67617": "when he fired a secretary because of her weight.", "56e12005cd28a01900c67618": "when he fired a secretary because of her weight", "56e12005cd28a01900c67619": "when he fired a secretary because of her weight.", "56e12005cd28a01900c6761a": "her", "56e120a1e3433e1400422c38": "an experimental vacuum and that they had nothing to do with electricity).", "56e120a1e3433e1400422c39": "electricity).", "56e120a1e3433e1400422c3a": "he believed that if electrons existed at all", "56e120a1e3433e1400422c3b": "19th century concept of an all pervasive \"ether\" that transmitted electrical energy.", "56e12110e3433e1400422c4a": "He was also critical of Einstein's theory of relativity,", "56e12110e3433e1400422c4b": "Tesla was generally antagonistic towards theories about the conversion of matter into energy.", "56e12110e3433e1400422c4c": "He was also critical of Einstein's theory of relativity,", "56e121b7e3433e1400422c50": "1937", "56e121b7e3433e1400422c51": "Tesla claimed to have developed his own physical principle regarding matter and energy that", "56e121b7e3433e1400422c52": "space.", "56e121b7e3433e1400422c53": "have completed a \"dynamic theory of gravity\" that", "56e122dacd28a01900c67639": "Tesla, like many of his era", "56e122dacd28a01900c6763a": "His advocacy of it was, however, to push it further.", "56e122dacd28a01900c6763b": "His opinion stemmed from the belief that", "56e122dacd28a01900c6763c": "other.", "56e1239acd28a01900c67641": "future would be run by \"Queen Bees.\"", "56e1239acd28a01900c67642": "He believed that women would become the dominant sex in the future.", "56e1239acd28a01900c67643": "that humanity's future would be run by \"Queen Bees.", "56e12477e3433e1400422c5e": ".", "56e12477e3433e1400422c5f": "Science and Discovery are the great Forces wh", "56e12477e3433e1400422c60": ".", "56e12477e3433e1400422c61": "Tesla believed that the League of Nations was not a remedy for the times and issues.", "56e124f1cd28a01900c6764f": "Tesla was raised an Orthodox Christian.", "56e124f1cd28a01900c67650": "Tesla was raised an Orthodox Christian.", "56e124f1cd28a01900c67651": "Despite this, he had a profound respect for both Buddhism and Christianity.", "56e1254ae3433e1400422c66": "For example, in his article, \"A Machine to End War\", published in 1937,", "56e1254ae3433e1400422c67": "his religious views remain uncertain due to other statements that he made.", "56e1254ae3433e1400422c68": "\"A Machine to End War\", published in 1937, Tesla stated:", "56e125b6e3433e1400422c6c": "Tesla wrote a number of books and articles for magazines and journals.", "56e125b6e3433e1400422c6d": "Tesla wrote a number of books and articles for magazines and journals.", "56e125b6e3433e1400422c6e": "My Inventions: The Autobiography of Nikola Tesla, compiled and edited by Ben Johnston;", "56e1262fcd28a01900c67655": "Many of Tesla's writings are", "56e1262fcd28a01900c67656": "published in The Century Magazine in 1900", "56e1262fcd28a01900c67657": "Tesla", "56e126dae3433e1400422c7c": "Tesla is a recurring theme in several types of science fiction.", "56e126dae3433e1400422c7d": "Tesla is a recurring theme in several types of science fiction.", "56e126dae3433e1400422c7e": "Tesla is a recurring theme in several types of science fiction.", "56e127bccd28a01900c6765b": "On Tesla's 75th birthday in 1931, Time magazine put him on its cover.", "56e127bccd28a01900c6765c": "On Tesla's 75th birthday in 1931, Time magazine put him on its cover.", "56e127bccd28a01900c6765d": ".", "56e127bccd28a01900c6765e": "Time magazine put him on its cover.", "56e127bccd28a01900c6765f": "Albert Einstein.", "56e16182e3433e1400422e28": "that", "56e16182e3433e1400422e29": ".", "56e16182e3433e1400422e2a": ".", "56e16839cd28a01900c67887": "its solution requires significant resources, whatever the algorithm used.", "56e16839cd28a01900c67888": "the amount of resources needed to solve them, such as time and storage.", "56e16839cd28a01900c67889": "parallel computing).", "56e16839cd28a01900c6788a": ".", "56e16839cd28a01900c6788b": "do.", "56e17644e3433e1400422f40": "are analysis of algorithms and computability theory.", "56e17644e3433e1400422f41": ".", "56e17644e3433e1400422f42": "could be used to solve the same problem.", "56e17644e3433e1400422f43": "restricted resources.", "56e17a7ccd28a01900c679a1": "The input string for a computational problem is referred to as a problem instance", "56e17a7ccd28a01900c679a2": "a problem refers to the abstract question to be solved.", "56e17a7ccd28a01900c679a3": "is a rather concrete utterance, which can serve as the input for a decision problem.", "56e17a7ccd28a01900c679a4": "input.", "56e17a7ccd28a01900c679a5": "The", "56e17e6ee3433e1400422f7f": "15 largest cities?", "56e17e6ee3433e1400422f80": "The quantitative answer to this particular problem instance is", "56e17e6ee3433e1400422f81": "For this reason, complexity theory addresses computational problems and not particular problem instances.", "56e181d9e3433e1400422fa0": "When considering computational problems, a problem instance is a string over an alphabet.", "56e181d9e3433e1400422fa1": "When considering computational problems, a problem instance is a string over an alphabet.", "56e181d9e3433e1400422fa2": "When considering computational problems, a problem instance is a string over an alphabet.", "56e181d9e3433e1400422fa3": "coded.", "56e181d9e3433e1400422fa4": "For example, integers can be represented in binary notation, and graphs can be enco", "56e190bce3433e1400422fc8": "consideration.", "56e190bce3433e1400422fc9": "1 or 0.", "56e190bce3433e1400422fca": "1 or 0.", "56e190bce3433e1400422fcb": ".", "56e190bce3433e1400422fcc": "the algorithm is said to accept the input string,", "56e19557e3433e1400422fee": "An example of a decision problem is the following.", "56e19557e3433e1400422ff0": "The formal language associated with this decision problem", "56e19557e3433e1400422ff1": "The formal language associated with this decision problem is", "56e19724cd28a01900c679f6": "A function problem is a computational problem wh", "56e19724cd28a01900c679f7": "that is, it isn't just yes or no.", "56e19724cd28a01900c679f8": "Notable examples include the traveling salesman problem and the integer factorization problem.", "56e19724cd28a01900c679f9": "Notable examples include the traveling salesman problem and the integer factorization problem.", "56e19724cd28a01900c679fa": "Notable examples include the traveling salesman problem and the integer factorization problem.", "56e1a0dccd28a01900c67a2e": "However, this is not really the case, since function problems can be recast as decision problems.", "56e1a0dccd28a01900c67a2f": ".", "56e1a38de3433e140042305c": "To measure the difficulty of solving a computational problem", "56e1a38de3433e140042305d": "one may wish to see how much time the best algorithm requires to solve the problem.", "56e1a38de3433e140042305e": "Complexity theory is interested in how algorithms scale with an increase in the input size.", "56e1a38de3433e140042305f": "This is usually taken to be the size of the input in bits.", "56e1a38de3433e1400423060": "Complexity theory is interested in how algorithms scale with an increase in the input size.", "56e1a564cd28a01900c67a48": "it admits a polynomial time algorithm.", "56e1a564cd28a01900c67a49": "If the input size is n, the time taken can be expressed as a function of n.", "56e1a564cd28a01900c67a4a": "If the input size is n, the time taken can be expressed as a function of n.", "56e1a564cd28a01900c67a4b": "If the input size is n, the time taken can be expressed as a function of n.", "56e1a564cd28a01900c67a4c": "then the algorithm is said to be a polynomial time algorithm.", "56e1aba0e3433e1400423094": "A Turing machine is a mathematical model of a general computing machine.", "56e1aba0e3433e1400423095": "It", "56e1aba0e3433e1400423097": "the Turing machine is the most commonly used model in complexity theory.", "56e1aba0e3433e1400423098": "It is a theoretical device that manipulates symbols contained on a strip of tape.", "56e1aff7cd28a01900c67a68": "A deterministic Turing machine is the most basic Turing machine", "56e1aff7cd28a01900c67a69": "which uses a fixed set of rules to determine its future actions.", "56e1aff7cd28a01900c67a6a": "Algorithms that use random bits are called randomized algorithms.", "56e1aff7cd28a01900c67a6b": "which allows a Turing machine to have multiple possible future actions from a given state.", "56e1aff7cd28a01900c67a6c": "Algorithms that use random bits are called randomized algorithms.", "56e1b00ce3433e140042309e": "Turing machines are used to define complexity classes,", "56e1b00ce3433e140042309f": "may be more powerful than others.", "56e1b00ce3433e14004230a1": "Many types of Turing machines", "56e1b169cd28a01900c67a72": "Many machine models different from the standard multi-tape Turing machines have", "56e1b169cd28a01900c67a73": "Turing machines have been proposed in the literature, for example random access machines.", "56e1b169cd28a01900c67a74": "The time and memory consumption of these alternate models may vary.", "56e1b169cd28a01900c67a75": "Many machine models different from the standard multi-tape Turing machines have", "56e1b355e3433e14004230b0": ".", "56e1b355e3433e14004230b1": "some computational problems are easier to analyze in terms of more unusual resources.", "56e1b355e3433e14004230b2": ".", "56e1b355e3433e14004230b3": "The non-deterministic Turing machine has", "56e1b62ecd28a01900c67aa3": "The time required by a deterministic Turing machine M on input x is", "56e1b62ecd28a01900c67aa4": "based on their difficulty, one defines sets of problems based on some criteria.", "56e1b62ecd28a01900c67aa5": "a computational model such as the deterministic Turing machine is used.", "56e1b62ecd28a01900c67aa6": "a computational model such as the deterministic Turing machine is used.", "56e1b754cd28a01900c67abc": ".", "56e1b754cd28a01900c67abd": "any complexity measure can be viewed as a computational resource.", "56e1b754cd28a01900c67abe": "complexity.", "56e1b754cd28a01900c67abf": "any complexity measure can be viewed as a computational resource.", "56e1b754cd28a01900c67ac0": "measure can be viewed as a computational resource.", "56e1b8f3e3433e14004230e6": ".", "56e1b8f3e3433e14004230e7": "size.", "56e1b8f3e3433e14004230e8": ".", "56e1b8f3e3433e14004230e9": "the same size.", "56e1ba41cd28a01900c67ae0": "This solves the problem of sorting a list of integers that is given as the input.", "56e1ba41cd28a01900c67ae1": "this case.", "56e1ba41cd28a01900c67ae2": "(n2) for this case.", "56e1bc3ae3433e1400423104": "required by the most efficient algorithm solving a given problem.", "56e1bc3ae3433e1400423105": "Analyzing a particular algorithm falls under the field of analysis of algorithms.", "56e1bc3ae3433e1400423106": "How", "56e1bc3ae3433e1400423107": "can have time complexity lower than T(n).", "56e1bc3ae3433e1400423108": "given problem.", "56e1bd4acd28a01900c67afc": "Upper and lower bounds", "56e1bd4acd28a01900c67afd": "Upper and lower bounds are usually stated using the big O notation", "56e1bd4acd28a01900c67afe": "in big O notation one would write T(n) = O(n2).", "56e1bd4acd28a01900c67aff": "Up", "56e1c0f6cd28a01900c67b2c": "some complexity classes have complicated definitions that do not fit into this framework.", "56e1c0f6cd28a01900c67b2d": "some complexity classes have complicated definitions that do not fit into this framework.", "56e1c0f6cd28a01900c67b2e": "some complexity classes have complicated definitions that do not fit into this framework.", "56e1c2eee3433e1400423134": "complexity classes that depend on the chosen machine model.", "56e1c2eee3433e1400423135": "but necessarily requires quadratic time in the model of single-tape Turing machines.", "56e1c2eee3433e1400423136": "but necessarily requires quadratic time in the model of single-tape Turing machines.", "56e1c2eee3433e1400423137": ".", "56e1c2eee3433e1400423138": "The corresponding set of function problems is FP.", "56e1c3e1e3433e1400423148": ".", "56e1c3e1e3433e1400423149": "used by the algorithm.", "56e1c3e1e3433e140042314a": "bounding the time or space used by the algorithm.", "56e1c4fce3433e140042314e": "which are defined using probabilistic Turing machines;", "56e1c4fce3433e140042314f": "AC and NC, which are defined using Boolean circuit", "56e1c4fce3433e1400423150": "BQP and QMA, which are defined using quantum Turing machines", "56e1c4fce3433e1400423151": "is an important complexity class of counting problems (not decision problems).", "56e1c4fce3433e1400423152": "IP and AM are defined using Interactive proof systems.", "56e1c720e3433e140042316a": "For the complexity classes defined in this way, it", "56e1c720e3433e140042316b": "one is properly included in the other.", "56e1c720e3433e140042316c": "by the time and space hierarchy theorems respectively.", "56e1c720e3433e140042316d": "They are called hierarchy theorems bec", "56e1c720e3433e140042316e": "can be solved.", "56e1c7e2cd28a01900c67b74": "the basis for most separation results of complexity classes.", "56e1c7e2cd28a01900c67b75": "For instance, the time hierarchy theorem tells us that", "56e1c7e2cd28a01900c67b76": "is strictly contained in PSPACE.", "56e1c9bfe3433e1400423192": "Many complexity classes are defined using the concept of a reduction.", "56e1c9bfe3433e1400423193": "A reduction is a transformation of one problem into another problem.", "56e1c9bfe3433e1400423194": "X is no more difficult than Y, and we say that X reduces to Y.", "56e1c9bfe3433e1400423195": "There are many different types of reductions,", "56e1c9bfe3433e1400423196": "such as polynomial-time reductions or log-space reductions.", "56e1cbe2cd28a01900c67bac": "The most commonly used reduction is a polynomial-time reduction.", "56e1cbe2cd28a01900c67bad": "The most commonly used reduction is a polynomial-time reduction.", "56e1cbe2cd28a01900c67bae": "The most commonly used reduction is a polynomial-time reduction.", "56e1cbe2cd28a01900c67baf": "In", "56e1cbe2cd28a01900c67bb0": ".", "56e1ce08e3433e14004231a4": "This motivates the concept of a problem being hard for a complexity class.", "56e1ce08e3433e14004231a5": "if every problem in C can be reduced to X.", "56e1ce08e3433e14004231a6": "an algorithm for X allows us to solve any problem in C.", "56e1ce08e3433e14004231a8": "In particular, the set of problems that are hard for NP is the set of NP-hard problems.", "56e1d9fee3433e14004231cb": "If a problem X is in C and hard for C, then X is said to be complete for C.", "56e1d9fee3433e14004231cc": "If a problem X is in C and hard for C, then X is said to be complete for C.", "56e1d9fee3433e14004231cd": ".", "56e1d9fee3433e14004231ce": "solved in polynomial time would mean that P = NP.", "56e1dc62cd28a01900c67bca": "computational tasks that admit an efficient algorithm.", "56e1dc62cd28a01900c67bcb": "those computational tasks that admit an efficient algorithm.", "56e1dc62cd28a01900c67bcc": "This hypothesis is called the Cobham\u2013Edmonds thesis.", "56e1dc62cd28a01900c67bcd": "This hypothesis is called the Cobham\u2013Edmonds thesis.", "56e1dc62cd28a01900c67bce": "it is easily observed that each problem in P is also member of the class NP.", "56e1ddfce3433e14004231d5": "because of the wide implications of a solution.", "56e1ddfce3433e14004231d6": ".", "56e1ddfce3433e14004231d8": ".", "56e1ded7cd28a01900c67bd4": "\u2260 NP then there exist problems in NP that are neither in P nor NP-complete.", "56e1ded7cd28a01900c67bd5": "It was shown by Ladner that", "56e1ded7cd28a01900c67bd6": "They are some of the very few NP problems not known to be in P or to be NP-comple", "56e1e9dfe3433e14004231fc": "ether two finite graphs are isomorphic.", "56e1e9dfe3433e14004231fd": "ether two finite graphs are isomorphic.", "56e1e9dfe3433e14004231fe": "If graph isomorphism is NP-complete,", "56e1e9dfe3433e14004231ff": "the polynomial time hierarchy collapses to its second level.", "56e1e9dfe3433e1400423200": "The best algorithm for this problem, due to Laszlo Babai and Eugene Luks has", "56e1ec83cd28a01900c67c0a": "the prime factorization of a given integer.", "56e1ec83cd28a01900c67c0b": "the input has a factor less than k.", "56e1ec83cd28a01900c67c0c": "Phrased", "56e1ec83cd28a01900c67c0e": "The best known algorithm for integer factorization is", "56e1ee4de3433e1400423210": "it is possible that all these complexity classes collapse to one class.", "56e1ee4de3433e1400423211": "Many known complexity classes are suspected to be unequal, but", "56e1ee4de3433e1400423212": "Many known complexity classes are suspected to be unequal,", "56e1ee4de3433e1400423214": "breakthrough in complexity theory.", "56e1efa0e3433e140042321a": ".", "56e1efa0e3433e140042321b": "with the yes/no answers reversed) of NP problems.", "56e1efa0e3433e140042321c": "then P is not equal to NP.", "56e1efa0e3433e140042321d": "then P is not equal to NP.", "56e1f10ee3433e1400423222": "L (the set of all problems that can be solved in logarithmic space)", "56e1f10ee3433e1400423223": "or", "56e1f10ee3433e1400423224": "P or", "56e1f10ee3433e1400423225": "or equal to P.", "56e1f10ee3433e1400423226": ".", "56e1fc57e3433e140042322c": "problems.", "56e1fc57e3433e140042322f": "Nevertheless, a polynomial time algorithm is not always practical.", "56e1fc57e3433e1400423230": ".", "56e1febfe3433e1400423236": "Saying that a problem is not in P do", "56e1febfe3433e1400423237": ".", "56e1febfe3433e1400423238": "For example, the decision problem in Presburger arithmetic has", "56e1febfe3433e1400423239": "Similarly, algorithms can solve the NP-complete knapsack problem over", "56e1febfe3433e140042323a": "the NP-complete Boolean satisfiability problem.", "56e200e4cd28a01900c67c14": "started off, numerous foundations were laid out by various researchers.", "56e200e4cd28a01900c67c15": "started off, numerous foundations were laid out by various researchers.", "56e200e4cd28a01900c67c16": "which turned out to be a very robust and flexible simplification of a computer.", "56e200e4cd28a01900c67c17": ".", "56e200e4cd28a01900c67c18": "Be", "56e202e9e3433e1400423240": "(1965)", "56e202e9e3433e1400423241": "\"On the Computational Complexity of Algorithms\" by Juris Hartmanis and Richard Stearns (1965)", "56e202e9e3433e1400423242": "(2003)", "56e202e9e3433e1400423243": "Juris Hartmanis and Richard Stearns (1965)", "56e202e9e3433e1400423244": "Edmonds defined a \"good\" algorithm as", "56e2042ecd28a01900c67c1e": "John Myhill's definition of linear bounded automata (Myhill 1960)", "56e2042ecd28a01900c67c1f": "(1961)", "56e2042ecd28a01900c67c20": "(1962).", "56e20a27cd28a01900c67c24": "regularly assume some concrete choice of input encoding,", "56e20a27cd28a01900c67c25": "coding.", "56e20a3ae3433e140042324a": "In 1967,", "56e20a3ae3433e140042324b": "theorem.", "56e20a3ae3433e140042324d": "In 1972, Richard Karp to", "56e20a3ae3433e140042324e": "diverse combinatorial and graph theoretical problems", "56e7477700c9c71400d76f23": "ich is called the curriculum.", "56e7477700c9c71400d76f24": "the science of teaching.", "56e7477700c9c71400d76f25": ".", "56e7477700c9c71400d76f26": ".", "56e7477700c9c71400d76f27": ".", "56e748a200c9c71400d76f37": "A teacher's role may vary among cultures.", "56e748a200c9c71400d76f38": "A teacher's role may vary among cultures.", "56e748a200c9c71400d76f39": "Teach", "56e748a200c9c71400d76f3a": "A teacher's role may vary among cultures.", "56e749dd00c9c71400d76f51": "In some countries, formal education can take place through home schooling.", "56e749dd00c9c71400d76f52": "In some countries, formal education can take place through home schooling.", "56e749dd00c9c71400d76f53": "In some countries, formal education can take place through home schooling.", "56e749dd00c9c71400d76f54": "Informal learning may be assisted by a teacher occupying a transient or", "56e749dd00c9c71400d76f55": "wider community setting.", "56e74af500c9c71400d76f65": "may teach religious texts such as the Quran, Torah or Bible.", "56e74af500c9c71400d76f66": "may teach religious texts such as the Quran, Torah or Bible.", "56e74af500c9c71400d76f67": "may teach religious texts such as the Quran, Torah or Bible.", "56e74af500c9c71400d76f68": "may teach religious texts such as the Quran, Torah or Bible.", "56e74bf937bdd419002c3e33": "Teaching may be carried out informally, within the family", "56e74bf937bdd419002c3e34": "Formal teaching may be carried out by paid professionals.", "56e74bf937bdd419002c3e35": "CPA).", "56e74bf937bdd419002c3e36": "informally, within the family, which is called homeschooling, or in the wider community.", "56e74bf937bdd419002c3e37": ".", "56e74d1f00c9c71400d76f6e": ".", "56e74d1f00c9c71400d76f6f": "A teacher's professional duties may extend beyond formal teaching.", "56e74d1f00c9c71400d76f70": "A teacher's professional duties may extend beyond formal teaching.", "56e74d1f00c9c71400d76f71": "In some education systems, teachers may have responsibility for student discipline.", "56e74e4800c9c71400d76f76": ".", "56e74e4800c9c71400d76f77": "Ar", "56e74e4800c9c71400d76f78": ".", "56e74e4800c9c71400d76f79": "Around the world many governments operate teacher's colleges", "56e74e4800c9c71400d76f7a": "the standards of practice for the teaching profession.", "56e74faf00c9c71400d76f94": "The functions of the teacher's colleges may", "56e74faf00c9c71400d76f95": "In still other areas Teaching Unions may be responsible for some or all of these duties.", "56e74faf00c9c71400d76f96": "In many situations teachers in publicly funded schools", "56e74faf00c9c71400d76f97": "disciplinary action and accrediting teacher education programs.", "56e74faf00c9c71400d76f98": "accrediting teacher education programs.", "56e7504437bdd419002c3e5b": "A teacher who teaches on an individual basis may be described as a tutor.", "56e7504437bdd419002c3e5c": "A teacher who teaches on an individual basis may be described as a tutor.", "56e7504437bdd419002c3e5d": "A teacher who teaches on an individual basis may be described as a tutor.", "56e7504437bdd419002c3e5e": "A teacher who teaches on an individual basis may be described as a tutor.", "56e751fb00c9c71400d76fa8": ".", "56e751fb00c9c71400d76fa9": "Different ways to teach are often referred to as pedagogy.", "56e751fb00c9c71400d76faa": "teaches skills, knowledge and/or thinking skills.", "56e751fb00c9c71400d76fab": "has begun to shape the way teachers approach their roles in the classroom.", "56e751fb00c9c71400d76fac": "has begun to shape the way teachers approach their roles in the classroom.", "56e7535037bdd419002c3e6f": "practical skill.", "56e7535037bdd419002c3e70": "A teacher may follow standardized curricula as determined by the relevant authority.", "56e7535037bdd419002c3e71": "disabilities.", "56e7535037bdd419002c3e72": ". A teacher may follow standardized curricula as determined by the relevant authority.", "56e7535037bdd419002c3e73": "A teacher may follow standardized curricula as determined by the relevant authority.", "56e7542f00c9c71400d76fbc": "the educational levels of the students on particular skills.", "56e7542f00c9c71400d76fbd": ".", "56e7542f00c9c71400d76fbe": "the timid,", "56e7542f00c9c71400d76fbf": "game.", "56e7542f00c9c71400d76fc0": "The", "56e7550700c9c71400d76fc6": "Perhaps the", "56e7550700c9c71400d76fc7": "In primary schools each class has a teacher wh", "56e7550700c9c71400d76fc8": "In secondary schools the", "56e7550700c9c71400d76fc9": "The relationship between children", "56e7550700c9c71400d76fca": "ulum.", "56e7560937bdd419002c3e8b": "However, alternative approaches for primary education do exist.", "56e7560937bdd419002c3e8c": "ject.", "56e7560937bdd419002c3e8d": "than a teacher who teaches many subjects.", "56e7560937bdd419002c3e8e": "However, alternative approaches for primary education do exist.", "56e7560937bdd419002c3e8f": "many subjects.", "56e756bc37bdd419002c3e95": "Co-teaching has also become a new trend amongst educational institutions.", "56e756bc37bdd419002c3e96": "the needs of every student in the classroom.", "56e756bc37bdd419002c3e97": ".", "56e756bc37bdd419002c3e98": "the needs of every student in the classroom.", "56e756bc37bdd419002c3e99": "a social networking support that allows them to reach their full cognitive potential.", "56e7578a37bdd419002c3ea9": "the most common form of school discipline was corporal punishment.", "56e7578a37bdd419002c3eaa": "While a child was in school", "56e7578a37bdd419002c3eab": "While a child was in school, a teacher was expected to ac", "56e7578a37bdd419002c3eac": "the most common form of school discipline was corporal punishment.", "56e7578a37bdd419002c3ead": "a teacher was expected to act as a substitute parent,", "56e7586d37bdd419002c3eb3": "one of the most common forms of school discipline throughout much of the world.", "56e7586d37bdd419002c3eb4": "In past times", "56e7586d37bdd419002c3eb5": ".", "56e7586d37bdd419002c3eb6": "world.", "56e7586d37bdd419002c3eb7": "In past times", "56e7591b00c9c71400d76fec": "30 US", "56e7591b00c9c71400d76fed": "the punishment is usually given privately in the principal's office.", "56e7591b00c9c71400d76fee": ".", "56e7591b00c9c71400d76fef": ".", "56e7591b00c9c71400d76ff0": "the punishment is usually given privately in the principal's office.", "56e759bb00c9c71400d77000": ".", "56e759bb00c9c71400d77001": "For details of individual countries see School corporal punishment.", "56e759bb00c9c71400d77002": ".", "56e75a9037bdd419002c3ec7": "Singapore and other countries.", "56e75a9037bdd419002c3ec8": "United States, the UK, Ireland, Singapore and other countries.", "56e75a9037bdd419002c3ec9": "It requires the pupil to remain in school at", "56e75a9037bdd419002c3eca": "It requires the pupil to remain in school at a given time in the school day (", "56e75a9037bdd419002c3ecb": "During detention, students normally", "56e75b8237bdd419002c3ed1": "upon the idea of an assertive teacher", "56e75b8237bdd419002c3ed2": "what is appropriate and inappropriate behavior.", "56e75b8237bdd419002c3ed3": "what is appropriate and inappropriate behavior.", "56e75b8237bdd419002c3ed4": "define what is appropriate and inappropriate behavior.", "56e75b8237bdd419002c3ed5": "Teachers are expected to respect their students;", "56e75d5037bdd419002c3ef5": "advocate a more assertive and confrontational style of discipline.", "56e75d5037bdd419002c3ef6": ".", "56e75d5037bdd419002c3ef7": "Su", "56e75d5037bdd419002c3ef8": ".", "56e75e4500c9c71400d7702c": "in Western countries.", "56e75e4500c9c71400d7702d": "many teachers find the students unmanageable and do not enforce discipline at all.", "56e75e4500c9c71400d7702e": "is highly problematic.", "56e75e4500c9c71400d7702f": "all.", "56e75f5500c9c71400d7703a": "taught.", "56e75f5500c9c71400d7703b": "taught.", "56e75f5500c9c71400d7703c": ".", "56e75f5500c9c71400d7703d": ".", "56e75f5500c9c71400d7703e": "taught.", "56e7611500c9c71400d77054": ".", "56e7611500c9c71400d77055": "alike.", "56e7611500c9c71400d77056": "alike.", "56e7611500c9c71400d77057": "alike.", "56e7611500c9c71400d77058": "Su", "56e761d037bdd419002c3f13": "can affect a positive learning experience towards the course materials.", "56e761d037bdd419002c3f14": "On teacher/course evaluations, it was found that teachers wh", "56e761d037bdd419002c3f15": ".", "56e761d037bdd419002c3f17": "These teachers do", "56e762fe00c9c71400d77072": "higher levels of intrinsic motivation to learn.", "56e762fe00c9c71400d77073": "outside of the classroom.", "56e762fe00c9c71400d77074": "nonverbal expressions of enthusiasm,", "56e762fe00c9c71400d77075": "Controlled, experimental studies exploring intrinsic motivation of college students", "56e762fe00c9c71400d77076": "reporting higher levels of intrinsic motivation to learn.", "56e763e800c9c71400d77086": "Enthusiastic teachers may also lead to students becoming more self-deter", "56e763e800c9c71400d77087": "Also, enthusiasm may act as a \"motivational embellishment\"; inc", "56e763e800c9c71400d77088": "teacher enthusiasm may facilitate higher levels of intrinsic motivation.", "56e763e800c9c71400d77089": "ich feed student interest and excitement in learning the subject matter.", "56e764e200c9c71400d7708e": "towards school are closely linked to student-teacher relationships.", "56e764e200c9c71400d7708f": "at creating beneficial relations with their students.", "56e764e200c9c71400d77090": "whereas academic success includes the goals he receives from his superior.", "56e764e200c9c71400d77091": "A", "56e764e200c9c71400d77092": "are closely linked to student-teacher relationships.", "56e765ba00c9c71400d770a2": "Students are likely to build stronger relations with teachers wh", "56e765ba00c9c71400d770a4": "Students are likely to build stronger relations with teachers wh", "56e765ba00c9c71400d770a5": "Teachers that spend more time inter", "56e765ba00c9c71400d770a6": "taught by these teachers.", "56e7667e37bdd419002c3f49": "The", "56e7667e37bdd419002c3f4a": "If they do not enjoy what they are doing, the students will be able to tell.", "56e7667e37bdd419002c3f4b": "A spark in the teacher may create a spark of excitement in the student as well.", "56e7667e37bdd419002c3f4c": ".", "56e7667e37bdd419002c3f4d": "A teacher must enjoy teaching.", "56e7673a37bdd419002c3f53": "the media and the courts.", "56e7673a37bdd419002c3f54": "to have received unwanted sexual attention from an adult associated with education;", "56e7673a37bdd419002c3f55": "the courts.", "56e7673a37bdd419002c3f56": ".", "56e7673a37bdd419002c3f57": "the courts.", "56e7683d00c9c71400d770ca": "A study in England showed a 0.3% prevalence of sexual abuse by any professional,", "56e7683d00c9c71400d770cb": "A study in England showed a 0.3% prevalence of sexual abuse by any professional,", "56e7683d00c9c71400d770cd": "young people between the ages of 18 and 24 in a computer-assisted study\"", "56e7683d00c9c71400d770ce": "The sample was drawn from a list of 80,000 schools to", "56e768ce37bdd419002c3f67": "In the United States", "56e768ce37bdd419002c3f69": "In the United States especially", "56e769dc00c9c71400d770e8": "This has in some jurisdictions reportedly led to a shortage of male teachers.", "56e769dc00c9c71400d770e9": "Chris Keates, the", "56e769dc00c9c71400d770ea": ".", "56e769dc00c9c71400d770eb": "This has in some jurisdictions reportedly led to a shortage of male teachers.", "56e769dc00c9c71400d770ec": "the sex offenders register and that prosecution for statutory rape \"", "56e76abf37bdd419002c3f75": "which can negatively impact teachers' mental and physical health,", "56e76abf37bdd419002c3f76": "Stress can", "56e76abf37bdd419002c3f77": "Teachers are also at high risk for occupational burnout.", "56e76abf37bdd419002c3f78": "Stress can be caused by organizational change,", "56e76abf37bdd419002c3f79": "teachers' mental and physical health, productivity, and students' performance.", "56e76b8337bdd419002c3f7f": "A", "56e76b8337bdd419002c3f80": "A 2000 study found that", "56e76b8337bdd419002c3f81": ".", "56e76b8337bdd419002c3f82": "A 2012", "56e76b8337bdd419002c3f83": "erage workers.", "56e76c6a00c9c71400d7710e": "to reduce occupational stress among teachers.", "56e76c6a00c9c71400d7710f": "Organizational interventions, like changing teachers' schedules,", "56e76c6a00c9c71400d77110": "stress among teachers.", "56e76c6a00c9c71400d77111": "may be effective in helping to reduce occupational stress among teachers.", "56e76c6a00c9c71400d77112": "changing the work environment, and offering promotions and bonuses,", "56e76d6537bdd419002c3f93": "In almost all countries teachers are educated in a university or college.", "56e76d6537bdd419002c3f94": "before they can teach in a school.", "56e76d6537bdd419002c3f95": "certificate is earned after completion of high school.", "56e76d6537bdd419002c3f96": "In", "56e76d6537bdd419002c3f97": "school.", "56e76de800c9c71400d77122": ".", "56e76de800c9c71400d77123": "colleges).", "56e76de800c9c71400d77124": "follows the three-tier model wh", "56e76de800c9c71400d77125": "and tertiary education (universities and/or TAFE colleges).", "56e76de800c9c71400d77126": "the three-tier model wh", "56e76ea737bdd419002c3f9d": "Salary ranges from $40,000/year to $90,000/yr.", "56e76ea737bdd419002c3f9e": "Teachers have the option to teach for a public school wh", "56e76ea737bdd419002c3fa1": "ich is funded by the private sector, businesses and sponsors.", "56e76f7000c9c71400d7712c": "In Germany", "56e76f7000c9c71400d7712d": ".", "56e76f7000c9c71400d7712e": ".", "56e76f7000c9c71400d7712f": "teachers depend on the civil servants' salary index scale (Bundesbesoldungsordnung).", "56e76f7000c9c71400d77130": "and higher level secondary schools (Gymnasium).", "56e7714a00c9c71400d77137": "the Irish language, in a Gaeltacht area or on an island.", "56e7714a00c9c71400d77138": "for a teacher with 25 years service.", "56e7714a00c9c71400d77139": "for a teacher with 25 years service.", "56e7714a00c9c71400d7713a": "A principal of a large school with", "56e7721500c9c71400d77140": "Teachers are required to be registered with the Teaching Council;", "56e7721500c9c71400d77141": ".", "56e7721500c9c71400d77142": ".", "56e7721500c9c71400d77143": "the Teaching Council - may not be paid from Oireachtas funds.", "56e772bf37bdd419002c3fbb": "vetting has been introduced for new entrants to the teaching profession.", "56e772bf37bdd419002c3fbc": ".", "56e772bf37bdd419002c3fbe": "Existing staff will be vetted on a phased basis.", "56e772bf37bdd419002c3fbf": "the school in any capacity including in a voluntary role\".", "56e773fa00c9c71400d7714a": "in September 2007,", "56e773fa00c9c71400d7714b": "salaries can go much higher depending on experience and extra responsibilities.", "56e773fa00c9c71400d7714c": ".", "56e773fa00c9c71400d7714d": "Teachers in state schools", "56e773fa00c9c71400d7714e": "2007", "56e7752337bdd419002c3fd5": "Many", "56e7752337bdd419002c3fd6": "positions.", "56e7752337bdd419002c3fd7": "opportunities will vary by geographic area and subject taught.", "56e7752337bdd419002c3fd8": "Excellent job opportunities are", "56e7752337bdd419002c3fd9": "Excellent job opportunities are", "56e775ec00c9c71400d7715c": "wishing to teach must be registered with the General Teaching Council for Scotland (GTCS).", "56e775ec00c9c71400d7715d": "Teaching in Scotland is an all graduate profession and", "56e775ec00c9c71400d7715e": "Scottish Universities who offer these courses.", "56e775ec00c9c71400d7715f": "who offer these courses.", "56e775ec00c9c71400d77160": ".", "56e7770037bdd419002c3fdf": "For the salary year beginning April 2008,", "56e7770037bdd419002c3fe0": "as they complete the modules to ear", "56e7770037bdd419002c3fe1": "after 6 years teaching", "56e7770037bdd419002c3fe2": "after 6 years teaching", "56e7770037bdd419002c3fe3": "Teachers in Scotland", "56e777e500c9c71400d77176": "elsewhere in the United Kingdom.", "56e777e500c9c71400d77177": "For example, a significant number of students all over Wales are", "56e777e500c9c71400d77178": "Welsh", "56e777e500c9c71400d77179": "Welsh as the sole or main medium of instruction.", "56e777e500c9c71400d7717a": "Welsh medium education is available to", "56e7788200c9c71400d77180": "Teachers in Wales", "56e7788200c9c71400d77181": "that the average age of teachers in Wales is falling with teachers be", "56e7788200c9c71400d77182": "attacks on teachers in Welsh schools wh", "56e7788200c9c71400d77183": "ATL, NUT or NASUWT", "56e7788200c9c71400d77184": "A growing cause of concern are that attacks on teachers in Welsh schools wh", "56e7796637bdd419002c3ffd": "the requirements for getting a license to teach in public schools.", "56e7796637bdd419002c3ffe": "but teachers can receive certificates that last as long as ten years.", "56e7796637bdd419002c3fff": "but teachers can receive certificates that last as long as ten years.", "56e7796637bdd419002c4000": "No Child Left Behind.", "56e7796637bdd419002c4001": ".", "56e77a8700c9c71400d7718a": "In the past, teachers have been paid relatively low salaries.", "56e77a8700c9c71400d7718b": "However, average teacher salaries have improved rapidly in recent years.", "56e77a8700c9c71400d7718c": "In the past, teachers have been paid relatively low salaries.", "56e77a8700c9c71400d7718d": "In a salary survey report for K-12 teachers, elementary school teach", "56e77a8700c9c71400d7718e": "TeachersPayTeachers.com.", "56e77b8c00c9c71400d77194": "There are many forms of spiritual or religious teachers in Christianity", "56e77b8c00c9c71400d77196": ".", "56e77b8c00c9c71400d77197": "o is not always a bishop, and", "56e77b8c00c9c71400d77198": "There are many forms of spiritual or religious teachers in Christianity", "56e77c6737bdd419002c401d": ".", "56e77c6737bdd419002c401e": "The", "56e77c6737bdd419002c401f": "The emphasis on spiritual mentorship in the LDS Church", "56e77c6737bdd419002c4020": "The emphasis on spiritual mentorship in the LDS Church is", "56e77c6737bdd419002c4021": "Even Priesthood representatives are expected to defer to the father of the house wh", "56e77cee00c9c71400d771a8": "the spiritual teacher is", "56e77cee00c9c71400d771a9": ".", "56e77cee00c9c71400d771aa": "gurus often exercising a great deal of control over the lives of their disciples.", "56e77cee00c9c71400d771ab": "in the West - the emphasis on spiritual mentorship is extremely high,", "56e77da237bdd419002c403b": "the teachers of Dharma in Tibet are most commonly called a Lama.", "56e77da237bdd419002c403c": "A Lama wh", "56e77da237bdd419002c403d": "their Bodhisattva vow is called a Tulku.", "56e77da237bdd419002c403e": "A Lama who has through phowa and siddhi consciously deter", "56e77da237bdd419002c403f": "determined to be reborn,", "56e77e4a00c9c71400d771b0": "who teach of the laws of Islam for the proper way of Islamic", "56e77e4a00c9c71400d771b1": "can rend", "56e77e4a00c9c71400d771b2": "There are many concepts of teachers in Islam,", "56e77e4a00c9c71400d771b3": "the Five Pillars of Islam) sp", "56e77e4a00c9c71400d771b4": "the", "56f7c651aef2371900625bf5": ".", "56f7c651aef2371900625bf6": ".", "56f7c651aef2371900625bf7": "Luther came to reject several teachings and practices of the Late Medieval Catholic Church", "56f7c651aef2371900625bf8": "freedom from God's punishment for sin could be purchased with money.", "56f7c651aef2371900625bf9": "His", "56f7c8aba6d7ea1400e1727a": "ught that salvation and subsequently eternal life is not earned by good deeds but", "56f7c8aba6d7ea1400e1727b": "God's grace through faith in Jesus Christ as redeemer from sin.", "56f7c8aba6d7ea1400e1727c": "His theology challenged the authority and office of the Pope by teaching that the Bible is", "56f7c8aba6d7ea1400e1727d": "the only source of divinely revealed knowledge from God and", "56f7c8aba6d7ea1400e1727e": "all baptized Christians to be a holy priesthood.", "56f7cb10a6d7ea1400e17284": "which had a tremendous impact on the church and German culture.", "56f7cb10a6d7ea1400e17285": "which had a tremendous impact on the church and German culture.", "56f7cb10a6d7ea1400e17286": "Bible.", "56f7cb10a6d7ea1400e17287": "His hymns influenced the development of singing in churches.", "56f7cb10a6d7ea1400e17288": "His marriage to Katharina von Bora set", "56f7cdc2a6d7ea1400e1728e": ".", "56f7cdc2a6d7ea1400e1728f": ".", "56f7cdc2a6d7ea1400e17290": "then part of the Holy Roman Empir", "56f7cdc2a6d7ea1400e17291": "He was baptized as a Catholic the next morning on the feast day of St. Martin of Tours.", "56f7cdc2a6d7ea1400e17292": "his father was a leaseholder of copper mines and smelters and", "56f7e9caaef2371900625c56": ".", "56f7e9caaef2371900625c57": "he entered the University of Erfurt, which he later described as a beerhouse and whorehouse.", "56f7e9caaef2371900625c58": "He was made to wake at four every morning for", "56f7e9caaef2371900625c59": "\"a day of rote learning and often wearying spiritual exercises.\"", "56f7e9caaef2371900625c5a": "He received his master's degree in 1505.", "56f7eba8a6d7ea1400e172cd": "but dropped out almost immediately, believing that law represented uncertainty.", "56f7eba8a6d7ea1400e172ce": "law represented uncertainty.", "56f7eba8a6d7ea1400e172cf": ".", "56f7eba8a6d7ea1400e172d0": "He was deeply influenced by two tutors,", "56f7eba8a6d7ea1400e172d1": "For Luther, reason could be used to question men and institutions, but not God.", "56f7eddca6d7ea1400e172d7": "During a thunderstorm, a lightning bolt struck near him.", "56f7eddca6d7ea1400e172d8": "him.", "56f7eddca6d7ea1400e172d9": "Luther himself seemed saddened by the move.", "56f7eddca6d7ea1400e172da": ".", "56f7eddca6d7ea1400e172db": "His father was furious over what he saw as a waste of Luther's education.", "56f7ef96aef2371900625c74": "heart.", "56f7ef96aef2371900625c75": "Luther described this period of his life as one of deep spiritual despair.", "56f7ef96aef2371900625c76": "heart.", "56f7ef96aef2371900625c77": ".", "56f7ef96aef2371900625c78": "He taught that true repentan", "56f7f15aa6d7ea1400e172eb": "In 1507, he was ordained to the priesthood", "56f7f15aa6d7ea1400e172ec": "Wittenberg, sent for Luther, to teach theology.", "56f7f15aa6d7ea1400e172ed": "Wittenberg", "56f7f15aa6d7ea1400e172ee": "He received a bachelor's degree in Biblical studies on 9 March 1508,", "56f7f15aa6d7ea1400e172ef": "in 1509.", "56f7f2e0aef2371900625cb0": "On 19 October 1512, he was awarded his Doctor of Theology and", "56f7f2e0aef2371900625cb1": "was received into the senate of the theological faculty of the University of Wittenberg,", "56f7f2e0aef2371900625cb2": "He spent the rest of his career in this position at the University of Wittenberg.", "56f7f2e0aef2371900625cb3": "He spent the rest of his career in this position at the University of Wittenberg.", "56f7f2e0aef2371900625cb4": "On 19 October 1512", "56f7fde8a6d7ea1400e17367": "was sent to Germany by the Roman Catholic Church to sell indulgences to raise money to", "56f7fde8a6d7ea1400e17368": ".", "56f7fde8a6d7ea1400e17369": "theology stated that faith alone, whether fiduciary or dogmatic, cannot justify man;", "56f7fde8a6d7ea1400e1736a": "only on such faith as is active in charity and good works (fides caritate formata).", "56f7fde8a6d7ea1400e1736b": "as is active in charity and good works (fides caritate formata).", "56f7ffadaef2371900625d5e": "protesting the sale of indulgences.", "56f7ffadaef2371900625d5f": "On 31 October 1517, Luther wrote to his bishop,", "56f7ffadaef2371900625d60": "He enclosed in his letter a copy of his \"", "56f7ffadaef2371900625d61": "Hans Hillerbrand writes that Luther had no intention of confronting the church", "56f7ffadaef2371900625d62": "poor believers rather than with his own mon", "56f80143aef2371900625d68": "Luther objected to a saying attributed to Johann Tetzel that", "56f80143aef2371900625d69": "springs.", "56f80143aef2371900625d6a": "springs.", "56f80143aef2371900625d6b": "springs.", "56f802c6a6d7ea1400e17377": "He insisted that, since forgiveness was God's alone to grant,", "56f802c6a6d7ea1400e17378": ".", "56f802c6a6d7ea1400e17379": "buyers from all punishments and granted them salvation were in error.", "56f802c6a6d7ea1400e1737a": "were in error.", "56f802c6a6d7ea1400e1737b": "he said, must not slacken in following Christ on account of such false assurances.", "56f8046faef2371900625d71": ".", "56f8046faef2371900625d72": "However", "56f8046faef2371900625d73": "his teaching on indulgences for the living was in line with Catholic dogma of the time.", "56f8046faef2371900625d74": "Catholic dogma of the time.", "56f80604a6d7ea1400e17387": "has little foundation in truth.", "56f80604a6d7ea1400e17388": "has little foundation in truth.", "56f80604a6d7ea1400e17389": "the story of the posting on the door", "56f80604a6d7ea1400e1738a": "Philipp Melanchthon, though it is thought that he was not in Wittenberg at the time.", "56f80604a6d7ea1400e1738b": "the story of the posting on the door", "56f8074faef2371900625d79": "that friends of Luther translated the 95 Theses from Latin into German", "56f8074faef2371900625d7a": "making the controversy one of the first in history to be aided by the printing press.", "56f8074faef2371900625d7b": "Luther translated the 95 Theses from Latin into German and printed and widely copied them,", "56f8074faef2371900625d7c": "Within two weeks, copies of the theses had spread throughout Germany;", "56f8074faef2371900625d7d": "they had spread throughout Europe.", "56f8094aa6d7ea1400e17391": "France, England, and Italy as early as 1519.", "56f8094aa6d7ea1400e17392": "Students thronged to Wittenberg to hear Luther speak.", "56f8094aa6d7ea1400e17393": "This early part of Luther's career was one of his most creative and productive.", "56f8094aa6d7ea1400e17394": "Three of his best-known works were published in", "56f8094aa6d7ea1400e17395": "Three of his best-known works were published in 1520:", "56f80ad1a6d7ea1400e1739b": "From 1510 to 1520,", "56f80ad1a6d7ea1400e1739c": "the Catholic Church in new ways.", "56f80ad1a6d7ea1400e1739d": "the Catholic Church in new ways.", "56f80ad1a6d7ea1400e1739e": "had lost sight of what he saw as several of the central truths of Christianity.", "56f80ad1a6d7ea1400e1739f": "which comprehends the understanding of all godliness.\"", "56f80ccfaef2371900625d83": "Luther came to understand justification as entirely the work of God.", "56f80ccfaef2371900625d84": "which was written in response to On Free Will by Desiderius Erasmus (1524).", "56f80ccfaef2371900625d85": "at is why faith alone makes someone just and fulfills the law,\" he wrote.", "56f80ccfaef2371900625d86": "He explained his concept of \"justification\" in the Smalcald Articles:", "56f80ccfaef2371900625d87": "the Bible speaks (as in Romans 1:17) lives by faith", "56f80e1daef2371900625d8d": "was the first of two points that became the foundation for the Reformation.", "56f80e1daef2371900625d8e": "that became the foundation for the Reformation.", "56f80e1daef2371900625d8f": "the first of two points that became the foundation for the Reformation.", "56f80e1daef2371900625d90": "the first of two points that became the foundation for the Reformation.", "56f80fdfaef2371900625d95": "to Luther's letter containing the 95 Theses.", "56f80fdfaef2371900625d96": "He had the theses checked for heresy and in December 1517 forwarded them to Rome.", "56f80fdfaef2371900625d97": ".", "56f80fdfaef2371900625d98": "He had the theses checked for heresy and in December 1517 forwarded them to Rome.", "56f80fdfaef2371900625d99": "did not reply to Luther's letter containing the 95 Theses.", "56f811bdaef2371900625d9f": "Luther slipped out of the city at night, unbeknownst to Cajetan.", "56f811bdaef2371900625da0": "against Luther,", "56f811bdaef2371900625da1": "The Elector Frederick persuaded the pope to have Luther examined at Augsburg,", "56f811bdaef2371900625da2": "Cajetan Luther stated that he did not consider the papacy part of the biblical Church bec", "56f811bdaef2371900625da3": "\"", "56f81393aef2371900625da9": "did.", "56f81393aef2371900625daa": "promised to remain silent if his opponents did.", "56f81393aef2371900625dab": "was determined to expose Luther's doctrine in a public forum.", "56f81393aef2371900625dac": "church councils were infallible.", "56f81393aef2371900625dad": "Eck, however, was determined to expose Luther's doctrine in a public forum.", "56f81537aef2371900625db3": "that", "56f81537aef2371900625db4": "he recanted 41 sentences drawn from his writings, including the 95 Theses, within 60 days.", "56f81537aef2371900625db5": "95 Theses, within 60 days", "56f81537aef2371900625db6": "Karl von Miltitz, a papal nuncio, attempted to broker a solution,", "56f81537aef2371900625db7": "Luther was excommunicated by Pope Leo X on", "56f8225ea6d7ea1400e173f1": "The enforcement of the ban on the 95 Theses fell to the secular authorities.", "56f8225ea6d7ea1400e173f2": "On 18 April 1521, Luther appeared as ordered before the Diet of Worms.", "56f8225ea6d7ea1400e173f3": "the Diet of Worms.", "56f8225ea6d7ea1400e173f4": "This was a general assembly of the estates of the Holy Roman Empire", "56f8225ea6d7ea1400e173f5": "obtained a safe conduct for Luther to and from the meeting.", "56f82454a6d7ea1400e173fb": "Johann Eck, speaking on behalf of the Empire as assistant of the Archbishop of Trier", "56f82454a6d7ea1400e173fc": "Johann Eck, speaking on behalf of the Empire as assistant of the Archbishop of Trier", "56f82454a6d7ea1400e173fd": "if the books were his, and whether he stood by their contents.", "56f82454a6d7ea1400e173fe": "He prayed, consulted friends, and gave his response the next day:", "56f82454a6d7ea1400e173ff": "Luther with copies of his writings laid out on a table and asked him if the books were his", "56f82549a6d7ea1400e17415": "Luther raised his arm \"in the traditional salute of a knight winning a bout.", "56f82549a6d7ea1400e17416": "Luther raised his arm \"in the traditional salute of a knight winning a bout.", "56f82549a6d7ea1400e17417": "Michael Mullett considers this speech as a \"world classic of epoch-making oratory.", "56f82549a6d7ea1400e17418": "Michael Mullett considers this speech as a \"world classic of epoch-making oratory.", "56f826a7a6d7ea1400e17427": "He is sometimes also quoted as saying: \"Here I stand. I can do no other\".", "56f826a7a6d7ea1400e17428": "He is sometimes also quoted as saying: \"Here I stand. I can do no other\".", "56f826a7a6d7ea1400e17429": "Recent scholars con", "56f826a7a6d7ea1400e1742a": "that Luther would tend to select the more dramatic form of words.", "56f827caa6d7ea1400e17439": "Luther's fate.", "56f827caa6d7ea1400e1743a": "The Emperor presented the final draft of the Edict of Worms on 25 May 1521,", "56f827caa6d7ea1400e1743b": "The", "56f827caa6d7ea1400e1743c": "declaring Luther an outlaw, banning his literature, and requiring his arrest: \"", "56f827caa6d7ea1400e1743d": "It permitted anyone to kill Luther without legal consequence.", "56f82989aef2371900625e6b": "Wittenberg by masked horsemen who were made to appear as armed highwaymen.", "56f82989aef2371900625e6c": "Wittenberg by masked horsemen who were made to appear as armed highwaymen", "56f82989aef2371900625e6d": "During his stay at Wartburg, wh", "56f82989aef2371900625e6e": "Luther translated the New Testament", "56f82989aef2371900625e6f": "whom he shamed into halting the sale of indulgences in his episcopates, and", "56f82b25a6d7ea1400e17457": "he argued that every good work designed to attract God's favor is a sin.", "56f82b25a6d7ea1400e17458": "God's grace (which cannot be earned) alone can make them just.", "56f82b25a6d7ea1400e17459": "God's grace (which cannot be earned) alone can make them just.", "56f82b25a6d7ea1400e1745a": ".", "56f82b25a6d7ea1400e1745b": "this life is not a place where justice resides.", "56f84485aef2371900625f71": "at the heart of Church practices.", "56f84485aef2371900625f72": "that the mass is a sacrifice,", "56f84485aef2371900625f73": "he condemned as idolatry the idea that the mass is a sacrifice,", "56f84485aef2371900625f74": "His", "56f84485aef2371900625f75": "He assured monks and nun", "56f845dba6d7ea1400e17519": "ich he broadened the foundations of the Reformation placing them on prophetic faith.", "56f845dba6d7ea1400e1751a": "ich he broadened the foundations of the Reformation placing them on prophetic faith.", "56f845dba6d7ea1400e1751b": "on the prophecy of the Little Horn in Daniel 8:9\u201312, 23\u201325.", "56f845dba6d7ea1400e1751c": "Daniel 8:9\u201312, 23\u201325.", "56f845dba6d7ea1400e1751d": "The antichrist of 2 Thessalonians 2 was identified as the power of the Papacy.", "56f84760aef2371900625f81": "Andreas Karlstadt, supported by the ex-Augustinian Gabriel Zwilling", "56f84760aef2371900625f82": "return.", "56f84760aef2371900625f83": "The reforms provoked disturbances,", "56f84760aef2371900625f84": "return.", "56f84760aef2371900625f85": "When the town council asked Luther to return, he decided it was his duty to act.", "56f848e0a6d7ea1400e1752f": "Luther secretly returned to Wittenberg on 6 March 1522.", "56f848e0a6d7ea1400e17530": "rather than violence to bring about necessary change.", "56f848e0a6d7ea1400e17531": "For eight days in Lent, beginning on Invocavit Sunday, 9 March,", "56f848e0a6d7ea1400e17532": "Luther preached eight sermons", "56f848e0a6d7ea1400e17533": "necessary change.", "56f84a60aef2371900625f9d": "The effect of Luther's intervention was immediate.", "56f84a60aef2371900625f9e": "Dr. Martin's return spread among us!", "56f84a60aef2371900625f9f": "the Wittenberg jurist Jerome Schurf wrote to the elector:", "56f84a60aef2371900625fa0": "Oh, what joy has Dr. Martin's return spread among us!", "56f84a60aef2371900625fa1": "people into the way of the truth.", "56f84b68aef2371900625fa7": "Luther next set about reversing or modifying the new church practices.", "56f84b68aef2371900625fa8": "he signalled his reinvention as a conservative force within the Reformation.", "56f84b68aef2371900625fa9": "Luther next set about reversing or modifying the new church practices.", "56f84b68aef2371900625faa": "who threatened the new order by fomenting social unrest and violence.", "56f84b68aef2371900625fab": "threatened the new order by fomenting social unrest and violence.", "56f84d33aef2371900625fb1": "Preachers such as Zwickau prophet Nicholas Storch", "56f84d33aef2371900625fb2": "during which many atrocities were committed, often in Luther's name.", "56f84d33aef2371900625fb3": "during which many atrocities were committed, often in Luther's name.", "56f84d33aef2371900625fb4": "peasants to believe he would support an attack on the upper classes in general.", "56f84d33aef2371900625fb5": "he would support an attack on the upper classes in general.", "56f84e63aef2371900625fc1": "but he reminded the aggrieved to obey the temporal authorities.", "56f84e63aef2371900625fc2": ".", "56f84e63aef2371900625fc3": "dogs:", "56f84e63aef2371900625fc4": "dogs:", "56f84e63aef2371900625fc5": "dogs:", "56f8507fa6d7ea1400e1754b": "Luther justified his opposition to the rebels on three grounds.", "56f8507fa6d7ea1400e1754c": "they were ignoring Christ's counsel to", "56f8507fa6d7ea1400e1754d": "that all authorities are appointed by God and therefore should not be resisted.", "56f8507fa6d7ea1400e1754e": "that all authorities are appointed by God and therefore should not be resisted.", "56f8507fa6d7ea1400e1754f": ".", "56f851b1a6d7ea1400e1755d": "many rebels laid down their weapons; others felt betrayed.", "56f851b1a6d7ea1400e1755e": "Their defeat by the Swabian League at the Battle of Frankenhausen on 15 May 1525,", "56f851b1a6d7ea1400e1755f": "Their defeat by the Swabian League at the Battle of Frankenhausen on 15 May 1525,", "56f851b1a6d7ea1400e17560": "close.", "56f851b1a6d7ea1400e17561": "Luther's Reformation flourished under the wing of the secular powers.", "56f852fba6d7ea1400e1756d": "Martin Luther married Katharina von Bora", "56f852fba6d7ea1400e1756e": "when he arranged for them to be smuggled out in herring barrels.", "56f852fba6d7ea1400e1756f": "Katharina was 26 years old and Luther was 41 years old.", "56f852fba6d7ea1400e17570": "when he arranged for them to be smuggled out in herring barrels.", "56f852fba6d7ea1400e17571": "when he arranged for them to be smuggled out in herring barrels.", "56f8541da6d7ea1400e17577": "the Elder and his wife as witnesses.", "56f8541da6d7ea1400e17578": "On the evening of the same day, the couple was married by Bugenhagen.", "56f8541da6d7ea1400e17579": "The ceremonial walk to the church and the wedding banquet we", "56f8541da6d7ea1400e1757a": "the wedding banquet were left out, and were made up two weeks lat", "56f8541da6d7ea1400e1757b": "the couple was married by Bugenhagen.", "56f855caaef2371900625ff3": "but Luther's wedding set the seal of approval on clerical marriage.", "56f855caaef2371900625ff4": "marriage.", "56f855caaef2371900625ff5": "He had long condemned vows of celibacy on Biblical grounds,", "56f855caaef2371900625ff6": "marrying", "56f855caaef2371900625ff7": "who called it reckless.", "56f8575aaef2371900625ffd": "Luther and his wife moved into a former monastery", "56f8575aaef2371900625ffe": "a wedding present from the new elector John the Steadfast (1525\u201332).", "56f8575aaef2371900625fff": "(1525\u201332).", "56f8575aaef2371900626000": "y for the riches of Croesus.", "56f8575aaef2371900626001": "helped the couple earn a living by farming the land and taking in boarders.", "56f8599aa6d7ea1400e175af": "His Biblical ideal of congregations' choosing their own ministers had proved unworkable.", "56f8599aa6d7ea1400e175b0": ".", "56f8599aa6d7ea1400e175b1": "His Biblical ideal of congregations' choosing their own ministers had proved unworkable.", "56f8599aa6d7ea1400e175b2": "new faith in the form of two catechisms.", "56f8599aa6d7ea1400e175b3": "Luther's thought is revolutionary to the extent that", "56f85bb8aef237190062600f": "To avoid confusing or upsetting the people, Luther avoided extreme change.", "56f85bb8aef2371900626010": "To avoid confusing or upsetting the people, Luther avoided extreme change.", "56f85bb8aef2371900626011": "He also did not wish to replace one controlling system with another.", "56f85bb8aef2371900626012": "He concentrated on the church in the Electorate of Saxony,", "56f85bb8aef2371900626013": "justification.", "56f85cf0aef2371900626019": "Luther wrote a German Mass, which he published in early 1526.", "56f85cf0aef237190062601a": "He did not intend it as a replacement for his 1523 adaptation of the Latin Mass but", "56f85cf0aef237190062601b": "He did not intend it as a replacement for his 1523 adaptation of the Latin Mass but", "56f85cf0aef237190062601c": "He", "56f85cf0aef237190062601d": "He", "56f85e71a6d7ea1400e175c3": "1527.", "56f85e71a6d7ea1400e175c4": "which began in 1527.", "56f85e71a6d7ea1400e175c5": "They also assessed the standard of pastoral care and Christian education in the territory.", "56f85e71a6d7ea1400e175c6": "wrote, \"the common people knowing nothing at all of Christian doctrine .", "56f85e71a6d7ea1400e175c7": "many pastors are well-nigh unskilled and incapable of teaching.", "56f86680a6d7ea1400e175cd": "Luther devised the catechism", "56f86680a6d7ea1400e175ce": "In 1529, he wrote the Large Catechism,", "56f86680a6d7ea1400e175cf": "In 1529, he wrote the Large Catechism,", "56f86680a6d7ea1400e175d0": "to be memorised by the people themselves.", "56f86680a6d7ea1400e175d1": "The catechisms prov", "56f867e3a6d7ea1400e175d7": "The catechism is one of Luther's most personal works.", "56f867e3a6d7ea1400e175d8": "all devoured.", "56f867e3a6d7ea1400e175d9": "Bondage of the Will and the Catechism.", "56f867e3a6d7ea1400e175da": "The Small Catechism has earned a reputation as a model of clear religious teaching.", "56f867e3a6d7ea1400e175db": "It remains in use today, along with Luther's hymns and his translation of the Bible.", "56f86966aef2371900626053": "which works in the catechumen's life.", "56f86966aef2371900626054": "pastors.", "56f86966aef2371900626055": "teaching.", "56f86966aef2371900626056": "Th", "56f86966aef2371900626057": "Salvation originates with the Father and draws the believer to the Father.", "56f86b44a6d7ea1400e175f5": "Luther had published his German translation of the New Testament in 1522,", "56f86b44a6d7ea1400e175f6": "when the whole Bible was published.", "56f86b44a6d7ea1400e175f7": "He continued to work on refining the translation until the end of his life.", "56f86b44a6d7ea1400e175f8": "When he was criticised for inserting the word \"alone\" after \"faith\" in Romans 3:28", "56f86b44a6d7ea1400e175f9": "works'.", "56f86d30a6d7ea1400e17605": "Luther's translation used the variant of German spoken at", "56f86d30a6d7ea1400e17606": "Lut", "56f86d30a6d7ea1400e17607": ".", "56f86d30a6d7ea1400e17608": "people may read it without hindrance.", "56f86d30a6d7ea1400e17609": ".", "56f86e91aef2371900626067": "at a time of rising demand for", "56f86e91aef2371900626068": "Luther's version quickly became a popular and influential Bible translation.", "56f86e91aef2371900626069": ".", "56f86e91aef237190062606a": "Lucas Cranach", "56f86e91aef237190062606b": ".", "56f87000aef2371900626071": "Luther was a prolific hymn-writer, authoring hymns such as", "56f87000aef2371900626072": "His tool of choice for this connection was the singing of German hymns", "56f87000aef2371900626073": "German hymns in connection with worship, school, home, and the public arena.", "56f87000aef2371900626074": "His tool of choice for this connection was the singing of German hymns", "56f87000aef2371900626075": "that became a national instrument of Germany in the 20th century.", "56f8720eaef237190062608f": "Luther to write the hymn \"", "56f8720eaef2371900626090": "This behavior started with his learning of the execution of Johann Esch and Heinrich Vo", "56f8720eaef2371900626091": "\"", "56f8720eaef2371900626092": "which is generally known in English by John C. Messenger'", "56f8720eaef2371900626093": "which is generally known in English by", "56f87392aef2371900626099": "Luther", "56f87392aef237190062609a": "tune", "56f87392aef237190062609b": "the Apostles' Creed in the Small Catechism.", "56f87392aef237190062609c": "Luther's hymn, adapted and expanded from an earlier German creedal hymn", "56f87392aef237190062609d": "tune.", "56f87531a6d7ea1400e1766f": "The hymn functioned both as a liturgical setting of the Lord's Prayer and", "56f87531a6d7ea1400e17670": "The hymn functioned both as a liturgical setting of the Lord's Prayer and", "56f87531a6d7ea1400e17671": "on specific catechism questions.", "56f87531a6d7ea1400e17672": "The extant manuscript show", "56f87531a6d7ea1400e17673": "The hymn functioned both as a liturgical setting of the Lord's Prayer and", "56f87760aef23719006260cc": "you", "56f87760aef23719006260cd": "1523 as a hymnic version of Psalm 130", "56f87760aef23719006260ce": "worship.", "56f87760aef23719006260cf": ".", "56f87760aef23719006260d0": "Bec", "56f879bdaef23719006260de": "the main hymn (Hauptlied) for Advent.", "56f879bdaef23719006260df": "based on Veni redemptor gentium", "56f879bdaef23719006260e0": "the main hymn (Hauptlied) for Advent.", "56f879bdaef23719006260e1": "He wrote two hymns on the Ten Commandments,", "56f879bdaef23719006260e2": "It became known as the German Te Deum.", "56f87e95aef237190062610a": "\"To Jordan came the Christ our Lord\")", "56f87e95aef237190062610b": "Psalm 67's prayer for grace", "56f87e95aef237190062610c": "Psalm 67's prayer for grace", "56f87e95aef237190062610d": ".", "56f87e95aef237190062610e": "was used to introduce the Lutheran Reformation in Halle in 1541.", "56f88025aef237190062611e": "were included in early Lutheran hymnals and spread the ideas of the Reformation.", "56f88025aef237190062611f": "Luther's hymns", "56f88025aef2371900626120": "18 of 26 songs of the Erfurt Enchiridion", "56f88025aef2371900626121": "He supplied four of eight songs of the First Lutheran hymnal", "56f88025aef2371900626122": "and 24 of the 32 songs in the first choral hymnal with settings by", "56f881e3a6d7ea1400e176f3": "Luther's hymns inspired composers to write music.", "56f881e3a6d7ea1400e176f4": "Johann Sebastian Bach included several verses as chorales in his cantatas and", "56f881e3a6d7ea1400e176f5": "Luther's hymns inspired composers to write music.", "56f881e3a6d7ea1400e176f6": "Luther's hymns inspired composers to write music.", "56f881e3a6d7ea1400e176f7": "Luther's hymns inspired composers to write music.", "56f8837aa6d7ea1400e176fd": "to believe that a Christian's soul sleeps after it is separated from the body in death;", "56f8837aa6d7ea1400e176fe": "he described the saints as currently residing \"in their graves and in heaven.", "56f8837aa6d7ea1400e176ff": "He affirmed the continuity of one's personal identity beyond death.", "56f8837aa6d7ea1400e17700": "He", "56f8837aa6d7ea1400e17701": "he described the saints as currently residing \"in their graves and in heaven.", "56f884cba6d7ea1400e17707": "Lutheran theologians such as Johann Gerhard.", "56f884cba6d7ea1400e17708": "ffered from the later Lutheran theologians such as Johann Gerhard.", "56f884cba6d7ea1400e17709": ".", "56f884cba6d7ea1400e1770a": ".", "56f88690a6d7ea1400e17723": ".", "56f88690a6d7ea1400e17724": ".", "56f88690a6d7ea1400e17725": ".", "56f88690a6d7ea1400e17726": "that", "56f88690a6d7ea1400e17727": "dreams.", "56f88c37aef2371900626176": "Protestant states.", "56f88c37aef2371900626177": "Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse,", "56f88c37aef2371900626178": "to establish doctrinal unity in the emerging Protestant states.", "56f88c37aef2371900626179": "Agreement was achieved on fourteen points out of fifteen,", "56f88c37aef237190062617a": "Luther.", "56f88eafaef2371900626194": "stance.", "56f88eafaef2371900626195": "stance.", "56f88eafaef2371900626196": "Luther insisted on the Real Presence of the body and blood of Christ in the consecrated bread and w", "56f88eafaef2371900626197": "his opponents believed God to be only spiritually or symbolically present.", "56f88eafaef2371900626198": "According to transcripts, the debate sometimes became confrontational.", "56f8907faef23719006261b2": "the way for the signing in 1530 of the Augsburg Confession", "56f8907faef23719006261b3": "paved the way for the signing in 1530 of the Augsburg Confession,", "56f8907faef23719006261b4": "such as John of Saxony, Philip of Hesse, and George, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach.", "56f8907faef23719006261b5": "The Swiss cities, however, did not sign these agreements.", "56f8907faef23719006261b6": "and for the formation of the Schmalkaldic League", "56f895339e9bad19000a0177": "Som", "56f895339e9bad19000a0178": "dispute.", "56f895339e9bad19000a0179": "Reason in no way contributes to faith.", "56f895339e9bad19000a017a": "For reason is the greatest enemy that faith has;", "56f895339e9bad19000a017b": "Luther rather seeks to separate faith and reason in", "56f897059b226e1400dd0c5d": "ich discouraged mistreatment of the Jews and", "56f897059b226e1400dd0c5e": "Luther began to lose hope in large-scale Jewish conversion to Christianity.", "56f897059b226e1400dd0c5f": "In his later years,", "56f897059b226e1400dd0c60": "In", "56f897059b226e1400dd0c61": "His", "56f8989f9e9bad19000a01a5": ".", "56f8989f9e9bad19000a01a6": "Luther had argued against resisting the Turks in", "56f8989f9e9bad19000a01a7": "He saw the Turks as a scourge sent to punish Christians by God,", "56f8989f9e9bad19000a01a8": "whom Luther believed to be the papacy, and the Roman Church.", "56f8989f9e9bad19000a01a9": "people to fight a secular war against the Turks.", "56f89a959b226e1400dd0c9d": "In 1542, Luther read a Latin translation of the Qur'an.", "56f89a959b226e1400dd0c9e": "He opposed banning the publication of the Qur'an", "56f89a959b226e1400dd0c9f": "which he called \"Mohammedanism\" or \"the Turk\".", "56f89a959b226e1400dd0ca0": "live.\"", "56f89a959b226e1400dd0ca1": "He opposed banning the publication of the Qur'an,", "56f8a2969e9bad19000a022b": "preached a sermon in which he claimed that God's gospel", "56f8a2969e9bad19000a022c": "The", "56f8a2969e9bad19000a022d": "between 1538 and 1540.", "56f8a2969e9bad19000a022e": "Agricola was behind certain anonymous antinomian theses circulating in Wittenberg.", "56f8a2969e9bad19000a022f": "Luther responded to these theses with six series of theses against Agricola and the antinomians", "56f8a4e99e9bad19000a0251": "In his theses and disputations against the antinomians", "56f8a4e99e9bad19000a0252": "the law as the Holy Spirit's", "56f8a4e99e9bad19000a0253": "gospel.", "56f8a4e99e9bad19000a0254": "not eliminate the accusing law.", "56f8a4e99e9bad19000a0255": "people.", "56f8a6969e9bad19000a025b": "teach how the Christian ought to live.", "56f8a6969e9bad19000a025c": "that is, of the natural law \u2013 also positively teach how the Christian ought to live.", "56f8a6969e9bad19000a025d": "This has traditionally been called the \"third use of the law.", "56f8a6969e9bad19000a025e": "For Luther, also Christ's life,", "56f8a6969e9bad19000a025f": "which a Christian should follow in his or her vocations on a daily basis.", "56f8aa749b226e1400dd0da7": "The Ten Commandments, and the beginnings of the renewed life of Christians ac", "56f8aa749b226e1400dd0da8": "the believers' future angel-like life in heaven in the midst of this life.", "56f8aa749b226e1400dd0da9": "The Ten Commandments, and the beginnings of the renewed life of Christians", "56f8ac579e9bad19000a02b9": "Philip did during the subsequent public controversy.", "56f8ac579e9bad19000a02ba": "Philip did during the subsequent public con", "56f8ac579e9bad19000a02bb": "who wanted to marry one of his wife's ladies-in-waiting.", "56f8ac579e9bad19000a02bc": "about the matter.", "56f8ac579e9bad19000a02bd": "The affair caused lasting damage to Luther's reputation.", "56f8ae099e9bad19000a02eb": "had expelled Jews some ninety years earlier.", "56f8ae099e9bad19000a02ec": "When his efforts at conversion failed, he grew increasingly bitter toward them.", "56f8ae099e9bad19000a02ed": "equally guilty.", "56f8ae099e9bad19000a02ee": "He considered the Jews blasphemers and liars bec", "56f8ae099e9bad19000a02ef": "Luther", "56f8afbc9b226e1400dd0e05": "Luther's other major works on the Jews", "56f8afbc9b226e1400dd0e06": "before his death.", "56f8afbc9b226e1400dd0e07": "his death", "56f8afbc9b226e1400dd0e08": "all time\".", "56f8afbc9b226e1400dd0e09": "We are at fault in not slaying them\" amounted to a sanction for murder. \"God", "56f8b2499b226e1400dd0e3b": "Luther spoke out against the Jews in Saxony, Brandenburg, and Silesia.", "56f8b2499b226e1400dd0e3c": "who tried to help the Jews of Saxony in 1537,", "56f8b2499b226e1400dd0e3d": "ich he said that whoever would help the Jews was doomed to perdition.", "56f8b2499b226e1400dd0e3e": "Josel asked the city of Strasbourg to forbid the sale of Luther's anti-Jewish work", "56f8b2499b226e1400dd0e3f": "riots led to the expulsion of Jews from several German Lutheran states.", "56f8b4d79b226e1400dd0e75": "Luther was", "56f8b4d79b226e1400dd0e76": "the development of antisemitism in Germany", "56f8b4d79b226e1400dd0e77": "provided an \"ideal underpinning\" for the Nazis' attacks on Jews.", "56f8b4d79b226e1400dd0e78": "the Third Reich contained references to and quotations from Luther.", "56f8b4d79b226e1400dd0e79": "The city of Nuremberg presented a first edition of On the Jews and their Lies to", "56f8b7189e9bad19000a0389": "On 17 December 1941,", "56f8b7189e9bad19000a038a": "\"", "56f8b7189e9bad19000a038b": "that Luther's writing was a \"blueprint.\"", "56f8b7189e9bad19000a038c": "Sasse applauded the burning of the synagogues and", "56f8b7189e9bad19000a038d": "argued that Luther's writing was a \"blueprint.", "56f8b9839e9bad19000a03bf": "Some scholars se", "56f8b9839e9bad19000a03c0": "There is a world of difference between his belief in salvation and a racial ideology.", "56f8b9839e9bad19000a03c1": "material for the modern hatred of the Jews, cloaking it with the authority of the Reformer.", "56f8b9839e9bad19000a03c2": "Johannes Wallmann arg", "56f8b9839e9bad19000a03c3": "His position was entirely religious and in no respect racial.\"", "56f8bbb09e9bad19000a03db": "their violence lent a new element to the standard Christian suspicion of Judaism.", "56f8bbb09e9bad19000a03dc": "a key element of German culture and national identity.", "56f8bbb09e9bad19000a03dd": "ought and discourse, a mentality that might otherwise have been absent.", "56f8bbb09e9bad19000a03de": "their violence lent a new element to the standard Christian suspicion of Judaism.", "56f8bbb09e9bad19000a03df": "the anti-Semitic policies of the National Socialist", "56f8bd509b226e1400dd0eed": "it is possible they were at least partly the product of a declining state of mind.", "56f8bd509b226e1400dd0eee": "Luther's increasingly antisemitic views developed during", "56f8bd509b226e1400dd0eef": "the Jews and in diatribes against \"Turks\" (Muslims) and Catholics.", "56f8bd509b226e1400dd0ef0": "mind. Edwards al", "56f8bd509b226e1400dd0ef1": "Edwards in his book Luther's Last Battles: Politics and Polemics 1531\u201346 (1983)", "56f8c0cd9b226e1400dd0f35": "the Jews", "56f8c0cd9b226e1400dd0f36": "under consideration, Lutherans were the least prejudiced toward Jews.", "56f8c0cd9b226e1400dd0f37": "are", "56f8c0cd9b226e1400dd0f38": "are", "56f8c2ee9b226e1400dd0f45": "From 1531 to 1546, his health deteriorated further.", "56f8c2ee9b226e1400dd0f46": "The", "56f8c2ee9b226e1400dd0f47": ".", "56f8c2ee9b226e1400dd0f48": "Luther had been suffering from ill health for years,", "56f8c2ee9b226e1400dd0f49": "In December 1544, he began to feel the effects of angina.", "56f8c43d9b226e1400dd0f61": "His poor physical health made him short-tempered", "56f8c43d9b226e1400dd0f62": ".", "56f8c43d9b226e1400dd0f63": ".", "56f8c43d9b226e1400dd0f64": "be rude.", "56f8c43d9b226e1400dd0f65": "In 1545 and 1546 Luther preached three times in the Market Church in Halle,", "56f8c5909b226e1400dd0f7d": "His last sermon was delivered at Eisleben,", "56f8c5909b226e1400dd0f7e": "His last sermon was delivered at Eisleben,", "56f8c5909b226e1400dd0f7f": "His last sermon was delivered at Eisleben,", "56f8c5909b226e1400dd0f80": "It was \"entirely devoted to the obdurate Jews", "56f8c5909b226e1400dd0f81": "do.", "56f8c7029e9bad19000a04a0": "Luther's final journey", "56f8c7029e9bad19000a04a1": "was threatened by Count Albrecht of Mansfeld bringing the industry under his own control.", "56f8c7029e9bad19000a04a2": "Luther journeyed to Mansfeld twice in late 15", "56f8c7029e9bad19000a04a3": "a third visit was needed in early 1546 for their completion.", "56f8c7029e9bad19000a04a4": "continuing in their father Hans Luther's copper mining trade.", "56f8c8469e9bad19000a04c6": "The negotiations were successfully concluded on 17 February 1546.", "56f8c8469e9bad19000a04c7": "After 8 a.m., he experienced chest pains.", "56f8c8469e9bad19000a04c8": ".", "56f8c8469e9bad19000a04c9": "O Lord, faithful God\" (Ps. 31:5), the common prayer of the dying.", "56f8c8469e9bad19000a04ca": "At 1 a.m. he awoke with more chest pain and was warmed with hot towels.", "56f8c9719e9bad19000a04e0": "An apoplectic stroke deprived him of his speech", "56f8c9719e9bad19000a04e1": "birth.", "56f8c9719e9bad19000a04e2": "birth.", "56f8c9719e9bad19000a04e3": "He was buried in the Castle Church in Wittenberg, beneath the pulpit.", "56f8c9719e9bad19000a04e4": "The funeral was held by his friends Johannes Bugenhagen and Philipp Melanchthon.", "56f8ca289b226e1400dd1007": "A piece of paper was later found on which Luther had written his last statement.", "56f8ca289b226e1400dd1008": "The statement was in Latin, apart from \"We are beggars,\" which was in German.", "56f8ca289b226e1400dd1009": "The statement was in Latin, apart from \"We are beggars,\" which was in German.", "56f8cc399e9bad19000a0514": "In the 1530s and 1540s", "56f8cc399e9bad19000a0515": "In contrast to images of frail Catholic saints", "56f8cc399e9bad19000a0516": "Luther was", "56f8cc399e9bad19000a0517": "In contrast to images of frail Catholic saints,", "56f8cc399e9bad19000a0518": "In the 1530s and 1540s,", "56f8ce779b226e1400dd103d": "In the Church of England's Calendar of Saints he is commemorated on 31 October.", "56f8ce779b226e1400dd103e": "In the Church of England's Calendar of Saints he is commemorated on 31 October.", "56f8ce779b226e1400dd103f": "In the Church of England's Calendar of Saints he is commemorated on 31 October.", "56f8ce779b226e1400dd1040": "In the Church of England's Calendar of Saints he is commemorated on 31 October.", "56f8ce779b226e1400dd1041": "Saints.", "5705e26d75f01819005e76d4": "Southern California, often abbreviated SoCal", "5705e26d75f01819005e76d5": "The region is traditionally described as \"eight counties\",", "5705e26d75f01819005e76d6": "Southern California is a major economic center for the state of California and the United States.", "5705e26d75f01819005e76d7": "The region is traditionally described as \"eight counties\",", "5705e26d75f01819005e76d8": ".", "5705e33f52bb89140068964c": "The 8- and 10-county definitions are not used for the greater Southern California Megaregion,", "5705e33f52bb89140068964d": "one of the 11 megaregions of the United States.", "5705e33f52bb89140068964e": ".", "5705e33f52bb89140068964f": "border into Tijuana.", "5705e33f52bb891400689650": ".", "5705e3f252bb89140068966a": ".", "5705e3f252bb89140068966b": "Southern California's population encompasses seven metropolitan areas", "5705e3f252bb89140068966c": ".", "5705e3f252bb89140068966d": "inhabitants.", "5705e3f252bb89140068966e": "all combined to make up the Greater Los Angeles Area with over 17.5 million people", "5705e4fe75f01819005e7704": "To the east is the Colorado Desert and", "5705e4fe75f01819005e7705": "To the east is the Colorado Desert and the Colorado River at the border with Arizona", "5705e4fe75f01819005e7706": "Nevada.", "5705e4fe75f01819005e7707": "To the south is the Mexico\u2013United States border.", "5705e63175f01819005e7720": "nation.", "5705e63175f01819005e7721": "Los Angeles is the most populous city in California and the second most populous in the United States.", "5705e63175f01819005e7722": "With a population of 3,792,621, Los Angeles is the most populous city in California and", "5705e63175f01819005e7723": "the eighth most populous in the nation.", "5705e63175f01819005e7724": "Los Angeles is the most populous city in California and the second most populous in the United States.", "5705e99452bb891400689688": ".", "5705e99452bb891400689689": "all are in the top 15 most populous counties in the United States.", "5705e99452bb89140068968a": "It", "5705e99452bb89140068968b": "and all are in the top 15 most populous counties in the United States.", "5705e99452bb89140068968c": ".", "5705eb3375f01819005e7764": "Hollywood", "5705eb3375f01819005e7765": "Hollywood", "5705eb3375f01819005e7766": "The Walt Disney Company (which also owns ABC),", "5705eb3375f01819005e7767": "The motion picture, television, and music industry is centered on the Los Angeles in southern California", "5705eb3375f01819005e7768": "Universal, Warner Brothers, and Sony also run major record companies as well.", "5705ec1675f01819005e776e": "Southern California is also home to a large home grown surf and skateboard culture.", "5705ec1675f01819005e776f": "Shaun White live in southern California.", "5705ec1675f01819005e7770": "Shaun White live in southern California.", "5705ec1675f01819005e7771": "it is second only to the island of Oahu in terms of famous surf breaks.", "5705ec1675f01819005e7772": "The annual Transpacific Yacht Race, or Transpac, from Los Angeles to Hawaii,", "5705eccb52bb8914006896b8": "the desert city of Palm Springs is popular for its resort feel and nearby open spaces.", "5705eccb52bb8914006896b9": "the desert city of Palm Springs is popular for its resort feel and nearby open spaces.", "5705eccb52bb8914006896ba": "the desert city of Palm Springs is popular for its resort feel and nearby open spaces.", "5705eccb52bb8914006896bb": ".", "5705edcd52bb8914006896ca": "37\u00b0 9' 58.23\" latitude, around 11 miles (18 km) south of San Jose;", "5705edcd52bb8914006896cb": "California", "5705edcd52bb8914006896cc": "the term \"southern California\" usually refers to the ten southern-most counties of the state.", "5705edcd52bb8914006896cd": "es Point Conception and the Tehachapi Mountains as the northern boundary.", "5705edcd52bb8914006896ce": "Point Conception and the Tehachapi Mountains as the northern boundary.", "5705eee952bb8914006896de": "Mexico ruled California", "5705eee952bb8914006896df": "Los Angeles in the lower part of Alta California", "5705eee952bb8914006896e0": "the Californios of Monterey in the upper part and Los Angeles in the lower part of Alta California.", "5705eee952bb8914006896e1": "California.", "5705eee952bb8914006896e2": "California to be admitted to the Union as a free state,", "5705f09e75f01819005e77a4": "dissatisfied with inequitable taxes and land laws)", "5705f09e75f01819005e77a5": "Subsequently, Californios (dissatisfied with inequitable taxes and land law", "5705f09e75f01819005e77a6": "1850s to achieve a separate statehood or territorial status separate from Northern California.", "5705f09e75f01819005e77a7": "was passed by the California State Legislature and signed by the State governor John B. Weller.", "5705f09e75f01819005e77a8": "with a strong advocate in Senator Milton Latham.", "5705f13d52bb8914006896f0": "In 1900, the Los Angeles Times defined southern California", "5705f13d52bb8914006896f1": "In 1900", "5705f13d52bb8914006896f2": "In", "5705f13d52bb8914006896f3": "In 1999, the Times added a newer county\u2014Imperial\u2014to that list.", "5705f13d52bb8914006896f4": "In 1900, the Los Angeles Times", "5705f36452bb891400689718": ".", "5705f36452bb891400689719": "choose to simplify matters by dividing the stat", "5705f36452bb89140068971a": "point of view.", "5705f36452bb89140068971b": "which would split the southern region off", "5705f36452bb89140068971c": "w", "5705f7c875f01819005e77dc": "The", "5705f7c875f01819005e77dd": "Much of southern California is", "5705f7c875f01819005e77de": ".", "5705f7c875f01819005e77df": "Much of southern California is", "5705f7c875f01819005e77e0": "Much of southern California is", "5705fb7f52bb891400689750": "the main gap to continued urbanization is Camp Pendleton.", "5705fb7f52bb891400689751": "Temecula and Murrieta have as much connection with the San Diego metropolitan area as", "5705fb7f52bb891400689752": "as a separate metropolitan area from Los Angeles County.", "5705fb7f52bb891400689753": "While many commute to L.A. and Orange Counties", "5705fb7f52bb891400689754": "were developed in the 1980s and 1990s.", "5705fc3a52bb89140068976a": "Serious rain can occur unusually.", "5705fc3a52bb89140068976b": "Summers are hot and dry, while winters are a bit warm or mild and wet.", "5705fc3a52bb89140068976c": "In the summers, temperature ranges are 90-60's while as winters are 70-50's,", "5705fc3a52bb89140068976d": "But snow is very rare in the Southwest of the state,", "5705fc3a52bb89140068976e": "In the summers, temperature ranges are 90-60's while as winters are 70-50's,", "5705fd8475f01819005e7841": ".", "5705fd8475f01819005e7840": "in the state and country.", "5705fd8475f01819005e7842": "Southern California con", "5705fd8475f01819005e7843": "The region spa", "5705fd8475f01819005e7844": ".", "5705fec152bb89140068977a": "Each year, the southern California area has about 10,000 earthquakes.", "5705fec152bb89140068977b": "Each year, the southern California area has about 10,000 earthquakes.", "5705fec152bb89140068977c": "The magnitude 6.7 1994 Northridge earthquake was", "5705fec152bb89140068977d": "It caused the most property damage of any earthquake in U.S. history", "5705fec152bb89140068977e": ".", "5705ffde52bb891400689784": "which can produce a magnitude 8.0 event.", "5705ffde52bb891400689785": "which can produce a magnitude 8.0 event.", "5705ffde52bb891400689786": "Other faults inclu", "5705ffde52bb891400689787": "The USGS has released a California Earthquake forecast", "5705ffde52bb891400689788": "California Earthquake forecast which models Earthquake occurrence in California.", "570602fa52bb89140068979e": "Southern California is divided culturally, politically, and economically into distinctive regions", "570602fa52bb89140068979f": ".", "570602fa52bb8914006897a0": "its respective region and being home to many tourist destinations.", "570603c475f01819005e7882": "As of the 2010 United States Census, southern California has a population of 22,680,010.", "570603c475f01819005e7883": "Despite a reputation for high growth rates,", "570603c475f01819005e7884": "the state average of 10.0% in", "570603c475f01819005e7885": "in the 2000s", "570603c475f01819005e7886": "in the 2000s as", "5706074552bb8914006897d4": ".", "5706074552bb8914006897d5": "The region is home to two extended metropolitan areas that exceed five million in population.", "5706074552bb8914006897d6": "The region is home to two extended metropolitan areas that exceed five million in population.", "5706074552bb8914006897d7": "the Southern Border Region.", "5706074552bb8914006897d8": "at 17,786,419, and San Diego\u2013Tijuana at 5,105,768.", "570607f575f01819005e78b4": "are the two largest cities in all of California (", "570607f575f01819005e78b5": "California (and two of the eight largest cities in the United States)", "570607f575f01819005e78b6": "In southern California there are also twelve cities with more than 200,000 residents and", "570607f575f01819005e78b7": "34 cities over 100,000 in population.", "570607f575f01819005e78b8": "San Bernardino and Riverside.", "5706094b52bb8914006897de": ".", "5706094b52bb8914006897df": "Southern California is famous for tourism and Hollywood (film, television, and music).", "5706094b52bb8914006897e0": "The region was a leader in the housing bubble 2001\u20132007", "5706094b52bb8914006897e1": "Southern California's economy is diverse and one of the largest in the United States.", "5706094b52bb8914006897e2": "The region was a leader in the housing bubble 2001\u20132007,", "57060a1175f01819005e78d2": "Since the 1920s", "57060a1175f01819005e78d3": "In one of the richest agricultural regions in the U.S.", "57060a1175f01819005e78d5": "suburbs.", "57060a1175f01819005e78d4": "In one of the richest agricultural regions in the U.S.", "57060a1175f01819005e78d6": "Although military spending cutbacks have", "57060a6e52bb8914006897f8": "Southern California is home to many major business districts.", "57060a6e52bb8914006897f9": ".", "57060a6e52bb8914006897fa": "Downtown Riverside.", "57060cc352bb89140068980e": "Los Angeles itself has many business districts inclu", "57060cc352bb89140068980f": "Downtown Burbank, Downtown Santa Monica, Downtown Glendale and Downtown Long Beach.", "57060cc352bb891400689810": "Warner Center in the San Fernando Valley.", "57060cc352bb891400689811": "Century City, Westwood and Warner Center in the San Fernando Valley.", "57060df252bb891400689820": ".", "57060df252bb891400689821": "which are in San Bernardino and Downtown Riverside.", "57060df252bb891400689822": "The San Bernardino-Riverside area maintains the business districts of", "57060eaf75f01819005e7910": "Orange County is a rapidly developing business center that", "57060eaf75f01819005e7911": "and international corporations headquartered at the University of California, Irvine.", "57060eaf75f01819005e7912": "Jamboree Business Parks.", "57060eaf75f01819005e7913": "Downtown Santa Ana, the South Coast Metro and Newport Center districts;", "57060eaf75f01819005e7914": "Downtown Santa Ana, the South Coast Metro and Newport Center districts;", "57060f3e75f01819005e7922": "Downtown San Diego is the central business district of San Diego,", "57060f3e75f01819005e7923": "San Diego, though the city is filled with business districts.", "57060f3e75f01819005e7924": "Most of these districts are located in Northern San Diego and some within North County regions.", "57060f3e75f01819005e7925": "Most of these districts are located in Northern San Diego and some within North County regions.", "570610b275f01819005e792a": "Los Angeles International Airport", "570610b275f01819005e792b": "airports.", "570610b275f01819005e792c": "Southern California is home to Los Angeles International Airport", "570610b275f01819005e792d": "San Diego International Airport the busiest single runway airport in the world", "570610b275f01819005e792e": "Van Nuys Airport, the world's busiest general aviation airport;", "5706111a52bb89140068984c": "Six of the seven lines of the commuter rail system", "5706111a52bb89140068984d": "Six of the seven lines of the commuter rail system", "5706111a52bb89140068984e": "Six of the seven lines of the commuter rail system, Metrolink, run out of Downtown Los Angeles", "5706111a52bb89140068984f": "the other line connecting San Bernardino, Riverside, and Orange counties directly.", "570611c475f01819005e793c": "the United States' busiest commercial port;", "570611c475f01819005e793d": "the United States' second busiest container port; and the Port of San Diego.", "570611c475f01819005e793e": "the United States' second busiest container port; and the Port of San Diego.", "5706139252bb891400689864": "The Tech Coast is a moniker that", "5706139252bb891400689865": "universities and other public and private institutions.", "5706139252bb891400689866": "California Institute of Technology,", "5706139252bb891400689867": ".", "5706139252bb891400689868": "12", "5706143575f01819005e7950": "Galaxy).", "5706143575f01819005e7951": "NBA (Los Angeles Lakers, Los Angeles Clippers);", "5706143575f01819005e7952": "Galaxy).", "5706143575f01819005e7953": "Professional sports teams", "5706143575f01819005e7954": "Galaxy", "5706149552bb891400689880": "with a second MLS team scheduled to return in 2018.", "5706149552bb891400689881": "that both played at the StubHub Center and were local rivals.", "5706149552bb891400689882": "From 2005 to 2014, there were two Major League Soccer teams in Los Angeles \u2014", "5706149552bb891400689883": "that both played at the StubHub Center and were local rivals.", "5706149552bb891400689884": "2018.", "570614ff52bb89140068988a": "College sports are also popular in southern California.", "570614ff52bb89140068988b": ".", "570614ff52bb89140068988c": "The UCLA Bruins and the USC Trojans both field teams", "570614ff52bb89140068988d": "College sports are also popular in southern California.", "570614ff52bb89140068988e": ".", "5706155352bb891400689894": "Rugby is also a growing sport in southern California,", "5706155352bb891400689895": "rugby as an official school sport.", "5706155352bb891400689896": "rugby as an official school sport.", "57092322efce8f15003a7db0": "Formed in November 1990 by the equal merger of Sky Television and British Satellite Broadcasting", "57092322efce8f15003a7db1": "BSkyB became the UK's largest digital subscription television company.", "57092322efce8f15003a7db2": "Following BSkyB's 2014 acquisition of Sky Italia and a majority", "57092322efce8f15003a7db3": "BSkyB became the UK's largest digital subscription television company.", "57092322efce8f15003a7db4": "The United Kingdom operations also changed the company name from British Sky Broadcasting Limited to Sky UK Limited,", "57094a79efce8f15003a7dc4": "In May 2006, the Irish broadcaster Setanta Sports was", "57094a79efce8f15003a7dc5": "In May 2006, the Irish broadcaster Setanta Sports was awarded t", "57094a79efce8f15003a7dc6": "SkyB's monopoly came to an end from the 2007\u201308 season.", "57094a79efce8f15003a7dc7": ".", "57094b4f9928a814004714f6": "BSkyB had been excluded from being a part of the ONdigital consortium,", "57094b4f9928a814004714f7": "While BSkyB had been excluded from being a part of the ONdigital consortium,", "57094b4f9928a814004714f8": "Prior to October 2005,", "57094b4f9928a814004714f9": "Initially BSkyB provided Sky Travel to the service.", "57094b4f9928a814004714fa": "which was itself later re-branded as 'Pick TV' in 2011.", "57094ca7efce8f15003a7dd6": "BSkyB initially charged additional subscription fees for using a Sky+ PVR with", "57094ca7efce8f15003a7dd7": "In September 2007, Sky launched a new TV advertising campaign targeting Sky+ at women.", "57094ca7efce8f15003a7dd8": "still pay a monthly fee to enable Sky+ functions.", "57094ca7efce8f15003a7dd9": "Th", "57094ca7efce8f15003a7dda": "get Sky+ included at no extra charge.", "57094d489928a8140047150a": "the VideoGuard pay-TV scrambling system owned by NDS, a Cisco Systems company.", "57094d489928a8140047150b": "the VideoGuard pay-TV scrambling system owned by NDS, a Cisco Systems company.", "57094d489928a8140047150c": "the VideoGuard pay-TV scrambling system owned by NDS, a Cisco Systems company.", "57094d489928a8140047150d": "capable of receiving their service.", "57094d489928a8140047150e": "This extends to the Personal video recorder (PVR) offering (branded Sky+).", "570953a7efce8f15003a7dff": "2007.", "570953a7efce8f15003a7dfe": "In 2007", "570953a7efce8f15003a7e00": ".", "570953a7efce8f15003a7e01": "wh", "570953a7efce8f15003a7e02": "Video On Demand content wh", "570960cf200fba1400367f01": "In", "570960cf200fba1400367f02": "On 31 July 2013, BSkyB and Microsoft announced their settlement", "570960cf200fba1400367f03": ".", "570960cf200fba1400367f04": "Microsoft announced \"that SkyDrive w", "570960cf200fba1400367f05": "its SkyDrive cloud storage service af", "570961aa200fba1400367f15": "The service started on 1 September 1993 based on the idea from the then chief executive off", "570961aa200fba1400367f16": "broadcasting on Astra's satellites, as well as introducing new channels.", "570961aa200fba1400367f17": "helped BSkyB reach 3.5 million households by mid-1994.", "570961aa200fba1400367f18": "package.", "570961aa200fba1400367f19": "BSkyB reach 3.5 million households by mid-1994.", "570963a5200fba1400367f33": ".", "570963a5200fba1400367f34": "which serves the United Kingdom.", "570963a5200fba1400367f35": "It is the UK's largest pay-TV broadcaster with 11 million customers as of 2015.", "570963a5200fba1400367f36": "UK's most popular digital TV service until it was overtaken by Freeview in April 2007.", "57096505ed30961900e84082": ".", "57096505ed30961900e84083": "The", "57096505ed30961900e84084": "2016.", "57096505ed30961900e84085": "The Sky Q Silver set top box is capable of receiving and displaying UHD broadcasts", "57096505ed30961900e84086": "Sky announced Sky Q, a range of products and services to be available in 2016.", "570966e0200fba1400367f4f": "BSkyB's standard definition broadcasts are in DVB-compliant MPEG-2,", "570966e0200fba1400367f50": "Sky Movies and Sky Box Office channels including optional Dolby Digital soundtracks for recent film", "570966e0200fba1400367f51": "Sky+ HD material is broadcast using MPEG-4 and", "570966e0200fba1400367f52": "Sky+ HD material is broadcast using MPEG-4 and most of the HD material uses the", "570966e0200fba1400367f53": "and most of the HD material uses the DVB-S2 standard.", "570967c4ed30961900e840ba": "When Sky Digital was launched in 1998 the new service used the Astra 2A satellite wh", "570967c4ed30961900e840bb": "When Sky Digital was launched in 1998 the", "570967c4ed30961900e840bc": "enabled the company to launch a new all-digital service, Sky", "570967c4ed30961900e840bd": "with the potential to carry hundreds of television and radio channels.", "570967c4ed30961900e840be": "came to be used almost exclusively for channels that bro", "5709686c200fba1400367f77": "BSkyB launched its HDTV service, Sky+ HD, on 22 May 2006.", "5709686c200fba1400367f78": "BSkyB claimed that 40,000 people had registered to receive the HD service.", "5709686c200fba1400367f79": "Thomson.", "5709686c200fba1400367f7a": "17,000 customers had yet to receive the service due to failed deliveries.", "5709686c200fba1400367f7b": "On 31 March 2012, Sky announced the total number of homes with Sky+HD was 4,222,000.", "57096b66200fba1400367fa7": "On", "57096b66200fba1400367fa8": "The announcement came a day after Setanta Sports confirmed that it would launch in March", "57096b66200fba1400367fa9": "On", "57096b66200fba1400367faa": "that NTL's services re-branded as Virgin Media.", "57096b66200fba1400367fab": ".", "57096c95200fba1400367fbb": "Some broadcasts are", "57096c95200fba1400367fbc": "Some broadcasts are free-to-air and unencrypted", "57096c95200fba1400367fbd": "To view the encrypted con", "57096c95200fba1400367fbe": "most digital receivers will receive the free to air channels.", "57096c95200fba1400367fbf": "To view the encrypted con", "57096e1ced30961900e84102": "from the 1992 season.", "57096e1ced30961900e84103": "ITV were the current rights holders, and fought hard to retain the new rights.", "57096e1ced30961900e84104": ".", "57096e1ced30961900e84105": "The BBC was given the highlights of most of the matches,", "57096e1ced30961900e84106": "ould give them a monopoly of all live matches, up to 60 per year from the 1992 season.", "57096f37200fba1400367fe5": "Ofcom.", "57096f37200fba1400367fe6": "BSkyB's EPG for a fee, ranging from \u00a315\u2013100,000.", "57096f37200fba1400367fe7": "BSkyB", "57096f37200fba1400367fe8": ".", "57096f37200fba1400367fe9": "channel's content or carriage issues such as picture quality.", "57097051ed30961900e84132": "BSkyB's digital service was officially launched on 1 October 1998 un", "57097051ed30961900e84133": "BSkyB's digital service was officially launched on 1 October 1998 un", "57097051ed30961900e84134": "then.", "57097051ed30961900e84135": "SkyB's decision to give away free digiboxes and minidishes from May 1999.", "57097051ed30961900e84136": "Within 30 days, over 100,000 digiboxes had been sold,", "57097141200fba1400367ff9": "Virgin Media (re-branded in 2007 from NTL:Telewest", "57097141200fba1400367ffa": "Virgin Media (re-branded in 2007", "57097141200fba1400367ffb": "Nonetheless, the linear channels were not offered", "57097141200fba1400367ffc": "it only carried one linear HD channel", "57097141200fba1400367ffd": "Virgin Media did in fact have an option to carry Channel 4 HD in the future.", "57097b50200fba140036804d": "10 million homes in 2010, Europe's first pay-TV platform in to achieve that milestone.", "57097b50200fba140036804e": "the broadcaster said its reach into 36% of households", "57097b50200fba140036804f": "The target was first announced in August 2004, sin", "57097b50200fba1400368050": "Confirming it had reached its target", "57097b50200fba1400368051": "elsewhere in Europe flattened.", "57097c8fed30961900e841f2": "Con", "57097c8fed30961900e841f3": "that could be used to buy only \"essentials\".", "57097c8fed30961900e841f4": "\u2018often damaging\u2019, along with alcohol, tobacco and gambling.", "57097c8fed30961900e841f5": "the UK government's benefits agency was checking claimants'", "57097c8fed30961900e841f6": "would betray a man's presence in the household.", "57097d63ed30961900e841fc": "The agreements include fixed annual carriage fees of \u00a330m for", "57097d63ed30961900e841fd": "which had previously been offered by BSkyB.", "57097d63ed30961900e841fe": "which had previously been offered by BSkyB.", "57097d63ed30961900e841ff": "agreed to terminate all High Court proceedings ag", "57097d63ed30961900e84200": ".", "570d2417fed7b91900d45c3d": ".", "570d2417fed7b91900d45c3e": "Victoria's total gross state product (GSP) is ranked second in Australia,", "570d2417fed7b91900d45c3f": "Victoria", "570d2417fed7b91900d45c40": "the \"sporting capital of Australia\".", "570d2417fed7b91900d45c41": "The Melbourne Cricket Ground is the largest stadium in Australia,", "570d2556fed7b91900d45c47": "and their legacy is particularly strong in Bendigo and its environs.", "570d2556fed7b91900d45c48": "that was seen at the Lambing Flat riots in New South Wales.", "570d2556fed7b91900d45c49": "However, there was a riot at Buckland Valley near Bright in 1857.", "570d2556fed7b91900d45c4a": "an outbreak of typhoid at Buckland Valley in 1854 killed over 1,000 miners.", "570d2556fed7b91900d45c4b": "Conditions on the gold fields we", "570d26efb3d812140066d48f": "were held under a new multi-member proportional representation system.", "570d26efb3d812140066d490": "The State of Victoria was divided into eight electorates with", "570d26efb3d812140066d491": "ach electorate represented by five representatives elected by Single Transferable Vote.", "570d26efb3d812140066d492": "their term of office is now the same as the lower house members\u2014four years.", "570d26efb3d812140066d493": "Elections for the Victorian Parliament are now fixed and occur in", "570d28bdb3d812140066d4a3": "Traditionally, Labor is", "570d28bdb3d812140066d4a4": "Traditionally, Labor is strongest in Melbourne's", "570d28bdb3d812140066d4a5": ".", "570d28bdb3d812140066d4a6": "elong.", "570d28bdb3d812140066d4a7": "Geelong.", "570d29c2b3d812140066d4bd": "About 61.1% of Victorians describe themselves as Christian.", "570d29c2b3d812140066d4be": "Catholics form the single largest religious group in the state", "570d29c2b3d812140066d4bf": "Buddhism is the state's largest non-Christian religion,", "570d29c2b3d812140066d4c0": "168,637 members as of the most recent census.", "570d29c2b3d812140066d4c1": "Around 20% of Victorians claim no religion.", "570d2af0fed7b91900d45c93": "Victoria (abbreviated as Vic) is a state in the south-east of Australia.", "570d2af0fed7b91900d45c94": "Victoria", "570d2af0fed7b91900d45c95": "Victoria is Australia's most densely populated state and its second-most populous stat", "570d2af0fed7b91900d45c96": "which is Australia's second-largest city.", "570d2af0fed7b91900d45c97": "Melbourne, which is Australia's second-largest city.", "570d2c20fed7b91900d45ca7": "Aboriginal peoples, collectively known as the Koori.", "570d2c20fed7b91900d45ca8": "Wi", "570d2c20fed7b91900d45ca9": "Mel", "570d2c20fed7b91900d45caa": "The first settlement in the area occurred in 1803 at Sullivan Bay,", "570d2c20fed7b91900d45cab": "The first settlement in the area occurred in 1803 at Sullivan Bay,", "570d2d68fed7b91900d45cbb": "Victorian farmland are sown for grain, mostly in the state's west.", "570d2d68fed7b91900d45cbc": "eat, 33% for barley and 7% for oats.", "570d2d68fed7b91900d45cbd": "More than 50% of this area is sown for wheat, 33% for barley and 7% for oats.", "570d2d68fed7b91900d45cbe": "Victorian farms produce nearly 90% of Australian pears and third of apples.", "570d2d68fed7b91900d45cbf": "Last year, 121,200 tonnes of pears and 270,000 tonnes of tomatoes were produced.", "570d2f5bfed7b91900d45ccf": "Victoria has a written constitution enacted in 1975", "570d2f5bfed7b91900d45cd0": "but based on the 1855 colonial constitution", "570d2f5bfed7b91900d45cd1": "The Victorian Constitution can be amended by the Parliament of Victoria,", "570d2f5bfed7b91900d45cd2": "provision.", "570d2f5bfed7b91900d45cd3": "coming under state responsibility.", "570d30fdfed7b91900d45ce3": "Victoria's warmest regions with hot winds blowing from nearby semi-deserts.", "570d30fdfed7b91900d45ce4": "32 \u00b0C (90 \u00b0F) during summer and 15 \u00b0C (59 \u00b0F) in winter.", "570d30fdfed7b91900d45ce5": "are Victoria's warmest regions with hot winds blowing from nearby semi-deserts.", "570d30fdfed7b91900d45ce6": ".", "570d30fdfed7b91900d45ce7": ".", "570d32e4fed7b91900d45d01": "Victorian schools are either publicly or privately funded.", "570d32e4fed7b91900d45d02": "the Victoria Department of Education .", "570d32e4fed7b91900d45d03": "Victorian schools are either publicly or privately funded.", "570d32e4fed7b91900d45d04": "Private schools also receive some public funding.", "570d32e4fed7b91900d45d05": "All schools must comply with government-set curriculum standards.", "570d3468b3d812140066d543": "Historically", "570d3468b3d812140066d544": "Victoria has been the base for the manufacturing plants of the major car brands Ford, Toyota and Holden", "570d3468b3d812140066d545": "Hol", "570d3468b3d812140066d546": "Ford, Toyota and Holden;", "570d3468b3d812140066d547": "Ford, Toyota and Holden;", "570d35b7b3d812140066d54d": "with Mount Bogong the highest peak at 1,986 m (6,516 ft).", "570d35b7b3d812140066d54e": "with Mount Bogong the highest peak at 1,986 m (6,516 ft).", "570d35b7b3d812140066d54f": "with Mount Bogong the highest peak at 1,986 m (6,516 ft).", "570d35b7b3d812140066d550": "There is an extensive series of river systems in Victoria.", "570d35b7b3d812140066d551": "The", "570d391fb3d812140066d575": "The Victorian Alps in the northeast are the coldest part of Victoria.", "570d391fb3d812140066d576": "the Great Dividing Range mountain system extending east-west through the centre of Victoria.", "570d391fb3d812140066d577": "mountain system extending east-west through the centre of Victoria.", "570d391fb3d812140066d578": "parts of the ranges.", "570d391fb3d812140066d579": "ges.", "570d4030fed7b91900d45d9f": "who operate over government-owned lines.", "570d4030fed7b91900d45da0": ".", "570d4030fed7b91900d45da1": "V/Line", "570d4030fed7b91900d45da2": "Pacific National, CFCL Australia which operate freight services;", "570d4030fed7b91900d45da3": "dney.", "570d418dfed7b91900d45dbd": "Victoria has 37 seats in the Australian House of Representatives", "570d418dfed7b91900d45dbe": "Victoria has 37 seats in the Australian House of Representatives and 12 seats in the Australian Senate", "570d418dfed7b91900d45dbf": "the Parliament of Victoria consists of the Legislative Assembly (the lower house)", "570d418dfed7b91900d45dc0": "(the upper house).", "570d418dfed7b91900d45dc1": "is the Governor of Victoria, currently Linda Dessau.", "570d4329fed7b91900d45dd7": "Victoria from New South Wales was established proclaiming a new Colony of Victoria.", "570d4329fed7b91900d45dd8": "gold was discovered near Ballarat, and subsequently at Bendigo.", "570d4329fed7b91900d45dd9": "All sorts of gold records", "570d4329fed7b91900d45dda": "In ten years the population of Victoria increased sevenfold from 76,000 to 540,000.", "570d4329fed7b91900d45ddb": "Victoria", "570d44abb3d812140066d5fd": "Victoria has about 63,519 full-time teachers.", "570d44abb3d812140066d5fe": "Over 61 per cent of private students attend Catholic schools.", "570d44abb3d812140066d5ff": "Just under 540,800 students were enrolled in public schools,", "570d44abb3d812140066d600": "Victoria has about 63,519 full-time teachers.", "570d44abb3d812140066d601": "Over 61 per cent of private students attend Catholic schools.", "570d4606b3d812140066d619": "Victoria is the centre of dairy farming in Australia.", "570d4606b3d812140066d61a": "Victoria is the centre of dairy farming in Australia.", "570d4606b3d812140066d61b": "Victoria is the centre of dairy farming in Australia.", "570d4606b3d812140066d61c": "Victoria is the centre of dairy farming in Australia.", "570d4606b3d812140066d61d": "Most abalone and rock lobster is exported to Asia.", "570d47b8b3d812140066d62d": "Victorian lines mainly use the 1,600 mm (5 ft 3 in) broad gauge.", "570d47b8b3d812140066d62e": "Victorian lines mainly use the 1,600 mm (5 ft 3 in) broad gauge.", "570d47b8b3d812140066d62f": ".", "570d47b8b3d812140066d630": ".", "570d47b8b3d812140066d631": ".", "570d4a6bfed7b91900d45e13": "After the founding of the colony of New South Wales", "570d4a6bfed7b91900d45e14": "After the founding of the colony of New South Wales in 1788", "570d4a6bfed7b91900d45e15": "New South Wales", "570d4a6bfed7b91900d45e16": "under the administration of the colonial government in Sydney.", "570d4c3bfed7b91900d45e31": ".", "570d4c3bfed7b91900d45e33": "In 1854 at Ballarat", "570d4c3bfed7b91900d45e32": "In 1854 at Ballarat", "570d4c3bfed7b91900d45e34": "franchise.", "570d4c3bfed7b91900d45e35": "responsible government with the passage of the Colony of Victoria Act 1855.", "570d4e6cb3d812140066d66d": ".", "570d4e6cb3d812140066d66e": "sets the legislative and political agenda.", "570d4e6cb3d812140066d66f": "with cabinet, sets the legislative and political agenda.", "570d4e6cb3d812140066d670": "The current Premier of Victoria is Daniel Andrews.", "570d4e6cb3d812140066d671": "cabinet, sets the legislative and political agenda.", "570d50a5fed7b91900d45e7d": "increased by 17% to $8.7 billion.", "570d50a5fed7b91900d45e7e": "Victorian agricultural production increased by 17% to $8.7 billion.", "570d50a5fed7b91900d45e7f": "from small horticultural outfits to large-scale livestock and grain productions.", "570d50a5fed7b91900d45e80": "A quarter of farmland is used to grow consumable crops.", "570d50a5fed7b91900d45e81": "A quarter of farmland is used to grow consumable crops.", "570d529fb3d812140066d6bb": "Major events also play a big part in tourism in Victoria,", "570d529fb3d812140066d6bc": "Most of these events are centred on Melbourne", "570d529fb3d812140066d6bd": "Most of these events are centred on Melbourne,", "570d529fb3d812140066d6be": "Most of these events are centred on Melbourne,", "570d529fb3d812140066d6bf": "Festival", "57105da9a58dae1900cd699e": "France, about one-eighth the number of French Catholics.", "57105da9a58dae1900cd699f": "the number of French Catholics", "57105da9a58dae1900cd69a0": "A series of religious conflicts followed, known as the Wars of Religion", "57105da9a58dae1900cd69a1": "A series of religious conflicts followed, known as the Wars of Religion,", "57105da9a58dae1900cd69a2": "the number of French Catholics.", "57106185b654c5140001f8db": "A term used originally in derision, Huguenot has unclear origins.", "57106185b654c5140001f8dd": "Geneva was John Calvin's adopted home and the centre of the Calvinist movement.", "57106185b654c5140001f8dc": "A term used originally in derision, Huguenot has unclear origins.", "57106185b654c5140001f8de": ": a foiled attempt to wrest power in France from the influential House of Guise.", "57106185b654c5140001f8df": "a foiled attempt to wrest power in France from the influential House of Guise.", "57106644b654c5140001f8e5": "church in France.", "57106644b654c5140001f8e6": "The availability of the Bible in vernacular languages", "57106644b654c5140001f8e7": "de Moulin.", "57106644b654c5140001f8e8": "his manuscript, by Jean de R\u00e9ly, was printed in Paris in 1487.", "57106644b654c5140001f8e9": ".", "57106d2fb654c5140001f8ef": "1598 granted to the Huguenots.", "57106d2fb654c5140001f8f0": "Montpellier was among the most important of the 66 \"villes de s\u00fbret\u00e9\"", "57106d2fb654c5140001f8f2": ". The city's political institutions and the university were all handed over to the Huguenots.", "57106d2fb654c5140001f8f1": "Tension with Paris led to a siege by the royal army in 1622.", "57106d2fb654c5140001f8f3": "The city's political institutions and the university were all handed over to the Huguenots.", "571077ecb654c5140001f909": ".", "571077ecb654c5140001f90a": "The couple left for the Far East ten years later.", "571077ecb654c5140001f90b": "The", "571077ecb654c5140001f90c": ".", "571077ecb654c5140001f90d": "The couple left for the Far East ten years later.", "57107932a58dae1900cd69ca": "tch colony of New Netherland (later incorporated into New York and New Jersey)", "57107932a58dae1900cd69cb": "(later incorporated into New York and New Jersey)", "57107932a58dae1900cd69cc": "tch colony of New Netherland (later incorporated into New York and New Jersey)", "57107932a58dae1900cd69cd": "known as Bushwick", "57107932a58dae1900cd69ce": "becoming the first Europeans to live in Brooklyn", "57107a3ea58dae1900cd69df": "Charleston, South Carolina.", "57107a3ea58dae1900cd69e1": "they purchased from the British Landgrave Edmund Bellinger.", "57107a3ea58dae1900cd69e2": "Elie Prioleau from the town of Pons in France, was among the first to settle there.", "57107a3ea58dae1900cd69e0": "After petitioning the British Crown in 1697 for the right to own land in the Baronies,", "57107a3ea58dae1900cd69de": "He became pastor of the first Huguenot church in North America in that city.", "57107c24a58dae1900cd69e8": "Louis XIV after the French attacked the Dutch Republic in 1672.", "57107c24a58dae1900cd69e9": "William formed the League of Augsburg as a coalition to oppose Louis and the French state.", "57107c24a58dae1900cd69ea": "Louis XIV after the French attacked the Dutch Republic in 1672.", "57107c24a58dae1900cd69eb": "y Huguenots considered the wealthy and Calvinist Dutch Republic", "57107c24a58dae1900cd69ec": ".", "57107d73b654c5140001f91d": "which abolished all legal recognition of Protestantism in France", "57107d73b654c5140001f91e": ".", "57107d73b654c5140001f91f": "Renewed religious warfare", "57107d73b654c5140001f920": "Huguenots had fled France by the early 18th century[citation needed].", "57107e6ca58dae1900cd69f2": "The Catholic Church in France and many of its members opposed the Huguenots.", "57107e6ca58dae1900cd69f3": "The height of this persecution was the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre wh", "57107e6ca58dae1900cd69f4": ".", "57107e6ca58dae1900cd69f5": "Retaliating against the French Catholics, the Huguenots had their own militia.", "57107e6ca58dae1900cd69f6": "The height of this persecution was the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre wh", "57108073b654c5140001f927": "The rebellions were implacably suppressed by the French Crown.", "57108073b654c5140001f926": "The uprising occurred a decade", "57108073b654c5140001f928": "and 1629. revolted against royal authority.", "57108073b654c5140001f929": "The", "57108073b654c5140001f925": "A series of three small civil wars known as the Huguenot rebellions", "57108198b654c5140001f937": "Huguenots to this day.", "57108198b654c5140001f938": "Huguenots to this day.", "57108198b654c5140001f939": "some 2% of its population.", "57108198b654c5140001f93a": "who still regard themselves as Huguenots to this day.", "57108198b654c5140001f93b": "who still regard themselves as Huguenots to this day.", "57108c95b654c5140001f979": ".", "57108c95b654c5140001f97a": ".", "57108c95b654c5140001f97b": "named.", "57108c95b654c5140001f97c": "New Paltz.", "57108c95b654c5140001f97d": "for which the current neighborhood of Huguenot was named.", "57108d69b654c5140001f983": "an estimated total of 75,000 to 100,000 people.", "57108d69b654c5140001f984": "the Dutch Republic received the largest group of Huguenot refugees", "57108d69b654c5140001f985": "was a huge influx as the entire population of the Dutch Republic amounted to ca.", "57108d69b654c5140001f986": "In 1705, Amsterdam and the area of West Frisia we", "57108d69b654c5140001f987": "an estimated total of 75,000 to 100,000 people.", "57108ee6a58dae1900cd6a1a": "the gate of King Hugo,", "57108ee6a58dae1900cd6a1b": "Huguon, the gate of King Hugo", "57108ee6a58dae1900cd6a1c": "King Hugo", "57108ee6a58dae1900cd6a1d": "being in Purgatory came back to harm the living at night.", "57108ee6a58dae1900cd6a1e": ".", "571090abb654c5140001f995": ".", "571090abb654c5140001f996": "was the site of a weaving school from the late 16th century to about 1830.", "571090abb654c5140001f997": "Ot", "571090abb654c5140001f998": ".", "571090abb654c5140001f999": "was the site of a weaving school from the late 16th century to about 1830.", "57109180a58dae1900cd6a41": "Ireland", "57109180a58dae1900cd6a40": "Dublin, Cork, Youghal and Waterford in the 17th and 18th centuries.", "57109180a58dae1900cd6a42": "D'Olier Street in Dublin,", "57109180a58dae1900cd6a43": "named after a High Sheriff and one of the founders of the Bank of Ireland.", "57109180a58dae1900cd6a44": "was built to serve the significant new Huguenot community in the town.", "57109275b654c5140001f99f": "The exodus of Huguenots", "57109275b654c5140001f9a0": "The French crown's refusal to allow non-Catholics to settle in New France may", "57109275b654c5140001f9a1": "The French crown's refusal to allow non-Catholics to settle in New France", "57109275b654c5140001f9a2": "1759-60.", "57109275b654c5140001f9a3": "the British defeat of New France in 1759-60.", "571093aba58dae1900cd6a5c": "when Henry of Navarre, having succeeded to the French throne as Henry IV,", "571093aba58dae1900cd6a5d": "issued the Edict of Nantes.", "571093aba58dae1900cd6a5e": "issued the Edict of Nantes.", "571093aba58dae1900cd6a5f": ".", "571093aba58dae1900cd6a60": "issued the Edict of Nantes.", "571094b7a58dae1900cd6a66": ".", "571094b7a58dae1900cd6a67": "Those Huguenots wh", "571094b7a58dae1900cd6a68": "Four thousand emigrated to the North American colonies,", "571094b7a58dae1900cd6a69": "Huguenots who stayed in France became Catholics and were called \"new converts\".", "571094b7a58dae1900cd6a6a": ".", "571095a8a58dae1900cd6a76": "The first Huguenots", "571095a8a58dae1900cd6a77": "zil in 1555 to found France Antarctique.", "571095a8a58dae1900cd6a78": "It was an attempt to establish a French colony in South America.", "571095a8a58dae1900cd6a79": "A fort, named Fort Coligny", "571095a8a58dae1900cd6a7a": "The", "5710968aa58dae1900cd6a86": "Many of the farms in the Western Cape province in South Africa still bear French names.", "5710968aa58dae1900cd6a87": "The wine industry in South Africa o", "5710968aa58dae1900cd6a88": "The wine industry in South Africa o", "5710968aa58dae1900cd6a89": "The wine industry in South Africa o", "571097baa58dae1900cd6a98": ".", "571097baa58dae1900cd6a99": "Paul Revere was descended from Huguenot refugees,", "571097baa58dae1900cd6a9a": "The last active Huguenot congregation in North America", "571097baa58dae1900cd6a9b": "The Huguenot Society of America maintains Manakin Episcopal Church", "571097baa58dae1900cd6a9c": "The Society has chapters in numerous states, with the one in Texas being the largest.", "571098f8a58dae1900cd6ab2": "Some Huguenots settled in Bedfordshire,", "571098f8a58dae1900cd6ab3": "The", "571098f8a58dae1900cd6ab4": "there being Huguenot lacemakers in Bedfordshire.", "571098f8a58dae1900cd6ab5": "Mechlin lace did not develop un", "571099b2b654c5140001f9b3": "Dorotheenstadt and Friedrichstadt.", "571099b2b654c5140001f9b4": "By 1700, one-fifth of the city's population was French speaking.", "571099b2b654c5140001f9b5": "The Berlin Huguenots pres", "571099b2b654c5140001f9b6": "Many of their descendents rose to positions of prominence.", "571099b2b654c5140001f9b7": "Several congregations were founded, su", "5710e8c8a58dae1900cd6b26": "country.", "5710e8c8a58dae1900cd6b27": "France: the rugged C\u00e9vennes region in the south.", "5710e8c8a58dae1900cd6b28": "In the early 18th century, a regional group known as the Camisards wh", "5710e8c8a58dae1900cd6b29": "against the Catholic Church in the region, burning churches and killing clergy.", "5710e8c8a58dae1900cd6b2a": "1702 and 1709.", "5710e9f8a58dae1900cd6b30": "Jacksonville, Florida", "5710e9f8a58dae1900cd6b31": "Fort Caroline on the banks of the St. Johns River in what is today Jacksonville, Florida.", "5710e9f8a58dae1900cd6b32": "in what is today Jacksonville, Florida.", "5710e9f8a58dae1900cd6b33": "Fort Caroline on the banks of the St. Johns River in what is today Jacksonville, Florida.", "5710e9f8a58dae1900cd6b34": "Fort Caroline on the banks of the St. Johns River in what is today Jacksonville, Florida.", "5710eb6fb654c5140001fa17": "and founded the outpost of Charlesfort on Parris Island, South Carolina.", "5710eb6fb654c5140001fa18": "Carolina.", "5710eb6fb654c5140001fa19": "who established the settlement of St. Augustine near Fort Caroline. Men", "5710eb6fb654c5140001fa1a": "fort on Parris Island, South Carolina.", "5710eb6fb654c5140001fa1b": "Charlesfort on Parris Island, South Carolina.", "5710eca0a58dae1900cd6b3a": "ere the English Crown had promised them land grants in Lower Norfolk County.", "5710eca0a58dae1900cd6b3b": "ere the English Crown had promised them land grants in Lower Norfolk County", "5710eca0a58dae1900cd6b3c": "When", "5710eca0a58dae1900cd6b3d": ".", "5710eca0a58dae1900cd6b3e": "where the English Crown had promised them land grants in Lower Norfolk County.", "5710ed7bb654c5140001fa2b": "the Dutch Revolt (1568\u20131609).", "5710ed7bb654c5140001fa2c": "(1568\u20131609).", "5710ed7bb654c5140001fa2d": "condemning the Spanish Inquisition,", "5710ed7bb654c5140001fa2e": "Early ties were already visible in the \"Apologie\" of William the Silent,", "5710ed7bb654c5140001fa2f": "The Dutch Republic rapidly became a destination for Huguenot exiles.", "5710f114a58dae1900cd6b60": "Both before and", "5710f114a58dae1900cd6b61": "one of the largest waves of immigration ever of a single ethnic community to Britain.", "5710f114a58dae1900cd6b62": "with many moving on to Ireland and elsewhere.", "5710f114a58dae1900cd6b63": "who led the exiled community in London,", "5710f114a58dae1900cd6b64": "Andrew", "5710f2e2a58dae1900cd6b72": "Huguenot regiments fought for William of Orange in the Williamite war in Ireland", "5710f2e2a58dae1900cd6b73": "Huguenot regiments fought for William of Orange in the Williamite war in Ireland", "5710f2e2a58dae1900cd6b74": "Huguenot regiments fought for William of Orange in the Williamite war in Ireland", "5710f2e2a58dae1900cd6b75": ".", "5710f2e2a58dae1900cd6b76": "Huguenot regiments fought for William of Orange in the Williamite war in Ireland", "5710f4b8b654c5140001fa45": "Saarland in 1604.", "5710f4b8b654c5140001fa46": "1604.", "5710f4b8b654c5140001fa47": ".", "5710f4b8b654c5140001fa48": "Some members of this community emigrated to the United States in the 1890s.", "5710f4b8b654c5140001fa49": "Saarland in 1604.", "5711119cb654c5140001fae3": "nd.", "5711119cb654c5140001fae4": "The bulk of Huguenot \u00e9migr\u00e9s relocated to Protestant European nations such as England", "5711119cb654c5140001fae6": ".", "5711119cb654c5140001fae5": ".", "5711119cb654c5140001fae7": "freely.", "571112ada58dae1900cd6bcc": "equivalent to little Hugos, or those who want Hugo.", "571112ada58dae1900cd6bcd": ".", "571112ada58dae1900cd6bce": "it must have originated in the French language.", "571112ada58dae1900cd6bcf": "equivalent to little Hugos, or those who want Hugo.", "571112ada58dae1900cd6bd0": "it must have originated in the French language.", "57111380a58dae1900cd6bd6": "Jacques Lefevre (c. 1455\u20131536).", "57111380a58dae1900cd6bd7": "be controlled by the Bishop of Rome, a foreign power.", "57111380a58dae1900cd6bd8": "them.", "57111380a58dae1900cd6bd9": "William Farel was a student of Lefevre wh", "57111380a58dae1900cd6bda": "During the Protestant Reformation, Lefevre, a professor at the University of Paris,", "57111428b654c5140001faff": "Catholics killed thousands of Huguenots in Paris.", "57111428b654c5140001fb00": "Catholics killed thousands of Huguenots in Paris.", "57111428b654c5140001fb01": "Catholics killed thousands of Huguenots in Paris.", "57111428b654c5140001fb02": "An amnesty granted in 1573 pardoned the perpetrators.", "57111429b654c5140001fb03": "By 17 September, almost 25,000 Protestants had been massacred in Paris alone.", "571114cfb654c5140001fb09": "Louis XIV gained the throne in 1643", "571114cfb654c5140001fb0a": "the Huguenots to convert.", "571114cfb654c5140001fb0b": "the Huguenots to convert.", "571114cfb654c5140001fb0c": "convert.", "571114cfb654c5140001fb0d": "Es", "5711163bb654c5140001fb13": "New Rochelle", "5711163bb654c5140001fb14": "d to be the great location of the Huguenots in New York.", "5711163bb654c5140001fb15": "They purchased from John Pell,", "5711163bb654c5140001fb16": "It was named New Rochelle after La Rochelle,", "5711163bb654c5140001fb17": "The", "57111713a58dae1900cd6c00": "st", "57111713a58dae1900cd6c01": "st", "57111713a58dae1900cd6c02": "st", "57111713a58dae1900cd6c03": "st", "57111713a58dae1900cd6c04": "ample, E.I. du Pont", "571117d4a58dae1900cd6c0a": "One of the most prominent Huguenot refugees in the Netherlands was Pierre Bayle.", "571117d4a58dae1900cd6c0b": ".", "571117d4a58dae1900cd6c0c": "It became one of the 100 foundational texts of the US Library of Congress.", "571117d4a58dae1900cd6c0d": "It became one of the 100 foundational texts of the US Library of Congress.", "571117d4a58dae1900cd6c0e": "patron Saint Nicolas, similar to the Dutch Sint Nicolaas (Sinterklaas) feast.", "57111992b654c5140001fb43": "The French Protestant Church of London was established by Royal Charter in 1550.", "57111992b654c5140001fb44": ".", "57111992b654c5140001fb45": "It is now located at Soho Square.", "57111992b654c5140001fb46": "Huguenot refugees flocked to Shoreditch, London.", "57111992b654c5140001fb47": "then known as the Black Eagle Brewery, was founded in 1724.", "57111ab8a58dae1900cd6c3c": "xony.", "57111ab8a58dae1900cd6c3d": "Th", "57111ab8a58dae1900cd6c3e": "ere they were granted special privileges (Edict of Potsdam) and churches in which", "57111ab8a58dae1900cd6c3f": "William, Elector of Brandenburg and Duke of Prussia.", "57111ab8a58dae1900cd6c40": "Wylich).", "57111b95a58dae1900cd6c50": ".", "57111b95a58dae1900cd6c51": "a number of their descendants rose to positions of prominence in Prussia.", "57111b95a58dae1900cd6c52": ".", "57111b95a58dae1900cd6c53": ".", "57111b95a58dae1900cd6c54": "Thomas de Maizi\u00e8re.", "57112686b654c5140001fbd3": "Non-combustion heat sources su", "57112686b654c5140001fbd4": ".", "57112686b654c5140001fbd5": "boiler operating at a high pressure.", "57112686b654c5140001fbd6": "In the cycle, water is heated and transforms into steam with", "57112686b654c5140001fbd7": "The reduced-pressure steam is then condensed and pumped back into the boiler.", "571126dfa58dae1900cd6cb2": "was the atmospheric engine, invented by Thomas Newcomen around 1712.", "571126dfa58dae1900cd6cb3": "was the atmospheric engine, invented by Thomas Newcomen around 1712.", "571126dfa58dae1900cd6cb4": "was the atmospheric engine, invented by Thomas Newcomen around 1712.", "571126dfa58dae1900cd6cb5": "invented by Thomas Newcomen around 1712.", "571126dfa58dae1900cd6cb6": "steam under a piston within a cylinder.", "571127a5a58dae1900cd6cc4": "The", "571127a5a58dae1900cd6cc5": "Tr", "571127a5a58dae1900cd6cc6": "the", "571127a5a58dae1900cd6cc7": "Merthyr Tydfil to Abercynon in south Wales", "571127a5a58dae1900cd6cc8": "near Merthyr Tydfil to Abercynon in south Wales.", "571135b8a58dae1900cd6d0e": "The Rankine", "571135b8a58dae1900cd6d0f": "Utility and industrial boilers commonly use multi-stage centrifugal pumps;", "571135b8a58dae1900cd6d10": ".", "571135b8a58dae1900cd6d11": ".", "571135b8a58dae1900cd6d12": "which uses a steam jet usually supplied from the boiler.", "57113639a58dae1900cd6d18": "The result is the multiple expansion engine.", "57113639a58dae1900cd6d19": "are known as triple and quadruple expansion engines respectively.", "57113639a58dae1900cd6d1a": ".", "57113639a58dae1900cd6d1b": ".", "57113639a58dae1900cd6d1c": "This made the 4-cylinder triple-expansion engine pop", "571136b8a58dae1900cd6d22": "mo", "571136b8a58dae1900cd6d23": "Stephenson, Joy and Walschaerts motions.", "571136b8a58dae1900cd6d24": "overlap the port on the admission side,", "57113ba6b654c5140001fc1f": "Lead fusible plugs may be present in the crown of the boiler's firebox.", "57113ba6b654c5140001fc20": "I", "57113ba6b654c5140001fc21": "the lead melts and", "57113ba6b654c5140001fc22": "warning the operators, who may then manually suppress the fire.", "57113ba6b654c5140001fc23": "the steam escape has little effect on dampening the fire.", "57113be3a58dae1900cd6d28": "James Watt patented a steam engine that produced continuous rotary motion.", "57113be3a58dae1900cd6d29": "In 1781 James Watt patented a steam engine that produced continuous rotary motion.", "57113be3a58dae1900cd6d2a": "Watt's ten-horsepower engines en", "57113be3a58dae1900cd6d2b": "By 1883, engines that could provide 10,000 hp had become feasible.", "57113be3a58dae1900cd6d2c": "The stationary steam engine was a key component of the Industrial Revolution,", "57113c6da58dae1900cd6d32": "The history of the steam engine stretches back as far as the first century AD;", "57113c6da58dae1900cd6d33": "the aeolipile described by Greek mathematician Hero of Alexandria", "57113c6da58dae1900cd6d34": "Hero of Alexandria.", "57113c6da58dae1900cd6d35": "in 1629.", "57113c6da58dae1900cd6d36": "Jer\u00f3nimo de Ayanz y Beaumont received patents in 1606 for", "57113f83b654c5140001fc29": "Near the end of the 19th century compound engines came into widespread use.", "57113f83b654c5140001fc2a": "These stages were called expansions, with double and triple expansion engines be", "57113f83b654c5140001fc2b": "These stages were called expansions, with double and triple expansion engines be", "57113f83b654c5140001fc2d": "e.", "57113f83b654c5140001fc2c": "These stages were called expansions, with double and triple expansion engines be", "571142b3a58dae1900cd6d5a": ".", "571142b3a58dae1900cd6d5b": "in the late part of the 19th century.", "571142b3a58dae1900cd6d5c": "Steam turbines are generally more efficient than reciprocating piston type steam engines", "571142b3a58dae1900cd6d5d": "In the United States 90", "571142b3a58dae1900cd6d5e": "Today most electric power is provided by steam turbines.", "571144d1a58dae1900cd6d6e": "The heat", "571144d1a58dae1900cd6d6f": "firebox).", "571144d1a58dae1900cd6d70": "waste heat from an internal combustion engine or industrial process.", "571144d1a58dae1900cd6d71": "the heat source can be an electric heating element.", "57114667a58dae1900cd6d80": "the performance of steam engines is the steam engine indicator.", "57114667a58dae1900cd6d81": "the steam engine indicator.", "57114667a58dae1900cd6d82": "the steam engine indicator.", "57114667a58dae1900cd6d83": "Charles Porter by Charles Richard and exhibited at London Exhibition in 1862.", "57114667a58dae1900cd6d84": ".", "5711475ca58dae1900cd6d8a": "the pistons are connected to the cranks as with a two-cylinder simple at", "5711475ca58dae1900cd6d8b": "Wh", "5711475ca58dae1900cd6d8c": "at 90\u00b0 out of phase with each other (quartered).", "5711488ab654c5140001fc3d": ".", "5711488ab654c5140001fc3e": "The complete engine cycle occupies", "5711488ab654c5140001fc3f": "many types.", "5711488ab654c5140001fc40": "The complete engine cyc", "5711488ab654c5140001fc41": "also comprises four events \u2013 admission, expansion, exhaust, compression.", "57114aceb654c5140001fc47": "The Quasiturbine", "57114aceb654c5140001fc48": "The Quasiturbine", "57114aceb654c5140001fc49": "The aim of the uniflow is", "57114b1a2419e31400955575": "ich does not require valves to direct steam into and out of the cylinder.", "57114b1a2419e31400955576": "or in the pivot mounting (trunnion).", "57114b1a2419e31400955577": "These engines are mainly used in toys and", "57114b1a2419e31400955578": "full size working engines, mainly on ships where their compactness is valued.", "57114dfb50c2381900b54a53": "The working fluid in a Rankine cycle can operate as a closed loop system,", "57114dfb50c2381900b54a54": "where the exhaust steam is directly released to the atmosphere,", "57114dfb50c2381900b54a55": "Mercury is the working fluid in the mercury vapor turbine.", "57114dfb50c2381900b54a56": ".", "57114e8d50c2381900b54a5b": "The efficiency of a Rankine cycle is usually limited by the working fluid.", "57114e8d50c2381900b54a5c": ".", "57114e8d50c2381900b54a5d": "(the creep limit of stainless steel) and condenser temperatures are around 30 \u00b0C.", "57114e8d50c2381900b54a5f": ".", "57114e8d50c2381900b54a5e": "Th", "57114f0050c2381900b54a65": "Steam engines can be said to have been the moving for", "57114f0050c2381900b54a66": "railway locomotives, ships, steamboats and road vehicles.", "57114f0050c2381900b54a67": "Stanley Steamer.", "57114f0050c2381900b54a68": ".", "57114f0050c2381900b54a69": "Their use in agriculture led to an increase in the land available for cultivation.", "571153422419e3140095557d": "in 1808.", "571153422419e3140095557e": "Salamanca", "571153422419e3140095557f": "the successful twin-cylinder locomotive Salamanca", "571153422419e31400955580": "was used by the edge railed rack and pinion Middleton Railway.", "571153422419e31400955581": "In 1825 George Stephenson built the Locomotion for the Stockton and Darlington Railway.", "5711541350c2381900b54a6f": "who patented his Woolf high-pressure compound engine in 1805.", "5711541350c2381900b54a70": "who patented his Woolf high-pressure compound engine in 1805.", "5711541350c2381900b54a71": "By staging the expansion in multiple cylinders, torque variability can be reduced.", "5711541350c2381900b54a72": "To derive equal work from lower-pressure steam re", "571154c72419e31400955587": "about 90% of the world's electric production was by use of steam turbines)", "571154c72419e31400955588": "reciprocating steam engines.", "571154c72419e31400955589": "have almost entirely supplanted steam propulsion for marine applications.", "571154c72419e3140095558a": "reciprocating steam engines.", "571154c72419e3140095558b": "In", "571155ae2419e31400955591": "The Rankine cycle", "571155ae2419e31400955592": "the waste heat being removed in a condenser.", "571155ae2419e31400955593": "It is named after William John Macquorn Rankine, a Scottish polymath.", "571155ae2419e31400955594": "It is named after William John Macquorn Rankine, a Scottish polymath.", "571155ae2419e31400955595": "It is named after William John Macquorn Rankine, a Scottish polymath.", "571156152419e3140095559b": "was its \"duty\".", "571156152419e3140095559f": "Watt engines equipped with high-pressure steam improved this to 65 million.", "571156152419e3140095559e": "his engines were over the earlier Newcomen designs.", "571156152419e3140095559d": "burning one bushel (94 pounds) of coal.", "571156152419e3140095559c": ".", "57115ac550c2381900b54a77": "and the ascendancy of steam turbines in power generation.", "57115ac550c2381900b54a78": "the dominant source of power until the early 20th century", "57115ac550c2381900b54a79": "Con", "57115ac550c2381900b54a7a": "Reciprocating", "57115b2850c2381900b54a7f": "was a water pump, developed in 1698 by Thomas Savery.", "57115b2850c2381900b54a80": "was a water pump, developed in 1698 by Thomas Savery.", "57115b2850c2381900b54a81": "was a water pump, developed in 1698 by Thomas Savery.", "57115b2850c2381900b54a82": "It", "57115b2850c2381900b54a83": "published in 1751.", "57115b8b50c2381900b54a89": "Around 1800", "57115b8b50c2381900b54a8a": "Trevithick obtained his high-pressure engine patent in 1802.", "57115b8b50c2381900b54a8b": "patent in 1802.", "57115b8b50c2381900b54a8c": "maller, faster, or more powerful, depending on the intended application.", "57115b8b50c2381900b54a8d": "the steam engine as a power source", "57115bf350c2381900b54a93": "The company Energiprojekt AB in Sweden has", "57115bf350c2381900b54a94": "The company Energiprojekt AB in Sweden has", "57115bf350c2381900b54a95": "It", "57115bf350c2381900b54a96": "4 kg (8.8 lb) of steam per kWh.", "57115bf350c2381900b54a97": "some 27-30% on high-pressure engines.", "57115c7450c2381900b54a9d": ".", "57115c7450c2381900b54a9e": "A dry type cooli", "57115c7450c2381900b54a9f": "costly.", "57115c7450c2381900b54aa0": "Evaporative cooling towers need less water flow than \"", "57115c7450c2381900b54aa1": "about 3600 cubic metres of make-up water every hour for evaporative cooling, but", "57115dbe2419e314009555a5": "The centrifugal governor was adopted by James Watt for use on a steam engine in 1788 af", "57115dbe2419e314009555a6": "Watt\u2019s partner Boulton saw one at a flour mill Boulton & Watt were building.", "57115dbe2419e314009555a7": "The centrifugal governor was adopted by James Watt", "57115dbe2419e314009555a8": "The governor was", "57115dbe2419e314009555a9": ".", "57115e532419e314009555af": "after 1880;", "57115e532419e314009555b0": "it was popular in many other countries.", "57115e532419e314009555b1": "where it was often perceived as complicated.", "57115e532419e314009555b2": "Britain, where compounding was never common and not employed after 1930).", "57115e532419e314009555b3": "for road engines and almost universal for marine engines after 1880;", "57115f0a50c2381900b54aa7": "\"shortening the cutoff\" or rather, shortening the admission event;", "57115f0a50c2381900b54aa8": "back\").", "57115f0a50c2381900b54aa9": "choking it and giving excessive compression (\"kick back\").", "57115f0a50c2381900b54aaa": "length during the engine cycle and often make the engine rotate in only one direction.", "57115f652419e314009555b9": "the first patent for a steam engine in 1606.", "57115f652419e314009555ba": "Jer\u00f3nimo de Ayanz y Beaumont obtained the first patent for a steam engine in 1606", "57115f652419e314009555bb": "the first patent for a steam engine in 1606.", "57115f652419e314009555bc": "In 1698 Thomas", "57115f652419e314009555bd": "Thomas", "57115ff82419e314009555c3": "The rotors have a propeller-like arrangement of blades at the outer edge.", "57115ff82419e314009555c4": "turbine rotor is also only capable of providing power when rotating in one direction. Ther", "57115ff82419e314009555c5": "a series of stators (static discs) fixed to the turbine casing.", "57115ff82419e314009555c6": ".", "57115ff82419e314009555c7": "Typical speeds are 3600 revolutions per minute (RPM) in the USA with", "5711607f2419e314009555cd": "The weight of boilers and condensers generally makes the", "5711607f2419e314009555ce": "largely superseded by internal combustion engines or electric motors.", "5711607f2419e314009555cf": "However, most electric power is generated using steam turbine plant,", "5711607f2419e314009555d0": ".", "5711607f2419e314009555d1": "This is becoming known as the Advanced Steam movement.", "571161092419e314009555d7": "It is possible to use a mechanism based on a pistonless rotary engine such", "571161092419e314009555d8": "It is possible to use a mechanism based on a pistonless rotary engine such", "571161092419e314009555d9": "the rotors to make them steam-tight in the face of wear and thermal expansion;", "5711619950c2381900b54aaf": "with a separate condenser.", "5711619950c2381900b54ab0": "James Watt developed (1763\u20131775)", "5711619950c2381900b54ab1": "John Smeaton's improved version of Newcomen's.", "5711619950c2381900b54ab2": "Newcomen's engine, with a separate condenser.", "5711619950c2381900b54ab3": "They were powered by air pressure pushing a piston in", "5711623e50c2381900b54ab9": "Ste", "5711623e50c2381900b54aba": ".", "5711623e50c2381900b54abb": "The more recent type of safety valve uses an adjustable spring-loaded valve,", "5711623e50c2381900b54abc": "such that operators may not tamper with its adjustment unless a seal illegally is broken.", "5711623e50c2381900b54abd": "engine.", "5711628a2419e314009555dd": "The acme of the horizontal engine was the Corliss steam engine, patented in 1849,", "5711628a2419e314009555de": "The acme of the horizontal engine was the Corliss steam engine, patented in 1849", "5711628a2419e314009555e1": "Watt's time has so enhanced the efficiency of the steam engine\".", "5711628a2419e314009555df": ".", "5711628a2419e314009555e0": "When Corliss was given the Rumford medal the committee said that", "571163172419e314009555e7": "The steam engine contributed much to the development of thermodynamic theory;", "571163172419e314009555e8": "The experimental measurements made by Watt on a model steam engine led", "571163172419e314009555e9": "The experimental measurements made by Watt on a model steam engine led", "571163172419e314009555ea": "Watt independently discovered latent heat,", "571163172419e314009555eb": "Watt was also aware of the change in the boiling point of water with pressure.", "5711648850c2381900b54ac3": "One of the principal advantages the Rankine cycle holds over others is", "5711648850c2381900b54ac4": "during the compression stage relatively little work is required to drive the pump", "5711648850c2381900b54ac5": "By condensing the fluid", "5711648850c2381900b54ac6": "Gas turbines, for instance, have turbine entry temperatures approaching 1500 \u00b0C.", "5711651050c2381900b54acb": "the draft for fireboxes.", "5711651050c2381900b54acc": "Other components are", "5711651050c2381900b54acd": "the draft for fireboxes.", "5711651050c2381900b54ace": "or motor may be included to move the fuel from a supply bin (bunker) to the firebox.", "5711651050c2381900b54acf": "Wh", "5711658e50c2381900b54ad5": "Land-based steam engines could exhaust much of their steam", "5711658e50c2381900b54ad6": ".", "5711658e50c2381900b54ad7": "It was however superseded by the British invention steam turbine wh", "5711658e50c2381900b54ad8": "warships, such as the dreadnought battleships, and ocean liners.", "5711658e50c2381900b54ad9": "HMS Dreadnought of 1905 was", "571166352419e314009555f1": "Virtually all nuclear power plants generate electricity by heating w", "571166352419e314009555f2": "steam that drives a turbine connected to an electrical generator.", "571166352419e314009555f3": "steam that drives a turbine connected to an electrical generator.", "571166352419e314009555f4": "the steam drives a turbo generator set with propulsion provided by electric motors.", "571166352419e314009555f5": "Som", "5711669550c2381900b54adf": "The Rankine cycle is sometimes referred to as a practical Carnot cycle", "5711669550c2381900b54ae0": "The Rankine cycle is sometimes referred to as a practical Carnot cycle", "5711669550c2381900b54ae1": "isobaric (constant pressure) processes in", "5711669550c2381900b54ae2": "the working fluid which is received from the condenser as a liquid not as a gas.", "5711669550c2381900b54ae3": "the working fluid which is received from the condenser as a liquid not as a gas.", "571a484210f8ca1400304fbd": "It is a member of the chalcogen group on the periodic table and", "571a484210f8ca1400304fbe": "is the third-most abundant element in the universe, after hydrogen and helium.", "571a484210f8ca1400304fc0": "At standard temperature and pressure, two atoms of the element bind to form dioxygen,", "571a484210f8ca1400304fc1": "Oxygen is the most abundant element by mass in the Earth's crust", "571a484210f8ca1400304fbf": "2. Diatomic oxygen gas constitutes 20.8% of the Earth's atmosphere.", "571bb2269499d21900609ca9": "By mass, oxygen is", "571bb2269499d21900609caa": "making up almost half of the crust's mass.", "571bb2269499d21900609cab": "xygen is the third-most abundant element in the universe, after hydrogen and helium.", "571bb2269499d21900609cad": "Oxygen is a chemical element with symbol O and atomic number 8.", "571bb2269499d21900609cac": "By mass, oxygen is the third-most abundant element in the universe,", "571c3a685efbb31900334db2": "xygen is the third-most abundant element in the universe, after hydrogen and helium.", "571c3a685efbb31900334db3": "It is a member of the chalcogen group on the periodic table and", "571c3a685efbb31900334db4": "that readily forms compounds (notably oxides) with most elements.", "571c3a685efbb31900334db5": "Oxygen is", "571c3a685efbb31900334db6": "oxides) with most elements.", "571a49de4faf5e1900b8a94a": "Oxygen is used in cellular respiration and released by photosynthesis,", "571a49de4faf5e1900b8a94b": "energy of sunlight to produce oxygen from water.", "571a49de4faf5e1900b8a94c": "helps protect the biosphere from ultraviolet radiation, but", "571c3c47dd7acb1400e4c09c": "It is too chemically reactive to remain a free element in", "571c3c47dd7acb1400e4c09d": "oxygen as it is a part of water, the major constituent of lifeforms.", "571c3c47dd7acb1400e4c09e": "from water.", "571c3c47dd7acb1400e4c09f": "the photosynthetic action of living organisms.", "571c3c47dd7acb1400e4c0a0": "At even higher low earth orbit altitudes, sufficient atomic oxygen is", "571a4b0f10f8ca1400304fd5": "In the late 17th century, Robert Boyle proved that air is necessary for combustion.", "571a4b0f10f8ca1400304fd6": "that he called spiritus nitroaereus or just nitroaereus.", "571a4b0f10f8ca1400304fd7": "From this he surmised that nitroaereus is consumed in both respiration and combustion.", "571a4b0f10f8ca1400304fd8": ".", "571c3e8cdd7acb1400e4c0a6": "In the late 17th century, Robert Boyle proved that air is necessary for combustion.", "571c3e8cdd7acb1400e4c0a7": "part of air that he called spiritus nitroaereus or just nitroaereus.", "571c3e8cdd7acb1400e4c0a8": "In the late 17th century, Robert Boyle proved that air is necessary for combustion.", "571c3e8cdd7acb1400e4c0a9": "From this he surmised that nitroaereus is consumed in both respiration and combustion.", "571c3e8cdd7acb1400e4c0aa": "only a part of air that he called spiritus nitroaereus or just nitroaereus.", "571a4d1a4faf5e1900b8a958": "Priestley published his findings in 1775 in a paper titled \"", "571a4d1a4faf5e1900b8a959": "which liberated a gas he named \"dephlogisticated air\".", "571a4d1a4faf5e1900b8a95b": ".", "571a4d1a4faf5e1900b8a95a": "an experiment conducted by the British clergyman Joseph Priestley f", "571c4132dd7acb1400e4c0b0": "which liberated a gas he named \"dephlogisticated air\".", "571c4132dd7acb1400e4c0b1": "which liberated a gas he named \"dephlogisticated air\".", "571c4132dd7acb1400e4c0b2": "Priestley published his findings in 1775 in", "571c4132dd7acb1400e4c0b3": "Priestley is usually given priority in the discovery.", "571c4132dd7acb1400e4c0b4": "it.", "571a4ead10f8ca1400304fdd": "Philo of Byzantium.", "571a4ead10f8ca1400304fde": "BCE Greek writer on mechanics, Philo of Byzantium.", "571a4ead10f8ca1400304fdf": ".", "571a4ead10f8ca1400304fe0": "Philo incorrectly surmised that parts of the air in the vessel we", "571c7abfdd7acb1400e4c0ba": "One of", "571c7abfdd7acb1400e4c0bb": "Philo incorrectly surmised that parts of the air in the vessel we", "571c7abfdd7acb1400e4c0bc": "neck.", "571c7abfdd7acb1400e4c0bd": "glass.", "571c7abfdd7acb1400e4c0be": "glass.", "571a50df4faf5e1900b8a960": "is needed to trigger combustion.", "571a50df4faf5e1900b8a961": "combustion.", "571a50df4faf5e1900b8a962": "Combustion hazards al", "571a50df4faf5e1900b8a963": "fire.", "571cebc05efbb31900334e49": "an ignition event, such as heat or a spark, is needed to trigger combustion.", "571cebc05efbb31900334e4a": "because they can donate oxygen to a fire.", "571cebc05efbb31900334e48": "they can donate oxygen to a fire.", "571cebc05efbb31900334e4b": "Highly concentrated sources of oxygen promote rapid combustion.", "571cebc05efbb31900334e4c": "because they can donate oxygen to a fire.", "571a52cb4faf5e1900b8a968": ".", "571a52cb4faf5e1900b8a969": "Concentrated O\n2 will allow combustion to proceed rapidly and energetically.", "571a52cb4faf5e1900b8a96a": "normal pressure that would be used in a mission.", "571a52cb4faf5e1900b8a96b": "O", "571ce9bddd7acb1400e4c1a0": "Concentrated O\n2 will allow combustion to proceed rapidly and energetically.", "571ce9bddd7acb1400e4c1a1": "Concentrated O\n2 will allow combustion to proceed rapidly and energetically.", "571ce9bddd7acb1400e4c1a2": ".", "571ce9bddd7acb1400e4c1a4": "The fire that killed the Apollo 1 crew in a launch pad test spread so rapidly bec", "571a53d410f8ca1400304fe6": "s).", "571a53d410f8ca1400304fe7": "Oxygen is", "571a53d410f8ca1400304fe5": "The Earth's mantle", "571ce7f25efbb31900334e3e": "pounds, in particular various complex silicates (in silicate minerals).", "571ce7f25efbb31900334e3f": "Oxygen is", "571ce7f25efbb31900334e40": "The Earth's mantle, of much larger mass than the crust, is", "571ce7f25efbb31900334e41": "The Earth's mantle, of much larger mass than the crust, is", "571ce7f25efbb31900334e42": "The rest of the Earth's crust is", "571c7d55dd7acb1400e4c0c4": "John Dalton's original atomic hypothesis assumed that all elements were monatomic and", "571c7d55dd7acb1400e4c0c5": "the simplest atomic ratios with respect to one another.", "571c7d55dd7acb1400e4c0c6": "Dalton assumed that water's formula was H", "571c7d55dd7acb1400e4c0c7": "the simplest atomic ratios with respect to one another.", "571c7d55dd7acb1400e4c0c8": "Amedeo Avogadro had", "571c8198dd7acb1400e4c0ce": "Highly combustible materials", "571c8198dd7acb1400e4c0cf": "Highly combustible materials that", "571c8198dd7acb1400e4c0d0": "something in the process.", "571c8198dd7acb1400e4c0d1": "when they were supposedly losing phlogiston).", "571c8198dd7acb1400e4c0d2": ".", "571c83f3dd7acb1400e4c0d8": "The bond", "571c83f3dd7acb1400e4c0d9": "In this dioxygen, the two oxygen atoms are chemically bonded to each other.", "571c83f3dd7acb1400e4c0da": "the double bond", "571c83f3dd7acb1400e4c0db": "In this dioxygen, the two oxygen atoms are chemically bonded to each other.", "571c83f3dd7acb1400e4c0dc": "The bond", "571c8539dd7acb1400e4c0e2": "Oxygen was discovered independently by Carl Wilhelm Scheele", "571c8539dd7acb1400e4c0e3": "Joseph Priestley in", "571c8539dd7acb1400e4c0e4": "Common uses of oxygen inc", "571c8539dd7acb1400e4c0e5": "Common uses of oxygen inc", "571c8539dd7acb1400e4c0e6": "the then-popular phlogiston theory of combustion and corrosion.", "571c879bdd7acb1400e4c0ec": "An electron configuration with two unpaired electrons as found in dioxygen (", "571c879bdd7acb1400e4c0ed": "Hence, the ground state of the O\n2 molecule is referred to as triplet oxygen.", "571c879bdd7acb1400e4c0ee": "Because of its unpaired electrons, triplet oxygen reacts on", "571c879bdd7acb1400e4c0ef": "this prevents spontaneous combustion.", "571c879bdd7acb1400e4c0f0": "An electron configuration with two unpaired electrons as found in dioxygen (", "571c8eb9dd7acb1400e4c0f6": "In one experiment", "571c8eb9dd7acb1400e4c0f7": "He also noted that the tin had increased in weight", "571c8eb9dd7acb1400e4c0f8": "when tin and air were heated in a closed container.", "571c8eb9dd7acb1400e4c0f9": "In", "571c8eb9dd7acb1400e4c0fa": "Lavoisier observed that", "571c9074dd7acb1400e4c100": "ozone and is a very reactive allotrope of oxygen that is damaging to lung tissue.", "571c9074dd7acb1400e4c101": "ozone and is a very reactive allotrope of oxygen that is damaging to lung tissue.", "571c9074dd7acb1400e4c102": "Oz", "571c9074dd7acb1400e4c103": "ozone layer of the upper atmosphere functions as a protective radiation shield for the planet.", "571c9074dd7acb1400e4c104": "ozone and is a very reactive allotrope of oxygen that is damaging to lung tissue.", "571c91c8dd7acb1400e4c10a": "It is the form that is a major part of the Earth's atmosphere (see Occurrence).", "571c91c8dd7acb1400e4c10b": "It is the form that is a major part of the Earth's atmosphere (see Occurrence).", "571c91c8dd7acb1400e4c10c": "It is the form that is a major part of the Earth's atmosphere (see Occurrence).", "571c91c8dd7acb1400e4c10d": "It is the form that is a major part of the Earth's atmosphere (see Occurrence).", "571c91c8dd7acb1400e4c10e": "forms of life, such as animals, in cellular respiration (see Biological role).", "571c9348dd7acb1400e4c114": "Scottish chemist James Dewar was able to produce enough liquid oxygen to study.", "571c9348dd7acb1400e4c115": "Scottish chemist James Dewar was able to produce enough liquid oxygen to study.", "571c9348dd7acb1400e4c116": "The first commercially viable process for producing liquid oxygen was", "571c9348dd7acb1400e4c118": "welding was demonstrated for the first time by burning a mixture of acetylene and compressed O", "571c96095efbb31900334dbc": "Oxygen is more soluble in water than nitrogen is.", "571c96095efbb31900334dbd": "water.", "571c96095efbb31900334dbe": "The solubility of oxygen in water is", "571c96095efbb31900334dbf": "Oxygen is more soluble in water than nitrogen is.", "571c96095efbb31900334dc0": "dissolves at 0 \u00b0C than at 20 \u00b0C (7.6 mg\u00b7L\u22121).", "571c97e2dd7acb1400e4c11e": "Oxygen is", "571c97e2dd7acb1400e4c11f": "Oxygen is the third most abundant chemical element in the universe,", "571c97e2dd7acb1400e4c120": "About 0.9% of the Sun's mass is oxygen.", "571c97e2dd7acb1400e4c121": "About 0.9% of the Sun's mass is oxygen.", "571c97e2dd7acb1400e4c122": "Earth is unusual among the planets of the Solar System", "571caac55efbb31900334dc6": "By the late 19th century scientists realized that air co", "571caac55efbb31900334dc7": "By the late 19th century scientists realized that air could be liquefied,", "571caac55efbb31900334dc8": ".", "571caac55efbb31900334dc9": "in either case so no meaningful analysis could be conducted.", "571caac55efbb31900334dca": "Oxygen was liquified in stable state for the first time on March 29, 1883 by", "571cac5d5efbb31900334dd0": "solar nebula.", "571cac5d5efbb31900334dd1": "shown that the Sun has a higher proportion of oxygen-16 than does the Earth.", "571cac5d5efbb31900334dd2": "shown that the Sun has a higher proportion of oxygen-16 than does the Earth.", "571cac5d5efbb31900334dd3": "The measurement implies that an unknown process depleted oxygen-16 from", "571cac5d5efbb31900334dd4": "The measurement implies that an unknown process depleted oxygen-16 from the Sun'", "571cb010dd7acb1400e4c128": "O\n2 in which all the electron spins are paired.", "571cb010dd7acb1400e4c129": "towards common organic molecules than is molecular oxygen per se.", "571cb010dd7acb1400e4c12a": "commonly formed from water during photosynthesis, using the energy of sunlight.", "571cb010dd7acb1400e4c12b": "It is also produced in the troposphere by", "571cb010dd7acb1400e4c12c": "tissues.", "571cb27fdd7acb1400e4c132": "Paleoclimatologists measure the ratio of oxygen-18 and oxygen-16", "571cb27fdd7acb1400e4c133": "cle).", "571cb27fdd7acb1400e4c134": "Paleoclimatologists measure the ratio of oxygen-18", "571cb27fdd7acb1400e4c135": "ol", "571cb27fdd7acb1400e4c136": "seawater left behind tends to be higher in oxygen-18.", "571cbe35dd7acb1400e4c13c": "at the wavelengths 687 and 760 nm.", "571cbe35dd7acb1400e4c13d": "ale.", "571cbe35dd7acb1400e4c13e": "Some remote sensing scientists", "571cbe35dd7acb1400e4c13f": ".", "571cbe35dd7acb1400e4c140": "Some remote sensing scientists have proposed using the measurement of the radiance com", "571cc3dedd7acb1400e4c146": "O\n2 molecules are paramagnetic.", "571cc3dedd7acb1400e4c147": "between the poles of a powerful magnet.", "571cc3dedd7acb1400e4c148": "In the triplet form, O\n2 molecules are paramagnetic.", "571cc3dedd7acb1400e4c149": "when it is in the presence of a magnetic field", "571cc3dedd7acb1400e4c14a": "Liquid oxygen is", "571cc5c45efbb31900334dda": "are dangerous by-products of oxygen use in organisms.", "571cc5c45efbb31900334ddb": "Re", "571cc5c45efbb31900334ddc": "Reactive oxygen species al", "571cc5c45efbb31900334ddd": "Oxygen is", "571cc5c45efbb31900334dde": "O\n2 began to accumulate in the atmosphere ab", "571cc6f85efbb31900334de4": "Oxygen condenses at", "571cc6f85efbb31900334de5": "as a coolant.", "571cc6f85efbb31900334de6": "It is a highly reactive substance and must be segregated from combustible materials.", "571cc6f85efbb31900334de7": "using liquid nitrogen as a coolant.", "571cc6f85efbb31900334de8": "It is a highly reactive substance and must be segregated from combustible materials.", "571cc8815efbb31900334dee": "Free oxygen also occurs in solution in the world's water bodies.", "571cc8815efbb31900334def": ".", "571cc8815efbb31900334df0": "due to their higher oxygen content.", "571cc8815efbb31900334df2": "Wat", "571cc8815efbb31900334df1": "Sci", "571cca4add7acb1400e4c150": "before photosynthetic archaea and bacteria evolved", "571cca4add7acb1400e4c151": "Paleoproterozoic eon (between 3.0 and 2.3 billion years ago).", "571cca4add7acb1400e4c152": "dissolved iron in the oceans to form banded iron formations.", "571cca4add7acb1400e4c153": "reaching 10% of its present level around 1.7 billion years ago.", "571cca4add7acb1400e4c154": "When such oxygen sinks", "571ccc00dd7acb1400e4c15a": "The unusually high concentration of oxygen gas on Earth is", "571ccc00dd7acb1400e4c15b": ".", "571ccc00dd7acb1400e4c15c": ".", "571ccc00dd7acb1400e4c15d": "which is responsible for modern Earth's atmosphere.", "571ccc00dd7acb1400e4c15e": "Photosynthesis releases oxygen into the atmosphere,", "571ccd9b5efbb31900334df8": "to be pumped through a pipeline.", "571ccd9b5efbb31900334df9": "O\n2", "571ccd9b5efbb31900334dfa": "which absorbs the nitrogen and delivers a gas stream that is 90% to 93% O\n2.", "571ccd9b5efbb31900334dfb": "Oxygen gas is", "571ccd9b5efbb31900334dfc": "which absorbs the nitrogen and delivers a gas stream that is 90% to 93% O\n2.", "571ccfbadd7acb1400e4c164": "be produced through electrolysis of water into molecular oxygen and hydrogen.", "571ccfbadd7acb1400e4c165": "be produced through electrolysis of water into molecular oxygen and hydrogen.", "571ccfbadd7acb1400e4c166": "be produced through electrolysis of water into molecular oxygen and hydrogen. DC", "571ccfbadd7acb1400e4c167": "oxygen and hydrogen.", "571ccfbadd7acb1400e4c168": "be produced through electrolysis of water into molecular oxygen and hydrogen.", "571cd11add7acb1400e4c16e": "has a history of recreational use in oxygen bars and in sports.", "571cd11add7acb1400e4c16f": "effect is doubtful; a placebo effect is a more likely explanation.", "571cd11add7acb1400e4c170": "O\n2 exposure for a fee.", "571cd11add7acb1400e4c172": "a placebo effect is a more likely explanation.", "571cd11add7acb1400e4c171": "O\n2 mixtures only if they are breathed during aerobic exercise.", "571cd3b55efbb31900334e03": "Carbon monoxide poisoning, gas gangrene, and decompression sickness (the 'bends') are", "571cd3b55efbb31900334e04": "carbon monoxide from the heme group of hemoglobin.", "571cd3b55efbb31900334e05": "Oxygen gas is poisonous", "571cd3b55efbb31900334e06": "Decompression sickness occurs in divers who decompress too quickly after a dive", "571cd5b1dd7acb1400e4c17b": "the heart.", "571cd5b1dd7acb1400e4c17a": "easing work load on the heart.", "571cd5b1dd7acb1400e4c179": "Treatment not only increases oxygen levels in the patient's blood", "571cd5b1dd7acb1400e4c178": "oxygen.", "571cd5b1dd7acb1400e4c17c": "body's ability to take up and use gaseous oxygen.", "571cd703dd7acb1400e4c182": "oxides.", "571cd703dd7acb1400e4c183": "ere x is usually around 0.05.", "571cd703dd7acb1400e4c184": "For example, the mineral FeO (w\u00fcstite)", "571cd703dd7acb1400e4c185": "oxides.", "571cd703dd7acb1400e4c186": "film of oxide that passivates the metal and slows further corrosion.", "571cd88ddd7acb1400e4c18d": "O\n2 supplies.", "571cd88ddd7acb1400e4c18e": "A steady stream of oxygen gas is then produced by the exothermic reaction.", "571cd88ddd7acb1400e4c18f": "People", "571cd88ddd7acb1400e4c190": "A steady stream of oxygen gas is then produced by the exothermic reaction.", "571cda1bdd7acb1400e4c196": "Oxygen storage methods include high pressure oxygen tanks", "571cda1bdd7acb1400e4c198": "building.", "571cda1bdd7acb1400e4c197": ".", "571cda1bdd7acb1400e4c199": "cylinders containing the compressed gas;", "571cda1bdd7acb1400e4c19a": "need for large volumes of pure oxygen gas.", "571cdcb85efbb31900334e0c": "Acetone ((CH\n3)\n2CO) and phenol (C\n6H\n5OH)", "571cdcb85efbb31900334e0d": "Among the most important classes of organic compounds", "571cdcb85efbb31900334e0e": "Among", "571cdcb85efbb31900334e0f": "Epoxides are ethers in which the oxygen atom is part of a ring of three atoms.", "571cdcb85efbb31900334e10": "Among the most important classes of organic", "571cde695efbb31900334e16": "The element is foun", "571cde695efbb31900334e17": "contain no oxygen.", "571cde695efbb31900334e18": "oxygen.", "571cde695efbb31900334e19": "All fats, fatty acids, amino acids, and proteins contain oxygen (", "571cde695efbb31900334e1a": "due to the presence of carbonyl groups in these acids and their ester residues).", "571ce3745efbb31900334e20": "can also occur in deep scuba diving and surface supplied diving.", "571ce3745efbb31900334e21": "60 kPa can eventually lead to permanent pulmonary fibrosis.", "571ce3745efbb31900334e22": "pressures greater than 160 kPa (about 1.6 atm) may", "571ce3745efbb31900334e23": ".", "571ce3745efbb31900334e24": "Ac", "571ce5055efbb31900334e2a": "Breathing pure O", "571ce5055efbb31900334e2b": "used.", "571ce5055efbb31900334e2c": ".", "571ce5055efbb31900334e2e": "causes no damage due to the low total pressures used.", "571ce5055efbb31900334e2d": "Breathing pure O", "571ce6655efbb31900334e34": "Oxygen gas (O\n2)", "571ce6655efbb31900334e35": "or 2.5 times the normal sea-level O\n2 partial pressure of about 21 kPa.", "571ce6655efbb31900334e36": ".", "571ce6655efbb31900334e37": "Oxygen gas (O\n2)", "571ce6655efbb31900334e38": "oxygen masks in medical applications is", "5725b33f6a3fe71400b8952d": "The 1973 oil crisis began in October 1973", "5725b33f6a3fe71400b8952e": "the price of oil had risen from US$3 per barrel to nearly $12 globally; US", "5725b33f6a3fe71400b8952f": "It was lat", "5725b33f6a3fe71400b89530": "1979 oil crisis, termed the \"second oil shock.", "5725b33f6a3fe71400b89531": "proclaimed an oil embargo.", "5725b5a689a1e219009abd28": ".", "5725b5a689a1e219009abd29": "the Nixon Administration began multilateral negotiations with the combatants.", "5725b5a689a1e219009abd2a": "negotiated an Israeli troop withdrawal from parts of the Sinai Peninsula.", "5725b5a689a1e219009abd2b": "Arab oil producers linked any future policy changes to peace between the belligerents.", "5725b76389a1e219009abd4a": "On August 15, 1971, the United States unilaterally pulled out of the Bretton Woods Accord.", "5725b76389a1e219009abd4b": "was left to \"float\" (rise and fall according to market demand).", "5725b76389a1e219009abd4c": "The result was a depreciation of the dollar and", "5725b76389a1e219009abd4d": "gold.", "5725b76389a1e219009abd4e": "gold.", "5725b92e38643c19005acbd3": "the dollar price of oil had risen by less than two percent per year.", "5725b92e38643c19005acbd4": "After 1971, OPEC was slow to readjust prices to reflect this depreciation.", "5725b92e38643c19005acbd5": "Bretton Woods levels in terms of commodities such as gold.", "5725b92e38643c19005acbd6": "the price had also remained fairly stable versus other currencies and commodities.", "5725bad5271a42140099d0bd": "on Yom Kippur.", "5725bad5271a42140099d0be": "Iran was the world's second-largest oil exporter and a close US ally.", "5725bad5271a42140099d0bf": "It's only fair that, from now on, you should pay more for oil. Let", "5725bad5271a42140099d0c0": "ally.", "5725bad5271a42140099d0c1": "Weeks later, the Shah of Iran said in an interview:", "5725bcb6271a42140099d0eb": "OPEC raised the posted price of oil by 70%, to $5.11 a barrel.", "5725bcb6271a42140099d0ec": "OPEC raised the posted price of oil by 70%, to $5.11 a barrel.", "5725bcb6271a42140099d0ed": "The following day, oil ministers agreed to the embargo,", "5725bcb6271a42140099d0ee": "including $1.5 billion in outright grants.", "5725bcb6271a42140099d0ef": "Sa", "57261dab38643c19005ad037": "Muc", "57261dab38643c19005ad038": "wh", "57261dab38643c19005ad039": "Middle East.", "57261dab38643c19005ad03a": "Some of the income was dispensed in the form of aid to other underdeveloped nations wh", "57261dab38643c19005ad03b": "spread its fundamentalist interpretation of Islam,", "57261f9f271a42140099d4a9": "In the US production, distribution and price disruptions \"", "57261f9f271a42140099d4aa": "The possibility that the Middle East co", "57261f9f271a42140099d4ab": "1973.", "57261f9f271a42140099d4ac": "Kissinger's dominance.", "5726241189a1e219009ac2de": "The embargo", "5726241189a1e219009ac2df": "increases changed competitive positions in many industries, such as automobiles.", "5726241189a1e219009ac2e0": "Macroeconomic problems consisted of both inflationary and deflationary impacts.", "5726241189a1e219009ac2e1": "as the Arctic.", "5726241189a1e219009ac2e2": "before significant production.", "5726487b5951b619008f6edd": "Of the nine members of the European Economic Community (EEC), the Netherlands", "5726487b5951b619008f6ede": ".", "5726487b5951b619008f6edf": "The UK had traditionally been an ally of Israel,", "5726487b5951b619008f6ee0": "War.", "5726487b5951b619008f6ee1": "calling for Israel to withdraw to its pre-1967 borders.", "572649d8f1498d1400e8db36": "Despite being relatively unaffected by the embargo", "572649d8f1498d1400e8db37": ".", "572649d8f1498d1400e8db38": "series of strikes by coal miners and railroad workers over", "572649d8f1498d1400e8db39": ".", "572649d8f1498d1400e8db3a": "Sweden rationed gasoline and heating oil.", "57264cac708984140094c1b3": "Price controls exacerbated the crisis in the US.", "57264cac708984140094c1b4": "investment.", "57264cac708984140094c1b5": "Predictably, old oil was withdrawn from the market, creating greater scarcity.", "57264cac708984140094c1b7": "Scarcity was addressed by rationing (as in many countries).", "57264d9edd62a815002e80fe": "William E. Simon as the first Administrator of the Federal Energy Office", "57264d9edd62a815002e80ff": ".", "57264d9edd62a815002e8100": "a short-term organization created to coordinate the response to the embargo.", "57264d9edd62a815002e8101": "In other states, lines at gasoline stations were common.", "57264efddd62a815002e8134": "To help reduce consumption", "57264efddd62a815002e8135": "the Emergency Highway Energy Conservation Act.", "57264efddd62a815002e8136": "the Emergency Highway Energy Conservation Act.", "57264efddd62a815002e8137": "Bill Clinton signed the National Highway Designation Act", "57264efddd62a815002e8138": "the cabinet-level Department of Energy was created,", "572650325951b619008f6fa9": "The energy crisis led to greater interest in renewable energy", "572650325951b619008f6faa": "that ignore market and technology realities.", "572650325951b619008f6fab": "doubtful.", "57265200708984140094c237": "Middle Eastern oilfields in late 1973.", "57265200708984140094c238": "Middle Eastern oilfields in late 1973.", "57265200708984140094c239": "Third World.", "57265200708984140094c23a": "rest of the Third World.", "57265360dd62a815002e819a": "the country most dependent on Arab oil.", "57265360dd62a815002e819b": "71% of its imported oil came from the Middle East in 1970.", "57265360dd62a815002e819c": "It received a 5% production cut in December, causing a panic.", "57265360dd62a815002e819d": "Palestinian self-determination", "57265360dd62a815002e819e": "By December 25, Japan was considered an Arab-friendly state.", "57265526708984140094c2bd": ".", "57265526708984140094c2be": "be revealed in the seizure of the Grand Mosque in Mecca by Wahhabi extremists dur", "57265526708984140094c2bf": "y", "57265526708984140094c2c0": ".", "57265526708984140094c2c1": "in the seizure of the Grand Mosque in Mecca by Wahhabi extremists dur", "5726581fdd62a815002e823a": "The crisis reduced the demand for large cars.", "5726581fdd62a815002e823b": "that were more fuel efficient than the typical American V8 and six cylinder engines.", "5726581fdd62a815002e823c": "the typical American V8 and six cylinder engines.", "5726581fdd62a815002e823d": "which became de facto standards.", "572659535951b619008f703f": "opened US assembly plants and", "572659535951b619008f7040": "Some buyers lamented the small size of the first Japanese compacts", "572659535951b619008f7041": "brands.", "572659535951b619008f7042": "Acura, Lexus and Infiniti,", "57265a58dd62a815002e8270": ".", "57265a58dd62a815002e8271": "its Forte as the Dodge D-50 a few years after the oil crisis.", "57265a58dd62a815002e8272": "Lat", "57265a58dd62a815002e8273": "Lat", "57265bdfdd62a815002e829e": "An increase in imported cars into North America forced General Motors", "57265bdfdd62a815002e829f": "all had four-cylinder engines and room for at least four passengers by the late 1970s.", "57265bdfdd62a815002e82a0": "1970s.", "57265bdfdd62a815002e82a1": "popular again in the mid-1970s.", "57265bdfdd62a815002e82a2": "The only full-size models that did not recover were lower price model", "57265ceddd62a815002e82b8": "s).", "57265ceddd62a815002e82b9": "Chrysler end", "57265ceddd62a815002e82ba": "downsize\" revision of vehicle categories.", "57265e11708984140094c3bb": "its production was surpassed by that of other countries.", "57265e11708984140094c3bc": "Ad", "57265e11708984140094c3bd": ".", "57265e11708984140094c3be": "during the 1979", "5725b41838643c19005acb7f": "Project Mercury which put the first Americans in space,", "5725b41838643c19005acb80": "carried out by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)", "5725b41838643c19005acb81": "The first manned flight of Apollo was in 1968.", "5725b41838643c19005acb82": "Project Mercury which put the first Americans in space", "5725b41838643c19005acb83": "Project Mercury was followed by the two-man Project Gemini (1962\u201366).", "5725b56589a1e219009abd20": "a joint Earth orbit mission with the Soviet Union in 1975.", "5725b56589a1e219009abd21": "Apollo used Saturn family rockets as launch vehicles.", "5725b56589a1e219009abd22": "joint Earth orbit mission with the Soviet Union in 1975.", "5725b56589a1e219009abd23": "a space station that supported three manned missions in 1973\u201374", "5725b64d89a1e219009abd40": "1967 Apollo 1 cabin fire that killed the entire crew during a prelaunch test.", "5725b64d89a1e219009abd41": "Apollo 1 cabin fire that killed the entire crew during a prelaunch test.", "5725b64d89a1e219009abd42": "Budget cuts forced the cancellation of three of these.", "5725b64d89a1e219009abd43": "Five of the remaining six missions achieved successful landings", "5725b64d89a1e219009abd44": "Apollo 13 landing was prevented by an oxygen tank explosion in transit to the Moon, wh", "5725b77889a1e219009abd54": "Apollo 8", "5725b77889a1e219009abd55": "Apollo 17 mission marked the sixth Moon landing and", "5725b77889a1e219009abd56": "The program returned 842 pounds (382 kg", "5725b77889a1e219009abd57": "Apollo also spurred advances in man", "5725b888ec44d21400f3d453": ".", "5725b888ec44d21400f3d454": ".", "5725b888ec44d21400f3d455": "Abe Silverstein,", "5725b888ec44d21400f3d457": "Mercury.", "5725b888ec44d21400f3d456": "The Apollo program was conceived during the Eisenhower administration in early 1960,", "5725ba5038643c19005acbe7": "the Apollo program to industry representatives at a series of Space Task Group conferences.", "5725ba5038643c19005acbe8": "Meanwhile, NASA", "5725ba5038643c19005acbe9": "on October 25, three study contracts we", "5725ba5038643c19005acbea": "In July 1960, NASA Deputy Administrator Hugh L. Dryden", "5725bb34271a42140099d0c7": "John F. Kennedy was elected president af", "5725bb34271a42140099d0c8": "the Soviet Union in the fields of space exploration and missile defense.", "5725bb34271a42140099d0c9": "was put off by the massive financial commitment required by a manned Moon landing.", "5725bb34271a42140099d0ca": "When Kennedy's newly appointed NASA Administrator James E. Webb re", "5725bb34271a42140099d0cb": ".", "5725bc7138643c19005acc1d": "the first person to fly in space", "5725bc7138643c19005acc1e": ".", "5725bc7138643c19005acc1f": "At a meeting of the US House Committee on Science and Astronautics one day after Gagarin's", "5725bc7138643c19005acc20": "Kennedy was cir", "5725bd4b38643c19005acc31": "tch up.", "5725bd4b38643c19005acc32": "Kennedy sent a memo to Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson,", "5725bd4b38643c19005acc33": "the opportunity to catch up.", "5725bd4b38643c19005acc34": "this country is to reach a position of leadership", "5725be0fec44d21400f3d4a5": "Robert R. Gilruth's Space Task Group", "5725be0fec44d21400f3d4a6": "Robert R. Gilruth's Space Task Group", "5725be0fec44d21400f3d4a7": "the Manned Spacecraft Center (MSC).", "5725be0fec44d21400f3d4a8": "manned space program from NASA's Langley Research Center.", "5725be0fec44d21400f3d4a9": "launch facilities in Florida, so a new Mission Control Center would be included in the MSC.", "5725bf2e89a1e219009abdce": "But an even bigger facility would be needed for the mammoth rocket re", "5725bf2e89a1e219009abdcf": "The design, development and construction of the center", "5725bf2e89a1e219009abdd0": "Debus was named the LOC's first Director.", "5725bf2e89a1e219009abdd1": "Cape Canaveral in honor of Kennedy.", "5725c01389a1e219009abdd7": "Although at least three pads were planned,", "5725c01389a1e219009abdd8": "The Apollo spacecraft co", "5725c01389a1e219009abdd9": "The Apollo spacecraft co", "5725c01389a1e219009abdd6": "ich the space vehicle (launch vehicle and spacecraft)", "5725c123271a42140099d131": "Dr. George E. Mueller for a high management job.", "5725c123271a42140099d132": "Dr. George E. Mueller for a high management job.", "5725c123271a42140099d133": "then Associate Administrator D. Brainerd Holmes on", "5725c123271a42140099d134": "Marshall Space Flight Center (von Braun) and the Launch Operations Center (Debus) ef", "5725c2a038643c19005acc6b": "OMSF program controller.", "5725c2a038643c19005acc6c": "United States Air Force", "5725c2a038643c19005acc6d": "as OMSF program controller.", "5725c2a038643c19005acc6e": "Mueller agreed, and Phillips managed Apollo from January 1964", "5725c2a038643c19005acc6f": "program, as OMSF program controller.", "5725c4c289a1e219009abe44": "Many engineers feared that a rendezvous \u2014let alone a docking\u2014 ne", "5725c4c289a1e219009abe45": "In early 1961, direct ascent was generally the mission mode in favor at NASA.", "5725c4c289a1e219009abe46": "sh", "5725c604271a42140099d185": "Seamans' establishment of", "5725c604271a42140099d186": "Nicholas E. Golovin in", "5725c604271a42140099d187": "members of the Manned Spacecraft Center began to come around to support LOR,", "5725c604271a42140099d188": "The", "5725c604271a42140099d189": "It", "5725c6dcec44d21400f3d531": "Jerome Wiesner, who had", "5725c6dcec44d21400f3d532": "Jerome Wiesner", "5725c6dcec44d21400f3d533": "who had left NASA, to chair his own \"Space Vehicle Panel\"", "5725c6dcec44d21400f3d534": "tentative\".", "5725c7f5271a42140099d1a1": "Wiesner kep", "5725c7f5271a42140099d1a2": "Wiesner blurted out \"No, that's no good\" in front of the press", "5725c7f5271a42140099d1a3": "NASA announced the selection of Grumman as the LEM contractor in November 1962.", "5725c7f5271a42140099d1a4": "NASA announced the selection of Grumman as the LEM contractor in November 1962.", "5725c948ec44d21400f3d577": ".", "5725c948ec44d21400f3d578": ".", "5725c948ec44d21400f3d579": ".", "5725c948ec44d21400f3d57a": "ely.", "5725ca35271a42140099d1c1": ".", "5725ca35271a42140099d1c2": "The", "5725ca35271a42140099d1c3": "ich would take two men to the lunar surface and return them to the CSM.", "5725cb4a89a1e219009abec8": ".", "5725cb4a89a1e219009abec9": "The Command Module (CM)", "5725cb4a89a1e219009abeca": "Parachutes were carried to slow its descent to splashdown.", "5725cb4a89a1e219009abecb": "ocean landing.", "5725cb4a89a1e219009abecc": "and weighed approximately 12,250 pounds (5,560 kg).", "5725cc2038643c19005acd1b": ".", "5725cc2038643c19005acd1c": "A high-gain S-band antenna was", "5725cc2038643c19005acd1d": ".", "5725cc2038643c19005acd1e": "(24,000 kg).", "5725cc2038643c19005acd1f": "an orbital scientific instrument package was carried.", "5725cda338643c19005acd3f": "North American Aviation won the contract to build the CSM", "5725cda338643c19005acd40": "was oversized to about twice the thrust required for translunar flight.", "5725cda338643c19005acd41": "development.", "5725cda338643c19005acd42": "Saturn V launch vehicle for NASA.", "5725ceb989a1e219009abf0a": "The Lunar Module (LM)", "5725ceb989a1e219009abf0b": "Not designed to fly through the Earth's atmosphere or", "5725ceb989a1e219009abf0d": "The initial LM model weighed approximately 33,300 pounds (15,100 kg),", "5725ceb989a1e219009abf0e": "An", "5725d01989a1e219009abf28": "Before the Apollo program began, Wernher von Braun and his team of rocket engineers", "5725d01989a1e219009abf29": "von Braun was transferred from the Army to NASA, and made Director of the Marshall Space Flight Center.", "5725d01989a1e219009abf2b": "decision to use lunar orbit rendezvous enabled the Saturn V to replace the Nova", "5725d0e3271a42140099d235": "The first four Saturn I test flights were launched from LC-34,", "5725d0e3271a42140099d236": "designated AS-101 through AS-105) into orbit in 1964 and 1965.", "5725d0e3271a42140099d237": ".", "5725d0e3271a42140099d238": ".", "5725d2ef271a42140099d255": "The Saturn IB was an upgraded version of the Saturn I.", "5725d2ef271a42140099d256": "the second stage replaced the S-IV with the S-IVB-200", "5725d2ef271a42140099d257": "A restartable version of the S-IVB was used as the third stage of the Saturn V.", "5725d2ef271a42140099d258": ".", "5725d403ec44d21400f3d65b": "Saturn V was designed to send a fully fueled CSM and LM to the Moon.", "5725d403ec44d21400f3d65c": "It was 33 feet (10.1 m) in diameter and", "5725d403ec44d21400f3d65d": "The three-stage Saturn V was designed to", "5725d403ec44d21400f3d65e": "orbit.", "5725d51589a1e219009abf6e": "plus from two later astronaut groups.", "5725d51589a1e219009abf6f": "All missions were commanded by Gemini or Mercury veterans.", "5725d51589a1e219009abf70": "was the first NASA scientist astronaut to fly in space", "5725d51589a1e219009abf71": "landed on the Moon on the last mission, Apollo 17.", "5725d51589a1e219009abf72": "Apollo 17.", "5725d61038643c19005acdd3": "Eisele.", "5725d61038643c19005acdd4": "\".", "5725d61038643c19005acdd5": "The medals were awarded posthumously to Grissom, White, and Chaffee in 1969,", "5725d61038643c19005acdd6": ".", "5725d61038643c19005acdd7": "onward.", "5725d6cb38643c19005acde7": "LC-34 on suborbital flights in 1966 with the Saturn IB.", "5725d6cb38643c19005acde8": "The first, AS-201 launched on February 26", "5725d6cb38643c19005acde9": "downrange in the Pacific ocean.", "5725d6cb38643c19005acdea": "These flights validated the Service Module engine and the Command Module heat shield.", "5725d79e89a1e219009abf90": "After an unmanned LM test flight AS-206", "5725d79e89a1e219009abf91": "or AS-278 (each spacecraft would be launched on a separate Saturn IB.", "5725d79e89a1e219009abf92": "The traditional visor helmet was", "5725d79e89a1e219009abf93": "The astronauts would begin wearing a new Apollo spacesuit", "5725d79e89a1e219009abf94": ".", "5725d8a3271a42140099d28f": "selected the first Apollo crew in January 1966,", "5725d8a3271a42140099d290": "who became Director of Flight Crew Operations for the Gemini and Apollo programs", "5725d8a3271a42140099d291": "selected the first Apollo crew in January 1966", "5725d8a3271a42140099d292": "with Grissom as Command Pilot, White as Senior Pilot, and rookie Donn F. Eisele as Pilot.", "5725d8a3271a42140099d293": "But Eisele dis", "5725d94bec44d21400f3d69b": "the AS-205 mission was canceled, since the validation of the CSM w", "5725d94bec44d21400f3d69c": "McDivitt, Scott and Schwei", "5725d94bec44d21400f3d69d": "Its Saturn IB was allocated to the dual mission, now redesignated AS-205/208 or", "5725d94bec44d21400f3d69e": "were reassigned as the Apollo 1 backup crew.", "5725da63ec44d21400f3d6ab": "corrections.", "5725da63ec44d21400f3d6ac": "head a \"tiger team\" to investigate North American's problems and identify corrections.", "5725da63ec44d21400f3d6ad": "not long after the first manned CSM flights.", "5725da63ec44d21400f3d6ae": "North American's problems and identify corrections.", "5725db4aec44d21400f3d6bd": "at the Kennedy Space Center.", "5725db4aec44d21400f3d6be": "Apollo 1 as a motivational focus on the first manned flight.", "5725db4aec44d21400f3d6bf": "with the spacecraft transferring from pad-supplied to internal power.", "5725db4aec44d21400f3d6c0": "d.", "5725dc1638643c19005ace01": "The plugs-out test began on the morning of January 27, 1967,", "5725dc1638643c19005ace02": "The plugs-out test began on the morning of January 27, 1967,", "5725dc1638643c19005ace03": "First the crew noticed a strange odor in their spacesuits", "5725dc1638643c19005ace04": "The plugs-out test began on the morning of January 27, 1967,", "5725dc1638643c19005ace05": ".", "5725dd1689a1e219009abfe2": "NASA im", "5725dd1689a1e219009abfe3": "gress.", "5725dd1689a1e219009abfe4": "Joseph Francis Shea, replacing him with George Low.", "5725dd1689a1e219009abfe5": "gress.", "5725de30ec44d21400f3d6ed": "cabin and space suit materials.", "5725de30ec44d21400f3d6ee": "cabin and space suit materials.", "5725de30ec44d21400f3d6ef": "door.", "5725de30ec44d21400f3d6f0": "not.", "5725de30ec44d21400f3d6f1": "Crew members would also exclusively wear modified,", "5725df1838643c19005ace15": "In September 1967", "5725df1838643c19005ace16": "Each step had", "5725df1838643c19005ace17": "would be the first manned landing.", "5725e08389a1e219009ac010": "carrying a Block I CSM on November 9, 1967.", "5725e08389a1e219009ac011": ". Mission", "5725e08389a1e219009ac012": "Apollo 6 (AS-502) which carried a CSM and a LM Test Article as ballast.", "5725e08389a1e219009ac013": "cancelling a third unmanned test", "5725e152271a42140099d2cd": "Apollo 5 (AS-204)", "5725e152271a42140099d2ce": "launched from pad 37", "5725e152271a42140099d2cf": "Although Grumman wanted a second unmanned test", "5725e152271a42140099d2d0": "The LM engines we", "5725e152271a42140099d2d1": "The ascent engine was fired in abort mode,", "5725e28f38643c19005ace23": "Apollo 8 was planned to be the D mission in December 1968,", "5725e28f38643c19005ace24": "The Soviet Union had sent animals around the Moon on", "5725e28f38643c19005ace25": "returning safely to Earth.", "5725e28f38643c19005ace26": "In the summer it had become clear that the LM would not be ready in time.", "5725e28f38643c19005ace27": "The Soviet Union had sent animals around the Moon on September 15, 1968, aboard Zond 5", "5725e36f89a1e219009ac038": "Neil Armstrong, Michael Collins and Buzz Aldrin.", "5725e36f89a1e219009ac039": "The G mission was", "5725e36f89a1e219009ac03a": "back to Earth", "5725e36f89a1e219009ac03b": "The G mission was achieved on Apollo 11 in July 1969 by", "5725e36f89a1e219009ac03c": "to Earth.", "5725e44238643c19005ace35": "returned to Earth.", "5725e44238643c19005ace36": "which had landed in April 1967 on the Ocean of Storms.", "5725e44238643c19005ace37": "which had landed in April 1967 on the Ocean of Storms.", "5725e44238643c19005ace38": "but it was damaged when accidentally pointed into the Sun.", "5725e547ec44d21400f3d71f": "The", "5725e547ec44d21400f3d720": "the LRV.", "5725e547ec44d21400f3d721": "NASA publicized a preliminary list of eight more planned landing sites", "5725e547ec44d21400f3d722": "days.", "5725e547ec44d21400f3d723": "with plans to increase the mass of the CSM and LM for the last five missions", "5725e6f6ec44d21400f3d729": "the crew to use the LM as a \"life boat\" to return to Earth.", "5725e6f6ec44d21400f3d72a": "Commander, with two rookies.", "5725e6f6ec44d21400f3d72b": "Ap", "5725e6f6ec44d21400f3d72c": "Apollo was grounded again, for the remainder of 1970 wh", "5725e6f6ec44d21400f3d72d": "Lovell, Jack Swigert, and Fred Haise in April 1970, headed for the Fra Mauro formation.", "5725e95f89a1e219009ac086": "the Skylab orbital laboratory pre-built on the ground", "5725e95f89a1e219009ac087": "NASA's yearly budget also began to shrink in light of the successful landing", "5725e95f89a1e219009ac088": "By 1971, the decision was made to also cancel missions 18 and 19.", "5725e95f89a1e219009ac089": "By 1971, the decision was made to also cancel missions 18 and 19.", "5725ea6889a1e219009ac09e": "The", "5725ea6889a1e219009ac09f": "The rocks collected from the Moon are", "5725ea6889a1e219009ac0a0": "The rocks collected from the Moon are", "5725ea6889a1e219009ac0a1": "A geochemical component called KREEP was discovered, wh", "5725eb8a38643c19005ace7f": "Almost all the rocks show evidence of impact process effects.", "5725eb8a38643c19005ace80": "Almost all the rocks show evidence of impact process effects.", "5725eb8a38643c19005ace81": "returned samples are of impact melt (materials melted near an impact crater.)", "5725ec7538643c19005ace8f": "2005 dollars as roughly $170 billion.", "5725ec7538643c19005ace90": "the procurement of 15 Saturn V rockets,", "5725ec7538643c19005ace91": "The Space Review estimated in 2010 the", "5725ee6438643c19005aceb3": "The Apollo Extension Series", "5725ee6438643c19005aceb4": "P).", "5725ee6438643c19005aceb5": "an interplanetary spacecraft for a Venus fly-by mission.", "5725ef6838643c19005acece": "in 1973 using the two lower stages of a Saturn V.", "5725ef6838643c19005acecf": "Dubbed Skylab", "5725ef6838643c19005aced0": "and the station itself re-entered the atmosphere in 1979, by", "5725ef6838643c19005aced1": "component.", "5725f07f89a1e219009ac0be": "ere manned Apollo flights landed.", "5725f07f89a1e219009ac0bf": "All of the U. S. flags left on the Moon during the Apollo missions we", "5725f07f89a1e219009ac0c0": "unknown.", "5725f16f89a1e219009ac0cc": "The crew of Apollo 8 sent", "5725f16f89a1e219009ac0cd": "The crew of Apollo 8", "5725f16f89a1e219009ac0ce": "The crew of Apollo 8", "5725f16f89a1e219009ac0cf": "1968.", "5725f239271a42140099d35d": "The Moon landing data was recorded by a special Apollo TV camera wh", "5725f239271a42140099d35e": "recorded in a format incompatible with broadcast TV.", "5725f239271a42140099d35f": "tapes from the National Archives and Records Administration to be recorded over with newer satellite data.", "5725f239271a42140099d360": "tapes from the National Archives and Records Administration to be recorded over with newer satellite data.", "5725f239271a42140099d361": "had to be converted for the live television broadcast and stored on magnetic telemetry tapes.", "5725f39638643c19005acef7": "Apollo 11 was compiled by Nafzger and assigned to Lowry Digital for restoration.", "5725f39638643c19005acef8": "The images", "5725f39638643c19005acef9": "The images were from tapes in Australia,", "5725f39638643c19005acefa": ".", "5725f39638643c19005acefb": "The restored video, remaining in black and white,", "5725b7f389a1e219009abd5c": "The three sources of European Union law are primary law, secondary law and supplementary law", "5725b7f389a1e219009abd5d": "European Union law is", "5725b7f389a1e219009abd5e": "The main sources of primary law are the Treaties establishing the European Union.", "5725b7f389a1e219009abd5f": "The main sources of primary law are the Treaties establishing the European Union.", "5725b7f389a1e219009abd60": "The legislature of the European Union is", "5725c28a271a42140099d14d": "European Union law is a body of treaties and legislation,", "5725c28a271a42140099d14e": "which have direct effect or indirect effect on the laws of European Union member states.", "5725c28a271a42140099d14f": "The three sources of European Union law are primary law, secondary law and supplementary law", "5725c28a271a42140099d150": "The main sources of primary law are the Treaties establishing the European Union.", "57268b43dd62a815002e88f0": "The main sources of primary law are the Treaties establishing the European Union.", "57268b43dd62a815002e88f1": "The main sources of primary law are the Treaties establishing the European Union.", "57268b43dd62a815002e88f2": "The legislature of the European Uni", "57268b43dd62a815002e88f3": "The three sources of European Union law are primary law, secondary law and supplementary law", "5725bbec271a42140099d0d1": "European Union law can be enforced by the courts of member states.", "5725bbec271a42140099d0d2": "Where the laws of member states provide for lesser rights European", "5725bbec271a42140099d0d3": "under the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union.", "5725bbec271a42140099d0d4": "The European Court of Justice is the highest court able to interpret European Union law.", "5725bbec271a42140099d0d5": ".", "5725c3a9ec44d21400f3d503": "European Union law", "5725c3a9ec44d21400f3d504": "under the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union.", "5725c3a9ec44d21400f3d505": "The European Court of Justice is the highest court able to interpret European Union law.", "5725c3a9ec44d21400f3d506": ".", "57268bf9dd62a815002e890a": "is applied by the courts of member states and the Court of Justice of the European Union.", "57268bf9dd62a815002e890b": "European Union law can be enforced by the courts of member states.", "57268bf9dd62a815002e890c": "The European Court of Justice is the highest court able to interpret European Union law.", "57268bf9dd62a815002e890d": ".", "5725c743ec44d21400f3d549": ".", "5725c743ec44d21400f3d54a": "The European Commission has the initiative to propose legislation.", "5725c743ec44d21400f3d54b": ".", "5725c743ec44d21400f3d54c": "ich interprets EU law, and develops it through precedent. The", "5725c743ec44d21400f3d54d": "It appoints the Commissioners and the board of the European Central Bank.", "5725ca4389a1e219009abeb4": "The TEU establishes that European Union law applies to the metropolitan territories of the member states", "5725ca4389a1e219009abeb5": "from the jurisdiction of European Union law.", "5725ca4389a1e219009abeb6": ".", "5725ca4389a1e219009abeb7": "Individuals may rely on primary law in the Court of Justice of the European Union if", "5725ca4389a1e219009abeb8": "Tr", "57268d2ddd62a815002e894e": "The primary law of the EU consists mainly of the founding treaties,", "57268d2ddd62a815002e894f": ".", "57268d2ddd62a815002e8950": "Tr", "57268d2ddd62a815002e8951": "The Court of Justice of the European Union can interpret the Treaties, but", "5725cc38ec44d21400f3d5bb": "The principal Treaties that form the European Union began with", "5725cc38ec44d21400f3d5bc": "The principal Treaties that form the European Union be", "5725cc38ec44d21400f3d5bd": "U).", "5725cc38ec44d21400f3d5be": "in 1972 (though Norway did not end up joining),", "5725cc38ec44d21400f3d5bf": "Greenland signed a Treaty in 1985 giving it a special status.", "57268e2bf1498d1400e8e3b0": "The principal Treaties that form the European Union began with common rules for coal and steel", "57268e2bf1498d1400e8e3b1": "(now: TFEU).", "57268e2bf1498d1400e8e3b2": "single, internal market in the Single European Act 1986,", "57268e2bf1498d1400e8e3b3": "in 1972 (though Norway did not end up joining),", "57268e2bf1498d1400e8e3b4": "Greenland signed a Treaty in 1985 giving it a special status.", "57264865dd62a815002e8062": "there was an attempt to reform the constitutional law of the European Union and", "57264865dd62a815002e8063": "the 2004 Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe never came into force.", "57264865dd62a815002e8064": "Instead, the Lisbon Treaty was enacted.", "57264865dd62a815002e8065": "Instead, the Lisbon Treaty was enacted.", "57264865dd62a815002e8066": "the existing treaties \u2013 it did not completely replace them.", "57268f2bf1498d1400e8e3c4": "there was an attempt to reform the constitutional law of the European Union and", "57268f2bf1498d1400e8e3c5": "the constitutional law of the European Union and", "57268f2bf1498d1400e8e3c6": "never came into force.", "57268f2bf1498d1400e8e3c7": "Its substance was very similar to the proposed constitutional treaty", "57264a8cdd62a815002e808c": "The European Commission is the main executive body of the European Union.", "57264a8cdd62a815002e808d": "pro", "57264a8cdd62a815002e808e": "The Commission's President (", "57264a8cdd62a815002e808f": "one Commissioner for each of the 28 member states,", "57264a8cdd62a815002e8090": "currently Federica Mogherini). The", "572691545951b619008f76e1": "ould be \"completely independent\" and not \"take instructions from any Government\".", "572691545951b619008f76e2": ".", "572691545951b619008f76e3": ".[citation needed] Since", "572691545951b619008f76e4": "Since Ireland refused to consent to changes in the Treaty of Lisbon 2007", "572691545951b619008f76e5": "is means Commissioners are, through the appointment process, the", "57264e455951b619008f6f65": "Commissioners have sometimes been found to have abused their offices", "57264e455951b619008f6f66": "break any law", "57264e455951b619008f6f67": "found that a culture had developed wh", "57264e455951b619008f6f68": ".", "57264e455951b619008f6f69": "Beyond the Commission", "5726926a5951b619008f7709": "the Santer Commission was censured by Parliament in 1999,", "5726926a5951b619008f770a": "This resulted in one main case, Commission v Edith Cresson wh", "5726926a5951b619008f770b": ".", "5726926a5951b619008f770c": "This led to the creation of the European Anti-fraud Office.", "5726926a5951b619008f770d": "This led to the creation of the European Anti-fraud Office.", "572651f9f1498d1400e8dbee": "have powers of amendment and veto during the legislative process.", "572651f9f1498d1400e8dbef": "It can", "572651f9f1498d1400e8dbf0": "elections, take place every five years", "572651f9f1498d1400e8dbf1": "must be considered by the Commission with one million signatures.", "572651f9f1498d1400e8dbf2": "it", "5726938af1498d1400e8e446": "While the Commission", "5726938af1498d1400e8e447": "have powers of amendment and veto during the legislative process.", "5726938af1498d1400e8e448": "increasingly more rights in the legislative process.", "5726938af1498d1400e8e449": "elections, take place every five years", "5726938af1498d1400e8e44a": "European People's Party", "5726545f708984140094c2a5": "art", "5726545f708984140094c2a6": "It", "5726545f708984140094c2a7": "so smaller member states are not dominated by larger member states.", "5726545f708984140094c2a8": "In total", "5726545f708984140094c2a9": "In", "57269424dd62a815002e8a1e": "The second main legislative body is the Council", "57269424dd62a815002e8a1f": "The Council", "57269424dd62a815002e8a20": "In total there are 352 votes", "57269424dd62a815002e8a21": "In total there are 352 votes", "572656e4dd62a815002e81fa": "budgets.", "572656e4dd62a815002e81fb": "gets", "572656e4dd62a815002e81fc": "it is harder to change EU law than stay the same.", "572656e4dd62a815002e81fd": "articles 4 and 5 state that powers remain with the member states un", "572656e4dd62a815002e81fe": "the Court of Justice believes it has the final say.", "572695285951b619008f774b": "To make new legislation", "572695285951b619008f774c": "The EU as a whole can only act within its power set out in the Treaties.", "572695285951b619008f774d": ".", "572695285951b619008f774e": "Where the different institutions cannot agree at any stage,", "572658435951b619008f7025": "The judicial branch of the EU has played an important role in the development of EU law", "572658435951b619008f7026": "Today the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU)", "572658435951b619008f7027": "A president is elected by the judges for three years.", "572658435951b619008f7028": "In fact, most EU law is applied by member state courts (", "572658435951b619008f7029": "The", "5726965ef1498d1400e8e484": "The judicial branch of the EU has played an important role in the development of EU law,", "5726965ef1498d1400e8e485": "Today the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU)", "5726965ef1498d1400e8e486": "There is also a Civil Service Tribunal to deal with EU staff issues, and", "5726965ef1498d1400e8e487": "A president is elected by the judges for three years.", "5726965ef1498d1400e8e488": "The", "57265e455951b619008f70bb": "U law would not \"be overridden by domestic legal provisions, however framed..", "57265e455951b619008f70bc": "The", "57265e455951b619008f70bd": "and 1968. In", "5726975c708984140094cb1f": "This has meant both the European Court of Justice and the highest national courts have", "5726975c708984140094cb20": "between different systems.", "5726975c708984140094cb21": "the Treaty of Rome in no way prevented energy nationalisation, and", "572699db5951b619008f7799": "while all member states recognise that EU law takes primacy over national law wh", "572699db5951b619008f779a": "say on foundational constitutional questions affecting democracy and human rights.", "572699db5951b619008f779b": "when it enacted the European Communities Act 1972.", "572699db5951b619008f779d": "is", "572699db5951b619008f779c": "then it cannot override German law. How", "57269aa65951b619008f77ab": "EU institutions and member states to follow the law.", "57269aa65951b619008f77ac": "citizen or", "57269aa65951b619008f77ad": "All actions by EU institutions can be subject to judicial review,", "57269aa65951b619008f77ae": ".", "57269bb8708984140094cb95": "In Van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen it", "57269bb8708984140094cb96": "Because article 30", "57269bb8708984140094cb97": "Van Gend en Loos could recover the money it paid for the tariff.", "57269bb8708984140094cb98": "U Regulations are the same as Treaty provisions in this sense", "57269cc3dd62a815002e8b12": "While the Treaties and Regulations w", "57269cc3dd62a815002e8b13": "the Working Time Directive requires that every worker has at least 4 we", "57269cc3dd62a815002e8b14": "but most member states require more than 28 days in national law.", "57269cc3dd62a815002e8b15": "argued that Directives should create rights and duties for all citizens.", "57269e3bf1498d1400e8e516": "First, if a Directive's deadline for implementation is not met,", "57269e3bf1498d1400e8e517": "First, if a Directive's deadline for implementation is not met,", "57269e3bf1498d1400e8e518": "She", "57269e3bf1498d1400e8e519": "In Foster v British Gas plc the Court of Justice hel", "57269e3bf1498d1400e8e51a": "retire at age 60", "57269f3ef1498d1400e8e534": ".", "57269f3ef1498d1400e8e535": "that required incorporations would only be nullified for a fixed list of reasons.", "57269f3ef1498d1400e8e536": ".", "57269f3ef1498d1400e8e537": "Francovich, the former employee of a bankrupt Venetian firm,", "5726a00cf1498d1400e8e550": "The principles of European Union law are rules of law", "5726a00cf1498d1400e8e551": "The principles of European Union law are rules of law", "5726a09f708984140094cc39": "one of the general principles of European Union law by the European Court of Justice since the 1950s.", "5726a09f708984140094cc3a": "The principle of proportionality is also recognised in Article 5 of the EC Treaty", "5726a09f708984140094cc3b": "When there is a choice between several app", "5726a14c708984140094cc51": "one of the general principles of European Union law by the European Court of Justice since the 1960s.", "5726a14c708984140094cc52": "which predates European Union law.", "5726a14c708984140094cc53": "in the European Union must have a proper legal basis.", "5726a14c708984140094cc54": "The doctrine of legitimate expectation", "5726a1e5dd62a815002e8b86": "As such the European Court of Justice is", "5726a1e5dd62a815002e8b87": "fundamental rights recognised and protected in the constitutions of member states.", "5726a299dd62a815002e8b9e": ".", "5726a299dd62a815002e8b9f": "At the time the only concern was that member states sh", "5726a299dd62a815002e8ba0": ".", "5726a299dd62a815002e8ba1": "At the", "5726a299dd62a815002e8ba2": "In", "5726a34bf1498d1400e8e59e": "The 2007 Lisbon Treaty explicitly recognised fundamental rights by providing in", "5726a34bf1498d1400e8e59f": "(1) that \"The Union recognises the rights,", "5726a34bf1498d1400e8e5a0": "after the Lisbon Treaty, the Charter and the Convention now co-exist under European Union law", "5726a34bf1498d1400e8e5a1": "ich were previously considered general principles of European Union law.", "5726a3c6f1498d1400e8e5ae": "1997 Treaty of Amsterdam covering social policy issues in European Union law.", "5726a3c6f1498d1400e8e5af": "Treaty of Amsterdam covering social policy issues in European Union law.", "5726a3c6f1498d1400e8e5b0": "The basis for the Social Chapter was developed in 1989 by", "5726a3c6f1498d1400e8e5b1": "The Social Charter declares 30 general", "5726a3c6f1498d1400e8e5b2": "The Social Charter became the basis for European Community legislation on these issues in 40 pi", "5726a46cdd62a815002e8bd0": "The Social Charter was subsequently adopted in 1989 by 11 of the then 12 member states.", "5726a46cdd62a815002e8bd1": "The Social Charter was subsequently adopted in 1989 by 11 of the then 12 member states.", "5726a46cdd62a815002e8bd2": "The Social Charter was subsequently adopted in 1989 by 11 of the then 12 member states.", "5726a46cdd62a815002e8bd3": "chapter of the Maastricht Treaty.", "5726a5525951b619008f78dd": "the UK formally subscribed to the Agreement on Social Policy", "5726a5525951b619008f78de": "the UK formally subscribed to the Agreement on Social Policy", "5726a5525951b619008f78df": "1994 Works Council Directive", "5726a5525951b619008f78e0": "the 1996 Parental Leave Directive.", "5726a5525951b619008f78e1": "ich required workforce consultation in businesses, and the 1996 Parental Leave Directive.", "5726a638dd62a815002e8bf6": ".", "5726a638dd62a815002e8bf7": "the abuse of dominant position.", "5726a638dd62a815002e8bf8": "Article 65 of the agreement banned cartels and article 66", "5726a638dd62a815002e8bf9": "Art", "5726a638dd62a815002e8bfa": "In 1957 competition rules were included in the Treaty of Rome,", "5726a7ecf1498d1400e8e654": "in Article 101(1), including price fixing.", "5726a7ecf1498d1400e8e655": "the abuse of dominant position, such as price discrimination and exclusive dealing.", "5726a7ecf1498d1400e8e656": "Articles 106 and 107 provide that member state's right to deliver public services may", "5726a7ecf1498d1400e8e657": "EC", "5726b58f5951b619008f7b55": "2007, free movement and trade were central to European development since the Treaty of Rome 1957.", "5726b58f5951b619008f7b56": "free movement and trade were central to European development since the Treaty of Rome 1957.", "5726b58f5951b619008f7b57": "consumer prices.", "5726b58f5951b619008f7b58": "The Treaties limit", "5726b58f5951b619008f7b59": "Increasingly the Court of Justice", "5726b718dd62a815002e8dbe": "the free movement of goods had to be balanced, and was probably subordinate.", "5726b718dd62a815002e8dbf": "34.", "5726b718dd62a815002e8dc0": "It also means states can be responsible for private actors.", "5726b718dd62a815002e8dc1": "Fran", "5726b718dd62a815002e8dc2": "that", "5726b929f1498d1400e8e8e8": "German liqueurs were over 25 per cent alcohol, but", "5726b929f1498d1400e8e8e9": "France, only had 15 to 20 per cent alcohol.", "5726b929f1498d1400e8e8ea": "In a 2003 case", "5726b929f1498d1400e8e8eb": "All Italian chocolate was made from cocoa butter alone,", "5726b929f1498d1400e8e8ec": "They claimed the law infringed article 34.", "5726ba2c708984140094cf59": "which prevented them selling Picon beer under wholesale price, was unlawful.", "5726ba2c708984140094cf5a": "The aim of the law was to prevent cut throat competition, not to hinder trade.", "5726ba2c708984140094cf5b": "In", "5726ba2c708984140094cf5c": "Un", "5726baf2dd62a815002e8e74": "people to pursue their life goals in any country through free movement.", "5726baf2dd62a815002e8e75": "workers: as a \"factor of production\".", "5726baf2dd62a815002e8e76": "Free movement was increasingly based on \"citizenship\",", "5726baf2dd62a815002e8e77": "ile he volunteered plumbing and household duties in the Bhagwan community", "5726baf2dd62a815002e8e78": "The", "5726bc1add62a815002e8ea6": "the main provisions on equal treatment of workers.", "5726bc1add62a815002e8ea7": ".F.C. de Li\u00e8ge to USL Dunkerque wh", "5726bc1add62a815002e8ea8": "In Groener v Minister for Education the Court of Justice ac", "5726bc1add62a815002e8ea9": "In Hendrix v Employee Insurance Institute the Court of Justice", "5726bc1add62a815002e8eaa": "Land Nordrhein-Westfalen the Court of Justice hel", "5726bcde708984140094cfbf": "Citizenship of the EU has", "5726bcde708984140094cfc0": "the number of social services that people can access wherever they move.", "5726bcde708984140094cfc1": "In Commission v Austria the Court held that Austria was not entitled to restrict places in", "5726bcde708984140094cfc2": ".", "5726c002708984140094d073": "56.", "5726c002708984140094d074": "However", "5726c002708984140094d075": "he lacked Belgian nationality was unjustified. T", "5726c002708984140094d076": "applied.", "5726c002708984140094d077": "restrictions. The", "5726c19add62a815002e8f8a": "In 2006", "5726c19add62a815002e8f8b": "With countries such as Spain not even having a crime against shipping to", "5726c19add62a815002e8f8c": "However, in October 2007", "5726c19add62a815002e8f8d": "The competence for the Union to do this was contested in", "5726c3da708984140094d0d9": "who give services \"for remuneration\", especially commercial or professional activity.", "5726c3da708984140094d0da": "was told he could not continue bec", "5726c3da708984140094d0db": "The", "5726c3da708984140094d0dc": "The", "5726c5a9f1498d1400e8eac4": "This meant the Daily Mail", "5726c5a9f1498d1400e8eac5": "UK", "5726c5a9f1498d1400e8eac6": "How", "5726c5a9f1498d1400e8eac7": ".", "5726c5a9f1498d1400e8eac8": "tch building company the right to enforce a contract in Germany on", "5725b81b271a42140099d097": "South America.", "5725b81b271a42140099d098": "Venezuela, Ecuador, Bolivia, Guyana, Suriname and French Guiana.", "5725b81b271a42140099d099": "This region includes territory belonging to nine nations.", "5725b81b271a42140099d09a": "States or departments in four nations contain \"Amazonas\" in their names.", "5725b81b271a42140099d09b": "The Amazon represents over half of the planet's remaining rainforests", "5728349dff5b5019007d9efe": "Dutch: Amazoneregenwoud", "5728349dff5b5019007d9eff": "that covers most of the Amazon basin of South America.", "5728349dff5b5019007d9f00": "species.", "5728349dff5b5019007d9f01": "species.", "5728349dff5b5019007d9f02": "390 billion individual trees divided into 16,000 species.", "5729e2316aef0514001550c4": "species.", "5729e2316aef0514001550c5": "species.", "5729e2316aef0514001550c6": ".", "5729e2316aef0514001550c7": "The majority of the forest is contained within Brazi", "5729e2316aef0514001550c8": "with an estimated 390 billion individual trees divided into 16,000 species.", "5725be0f271a42140099d117": "climate may have allowed the tropical rainforest to spread out across the continent.", "5725be0f271a42140099d118": "have allowed savanna regions to expand into the tropics.", "5725be0f271a42140099d119": "During the Oligocene, for example, the rainforest spanned a relatively narrow band.", "5725be0f271a42140099d11a": "then retracted to a mostly inland formation at the last glacial maximum.", "5725be0f271a42140099d11b": "However, the rainforest still managed to thrive during these glacial periods,", "57283adcff5b5019007d9f94": "continent.", "57283adcff5b5019007d9f95": "From 66\u201334 Mya, the rainforest extended as far south as 45\u00b0.", "57283adcff5b5019007d9f96": "Climate fluctuations during the last 34 million years have", "57283adcff5b5019007d9f97": "During the Oligocene, for example, the rainforest spanned a relatively narrow band.", "57283adcff5b5019007d9f98": "then retracted to a mostly inland formation at the last glacial maximum.", "5729e500af94a219006aa6b5": "ent.", "5729e500af94a219006aa6b6": "From 66\u201334 Mya, the rainforest extended as far south as 45\u00b0.", "5729e500af94a219006aa6b7": "During the Oligocene, for example, the rainforest spanned a relatively narrow band.", "5729e500af94a219006aa6b8": "then retracted to a mostly inland formation at the last glacial maximum.", "5729e500af94a219006aa6b9": "savanna regions to expand into the tropics.", "5725c071271a42140099d127": "the drainage basin of the Amazon was split along the middle of the continent by the Purus Arch.", "5725c071271a42140099d128": "Water on the eastern side flowed toward the Atlantic", "5725c071271a42140099d129": "was created that enclosed a lake;", "5725c071271a42140099d12a": "this accumulating water broke through the Purus Arch", "5725c071271a42140099d12b": ".", "57283d173acd2414000df78f": "the drainage basin of the Amazon was split along the middle of the continent by the Purus Arch.", "57283d173acd2414000df790": "while to the west water flowed toward the Pacific across the Amazonas Basin.", "57283d173acd2414000df791": "the Pacific across the Amazonas Basin.", "57283d173acd2414000df792": "while to the west water flowed toward the Pacific across the Amazonas Basin.", "57283d173acd2414000df793": "a large basin was created that enclosed a lake;", "5729e6313f37b319004785a9": "the drainage basin of the Amazon was split along the middle of the continent by the Purus Arch.", "5729e6313f37b319004785aa": "drainage basin of the Amazon was split along the middle of the continent by the Purus Arch.", "5729e6313f37b319004785ab": "while to the west water flowed toward the Pacific across the Amazonas Basin.", "5729e6313f37b319004785ac": "while to the west water flowed toward the Pacific across the Amazonas Basin.", "5729e6313f37b319004785ad": "was created that enclosed a lake; now known as the Solim\u00f5es Basin.", "5725c41eec44d21400f3d50b": "the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and subsequent deglaciation.", "5725c41eec44d21400f3d50c": "Analyses of sediment deposits from Amazon basin paleolakes and", "5725c41eec44d21400f3d50d": "Som", "5725c41eec44d21400f3d50e": "This debate has proved difficult to resolve bec", "5725c41eec44d21400f3d50f": "explanations are reasonably well supported by the available data.", "572841772ca10214002da1a6": "through the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and subsequent deglaciation.", "572841772ca10214002da1a7": "There is eviden", "572841772ca10214002da1a8": "data.", "572841772ca10214002da1a9": "this was almost certainly associated with reduced moist tropical vegetation cover in the basin.", "572a0bfaaf94a219006aa779": "through the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and subsequent deglaciation.", "572a0bfaaf94a219006aa77a": "Anal", "572a0bfaaf94a219006aa77b": "and both explanations are reasonably well supported by the available data.", "572a0bfaaf94a219006aa77c": "There is debate, however, over how extensive this reduction was.", "572a0bfaaf94a219006aa77d": "This debate has proved difficult to resolve bec", "5725c63438643c19005acc9f": "NASA's CALIPSO", "5725c63438643c19005acca0": "an average 182 million tons of dust are windblown out of the Sahara each year", "5725c63438643c19005acca1": "across 1,600 miles (2,600 km) over the Atlantic Ocean (", "5725c63438643c19005acca2": "over the Atlantic Ocean (some dust falls into the Atlantic)", "5725c63438643c19005acca3": "132 million tons of dust remain in the air", "5728455bff5b5019007da078": "has measured the amount of dust transported by wind from the Sahara to the Amazon:", "5728455bff5b5019007da079": "an average 182 million tons of dust are windblown out of the Sahara each year", "5728455bff5b5019007da07a": "27.7 million tons (15%) of dust fall over the Amazon basin", "5728455bff5b5019007da07b": "132 million tons of dust remain in the air", "5728455bff5b5019007da07c": "Caribbean Sea, past 75 degrees west longitude.", "5729ea263f37b319004785bd": "NASA's CALIPSO", "5729ea263f37b319004785be": "NASA's CALIPSO", "5729ea263f37b319004785bf": "an average 182 million tons of dust are windblown out of the Sahara each year,", "5729ea263f37b319004785c0": "across 1,600 miles (2,600 km)", "5729ea263f37b319004785c1": "27.7 million tons (15%) of dust fall over the Amazon basin", "5725c95f38643c19005accf3": "Archeologist Betty Meggers was", "5725c95f38643c19005accf4": "She claimed that a population density of 0.2 inhabitants per square kilometre (", "5725c95f38643c19005accf5": "needed to host a larger population.", "5725c95f38643c19005accf6": "findings have suggested that the region was actually densely populated.", "5725c95f38643c19005accf7": "Some 5 million people may have lived in the Amazon region in AD 1500,", "572847dd4b864d19001648bc": "given the poor soil.", "572847dd4b864d19001648bd": "needed to host a larger population.", "572847dd4b864d19001648be": "She c", "572847dd4b864d19001648bf": "as described in her book Amazonia: Man and Culture in a Counterfeit Paradise.", "5729eb34af94a219006aa6c9": "it was impossible to sustain a large population through agriculture given the poor soil.", "5729eb34af94a219006aa6ca": "For a long time, it was though", "5729eb34af94a219006aa6cb": "She", "5729eb34af94a219006aa6cc": "Some 5 million people may have lived in the Amazon region in AD 1500", "5729eb34af94a219006aa6cd": "the population had fallen to 1 million and by the early 1980s it was less than 200,000.", "5725cbb289a1e219009abed2": "The first European to travel the length of the Amazon River was Francisco de Orellana in 1542.", "5725cbb289a1e219009abed3": "ong the Amazon in the 1540s.", "5725cbb289a1e219009abed4": "was later devastated by the spread of diseases from Europe, such as smallpox.", "5725cbb289a1e219009abed5": "Since the 1970", "5725cbb289a1e219009abed6": "Acre.", "5729edd56aef051400155112": "Francisco de Orellana in 1542.", "5729edd56aef051400155113": "The first European to travel the length of the Amazon River was Francisco de Orellana in 1542.", "5729edd56aef051400155114": ".", "5729edd56aef051400155115": "Ondemar Dias is accredited with first discovering the geoglyphs in 1977 and", "5729edd56aef051400155116": "preta.", "5725cf3238643c19005acd61": "which is distributed over large areas in the Amazon forest,", "5725cf3238643c19005acd62": "is now widely accepted as a product of indigenous soil management.", "5725cf3238643c19005acd63": "in the previously hostile environment;", "5725cf3238643c19005acd64": "In", "5725cf3238643c19005acd65": ".", "5729ef266aef05140015511c": "Terra preta (black earth), which is distributed over large areas in the Amazon forest", "5729ef266aef05140015511d": "Terra preta (black earth), which is distributed over large areas in the Amazon forest", "5729ef266aef05140015511e": "In the region of the Xingu tribe, remains of some of these large settlements in", "5729ef266aef05140015511f": "Terra preta (black earth), which is distributed over large areas in the Amazon forest", "5729ef266aef051400155120": "Michael Heckenberger and colleagues of the University of Florida.", "5725d16aec44d21400f3d61b": "The region is home to", "5725d16aec44d21400f3d61c": "One in five of all the bird species in the world live in the rainforests of the Amazon, and", "5725d16aec44d21400f3d61d": "One in five of all the bird species in the world live in the rainforests of the Amazon,", "5725d16aec44d21400f3d61e": "live in Amazonian rivers and streams.", "5725d16aec44d21400f3d61f": "invertebrate species in Brazil alone.", "5729f0db6aef051400155126": "The region is home to about 2.5 million insect species,", "5729f0db6aef051400155127": "One in five of all the bird species in the world live in the rainforests of the Amazon", "5729f0db6aef051400155128": "in the region.", "5729f0db6aef051400155129": "in the region.", "5729f0db6aef05140015512a": "One in five of all the bird species in the world live in the rainforests of the Amazon", "5726722bdd62a815002e8528": "supports more than 1,100 tree species.", "5726722bdd62a815002e8529": ".", "5726722bdd62a815002e852a": "Amazon rainforest can contain about 90,790 tonnes of living plants.", "5726722bdd62a815002e852b": "The average plant biomass is estimated at 356 \u00b1 47 tonnes per hectare.", "5726722bdd62a815002e852c": "To date, an estimated 438,000 species of plants of economic and social interest", "5729f2646aef051400155130": "species.", "5729f2646aef051400155131": "of Ecuadorian rainforest supports more than 1,100 tree species.", "5729f2646aef051400155132": ".", "5729f2646aef051400155133": "The average plant biomass is estimated at 356 \u00b1 47 tonnes per hectare.", "5729f2646aef051400155134": "registered in the region with many more remaining to be discovered or catalogued.", "5729f3831d0469140077967b": "In the river, electric eels can produce an electric shock that can", "5729f3831d0469140077967c": "black caiman, jaguar, cougar, and anaconda.", "5729f3831d0469140077967d": "known to bite and injure humans.", "5729f3831d0469140077967e": "dart frogs secrete lipophilic alkaloid toxins through their flesh.", "5729f3831d0469140077967f": "Vampire bats dwell in the rainforest and can spread the rabies virus.", "5729fd56af94a219006aa72f": "Deforestation is the conversion of forested areas to non-forested areas.", "5729fd56af94a219006aa730": "Deforestation is the conversion of forested areas to non-forested areas.", "5729fd56af94a219006aa731": "The main sources of deforestation in the Amazon are human settlement and development of the land.", "5729fd56af94a219006aa732": ".", "5729fd56af94a219006aa733": "land.", "5729feaf6aef051400155188": "1991 and 2000", "5729feaf6aef051400155189": ".", "5729feaf6aef05140015518a": "Seventy percent of formerly forested land in the Amazon", "5729feaf6aef05140015518b": "Currently, Brazil is the second-largest global producer of soybeans after the United States.", "5729feaf6aef05140015518c": "1970, is used for livestock pasture.", "572a005f1d046914007796b7": ".", "572a005f1d046914007796b8": "Amazon.", "572a005f1d046914007796b9": "The", "572a005f1d046914007796bb": "there has been an increase to the present day.", "572a005f1d046914007796ba": "The mean annual deforestation rate from 2000 to 2005 (", "572a020f6aef051400155198": "which could accelerate global warming.", "572a020f6aef051400155199": "Environmentalists are concerned", "572a020f6aef05140015519a": "release of the carbon contained within the vegetation, which could accelerate global warming.", "572a020f6aef05140015519b": ".", "572a020f6aef05140015519c": "order of 1.1 \u00d7 1011 metric tonnes of carbon.", "572a03a06aef0514001551aa": ".", "572a03a06aef0514001551ab": "complete loss of rainforest cover in the basin by 2100.", "572a03a06aef0514001551ac": "2100.", "572a03a06aef0514001551ad": "The result indicates that the rainforest co", "572a03a06aef0514001551ae": ".", "572a064a3f37b3190047865d": "As indigenous territories continue to be destroyed by deforestation and ecocide,", "572a064a3f37b3190047865e": ".", "572a064a3f37b3190047865f": ".", "572a064a3f37b31900478660": ".", "572a064a3f37b31900478661": "Peruvian Amazon", "572a07c11d046914007796d5": ".", "572a07c11d046914007796d6": "Us", "572a07c11d046914007796d7": ".", "572a07c11d046914007796d8": "Using handheld GPS devices and programs like Google Earth,", "572a07c11d046914007796d9": ".", "572a09abaf94a219006aa75b": "stages within different parts of the forest is crucial.", "572a09abaf94a219006aa75c": "To accurately map the Amazon's biomass and subsequent carbon related emissions", "572a09abaf94a219006aa75d": "In 2006 Tatiana Kuplich", "572a09abaf94a219006aa75e": "the different portions of the Amazon into one of the four classifications.", "572a09abaf94a219006aa75f": "The", "572a0b101d046914007796e9": "In 2005, parts of the Amazon basin experienced the worst drought in one hundred years", "572a0b101d046914007796eb": "It", "572a0b101d046914007796ec": "are pushing the rainforest towards a \"tipping point\" wh", "572a0b101d046914007796ed": "It", "572a0b101d046914007796ea": "showing that the forest in its present form could survive only three years of drought.", "572a0bebaf94a219006aa76f": "more extreme than the 2005 drought.", "572a0bebaf94a219006aa770": "The affected region was", "572a0bebaf94a219006aa771": "The 2010 drought had three epicenters where vegetation died off", "572a0bebaf94a219006aa772": "In 2010", "572a0bebaf94a219006aa773": "In a typical year the Amazon absorbs 1.5 gigatons of carbon dioxide;", "5725b9db38643c19005acbe1": "commonly known as comb jellies", "5725b9db38643c19005acbe2": "that live in marine waters worldwide.", "5725b9db38643c19005acbe3": "various species range from a few millimeters to 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) in size.", "5725c0f289a1e219009abdf2": "is a phylum of animals that live in marine waters worldwide.", "5725c0f289a1e219009abdf3": "they use for swimming \u2013 they are the largest animals that swim by means of cilia.", "5725c0f289a1e219009abdf4": "digestion and respiration.", "5725c0f289a1e219009abdf5": "that live in marine waters worldwide.", "5725c0f289a1e219009abdf6": "Their most distinctive feature is the \u2018combs\u2019 \u2013 groups of cilia wh", "57263eaa38643c19005ad371": "commonly known as comb jellies", "57263eaa38643c19005ad372": "that live in marine waters worldwide.", "57263eaa38643c19005ad373": "the body cavity for both digestion and respiration.", "57263eaa38643c19005ad374": "phyla.", "57263eaa38643c19005ad375": "that live in marine waters worldwide.", "5725bae289a1e219009abd90": "ctenophores can eat ten times their own weight in a day.", "5725bae289a1e219009abd91": "Only 100\u2013150 species have been validated, and", "5725bae289a1e219009abd92": "Only 100\u2013150 species have been validated, and possibly another 25", "5725c337271a42140099d163": "Only 100\u2013150 species have been validated, and", "5725c337271a42140099d164": "The textbook examples", "5725c337271a42140099d165": "In favorable circumstances, ctenophores can eat ten times their own weight in a day.", "5725c337271a42140099d166": "that act as teeth.", "5725c337271a42140099d167": "that act as teeth.", "5726400589a1e219009ac5ee": "In favorable circumstances, ctenophores can eat ten times their own weight in a day.", "5726400589a1e219009ac5ef": "that act as teeth.", "5726400589a1e219009ac5f0": "that act as teeth.", "5726400589a1e219009ac5f1": "capture prey.", "5726400589a1e219009ac5f2": "These variations enable different species to build huge populations in the same area", "5725bc0338643c19005acc11": "Most species are", "5725bc0338643c19005acc12": "The young are general", "5725bc0338643c19005acc13": "before reaching the adult size and shape.", "5725c57a89a1e219009abe5e": "which can produce both eggs and sperm at the same time.", "5725c57a89a1e219009abe5f": "which can produce both eggs and sperm at the same time.", "5725c57a89a1e219009abe60": "Fer", "5725c57a89a1e219009abe61": "The", "5725c57a89a1e219009abe62": "The combination of hermaphroditism and early reproduction enables small populations", "5726415bec44d21400f3dcd1": "which can produce both eggs and sperm at the same time.", "5726415bec44d21400f3dcd2": "Some are", "5726415bec44d21400f3dcd3": "Other", "5726415bec44d21400f3dcd4": "Fer", "5726415bec44d21400f3dcd5": "The", "5725bdbe38643c19005acc39": "In bays", "5725bdbe38643c19005acc3a": "ctenophore, Mnemiopsis, has accidentally been introduced into the Black Sea", "5725bdbe38643c19005acc3b": "that promoted the growth of the Mnemiopsis population.", "5725c69738643c19005accb9": "problem, as Beroe preys on other ctenophores.", "5725c69738643c19005accba": "wh", "5725c69738643c19005accbb": ".", "5725c69738643c19005accbc": "In bays", "5726431d271a42140099d7f5": "Ctenophores may", "5726431d271a42140099d7f6": "which are a vital part of marine food chains.", "5726431d271a42140099d7f7": "wh", "5726431d271a42140099d7f8": ".", "5726431d271a42140099d7f9": "wh", "5725c91e38643c19005acceb": "the Cretaceous\u2013Paleogene extinction event 66 million years ago.", "5725c91e38643c19005accec": "Evidence accumulating since the 1980s indicates that the \"cydippids\" are not mon", "5725c91e38643c19005acced": "fossils thought to represent ctenophores,", "5725c91e38643c19005accee": "Des", "5726449f1125e71900ae1928": ".", "5726449f1125e71900ae1929": "the Cretaceous\u2013Paleogene extinction event 66 million years ago.", "5726449f1125e71900ae192a": "cydippids.", "5726449f1125e71900ae192b": "have been found in lagerst\u00e4tten", "5725cb33271a42140099d1db": "jellyfish", "5725cb33271a42140099d1dc": "include almost all other animals).", "5725cb33271a42140099d1dd": "bilaterians (which include almost all other animals)", "5725cb33271a42140099d1de": "Ctenophores form an animal phylum that is more complex than sponges,", "5725cb33271a42140099d1df": "lack them.", "572646655951b619008f6ebf": "Ctenophores form an animal phylum that is more complex than sponges,", "572646655951b619008f6ec0": "them.", "572646655951b619008f6ec1": "them.", "572646655951b619008f6ec2": "Ctenophores are", "572646655951b619008f6ec3": "bilaterians (which include almost all other animals)", "572647d0708984140094c14b": "which is called the mesoglea in cnidarians and ctenophores;", "572647d0708984140094c14c": "ctenophores and cnidarians have traditionally been labelled diploblastic", "572647d0708984140094c14d": "which is called the mesoglea in cnidarians and ctenophores;", "572647d0708984140094c14e": "Hence ctenophores and cnidarians have traditionally been labelled diploblastic,", "572648e8dd62a815002e8076": "ctenophores are", "572648e8dd62a815002e8077": "that use cilia (\"hairs\") as their main method of locomotion.", "572648e8dd62a815002e8078": "comb-like bands of cilia, called \"ctenes,", "572648e8dd62a815002e8079": "and the Greek suffix -\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 meaning \"carrying\".", "57264a0ef1498d1400e8db40": "Pleurobrachia.", "57264a0ef1498d1400e8db41": "for study.", "57264a0ef1498d1400e8db42": "Coastal species need to be tough enough to withstand waves and swirling sediment parti", "57264a0ef1498d1400e8db43": "have a wide range of body plans.", "57264b1ddd62a815002e80a0": "The inner surface of the cavity is lined with an epithelium, the gastrodermis.", "57264b1ddd62a815002e80a1": "that produce bioluminescence.", "57264b1ddd62a815002e80a2": "The internal cavity forms: a mouth that can usually be closed by muscles", "57264b1ddd62a815002e80a3": "The internal cavity forms: a mouth that can usually be closed by muscles;", "57264b1ddd62a815002e80a4": "to the most active parts of the animal: the mouth and pharynx;", "57264cfa708984140094c1c3": "The outer surface bears", "57264cfa708984140094c1c4": "The \"combs\" (also called \"ctenes\" or \"comb plates\")", "57264cfa708984140094c1c5": "where the extra compact filament is suspected to have a supporting function.", "57264cfa708984140094c1c6": "Hence ctenophores usually sw", "57264cfa708984140094c1c7": "cilia.", "57264e66dd62a815002e811a": "It is uncertain how ctenophores control their buoyancy,", "57264e66dd62a815002e811b": "ciliary rosettes in the body cavity", "57264e66dd62a815002e811c": ".", "57264e66dd62a815002e811d": ".", "572655e5f1498d1400e8dc5e": "The largest single sensory feature is the aboral organ (at the opposite end from the mouth).", "572655e5f1498d1400e8dc5f": "The largest single sensory feature is the aboral organ (at the opposite end from the mouth).", "572655e5f1498d1400e8dc60": "The statocyst is protected by a transparent dome made of long, immobile cilia.", "572655e5f1498d1400e8dc61": "The largest single sensory feature is the aboral organ (at the opposite end from the mouth).", "572655e5f1498d1400e8dc62": "The statocyst is protected by a transparent dome made of long, immobile cilia.", "57265746dd62a815002e8218": "the common coastal \"sea gooseberry", "57265746dd62a815002e8219": "From op", "57265746dd62a815002e821a": ".", "57265746dd62a815002e821b": ".", "57265746dd62a815002e821c": "the mouth at the narrow end, although some individuals are more uniformly round.", "572658daf1498d1400e8dcac": ".", "572658daf1498d1400e8dcad": "Col", "572658daf1498d1400e8dcae": "The tentilla of Euplokamis differ significantly from those of other cydippid", "572658daf1498d1400e8dcaf": "up", "572658daf1498d1400e8dcb0": "uplokamis' tentilla have", "572659ea5951b619008f7051": "There are eight rows of combs", "572659ea5951b619008f7052": "There are eight rows of combs", "572659ea5951b619008f7053": ".", "572659ea5951b619008f7054": "From each balancer in the statocyst a ciliary groove runs out", "57265aaf5951b619008f706b": "The Lobata have a pair of lobes", "57265aaf5951b619008f706c": "Between the lobes on either side of the mouth, many species of lobates have", "57265aaf5951b619008f706d": "Between the lobes on either side of the mouth, many species of lobates have f", "57265aaf5951b619008f706e": "Bet", "57265aaf5951b619008f706f": "lobates to feed continuously on suspended planktonic prey.", "57265c10f1498d1400e8dd36": "Bathocyroe and Ocyropsis can escape from danger by clapping their lobes,", "57265c10f1498d1400e8dd37": "Bathocyroe and Ocyropsis can escape from danger by clapping their lobes,", "57265c10f1498d1400e8dd38": "the movements of lobates' combs are coordinated by nerves ra", "57265c10f1498d1400e8dd39": "Unlike cydi", "57265d86f1498d1400e8dd50": "The Beroida, also known as Nuda,", "57265d86f1498d1400e8dd51": ".", "57265d86f1498d1400e8dd52": "that", "57265d86f1498d1400e8dd53": ".", "57265d86f1498d1400e8dd54": ".", "57265e97708984140094c3c3": "The Cestida (\"belt animals\")", "57265e97708984140094c3c6": "Ces", "57265e97708984140094c3c4": "The Cestida (\"belt animals\") are ribbon-shaped planktonic animals,", "57265e97708984140094c3c5": "by undulating their bodies as well as by the beating of their comb-rows.", "57265e97708984140094c3c7": "can move much faster in what has been described as a \"darting motion\".", "572681c1dd62a815002e8796": "Most", "572681c1dd62a815002e8797": "They cling to and creep on surfaces by everting the pharynx", "572681c1dd62a815002e8798": "All but one of the known platyctenid species lack comb-rows.", "572681c1dd62a815002e8799": "st Platyctenida have", "572683075951b619008f7513": "eggs and sperm are released via pores in the epidermis.", "572683075951b619008f7514": "hatch.", "572683075951b619008f7515": "Self-fertilization has oc", "572683075951b619008f7516": ".", "572683075951b619008f7517": "Fertilization is external in most species,", "572684365951b619008f753f": "the juveniles, like the adults, lack tentacles and tentacle sheaths.", "572684365951b619008f7540": "the juveniles be", "572684365951b619008f7541": "In most species the juveniles gradually develop the body forms of their parents.", "572684365951b619008f7542": "In some groups, such as the flat, bottom-dwelling platyctenids,", "572684365951b619008f7543": "the juveniles, like the adults, lack tentacles and tentacle sheaths.", "572686fc708984140094c8e5": "Wh", "572686fc708984140094c8e6": "When", "572686fc708984140094c8e7": "the same wavelengths as their bodies.", "572686fc708984140094c8e8": ".", "5726887e708984140094c917": "there are no vegetarians and only one genus that is partly parasitic.", "5726887e708984140094c918": ".", "5726887e708984140094c919": "Members of the genus Haeckelia pr", "5726887e708984140094c91a": "Bol", "5726887e708984140094c91b": "The two-tentacled \"cydippid\" Lampea feeds exclusively on salps,", "57268a37f1498d1400e8e33c": ".", "57268a37f1498d1400e8e33d": "Oncorhynchus keta, showed that these fish digest ctenophores 20", "57268a37f1498d1400e8e33e": "Beroids prey mainly on other ctenophores.", "57268a37f1498d1400e8e33f": "during blooms in the Red Sea.", "57268a37f1498d1400e8e340": "ctenophores, and jellyfish may temporarily wipe out ctenophore populations.", "57268c01dd62a815002e8912": "the Black Sea and Sea of Azov via the ballast tanks of ships, and", "57268c01dd62a815002e8913": "the Black Sea and Sea of Azov via the", "57268c01dd62a815002e8915": "Mnemiopsis populations in those areas were eventually brough", "57268c01dd62a815002e8914": "On the other hand, in the late 1980s the Western Atlantic c", "57268c01dd62a815002e8916": "ich significantly slowed the animal's metabolism.", "57268da7f1498d1400e8e39c": "Because of their soft, gelatinous bodies, ctenophores are", "57268da7f1498d1400e8e39d": "The Ediacaran Eoandromeda could putatively represent a comb jelly.", "57268da7f1498d1400e8e39e": "about 505 million years ago in the mid-Cambrian period.", "57268da7f1498d1400e8e39f": "Three additional putative species were then found in the Burgess Shale and", "57268da7f1498d1400e8e3a0": "Three additional putative species were then found in the Burgess Shale and", "57268f05dd62a815002e8990": "China's Chengjiang lagerst\u00e4tte", "57268f05dd62a815002e8991": "what they considered rows of cilia, used for filter feeding.", "57268f05dd62a815002e8992": "They suggested that Stromatoveris was an evolutionary \"aunt\" of ctenophores,", "57268f05dd62a815002e8993": "The early Cambrian sessile frond-like fossil Stromatoveris", "57268f05dd62a815002e8994": "Vendobionta of the preceding Ediacaran period.", "57269016708984140094ca41": "that they evolved independently in the ctenophore lineage.", "57269016708984140094ca42": ".", "572691bedd62a815002e89dc": "Since all modern ctenophores except the beroids have cydippid-like larvae,", "572691bedd62a815002e89dd": "A", "572691bedd62a815002e89de": "the Cretaceous\u2013Paleogene extinction event 65", "572691bedd62a815002e89df": "Richard Harbison", "5725ce4d38643c19005acd4d": "making it the fifth-largest city in California", "5725ce4d38643c19005acd4e": ".", "5725ce4d38643c19005acd4f": "The name Fresno means \"ash tree\" in Spanish, and", "5725ce4d38643c19005acd50": "and an ash leaf is featured on the city's flag.", "5725ce4d38643c19005acd51": ".", "5725cfd0271a42140099d225": "In 1872", "5725cfd0271a42140099d226": "Soon there was a store around the station and the store grew the town of Fresno Station,", "5725cfd0271a42140099d227": "Fresno became an incorporated city in 1885.", "5725cfd0271a42140099d228": "By 1931 the Fresno Traction Company operated 47 streetcars over 49 miles of track.", "5725cfd0271a42140099d229": "the town of Fresno Station, later called Fresno.", "5725d183271a42140099d23d": "Fresno's population as 94.0% white, 3.3% black and 2.7% Asian.", "5725d183271a42140099d23e": "In 1940,", "5725d183271a42140099d23f": "Pinedale, in what is now North Fresno, was the site of the Pinedale Assembly Center,", "5725d183271a42140099d240": "was the site of the Pinedale Assembly Center,", "5725d183271a42140099d241": "The Fresno Fairgrounds was also utilized as an assembly center.", "5725d34aec44d21400f3d639": "1958, Bank of America launched a new product called BankAmericard in Fresno.", "5725d34aec44d21400f3d63a": "BankAmericard went on to become the first successful credit card", "5725d34aec44d21400f3d63b": "earlier financial products could do one or the other but not both).", "5725d34aec44d21400f3d63c": "In September 1958,", "5725d34aec44d21400f3d63d": "In", "5725d42a89a1e219009abf58": "In the 1970s, the city was the subject of a song, \"Walking Into Fresno", "5725d42a89a1e219009abf59": "In the 1970s, the city was the subject of a song, \"Walking Into Fresno", "5725d42a89a1e219009abf5a": "In the 1970s", "5725d42a89a1e219009abf5b": "In the 1970s, the city was the subject of a song, \"Walking Into Fresno", "5725d42a89a1e219009abf5c": "Aken, adopted by Mexican movie actress Lupe Mayorga,", "5725d662ec44d21400f3d687": ".", "5725d662ec44d21400f3d688": "Roeding Park, near Downtown Fresno, is home to the Fresno Chaffee Zoo, and", "5725d662ec44d21400f3d689": "Kear", "5725d662ec44d21400f3d68a": "Woodward Park", "5725d662ec44d21400f3d68b": "the largest reenactment of the Civil War in the west coast of the U.S.", "5725d7e438643c19005acdf9": ".", "5725d7e438643c19005acdfa": "some of the San Joaquin Valley's most beautiful architectural buildings.", "5725d7e438643c19005acdfb": "the San Joaquin Light & Power Building (currently known as the Grand 1401), and", "5725d7e438643c19005acdfc": "few.", "5725daa8ec44d21400f3d6b3": "1964", "5725daa8ec44d21400f3d6b4": "1964.", "5725daa8ec44d21400f3d6b5": "the", "5725daa8ec44d21400f3d6b6": "The public art pieces will be restored and pla", "5725daa8ec44d21400f3d6b7": "the pedestrian friendly environment of the district.", "5725db98ec44d21400f3d6c5": ".", "5725db98ec44d21400f3d6c6": "Its major thoroughfares are Kings Canyon Avenue and Clovis Avenue.", "5725db98ec44d21400f3d6c7": "Avenue to the West.", "5725db98ec44d21400f3d6c8": "It is also the home of the Sunnyside Country Club,", "5725db98ec44d21400f3d6c9": "ich maintains a golf course designed by William P. Bell.", "5725dd7d89a1e219009abfea": "which is included on the National List of Historic Places.", "5725dd7d89a1e219009abfeb": "which is included on the National List of Historic Places.", "5725dd7d89a1e219009abfec": "area", "5725dd7d89a1e219009abfed": "later renamed California State University at Fresno).", "5725dd7d89a1e219009abfee": "one-half mile north of the Tower District.", "5725e1c4271a42140099d2d7": "the re-opening", "5725e1c4271a42140099d2d8": "Af", "5725e1c4271a42140099d2d9": "Roger Rocka's Dinner Theater & Good Company Players also opened nearby in 1978,", "5725e1c4271a42140099d2da": "Fre", "5725e1c4271a42140099d2db": "she was a high school student.", "5725e45689a1e219009ac048": "and all within a few hundred feet of each other.", "5725e45689a1e219009ac049": "and all within a few hundred feet of each other.", "5725e45689a1e219009ac04a": "Since renewal, the Tower District", "5725e45689a1e219009ac04b": "the center of Fresno's LGBT and hipster Communities.", "5725e45689a1e219009ac04c": "To", "5725e748ec44d21400f3d733": "The area is also known", "5725e748ec44d21400f3d734": "houses designed by Fresno architects,", "5725e748ec44d21400f3d735": ".", "5725e748ec44d21400f3d736": "have been restored in recent decades.", "5725ec8289a1e219009ac0ae": "later the tract had 267 homes.", "5725ec8289a1e219009ac0af": "was mapped by William Stranahan for the Pacific Improvement Corporation,", "5725ec8289a1e219009ac0b0": "In", "5725ec8289a1e219009ac0b1": ".", "5725ec8289a1e219009ac0b2": "which provided streetcar connections between downtown and the County Hospital.", "5725edfe38643c19005ace9f": "The \"West Side\" of Fresno", "5725edfe38643c19005acea0": "The neighborhood lies southwest of the 99 freeway (which divides it from Downtown Fresno", "5725edfe38643c19005acea1": "the center of Fresno's African-American community.", "5725edfe38643c19005acea2": "populations.", "5725edfe38643c19005acea3": "west of the 41 freeway and south of Nielsen Ave (", "5725f00938643c19005aced7": "The neighborhood includes Kearney Boulevard", "5725f00938643c19005aced8": "Kearney Boulevard is lined with tall palm trees.", "5725f00938643c19005aced9": "The", "5725f00938643c19005aceda": "was given the name by the Fresno City Council in", "5725f00938643c19005acedb": "was still known for high levels of violent crime.", "5725f190ec44d21400f3d76f": "built between the 1960s and 1990s by the Fresno Housing Authority.", "5725f190ec44d21400f3d770": "on the corner of Fresno and B streets,", "5725f190ec44d21400f3d771": "throughout the neighborhood.", "5725f190ec44d21400f3d772": "The Fresno Chandler Executive Airport is also on the West Side.", "5725f190ec44d21400f3d773": "The", "5725f2c838643c19005aceed": "Woodward Park was founded by the late Ralph Woodward, a long-time Fresno resident.", "5725f2c838643c19005aceee": "Wood", "5725f2c838643c19005aceef": "The park has", "5725f2c838643c19005acef0": ". Eaton trail system will cover 22 miles (35 km) between Highway 99 and Friant Dam. The", "5725f2c838643c19005acef1": "Wood", "5725f46289a1e219009ac0fa": "Formed in 1946", "5725f46289a1e219009ac0fb": "Developer William Smilie created the nation's first planned aviation community.", "5725f46289a1e219009ac0fc": "Sierra Sky Park was the first aviation community to be built[citation needed] and", "5725f46289a1e219009ac0fd": "transportation law to allow personal aircraft and automobiles to share certain roads.", "5725f46289a1e219009ac0fe": "there are now numerous such communities across the United States and around the world.", "5725f5b1271a42140099d371": "thus displaying Mediterranean characteristics.", "5725f5b1271a42140099d372": ".", "5725f5b1271a42140099d373": "However, the year averages 81% of possible sunshine, for a total of 3550 hours.", "5725f5b1271a42140099d374": "Most of the wind rose direction occurrences derive from the northwest", "5725f5b1271a42140099d375": "Most of the wind rose direction occurrences derive from the northwest", "5725f6e138643c19005acf19": "The official record high temperature for Fresno is", "5725f6e138643c19005acf1a": ".", "5725f6e138643c19005acf1b": "and", "5725f6e138643c19005acf1c": "1962.", "5725f6e138643c19005acf1d": "the most rainfall in 24 hours 3.55 inches (90.2 mm) on", "5725f7cd38643c19005acf23": "Fresno had a population of 494,665.", "5725f7cd38643c19005acf24": "1970.", "5725f7cd38643c19005acf25": "Fresno had a population of 494,665.", "5725f7cd38643c19005acf26": "were 30.0% of the population in 2010, down from 72.6% in 1970.", "5725f7cd38643c19005acf27": "4,404.5 people per square mile (1,700.6/km\u00b2).", "5725f8f5ec44d21400f3d7b1": "68,511 (43.3%) had children under the age of 18 living in them,", "5725f8f5ec44d21400f3d7b2": "had a female householder with no husband present,", "5725f8f5ec44d21400f3d7b3": "There we", "5725f8f5ec44d21400f3d7b4": "the average family size was 3.62.", "5725f8f5ec44d21400f3d7b5": "The average household size was 3.07.", "5725fabc89a1e219009ac128": ".", "5725fabc89a1e219009ac129": ".", "5725fabc89a1e219009ac12a": "The racial makeup of the city was", "5725fabc89a1e219009ac12b": "Asian (about a third of which is Hmong", "5725fabc89a1e219009ac12c": "was 4,097.9 people per square mile (1,582.2/km\u00b2).", "5725fb8138643c19005acf3f": "Fresno would only have UHF television stations.", "5725fb8138643c19005acf40": "The very first Fresno television station to begin broadcasting was KMJ-TV, which", "5725fb8138643c19005acf41": "The very first Fresno television station to begin broadcasting was KMJ-TV, wh", "5725fb8138643c19005acf42": "KMJ is now known as NBC affiliate KSEE.", "5725fb8138643c19005acf43": "that Fresno would only have UHF television stations.", "5725fcbe271a42140099d3ad": "that connects the major population centers of the California Central Valley.", "5725fcbe271a42140099d3ae": "the Sierra Freeway, heads east to the city of Clovis and Huntington Lake.", "5725fcbe271a42140099d3af": "State Route 41 (Yosemite Freeway/Eisenhower Freeway)", "5725fcbe271a42140099d3b0": "State Route 180 (Kings Canyon Freeway) comes from the west via Mendota,", "5725fe63ec44d21400f3d7dd": "Fresno is the largest U.S. city not directly linked to an Interstate highway.", "5725fe63ec44d21400f3d7de": "When the Interstate Highway System was created in the 1950s", "5725fe63ec44d21400f3d7df": "has been made to upgrade it to interstate standards and eventually inc", "5725fe63ec44d21400f3d7e0": ".", "5725ff8238643c19005acf49": "The city of Fresno is planned to serve the future California High Speed Rail.", "5725ff8238643c19005acf4a": "Santa Fe Railroad Depot in Downtown Fresno.", "5725ff8238643c19005acf4b": "The city of Fresno is planned to serve the future California High Speed Rail.", "5725ff8238643c19005acf4c": "The city of Fresno is planned to serve the future California High Speed Rail.", "5725ff8238643c19005acf4d": "The city of Fresno is planned to serve the future California High Speed Rail.", "5725d34089a1e219009abf50": "Paul Baran developed the concept Distributed Adaptive Message Block Switching", "5725d34089a1e219009abf51": "Star", "5725d34089a1e219009abf52": "Th", "5725d34089a1e219009abf53": "Dav", "572632ceec44d21400f3dc2f": "Paul Baran developed the concept Distributed Adaptive Message Block Switching", "572632ceec44d21400f3dc30": "Defense.", "572632ceec44d21400f3dc31": "in the United States.", "5725d52f89a1e219009abf78": "Packet switching contrasts with another principal networking paradigm", "5725d52f89a1e219009abf79": "In", "5725d52f89a1e219009abf7a": "packet switching may", "572634a789a1e219009ac56c": ".", "572634a789a1e219009ac56d": "nodes.", "572634a789a1e219009ac56e": "In", "572634a789a1e219009ac56f": "packet switching may", "5726219489a1e219009ac2ce": "Pac", "5726219489a1e219009ac2cf": "bucket.", "5726219489a1e219009ac2d0": ".", "5726356938643c19005ad2ff": "Pac", "5726356938643c19005ad300": "bucket.", "5726356938643c19005ad301": "the packets may be delivered according to a multiple access scheme.", "5726249538643c19005ad07f": "Baran developed the concept of distributed adaptive message block switching during", "5726249538643c19005ad080": "the RAND Corporation for the US Air Force", "5726249538643c19005ad081": "The work f", "5726249538643c19005ad082": "delivery of these messages by store and forward switching.", "57263677ec44d21400f3dc4a": ".", "57263677ec44d21400f3dc4c": "delivery of these messages by store and forward switching.", "57263677ec44d21400f3dc49": "Baran developed the concept of distributed adaptive message block switching dur", "57263677ec44d21400f3dc4b": "The work focuses on three key ideas: use of a decentralized network with multiple paths bet", "572629c6271a42140099d6a3": "Donald Davies at the National Physical Laboratory, UK", "572629c6271a42140099d6a4": ".", "572629c6271a42140099d6a5": "network in the UK.", "572629c6271a42140099d6a6": "suggested it for use in the ARPANET.", "5726378238643c19005ad313": "the same message routing methodology as developed by Baran.", "5726378238643c19005ad314": ".", "5726378238643c19005ad315": "1967 ACM Symposium on Operating System Principles", "5726385e271a42140099d797": "In connectionless mode each packet includes complete addressing information.", "5726385e271a42140099d798": ".", "5726385e271a42140099d799": "It may also be labeled with the sequence number of the packet.", "5726385e271a42140099d79a": "At", "5726398589a1e219009ac58b": "The", "5726398589a1e219009ac58a": "the node to look up the connection id in a table.", "5726398589a1e219009ac589": "The packets include a connection identifier rather th", "5726398589a1e219009ac588": "passes.", "57263b1638643c19005ad333": "Both X.25 and Frame Relay provide connection-oriented operations.", "57263b1638643c19005ad335": "X.25 con", "57263b1638643c19005ad334": ".", "57263b1638643c19005ad336": "typical configuration is to run IP over ATM or a version of MPLS. <", "57263c78ec44d21400f3dc7b": "ARPANET and SITA HLN became operational in 1969.", "57263c78ec44d21400f3dc7c": "The X.25 protocol suite uses this network type.", "57263c78ec44d21400f3dc7d": "Tw", "57263c78ec44d21400f3dc7e": "The X.25 protocol suite uses this network type.", "57263cfcec44d21400f3dc8d": "Apple", "57263cfcec44d21400f3dc8e": "AppleTalk inc", "57263cfcec44d21400f3dc8f": "The AppleTalk system automatically assigned addresses,", "57263cfcec44d21400f3dc90": "It was a plug-n-play system.", "57263dcd89a1e219009ac5a2": "Louis Pouzin.", "57263dcd89a1e219009ac5a3": "It was the first network to", "57263dcd89a1e219009ac5a4": "It was the first network to", "57263dcd89a1e219009ac5a5": "Concepts of this network influenced later ARPANET architecture.", "57263ea0271a42140099d7c3": "DECnet is a suite of network protocols created by Digital Equipment Corporation,", "57263ea0271a42140099d7c4": "originally released in 1975 in order to connect two PDP-11 minicomputers.", "57263ea0271a42140099d7c5": "ev", "57263ea0271a42140099d7c6": "Linux.", "57263fd138643c19005ad37b": "Warner was right.", "57263fd138643c19005ad37c": "In 1965, at the instigation of Warner Sinback", "57263fd138643c19005ad37d": "the centers were computer service bureaus, offering batch processing services.", "57263fd138643c19005ad37e": "Warner was right.)", "5726414e271a42140099d7e5": "join the network", "5726414e271a42140099d7e6": "completed the triad.", "5726414e271a42140099d7e7": "All of this set the stage for Merit's role in the NSFNET project starting in the mid-1980", "57264228ec44d21400f3dcf5": "Telenet was the first FCC-licensed public data network in the United States.", "57264228ec44d21400f3dcf6": "Telenet was the first FCC-licensed public data network in the United States.", "57264228ec44d21400f3dcf7": ".29.", "57264228ec44d21400f3dcf8": "PANET technology but changed the host interface to X.25 and the terminal interface to X.29.", "57264228ec44d21400f3dcf9": "It went public in 1979 and was then sold to GTE.", "5726431aec44d21400f3dd13": "Tymnet was an international data communications network headquartered in San Jose, CA that", "5726431aec44d21400f3dd14": "Tymnet", "5726431aec44d21400f3dd15": ".", "5726431aec44d21400f3dd16": "The bu", "5726431aec44d21400f3dd17": "gateways to the public network to reach locations not on the private network.", "572643de5951261400b5195a": "There were two kinds of X.25 networks.", "572643de5951261400b5195b": "DATAPAC was developed by Bell Northern Research wh", "572643de5951261400b5195c": "address.", "5726446a89cfff1900a8404d": "AUSTPAC was an Australian public X.25 network operated by Telstra.", "5726446a89cfff1900a8404e": "AUSTPAC was an Australian public X.25 network operated by Telstra.", "5726446a89cfff1900a8404f": "nections to AUSTPAC up until the mid-late 1990s in some cases.", "57264586f1498d1400e8dac6": "Datanet 1 was the public switched data network operated by the Dutch PTT Telecom (", "57264586f1498d1400e8dac7": "Strictly speaking Datanet 1 on", "57264586f1498d1400e8dac8": "confusion.", "57264586f1498d1400e8dac9": "Although this use of the name was inc", "5726462b708984140094c117": "The Computer Science Network (CSNET)", "5726462b708984140094c118": "Its purpose", "5726462b708984140094c119": "limitations.", "5726472bdd62a815002e8042": ".", "5726472bdd62a815002e8043": ".", "5726472bdd62a815002e8044": "The Internet2 community, in partnership with Qwest, built the first Internet2 Network", "5726472bdd62a815002e8045": ".", "5726472bdd62a815002e8046": "government.", "572647e2dd62a815002e805c": "The National Science Foundation Network (NSFNET)", "572647e2dd62a815002e805d": "backbone.", "572647e2dd62a815002e805e": "backbone.", "572648d1708984140094c15d": "and went on to upgrade the entire backbone to OC-48c.", "572648d1708984140094c15e": "The", "572648d1708984140094c15f": "The network was engineered and operated by MCI Telecommunications un", "572648d1708984140094c160": "all OC-12c backbone, a substantial engineering feat for that time.", "572648d1708984140094c161": "and", "57264684708984140094c123": "The Black Death is thought to have originated in the arid plains of Central Asia", "57264684708984140094c124": "the Black Death is estimated to have killed 30\u201360% of Europe's total population.", "57264684708984140094c125": "the Black Death is estimated to have killed 30\u201360% of Europe's total population.", "57264684708984140094c126": "The", "57264684708984140094c127": "From there", "572647935951b619008f6ec9": "Ep", "572647935951b619008f6eca": "The plague", "572647935951b619008f6ecb": "Epidemics that may have included plague killed an estimated 25 million Chinese and other Asians dur", "572647935951b619008f6ecc": "Epidemics that may have included plague killed an estimated 25 million Chinese and other Asians dur", "572647935951b619008f6ecd": "Epidemics that may have included plague killed an estimated 25 million Chinese and other Asians dur", "57264845f1498d1400e8db0a": "Plague was reportedly first introduced to Europe", "57264845f1498d1400e8db0b": "After a protracted siege", "57264845f1498d1400e8db0c": "After a protracted siege, during which the Mongol army un", "57264845f1498d1400e8db0d": "The Genoese traders fled, taki", "57264845f1498d1400e8db0e": "contributed to the severity of the Black Death.", "572648ed5951b619008f6f03": "From Italy", "572648ed5951b619008f6f04": "From Italy, the disease spread northwest across Europe,", "572648ed5951b619008f6f05": "The plague was somewhat less common in parts of Europe that", "572648ed5951b619008f6f06": "from 1348 to 1350.", "572648ed5951b619008f6f07": "wh", "57264991f1498d1400e8db2e": "The plague struck various countries in the Middle East dur", "57264991f1498d1400e8db2f": ". As it spread to western Europe, the disease entered the region from southern Russia also.", "57264991f1498d1400e8db30": "the plague reached Alexandria in Egypt,", "57264991f1498d1400e8db31": "The city's residents fl", "57264a74708984140094c18b": "claimed that the Latin name atra mors (Black Death", "57264a74708984140094c18c": "the Latin name atra mors (Black Death)", "57264a74708984140094c18d": "the Latin name atra mors (Black Death", "57264a74708984140094c18e": "In England, it was not until 1823 that the medieval epidemic was first called the Black Death.", "57264a74708984140094c18f": "The name spread through Scandinavia and then Germany", "57264b3edd62a815002e80aa": "That the plague was caused by bad air became the most widely accepted theory.", "57264b3edd62a815002e80ab": "the Middle Ages.", "57264b3edd62a815002e80ac": "That the plague was caused by bad air became the most widely accepted theory.", "57264b3edd62a815002e80ad": "Today, this is known as the Miasma theory.", "57264c42dd62a815002e80c6": "also responsible for an epidemic that began in southern China in 1865,", "57264c42dd62a815002e80c7": "The investigation of the pathogen that caused the 19th-century plague", "57264c42dd62a815002e80c8": "whom the pathogen was named Yersinia pestis.", "57264c42dd62a815002e80c9": "The mechanism by which Y. pestis was usually transmitted was established in 1898 by", "57264c42dd62a815002e80ca": "The", "57264cc6dd62a815002e80e4": "The historian Francis Aidan Gasquet wrote about the 'Great Pestilence' in 1893", "57264cc6dd62a815002e80e5": "bubonic plague", "57264cc6dd62a815002e80e6": "He", "57264cc6dd62a815002e80e7": "bubonic plague\".", "57264cc6dd62a815002e80e8": "He was", "57264d58f1498d1400e8db7a": "The", "57264d58f1498d1400e8db7b": "Symptoms include fever, cough, and blood-tinged sputum.", "57264d58f1498d1400e8db7c": "80 percent die within eight days.", "57264d58f1498d1400e8db7d": "Pneumonic plague has a mortality rate of 90 to 95 percent.", "57264d58f1498d1400e8db7e": "Symptoms include fever, cough, and blood-tinged sputum.", "57264e2f708984140094c1e1": "wh", "57264e2f708984140094c1e2": "paper by a multinational team wh", "57264e2f708984140094c1e3": "Y. pestis", "57264e2f708984140094c1e4": "Y. pestis from", "57264e2f708984140094c1e5": "paper by a multinational team wh", "57264f18f1498d1400e8dbae": "These clades (which are thought to be ex", "57264f18f1498d1400e8dbaf": "mass graves.", "57264f18f1498d1400e8dbb0": ".", "57264f18f1498d1400e8dbb1": "Surveys of plague pit remains in France and England indicate the first variant entered Europe th", "57264f18f1498d1400e8dbb2": "in the spring of 1349, where it spread through the country in three epidemics.", "57264fe65951b619008f6fa1": "The results of the Haensch study have since been confirmed and amended.", "57264fe65951b619008f6fa2": "2011", "57264fe65951b619008f6fa3": "that caused the Black Death is ancestral to most modern strains of the disease.", "57264fe65951b619008f6fa4": "2011 sequenced the genome of Y. pestis from", "5726509bdd62a815002e815a": "The plague theory", "5726509bdd62a815002e815b": ".", "5726509bdd62a815002e815c": "The plague theory was", "5726509bdd62a815002e815d": "In 1984", "5726509bdd62a815002e815e": "(2001)", "5726516a708984140094c223": "the plague is as important as an identification of symptoms,", "5726516a708984140094c224": "researchers are hampered by the lack of reliable statistics from this period.", "5726516a708984140094c225": "but researchers are hampered by the lack of reliable statistics from this period.", "5726516a708984140094c226": "Estimates of plague victims are usually extrapolated from figures from the clergy.", "5726516a708984140094c227": "was undertaken between the time of publication of the Domesday Book and the year 1377.", "57265285708984140094c25b": "other mass graves.", "57265285708984140094c25c": "that transference via fleas in goods was likely to be of marginal significance;", "57265285708984140094c25d": "-ups.", "57265285708984140094c25e": "-ups.", "57265285708984140094c25f": "separated by 5 to 15 years", "5726534d708984140094c26d": ".", "5726534d708984140094c26e": "forms of the plague", "5726534d708984140094c26f": ". In 2014,", "5726534d708984140094c270": "In addition to the bubonic infection, others point to additional septicemic (", "5726534d708984140094c271": "s.", "5726542ff1498d1400e8dc28": "In crowded cities, it was not uncommon for as much as 50% of the population to die.", "5726542ff1498d1400e8dc29": "In crowded cities, it was not uncommon for as much as 50% of the population to die.", "5726542ff1498d1400e8dc2a": "The", "5726542ff1498d1400e8dc2b": "In crowded cities, it was not uncommon for as much as 50% of the population to die.", "5726542ff1498d1400e8dc2c": "some areas, and the most isolated areas were less vulnerable to contagion.", "572654e2708984140094c2b7": "The plague repeatedly returned to haunt Europe and", "572654e2708984140094c2b8": "the plague was present somewhere in Europe in every year between 1346 and 1671.", "572654e2708984140094c2b9": "France alone lost almost a million people to the plague in the epidemic of 1628\u201331.", "5726559edd62a815002e81c8": "In England, in the absence of census figures", "5726559edd62a815002e81c9": "By the end of 1350, the Black Death subsided, but it never really died out in England.", "5726559edd62a815002e81ca": "An", "5726559edd62a815002e81cb": "and ended with the Great Plague of London in 1665.", "57265642f1498d1400e8dc68": "In 1466, perhaps 40,000 people died of the plague in Paris.", "57265642f1498d1400e8dc69": "The Black Death ravaged Europe for three years", "57265642f1498d1400e8dc6b": "which is associated with troop movements during the Thirty Years' War,", "57265642f1498d1400e8dc6c": "The last plague outbreak ravaged Oslo in 1654.", "57265642f1498d1400e8dc6a": "Plague occurred in Venice 22 times between 1361 and 1528.", "57265700dd62a815002e820e": "In the first half of the 17th century", "57265700dd62a815002e820f": "In 1656, the plague killed about half of Naples' 300,000 inhabitants.", "57265700dd62a815002e8210": "The plague of 1649 probably reduced the population of Seville by half.", "57265700dd62a815002e8211": "In 1709\u201313, a plague epidemic that followed the Great Northern War (", "57265700dd62a815002e8212": "Europe's last major epidemic occurred in 1720 in Marseille.", "5726577f708984140094c301": ".", "5726577f708984140094c302": "Algiers lost 30 to 50 thousand inhabitants to it in 1620\u201321,", "5726577f708984140094c303": "Ottoman society until the second quarter of the 19th century.", "5726577f708984140094c304": "Baghdad has suffered severely from visitations of the plague,", "572657d9dd62a815002e8230": "When a rock crystallizes from melt (magma and/or lava),", "572657d9dd62a815002e8231": "The", "572657d9dd62a815002e8232": "Wh", "572657d9dd62a815002e8233": "igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic.", "572657d9dd62a815002e8234": "that change the mineral content of the rock which gives it a characteristic fabric.", "57265d08708984140094c397": "is separated into a number of tectonic plates that", "57265d08708984140094c398": "wh", "57265d08708984140094c399": "which includes the crust and rigid uppermost portion of the upper mantle,", "57265d08708984140094c39a": "This coupling between rigid plates moving on the surface of the Earth and the", "57265d08708984140094c39b": "In the 1960s", "57265f605951b619008f70db": "where two plates move apart.", "57265f605951b619008f70dc": "one plate subducts under another.", "57265f605951b619008f70dd": "The development of plate", "57265f605951b619008f70de": "Plate tectonics also provided a mechan", "57265f605951b619008f70df": "the lithosphere moves over the convecting mantle.", "57266193dd62a815002e832a": ".", "57266193dd62a815002e832b": "core.", "57266193dd62a815002e832d": "These advances led to the development of a layered model of the Earth,", "57266193dd62a815002e832e": ".", "57266193dd62a815002e832c": "that.", "572663a9f1498d1400e8ddf2": "therefore each subsections of their preceding timeline as indicated by asterisks.", "572663a9f1498d1400e8ddf4": "it is further expanded in the fourth scale.", "572663a9f1498d1400e8ddf5": "The Holocene", "572663a9f1498d1400e8ddf6": "The Pleistocene (P) epoch. Q stands for the Quaternary period.", "572665ff708984140094c4c3": "they cut.", "572665ff708984140094c4c4": "Faults are younger than the rocks they cut;", "572665ff708984140094c4c5": "help determine whether the fault is a normal fault or a thrust fault.", "572665ff708984140094c4c6": "Faults are younger than the rocks they cut", "572667e2f1498d1400e8de90": "A similar situation with igneous rocks occurs wh", "572667e2f1498d1400e8de91": "xenoliths are found.", "572667e2f1498d1400e8de92": "it is common for gravel from an older formation to be ripped up and included in a newer layer", "572667e2f1498d1400e8de93": "then the inclusions must be older than the formation that contains them.", "572667e2f1498d1400e8de94": ".", "572669a9dd62a815002e8416": "The principle of faunal succession", "572669a9dd62a815002e8417": "the appearance of fossils in sedimentary rocks.", "572669a9dd62a815002e8418": "The principle becomes quite complex, however, given the uncertainties of fossilization", "572669a9dd62a815002e8419": "nd.", "572669a9dd62a815002e841a": "thought.", "57266c015951b619008f7237": "ich there was datable material, converting the old relative ages into new absolute ages.", "57266c015951b619008f7238": "rock relative to one another.", "57266c015951b619008f7239": "With isotopic dates it", "57266c015951b619008f723a": "fossils and stratigraphic correlation to date sections of rock relative to one another.", "57266c015951b619008f723b": "rock relative to one another.", "57266e72f1498d1400e8df8c": "Thermochemical techniques can be used to determine temperature profiles with", "57266e72f1498d1400e8df8d": "the", "57266e72f1498d1400e8df8e": "These are used in geochronologic and thermochronologic studies.", "57266e72f1498d1400e8df8f": "Dating of lava and volcanic ash layers found within a stratigraphic sequence", "5726701add62a815002e84c8": "rock units are placed under horizontal compression, they shorten and become thicker.", "5726701add62a815002e84c9": "In the shallow crust, where brittle deformation can occur, thrust faults form", "5726701add62a815002e84ca": "The", "5726701add62a815002e84cb": "Deeper in the Earth, rocks behave plastically, and fold instead of faulting.", "5726701add62a815002e84cc": "they are called anticlines and synclines, respectively.", "572671a5f1498d1400e8dfe4": "Extension causes the rock units as a whole to become longer and thinner.", "572671a5f1498d1400e8dfe5": "The", "572671a5f1498d1400e8dfe6": "meter.", "572671a5f1498d1400e8dfe7": "Rocks at the depth to be ductilely stretched are often also metamorphosed.", "572671a5f1498d1400e8dfe8": "Extension causes the rock units as a whole to become longer and thinner.", "572673f5708984140094c69b": ".", "572673f5708984140094c69c": "Dik", "572673f5708984140094c69d": "Faulting and other deformational processes", "572673f5708984140094c69e": "Continual motion along the fault maintains", "572673f5708984140094c69f": "Deformational events are often also associated with volcanism and igneous activity.", "57267640f1498d1400e8e074": "almost entirely of layered basaltic lava flows.", "57267640f1498d1400e8e075": "the oldest known rock in the world have", "57267640f1498d1400e8e076": "In many places, the Grand Canyon in the southwestern United States be", "57267640f1498d1400e8e077": "In many places, the Grand Canyon in the southwestern United States be", "57267640f1498d1400e8e078": "the oldest known rock in the world have been metamorphosed to the point wh", "572677e7708984140094c723": "In typical geological investigations, geologists use primary information relat", "572677e7708984140094c724": "the study of sedimentary layers", "572677e7708984140094c725": "structural geology (the study of positions of rock units and their deformation).", "572677e7708984140094c726": "subsurface.", "57267947f1498d1400e8e0ec": "through optical microscopy and by using an electron microprobe.", "57267947f1498d1400e8e0ed": "In", "57267947f1498d1400e8e0ee": "Stable and radioactive isotope studies provide insight into the geochemical evolution of rock un", "57267947f1498d1400e8e0ef": "petrologists identify rock samples in the laboratory.", "57267947f1498d1400e8e0f0": "electron microprobe.", "57267b3c5951b619008f7423": "Petrologists", "57267b3c5951b619008f7424": "Petrologists", "57267b3c5951b619008f7425": "This research can be extrapolated to the field to understand metamorphic processes", "57267d52708984140094c7d9": "which gives information about strain within the crystalline structure of the rocks.", "57267d52708984140094c7da": "which gives information about strain within the crystalline structure of the rocks.", "57267d52708984140094c7db": "in order to reconstruct the history of rock deformation in the area.", "57267d52708984140094c7dc": ".", "57267ebfdd62a815002e872c": "zones in which mountains are built along convergent tectonic plate boundaries.", "57267ebfdd62a815002e872d": ".", "57267ebfdd62a815002e872e": "horizontal layers of sand are pulled along a lower surface into a back stop", "57267ebfdd62a815002e872f": "critically tapered (all angles remain the same) orogenic wedge.", "57267ebfdd62a815002e8730": "Numerical models work in the same way", "57268066708984140094c821": "can be returned from the field, such as those from drill cores.", "57268066708984140094c822": "show the locations of stratigraphic units in the subsurface.", "57268066708984140094c823": "Geophysical data and well logs can", "57268066708984140094c824": "do this in three dimensions.", "57268066708984140094c825": "Stratigraphers can", "57268220f1498d1400e8e218": "Geochronologists precisely date rocks within the stratigraphic section in", "57268220f1498d1400e8e216": "fossils found in them.", "57268220f1498d1400e8e219": "look for signs of magnetic reversals in igneous rock units within the drill cores.", "57268220f1498d1400e8e217": "Geochronologists precisely date rocks within the stratigraphic section in", "572683f95951b619008f7525": "Persia after the Muslim conquests had come to an end.", "572683f95951b619008f7526": "Abu al-Rayhan al-Biruni (973\u20131048 CE)", "572683f95951b619008f7527": "In China, the polymath Shen Kuo (1031\u20131095)", "572683f95951b619008f7528": "be traced to Persia after the Muslim conquests had come to an end.", "572683f95951b619008f7529": "he inferred that the land was formed by erosion of the mountains and by deposition of silt.", "57268527708984140094c8bf": "James Hutton is often viewed as the first modern geologist.", "57268527708984140094c8c0": "In 1785 he presented a paper entitled Theory of the Earth to the Royal Society of Edinburgh.", "57268527708984140094c8c1": "published a two-volume version of his ideas in 1795 (Vol. 1, Vol. 2).", "57268527708984140094c8c2": "In his paper, he explained his theory that the Earth must", "572686ac5951b619008f75a9": "The first geological map of the U.S. was produced in 1809 by William Maclure.", "572686ac5951b619008f75aa": "The first geological map of the U.S. was produced in 1809 by William Maclure.", "572686ac5951b619008f75ab": "The first geological map of the U.S. was produced in 1809 by William Maclure.", "572686ac5951b619008f75ad": "The results of his unaided labours were submitted to the American Philosophical Society", "572686ac5951b619008f75ac": "together with the nation's first geological map.", "57268882f1498d1400e8e306": "first published his famous book, Principles of Geology, in 1830.", "57268882f1498d1400e8e307": "Charles Darwin, successfully promoted the doctrine of uniformitarianism.", "57268882f1498d1400e8e308": "Th", "57268882f1498d1400e8e309": "remained unchanged thereafter.", "57268882f1498d1400e8e30a": "Charles Darwin, successfully promoted the doctrine of uniformitarianism.", "5726642f5951b619008f7157": "103 miles (166 km) south of Edinburgh", "5726642f5951b619008f7158": ".", "5726642f5951b619008f7159": "the English Core Cities Group and is a member of the Eurocities network of European cities.", "5726642f5951b619008f715a": "Newcastle was part of the county of Northumberland until 1400,", "5726642f5951b619008f715b": "The regional nickname and dialect for people from Newcastle and the surrounding area is", "5726651ff1498d1400e8de30": "Robert Curthose, William the Conqueror's eldest son.", "5726651ff1498d1400e8de31": "The city grew as an important centre for the wool trade in the 14th century", "5726651ff1498d1400e8de32": "from which the city contributes \u00a313 billion towards the United Kingdom's GVA.", "5726651ff1498d1400e8de33": "The port developed in the 16th century", "5726651ff1498d1400e8de34": "in 1981.", "5726660d5951b619008f71b1": "Newcastle was Pons Aelius, a Roman fort and bridge across the River Tyne.", "5726660d5951b619008f71b2": "the River Tyne.", "5726660d5951b619008f71b3": "The population of Pons Aelius at this period was estimated at 2,000.", "5726660d5951b619008f71b4": "Fragments of Hadrian's Wall are still visible in parts of Newcastle,", "5726660d5951b619008f71b5": "the incursion of Pictish tribes from the north, not", "572666d9dd62a815002e83b4": "Throughout the Middle Ages, Newcastle was England's northern fortress.", "572666d9dd62a815002e83b5": "Incorporated first by Henry II, the city had a new charter granted by Elizabeth in 1589.", "572666d9dd62a815002e83b6": "A 25-foot (7.6 m)", "572666d9dd62a815002e83b7": "land.", "572666d9dd62a815002e83b8": "Newcastle was successfully defended again", "57266783f1498d1400e8de86": "1530 a royal act restricted all shipments of coal from Tyneside to Newcastle Quayside,", "57266783f1498d1400e8de87": "the Hostmen.", "57266783f1498d1400e8de88": "The phrase taking coals to Newcastle was first recorded contextually in 1538.", "57266783f1498d1400e8de89": "an entrepreneur, widely regarded as an eccentric, defied this idiom.", "57266783f1498d1400e8de8a": "He", "57266a15f1498d1400e8def6": "In the Sandgate area", "57266a15f1498d1400e8def7": "They were so called because they worked on the keels, boats that were used to transfer co", "57266a15f1498d1400e8def8": "In the 1630s about 7,000 out of 20,000 inhabitants of Newcastle di", "57266a15f1498d1400e8def9": "In the 1630s about 7,000 out of 20,000 inhabitants of Newcastle died of plague", "57266a15f1498d1400e8defa": "this may also have been the most devastating loss in any British City in this period.", "57266ab3dd62a815002e8434": "During the English Civil War, the North declared for the King.", "57266ab3dd62a815002e8435": "Cromwell's allies, the Scots, captured the town of Newburn.", "57266ab3dd62a815002e8436": "was eventually stormed ('with roaring drummes') and", "57266ab3dd62a815002e8437": "town.", "57266ab3dd62a815002e8438": "Charles I was imprisoned in Newcastle by the Scots in 1646\u20137.", "57266cc9f1498d1400e8df53": "Newcastle was one of the first cities in the world to be lit up by electric lighting.", "57266cc9f1498d1400e8df54": "at one time the largest pottery company in the world, moved to the city.", "57266cc9f1498d1400e8df55": "Newcastle was one of the first cities in the world to be lit up by electric lighting.", "57266cc9f1498d1400e8df52": "In the 19th century", "57266cc9f1498d1400e8df56": "Charles Parsons' invention of the steam turbine, wh", "57266dd4f1498d1400e8df78": "In large parts, Newcastle still retains a medieval street layout.", "57266dd4f1498d1400e8df79": ".", "57266dd4f1498d1400e8df7a": "Stairs from the riverside to higher parts of the city centre and", "57266dd4f1498d1400e8df7b": "Close, Sandhill and Quayside con", "57266dd4f1498d1400e8df7c": "House and \"House of Tides\",", "57266ec2dd62a815002e84a0": "recently extensively restored.", "57266ec2dd62a815002e84a1": "Richard Grainger and John Dobson, and recently extensively restored.", "57266ec2dd62a815002e84a2": "Nikolaus Pevsner, describes Grey Street as one of the finest streets in England", "57266ec2dd62a815002e84a3": ".", "57266ec2dd62a815002e84a4": ".", "57266fa1f1498d1400e8dfa4": "the Town Moor, lying immediately north of the city centre.", "57266fa1f1498d1400e8dfa5": "Another green space in Newcastle is the Town Moor", "57266fa1f1498d1400e8dfa7": "The Hoppings funfair, said to be the largest travelling funfair in Europe,", "57266fa1f1498d1400e8dfa8": "Another green space in Newcastle is", "57266fa1f1498d1400e8dfa6": "on it.", "57267076708984140094c601": "Large-scale regeneration", "57267076708984140094c602": "the Gateshead Millennium Bridge was commissioned by Gateshead Council", "57267076708984140094c603": "-designed The Sage Gateshead music centre.", "57267076708984140094c604": "Newcastle and Gateshead have linked together under the banner \"NewcastleGateshead", "57267076708984140094c605": "The River Tyne had the temporary Bambuco Bridge in 2008 for ten days;", "572671165951b619008f72b7": "The historic heart of Newcastle is the Grainger Town area.", "572671165951b619008f72b8": "Richard Grainger was said to 'have found Newcastle of bricks and timber and left it in stone", "572671165951b619008f72b9": "The", "572671165951b619008f72ba": "244 are listed, of which 29 are grade I and 49 are grade II*.", "572671e55951b619008f72d7": "The Grainger Market replaced an earlier market originally built in 1808 called the Butcher Market.", "572671e55951b619008f72d8": "and was Newcastle's first indoor market.", "572671e55951b619008f72d9": "The opening was celebrated with a grand dinner attended by 2000 guests", "572671e55951b619008f72da": "the Laing Art Gallery has a painting of this event.", "572671e55951b619008f72db": "was listed grade I in 1954 by English Heritage.", "57267383dd62a815002e8552": ".", "57267383dd62a815002e8553": "The climate in Newcastle", "57267383dd62a815002e8554": "Being in the rain shadow of the North Pennines", "57267383dd62a815002e8555": "ift).", "57267383dd62a815002e8556": "British Isles.", "572674f6f1498d1400e8e03a": "In 2010, Newcastle was positioned ninth in the retail centre expenditure league of the UK.", "572674f6f1498d1400e8e03b": "The largest of these is the Eldon Square Shopping Centre,", "572674f6f1498d1400e8e03c": "as the world\u2019s first department store.", "572674f6f1498d1400e8e03d": "revenue by department, giving birth to the name department store.", "572674f6f1498d1400e8e03e": "was officially opened in March 2007.", "5726769c708984140094c711": "the area around Grey's Monument", "5726769c708984140094c712": "Outside the city centre, the largest suburban shopping areas are Gosforth and Byker.", "5726769c708984140094c713": "The largest Tesco store in the United Kingdom is located in Kingston Park on the edge of Newcastle.", "5726769c708984140094c714": "Close to Newcastle, the largest indoor shopping centre in Europe,", "5726769c708984140094c715": "Europe, the MetroCentre, is located in Gateshead.", "5726778df1498d1400e8e0ac": "The Tyneside flat was the dominant housing form constructed at the time wh", "5726778df1498d1400e8e0ad": "Tyneside flats were built as terraces, one of each pair of doors led", "5726778df1498d1400e8e0ae": ". They can still be found in areas such as South Heaton in Newcastle but", "5726778df1498d1400e8e0af": ".", "5726778df1498d1400e8e0b0": "without building high and getting rid of common areas.", "572678c0dd62a815002e863e": "the proportion of detached homes rise in the 2010 Census (to 7.8%)", "572678c0dd62a815002e863f": "rend", "572678c0dd62a815002e8640": "renders this dwelling type with", "572678c0dd62a815002e8641": "Wells.", "572678c0dd62a815002e8642": "Wells", "572679c35951b619008f73db": "the city of Newcastle had a population of 189,863", "572679c35951b619008f73dc": "whereas the metropolitan borough of Newcastle had a population of around 259,000.", "572679c35951b619008f73dd": "Newcastle and Northumbria Universities in the local area.", "572679c35951b619008f73de": "home to a large student population with Newcastle and Northumbria Universities in the local area.", "572679c35951b619008f73df": "Areas with predominant student populations include Jesmond and Heaton.", "57267a94f1498d1400e8e122": "(the national average being 38.6).", "57267a94f1498d1400e8e123": "Many people in the city have Scottish or Irish ancestors.", "57267a94f1498d1400e8e124": "There is a strong presence of Border Reiver surnames", "57267a94f1498d1400e8e125": "There are also estimated to be between 500 and 2,000 Bolivians in Newcastle,", "57267a94f1498d1400e8e126": "forming up to 1% of the population\u2014the largest such percentage of any UK city.", "57267b65dd62a815002e86a6": ".", "57267b65dd62a815002e86a7": "who migrated to and conquered much of England after the end of Roman Imperial rule.", "57267b65dd62a815002e86a8": "the Geordie dialect retains many elements of the old language.", "57267b65dd62a815002e86a9": "This language was the forerunner of Modern English;", "57267b65dd62a815002e86aa": "were pronounced in the Anglo-Saxon language.", "57267c63dd62a815002e86d6": "Geordie words with origins in Scandinavia;", "57267c63dd62a815002e86d7": "Some words used in the Geordie dialect are used elsewhere in the Northern United Kingdom.", "57267c63dd62a815002e86d8": "The words \"", "57267c63dd62a815002e86d9": "Man", "57267c63dd62a815002e86da": "spit\")", "57267ce7708984140094c7c9": "In a report, published in early February 2007", "57267ce7708984140094c7ca": "Newcastle was named as the noisiest city in the whole of the UK,", "57267ce7708984140094c7cb": "with an average level of 80.4 decibels.", "57267ce7708984140094c7cc": "The report claimed that these noise levels wou", "57267ce7708984140094c7cd": "The", "57267de1f1498d1400e8e194": "popularly refer", "57267de1f1498d1400e8e195": "In", "57267de1f1498d1400e8e196": "In recent years \"The Gate", "57267de1f1498d1400e8e197": "Newcastle's gay scene - 'The Pink Triangle' -", "57267de1f1498d1400e8e198": "range of bars, caf\u00e9s and clubs.", "57267f695951b619008f74bd": "The city has a proud history of theatre.", "57267f695951b619008f74be": "The original Theatre Royal in Newcastle was opened on 21 January 1788 and", "57267f695951b619008f74bf": "Stephen Kemble guided the theatre through many celebrated seasons.", "57267f695951b619008f74c0": "The original Theatre Royal in Newcastle was opened on 21 January 1788 and", "57267f695951b619008f74c1": "It was demolished to make way for Grey Street, where its replacement was built.", "5726800add62a815002e8750": "The city still contains many theatres.", "5726800add62a815002e8751": "The largest, the Theatre Royal on Grey Street, first opened in 1837", "5726800add62a815002e8752": "It has hosted a season of performances from the Royal Shakespeare Company for over 25 years,", "5726800add62a815002e8753": "feature local talent.", "5726800add62a815002e8754": "as the arts capital of the UK in a survey conducted by the Artsworld TV channel.", "572680865951b619008f74e7": "is the largest independent library outside London, housing more than 150,000 books.", "572680865951b619008f74e8": "Its music library contains 8000 CDs and 10,000 LPs.", "572680865951b619008f74e9": "John and Benjamin Green.", "572680865951b619008f74ea": "on 20 October 1880.", "572680865951b619008f74eb": "Joseph Swan on 20 October 1880.", "57268109f1498d1400e8e1fa": "The Newcastle Beer Festival, organized by CAMRA, takes place in April.", "57268109f1498d1400e8e1fb": "In May, Newcastle and Gateshead host the Evolution Festival,", "57268109f1498d1400e8e1fc": ".", "57268109f1498d1400e8e1fd": "festival of food and drink, runs for 2 weeks each year in mid June.", "57268109f1498d1400e8e1fe": "runs for 2 weeks each year in mid June.", "57268341f1498d1400e8e23c": "The Hoppings, reputedly the largest travelling fair in Europe,", "57268341f1498d1400e8e23d": "takes place on Newcastle Town Moor every June.", "57268341f1498d1400e8e23e": "The event has its origins in the Temperance Movement dur", "57268341f1498d1400e8e23f": "a cycling festival, takes place within, or starting from, Newcastle in June.", "57268341f1498d1400e8e240": "The Northern Pride Festival and Parade is held in Leazes Park and", "572683e6f1498d1400e8e24c": "Newcastle Mela, held on the late August bank holiday weekend", "572683e6f1498d1400e8e24e": ".", "572683e6f1498d1400e8e24f": "In October, there is the Design Event festival\u2014", "572683e6f1498d1400e8e250": "The SAMA Festival, an East Asian cultural festival is also held in early October.", "572683e6f1498d1400e8e24d": "NewcastleGateshead also holds an annual International Arts Fair.", "5726847f708984140094c8ab": "Lindisfarne are a folk-rock group with a strong Tyneside connection.", "5726847f708984140094c8ac": "1990.", "5726847f708984140094c8ad": "Venom, reckoned by many to be the originators of black metal and", "5726847f708984140094c8ae": "Folk metal band Skyclad, often regarded as the first folk metal band,", "5726847f708984140094c8af": "Andy Taylor, former lead guitarist of Duran Duran was born here in 1961.", "57268525dd62a815002e8806": "The Pilgrim Street building was refurbished between November 2006 and May 2008;", "57268525dd62a815002e8807": "the cinema relocated to the Old Town Hall, Gateshead.", "57268525dd62a815002e8808": "The site currently houses three cinemas, including the restored Classic \u2014", "57268525dd62a815002e8809": "the United Kingdom's last surviving news cinema still in full-time operation\u2014", "57268525dd62a815002e880a": "the Tyneside Bar, and dedicated education and teaching suites.", "57268692dd62a815002e8826": "including the Centre for Life with its Science Village", "57268692dd62a815002e8827": "which changed the world;", "57268692dd62a815002e8828": "including Tyneside's shipbuilding heritage, and inventions", "57268692dd62a815002e8829": ".", "57268692dd62a815002e882a": "Seven Stories a museum dedicated to children's books", "57268731f1498d1400e8e2e2": ".", "57268731f1498d1400e8e2e3": "The 1971 film Get Carter was shot on location in", "57268731f1498d1400e8e2e4": "the 1988 film noir thriller Stormy Monday,", "57268731f1498d1400e8e2e5": ".", "57268731f1498d1400e8e2e6": "Tommy Lee Jones, Melanie Griffith, Sting and Sean Bean.", "572687e1dd62a815002e8852": "Newcastle has a horse racing course at Gosforth Park.", "572687e1dd62a815002e8853": "The city is also home to the Newcastle Eagles basketball team wh", "572687e1dd62a815002e8854": "The city's speedway team Newcastle Diamonds are based at Brough Park in Byker,", "572687e1dd62a815002e8855": "Newcastle has a horse racing course at Gosforth Park.", "572687e1dd62a815002e8856": "Another famous athletic event is the 5.9-mile (9.5 km) Bla", "57268885dd62a815002e886a": "Ponteland and is the larger of the two main airports serving the North East.", "57268885dd62a815002e886b": "It", "57268885dd62a815002e886c": ".", "57268885dd62a815002e886d": "The airport handles over five million passengers per year", "57268885dd62a815002e886e": "As of 2007[update], over 90 destinations are available worldwide.", "572689385951b619008f761b": "Glazing was placed over the historic arches and the Victorian architecture was enhanced;", "572689385951b619008f761c": "The station is one of only six Grade One listed railway stations in the UK.", "572689385951b619008f761d": "Opened in 1850 by Queen Victoria, it was the first covered railway station in the world and", "572689385951b619008f761e": "The", "572689385951b619008f761f": "The city's other mainline station, Manors, is to the east of the city centre.", "572689b6dd62a815002e8890": "King's Cross", "572689b6dd62a815002e8891": "King's Cross", "572689b6dd62a815002e8892": "and north to Scotland with all trains calling at Edinburgh and", "572689b6dd62a815002e8893": "CrossCountry trains serve destinations in Yorkshire, the Midlands and the South West.", "572689b6dd62a815002e8894": "Train operator Virgin Trains East Coast", "57268a8fdd62a815002e88ce": "a system of suburban and underground railways covering much of Tyne and Wear.", "57268a8fdd62a815002e88cf": "It was opened in five phases between 1980 and 1984,", "57268a8fdd62a815002e88d0": "constructed through Newcastle city centre.", "57268a8fdd62a815002e88d1": "opened by Queen Elizabeth II in 1981", "57268a8fdd62a815002e88d2": "The network is", "57268bb25951b619008f7645": ".", "57268bb25951b619008f7646": "the busiest stations - part of the transition to smart ticketing.", "57268bb25951b619008f7647": "In addition; tracks, signalling and overhead wires are also being overhauled.", "57268bb25951b619008f7648": "Longer term plans inc", "57268bb25951b619008f7649": ".", "57268d1b708984140094c9cd": "Edinburgh and south to London;", "57268d1b708984140094c9ce": "the A69 heading west to Carlisle", "57268d1b708984140094c9cf": "Scottish Borders, the A167,", "57268d1b708984140094c9d0": "Many of these designations are recent\u2014upon completion of the Western Bypass", "57268d1b708984140094c9d1": "In November 2011 the capacity of the Tyne Tunnel", "57268ff9f1498d1400e8e3e6": "Bus", "57268ff9f1498d1400e8e3e7": "Haymarket bus station and Eldon Square bus station.", "57268ff9f1498d1400e8e3e8": "Stagecoach is the primary operator in the city proper,", "57268ff9f1498d1400e8e3e9": "Nexus, the Tyne and Wear Passenger Transport Executive.", "57268ff9f1498d1400e8e3ea": "Go-", "57269120708984140094ca59": "Newcastle first developed its cycling strategy in 1998", "57269120708984140094ca5a": ".", "57269120708984140094ca5b": "living\u2026", "57269120708984140094ca5c": "contraflows on one way streets", "57269120708984140094ca5d": "link the local networks to national network", "5726934f5951b619008f771d": "From Newcastle International Ferry Terminal, at North Shields, Danish DFDS Seaways", "5726934f5951b619008f771e": "The DFDS ferry service to Gothenburg, Sweden, ceased at the end of October 2006 \u2013", "5726934f5951b619008f771f": ".", "5726934f5951b619008f7720": "2008.", "5726934f5951b619008f7721": "Thomson cruise lines", "57269526dd62a815002e8a4e": ".", "57269526dd62a815002e8a4f": ".", "57269526dd62a815002e8a50": "The largest co-ed independent school is the Royal Grammar School.", "57269526dd62a815002e8a51": "Newcastle College is the largest general further education college in the North East and", "57269526dd62a815002e8a52": ".", "57269698dd62a815002e8a6c": "It won the coveted Sunday Times University of the Year award in 2000.", "57269698dd62a815002e8a6d": "Newcastle University has its origins in the School of Medicine and Surgery", "57269698dd62a815002e8a6e": "It won the coveted Sunday Times University of the Year award in 2000.", "57269698dd62a815002e8a6f": "1992 as part of the UK-wide process in which polytechnics became new universities.", "57269698dd62a815002e8a70": "magazine Computing", "572699b55951b619008f778f": "All three cathedrals began their lives as parish churches.", "572699b55951b619008f7790": "St. Nicholas, with its elegant lantern tower of 1474", "572699b55951b619008f7791": "the Coptic Cathedral located in Fenham.", "572699b55951b619008f7792": "wh", "572699b55951b619008f7793": "All three cathedrals began their lives as parish churches.", "57269b165951b619008f77b3": "The building contains more old stonework than any other church in Newcastle.", "57269b165951b619008f77b4": "Church of St Andrew is traditionally recognised as 'the oldest church in this town'.", "57269b165951b619008f77b5": "was the main porch in 1726.", "57269b165951b619008f77b6": "It", "57269b165951b619008f77b7": "The", "57269c26f1498d1400e8e4ca": "City Road for over 40 years after its launch in January 1959.", "57269c26f1498d1400e8e4cb": ".", "57269c26f1498d1400e8e4cc": "at the City Road complex gave its name to the 1980s music television programme, The Tube.", "57269c26f1498d1400e8e4cd": "in a building known, as the result of its colouring, as the Pink Palace.", "57269c26f1498d1400e8e4ce": ".", "57269d745951b619008f77d7": "the first full-time community radio station in the area.", "57269d745951b619008f77d8": "Newcastle Student Radio", "57269d745951b619008f77d9": "Rad", "57269d745951b619008f77da": ".", "57269d745951b619008f77db": "broadcasting from Newcastle University's student's union building during term time.", "57269e80f1498d1400e8e520": "died there in 1770.", "57269e80f1498d1400e8e521": "Basil Hume, Archbishop of Westminster, was born in the city in 1923.", "57269e80f1498d1400e8e522": "engineer and father of the modern steam railways George", "57269e80f1498d1400e8e523": "Sir Charles Parsons, inventor of the incandescent light bulb Sir", "57269e80f1498d1400e8e524": "Former Prime Minister of Thailand Abhisit Vejjajiva, was born in the city.", "57269fab5951b619008f7807": "Hank Marvin and Bruce Welch were both former pupils of Rutherford Grammar School,", "57269fab5951b619008f7808": "Michael Carrick and Alan Shearer were born in Newcastle.", "57269fab5951b619008f7809": "Nobel Prize winning physicist Peter Higgs", "57269fab5951b619008f780a": "John Dunn, inventor of keyed Northumbrian smallpipes", "57269fab5951b619008f780b": "champion Neville were born in the city.", "5726710b708984140094c61d": "The Victoria and Albert Museum (often abbreviated as the V&A), London", "5726710b708984140094c61e": "housing a permanent collection of over 4.5 million objects.", "5726710b708984140094c61f": "It was founded in 1852 and named after Queen Victoria and Prince Albert.", "5726710b708984140094c620": "It was founded in 1852 and named after Queen Victoria and Prince Albert.", "572680ac708984140094c83d": "The Victoria and Albert Museum (often abbreviated as the V&A", "572680ac708984140094c83e": "It was founded in 1852 and named after Queen Victoria and Prince Albert.", "572680ac708984140094c83f": "It was founded in 1852 and named after Queen Victoria and Prince Albert.", "572680ac708984140094c840": "the Department for Culture, Media and Sport.", "572680ac708984140094c841": "Like other national British museums, entrance to the museum has been free since 2001.", "57268294708984140094c877": "The V&A covers 12.5 acres (51,000 m2) and 145 galleries.", "57268294708984140094c878": "The V&A covers 12.5 acres (51,000 m2) and 145 galleries.", "57268294708984140094c879": "The V&A covers 12.5 acres (51,000 m2) and 145 galleries.", "57268294708984140094c87a": "The V&A covers 12.5 acres (51,000 m2) and 145 galleries.", "57268294708984140094c87b": "Overall, it is one of the largest museums in the world.", "572685cd5951b619008f7573": "The", "572685cd5951b619008f7574": "Henry Cole, the museum's first director,", "572685cd5951b619008f7575": "The V&A has its origins in the Great Exhibition of 1851,", "572685cd5951b619008f7576": "at Marlborough House, but by September had been transferred to Somerset House.", "572685cd5951b619008f7577": "In 1855 the German architect Gottfried Semper, at", "57268d02f1498d1400e8e378": "The official opening by Queen Victoria was on 22 June 1857.", "57268d02f1498d1400e8e379": "The official opening by Queen Victoria was on 22 June 1857.", "57268d02f1498d1400e8e37a": "George Wallis (1811\u20131891)", "57268d02f1498d1400e8e37b": "In the following year", "57268d02f1498d1400e8e37c": "the Royal College of Art which finally achieved full independence in 1949.", "57268f2c708984140094ca25": "the Britain Can Make It exhibition was held between September and November 1946,", "57268f2c708984140094ca26": "September and November 1946, attracting nearly a million and a half visitors.", "57268f2c708984140094ca27": "the Britain Can Make It exhibition was held between September and November 1946,", "57268f2c708984140094ca28": "The success of this exhibition led to the planning of the Festival of Britain (1951).", "57268f2c708984140094ca29": "By 1948 most of the collections had been returned to the museum.", "572691d7708984140094ca6d": "the V&A became the first museum in Britain to present a rock concert.", "572691d7708984140094ca6e": "the V&A became the first museum in Britain to present a rock concert.", "572691d7708984140094ca6f": "Roy Strong and was subsequently emulated by some other British museums.", "572691d7708984140094ca70": "The V&A presented a combined concert/lecture by Brit", "57269656708984140094cafd": "Dundee", "57269656708984140094cafe": "As of 2015, with costs estimated at \u00a376 million, it", "57269656708984140094caff": "through and operated independently.", "57269656708984140094cb00": ".", "57269656708984140094cb01": "It is planned that it could open within five years.", "572698d7dd62a815002e8a98": "&A Museum of Childhood.", "572698d7dd62a815002e8a99": "The first building to be erected that still forms part of the museum was the", "572698d7dd62a815002e8a9a": "the Turner and Vernon galleries built 1858-9 to", "572698d7dd62a815002e8a9b": "The North and South Courts, were then built, both of which opened by June 1862.", "572698d7dd62a815002e8a9c": "On the very northern edge of the site is situated the Secretariat Wing,", "57269c06708984140094cba1": "the", "57269c06708984140094cba2": "was Italian Renaissance, muc", "57269c06708984140094cba3": "bronze doors designed by James Gamble & Reuben Townroe", "57269c06708984140094cba4": "designed by James", "57269c06708984140094cba5": "James Gamble & Reuben Townroe", "57269d68708984140094cbd7": ".", "57269d68708984140094cbd8": "Edward Burne-Jones", "57269d68708984140094cbd9": "The Centre Refreshment Room 1865\u201377 was", "57269d68708984140094cbda": "The", "57269d68708984140094cbdb": "The Grill Room 1876\u201381 was designed by Sir Edward Poynter, the", "5726a0205951b619008f781b": "With the death of Captain Francis Fowke,", "5726a0205951b619008f781c": "the Henry Cole Wing in 1867\u201372.", "5726a0205951b619008f781d": ".", "5726a0205951b619008f781e": "It", "5726a0205951b619008f781f": "2008", "5726a2445951b619008f7861": "was used to decorate the east side of the building designed by F. W. Moody,", "5726a2445951b619008f7862": "was used to decorate the east side of the building designed by F. W. Moody,", "5726a2445951b619008f7863": "Scott also designed the two Cast Courts 187", "5726a2445951b619008f7864": ".", "5726a2445951b619008f7865": "wh", "5726a5b5f1498d1400e8e5fe": "stretches 720 feet (220 m) along Cromwell Gardens and", "5726a5b5f1498d1400e8e5ff": ".", "5726a5b5f1498d1400e8e600": "The main fa\u00e7ade", "5726a5b5f1498d1400e8e601": "Likewise the tower above the main entrance has", "5726a5b5f1498d1400e8e602": "Likewise the tower above the main entrance has", "5726a9ff708984140094cd4b": "Prince Albert appears within the main arch above the twin entrances", "5726a9ff708984140094cd4c": "These fa\u00e7ades surround four levels of galleries.", "5726a9ff708984140094cd4d": "Other areas designed by Webb include the Entrance Hall and Rotunda,", "5726a9ff708984140094cd4e": "The interior makes much use of marble in the entrance hall and flanking staircases", "5726a9ff708984140094cd4f": "Queen Victoria above the frame around the arches and entrance, sculpted by Alfred Drury.", "5726ace8dd62a815002e8c9e": ".", "5726ace8dd62a815002e8c9f": "In 1974 the museum had acquired what is now the Henry Cole wing from the Royal College of Science", "5726ace8dd62a815002e8ca0": "To link this to the rest of the museum", "5726ace8dd62a815002e8ca1": "being the iron gates by Christopher Hay and Douglas Coyne of the Royal College of Art.", "5726ace8dd62a815002e8ca2": "the intended site of the Spiral, between 1978 and 1982.", "5726afeb708984140094cdd7": "which was further enhanced in 2002 wh", "5726afeb708984140094cdd8": "As part of the 2006 renovation the mosaic floors in the sculpture gallery we", "5726afeb708984140094cdd9": "it was decided to embark on a major redesign of all the galleries in the museum;", "5726afeb708984140094cdda": "South Kensington tube station,", "5726afeb708984140094cddb": "designed the new Medieval and Renaissance galleries which opened in 2009.", "5726b12f5951b619008f7aaf": "The central garden was redesigned by Kim Wilkie and opened as the John Madejski Garden,", "5726b12f5951b619008f7ab0": "The central garden was redesigned by Kim Wilkie and opened as the John Madejski Garden", "5726b12f5951b619008f7ab1": "there is an elliptical water feature lined in stone with steps around the edge wh", "5726b12f5951b619008f7ab2": "ich may be drained to use the area for receptions, gatherings or exhibition purposes.", "5726b12f5951b619008f7ab3": "in the two corners by the north fa\u00e7ade the", "5726b2fcf1498d1400e8e7e4": "In", "5726b2fcf1498d1400e8e7e5": "In 2004, the V&A alongside Royal Institute of British Architects", "5726b2fcf1498d1400e8e7e7": "ource.", "5726b2fcf1498d1400e8e7e6": "With the opening of the new gallery, the RIBA Drawings and Archives Collection", "5726b2fcf1498d1400e8e7e8": "ource.", "5726b6e05951b619008f7b99": "The RIBA's holdings of over 330 drawings by Andrea Palladio are the largest in the world,", "5726b6e05951b619008f7b9a": "held in the collection.", "5726b6e05951b619008f7b9b": "The RIBA's", "5726b6e05951b619008f7b9c": "held in the collection.", "5726b6e05951b619008f7b9d": "lection.", "5726ba83dd62a815002e8e6a": "the two top stories of the facade of", "5726ba83dd62a815002e8e6b": "c1600 from Bishopsgate", "5726ba83dd62a815002e8e6c": "Sir Paul Pindar's house dated c", "5726ba83dd62a815002e8e6d": "European examples include a dormer window dated 1523\u201335 from the chateau of Montal.", "5726ba83dd62a815002e8e6e": "column from the Alhambra.", "5726bc505951b619008f7c79": "The V&A holds over 19,000 items from the Islamic world,", "5726bc505951b619008f7c7a": "The Jameel Gallery of Islamic Art, opened in 2006,", "5726bc505951b619008f7c7b": "the centrepiece of the gallery.", "5726bc505951b619008f7c7c": "400 objects with the highlight being the Ardabil Carpet, the centrepiece of the gallery.", "5726bc505951b619008f7c7d": "part of the Salting Bequest of 1909.", "5726bdc6f1498d1400e8e9c0": "the range of the collection is immense.", "5726bdc6f1498d1400e8e9c1": "the range of the collection is immense.", "5726bdc6f1498d1400e8e9c2": "the range of the collection is immense.", "5726bdc6f1498d1400e8e9c4": "The Jawaharlal Nehru gallery of Indian art", "5726bdc6f1498d1400e8e9c3": "The Jawaharlal Nehru gallery of Indian art", "5726bf325951b619008f7cfd": "70,000 works of art from the countries of East Asia: China, Japan and Korea.", "5726bf325951b619008f7cfe": "70,000 works of art from the countries of East Asia: China, Japan and Korea.", "5726bf325951b619008f7cff": "Ther", "5726bf325951b619008f7d00": "The T. T. Tsui Gallery of Chinese art opened in 1991,", "5726bf325951b619008f7d01": "The work of contemporary Chinese designers is also displayed.", "5726c4b5dd62a815002e8fd8": "The museum also holds some cloisonn\u00e9 pieces from the Japanese art production company,", "5726c4b5dd62a815002e8fd9": "The Toshiba gallery of Japanese art opened in December 1986.", "5726c4b5dd62a815002e8fda": "13th-century sculpture of Amida Nyorai.", "5726c4b5dd62a815002e8fdb": "some of the objects on display.", "5726c4b5dd62a815002e8fdc": "the largest examples made.", "5726c80c5951b619008f7de7": "Tibetan art from the 14th to the 19th century is represented by notable 14", "5726c80c5951b619008f7de8": "The smaller galleries cover Korea,", "5726c80c5951b619008f7de9": "Art from Thailand, Burma, Cambodia,", "5726c80c5951b619008f7dea": "mother-of-pearl made between 500 AD and 2000.", "5726c80c5951b619008f7deb": "between 500 AD and 2000.", "5726c9a4708984140094d16f": "note books.", "5726c9a4708984140094d170": "One of the great treasures in the library is the Codex Forster,", "5726c9a4708984140094d171": "The", "5726c9a4708984140094d172": "The Reverend", "5726c9a4708984140094d173": "These were bequeathed with over 18,000 books to the museum in 1876 by John Forster.", "5726cc11dd62a815002e9086": "Writers whose papers are in the library are as diverse as Charles Dickens and Beatrix Potter", "5726cc11dd62a815002e9087": "papers are in the library are as diverse as Charles Dickens and Beatrix Potter.", "5726cc11dd62a815002e9088": "Illuminated manuscripts in the library dating from the 12th to 16th centuries include:", "5726cc11dd62a815002e9089": "the Armagnac manuscript of the trial and rehabilitation of Joan of Arc, Rouen", "5726cc11dd62a815002e908a": "1524 Charter illuminated by Lucas Horenbout, London", "5726ce11f1498d1400e8ebc4": ".", "5726ce11f1498d1400e8ebc5": "A computer system called MODES cataloging system was used from the 1980s to the 1990s,", "5726ce11f1498d1400e8ebc6": "ing Encoded Archival Description (EAD).", "5726ce11f1498d1400e8ebc8": ".", "5726ce11f1498d1400e8ebc7": "There is a feature on the Victoria and Albert Museum web-site called \"Search the Collections,\"", "5726cfa3708984140094d209": "A large scale digitization project began in 2007 in that department.", "5726cfa3708984140094d20a": ".", "5726cfa3708984140094d20b": "Andy Warhol and to create a factory to completely digitize the collection.", "5726cfa3708984140094d20c": "15,000 images were taken during the first year of the Factory Project, inc", "5726cfa3708984140094d20d": "The second step of the Factory Project is to catalog everything.", "5726d4a45951b619008f7f69": "but also work produced by European artists that was purchased or commissioned by British patrons,", "5726d4a45951b619008f7f6a": "inc", "5726d4a45951b619008f7f6b": "empty", "5726d4a45951b619008f7f6c": "Hope.", "5726d4a45951b619008f7f6d": "Designers and artists whose work is on display in the galleries inc", "5726d7faf1498d1400e8ecdb": "For example, the increase in tea drinking led", "5726d7faf1498d1400e8ecda": "The galleries also link design to wider trends in British culture.", "5726d7faf1498d1400e8ecde": "tributed to the Arts and Crafts mo", "5726d7faf1498d1400e8ecdc": "As the Industrial Revolution took hold", "5726d7faf1498d1400e8ecdd": "In the later 19th century, the", "5726d993f1498d1400e8ed16": "One of the most dramatic parts of the museum is the Cast Courts in the sculpture wing", "5726d993f1498d1400e8ed17": ".", "5726d993f1498d1400e8ed18": "David.", "5726d993f1498d1400e8ed19": "high housing hundreds of plaster casts of sculptures, friezes and tombs.", "5726d993f1498d1400e8ed1a": "the Verrocchio replica is displayed in a glass case.", "5726dba1dd62a815002e92e4": "ware", "5726dba1dd62a815002e92e5": "the M\u00f6llendorff Dinner Service, designed in 1762 by Frederick II the Great.", "5726dba1dd62a815002e92e6": "and the M\u00f6llendorff Dinner Service, designed in 1762 by Frederick II the Great.", "5726dba1dd62a815002e92e7": "A major boost to the collections was the Salting Bequest made in 1909", "5726dba1dd62a815002e92e8": "ich enriched the museum's stock of Chinese and Japanese ceramics.", "5726dd71f1498d1400e8edd8": "which includes a circa 1695 flower pyramid over a metre in height.", "5726dd71f1498d1400e8edd9": "There is an extensive collection of Delftware produced in both Britain and Holland", "5726dd71f1498d1400e8edda": "The", "5726dd71f1498d1400e8eddb": "The largest objects in the collection are", "5726dd71f1498d1400e8eddc": ".", "5726de7a5951b619008f80ab": "The glass collection covers 4000", "5726de7a5951b619008f80ac": "The", "5726de7a5951b619008f80ad": "The earliest glassware on display comes from Ancient Egypt and", "5726de7a5951b619008f80af": "the Art Deco style is represented by several examples by Ren\u00e9 Lalique.", "5726de7a5951b619008f80ae": "the Art Deco style is represented by several examples by Ren\u00e9 Lalique.", "5726e06df1498d1400e8ee52": "The main gallery was redesigned in 1994,", "5726e06df1498d1400e8ee53": "the glass balustrade on the staircase and mezzanine are the work of Danny Lane", "5726e06df1498d1400e8ee54": "the gallery covering contemporary glass opened in 2004 and", "5726e06df1498d1400e8ee55": "the chandelier by Dale Chihuly in the rotunda at the Museum's main entrance.", "5726e06df1498d1400e8ee56": "the Luck of Edenhall is also displayed in these galleries.", "5726e1fcdd62a815002e93c4": "Beardsley.", "5726e1fcdd62a815002e93c5": "Beardsley.", "5726e1fcdd62a815002e93c6": "Rembrandt, Antonio Verrio,", "5726e1fcdd62a815002e93c7": "Beardsley", "5726e1fcdd62a815002e93c8": "Beardsley", "5726e37ef1498d1400e8eed8": ".", "5726e37ef1498d1400e8eed9": "the Word and Image department.", "5726e37ef1498d1400e8eeda": "the collection is dominated by fashionable clothes made for special occasions.", "5726e37ef1498d1400e8eedb": "when the V&A received the Talbot Hughes collection con", "5726e37ef1498d1400e8eedc": "fol", "5726e4eedd62a815002e9438": "In 2002, the Museum acquired the Costiff collection of 178", "5726e4eedd62a815002e9439": "Pierre Cardin.", "5726e4eedd62a815002e943a": "the Museum acquired the Costiff collection of 178 Vivienne Westwood costumes.", "5726e4eedd62a815002e943b": "the Museum acquired the Costiff collection of 178 Vivienne Westwood costumes.", "5726e4eedd62a815002e943c": "The museum continues to acquire examples of modern fashion to add to the collection.", "5726e680dd62a815002e946e": "1859 and 1865, and includes several cassone.", "5726e680dd62a815002e946f": "The Soulages collection of Italian and French Renaissance objects", "5726e680dd62a815002e9470": "The John Jones Collection of French 18", "5726e680dd62a815002e9471": "The", "5726e680dd62a815002e9472": "then valued at \u00a3250,000.", "5726e834dd62a815002e94a4": "1580 from Antwerp City Hall, attributed to Hans Vredeman de Vries.", "5726e834dd62a815002e94a5": "1580 from Antwerp City Hall, attributed to Hans Vredeman de Vries.", "5726e834dd62a815002e94a6": ".", "5726e834dd62a815002e94a7": "c1750 from Germany, with especially fine marquetry and ormolu mounts.", "5726e834dd62a815002e94a8": "lection.", "5726e9c65951b619008f8247": ".", "5726e9c65951b619008f8248": ".", "5726e9c65951b619008f8249": "Major bequests inc", "5726e9c65951b619008f824a": "Major bequests inc", "5726e9c65951b619008f824b": "A new jewellery gallery, funded by William and Judith Bollinger, opened on 24 May 2008.", "5726ee28708984140094d656": "mosaic.", "5726ee28708984140094d657": "1496\u201397.", "5726ee28708984140094d658": "One of the largest items is the Hereford Screen, weighing nearly 8 tonnes, 10", "5726ee28708984140094d659": "One of the largest items is the Hereford Screen", "5726ee28708984140094d655": "and", "5726ef12dd62a815002e959e": "One of the rarest items in the collection is the 58 cm high Gloucester Candlestick", "5726ef12dd62a815002e959f": "dated to c1110, made from gilt bronze;", "5726ef12dd62a815002e95a0": "the Becket Casket dated c1180 to contain relics of St Thomas Becket,", "5726ef12dd62a815002e95a1": "the Becket Casket dated c1180", "5726ef12dd62a815002e95a2": "made from gilt copper, with enamelled scenes of the saint's martyrdom.", "5726f1ec708984140094d6aa": "An online petition of over 5,100 names on the Parliamentary website led", "5726f1ec708984140094d6ad": "The answer, from Bryan Davies was", "5726f1ec708984140094d6ab": "which was highly controversial.", "5726f1ec708984140094d6ac": "The", "5726f1ec708984140094d6a9": "25 February 2010, a decision which was highly controversial.", "5726f2bcf1498d1400e8f0bc": "the museum holds the national collection", "5726f2bcf1498d1400e8f0bd": "ich the museum holds the national collection", "5726f2bcf1498d1400e8f0be": ".", "5726f2bcf1498d1400e8f0bf": "from Her Majesty the Queen Elizabeth II,", "5726f2bcf1498d1400e8f0c0": ".", "5726f4a0708984140094d6e9": "Legros.", "5726f4a0708984140094d6ea": "In", "5726f4a0708984140094d6eb": "in 1888,", "5726f4a0708984140094d6ec": "1888", "5726f4a0708984140094d6ed": "In 1857 John Sheepshanks donated 233 paintings", "5726f755708984140094d737": "are displayed in the galleries of continental art 1600\u20131800,", "5726f755708984140094d738": "by Fran\u00e7ois Boucher including his portrait of Madame de Pompadour dated 1758,", "5726f755708984140094d739": "that formed part of the Jones bequest of 1882 and", "5726f755708984140094d73a": "that formed part of the Jones bequest of 1882", "5726f90b708984140094d75d": "this consists of 781 plates.", "5726f90b708984140094d75e": "this consists of 781 plates.", "5726f90b708984140094d75f": "this consists of 781 plates.", "5726f90b708984140094d760": "this consists of 781 plates.", "5726f90b708984140094d761": "There are several of John Thomson's 1876-7 images of Street Life in London in the collection.", "5726fb18dd62a815002e96ce": "V&A is the most comprehensive holding of post-classical European sculpture in the world.", "5726fb18dd62a815002e96cf": "There are approximately 22,000 obj", "5726fb18dd62a815002e96d0": "All", "5726fb18dd62a815002e96d1": "All us", "5726fc63dd62a815002e9706": "Canova's The Three Graces", "5726fc63dd62a815002e9707": "Monti. An unu", "5726fc63dd62a815002e9708": "decoration.", "5726fc63dd62a815002e9709": "decoration.", "5726fc63dd62a815002e970a": "decoration.", "5726fe95dd62a815002e9732": "Rodin is represented by more than 20 works in the museum collection", "5726fe95dd62a815002e9733": "Rodin is", "5726fe95dd62a815002e9734": "Rodin is", "5726fe95dd62a815002e9735": "Britain's support of France in World War I", "5726fe95dd62a815002e9736": "France", "572700c8dd62a815002e976a": "Nicholas Stone,", "572700c8dd62a815002e976b": "Gill. A sample of some of these sculptors' work is on display in the British Galleries.", "572700c8dd62a815002e976c": "Nicholas Stone", "572700c8dd62a815002e976d": "Gill. A sample of some of these sculptors' work is on display in the British Galleries.", "572702a3dd62a815002e9790": "With the opening of the Dorothy and Michael Hintze sculpture galleries in 2006", "572702a3dd62a815002e9791": "ta", "572702a3dd62a815002e9792": "The", "572702a3dd62a815002e9793": "Wi", "572702a3dd62a815002e9794": "view.", "572703fdf1498d1400e8f23c": ".", "572703fdf1498d1400e8f23d": "The", "572703fdf1498d1400e8f23e": "The", "572703fdf1498d1400e8f23f": "this is the largest such collection in the world.", "572703fdf1498d1400e8f240": "These are classified by technique, countries of origin and date of production.", "57270541dd62a815002e97c8": "the oldest known surviving European tapestry.", "57270541dd62a815002e97c9": "A highlight of the collection is the four Devonshire Hunting Tapestries", "57270541dd62a815002e97ca": "A highlight of the collection is the four Devonshire Hunting Tapestries,", "57270541dd62a815002e97cb": "A highlight of the collection is the four Devonshire Hunting Tapestries", "57270541dd62a815002e97cc": "Also included are tapestries from John Vanderbank's workshop wh", "57270676dd62a815002e97f0": "the late 14th-century Sicilian Tristan Quilt, is also held by the collection.", "57270676dd62a815002e97f1": "pets, as well as pattern books and paper designs.", "57270676dd62a815002e97f2": "tapestry of 1887), rugs and carpets, as well as pattern books and paper designs.", "57270676dd62a815002e97f3": "The art deco period is covered by rugs and fabrics designed by Marion Dorn.", "57270676dd62a815002e97f4": "held by the collection.", "57270817708984140094d8c7": "formerly the Theatre Museum, opened in March 2009.", "57270817708984140094d8c8": "2009.", "57270817708984140094d8c9": "They hold the UK's biggest national collection of material about live performance in", "57270817708984140094d8ca": ".", "57270817708984140094d8cb": "are available for research, exhibitions and other shows.", "57270ab9708984140094d8f7": "Conservation", "57270ab9708984140094d8f8": "Ac", "57270ab9708984140094d8f9": "Interventive treatment mak", "57270ab9708984140094d8fa": "V&A and the V&A Museum of Childhood.", "57270ab9708984140094d8fb": "It is usually undertaken on items that are to go on public display.", "57267b755951b619008f7433": "The American Broadcasting Company (ABC) (stylized in its logo as abc since 1957) is", "57267b755951b619008f7434": "The American Broadcasting Company (ABC) (stylized in its logo as abc since 1957", "57267b755951b619008f7435": "in New York City, Los Angeles and Burbank, California.", "57267b755951b619008f7436": ".", "57267b755951b619008f7437": "a subsidiary of Disney Media Networks division of The Walt Disney Company.", "57267ca75951b619008f7469": "Edward J. Noble.", "57267ca75951b619008f746a": "Network, which had been purchased by Edward J. Noble.", "57267ca75951b619008f746b": "It extended its operations to television in 1948,", "57267ca75951b619008f746c": "In the 1980s, after purchasing an 80% interest in cable sports channel ESPN,", "57267ca75951b619008f746d": "In the 1980s", "57267f1cdd62a815002e8740": "2007.", "57267f1cdd62a815002e8741": "in 2007.", "57267f1cdd62a815002e8742": "The television network", "57267f1cdd62a815002e8743": "2007.", "57267f1cdd62a815002e8744": "2007.", "5726808bdd62a815002e8776": "In the 1930s", "5726808bdd62a815002e8777": "The last was owned by electronics manufacturer Radio Corporation of America (RCA)", "5726808bdd62a815002e8778": "Red, which served the major cities, and to test drama series.", "5726808bdd62a815002e8779": "Red, which served the major cities, and to test drama series.", "5726808bdd62a815002e877a": "The", "572681ab708984140094c85d": "regarding its difficulties in establishing new stations,", "572681ab708984140094c85e": "interest.", "572681ab708984140094c85f": "interest.", "572681ab708984140094c860": "1940.", "572681ab708984140094c861": "1940.", "572684f5dd62a815002e87fc": "and gave the mandate to do so to Mark Woods.", "572684f5dd62a815002e87fd": "RCA converted the NBC Blue Network", "572684f5dd62a815002e87fe": "Mark Woods.", "572684f5dd62a815002e87ff": "Woods and RCA president David Sarnoff.", "572684f5dd62a815002e8800": "network, but the offer was rejected by Woods and RCA president David Sarnoff.", "572685d1f1498d1400e8e29e": "Edward John Noble, the owner of Life Savers candy", "572685d1f1498d1400e8e29f": "Edward John Noble,", "572685d1f1498d1400e8e2a0": "George B. Storer in 1944;", "572685d1f1498d1400e8e2a1": "Woods retained his position as president and CEO of ABC until December 1949, and", "572685d1f1498d1400e8e2a2": "was subsequently promoted to vice-chairman of the board before leaving ABC alt", "57268739708984140094c8ed": "when NBC and CBS did not allow pre-taped shows.", "57268739708984140094c8ee": "ABC", "57268739708984140094c8ef": "The network also became known for such suspenseful dramas as Sherlock Holmes,", "57268739708984140094c8f0": "With the help of the Magnetophon", "57268739708984140094c8f1": "NBC Blue's traditions of public service,", "57269260dd62a815002e89ea": "2000", "57269260dd62a815002e89eb": "The policy regarding wholly owned international networks was revived in 2004 wh", "57269260dd62a815002e89ec": "citing to the channel's inability to attain sustainable viewership.", "57269260dd62a815002e89ed": "citing to the channel's inability to attain sustainable viewership.", "57269260dd62a815002e89ee": "In", "57269344f1498d1400e8e43e": "owned by ABC.", "57269344f1498d1400e8e43f": "ended the need for ABC to hold interests in other countries;", "57269344f1498d1400e8e440": "in the 1970s.", "57269344f1498d1400e8e441": "in the 1970s.", "5726caaaf1498d1400e8eb5c": "Leonard Goldenson said that", "5726caaaf1498d1400e8eb5d": "Goldenson also invested in broadcasting properties in Beirut in the mid-1960s.", "5726caaaf1498d1400e8eb5e": "the Mainichi Broadcasting System in 1951 and", "5726caaaf1498d1400e8eb5f": "broadcasting the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II in June 1953;", "5726caaaf1498d1400e8eb60": "broadcasting the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II in June 1953;", "5726e5ac708984140094d51b": "Since 2000", "5726e5ac708984140094d51c": "(which are rotated across all four major networks on a year-to-year basis),", "5726e5ac708984140094d51d": "A Charlie Brown Christmas (", "5726e5ac708984140094d51e": ".", "5726e5ac708984140094d51f": ".", "5726e5b1f1498d1400e8ef30": "Since 1974", "5726e5b1f1498d1400e8ef31": "the pageant through 2016.", "5726e5b1f1498d1400e8ef32": "ABC will continue to broadcast the pageant through 2016.", "5726e5b1f1498d1400e8ef33": "Ryan Seacrest", "5726e5b1f1498d1400e8ef34": "2006", "5726e671dd62a815002e9464": "1963.", "5726e671dd62a815002e9465": "ABC also broadcasts the morning news program Good Morning America", "5726e671dd62a815002e9466": "AB", "5726e671dd62a815002e9467": "The View and The Chew, and the soap opera General Hospital,", "5726e671dd62a815002e9468": "1963.", "5726e773f1498d1400e8ef6e": "AB", "5726e773f1498d1400e8ef6c": "ESPN took over responsibilities for ABC's sports division in 2006,", "5726e773f1498d1400e8ef6b": "and", "5726e773f1498d1400e8ef6a": "broadcast television. ABC", "5726e773f1498d1400e8ef6d": "During the summer, ABC air", "5726e860708984140094d579": "Frank Marx, then ABC's vice-president of engineering", "5726e860708984140094d57a": "from broadcasting use and reallocated for the U.S. Army.", "5726e860708984140094d57b": "the U.S. Army.", "5726e860708984140094d57c": "broadcasting use and reallocated for the U.S. Army.", "5726e942f1498d1400e8efa0": "in 1952, there were only 108 existing television stations in the United States;", "5726e942f1498d1400e8efa1": "there were only 108 existing television stations in the United States;", "5726e942f1498d1400e8efa2": "the DuMont Television Network.", "5726e942f1498d1400e8efa3": "wo of its competing networks,", "5726ea06dd62a815002e950a": "United Paramount Theatres (UPT)", "5726ea06dd62a815002e950b": "United Paramount Theatres (UPT) was forced by the U.S. Supreme Court", "5726ea06dd62a815002e950c": "affiliates.", "5726ea06dd62a815002e950d": "In 1951, a rumor even mentioned that the network would be sold to CBS.", "5726ea06dd62a815002e950e": "In", "5726ec6ff1498d1400e8eff2": "1951 on a proposal for UPT to purchase ABC.", "5726ec6ff1498d1400e8eff3": "William S. Paley;", "5726ec6ff1498d1400e8eff4": "the tentative agreement was approved by UPT's board of directors.", "5726ed12708984140094d645": "wh", "5726ed12708984140094d646": "On February 9, 1953, the", "5726ed12708984140094d647": "The", "5726ed12708984140094d648": "cities.", "5726edeff1498d1400e8f024": "with its first broadcast running for two hours that evening.", "5726edeff1498d1400e8f025": "the FCC implemented a freeze on new station applications.", "5726edeff1498d1400e8f026": "However, KGO-TV in San Francisco", "5726edeff1498d1400e8f027": "20 acres (80,937 m2) of land in Hollywood in", "5726efdbdd62a815002e95c6": "On September 30, 1960, ABC premiered The Flintstones", "5726efdbdd62a815002e95c7": "the decade was also marked by the network's gradual transition to color.", "5726efdbdd62a815002e95c8": "The", "5726efdbdd62a815002e95c9": "The 1960s wou", "5726f0865951b619008f82e5": "In 1959", "5726f0865951b619008f82e6": "Walt Disney was approached by NBC to produce color broadcasts of his anthology series (", "5726f0865951b619008f82e7": "Disney", "5726f0865951b619008f82e8": "1961", "572734af708984140094dae3": "In 2000", "572734af708984140094dae4": "The network hired the Troika Design Group to", "572734af708984140094dae5": "the ABC logo to fly around the screen and settle in the bottom-right corner.", "572734af708984140094dae6": "In 2000", "572735a15951b619008f86bf": "In 1998,", "572735a15951b619008f86c0": "In", "572735a15951b619008f86c1": ".", "572735a15951b619008f86c2": "The", "572736625951b619008f86d1": "The ABC logo first appeared as a on-screen bug in the 1993\u201394 season,", "572736625951b619008f86d2": "beginning in the 1995\u201396 season;", "572736625951b619008f86d3": "In 1983, for the 40th anniversary of the network's founding,", "572736625951b619008f86d4": "accompanied by the slogan \"That Special Feeling\" in a script font.", "572736fc5951b619008f86d9": "was the first ABC identification card to have a three-dimensional appearance.", "572736fc5951b619008f86da": "Among the \"ABC Circle\" logo's many variants was a 1977 ID sequence that", "572736fc5951b619008f86db": "1977 ID sequence that", "57273799f1498d1400e8f4be": "with the lowercase letters \"abc\" enclosed in a single black circle.", "57273799f1498d1400e8f4bf": "The letters are strongly reminiscent of the Bauhaus t", "57273799f1498d1400e8f4c0": "Herbert Bayer in the 1920s,", "57273799f1498d1400e8f4c1": "mostly before the advent of computer graphics).", "5727387b5951b619008f86e9": "Between May and September 2005", "5727387b5951b619008f86ea": "On October 19, 2005, ABC announ", "5727387b5951b619008f86eb": "2005", "57273954708984140094db05": "In 2004, AB", "57273954708984140094db06": "behind a surging Fox.", "57273954708984140094db07": "Disney announced a restructuring of its Disney Media Networks division with Anne Sweeney be", "57273954708984140094db08": "On December 7, 2005,", "57273a0d708984140094db0d": "Networks affiliates approved a two-year affiliate agreement in 2002.", "57273a0d708984140094db0e": "2002.", "57273a0d708984140094db0f": "2002.", "57273a0d708984140094db10": "The Bachelor (the elimination-style dating show's success led to a spinoff", "57273abef1498d1400e8f4da": "Raleigh-Durham).", "57273abef1498d1400e8f4db": "ordering Time Warner Cable to restore the stations, doing so on the afternoon of May 2.", "57273abef1498d1400e8f4dc": "ABC ended the 2000\u201301 season as the most-watched network, ahead of NBC.", "57273abef1498d1400e8f4dd": "Raleigh-Durham)", "57273b69dd62a815002e99d6": "2000", "57273b69dd62a815002e99d7": "2000", "57273b69dd62a815002e99d8": "Friday comedy block in the 1997\u201398 season. Out", "57273c195951b619008f8721": "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire, a game show based on the British program of the same title.", "57273c195951b619008f8722": "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire, a game show based on the British program of the same title.", "57273c195951b619008f8723": "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire, a game show based on the British program of the same title.", "57273c195951b619008f8724": "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire, a game show based on the British program of the same title.", "57273d19708984140094db3d": "Ar", "57273d19708984140094db3e": "following the sale, Disney renamed its new subsidiary ABC Inc.", "57273d19708984140094db3f": "On April 4, Disney sold the four newspapers that ABC had controlled un", "57273d19708984140094db40": "Thomas S. Murphy left ABC with Robert Iger taking his place as president and CEO.", "57273d19708984140094db41": "In 1998, ABC premiered the Aaron Sorkin-created sitcom Sports Night,", "57273dbbf1498d1400e8f508": "1965\u201366 season that color became the dominant format for the three broadcast television networks.", "57273dbbf1498d1400e8f509": ".", "57273dbbf1498d1400e8f50a": ".", "57273ef15951b619008f8751": "On May 1, 1953,", "57273ef15951b619008f8752": "On May 1, 1953", "57273ef15951b619008f8753": "The WJZ calls would later be reassigned to the then-ABC affiliate in Baltimore", "57273f9d708984140094db51": "Robert Kintner to be ABC's president while he himself served as its CEO,", "57273f9d708984140094db52": "Goldenson added to the confusion when, in October 1954", "57273f9d708984140094db53": "his death in 1958.", "57273f9d708984140094db54": "ich was also mired in financial trouble.", "5727403af1498d1400e8f526": "AB", "5727403af1498d1400e8f527": "ABC, Goldenson had been trying since mid-1953", "5727403af1498d1400e8f528": "until it was surpassed by The Simpsons in 2002.", "57274118dd62a815002e9a1c": "Cheyenne (adapted from the 1947 film Wyoming Kid)", "57274118dd62a815002e9a1d": "Sugarfoot (a remake of the 1954 film The Boy from Oklahoma)", "57274118dd62a815002e9a1e": "ears\".", "57274118dd62a815002e9a1f": "adaptations as part of the wheel series Warner Bros. Presents.", "572741aaf1498d1400e8f53e": "Walt Disney and his brother Roy contacted Goldenson at", "572741aaf1498d1400e8f53f": "Walt wanted ABC to invest $500,000 and", "572741aaf1498d1400e8f540": "Around 1954, ABC agreed to finance Disneyland in", "572741aaf1498d1400e8f541": "Walt Disney", "572742daf1498d1400e8f550": "In July 1968", "572742daf1498d1400e8f551": "who was approached by ABC Radio president Harold L. Neal", "572742daf1498d1400e8f552": "Allen Shaw,", "572742daf1498d1400e8f553": "In July 1968", "5727436af1498d1400e8f558": "On the television side, in September 1969, ABC launched the Movie of the Week", "5727436af1498d1400e8f559": "the latter of whom gained early success through the showcase for his 1971 film Duel) that", "5727436af1498d1400e8f55a": "Duel) that", "5727436af1498d1400e8f55b": "the Movie of the Week", "572743fb708984140094db93": "In the early 1970s, ABC completed its transition to color;", "572743fb708984140094db94": "CBS and NBC in the ratings to become the first place network.", "572743fb708984140094db95": "certain audiences.", "5727448b5951b619008f87a1": "ABC debuted Monday Night Football as part of its Monday prime time schedule;", "5727448b5951b619008f87a2": "wh", "5727448b5951b619008f87a3": "wh", "5727448b5951b619008f87a4": "According to Goldenson,", "57274633dd62a815002e9a4e": "In 1970, the FCC voted to pass the Financial Interest and Syndication Rules,", "57274633dd62a815002e9a4f": "In 1970, the FCC voted to pass the Financial Interest and Syndication Rules", "57274633dd62a815002e9a50": "U.S. syndication, and ABC Circle Films as a production unit.", "572746d3dd62a815002e9a66": "In April 1970, Congress passed the Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act wh", "572746d3dd62a815002e9a67": "when it took effect on January 2, 1971.", "572746d3dd62a815002e9a68": "was sold to Henry Plitt in 1974.", "572746d3dd62a815002e9a69": "attack.", "572747dd5951b619008f87a9": "Michael Eisner, who joined ABC in 1966, became the network's program development manager.", "572747dd5951b619008f87aa": "Happy Days (which originated as a segment on the anthology series Love, American Style),", "572747dd5951b619008f87ab": "Eisner's main credit at ABC was for developing youth-oriented programming.", "572747dd5951b619008f87ac": "Eisner left ABC in 1976 to become president of Paramount Pictures (", "572748745951b619008f87b1": "In the spring of 1975, Fred Pierce, the newly appointed president of ABC Television", "572748745951b619008f87b2": "Entertainment,", "572748745951b619008f87b3": "In 1974, ABC premiered the detective series S.W.A.T.", "572748745951b619008f87b4": "ich debuted on November 3, 1975.", "5727492f708984140094dbb5": "who left ABC in 1978 to become president of NBC's entertainment division.", "5727492f708984140094dbb6": "1976.", "5727492f708984140094dbb7": "Charlie's Angels and Three's Company (which debuted in 1977) were two prime ex", "572749d7dd62a815002e9a90": "Alex Haley novel that was published the previous year;", "572749d7dd62a815002e9a91": "The Love Boat, a comedy-drama anthology series produced by Aaron Spelling wh", "572749d7dd62a815002e9a92": "allowed the network to take first place in the ratings for the first time in the 1976\u201377 season.", "572749d7dd62a815002e9a93": "1976\u201377 season.", "572749d7dd62a815002e9a94": "it", "57274a8cf1498d1400e8f5b4": "In 1977,", "57274a8cf1498d1400e8f5b5": "In 1977", "57274a8cf1498d1400e8f5b6": ".", "57274a8cf1498d1400e8f5b7": ".", "57274baff1498d1400e8f5dc": "In June 1978, Arledge created the newsmagazine 20/20;", "57274baff1498d1400e8f5dd": "Walters)", "57274baff1498d1400e8f5de": "later paired alongside his former Today colleague Barbara Walters)", "57274baff1498d1400e8f5df": "1979", "57274cac708984140094dbdd": "In order to compete with CNN", "57274cac708984140094dbde": "ABC would reattempt such a concept in July 2004", "57274cac708984140094dbdf": "On August 29, 1994, ABC purchased Flint", "57274cac708984140094dbe0": "On August 29, 1994, ABC purchased Flint", "57274d905951b619008f87e1": "The Writers Guild of America", "57274d905951b619008f87e2": ".", "57274d905951b619008f87e3": "On August 15, 2008, Disney denied rumors started by Caris & Co. that", "57274e6a5951b619008f87f1": "In early 2009", "57274e6a5951b619008f87f2": "responsible for both its production and broadcasting operations.", "57274e6a5951b619008f87f3": "2009, Citadel Communications announced that it would rebrand ABC Radio as Citadel Media", "57274e6a5951b619008f87f4": "available for purchase on iTunes.", "57274f07708984140094dbed": "That year, the sixth and final season of Lost bec", "57274f07708984140094dbee": "its debut in 2004.", "57274f07708984140094dbef": "Ugly Betty collapsed dramatically after it was moved to Fridays", "57274f07708984140094dbf0": ".", "5727504b5951b619008f881d": "When the FCC imposed its fin-syn rules in 1970,", "5727504b5951b619008f881e": "Worldvision Enterprises", "5727504b5951b619008f881f": ".", "5727504b5951b619008f8820": "1990.", "57275273dd62a815002e9b16": "formerly known as Buena Vista Television) handles domestic television distribution", "57275273dd62a815002e9b17": "formerly known as Buena Vista Television) handles domestic television distribution,", "57275273dd62a815002e9b18": "formerly known as Buena Vista International Television) handles international television distribution.", "57275273dd62a815002e9b19": "the Selmur Productions catalog that", "57275339dd62a815002e9b28": "the first two stations to carry the network's programming.", "57275339dd62a815002e9b29": "this makes ABC the largest U.S. broadcast television network by total number of affiliates.", "57275339dd62a815002e9b2a": "As of March 2015", "57275339dd62a815002e9b2b": "network by total number of affiliates.", "572754b5dd62a815002e9b44": "When the ABC-UPT merger was finalized in 1953,", "572754b5dd62a815002e9b45": "When the ABC-UPT merger was finalized in 1953,", "572754b5dd62a815002e9b46": "ircle A\".", "57275573708984140094dc45": "With the 2011 cancellation of Supernanny", "57275573708984140094dc46": "With the 2011 cancellation of Supernanny, Extreme Makeover: Home Edition bec", "57275573708984140094dc47": "All of the network's programming has been presented in HD since January 2012", "57275573708984140094dc48": "was the first children's program block on any U.S. broadcast network", "57275650708984140094dc5f": "the native resolution format for The Walt Disney Company's U.S. television properties.", "57275650708984140094dc60": ".", "57275650708984140094dc61": "carry the network feed in 480i standard definition e", "57275650708984140094dc62": "the native resolution format for The Walt Disney Company's U.S. television properties.", "57275743f1498d1400e8f680": "being the only one that was renewed for a second season.", "57275743f1498d1400e8f681": "being the only one that was renewed for a second season.", "57275743f1498d1400e8f682": "NBC for third place by a larger margin than the previous year.", "57275743f1498d1400e8f683": "Body of Proof", "5727590df1498d1400e8f6b6": "ABC canceled the long-running soap operas All My Children and One Life to Live after 41", "5727590df1498d1400e8f6b7": "All My Children and One Life to Live", "5727590df1498d1400e8f6b8": "All My Children and One Life to Live after 41", "5727590df1498d1400e8f6b9": "The talk/lifestyle show that replaced One Life to Live,", "5727590df1498d1400e8f6ba": "The 2011\u201312 season saw ABC drop to fourth place in the 18\u201349 demographic des", "572759c1f1498d1400e8f6ca": "finished the season in first place in the 18\u201349 demographic for the first time since 2004, and", "572759c1f1498d1400e8f6cb": "NBC, which had lagged behind ABC for eight years", "572759c1f1498d1400e8f6cc": "demographics.", "572759c1f1498d1400e8f6cd": "The 2013", "57275a505951b619008f889f": "that anchored the network's revamped Wednesday comedy lineup", "57275a505951b619008f88a0": "Shark Tank (based on the Dragon's Den reality format", "57275a505951b619008f88a1": "Sundays in the spring of 2010;", "57275a505951b619008f88a2": "2000.", "57275bfb708984140094dc97": "Daniel Burke departed from Capital Cities/ABC in February 1994", "57275bfb708984140094dc98": "with Thomas Murphy taking over as president before ceding control to Robert Iger.", "57275bfb708984140094dc99": "September 1994 sa", "57275bfb708984140094dc9a": "September 1994 saw the debut of NYPD Blue", "57275bfb708984140094dc9b": ".", "57275cb3f1498d1400e8f6da": "In 1993, the FCC repealed the Financial Interest and Syndication Rules,", "57275cb3f1498d1400e8f6db": "Capital Cities/ABC purchased the French animation studio DIC Entertainment;", "57275cb3f1498d1400e8f6dc": ".", "57275cb3f1498d1400e8f6dd": "By that year, ABC", "57275e125951b619008f88d7": "In May 1960, ABC purchased Chicago radio station WLS,", "57275e125951b619008f88d8": "On May 9, 1960, WLS launched a new lineup consisting of ABC Radio programming.", "57275e125951b619008f88d9": "Toronto, sought the help of ABC to launch the station.", "57275e125951b619008f88da": "Leonard Goldenson agreed to acquire a 25% interest in CFTO-TV;", "57275e95f1498d1400e8f6f4": "On April 29, 1961, ABC debuted Wide World of Sport", "57275e95f1498d1400e8f6f5": "On April 29, 1961, ABC debuted Wide World of Sports", "57275e95f1498d1400e8f6f6": "On April 29, 1961, ABC debuted Wide World of Sports", "57275e95f1498d1400e8f6f7": "Edgar Scherick through his company Sports Programs, Inc.", "57275f6ef1498d1400e8f706": "In 1965", "57275f6ef1498d1400e8f707": "1966", "57275f6ef1498d1400e8f708": ".", "57275f6ef1498d1400e8f709": "West 66th Street, Goldenson found a new headquarters for ABC in a 44 story bu", "57276166dd62a815002e9bd8": "of all prime-time television viewership in the U.S.", "57276166dd62a815002e9bd9": "an opulent drama", "57276166dd62a815002e9bda": "The network was also propelled during the early 1980s", "57276166dd62a815002e9bdb": ".", "5727623a5951b619008f8921": "In 1983, ABC sold KXYZ to the Infinity Broadcasting Corporation.", "5727623a5951b619008f8922": "Getty Oil's shares in ESPN,", "5727623a5951b619008f8923": "Nature Theme Park.", "5727623a5951b619008f8924": "a 24-hour service.", "572763a8708984140094dcd9": "Thomas S. Murphy delegated his position as president", "572763a8708984140094dcda": "lesbian.", "572763a8708984140094dcdb": "Capital Cities/ABC reported revenues of $465 million.", "572763a8708984140094dcdc": "In 1990", "572763a8708984140094dcdd": "In September 1991,", "572764855951b619008f8951": "featuring the talk/lifestyle shows The View and The Chew and the soap opera General Hospital.", "572764855951b619008f8952": "featuring the talk/lifestyle shows The View and The Chew and the soap opera General Hospital.", "572764855951b619008f8953": "ABC News programming includes Good Morning America", "572764855951b619008f8954": "Late nights feature the weeknight talk show Jimmy Kimmel Live!.", "57276576dd62a815002e9c18": "Currently, New Jersey, Rhode Island and Delaware are the only U.S. states wh", "57276576dd62a815002e9c19": "ABC", "57276576dd62a815002e9c1a": "In", "57276576dd62a815002e9c1b": "AB", "57276690708984140094dd01": "ABC Circle Films beginning in 1962 and by Touchstone Television beginning in 1985", "57276690708984140094dd02": "Touchstone was reorganized as ABC Studios in February 2007.", "57276690708984140094dd03": "the ABC Television Center (now The Prospect Studios) on Prospect Avenue in Hollywood, California,", "57276690708984140094dd04": "New York City.", "5727678e5951b619008f8973": "ABC also owns the Times Square Studios", "5727678e5951b619008f8974": ".", "5727678e5951b619008f8975": "The block of West End Avenue housing the ABC News building was renamed Peter", "5727678e5951b619008f8976": "ABC News chief anchor and anchor of World News Tonight.", "572768d9708984140094dd13": "ABC on Demand, which is carried on most traditional cable and IPTV providers.", "572768d9708984140094dd14": "The Walt Disney Company is also a part-owner of Hulu (", "572768d9708984140094dd15": "Hulu.", "572768d9708984140094dd16": "Hulu.", "572769e85951b619008f8985": "WATCH ABC, Hulu and ABC on Demand the day after their original broadcast.", "572769e85951b619008f8986": "after their original broadcast.", "572769e85951b619008f8987": "fast forwarding of accessed content.", "572769e85951b619008f8988": "using an ISP account via an authenticated user login.", "57276a8f5951b619008f8995": "LoyalKaspar.", "57276a8f5951b619008f8996": "The logo is", "57276a8f5951b619008f8997": "created for use in advertising and other promotional materials.", "57276a8f5951b619008f8998": "ile all four variants are used selectively in advertising and by affiliates.", "57276c64f1498d1400e8f7b2": "However that year, ABC had only 14 primary affiliates compared to", "57276c64f1498d1400e8f7b3": "network.", "57276c64f1498d1400e8f7b4": "Until the All-Channel Receiver Act (passed by Congress in 1961)", "57276c64f1498d1400e8f7b5": "network.", "57276d7f708984140094dd3f": "ABC was relegated to secondary status on one or both of the existing stations,", "57276d7f708984140094dd40": "Accor", "57276d7f708984140094dd41": "before.", "57276d7f708984140094dd42": "several smaller markets would not grow large enough to support a full-time ABC aff", "57276f82dd62a815002e9cd0": "the Disneyland anthology series was retitled Wal", "57276f82dd62a815002e9cd1": "1958, Desilu Productions pitched its detective series The Untouchables to CBS;", "57276f82dd62a815002e9cd2": "1959.", "57276f82dd62a815002e9cd3": "ABC requested additional productions from Disney.", "5727705f5951b619008f89f3": "1962", "5727705f5951b619008f89f4": "1962 as the first television series to be broadcast in color on the network.", "5727705f5951b619008f89f5": "The Flintstones with another animated series from Hanna-Barbera, The Jetsons, wh", "5727705f5951b619008f89f6": "the first television series to be broadcast in color on the network.", "5727705f5951b619008f89f7": "On April 1, 1963, ABC debuted the soap opera General Hospital", "572771a5f1498d1400e8f840": "On December 7, 1965", "572771a5f1498d1400e8f841": "The", "572771a5f1498d1400e8f842": "The merger was suspended, and a complaint was filed by the Department of Justice in July 1967", "572771a5f1498d1400e8f843": "the merger was officially canceled after the trial's conclusion on", "57277373dd62a815002e9d24": "contacted Leonard Goldenson about a proposal to merge their respective companies.", "57277373dd62a815002e9d25": "with Capital Cities purchasing ABC and its related properties for $", "57277373dd62a815002e9d26": "Warren Buffett", "57277373dd62a815002e9d27": ". Scripps Company", "57277373dd62a815002e9d28": "owed broadcasters to own a maximum of 12 television station", "572774cf5951b619008f8a51": "The merger between ABC and Capital Cities received federal approval on September 5, 1985.", "572774cf5951b619008f8a52": "After the ABC/Capital Cities merger was finalized on January 3, 1986,", "572774cf5951b619008f8a53": "Frederick S. Pierce was named president of ABC's broadcasting division;", "572774cf5951b619008f8a54": "Michael P. Millardi became vice president of ABC Broadcasting, and", "572774cf5951b619008f8a55": "and Roone Arledge became president of ABC News and ABC Sports.", "57277585708984140094de2b": ".", "57277585708984140094de2c": "1983", "57277585708984140094de2d": "1984 on the success of series such as The Cosby Show, Cheers and Miami Vice.", "57277585708984140094de2e": "1986.", "57277585708984140094de2f": "1984 on the success of series such as The Cosby Show, Cheers and Miami Vice.", "57277632f1498d1400e8f8c4": "1989 debut of the \"TGIF\" block", "57277632f1498d1400e8f8c5": "which promotions referenced stood for \"Thank Goodness It's Funny\").", "57277632f1498d1400e8f8c6": "Miller-Boyett Productions, a Warner Bros.", "57277632f1498d1400e8f8c7": "Miller-Boyett Productions, a Warner Bros.", "572776e85951b619008f8a7f": "In 1968", "572776e85951b619008f8a80": "released its first picture that year, the Ralph Nelson-directed Charly.", "572776e85951b619008f8a81": "the Ralph Nelson-directed Charly.", "572776e85951b619008f8a82": "1985. The", "572776e85951b619008f8a83": "In July 1968, ABC", "5727780a5951b619008f8a9d": "It was not until the late 1950s that", "5727780a5951b619008f8a9e": "Despite an almost 500% increase in advertising revenues between 1953 and 1958,", "5727780a5951b619008f8a9f": "the network only had a national reach of between 10% and", "5727780a5951b619008f8aa0": "In 1957, ABC Entertainment president Ollie Treiz dis", "5727780a5951b619008f8aa1": "In 1957, ABC Entertainment president Ollie Treiz dis", "57277944f1498d1400e8f90a": "Goldenson give the network a continuum between film and television.", "57277944f1498d1400e8f90b": "1959.", "57277944f1498d1400e8f90c": "In May 1961,", "57277944f1498d1400e8f90d": "1959.", "57277af2708984140094dec3": "In May 2013, ABC launched \"WATCH ABC", "57277af2708984140094dec4": "New York City O&O WABC-TV and Philadelphia O&O WPVI-TV", "57277af2708984140094dec5": "Hearst Television", "57277af2708984140094dec6": "In May 2013, ABC launched \"WATCH ABC\"", "57277bfc708984140094ded9": "The Sinclair Broadcast Group", "57277bfc708984140094deda": "WABM-DT2/WDBB-DT2 in the Birmingham market, wh", "57277bfc708984140094dedb": "The E. W. Scripps Company", "57277bfc708984140094dedc": "28 ABC affiliates and two additional subchannel-only affiliates;", "57277bfc708984140094dedd": "The", "57277cf6dd62a815002e9e76": ".", "57277cf6dd62a815002e9e77": "On June 16, 2007", "57277cf6dd62a815002e9e78": "Red ribbons were used to represent the entertainment division, wh", "57277cf6dd62a815002e9e79": "The ABC logo", "57277de9dd62a815002e9ea4": "The network", "57277de9dd62a815002e9ea5": "The network has the unusual distinction of having separately owned and operated affiliates wh", "57277de9dd62a815002e9ea6": "The network", "57277de9dd62a815002e9ea7": "WTSP was Tampa's primary ABC affiliate prior to 1994", "57269e8a5951b619008f77f5": "After founding the Mongol Empire and being proclaimed \"Genghis Khan\",", "57269e8a5951b619008f77f6": "he started the Mongol invasions that resulted in the conquest of most of Eurasia.", "57269e8a5951b619008f77f7": "civilian populations \u2013 especially in the Khwarezmian and Xia controlled lands.", "57269e8a5951b619008f77f8": "By the end of his life, the", "57269e8a5951b619008f77f9": "After founding the Mongol Empire and being proclaimed \"Genghis Khan\",", "5726a00d708984140094cc25": "he assigned \u00d6gedei Khan as his successor", "5726a00d708984140094cc26": "Before Genghis Khan died,", "5726a00d708984140094cc27": ".", "5726a00d708984140094cc28": "among his sons and grandsons.", "5726a00d708984140094cc29": "He was burie", "5726a21bf1498d1400e8e578": ".", "5726a21bf1498d1400e8e579": "He was the second-oldest son of his father Yes\u00fcgei,", "5726a21bf1498d1400e8e57a": "Tem\u00fcjin was probably born", "5726a21bf1498d1400e8e57b": "According to the Secret History, Tem\u00fcjin was named af", "5726a340dd62a815002e8bbc": "Tem\u00fcjin", "5726a340dd62a815002e8bbd": "Tem", "5726a340dd62a815002e8bbe": "His", "5726a340dd62a815002e8bbf": "at nine years of age he", "5726a340dd62a815002e8bc0": "he was deli", "5726a4a9708984140094ccb7": "Beg", "5726a4a9708984140094ccb8": "Begter", "5726a4a9708984140094ccb9": "Begter, Temujin's older half-brother", "5726a4a9708984140094ccba": "Begter, Temujin's older half-brother", "5726a5f65951b619008f7903": "the Tayichi'ud.", "5726a5f65951b619008f7904": "the Tayichi'ud.", "5726a5f65951b619008f7905": "The Tayichi'ud", "5726a5f65951b619008f7906": "Tem", "5726a5f65951b619008f7907": "Tem\u00fcjin's reputation also became widespread after his escape from the Tayichi'u", "5726a784708984140094ccff": "At this time, none of the tribal confederations of Mongolia we", "5726a784708984140094cd00": "Tem\u00fcjin's mother Hoelun taught him many lessons ab", "5726a784708984140094cd01": "Tem\u00fcjin grew up observing the tough political climate of Mongolia", "5726a784708984140094cd02": "Tem\u00fcjin's mother Hoelun ta", "5726a8d4dd62a815002e8c34": "Tem\u00fcjin married B\u00f6rte of the Onggirat", "5726a8d4dd62a815002e8c35": "she was kidnapped by the Merkits and reportedly given away as a wife.", "5726a8d4dd62a815002e8c36": "she was kidnapped by the Merkits and reportedly given away as a wife.", "5726a8d4dd62a815002e8c37": "she was kidnapped by the Merkits and reportedly given away as a wife.", "5726a8d4dd62a815002e8c38": "(1185\u20131226), nine months later, clouding the issue of his parentage.", "5726a9ed5951b619008f7969": "Genghis Khan.", "5726a9ed5951b619008f796a": "While the names of sons were documented, daughters were not.", "5726a9ed5951b619008f796b": "(1190\u20131232)", "5726a9ed5951b619008f796c": "Genghis Khan.", "5726a9ed5951b619008f796d": "The names of at least six daughters are known,", "5726ab47f1498d1400e8e6a2": "in 1197.", "5726ab47f1498d1400e8e6a3": "This relationship was first reinforced when B\u00f6rte was captured by the Merkits.", "5726ab47f1498d1400e8e6a4": "Toghrul", "5726ab47f1498d1400e8e6a5": ".", "5726ab47f1498d1400e8e6a6": "Toghrul offered his vassal 20,000 of his Keraite warriors and suggested that he al", "5726acc1f1498d1400e8e6ca": "The", "5726acc1f1498d1400e8e6cb": "Due to his earlier defeat of the Merkits, and a proclamation by the shaman Kokochu that", "5726acc1f1498d1400e8e6cc": "In 1186, Tem\u00fcjin was elected khan of the Mongols.", "5726acc1f1498d1400e8e6cd": "Jamukha hor", "5726acc1f1498d1400e8e6ce": "Toghrul, as Tem\u00fcjin's patron, was exiled to the Qara Khitai.", "5726ae32708984140094cdab": ".", "5726ae32708984140094cdac": "As an incentive for absolute obedience", "5726ae32708984140094cdad": "He would even have his mother adopt orphans from the conquered tribe,", "5726ae32708984140094cdae": "making Tem\u00fcjin stronger with each victory.", "5726af765951b619008f7a51": "Toghrul and Tem\u00fcjin was Toghrul's refusal to give his daughter in marriage to Jochi", "5726af765951b619008f7a52": "Toghrul and Tem\u00fcjin was Toghrul's refusal to give his daughter in marriage to Jochi,", "5726af765951b619008f7a53": "This act led to the split between both factions and was a prelude to war.", "5726af765951b619008f7a54": ".", "5726b0985951b619008f7a91": "After several battles, Jamukha was finally turned over to Tem\u00fcjin by his own men in 1206.", "5726b0985951b619008f7a92": "G\u00fcr Khan, \"universal ruler\", a title used by the rulers of the Qara Khitai.", "5726b0985951b619008f7a93": "G\u00fcr Khan, \"universal ruler\", a title used by the rulers of the Qara Khitai.", "5726b0985951b619008f7a94": "Jamukha, including Subutai, Jelme's well-known younger brother.", "5726b0985951b619008f7a95": "the Naimans (Naiman Mongols), with whom Jamukha and his followers took refuge.", "5726b1d95951b619008f7acd": "Jamukha ref", "5726b1d95951b619008f7ace": "Tem\u00fcjin had killed the men who betrayed Jamukha,", "5726b1d95951b619008f7acf": "Tem\u00fcjin again offered his friendship to Jamukha,", "5726b1d95951b619008f7ad0": "Jamukha requested this form of death", "5726b879708984140094cf01": "he encountered, such as siege warfare from the Chinese.", "5726b879708984140094cf02": "He was also ruthless, demonstrated by his tactic of measuring against the linchpin,", "5726b879708984140094cf03": "was allegedly trying to drive a wedge between him and his loyal brother Khasar.", "5726b879708984140094cf04": "His military strategies showed a deep interest in gathering", "5726b879708984140094cf05": "who was allegedly tr", "5726b9e15951b619008f7bf1": ".", "5726b9e15951b619008f7bf2": "At a Khuruldai, a council of Mongol chiefs,", "5726b9e15951b619008f7bf3": "The title Khagan was", "5726b9e15951b619008f7bf4": "The title Khagan was", "5726b9e15951b619008f7bf5": "was a monumental feat for the \"Mongols\" (as they became known collectively).", "5726bb645951b619008f7c3b": "Genghis Khan planned again to conquer the Jin dynasty.", "5726bb645951b619008f7c3c": "The commander of the Jin dynasty army made a tactical mistake in", "5726bb645951b619008f7c3d": "Jin capital of Zhongdu (modern-day Beijing).", "5726bb645951b619008f7c3e": "Gen", "5726bb645951b619008f7c3f": "Genghis Khan planned again to conquer the Jin dynasty.", "5726bd655951b619008f7c9f": "Tem\u00fcjin defeated and folded into his Mongol Empire", "5726bd655951b619008f7ca0": "as it was originally established as remnants of the Liao dynasty).", "5726bd655951b619008f7ca1": "Genghis Khan decided to conquer the Qara Khitai and defeat Kuchlug,", "5726bd655951b619008f7ca2": "Genghis Khan decided to conquer the Qara Khitai and", "5726bd655951b619008f7ca3": "Arrow\".", "5726bf135951b619008f7ce9": "Kuchlug fled again, but was soon hunted down by Jebe's army and executed.", "5726bf135951b619008f7cea": "Kuchlug's army was defeated west of Kashgar.", "5726bf135951b619008f7ceb": "By 1218,", "5726bf135951b619008f7cec": "By 1218,", "5726bf135951b619008f7ced": "which bordered the Khwarezmia (Khwarezmid Empire),", "5726c0c5dd62a815002e8f76": "the Khwarazmian dynasty was governed by Shah Ala ad-Din Muhammad.", "5726c0c5dd62a815002e8f77": "Genghis Khan saw the potential advantage in Khwarezmia", "5726c0c5dd62a815002e8f78": "The Shah had all the men shaved and the Muslim beheaded and", "5726c0c5dd62a815002e8f79": "Genghis Khan saw the potential advantage in Khwarezmia", "5726c0c5dd62a815002e8f7a": "Genghis Khan saw the potential advantage in Khwarezmia", "5726c20fdd62a815002e8fa6": "mountains by entering the area controlled by the Khwarezmian Empire.", "5726c20fdd62a815002e8fa7": "His son Jochi led the first division into the northeast of Khwarezmia.", "5726c20fdd62a815002e8fa8": "His son Jochi led the first division into the northeast of Khwarezmia.", "5726c20fdd62a815002e8fa9": "The", "5726c20fdd62a815002e8faa": "on Samarkand. The", "5726c3b3708984140094d0cf": ".", "5726c3b3708984140094d0d0": "Genghis Khan ordered the wholesale massacre of many of the civilians,", "5726c3b3708984140094d0d1": "by pouring molten silver into his ears and eyes, as retribution for his actions.", "5726c3b3708984140094d0d2": "Genghis Khan or", "5726c3b3708984140094d0d3": "The Shah died under mysterious circumstances on a small island within his empire.", "5726c4c8708984140094d0f5": "After the capital Samarkand fell,", "5726c4c8708984140094d0f6": "After the capital Samarkand fell, the capital was moved to Bukhara", "5726c4c8708984140094d0f7": "According to legend", "5726c61ff1498d1400e8eae2": "The Mongols attacked Samarkand using captured enemies as body shields.", "5726c61ff1498d1400e8eae3": "After the fortress fell", "5726c61ff1498d1400e8eae4": "victory.", "5726c7a85951b619008f7ddd": "The city leaders op", "5726c7a85951b619008f7dde": ".", "5726c7a85951b619008f7ddf": "Survivor", "5726c7a85951b619008f7de0": "Gen", "5726c7a85951b619008f7de1": "who had not fought were drafted into the Mongolian army and", "5726c9b0dd62a815002e9046": "Genghis Khan led the main army", "5726c9b0dd62a815002e9047": "Under the suggestion of Subutai, the Mongol army was split into two forces.", "5726c9b0dd62a815002e9048": "Under the suggestion of Subutai, the Mongol army was split into two forces.", "5726c9b0dd62a815002e9049": "Subutai's forces defeated the larger Kievan force", "5726c9b0dd62a815002e904a": "Kievan Rus' troops led by Mstislav the Bold of Halych and Mstislav III of Kiev wh", "57272bcb5951b619008f8683": "the Mongols returned to conquer Volga Bulgaria and Kievan Rus' in", "57272bcb5951b619008f8684": "The Mongols learned from captives of the abundant green pastures beyond the Bulgar territory", "57272bcb5951b619008f8685": "These invasions added Transoxiana and Persia to an already formidable empire wh", "57272bcb5951b619008f8686": "In 1225 both divisions returned to Mongolia.", "57272bcb5951b619008f8687": "Jebe died on the road back to Samarkand.", "57272ce1f1498d1400e8f43a": "Genghis Khan began a retaliatory attack on the Tanguts.", "57272ce1f1498d1400e8f43b": "Genghis Khan began a retaliatory attack on the Tanguts.", "57272ce1f1498d1400e8f43c": "One of the Tangut generals challenged the Mongols to a battle near Helan Mountains but", "57272ce1f1498d1400e8f43d": "Genghis Khan began a retaliatory attack on the Tanguts.", "57272ce1f1498d1400e8f43e": "Gen", "57272dd55951b619008f8697": "the Tangut capital of Ning Hia and", "57272dd55951b619008f8698": "At Deshun, the Tangut general Ma Jianlong put", "57272dd55951b619008f8699": "Ma Jianlong later died from wounds received from arrows in battle.", "57272dd55951b619008f869a": "Genghis Khan, after conquering Deshun,", "57272dd55951b619008f869b": "Gen", "57272ec7f1498d1400e8f44e": ".", "57272ec7f1498d1400e8f44f": "Jochi as Genghis Khan's successor. In", "57272ec7f1498d1400e8f450": "the issue over Jochi's paternity was voiced most strongly by Chagatai.", "57272ec7f1498d1400e8f451": "The succession of Genghis Khan", "57272ff2708984140094dabd": ".", "57272ff2708984140094dabe": ".", "57272ff2708984140094dabf": "Tol", "57272ff2708984140094dac0": "one of his sons as his successor.", "5727311d5951b619008f86ab": "the accuracy of this story is questionable.", "5727311d5951b619008f86ac": "Rashid al-Din reports that the great Khan sent for his sons in the spring of 1223,", "5727311d5951b619008f86ad": "while his brothers heeded the order, Jochi remained in Khorasan.", "5727311d5951b619008f86ae": "I", "5727311d5951b619008f86af": "brought this land to life and gave assistance and support to the Muslims.\"", "57273249f1498d1400e8f46a": "Genghis Khan died.", "57273249f1498d1400e8f46b": "He was already old and tired from his journeys.", "57273249f1498d1400e8f46c": "Genghis Khan died.", "57273249f1498d1400e8f46d": "One", "57273249f1498d1400e8f46e": "be an invention by the rival Oirads.", "572732f8f1498d1400e8f474": "according to the customs of his tribe.", "572732f8f1498d1400e8f475": "according to the customs of his tribe.", "572732f8f1498d1400e8f476": ".", "572732f8f1498d1400e8f477": ".", "57273455f1498d1400e8f48c": "troops.", "57273455f1498d1400e8f48d": "troops.", "57273455f1498d1400e8f48e": ".", "57273455f1498d1400e8f48f": "troops.", "57273455f1498d1400e8f490": "In 1968 during the Cultural Revolution,", "57273581708984140094daeb": "site.", "57273581708984140094daec": "what is believed to be Genghis Khan's palace in rural Mongolia,", "57273581708984140094daed": "Folklore says that a river was diverted over his", "57273581708984140094daee": "Other tales state that his grave was stampeded over by many horses,", "572736bff1498d1400e8f4b5": ".", "572736bff1498d1400e8f4b4": "The Mongol Empire was governed by a civilian and military code,", "572736bff1498d1400e8f4b6": ".", "572736bff1498d1400e8f4b7": "The exception was the role of Genghis Khan and his family.", "572736bff1498d1400e8f4b8": "The", "57273887dd62a815002e99a2": "Ther", "57273887dd62a815002e99a3": ".", "57273887dd62a815002e99a4": "religion was a personal concept, and not subject to law or interference.", "57273887dd62a815002e99a5": "Various Mongol tribes were Shamanist, Buddhist or Christian.", "572739a75951b619008f86f7": "en next male Khagan was being chosen. Modern", "572739a75951b619008f86f8": "as the Chinese.", "572739a75951b619008f86f9": "as the Chinese.", "572739a75951b619008f86fa": "Genghis Khan attempted to create a civil state under the Great Yassa that", "57273b1a5951b619008f8709": "Chu'Tsai administered parts of the Mongol Empire and", "57273b1a5951b619008f870a": "who could govern cities and states conquered by him.", "57273b1a5951b619008f870b": "Jin dynasty was defeated.", "57273b1a5951b619008f870c": "that he had avenged Chu'Tsai's forefathers.", "57273c01f1498d1400e8f4e2": "Genghis Khan put", "57273c01f1498d1400e8f4e3": "Karakorum.", "57273c01f1498d1400e8f4e4": "was given command of the Mongol forces against the Jin dynasty while Genghis Khan was", "57273c01f1498d1400e8f4e5": "the Great Raid into the Caucasus and Kievan Rus',", "57273c01f1498d1400e8f4e6": "While granting his generals a great deal of autonomy in making command decisions,", "57273d06f1498d1400e8f4f6": "The Mongol military was also successful in siege warfare", "57273d06f1498d1400e8f4f7": "The Mongol military was also successful in siege warfare", "57273d06f1498d1400e8f4f8": "larger group and defended position for ambush and counterattack.", "57273d06f1498d1400e8f4f9": "The Mongol military was also successful in siege warfare", "57273dccdd62a815002e99fa": "Genghis Khan did not conquer all the areas ultimately part of the Mongol Empire.", "57273dccdd62a815002e99fb": "Genghis Khan did not conquer all the areas ultimately part of the Mongol Empire.", "57273dccdd62a815002e99fc": "Contrary to popular belief, Genghis Khan di", "57273dccdd62a815002e99fd": "and that concluded with the Mongols gaining control of all of China.", "57273eecf1498d1400e8f51e": "Genghis Khan is", "57273eecf1498d1400e8f51f": "it is popular for male children to carry his title as name.", "57273eecf1498d1400e8f520": "was tolerant of religions and explained his policies clearly to all his soldiers.", "57273eecf1498d1400e8f521": "This allowed increased communication and trade between the West, Middle East and Asia", "5727404b708984140094db59": "Genghis Khan became one of the central figures of the national identity.", "5727404b708984140094db5a": "Genghis Khan became one of the central figures of the national identity.", "5727404b708984140094db5b": "Genghis Khan became one of the central figures of the national identity.", "5727404b708984140094db5c": "that his butchery is exaggerated, while his positive role is underrated.", "5727404b708984140094db5d": "Genghis Khan became one of the central figures of the national identity.", "57274126dd62a815002e9a24": "In Mongolia", "57274126dd62a815002e9a25": "on the largest denominations of", "57274126dd62a815002e9a26": "(\u20ae).", "57274126dd62a815002e9a27": "his name and image to avoid trivialization.", "57274126dd62a815002e9a28": "Ulaanbaatar.", "5727515af1498d1400e8f63a": ")", "5727515af1498d1400e8f63b": "Pres", "5727515af1498d1400e8f63c": "or", "5727515af1498d1400e8f63d": "(Genghis Khan)", "57275250708984140094dc25": "There are conflicting views of Genghis Khan in the People's Republic of China", "57275250708984140094dc26": "with some viewing him positively in the Inner Mongolia region", "57275250708984140094dc27": "Ther", "57275250708984140094dc28": "The", "57275250708984140094dc29": "While Genghis Khan never conquered all of China, his grandson Kublai Khan com", "572753af708984140094dc2f": "wh", "572753af708984140094dc30": "areas.", "572753af708984140094dc31": "Som", "572754cd5951b619008f8863": "His descendant Hulagu Khan destroyed muc", "572754cd5951b619008f8864": "The invasions of Baghdad,", "572754cd5951b619008f8865": "Ac", "572754cd5951b619008f8866": "In 1237 Batu Khan,", "572754cd5951b619008f8867": "the major cities of Eastern Europe with the exceptions of Novgorod and Pskov.", "572756715951b619008f8877": "the", "572756715951b619008f8878": "Mughal emperors were proud descendants of Genghis Khan and particularly Timur,", "572756715951b619008f8879": "Attar of Nishapur and many other notable Muslims.", "5727580bf1498d1400e8f69a": "However, it seems that if they had meant to call Genghis ten", "5727580bf1498d1400e8f69b": "Lake Baikal and ocean were called tenggis by the Mongols.", "5727580bf1498d1400e8f69c": ".", "5727580bf1498d1400e8f69d": ".", "5727580bf1498d1400e8f69e": "It", "572758c3dd62a815002e9b78": "Genghis Khan", "572758c3dd62a815002e9b79": "Turk", "572758c3dd62a815002e9b7a": "Tem", "572758c3dd62a815002e9b7b": "Genghis Khan, the title is spelled in variety of ways in different language", "572758c3dd62a815002e9b7c": "pinyin: Ch\u00e9ngj\u00eds\u012b H\u00e1n,", "5726d8bd708984140094d35b": "The word pharmacy is derived from its root word pharma wh", "5726d8bd708984140094d35c": "The pharma (", "5726d8bd708984140094d35d": "However, the original Greek roots from pharmakos imply sorcery or even poison.", "5726d8bd708984140094d35e": "were on offer to a large extent.", "5726d8bd708984140094d35f": "The pharmas also used many other herbs not listed.", "5726d9935951b619008f7fed": "Pharmacists are healthcare professionals with specialised education and training wh", "5726d9935951b619008f7fee": "health outcomes for their patients through the quality use of medicines.", "5726d9935951b619008f7fef": "Pharmacists are healthcare professionals with specialised education and training wh", "5726d9935951b619008f7ff0": "they play an important role in optimisation of a drug treatment for an individual.", "5726d9935951b619008f7ff1": "which they practice.", "5726da89dd62a815002e92b2": ".", "5726da89dd62a815002e92b3": "A", "5726da89dd62a815002e92b4": ".", "5726da89dd62a815002e92b5": "A Pharmacy Technician in the UK is considered a health care professional", "5726da89dd62a815002e92b6": "A", "5726db5add62a815002e92d5": ".", "5726db5add62a815002e92d6": ".", "5726db5add62a815002e92d7": "The Greek physician Pedanius Dios", "5726db5add62a815002e92d4": "was one of several men studying the medicinal properties of plants.", "5726db5add62a815002e92d8": "The Greek physician Pedanius Dios", "5726dcbddd62a815002e9320": "the men who fulfilled roles similar to those of modern pharmacists", "5726dcbddd62a815002e9321": ".", "5726dcbddd62a815002e9322": "(718).", "5726dcbddd62a815002e9323": "Ranked positions in the pre-Heian Imperial court were established;", "5726dcbddd62a815002e9324": "In", "5726ddf6f1498d1400e8ee04": "pharmacist.", "5726ddf6f1498d1400e8ee05": "the medical uses of chemical compounds.", "5726ddf6f1498d1400e8ee06": "His", "5726ddf6f1498d1400e8ee08": "He also describes the distillation of sea-water for drinking.", "5726ddf6f1498d1400e8ee07": "He", "5726deed5951b619008f80c5": "dating from at least 1422.", "5726deed5951b619008f80c6": "The", "5726deed5951b619008f80c7": ".", "5726deed5951b619008f80c8": "museum.", "5726deed5951b619008f80c9": "The oldest is claimed to have been set up in 1221 in", "5726e08e5951b619008f810f": "In most countries, the dispensary is subject to pharmacy legislation;", "5726e08e5951b619008f8110": ".", "5726e08e5951b619008f8111": ".", "5726e08e5951b619008f8112": "new role dealing with patients' prescriptions and patient safety issues.", "5726e08e5951b619008f8113": "Where it was once the case that pharmacists stayed", "5726e179dd62a815002e93ae": "followed by another residency in a specific area.", "5726e179dd62a815002e93af": "For", "5726e179dd62a815002e93b0": "followed by another residency in a specific area.", "5726e179dd62a815002e93b1": ".", "5726e313f1498d1400e8eeb2": "Hospital pharmacies can often be found within the premises of the hospital.", "5726e313f1498d1400e8eeb3": "Most hospital medications are unit-dose, or a single dose of medicine.", "5726e313f1498d1400e8eeb4": "Hospital pharmacies can often be found within the premises of the hospital.", "5726e313f1498d1400e8eeb5": "make it imperative that hospital pharmacies perform at the highest level possible.", "5726e313f1498d1400e8eeb6": "Hospital pharmacies can often be found within the premises of the hospital.", "5726e3c4dd62a815002e9404": ".", "5726e3c4dd62a815002e9405": "the clinical pharmacy movement initially began inside hospitals and clinics.", "5726e3c4dd62a815002e9406": "Clin", "5726e3c4dd62a815002e9407": "They often participate in patient care rounds drug product selection.", "5726e3c4dd62a815002e9408": "Clin", "5726e5c95951b619008f81cb": "allergies while designing and initiating a drug therapy plan.", "5726e5c95951b619008f81cc": "prior to dispensing and administration to the patient.", "5726e5c95951b619008f81cd": ".", "5726e5c95951b619008f81ce": "The pharmacist must also monito", "5726e985dd62a815002e94da": ".", "5726e985dd62a815002e94db": "In some states such North Carolina and New Mexico the", "5726e985dd62a815002e94dc": "ambulatory care pharmacists are given full independent prescribing authority.", "5726e985dd62a815002e94dd": "BCACP.", "5726e985dd62a815002e94de": ".", "5726ea985951b619008f8261": "Con", "5726ea985951b619008f8262": "Con", "5726ea985951b619008f8263": ".", "5726ea985951b619008f8264": "consultant pharmacists begin to work directly with patients", "5726ea985951b619008f8265": "Some community pharmacies employ consultant pharmacists and/or provide consulting serv", "5726eb4b5951b619008f826b": "Internet", "5726eb4b5951b619008f826c": "Internet pharmacies (also known as online pharmacies) are", "5726eb4b5951b619008f826d": "Internet pharmacies (also known as online pharmacies) are also recommen", "5726eb4b5951b619008f826e": "Internet", "5726eb4b5951b619008f826f": "The primary difference is", "5726ed6cf1498d1400e8f00c": "Many customers order drugs from such pharmacies to", "5726ed6cf1498d1400e8f00d": "However, this practice has", "5726ed6cf1498d1400e8f00e": "While most Internet pharmacies sell prescription drugs and require a valid prescription,", "5726ed6cf1498d1400e8f00f": "some Internet pharmacies sell prescription drugs without requiring a prescription.", "5726ed6cf1498d1400e8f010": "While most Internet pharmacies sell prescription drugs and require a valid prescription,", "5726edecdd62a815002e957e": "who has an established doctor-patient relationship.", "5726edecdd62a815002e957f": "In the United States, in order for a prescription for a controlled substance to be valid,", "5726ef73f1498d1400e8f05e": "who has an established doctor-patient relationship.", "5726ef73f1498d1400e8f05f": "relationship.", "5726ef73f1498d1400e8f060": "The filling pharmacy has a corresponding responsibility to ensure that the prescription is", "5726ef73f1498d1400e8f061": "individual state laws outline what", "5726ef73f1498d1400e8f062": "for a controlled substance to a \"patient\" s/he has never met.", "5726f0e35951b619008f82f7": "In the United States, there has been a push to legalize importation of medications from Canada", "5726f0e35951b619008f82f8": "charged by authorities.", "5726f0e35951b619008f82f9": "While in most cases importation of prescription medications violates Fo", "5726f0e35951b619008f82fa": "has ever been charged by authorities.", "5726f0e35951b619008f82fb": "In the United States", "5726f2375951b619008f830f": "als.", "5726f2375951b619008f8310": "companies.", "5726f2375951b619008f8311": ".", "5726f2375951b619008f8312": "companies.", "5726f2375951b619008f8313": "goals.", "5726f36cdd62a815002e95fe": "19 of 28 newly FDA approved medications in 2013 being specialty drugs.", "5726f36cdd62a815002e95ff": "being specialty drugs.", "5726f36cdd62a815002e9600": "disease states such as cancer, hepatitis, and rheumatoid arthritis.", "5726f36cdd62a815002e9601": ".", "5726f36cdd62a815002e9602": "In addition to supplying these drugs, specialty pharmacies al", "5726f48df1498d1400e8f0da": ".", "5726f48df1498d1400e8f0db": "kickback\" payments.", "5726f48df1498d1400e8f0dc": "How", "5726f48df1498d1400e8f0dd": "kickback\" payments.", "5726f48df1498d1400e8f0de": "payments.", "5726f635dd62a815002e9657": "to their patients from within their practices.", "5726f635dd62a815002e9656": "to their patients from within their practices.", "5726f635dd62a815002e9658": "between a patient's home and the nearest retail pharmacy.", "5726f635dd62a815002e9659": "Th", "5726f7715951b619008f838d": "The reason for the majority rule", "5726f7715951b619008f838e": ".", "5726f7715951b619008f838f": "Otherwise, the physician has a financial self-interest in \"diagnosing", "5726f7715951b619008f8391": "Otherwise, the physician has a financial self-interest in", "5726f7715951b619008f8390": "Such self-interest directly conflicts with the patient's interest in", "5726f868dd62a815002e9684": "In the coming decades", "5726f868dd62a815002e9685": "within the health care system.", "5726f868dd62a815002e9686": "In particular, Medication Therapy Management (MTM) inc", "5726f868dd62a815002e9687": "the clinical services that pharmacists can provide for their patients.", "5726f868dd62a815002e9688": "In particular, Medication Therapy Management (MTM) inc", "5726f96ddd62a815002e9698": "In Canada", "5726f96ddd62a815002e9699": "They are also being paid for by the government for medicine use reviews.", "5726f96ddd62a815002e969a": "They are also being paid for by the government for medicine use reviews.", "5726f96ddd62a815002e969b": "In", "5726f96ddd62a815002e969c": ".", "5726fa525951b619008f83f7": "which is often written as \"Rx\" in typed text.", "5726fa525951b619008f83f8": "The show globe was also used until the early 20th century.", "5726fa525951b619008f83f9": "Pharmacy organizations often use other symbols, such as the Bowl of Hygieia wh", "5726fa525951b619008f83fa": "apothecary').", "5726fa525951b619008f83fb": "the", "5726e65e708984140094d53d": ".", "5726e65e708984140094d53e": "disease.", "5726e65e708984140094d53f": "the brain.", "5726e65e708984140094d540": "the brain.", "5726eb76f1498d1400e8efda": ".", "5726eb76f1498d1400e8efdb": "disease.", "5726eb76f1498d1400e8efdc": "the brain.", "5728eff82ca10214002daadc": "disease.", "5728eff82ca10214002daadd": "an immune system must detect a wide variety of agents, known as pathogens", "5728eff82ca10214002daade": "which protects the brain.", "5728eff82ca10214002daadf": "the peripheral immune system from the neuroimmune system which protects the brain.", "572a14af3f37b319004786c1": "an immune system must detect a wide variety of agents,", "572a14af3f37b319004786c3": ".", "572a14af3f37b319004786c2": "the brain.", "572a14af3f37b319004786c4": "the brain.", "5726eb785951b619008f8275": "Pathogens can rapidly evolve and adapt, and thereby avoid detection", "5726eb785951b619008f8276": "This process of acquired immunity is the basis of vaccination.", "5726eb785951b619008f8277": "Other basic immune mechanisms evol", "5726eb785951b619008f8278": "This process of acquired immunity is the basis of vaccination.", "572a135daf94a219006aa79f": "in the form of enzymes that protect against bacteriophage infections.", "572a135daf94a219006aa7a0": "Other basic immune mechanisms ev", "572a135daf94a219006aa7a1": "This process of acquired immunity is the basis of vaccination.", "572a135daf94a219006aa7a2": "more efficiently.", "5726eb8bf1498d1400e8efe2": "can result in autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases and cancer.", "5726eb8bf1498d1400e8efe3": ".", "5726eb8bf1498d1400e8efe4": "Immunodeficiency occurs wh", "5726eb8bf1498d1400e8efe5": ".", "5726eb8bf1498d1400e8efe6": "Common autoimmune diseases include Has", "5728f2e26aef051400154896": "Immunodeficiency occurs when the immune system is less active than normal,", "5728f2e26aef051400154897": "attacking normal tissues as if they were foreign organisms.", "5728f2e26aef051400154898": "Immunology covers the study of all aspects of the immune system.", "5728f2e26aef051400154899": "In humans", "5726f8abf1498d1400e8f166": "The earliest known reference to immunity was during the plague of Athens in 430 BC.", "5726f8abf1498d1400e8f167": "Pierre-Louis Moreau de Maupertuis made experiments with scorpion venom and", "5726f8abf1498d1400e8f168": "in his development of vaccination and his proposed germ theory of disease.", "5726f8abf1498d1400e8f169": "with the discovery of the yellow fever virus by Walter Reed.", "5728f3724b864d1900165116": "that microorganisms were confirmed as the cause of infectious disease.", "5728f3724b864d1900165117": "microorganisms were confirmed as the cause of infectious disease.", "5728f3724b864d1900165118": "with the discovery of the yellow fever virus by Walter Reed.", "5728f3724b864d1900165119": "The earliest known reference to immunity was during the plague of Athens in 430 BC.", "5726f8aef1498d1400e8f16e": "each time this pathogen is encountered.", "5726f8aef1498d1400e8f16f": "which is activated by the innate response.", "5726f8aef1498d1400e8f170": "which is activated by the innate response.", "5728f6446aef0514001548e4": "Innate immune systems are found in all plants and animals.", "5728f6446aef0514001548e5": "ich is activated by the innate response.", "5728f6446aef0514001548e6": "each time this pathogen is encountered.", "5728f6446aef0514001548e7": "entering the organism.", "5728f7774b864d190016512e": "the immune system to distinguish between self and non-self molecules.", "5728f7774b864d190016512f": "In immunology, self molecules are", "5728f7774b864d1900165130": "molecules.", "5728f7774b864d1900165131": "One class of non-self molecules are called antigens (short for antibody generators)", "5728f7774b864d1900165132": "bind to specific immune receptors and elicit an immune response.", "5728f9882ca10214002dab5a": "The innate response is usually triggered wh", "5728f9882ca10214002dab5b": "The innate immune system is the dominant system of host defense in most organisms.", "5728f9882ca10214002dab5c": "microorganisms,", "5728f9882ca10214002dab5d": "The innate immune system is the dominant system of host defense in most organisms.", "5728fb002ca10214002dab6a": "The waxy cuticle of many leaves, the exoskeleton of insects", "5728fb002ca10214002dab6b": "are examples of mechanical barriers that are the first line of defense against infection.", "5728fb002ca10214002dab6c": "In the lungs, coughing and sneezing mechanically eject pathogens and", "5728fb002ca10214002dab6d": "The", "5728fb002ca10214002dab6e": "The flushing action of tears and urine al", "5728fc2eaf94a219006a9ec7": "The skin and respiratory tract secrete", "5728fc2eaf94a219006a9ec8": "Enzymes such as lysozyme and phospholipase A2 in saliva", "5728fc2eaf94a219006a9ec9": "semen contains defensins and zinc to kill pathogens.", "5728fc2eaf94a219006a9eca": "In", "5728fc2eaf94a219006a9ecb": "Vaginal secretions serve as a chemical barrier following menarche,", "5728fd206aef05140015494c": "Within the genitourinary and gastrointestinal tracts", "5728fd206aef05140015494d": "Within the", "5728fd206aef05140015494e": "There is good evidence that re-introduction of probiotic flora", "5728fd206aef05140015494f": "the conditions in their environment, such as pH or available iron.", "572900f73f37b31900477f69": "Inflammation is one of the first responses of the immune system to infection.", "572900f73f37b31900477f6a": "which are caused by increased blood flow into tissue.", "572900f73f37b31900477f6b": "In", "572900f73f37b31900477f6c": "Eicosanoids include prostaglandins that produce fever and the dilation of blood vessels as", "572900f73f37b31900477f6d": "Com", "572905ce1d04691400778f83": "engulf, or eat, pathogens or particles.", "572905ce1d04691400778f84": "cytokines.", "572905ce1d04691400778f85": "Once a pathogen has been engulfed by a phagocyte", "572905ce1d04691400778f86": ".", "572905ce1d04691400778f87": "Phagocytosis evolved as a means of acquiring nutrients, but", "5729081d3f37b31900477fab": "travel throughout the body in pursuit of invading pathogens.", "5729081d3f37b31900477fac": "Neutrophils and macrophages are phagocytes that", "5729081d3f37b31900477fad": "Neutrophils are", "5729081d3f37b31900477fae": "the site of inflammation in a process called chemotaxis,", "5729081d3f37b31900477faf": "Mac", "572908c13f37b31900477fbd": "are the second arm of the innate immune system.", "572908c13f37b31900477fbe": "are the second arm of the innate immune system.", "572908c13f37b31900477fbf": "Innate cells are also important mediators in the activation of the adaptive immune system.", "572908c13f37b31900477fc0": "are the second arm of the innate immune system.", "5729efab3f37b319004785cf": "Dendritic cells (DC)", "5729efab3f37b319004785d0": "They are named for their resemblance to neuronal dendrites,", "5729efab3f37b319004785d1": "one of the key cell types of the adaptive immune system.", "5729efab3f37b319004785d2": "Den", "5729f06f1d04691400779674": "Rather", "5729f06f1d04691400779673": "which does not directly attack invading microbes.", "5729f06f1d04691400779675": "\"", "5729f06f1d04691400779676": "Normal body cells are not recognized and attacked by NK cells bec", "5729f12e3f37b319004785e1": "antigen.", "5729f12e3f37b319004785e2": ".", "5729f12e3f37b319004785e3": "tailored to specific pathogens or pathogen-infected cells.", "5729f1fcaf94a219006aa6d3": "the killer T cell and the helper T cell.", "5729f1fcaf94a219006aa6d4": "ich have a role in modulating immune response.", "5729f1fcaf94a219006aa6d5": "Kil", "5729f1fcaf94a219006aa6d6": "Kil", "5729f1fcaf94a219006aa6d7": "bound to MHC receptors.", "5729f39a6aef05140015514c": "viruses (and other pathogens), or are otherwise damaged or dysfunctional.", "5729f39a6aef05140015514e": "Recognition of this MHC:antigen complex is a", "5729f39a6aef05140015514d": ".", "5729f39a6aef051400155150": "target cell to undergo apoptosis.", "5729f39a6aef05140015514f": "Wh", "5729f4b41d0469140077968b": "responsible for the T cell's activation.", "5729f4b41d0469140077968c": "Hel", "5729f4b41d0469140077968d": "Hel", "5729f4b41d0469140077968e": "that influence the activity of many cell types.", "5729f4b41d0469140077968f": "helper T cell activation causes an upregulation of molecules ex", "5729f5a03f37b31900478605": "T cells, cytotoxic T cells and NK cells.", "5729f5a03f37b31900478606": "The conditions that produce responses from \u03b3\u03b4 T cells are not fully understood.", "5729f5a03f37b31900478607": "The conditions that produce responses from \u03b3\u03b4 T cells are not fully understood.", "5729f5a03f37b31900478608": "to produce receptor diversity and can also develop a memory phenotype.", "5729f5a03f37b31900478609": "For example, large numbers of human V\u03b39/V\u03b42 T cells respon", "5729f69caf94a219006aa6f9": ".", "5729f69caf94a219006aa6fa": ".", "5729f69caf94a219006aa6fb": "This combination of MHC and antigen attracts a matching helper T cell", "5729f799af94a219006aa707": "long-lived memory cells.", "5729f799af94a219006aa708": ".", "5729f799af94a219006aa709": "form of either passive short-term memory or active long-term memory.", "5729f799af94a219006aa70a": "can mount a strong response if the pathogen is detected again.", "5729f8516aef05140015516c": "are particularly vulnerable to infection.", "5729f8516aef05140015516d": "is transported from mother to baby directly across the placenta,", "5729f8516aef05140015516e": ".", "5729f8516aef05140015516f": "serum.", "5729f9953f37b3190047861f": "Hormones can act as immunomodulators, altering the sensitivity of the immune system.", "5729f9953f37b31900478620": "known immunostimulators of both adaptive and innate immune responses.", "5729f9953f37b31900478621": "Some autoimmune diseases such as lupus erythematosus strike", "5729f9953f37b31900478622": "By contrast, male sex hormones such as testosterone seem to be immunosuppressive.", "5729fa40af94a219006aa70f": "both T-cell differentiation and our circadian rhythms,", "5729fa40af94a219006aa710": ".", "5729fa40af94a219006aa711": "Wh", "5729fb003f37b31900478627": ".", "5729fb003f37b31900478628": "This means that they get less sun and therefore produce less cholecalciferol v", "5729fb003f37b31900478629": "Conversely, some hormones are regulated by the immune system,", "5729fb003f37b3190047862a": "get less sun and therefore produce less cholecalciferol via UVB radiation.", "5729fc3d1d0469140077969d": "The main response of the immune system to tumors is to destroy the abnormal cells", "5729fc3d1d0469140077969e": "molecules on their surface than normal; this is a common phenomenon with tumors.", "5729fc3d1d0469140077969f": ".", "5729fc3d1d046914007796a0": "allowing for their destruction by the complement system.", "5729fd111d046914007796a5": "plant.", "5729fd111d046914007796a6": "Pathogen-associated molecular patterns or PAMPs.", "5729fd111d046914007796a7": "the spread of the disease to other parts of the plant.", "5729fd111d046914007796a8": "that renders the entire plant resistant to a particular infectious agent.", "5729fd111d046914007796a9": "they can block virus replication.", "5729fe5c3f37b3190047862f": "Overactive immune responses comprise the other end of immune dysfunction,", "5729fe5c3f37b31900478630": "Ov", "5729fe5c3f37b31900478631": ".", "5729fe5c3f37b31900478632": "Under normal circumstances, many T cells and antibodies react with \"self\" peptides.", "5729fefbaf94a219006aa739": "at around 50 years of age due to immunosenescence.", "5729fefbaf94a219006aa73a": "Immunodeficiencies occur wh", "5729fefbaf94a219006aa73b": "at around 50 years of age due to immunosenescence.", "5729fefbaf94a219006aa73c": ".", "5729fefbaf94a219006aa73d": "malnutrition is the most common cause of immunodeficiency in developing countries.", "5729ffda1d046914007796af": "Active immunity can also be generated artificially, through vaccination.", "5729ffda1d046914007796b0": "The principle behind vaccination (also called immunization) is", "5729ffda1d046914007796b1": "The principle behind vaccination", "5729ffda1d046914007796b2": ".", "572a019f3f37b31900478643": "These proteins are often used to shut down host defenses.", "572a019f3f37b31900478644": "providing a direct route for proteins to move from the pathogen to the host.", "572a019f3f37b31900478645": "These proteins are often used to shut down host defenses.", "572a019f3f37b31900478646": "The success of any pathogen depends on its ability to elude host immune responses.", "572a02483f37b3190047864b": "formulated the clonal selection theory (CST) of immunity.", "572a02483f37b3190047864c": "The theory was", "572a02483f37b3190047864d": "the complex \"two-signal\" activation of T cells.", "572a02483f37b3190047864e": "The theory was lat", "572a03086aef0514001551a2": "Glucocorticoids are the most powerful of these drugs;", "572a03086aef0514001551a3": ".", "572a03086aef0514001551a4": ".", "572a03086aef0514001551a5": "T cells from responding to signals correctly by inhibiting signal transduction pathways.", "572a04d51d046914007796cd": "peak in order to elicit an effective response against any intruding pathogens.", "572a04d51d046914007796ce": "peak.", "572a04d51d046914007796cf": "In", "572a04d51d046914007796d0": "this time.", "572a058aaf94a219006aa751": "When a T-cell encounters a foreign pathogen, it extends a vitamin D receptor.", "572a058aaf94a219006aa752": "Other immune system cells that are known to express CYP27B1 and", "572a058aaf94a219006aa753": "T-cells have a symbiotic relationship with vitamin D.", "572a058aaf94a219006aa754": ".", "572a058aaf94a219006aa755": "Other immune system cells that are known to express CYP27B1 and", "572a06af3f37b31900478667": "Pattern recognition receptors are proteins used by nearly all organisms", "572a06af3f37b31900478668": "the main form of invertebrate systemic immunity.", "572a06af3f37b31900478669": ".", "572a06af3f37b3190047866a": "ought to play a role in the immune response to viruses.", "572a07fc6aef0514001551dc": "Many of the classical", "572a07fc6aef0514001551dd": "However", "572a07fc6aef0514001551de": "primitive jawless vertebrates, such as the lamprey and hagfish.", "572a07fc6aef0514001551df": "Ev", "572a096e6aef0514001551e4": "It is likely that a multicomponent, adaptive immune system arose with the first vertebrates", "572a096e6aef0514001551e5": "It is", "572a096e6aef0514001551e6": "viral pathogens, called bacteriophages.", "572a096e6aef0514001551e7": "Pro", "572a0a686aef0514001551ec": "The end of the 19th century and", "572a0a686aef0514001551ed": "According to the cellular theory of immunity,", "572a0a686aef0514001551ee": "were responsible for immune responses.", "572a0a686aef0514001551ef": "In contrast, the humoral theory of immunity,", "572a0a686aef0514001551f0": "According to the cellular theory of immunity, represented in particular by Elie Metchnikoff,", "572a0b0b6aef0514001551f6": "Clearly, some tumors evade the immune system and go on to become cancers.", "572a0b0b6aef0514001551f7": "tumor cells.", "572a0b0b6aef0514001551f8": "Some tumor cells also release products that inhibit the immune response;", "572a0b0b6aef0514001551f9": "activity of macrophages and lymphocytes.", "572a0bf96aef051400155204": "Hypersensitivity is an immune response that damages the body's own tissues.", "572a0bf96aef051400155205": ".", "572a0bf96aef051400155206": "Type I", "572a0bf96aef051400155207": "Hypersensitivity is an immune response that damages the body's own tissues.", "572a0bf96aef051400155208": "Hypersensitivity is an immune response that damages the body's own tissues.", "572a0ce11d046914007796fd": ".", "572a0ce11d046914007796fe": "Some examples of intracellular pathogens include viruses,", "572a0ce11d046914007796ff": "Som", "572a0ce11d04691400779700": "Other", "572a0ce11d04691400779701": "Other", "572a0e4b6aef051400155214": "The mechanisms used to evade the adaptive immune system are more complicated.", "572a0e4b6aef051400155215": "This is called antigenic variation.", "572a0e4b6aef051400155216": "The", "572a0e4b6aef051400155217": "Mas", "572a0f073f37b3190047867f": "Another important role of the immune system is to identify and eliminate tumors.", "572a0f073f37b31900478680": "which causes cervical cancer,", "572a0f073f37b31900478681": "One", "572a0f073f37b31900478682": "Another important role of the immune system is to identify and eliminate tumors.", "572a0f073f37b31900478683": "The transformed cells of tumors express antigens that are not found on normal cells.", "572a10cd6aef051400155222": "set.", "572a10cd6aef051400155223": "than hydrophobic amino acids;", "572a10cd6aef051400155224": "known to be recognizable by B cells.", "572a10cd6aef051400155225": "cataloguing of epitopes from pathogens known to be recognizable by B cells. The", "572a10cd6aef051400155226": "based studies of immunogenicity is referred to as immunoinformatics.", "572a12386aef051400155234": "leptin, pituitary growth hormone, and prolactin.", "572a12386aef051400155235": "APC", "572a12386aef051400155236": "/Th2 cytokine", "572a12386aef051400155237": "This milieu is", "572a142e3f37b319004786b9": "The speed of the response is", "572a142e3f37b319004786bc": "deposition of complement can also kill cells directly by disrupting their plasma membrane.", "572a142e3f37b319004786ba": "The speed of the response is a result of signal amplification that", "572a142e3f37b319004786bb": "which in turn activates other complement proteases, and so on.", "57271c235951b619008f860b": "what they deem to be unfair laws.", "57271c235951b619008f860c": "It", "57271c235951b619008f860d": "in the Singing Revolution to bring independence to the Baltic countries from the Soviet Union,", "57271c235951b619008f860e": "worldwide.", "57271c235951b619008f860f": "recently with the 2003 Rose Revolution in Georgia and", "5728d4c03acd2414000dff9f": "One of its earliest massive implementations was brough", "5728d4c03acd2414000dffa0": ".", "5728d4c03acd2414000dffa1": "laws.", "5728d4c03acd2414000dffa2": "what they deem to be unfair laws.", "5728d4c03acd2414000dffa3": "It", "57271f125951b619008f8635": "burial.", "57271f125951b619008f8636": "One of the oldest depictions of civil disobedience is in Sophocles' play Antigone", "57271f125951b619008f8637": "who is trying to stop her from giving her brother Polynices a proper burial.", "57271f125951b619008f8638": "One of the oldest depictions of civil disobedience is in Sophocles' play Antigone,", "57271f125951b619008f8639": "who is trying to stop her from giving her brother Polynices a proper burial.", "5728d5793acd2414000dffb3": "One of the oldest depictions of civil disobedience", "5728d5793acd2414000dffb4": "One of the oldest depictions of civil disobedience is in Sophocles' play Antigone", "5728d5793acd2414000dffb5": "One of the oldest depictions of civil disobedience is in Sophocles' play Antigone,", "5728d5793acd2414000dffb6": "One of the oldest depictions of civil disobedience is in Sophocles' play Antigone", "5728d5793acd2414000dffb7": "One of the oldest depictions of civil disobedience is in Sophocles' play Antigone", "5727213c708984140094da35": "Follow", "5727213c708984140094da36": "It is perhaps the first modern[vague] statement of the principle of nonviolent protest.", "5727213c708984140094da38": "and later by Gandhi in his doctrine of Satyagraha.", "5727213c708984140094da39": "during the campaign for a free India.", "5727213c708984140094da37": "and later by Gandhi in his doctrine of Satyagraha.", "5728d63c4b864d1900164f18": "The Mask of Anarchy", "5728d63c4b864d1900164f19": "during the campaign for a free India.", "5728d63c4b864d1900164f1a": "It is perhaps the first modern[vague] statement of the principle of nonviolent protest.", "5728d63c4b864d1900164f1c": "It is perhaps the first modern[vague] statement of the principle of nonviolent protest.", "5728d63c4b864d1900164f1b": "Henry David Thoreau in his essay Civil Disobedience", "572726c9708984140094da7b": "Vic", "572726c9708984140094da7e": "bringing a test-case in the federal courts to taking aim at a federal official.", "572726c9708984140094da7c": "in modern times, become utterly debased.", "572726c9708984140094da7d": ".", "5728d6f02ca10214002da90e": "in modern times, become utterly debased.", "5728d6f02ca10214002da90f": "It", "5728d6f02ca10214002da910": "in modern times, become utterly debased.", "5728d6f02ca10214002da911": "It", "5728d6f02ca10214002da912": "It", "572807802ca10214002d9bf8": ".", "572807802ca10214002d9bf9": ".", "572807802ca10214002d9bfa": ".", "572807802ca10214002d9bfb": "rounded by a maze of semantical problems and grammatical niceties.", "572807802ca10214002d9bfc": "ble.", "5728d7c54b864d1900164f4c": ".", "5728d7c54b864d1900164f4d": ".", "5728d7c54b864d1900164f4e": ".", "5728d7c54b864d1900164f4f": "disobedience.", "5728d7c54b864d1900164f50": ".", "57280f974b864d1900164370": "ting in her or his capacity as public official rather than private citizen.", "57280f974b864d1900164371": "constitutional impasse in which", "57280f974b864d1900164372": "Civil disobedience", "57280f974b864d1900164373": ".", "57280f974b864d1900164374": "as distinguished from a constitutional impasse in which", "5728d9403acd2414000e001b": "Civil disobedience", "5728d9403acd2414000e001c": "Civil disobedience", "5728d9403acd2414000e001d": "Civil disobedience is", "5728d9403acd2414000e001e": "Civ", "5728d9403acd2414000e001f": ".", "572812e74b864d19001643ce": "pitching the conscience vs. the collective.", "572812e74b864d19001643cf": "What, then, is the proper relationship between the individual and the government?", "572812e74b864d19001643d0": "The majority may be powerful but it is not necessarily right.", "572812e74b864d19001643d1": "Before Thoreau\u2019s imprisonment, when a confused taxman had wondered al", "572812e74b864d19001643d2": "collective. The individual is the final judge of right and wrong.", "5728dafe3acd2414000e005d": "The individual is the final judge of right and wrong.", "5728dafe3acd2414000e005e": ".", "5728dafe3acd2414000e005f": ". The individual is the final judge of right and wrong.", "5728dafe3acd2414000e0060": "The individual is the final judge of right and wrong.", "5728dafe3acd2414000e0061": "The majority may be powerful but it is not necessarily right.", "5728151b4b864d1900164428": ".", "5728151b4b864d1900164429": ".", "5728151b4b864d190016442a": "Brown", "5728151b4b864d190016442b": ".", "5728dc2d3acd2414000e0080": "taken\".", "5728dc2d3acd2414000e0081": ".", "5728dc2d3acd2414000e007f": "Some theories of civil disobedience", "5728dc2d3acd2414000e0083": "Some theories of civil disobedience hold that civil disobedience is", "572818f54b864d190016446c": "at least must be publicly announced in order to constitute civil disobedience.", "572818f54b864d190016446d": "rather than simply covert lawbreaking.", "572818f54b864d190016446e": "I", "572818f54b864d190016446f": "I", "572818f54b864d1900164470": "By this definition, civil disobedience could be traced back to the Book of Exodus", "5728dddc2ca10214002da9d2": "at least must be publicly announced in order to constitute civil disobedience.", "5728dddc2ca10214002da9d3": "if it is necessary to disobey rules that", "5728dddc2ca10214002da9d4": "This assumes that common morality does not have a prohibition on deceit in such situations.", "5728dddc2ca10214002da9d5": "This assumes that common morality does not have a prohibition on deceit in such situations.", "5728dddc2ca10214002da9d6": "This assumes that common morality does not have a prohibition on deceit in such situations.", "57281c594b864d19001644a2": "be non-violent.", "57281c594b864d19001644a3": "non-violence in its definition of civil disobedience.", "57281c594b864d19001644a4": "while both civil disobedience and civil rebellion are", "57281c594b864d19001644a5": "tolerance of civil disobedience.", "57281c594b864d19001644a6": "Civ", "5728df634b864d1900164fe2": ".", "5728df634b864d1900164fe3": "Civil disobedients' refraining from violence is", "5728df634b864d1900164fe4": "one cannot justify civil rebellion, the", "5728df634b864d1900164fe6": ".", "5728202c4b864d19001644ec": "Revolutionary civil disobedience", "5728202c4b864d19001644ed": "directed revolutionary civil disobedience against the Austrian government.", "5728202c4b864d19001644ee": "directed revolutionary civil disobedience against the Austrian government.", "5728202c4b864d19001644ef": "Revolutionary civil disobedience is", "5728202c4b864d19001644f0": "some other issue.", "5728e07e3acd2414000e00e9": "Non-revolutionary civil disobedience", "5728e07e3acd2414000e00ea": "Non-rev", "5728e07e3acd2414000e00eb": "issue.", "5728e07e3acd2414000e00ec": "issue.", "5728e07e3acd2414000e00ed": "Non-", "572822233acd2414000df555": "The earliest recorded incidents of collective civil disobedience", "572822233acd2414000df556": "Jerusalem.", "572822233acd2414000df557": "it happened.", "572822233acd2414000df558": "Thoreau's essay was not published until after the end of the Mexican War.", "572822233acd2414000df559": "Thoreau's essay was not published until after the end of the Mexican War.", "5728e3c33acd2414000e0131": "The earliest recorded incidents of collective civil disobedience", "5728e3c33acd2414000e0132": "The earliest recorded incidents of collective civil disobedience", "5728e3c33acd2414000e0133": "This is a form of jail solidarity.", "5728e3c33acd2414000e0134": "This is a form of jail solidarity.", "5728e3c33acd2414000e0135": "it happened.", "572825a92ca10214002d9efe": "Civil disobedients have chosen a variety of different illegal acts.", "572825a92ca10214002d9eff": "propaganda purpose.", "572825a92ca10214002d9f00": "which brought medicine to Iraq without the permission of the U.S.", "572825a92ca10214002d9f01": ".", "572825a92ca10214002d9f02": "California Redwood tree for 738 days, successfully preventing it from being cut down.", "5728e5224b864d1900165032": "Civil disobedients have chosen a variety of different illegal acts.", "5728e5224b864d1900165033": "\"There is a whole class of acts, undertaken in the name of civil disobedience", "5728e5224b864d1900165034": "...", "5728e5224b864d1900165035": "ile openly breaking the law.", "5728e5224b864d1900165036": "Jul", "5728284e3acd2414000df5cd": "Joseph", "5728284e3acd2414000df5ce": "the Lebanon, New Hampshire city councilors stating, \"Wise up or die.", "5728284e3acd2414000df5cf": "civil disobedience can consist simply of engaging in the forbidden speech.", "5728284e3acd2414000df5d0": "ich eventually led to the 1978 Supreme Court case of FCC v. Pacifica Foundation.", "5728284e3acd2414000df5d1": "1978 Supreme Court case of FCC v. Pacifica Foundation.", "5728e5f43acd2414000e0171": "speech.", "5728e5f43acd2414000e0172": "speech.", "5728e5f43acd2414000e0173": "Foundation.", "5728e5f43acd2414000e0174": "civil disobedience can consist simply of engaging in the forbidden speech.", "57282dfb4b864d1900164668": "make it more difficult for a system to function.", "57282dfb4b864d1900164669": "The Plowshares organization temporarily closed GCSB Waihopai by", "57282dfb4b864d190016466a": "The Plowshares organization temporarily closed GCSB Waihopai by", "57282dfb4b864d190016466b": "table.", "57282dfb4b864d190016466c": ".", "5728e715ff5b5019007da914": "Some forms of civil disobedience", "5728e715ff5b5019007da916": ".", "5728e715ff5b5019007da917": ".", "5728e715ff5b5019007da918": "In this way, they might be considered coercive.", "5728e8212ca10214002daa6c": "chosen", "5728e8212ca10214002daa6d": "action.\"", "5728e8212ca10214002daa6e": "\"", "5728e8212ca10214002daa6f": "action.\"", "5728e8212ca10214002daa70": "action.\"", "5728eb1a3acd2414000e01c5": "Some civil disobedients feel it is incumbent upon them to accept punishment bec", "5728eb1a3acd2414000e01c6": "Some civil disobedients", "5728eb1a3acd2414000e01c7": "others.", "5728eb1a3acd2414000e01c8": "the law.", "5728eb1a3acd2414000e01c9": "that does not infringe the rights of others.", "5728ebcb3acd2414000e01d9": "An important decision for civil disobedients is whether or not to plead guilty.", "5728ebcb3acd2414000e01da": "An important decision for civil disobedients is whether or not to plead guilty.", "5728ebcb3acd2414000e01db": "An important decision for civil disobedients is whether or not to plead guilty.", "5728ebcb3acd2414000e01dc": "is sometimes regarded as a compromise between the two. One", "5728ebcb3acd2414000e01dd": "not guilty.", "5728ec6a4b864d19001650aa": ".", "5728ec6a4b864d19001650ab": "The", "5728ec6a4b864d19001650ac": "Las Vegas, Nevada, 13", "5728ec6a4b864d19001650ad": ".", "5728ec6a4b864d19001650ae": "The", "5728ed94ff5b5019007da97c": "they must go to jail as part of a rule connected with civil disobedience.", "5728ed94ff5b5019007da97d": "they must go to jail as part of a rule connected with civil disobedience.", "5728ed94ff5b5019007da97e": "they must go to jail as part of a rule connected with civil disobedience.", "5728ed94ff5b5019007da97f": "they must go to jail as part of a rule connected with civil disobedience.", "5728eef92ca10214002daab0": "Sometimes the prosecution proposes a plea bargain to civil disobedients,", "5728eef92ca10214002daab1": "Sometimes the prosecution proposes a plea bargain to", "5728eef92ca10214002daab2": ".", "5728eef92ca10214002daab3": "Sometimes the prosecution proposes a plea bargain to civil disobedients", "5728eef92ca10214002daab4": ".", "5728f50baf94a219006a9e55": ".", "5728f50baf94a219006a9e56": "ones who are violating the greater law are the members of the Navy\".", "5728f50baf94a219006a9e57": "Some civil disobedience defendants", "5728f50baf94a219006a9e58": "the ones who are violating the greater law are the members of the Navy\".", "5728f50baf94a219006a9e59": "Some civil disobedience defendants", "5728facd4b864d1900165170": "they must decide whether their primary goal w", "5728facd4b864d1900165171": "Steven Barkan writes that if defendants plead not guilty", "5728facd4b864d1900165172": "some civil disobedients seek jury nullification.", "5728facd4b864d1900165173": "some civil disobedients seek jury nullification.", "5728facd4b864d1900165174": "surrounding the case and their reasons for breaking the law via civil disobedience.", "5728fb6a1d04691400778ef5": "which is neither conscientious nor of social benefit.", "5728fb6a1d04691400778ef6": "general disobedience wh", "5728fb6a1d04691400778ef7": "wh", "5728fb6a1d04691400778ef8": "not being a civil disobedient.", "5728fb6a1d04691400778ef9": "disobedience which is neither conscientious nor of social benefit.", "5728fc9e1d04691400778f11": "protesting the existence of a particular law by breaking that law.", "5728fc9e1d04691400778f12": "protesting the existence of a particular law by breaking that law.", "5728fc9e1d04691400778f13": "disregard his competing harms defense, and he was found guilty.", "5728fc9e1d04691400778f14": "The necessity defense", "5728fc9e1d04691400778f15": ".", "5728fd3c3f37b31900477f2b": "is a major goal of criminal punishment.", "5728fd3c3f37b31900477f2d": "Along with giving the offender his \"just deserts", "5728fd3c3f37b31900477f2e": ".", "5728fd3c3f37b31900477f2f": "would be whether it would do more harm than good.", "57273a465951b619008f86ff": "Construction is the process of constructing a building or infrastructure.", "57273a465951b619008f8700": "Con", "57273a465951b619008f8701": "Construction is the process of constructing a building or infrastructure.", "57273a465951b619008f8702": "while construction typically takes place on location for a known client.", "57273a465951b619008f8703": "construction typically takes place on location for a known client.", "57273cca708984140094db33": "An architect normally manages the job,", "57273cca708984140094db34": "An architect normally manages the job,", "57273cca708984140094db35": "For the successful execution of a project, effective planning is essential.", "57273cca708984140094db36": "The largest construction projects are referred to as megaprojects.", "57273cca708984140094db37": "inconvenience to the public caused by construction delays and bidding, etc.", "57273d8bf1498d1400e8f4fe": "buildings, infrastructure and industrial.", "57273d8bf1498d1400e8f4ff": "Bu", "57273d8bf1498d1400e8f500": "heavy/highway, heavy civil or heavy engineering.", "57273d8bf1498d1400e8f501": "It includes lar", "57273d8bf1498d1400e8f502": "Industrial includes", "57273e50dd62a815002e9a02": "Engineering News-Record (ENR) is a trade magazine for the construction industry.", "57273e50dd62a815002e9a03": "ENR compiles and reports on data about the size of design and construction companies.", "57273e50dd62a815002e9a04": "In 2014, ENR compiled the data in nine market segments.", "57273e50dd62a815002e9a05": "In their reporting on the Top 400, the", "57273f27dd62a815002e9a0a": ".", "57273f27dd62a815002e9a0b": "There are also cate", "57273f27dd62a815002e9a0c": "have a classification system for companies that perform or otherwise engage in construction.", "57273f27dd62a815002e9a0d": "Ther", "57274046dd62a815002e9a12": "Building construction", "57274046dd62a815002e9a13": "small renovations, such as addition of a room, or renovation of a bathroom.", "57274046dd62a815002e9a14": "the property acts as laborer, paymaster, and design team for the entire project.", "57274046dd62a815002e9a15": ".", "57274046dd62a815002e9a16": "For this reason, those with experience in the field mak", "572742bd5951b619008f8785": ".", "572742bd5951b619008f8786": "Materials readily available in the area general", "572742bd5951b619008f8787": "can generate a lot of waste, careful planning again is needed here.", "572742bd5951b619008f8788": "As residential construction", "572744aff1498d1400e8f588": "3D printing technology.", "572744aff1498d1400e8f589": "building printing is making it possible to flexibly construct small commercial bu", "572744aff1498d1400e8f58a": "2014.", "572744aff1498d1400e8f58b": "Work", "572745c6708984140094db9a": "the physical proceedings, and to integrate those proceedings with the other parts.", "572745c6708984140094db99": "construction usually involves the translation of designs into reality.", "572745c6708984140094db9b": "The design team is most commonly employed by (i.e. in contract with) the", "572745c6708984140094db9c": "provided by a quantity surveyor.", "572745c6708984140094db9d": "the owner typically awards a contract to the most cost efficient bidder.", "57274e0d708984140094dbe5": "previously separated specialties, especially among large firms.", "57274e0d708984140094dbe6": "In the past", "57274e0d708984140094dbe7": "Th", "57274e0d708984140094dbe8": "the project from design to construction, while adhering to the performance specifications.", "57274e975951b619008f87f9": "Several project structures", "57274e975951b619008f87fa": "throughout design and construction.", "57274e975951b619008f87fb": ".", "57274f67708984140094dbf5": "Construction projects can suffer from preventable financial problems.", "57274f67708984140094dbf6": "Underbids happen when builders ask for too little money to complete the project.", "57274f67708984140094dbf7": "Cash flow problems exist wh", "57274f67708984140094dbf8": "but is notoriously prevalent in the construction field.", "5727502f708984140094dc07": "Mortgage bankers, accountants, and cost engineers are", "5727502f708984140094dc08": "The presence of the mortgage banker is", "5727502f708984140094dc09": ".", "5727502f708984140094dc0b": ".", "5727502f708984140094dc0a": "Co", "572750e8dd62a815002e9af0": "The project must adhere to zoning and building code requirements.", "572750e8dd62a815002e9af1": "Constructing a project that fails to adhere to codes does not benefit the owner.", "572750e8dd62a815002e9af2": "Some legal requirements come from malum in se considerations,", "572750e8dd62a815002e9af3": "Other legal requirements come from malum prohibitum considerations,", "572750e8dd62a815002e9af4": "An attorney may seek changes or exemptions in the law that governs the land wh", "572751b4708984140094dc1b": "A construction project", "572751b4708984140094dc1c": "A contract is the exchange of a set of obligations between two or more parties,", "572751b4708984140094dc1d": "The time element in construction means that a delay costs money, and in cases of bottlenecks,", "572751b4708984140094dc1e": "Thus, the contracts must be designed to ensure that", "572751b4708984140094dc1f": "contracts lead to confusion and collapse.", "5727526cdd62a815002e9b0e": "a growing number of new forms of procurement that involve relationship contracting wh", "5727526cdd62a815002e9b0f": "New forms include partnering such as Public-Private Partnering", "5727526cdd62a815002e9b10": ".", "5727526cdd62a815002e9b11": "the construction industry.", "572753335951b619008f8853": "In this arrangement, the architect or engineer acts as the project coordinator.", "572753335951b619008f8854": "His or her role", "572753335951b619008f8855": "the architect's client and the main contractor.", "572753335951b619008f8856": "Any subcontractor has a direct contractual relationship with the main contractor.", "572753335951b619008f8857": "The procedure continues until the building is ready to occupy.", "57275411dd62a815002e9b30": "The owner", "57275411dd62a815002e9b31": "Several D&B contractors", "57275411dd62a815002e9b32": "The owner selects the ideas he or she likes best and hires the appropriate contractor.", "57275411dd62a815002e9b33": "it is not just one contractor, but a consortium of several contractors working together.", "57275411dd62a815002e9b34": "As they build phase 1, they design phase 2.", "572754fff1498d1400e8f660": "Before the foundation can be dug, contractors are typically", "572754fff1498d1400e8f661": "This less", "572754fff1498d1400e8f662": "which could cause outages and potentially hazardous situations.", "572754fff1498d1400e8f663": ".", "572754fff1498d1400e8f664": "Once construction is complete and a final inspection has been passed,", "572755b7708984140094dc4d": "In the United States, the industry in 2014", "572755b7708984140094dc4e": "and the remainder is government.", "572755b7708984140094dc4f": "As of 2005, there were about 667,000 firms employing 1 million contractors (", "572755b7708984140094dc50": "the average contractor employed fewer than 10 employees.", "572755b7708984140094dc51": "2011.", "5727565ef1498d1400e8f674": "The average earning for a professional in the construction industry in the Middle East,", "5727565ef1498d1400e8f675": "in the UK.", "5727565ef1498d1400e8f676": "Some construction workers in the US/Canada have", "572756fe708984140094dc71": "Construction is one of the most dangerous occupations in the world,", "572756fe708984140094dc72": "Falls are", "572756fe708984140094dc73": "Other major causes of fatalities in the construction industry inc", "572756fe708984140094dc74": "can curtail the risk of occupational injuries in the construction industry.", "572746addd62a815002e9a5e": "also known as independent schools", "572746addd62a815002e9a5f": "might be available.", "572746addd62a815002e9a60": "rather than relying on mandatory taxation through public (government) funding;", "572746addd62a815002e9a61": ".", "57274712708984140094dbad": "at several New England preparatory schools.", "57274712708984140094dbae": ".", "57274712708984140094dbaf": ".", "57274712708984140094dbb0": "it is almost never used of universities and other tertiary institutions.", "5727478cf1498d1400e8f59a": "and year 13 (upper sixth).", "5727478cf1498d1400e8f59b": "13 (upper sixth).", "5727478cf1498d1400e8f59c": ".", "5727478cf1498d1400e8f59d": "endowment.", "5727478cf1498d1400e8f59e": "High tuition, schools claim, is used to pay higher salaries for", "5727482bf1498d1400e8f5a4": "a term which is often used to denote Roman Catholic schools.", "5727482bf1498d1400e8f5a5": ".", "5727482bf1498d1400e8f5a6": "Some such schools teach religious education", "5727490bdd62a815002e9a82": ".", "5727490bdd62a815002e9a83": "Student uniforms for Australian private schools are", "5727490bdd62a815002e9a84": "counterparts.", "57274971708984140094dbbb": "but in most cases, they do not insist on their students\u2019 religious allegiance.", "57274971708984140094dbbc": "St Joseph's College", "57274971708984140094dbbd": "St Aloysius' College (Sydney) and St Joseph's College", "57274971708984140094dbbe": "girls", "57274a1edd62a815002e9a9a": "Paragraph 4 of the Grundgesetz and", "57274a1edd62a815002e9a9b": "protect these schools from a second Gleichschaltung or similar event in the future.", "57274a1edd62a815002e9a9c": "Percent of students in private high schools reached 11.1%.", "57274a1edd62a815002e9a9d": ".", "57274a1edd62a815002e9a9e": "Percent of students in private high schools reached 11.1%.", "57274a8ff1498d1400e8f5bc": "t).", "57274a8ff1498d1400e8f5bd": "Ersatzschulen", "57274a8ff1498d1400e8f5be": "Ther", "57274b35f1498d1400e8f5d4": "which is not available at public schools.", "57274b35f1498d1400e8f5d5": "Most of these schools are vocational schools.", "57274b35f1498d1400e8f5d6": ".", "57274b35f1498d1400e8f5d7": "Erg\u00e4nzungsschulen", "57274beff1498d1400e8f5e4": "So, in a strict sense, a private school is an unaided independent school.", "57274beff1498d1400e8f5e5": "Prominent Examination Boards that are present in multiple states are", "57274beff1498d1400e8f5e6": "In India,", "57274beff1498d1400e8f5e7": "The practice has been for the union government to provide the broad policy directions wh", "57274ca8dd62a815002e9aa4": "Legally, only non-profit trusts and societies can run schools in India.", "57274ca8dd62a815002e9aa5": "that has the largest adult illiterate population in the world.", "57274ca8dd62a815002e9aa6": ".", "57274ca8dd62a815002e9aa7": "while it is the local language in government schools.", "57274ca8dd62a815002e9aa8": "while it is the local language in government schools.", "57274d1cdd62a815002e9aae": "Ther", "57274d1cdd62a815002e9aaf": "paid by the State.", "57274d1cdd62a815002e9ab0": "paid by the State.", "57274d1cdd62a815002e9ab1": "The fee-paying schools are", "57274d1cdd62a815002e9ab2": "The", "57274d9bf1498d1400e8f5f6": ".", "57274d9bf1498d1400e8f5f7": "While Chinese primary schools were allowed to retain Chi", "57274d9bf1498d1400e8f5f8": "Chinese secondary schools are required to change into English-medium schools.", "57274d9bf1498d1400e8f5f9": "After Malaysia's independence in 1957,", "57274d9bf1498d1400e8f5fa": "Over 60 schools converted to become National Type schools.", "57274e145951b619008f87e7": "government funds are called 'aided' schools.", "57274e145951b619008f87e8": "The ones that accept government funds are called 'aided' schools.", "57274e145951b619008f87e9": "the Galaxy Public School in Kathmandu.", "57274e145951b619008f87ea": "ught.", "57274e145951b619008f87eb": "The", "57274eca5951b619008f87ff": "As of April 2014, there are 88 private schools in New Zealand,", "57274eca5951b619008f8800": "As a result, private schools in New Zealand are", "57274eca5951b619008f8801": "As of April 2014, there are 88 private schools in New Zealand,", "57274eca5951b619008f8802": "The largest decline in private school numbers occurred between 1979 and 1984", "57274eca5951b619008f8803": ".", "57274f49f1498d1400e8f61e": "Anglican, such as King's College and Diocesan School for Girls in Auckland,", "57274f49f1498d1400e8f61f": "Samuel Marsden Collegiate School in Wellington", "57274f49f1498d1400e8f620": "church.", "57274f49f1498d1400e8f621": "Rangi Ruru Girls' School in Christchurch", "57274f49f1498d1400e8f622": "Catholic schismatic group, the Society of St Pius X in Wanganui", "5727500f708984140094dbfd": "Private schools have proven to be efficient in resource utilization.", "5727500f708984140094dbfe": "Private schools have proven to be efficient in resource utilization.", "5727500f708984140094dbff": "Private schools have proven to be efficient in resource utilization.", "5727500f708984140094dc00": "1992.", "5727500f708984140094dc01": "1992.", "572750df5951b619008f882f": "overflows.", "572750df5951b619008f8830": ".", "572750df5951b619008f8831": "The Private Education Student Financial Assistance is", "5727515f708984140094dc11": ".", "5727515f708984140094dc12": "The South African Schools Act of 1996 rec", "5727515f708984140094dc13": "The South African Schools Act of 1996 rec", "5727515f708984140094dc14": "Some of the oldest schools", "5727515f708984140094dc15": "in the early nineteenth century.", "57275409708984140094dc35": "Former \"Model C\" schools are not private schools, as they are state-controlled", "57275409708984140094dc36": "These schools ten", "57275409708984140094dc37": "much higher school fees than other public schools.", "572754dd708984140094dc3b": "Over 10% of Swedish pupils were enrolled in private schools in 2008.", "572754dd708984140094dc3c": "has 700 employees and teaches nearly 10,000 pupils.", "572754dd708984140094dc3d": "has 700 employees and teaches nearly 10,000 pupils.", "572754dd708984140094dc3e": "For instance, the biggest school chain, Kunskapsskolan (\u201cThe Knowledge School", "572754dd708984140094dc3f": "Sweden is internationally known for this innovative school voucher model that", "572756265951b619008f886d": ".", "572756265951b619008f886e": "Preparatory schools in the UK prepare pupils ag", "572756265951b619008f886f": "are doing so at fee-paying schools at GSCE level and 13 per cent at A-level.", "572756265951b619008f8870": "boarders.", "572756265951b619008f8871": "Fe", "572757bef1498d1400e8f690": "In many parts of the United States", "572757bef1498d1400e8f691": "organized a wave of private \"Christian academies\".", "572757bef1498d1400e8f692": "In many parts of the United States,", "572757bef1498d1400e8f693": "Brown v", "572757bef1498d1400e8f694": "des", "572758e0f1498d1400e8f6ae": "religious organizations or private individuals.", "572758e0f1498d1400e8f6af": "Government funding for religious schools is", "572758e0f1498d1400e8f6b0": "Government funding for religious schools is", "572758e0f1498d1400e8f6b1": "grants from religious organizations or private individuals.", "572759665951b619008f8883": "the beginnings of compulsory education in Massachusetts", "572759665951b619008f8884": "in Massachusetts in 1852.", "572759665951b619008f8885": "Wisconsin v. Yoder, 406 U.S. 205 (1972)", "572759665951b619008f8886": "Pierce v. Society of Sisters, 268 U.S. 510 (1925);", "572759665951b619008f8887": "Runyon v. McCrary,", "572759dbdd62a815002e9b94": "$40,000 annually for day schools in New York City", "572759dbdd62a815002e9b95": "capacity.", "572759dbdd62a815002e9b96": "supplemented by fundraising drives.", "572759dbdd62a815002e9b97": "However, tuition did not cover operating expenses, particularly at boarding schools.", "5727aa413acd2414000de921": "The undergraduate college became coeducational after its 1977 merger with Radcliffe College.", "5727aa413acd2414000de922": "The undergraduate college became coeducational after its 1977 merger with Radcliffe College.", "5727aa413acd2414000de923": "James Bryant Conant led the university through the Great Depression and World War II and", "5727aa413acd2414000de924": "Harvard was a founding member of the Association of American Universities in 1900.", "5727aa413acd2414000de925": ";", "5727aeac3acd2414000de987": "which is the world's largest academic and private library system,", "5727aeac3acd2414000de988": "individual libraries with over 18 million volumes. Harvard", "5727aeac3acd2414000de989": "libraries with over 18 million volumes.", "5727aeac3acd2414000de98a": "Harvard's alumni include eight U.S. presidents", "5727aeac3acd2414000de98b": "Harvard", "5727aec03acd2414000de991": "Boston", "5727aec03acd2414000de992": "Harvard", "5727aec03acd2414000de993": "the Charles River in the Allston neighborhood of Boston", "5727aec03acd2414000de994": "Boston", "5727aec03acd2414000de995": "main campus is centered on Harvard Yard in Cambridge,", "5727afa82ca10214002d93c2": "He had left the school \u00a3779 and his library of some 400 books.", "5727afa82ca10214002d93c3": "He had left the school \u00a3779 and his library of some 400 books.", "5727afa82ca10214002d93c4": "In 1638, the college became home for North America's first known printing press", "5727afa82ca10214002d93c5": "In 1639, the college was renamed Harvard College af", "5727afa82ca10214002d93c6": "The charter creating the Harvard Corporation was granted in 1650.", "5727b0892ca10214002d93e8": "In the early years the College trained many Puritan ministers.", "5727b0892ca10214002d93e9": ".", "5727b0892ca10214002d93ea": "It was never affiliated with any particular denomination,", "5727b8df3acd2414000dea99": "and the president of Harvard Joseph Willard died a year later, in 1804,", "5727b8df3acd2414000dea9a": "4", "5727b8df3acd2414000dea9b": "Henry Ware was elected to the chair in 1805,", "5727c0402ca10214002d9564": "Louis Agassiz were acclaimed both in New York and on the campus at Harvard College.", "5727c0402ca10214002d9565": "Agassiz's perspective on science combined observation with intuition and", "5727c0402ca10214002d9566": "This dual view of knowledge was in con", "5727c3b02ca10214002d95ba": "Christianity from the curriculum while opening it to student self-direction.", "5727c3b02ca10214002d95bb": "but by Transcendentalist Unitarian convictions.", "5727c3b02ca10214002d95bc": "Derived from William Ellery Channing and Ralph Waldo Emerson,", "5727c55bff5b5019007d94ce": "1933\u20131953)", "5727c55bff5b5019007d94cf": "He saw higher education as a vehicle of opportunity for the talented rather th", "5727c55bff5b5019007d94d0": "American education in the 20th century", "5727c69d3acd2414000dec13": "Women remained segregated at Radcliffe,", "5727c69d3acd2414000dec14": "Following the merger of Harvard and Radcliffe admissions in 1977,", "5727c69d3acd2414000dec15": "Harvard College for every woman studying at Radcliffe.", "5727c8863acd2414000dec49": "west-northwest of the State House in downtown Boston", "5727c8863acd2414000dec4a": "The", "5727c8863acd2414000dec4b": "River.", "5727c8863acd2414000dec4c": "the Yard at the Quadrangle (commonly referred to as the Quad), wh", "5727cc15ff5b5019007d9576": "The Harvard Business School and many of the university's athletics facilities, including Harvard Stadium", "5727cc15ff5b5019007d9577": "The John W. Weeks Bridge is a pedestrian bridge over the Charles River connecting both campuses.", "5727cc15ff5b5019007d9578": ".", "5727cd0f4b864d1900163d72": "The", "5727cd0f4b864d1900163d73": "Proposals to connect the Cambridge campus with", "5727cd0f4b864d1900163d74": "The institution asserts that such expansion w", "5727cebc2ca10214002d96f0": "Harvard's", "5727cebc2ca10214002d96f1": "Harvard's", "5727cebc2ca10214002d96f2": "Harvard", "5727cebc2ca10214002d96f3": "The color was unofficially adopted (", "5727cebc2ca10214002d96f4": "The Harvard Crimson.", "5727cff1ff5b5019007d95c4": "It was worth $32 billion in 2011", "5727cff1ff5b5019007d95c5": "It suffered about 30% loss in 2008-09.", "5727cff1ff5b5019007d95c6": "Harvard has the largest university endowment in the world. As of September 2011[", "5727cff1ff5b5019007d95c7": "and a Pell Grant reserve of $4.093 million available for disbursement.", "5727cff1ff5b5019007d95c8": ".", "5727d0f73acd2414000ded13": "South African Vice Consul Duke Kent-Brown.", "5727d0f73acd2414000ded14": "South African Vice Consul Duke Kent-Brown.", "5727d0f73acd2414000ded15": "South African holdings by $230 million (out of $400 million) in response to the pressure.", "5727d1c93acd2414000ded3f": "Harvard College accepted 5.3% of applicants for the class of 2019,", "5727d1c93acd2414000ded40": "Harvard College ended its early admissions program in 2007 as", "5727d1c93acd2414000ded41": "Harvard College ended its early admissions program in 2007 as", "5727d1c93acd2414000ded42": "an Early Action program was reintroduced.", "5727d3843acd2414000ded69": "Between 1978", "5727d3843acd2414000ded6a": "Since 2008", "5727d3843acd2414000ded6b": "education.", "5727d4922ca10214002d977c": "September and ending in mid-May.", "5727d4922ca10214002d977d": "must maintain a four-course rate average to be considered full-time.", "5727d4922ca10214002d977e": "Stu", "5727d4922ca10214002d977f": "Harvard College reduced the number of students who receive Latin honors from 90% in", "5727d6154b864d1900163e34": "For the 2012\u201313 school year annual tuition was $38,000,", "5727d6154b864d1900163e35": "with a total cost of attendance of $57,000.", "5727d6154b864d1900163e36": "Beginning 2007, families with incomes below $60,000 pay", "5727d6154b864d1900163e37": "In 2009, Harvard offered grants totaling $414 million across all eleven divisions;", "5727d6154b864d1900163e38": "(4%).", "5727d6faff5b5019007d969a": "The Harvard University Library System is centered in Widener Library", "5727d6faff5b5019007d969c": "The Harvard University Library System is centered in Widener Library", "5727d6faff5b5019007d969d": "both old and new is stored in Pusey Library and open to the public.", "5727d6faff5b5019007d969b": "over 18 million volumes.", "5727d88b4b864d1900163e5e": "The Harvard Art Museums comprises three museums.", "5727d88b4b864d1900163e5f": ".", "5727d88b4b864d1900163e60": "specializing in the cultural history and civilizations of the Western Hemisphere", "5727d9c43acd2414000dee17": "In particular, it has consistently topped the Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU) sin", "5727d9c43acd2414000dee18": "Harvard has been highly ranked by many university rankings.", "5727d9c43acd2414000dee19": "both for students and parents in 2013, and was the first nominated by parents in 2009.", "5727da564b864d1900163e8e": "in 42 intercollegiate sports in the NCAA Division I Ivy League.", "5727da564b864d1900163e8f": "Harvard has an intense athletic rivalry with Yale University culminating in The Game,", "5727da564b864d1900163e90": "This rivalry, though, is put aside every two years wh", "5727db85ff5b5019007d96fc": "ed.", "5727db85ff5b5019007d96fd": "The", "5727db85ff5b5019007d96fe": "perhaps the most significant rule change in the sport's history.", "5727db85ff5b5019007d96ff": "Walter Camp (former captain of the Yale football team),", "5727dc473acd2414000dee43": "Harvard has several athletic facilities,", "5727dc473acd2414000dee44": "The Malkin Athletic Center, known as the \"MAC\"", "5727dc473acd2414000dee45": "three weight rooms, and a three-court gym floor to play basketball.", "5727dd2e4b864d1900163eba": "The Game by 23", "5727dd2e4b864d1900163ebb": "It is held annually in June on the Thames River in eastern Connecticut.", "5727dd2e4b864d1900163ebc": "The Harvard crew is", "5727dd2e4b864d1900163ebd": "Harvard also won the Intercollegiate Sailing Association National Championships in 2003.", "5727de862ca10214002d9860": "Secretary", "5727de862ca10214002d9861": "Obama;", "5727de862ca10214002d9862": "Costa Rican President Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Figueres;", "5727de862ca10214002d9863": "au", "5727e0474b864d1900163f08": "show host and writer Conan O'Brien", "5727e0474b864d1900163f09": "Other: Civil rights leader", "5727e0474b864d1900163f0a": "Yamamoto", "5727e0474b864d1900163f0b": "Other: Civil ri", "5727e21e4b864d1900163f34": "Harvard", "5727e21e4b864d1900163f35": ".", "5727e21e4b864d1900163f36": "Harvard", "5727c94bff5b5019007d954a": "Jacksonville is the largest city by population in the U.S. state of Florida", "5727c94bff5b5019007d954b": "2010.", "5727c94bff5b5019007d954c": "United States.", "5727c94bff5b5019007d954d": "It is the county seat of Duval County, with which the city government consolidated in 1968.", "5727c94bff5b5019007d954e": "It is the county seat of Duval County, with which the city government consolidated in 1968.", "5727cb4b2ca10214002d9676": "Jacksonville is", "5727cb4b2ca10214002d9677": "Jacksonville is in the First Coast region of northeast Florida", "5727cb4b2ca10214002d9678": "in 1564 was the site of the French colony of Fort Caroline,", "5727cb4b2ca10214002d9679": "The area was originally inhabited by the Timucua people", "5727cb4b2ca10214002d967a": "Andrew Jackson, the first military governor of the Florida Territory and seventh President of the United States.", "5727cd7dff5b5019007d958e": "Jacksonville a major military and civilian deep-water port.", "5727cd7dff5b5019007d958f": "Peop", "5727cd7dff5b5019007d9590": "Its riverine location facilitates two United States Navy bases", "5727cd7dff5b5019007d9591": "Peop", "57280e1aff5b5019007d9bec": "The area of the modern city of Jacksonville has been inhabited for thousands of years.", "57280e1aff5b5019007d9bed": "On Black Hammock Island in the national Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve,", "57280e1aff5b5019007d9bee": "The area of the modern city of Jacksonville has been inhabited for thousands of years.", "57280e1aff5b5019007d9bef": "In the 16th century, the beginning of the historical era,", "57280e1aff5b5019007d9bf0": "Ossachite at the site of what is now downtown Jacksonville;", "57280fd3ff5b5019007d9c26": "French Huguenot explorer Jean Ribault charted the St. Johns River in", "57280fd3ff5b5019007d9c27": "Jacksonville claiming the newly discovered land for France.", "57280fd3ff5b5019007d9c28": ".", "57280fd3ff5b5019007d9c29": "a Spanish force from the nearby Spanish settlement of St. Augustine attacked Fort Caroline", "57280fd3ff5b5019007d9c2a": "of the fort was established on the St. Johns River in 1964", "572810ec2ca10214002d9d06": "Brit", "572810ec2ca10214002d9d07": "They soon named the town Jacksonville, after Andrew Jackson.", "572810ec2ca10214002d9d08": "which the Seminole called Wacca Pilatka and the British called the Cow Ford or Cowford;", "572810ec2ca10214002d9d09": "Britain ceded control of the territory back to Spain in 1783, after its defea", "572810ec2ca10214002d9d0a": "was approved by the Florida Legislative Council on February 9, 1832.", "5728128cff5b5019007d9c76": "cause.", "5728128cff5b5019007d9c77": "Florida.", "5728128cff5b5019007d9c78": "Union forces then retreated to Jacksonville and held the city for the remainder of the war.", "5728128cff5b5019007d9c79": "During the American Civil War", "5728128cff5b5019007d9c7a": "In", "572815d9ff5b5019007d9cbc": "popular winter resorts for the rich and famous.", "572815d9ff5b5019007d9cbd": "Florida.", "572815d9ff5b5019007d9cbe": "the late 19th century by yellow fever outbreaks.", "572815d9ff5b5019007d9cbf": "Florida East Coast Railway further south drew visitors to other areas.", "572815d9ff5b5019007d9cc0": "Florida East Coast Railway further south drew visitors to other areas.", "5728170d3acd2414000df443": "Jacksonville was ravaged by a fire that started as a kitchen fire.", "5728170d3acd2414000df444": "Jacksonville was ravaged by a fire that started as a kitchen fire.", "5728170d3acd2414000df445": "Governor Jennings declare martial law and sent the state militia to maintain order.", "5728170d3acd2414000df446": "Known as the \"Great Fire of 1901\",", "57281940ff5b5019007d9d44": "In the 1910s", "57281940ff5b5019007d9d45": "Jacksonville the title of \"Winter Film Capital of the World\".", "57281940ff5b5019007d9d46": "Jacksonville the title of \"Winter Film Capital of the World\".", "57281940ff5b5019007d9d47": ".", "57281ab63acd2414000df493": "The construction of highways led residents to move to newer housing in the suburbs.", "57281ab63acd2414000df494": "2010.", "57281ab63acd2414000df495": "Jacksonville with a much poorer population than before.", "57281ab63acd2414000df496": "new public building projects in the boom that occurred after the war.", "57281ab63acd2414000df497": "2010.", "57281bb84b864d190016449a": "the city limits.", "57281bb84b864d190016449b": "In addition, residents in unincor", "57281bb84b864d190016449c": "Much of the city's tax base", "57281bb84b864d190016449d": "1965.", "57281d494b864d19001644be": "who were mainly elected through the traditional old boy network.", "57281d494b864d19001644bf": "11 officials were indicted and more were forced to resign.", "57281d494b864d19001644c0": "In the mid-1960s", "57281d494b864d19001644c1": "This added momentum to proposals for government reform.", "57281edd3acd2414000df4eb": "When a consolidation referendum was held in 1967, voters approved the plan.", "57281edd3acd2414000df4ec": "When a consolidation referendum was held in 1967, voters approved the plan.", "57281edd3acd2414000df4ed": "When a consolidation referendum was held in 1967, voters approved the plan.", "57281edd3acd2414000df4ee": "revenue required for the $2.25 billion package of major projects that", "57281edd3acd2414000df4ef": "Th", "572820512ca10214002d9e72": "Jacksonville the largest city in land area in the contiguous United States;", "572820512ca10214002d9e73": "Jacksonville the", "572820512ca10214002d9e74": "Jacksonville the largest city in land area in the contiguous United States", "572820512ca10214002d9e75": ".", "572820512ca10214002d9e76": "Jacksonville surrounds the town of Baldwin.", "572821274b864d1900164510": "It has a height of 617 ft (188 m) and includes 42 floors.", "572821274b864d1900164511": "It has a height of 617 ft (188 m) and includes 42 floors.", "572821274b864d1900164512": "The tallest building in Downtown Jacksonville's skyline is the Bank of America Tower", "572821274b864d1900164513": "1967, was the tallest precast, post-tensioned concrete structure in the world.", "572821274b864d1900164514": "with its distinctive flared base making it the defining building in the Jacksonville skyline),", "5728223cff5b5019007d9dc4": ".", "5728223cff5b5019007d9dc5": "Jacksonville", "5728223cff5b5019007d9dc6": "Jacksonville has a humid subtropical climate (K\u00f6ppen Cfa),", "5728223cff5b5019007d9dc7": ".", "57282358ff5b5019007d9dde": "It is common for thunderstorms to erupt during a typical summer afternoon.", "57282358ff5b5019007d9ddf": "It is common for thunderstorms to erupt during a typical summer afternoon.", "57282358ff5b5019007d9de0": "These are caused by the rapid heating of the land relative to the water", "57282358ff5b5019007d9de1": "It is common for thunderstorms to erupt during a typical summer afternoon.", "572824f13acd2414000df58f": "The strongest effect on Jacksonville was from Hurricane Dora in 1964, the", "572824f13acd2414000df590": "The", "572824f13acd2414000df591": "2012, Jacksonville was hit by Tropical Storm Beryl, pa", "572824f13acd2414000df592": "landfall south of the area.", "572824f13acd2414000df593": "Jacksonville", "572826634b864d19001645be": "Jacksonville has the country's tenth-largest Arab population, with", "572826634b864d19001645bf": "in the metropolitan area as of the 2010 Census.", "572826634b864d19001645c0": "Much of Jacksonville's Filipino community served in or has ties to the United States Navy.", "572826634b864d19001645c1": "Navy.", "572827fc3acd2414000df5bb": "older.", "572827fc3acd2414000df5bc": "the age of 18 living with them,", "572827fc3acd2414000df5bd": "was 65 years of age or older.", "572827fc3acd2414000df5be": "For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.3 males.", "5727e6cbff5b5019007d97ee": "40% of global assets in the year 2000.", "5727e6cbff5b5019007d97ef": "the", "5727e6cbff5b5019007d97f0": "whose assets each exceed $759,900.", "5727e6cbff5b5019007d97f1": "Oxfam's claims have however been questioned on", "5727e6cbff5b5019007d97f2": "diversion.", "5729d36b1d04691400779607": "40% of global assets in the year 2000.", "5729d36b1d04691400779608": "an the lowest 48 nations combined.", "5729d36b1d04691400779609": "grew to nearly $41 trillion in 2008.", "5729d36b1d0469140077960a": "the wealthiest 1 percent will own more than half of the global wealth by 2016.", "5729d36b1d0469140077960b": "that there are more poor people in the United States and Western Europe than in China (", "5727e8424b864d1900163fc0": "the top 400 richest Americans \"have more wealth than half of all Americans combined.", "5727e8424b864d1900163fc1": "1 percent in the United States now own more wealth than the bottom 90 percent\".", "5727e8424b864d1900163fc2": "many Americans who have become rich may have had a \"substantial head start\".", "5727e8424b864d1900163fc3": "combined.", "5729d44b1d04691400779611": "the top 400 richest Americans \"have more wealth than half of all Americans combined.", "5729d44b1d04691400779612": "\" According to the New York Times on July 22, 2014, the \"richest 1 percent in the United States", "5729d44b1d04691400779613": "y many Americans who have become rich may have had a \"substantial head start\".", "5729d44b1d04691400779614": "In September 2012, according to the Institute for Policy Studies", "5729d44b1d04691400779615": "\"grew up in substantial privilege\".", "5727e9523acd2414000def95": "s.", "5727e9523acd2414000def96": ".", "5727e9523acd2414000def97": ".", "5727e9523acd2414000def98": ".", "5727e9523acd2414000def99": "Within labor income distribution is", "5729d51d3f37b3190047858f": "as arising from differences in value added by labor, capital and land.", "5729d51d3f37b31900478590": "labor, capital and land.", "5729d51d3f37b31900478591": "In this perspective, wages and profits are deter", "5729d51d3f37b31900478592": ".", "5729d51d3f37b31900478593": "the productivity gap between highly-paid professions and lower-paid professions.", "5727ea45ff5b5019007d986e": "This process exerts a downward pressure on wages.", "5727ea45ff5b5019007d986f": "capitalist class.", "5727ea45ff5b5019007d9870": ".", "5727ea45ff5b5019007d9871": ".", "5729d609af94a219006aa661": ".", "5729d609af94a219006aa662": "In Marxian analysis, capitalist firms", "5729d609af94a219006aa663": "Over the long-term, this trend increases the organic composition of capital,", "5729d609af94a219006aa664": "The", "5729d609af94a219006aa665": "This process exerts a downward pressure on wages.", "5727ec062ca10214002d99b6": "but rather by the market.", "5727ec062ca10214002d99b7": "Under the law of supply and demand,", "5727ec062ca10214002d99b8": "The", "5727ec062ca10214002d99b9": "For", "5727ec062ca10214002d99ba": "unfair.\"", "5729d878af94a219006aa66b": ".", "5729d878af94a219006aa66c": "Wages work in the same way as prices for any other good.", "5729d878af94a219006aa66d": "Thus, wages can be considered as a function of market price of skill.", "5729d878af94a219006aa66e": "On the other hand", "5729d878af94a219006aa66f": "outcomes that are widely viewed as unfair.\"", "5727ed2e3acd2414000df001": "A job", "5727ed2e3acd2414000df002": "A job", "5727ed2e3acd2414000df003": "A job", "5727ed2e3acd2414000df004": "Professional and labor organizations may limit the supply of workers wh", "5727ed2e3acd2414000df005": "A job", "5729da0faf94a219006aa675": "A job", "5729da0faf94a219006aa676": "A job", "5729da0faf94a219006aa677": "This is because competition between workers drives down the wage.", "5729da0faf94a219006aa678": "A job", "5729da0faf94a219006aa679": "This is because competition between workers drives down the wage.", "5727ee372ca10214002d99ec": "entrepreneurship rates at the individual level (self-employment).", "5727ee372ca10214002d99ed": "needs.", "5727ee372ca10214002d99ee": "needs.", "5727ee372ca10214002d99ef": "needs.", "5727ee372ca10214002d99f0": "entrepreneurship rates at the individual level (self-employment).", "5729de24af94a219006aa689": "entrepreneurship rates at the individual level (self-employment).", "5729de24af94a219006aa68a": "However, most of it is often based on necessity rather than opportunity.", "5729de24af94a219006aa68b": "Necessity-based entrepreneurship is motivated by survival needs", "5729de24af94a219006aa68c": "Necessity-based entrepreneurship is motivated by survival needs su", "5729de24af94a219006aa68d": "The economic impact of the former type of entrepreneurialism tends", "5727ef664b864d1900164060": "the tax rate increases as the taxable base amount increases.", "5727ef664b864d1900164061": "In a progressive tax system, the level of the top tax rate w", "5727ef664b864d1900164062": "board.", "5727ef664b864d1900164063": "provided that income does not change as a result of the change in tax regime.", "5729e02f1d04691400779639": "the tax rate increases as the taxable base amount increases.", "5729e02f1d0469140077963a": "In a progressive tax system, the level of the top tax rate w", "5729e02f1d0469140077963b": "can result in a more equal distribution of income across the board.", "5729e02f1d0469140077963c": "can result in a more equal distribution of income across the board.", "5727f05b4b864d1900164068": ".", "5727f05b4b864d1900164069": ".", "5727f05b4b864d190016406a": "directly to lower incomes, and thus lower aggregate savings and investment.", "5727f05b4b864d190016406b": "the productive potential of the poor.", "5727f05b4b864d190016406c": "wages.", "5729e1101d04691400779641": ".", "5729e1101d04691400779642": "Education, especially in an area where there is a high demand for workers, creates hi", "5729e1101d04691400779643": "wages.", "5729e1101d04691400779644": "The justification for this is that a lack of education leads dir", "5729e1101d04691400779645": "it helps to unleash the productive potential of the poor.", "5727f16c3acd2414000df05b": ".", "5727f16c3acd2414000df05c": ".", "5727f16c3acd2414000df05d": "2008-2009 recession and", "5727f16c3acd2414000df05e": "boom-and-bust cycles.", "5729e1e36aef0514001550ba": ".", "5729e1e36aef0514001550bb": "the rest of the nation had slowed it", "5729e1e36aef0514001550bc": "To partially remedy the wealth gap and", "5729e1e36aef0514001550bd": ".", "5729e1e36aef0514001550be": "it more prone to boom-and-bust cycles.", "5727f2714b864d1900164072": "During the mass high school education movement from 1910\u20131940,", "5727f2714b864d1900164073": "In fact, it differs from the present high school education", "5727f2714b864d1900164074": "Th", "5727f2714b864d1900164075": "between skilled and unskilled workers.", "5727f2714b864d1900164076": ".", "5729e2b76aef0514001550ce": "During the mass high school education movement from 1910\u20131940", "5729e2b76aef0514001550cf": "which led to a decrease in the price of skilled labor.", "5729e2b76aef0514001550d0": "In fact, it differs from the present high school education", "5729e2b76aef0514001550d1": "Education is very important for the growth of the economy,", "5729e2b76aef0514001550d2": "thus creating a poverty trap.", "5727f6723acd2414000df0e7": "Despite popular prejudices to the contrary, the U.S. economy con", "5727f6723acd2414000df0e8": "Des", "5727f6723acd2414000df0ea": "Des", "5727f6723acd2414000df0e9": "outcomes.", "5729e38daf94a219006aa69d": "one of the causes of economic inequality.", "5729e38daf94a219006aa69e": "\"The U.S. economic and social model is associated with substantial levels of social", "5729e38daf94a219006aa69f": "along with the decline of union membership as one of the causes of economic inequality.", "5729e38daf94a219006aa6a0": "At the same time, the available evidence provides little support for the view that U.S.", "5729e38daf94a219006aa6a1": "all the continental European countries for which data is available.", "5727f7523acd2414000df10d": ".", "5727f7523acd2414000df10e": "d with weak labor movements and vice-versa.", "5727f7523acd2414000df10f": "that the decline of organized labor in the United States", "5727f7523acd2414000df110": "which were also experienced by other industrialized nations that", "5729e4291d04691400779651": "Sociologist Jake Rosenfield of the University of Washington asserts that", "5729e4291d04691400779652": "which were also experienced by other industrialized nations that", "5729e4291d04691400779653": "th", "5729e4291d04691400779654": "have very low levels of inequality, and concludes \"", "5729e4291d04691400779655": "weak labor movements and vice-versa.", "5727fc37ff5b5019007d9a18": "When rich countries trade with poor countries", "5727fc37ff5b5019007d9a19": "When rich countries trade with poor countries", "5727fc37ff5b5019007d9a1a": "that trade liberalisation has had a measurable effect on the rising inequality in the United States.", "5727fc37ff5b5019007d9a1b": ".", "5729f1283f37b319004785d7": "Trade liberalization may shift economic inequality from a global to a domestic scale.", "5729f1283f37b319004785d8": "When rich countries trade with poor countries, the low-skilled workers in", "5729f1283f37b319004785d9": "United States.", "5729f1283f37b319004785da": "However, he concedes that the effect of trade on inequality in America is minor wh", "5729f1283f37b319004785db": "that technological innovation and automation has meant that low-skilled jobs have", "5727fd123acd2414000df185": "The income gap in other countries ranges from 53% in Botswana to -40% in Bah", "5727fd123acd2414000df186": "The income gap in other countries ranges from 53% in Botswana to -40% in Bah", "5727fd123acd2414000df187": "in.", "5727fd123acd2414000df188": "In many countries, there is a Gender pay gap in favor of males in the labor market.", "5729f1c13f37b319004785e7": "In many countries, there is a Gender pay gap in favor of males in the labor market.", "5729f1c13f37b319004785e8": "In many countries, there is a Gender pay gap in favor of males in the labor market.", "5729f1c13f37b319004785e9": "other than pay when looking for work, and may be less willing to travel or relocate.", "5729f1c13f37b319004785ea": "Thomas Sowell, in his book Knowledge and Decisions,", "5729f1c13f37b319004785eb": "men.", "5727ff083acd2414000df1ab": ".", "5727ff083acd2414000df1ac": "levels of economic inequality are in large part the result of stages of development.", "5727ff083acd2414000df1ad": "having more wealth and income and introducing inequality.", "5727ff083acd2414000df1ae": "inequality.", "5729f24baf94a219006aa6dd": "have relatively equal distributions of wealth.", "5729f24baf94a219006aa6de": "part the result of stages of development.", "5729f24baf94a219006aa6df": "As", "5729f24baf94a219006aa6e0": "having more wealth and income and introducing inequality.", "5729f24baf94a219006aa6e1": "Eventually, through various possible redistribution mechanisms su", "57287b322ca10214002da3be": "during its High school movement from 1910 to 1940 and thereafter.", "57287b322ca10214002da3bf": "United States during its High school movement from 1910 to 1940 and thereafter.", "57287b322ca10214002da3c0": "as the Kuznets curve.", "57287b322ca10214002da3c1": ".", "5729f3883f37b319004785f1": "Plotting the relationship between level of income and inequality", "5729f3883f37b319004785f2": "what is now known as the Kuznets curve.", "5729f3883f37b319004785f3": "However, more recent testing of this theory with superior panel data has shown it to be very weak.", "5729f3883f37b319004785f4": "income inequality will eventually decrease given time.", "5729f3883f37b319004785f5": ".", "57287c2bff5b5019007da26c": "who already hold wealth have", "57287c2bff5b5019007da26d": "Accor", "57287c2bff5b5019007da26e": "According to this theory", "57287c2bff5b5019007da26f": ".", "5729f4273f37b319004785fb": "newly created wealth concentrates in", "5729f4273f37b319004785fc": "leverage the accumulation of wealth, thus are the beneficiaries of the new wealth.", "5729f4273f37b319004785fd": "can significantly contribute to the persistence of inequality within society.", "5729f4273f37b319004785fe": "Thomas Piketty in his book Capital in the Twenty-First Century arg", "5729f4273f37b319004785ff": "that larger fortunes generate higher returns [", "5729f4e46aef051400155157": "market forces should serve as a brake on such concentration,", "5729f4e46aef051400155156": "which may better be explained by the non-market force known as \"rent-seeking\".", "5729f4e46aef051400155158": "While the market", "5729f4e46aef051400155159": "government policies financially beneficial to them.", "5729f4e46aef05140015515a": "the wealth that would otherwise have been produced without their effort\"", "5729f60caf94a219006aa6ef": "Effects of inequality researchers", "5729f60caf94a219006aa6f0": "when human capital is neglected for high-end consumption.", "5729f60caf94a219006aa6f1": "For the top 21 industrialised countries,", "5729f60caf94a219006aa6f2": "Effects of inequality researchers", "5729f60caf94a219006aa6f3": ".", "572a05eb3f37b31900478653": "winner Robert J. Shiller said that rising inequality in the United States and elsewhere", "572a05eb3f37b31900478654": "that rising inequality in the United States and elsewhere is the most important problem.", "572a05eb3f37b31900478655": "has a negative effect on subsequent long-run economic growth.", "572a05eb3f37b31900478656": "and erodes self-esteem promoting social dislocation, unrest and conflict.", "572a05eb3f37b31900478657": "Poli", "572a06866aef0514001551be": "British researchers Richard G. Wilkinson and Kate Pickett have", "572a06866aef0514001551bf": "in countries and states with higher inequality.", "572a06866aef0514001551c0": "in countries and states with higher inequality.", "572a06866aef0514001551c2": "Using statistics from 23 developed countries and", "572a06866aef0514001551c1": "income.", "572a070c6aef0514001551c8": ".", "572a070c6aef0514001551c9": "This pattern", "572a070c6aef0514001551ca": "increases rapidly as per capita income increases,", "572a070c6aef0514001551cb": "American", "572a070c6aef0514001551cc": "Life expectancy in Sweden (80 years) and Japan (82) \u2013 wh", "572a07a86aef0514001551d2": "has strongly correlated with health in developed countries is income inequality.", "572a07a86aef0514001551d3": "Cre", "572a07a86aef0514001551d4": "Cre", "572a07a86aef0514001551d5": "Cre", "572a07a86aef0514001551d6": "capita income.", "572a0a391d046914007796df": "Crime rate has also been shown to be correlated with inequality in society.", "572a0a391d046914007796e0": "almost identically defined across all nations and jurisdictions.", "572a0a391d046914007796e1": "where income differences are larger.", "572a0a391d046914007796e3": ".", "572a0a391d046914007796e2": "The", "572a0bafaf94a219006aa765": "the greatest good for the greatest number \u2013 economic inequality is problematic.", "572a0bafaf94a219006aa766": "Following the utilitarian principle of seeking", "572a0bafaf94a219006aa767": "An ad", "572a0bafaf94a219006aa768": ".", "572a0bafaf94a219006aa769": "a society with more equality will have higher aggregate utility.", "572a0c541d046914007796f3": "should be the measure of inequality,", "572a0c541d046914007796f4": "income in the US.", "572a0c541d046914007796f5": "consumption inequality was actually lower in 2001 than it was in 1986.", "572a0c541d046914007796f6": "Thomas B. Edsall.", "572a0c541d046914007796f7": "The Hidden Prosperity of the Poor\" by journalist Thomas B. Edsall.", "572a0d21af94a219006aa783": "low.", "572a0d21af94a219006aa784": "have created deep financial 'fault lines' that", "572a0d21af94a219006aa785": "being the most recent example.", "572a0d21af94a219006aa786": "To compensate for stagnating and declining purchasing power", "572a0d21af94a219006aa787": "\" fueled by unsustainable monetary stimulation.", "572a0e0e1d04691400779707": "According to International Monetary Fund economists, inequality in wealth and income", "572a0e0e1d04691400779708": "but also the quality of a country's institutions and high levels of education.", "572a0e0e1d04691400779709": "Ac", "572a0e0e1d0469140077970a": "bottom 20 percent (the poor) is associated with higher GDP growth.", "572a0e0e1d0469140077970b": "The poor and the middle class matter the most for growth v", "572a0ecb1d04691400779717": "increasing inequality harms economic growth.", "572a0ecb1d04691400779718": "increasing inequality harms economic growth.", "572a0ecb1d04691400779719": "has a negative effect on subsequent long-run economic growth.", "572a0ecb1d0469140077971a": "Unemployment can har", "572a0ecb1d0469140077971b": "redistributive pressures and", "572a1046af94a219006aa78d": "within countries prevent growth by limiting aggregate demand.", "572a1046af94a219006aa78e": "demand.", "572a1046af94a219006aa78f": ". ...", "572a1046af94a219006aa790": "The main reason for this shift is the increasing importance of human capital in development.", "572a1046af94a219006aa791": "has become the secret to growth.", "572a11663f37b31900478693": "He", "572a11663f37b31900478694": "In", "572a11663f37b31900478695": "the channels through which inequality may affect economic growth.", "572a11663f37b31900478696": "He found that inequality is associated with higher levels of red", "572a11663f37b31900478697": "Also, very unequal societies tend to be polit", "572a12381d0469140077972d": "According to work by Barro in 1999 and 2000,", "572a12381d0469140077972e": "but encourage growth in richer countries.", "572a12381d0469140077972c": ".", "572a12381d0469140077972b": ".", "572a12381d0469140077972f": ".", "572a13841d0469140077973b": "have sometimes found evidence confirming the", "572a13841d0469140077973c": "decreases.", "572a13841d0469140077973d": "the Kuznets curve hypothesis", "572a13841d0469140077973e": "Thomas Piketty", "572a13841d0469140077973f": "Thomas Piketty challenges this notion, claiming that from 1914 to 1945 w", "572a18a4af94a219006aa7df": "which inequality may have a positive effect on economic development.", "572a18a4af94a219006aa7e0": "demand.", "572a18a4af94a219006aa7e1": "risen with increased income inequality.", "572a18a4af94a219006aa7e2": "because it takes several years for effects to manifest as changes to economic growth.", "572a18a4af94a219006aa7e3": "are robustly associated with more equality in the income distribution.", "572a1a5c6aef051400155284": ".", "572a1a5c6aef051400155285": "can depend on the existing level of inequality.", "572a1a5c6aef051400155286": ".", "572a1a5c6aef051400155287": "reduction.", "572a1a5c6aef051400155288": "it is not sufficient for progress on reducing poverty.", "572a1ba46aef05140015528e": "housing is held outside the formal or legal property ownership registration system.", "572a1ba46aef05140015528f": "through various associations and other arrangements.", "572a1ba46aef051400155290": "excessive bureaucratic red tape in buying property and building,", "572a1ba46aef051400155291": ".", "572a1ba46aef051400155292": "up to 14 years to build on government land.", "572a1c943f37b319004786e1": "caused in part by income inequality.", "572a1c943f37b319004786e2": "the number of quality rental units decreased", "572a1c943f37b319004786e3": "as the demand for higher quality housing increased (Rhoda 1994:148).", "572a1c943f37b319004786e4": "Through gentrification of older neighbourhoods, for example, in East New York", "572a1c943f37b319004786e5": "The ad valorem property tax policy combined with rising prices mad", "572a1dbb3f37b319004786f5": "Firstly", "572a1dbb3f37b319004786f6": "o are worse equipped to manage their finances.", "572a1dbb3f37b319004786f7": "aspiring to achieve the standards of living enj", "572a1dbb3f37b319004786f8": "one method of achieving this aspiration is by taking on debt.", "572a1dbb3f37b319004786f9": ".", "572a1f086aef0514001552c0": "The smaller the economic inequality", "572a1f086aef0514001552c1": "If there were fewer people however,", "572a1f086aef0514001552c2": "As such, the current high level of population has a large impact on this as well.", "572a1f086aef0514001552c3": "resulting in an increase of environmental damage.", "572a1fe16aef0514001552d0": "Socialists attribute the", "572a1fe16aef0514001552d1": "creating a situation wh", "572a1fe16aef0514001552d2": "dependent on income in the form of a wage or salary.", "572a1fe16aef0514001552d3": "the means of production should be socially owned so that", "572a1fe16aef0514001552d4": "would be reflective of individual contributions to the social product.", "572a20816aef0514001552e4": "that the ideal moral society would be one where all individuals are free from force.", "572a20816aef0514001552e5": "Robert Nozick argued that government redistributes wealth by force", "572a20816aef0514001552e6": "that the ideal moral society would be one where all individuals are free from force.", "572a20816aef0514001552e7": "However, Nozick recognized that some modern economic inequalities we", "572a20816aef0514001552e8": "John Rawls argued in A Theory of Justice that", "572a213e6aef0514001552ee": "\u201ccapability deprivation\u201d.", "572a213e6aef0514001552ef": "an the end itself.", "572a213e6aef0514001552f0": "It", "572a213e6aef0514001552f1": "It", "572a213e6aef0514001552f2": "ability to pursue valued goals).", "572a2224af94a219006aa823": ".", "572a2224af94a219006aa824": "An old, ill man cannot earn as much as a healthy young man;", "572a2224af94a219006aa825": "may prevent a woman from receiving an education or working outside the home.", "572a2224af94a219006aa826": "that prevents people from going to work for fear of their lives.", "572a2224af94a219006aa827": "can thus work towards a better relevant income.", "5727efabff5b5019007d98e2": "Doctor Who is a British science-fiction television programme produced by the BBC since 1963", "5727efabff5b5019007d98e3": "Doctor Who is a British science-fiction television programme produced by the BBC since 1963", "5727efabff5b5019007d98e4": "He explores the universe in his TARDIS, a sentient time-travelling space ship.", "5727efabff5b5019007d98e5": "1963.", "5727efabff5b5019007d98e6": "Doctor Who is a British science-fiction television programme produced by the BBC since 1963", "5727f0b1ff5b5019007d98f2": "Ther", "5727f0b1ff5b5019007d98f3": "The programme was relaunched in 2005 by Russell T Davies,", "5727f0b1ff5b5019007d98f4": "(1981)", "5727f0b1ff5b5019007d98f5": "Doctor Who al", "5727f0b1ff5b5019007d98f6": "Doctor Who al", "5727f18c3acd2414000df063": "Twelve actors have headlined the series as the Doctor.", "5727f18c3acd2414000df064": "Matt Smith's exit in the 2013 Christmas special \"The Time of the Doctor\".", "5727f18c3acd2414000df065": "Matt Smith's exit in the 2013 Christmas special \"The Time of the Doctor\".", "5727f18c3acd2414000df066": "incarnation.", "5727f18c3acd2414000df067": "new incarnation.", "5727f2583acd2414000df087": "Doctor Who", "5727f2583acd2414000df088": "He fled from Gallifrey in a stolen Mark", "5727f2583acd2414000df089": ".", "5727f2583acd2414000df08a": "ich normally allows the machine to take on the appearance of local objects as a disguise.", "5727f2583acd2414000df08b": ".", "5727f3193acd2414000df0a5": "The Doctor rarely travels alone and", "5727f3193acd2414000df0a6": "As a Time Lord", "5727f3193acd2414000df0a7": "As a Time Lord, the Doctor has the ability to regenerate when his body is mortally damaged,", "5727f3193acd2414000df0a8": "The Doctor rarely travels", "5727f3193acd2414000df0a9": ".", "5727f44c2ca10214002d9a32": "On 31 July 1963 Whitaker commissioned Terry Nation", "5727f44c2ca10214002d9a33": "The serial introduced the eponymous aliens that would become the series' mo", "5727f44c2ca10214002d9a34": "When the script was presented to Newman and Wilson it", "5727f44c2ca10214002d9a35": "Whitaker commissioned Terry Nation to write a story under the title The Mutants.", "5727f44c2ca10214002d9a36": "each episode 25 minutes of transmission length.", "5727f5622ca10214002d9a44": "The BBC drama department's serials division produced the programme for 26 seasons", "5727f5622ca10214002d9a45": "the BBC repeatedly affirmed that the series would return.", "5727f5622ca10214002d9a46": "Doctor Who: More Than 30 Years in the TARDIS)", "5727f5622ca10214002d9a47": "the BBC repeatedly affirmed that the series would return.", "5727f5622ca10214002d9a48": "would return", "5727f678ff5b5019007d9956": "the BBC hoped to find an independent production company to relaunch the show.", "5727f678ff5b5019007d9957": "the BBC hoped to find an independent production company to relaunch the show.", "5727f678ff5b5019007d9958": "Segal's negotiations eventually led to a Doctor Who television film,", "5727f678ff5b5019007d9959": "Although the film was successful in the UK (with 9.1 million viewers), it", "5727f678ff5b5019007d995a": "series.", "5727f746ff5b5019007d9960": "Doctor Who finally returned with the episode \"Rose\" on BBC One on 26 March 2005.", "5727f746ff5b5019007d9961": "Doctor Who finally returned with the episode \"Rose\" on BBC One on 26 March 2005.", "5727f746ff5b5019007d9963": "No full series was filmed in 2009,", "5727f746ff5b5019007d9964": "e.", "5727f746ff5b5019007d9962": "There have", "5727f8342ca10214002d9a7c": "needed]).", "5727f8342ca10214002d9a7d": "1963\u20131989 series[note 2] and the 1996 telefilm.", "5727f8342ca10214002d9a7e": "needed]).", "5727f8342ca10214002d9a7f": "have e", "5727f8342ca10214002d9a80": "but differs from most other series relaunches wh", "5727fc7f4b864d1900164160": "It", "5727fc7f4b864d1900164161": "two.", "5727fc7f4b864d1900164162": "It", "5727fc7f4b864d1900164163": "two.", "5727fc7f4b864d1900164164": ".", "5727fdb94b864d190016417c": "The phrase retains this association with Doctor Who,", "5727fdb94b864d190016417d": ".", "5727fdb94b864d190016417e": ".", "5727fdb94b864d190016417f": "and a 2011 online vote at Digital Spy deemed the series the \"scariest TV show of all time\".", "5727fdb94b864d1900164180": "and a 2011 online vote at Digital Spy deemed the series the \"scariest TV show of all time\".", "5727fed73acd2414000df1a1": "A BBC audience research survey conducted in 1972 found that", "5727fed73acd2414000df1a2": "The same report found that 3", "5727fed73acd2414000df1a3": "Doctor Who was the most violent of the drama programmes the corporation produced at the time.", "5727fed73acd2414000df1a4": "both are fantasies, but one is meant to be taken seriously.", "5727fed73acd2414000df1a5": ".", "5727ffb5ff5b5019007d9a8c": ".", "5727ffb5ff5b5019007d9a8d": "who conceived the idea of a police box as a time machine.", "5727ffb5ff5b5019007d9a8e": "The image of the TARDIS", "5727ffb5ff5b5019007d9a8f": "In", "5727ffb5ff5b5019007d9a90": "In 1998, the Metropolitan Police Authority filed an objection to the trade mark claim;", "572800b03acd2414000df1f1": "Doctor Who originally ran for 26", "572800b03acd2414000df1f2": "Guardian Trilogy.", "572800b03acd2414000df1f3": "Notable exceptions were", "572800b03acd2414000df1f4": "The Trial of a Time Lord, wh", "572800b03acd2414000df1f5": "Guardian Trilogy.", "572801823acd2414000df1fb": "The serial format changed for the 2005 revival, with each series usually consisting of 13", "572801823acd2414000df1fc": "2005 revival", "572801823acd2414000df1fd": "an extended episode broadcast on Christmas Day.", "572801823acd2414000df1fe": "notably, the episodes \"Journey's End\" from 2008 and", "572801823acd2414000df1ff": "and \"The Eleventh Hour\" from 2010 exceeded an hour in length.", "5728023a4b864d19001641f4": "Do", "5728023a4b864d19001641f5": "Do", "5728023a4b864d19001641f6": "Do", "5728023a4b864d19001641f7": "2013.", "5728023a4b864d19001641f8": "Star", "572803493acd2414000df229": "the first two Doctors: William Hartnell and Patrick Troughton.", "572803493acd2414000df22a": "most notably seasons 3, 4, & 5, from which 79 episodes are missing).", "572803493acd2414000df22b": "which 79 episodes are missing", "572803493acd2414000df22c": "stop.", "572803493acd2414000df22d": "most notably seasons 3, 4, & 5, from which 79 episodes are missing).", "572804522ca10214002d9b94": "Some episodes have been returned to the BBC from the archives of other countries wh", "572804522ca10214002d9b95": "Early colour videotape recordings made off-air by fans", "572804522ca10214002d9b97": "also exist.", "572804522ca10214002d9b96": "that were shown on other programmes.", "572804522ca10214002d9b98": "Some episodes have been returned to the BBC from the archives of other countries wh", "572805363acd2414000df26d": "The missing episodes of The Reign of Terror", "572805363acd2414000df26e": "reconstructed the missing episodes 1 and 4 of The Invasion (1968),", "572805363acd2414000df26f": "2006.", "572805363acd2414000df270": "The missing episodes of The Reign of Terror", "572805363acd2414000df271": "DVD release in November 2006.", "57280757ff5b5019007d9b42": "appearance\".", "57280757ff5b5019007d9b43": "This was first prompted by original star William Hartnell's poor health.", "57280757ff5b5019007d9b44": "This was first prompted by original star William Hartnell's poor health.", "57280757ff5b5019007d9b45": "This was first prompted by original star William Hartnell's poor health.", "57280757ff5b5019007d9b46": "The actual term \"regeneration\" was", "572808bf4b864d190016429a": "a Time Lord can only regenerate 12 times, for a total of 13 incarnations.", "572808bf4b864d190016429b": "a Time Lord can only regenerate 12 times, for a total of 13 incarnations.", "572808bf4b864d190016429c": "The episode \"The Time of the Doctor\"", "572808bf4b864d190016429d": ".", "572808bf4b864d190016429e": "being the product of the Doctor's twelfth regeneration from his original set.", "572809ab4b864d19001642ae": "the Doctor in guest roles.", "572809ab4b864d19001642af": "to the show's 50th anniversary special \"The Day of the Doctor\".", "572809ab4b864d19001642b0": "Michael Jayston portrayed the Valeyard", "572809ab4b864d19001642b1": "where Michael Jayston portrayed the Valeyard", "572809ab4b864d19001642b2": ".", "57280b2b2ca10214002d9c66": "The First Doctor encounters himself in the story The Space Museum (", "57280b2b2ca10214002d9c67": "For this episode, Richard Hurndall replaced William Hartnell.", "57280b2b2ca10214002d9c68": "In 2007, Peter Davison returned in the Children in Need short \"Time Crash\" al", "57280b2b2ca10214002d9c6a": "The", "57280b2b2ca10214002d9c69": ".", "57280cac2ca10214002d9ca8": "The Sirens of Time.", "57280cac2ca10214002d9ca9": "was released with additional archive recordings of Jon Pertwee.", "57280cac2ca10214002d9caa": "The Four Doctors.", "57280cac2ca10214002d9cab": "Project: Lazarus.", "57280cac2ca10214002d9cac": ".", "57280e323acd2414000df349": "the same episode depicts the prophesied \"Fall of the Eleventh\" wh", "57280e323acd2414000df34a": ".", "57280e323acd2414000df34b": "In Mawdryn Undead (1983), the Fifth Doctor explicitly confirmed that", "57280e323acd2414000df34c": "me.", "57280e323acd2414000df34d": "Morbius).", "57280f0d3acd2414000df35b": "Susan Foreman.", "57280f0d3acd2414000df35c": "the Doctor has a granddaughter, Susan Foreman.", "57280f0d3acd2414000df35d": "\"", "57280f0d3acd2414000df35e": "that his home planet had been destroyed; in", "57280f0d3acd2414000df35f": "Now I am neither.", "5728103eff5b5019007d9c30": "Doctor Who since the programme's inception in 1963.", "5728103eff5b5019007d9c31": "the Doctor travels alone is The Deadly Assassin.", "5728103eff5b5019007d9c33": "1963.", "5728103eff5b5019007d9c34": "the Doctor who was to act as a mysterious father figure.", "5728103eff5b5019007d9c32": "Lady; Sarah Jane Smith (Elisabeth Sladen); and Jo Grant (Katy Manning).", "572811434b864d190016438c": "Since the 2005 revival, the Doctor generally travels", "572811434b864d190016438d": ".", "572811434b864d190016438e": "The Eleventh Doctor became the first to travel with a married couple,", "572811434b864d190016438f": "Pearl Mackie as Bill, the Doctor's newest traveling companion.", "572811434b864d1900164390": "Donna Noble (Catherine Tate) with", "572812142ca10214002d9d2a": "With the show's 2005", "572812142ca10214002d9d2b": "the Autons with the Nestene Consciousness", "572812142ca10214002d9d2c": "Doctor", "572812142ca10214002d9d2d": "Specials.", "572812142ca10214002d9d2e": "and Zygons in the 50th Anniversary Special.", "572812eaff5b5019007d9c80": "are Doctor Who's oldest villains.", "572812eaff5b5019007d9c81": "The Daleks are Kaleds from the planet Skaro,", "572812eaff5b5019007d9c82": "The Daleks are Kaleds from the planet Skaro,", "572812eaff5b5019007d9c83": "mutated by the scientist Davros and housed in mechanical armour shells for mobility.", "572812eaff5b5019007d9c84": "Their main weakness is their eyestalk;", "572813b52ca10214002d9d68": "The Master is the Doctor's archenemy", "572813b52ca10214002d9d69": ".", "572813b52ca10214002d9d6a": "The Master returned in the 1996 television movie of Doctor Who", "572813b52ca10214002d9d6b": "The Master", "572813b52ca10214002d9d6c": "The Master was briefly played by Peter Pratt and Geoffrey Beevers un", "572814882ca10214002d9d72": "This incarnation is played by Michelle Gomez.", "572814882ca10214002d9d73": "During that story the role was then assumed by John Simm wh", "572814882ca10214002d9d74": "Master\").", "572814882ca10214002d9d75": "Master\").", "572814882ca10214002d9d76": "that the Master had become a female incarnation or \"Time Lady,\"", "572816213acd2414000df429": "The original theme was composed by Ron Grainer", "572816213acd2414000df42a": "E", "572816213acd2414000df42b": "E", "572816213acd2414000df42c": "The original theme was composed by Ron Grainer and", "572816213acd2414000df42d": "music.", "5728177f2ca10214002d9db0": "A different arrangement was recorded by Peter Howell for season 18 (1980)", "5728177f2ca10214002d9db1": "The Trial of a Time Lord in season 23 (1986)", "5728177f2ca10214002d9db2": "Keff McCulloch provided the new arrangement for the Seventh Do", "5728177f2ca10214002d9db3": "For the return of the series in 2005", "572817802ca10214002d9db4": ".", "5728185f3acd2414000df45b": "A new arrangement of the theme", "5728185f3acd2414000df45d": "In 2011", "5728185f3acd2414000df45c": "which was reported to have had a hostile reception from some viewers.", "5728185f3acd2414000df45e": "He was responsible for a new version of the theme wh", "5728185f3acd2414000df45f": "which was reported to have had a hostile reception from some viewers.", "572819864b864d190016447e": "In the early 1970s, Jon Pertwee, who had played the Third Doctor", "572819864b864d190016447f": "Versions of the \"Doctor Who Theme", "572819864b864d1900164480": "which reached number 24 in the UK charts.", "572819864b864d1900164481": "Benn. Both the", "572819864b864d1900164482": "Ot", "57281a952ca10214002d9dea": "Dudley Simpson,", "57281a952ca10214002d9deb": ".", "57281a952ca10214002d9dec": ".", "57281a952ca10214002d9ded": "who is also well known for his theme and incidental music for Blake's 7", "57281a952ca10214002d9dee": "The most frequent musical contributor during the first 15 years was Dudley Simpson,", "57281bbc2ca10214002d9dfa": ".", "57281bbc2ca10214002d9dfb": "Children in Need.", "57281bbc2ca10214002d9dfc": "A Doctor Who Prom was celebrated on 27 July 2008 in", "57281bbc2ca10214002d9dfd": "in the Royal Albert Hall as part of the annual BBC Proms.", "57281bbc2ca10214002d9dfe": "All the incidental music for the 2005 revived series has been composed by Murray Gold and Ben Foster", "57281cb22ca10214002d9e1e": "Six soundtrack releases have been released since 2005.", "57281cb22ca10214002d9e1f": ".", "57281cb22ca10214002d9e20": "The fourth was released on 4 October 2010 as", "57281cb22ca10214002d9e21": "In February 2011, a soundtrack was release", "57281cb22ca10214002d9e22": "The soundtrack for Series 5 was released on 8 November 2010.", "57281f203acd2414000df4f5": "\"The Day of the Doctor\" during the Eleventh Doctor's run.", "57281f203acd2414000df4f6": "The logo for the Twelfth Doctor had the \"DW\" TARDIS insignia removed and", "57281f203acd2414000df4f7": "Who logo is used for all merchandise relating to the current Doctor.", "57281f203acd2414000df4f8": "The logo used for the Eleventh Doctor", "57281f203acd2414000df4f9": "\"The Day of the Doctor\" during the Eleventh Doctor's run.", "57282036ff5b5019007d9d9c": "the first episode of Doctor Who was repeated with the second episode the following week.", "57282036ff5b5019007d9d9d": "Doctor Who has always appeared initially on the BBC's mainstream BBC One channel,", "57282036ff5b5019007d9d9e": "when Tom Baker occasionally drew audiences of over 12 million.", "57282036ff5b5019007d9d9f": "The first of these was the \"Dalekmania\" period (circa 1964\u20131965),", "57282036ff5b5019007d9da0": "Doctor Who has always appeared initially on the BBC's mainstream BBC One channel", "572821ceff5b5019007d9db2": "it has consistently had high viewership levels for the evening on which the episode is bro", "572821ceff5b5019007d9db3": "a leading cause of the programme's 1989 suspension.", "572821ceff5b5019007d9db4": ".", "572821ceff5b5019007d9db5": "Coronation Street, the most popular show at the time.", "572821ceff5b5019007d9db6": "it", "5728231fff5b5019007d9dd4": "Only four episodes have ever had their premiere showings on channels other than BBC One.", "5728231fff5b5019007d9dd5": "BBC One.", "5728231fff5b5019007d9dd6": "Finally, the 1996 television film premi\u00e8red on 12", "5728231fff5b5019007d9dd7": "12 May 1996 on CITV in Edmonton, Canada, 15 days before the BBC One showing", "5728231fff5b5019007d9dd8": "The 1983 20th anniversary special The Five Doctors", "5728245b2ca10214002d9ed6": "1965.", "5728245b2ca10214002d9ed7": "The Five Doctors in 1983.", "5728245b2ca10214002d9ed8": "Repeats of both the classic and modern series have also been shown on subscription televi", "5728245b2ca10214002d9ed9": "2003", "5728245b2ca10214002d9eda": "1965.", "572825714b864d1900164590": "1991.", "572825714b864d1900164591": "TVOntario picked up the show in 1976 beginning with The Three Doctors", "572825714b864d1900164592": "The series moved to the Canadian cable channel Space in 2009.", "572825714b864d1900164593": "Its airing of The Talons of Weng-Chiang was", "572825714b864d1900164594": "wh", "572826762ca10214002d9f2c": "including a trivia question as part of a viewer contest)", "572826762ca10214002d9f2d": "documentary were played over the closing credits;", "572826762ca10214002d9f2e": "Billie Piper recorded a special video introduction.", "572826762ca10214002d9f2f": "country.", "572826762ca10214002d9f30": "country.", "5728274cff5b5019007d9e26": "BBC Video on DVD, on sale in the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada and the United States.", "5728274cff5b5019007d9e27": "Eight original series serials have been released on Laserdisc and", "5728274cff5b5019007d9e28": "One episode of Doctor Who (The Infinite Quest) was released on VCD.", "5728274cff5b5019007d9e29": "except for the 1970 story Spearhead from Space, released in July 2013.", "5728274cff5b5019007d9e2a": "Only the series from 2009 onwards are available on Blu-ray,", "572828383acd2414000df5c3": "In the early 1970s", "572828383acd2414000df5c4": "In the late 1980s,", "572828383acd2414000df5c5": "Doctor Who has appeared on stage numerous times.", "572828383acd2414000df5c6": "In the early 1970s, Trevor Martin played the role in Doctor Who", "572828383acd2414000df5c7": "Doctor Who has appeared on stage numerous times.", "572829532ca10214002d9fa2": "the BBC", "572829532ca10214002d9fa3": "Torchwood (an anagram of \"Doctor Who\")", "572829532ca10214002d9fa4": "A", "572829532ca10214002d9fa5": "Torchwood (an anagram of \"Doctor Who\")", "572829532ca10214002d9fa6": "The", "57282f204b864d190016468a": "The Sarah Jane Adventures, starring Elisabeth Sladen", "57282f204b864d190016468b": "began on 24 September 2007.", "57282f204b864d190016468c": "began on 24 September 2007.", "57282f204b864d190016468d": "began on 24 September 2007.", "57282f204b864d190016468e": "A final, three-story fifth series was transmitted in autumn 2011 \u2013", "5728303e4b864d19001646aa": "In", "5728303e4b864d19001646ab": "In", "5728303e4b864d19001646ac": "Dimensions in Time was produced for Children in Need", "5728303e4b864d19001646ad": "the picture would look normal to those viewers who watched without the glasses.", "5728303e4b864d19001646ae": "Dimensions in Time was produced for Children in Need,", "572831512ca10214002da04a": "was made for Comic Relief and later released on VHS.", "572831512ca10214002da04b": "s).", "572831512ca10214002da04c": "During the special the Doctor is", "572831512ca10214002da04d": "During the special the Doctor is for", "572831512ca10214002da04e": "The", "572833662ca10214002da086": "\"Blue Harvest\" and \"420\", and the game RuneScape.", "572833662ca10214002da087": "\"Blue Harvest\" and \"420\", and the game RuneScape.", "572833662ca10214002da088": "In the Channel 4 series Queer as Folk (", "572833662ca10214002da089": "Doctor Who fan", "572833662ca10214002da08a": "References to Doctor Who have", "572834524b864d1900164716": "the first original Doctor Who audio was released on LP record;", "572834524b864d1900164717": "the first original Doctor Who audio was released on LP record;", "572834524b864d1900164718": "the first original Doctor Who audio was released on LP record;", "572834524b864d1900164719": "Ten years later, the first original Doctor Who audio was released on LP record", "572834524b864d190016471a": "1966.", "572835854b864d190016472e": "Doctor Who audios on CD.", "572835854b864d190016472f": "The", "572835854b864d1900164730": "Sin", "572835854b864d1900164731": "as audiobooks.", "572835854b864d1900164732": "Tom Baker's Fourth Doctor began appearing for Big Finish in 2012.", "572836732ca10214002da0dc": "Doctor Who books have been published from the mid-", "572836732ca10214002da0dd": "books have been published from the mid-sixties through to the present day.", "572836732ca10214002da0de": "ctor Who Magazine with newsstand circulation has been published regularly since 1979.", "572836732ca10214002da0df": "Doctor Who Adventures magazine for younger fans.", "572836732ca10214002da0e0": "a new range of novels have been published by BBC Books.", "572837402ca10214002da0f4": "Since the creation of the Doctor Who character by BBC Television in the early 1960s,", "572837402ca10214002da0f5": "Since the creation of the Doctor Who character by BBC Television in the early 1960s,", "572837402ca10214002da0f6": ".", "572837402ca10214002da0f7": ".", "572838323acd2414000df737": "winning the 2006 British Academy Television Award for Best Drama Series and five consecutive (", "572838323acd2414000df738": "Davies' tenure as executive producer.", "572838323acd2414000df739": "In 2011", "572838323acd2414000df73a": "Missy.", "572838323acd2414000df73b": "Michelle Gomez became the first female to receive a BAFTA nomination for the series,", "57283a392ca10214002da118": "\u2014", "57283a392ca10214002da119": "for the largest ever simulcast of a TV drama with its 50th anniversary special.", "57283a392ca10214002da11a": "use of electronic music (originally produced by the BBC Radiophonic Workshop).", "57283a392ca10214002da11b": "In", "57283a392ca10214002da11c": "the largest ever simulcast of a TV drama with its 50th anniversary special.", "57283b91ff5b5019007d9fa4": ".", "57283b91ff5b5019007d9fa5": "the corporation had ever produced,", "57283b91ff5b5019007d9fa6": "eight.", "57283b91ff5b5019007d9fa7": "In 2005, the series came first in a survey by SFX magazine of", "57283b91ff5b5019007d9fa8": "(a Channel 4 countdown in 2001), the 1963\u20131989 run was placed at number eight.", "57283ce72ca10214002da14c": "Doctor Who was", "57283ce72ca10214002da14d": "It won five BAFTA TV Awards", "57283ce72ca10214002da14e": "It was very popular at the BAFTA Cymru Awards, with", "57283ce72ca10214002da14f": "greatest show of the 2000s by Channel 4, behind Top Gear and The Apprentice.", "57283ce72ca10214002da150": "Vincent van Gogh.", "57283dbeff5b5019007d9fc6": "It has won the Short Form of the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation", "57283dbeff5b5019007d9fc7": "Doctor Who has been nominated for over 200 awards and has won over a hundred of them", "57283dbeff5b5019007d9fc8": "ctor Who has been nominated for over 200 awards and has won over a hundred of them.", "57283dbeff5b5019007d9fc9": "Do", "57283dbeff5b5019007d9fca": "2014).", "57283e652ca10214002da166": "Doctor Who has", "57283e652ca10214002da167": ".", "57283e652ca10214002da168": "Milligan, naked, hurls a soap sponge at it) and Lenny Henry.", "57283e652ca10214002da16a": "Doctor Who fandom has also been lampooned on programs such as Saturday Night Live,", "57283e652ca10214002da169": "the Fourth Doctor in the BBC Dead Ringers series.", "57283c464b864d19001647c8": "The", "57283c464b864d19001647c9": "The university, established in 1890, consists of The College", "57283c464b864d19001647ca": "Chicago is also well known for its professional schools", "57283c464b864d19001647cb": "seven professional schools.", "57283c464b864d19001647cc": "overall.", "57283db6ff5b5019007d9fbc": "University of Chicago scholars have played a major role in the development of", "57283db6ff5b5019007d9fbd": "Chicago's physics department helped develop the world's first man-made", "57283db6ff5b5019007d9fbe": "Chicago's physics department helped develop the world's first man-made", "57283db6ff5b5019007d9fbf": "the largest university press in the United States.", "57283db6ff5b5019007d9fc0": "the Obama presidential library and offices of the Obama Foundation.", "57283f014b864d19001647e8": "Founded by the American Baptist Education Society", "57283f014b864d19001647e9": "Founded by the American Baptist Education Society", "57283f014b864d19001647ea": "John D. Rockefeller, the University of Chicago was incorporated in 1890;", "57283f014b864d19001647eb": "William Rainey Harper became the university's first president in 1891,", "57283f014b864d19001647ec": "and the first classes were held in 1892.", "57284142ff5b5019007da00a": "The University of Chicago was created and incorporated as a coeducational, secular institution in", "57284142ff5b5019007da00b": "who provided the funds for the campus' first building", "57284142ff5b5019007da00c": "who provided the funds for the campus' first building", "57284142ff5b5019007da00d": "The original physical campus was financed by donations from wealthy Chicagoans", "57284142ff5b5019007da00e": "Charles L. Hutchinson (trustee, treasurer and donor of Hutchinson Commons)", "572843304b864d1900164848": "In the 1890s, the University of Chicago,", "572843304b864d1900164849": "In 1896, the university affiliated with Shimer College in Mount Carroll, Illinois.", "572843304b864d190016484a": "additional study at the University of Chicago.", "572843304b864d190016484b": "work.", "572843304b864d190016484c": "attend an affiliated school on the same terms and receive credit for their work.", "57284456ff5b5019007da05c": "created.", "57284456ff5b5019007da060": "kn", "57284456ff5b5019007da05f": "divisions.", "57284456ff5b5019007da05e": "tenure.", "57284456ff5b5019007da05d": "In 1929", "57284618ff5b5019007da0a8": "courses.", "57284618ff5b5019007da0a9": "During this period the university", "57284618ff5b5019007da0aa": "enabled to transfer automatically to the University of Chicago af", "57284618ff5b5019007da0ab": "neighborhood.", "57284618ff5b5019007da0ac": "In the early 1950s", "572847ff3acd2414000df869": "office in a protest over the university's off-campus rental policies.", "572847ff3acd2414000df86a": "George Beadle's office in a protest over the university's off-campus rental policies.", "572847ff3acd2414000df86b": "issued what became known as the Kalven Report.", "572847ff3acd2414000df86c": "known as the Kalven Report.", "572847ff3acd2414000df86d": "The", "572849b4ff5b5019007da0f2": "From the mid-2000s", "572849b4ff5b5019007da0f3": "In 2008, the University of Chicago announced plans to establish the Milton Friedman Institute wh", "572849b4ff5b5019007da0f4": "ich attracted both support and controversy from faculty members and students.", "572849b4ff5b5019007da0f5": "In 2008, the University of Chicago announced plans to establish the Milton Friedman Institute wh", "572849b4ff5b5019007da0f6": "David G. Booth donated $300 million to the university's Booth School of Business", "57284b904b864d19001648e2": "which make up what is now known as the Main Quadrangles,", "57284b904b864d19001648e3": "The", "57284b904b864d19001648e4": "The", "57284b904b864d19001648e5": "Mitchell Tower, for example, is modeled after Oxford's Magdalen Tower,", "57284b904b864d19001648e6": "Hall.", "57284d484b864d1900164900": "After the 1940s, the Gothic style on campus began to give way to modern styles.", "57284d484b864d1900164901": "In 1955, Eero Saarinen was contracted to develop a second master plan,", "57284d484b864d1900164902": "a", "57284d484b864d1900164903": "Administration", "57284d484b864d1900164904": "produced the Gerald Ratner Athletics Center (2003), the", "57284e9fff5b5019007da150": "Chicago.", "57284e9fff5b5019007da151": "The Center in Paris, a campus located on the left bank of the Seine in Paris,", "57284e9fff5b5019007da152": "In fall 2010, the University of Chicago also opened a center in Beijing,", "57284e9fff5b5019007da153": "District.", "57284e9fff5b5019007da154": "a center in Hong Kong which opened in 2015.", "5728501aff5b5019007da166": "The University of Chicago is governed by a board of trustees.", "5728501aff5b5019007da167": "including the university President.", "5728501aff5b5019007da168": ".", "5728501aff5b5019007da169": "Andrew Alper, and the President of the university is Robert Zimmer.", "5728501aff5b5019007da16a": "aacs was replaced as Provost in March 2016 by", "5728510f4b864d1900164936": "The university is accredited by The Higher Learning Commission.", "5728510f4b864d1900164937": "The university is accredited by The Higher Learning Commission.", "5728510f4b864d1900164938": "The university is accredited by The Higher Learning Commission.", "57285213ff5b5019007da180": "The College of the University of Chicago grants Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Science degrees in 50", "57285213ff5b5019007da181": "28 minors.", "57285213ff5b5019007da182": "The college's academics are divided into five divisions:", "57285213ff5b5019007da183": "which do not fit in one of the other four divisions.", "572853e8ff5b5019007da188": "the university's core curriculum known as the Common Core.", "572853e8ff5b5019007da189": "Core.", "572853e8ff5b5019007da18a": "nce.", "572853e8ff5b5019007da18b": "Undergraduate courses at the University of Chicago are", "572855973acd2414000df925": "It operates the University of Chicago Laboratory Schools (", "572855973acd2414000df926": ".", "572855973acd2414000df927": "on the South Side of Chicago administered by the university's Urban Education Institute.", "572855973acd2414000df928": "on the South Side of Chicago administered by the university's Urban Education Institute.", "572855973acd2414000df929": ".", "572856beff5b5019007da190": "The University of Chicago Library system encompasses six libraries that contain a total of 9", "572856beff5b5019007da191": "the 11th most among library systems in the United States.", "572856beff5b5019007da192": "The university's main library is the Regenstein Library", "572856beff5b5019007da193": "houses a large study space and an automatic book storage and retrieval system.", "572856beff5b5019007da194": "The", "57285841ff5b5019007da19a": "The university operates 12 research institutes and 113 research centers on campus.", "57285841ff5b5019007da19b": "The university operates 12 research institutes and 113 research centers on campus.", "57285841ff5b5019007da19c": "Among these are the Oriental Institute\u2014", "57285841ff5b5019007da19d": "as well as a stake in the Apache Point Observatory in Sunspot, New Mexico.", "57285841ff5b5019007da19e": "the Apache Point Observatory in Sunspot, New Mexico.", "57286010ff5b5019007da1ca": "the university has played an important role in shaping ideas about the free market and", "57286010ff5b5019007da1cb": "the university was the site of the Chicago Pile-1 (", "57286010ff5b5019007da1cc": "The chemical experiment that tested how life originated on early Earth,", "57286010ff5b5019007da1cd": "sleep was discovered at the university in 1953 by Nathaniel Kleitman and Eugene Aserinsky.", "572861cc4b864d190016495e": "It", "572861cc4b864d190016495f": "The university has", "572861cc4b864d1900164960": "Cinema & Media studies (1996) and theater & performance studies (2002).", "572861cc4b864d1900164961": "The university has", "572861cc4b864d1900164962": "Sev", "572863363acd2414000df985": "In the fall quarter of 2014, the University of Chicago enrolled 5,792 students in the College,", "572863363acd2414000df986": "In the fall quarter of 2014, the University of Chicago enrolled 5,792 students in the College,", "572863363acd2414000df987": "In the fall quarter of 2014, the University of Chicago enrolled 5,792 students in the College,", "572863363acd2414000df988": "In the fall quarter of 2014, the University of Chicago enrolled 5,792 students in the College,", "572863363acd2414000df989": "international students comprised almost 19% of the overall study body,", "572864542ca10214002da2de": ".", "572864542ca10214002da2df": "The Maroons compete in the NCAA's Division III", "572864542ca10214002da2e0": "The university was a founding member of the Big Ten Con", "572864542ca10214002da2e1": "Jay Berwanger became the first winner of the Heisman Trophy.", "572864542ca10214002da2e2": "The university was a founding member of the Big Ten Conference", "5728659f4b864d190016498a": "WHPK.", "5728659f4b864d190016498b": "Recognized Student Organizations (RSOs).", "5728659f4b864d190016498c": "Notable extracurricular groups include the University of Chicago College Bowl Team", "5728659f4b864d190016498d": "the nation's longest continuously running student film society Doc", "5728659f4b864d190016498e": "pe Off-Off Campus, and the university-owned radio station WHPK.", "5728667eff5b5019007da1fc": ".", "5728667eff5b5019007da1fd": "Stu", "5728667eff5b5019007da1fe": "late by the student body each spring.", "5728667eff5b5019007da1ff": "Its annual budget is greater than $2 million.", "572867543acd2414000df9a1": "There are fifteen fraternities and seven sororities at the University of Chicago,", "572867543acd2414000df9a2": "There are fifteen fraternities and seven sororities at the University of Chicago,", "572867543acd2414000df9a3": "as well as one co-ed community service fraternity, Alpha Phi Omega.", "572867543acd2414000df9a4": "Four of the sororities are members of the National Panhellenic Conference,", "572867543acd2414000df9a5": "and ten of the fraternities form the University of Chicago Interfraternity Council.", "5728683b3acd2414000df9af": "items from a list.", "5728683b3acd2414000df9b0": "items from a list.", "5728683b3acd2414000df9b1": "7\u201310 days of exhibitions and interactive artistic endeavors.", "5728683b3acd2414000df9b2": "Every January, the university holds a week-long winter festival", "5728683b3acd2414000df9b3": "The university also annually holds a summer carnival and concert called Summer Breeze that", "57286951ff5b5019007da20e": "Microsoft", "57286951ff5b5019007da20f": "In business, notable alumni include Microsoft", "57286951ff5b5019007da210": "the third richest man in America", "57286951ff5b5019007da211": "In business, notable alumni include Microsoft CEO Satya Nadella,", "57286951ff5b5019007da212": "McKinsey & Company founder and author of the first management accounting textbook James", "57286ab72ca10214002da31e": "Saul Alinsky,", "57286ab72ca10214002da31f": "Saul Alinsky, Obama campaign advisor and top political advisor to President", "57286ab72ca10214002da320": "Notable alumni", "57286ab72ca10214002da321": "Governor of the Bank of Japan Masaaki Shirakawa,", "57286ab72ca10214002da322": "alumni in the field of government and politics include the founder of modern community organizing", "57286bf84b864d19001649d4": "\"The Closing of the American Mind\" Allan Bloom", "57286bf84b864d19001649d6": ".", "57286bf84b864d19001649d2": "Before I Fall", "57286bf84b864d19001649d5": "'The Good War\" author Studs Terkel,", "57286bf84b864d19001649d3": "alumni.", "57286d7d4b864d19001649e0": "In the arts and entertainment, minimalist composer Philip Glass,", "57286d7d4b864d19001649e1": "Katherine Dunham, Bungie founder and developer of the Halo", "57286d7d4b864d19001649e2": "video game series Alex Seropian", "57286d7d4b864d19001649e3": "graduates.", "57286d7d4b864d19001649e4": "graduates.", "57286ec63acd2414000df9d1": "In science, alumni include astronomers Carl Sagan, a", "57286ec63acd2414000df9d2": "Sc).", "57286ec63acd2414000df9d3": "Sc).", "57286ec63acd2414000df9d4": "lithium-ion batter", "57286ec63acd2414000df9d5": "o developed the uranium-lead dating method into lead-lead dating.", "572870b2ff5b5019007da222": "Milton Friedman,", "572870b2ff5b5019007da223": "and Conservative British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, George Stigler,", "572870b2ff5b5019007da224": "the first American to win the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, and Eugene Fama,", "572870b2ff5b5019007da225": "known for his work on portfolio theory", "572871bc4b864d1900164a04": "tington.", "572871bc4b864d1900164a05": ".", "572871bc4b864d1900164a06": "tington.", "572872dd2ca10214002da37e": "Notable faculty in physics have included the speed of light", "572872dd2ca10214002da37f": "discoverer of the Compton Effect Arthur H. Compton,", "572872dd2ca10214002da380": "Enrico Fermi,", "572872dd2ca10214002da381": "father of the hydrogen bomb\" Edward Teller,", "572872dd2ca10214002da382": "who introduced the quark, second female Nobel laureate Maria Goeppert-Mayer", "5728742cff5b5019007da246": "Past faculty have also included Egyptologist James Henry Breasted,", "5728742cff5b5019007da247": "Past faculty have also included Egyptologist James Henry Breasted,", "5728742cff5b5019007da248": "Past faculty have also included Egyptologist James Henry Breasted,", "5728742cff5b5019007da249": "the developer of the actinide concept and", "5728742cff5b5019007da24a": "Past faculty have also included Egyptologist James Henry Breasted,", "5728759cff5b5019007da25b": "current governor of India's central bank Raghuram Rajan,", "5728759cff5b5019007da25a": "Goldman Sachs Chairman", "5728759cff5b5019007da25c": "Pape.", "5728759cff5b5019007da25d": "Pape.", "5728759cff5b5019007da25e": "Current faculty include the anthropologist Marshall Sahlins,", "57285ed5ff5b5019007da1b6": "The Yuan dynasty (Chinese: \u5143\u671d; pinyin: Yu\u00e1n Ch\u00e1o),", "57285ed5ff5b5019007da1b7": "The Yuan dynasty (Chinese: \u5143\u671d; pinyin: Yu\u00e1n Ch\u00e1o),", "57285ed5ff5b5019007da1b8": "The Yuan dynasty (Chinese: \u5143\u671d; pinyin: Yu\u00e1n Ch\u00e1o),", "57285ed5ff5b5019007da1b9": "leader of the Mongolian Borjigin clan.", "57285ed5ff5b5019007da1ba": "The Yuan dynasty (Chinese: \u5143\u671d; pinyin: Yu\u00e1n Ch\u00e1o),", "572860e03acd2414000df977": "The Yuan dynasty is considered both a successor to the Mongol Empire", "572860e03acd2414000df978": "The Yuan d", "572860e03acd2414000df979": "The Yuan d", "572860e03acd2414000df97a": "The dynasty was established by Kublai Khan,", "57286192ff5b5019007da1dc": "held the nominal title of Great Khan.", "57286192ff5b5019007da1dd": "Kublai Khan imposed the name Great Yuan (", "57286192ff5b5019007da1de": "before the actual establishment of the Yuan dynasty by Kublai Khan in 1271.", "57286192ff5b5019007da1df": "held the nominal title of Great Khan.", "57286192ff5b5019007da1e0": "held the nominal title of Great Khan", "572863c72ca10214002da2d4": "Genghis Khan united the Mongol", "572863c72ca10214002da2d5": "Great Khan in 1206.", "572863c72ca10214002da2d6": "Under the reign of Genghis' third son,", "572863c72ca10214002da2d7": "Great Khan in 1206.", "572863c72ca10214002da2d8": "Kublai was unable to read Chines", "572864dd4b864d1900164976": "the Jin.", "572864dd4b864d1900164977": "Many Han Chinese and Khitan defected to the Mongols to fight against the Jin.", "572864dd4b864d1900164978": "Many Han Chinese and Khitan defected to the Mongols to fight against the Jin.", "572864dd4b864d1900164979": "s, with each Tumen consisting of 10,000 troops.", "572864dd4b864d190016497a": "There were 4 Han Tumens and 3 Khitan Tumens,", "5728661e2ca10214002da2e8": "Shi Tianze was a Han Chinese who lived in the Jin dynasty.", "5728661e2ca10214002da2e9": "Shi Tianze was a Han Chinese who lived in the Jin dynasty", "5728661e2ca10214002da2ea": "Interethnic marriage between Han and Jurchen became common at this time.", "5728661e2ca10214002da2eb": "Shi Tianze was a Han Chinese who lived in the Jin dynasty.", "5728661e2ca10214002da2ec": "Jin dynasty. Interethnic marriage between Han and Jurchen became common at this time.", "572867212ca10214002da2f2": "truly recognized Kublai as Great Khan. Civ", "572867212ca10214002da2f3": "the Chinese Song dynasty in southern China.", "572867212ca10214002da2f4": "He died in 1259 without a successor.", "572867212ca10214002da2f5": "Kublai convened a kurultai in Kaiping that elected him Great Khan.", "572867212ca10214002da2f6": "the Chinese era name of Zhongtong.", "572867d72ca10214002da2fc": "Ogedei's grandson Kaidu ref", "572867d72ca10214002da2fd": "Instability troubled the early years of Kublai Khan's reign.", "572867d72ca10214002da2fe": "Wonjong as the ruler of Korea,", "572867d72ca10214002da2ff": "Kublai was also threatened by domestic unrest.", "572867d72ca10214002da300": ".", "572869b84b864d19001649ae": "subjects.", "572869b84b864d19001649b0": ".", "572869b84b864d19001649b2": "rank.", "572869b84b864d19001649b1": "Kublai rejected plans to revive the Confucian imperial examinations and divided Yu", "572869b84b864d19001649af": "the traditional monopolies on salt and iron.", "57286b003acd2414000df9c1": "Kublai readied the move of the Mongol capital from", "57286b003acd2414000df9c2": "Karakorum in Mongolia to Khanbaliq in 1264,", "57286b003acd2414000df9c3": "Kublai readied the move of the Mongol capital from", "57286b003acd2414000df9c4": "Beijing", "57286b003acd2414000df9c5": "Khublai ev", "57286bb84b864d19001649c8": "growth.", "57286bb84b864d19001649c9": "Pa", "57286bb84b864d19001649ca": "Kublai expanded the Grand Canal from southern China to Daidu in the north.", "57286bb84b864d19001649cb": "Kublai expanded the Grand Canal from southern China to Daidu in the north.", "57286bb84b864d19001649cc": "Kublai expanded the Grand Canal from southern China to Daidu in the north.", "57286c8cff5b5019007da218": "the Duke Yansheng Kong Duanyou fled south with the Song Emperor to Quzhou,", "57286c8cff5b5019007da219": "while the newly established Jin dynasty (1115\u20131234) in", "57286c8cff5b5019007da21a": "while the newly established Jin dynasty (1115\u20131234) in", "57286c8cff5b5019007da21b": "Kong Duanyou's brother Kong Duancao", "57286c8cff5b5019007da21c": "Confucius's descendants in Quzhou alone number 30,000.", "57286d4f2ca10214002da328": "He renewed a massive drive against the Song dynasty to the south.", "57286d4f2ca10214002da329": "Kublai besieged Xiangyang between 1268 and 1273,", "57286d4f2ca10214002da32a": "Kublai besieged Xiangyang between 1268 and 1273,", "57286d4f2ca10214002da32b": "He renewed a massive drive against the Song dynasty to the south.", "57286d4f2ca10214002da32c": "The last Song emperor drowned, bringing an end to the Song dynasty.", "57286dfa2ca10214002da332": "Kublai's government faced financial difficulties after 1279.", "57286dfa2ca10214002da333": "Kublai's second invasion of Japan in", "57286dfa2ca10214002da334": ".", "57286dfa2ca10214002da335": "The Tran dynasty which ruled Annam (Dai Viet) c", "57286dfa2ca10214002da336": "The Tran dynasty wh", "57286ead2ca10214002da346": "an,", "57286ead2ca10214002da347": "but he died before Kublai in 1285.", "57286ead2ca10214002da348": "but he died before Kublai in 1285.", "57286ead2ca10214002da349": "Following the conquest of Dali in 1253", "57286ead2ca10214002da34a": "Tem\u00fcr Khan decided to maintain and continue much of the work begun by his grandfather.", "57286f373acd2414000df9db": ".", "57286f373acd2414000df9dc": "elite.", "57286f373acd2414000df9dd": "Li Meng, a Confucian academic.", "57286f373acd2414000df9de": "Chinese culture after the reign of Kublai, to the discontent of some Mongol elite.", "57286f373acd2414000df9df": "ich resulted in the execution of five of the highest-ranking officials.", "57286fa83acd2414000df9e5": "Emperor Gegeen Khan, Ayurbarwada's son", "57286fa83acd2414000df9e6": "Emperor Gegeen Khan,", "57286fa83acd2414000df9e7": "grand chancellor Baiju.", "57286fa83acd2414000df9e8": "the Da Yuan Tong Zhi (Chi", "57286fa83acd2414000df9e9": ".", "5728705c2ca10214002da35a": "When Yes\u00fcn Tem\u00fcr died in Shangdu in 1328,", "5728705c2ca10214002da35b": "the civil war against Ragibagh known as the War of the Two Capitals.", "5728705c2ca10214002da35c": "However, Kusala suddenly died only four days after a banquet with Tugh Tem\u00fcr.", "5728705c2ca10214002da35d": "He was supposedly killed with poison by El Tem\u00fcr, and Tugh Tem\u00fcr the", "5728705c2ca10214002da35e": "Afterwards, Tugh Tem\u00fcr abdicated in favour of his brother Kusala", "5728710c3acd2414000df9ef": "Tugh Tem\u00fcr is known for his cultural contribution instead.", "5728710c3acd2414000df9f0": "Tugh Tem\u00fcr is known for his cultural contribution instead.", "5728710c3acd2414000df9f1": "Tugh Tem\u00fcr is known for his cultural contribution instead.", "5728710c3acd2414000df9f2": "The academy was res", "5728710c3acd2414000df9f3": "Tugh Tem\u00fcr is known for his cultural contribution instead.", "572871bd3acd2414000dfa03": "Af", "572871bd3acd2414000dfa04": ".", "572871bd3acd2414000dfa05": "was summoned back from Guangxi and succeeded to the throne.", "572871bd3acd2414000dfa06": "was summoned back from Guangxi and succeeded to the throne.", "572871bd3acd2414000dfa07": "ich were eventually completed in 1345.", "572872822ca10214002da374": "were marked by struggle, famine, and bitterness among the populace.", "572872822ca10214002da375": "while the Mongols beyond the Middle Kingdom saw them as too Chinese.", "572872822ca10214002da376": "the later Yuan emperors were short and marked by intrigues and rivalries.", "572872822ca10214002da377": "Outlaws ravaged the country without interference from the weakening Yuan armies.", "572872822ca10214002da378": "the later Yuan emperors were short and marked by intrigues and rivalries.", "57287338ff5b5019007da232": "Fro", "57287338ff5b5019007da233": "In 1351, the Red Turban Rebellion started and grew into a nationwide uprising.", "57287338ff5b5019007da234": "Toghun Tem\u00fcr suddenly dismissed him for fear of betrayal.", "57287338ff5b5019007da235": "He had", "57287338ff5b5019007da236": "Yingchang was seized by the Ming shortly after his death.", "572878942ca10214002da3a2": "A rich cultural diversity developed during the Yuan dynasty.", "572878942ca10214002da3a3": "popularized during the Yuan dynasty.", "572878942ca10214002da3a4": "encouraged this development.", "572878942ca10214002da3a5": "popularized during the Yuan dynasty.", "572879574b864d1900164a14": "court, probably in the hope of maintaining order over Han society.", "572879574b864d1900164a15": "court, probably in the hope of maintaining order over Han society.", "572879574b864d1900164a16": ".", "572879574b864d1900164a17": ".", "572879574b864d1900164a18": "Advances were realized in the fields of travel literature", "57287b4a4b864d1900164a28": "The first recorded travels by Europeans to China and back date from this time.", "57287b4a4b864d1900164a29": ".", "57287b4a4b864d1900164a2a": "English as the Travels of Marco Polo), appeared about the year 1299.", "57287b4a4b864d1900164a2b": "The most famous traveler of the period was the Venetian Marco Polo,", "57287b4a4b864d1900164a2c": "oot binding by the women in capital of the Great Khan.", "57287c142ca10214002da3d0": "Kublai Khan's top engineers and scientists was the astronomer Guo Shoujing,", "57287c142ca10214002da3d1": "reform", "57287c142ca10214002da3d2": "empire.", "57287c142ca10214002da3d3": "During the Yuan period", "57287c142ca10214002da3d4": "Contacts with the West also brought the introduction", "57287ccb2ca10214002da3da": "Chinese people ruled all of China.", "57287ccb2ca10214002da3db": "wh", "57287ccb2ca10214002da3dc": "the Yuan dynasty as a legitimate dynasty of China, but", "57287ccb2ca10214002da3dd": "the Yuan dynasty as a legitimate dynasty of China, but", "57287ccb2ca10214002da3de": "China, but rather as a period of foreign domination.", "57287d4a2ca10214002da3e4": "Th", "57287d4a2ca10214002da3e5": "Th", "57287d4a2ca10214002da3e6": "Chinese advisers such as Liu Bingzhong and Yao Shu gave str", "57287d4a2ca10214002da3e7": ".", "57287d4a2ca10214002da3e8": "Th", "57287ddf3acd2414000dfa3f": "resided in the Privy Council.", "57287ddf3acd2414000dfa40": "which had been introduced since the Sui and Tang dynasties)", "57287ddf3acd2414000dfa41": "who had separate courts of justice.", "57287ddf3acd2414000dfa42": "the real military authority in Yuan times resided in the Privy Council.", "57287e512ca10214002da3f8": ".", "57287e512ca10214002da3f9": "Since its invention in 1269, the 'Phags-pa script", "57287e512ca10214002da3fa": "Most of the Emperors could not master written Chinese", "57287e512ca10214002da3fb": "mother was a Tangut concubine.", "57287e512ca10214002da3fc": "g)", "57287ee3ff5b5019007da274": "costs of equipping and dispatching men for their tours of duty.", "57287ee3ff5b5019007da275": "Kublai wished to persuade the Chinese that", "57287ee3ff5b5019007da276": "The average Mongol garrison family of the Yuan dynasty seems", "57287f6a3acd2414000dfa51": "In the China of the Yuan,", "57287f6a3acd2414000dfa52": "many of the artists practicing these different pursuits we", "57287f6a3acd2414000dfa53": "poets.", "57287f6a3acd2414000dfa54": "In", "57287f6a3acd2414000dfa55": "show was the incorporation of poetry both classical and of the newer qu form. One", "57287fec4b864d1900164a3c": "However, unlike the western khanates, the Yuan dynasty never converted to Islam.", "57287fec4b864d1900164a3d": "He and his successors kept a Sakya Imperial Preceptor (Dishi) at court.", "57287fec4b864d1900164a3e": "As a result, Tibetan Buddhism was established as the de facto state religion.", "57287fec4b864d1900164a3f": "throughout the empire.", "57287fec4b864d1900164a40": "Since Kublai Khan only esteemed the Sakya sect of Tibetan Buddhism,", "5728804b4b864d1900164a46": "matrices.", "5728804b4b864d1900164a47": "The mathematician Zhu Shijie (", "5728804b4b864d1900164a48": "The mathematician Zhu Shijie (", "5728804b4b864d1900164a49": "Advances in polynomial algebra were made by mathematicians during the Yuan era.", "5728804b4b864d1900164a4a": "His method is described in the Jade Mirror of the Four Unknowns", "5728809f2ca10214002da40c": "Guo Shoujing applied mathematics to the construction of calendars.", "5728809f2ca10214002da40d": "Gou derived a cubic interpolation formula for his astronomical calculations.", "5728809f2ca10214002da40e": "Gou derived a cubic interpolation formula for his astronomical calculations.", "5728809f2ca10214002da40f": "Gou derived a cubic interpolation formula for his astronomical calculations.", "5728809f2ca10214002da410": "as the official calendar of the Yuan dynasty.", "572881022ca10214002da416": "shamans.", "572881022ca10214002da417": "otachi and traditional Mongol shamans.", "572881022ca10214002da418": ".", "572881022ca10214002da419": "Kub", "572881022ca10214002da41a": ".", "572881704b864d1900164a50": "medicine.", "572881704b864d1900164a51": "but advocated different theoretical approaches toward medicine.", "572881704b864d1900164a52": "Chinese medicine spread to other parts of the empire.", "572881704b864d1900164a53": "Chi", "572881704b864d1900164a54": ".", "572881d34b864d1900164a5a": "where it was sometimes labeled as huihui or Muslim medicine.", "572881d34b864d1900164a5b": "The Nestorian physician Jesus the Interpreter founded the Office of Western Medicine in", "572881d34b864d1900164a5c": "The Nestorian physician Jesus the Interpreter founded the Office of Western Medicine in", "572881d34b864d1900164a5d": "Chinese physicians opposed Western medi", "572881d34b864d1900164a5e": "Chinese physicians opposed Western medicine bec", "572882242ca10214002da420": "was transferred to the Mongols through Kingdom of Qocho and Tibetan intermediaries.", "572882242ca10214002da421": "Wang Zhen's Nong Shu we", "572882242ca10214002da422": "Wang Zhen's Nong Shu were printed with earthenware movable type", "572882242ca10214002da423": "\u00d6gedei's wife, is one of the first printed works sponsored by the Mongols.", "572882242ca10214002da424": "In 1273, the Mongols created the Imperial Library Directorate", "5728827b2ca10214002da42a": "the paper money of the Yuan.", "5728827b2ca10214002da42b": "Chao were made from the bark of mulberry trees.", "5728827b2ca10214002da42c": "1275.", "5728827b2ca10214002da42d": "in 1275.", "5728827b2ca10214002da42e": "The Il-khanate government issued paper money in 1294, but", "572883153acd2414000dfa6f": "the traditional Chinese autocratic-bureaucratic system.", "572883153acd2414000dfa70": "the traditional Chinese autocratic-bureaucratic system.", "572883153acd2414000dfa71": "the Mongols and the Semuren (various allied groups from Central Asia and", "572883153acd2414000dfa72": "The unequal treatment is possibly due", "572883153acd2414000dfa73": "compared with the possibility that Persians did so in the Ilkhanate", "572883a33acd2414000dfa79": "At the same time the Mongols imported Central Asian Muslims to serve as administrators in China", "572883a33acd2414000dfa7a": "using foreigners to curtail the power of the local peoples of both lands.", "572883a33acd2414000dfa7b": "Han Chinese we", "572883a33acd2414000dfa7c": "lands.", "572883a33acd2414000dfa7d": "The", "57288428ff5b5019007da28e": "Despite the high position given to Muslims", "57288428ff5b5019007da28f": "the Mongol way.", "57288428ff5b5019007da290": "The Ming founder Zhu Yuanzhang had Muslim generals like Lan Yu wh", "57288428ff5b5019007da291": "Some Muslim communities had a Chinese surname wh", "57288428ff5b5019007da292": "but", "5728848cff5b5019007da298": "was", "5728848cff5b5019007da299": "treated.", "5728848cff5b5019007da29a": ".", "5728848cff5b5019007da29b": "treated.", "572885023acd2414000dfa83": ".", "572885023acd2414000dfa84": ".", "572885023acd2414000dfa85": "Southern Chinese were ranked lower bec", "572885023acd2414000dfa86": "The Northern Chinese were ranked higher and", "572885023acd2414000dfa87": "ranked.", "5728855d3acd2414000dfa8d": ".", "5728855d3acd2414000dfa8e": "the Uighur King of Qocho was ranked higher than the Karluk Kara-Khanid ruler,", "5728855d3acd2414000dfa8f": "who in turn was ranked higher than the Korean King, who was ranked last", "5728855d3acd2414000dfa90": "When the Mongols placed the Uighurs of the Kingdom of Qocho", "572885c44b864d1900164a78": "Hebei", "572885c44b864d1900164a79": "The Central Region", "572885c44b864d1900164a7a": "the Central Secretariat (or Zhongshu Sheng) at Khanbaliq (modern Beijing)", "572885c44b864d1900164a7b": "ole of modern-day Tibet and a part of Sichuan, Qinghai and Kashmir.", "572885c44b864d1900164a7c": "the Central Secretariat (or Zhongshu Sheng) at Khanbaliq (modern Beijing)", "5728dab94b864d1900164f96": "Its capital and largest city is Nairobi.", "5728dab94b864d1900164f97": "a founding member of the East African Community (EAC).", "5728dab94b864d1900164f98": "Its capital and largest city is Nairobi.", "5728dab94b864d1900164f99": "Ocean.", "5728dab94b864d1900164f9a": "2014.", "5728de0e2ca10214002da9dc": "Kenya has a warm and humid tropical climate on its Indian Ocean coastline.", "5728de0e2ca10214002da9dd": "The", "5728de0e2ca10214002da9de": "which has snow permanently on its peaks.", "5728de0e2ca10214002da9df": "The", "5728de0e2ca10214002da9e0": "Kenya is", "5728ef8d2ca10214002daac2": "has been inhabited by humans since the Lower Paleolithic period.", "5728ef8d2ca10214002daac3": "the Bantu expansion had reached the area from West-Central Africa.", "5728ef8d2ca10214002daac4": "97% of the nation's residents.", "5728ef8d2ca10214002daac5": "European exploration of the interior began in the 19th century.", "5728ef8d2ca10214002daac6": "Kenya obtained independence in December 1963.", "5728f5376aef0514001548c4": "The Republic of Kenya is named after Mount Kenya.", "5728f5376aef0514001548c5": "which mean \"God's resting place\" in all three languages.", "5728f5376aef0514001548c6": "which mean \"God's resting place\" in all three languages.", "5728f9342ca10214002dab52": "Kenia and Kegnia believed by most to be a corruption of the Kamba version.", "5728f9342ca10214002dab53": ".", "5728f9342ca10214002dab54": "Mt. Kenya as Mt. Kenia, 1862.", "5728f9342ca10214002dab55": "indicated Mt. Kenya as Mt. Kenia, 1862.", "5728f9cf4b864d1900165166": ".", "5728f9cf4b864d1900165167": ".", "5728f9cf4b864d1900165168": ".", "5728f9cf4b864d1900165169": "The annual animal migration occurs between Jun", "5728f9cf4b864d190016516a": "in a constant clockwise fashion, searching for food and water supplies.", "5728fa576aef051400154920": "that primates roamed the area more than 20 million years ago.", "5728fa576aef051400154921": "ancestors of modern Homo sapiens, and lived in Kenya in the Pleistocene epoch.", "5728fa576aef051400154922": "paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey assisted by Kamoya Kimeu discovered the Turkana Boy", "5728fa576aef051400154923": "paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey assisted by Kamoya Kimeu discovered the Turkana Boy", "5728fa576aef051400154924": ".", "5728fd9b3f37b31900477f3b": "The Swahili built Mombasa", "5728fd9b3f37b31900477f3c": ".", "5728fd9b3f37b31900477f3d": "ich", "5728fea1af94a219006a9ef5": "Throughout the centuries, the Kenyan Coast has played host to many merchants and explorers.", "5728fea1af94a219006a9ef6": ".", "5728fea1af94a219006a9ef7": "Among the cities that line the Kenyan coast is the City of Malindi.", "5729024f1d04691400778f5f": "At the outbreak of World War I in August 1914,", "5729024f1d04691400778f60": "young colonies out", "5729024f1d04691400778f61": "Lt Col Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck took command of the German military forces,", "5729024f1d04691400778f62": "undefeated.", "5729024f1d04691400778f63": ".", "572903d96aef0514001549a4": "most of whom had no land claims in European terms and lived as itinerant farmers.", "572903d96aef0514001549a5": "most of whom had no land claims in European terms and lived as itinerant farmers.", "572903d96aef0514001549a6": "To protect their interests,", "572903d96aef0514001549a7": "There were 80,000 white settlers living in Kenya in the 1950s.", "5729046aaf94a219006a9f4d": ".", "5729046aaf94a219006a9f4e": "During this period, substantial governmental changes to land tenure occurred.", "5729046aaf94a219006a9f4f": "Operation Anvil opened on 24 April 1954,", "5729046aaf94a219006a9f50": "Mau Mau.", "5729046aaf94a219006a9f51": "During this period, substantial governmental changes to land tenure occurred.", "572906e23f37b31900477f8d": "The first direct elections for native Kenyans to the Legislative Council took place in 1957.", "572906e23f37b31900477f8e": "that formed a government.", "572906e23f37b31900477f8f": ".", "572906e23f37b31900477f90": "Kenya became an independent country under the Kenya Independence Act 1963 of the United Kingdom.", "572906e23f37b31900477f91": "Kenya became a republic under the name \"Republic of Kenya\".", "572909406aef0514001549dc": "The election held in 1988 saw the advent of the mlolongo (queuing) system", "572909406aef0514001549dd": ".", "572909406aef0514001549de": "In democratic, multiparty elections in 1992 and 1997", "572909ebaf94a219006a9fc5": "Kenya is a presidential representative democratic republic.", "572909ebaf94a219006a9fc6": "The President is both the head of state and head of government,", "572909ebaf94a219006a9fc7": "Executive power is exercised by the government.", "572909ebaf94a219006a9fc8": "The Judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature.", "572909ebaf94a219006a9fc9": "power is exercised by the government.", "57290b21af94a219006a9fcf": "Kenya ranks low on Transparency International's Corruption Perception Index (CPI)", "57290b21af94a219006a9fd0": "27/100.", "57290b21af94a219006a9fd1": "In 2012, the nation placed 139th", "57290b21af94a219006a9fd2": ".", "57290d811d04691400778fcf": "the Orange Democratic Movement (ODM).", "57290d811d04691400778fd0": "against the main opposition party, the Orange Democratic Movement (ODM).", "57290d811d04691400778fd1": "Th", "57290d811d04691400778fd2": "the \"people's president\" and calling for a recount.", "57290e153f37b31900477fd9": "Since the election riots", "57290e153f37b31900477fda": "For example, the Truth, Justice and Reconciliation Commission initiated community dialogues", "57290e153f37b31900477fdb": "Kenya started peace meetings and the Kenya National Dialogue and Reconciliation process was started.", "57290e153f37b31900477fdc": "Sin", "57290ee2af94a219006a9fff": "ich Odinga would become Kenya's second Prime Minister.", "57290ee2af94a219006aa000": "Odinga would become Kenya's second Prime Minister.", "57290ee2af94a219006aa001": "Under the deal, the president would appoint cabinet ministers from both P", "57290ee2af94a219006aa002": "Under the deal, the president would appoint cabinet ministers", "57290ee2af94a219006aa003": "before then.", "57290f963f37b31900477feb": "The new office of the PM will have power and", "57290f963f37b31900477fec": "Jakaya Kikwete as they brought together the former rivals to the signing ceremony,", "57290f963f37b31900477fed": "beamed live on national TV from the steps of Nairobi's Harambee House.", "57290f963f37b31900477fee": "began working on the finer details of the power-sharing agreement.", "57290f963f37b31900477fef": "in which the two political parties would share power equally", "572913626aef051400154a30": "A constitutional change was considered that", "572913626aef051400154a31": "A constitutional change was considered that would eliminate the position of Prime Minister", "572913626aef051400154a32": "the new constitution passed by a wide margin.", "572913626aef051400154a33": "the new constitution passed by a wide margin.", "572913626aef051400154a34": "new constitution heralding the Second Republic came into force.", "572914441d04691400779025": "ich supporters of the law suggested was necessary to guard against armed groups.", "572914441d04691400779026": "it infringed on democratic freedoms.", "572914441d04691400779027": "Western countries criticised the security bill,", "572914441d04691400779028": "criticised the security bill, arguing that it infringed on democratic freedoms.", "572914441d04691400779029": "about the law's potential impact.", "572914f46aef051400154a46": "President Kenyatta and Deputy President William Ruto related to the 2007 election aftermath,", "572914f46aef051400154a47": "chose not to visit the country during his mid-2013 African trip.", "572914f46aef051400154a48": "Later in the summer, Kenyatta visited China at the invitation of President Xi Jinping", "572914f46aef051400154a49": "Barack Obama chose not to visit the country during his mid-2013 African trip.", "572915621d0469140077902f": "The armed forces are regularly deployed in peacekeeping missions around the world.", "572915621d04691400779030": "Further, in the aftermath of the national elections of December 2007 and", "572915621d04691400779031": "2007", "572915e43f37b31900478005": "have been tainted by corruption allegations.", "572915e43f37b31900478006": "the corruption has been less in public view,", "572915e43f37b31900478007": "were made with regard to recruitment and procurement of Armoured Personnel Carriers.", "572915e43f37b31900478008": "Further, the wisdom and prudence of certain decisions of procurement have", "572916f16aef051400154a56": "Human Development Index (HDI) of 0.519, ranked 145 out of 186 in the world.", "572916f16aef051400154a57": "Although Kenya is the biggest and most advanced economy in east and central Africa,", "572916f16aef051400154a58": "As of 2005, 17.7% of Kenyans lived on less than $1.25 a day.", "572916f16aef051400154a59": "Kenya is", "572917743f37b3190047800d": "boosted by rapid expansion in telecommunication and financial activity over the last decade", "572917743f37b3190047800f": "that have not attained food security \u2013 an important catalyst of economic growth", "572917743f37b31900478010": "aid.", "572917743f37b3190047800e": "75% of the labour force (", "572917ff6aef051400154a5e": "is dominated by tourism.", "572917ff6aef051400154a5f": "which contributes 61% of GDP, is dominated by tourism.", "572917ff6aef051400154a60": "The tourism sector has exhibited steady growth in most years since independence", "572917ff6aef051400154a62": "Kenya's services sector, which contributes 61% of GDP, is dominated by touri", "572917ff6aef051400154a61": "Tourists, the largest number being from Germany and the United Kingdom,", "572918bd3f37b31900478016": "In 2005 agriculture, including forestry and fishing, accounted for 24% of GDP,", "572918bd3f37b31900478017": "The principal cash crops are tea, horticultural produce, and coffee.", "572918bd3f37b31900478015": "Kenya's gross domestic product (GDP), after the service sector.", "572918bd3f37b31900478018": "as corn is subject to sharp weather-related fluctuations.", "57291a7b1d0469140077903f": ".", "57291a7b1d04691400779040": "grow new pigeon pea varieties, instead of maize, in particularly dry areas.", "57291a7b1d04691400779041": "Successive projects encouraged the commercialisation of legumes,", "57291a7b1d04691400779042": "by 20\u201325% in Nairobi and Mombasa.", "57291a7b1d04691400779043": "by 20\u201325% in Nairobi and Mombasa.", "57291b461d04691400779049": "one of the most successful agricultural production regions in Africa.", "57291b461d0469140077904a": "wheat are grown in the fertile highlands,", "57291b461d0469140077904b": "aid.", "57291b461d0469140077904c": "(53% of the population lives below the poverty line)", "57291b461d0469140077904d": "prompting the Kenyans for Kenya initiative by the Red Cross.", "57291beb1d04691400779053": "Although Kenya is", "57291beb1d04691400779054": "manufacturing still accounts for only 14% of the GDP.", "57291beb1d04691400779055": "Industrial activity, concentrated around the three largest urban centres,", "57291beb1d04691400779056": "In addition, a substantial and expanding informal sector com", "57291d9e3f37b31900478035": "has given a boost to manufacturing in recent years.", "57291d9e3f37b31900478036": "Since AGOA took effect in 2000,", "57291dfaaf94a219006aa09b": "The largest share of Kenya's", "57291dfaaf94a219006aa09c": "The largest share of Kenya's electricity supply comes from hydroelectric stations", "57291dfaaf94a219006aa09d": "The state-owned Kenya Electricity Generating Company (KenGen)", "57291f153f37b31900478043": "Kenya has proven deposits of oil in Turkana and", "57291f153f37b31900478044": "Tullow Oil estimates Kenya's oil reserves to be around 10 billion barrels.", "57291f153f37b31900478045": "Exploration is still continuing to determine if there are more reserves.", "57291f153f37b31900478046": "Petroleum accounts for 20% to 25% of the national import bill.", "57291fb4af94a219006aa0b1": "China has been causing environmental and social problems that", "57291fb4af94a219006aa0b2": "China has", "57291fb4af94a219006aa0b3": "project.", "57291fb4af94a219006aa0b4": "The first shipment was expected to earn Kenya ab", "57291fb4af94a219006aa0b5": "the recent suspension of the railway project.", "57292046af94a219006aa0bb": "In 2007, the Kenyan government unveiled Vision 2030", "57292046af94a219006aa0bc": "In 2007, the Kenyan government unveiled Vision 2030", "57292046af94a219006aa0bd": "it launched a National Climate Change Action Plan,", "57292046af94a219006aa0be": "In 2007, the Kenyan government unveiled Vision 2030", "57292046af94a219006aa0bf": "This will create a direct and robust delivery fr", "572920d73f37b31900478055": "Most working children are active in agriculture.", "572920d73f37b31900478056": "In 2006, UNICEF estimated that up to 30% of girls in the coastal areas of", "572920d73f37b31900478057": "Most of the prostitutes in Kenya are aged 9\u201318.", "572920d73f37b31900478058": "The causes of child labour include poverty, the", "572921646aef051400154a78": "Sheng is a Swahili-based cant spoken in some urban areas.", "572921646aef051400154a79": "The two official languages, English and Swahili,", "572921646aef051400154a7a": "English is widely spoken in commerce, schooling and government.", "572921646aef051400154a7b": "British English is primarily used in the country.", "572922206aef051400154a8a": "Rite.", "572922206aef051400154a8b": "The vast majority of Kenyans are Christian (83%),", "572922206aef051400154a8c": ".", "572922206aef051400154a8d": "The only Jewish synagogue in the country is located in the capital, Nairobi.", "57292449af94a219006aa0dd": "are Sunni.", "57292449af94a219006aa0de": "Sixty percent of the Muslim population lives in Kenya's Coastal Region", "57292449af94a219006aa0df": "where they constitute the majority religious group.", "57292449af94a219006aa0e0": "In addition, there is a large Hindu population in Kenya (around 300,000),", "572924b53f37b31900478067": "Nurses treat 80%", "572924b53f37b31900478068": "r", "572924b53f37b31900478069": "in 2011 there were 65,000 qualified nurses registered in the country;", "572924b53f37b3190047806a": "in 2011 there were 65,000 qualified nurses registered in the country;", "572925491d046914007790c3": "Half of Kenyans live below the poverty level.", "572925491d046914007790c4": "Half of Kenyans live below the poverty level.", "572925491d046914007790c5": "the biggest burden, major child-killers, and responsible for much morbidity", "572925491d046914007790c6": "are largely to blame.", "572925491d046914007790c7": "Kenya had an estimated 15 million cases of malaria in 2006.", "572925a81d046914007790cd": "Kenya's first system of education was introduced by British colonists.", "572925a81d046914007790ce": "The commission focused on identity and unity, which were critical issues at the time.", "572925a81d046914007790cf": "an authority named the Ominde Commission", "572925a81d046914007790d0": "that would reflect the nation's sovereignty.", "572925a81d046914007790d1": "Between 1964 and 1985, the", "572926086aef051400154ac2": "In 1981", "572926086aef051400154ac3": "The committee recommended that the 7\u20134\u20132\u20133 system be changed to an 8", "572926086aef051400154ac4": "education).", "572926086aef051400154ac5": "the last batch of students from the former system graduated from Kenyan Universities in 1992.", "572926653f37b31900478079": "The current 8\u20134\u20134 system was launched in January 1985.", "572926653f37b3190047807a": "It put more emphasis on vocational subjects on the assumption that", "572926653f37b3190047807b": "It put more emphasis on vocational subjects on the assumption that", "572926653f37b3190047807c": "As a result, primary school enrolment increased by about 70%.", "572926653f37b3190047807d": "As a result, primary school enrolment increased by about 70%.", "572926d23f37b31900478083": "Basic formal education starts at age six years", "572926d23f37b31900478084": ".", "572926d23f37b31900478085": "years.", "572926d23f37b31900478086": "Tho", "5729276c1d046914007790d7": "The country's literacy level stands at 85% of the whole population.", "5729276c1d046914007790d8": "Preschool, which targets children from age three to five,", "5729276c1d046914007790d9": ".", "5729276c1d046914007790da": "which determines those who proceed to secondary school or vocational training.", "5729276c1d046914007790db": "at the end of Form Four \u2013 the Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (KCSE), wh", "572927d06aef051400154ade": "National and Public Library Services led by the Kenya National Library Service (KNLS).", "572927d06aef051400154adf": ".", "572927d06aef051400154ae0": "A public library is seen as a peoples university since it", "572927d06aef051400154ae1": "A public library is seen as a peoples university sin", "5729281baf94a219006aa11f": "Kenya is active in several sports", "5729281baf94a219006aa120": "The", "5729281baf94a219006aa121": "Kenyan athletes (particularly Kalenjin) continue to dominate the world of distance running", "5729281baf94a219006aa122": "The country is", "572928bf6aef051400154af0": "Kenya won several medals during the Beijing Olympics", "572928bf6aef051400154af1": "Kenya won several medals during the Beijing Olympics", "572928bf6aef051400154af2": "New athletes gained attention, such as Pamela Jelimo", "572928bf6aef051400154af3": "Lately, there has been controversy in Kenyan athletics circles, with", "572928bf6aef051400154af4": "Most of these defections occur because of economic or financial factors.", "5729293d3f37b3190047809f": "Kenya has been a dominant force in women's volleyball within Africa,", "5729293d3f37b319004780a0": "Cricket is another popular and the most successful team sport.", "5729293d3f37b319004780a1": "some of the World's best teams and reached semi-finals of the 2003 tournament.", "5729293d3f37b319004780a2": "Their current captain is Rakep Patel.", "5729293d3f37b319004780a3": "ich was lifted in March 2007.", "57292994af94a219006aa131": "Kenya is home to the world famous Safari Rally,", "57292994af94a219006aa132": ".", "57292994af94a219006aa133": "Some of the best rally drivers in the world have taken part in and won the rally,", "572929d56aef051400154b0a": "\").", "572929d56aef051400154b0b": "kumi).", "572929d56aef051400154b0c": ".", "572929d56aef051400154b0d": "generally eaten by much of the population for lunch or supper.", "57293b843f37b31900478133": "The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)", "57293b843f37b31900478134": "The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change", "57293b843f37b31900478135": "interference with the climate system\".", "57293b843f37b31900478136": "ich is the main international treaty on climate change.", "57293b843f37b31900478137": "Membership of the IPCC is open to all members of the WMO and UNEP.", "57293bc91d0469140077919b": "following the election of the new IPCC Bureau.", "57293bc91d0469140077919c": "Hoesung Lee is the chair of the IPCC", "57293bc91d0469140077919d": "Before this election, the IPCC was led by his vice-Chair Ismail El Gizouli,", "57293bc91d0469140077919e": "Before this election, the IPCC was led by his vice-Chair Ismail El Gizouli,", "57293bc91d0469140077919f": "Before this election, the IPCC was led by his vice-Chair Ismail El Gizouli,", "57293c246aef051400154bb8": "The IPCC Panel is composed of representatives appointed by governments and organizations.", "57293c246aef051400154bb9": "at the 2003 meeting included 350 government officials and climate change experts.", "57293c246aef051400154bba": "The meeting report states there were 322 persons in attendance at Sessions", "57293c246aef051400154bbb": "held at the level of government representatives.", "57293ca73f37b3190047815b": "The IPCC receives funding through the IPCC Trust Fund", "57293ca73f37b3190047815c": "The IPCC receives funding through the IPCC Trust Fund", "57293ca73f37b3190047815e": "cost of the Depute Secretary.", "57293ca73f37b3190047815f": "The organisation is required to comply with the Financial Regulations and Rules of the WMO.", "57293ca73f37b3190047815d": "Secretary.", "57293d116aef051400154bc8": "The IPCC does not carry out research nor does it monitor climate related data.", "57293d116aef051400154bc9": "The IPCC does not carry out research nor does it monitor climate related data.", "57293d116aef051400154bca": "Authors may refer to non-peer-reviewed sources (the \"grey literature\"),", "57293d116aef051400154bcb": "The IPCC does not carry out research nor does it monitor climate related data.", "57293d6d1d046914007791b7": "Each chapter has a number of authors wh", "57293d6d1d046914007791b8": "Each chapter has a number of authors wh", "57293d6d1d046914007791b9": "Each chapter has a number of authors wh", "57293d6d1d046914007791ba": "who are responsible for writing and editing the material.", "57293d6d1d046914007791bb": "The coordinating lead authors are", "57293e221d046914007791d5": ".", "57293e221d046914007791d6": ".", "57293e221d046914007791d7": "The unequivocal detection of the enhanced greenhouse effect is", "57293e221d046914007791d8": "surface.", "57293e221d046914007791d9": "They judge that global mean surface air temperature has", "57293e983f37b3190047818b": "The", "57293e983f37b3190047818c": "national science academies issued a joint statement on climate change.", "57293e983f37b3190047818d": "The", "57293e983f37b3190047818e": "1990 levels by 2100\".", "57293e983f37b3190047818f": "\".", "57293f353f37b3190047819b": "IPCC author Richard Lindzen has made a number of criticisms of the TAR.", "57293f353f37b3190047819c": "does not faithfully summarize the full WGI report.", "57293f353f37b3190047819d": "has responded to Lindzen's criticisms of the SPM.", "57293f353f37b3190047819e": "John Houghton, who was a co-chair of TAR WGI,", "57293f353f37b3190047819f": "that any changes to the SPM must be supported by scientific evidence.", "57293f8a6aef051400154bde": "the IPCC is publishing Special Reports on specific topics.", "57293f8a6aef051400154bdf": "the Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation (SRREN) and", "57293f8a6aef051400154be0": "Bot", "57293f8a6aef051400154be1": "In the year 2011 two IPCC Special Report were finalized,", "572940246aef051400154bec": "required under the UNFCCC.", "572940246aef051400154bed": "so on.", "572940246aef051400154bee": "so on.", "572940246aef051400154bef": "The IPCC", "572940973f37b319004781a5": "The IPCC has since acknowledged that", "572940973f37b319004781a6": "The IPCC", "572940973f37b319004781a7": "which has misquoted its own source", "572940973f37b319004781a8": "The date of 2035 has", "572941273f37b319004781ad": "The IPCC needs to look at this trend in the errors and ask why it happened\".", "572941273f37b319004781ae": "the direction of making it seem like climate change is more serious by overstating the impact.", "572941273f37b319004781af": "The IPCC needs to look at this trend in the errors and ask why it happened\".", "572941273f37b319004781b0": "That is worrying.", "572941273f37b319004781b1": "the IPCC had investigated the other alleged mistakes, wh", "57294209af94a219006aa201": "The", "57294209af94a219006aa202": "on a 1999 paper", "57294209af94a219006aa203": "which has been referred to as the \"hockey stick graph\".", "57294209af94a219006aa204": "Michael E. Mann, Raymond S. Bradley and Malcolm K. Hughes (MBH99)", "57294279af94a219006aa209": ".", "57294279af94a219006aa20a": "Fred Singer's Science and Environmental Policy Project", "57294279af94a219006aa20b": "people\". The data and", "57294279af94a219006aa20c": "2000.", "57294279af94a219006aa20d": "2000.", "572943ab1d04691400779219": "Joe Barton, chairman of the House Committee on Energy and Commerce w", "572943ab1d0469140077921a": "Ed Whitfield,", "572943ab1d0469140077921b": "demanding full records on climate research", "572943ab1d0469140077921c": "Sherwood Boehlert, chairman of the House Science Committee,", "572943ab1d0469140077921d": "Sherwood Boehlert, chairman of the House Science Committee", "572944e03f37b319004781e2": "The IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (AR4)", "572944e03f37b319004781e1": "The IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) published in", "572944e03f37b319004781e4": "Ten of these 14 reconstructions covered 1,000 years or longer. Mo", "572944e03f37b319004781e5": "The section discussed the divergence problem affecting certain tree ring data.", "572944e03f37b319004781e3": "Crowley & Lowery 2000 (as cited in the TAR) and Osborn & Briffa 2006.", "572945b11d0469140077922f": ".", "572945b11d04691400779230": ".", "572945b11d04691400779231": ".", "572945b11d04691400779232": ".", "572949306aef051400154c68": "have actually understated them is a study on projected rises in sea levels.", "572949306aef051400154c69": "the researchers found that in 210", "572949306aef051400154c6a": "1990 levels.", "572949306aef051400154c6b": "published in 2001\".", "57294baaaf94a219006aa26b": "reports.", "57294baaaf94a219006aa26c": ".", "57294baaaf94a219006aa26d": "It has become more important to provide a broader exploration of uncertainties.", "57294e6b1d04691400779275": "In case of the Ozone depletion global regulation based on the Montreal Protocol has", "57294e6b1d04691400779276": "the Kyoto Protocol failed.", "57294e6b1d04691400779277": "The lockstep situation of the IPCC is having built a broad science consensus wh", "5729506d6aef051400154cac": "According to Sheldon Ungar's comparison with global warming", "5729506d6aef051400154cad": "In case of the IPCC conclusions and the failure of the Kyoto Protocol,", "5729506d6aef051400154cae": "The stepwise mitigation of the ozone layer challenge", "5729506d6aef051400154caf": "the Stern Review or", "5729517d6aef051400154cc8": "Since the IPCC do", "5729517d6aef051400154cc9": "between this deadline and publication of an IPCC report cannot be included.", "5729517d6aef051400154cca": "which is widely regarded as the ultimate authority on the science.", "572951f16aef051400154cce": "Nature calling for changes to the IPCC.", "572951f16aef051400154ccf": "changes to the IPCC.", "572951f16aef051400154cd0": "In", "572951f16aef051400154cd1": "They suggested a range of new organizational options, from", "572953013f37b3190047824d": "while freeing oxygen from water.", "572953013f37b3190047824e": "ATP and NADPH while freeing oxygen from water.", "572953013f37b3190047824f": "while freeing oxygen from water.", "572953013f37b31900478250": "while freeing oxygen from water.", "572953013f37b31900478251": "The number of chloroplasts per cell varies from 1 in algae up", "5729544c3f37b31900478257": "in two to reproduce.", "5729544c3f37b31900478258": "Their behavior is strongly influenced by environmental factors", "5729544c3f37b31900478259": "Chloroplasts, like mitochondria, contain their own DNA", "5729544c3f37b3190047825a": "that was engulfed by an early eukaryotic cell.", "5729544c3f37b3190047825b": ".", "572956c86aef051400154d1a": "Chloroplasts are one of many types of organelles in the plant cell.", "572956c86aef051400154d1b": "This origin of chloroplasts was first suggested by the Russian biologist Kons", "572956c86aef051400154d1c": "that chloroplasts closely resemble cyanobacteria.", "572956c86aef051400154d1d": "Chloroplasts are only found in plants and algae.", "572956c86aef051400154d1e": "Chloroplasts are only found in plants and algae.", "572957361d046914007792cf": "Cyanobacteria are considered the ancestors of chloroplasts.", "572957361d046914007792d0": "Cyanobacteria are considered the ancestors of chloroplasts.", "572957361d046914007792d2": "gram-negative, meaning that they have two cell membranes.", "572957361d046914007792d3": "Like chloroplasts, they have thylakoids within.", "572957361d046914007792d1": "They are sometimes called blue-green algae even though they are prokaryotes.", "572957ad1d046914007792d9": "the phagocytic vacuole it was contained in.", "572957ad1d046914007792da": "Somewhere around a billion years ago", "572957ad1d046914007792db": "The two innermost lipid-bilayer membranes that", "572957ad1d046914007792dc": "The two innermost lipid-bilayer membranes that", "572957ad1d046914007792dd": "Over time, the cyanobacterium was assimilated, and", "5729582b1d046914007792e3": "chloroplast).", "5729582b1d046914007792e4": "These chloroplasts", "5729582b1d046914007792e5": "almost the same thing as chloroplast).", "5729582b1d046914007792e6": "almost the same thing as chloroplast).", "5729582b1d046914007792e7": "the green chloroplast lineage is the one that contains the land plants.", "572958cc6aef051400154d2a": "The alga Cyanophora", "572958cc6aef051400154d2b": "the first organisms to contain a chloroplast.", "572958cc6aef051400154d2c": "For this reason, glaucophyte chloroplasts are also known as muroplasts.", "572958cc6aef051400154d2d": "Glaucophyte chloroplasts also contain concentric unstacked thylakoids", "572958cc6aef051400154d2e": "in.", "57295a116aef051400154d44": "Rhodoplasts have a double membrane", "57295a116aef051400154d45": "Rhodoplasts", "57295a116aef051400154d46": "red algae their distinctive red color.", "57295a116aef051400154d47": "red algae their distinctive red color.", "57295a116aef051400154d48": "Rhodoplasts synthesize a form of starch called floridean,", "57295b5b1d04691400779315": "they have lost their phycobilisomes, and contain chlorophyll b instead.", "57295b5b1d04691400779316": "due to accessory pigments that override the chlorophylls' green colors.", "57295b5b1d04691400779317": "Chloroplastidan chloroplasts have lo", "57295b5b1d04691400779318": "Some plants seem to have kept the genes for the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer", "57295b5b1d04691400779319": "st their phycobilisomes, and contain chlorophyll b instead.", "572961f61d04691400779359": "While primary chloroplasts have a double membrane", "572961f61d0469140077935a": "While primary chloroplasts have", "572961f61d0469140077935b": "as a result of the secondary endosymbiotic event", "572961f61d0469140077935c": "While", "572961f61d0469140077935d": "The engulfed alga was broken down,", "572962953f37b319004782f5": ".", "572962953f37b319004782f6": "Euglenophytes are a group of common flagellated protists that", "572962953f37b319004782f7": "Euglenophyte chloroplasts", "572962953f37b319004782f8": "Starch is stored in the form of paramylon", "572962953f37b319004782f9": "Euglenophyte chloroplasts have three membranes\u2014", "572963221d04691400779385": "Cryptophytes", "572963221d04691400779386": "Cryptophytes", "572963221d04691400779387": "that of the chlorarachniophytes.", "572963221d04691400779388": "They synthesize ordinary starch", "572963221d04691400779389": ".", "572963876aef051400154dd2": "Apicomplexans are another group of chromalveolates.", "572963876aef051400154dd3": "Apicomplexans are another group of chromalveolates.", "572963876aef051400154dd4": "The apicomplexans include Plasmodium, the malaria parasite.", "572963876aef051400154dd5": "Man", "572963876aef051400154dd6": "Apicomplexans store their energy in amylopectin starch granules that", "5729645b3f37b31900478321": ".", "5729645b3f37b31900478322": "Th", "5729645b3f37b31900478323": "The", "5729645b3f37b31900478324": ".", "5729645b3f37b31900478325": "Apicoplasts have", "572965566aef051400154e00": "The most common dinophyte chloroplast is the peridinin-type chloroplast,", "572965566aef051400154e01": "Peridinin is not found in any other group of chloroplasts.", "572965566aef051400154e02": "The most common dinophyte chloroplast is", "572965566aef051400154e03": "The most common dinophyte chloroplast is the peridinin-type chloroplast,", "572965e73f37b3190047832b": "The fucoxanthin dinophyte lineages (including Karlodinium and Karenia)", "572965e73f37b3190047832c": "The fucoxanthin dinophyte lineages (including Karlodinium and Karenia)", "572965e73f37b3190047832d": ".", "572965e73f37b3190047832e": ".", "572966626aef051400154e13": "ones.", "572966626aef051400154e14": "Dinophysis have a phycobilin-containing chloroplast taken from a cryptophyte.", "572966626aef051400154e12": "the Dinophysis chloroplast is a kleptoplast\u2014", "572966626aef051400154e15": "the Dinophysis chloroplast is a kleptoplast\u2014", "572966ebaf94a219006aa391": "Diatoms have been engulfed by dinoflagellates at least three times.", "572966ebaf94a219006aa392": "Durinskia have a diatom (heterokontophyte) derived chloroplast.", "572966ebaf94a219006aa393": "Durinskia have a diatom (heterokontophyte) derived chloroplast.", "572966ebaf94a219006aa394": "Durinskia have a diatom (heterokontophyte) derived chloroplast.", "572966ebaf94a219006aa395": "How", "572967e31d046914007793b1": "all the nucleomorph genes have been transferred to the dinophyte nucleus.", "572967e31d046914007793b2": "Lepidodinium is", "572967e31d046914007793b3": "Lepidodinium viride", "572967e31d046914007793b4": ".", "572967e31d046914007793b5": "it with a green algal derived chloroplast (more specifically, a prasinophyte).", "5729686d1d046914007793c1": "While most chloroplasts originate from that first set of endosymbiotic events,", "5729686d1d046914007793c2": ".", "5729686d1d046914007793c3": "150,000 base pair genome of the more assimilated chloroplast.", "5729686d1d046914007793c4": ".", "5729686d1d046914007793c5": "150,000 base pair genome of the more assimilated chloroplast.", "572968cf1d046914007793cb": "Chloroplasts have their own DNA, often abbreviated as ctDNA, or cpDNA.", "572968cf1d046914007793cc": "It is also known as the plastome.", "572968cf1d046914007793cd": "It is also known as the plastome.", "572968cf1d046914007793ce": "Its existence was first proved in 1962, and first sequenced in 1986\u2014", "572968cf1d046914007793cf": "It is also known as the plastome.", "57296977af94a219006aa3bd": ".", "57296977af94a219006aa3be": "have lost some of the inverted repeat segments tend to get rearranged more.", "57296977af94a219006aa3bf": "It is possible that the inverted repeats help stabil", "572969f51d046914007793dd": "chloroplast replication via electron microscopy since the 1970s.", "572969f51d046914007793de": "but two main models have been proposed.", "572969f51d046914007793e0": "a Cairns replication intermediate, and completes replication with a rolling circle mechanism.", "572969f51d046914007793df": "using a double displacement loop (D-loop).", "572969f51d046914007793e1": "As the D-loop moves through the circular DNA", "57296a65af94a219006aa3c3": "In cpDNA, there are several A \u2192 G deamination gradients.", "57296a65af94a219006aa3c4": "DNA becomes susceptible to deamination events when it is single stranded.", "57296a65af94a219006aa3c5": "actually linear and replicates through homologous recombination.", "57296a65af94a219006aa3c6": "actually linear and replicates through homologous recombination.", "57296a65af94a219006aa3c7": "in circular chromosomes wh", "57296ab93f37b31900478369": "T4.", "57296ab93f37b3190047836a": "It has been established that some plants have linear cpDNA, such as maize,", "57296ab93f37b3190047836b": "T4.", "57296ab93f37b3190047836c": "T4.", "57296b151d046914007793f1": "about the lost chloroplasts in many chromalveolate lineages.", "57296b151d046914007793f2": "the lost chloroplast's existence.", "57296b151d046914007793f3": ".", "57296b151d046914007793f4": ".", "57296bf96aef051400154e52": "A few chloroplast genes found new homes in the mitochondrial genome\u2014", "57296bf96aef051400154e53": "Curiously", "57296bf96aef051400154e54": "aren't even targeted back to the chloroplast.", "57296bf96aef051400154e55": "just like if you were headed for the extracellular space.", "57296c5c3f37b3190047837f": "After a", "57296c5c3f37b31900478380": "After a chloroplast polypeptide is synthesized on a ribosome", "57296c5c3f37b31900478381": "After a chloroplast polypeptide is", "57296c5c3f37b31900478382": "After a chloroplast polypeptide is", "57296cb21d04691400779403": "In land plants, chloroplasts are generally lens-shaped,", "57296cb21d04691400779404": "In land plants", "57296cb21d04691400779405": "In land plants", "57296cb21d04691400779406": "that can be shaped", "57296cb21d04691400779407": "Greater diversity in chloroplast shapes exists among the algae", "57296d1b1d0469140077940d": "they are the descendants of endosymbiotic cyanobacteria.", "57296d1b1d0469140077940e": "There are some common misconceptions about the outer and inner chloroplast membranes.", "57296d1b1d0469140077940f": "are homologous to the cyanobacterium's original double membranes.", "57296d8d1d0469140077941d": "The chloroplast double membrane is also often compared to the mitochondrial double membrane", "57296d8d1d0469140077941e": "the inner mitochondria membrane is", "57296d8d1d0469140077941f": "oxidative phosphorylation across to generate ATP energy.", "57296d8d1d04691400779420": "This is not a valid comparison\u2014the inner mitochondria membrane is", "57296d8d1d04691400779421": "mitochondria.", "57296de03f37b3190047839b": "like chromoplasts and amyloplasts in petals and roots, respectively.", "57296de03f37b3190047839c": "forming a stromule, or stroma-containing tubule.", "57296de03f37b3190047839d": ".", "57296de03f37b3190047839e": "str", "57296e43af94a219006aa3e5": "Some chloroplasts contain a structure called the chloroplast peripheral reticulum.", "57296e43af94a219006aa3e6": "It is often fou", "57296e43af94a219006aa3e7": "The chloroplast peripheral reticulum consists of a maze of membranous tubes and vesicles con", "57296e43af94a219006aa3e8": "Some chloroplasts contain a structure called the chloroplast peripheral reticulum.", "57296e43af94a219006aa3e9": "space.", "57296eb01d04691400779435": "which they use to synthesize a small fraction of their proteins.", "57296eb01d04691400779436": "the size of cytoplasmic ribosomes (around 17 nm vs 25 nm).", "57296eb01d04691400779437": "the size of cytoplasmic ribosomes (around 17 nm vs 25 nm).", "57296eb01d04691400779438": "chloroplasts lack motifs for shine-dalgarno sequence recognition,", "57296eb01d04691400779439": "chloroplasts lack motifs for shine-dalgarno sequence recognition", "57296eee6aef051400154e8e": "They are surrounded by a lipid monolayer.", "57296eee6aef051400154e8f": ".", "57296eee6aef051400154e90": "when it ages and transitions into a gerontoplast.", "57296eee6aef051400154e91": "45\u201360 nanometers across.", "57296eee6aef051400154e92": "They are surrounded by a lipid monolayer.", "57296f3caf94a219006aa3fb": "attached to a thylakoid,", "57296f3caf94a219006aa3fc": "the thylakoid network.", "57296f3caf94a219006aa3fd": "In normal green chloroplasts,", "57296f3caf94a219006aa3fe": "or chains, still always anchored to a thylakoid.", "57296f85af94a219006aa403": "They are not found in higher plants.", "57296f85af94a219006aa404": "Pyrenoids can divide to form new pyrenoids, or be produced \"de novo\".", "57296f85af94a219006aa405": "Pyrenoids can divide to form new pyrenoids, or be produced \"de novo\".", "57296f85af94a219006aa406": "Pyrenoids can divide to form new pyrenoids, or be produced \"de novo\".", "57296f85af94a219006aa407": "Pyrenoids can divide to form new pyrenoids, or be produced \"de novo\".", "57296fd71d0469140077943f": "In the helical thylakoid model", "57296fd71d04691400779440": "that resemble pancakes.", "57296fd71d04691400779441": "Each granum can", "57296fd71d04691400779442": "E", "57296fd71d04691400779443": "so known as frets or lamellar thylakoids.", "5729703d3f37b319004783bb": "that absorb light energy and use it to energize electrons.", "5729703d3f37b319004783bc": "that absorb light energy and use it to energize electrons.", "5729703d3f37b319004783bd": "it to energize electrons.", "5729703d3f37b319004783be": "Mol", "5729703d3f37b319004783bf": "ATP synthase is a large protein com", "572970916aef051400154eba": "which are in contact with the stroma.", "572970916aef051400154ebb": "Granal thylakoids are", "572970916aef051400154ebc": "which are in contact with the stroma.", "572970916aef051400154ebe": "pancake-shaped circular disks about 300\u2013600 nanometers in diameter.", "572970916aef051400154ebd": "pancake-shaped circular disks about 300\u2013600 nanometers in diameter.", "57297103af94a219006aa423": "There are about thirty photosynthetic carotenoids.", "57297103af94a219006aa424": "There are about thirty photosynthetic carotenoids.", "57297103af94a219006aa425": "when the leaves of some land plants change color.", "57297103af94a219006aa426": "\u03b2-carotene is", "57297103af94a219006aa427": "Xanthophylls, especially the orange-red zeaxanthin, are also common.", "5729714daf94a219006aa42d": ".", "5729714daf94a219006aa42e": "though phycoerytherin is one of the pigments that makes many red algae red.", "5729714daf94a219006aa42f": "tead.", "5729714daf94a219006aa430": "Phycobilins are", "5729714daf94a219006aa431": "Phycobilins are", "572971af6aef051400154ede": "To fix carbon dioxide into sugar molecules", "572971af6aef051400154edf": "rubisco.", "572971af6aef051400154ee0": "To fix carbon dioxide into sugar molecules in the process of photosynthesis,", "572971af6aef051400154ee1": "es down the line in the Calvin cycle which uses rubisco.", "572971af6aef051400154ee2": "To fix carbon dioxide into sugar molecules in the process of photosynthesis,", "5729723c6aef051400154ee8": "In", "5729723c6aef051400154ee9": "In mesophyll cells", "5729723c6aef051400154eea": "which they use to make ATP and NADPH, as well as oxygen.", "5729723c6aef051400154eeb": "Bun", "5729723c6aef051400154eec": "Bun", "5729729a1d0469140077948b": "A plant cell which contains chloroplasts is known as a chlorenchyma cell.", "5729729a1d0469140077948c": "what make the photosynthetic parts of a plant green.", "5729729a1d0469140077948d": ".", "5729729a1d0469140077948e": "though chloroplasts can also be found in collenchyma tissue", "5729729a1d0469140077948f": "A plant cell which contains chloroplasts is known as a chlorenchyma cell.", "572972f46aef051400154ef2": ".", "572972f46aef051400154ef3": "though in most plants, chloroplasts are concentrated in the leaves.", "572972f46aef051400154ef6": "One square millimeter of leaf tissue can contain half a million chloroplasts.", "572972f46aef051400154ef4": "One square millimeter of leaf tissue can contain half a million chloroplasts.", "572972f46aef051400154ef5": "With", "5729735c3f37b319004783fb": "they will spread out in a sheet\u2014maximizing the surface area to absorb light.", "5729735c3f37b319004783fc": "Under intense light, they will seek shelter by aligning in vertical columns al", "5729735c3f37b319004783fd": "turning sideways so that light strikes them edge-on.", "5729735c3f37b319004783fe": "wh", "5729735c3f37b319004783ff": "Mitochondria have also been observed to follow chloroplasts as they move.", "572973ccaf94a219006aa449": "Plants have", "572973ccaf94a219006aa44a": "Plants have", "572973ccaf94a219006aa44b": "and systemic acquired resistance", "572973ccaf94a219006aa44c": "Plants have", "572973ccaf94a219006aa44d": "damaging their photosynthetic system, producing reactive oxygen species.", "57297427af94a219006aa453": "which can serve as defense-signals.", "57297427af94a219006aa454": "which can serve as defense-signals.", "57297427af94a219006aa455": "ecule.", "57297427af94a219006aa456": "All these molecules initiate retrograde signaling\u2014", "572974923f37b3190047840b": "One of the main functions of the chloroplast is its role in photosynthesis,", "572974923f37b3190047840c": "the process by which light is transformed into chemical energy,", "572974923f37b3190047840d": "produce food in the form of sugars.", "572974923f37b3190047840e": "which builds sugar molecules from carbon dioxide.", "572974923f37b3190047840f": "which builds sugar molecules from carbon dioxide.", "572975073f37b31900478415": "Like mitochondria", "572975073f37b31900478416": ".", "572975073f37b31900478417": "The hydrogen ions in the thylakoid space", "572975073f37b31900478418": "or ATP.", "572975073f37b31900478419": ".", "572975511d046914007794a7": "reenergizes depleted electrons at the end of an electron transport chain.", "572975511d046914007794a8": "This is termed cyclic photophosphorylation because the electrons are recycled.", "572975511d046914007794a9": "Cyclic photophosphorylation is common in C4 plants, wh", "572975511d046914007794aa": "Cyclic photophosphorylation is common in C4 plants", "572975a3af94a219006aa465": "RuBP) molecules.", "572975a3af94a219006aa466": ".", "572975a3af94a219006aa467": "molecules.", "572975a3af94a219006aa468": "the cycle\u2014the end product of the dark reactions.", "572976183f37b31900478431": "which accumulates into the starch grains found in the chloroplast.", "572976183f37b31900478432": ".", "572976183f37b31900478433": ".", "572976183f37b31900478434": "Water", "572976183f37b31900478435": "be a side effect of another photosynthesis-depressing factor.", "572976791d046914007794af": ".", "572976791d046914007794b0": "when the oxygen concentration is too high.", "572976791d046914007794b1": "it can accidentally add O2 instead of CO2 to RuBP.", "572976791d046914007794b2": "so it can accidentally add O2 instead of CO2 to RuBP.", "572976791d046914007794b3": "Chloroplasts in C4 plants are notable as they exhibit a distinct chloroplast dim", "572976cfaf94a219006aa493": "Chloroplasts alone make almost all of a plant cell's amino acids in", "572976cfaf94a219006aa494": "the sulfur-containing ones like cysteine and methionine.", "572976cfaf94a219006aa495": "the sulfur-containing ones like cysteine and methionine.", "572976cfaf94a219006aa496": "The chloroplast is known to make the precursors to methionine but", "57297725af94a219006aa49b": "though the two terms are sometimes used interchangeably.", "57297725af94a219006aa49c": ".", "57297725af94a219006aa49d": "Proplastids are commonly found in an adult plant's apical meristems.", "57297725af94a219006aa49e": ".", "5729779b6aef051400154f62": "chloroplasts.", "5729779b6aef051400154f63": "An etioplast is", "5729779b6aef051400154f64": "This process, where the etioplast becomes a chloroplast, takes several hours.", "5729779b6aef051400154f65": "they have a yellow chlorophyll precursor stocked.", "5729779b6aef051400154f66": "I", "572977fbaf94a219006aa4ad": "chromoplasts.", "572977fbaf94a219006aa4ae": "Chloroplasts may be converted to chromoplasts,", "572977fbaf94a219006aa4af": "chloroplasts, like what happens when a carrot or a potato is illuminated.", "572977fbaf94a219006aa4b0": "chloroplasts, like what happens when a carrot or a potato is illuminated.", "572977fbaf94a219006aa4b1": "If a plant is injured,", "5729784b1d046914007794c9": "The division process starts when the proteins FtsZ1 and FtsZ2 assemble into filaments", "5729784b1d046914007794ca": ".", "5729784b1d046914007794cb": "form a structure called a Z-ring within the chloroplast's stroma.", "5729784b1d046914007794cc": "The Min system manages the placement of the Z-ring", "5729784b1d046914007794cd": "The Min system manages the placement of the Z-ring", "5729789b6aef051400154f6c": "Next, the two plastid-dividing rings, or PD rings form.", "5729789b6aef051400154f6d": "Next, the two plastid-dividing rings, or PD rings form.", "5729789b6aef051400154f6e": "the chloroplast.", "5729789b6aef051400154f6f": ".", "5729789b6aef051400154f70": "In a few species like Cyanidioschyzon merol\u00e6,", "572978e66aef051400154f76": "Light has been shown to be a requirement for chloroplast division.", "572978e66aef051400154f78": ".", "572978e66aef051400154f79": "Spinach leaves grown under green light have", "572978e66aef051400154f77": ".", "57297991af94a219006aa4b7": "Recently", "57297991af94a219006aa4b8": "This", "57297991af94a219006aa4b9": "showing a failed containment rate of transplastomic plants at 3 in 1,000,000.", "57297991af94a219006aa4ba": "Th", "57296d571d04691400779413": "that has no positive divisors other than 1 and itself.", "57296d571d04691400779414": "are all valid factorization", "57296d571d04691400779415": "The", "57296d571d04691400779416": "a product of primes that is unique up to ordering.", "57296d571d04691400779417": "The uniqueness in this theorem requires ex", "57296f293f37b319004783a3": "The property of being prime (or not) is called primality.", "57296f293f37b319004783a4": "the primality of a given number n is known as trial division.", "57296f293f37b319004783a5": "have been devised to test the primality of large numbers.", "57296f293f37b319004783a6": "Algorithms much more efficient than trial division have", "57296f293f37b319004783a7": "the largest known prime number has 22,338,618 decimal digits.", "572970c11d04691400779463": "There is no known simple formula that separates prime numbers from composite numbers.", "572970c11d04691400779464": "There is no known simple formula that separates prime numbers from composite numbers.", "572970c11d04691400779465": "the statistical behaviour of primes in the large, can be modelled.", "572970c11d04691400779466": ".", "572970c11d04691400779467": "proven at the end of the 19th century,", "5729727baf94a219006aa437": "Many questions regarding prime numbers remain open, such as Goldbach's conjecture", "5729727baf94a219006aa438": "that there are infinitely many pairs of primes whose difference is 2).", "5729727baf94a219006aa439": "focusing on analytic or algebraic aspects of numbers.", "5729727baf94a219006aa43a": "Primes are used in several routines in information technology,", "5729727baf94a219006aa43b": "Prime numbers gi", "572973f76aef051400154f0a": "multiples of 5.", "572973f76aef051400154f0b": "No even number greater than 2 is", "572973f76aef051400154f0c": "Accordingly, the term odd prime refers to any prime number greater than 2.", "572973f76aef051400154f0d": "5", "572973f76aef051400154f0e": "Accordingly, the term odd prime refers to any prime number greater than 2.", "57297547af94a219006aa45b": "to be a number, so they could not consider it to be a prime.", "57297547af94a219006aa45c": "In the mid-18th century Christian Goldbach liste", "57297547af94a219006aa45d": "In", "57297547af94a219006aa45e": "started with 1 as its first prime. Hen", "57297547af94a219006aa45f": "st early Greeks did not even consider 1 to be a number", "57297781af94a219006aa4a3": "were considered a prime", "57297781af94a219006aa4a4": "the sieve of Eratosthenes would not work correctly if", "57297781af94a219006aa4a6": "Furthermore, the prime numbers have several properties that the number 1 lacks, su", "57297781af94a219006aa4a5": "all multiples of 1 (that is, all other numbers) and", "57297781af94a219006aa4a7": "Similarly, the sieve of Eratosthenes wou", "572978f91d046914007794d3": ".", "572978f91d046914007794d4": ".", "572978f91d046914007794d5": "Euclid's Elements (circa 300 BC)", "572978f91d046914007794d6": "Euclid also showed how to construct a perfect number from a Mersenne prime.", "572978f91d046914007794d7": "The Sieve of Eratosthenes, attributed to Eratosthenes,", "57297a276aef051400154f88": "In 1640", "57297a276aef051400154f89": "Fermat's little theorem (later proved by Leibniz and Euler).", "57297a276aef051400154f8a": "216 + 1).", "57297a276aef051400154f8c": "They are called Mersenne primes in his honor.", "57297a276aef051400154f8b": "e.", "57297bc9af94a219006aa4c7": "The most basic method of checking the primality of a given integer n is", "57297bc9af94a219006aa4c8": "For example, for , the trial divisions are by m = 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6.", "57297bc9af94a219006aa4c9": "that is greater than 1 and less than or equal to the square root of n.", "57297bc9af94a219006aa4cb": "None of these numbers divides 37, so 37 is prime.", "57297bc9af94a219006aa4ca": "This routine consists of dividing n by each integer m that", "57297d421d046914007794e5": ".", "57297d421d046914007794e6": "deterministic algorithms.", "57297d421d046914007794e7": "deterministic algorithms.", "57297d421d046914007794e8": "trial division is a deterministic algorithm", "57297d421d046914007794e9": "I", "57297ed93f37b3190047845f": "the Fermat primality test,", "57297ed93f37b31900478460": "A particularly simple example of a probabilistic test is the Fermat primality test", "57297ed93f37b31900478461": "A flaw with this test is", "57297ed93f37b31900478462": "A particularly simple example of a probabilistic test is the Fermat primality test", "57297ed93f37b31900478463": "A particularly simple example of a probabilistic test is the Fermat primality test", "572980f9af94a219006aa4d1": "primes of the form", "572980f9af94a219006aa4d2": "and Mersenne primes, that is", "572980f9af94a219006aa4d3": "The", "572980f9af94a219006aa4d4": "Other primes where either p + 1 or p \u2212 1 is of a particular shap", "572980f9af94a219006aa4d5": "Other primes where either p + 1 or p \u2212 1 is of a particular shap", "572982e66aef051400154f92": "The following table gives the largest known primes of the mentioned types.", "572982e66aef051400154f93": ".", "572982e66aef051400154f94": "US$100,000 prize for first discovering a prime with at least 10 million digits.", "572982e66aef051400154f95": "The following table gives the largest known primes of the mentioned types.", "572982e76aef051400154f96": "The following table gives the largest known primes of the mentioned types.", "572985011d04691400779501": "e represents the floor function, i.e.", "572985011d04691400779502": "The latter formula can be shown using Bertrand's postulate (proven first by Chebyshev", "572985011d04691400779503": ".", "572985011d04691400779504": "prime for any natural number n.", "572985011d04691400779505": "on Wilson's theorem and generates the number 2 many times and all other primes exactly once.", "572987e46aef051400154fa2": "a and q are coprime, i.e., their greatest common divisor is one.", "572987e46aef051400154fa3": "a and q are coprime, i.e., their greatest common divisor is one.", "572987e46aef051400154fa4": "the density of all primes congruent a modulo 9 is 1/6.", "572987e46aef051400154fa5": ".", "572987e46aef051400154fa6": "The", "572989846aef051400154fc0": "The zeta function is closely related to prime numbers.", "572989846aef051400154fc1": "if there were only finitely many primes then \u03b6(1) would have a finite value.", "572989846aef051400154fc2": "For example, the aforementioned fact that there are infinitely many primes", "572989846aef051400154fc3": "the harmonic series 1 + 1/2 + 1/3 + 1/4 + ... diverges (", "572989846aef051400154fc4": "the following identity (Basel problem),", "57298ef11d0469140077952d": "This hypothesis is generally believed to be correct.", "57298ef11d0469140077952e": "all zeroes of the \u03b6-function have real part equal to 1/2.", "57298ef11d0469140077952f": "that the irregularity in the distribution of primes only comes from random noise.", "57298ef11d04691400779530": "the square root of x (for intervals near x", "57298ef11d04691400779531": "distribution of primes (about x/log x of numbers less than x are prim", "57299021af94a219006aa50c": "written as a sum of two primes.", "57299021af94a219006aa50b": "all four of Landau's problems from 1912 are still unsolved.", "57299021af94a219006aa50d": "this conjecture has been verified for all numbers up to n = 2 \u00b7 1017.", "57299021af94a219006aa50e": "Also, any even integer can be written as the sum of six primes.", "57299021af94a219006aa50f": "Also, any even integer can be written as the sum of six primes.", "572991943f37b319004784a1": "It is conjectured that there are infinitely many twin primes,", "572991943f37b319004784a2": "twin primes, pairs of primes with difference 2 (twin prime conjecture).", "572991943f37b319004784a3": "there are infinitely many pairs of consecutive primes that differ by 2n.", "572991943f37b319004784a4": "A third type of conjectures concerns aspects of the distribution of primes.", "572991943f37b319004784a5": "2.", "57299326af94a219006aa515": "was seen as the canonical example of pure mathematics", "57299326af94a219006aa516": "prided themselves on doing work that had absolutely no military significance.", "57299326af94a219006aa517": ".", "57299326af94a219006aa518": "creation of public key cryptography algorithms.", "57299326af94a219006aa519": "the exception of use of prime numbered gear teeth to distribute wear evenly.", "572995d46aef051400154fe8": ".", "572995d46aef051400154fe9": ".", "572995d46aef051400154fea": ".", "572995d46aef051400154feb": "an integer n > 4 is composite if and only if (n \u2212 1)! is divisible by n.", "572995d46aef051400154fec": "The fraction 1/p expressed likewise in base q (rather than base 10", "572996c73f37b319004784b3": "known.", "572996c73f37b319004784b4": "the discrete logarithm is thought to be a hard problem.", "572996c73f37b319004784b5": "1024-bit primes are typical for Diffie\u2013Hellman.", "572996c73f37b319004784b6": ".", "572996c73f37b319004784b7": "The", "572998673f37b319004784d5": "The evolutionary strategy used by cicadas of the genus Magicicada", "572998673f37b319004784d6": "These insects spend most of their lives as grubs underground.", "572998673f37b319004784d7": "They only pupate and then emerge from their burrows after 7, 13 or 17 years", "572998673f37b319004784d8": "The logic for this is believed", "572998673f37b319004784d9": "Ov", "57299a6f6aef051400155016": "Often a second, additional meaning is intended by using the word prime,", "57299a6f6aef051400155017": "It is either Q or the finite field with p elements, whence the name.", "57299a6f6aef051400155019": "Any knot can be uniquely expressed as a connected sum of prime knots.", "57299a6f6aef05140015501a": "Often a second, additional meaning is intended by using the word prime,", "57299a6f6aef051400155018": "that it cannot be written as the knot sum of two nontrivial knots.", "57299c2c6aef051400155020": "prime elements and irreducible elements.", "57299c2c6aef051400155021": ".", "57299c2c6aef051400155022": "general concepts that apply to elements of any commutative ring R", "57299c2c6aef051400155023": "An element p of R is called prime element if it is neither zero nor a unit (i.e.", "57299c2c6aef051400155024": "An element is", "57299d1c1d04691400779581": "theorem of arithmetic continues to hold in unique factorization domains.", "57299d1c1d04691400779582": "An example of such a domain is the Gaussian integers Z[i],", "57299d1c1d04691400779583": "the imaginary unit and a and b are arbitrary integers.", "57299d1c1d04691400779584": "the imaginary unit and a and b are arbitrary integers.", "57299d1c1d04691400779585": "Rational primes (i.e. prime elements in Z) of", "57299ec43f37b3190047850d": "In ring theory, the notion of number is generally replaced with that of ideal.", "57299ec43f37b3190047850e": "Prime ideals", "57299ec43f37b3190047850f": "ideal.", "57299ec43f37b31900478510": "The fundamental theorem of arithmetic generalizes to the Lasker\u2013Noether theorem", "57299ec43f37b31900478511": "ich expresses every ideal in a Noetherian commutative ring as an intersection of primary ideals", "5729a03f1d04691400779593": "Prime ideals", "5729a03f1d04691400779594": "For example, factorization or ramification of prime ideals wh", "5729a03f1d04691400779595": "For", "5729a03f1d04691400779596": ".", "5729a26d6aef05140015505a": "in sharp contrast to the usual absolute value (also referred to as the infinite prime).", "5729a26d6aef05140015505b": "general global fields may be transferred back and forth to the completed (or local) fields.", "5729a26d6aef05140015505c": "with respect to the absolute value yields the field of real numbers", "5729a26d6aef05140015505d": "This local-global principle again underlines the importance of primes to number theory.", "5729a3716aef05140015506a": "The French composer Olivier Messiaen us", "5729a3716aef05140015506b": ".", "5729a3716aef05140015506c": "The French composer Olivier Messiaen us", "5729a3716aef05140015506d": "the primes 41, 43, 47 and 53 appear in the third \u00e9tude", "5729a3716aef05140015506e": "Ac", "572f5533a23a5019007fc55b": ".", "572f5533a23a5019007fc55c": "empties into the North Sea in the Netherlands.", "572f5533a23a5019007fc55d": "The biggest city on the river Rhine is", "572f5533a23a5019007fc55e": "Rhine is Cologne, Germany with a population of more than 1,050,000 people.", "572f5533a23a5019007fc55f": "The Rhine", "572fe1d404bcaa1900d76e37": "The Rhine", "572fe1d404bcaa1900d76e3a": "empties into the North Sea in the Netherlands.", "572fe1d404bcaa1900d76e3b": "The Rhine", "572f55e8a23a5019007fc56b": "does Ripuarian Rhing, while Palatine has diphthongized Rhei, Rhoi.", "572f55e8a23a5019007fc56c": "The variant forms of the name of the Rhine in modern languages are all derived from", "572f55e8a23a5019007fc56d": ".", "572f55e8a23a5019007fc56e": "The variant forms of the name of the Rhine in modern languages are all derived from", "572fe288a23a5019007fcad7": "The variant forms of the name of the Rhine in modern languages are all derived from", "572fe288a23a5019007fcad8": "retain the Latin Ren-.", "572fe288a23a5019007fcada": ".", "572fe288a23a5019007fcad9": ".", "572fe288a23a5019007fcadb": "The spelling with Rh- in English Rhine as", "572f567cb2c2fd140056803f": "The length", "572f567cb2c2fd1400568040": "wh", "572f567cb2c2fd1400568041": "(1036.20 km)", "572f567cb2c2fd1400568042": ".", "572f567cb2c2fd1400568043": "The river length is significantly shortened from", "572fe393947a6a140053cdba": "The length of the Rhine", "572fe393947a6a140053cdbb": "1939 wh", "572fe393947a6a140053cdbc": "The length of the Rhine is", "572fe393947a6a140053cdbe": "The river length is significantly shortened from", "572fe393947a6a140053cdbd": "The length of the Rhine is", "572f5703a23a5019007fc573": "The river makes a distinctive turn to the north near Chur.", "572f5703a23a5019007fc574": "This section is nearly 86 km long, and descends from a height of 599 m to 396 m.", "572f5703a23a5019007fc575": ".", "572f5703a23a5019007fc576": ".", "572f5703a23a5019007fc577": "the Rhine.", "572fe41e04bcaa1900d76e4b": "The river makes a distinctive turn to the north near Chur.", "572fe41e04bcaa1900d76e4c": "The river makes a distinctive turn to the north near Chur.", "572fe41e04bcaa1900d76e4d": "This section is nearly 86 km long, and descends from a height of 599 m to 396 m.", "572fe41e04bcaa1900d76e4e": "known as the Rhine Valley (German: Rheintal).", "572fe41e04bcaa1900d76e4f": "East", "572f57c704bcaa1900d7686d": "the Rhine into Lake Constance forms an inland delta.", "572f57c704bcaa1900d7686e": ".", "572f57c704bcaa1900d7686f": "in the East by a modern canalized section.", "572f57c704bcaa1900d76870": ".", "572f57c704bcaa1900d76871": "The mouth of the Rhine into Lake Constance forms an inland delta.", "572fe4a304bcaa1900d76e55": "The mouth of the Rhine into Lake Constance forms an inland delta.", "572fe4a304bcaa1900d76e56": "in the East by a modern canalized section.", "572fe4a304bcaa1900d76e57": ".", "572fe4a304bcaa1900d76e58": "It includes the Austrian towns of Gai\u00dfau, H\u00f6chst and Fu\u00dfach.", "572fe4a304bcaa1900d76e59": "It includes the Austrian towns of Gai\u00dfau, H\u00f6chst and Fu\u00dfach.", "572f5875947a6a140053c89a": "A regulation of the Rhine was called for,", "572f5875947a6a140053c89b": "A regulation of the Rhine was called for,", "572f5875947a6a140053c89c": "the constant flooding and strong sedimentation in the western Rhine Delta.", "572f5875947a6a140053c89d": ".", "572f5875947a6a140053c89e": "pected that the continuous input of sediment into the lake will silt up the lake.", "572fe53104bcaa1900d76e69": "A regulation of the Rhine was called for, with an upper canal near Diepoldsau", "572fe53104bcaa1900d76e6b": "A regulation of the Rhine was called for,", "572fe53104bcaa1900d76e6a": "with an upper canal near Diepoldsau and a lower canal at Fu\u00dfach,", "572fe53104bcaa1900d76e6c": "it now flows parallel to the canalized Rhine into the lake.", "572fe53104bcaa1900d76e6d": "the lake will silt up the lake.", "572f58d9a23a5019007fc57d": "Lak", "572f58d9a23a5019007fc580": "the Untersee (\"lower lake\")", "572f58d9a23a5019007fc57e": "called the Seerhein (\"Lake Rhine\")", "572f58d9a23a5019007fc581": "The Rhine flows into it from the south following the Swiss-Austrian border.", "572f58d9a23a5019007fc57f": "Lake Constance consists of three bodies of water: the Obersee (\"upper lake\")", "572fe60fb2c2fd140056858b": "Lak", "572fe60fb2c2fd140056858c": "The lake is situated in Germany, Switzerland and Austria near the Alps.", "572fe60fb2c2fd140056858d": "Lak", "572fe60fb2c2fd140056858e": "The Rhine flows into it from the south following the Swiss-Austrian border.", "572fe60fb2c2fd140056858f": "Specifically, its shorelines lie in the German states of Bavaria and", "572f59b4a23a5019007fc587": "But then, at the so-called Rheinbrech", "572f59b4a23a5019007fc58a": "mall fraction of the flow is diverted off the island of Mainau into Lake \u00dcberlingen.", "572f59b4a23a5019007fc588": "armer, green waters of Upper Lake.", "572f59b4a23a5019007fc58b": "The flow reappears on the surface at the northern (German)", "572f59b4a23a5019007fc589": ".", "572fe92204bcaa1900d76e95": "The cold water flows near the surface and at first doesn't mix with the warmer,", "572fe92204bcaa1900d76e96": "The cold water flows near the surface", "572fe92204bcaa1900d76e97": "mall fraction of the flow is diverted off the island of Mainau into Lake \u00dcberlingen.", "572fe92204bcaa1900d76e98": ".", "572fe92204bcaa1900d76e99": "ong the entire length of the lake.", "572f609ca23a5019007fc5af": "The Rhine emerges from Lake Constance, flows generally westward,", "572f609ca23a5019007fc5b0": "is joined by its major tributary, the river Aare.", "572f609ca23a5019007fc5b1": "The Aare more than doubles the Rhine's water discharge", "572f609ca23a5019007fc5b2": "the highest point of the Rhine basin.", "572f609ca23a5019007fc5b3": "the so-called Rhine knee at Basel, leaving Switzerland.", "572fe9b3947a6a140053cde0": "The Rhine emerges from Lake Constance", "572fe9b3947a6a140053cde1": "is joined by its major tributary, the river Aare.", "572fe9b3947a6a140053cde2": "The Aare more than doubles the Rhine's water discharge", "572fe9b3947a6a140053cde3": "the highest point of the Rhine basin.", "572fe9b3947a6a140053cde4": "The Rhine roughly forms the German-Swiss bor", "572f60f4947a6a140053c8ea": "where the overall direction of the Rhine changes from West to North.", "572f60f4947a6a140053c8eb": "where the overall direction of the Rhine changes from West to North.", "572f60f4947a6a140053c8ec": "Legally, the Central Bridge is the boundary between High and Upper Rhine.", "572f60f4947a6a140053c8ed": "ich is about 300 km long and up to 40 km wide.", "572f60f4947a6a140053c8ee": "ich is about 300 km long and up to 40 km wide.", "572fec30947a6a140053cdf2": "In the centre of Basel, the first major city in the course of the stream,", "572fec30947a6a140053cdf3": "this is a major bend, where the overall direction of the Rhine changes from West to North.", "572fec30947a6a140053cdf4": "ere the overall direction of the Rhine changes from West to North.", "572fec30947a6a140053cdf5": "Here the High Rhine ends.", "572fec30947a6a140053cdf6": "Legally, the Central Bridge is the boundary between High and Upper Rhine.", "572f64ccb2c2fd14005680b7": "The", "572f64ccb2c2fd14005680b8": "The rate of flow was increased and the ground water level fell significantly.", "572f64ccb2c2fd14005680b9": "19th Century.", "572f64ccb2c2fd14005680ba": "which carries a significant part of the river water, and all of the traffic.", "572f64ccb2c2fd14005680bb": ".", "572feddda23a5019007fcb5b": ".", "572feddda23a5019007fcb5c": "in the 19th Century.", "572feddda23a5019007fcb5d": "The rate of flow was increased and the ground water level fell significantly.", "572feddda23a5019007fcb5e": "The rate of flow was increased and the ground water level fell significantly.", "572feddda23a5019007fcb5f": "Alsace.", "572f65e9b2c2fd14005680cc": "the Rhine encounters some more of its main tributaries, such as the Neckar,", "572f65e9b2c2fd14005680cd": "an average discharge of more than 300 m3/s (11,000 cu ft/s).", "572f65e9b2c2fd14005680cb": "The Rhine is the longest river in Germany.", "572f65e9b2c2fd14005680ce": ".", "572f65e9b2c2fd14005680cf": "The Rhine is the longest river in Germany.", "572ff07304bcaa1900d76ef5": "The Rhine is the longest river in Germany.", "572ff07304bcaa1900d76ef6": "the Rhine enco", "572ff07304bcaa1900d76ef7": ".", "572ff07304bcaa1900d76ef8": "t/s).", "572ff07304bcaa1900d76ef9": "and an average width of 400 m (1,300 ft).", "572f6a0ba23a5019007fc5eb": "Between Bingen and Bonn", "572f6a0ba23a5019007fc5ec": "The gorge is quite deep and is the stretch of the river wh", "572f6a0ba23a5019007fc5ed": "the Rhine Gorge, a formation which was created by erosion.", "572f6a0ba23a5019007fc5ee": "It", "572ff12e04bcaa1900d76eff": "Between Bingen and Bonn, the Middle Rhine flows through the Rhine Gorge,", "572ff12e04bcaa1900d76f00": "Between Bingen and Bonn", "572ff12e04bcaa1900d76f02": "ich is known for its many castles and vineyards.", "572ff12e04bcaa1900d76f03": ".", "572f6c85947a6a140053c940": "It contributes 70 m3/s (2,500 cu ft/s) to the Rhine.", "572f6c85947a6a140053c942": "Rotterdam, Antwerp and Amsterdam.", "572f6c85947a6a140053c943": "The Ruhr, which joins the Rhine in Duisburg,", "572f6c85947a6a140053c944": "The Ruhr currently provides the region with drinking water.", "572f6c85947a6a140053c941": "that", "572ff293947a6a140053ce52": "Until the early 1980s, industry was a major source of water pollution.", "572ff293947a6a140053ce53": "Although many plants and factories can be found al", "572ff293947a6a140053ce54": "It contributes 70 m3/s (2,500 cu ft/s) to the Rhine.", "572ff293947a6a140053ce55": "Duisburg is the home of Europe", "572ff293947a6a140053ce56": "The Ruhr, which joins the Rhine in Duisburg,", "572f6ec7a23a5019007fc621": "The dominant economic sectors in the Middle Rhine area are", "572f6ec7a23a5019007fc622": "R\u00fcdesheim am Rhein and Koblenz is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.", "572f6ec7a23a5019007fc623": "Near Sankt Goarshausen, the Rhine flows around the famous rock Lorelei.", "572f6ec7a23a5019007fc624": "can be considered the epitome of the Rhine romanticism.", "572ff35f947a6a140053ce66": "The dominant economic sectors in the Middle Rhine area are", "572ff35f947a6a140053ce67": "R\u00fcdesheim am Rhein and Koblenz is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.", "572ff35f947a6a140053ce68": "Koblenz is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.", "572ff35f947a6a140053ce69": "the Rhine flows around the famous rock Lorelei.", "572ff35f947a6a140053ce6a": "the Rhine flows around the famous rock Lorelei.", "572f7588947a6a140053c984": "Here the Rhine flows through the largest conurbation in Germany", "572f7588947a6a140053c985": "the Wesel-Datteln Canal, which runs parallel to the Lippe.", "572f7588947a6a140053c986": "ich runs parallel to the Lippe.", "572f7588947a6a140053c987": "Here the Rhine flows through the largest conurbation in Germany,", "572f7588947a6a140053c988": "Between Emmerich and Cleves the Emmerich Rhine Bridge, the", "572ff430a23a5019007fcba9": "The Lower Rhine flows through North Rhine-Westphalia.", "572ff430a23a5019007fcbaa": "Here the Rhine flows through the largest conurbation in Germany,", "572ff430a23a5019007fcbab": "Duisburg with the largest river port in Europe (Duisport).", "572ff430a23a5019007fcbac": "the longest suspension bridge in Germany, c", "572ff430a23a5019007fcbad": "Here the Rhine flows through the largest conurbation in Germany,", "572f76d1b2c2fd1400568154": "From here", "572f76d1b2c2fd1400568153": "the Dutch name Rijn no longer coincides with the main flow of water.", "572f76d1b2c2fd1400568155": "Tw", "572ff4ca04bcaa1900d76f24": "Two thirds of the water flow volume of the Rhine flows farther we", "572ff4ca04bcaa1900d76f25": "Tw", "572ff4ca04bcaa1900d76f26": "From here", "572ff4ca04bcaa1900d76f27": "Dordrecht, farther down rejoining the Nieuwe Maas to form Het Scheur.", "572f7b33947a6a140053c9a2": "It", "572f7b33947a6a140053c9a3": "redistributes in the IJssel and Nederrijn.", "572f7b33947a6a140053c9a4": ".", "572f7b33947a6a140053c9a5": "the Nederrijn changes its name and becomes the Lek.", "572ff56304bcaa1900d76f2d": "el to the Waal.", "572ff56304bcaa1900d76f2e": ".", "572ff56304bcaa1900d76f2f": ".", "572ff56304bcaa1900d76f30": "the Nederrijn changes its name and becomes the Lek.", "572ff56304bcaa1900d76f31": "the Nederrijn changes its name and becomes the Lek.", "572ff5fcb2c2fd1400568657": "This branch once formed the line along which the Limes Germanicus were built.", "572ff5fcb2c2fd1400568658": "farther to the north, which together formed the main river Rhine in Roman times.", "572ff5fcb2c2fd1400568659": "From Wijk bij Duurstede, the old north branch of the Rhine is called Kr", "572ff5fcb2c2fd140056865a": "From Wijk bij Duurstede, the old north branch of the Rhine is cal", "572ff5fcb2c2fd140056865b": "The latter flows west into a sluice at Katwijk", "572ff673b2c2fd1400568669": "this name is also used for the river delta wh", "572ff673b2c2fd140056866a": "The Rhine-Meuse Delta", "572ff673b2c2fd140056866b": "The Rhine-Meuse Delta", "572ff7ab04bcaa1900d76f51": "Kanaal", "572ff7ab04bcaa1900d76f52": "the IJssel branches off from the Nederrijn.", "572ff7ab04bcaa1900d76f53": "The shape of the Rhine delta is", "572ff7ab04bcaa1900d76f55": "which branches off from Oude Maas.", "572ff7ab04bcaa1900d76f54": "Waterway\")", "572ff83ab2c2fd1400568681": "the Meuse was separated from the Waal th", "572ff83ab2c2fd1400568682": "Waal and Lek.", "572ff83ab2c2fd1400568683": "Before the St. Elizabeth's flood (1421)", "572ff83ab2c2fd1400568685": "the Meuse and Waal merged further upstream at Gorinchem to form Merwede.", "572ff83ab2c2fd1400568684": "Waal and Lek.", "572ff890a23a5019007fcbce": "Many rivers have been closed (\"dammed\") and", "572ff890a23a5019007fcbcf": "Cur", "572ff890a23a5019007fcbcd": "Many rivers have been closed (\"dammed\") and", "572ff890a23a5019007fcbd0": "Delta in the second half of the 20th Century fundamentally.", "572ff935b2c2fd140056869b": "The Rhine-Meuse Delta is a tidal delta,", "572ff935b2c2fd140056869c": "shaped not only by the sedimentation of the rivers, but also by tidal currents.", "572ff935b2c2fd140056869d": "because strong tidal currents could tear huge areas of land into the sea.", "572ff935b2c2fd140056869e": "the most landward tidal influence can be detected between Brakel and Zaltbommel.", "572ffa79a23a5019007fcbe9": "The present Mediterranean Sea descends from this somewhat larger Tethys sea.", "572ffa79a23a5019007fcbeb": "the two plates reversed direction and began to compress the Tethys floor", "572ffa79a23a5019007fcbec": "Sev", "572ffa79a23a5019007fcbea": "with the opening of the Tethys Ocean,", "572ffa79a23a5019007fcbed": "pushed up the Pyrenees;", "572ffb02b2c2fd14005686b7": "the ongoing Alpine orogeny caused a N\u2013S rift system to develop in this zone.", "572ffb02b2c2fd14005686b8": "From the Eocene onwards", "572ffb02b2c2fd14005686b9": "By the time of the Miocene, a river system had developed in the Upper Rhine Graben,", "572ffb02b2c2fd14005686ba": "the Alps.", "572ffc0f947a6a140053cef0": "Through stream capture, the Rhine extended its watershed southward.", "572ffc0f947a6a140053cef1": "By the Pliocene period, the Rhine had captured streams down", "572ffc0f947a6a140053cef2": "the Rhine extended its watershed southward.", "572ffce5a23a5019007fcc15": "the geological period of the Ice Ages.", "572ffce5a23a5019007fcc16": "Since approximately 600,000 years ago, six major Ice Ages have", "572ffce5a23a5019007fcc17": "and much of the continental margins became exposed.", "572ffce5a23a5019007fcc18": "the Rhine followed a course to the northwest, through the present North Sea.", "572ffce5a23a5019007fcc19": "during glacial times, the river mouth was located offshore", "572ffd75b2c2fd14005686e5": "The last glacial ran from", "572ffd75b2c2fd14005686e6": "until the end of the Pleistocene (~11,600 BP).", "572ffd75b2c2fd14005686e7": "During this time, the lower Rhine fl", "572ffd75b2c2fd14005686e8": "was approximately 120 m (390 ft) lower than today.", "572ffd75b2c2fd14005686e9": "today.", "572fff45947a6a140053cf26": "st", "572fff45947a6a140053cf27": "st of the Rhine's current course was not under the ice during the last Ice Age", "572fff45947a6a140053cf28": "was the case during the Last Glacial Maximum, ca.", "572fff45947a6a140053cf29": "when ice-sheets covered Scandinavia, the Baltics, Scotland and the Alps, but", "572fff45947a6a140053cf2a": "The loess or wind-blown dust over that tundra,", "572fffb404bcaa1900d76fef": "snow covers melted in spring.", "572fffb404bcaa1900d76ff0": "began to thaw and fall-winter snow covers melted in spring.", "572fffb404bcaa1900d76ff1": "Much of the discharge was routed to the Rhine and its downstream extension.", "572fffb404bcaa1900d76ff2": "Rapid warming and changes of vegetation, to open forest, began about 13,000 BP.", "572fffb404bcaa1900d76ff3": "Europe was fully forested.", "573003dd947a6a140053cf42": "a situation with tides and currents, very similar to present has existed.", "573003dd947a6a140053cf43": "could compensate the transgression by the sea;", "573003dd947a6a140053cf44": "the coast line was roughly at the same location.", "573003dd947a6a140053cf45": "Rates of sea-level rise", "573003dd947a6a140053cf46": "the sea level is still rising", "5730042804bcaa1900d77011": "the Rhine occupied its Late-Glacial valley.", "5730042804bcaa1900d77014": "the formation of the Holocene Rhine-Meuse delta began (~8,000 years ago).", "5730042804bcaa1900d77012": "the Rhine occupied its Late-Glacial valley.", "5730042804bcaa1900d77013": "the Rhine occupied its Late-Glacial valley.", "57300580b2c2fd140056874d": "Direct human impact in the delta start", "57300580b2c2fd140056874f": "the sediment load of the Rhine has strongly increased and delta growth has sped up.", "57300580b2c2fd140056874e": "in the upland areas (central Germany)", "57300580b2c2fd1400568751": "which took place in the 11\u201313th century AD.", "57300580b2c2fd1400568750": "Over the past 6000 years, approximately 80 avulsions have occurred.", "5730069004bcaa1900d7702d": "the North Sea, through the former Meuse estuary, near Rotterdam.", "5730069004bcaa1900d7702e": "discharge to the North Sea, through the former Meuse estuary, near Rotterdam.", "5730069004bcaa1900d7702f": "The river IJssel branch flows to the north and enters the IJsselmeer,", "5730069004bcaa1900d77030": "brackish lagoon; however, since 1932, a freshwater lake.", "5730069004bcaa1900d77031": "discharge).", "57300761947a6a140053cf9a": ".", "57300761947a6a140053cf9b": "At that time, it formed the boundary between Gaul and Germania.", "57300761947a6a140053cf9c": "The Upper Rhine", "57300761947a6a140053cf9d": ".", "573007fab2c2fd140056876b": "From the death of Augustus in AD 14 until after AD 70,", "573007fab2c2fd140056876c": "accepted as her Germanic frontier the water-boundary of the Rhine and upper Danube.", "573007fab2c2fd140056876d": "ere the Rhine is deep and broad, remained the Roman boundary until the empire fell.", "573007fab2c2fd140056876f": "ere the Rhine is deep and broad, remained the Roman boundary until the empire fell.", "573007fab2c2fd140056876e": "The upper Rhine and upper Danube are easily crossed.", "57300888b2c2fd1400568775": "The Romans kept eight legions in five bases along the Rhine.", "57300888b2c2fd1400568777": "two legions at oppidum Ubiorum (\"town of the Ubii\"), wh", "57300888b2c2fd1400568778": "which was renamed to Colonia Agrippina", "57300888b2c2fd1400568776": "depended on whether a state or threat of war existed.", "57300888b2c2fd1400568779": "empire.", "57300911947a6a140053cfb6": "Germanic tribes crossed the Rhine in the Migration period,", "57300911947a6a140053cfb7": "Germanic tribes crossed the Rhine in the Migration period,", "57300911947a6a140053cfb8": "the Drachenfels (Siebengebirge) (\"dragons rock\"),", "57300911947a6a140053cfb9": "This \"Germanic Heroic Age\"", "57300911947a6a140053cfba": "which was thrown into the Rhine by Hagen.", "573009a004bcaa1900d7704f": "the Rhine was within the borders of Francia.", "573009a004bcaa1900d77050": "it was fully within the Holy Roman Empire,", "573009a004bcaa1900d77051": "but in the 10th century, it was fully within the Holy Roman Empire", "573009a004bcaa1900d77052": "Upper Rhine was sold to Burgundy by Archduke Sigismund of Austria in 1469 and", "573009a004bcaa1900d77053": "Upper Rhine was sold to Burgundy by Archduke Sigismund of Austria in 1469 and", "57300a25a23a5019007fcc97": "the Upper Rhine formed a contentious border between France and Germany.", "57300a25a23a5019007fcc98": "Establishing \"natural borders\" on the Rhine", "57300a25a23a5019007fcc99": "The Confederation of the Rhine was established by Napoleon,", "57300a25a23a5019007fcc9a": "The Confederation of the Rhine was established by Napoleon,", "57300a25a23a5019007fcc9b": "In 1840, the Rhine crisis,", "57300a9a04bcaa1900d77063": "At the end of World War I, the Rhineland was subject to the Treaty of Versailles.", "57300a9a04bcaa1900d77064": "The allies left the Rhineland", "57300a9a04bcaa1900d77065": "after that, it would be a demilitarised zone, with the German army forbidden to enter", "57300a9a04bcaa1900d77066": "The", "57300a9a04bcaa1900d77067": "with the German army forbidden to enter.", "57300bf504bcaa1900d77087": "The Rhine bridge at Arnhem,", "57300bf504bcaa1900d77088": "In World War II, it was recognised that", "57300bf504bcaa1900d77089": "during the failed Operation Market Garden of September 1944.", "57300bf504bcaa1900d7708a": "the Germans failed to demolish it", "57300bf504bcaa1900d7708b": "was a Warsaw Pact war plan for an invasion of Western Europe during the Cold War.", "57300c67947a6a140053cff0": "1932 the generally accepted length of the Rhine was 1,230 kilometres (764 miles).", "57300c67947a6a140053cff1": "the generally accepted length of the Rhine was 1,230 kilometres (764 miles).", "57300c67947a6a140053cff3": "the generally accepted length of the Rhine was 1,230 kilometres (764 miles).", "57300c67947a6a140053cff2": "1932 the generally accepted length of the Rhine was 1,230 kilometres (764 miles).", "57300c68947a6a140053cff4": ".", "572fac17947a6a140053cb54": "the current Parliament was convened by the Scotland Act 1998,", "572fac17947a6a140053cb55": "which sets out its powers as a devolved legislature.", "572fac17947a6a140053cb56": "The Act delineates the legislative competence of the Parliament \u2013 the areas in wh", "572fac17947a6a140053cb57": "powers that are \"reserved\" to the Parliament of the United Kingdom.", "572fac17947a6a140053cb58": "Westminster.", "572facb0a23a5019007fc863": "remained an important element in Scottish national identity.", "572facb0a23a5019007fc864": "For the next three hundred years", "572facb0a23a5019007fc865": "Suggestions for a 'devolved' Parliament were made before 1914,", "572facb0a23a5019007fc866": "A sharp rise in nationalism in Scotland dur", "572facb0a23a5019007fc867": "Kil", "572fad30a23a5019007fc86d": "the discovery of oil in the North Sea", "572fad30a23a5019007fc86e": "as well as the SNP.", "572fad30a23a5019007fc870": "1974.", "572fad30a23a5019007fc86f": "The party argued that the revenues from the oil were not benefitting Scotland", "572fad30a23a5019007fc871": ".", "572fadcbb2c2fd1400568329": "an elected assembly would be set up in Edinburgh", "572fadcbb2c2fd140056832a": "the majority of the Scottish electorate voted for it in a referendum to be held on", "572fadcbb2c2fd140056832c": "Although the vote was 51.6% in favour of a Scottish Assembly", "572fadcbb2c2fd140056832b": "The 1979 Scottish devolution referendum to establish a devolved Scottish Assembly failed.", "572fadcbb2c2fd140056832d": "vote.", "572fae4b04bcaa1900d76bdf": "Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, demand for a Scottish Parliament grew", "572fae4b04bcaa1900d76be0": "MPs.", "572fae4b04bcaa1900d76be1": "as Scottish churches, political parties and representatives of industry taking part.", "572fae4b04bcaa1900d76be2": "the Convention provided much of the basis for the structure of the Parliament.", "572faec7b2c2fd1400568333": "Since September 2004", "572faec7b2c2fd1400568334": "The", "572faec7b2c2fd1400568335": "architect Enric Miralles in partnership with local Edinburgh Architecture firm RMJM", "572faec7b2c2fd1400568336": "Som", "572faec7b2c2fd1400568337": "Queen Elizabeth II opened the new building on 9 October 2004.", "572faf74b2c2fd1400568349": ".", "572faf74b2c2fd1400568347": "Whilst the permanent building at Holyrood was being constructed,", "572faf74b2c2fd1400568348": "Official photographs and television interviews", "572faf74b2c2fd140056834b": "2002.", "572faf74b2c2fd140056834a": "In May 2000", "572fb059947a6a140053cb80": "the Parliament also used buildings rented from the City of Edinburgh Council.", "572fb059947a6a140053cb81": "The former administrative building of Lothian Regional Council on George IV Bridge was", "572fb059947a6a140053cb82": "was used for the MSP's offices.", "572fb059947a6a140053cb83": ".", "572fb059947a6a140053cb84": "whilst the main hall was used as the Parliament's principal committee room", "572fb42904bcaa1900d76c15": "After each election to the Scottish Parliament", "572fb42904bcaa1900d76c16": "After each election to the Scottish Parliament", "572fb42904bcaa1900d76c17": "The Presiding Officer and deputies are elected by a secret ballot of the 129 MSPs,", "572fb42904bcaa1900d76c18": "Scott).", "572fb42904bcaa1900d76c19": "A vote clerk sits in front of the Presiding Officer and", "572fbb04a23a5019007fc8f7": ".", "572fbb04a23a5019007fc8f8": "is another of the roles of the Presiding Officer.", "572fbb04a23a5019007fc8f9": "one representative from each political parties with five or more seats in the Parliament.", "572fbb04a23a5019007fc8fa": "also represents the Scottish Parliament at home and abroad in an official capacity.", "572fbea404bcaa1900d76c5b": "The debating chamber of the Scottish Parliament", "572fbea404bcaa1900d76c5c": "The debating chamber of the Scottish Parliament", "572fbea404bcaa1900d76c5d": "There are 131 seats in the debating chamber.", "572fbea404bcaa1900d76c5e": "are members of the Scottish Government.", "572fbea404bcaa1900d76c5f": "but are members of the Scottish Government.", "572fbf21a23a5019007fc938": "Wisdom, Compassion, Justice and Integrity.", "572fbf21a23a5019007fc937": ".", "572fbf21a23a5019007fc93a": "Presented to the Scottish Parliament by the Queen up", "572fbf21a23a5019007fc939": "are inscribed around the head of the mace, wh", "572fbf21a23a5019007fc93b": "the mace is displayed in a glass case suspended from the lid. At", "572fbfa504bcaa1900d76c73": ".", "572fbfa504bcaa1900d76c74": "Plenary meetings in the debating chamber usually tak", "572fbfa504bcaa1900d76c75": "Chamber debates and committee meetings are open to the public.", "572fbfa504bcaa1900d76c76": "Entry is free, but booking in advance is recommended due to limited space.", "572fbfa504bcaa1900d76c77": "which is the substantially verbatim transcript of parliamentary debates.", "572fc043a23a5019007fc95d": "Wednesdays is usually Time for Reflection,", "572fc043a23a5019007fc95e": "The first item of business on Wednesdays is usually Time for Reflection", "572fc043a23a5019007fc960": "Faith groups can make direct representations to the Presiding Officer to nominate speakers.", "572fc043a23a5019007fc95f": "Speakers are drawn from across Scotland and", "572fc043a23a5019007fc961": "Faith groups can make direct representations to the Presiding Officer to nominate speakers.", "572fc41f947a6a140053cc80": "The Presiding Officer (or Deputy Presiding Officer) decides wh", "572fc41f947a6a140053cc81": "the amount of time for which they are allowed to speak.", "572fc41f947a6a140053cc82": "Normally,", "572fc41f947a6a140053cc83": "Typically, ministers or party leaders open debates,", "572fc41f947a6a140053cc84": "The Scottish Parliament has conducted debates in the Gaelic language.", "572fc49d04bcaa1900d76ccb": "MSPs decide on all the motions and amendments that have been moved that day.", "572fc49d04bcaa1900d76ccc": "This \"Decision Time\" is heralded by the sounding of the division bell,", "572fc49d04bcaa1900d76ccd": "MSPs who are not in the chamber to return and vote.", "572fc49d04bcaa1900d76cce": "As a result, the outcome of each division is known in seconds.", "572fc49d04bcaa1900d76ccf": "As a result, the outcome of each division is known in seconds.", "572fc5a1947a6a140053cc8a": "The outcome of most votes", "572fc5a1947a6a140053cc8b": "normally instruct members which way to vote.", "572fc5a1947a6a140053cc8c": "with the task of ensuring that party members vote according to the party line.", "572fc5a1947a6a140053cc8e": "This is typically done on moral issues.", "572fc5a1947a6a140053cc8d": "vote according to the party line.", "572fc659b2c2fd1400568447": "Immediately after Decision Time a \"Members Debate\" is held,", "572fc659b2c2fd1400568449": "Members Business is a debate on a motion proposed by an MSP who is not a Scottish minister.", "572fc659b2c2fd1400568448": "45 minutes.", "572fc659b2c2fd140056844a": "As well as the proposer, other members normally contribute to the debate.", "572fc659b2c2fd140056844b": "Members Business is a debate on a motion proposed by an MSP who is not a Scottish minister.", "572fc6f204bcaa1900d76cf5": "Much of the work of the Scottish Parliament is done in committee.", "572fc6f204bcaa1900d76cf6": "The role of committees is strong", "572fc6f204bcaa1900d76cf7": "chamber.", "572fc6f204bcaa1900d76cf8": "Committees can also meet at other locations throughout Scotland.", "572fc6f204bcaa1900d76cf9": "Committees can also meet at other locations throughout Scotland.", "572fc78d04bcaa1900d76d07": "MSPs, with membership reflecting the balance of parties across Parliament.", "572fc78d04bcaa1900d76d08": "There are different committees with their functions set out in different ways.", "572fc78d04bcaa1900d76d09": "There are different committees with their functions set out in different ways.", "572fc78d04bcaa1900d76d0a": ".", "572fc78d04bcaa1900d76d0b": ".", "572fc80b04bcaa1900d76d11": ".", "572fc80b04bcaa1900d76d12": "one (or more) of the departments (or ministries) of the Scottish Government.", "572fc80b04bcaa1900d76d13": "one (or more) of the departments (or ministries) of the Scottish Government.", "572fc80b04bcaa1900d76d14": "one (or more) of the departments (or ministries) of the Scottish Government.", "572fc8a904bcaa1900d76d1f": "A further type of committee", "572fc8a904bcaa1900d76d20": "who is not a member of the Scottish Parliament or Scottish Government.", "572fc8a904bcaa1900d76d21": "as infrastructure projects that require the use of land or property.", "572fc8a904bcaa1900d76d22": "the development of the Edinburgh Tram Network,", "572fca7eb2c2fd1400568473": "The", "572fca7eb2c2fd1400568474": ".", "572fca7eb2c2fd1400568475": "The Scotland Act 2012 extends the devolved competencies.", "572fca7eb2c2fd1400568476": "continues to constitute the supreme legislature of Scotland.", "572fca7eb2c2fd1400568477": "Another of the roles of the Parliament is to hold the Scottish Government to account.", "572fcb6da23a5019007fc9f1": "Schedule 5 to the Scotland Act as reserved matters.", "572fcb6da23a5019007fc9f2": "the Scottish Parliament.", "572fcb6da23a5019007fc9f3": "The", "572fcb6da23a5019007fc9f4": "The Scottish Parliament has the ability to alter income tax in Scotland by", "572fcb6da23a5019007fc9f5": "The 2012 Act", "572fcc43b2c2fd140056847d": "the Scotland Parliament.", "572fcc43b2c2fd140056847e": ".", "572fcc43b2c2fd140056847f": "These inc", "572fcc43b2c2fd1400568480": "at, Westminster (and where Ministerial functions usually lie with UK Government ministers)", "572fcd86947a6a140053ccda": "Bills can be introduced to Parliament in a number of ways;", "572fcd86947a6a140053ccdb": "the Scottish Government can", "572fcd86947a6a140053ccdc": "be submitted to Parliament by an outside proposer.", "572fcd86947a6a140053ccdd": "or a private bill can be submitted to Parliament by an outside proposer.", "572fcd86947a6a140053ccde": "Bills pass through Parliament in a number of stages:", "572fce12a23a5019007fca11": "Stage 1 is the first, or introductory stage of the bill", "572fce13a23a5019007fca12": "ether the bill is within the legislative competence of the Parliament.", "572fce13a23a5019007fca13": "Sta", "572fce13a23a5019007fca14": "Stage 1", "572fce13a23a5019007fca15": "Stage 2.", "572fd1c4947a6a140053cd02": "Stage 3", "572fd1c4947a6a140053cd03": "the final stage of the bill and is considered at a meeting of the whole Parliament.", "572fd1c4947a6a140053cd04": "Stage 3", "572fd1c4947a6a140053cd05": "Opposition members can table \"", "572fd1c4947a6a140053cd06": "ether they agree to the general principles of the final bill.", "572fd264b2c2fd14005684a9": "After the bill has been passed,", "572fd264b2c2fd14005684aa": "the Presiding Officer submits it to the Monarch for royal assent", "572fd264b2c2fd14005684ab": "However he can", "572fd264b2c2fd14005684ac": "a ruling on whether it is within the powers of the Parliament.", "572fd264b2c2fd14005684ad": "Acts of the Scottish Parliament do not begin with a conventional enacting formula.", "572fd47fa23a5019007fca55": "the Parliament forms the Scottish Government.", "572fd47fa23a5019007fca57": "Any member can put their name forward to be First Minister,", "572fd47fa23a5019007fca56": "at the beginning of each parliamentary term (after a general election).", "572fd47fa23a5019007fca58": "Most ministers and their juniors are drawn from amongst the elected MSPs, with", "572fd47fa23a5019007fca59": "the formal appointment or dismissal is made by the Sovereign.", "572fd6aa04bcaa1900d76d9f": "on).", "572fd6aa04bcaa1900d76da0": "on).", "572fd6aa04bcaa1900d76da1": "Officer.", "572fd6aa04bcaa1900d76da3": "before the due date of an ordinary general election, in which case they supplant it.", "572fd6aa04bcaa1900d76da2": "within 28 days of a General Election or", "572fd73e947a6a140053cd32": "Several procedures enable the Scottish Parliament to scrutinise the Government.", "572fd73e947a6a140053cd33": "The First Minister or members of the cabinet can deliver statements to Parliament upon wh", "572fd73e947a6a140053cd34": "For example, at the beginning of each parliamentary year", "572fd73e947a6a140053cd35": "After the statement has been deli", "572fd7b8947a6a140053cd3a": "Parliamentary time is also set aside for question periods in the debating chamber.", "572fd7b8947a6a140053cd3b": "A \"General Question Time\" takes place on a Thursday between 11:40 a.m. and", "572fd7b8947a6a140053cd3c": "where members can direct questions to any member of the Scottish Government.", "572fd7b8947a6a140053cd3d": "directly on issues under their jurisdiction.", "572fd7b8947a6a140053cd3e": "The four general questions available to opposition leaders are:", "572fd8efb2c2fd14005684f9": ".", "572fd8efb2c2fd14005684fb": "2005 reduction in the number of Scottish MPs", "572fd8efb2c2fd14005684fa": "Voters choose one member to represent the constituency,", "572fd8efb2c2fd14005684fd": "due to their dispersed population and distance from the Scottish Parliament in Edinburgh.", "572fd8efb2c2fd14005684fc": "Currently, the average Scottish Parliament constituency comprises 55,000 ele", "572fda6fb2c2fd140056850b": "The total number of seats in the Parliament", "572fda6fb2c2fd140056850c": "using the d'Hondt method.", "572fda6fb2c2fd140056850d": "The party with the highest quotient is awarded the seat", "572fda6fb2c2fd140056850e": "which is then added to its constituency seats in allocating the second seat.", "572fda6fb2c2fd140056850f": "This is repeated iteratively until all available list seats are allocated.", "572fdb17b2c2fd140056851d": "As in the House of Commons, a number of qualifications apply to being an MSP.", "572fdb17b2c2fd140056851e": "the British Nationality Act 1981", "572fdb17b2c2fd140056851f": "As in the House of Commons, a number of qualifications apply to being an MSP.", "572fdb17b2c2fd1400568520": "Members of the police and the armed forces are disqualified from sitting in the Scottish Parliamen", "572fdb17b2c2fd1400568521": "t 2003.", "572fdbb004bcaa1900d76dd9": "making this the first time in the Scottish Parliament", "572fdbb004bcaa1900d76dda": "The SNP took 16 seats from Labour,", "572fdbb004bcaa1900d76ddb": "Iain Gray retained East Lothian by 151 votes.", "572fdbb004bcaa1900d76ddc": "The SNP took a further eight seats from the Liberal Democrats and", "572fdbb004bcaa1900d76ddd": "the Scottish Parliament to hold a referendum on Scottish independence.", "572fdc34a23a5019007fca93": "the seat of former party leader David McLetchie, to the SNP.", "572fdc34a23a5019007fca94": "For the Conservatives, the main disappointment was the loss of Edinburgh Pentlands", "572fdc34a23a5019007fca95": "the Conservatives suff", "572fdc34a23a5019007fca96": "Nevertheless, she too announced she would step down as leader of the party.", "572fdc34a23a5019007fca97": ".", "572fdd03a23a5019007fca9d": "A procedural consequence of the establishment of the Scottish Parliament is", "572fdd03a23a5019007fca9e": "are unable to vote on the domestic legislation of the Scottish Parliament.", "572fdd03a23a5019007fca9f": "This phenomenon is known as the West Lothian question and has led to criticism.", "572fdd03a23a5019007fcaa0": "Following the Conservative victory in the 2015 UK election,", "572fdd03a23a5019007fcaa1": "MPs representing English constituencies a new \"veto\" over laws only affecting England", "572ff626947a6a140053ce8e": "Islamic values in all spheres of life.", "572ff626947a6a140053ce8f": "life.", "572ff626947a6a140053ce90": "t", "572ff626947a6a140053ce91": "The different Islamist movements have", "572ff626947a6a140053ce92": "power seized by revolution or invasion;", "572ff760b2c2fd1400568677": "Tunisian Ennahda Movement.", "572ff760b2c2fd1400568678": "Hamas in Palestine participate in", "572ff760b2c2fd1400568679": "The Islamist groups like Hezbollah in Lebanon and", "572ff760b2c2fd140056867a": ".", "572ff760b2c2fd140056867b": "attacks on", "572ff86004bcaa1900d76f65": "the Muslim Brotherhood.", "572ff86004bcaa1900d76f66": "wh", "572ff86004bcaa1900d76f67": "Islam.", "572ff86004bcaa1900d76f68": "Following the Arab Spring, Roy", "572ff86004bcaa1900d76f69": "legitimacy.", "572ff932a23a5019007fcbd5": "Islam, while the contrary idea that Islam is, or can be, apolitical is an error.", "572ff932a23a5019007fcbd6": "Islam", "572ff932a23a5019007fcbd7": "Islam, while the contrary idea that Islam is, or can be, apolitical is an error.", "572ff932a23a5019007fcbd8": ".", "572ff932a23a5019007fcbd9": "who seek to separate religion from politics.", "572ffabf04bcaa1900d76f9f": "not Muslims, but Islamists and believe in Islamism, not [just] Islam?\"", "572ffabf04bcaa1900d76fa0": "that \"the conception of 'political Islam'\" is", "572ffabf04bcaa1900d76fa1": "Islam", "572ffabf04bcaa1900d76fa2": "the heyday of secular Arab nationalism between 1945 and 1970\", and", "572ffabf04bcaa1900d76fa3": "that requires explana", "572ffbaa947a6a140053cee7": "dangerous enemies.", "572ffbaa947a6a140053cee6": "During the 1970s and sometimes later", "572ffbaa947a6a140053ceea": "impact.", "572ffbaa947a6a140053cee9": "The US spent billions of dollars to aid the mujahideen Muslim Af", "572ffbaa947a6a140053cee8": "Islamists were considered by Western governments bulwarks against\u2014wh", "572ffbaab2c2fd14005686cd": "impact.", "572ffc99947a6a140053cef6": "Egyptian President Anwar Sadat", "572ffc99947a6a140053cef7": ".", "572ffc99947a6a140053cef8": "Islamists from prison and", "572ffc99947a6a140053cef9": "This \"gentlemen's agreement\" between Sadat and Islamists broke down in 1975 but", "572ffc99947a6a140053cefa": "Sad", "572ffd9e04bcaa1900d76fc7": ".", "572ffd9e04bcaa1900d76fc8": "Muslims sh", "572ffd9e04bcaa1900d76fc9": "responsible for all the horrible wars of the 20th century", "572ffd9e04bcaa1900d76fca": "Muslims.", "572ffd9e04bcaa1900d76fcb": "the \"gold standard\" of religion in minds of some or many Muslims.", "572ffe6fb2c2fd14005686ef": "Islamist movements such as the Muslim Brotherhood", "572ffe6fb2c2fd14005686f2": ".", "572ffe6fb2c2fd14005686f0": "are well known for providing shelters, educational assistance,", "572ffe6fb2c2fd14005686f3": "whose commitment to social justice is limited to rhetoric.", "572ffe6fb2c2fd14005686f1": "\"", "572ffee1947a6a140053cf14": "While studying law and philosophy in England and Germany", "572ffee1947a6a140053cf15": "Iqbal became a member of the London branch of the All India Muslim League", "572ffee1947a6a140053cf17": "He was a critic of the mainstream Indian nationalist and secularist Indian National Congress.", "572ffee1947a6a140053cf16": "He came back to Lahore in 1908.", "572ffee1947a6a140053cf18": "Iqbal's seven English lectures were published by Oxford University press in", "572fffb1b2c2fd14005686f9": "Iqbal expressed fears that not only would secularism and secular nationalism we", "572fffb1b2c2fd14005686fa": "crowd out Muslim heritage, culture and political influence.", "572fffb1b2c2fd14005686fb": "calling for the shedding of nationalist differences.", "572fffb1b2c2fd14005686fc": "Sir Muhammad I", "572fffb1b2c2fd14005686fd": "In his Allahabad Address on 29 December 1930,", "5730005db2c2fd1400568703": "Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi was", "5730005db2c2fd1400568704": "Tra", "5730005db2c2fd1400568705": "Maududi founded the Jamaat-e-Islami party in 1941 and", "5730005db2c2fd1400568706": "Maududi had much more impact through his writing than through his political organising.", "5730005db2c2fd1400568707": "His extremely influential books (translated into many languages) placed Islam in", "57300137b2c2fd1400568717": "Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi was", "57300137b2c2fd1400568718": "Trained as", "57300137b2c2fd140056871a": "Maududi had much more impact through his writing than through his political organising.", "57300137b2c2fd140056871b": "His extremely influential books (translated into many languages) placed Islam in", "57300200b2c2fd1400568729": "Maududi also believed that Muslim society could not be Islamic without Sharia", "57300200b2c2fd140056872a": "Islam required the establishment of an Islamic state.", "57300200b2c2fd140056872b": "This state should be a \"theo-democracy,", "57300200b2c2fd140056872c": "Maududi al", "57300200b2c2fd140056872d": "but the gradual changing the hearts and minds of individuals from", "5730035e04bcaa1900d77001": "Maududi was the founding of the Muslim Brotherhood in Ismailiyah,", "5730035e04bcaa1900d77002": "Maududi was the founding of the Muslim Brotherhood in Ismailiyah,", "5730035e04bcaa1900d77003": "Roughly contemporaneous with Maududi was the founding of the Muslim Brotherhood", "5730035e04bcaa1900d77004": "Under the motto \"the Qur'an is our constitution,", "5730035e04bcaa1900d77005": "eliminating all imperialist influence in the Muslim world.", "5730040f947a6a140053cf4c": "Som", "5730040f947a6a140053cf4d": "Al-Banna was assassinated in 1949", "5730040f947a6a140053cf4e": "in retaliation for the assassination of Egypt's premier Mahmud Fami Naqrashi th", "5730040f947a6a140053cf4f": "The Brotherhood has suffered periodic repression in Egypt and", "5730040f947a6a140053cf50": "Gamal Abdul Nasser, who jailed thousands of members for several years.", "573004bf947a6a140053cf56": ".", "573004bf947a6a140053cf59": "In the Egyptian parliamentary election, 2011\u20132012, the", "573004bf947a6a140053cf57": "For many years it was described as \"semi-legal\" and", "573004bf947a6a140053cf58": "was the only opposition group in Egypt able to field candidates during elections.", "573004bf947a6a140053cf5a": "was the first democratically elected president of Egypt.", "573005b9947a6a140053cf6a": ".", "573005b9947a6a140053cf6b": ".", "573005b9947a6a140053cf6c": "was blamed on the secular Arab nationalism of the ruling regimes.", "573005b9947a6a140053cf6d": "The quick and decisive defeat of the Arab troops during the Six-Day War by Israeli", "573005b9947a6a140053cf6e": "Arab nationalism suffered,", "5730088e947a6a140053cfad": "Mohammad Iqbal, ideological father of the State of Pakistan", "5730088e947a6a140053cfac": "The views of Ali Shariati, ideologue of the Iranian Revolution,", "5730088e947a6a140053cfae": "like Mawdudi and Qutb.", "5730088e947a6a140053cfaf": "Ali for restoration of Sharia law was essential to Islam,", "5730088e947a6a140053cfb0": "that the acts such as \"plundering\" of Muslim lands was part", "57300e2604bcaa1900d770b7": "The Islamic Republic", "57300e2604bcaa1900d770b9": "Shia terrorist groups in Iraq,", "57300e2604bcaa1900d770b8": "The Islamic Republic", "57300e2604bcaa1900d770ba": "During the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict", "57300e2604bcaa1900d770bb": "vanish.", "57300ec0947a6a140053d004": "In 1979, the Soviet Union deployed its 40th Army into Afghanistan,", "57300ec0947a6a140053d005": "an Islamic rebellion against an allied Marxist regime in the Afghan Civil War.", "57300ec0947a6a140053d006": "around the world to send aid and sometimes to go themselves to fight for their faith.", "57300ec0947a6a140053d007": "While the military effectiveness of these \"Afghan Arabs\" was marginal, an", "57300ec0947a6a140053d008": "Muslim volunteers came from around the world came to fight in Afghanistan.", "57300f8504bcaa1900d770d1": "Another factor in the early 1990s that", "57300f8504bcaa1900d770d2": "to Saddam Hussein's occupation of Kuwait.", "57300f8504bcaa1900d770d3": "Islamist groups that received its aid.", "57300f8504bcaa1900d770d4": "western troops came to protect the Saudi monarchy.", "57300f8504bcaa1900d770d5": "Islamists accused the Saudi regime of being a puppet of the west.", "573010fab2c2fd14005687d7": "These attacks", "573010fab2c2fd14005687d9": "Saudi Arabia at", "573010fab2c2fd14005687d8": "Saddam's defeat either", "573010fab2c2fd14005687da": "attack.", "573010fab2c2fd14005687db": "/11 attack.", "573011de04bcaa1900d770f9": "While Qutb", "573011de04bcaa1900d770fa": "While", "573011de04bcaa1900d770fb": "the leadership of the Brotherhood", "573011de04bcaa1900d770fc": "Fringe or splinter movements", "573011de04bcaa1900d770fd": "By the 1970s", "5730126ba23a5019007fcd09": ".", "5730126ba23a5019007fcd0a": "responsible for the assassination of Anwar Sadat in 1981.", "5730126ba23a5019007fcd0b": "the extremist group directed its attacks", "5730126ba23a5019007fcd0c": "what it believed were \"apostate\" leaders of Muslim states, leaders wh", "5730126ba23a5019007fcd0d": "It", "5730131c947a6a140053d052": "buildings.", "5730131c947a6a140053d053": "over 100 Egyptian police.", "5730131c947a6a140053d055": "2003", "5730131c947a6a140053d054": "Ultimately the campaign to overthrow the government was unsuccessful, and", "5730131c947a6a140053d056": "buildings.", "5730208fa23a5019007fcded": "the Muslim Brotherhood in Palestine took a \"quiescent\" stance towards Israel,", "5730208fa23a5019007fcdee": "devoted to Jihad against Israel.", "5730208fa23a5019007fcdef": "It", "5730208fa23a5019007fcdf1": "The Brotherhood's base of devout middle class found common cause with", "5730208fa23a5019007fcdf0": "and the establishment of an Islamic state in Palestine. It", "573020f7b2c2fd14005688f7": "Hamas has continued to be a major player in Palestine.", "573020f7b2c2fd14005688f8": "From 2000 to 2007 it killed 542 people in 140 suicide bombing or \"martyrdom operations\".", "573020f7b2c2fd14005688f9": "In the January 2006 legislative election\u2014", "573020f7b2c2fd14005688fa": "it drove the PLO out of Gaza.", "573020f7b2c2fd14005688fb": "Hamas", "57302700a23a5019007fce89": "For many years, Sudan had an Islamist regime under the leadership of Hassan al-Turabi.", "57302700a23a5019007fce8a": "For many years, Sudan had an Islamist regime under the leadership of Hassan al-Turabi.", "57302700a23a5019007fce8b": "1979.", "57302700a23a5019007fce8c": "Turabi bu", "57302700a23a5019007fce8d": "He al", "573027d6a23a5019007fce9d": "After al-Nimeiry", "573027d6a23a5019007fce9e": "the elected post-al-Nimeiry government with the help of the military.", "573027d6a23a5019007fce9f": "Turabi was noted for proclaiming his support for the democratic process and a liberal government be", "573027d6a23a5019007fcea0": ".", "573027d6a23a5019007fcea1": ".", "5730285a04bcaa1900d77270": "it was going to win national elections in 1991 wh", "5730285a04bcaa1900d7726f": "when voting was canceled by a military coup d'\u00e9tat.", "5730285a04bcaa1900d7726e": "FIS or Front Islamique de Salut (the Islamic Salvation Front) in Algeria.", "5730285a04bcaa1900d7726d": "when voting was canceled by a military coup d'\u00e9tat.", "5730285a04bcaa1900d77271": "when voting was canceled by a military coup d'\u00e9tat.", "573028fa04bcaa1900d77287": "In Afghanistan", "573028fa04bcaa1900d77288": "In Afghanistan, the mujahideen's victory against the Soviet Union in the 1980s", "573028fa04bcaa1900d7728a": "In", "573028fa04bcaa1900d77289": "one of the poorest countries on earth.", "573028fa04bcaa1900d7728b": ".", "57302a3aa23a5019007fcecf": "Pakistan.", "57302a3aa23a5019007fced0": "Pakistan", "57302a3aa23a5019007fced1": "Pakistan.", "57302a3aa23a5019007fced2": "Sharia to an entire country.", "57302a3aa23a5019007fced3": ".", "57302ad804bcaa1900d772af": "Prime Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto's regime in Pakistan.", "57302ad804bcaa1900d772b0": "before he was overthrown.", "57302ad804bcaa1900d772b1": "became his \"official state ideology\".", "57302ad804bcaa1900d772b2": "and using Islamization to legitimize his means of seizing power.", "57302ad804bcaa1900d772b3": "but Islamization remains an important element in Pakistani society.", "57302bd0b2c2fd14005689db": "\"The Islamic State\",", "57302bd0b2c2fd14005689dc": "Islamic State\", formerly known as the \"Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant\"", "57302bd0b2c2fd14005689de": "it had control over territory occupied by ten million people in Iraq and Syria,", "57302bd0b2c2fd14005689df": "While a self-described state, it lacks international recognition.", "57302bd0b2c2fd14005689dd": "In", "57302cd004bcaa1900d772d7": "it p", "57302cd004bcaa1900d772d8": "invasion of Iraq by Western forces", "57302cd004bcaa1900d772da": "The United Nations has held ISIL res", "57302cd004bcaa1900d772d9": "joined the fight in the Syrian Civil War beginning in March 2011,", "57302cd004bcaa1900d772db": "The United Nations has held IS", "57302e45947a6a140053d22e": "In its focus on the Caliphate", "57302e45947a6a140053d22f": "Caliphs in the 7th century, but with the abolition of the Ottoman Caliphate in 1924.", "57302e45947a6a140053d230": "but with the abolition of the Ottoman Caliphate in 1924.", "57302e45947a6a140053d231": "This is believed to have ended the true Islamic system,", "57302e45947a6a140053d232": "the disbelieving (Kafir) colonial powers\" working through Turkish modernist Mustafa Kemal Atat\u00fcrk.", "57302efe04bcaa1900d772f5": "HT does not engage in armed jihad or", "57302efe04bcaa1900d772f6": "HT does not engage in armed jihad or", "57302efe04bcaa1900d772f7": "Muslim public op", "57302efe04bcaa1900d772f8": "Egypt, and is now banned in both countries.", "57302efe04bcaa1900d772f9": "But many HT members have gone on to join terrorist groups and", "57302faa04bcaa1900d77311": ".", "57302faa04bcaa1900d77312": "are some with a strong Islamist outlook.", "57302faa04bcaa1900d77313": "2007 Channel 4 documentary programme Undercover Mosque, has given rise to the term Londonistan.", "57302faa04bcaa1900d77314": "2007 Channel 4 documentary programme Undercover Mosque, has given rise to the term Londonistan.", "57302faa04bcaa1900d77315": "was arrested and charged with incitement to terrorism wh", "57303048947a6a140053d254": "2001.", "57303048947a6a140053d255": "the State Department.", "57303048947a6a140053d256": "during the Cold War.", "57303048947a6a140053d257": "2001.", "57303048947a6a140053d258": "ich was charged with undermining the communist ideology during the Cold War.", "573060b48ab72b1400f9c4c6": "Its name originated from the Latin word", "573060b48ab72b1400f9c4c7": "Imperialism is a type of advocacy of empire.", "573060b48ab72b1400f9c4c9": "The term imperialism has been applied to Western (", "573060b48ab72b1400f9c4ca": "It has also allowed for the rapid spread of technologies and ideas.", "573062662461fd1900a9cdf7": "force.", "573062662461fd1900a9cdf8": "There are \"formal\" or \"informal\" imperialisms.", "573062662461fd1900a9cdfa": "Imperialism is", "573062662461fd1900a9cdfb": "Informal imperialism\" is less direct; however, it is still a powerful form", "57306797396df919000960ee": "forcefully.", "57306797396df919000960ef": "kinds of dominance.", "57306797396df919000960f0": "aggressiveness.", "57306797396df919000960f2": "ully.", "57306797396df919000960f1": "To clear out this confusion about the definition of imperialism", "573081c2069b531400832133": "the amount of land that a nation has conquered and expanded.", "573081c2069b531400832134": "Polit", "573081c2069b531400832135": "The Russian leader Lenin suggested that \"imperialism was the highest form of capitalism,", "573081c2069b531400832136": "the core and the periphery.", "573081c2069b531400832137": "The", "573083dc2461fd1900a9ce6d": "The term \"imperialism\" is often conflated with \"colonialism\",", "573083dc2461fd1900a9ce6e": "does not automatically imply imperialism, as it lacks a political focus.", "573083dc2461fd1900a9ce6f": "Col", "573083dc2461fd1900a9ce70": ":116", "573083dc2461fd1900a9ce71": "colonialism refers to the 'implanting of settlements on a distant territory.", "573085ea8ab72b1400f9c54c": "The", "573085ea8ab72b1400f9c54d": "Col", "573085ea8ab72b1400f9c54e": "The meaning of imperialism is", "573085ea8ab72b1400f9c550": ".", "573085ea8ab72b1400f9c54f": "peoples are inherited by the conquered indigenous populations.", "5730876a396df9190009617a": ".", "5730876a396df9190009617c": "was needed.", "5730876a396df9190009617b": "the races of highest 'social efficiency'\".", "5730876a396df9190009617d": "Many others argued that imperialism is justified for several different reasons", "5730876a396df9190009617e": "are common.", "573088da069b53140083216b": "Friedrich Ratzel of Germany and Halford Mackinder of Britain also supported imperialism.", "573088da069b53140083216c": "Halford Mackinder of Britain also supported imperialism.", "573088da069b53140083216d": "Rat", "573088da069b53140083216e": ".", "573088da069b53140083216f": "o would come back with tales of their discoveries.", "57308cf88ab72b1400f9c576": "people in need of European guidance.", "57308cf88ab72b1400f9c577": "in the temperate zone.", "57308cf88ab72b1400f9c578": "as the west\u2019s construction of the east as the \u201cother\u201d.", "57308cf88ab72b1400f9c579": ".", "57308cf88ab72b1400f9c57a": "Orient.", "57308ddc396df919000961a5": "ich stems from Roman law meaning 'empty land').", "57308ddc396df919000961a7": "s.", "57308ddc396df919000961a4": ".", "57308ddc396df919000961a6": "Aboriginal inhabitants.", "57308ddc396df919000961a8": "(Latin expression which stems from Roman law meaning 'empty land').", "57308f6b8ab72b1400f9c580": "an imaginative geography of the East.", "57308f6b8ab72b1400f9c581": "controlled.", "57308f6b8ab72b1400f9c582": "the West developed an imaginative geography of the East.", "57308f6b8ab72b1400f9c583": "territories.", "57308f6b8ab72b1400f9c584": "the West developed an imaginative geography of the East.", "5730909d8ab72b1400f9c58a": "Bassett focuses his analysis of the role of nineteenth-century maps", "5730909d8ab72b1400f9c58b": "This prov", "5730909d8ab72b1400f9c58c": ".", "5730909d8ab72b1400f9c58d": "Bassett focuses his analysis of the role of nineteenth-century maps", "5730909d8ab72b1400f9c58e": ".", "573092088ab72b1400f9c595": "Aztec Empire and the Incan Empire.", "573092088ab72b1400f9c594": "Imperialism was a basic component to the conquests of Genghis Khan dur", "573092088ab72b1400f9c597": "Imperialis", "573092088ab72b1400f9c598": ".", "573092088ab72b1400f9c596": "Imperialism has played an important role in the histories of Japan,", "573093598ab72b1400f9c5ae": "it changes the moral, cultural and societal worldview of another.", "573093598ab72b1400f9c5af": "a country's influence is felt in social and cultural circles,", "573093598ab72b1400f9c5b0": "ing the Cold War changed the expectations of Romanians;", "573093598ab72b1400f9c5b1": "Nor is such a usage of culture recent, as part of Roman imperialism local elites w", "573093598ab72b1400f9c5b2": "a country's influence is felt in social and cultural circles, i.e.", "57309446396df919000961b8": "The Age of Imperialism, a time period beginning around 1700,", "57309446396df919000961b9": "The Age of Imperialism, a time period beginning around 1700", "57309446396df919000961ba": "Although imperialist practices have existed for thousands of years,", "57309446396df919000961bb": "The Age of Imperialism", "57309446396df919000961bc": "The Age of Imperialism", "57309564069b5314008321a5": "(1920\u20131999) constructed a framework for understanding European imperialism.", "57309564069b5314008321a6": "Ronald Robinson (1920\u20131999) constructed a framework for understanding European imperialism.", "57309564069b5314008321a7": "constructed a framework for understanding European imperialism.", "57309564069b5314008321a8": "Because of the resources made available by imperialism", "57309564069b5314008321a9": "I, making the many imperial powers rich and prosperous.", "573098f38ab72b1400f9c5d2": "Europe's expansion into territorial imperialism was largely focused on", "573098f38ab72b1400f9c5d4": "The colonization of India in the mid-18th century off", "573098f38ab72b1400f9c5d3": "colonies, in combination with assuming political control by military and political means.", "573098f38ab72b1400f9c5d5": ".", "573099ee8ab72b1400f9c5dc": "Along with advancements in communication", "573099ee8ab72b1400f9c5dd": "European chemists made deadly explosives that", "573099ee8ab72b1400f9c5de": "By the 1880s, the machine gun had become an effective battlefield weapon.", "573099ee8ab72b1400f9c5df": "the Zulus in Southern Africa during the Anglo-Zulu War of 1879).", "573099ee8ab72b1400f9c5e0": "By the 1880s, the machine gun had become an effective battlefield weapon.", "57309bfb8ab72b1400f9c5e6": "Th", "57309bfb8ab72b1400f9c5e7": "Tho", "57309bfb8ab72b1400f9c5e8": "Marxist theoreticians.", "57309bfb8ab72b1400f9c5e9": "later Marxist theoreticians.", "57309ef18ab72b1400f9c600": ".", "57309ef18ab72b1400f9c602": "the United States from the 1950s.", "57309ef18ab72b1400f9c601": "While these non-Marxist writers were at their most prolific before World War I", "57309ef18ab72b1400f9c603": "the international disease of imperialism by removing its economic foundation.", "57309ef18ab72b1400f9c604": "Hob", "5730a0778ab72b1400f9c60a": "served as a moral justification for domination of certain territories and peoples.", "5730a0778ab72b1400f9c60b": "It was believed that", "5730a0778ab72b1400f9c60c": ".", "5730a0778ab72b1400f9c60d": ".", "5730a0778ab72b1400f9c60e": "This takes two forms, orientalism and tropicality.", "5730a314069b5314008321eb": "the world could be split into climatic zones.", "5730a314069b5314008321ec": "The people of these climates we", "5730a314069b5314008321ed": "The people of these climates we", "5730a314069b5314008321ee": "people based on their geographical location.", "5730a314069b5314008321ef": "Accor", "5730a40f396df91900096234": "imperialist ambitions can be seen as early as the sixteenth century.", "5730a40f396df91900096235": "In 1599 the British East India Company was established and", "5730a40f396df91900096236": "was chartered by Queen Elizabeth in the following year.", "5730a40f396df91900096237": "In 1767 political activity caused exploitation of the East India Company", "5730a40f396df91900096238": "With the establishment of trading posts in India,", "5730a4d02461fd1900a9cf29": "France took control of Algeria in 1830 but", "5730a4d02461fd1900a9cf2a": "France took control of Algeria in", "5730a4d02461fd1900a9cf2d": ".", "5730a4d02461fd1900a9cf2b": "France took control of Algeria in", "5730a4d02461fd1900a9cf2c": ".", "5730a951069b531400832213": "have a right over the lower races, they have a duty to civilize the inferior\".", "5730a951069b531400832214": ".", "5730a951069b531400832215": "Contrasting from Britain, France sent small numbers of settlers to its colonies", "5730a951069b531400832216": "French standards by bringing Christianity and French culture.", "5730a951069b531400832217": "where French settlers nevertheless always remained a small minority.", "5730aa52069b53140083221d": "In World War II", "5730aa52069b53140083221e": "However after 1945 anti-colonial movements began to challenge the Empire.", "5730aa52069b53140083221f": "France fought and lost a bitter war in Vietnam in the 1950s.", "5730aa52069b531400832220": "France fought and lost a bitter war in Vietnam in the 1950s.", "5730aa52069b531400832221": "by 1960, but France retained great financial and diplomatic influence.", "5730ab63396df91900096260": "Germanic tribes expanded throughout northern and western Europe", "5730ab63396df91900096263": "From their original homelands in Scandinavia and northern Europe", "5730ab63396df91900096261": "From their original homelands in Scandinavia and northern Europe", "5730ab63396df91900096262": "Fro", "5730ab63396df91900096264": "Europe", "5730ac782461fd1900a9cf73": "y.", "5730ac782461fd1900a9cf74": "benefits.", "5730ac782461fd1900a9cf75": "itself.", "5730ac782461fd1900a9cf77": "who caused the dissolution of that Holy Roman Empire,", "5730ac782461fd1900a9cf76": "Germany from its central interest,", "5730aef38ab72b1400f9c682": "before losing interest in imperialism.", "5730aef38ab72b1400f9c683": "colonies for reasons of German prestige.", "5730aef38ab72b1400f9c685": "why Germany made this sudden and short-lived move.", "5730aef38ab72b1400f9c684": "why Germany made this sudden and short-lived move.", "5730aef38ab72b1400f9c686": "He was influenced by Hamburg merchants and traders, his neighbors at Friedrichsruh.", "5730b1022461fd1900a9cfa4": "Japan took part of Sakhalin Island from Russia.", "5730b1022461fd1900a9cfa3": "During the First Sino-Japanese War in 1894, Japan absorbed Taiwan.", "5730b1022461fd1900a9cfa6": "Japan also invaded Thailand, pressuring the country into a Thai/Japanese allian", "5730b1022461fd1900a9cfa5": "In 1931 Japan conquered Manchuria from China.", "5730b255396df919000962b0": "ful.", "5730b255396df919000962b1": "Begin", "5730b255396df919000962b2": "Lenin in particular asserted the right to limited self-determination for", "5730b255396df919000962b3": "its forces occupied in Eastern Europe.", "5730b255396df919000962b4": "empire by 1921", "5730b4282461fd1900a9cfc5": "the revolution could only succeed in Russia as part of a world revolution.", "5730b4282461fd1900a9cfc6": "that Imperialism was the highest stage of capitalism.", "5730b4282461fd1900a9cfc9": "It has al", "5730b4282461fd1900a9cfc8": "In his speech on the UN conference in 1960", "5730b4282461fd1900a9cfc7": "after Lenin's death,", "5730b541396df919000962c2": ".", "5730b541396df919000962c3": "Increasing degrees of internal autono", "5730b541396df919000962c5": "that gave it dominance in the trade of much of the world.", "5730b541396df919000962c4": "after the independence of Spanish and Portuguese colonies about 1820.", "5730b541396df919000962c6": "Following the defeat of Napoleonic France in 1815,", "5730b6592461fd1900a9cfcf": "The British Empire was the largest Empire that the world has eve", "5730b6592461fd1900a9cfd0": "formed an ideological underpinning during this time.", "5730b6592461fd1900a9cfd2": "Rudyard Kipling.", "5730b6592461fd1900a9cfd1": "the Middle East.", "5730b7ce069b5314008322c3": "The early United States expressed its opposition to Imperialism", "5730b7ce069b5314008322c4": "The early United States expressed its opposition to Imperialism", "5730b7ce069b5314008322c6": "Filipinos.", "5730b7ce069b5314008322c5": "In 1898, American", "5730b7ce069b5314008322c7": "American foreign policy was denounced as a \"racket\" by Smedley Butler, an American general. He", "5730b8ca8ab72b1400f9c704": "Bowman was the director of the American Geographical Society in 1914.", "5730b8ca8ab72b1400f9c705": "he was appointed to then President Woodrow Wilson's inquiry in 1917.", "5730b8ca8ab72b1400f9c706": "The inquiry was the idea of President Wilson and the American delegation from the Paris Peace Conference.", "5730b8ca8ab72b1400f9c707": "The point of this inquiry was to build a premise that would allow for U.", "5730b8ca8ab72b1400f9c708": "was a geographer named Isiah Bowman.", "5730bb522461fd1900a9d011": "between various people groups as a form of imperialism or colonialism.", "5730bb522461fd1900a9d012": "Some have", "5730bb522461fd1900a9d013": "Participation in the African slave trade", "5730bb522461fd1900a9d015": "Edward Said made a bold statement on modern imperialism in the United States,", "5730bc308ab72b1400f9c73c": "The Ottoman Empire was an imperial state that lasted from 1299 to 1923.", "5730bc308ab72b1400f9c73d": "at the height of its power under the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent", "5730bc308ab72b1400f9c73e": "17th century the empire contained 32 provinces and numerous vassal states.", "5730bc308ab72b1400f9c73f": "course of centuries.", "5730bc308ab72b1400f9c740": "The Ottoman Empire was an imperial state that lasted from 1299 to 1923.", "5730bd00069b5314008322d7": ".", "5730bd00069b5314008322d9": ".", "5730bd00069b5314008322db": "thus ending Turkish colonial ambitions.", "5730bd00069b5314008322da": "The empire allied with Germany in the early 20th century,", "5730982f396df919000961e2": "In the 19th century its main predecessor was a leader in Evangelicalism.", "5730982f396df919000961e3": "The United Methodist Church (UMC) is a mainline Protestant Methodist denomination.", "5730982f396df919000961e4": "In the 19th century its main predecessor was a leader in Evangelicalism.", "5730982f396df919000961e5": "The United Methodist Church (UMC) is a mainline Protestant Methodist denomination.", "5730982f396df919000961e6": "As such, the church's theological orientation is decidedly Wesleyan.", "573098c12461fd1900a9cee5": "The United Methodist Church", "573098c12461fd1900a9cee6": "approximately 80 million adherents across the world.", "573098c12461fd1900a9cee7": "In the United States, the UMC ranks as the largest mainline Protestant denomination", "573098c12461fd1900a9cee8": "membership.", "57309921396df919000961f6": ".", "57309921396df919000961f7": ".", "57309921396df919000961f8": "the so-called Methodists start", "573099f42461fd1900a9cef7": "In 1735", "573099f42461fd1900a9cef8": ".", "573099f42461fd1900a9cef9": ".", "573099f42461fd1900a9cefa": "In less than two years, the \"Holy Club\" disbanded.", "57309a6c2461fd1900a9ceff": ".", "57309a6c2461fd1900a9cf00": "Thomas Coke as superintendent (bishop) to organize a separate Methodist Society.", "57309a6c2461fd1900a9cf01": "In 1784,", "57309a6c2461fd1900a9cf02": "In 1784,", "57309a6c2461fd1900a9cf03": "considered the Mother Church of American Methodism.", "57309adb396df919000961fc": "in the Old City neighborhood of Philadelphia", "57309adb396df919000961fd": "is the oldest Methodist church in continuous use in the United States,", "57309adb396df919000961fe": "The congregation was founded in 1767,", "57309adb396df919000961ff": "The congregation was founded in 1767,", "57309adb396df91900096200": "was not founded until 1784.", "57309cd6069b5314008321c3": "Richard Allen and Absalom Jones became the first African Americans ordained by the Methodist Church.", "57309cd6069b5314008321c4": "Richard Allen and Absalom Jones became the first African Americans ordained by the Methodist Church", "57309cd6069b5314008321c5": "They were licensed by St. George's Church in 1784.", "57309d31396df91900096210": "In 1830", "57309d31396df91900096211": "In 1830", "57309d31396df91900096212": "In", "57309d31396df91900096213": "In", "5730a97a396df9190009625a": "the United Methodist Church was created wh", "5730a97a396df9190009625b": "new denomination was given birth by the two churches that", "5730a97a396df9190009625c": "With the words", "5730a9fa2461fd1900a9cf6d": "The United Methodist Church understands itself to be part of the holy catholic", "5730a9fa2461fd1900a9cf6e": "recognizes the importance of the Chalcedonian Creed of the Council of Chalcedon.", "5730a9fa2461fd1900a9cf6f": "It upholds the concept of the \"visible and invisible Church,", "5730aaa88ab72b1400f9c64e": "John Wesley was", "5730aaa88ab72b1400f9c650": "there.", "5730aaa88ab72b1400f9c64f": "two of his lay preachers as presbyters, Thomas Vasey and Richard Whatcoat.", "5730ab288ab72b1400f9c655": ".", "5730ab288ab72b1400f9c654": "Wi", "5730ab288ab72b1400f9c656": "With the formation of The United Methodist Church in 1968, theologian Albert C. Outler led", "5730ab288ab72b1400f9c657": "and he is largely considered the first United Methodist theologian.", "5730ac6b8ab72b1400f9c670": "the grace that \"goes before\" us, is given to all people.", "5730ac6b8ab72b1400f9c672": "ich enables us to love and motivates us to seek a relationship with God through Jesus Christ.", "5730ac6b8ab72b1400f9c671": ".", "5730ac6b8ab72b1400f9c673": "make a truly free choice to accept or reject God's salvation in Christ.", "5730aeba069b531400832241": "that we receive by faith and trust in Christ, through which God pardons the believer of sin.", "5730aeba069b531400832242": "The justifying grace", "5730aeba069b531400832243": "Today, justifying grace is also known as conversion, \"", "5730aeba069b531400832244": "or being \"born again\".", "5730aeba069b531400832245": "John Wesley originally called this experience the New Birth.", "5730afed069b53140083225f": "Sanctifying Grace is that grace of God wh", "5730afed069b531400832260": "Sanctifying Grace", "5730afed069b531400832261": ".", "5730afed069b531400832262": "Christian Perfection:", "5730b07c8ab72b1400f9c696": "It", "5730b07c8ab72b1400f9c697": "The United Methodist Church believes in prima scriptura,", "5730b07c8ab72b1400f9c698": "Today, the UMC", "5730b07c8ab72b1400f9c699": "United Methodist theology is at once \"catholic, evangelical, and reformed.", "5730b10b8ab72b1400f9c69f": "2008", "5730b10b8ab72b1400f9c69e": "the use of late-term or partial birth abortion except as a medical necessity.", "5730b10b8ab72b1400f9c6a0": "was a founding member of the Religious Coalition for Reproductive Choice.", "5730b1e28ab72b1400f9c6ae": ".", "5730b1e28ab72b1400f9c6af": "The Church emphasizes the need to be in supportive ministry with all women,", "5730b1e28ab72b1400f9c6b0": "ther, for whom devastating damage may result from an unacceptable pregnancy.", "5730b2312461fd1900a9cfad": ".", "5730b2312461fd1900a9cfae": "There was an attempt to withdraw the United Methodist Church membership in", "5730b2312461fd1900a9cfaf": "the Taskforce of United Methodists on Abortion and Sexuality (TUMAS)", "5730b2ac2461fd1900a9cfb3": "Historically, the Methodist Church has supported the temperance movement.", "5730b2ac2461fd1900a9cfb6": "Moreover, in 2011 and 2012,", "5730b2ac2461fd1900a9cfb4": "John Wesley warned against the dangers of drinking in his famous sermon,", "5730b2ac2461fd1900a9cfb5": "unfermented grape juice in the sacrament of Holy Communion,", "5730b54c069b53140083228d": ".", "5730b54c069b53140083228e": "abolished the death penalty in John 8:7.", "5730b54c069b53140083228f": "talionis in Matthew 5:38-39 and abolished the death penalty in John 8:7.", "5730b54c069b531400832290": "The General Conference of the United Methodist Church", "5730b5cc396df919000962d2": "the United Methodist Church prohibits the celebration of same-sex unions.", "5730b5cc396df919000962d3": "Rev. Jimmy Creech was defrocked after a highly publicized church trial in", "5730b5cc396df919000962d4": "after same-sex marriage was legalized nationwide,", "5730b6bd2461fd1900a9cfd7": "ich would permit ministers to officiate same-sex weddings", "5730b6bd2461fd1900a9cfd8": "have recently called for broader acceptance of the LGBT community within the UMC.", "5730b6bd2461fd1900a9cfd9": "many conferences have taken a position by voting in favor of same-gender marriages with", "5730b776069b5314008322bd": "In 1987", "5730b776069b5314008322be": "In 2005, clergy credentials were removed from Irene Elizabeth Stroud af", "5730b776069b5314008322bf": "The Baltimore-Washington Conference of the UMC", "5730b9852461fd1900a9cff9": "The United Methodist Church opposes conscription as incompatible with the teaching of Scripture.", "5730b9852461fd1900a9cffa": "God.", "5730b9852461fd1900a9cffb": "Ther", "5730b9dc8ab72b1400f9c70e": "Christ's message and teachings.", "5730b9dc8ab72b1400f9c70f": "the Church rejects war as an instrument of national foreign policy", "5730b9dc8ab72b1400f9c710": "Con", "5730bdfe396df9190009630e": "It is harmful and is generally addictive.", "5730bdfe396df9190009630f": ".", "5730bdfe396df91900096310": "\"", "5730bf03069b5314008322eb": "the research purposes.", "5730bf03069b5314008322ed": "It supports research on stem cells retrieved from umbilical cords and", "5730bf03069b5314008322ec": "The UMC stands in \"opposition to the creation of embryos for the sake of research\"", "5730c059069b531400832305": "The Book of Common Prayer called the Sunday Service of the Methodists in North America.", "5730c059069b531400832306": "The Book of Common Prayer called the Sunday Service of the Methodists in North America.", "5730c059069b531400832307": "the Sunday Service of the Methodists in North America.", "5730c52fb54a4f140068cc46": "some clergy in The United Methodist Church in Africa.", "5730c52fb54a4f140068cc47": "Many of these liturgies are derived from the Anglican tradition's Book of Common Praye", "5730c52fb54a4f140068cc48": "These services involve the laying on of hands and anointing with oil.", "5730c6d3b54a4f140068cc4c": "Methodist institutions", "5730c6d3b54a4f140068cc4d": "Salvation Army Founder William", "5730c6d3b54a4f140068cc4e": "Methodism's revered founder John Wesley are", "5730c737b54a4f140068cc52": "The United Methodist Church is organized into conferences.", "5730c737b54a4f140068cc54": "is the only organization which may speak officially for the church.", "5730c737b54a4f140068cc55": "which is revised after each General Conference.", "5730c737b54a4f140068cc53": "The highest level is called the General Conference", "5730c737b54a4f140068cc56": "The General Conference meets every four years (quadrennium).", "5730c810aca1c71400fe5aa7": "Northeastern, Southeastern, North Central, South Central and Western.", "5730c810aca1c71400fe5aa8": "Outside the United States the church is divided into seven central conferences:", "5730c810aca1c71400fe5aa9": "The main purpose of the jurisdictions and central conferences is", "5730c810aca1c71400fe5aaa": "bishops, the chief administrators of the church.", "5730c810aca1c71400fe5aab": "which consist of one or more Annual Conferences.", "5730c8a1f6cb411900e2449c": "Decisions in-between the four-year meetings are made by the Mission Council (", "5730c8a1f6cb411900e2449d": "the Mission Council (usually consisting of church bishops).", "5730c8a1f6cb411900e2449e": "in March 2007 approved a 99-year lease of 36 acres (150,000 m2) at", "5730c8a1f6cb411900e2449f": "at Southern Methodist University for the George W. Bush Presidential Library.", "5730c8a1f6cb411900e244a0": "Southern Methodist University for the George W. Bush Presidential Library.", "5730ca6eaca1c71400fe5ac2": "The Judicial Council is the highest court in the denomination.", "5730ca6eaca1c71400fe5ac1": "The Judicial Council is the highest court in the denomination.", "5730ca6eaca1c71400fe5ac3": "the General Conference for an eight-year term.", "5730ca6eaca1c71400fe5ac4": "The Council meets twice a year at various locations throughout the world.", "5730ca6eaca1c71400fe5ac5": "The Council meets twice a year at various locations throughout the world.", "5730cb0fb7151e1900c0154a": "is the basic unit of organization within the UMC.", "5730cb0fb7151e1900c0154b": ".", "5730cb0fb7151e1900c0154c": "Clergy are members of their Annual Con", "5730cb8df6cb411900e244c2": "The Book of Discipline", "5730cb8df6cb411900e244c3": "All UM churches", "5730cb8df6cb411900e244c4": "All UM churches must have a board of trustees with", "5730cb8df6cb411900e244c5": "The church conference is", "5730cb8df6cb411900e244c6": "to elect officers to the committees.", "5730cc2cb54a4f140068cc66": "the United Methodist Church", "5730cc2cb54a4f140068cc67": "The church operates three hundred sixty schools and institutions overseas.", "5730cc2cb54a4f140068cc68": "the International Association of Methodist-related Schools, Colleges, and Universities.", "5730d26fb54a4f140068cc94": "The first Methodist clergy were ordained by John Wesley,", "5730d26fb54a4f140068cc95": "They generally serve as pastors in local congregations.", "5730d26fb54a4f140068cc96": "Elders in full connection are each a member of their Annual Conference Order of Elders.", "5730d26fb54a4f140068cc97": "each deacon in full connection is a member of their Annual Conference Order of Deacons.", "5730d3adaca1c71400fe5af5": "the several District Superintendents of the Districts of the Annual Conference.", "5730d3adaca1c71400fe5af6": "All clergy appointments are made and", "5730d3adaca1c71400fe5af7": "no appointments are officially fixed.", "5730d473b7151e1900c0155a": "Elders", "5730d473b7151e1900c0155b": "They may be appointed to the local church", "5730d473b7151e1900c0155c": "Elders serve a term of 2\u20133 years as provisional Elders prior to their ordination.", "5730d473b7151e1900c0155d": "Elders may also be assigned as District Superintendents,", "5730d523aca1c71400fe5b03": "Deacons serve a term of 2\u20133 years as provisional deacons prior to their ordination.", "5730d523aca1c71400fe5b04": "Deacons give leadership, preach the Word", "5730d523aca1c71400fe5b05": "Deacons assist elders in the sacraments of Holy Communion and Baptism,", "5730d523aca1c71400fe5b06": "they are appointed as the pastor in a local church.", "5730d597f6cb411900e244d6": "At the 1996 General Conference the ordination order of transitional deacon was abolished.", "5730d597f6cb411900e244d7": ".", "5730d597f6cb411900e244d8": "This created new orders known as \"provisional elder\"", "5730d6fcb7151e1900c01562": "A Local Pastor's official title is 'Licensed Local Pas", "5730d6fcb7151e1900c01563": "The licensed local pastor has", "5730d6fcb7151e1900c01564": "an approved five-year course of study at an approved United Methodist seminary or", "5730d6fcb7151e1900c01565": "They may continue towards Associate Membership allowing them to retire as clergy.", "5730d77ef6cb411900e244dc": "Baptized Members are those wh", "5730d77ef6cb411900e244dd": "The", "5730d77ef6cb411900e244de": "denomination.", "5730de74f6cb411900e244fc": "Unlike confirmation and profession of faith, Baptism is a sacrament in the UMC.", "5730de74f6cb411900e244fd": "students learn about Church", "5730de74f6cb411900e244fe": "The Book of Discipline of the United Methodist Church", "5730de74f6cb411900e244ff": "In confirmation and membership preparation classes,", "5730e936aca1c71400fe5b61": "There are two categories of lay servants:", "5730e936aca1c71400fe5b62": "To be recognized as local church lay servant,", "5730e936aca1c71400fe5b63": "Each year they must", "5730e936aca1c71400fe5b64": "To", "5730e9f4aca1c71400fe5b73": "The United Methodist Church is one tradition within the Christian Church.", "5730e9f4aca1c71400fe5b74": ".", "5730e9f4aca1c71400fe5b75": ".", "5730ea71b54a4f140068cce4": "A Commission on Pan Methodist Cooperation and Union formed in 2000", "5730ea71b54a4f140068cce5": ".\"", "5730ea71b54a4f140068cce6": "The United Methodist Church", "5730eb5b497a881900248a3f": "the UMC had about 11 million members in nearly 42,000 congregations.", "5730eb5b497a881900248a40": "the UMC had about 11 million members in nearly 42,000 congregations.", "5730eb5b497a881900248a41": "In 2005, there were about 8 million members in over 34,000 congregations.", "5730eb5b497a881900248a42": "In 2005, there were about 8 million members in over 34,000 congregations.", "5730eb5b497a881900248a43": "Texas has the largest number of members, with about 1 million.", "5730ebe0a5e9cc1400cdbae5": ".", "5730ebe0a5e9cc1400cdbae6": "and 3.5 million overseas.", "5730ebe0a5e9cc1400cdbae7": ".", "5730ec85e6313a140071caba": "which seeks to reconceive and promote Biblical holiness in today's Church.", "5730ec85e6313a140071cabb": "It is also active in the World Methodist Council,", "5730ec85e6313a140071cabc": "On July 18, 2006,", "5733cf61d058e614000b62e9": "was the North American theater of the worldwide Seven Years' War.", "5733cf61d058e614000b62ea": "The French and Indian War (1754\u20131763)", "5733cf61d058e614000b62eb": ".", "5733cf61d058e614000b62ec": "colonies.", "5733cff84776f419006612b4": "The war", "5733cff84776f419006612b5": "The", "5733cff84776f419006612b6": "patrol.", "5733d13e4776f419006612c4": "attack on the French.", "5733d13e4776f419006612c5": "None succeeded and the main effort by Braddock was a disaster;", "5733d13e4776f419006612c6": "British operations in 1755, 1756 and 1757 in", "5733d13e4776f419006612c7": "Fort Beaus\u00e9jour on the border separating Nova Scotia from Acadia;", "5733d13e4776f419006612c8": "French.", "5733d249d058e614000b6331": "William Pitt came to power and significantly", "5733d249d058e614000b6332": "eaty.", "5733d249d058e614000b6333": "France was unwilling to risk large convoys to aid the limited forces it had in New France.", "5733d249d058e614000b6334": "Tho", "5733d2dbd058e614000b6339": "France ceded its territory east of the Mississippi to Great Britain.", "5733d2dbd058e614000b633a": "It ceded French Louisiana west of the Mississippi River (", "5733d2dbd058e614000b633b": "The outcome", "5733d3cb4776f419006612ea": "As there had already been a King George's War in the 1740s,", "5733d3cb4776f419006612eb": "it became known as the French and Indian War.", "5733d3cb4776f419006612ec": "that this was part of the Seven Years' War,", "5733d3cb4776f419006612ed": "and it became known as the French and Indian War.", "5733d4c8d058e614000b6353": "The entire international conflict is known as the Seven Years' War.", "5733d4c8d058e614000b6354": "The entire international conflict is known as the Seven Years' War.", "5733d4c8d058e614000b6355": "from the Battle of Jumonville Glen in 1754 to the capture of Montreal in 1760.", "5733d4c8d058e614000b6356": "from the Battle of Jumonville Glen in 1754 to the capture of Montreal in 1760.", "5733d5704776f4190066130e": "The French population numbered about 75,000", "5733d5704776f4190066130f": "including \u00cele Royale (present-day Cape Breton Island)).", "5733d5704776f41900661310": "French fur traders and trappers trav", "5733d68ed058e614000b637f": "British settlers outnumbered the French 20", "5733d68ed058e614000b6380": "tribes.", "5733d68ed058e614000b6381": "Many of the older colonies had land claims that", "5733d7cbd058e614000b63ab": "In between the French and the British, large areas were dominated by native tribes.", "5733d7cbd058e614000b63ac": "To the north, the Mi'kmaq and the Abenaki we", "5733d7cbd058e614000b63ad": "The Iroquois Confederation dom", "5733d7cbd058e614000b63ae": "agreements.", "5733da01d058e614000b63f9": "Further south the Southeast interior was dominated by Siouan-speaking Catawba,", "5733da01d058e614000b63fa": "When", "5733da01d058e614000b63fb": "The British were supported in the war by the Iroquois Six Nations,", "5733dab4d058e614000b6409": "At the start of the war,", "5733dab4d058e614000b640a": "At the start of the war, no French regular army troops were stationed in North America,", "5733dab4d058e614000b640b": "British troops.", "5733db8dd058e614000b6428": "leave.", "5733db8dd058e614000b6429": "leave.", "5733db8dd058e614000b642a": "leave.", "5733dc95d058e614000b644a": "When C\u00e9loron's expedition arrived at Logstown,", "5733dc95d058e614000b644b": "C", "5733dc95d058e614000b644c": "\u00e9loron con", "5733dc95d058e614000b644d": "\u00e9loron con", "5733dd4f4776f419006613aa": "English.", "5733dd4f4776f419006613ab": "de.", "5733dd4f4776f419006613ac": "William Shirley", "5733e5a14776f4190066145b": ".", "5733e5a14776f4190066145c": ".", "5733e5a14776f4190066145d": "In 1750 Christopher Gist,", "5733e5a14776f4190066145e": ".", "5733e5a14776f4190066145f": "River (the site of present-day Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania).", "5733e771d058e614000b6545": "The War of the Austrian Succession (whose North American theater is known as King George's War", "5733e771d058e614000b6546": "formally ended in 1748 with the signing of the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle.", "5733e771d058e614000b6547": "with the signing of the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle.", "5733e771d058e614000b6548": "but it reached no decision.", "5733e8ae4776f419006614a6": "On March 17, 1752, the Governor-General of New France", "5733e8ae4776f419006614a7": "Langlade was given 300 men, including French-Canadians and warriors of the Ottawa.", "5733e8ae4776f419006614a8": "Langlade was given 300 men, including French-Canadians and warriors of the Ottawa.", "5733e8ae4776f419006614a9": "Old Briton.", "5733ea04d058e614000b6594": "In the spring of 1753", "5733ea04d058e614000b6595": "He", "5733ea04d058e614000b6596": "Mar", "5733ea04d058e614000b6597": "His orders were to protect the King's land in the Ohio Valley from the British.", "5733ea04d058e614000b6598": "he threatened the French with military action, which Marin contemptuously dismissed.", "5733eb34d058e614000b65cc": "William Johnson in upstate New York.", "5733eb34d058e614000b65cd": "William Johnson in upstate New York.", "5733eb34d058e614000b65ce": "Johnson was made a colonel of the Iroquois.", "5733eb34d058e614000b65cf": "insisted that the British abide by their obligations and block French expansion.", "5733ef47d058e614000b662b": "held their claim.", "5733ef47d058e614000b662c": "held their claim.", "5733ef47d058e614000b662d": ".", "5733ef47d058e614000b662e": "On December 12, Washington and his men reached Fort Le Boeuf.", "5733f062d058e614000b6633": "invited Washington to dine with him.", "5733f062d058e614000b6634": "Over dinner, Washington presented Saint-Pierre with the letter from Dinwiddie demanding", "5733f062d058e614000b6635": "Washington to dine with him.", "5733f062d058e614000b6636": "Salle had explored the Ohio Country nearly a century earlier.", "5733f1784776f41900661575": "Governor Duquesne sent additional French for", "5733f1784776f41900661576": "Dinwiddie had sent a company of 40 men under William Trent to that point", "5733f1784776f41900661577": "they began construction of a small stockaded fort.", "5733f309d058e614000b6648": "Lear", "5733f309d058e614000b6649": "While en route, Washington learned of Trent's retreat.", "5733f309d058e614000b664a": "Since Tanaghrisson had promised support to the British,", "5733f410d058e614000b6663": "They chose Major General Edward Braddock to lead the expedition.", "5733f410d058e614000b6664": "They chose Major General Edward Braddock to lead the expedition.", "5733f410d058e614000b6665": "dispatched six regiments to New France under the command of Baron Dieskau in 1755.", "5733f410d058e614000b6666": "the French.", "5733f5264776f419006615a3": "the convening of the Albany Congress in June and July, 1754.", "5733f5264776f419006615a4": "The goal of the congress was to formalize a unified front in trade and negotiations with", "5733f5264776f419006615a5": "The goal of the congress was to formalize a unified front in", "5733f5264776f419006615a6": "The goal of the congress was to formalize a unified front in trade and negotiations with", "5733f5f24776f419006615c1": "in June 1755 to take Fort Duquesne.", "5733f5f24776f419006615c2": "The expedition was a disaster.", "5733f5f24776f419006615c3": "retreat.", "5733f5f24776f419006615c4": "It was attacked by French and Indian soldiers ambu", "5733f7b9d058e614000b66a9": "Shirley and Johnson.", "5733f7b9d058e614000b66aa": "Shirley's inexperience in managing large expeditions.", "5733f7b9d058e614000b66ab": "Fort Oswego in his absence when he planned to attack Fort Niagara.", "5733f7b9d058e614000b66ac": "Oswego were bogged down", "5733f8dc4776f419006615f7": "the Marquis de Vaudreuil.", "5733f8dc4776f419006615f8": "Vaudreuil sent Dieskau to Fort St. Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric to meet that threat.", "5733f8dc4776f419006615f9": "The two forces finally met in the bloody Battle of Lake George between Fort Edward and Fort William Henry.", "5733f8dc4776f419006615fa": "1759).", "5733f8dc4776f419006615fb": "the French withdrew to Ticonderoga Point", "5733f9fa4776f4190066161f": "captured Fort Beaus\u00e9jour in June 1755,", "5733f9fa4776f41900661620": "To cut vital supplies to Louisbourg,", "5733f9fa4776f41900661621": "in 1757.", "5733faaf4776f4190066162f": "William Shirley assumed command of British forces in North America.", "5733faaf4776f41900661630": "he laid out his plans for 1756.", "5733faaf4776f41900661631": "Shirley's plan had little support.", "5733faaf4776f41900661632": "Sir Charles Hardy, Shirley's plan had little support.", "5733fb7bd058e614000b66ff": "with Lord Loudoun, with Major General James Abercrombie as his second in command.", "5733fb7bd058e614000b6700": "French regular army reinforcements arrived in New France in May 1756,", "5733fb7bd058e614000b6701": "During that time in Europe, on May 18, 1756, England formally declared war on France", "5733fc6ed058e614000b670f": "Scouts had reported the weakness of the British supply chain,", "5733fc6ed058e614000b6710": "Scouts had reported the weakness of the British supply chain,", "5733fc6ed058e614000b6711": "In the March Battle of Fort Bull, French forces", "5733fc6ed058e614000b6712": "Shirley had erected at the Oneida Carry.", "5733fd66d058e614000b6735": "refused to take any significant actions until Loudoun approved them.", "5733fd66d058e614000b6736": "Montcalm took bold action against his inertia.", "5733fd66d058e614000b6737": "Montcalm slipped away and led the successful attack on Oswego in August.", "5733fd66d058e614000b6738": "his command disagreed about the disposition of prisoners' personal effects.", "5733fe73d058e614000b673d": "for 1757: an attack on New France's capital, Quebec.", "5733fe73d058e614000b673e": ".", "5733fe73d058e614000b673f": "first.", "5733fe73d058e614000b6740": "Loudoun at Louisbourg", "5733ffa7d058e614000b674f": "1757.", "5733ffa7d058e614000b6750": ". In January they ambushed British rangers near Ticonderoga.", "5733ffa7d058e614000b6751": "When the withdrawal began, some of Montcalm's Indian allies, an", "57340111d058e614000b677d": "The situation in New France was further exacerbated by a poor harvest in 1757,", "57340111d058e614000b677e": "The situation in New France was further exacerbated by a poor harvest in 1757,", "57340111d058e614000b677f": "Montcalm focused his meager resources on the defense of the St. Lawrence,", "5734025d4776f419006616c3": "the Duke of Cumberland.", "5734025d4776f419006616c4": "after the failures of 1757.", "5734025d4776f419006616c5": "Pit", "5734025d4776f419006616c6": "Two of the expeditions were successful,", "573403394776f419006616dd": "outside the fort the French called Carillon and the British called Ticonderoga.", "573403394776f419006616de": "Abercrombie's", "573403394776f419006616df": "outside the fort the French called Carillon and the British called Ticonderoga.", "573403394776f419006616e0": "Abercrombie was recalled and replaced by Jeffery Amherst, victor at Louisbourg.", "57340549d058e614000b67dd": "in 1758", "57340549d058e614000b67de": "France, eluding the British blockade of the French coast.", "57340549d058e614000b67df": "the French Navy failed in the 1759 naval battles at Lagos and Quiberon Bay.", "573406d1d058e614000b6801": "James Wolfe defeated Montcalm at Quebec (", "573406d1d058e614000b6802": "The victory was made complete in 1760 wh", "573406d1d058e614000b6803": "when, despite losing outside Quebec City in the Battle of Sainte-Foy", "573406d1d058e614000b6804": ".", "573407d7d058e614000b6813": "Governor Vaudreuil negotiated from Montreal a capitulation with General Amherst.", "573407d7d058e614000b6814": "war.", "573407d7d058e614000b6815": "Governor Vaudreuil negotiated from Montreal a capitulation with General Amherst.", "573408ef4776f41900661757": "The", "573408ef4776f41900661758": "was settled by the Treaty of Hubertusburg on 15 February 1763.", "573408ef4776f41900661759": "The contemporaneous French philosopher Voltaire referred to Canada dis", "573408ef4776f4190066175a": "Fran", "57340a094776f4190066177d": "Britain gained control of French Canada and Acadia,", "57340a094776f4190066177e": "The", "57340a094776f4190066177f": "The British resettled many Acadians throughout its North American provinces", "57340a094776f41900661780": "French.", "57340b1bd058e614000b6869": "King George III issued the Royal Proclamation of 1763 on October 7, 1763,", "57340b1bd058e614000b686a": "King George III issued the Royal Proclamation of 1763", "57340b1bd058e614000b686b": "the reservation of lands west of the Appalachian Mountains", "57340d124776f419006617c3": "The change of control in Florida al", "57340d124776f419006617c0": "The Ohio Country was particularly vulnerable to", "57340d124776f419006617c1": "Although the Spanish takeover of the Louisiana territory (wh", "57340d124776f419006617c2": "The change of control in Florida al", "57340d124776f419006617bf": "dispossession.", "573735e8c3c5551400e51e71": "Philosophers in antiquity used the concept of force", "573735e8c3c5551400e51e72": "A fundamental error was the belief that a force is required to maintain motion,", "573735e8c3c5551400e51e73": "With his mathematical insight,", "573735e8c3c5551400e51e74": "With his mathematical insight, Sir Isaac Newton formulated laws of motion that", "573735e8c3c5551400e51e75": "By the early 20th century, Einstein developed a theory of relativity that", "57373a9fc3c5551400e51e7b": "between particles smaller than atoms.", "57373a9fc3c5551400e51e7c": "The Standard Model predicts that exchanged particles called gauge bosons are", "57373a9fc3c5551400e51e7d": "Only four main interactions are known: in order of decreasing strength,", "57373a9fc3c5551400e51e7e": "Only four main interactions are kn", "57373a9fc3c5551400e51e7f": "are expressions of a more fundamental electroweak interaction.", "57373d0cc3c5551400e51e85": "Aristotle provided a philosophical discussion of the concept of a force", "57373d0cc3c5551400e51e86": "the concept of a force as an integral part of Aristotelian cosmology.", "57373d0cc3c5551400e51e87": "contained four elements that come to rest at different \"natural places\" therein.", "57373d0cc3c5551400e51e88": "Arist", "57373d0cc3c5551400e51e89": "This explanation demands a continuum like air for change of place in general.", "57373f80c3c5551400e51e8f": "The shortcomings of Aristotelian physics would not be fully corrected until", "57373f80c3c5551400e51e90": "the 17th century work of Galileo Galilei", "57373f80c3c5551400e51e91": "objects in forced motion carried an innate force of impetus.", "57373f80c3c5551400e51e92": "incline to disprove the Aristotelian theory of motion early in the 17th century.", "57373f80c3c5551400e51e93": ".", "5737432bc3c5551400e51e99": "acted upon by an external net force or resultant force.", "5737432bc3c5551400e51e9a": ".", "5737432bc3c5551400e51e9b": "\"natural state\" in place of the Aristotelian idea of the \"natural state of rest\".", "5737432bc3c5551400e51e9c": "directly connects inertia with the concept of relative velocities.", "5737432bc3c5551400e51e9d": "that is, in all frames related by a Galilean transformation.", "5737477bc3c5551400e51ea3": "the laws of physics do not change from being at rest.", "5737477bc3c5551400e51ea4": "It", "5737477bc3c5551400e51ea5": "in the same direction as the motion of the vehicle.", "5737477bc3c5551400e51ea6": "Inertia therefore applies equally well to constant velocity motion as it does to rest", "573749741c4567190057445d": "The concept of inertia can be further generalized to explain the tendency of objects", "573749741c4567190057445e": "the constancy of the length of a day and the length of a year.", "573749741c4567190057445f": "Albert Einstein", "573749741c45671900574460": "This is why, for example, astronauts experience weightlessness wh", "573749741c45671900574461": "was one of the foundational underpinnings for the development of the general theory of relativity.", "573750f51c45671900574467": "proportionality of acceleration to force and the inverse proportionality of acceleration to mass.", "573750f61c45671900574468": "Accelerations can be defined through kinematic measurements.", "573750f61c45671900574469": "General relativity offers an equivalence between space-time and mass,", "573750f61c4567190057446a": "it is unclear as to how or whether this connection is relevant on microscales.", "573750f61c4567190057446b": "With some justification, Newton's second law can", "5737534ec3c5551400e51eab": "where forces can be attributed to the presence of different objects.", "5737534ec3c5551400e51eac": "The third law means that all forces are interactions between different bodies,", "5737534ec3c5551400e51ead": "body.", "5737534ec3c5551400e51eae": "where forces can be attributed to the presence of different objects.", "573755afc3c5551400e51eb3": "the center of mass of the system to accelerate.", "573755afc3c5551400e51eb4": "there are no internal forces that are unbalanced.", "573755afc3c5551400e51eb5": "external force divided by the mass of the system", "573766251c45671900574471": "this can provide an intuitive understanding for describing forces.", "573766251c45671900574472": "the intuitive understanding of forces is quantified using precise operational definitions that", "573766251c45671900574473": "offered by Newtonian mechanics.", "573766251c45671900574474": ".", "57376828c3c5551400e51eb9": "forces are classified as \"vector quantities\".", "57376828c3c5551400e51eba": "than physical quantities that do not have direction (denoted scalar quantities).", "57376828c3c5551400e51ebb": "Associating forces with vectors avoids such problems.", "57376828c3c5551400e51ebc": "I", "57376828c3c5551400e51ebd": "the acceleration of the rope will be.", "57376a1bc3c5551400e51ec3": "Historically, forces were first quantitatively investigated in con", "57376a1bc3c5551400e51ec4": "that forces are additive vector quantities: they have magnitude and direction.", "57376a1bc3c5551400e51ec5": "When two forces act on a point particle,", "57376a1bc3c5551400e51ec6": "be specified in order to account for their effects on the motion of the body.", "57376a1bc3c5551400e51ec7": "where several forces canceled each other out.", "57376c50c3c5551400e51ecd": "each other.", "57376c50c3c5551400e51ece": "be split into two forces, one pointing north, and one pointing east.", "57376c50c3c5551400e51ecf": "addition of the components of the individual vectors.", "57376c50c3c5551400e51ed0": "determined by the scalar addition of the components of the individual vectors.", "57376c50c3c5551400e51ed1": ".", "57376df3c3c5551400e51ed7": "Pushing against an object on a frictional surface can result in a situation wh", "57376df3c3c5551400e51ed8": "generated between the object and the table surface.", "57376df3c3c5551400e51ed9": "the static friction force exactly balances the applied force resulting in no acceleration.", "57376df3c3c5551400e51eda": "determined by the characteristics of the contact between the surface and the object.", "57377083c3c5551400e51edf": ".", "57377083c3c5551400e51ee0": "the", "57377083c3c5551400e51ee1": "which equals the object's weight.", "57377083c3c5551400e51ee2": "widely exploited for millennia to define standard weights);", "57377083c3c5551400e51ee3": "Isaac Newton expounded his Three Laws of Motion.", "573776eec3c5551400e51ee9": "Dynamic equilibrium was first described by Galileo wh", "573776eec3c5551400e51eea": "keep the cannonball moving at the constant forward velocity.", "573776eec3c5551400e51eeb": "objects with mass naturally approached.", "573776eec3c5551400e51eec": "being separated from it.", "573776eec3c5551400e51eed": "For example, if a mariner drop", "57377862c3c5551400e51ef3": "kinetic friction.", "57377862c3c5551400e51ef4": "opposes the applied force.", "57377862c3c5551400e51ef5": ".", "57377862c3c5551400e51ef6": "Aristotle misinterpreted this motion as being caused by the applied force.", "57377aac1c45671900574479": "the Schr\u00f6dinger equation instead of Newtonian equations.", "57377aac1c4567190057447a": "described by the Schr\u00f6dinger equation instead of Newtonian equations.", "57377aac1c4567190057447b": "are treated similar to classical position variables, i.e., .", "57377aac1c4567190057447c": "the Schr\u00f6dinger equation instead of Newtonian equations.", "57377aac1c4567190057447d": "the Schr\u00f6dinger equation instead of Newtonian equations.", "57377c98c3c5551400e51efb": "the particles ac", "57377c98c3c5551400e51efc": "there is the Pauli principle relating the space and the spin variables.", "57377c98c3c5551400e51efd": "Dep", "57377c98c3c5551400e51efe": "I", "57377c98c3c5551400e51eff": "I", "57377ec7c3c5551400e51f05": ".", "57377ec7c3c5551400e51f06": ".", "57377ec7c3c5551400e51f07": "With the development of quantum field theory and", "57377ec7c3c5551400e51f08": "through the use of Feynman diagrams.", "57377ec7c3c5551400e51f09": "In a Feynman diagram", "5737804dc3c5551400e51f0f": "All of the forces in the universe are based on four fundamental interactions.", "5737804dc3c5551400e51f10": "The strong and weak forces are nuclear forces that act only at very short distances,", "5737804dc3c5551400e51f11": "The electromagnetic force acts between electric charges,", "5737804dc3c5551400e51f12": "between masses.", "5737804dc3c5551400e51f13": "atoms to pass through each other.", "5737821cc3c5551400e51f19": "his universal theory of gravitation.", "5737821cc3c5551400e51f1a": "some of the outstanding unsolved problems in physics.", "5737821cc3c5551400e51f1b": "all four fundamental interactions into a theory of everything.", "5737821cc3c5551400e51f1c": "9", "573784fa1c45671900574483": "Isaac Newton.", "573784fa1c45671900574484": "the center of the Earth.", "573784fa1c45671900574485": "the Earth was not understood to be related to the motions of celestial objects.", "573784fa1c45671900574486": "this measurement is taken from sea level and may vary depending on location", "573784fa1c45671900574487": "This observation means that the force of gravity on an object at the Earth's surface is", "573786b51c4567190057448d": "Newton came to realize", "573786b51c4567190057448e": "In particular, Newton determined that the acceleration of the Moon around the Earth co", "573786b51c4567190057448f": "the acceleration due to gravity is proportional to the mass of the attracting body.", "573786b51c45671900574490": "acceleration:", "57378862c3c5551400e51f21": "a dimensional constant is used to describe the relative strength of gravity.", "57378862c3c5551400e51f22": "This constant has come to be known as Newton's Universal Gravitation Constant,", "57378862c3c5551400e51f23": "This constant has come to be known as Newton's Universal Gravitation Constant,", "57378862c3c5551400e51f24": "New", "5737898f1c45671900574495": "found.", "5737898f1c45671900574496": "Some astrophysicists predicted the existence of another planet (Vulcan)", "5737898f1c45671900574497": "discrepancy.", "5737898f1c45671900574498": "discrepancy.", "5737898f1c45671900574499": ".", "57378b141c4567190057449f": "general relativity has been acknowledged as the theory that best explains gravity.", "57378b141c456719005744a0": "Thus, the straight line path in space-time is seen as a curved line in space,", "57378b141c456719005744a1": "The time derivative of the changing momentum of the object is", "57378b141c456719005744a2": "It is only when observing the motion in a global sense that the curvature of space-time can", "57378c9b1c456719005744a8": "the definition of electric current as the time rate of change of electric charge,", "57378c9b1c456719005744a9": "acts on a charge.", "57378c9b1c456719005744a7": "Lorentz's Law describes the force on a charge moving in a magnetic field.", "57378c9b1c456719005744aa": "This for", "57378e311c456719005744af": "wh", "57378e311c456719005744b0": "wh", "57378e311c456719005744b1": "James Clerk Maxwell un", "57378e311c456719005744b2": "wh", "57378e311c456719005744b3": "This led Maxwell to discover that electric and magnetic fields co", "573792ee1c456719005744b9": "the nonexistence of the ultraviolet catastrophe, proved troublesome.", "573792ee1c456719005744ba": ".", "573792ee1c456719005744bb": "This final", "573792ee1c456719005744bc": "mediated by wave\u2013particles known as photons.", "573792ee1c456719005744bd": ".", "5737958ac3c5551400e51f29": "matter to the repulsion of like charges under the influence of the electromagnetic force.", "5737958ac3c5551400e51f2a": "matter to the repulsion of like charges under the influence of the electromagnetic force.", "5737958ac3c5551400e51f2b": "When the electrons in a material are densely packed together,", "5737958ac3c5551400e51f2c": "However, these characteristics actually result from the Pauli exclusion principle.", "5737958b1c456719005744c3": "matter to the repulsion of like charges under the influence of the electromagnetic force.", "5737958b1c456719005744c4": "matter to the repulsion of like charges under the influence of the electromagnetic force.", "5737958b1c456719005744c5": "When the electrons in a material are densely packed together,", "5737958b1c456719005744c6": "However, these characteristics actually result from the Pauli exclusion principle.", "573796edc3c5551400e51f33": "The strong force only acts directly upon elementary particles.", "573796edc3c5551400e51f34": "However, a residual of the force is observed between hadrons (", "573796edc3c5551400e51f35": "as the nuclear force.", "573796edc3c5551400e51f36": "the nuclear force (see this topic for more).", "573796edc3c5551400e51f37": "the elementary particles affected are not directly observable.", "57379829c3c5551400e51f3d": "The weak force is due to the exchange of the heavy W and Z bosons.", "57379829c3c5551400e51f3e": "The weak force is due to the exchange of the heavy W and Z bosons.", "57379829c3c5551400e51f3f": "Its most familiar effect is beta decay (of neutrons in atomic nuclei) and", "57379829c3c5551400e51f40": "the field strength is some 1013 times less than that of the strong force.", "57379829c3c5551400e51f41": "The weak force is due to the exchange of the heavy W and Z bosons.", "57379a4b1c456719005744cd": "atoms at close contact.", "57379a4b1c456719005744ce": "When their electron clouds overlap", "57379a4b1c456719005744cf": "Pauli repulsion (due to fermionic nature of electrons) follows resulting in", "57379a4b1c456719005744d0": "The normal", "57379ed81c456719005744d5": "Tension forces can be modeled using ideal strings that", "57379ed81c456719005744d6": "They can be combined with ideal pulleys, which allow ideal strings to switch physical direction.", "57379ed81c456719005744d7": ".", "57379ed81c456719005744d8": "the work done on the load is the same no matter how complicated the machine.", "57379ed81c456719005744d9": "the tension force on a load can be multiplied.", "5737a0acc3c5551400e51f47": "describe the way forces affect the material.", "5737a0acc3c5551400e51f48": "the way forces affect the material.", "5737a0acc3c5551400e51f49": "follows:", "5737a0acc3c5551400e51f4a": "other parts of an object.", "5737a0acc3c5551400e51f4b": "rather than three-dimensional objects.", "5737a25ac3c5551400e51f51": ".", "5737a25ac3c5551400e51f52": "where is the relevant cross-sectional area for the volume for", "5737a25ac3c5551400e51f53": "This formalism includes pressure terms as", "5737a25ac3c5551400e51f54": "volume for which the stress-tensor is being calculated.", "5737a4511c456719005744df": "Torque is the rotation equivalent of force in the same way that angle is", "5737a4511c456719005744e0": "As a consequence of Newton's First Law of Motion", "5737a4511c456719005744e1": "acceleration of the rigid body:", "5737a5931c456719005744e7": "direction.", "5737a5931c456719005744e8": "The", "5737a5931c456719005744e9": "its direction.", "5737a5931c456719005744ea": "center.", "5737a5931c456719005744eb": "Th", "5737a7351c456719005744f1": "only between kinetic or potential forms.", "5737a7351c456719005744f2": "only between kinetic or potential forms.", "5737a7351c456719005744f3": "A conservative force that acts on a closed system has", "5737a7351c456719005744f4": "The force", "5737a7351c456719005744f5": "the potential field in the same way that", "5737a84dc3c5551400e51f59": "it is impossible to model forces as being due to gradient of potentials.", "5737a84dc3c5551400e51f5a": "it is impossible to model forces as being due to gradient of potentials.", "5737a84dc3c5551400e51f5b": "it is impossible to model forces as being due to gradient of potentials.", "5737a84dc3c5551400e51f5c": "other than friction include other contact forces, tension, compression, and drag.", "5737a9afc3c5551400e51f61": "treatment with statistical mechanics.", "5737a9afc3c5551400e51f62": "the internal energies of the system, and are often associated with the transfer of heat.", "5737a9afc3c5551400e51f63": "the transfer of heat.", "5737a9afc3c5551400e51f64": "the internal energies of the system, and are often associated with the transfer of heat.", "5737a9afc3c5551400e51f65": "In macroscopic closed systems", "5737aafd1c456719005744fb": "the newton: the kilogram-force (kgf) (sometimes kilopond),", "5737aafd1c456719005744fc": "one kilogram of mass.", "5737aafd1c456719005744fd": "when subjected to a force of 1 kgf.", "5737aafd1c456719005744fe": "Ot", "5737aafd1c456719005744ff": "one kilogram of mass." }