File size: 15,043 Bytes

---
license: mit
language:
- en
metrics:
- accuracy
pipeline_tag: text-generation
---
# 🎼 ChatMusician: Fostering Intrinsic Musical Abilities Into LLM

[**🌐 DemoPage**](https://ezmonyi.github.io/ChatMusician/) | [**🤗 Dataset**](https://huggingface.co/datasets/m-a-p/MusicPile) | [**🤗 Benchmark**](https://huggingface.co/datasets/m-a-p/MusicTheoryBench) | [**📖 arXiv**](http://arxiv.org/abs/2402.16153) | [**Code**](https://github.com/hf-lin/ChatMusician) 

## 🔔News
- **🔥[2023-12-10]: The release of ChatMusician's demo, code, model, data, and benchmark. 😆**
- [2023-11-30]: Checkout another awesome project [MMMU](https://huggingface.co/datasets/MMMU/MMMU/) that includes multimodal music reasoning.

## Introduction

While Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate impressive capabilities in text generation,
we find that their ability has yet to be generalized to music, humanity’s creative language.
We introduce **ChatMusician**, **an open-source LLM that integrates intrinsic musical abilities**.

It is based on continual pre-training and finetuning LLaMA2 on a text-compatible music representation, ABC notation, and the music is treated as a second language. ChatMusician can understand and generate music with a pure text tokenizer without any external multi-modal neural structures or tokenizers. Interestingly, endowing musical abilities does not harm language abilities, even achieving a slightly higher MMLU score. Our model is capable of composing well-structured, full-length music, conditioned on texts, chords, melodies, motifs, musical forms, etc, surpassing GPT-4 baseline. On our meticulously curated college-level music understanding benchmark, MusicTheoryBench, ChatMusician surpasses LLaMA2 and GPT-3.5 on zero-shot setting by a noticeable
margin. Our work reveals that LLMs can be an excellent compressor for music, but there remains significant territory to be conquered. Code, data, model, and benchmark are open-sourced. 

<!-- <audio controls src="https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/5fd6f670053c8345eddc1b68/8NSONUjIF7KGUCfwzPCd9.mpga"></audio> -->

## Prompt Format

**Our model produces symbolic music(ABC notation) well in the following prompts.** Here are some musical tasks.

### Function: Text2music

```
Prompt:
Using ABC notation, recreate the given text as a musical score.
Meter C
Notes The parts are commonly interchanged.
Transcription 1997 by John Chambers
Key D
Note Length 1/8
Rhythm reel

Response:
X:1
L:1/8
M:2/2
K:D
"A7" FE |"D" D2 FA dAFD |"A7" CDEF G2 FE |"D" D2 FA dcdf |"E7" edcB"A7" AGFE | |"D" D2 FA dAFD |
"A7" CDEF G2 FG |"D" AdcB"A7" AGFE |"D" D2 F2 D2 :: de |"D" fefg fedc |"Em" B^ABc B2 cd |
"E7" e^def e=dcB |"A" A2 ce aABc | |"D" dcde fdAF |"G" GFGA BdcB |"D" AdcB"A7" Agec |
"D" d2 f2 d2 :|
```
```
Prompt:
Develop a tune influenced by Bach's compositions.

Response:
X:1
X:1
T:Music21 Fragment
T:Music21 Fragment
T:Music21
C:Music21
%%score 1 2 3 4
L:1/8
M:4/4
K:C
V:1 treble nm="Piano" snm="Pno"
%%MIDI program 0
%%MIDI control 7 100
%%MIDI control 10 64
L:1/4
V:2 treble nm="Piano" snm="Pno"
%%MIDI channel 3
%%MIDI program 0
%%MIDI control 7 100
%%MIDI control 10 64
V:3 bass nm="Piano" snm="Pno"
%%MIDI channel 4
%%MIDI program 0
%%MIDI control 7 100
%%MIDI control 10 64
V:4 bass nm="Piano" snm="Pno"
%%MIDI channel 5
%%MIDI program 0
%%MIDI control 7 100
%%MIDI control 10 64
V:1
z3 c | B A G F | E D !fermata!E c | d e d c | !fermata!B2 z c | B A G F | E D !fermata!E c | %7
d e d c | !fermata!B2 z e | f e d c | B A !fermata!B B | c d e d | !fermata!c2 z e | d c B A | %14
G A B c | d e d c | !fermata!B2 z e | d c B A | G A B c | d e d c | !fermata!c2 z B | A G F E | %22
D C !fermata!D c | B c d e | d c B A | !fermata!G2 z c | B A G F | E D !fermata!E c | d e d c | %29
!fermata!B2 z e | d c B A | G A B c | d e d c | !fermata!c2 z e | d c B A | G A B c | d e d c | %36
!fermata!c2 z B | A G F E | D C !fermata!D c | B c d e | d c B A | !fermata!G2 z2 |] %42
V:2
z6 CD | EF ED C2 CD | EF ED !fermata!C2 CD | EF GF ED C2 | !fermata!C6 CD | EF ED C2 CD | %6
EF ED !fermata!C2 CD | EF GF ED C2 | !fermata!C6 CD | EF GA GF ED | C2 DE !fermata!F2 DC | %11
B,C DB, C2 CD | !fermata!E6 CD | EF GA GF ED | C2 DE !fermata!F2 DC | B,C DB, C2 CD | %16
!fermata!E6 CD | EF GA GF ED | C2 DE !fermata!F2 DC | B,C DB, C2 CD | !fermata!E6 B,C | %21
DE ^FE D=C B,A, | G,^F, G,2 !fermata!G,2 =F,2 | G,2 A,B, CD EF | !fermata!G6 B,C | DE ^FE D=C B,A, | %26
G,^F, G,2 !fermata!G,2 =F,2 | G,2 A,B, CD EF | !fermata!G6 B,C | DE ^FE D=C B,A, | %30
G,^F, G,2 !fermata!G,2 =F,2 | G,2 A,B, CD EF | !fermata!G6 B,C | DE ^FE D=C B,A, | %34
G,^F, G,2 !fermata!G,2 =F,2 | G,2 A,B, CD EF | !fermata!G6 z2 |] %37
V:3
z6 G,2 | A,2 G,2 G,2 G,2 | G,2 G,2 !fermata!G,2 G,2 | G,2 A,2 B,2 C2 | !fermata!C6 G,2 | %6
A,2 G,2 G,2 G,2 | G,2 G,2 !fermata!G,2 G,2 | G,2 A,2 B,2 C2 | !fermata!C6 G,2 | G,2 A,2 B,2 C2 | %11
C2 B,2 !fermata!C2 B,2 | C2 D2 E2 D2 | !fermata!C6 G,2 | A,2 G,2 G,2 G,2 | G,2 G,2 !fermata!G,2 G,2 | %16
G,2 A,2 B,2 C2 | !fermata!C6 G,2 | G,2 A,2 B,2 C2 | C2 B,2 !fermata!C2 B,2 | C2 D2 E2 D2 | %21
!fermata!C6 B,2 | A,2 G,2 G,2 G,2 | G,2 G,2 !fermata!G,2 G,2 | G,2 A,2 B,2 C2 | !fermata!C6 B,2 | %26
A,2 G,2 G,2 G,2 | G,2 G,2 !fermata!G,2 G,2 | G,2 A,2 B,2 C2 | !fermata!C6 B,2 | A,2 G,2 G,2 G,2 | %31
G,2 G,2 !fermata!G,2 G,2 | G,2 A,2 B,2 C2 | !fermata!C6 z2 |] %34
V:4
z6"C" C,2 |"Am" A,,2"Em" E,2"C" C,2"C" C,2 |"Am" A,,2"Em" E,2"C" !fermata!C,2"C" C,2 | %3
"G" G,,2"Am" A,,2"G" B,,2"C" C,2 |"C" !fermata!C,6"C" C,2 |"Am" A,,2"Em" E,2"C" C,2"C" C,2 | %6
"Am" A,,2"Em" E,2"C" !fermata!C,2"C" C,2 |"G" G,,2"Am" A,,2"G" B,,2"C" C,2 |"C" !fermata!C,6"C" C,2 | %9
"G" G,,2"Am" A,,2"G" B,,2"C" C,2 |"C" C,2"G" G,,2"C" !fermata!C,2"C" C,2 | %11
"C" C,2"G" G,,2"Am" A,,2"G" B,,2 |"C" !fermata!C,6"C" C,2 |"G" G,,2"Am" A,,2"G" B,,2"C" C,2 | %14
"C" C,2"G" G,,2"C" !fermata!C,2"C" C,2 |"G" G,,2"Am" A,,2"G" B,,2"C" C,2 |"C" !fermata!C,6"C" C,2 | %17
"G" G,,2"Am" A,,2"G" B,,2"C" C,2 |"C" C,2"G" G,,2"C" !fermata!C,2"C" C,2 | %19
"G" G,,2"Am" A,,2"G" B,,2"C" C,2 |"C" !fermata!C,6"E" E,2 |"Am" A,,2"Em" E,2"C" C,2"C" C,2 | %
```

### Function: Melody Harmonization

```
Prompt:
Construct smooth-flowing chord progressions for the supplied music.

|: BA | G2 g2"^(C)" edeg | B2 BA"^(D7)" BcBA | G2 g2 edeg | dBAG A2 BA |
G2 g2"^(C)" edeg | B2 BA B2 d2 | e2 ef e2 (3def | gedB A2 :: BA | G2 BG dGBe |
dBBA"^(D7)" B3 A | G2 BG dGBe | dBAG A4 | G2 BG dGBe | dBBA B3 d |
e2 ef e2 (3def | gedB A2 :|

Response:
X:1
L:1/8
M:2/2
K:G
|: BA |"G" G2 g2"^(C)" edeg |"G" B2 BA"^(D7)" BcBA |"G" G2 g2"Em" edeg |"Am" A2 AG"D7" AcBA |
"G" G2 g2"^(C)" edeg |"G" B2 BA B2 d2 |"C" e2 ef e2 (3def |"D7" gedB A2 :: BA |"G" G2 BG dGBG |
"G" B2 BA"^(D7)" BcBA |"G" G2 BG"Em" dGBG |"Am" A2 AG"D7" AcBA |"G" G2 BG dGBe | dBBA B2 d2 |
"C" e2 ef e2 (3def |"D7" gedB A2 :|
```
```
Prompt:
Develop a series of chord pairings that amplify the harmonious elements in the given music piece.

E |: EAA ABc | Bee e2 d | cBA ABc | BEE E2 D | EAA ABc | Bee e2 d |
cBA ^GAB |1 A2 A A2 E :|2 A2 A GAB || c3 cdc | Bgg g2 ^g | aed cBA |
^GAB E^F^G | A^GA BAB | cde fed | cBA ^GAB |1 A2 A GAB :|2 \n A3 A2 ||

Response:
X:1
L:1/8
M:6/8
K:Amin
E |:"Am" EAA ABc |"E7" Bee e2 d |"Am" cBA ABc |"E7" BGE E2 E |
"Am" EAA ABc |"E7" Bee e2 d |"Am" cBA"E7" ^GAB |1"Am" A2 A A2 E :|2
"Am" A2 A GAB ||"C" c3 cdc |"G" Bgg g2 ^g |"Am" aed cBA |
"E7" ^GAB E^F^G |"Am" A^GA"E7" BAB |"Am" cde"Dm" fed |
"Am" cBA"E7" ^GAB |1"Am" A2 A GAB :|2 "Am" A2 A A2 ||
```

### Function: Chord Conditioned Music Generation
```
Prompt:
Develop a musical piece using the given chord progression. 'Dm', 'C', 'Dm', 'Dm', 'C', 'Dm', 'C', 'Dm'

Response:
X:1
L:1/8
M:6/8
K:F
z4 z D |"Dm" A2 A"C" G2 F |"Dm" FE D D2 D |
"Dm" A2 A"C" G2 A |"Dm" D3 D2 D |"Dm" A2 A"C" G2 F |
"Dm" FE D D2 D |"Dm" F2 G"C" E2 C |"Dm" D3 D2 D |
"F" F2 F F2 c |"Bb" d2 c"^(Gm)" B2 A |
"Gm" G2 G G2 B |"Am" A2 G"A7" FE D |"Dm" F2 F F2 c |
"Bb" d2 c"^(Gm)" B2 A |"Gm" G2 G"A7" A2 G |
"Dm" FE D D2 z |]
```

### Function: Musical Form Conditioned Music Generation

```
Prompt:
Develop a composition by incorporating elements from the given melodic structure.

Ternary, Sectional: Verse/Chorus/Bridge

Response:
X:1
L:1/8
M:6/8
K:Gmin
|:"Gm" GAB AG^F | GAB c2 c | d2 d cdB | A2 d cBA | 
GAB AG^F | GAB c2 c | d2 d cdB |1 AG^F G2 D :|2
AG^F GAB |: c2 c cBA | c2 c cBA | c2 c cBA | 
ABA GAB | c2 c cBA | c2 c cBA | d2 d cdB |1
AG^F GAB :|2 AG^F G2 A |:"Bbm" B3 dcB | f2 e dcB | 
c2 f c2 c | cfc cBA | ABB dcB | f2 e dcB |
d2 d edc |1 cBA B2 B :|2 cBA G3 ||
```

### Function: Motif and Form Conditioned Music Generation

```
Text Input:
Create music by incorporating the assigned motif into the predetermined musical arrangement.

Musical Form Input: Only One Section

ABC Notation Music Input:
X:1
L:1/8
M:9/8
K:Emin
vB2 E E2 F G2 A

Response:
X:1
L:1/8
M:9/8
K:Emin
|:"Em" vB2 E E2 F G2 A |"D" B2 e e2 ^d e3 |
"Bm" B2 E E2 F G2 A |"G" B2 G A2 F"C" G2 E |
"Em" vB2 E E2 F G2 A |"D" B2 e e2 ^d"C" e3 |
"Em" ve2 B"^Av" A2 F"Bm" G2 A |1"G" B2 G"D" A2 F"Em" G2 E :|
2"G" B2 G"D" A2 F"G" G3 |"^(C)" ABc"^(D)" ded"G" dBG |
"^(C)" cde"D" dcB"G" A2 G |"^(C)" E2 E"Am" ABc"D" def |
"Em" g2 G"D" FAF"G" G3 |"^(C)" ABc"^(D)" ded"G" dBG |
"^(C)" cde"D" dcB"G" A2 G |"Em" e2 B"^Av" A2 F"Bm" G2 A |
"G" B2 G"D" A2 F"Em" G2 E |]
```

### Function: Music Understanding

```
Prompt:
Investigate the aspects of this musical work and convey its structural organization using suitable musical words.

X:1
L:1/8
M:2/2
K:G
G2 dG BGdG | G2 dc BAGB | A2 eA cAeA | A2 ed cAFA | 
G2 dG BGdG | G2 dc BAGB | ABcd efge |1 aged cAFA :|2 
aged ^cdef |: g3 f g2 ef | gedc BA G2 | eaag agea | 
aged ^cdef | g3 f g2 ef |gedc BAGB | ABcd efge |1 
aged ^cdef :|2 aged cAFA |:"^variations:" G2 BG dGBA | 
G2 dG BAGB | A2 cA eAcA | A2 ed cAFA | G2 BG dGBA | 
G2 dc BAGB | ABcd efge |1 aged cAFA :|2 aged ^cdef |:
g2 af g2 ef | gedc BAGB | Aaag ageg | aged ^cdef | 
gbaf g2 ef | gedc BAGB | ABcd efge |1
aged ^cdef :|2 aged cAFA ||

Response:
Compound Binary
```

```
Prompt:
Analyze the musical work and pinpoint the consistent melodic element in every section.

X:1
L:1/8
M:4/4
K:G
ge | d2 G2 cBAG | d2 G2 cBAG | e2 A2 ABcd | edcB A2 Bc |
d2 cB g2 fe | edcB cBAG | BAGE DEGA | B2 G2 G2 :: ga |
b2 gb a2 fa | g2 eg edcB | e2 A2 ABcd | edcB A2 ga |
b2 gb a2 fa | g2 eg edcB | cBAG DEGA | B2 G2 G2 :|

Response:
X:1
L:1/8
M:4/4
K:G
ge d2 G2 cBAG d2 G2 cBAG
```

## Training Data

ChatMusician is pretrained on the 🤗 [MusicPile](https://huggingface.co/datasets/m-a-p/MusicPile), which is the first pretraining corpus for **developing musical abilities** in large language models. Check out the dataset card for more details.
And supervised finetuned on 1.1M samples(2:1 ratio between music scores
and music knowledge & music summary data) from MusicPile. Check our [paper](http://arxiv.org/abs/2402.16153) for more details.

## Training Procedure

We initialized a fp16-precision ChatMusician-Base from the LLaMA2-7B-Base weights, and applied a continual pre-training plus fine-tuning pipeline. LoRA adapters were integrated into the attention and MLP layers, with additional training on embeddings and all linear layers. The maximum sequence length
was 2048. We utilized 16 80GB-A800 GPUs for one epoch pre-training and 8 32GB-V100 GPUs for two epoch fine-tuning. DeepSpeed was employed for memory efficiency, and the AdamW optimizer was used with a 1e-4 learning rate and a 5% warmup cosine scheduler. Gradient clipping was set at 1.0. The LoRA parameters dimension, alpha, and
dropout were set to 64, 16, and 0.1, with a batch size of 8.


## Evaluation

1. Music understanding abilities are evaluated on the [MusicTheoryBench](https://huggingface.co/datasets/m-a-p/MusicTheoryBench). The following figure is zero-shot accuracy on MusicTheoryBench.
We included GPT-3.5, GPT-4, LLaMA2-7B-Base, ChatMusician-Base, and ChatMusician. The blue bar represents the performance on the music knowledge metric, and the red bar represents the music reasoning metric. The dashed line corresponds to a random baseline, with a score of 25%.![MusicTheoryBench_result](./MusicTheoryBench_result_plt.png)
2. General language abilities of ChatMusician are evaluated  on the [Massive Multitask Language Understanding (MMLU) dataset](https://huggingface.co/datasets/lukaemon/mmlu).


## Usage

You can use the models through Huggingface's Transformers library. Check our Github repo for more advanced use: [https://github.com/hf-lin/ChatMusician](https://github.com/hf-lin/ChatMusician)

## CLI demo
```
from transformers import AutoTokenizer, AutoModelForCausalLM, GenerationConfig
from string import Template
prompt_template = Template("Human: ${inst} </s> Assistant: ")

tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("m-a-p/ChatMusician-v1-sft-78k", trust_remote_code=True)
model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained("m-a-p/ChatMusician-v1-sft-78k", trust_remote_code=True).eval()
model.cuda()
generation_config = GenerationConfig(
    temperature=0.2,
    top_k=40,
    top_p=0.9,
    do_sample=True,
    num_beams=1,
    repetition_penalty=1.1,
    min_new_tokens=10,
    max_new_tokens=1536
)

instruction = """Using ABC notation, recreate the given text as a musical score.
Meter C
Notes The parts are commonly interchanged.
Transcription 1997 by John Chambers
Key D
Note Length 1/8
Rhythm reel
"""

prompt = prompt_template.safe_substitute({"inst": instruction})
inputs = tokenizer(prompt, return_tensors="pt", add_special_tokens=False)
response = model.generate(
        input_ids=inputs["input_ids"].to(model.device),
        attention_mask=inputs['attention_mask'].to(model.device),
        eos_token_id=tokenizer.eos_token_id,
        generation_config=generation_config,
        )
response = tokenizer.decode(response[0][inputs["input_ids"].shape[1]:], skip_special_tokens=True)
print(response)
```

## Limitations
The current iteration of ChatMusician predominantly generates music in the style of Irish music, attributable to a significant portion of the dataset being sourced from this genre.
The model exhibits hallucinations and faces limitations in supporting open-ended music generation tasks due to the lack of diversity in handcrafted music instructions.

## Citation
If you find our work helpful, feel free to give us a cite.
```
@misc{yuan2024chatmusician,
      title={ChatMusician: Understanding and Generating Music Intrinsically with LLM}, 
      author={Ruibin Yuan and Hanfeng Lin and Yi Wang and Zeyue Tian and Shangda Wu and Tianhao Shen and Ge Zhang and Yuhang Wu and Cong Liu and Ziya Zhou and Ziyang Ma and Liumeng Xue and Ziyu Wang and Qin Liu and Tianyu Zheng and Yizhi Li and Yinghao Ma and Yiming Liang and Xiaowei Chi and Ruibo Liu and Zili Wang and Pengfei Li and Jingcheng Wu and Chenghua Lin and Qifeng Liu and Tao Jiang and Wenhao Huang and Wenhu Chen and Emmanouil Benetos and Jie Fu and Gus Xia and Roger Dannenberg and Wei Xue and Shiyin Kang and Yike Guo},
      year={2024},
      eprint={2402.16153},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.SD}
}
```