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superglue
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  ---
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  library_name: transformers
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- tags: []
 
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  ---
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- # Model Card for Model ID
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- <!-- Provide a quick summary of what the model is/does. -->
 
 
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- ## Model Details
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-
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- ### Model Description
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-
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- <!-- Provide a longer summary of what this model is. -->
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-
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- This is the model card of a 🤗 transformers model that has been pushed on the Hub. This model card has been automatically generated.
 
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- - **Developed by:** [More Information Needed]
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- - **Funded by [optional]:** [More Information Needed]
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- - **License:** [More Information Needed]
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- - **Finetuned from model [optional]:** [More Information Needed]
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- ### Model Sources [optional]
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- <!-- Provide the basic links for the model. -->
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-
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- - **Repository:** [More Information Needed]
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- - **Paper [optional]:** [More Information Needed]
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- - **Demo [optional]:** [More Information Needed]
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-
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- ## Uses
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- <!-- Address questions around how the model is intended to be used, including the foreseeable users of the model and those affected by the model. -->
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-
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- ### Direct Use
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- <!-- This section is for the model use without fine-tuning or plugging into a larger ecosystem/app. -->
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- [More Information Needed]
 
 
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- ### Downstream Use [optional]
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- <!-- This section is for the model use when fine-tuned for a task, or when plugged into a larger ecosystem/app -->
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- [More Information Needed]
 
 
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- ### Out-of-Scope Use
 
 
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- <!-- This section addresses misuse, malicious use, and uses that the model will not work well for. -->
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- [More Information Needed]
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- ## Bias, Risks, and Limitations
 
 
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- <!-- This section is meant to convey both technical and sociotechnical limitations. -->
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- [More Information Needed]
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- ### Recommendations
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- <!-- This section is meant to convey recommendations with respect to the bias, risk, and technical limitations. -->
 
 
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- Users (both direct and downstream) should be made aware of the risks, biases and limitations of the model. More information needed for further recommendations.
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  ## How to Get Started with the Model
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- Use the code below to get started with the model.
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- [More Information Needed]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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  ## Training Details
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  ### Training Data
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- <!-- This should link to a Dataset Card, perhaps with a short stub of information on what the training data is all about as well as documentation related to data pre-processing or additional filtering. -->
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-
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- [More Information Needed]
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-
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- ### Training Procedure
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- <!-- This relates heavily to the Technical Specifications. Content here should link to that section when it is relevant to the training procedure. -->
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-
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- #### Preprocessing [optional]
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-
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- [More Information Needed]
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  #### Training Hyperparameters
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- - **Training regime:** [More Information Needed] <!--fp32, fp16 mixed precision, bf16 mixed precision, bf16 non-mixed precision, fp16 non-mixed precision, fp8 mixed precision -->
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-
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- #### Speeds, Sizes, Times [optional]
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-
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- <!-- This section provides information about throughput, start/end time, checkpoint size if relevant, etc. -->
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- [More Information Needed]
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-
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- ## Evaluation
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-
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- <!-- This section describes the evaluation protocols and provides the results. -->
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-
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- ### Testing Data, Factors & Metrics
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- #### Testing Data
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-
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- <!-- This should link to a Dataset Card if possible. -->
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-
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- [More Information Needed]
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-
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- #### Factors
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- <!-- These are the things the evaluation is disaggregating by, e.g., subpopulations or domains. -->
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- [More Information Needed]
 
 
 
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- #### Metrics
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-
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- <!-- These are the evaluation metrics being used, ideally with a description of why. -->
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- [More Information Needed]
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- ### Results
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- [More Information Needed]
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-
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- #### Summary
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-
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- ## Model Examination [optional]
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-
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- <!-- Relevant interpretability work for the model goes here -->
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- [More Information Needed]
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-
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- ## Environmental Impact
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-
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- <!-- Total emissions (in grams of CO2eq) and additional considerations, such as electricity usage, go here. Edit the suggested text below accordingly -->
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-
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- Carbon emissions can be estimated using the [Machine Learning Impact calculator](https://mlco2.github.io/impact#compute) presented in [Lacoste et al. (2019)](https://arxiv.org/abs/1910.09700).
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-
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- - **Hardware Type:** [More Information Needed]
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- - **Hours used:** [More Information Needed]
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- - **Cloud Provider:** [More Information Needed]
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- - **Compute Region:** [More Information Needed]
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- - **Carbon Emitted:** [More Information Needed]
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-
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- ## Technical Specifications [optional]
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-
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- ### Model Architecture and Objective
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-
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- [More Information Needed]
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-
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- ### Compute Infrastructure
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- [More Information Needed]
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- #### Hardware
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- [More Information Needed]
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-
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- #### Software
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- [More Information Needed]
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-
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- ## Citation [optional]
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  <!-- If there is a paper or blog post introducing the model, the APA and Bibtex information for that should go in this section. -->
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  **BibTeX:**
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- [More Information Needed]
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-
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- **APA:**
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-
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- [More Information Needed]
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-
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- ## Glossary [optional]
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-
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- <!-- If relevant, include terms and calculations in this section that can help readers understand the model or model card. -->
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- [More Information Needed]
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- ## More Information [optional]
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- [More Information Needed]
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- ## Model Card Authors [optional]
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- [More Information Needed]
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- ## Model Card Contact
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- [More Information Needed]
 
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  ---
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  library_name: transformers
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+ inference: false
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+ license: other
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  ---
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7
+ # SuperGlue
8
 
9
+ The SuperGlue model was proposed
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+ in [SuperGlue: Learning Feature Matching with Graph Neural Networks](https://arxiv.org/abs/1911.11763) by Paul-Edouard Sarlin, Daniel
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+ DeTone, Tomasz Malisiewicz and Andrew Rabinovich.
12
 
13
+ This model consists of matching two sets of interest points detected in an image. Paired with the
14
+ [SuperPoint model](https://huggingface.co/magic-leap-community/superpoint), it can be used to match two images and
15
+ estimate the pose between them. This model is useful for tasks such as image matching, homography estimation, etc.
16
 
17
+ The abstract from the paper is the following:
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19
+ *This paper introduces SuperGlue, a neural network that matches two sets of local features by jointly finding correspondences
20
+ and rejecting non-matchable points. Assignments are estimated by solving a differentiable optimal transport problem, whose costs
21
+ are predicted by a graph neural network. We introduce a flexible context aggregation mechanism based on attention, enabling
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+ SuperGlue to reason about the underlying 3D scene and feature assignments jointly. Compared to traditional, hand-designed heuristics,
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+ our technique learns priors over geometric transformations and regularities of the 3D world through end-to-end training from image
24
+ pairs. SuperGlue outperforms other learned approaches and achieves state-of-the-art results on the task of pose estimation in
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+ challenging real-world indoor and outdoor environments. The proposed method performs matching in real-time on a modern GPU and
26
+ can be readily integrated into modern SfM or SLAM systems. The code and trained weights are publicly available at this [URL](https://github.com/magicleap/SuperGluePretrainedNetwork).*
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+ <img src="https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/632885ba1558dac67c440aa8/2I8QDRNoMhQCuL236CvdN.png" alt="drawing" width="500"/>
 
 
 
 
 
 
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+ <!-- ![image/png](https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/632885ba1558dac67c440aa8/2I8QDRNoMhQCuL236CvdN.png) -->
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+ This model was contributed by [stevenbucaille](https://huggingface.co/stevenbucaille).
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+ The original code can be found [here](https://github.com/magicleap/SuperGluePretrainedNetwork).
 
 
 
 
 
34
 
35
+ ## Model Details
 
 
36
 
37
+ ### Model Description
38
 
39
+ SuperGlue is a neural network that matches two sets of local features by jointly finding correspondences and rejecting non-matchable points.
40
+ It introduces a flexible context aggregation mechanism based on attention, enabling it to reason about the underlying 3D scene and feature
41
+ assignments. The architecture consists of two main components: the Attentional Graph Neural Network and the Optimal Matching Layer.
42
 
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+ <img src="https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/632885ba1558dac67c440aa8/zZGjSWQU2na5aPFRak5kp.png" alt="drawing" width="1000"/>
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+ <!-- ![image/png](https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/632885ba1558dac67c440aa8/zZGjSWQU2na5aPFRak5kp.png) -->
46
 
47
+ The Attentional Graph Neural Network uses a Keypoint Encoder to map keypoint positions and visual descriptors.
48
+ It employs self- and cross-attention layers to create powerful representations. The Optimal Matching Layer creates a
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+ score matrix, augments it with dustbins, and finds the optimal partial assignment using the Sinkhorn algorithm.
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51
+ - **Developed by:** MagicLeap
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+ - **Model type:** Image Matching
53
+ - **License:** ACADEMIC OR NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATION NONCOMMERCIAL RESEARCH USE ONLY
54
 
55
+ ### Model Sources
56
 
57
+ <!-- Provide the basic links for the model. -->
58
 
59
+ - **Repository:** https://github.com/magicleap/SuperGluePretrainedNetwork
60
+ - **Paper:** https://arxiv.org/pdf/1911.11763
61
+ - **Demo:** https://psarlin.com/superglue/
62
 
63
+ ## Uses
64
 
65
+ <!-- Address questions around how the model is intended to be used, including the foreseeable users of the model and those affected by the model. -->
66
 
67
+ ### Direct Use
68
 
69
+ SuperGlue is designed for feature matching and pose estimation tasks in computer vision. It can be applied to a variety of multiple-view
70
+ geometry problems and can handle challenging real-world indoor and outdoor environments. However, it may not perform well on tasks that
71
+ require different types of visual understanding, such as object detection or image classification.
72
 
 
73
 
74
  ## How to Get Started with the Model
75
 
 
76
 
77
+ Here is a quick example of using the model. Since this model is an image matching model, it requires pairs of images to be matched:
78
+
79
+ ```python
80
+ from transformers import AutoImageProcessor, AutoModel
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+ import torch
82
+ from PIL import Image
83
+ import requests
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+ url = "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/magicleap/SuperGluePretrainedNetwork/refs/heads/master/assets/phototourism_sample_images/united_states_capitol_98169888_3347710852.jpg"
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+ im1 = Image.open(requests.get(url, stream=True).raw)
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+ url = "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/magicleap/SuperGluePretrainedNetwork/refs/heads/master/assets/phototourism_sample_images/united_states_capitol_26757027_6717084061.jpg"
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+ im2 = Image.open(requests.get(url, stream=True).raw)
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+ images = [im1, im2]
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+ processor = AutoImageProcessor.from_pretrained("stevenbucaille/superglue_outdoor")
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+ model = AutoModel.from_pretrained("stevenbucaille/superglue_outdoor")
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+ inputs = processor(images, return_tensors="pt")
92
+ outputs = model(**inputs)
93
+ ```
94
+
95
+ The outputs contain the list of keypoints detected by the keypoint detector as well as the list of matches with their corresponding matching scores.
96
+ Due to the nature of SuperGlue, to output a dynamic number of matches, you will need to use the mask attribute to retrieve the respective information:
97
+
98
+ ```python
99
+ from transformers import AutoImageProcessor, AutoModel
100
+ import torch
101
+ from PIL import Image
102
+ import requests
103
+ url_image_1 = "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/magicleap/SuperGluePretrainedNetwork/refs/heads/master/assets/phototourism_sample_images/united_states_capitol_98169888_3347710852.jpg"
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+ image_1 = Image.open(requests.get(url_image_1, stream=True).raw)
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+ url_image_2 = "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/magicleap/SuperGluePretrainedNetwork/refs/heads/master/assets/phototourism_sample_images/united_states_capitol_26757027_6717084061.jpg"
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+ image_2 = Image.open(requests.get(url_image_2, stream=True).raw)
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+ images = [image_1, image_2]
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+ processor = AutoImageProcessor.from_pretrained("stevenbucaille/superglue_indoor")
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+ model = AutoModel.from_pretrained("stevenbucaille/superglue_indoor")
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+ inputs = processor(images, return_tensors="pt")
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+ with torch.no_grad():
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+ outputs = model(**inputs)
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+ # Get the respective image masks
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+ image0_mask, image1_mask = outputs_mask[0]
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+ image0_indices = torch.nonzero(image0_mask).squeeze()
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+ image1_indices = torch.nonzero(image1_mask).squeeze()
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+ image0_matches = outputs.matches[0, 0][image0_indices]
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+ image1_matches = outputs.matches[0, 1][image1_indices]
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+ image0_matching_scores = outputs.matching_scores[0, 0][image0_indices]
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+ image1_matching_scores = outputs.matching_scores[0, 1][image1_indices]
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+ ```
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+
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+ You can use the `post_process_keypoint_matching` method from the `SuperGlueImageProcessor` to get the keypoints and matches in a more readable format:
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+ ```python
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+ image_sizes = [(image.height, image.width) for image in images]
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+ outputs = processor.post_process_keypoint_matching(outputs, image_sizes)
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+ for i, output in enumerate(outputs):
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+ print("For the image pair", i)
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+ for keypoint0, keypoint1, matching_score in zip(output["keypoints0"], output["keypoints1"],
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+ output["matching_scores"]):
131
+ print(
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+ f"Keypoint at coordinate {keypoint0.numpy()} in the first image matches with keypoint at coordinate {keypoint1.numpy()} in the second image with a score of {matching_score}."
133
+ )
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+ ```
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+
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+ From the outputs, you can visualize the matches between the two images using the following code:
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+ ```python
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+ import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
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+ import numpy as np
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+ # Create side by side image
141
+ merged_image = np.zeros((max(image1.height, image2.height), image1.width + image2.width, 3))
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+ merged_image[: image1.height, : image1.width] = np.array(image1) / 255.0
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+ merged_image[: image2.height, image1.width :] = np.array(image2) / 255.0
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+ plt.imshow(merged_image)
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+ plt.axis("off")
146
+ # Retrieve the keypoints and matches
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+ output = outputs[0]
148
+ keypoints0 = output["keypoints0"]
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+ keypoints1 = output["keypoints1"]
150
+ matching_scores = output["matching_scores"]
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+ keypoints0_x, keypoints0_y = keypoints0[:, 0].numpy(), keypoints0[:, 1].numpy()
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+ keypoints1_x, keypoints1_y = keypoints1[:, 0].numpy(), keypoints1[:, 1].numpy()
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+ # Plot the matches
154
+ for keypoint0_x, keypoint0_y, keypoint1_x, keypoint1_y, matching_score in zip(
155
+ keypoints0_x, keypoints0_y, keypoints1_x, keypoints1_y, matching_scores
156
+ ):
157
+ plt.plot(
158
+ [keypoint0_x, keypoint1_x + image1.width],
159
+ [keypoint0_y, keypoint1_y],
160
+ color=plt.get_cmap("RdYlGn")(matching_score.item()),
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+ alpha=0.9,
162
+ linewidth=0.5,
163
+ )
164
+ plt.scatter(keypoint0_x, keypoint0_y, c="black", s=2)
165
+ plt.scatter(keypoint1_x + image1.width, keypoint1_y, c="black", s=2)
166
+ # Save the plot
167
+ plt.savefig("matched_image.png", dpi=300, bbox_inches='tight')
168
+ plt.close()
169
+ ```
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+
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+ ![image/png](https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/632885ba1558dac67c440aa8/01ZYaLB1NL5XdA8u7yCo4.png)
172
+
173
 
174
  ## Training Details
175
 
176
  ### Training Data
177
 
178
+ SuperGlue is trained on large annotated datasets for pose estimation, enabling it to learn priors for pose estimation and reason about the 3D scene.
179
+ The training data consists of image pairs with ground truth correspondences and unmatched keypoints derived from ground truth poses and depth maps.
 
 
 
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181
+ ### Training Procedure
 
 
 
 
182
 
183
+ SuperGlue is trained in a supervised manner using ground truth matches and unmatched keypoints. The loss function maximizes
184
+ the negative log-likelihood of the assignment matrix, aiming to simultaneously maximize precision and recall.
185
 
186
  #### Training Hyperparameters
187
 
188
+ - **Training regime:** fp32
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
189
 
190
+ #### Speeds, Sizes, Times
191
 
192
+ SuperGlue is designed to be efficient and runs in real-time on a modern GPU. A forward pass takes approximately 69 milliseconds (15 FPS) for an indoor image pair.
193
+ The model has 12 million parameters, making it relatively compact compared to some other deep learning models.
194
+ The inference speed of SuperGlue is suitable for real-time applications and can be readily integrated into
195
+ modern Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) or Structure-from-Motion (SfM) systems.
196
 
197
+ ## Citation
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
198
 
199
  <!-- If there is a paper or blog post introducing the model, the APA and Bibtex information for that should go in this section. -->
200
 
201
  **BibTeX:**
202
 
203
+ ```bibtex
204
+ @inproceedings{sarlin2020superglue,
205
+ title={Superglue: Learning feature matching with graph neural networks},
206
+ author={Sarlin, Paul-Edouard and DeTone, Daniel and Malisiewicz, Tomasz and Rabinovich, Andrew},
207
+ booktitle={Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF conference on computer vision and pattern recognition},
208
+ pages={4938--4947},
209
+ year={2020}
210
+ }
211
+ ```
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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213
+ ## Model Card Authors
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215
+ [Steven Bucaille](https://github.com/sbucaille)