---
language: en
tags:
- exbert

---


# OLM GPT-2 December 2022

This is a more up-to-date version of the [original GPT-2](https://huggingface.co/gpt2).
In addition to being more up-to-date, it also tends to perform better than the original GPT2 on standard benchmarks.
It was trained on a cleaned December 2022 snapshot of Common Crawl and Wikipedia.

This model was created as part of the OLM project, which has the goal of continuously training and releasing models that are up-to-date and comparable in standard language model performance to their static counterparts.
This is important because we want our models to know about events like COVID or 
a presidential election right after they happen.

## Intended uses

You can use the raw model for text generation or fine-tune it to a downstream task.

## How to use

You can use this model directly with a pipeline for text generation. Since the generation relies on some randomness, we
set a seed for reproducibility:

```python
>>> from transformers import pipeline, set_seed
>>> # It is important to include the bad_words_ids=[[0,2]] if you want this model to stay on topic.
>>> # Otherwise, the model may generate start and end tokens followed by text that is not relevant to
>>> # the previous text.
>>> generator = pipeline('text-generation', model='olm/olm-gpt2-dec-2022', bad_words_ids=[[0,2]])
>>> set_seed(42)
>>> generator("Hello, I'm a language model,", max_length=30, num_return_sequences=5)
[{'generated_text': "Hello, I'm a language model, but you want to know if I have a language in that language. Is this possible? Please explain"},
 {'generated_text': "Hello, I'm a language model, and here's some useful news for you all: The C++ API is becoming more and more popular for"},
 {'generated_text': "Hello, I'm a language model, I'm not trying to learn or understand a new tool, my job is to be as happy as"},
 {'generated_text': "Hello, I'm a language model, a language analyst, and a language system designer. I'm just a curious guy.\n"},
 {'generated_text': "Hello, I'm a language model, I'm not doing anything that needs to be done for the current time (or previous)."}]
```

Here is how to use this model to get the features of a given text in PyTorch:

```python
from transformers import AutoTokenizer, AutoModelForCausalLM
tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained('olm/olm-gpt2-dec-2022')
model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained('olm/olm-gpt2-dec-2022')
text = "Replace me by any text you'd like."
encoded_input = tokenizer(text, return_tensors='pt')
output = model(**encoded_input)
```

## Dataset

The model and tokenizer were trained with this [December 2022 cleaned Common Crawl dataset](https://huggingface.co/datasets/olm/olm-CC-MAIN-2022-49-sampling-ratio-olm-0.15114822547) plus this [December 2022 cleaned Wikipedia dataset](https://huggingface.co/datasets/olm/olm-wikipedia-20221220).\
The tokenized version of these concatenated datasets is [here](https://huggingface.co/datasets/olm/olm-december-2022-tokenized-1024).\
The datasets were created with this [repo](https://github.com/huggingface/olm-datasets).

## Training

The model was trained according to the OLM GPT2 instructions at this [repo](https://github.com/huggingface/olm-training).

## Evaluation results

The model achieves the following results without any fine-tuning (zero-shot):

| Task        | Version | Metric     | Original GPT2       | OLM GPT2 Dec 2022 (Ours) | Significance of Difference (two-tailed p-value) |
|:------------|:--------|:-----------|--------------------:|-------------------------:|----------------------------------:|
|rte          |0        |acc         |0.5307               |0.5199                    |0.7184                             |
|piqa         |0        |acc/acc_norm|0.6289/0.6251        |**0.6692**/**0.6665**     |**0.0004**/**0.0003**              |
|copa         |0        |acc         |0.6400               |0.6800                    |0.4070                             |
|record       |0        |f1/em       |**0.7094**/**0.7026**|0.6884/0.6818             |**0.0000**/**0.0000**              |
|boolq        |1        |acc         |0.4872               |**0.6021**                |**0.0000**                         |
|cb           |1        |acc/f1      |0.4107/0.2619        |0.3393/0.1840             |0.2816/NA                          |
|hellaswag    |0        |acc/acc_norm|0.2892/0.3114        |**0.3079**/**0.3482**     |**0.0000**/**0.0000**              |
|mrpc         |0        |acc/f1      |0.5662/0.6911        |**0.6814**/**0.8099**     |**0.0000**/**0.0000**              |
|multirc      |1        |acc         |0.0189               |0.0220                    |0.4755                             |
|lambada      |0        |ppl/acc     |40.0554/0.3256       |**28.3359**/**0.3699**    |**0.0000**/**0.0000**              |
|wsc          |0        |acc         |0.4327               |0.3654                    |0.1680                             |
|wic          |0        |acc         |0.4922               |0.5000                    |0.6924                             |
|mnli         |0        |acc         |0.3372               |**0.3501**                |**0.0071**                         |
|qnli         |0        |acc         |0.5017               |0.4946                    |0.2913                             |
|cola         |0        |mcc         |0.0126               |0.0000                    |0.6880                             |
|triviaqa     |1        |acc         |0.0151               |**0.0181**                |**0.0088**                         |
|winogrande   |0        |acc         |0.5162               |0.5051                    |0.4314                             |
|webqs        |0        |acc         |0.0030               |**0.0079**                |**0.0000**                         |
|arc_easy     |0        |acc/acc_norm|0.4381/0.3948        |**0.4693**/**0.4230**     |**0.0022**/**0.0049**              |
|arc_challenge|0        |acc/acc_norm|0.1903/0.2270        |0.2090/0.2398             |0.1017/0.2957                      |

To get these results, we used the Eleuther AI evaluation harness [here](https://github.com/EleutherAI/lm-evaluation-harness),
which can produce results different than those reported in the GPT2 paper. The p-values come from the stderr from the evaluation harness, plus a normal distribution assumption.