// both bulbs a and c still have a closed path // Bulbs A and C are still in closed paths 1 both : 2 bulbs : 3 a : 4 and : 5 c : 6 still : 7 have : 8 a : 9 closed : 10 path : 1 Bulbs : 2 A : 3 and : 4 C : 5 are : 6 still : 7 in : 8 closed : 9 paths : 2 3 4 5 <==> 1 2 3 4 // EQUI // 5 // 6 <==> 6 // EQUI // 5 // 7 <==> 5 // EQUI // 5 // 8 9 10 <==> 7 8 9 // EQUI // 5 // // terminal 1 and the positive terminal are connected. // Terminal 1 and the positive terminal are separated by the gap 1 terminal : 2 1 : 3 and : 4 the : 5 positive : 6 terminal : 7 are : 8 connected. : 1 Terminal : 2 1 : 3 and : 4 the : 5 positive : 6 terminal : 7 are : 8 separated : 9 by : 10 the : 11 gap : 1 2 3 4 5 6 <==> 1 2 3 4 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // 7 8 <==> 9 10 11 // EQUI // 5 // // positive battery is seperated by a gap from terminal 2 // Terminal 2 and the positive terminal are separated by the gap 1 positive : 2 battery : 3 is : 4 seperated : 5 by : 6 a : 7 gap : 8 from : 9 terminal : 10 2 : 1 Terminal : 2 2 : 3 and : 4 the : 5 positive : 6 terminal : 7 are : 8 separated : 9 by : 10 the : 11 gap : 5 6 7 <==> 9 10 11 // EQUI // 5 // 8 9 10 <==> 1 2 3 4 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // // There is no difference between the two terminals. // The terminals are in the same state. 1 There : 2 is : 3 no : 4 difference : 5 between : 6 the : 7 two : 8 terminals. : 1 The : 2 terminals : 3 are : 4 in : 5 the : 6 same : 7 state. : 2 <==> 3 // EQUI // 5 // 5 6 7 8 <==> 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // // the switch has to be contained in the same path as the bulb and the battery // The switch and the bulb have to be in the same path 1 the : 2 switch : 3 has : 4 to : 5 be : 6 contained : 7 in : 8 the : 9 same : 10 path : 11 as : 12 the : 13 bulb : 14 and : 15 the : 16 battery : 1 The : 2 switch : 3 and : 4 the : 5 bulb : 6 have : 7 to : 8 be : 9 in : 10 the : 11 same : 12 path : 1 2 <==> 1 2 3 4 5 // EQUI // 5 // 7 8 9 10 <==> 9 10 11 12 // EQUI // 5 // 11 <==> 6 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // // there is a gap in terminal 1 // Terminals 1 and 2 are in the same electrical state 1 there : 2 is : 3 a : 4 gap : 5 in : 6 terminal : 7 1 : 1 Terminals : 2 1 : 3 and : 4 2 : 5 are : 6 in : 7 the : 8 same : 9 electrical : 10 state : 5 6 7 <==> 1 2 3 4 // EQUI // 5 // // The battery uses the chemical reation to create voltage // A battery uses a chemical reaction to maintain different electrical states at the terminals 1 The : 2 battery : 3 uses : 4 the : 5 chemical : 6 reation : 7 to : 8 create : 9 voltage : 1 A : 2 battery : 3 uses : 4 a : 5 chemical : 6 reaction : 7 to : 8 maintain : 9 different : 10 electrical : 11 states : 12 at : 13 the : 14 terminals : 1 2 <==> 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // 3 <==> 3 // EQUI // 5 // 4 5 6 <==> 4 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // 7 8 <==> 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // 9 <==> 9 10 11 // EQUI // 5 // // a batter uses a chemical reaction to create voltage // A battery uses a chemical reaction to maintain different electrical states at the terminals 1 a : 2 batter : 3 uses : 4 a : 5 chemical : 6 reaction : 7 to : 8 create : 9 voltage : 1 A : 2 battery : 3 uses : 4 a : 5 chemical : 6 reaction : 7 to : 8 maintain : 9 different : 10 electrical : 11 states : 12 at : 13 the : 14 terminals : 4 5 6 <==> 4 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // 9 <==> 9 10 11 // EQUI // 5 // // the battery alone is in a closed path // The battery is contained in a path which does not contain any other components 1 the : 2 battery : 3 alone : 4 is : 5 in : 6 a : 7 closed : 8 path : 1 The : 2 battery : 3 is : 4 contained : 5 in : 6 a : 7 path : 8 which : 9 does : 10 not : 11 contain : 12 any : 13 other : 14 components : 1 2 <==> 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // 4 <==> 3 4 // EQUI // 5 // 5 6 7 8 <==> 5 6 7 // EQUI // 5 // // Because there is a gap in the circuit. // there is a gap in the circuit 1 Because : 2 there : 3 is : 4 a : 5 gap : 6 in : 7 the : 8 circuit. : 1 there : 2 is : 3 a : 4 gap : 5 in : 6 the : 7 circuit : 2 <==> 1 // EQUI // 5 // 4 5 <==> 3 4 // EQUI // 5 // 6 7 8 <==> 5 6 7 // EQUI // 5 // // Bulbs A and B are not within the same path as bulb C. // Bulb C is in a separate path 1 Bulbs : 2 A : 3 and : 4 B : 5 are : 6 not : 7 within : 8 the : 9 same : 10 path : 11 as : 12 bulb : 13 C. : 1 Bulb : 2 C : 3 is : 4 in : 5 a : 6 separate : 7 path : 5 6 <==> 3 // EQUI // 5 // 11 <==> 4 5 6 7 // EQUI // 5 // 12 13 <==> 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // // because there was two negative connections // Terminals 1 and 2 are connected 1 because : 2 there : 3 was : 4 two : 5 negative : 6 connections : 1 Terminals : 2 1 : 3 and : 4 2 : 5 are : 6 connected : 2 <==> 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // 4 5 6 <==> 1 2 3 4 // EQUI // 5 // // bulb a is on a closed path with the battery // there is a path containing A and a different path containing B and C 1 bulb : 2 a : 3 is : 4 on : 5 a : 6 closed : 7 path : 8 with : 9 the : 10 battery : 1 there : 2 is : 3 a : 4 path : 5 containing : 6 A : 7 and : 8 a : 9 different : 10 path : 11 containing : 12 B : 13 and : 14 C : 1 2 <==> 6 // EQUI // 5 // 4 5 6 7 <==> 3 4 // EQUI // 5 // 8 9 10 <==> 12 13 14 // EQUI // 5 // // the other terminals are connected to the positive terminal. // Terminals 4, 5 and 6 are connected to the positive battery terminal 1 the : 2 other : 3 terminals : 4 are : 5 connected : 6 to : 7 the : 8 positive : 9 terminal. : 1 Terminals : 2 4, : 3 5 : 4 and : 5 6 : 6 are : 7 connected : 8 to : 9 the : 10 positive : 11 battery : 12 terminal : 1 2 3 <==> 1 2 3 4 5 // EQUI // 5 // 4 5 <==> 6 7 // EQUI // 5 // 6 7 8 9 <==> 8 9 10 11 12 // EQUI // 5 // // The bulb takes away the path. // there is an open path 1 The : 2 bulb : 3 takes : 4 away : 5 the : 6 path. : 1 there : 2 is : 3 an : 4 open : 5 path : 5 6 <==> 1 // EQUI // 5 // // There is no gap between the positive terminal and terminal 4 // Terminal 4 and the positive terminal are not separated by the gap 1 There : 2 is : 3 no : 4 gap : 5 between : 6 the : 7 positive : 8 terminal : 9 and : 10 terminal : 11 4 : 1 Terminal : 2 4 : 3 and : 4 the : 5 positive : 6 terminal : 7 are : 8 not : 9 separated : 10 by : 11 the : 12 gap : 1 <==> 10 11 12 // EQUI // 5 // 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 <==> 1 2 3 4 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // // Bulb a created a gap // If bulb A burns out, neither B nor C is in a closed path 1 Bulb : 2 a : 3 created : 4 a : 5 gap : 1 If : 2 bulb : 3 A : 4 burns : 5 out, : 6 neither : 7 B : 8 nor : 9 C : 10 is : 11 in : 12 a : 13 closed : 14 path : 1 2 <==> 2 3 // EQUI // 5 // // terminal 6 is connected to the positive terminal of the battery // Terminal 6 and the positive terminal are connected 1 terminal : 2 6 : 3 is : 4 connected : 5 to : 6 the : 7 positive : 8 terminal : 9 of : 10 the : 11 battery : 1 Terminal : 2 6 : 3 and : 4 the : 5 positive : 6 terminal : 7 are : 8 connected : 1 2 <==> 1 2 3 4 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // 3 4 <==> 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // // the bulb is in a closed circuit // the battery is in an open path 1 the : 2 bulb : 3 is : 4 in : 5 a : 6 closed : 7 circuit : 1 the : 2 battery : 3 is : 4 in : 5 an : 6 open : 7 path : 3 <==> 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // // The circuit is not closed around the battery. // The battery in 2 is not in a closed path 1 The : 2 circuit : 3 is : 4 not : 5 closed : 6 around : 7 the : 8 battery. : 1 The : 2 battery : 3 in : 4 2 : 5 is : 6 not : 7 in : 8 a : 9 closed : 10 path : 3 4 5 <==> 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // 6 7 8 <==> 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // // the bulb is not contained in a closed path. // The battery is contained in a path which does not contain any other components 1 the : 2 bulb : 3 is : 4 not : 5 contained : 6 in : 7 a : 8 closed : 9 path. : 1 The : 2 battery : 3 is : 4 contained : 5 in : 6 a : 7 path : 8 which : 9 does : 10 not : 11 contain : 12 any : 13 other : 14 components : 1 2 <==> 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // 6 7 8 9 <==> 5 6 7 // EQUI // 5 // // There is a gap in the circuit. // there is a gap in a circuit 1 There : 2 is : 3 a : 4 gap : 5 in : 6 the : 7 circuit. : 1 there : 2 is : 3 a : 4 gap : 5 in : 6 a : 7 circuit : 1 <==> 1 // EQUI // 5 // 2 <==> 2 // EQUI // 5 // 3 4 <==> 3 4 // EQUI // 5 // 5 6 7 <==> 5 6 7 // EQUI // 5 // // Bulb B and bulb C are still on closed paths with the battery. // bulbs A and B are still in closed paths with the battery 1 Bulb : 2 B : 3 and : 4 bulb : 5 C : 6 are : 7 still : 8 on : 9 closed : 10 paths : 11 with : 12 the : 13 battery. : 1 bulbs : 2 A : 3 and : 4 B : 5 are : 6 still : 7 in : 8 closed : 9 paths : 10 with : 11 the : 12 battery : 1 2 3 4 5 <==> 1 2 3 4 // EQUI // 5 // 6 <==> 5 // EQUI // 5 // 7 <==> 6 // EQUI // 5 // 8 9 10 <==> 7 8 9 // EQUI // 5 // 11 12 13 <==> 10 11 12 // EQUI // 5 // // Bulb A has a closed pathway // Bulb A was still contained in the same closed path with the battery. 1 Bulb : 2 A : 3 has : 4 a : 5 closed : 6 pathway : 1 Bulb : 2 A : 3 was : 4 still : 5 contained : 6 in : 7 the : 8 same : 9 closed : 10 path : 11 with : 12 the : 13 battery. : 1 2 <==> 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // 4 5 6 <==> 6 7 8 9 10 // EQUI // 5 // // bulbs a and c are not in the same closed path as bulb b // Bulb B is in a separate path 1 bulbs : 2 a : 3 and : 4 c : 5 are : 6 not : 7 in : 8 the : 9 same : 10 closed : 11 path : 12 as : 13 bulb : 14 b : 1 Bulb : 2 B : 3 is : 4 in : 5 a : 6 separate : 7 path : 5 6 <==> 3 // EQUI // 5 // 7 8 9 10 11 <==> 4 5 6 7 // EQUI // 5 // 12 <==> 3 // EQUI // 5 // 13 14 <==> 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // // Only one terminal is involved in the circuit. // The battery in 2 is not in a closed path 1 Only : 2 one : 3 terminal : 4 is : 5 involved : 6 in : 7 the : 8 circuit. : 1 The : 2 battery : 3 in : 4 2 : 5 is : 6 not : 7 in : 8 a : 9 closed : 10 path : 4 5 <==> 7 8 9 10 // EQUI // 5 // 6 7 8 <==> 3 4 // EQUI // 5 // // there was closed paths between the battery // Bulb A was still contained in the same closed path with the battery. 1 there : 2 was : 3 closed : 4 paths : 5 between : 6 the : 7 battery : 1 Bulb : 2 A : 3 was : 4 still : 5 contained : 6 in : 7 the : 8 same : 9 closed : 10 path : 11 with : 12 the : 13 battery. : 2 <==> 5 // EQUI // 5 // 3 4 <==> 6 7 8 9 10 // EQUI // 5 // 5 6 7 <==> 11 12 13 // EQUI // 5 // // the gap separates the positive battery terminal from terminal 2 // Terminal 2 and the positive terminal are separated by the gap 1 the : 2 gap : 3 separates : 4 the : 5 positive : 6 battery : 7 terminal : 8 from : 9 terminal : 10 2 : 1 Terminal : 2 2 : 3 and : 4 the : 5 positive : 6 terminal : 7 are : 8 separated : 9 by : 10 the : 11 gap : 1 2 <==> 9 10 11 // EQUI // 5 // 3 <==> 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 <==> 1 2 3 4 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // // bulb a, bulb b, and bulb c are contained in differentclosed paths. // A and C are in different paths with the battery 1 bulb : 2 a, : 3 bulb : 4 b, : 5 and : 6 bulb : 7 c : 8 are : 9 contained : 10 in : 11 differentclosed : 12 paths. : 1 A : 2 and : 3 C : 4 are : 5 in : 6 different : 7 paths : 8 with : 9 the : 10 battery : 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 <==> 1 2 3 // EQUI // 5 // 8 9 <==> 4 // EQUI // 5 // 10 11 12 <==> 5 6 7 // EQUI // 5 // // If any bulb is out, it affects the whole system and everything is blocked from the battery. // each bulb is in its own path 1 If : 2 any : 3 bulb : 4 is : 5 out, : 6 it : 7 affects : 8 the : 9 whole : 10 system : 11 and : 12 everything : 13 is : 14 blocked : 15 from : 16 the : 17 battery. : 1 each : 2 bulb : 3 is : 4 in : 5 its : 6 own : 7 path : 2 3 <==> 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // 6 <==> 4 5 6 7 // EQUI // 5 // // it is not in the same path. // Bulb A is still in a closed path with the battery 1 it : 2 is : 3 not : 4 in : 5 the : 6 same : 7 path. : 1 Bulb : 2 A : 3 is : 4 still : 5 in : 6 a : 7 closed : 8 path : 9 with : 10 the : 11 battery : 4 5 6 7 <==> 5 6 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // // There will be a gap in the path // If bulb A burns out, neither B nor C is in a closed path 1 There : 2 will : 3 be : 4 a : 5 gap : 6 in : 7 the : 8 path : 1 If : 2 bulb : 3 A : 4 burns : 5 out, : 6 neither : 7 B : 8 nor : 9 C : 10 is : 11 in : 12 a : 13 closed : 14 path : 2 3 <==> 1 // EQUI // 5 // 4 5 6 7 8 <==> 11 12 13 14 // EQUI // 5 // // Bulb B and C are still contained in a path with the battery // bulbs B and C are still in closed paths with the battery 1 Bulb : 2 B : 3 and : 4 C : 5 are : 6 still : 7 contained : 8 in : 9 a : 10 path : 11 with : 12 the : 13 battery : 1 bulbs : 2 B : 3 and : 4 C : 5 are : 6 still : 7 in : 8 closed : 9 paths : 10 with : 11 the : 12 battery : 1 2 3 4 <==> 1 2 3 4 // EQUI // 5 // 5 <==> 5 // EQUI // 5 // 6 <==> 6 // EQUI // 5 // 8 9 10 <==> 7 8 9 // EQUI // 5 // 11 12 13 <==> 10 11 12 // EQUI // 5 // // bulbs a and c are still contained in a closed path with the battery. // Bulbs A and C are still in closed paths with the battery 1 bulbs : 2 a : 3 and : 4 c : 5 are : 6 still : 7 contained : 8 in : 9 a : 10 closed : 11 path : 12 with : 13 the : 14 battery. : 1 Bulbs : 2 A : 3 and : 4 C : 5 are : 6 still : 7 in : 8 closed : 9 paths : 10 with : 11 the : 12 battery : 1 2 3 4 <==> 1 2 3 4 // EQUI // 5 // 5 <==> 5 // EQUI // 5 // 6 <==> 6 // EQUI // 5 // 8 9 10 11 <==> 7 8 9 // EQUI // 5 // 12 13 14 <==> 10 11 12 // EQUI // 5 // // Terminal one is not connected to the positive battery terminal // Terminal 1 and the positive terminal are not connected 1 Terminal : 2 one : 3 is : 4 not : 5 connected : 6 to : 7 the : 8 positive : 9 battery : 10 terminal : 1 Terminal : 2 1 : 3 and : 4 the : 5 positive : 6 terminal : 7 are : 8 not : 9 connected : 1 2 <==> 1 2 3 4 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // 3 4 5 <==> 7 8 9 // EQUI // 5 // // bulb A and switch Z are in a closed path // Bulb A is still contained in a closed path with the battery and switch Z. 1 bulb : 2 A : 3 and : 4 switch : 5 Z : 6 are : 7 in : 8 a : 9 closed : 10 path : 1 Bulb : 2 A : 3 is : 4 still : 5 contained : 6 in : 7 a : 8 closed : 9 path : 10 with : 11 the : 12 battery : 13 and : 14 switch : 15 Z. : 1 2 3 4 5 <==> 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // 6 <==> 4 // EQUI // 5 // 7 8 9 10 <==> 6 7 8 9 // EQUI // 5 // // Terminal 5 is connected to the postitive battery terminal // Terminal 5 and the positive terminal are connected 1 Terminal : 2 5 : 3 is : 4 connected : 5 to : 6 the : 7 postitive : 8 battery : 9 terminal : 1 Terminal : 2 5 : 3 and : 4 the : 5 positive : 6 terminal : 7 are : 8 connected : 1 2 <==> 1 2 3 4 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // 3 4 <==> 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // // Terminal 6 is connected to the positive battery terminal // Terminal 6 and the positive terminal are connected 1 Terminal : 2 6 : 3 is : 4 connected : 5 to : 6 the : 7 positive : 8 battery : 9 terminal : 1 Terminal : 2 6 : 3 and : 4 the : 5 positive : 6 terminal : 7 are : 8 connected : 1 2 <==> 1 2 3 4 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // 3 4 <==> 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // // the red x means that the circuit is not safe. // there is a short circuit 1 the : 2 red : 3 x : 4 means : 5 that : 6 the : 7 circuit : 8 is : 9 not : 10 safe. : 1 there : 2 is : 3 a : 4 short : 5 circuit : 6 7 <==> 1 // EQUI // 5 // // both bulbs B and C are in the same path as bulb A // If bulb A burns out, neither B nor C is in a closed path 1 both : 2 bulbs : 3 B : 4 and : 5 C : 6 are : 7 in : 8 the : 9 same : 10 path : 11 as : 12 bulb : 13 A : 1 If : 2 bulb : 3 A : 4 burns : 5 out, : 6 neither : 7 B : 8 nor : 9 C : 10 is : 11 in : 12 a : 13 closed : 14 path : 2 3 4 5 <==> 6 7 8 9 // EQUI // 5 // 6 <==> 10 // EQUI // 5 // 7 8 9 10 <==> 11 12 13 14 // EQUI // 5 // 11 <==> 1 // EQUI // 5 // 12 13 <==> 2 3 // EQUI // 5 // // if the electrical state is non-zero you can find the gap in the circuit // A non-zero voltage means that there is a gap 1 if : 2 the : 3 electrical : 4 state : 5 is : 6 non-zero : 7 you : 8 can : 9 find : 10 the : 11 gap : 12 in : 13 the : 14 circuit : 1 A : 2 non-zero : 3 voltage : 4 means : 5 that : 6 there : 7 is : 8 a : 9 gap : 6 <==> 1 2 3 // EQUI // 5 // 10 11 <==> 8 9 // EQUI // 5 // // The battery is contained in a closed circuit and there is nothing in its pathway // The battery is contained in a closed path which does not contain any other components 1 The : 2 battery : 3 is : 4 contained : 5 in : 6 a : 7 closed : 8 circuit : 9 and : 10 there : 11 is : 12 nothing : 13 in : 14 its : 15 pathway : 1 The : 2 battery : 3 is : 4 contained : 5 in : 6 a : 7 closed : 8 path : 9 which : 10 does : 11 not : 12 contain : 13 any : 14 other : 15 components : 1 2 <==> 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // 3 4 <==> 3 4 // EQUI // 5 // 5 6 7 8 <==> 5 6 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // 9 <==> 9 // EQUI // 5 // 10 <==> 13 14 15 // EQUI // 5 // 12 <==> 10 11 12 // EQUI // 5 // // A terminal is not connected to the positive battery terminal. // Terminals 1 and 4 are connected 1 A : 2 terminal : 3 is : 4 not : 5 connected : 6 to : 7 the : 8 positive : 9 battery : 10 terminal. : 1 Terminals : 2 1 : 3 and : 4 4 : 5 are : 6 connected : 1 2 <==> 1 2 3 4 // EQUI // 5 // 6 7 8 9 10 <==> 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // // there is a gap in the circuit // Terminals 1 and 4 are connected 1 there : 2 is : 3 a : 4 gap : 5 in : 6 the : 7 circuit : 1 Terminals : 2 1 : 3 and : 4 4 : 5 are : 6 connected : 2 <==> 1 2 3 4 // EQUI // 5 // // the positive terminal is not seperated by a gap from terminal 5 // Terminal 5 and the positive terminal are not separated by the gap 1 the : 2 positive : 3 terminal : 4 is : 5 not : 6 seperated : 7 by : 8 a : 9 gap : 10 from : 11 terminal : 12 5 : 1 Terminal : 2 5 : 3 and : 4 the : 5 positive : 6 terminal : 7 are : 8 not : 9 separated : 10 by : 11 the : 12 gap : 1 2 3 <==> 1 2 3 4 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // 4 5 6 <==> 7 8 9 // EQUI // 5 // 7 8 9 <==> 10 11 12 // EQUI // 5 // // You can find where there is a gap // Measuring voltage indicates whether two terminals are separated by a gap. 1 You : 2 can : 3 find : 4 where : 5 there : 6 is : 7 a : 8 gap : 1 Measuring : 2 voltage : 3 indicates : 4 whether : 5 two : 6 terminals : 7 are : 8 separated : 9 by : 10 a : 11 gap. : 7 8 <==> 9 10 11 // EQUI // 5 // // has to do something with a gap // Terminal 2 and the positive terminal are separated by the gap 1 has : 2 to : 3 do : 4 something : 5 with : 6 a : 7 gap : 1 Terminal : 2 2 : 3 and : 4 the : 5 positive : 6 terminal : 7 are : 8 separated : 9 by : 10 the : 11 gap : 5 6 7 <==> 9 10 11 // EQUI // 5 // // Because the positive circuit has a voltage of 1.5 volts. // Terminal 1 and the positive terminal are separated by the gap 1 Because : 2 the : 3 positive : 4 circuit : 5 has : 6 a : 7 voltage : 8 of : 9 1.5 : 10 volts. : 1 Terminal : 2 1 : 3 and : 4 the : 5 positive : 6 terminal : 7 are : 8 separated : 9 by : 10 the : 11 gap : 2 3 4 <==> 1 2 3 4 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // 6 7 <==> 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // // There is a chemical reaction. // A battery uses a chemical reaction to maintain different electrical states at the terminals 1 There : 2 is : 3 a : 4 chemical : 5 reaction. : 1 A : 2 battery : 3 uses : 4 a : 5 chemical : 6 reaction : 7 to : 8 maintain : 9 different : 10 electrical : 11 states : 12 at : 13 the : 14 terminals : 3 4 5 <==> 4 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // // when the switch is the in a closed path with the bulb // When the switch and the bulb are contained in the same path 1 when : 2 the : 3 switch : 4 is : 5 the : 6 in : 7 a : 8 closed : 9 path : 10 with : 11 the : 12 bulb : 1 When : 2 the : 3 switch : 4 and : 5 the : 6 bulb : 7 are : 8 contained : 9 in : 10 the : 11 same : 12 path : 1 <==> 1 // EQUI // 5 // 2 3 <==> 2 3 4 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // 6 7 8 9 <==> 9 10 11 12 // EQUI // 5 // // bulb b and c are in a closed path // B and C are in the same path 1 bulb : 2 b : 3 and : 4 c : 5 are : 6 in : 7 a : 8 closed : 9 path : 1 B : 2 and : 3 C : 4 are : 5 in : 6 the : 7 same : 8 path : 1 2 3 4 <==> 1 2 3 // EQUI // 5 // 5 <==> 4 // EQUI // 5 // 6 7 8 9 <==> 5 6 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // // There is a difference in electrical states. // the terminals are not connected 1 There : 2 is : 3 a : 4 difference : 5 in : 6 electrical : 7 states. : 1 the : 2 terminals : 3 are : 4 not : 5 connected : 5 6 7 <==> 3 4 5 // EQUI // 5 // // the bulb will not light // there is no gap between the terminals 1 the : 2 bulb : 3 will : 4 not : 5 light : 1 there : 2 is : 3 no : 4 gap : 5 between : 6 the : 7 terminals : 3 4 5 <==> 3 4 // EQUI // 5 // // bulb a and c are contained on the same path with the battery // A and C are not in the same path with the battery 1 bulb : 2 a : 3 and : 4 c : 5 are : 6 contained : 7 on : 8 the : 9 same : 10 path : 11 with : 12 the : 13 battery : 1 A : 2 and : 3 C : 4 are : 5 not : 6 in : 7 the : 8 same : 9 path : 10 with : 11 the : 12 battery : 1 2 3 4 <==> 1 2 3 // EQUI // 5 // 5 6 <==> 4 5 // EQUI // 5 // 7 8 9 10 <==> 6 7 8 9 // EQUI // 5 // 11 12 13 <==> 10 11 12 // EQUI // 5 // // The path does not close // the battery is in an open path 1 The : 2 path : 3 does : 4 not : 5 close : 1 the : 2 battery : 3 is : 4 in : 5 an : 6 open : 7 path : 1 2 3 4 5 <==> 4 5 6 7 // EQUI // 5 // // The difference between the electrical states is 1.5 volts // Terminal 1 and the positive terminal are separated by the gap 1 The : 2 difference : 3 between : 4 the : 5 electrical : 6 states : 7 is : 8 1.5 : 9 volts : 1 Terminal : 2 1 : 3 and : 4 the : 5 positive : 6 terminal : 7 are : 8 separated : 9 by : 10 the : 11 gap : 1 2 <==> 9 10 11 // EQUI // 5 // // there is still a closed path // If bulb A burns out, bulbs B and C are still in a closed path 1 there : 2 is : 3 still : 4 a : 5 closed : 6 path : 1 If : 2 bulb : 3 A : 4 burns : 5 out, : 6 bulbs : 7 B : 8 and : 9 C : 10 are : 11 still : 12 in : 13 a : 14 closed : 15 path : 2 <==> 10 // EQUI // 5 // 3 <==> 11 // EQUI // 5 // 4 5 6 <==> 12 13 14 15 // EQUI // 5 // // a gap causes a lost connection // A non-zero voltage means that the terminals are not connected. 1 a : 2 gap : 3 causes : 4 a : 5 lost : 6 connection : 1 A : 2 non-zero : 3 voltage : 4 means : 5 that : 6 the : 7 terminals : 8 are : 9 not : 10 connected. : 3 <==> 4 // EQUI // 5 // // the positive terminal and terminal 6 are connected // Terminal 6 and the positive terminal are connected 1 the : 2 positive : 3 terminal : 4 and : 5 terminal : 6 6 : 7 are : 8 connected : 1 Terminal : 2 6 : 3 and : 4 the : 5 positive : 6 terminal : 7 are : 8 connected : 1 2 3 4 5 6 <==> 1 2 3 4 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // 7 8 <==> 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // // the positive terminal is connected to terminal 6 // Terminal 6 and the positive terminal are connected 1 the : 2 positive : 3 terminal : 4 is : 5 connected : 6 to : 7 terminal : 8 6 : 1 Terminal : 2 6 : 3 and : 4 the : 5 positive : 6 terminal : 7 are : 8 connected : 1 2 3 <==> 1 2 3 4 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // 4 5 <==> 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // // Because there is no gap at terminal 1 // terminal 1 is connected to the negative battery terminal 1 Because : 2 there : 3 is : 4 no : 5 gap : 6 at : 7 terminal : 8 1 : 1 terminal : 2 1 : 3 is : 4 connected : 5 to : 6 the : 7 negative : 8 battery : 9 terminal : 1 <==> 3 4 // EQUI // 5 // 6 7 8 <==> 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // // terminal 6 is conncted to the positive terminal // Terminal 6 and the positive terminal are connected 1 terminal : 2 6 : 3 is : 4 conncted : 5 to : 6 the : 7 positive : 8 terminal : 1 Terminal : 2 6 : 3 and : 4 the : 5 positive : 6 terminal : 7 are : 8 connected : 1 2 <==> 1 2 3 4 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // 3 4 <==> 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // // When the switch is in the same papth as the bulb. // When the switch and the bulb are contained in the same path 1 When : 2 the : 3 switch : 4 is : 5 in : 6 the : 7 same : 8 papth : 9 as : 10 the : 11 bulb. : 1 When : 2 the : 3 switch : 4 and : 5 the : 6 bulb : 7 are : 8 contained : 9 in : 10 the : 11 same : 12 path : 1 <==> 1 // EQUI // 5 // 2 3 <==> 2 3 4 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // 4 <==> 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // // Bulbs A and C are in separate paths. // A and C are in different paths 1 Bulbs : 2 A : 3 and : 4 C : 5 are : 6 in : 7 separate : 8 paths. : 1 A : 2 and : 3 C : 4 are : 5 in : 6 different : 7 paths : 1 2 3 4 <==> 1 2 3 // EQUI // 5 // 5 <==> 4 // EQUI // 5 // 6 7 8 <==> 5 6 7 // EQUI // 5 // // bulb a and bulb b are still in a closed path with the battery. // bulbs A and B are still in closed paths with the battery 1 bulb : 2 a : 3 and : 4 bulb : 5 b : 6 are : 7 still : 8 in : 9 a : 10 closed : 11 path : 12 with : 13 the : 14 battery. : 1 bulbs : 2 A : 3 and : 4 B : 5 are : 6 still : 7 in : 8 closed : 9 paths : 10 with : 11 the : 12 battery : 1 2 3 4 5 <==> 1 2 3 4 // EQUI // 5 // 6 <==> 5 // EQUI // 5 // 7 <==> 6 // EQUI // 5 // 8 9 10 11 <==> 7 8 9 // EQUI // 5 // 12 13 14 <==> 10 11 12 // EQUI // 5 // // The positive battery terminal was not separted by a gap from terminal 6 // Terminal 6 and the positive terminal are not separated by the gap 1 The : 2 positive : 3 battery : 4 terminal : 5 was : 6 not : 7 separted : 8 by : 9 a : 10 gap : 11 from : 12 terminal : 13 6 : 1 Terminal : 2 6 : 3 and : 4 the : 5 positive : 6 terminal : 7 are : 8 not : 9 separated : 10 by : 11 the : 12 gap : 5 6 7 <==> 7 8 9 // EQUI // 5 // 8 9 10 <==> 10 11 12 // EQUI // 5 // 11 12 13 <==> 1 2 3 4 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // // A GAP WIL BE CREATED // If bulb A burns out, neither B nor C is in a closed path 1 A : 2 GAP : 3 WIL : 4 BE : 5 CREATED : 1 If : 2 bulb : 3 A : 4 burns : 5 out, : 6 neither : 7 B : 8 nor : 9 C : 10 is : 11 in : 12 a : 13 closed : 14 path : 1 2 <==> 11 12 13 14 // EQUI // 5 // // bulb a and c are contained in different paths with the battery // A and C are in different paths with the battery 1 bulb : 2 a : 3 and : 4 c : 5 are : 6 contained : 7 in : 8 different : 9 paths : 10 with : 11 the : 12 battery : 1 A : 2 and : 3 C : 4 are : 5 in : 6 different : 7 paths : 8 with : 9 the : 10 battery : 1 2 3 4 <==> 1 2 3 // EQUI // 5 // 7 8 9 <==> 5 6 7 // EQUI // 5 // 10 11 12 <==> 8 9 10 // EQUI // 5 // // The positive terminal is connected to terminal 4. // Terminal 4 and the positive terminal are connected 1 The : 2 positive : 3 terminal : 4 is : 5 connected : 6 to : 7 terminal : 8 4. : 1 Terminal : 2 4 : 3 and : 4 the : 5 positive : 6 terminal : 7 are : 8 connected : 1 2 3 <==> 1 2 3 4 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // 4 5 <==> 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // // not contained inthe same path // If C burns out, then A and B are still in a closed path. 1 not : 2 contained : 3 inthe : 4 same : 5 path : 1 If : 2 C : 3 burns : 4 out, : 5 then : 6 A : 7 and : 8 B : 9 are : 10 still : 11 in : 12 a : 13 closed : 14 path. : 3 4 5 <==> 11 12 13 14 // EQUI // 5 // // bulb c does not create a gap in the path for bulb b and a // If C is damaged, A and B are still in a closed path 1 bulb : 2 c : 3 does : 4 not : 5 create : 6 a : 7 gap : 8 in : 9 the : 10 path : 11 for : 12 bulb : 13 b : 14 and : 15 a : 1 If : 2 C : 3 is : 4 damaged, : 5 A : 6 and : 7 B : 8 are : 9 still : 10 in : 11 a : 12 closed : 13 path : 1 2 <==> 2 // EQUI // 5 // 6 7 8 9 10 <==> 10 11 12 13 // EQUI // 5 // 11 12 13 14 15 <==> 5 6 7 // EQUI // 5 // // becuase the other terminals are connected to the positive battery terminal // Terminals 4, 5 and 6 are connected to the positive battery terminal 1 becuase : 2 the : 3 other : 4 terminals : 5 are : 6 connected : 7 to : 8 the : 9 positive : 10 battery : 11 terminal : 1 Terminals : 2 4, : 3 5 : 4 and : 5 6 : 6 are : 7 connected : 8 to : 9 the : 10 positive : 11 battery : 12 terminal : 2 3 4 <==> 1 2 3 4 5 // EQUI // 5 // 5 6 <==> 6 7 // EQUI // 5 // 7 8 9 10 11 <==> 8 9 10 11 12 // EQUI // 5 // // because terminal one and the positive battery terminal are on a closed path // terminal 1 is connected to the negative battery terminal 1 because : 2 terminal : 3 one : 4 and : 5 the : 6 positive : 7 battery : 8 terminal : 9 are : 10 on : 11 a : 12 closed : 13 path : 1 terminal : 2 1 : 3 is : 4 connected : 5 to : 6 the : 7 negative : 8 battery : 9 terminal : 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 <==> 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // // Battery will always have voltage. // A battery uses a chemical reaction to maintain different electrical states at the terminals 1 Battery : 2 will : 3 always : 4 have : 5 voltage. : 1 A : 2 battery : 3 uses : 4 a : 5 chemical : 6 reaction : 7 to : 8 maintain : 9 different : 10 electrical : 11 states : 12 at : 13 the : 14 terminals : 1 <==> 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // // the terminals are not connected // Terminal 1 and the positive terminal are not connected 1 the : 2 terminals : 3 are : 4 not : 5 connected : 1 Terminal : 2 1 : 3 and : 4 the : 5 positive : 6 terminal : 7 are : 8 not : 9 connected : 1 2 <==> 1 2 3 4 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // 3 4 5 <==> 7 8 9 // EQUI // 5 // // the positive battery terminal is connected to terminal 6 // Terminal 6 and the positive terminal are connected 1 the : 2 positive : 3 battery : 4 terminal : 5 is : 6 connected : 7 to : 8 terminal : 9 6 : 1 Terminal : 2 6 : 3 and : 4 the : 5 positive : 6 terminal : 7 are : 8 connected : 5 6 <==> 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // 7 8 9 <==> 1 2 3 4 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // // bulb a was on a closed path // Bulb A is still contained in a closed path with the battery. 1 bulb : 2 a : 3 was : 4 on : 5 a : 6 closed : 7 path : 1 Bulb : 2 A : 3 is : 4 still : 5 contained : 6 in : 7 a : 8 closed : 9 path : 10 with : 11 the : 12 battery. : 1 2 <==> 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // 3 <==> 5 // EQUI // 5 // 4 5 6 7 <==> 6 7 8 9 // EQUI // 5 // // Because terminal 4 is connected to the negative terminal // Terminal 4 and the positive battery terminal are in the same electrical state 1 Because : 2 terminal : 3 4 : 4 is : 5 connected : 6 to : 7 the : 8 negative : 9 terminal : 1 Terminal : 2 4 : 3 and : 4 the : 5 positive : 6 battery : 7 terminal : 8 are : 9 in : 10 the : 11 same : 12 electrical : 13 state : 2 3 <==> 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 // EQUI // 5 // // bulb c is in its own pathway // Bulb C is in a separate path 1 bulb : 2 c : 3 is : 4 in : 5 its : 6 own : 7 pathway : 1 Bulb : 2 C : 3 is : 4 in : 5 a : 6 separate : 7 path : 1 2 <==> 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // 3 <==> 3 // EQUI // 5 // 4 5 6 7 <==> 4 5 6 7 // EQUI // 5 // // the voltage is nearest the burnt out bulb // Measuring voltage indicates the place where the electrical state changes due to a damaged bulb. 1 the : 2 voltage : 3 is : 4 nearest : 5 the : 6 burnt : 7 out : 8 bulb : 1 Measuring : 2 voltage : 3 indicates : 4 the : 5 place : 6 where : 7 the : 8 electrical : 9 state : 10 changes : 11 due : 12 to : 13 a : 14 damaged : 15 bulb. : 1 2 <==> 2 // EQUI // 5 // 3 <==> 3 // EQUI // 5 // 4 5 6 7 8 <==> 13 14 15 // EQUI // 5 // // You needed both a battery and a blub with the same path, and the path must be closed // there is a closed path containing both the bulb and a battery 1 You : 2 needed : 3 both : 4 a : 5 battery : 6 and : 7 a : 8 blub : 9 with : 10 the : 11 same : 12 path, : 13 and : 14 the : 15 path : 16 must : 17 be : 18 closed : 1 there : 2 is : 3 a : 4 closed : 5 path : 6 containing : 7 both : 8 the : 9 bulb : 10 and : 11 a : 12 battery : 4 5 6 7 8 <==> 8 9 10 11 12 // EQUI // 5 // 9 10 11 12 <==> 7 // EQUI // 5 // 13 <==> 6 // EQUI // 5 // 14 15 <==> 3 4 5 // EQUI // 5 // // Because the battery runs in a closed circuit. // there is an incomplete circuit 1 Because : 2 the : 3 battery : 4 runs : 5 in : 6 a : 7 closed : 8 circuit. : 1 there : 2 is : 3 an : 4 incomplete : 5 circuit : 1 <==> 2 // EQUI // 5 // 5 6 7 8 <==> 3 4 5 // EQUI // 5 // // If bulb B is damaged, then the circut is no longer closed. // there is no closed path 1 If : 2 bulb : 3 B : 4 is : 5 damaged, : 6 then : 7 the : 8 circut : 9 is : 10 no : 11 longer : 12 closed. : 1 there : 2 is : 3 no : 4 closed : 5 path : 9 <==> 2 // EQUI // 5 // 12 <==> 3 4 5 // EQUI // 5 // // terminal 1, terminal 2, and terminal 3 are connected o the negative battery // Terminals 1, 2 and 3 are connected to the negative battery terminal 1 terminal : 2 1, : 3 terminal : 4 2, : 5 and : 6 terminal : 7 3 : 8 are : 9 connected : 10 o : 11 the : 12 negative : 13 battery : 1 Terminals : 2 1, : 3 2 : 4 and : 5 3 : 6 are : 7 connected : 8 to : 9 the : 10 negative : 11 battery : 12 terminal : 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 <==> 1 2 3 4 5 // EQUI // 5 // 8 9 <==> 6 7 // EQUI // 5 // 10 11 12 13 <==> 8 9 10 11 12 // EQUI // 5 // // "Because it didn""t cause a gap." // each bulb is in its own path 1 "Because : 2 it : 3 didn""t : 4 cause : 5 a : 6 gap." : 1 each : 2 bulb : 3 is : 4 in : 5 its : 6 own : 7 path : 2 <==> 4 5 6 7 // EQUI // 5 // 5 6 <==> 3 // EQUI // 5 // // because there is a gap between terminal 1 and terminal 6. // There is a gap between terminals 1 and 6 1 because : 2 there : 3 is : 4 a : 5 gap : 6 between : 7 terminal : 8 1 : 9 and : 10 terminal : 11 6. : 1 There : 2 is : 3 a : 4 gap : 5 between : 6 terminals : 7 1 : 8 and : 9 6 : 2 <==> 1 // EQUI // 5 // 3 <==> 2 // EQUI // 5 // 4 5 <==> 3 4 // EQUI // 5 // 6 7 8 9 10 11 <==> 5 6 7 8 9 // EQUI // 5 // // because bulbs b and c are on a closed path with the battery // Bulb B and Bulb C were still contained in the same closed path with the battery. 1 because : 2 bulbs : 3 b : 4 and : 5 c : 6 are : 7 on : 8 a : 9 closed : 10 path : 11 with : 12 the : 13 battery : 1 Bulb : 2 B : 3 and : 4 Bulb : 5 C : 6 were : 7 still : 8 contained : 9 in : 10 the : 11 same : 12 closed : 13 path : 14 with : 15 the : 16 battery. : 2 3 4 5 <==> 1 2 3 4 5 // EQUI // 5 // 6 <==> 8 // EQUI // 5 // 7 8 9 10 <==> 9 10 11 12 13 // EQUI // 5 // 11 12 13 <==> 14 15 16 // EQUI // 5 // // The switch determines whether the path is open or closed. // If a bulb and a switch are in the same path the switch affects the bulb 1 The : 2 switch : 3 determines : 4 whether : 5 the : 6 path : 7 is : 8 open : 9 or : 10 closed. : 1 If : 2 a : 3 bulb : 4 and : 5 a : 6 switch : 7 are : 8 in : 9 the : 10 same : 11 path : 12 the : 13 switch : 14 affects : 15 the : 16 bulb : 1 2 <==> 12 13 // EQUI // 5 // 3 <==> 14 // EQUI // 5 // 5 6 <==> 8 9 10 11 // EQUI // 5 // 7 <==> 7 // EQUI // 5 // // the positive battery terminal is separated by a gap from terminal 4 // Terminal 4 and the positive battery terminal are in the same electrical state 1 the : 2 positive : 3 battery : 4 terminal : 5 is : 6 separated : 7 by : 8 a : 9 gap : 10 from : 11 terminal : 12 4 : 1 Terminal : 2 4 : 3 and : 4 the : 5 positive : 6 battery : 7 terminal : 8 are : 9 in : 10 the : 11 same : 12 electrical : 13 state : 1 2 3 4 <==> 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 // EQUI // 5 // // an incomplete circuit would not effect the the electrical state between the terminals. // A battery uses a chemical reaction to maintain different electrical states at the terminals 1 an : 2 incomplete : 3 circuit : 4 would : 5 not : 6 effect : 7 the : 8 the : 9 electrical : 10 state : 11 between : 12 the : 13 terminals. : 1 A : 2 battery : 3 uses : 4 a : 5 chemical : 6 reaction : 7 to : 8 maintain : 9 different : 10 electrical : 11 states : 12 at : 13 the : 14 terminals : 1 2 3 <==> 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // 7 8 9 10 <==> 9 10 11 // EQUI // 5 // 11 12 13 <==> 12 13 14 // EQUI // 5 // // terminals 4, 5, and 6 are connected to the positive battery terminal // Terminals 4, 5 and 6 are connected to the positive battery terminal 1 terminals : 2 4, : 3 5, : 4 and : 5 6 : 6 are : 7 connected : 8 to : 9 the : 10 positive : 11 battery : 12 terminal : 1 Terminals : 2 4, : 3 5 : 4 and : 5 6 : 6 are : 7 connected : 8 to : 9 the : 10 positive : 11 battery : 12 terminal : 1 2 3 4 5 <==> 1 2 3 4 5 // EQUI // 5 // 6 7 <==> 6 7 // EQUI // 5 // 8 9 10 11 12 <==> 8 9 10 11 12 // EQUI // 5 // // The path it was on // there is a path containing both Z and C 1 The : 2 path : 3 it : 4 was : 5 on : 1 there : 2 is : 3 a : 4 path : 5 containing : 6 both : 7 Z : 8 and : 9 C : 1 2 <==> 3 4 // EQUI // 5 // 4 <==> 2 // EQUI // 5 // // If the bulb is on the same closed path // The damaged bulb and the other bulb must be contained in the same path 1 If : 2 the : 3 bulb : 4 is : 5 on : 6 the : 7 same : 8 closed : 9 path : 1 The : 2 damaged : 3 bulb : 4 and : 5 the : 6 other : 7 bulb : 8 must : 9 be : 10 contained : 11 in : 12 the : 13 same : 14 path : 2 3 <==> 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 // EQUI // 5 // 5 6 7 8 9 <==> 11 12 13 14 // EQUI // 5 // // bulb a was still contained in a closed path with the battery. // Bulb A was still contained in the same closed path with the battery. 1 bulb : 2 a : 3 was : 4 still : 5 contained : 6 in : 7 a : 8 closed : 9 path : 10 with : 11 the : 12 battery. : 1 Bulb : 2 A : 3 was : 4 still : 5 contained : 6 in : 7 the : 8 same : 9 closed : 10 path : 11 with : 12 the : 13 battery. : 1 2 <==> 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // 3 <==> 3 // EQUI // 5 // 4 <==> 4 // EQUI // 5 // 5 <==> 5 // EQUI // 5 // 6 7 8 9 <==> 6 7 8 9 10 // EQUI // 5 // 10 11 12 <==> 11 12 13 // EQUI // 5 // // If one bulb is removed, the others stop working // A and C are in the same closed path 1 If : 2 one : 3 bulb : 4 is : 5 removed, : 6 the : 7 others : 8 stop : 9 working : 1 A : 2 and : 3 C : 4 are : 5 in : 6 the : 7 same : 8 closed : 9 path : 2 3 <==> 1 2 3 // EQUI // 5 // 8 <==> 4 // EQUI // 5 // // because all the terminals are connected to other terminals, an open switch disrupts that. // the open switch creates a gap 1 because : 2 all : 3 the : 4 terminals : 5 are : 6 connected : 7 to : 8 other : 9 terminals, : 10 an : 11 open : 12 switch : 13 disrupts : 14 that. : 1 the : 2 open : 3 switch : 4 creates : 5 a : 6 gap : 10 11 12 <==> 1 2 3 // EQUI // 5 // // There is a gap between the two bulb terminals // the terminals are separated by a gap 1 There : 2 is : 3 a : 4 gap : 5 between : 6 the : 7 two : 8 bulb : 9 terminals : 1 the : 2 terminals : 3 are : 4 separated : 5 by : 6 a : 7 gap : 2 3 4 <==> 3 4 5 6 7 // EQUI // 5 // 5 6 7 8 9 <==> 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // // a short circuit has occured // there is a short circuit 1 a : 2 short : 3 circuit : 4 has : 5 occured : 1 there : 2 is : 3 a : 4 short : 5 circuit : 1 2 3 <==> 3 4 5 // EQUI // 5 // 4 5 <==> 2 // EQUI // 5 // // there will be a gap at bulb b, thus affecting the rest of the circuit // bulb B creates a gap 1 there : 2 will : 3 be : 4 a : 5 gap : 6 at : 7 bulb : 8 b, : 9 thus : 10 affecting : 11 the : 12 rest : 13 of : 14 the : 15 circuit : 1 bulb : 2 B : 3 creates : 4 a : 5 gap : 1 <==> 3 // EQUI // 5 // 4 5 <==> 4 5 // EQUI // 5 // 6 7 8 <==> 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // // terminal 3 and the positie terminal are not connected. // Terminal 3 and the positive terminal are not connected 1 terminal : 2 3 : 3 and : 4 the : 5 positie : 6 terminal : 7 are : 8 not : 9 connected. : 1 Terminal : 2 3 : 3 and : 4 the : 5 positive : 6 terminal : 7 are : 8 not : 9 connected : 1 2 3 4 5 6 <==> 1 2 3 4 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // 7 8 9 <==> 7 8 9 // EQUI // 5 // // The positive battery terminal was not seperated by a gap from terminal 4. // Terminal 4 and the positive terminal are not separated by the gap 1 The : 2 positive : 3 battery : 4 terminal : 5 was : 6 not : 7 seperated : 8 by : 9 a : 10 gap : 11 from : 12 terminal : 13 4. : 1 Terminal : 2 4 : 3 and : 4 the : 5 positive : 6 terminal : 7 are : 8 not : 9 separated : 10 by : 11 the : 12 gap : 5 6 7 <==> 7 8 9 // EQUI // 5 // 8 9 10 <==> 10 11 12 // EQUI // 5 // 11 12 13 <==> 1 2 3 4 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // // Terminal 1 is connected to the negative terminal. // terminal 1 is connected to the negative battery terminal 1 Terminal : 2 1 : 3 is : 4 connected : 5 to : 6 the : 7 negative : 8 terminal. : 1 terminal : 2 1 : 3 is : 4 connected : 5 to : 6 the : 7 negative : 8 battery : 9 terminal : 1 2 <==> 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // 3 4 <==> 3 4 // EQUI // 5 // 5 6 7 8 <==> 5 6 7 8 9 // EQUI // 5 // // A terminal is not connected to the positive battery terminal. // Terminals 1 and 2 are connected 1 A : 2 terminal : 3 is : 4 not : 5 connected : 6 to : 7 the : 8 positive : 9 battery : 10 terminal. : 1 Terminals : 2 1 : 3 and : 4 2 : 5 are : 6 connected : 1 2 <==> 1 2 3 4 // EQUI // 5 // 3 4 5 <==> 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // // the positive terminal and terminal 2 are seperated by a gap // Terminal 2 and the positive terminal are separated by the gap 1 the : 2 positive : 3 terminal : 4 and : 5 terminal : 6 2 : 7 are : 8 seperated : 9 by : 10 a : 11 gap : 1 Terminal : 2 2 : 3 and : 4 the : 5 positive : 6 terminal : 7 are : 8 separated : 9 by : 10 the : 11 gap : 1 2 3 4 5 6 <==> 1 2 3 4 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // 7 8 <==> 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // 9 10 11 <==> 9 10 11 // EQUI // 5 // // there is not gap between the terminals // terminal 1 is connected to the negative battery terminal 1 there : 2 is : 3 not : 4 gap : 5 between : 6 the : 7 terminals : 1 terminal : 2 1 : 3 is : 4 connected : 5 to : 6 the : 7 negative : 8 battery : 9 terminal : 5 6 7 <==> 3 4 // EQUI // 5 // // there is a gap between teh positive battery terminal and terminal 4. // Terminal 4 and the positive battery terminal are in the same electrical state 1 there : 2 is : 3 a : 4 gap : 5 between : 6 teh : 7 positive : 8 battery : 9 terminal : 10 and : 11 terminal : 12 4. : 1 Terminal : 2 4 : 3 and : 4 the : 5 positive : 6 battery : 7 terminal : 8 are : 9 in : 10 the : 11 same : 12 electrical : 13 state : 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 <==> 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 // EQUI // 5 // // The positive battery was not connected to terminal one. // Terminal 1 and the positive terminal are not connected 1 The : 2 positive : 3 battery : 4 was : 5 not : 6 connected : 7 to : 8 terminal : 9 one. : 1 Terminal : 2 1 : 3 and : 4 the : 5 positive : 6 terminal : 7 are : 8 not : 9 connected : 4 5 6 <==> 7 8 9 // EQUI // 5 // 7 8 9 <==> 1 2 3 4 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // // Bulbs A and B will still be contained in a closed path to the battery. // bulbs A and B are still in closed paths with the battery 1 Bulbs : 2 A : 3 and : 4 B : 5 will : 6 still : 7 be : 8 contained : 9 in : 10 a : 11 closed : 12 path : 13 to : 14 the : 15 battery. : 1 bulbs : 2 A : 3 and : 4 B : 5 are : 6 still : 7 in : 8 closed : 9 paths : 10 with : 11 the : 12 battery : 1 2 3 4 <==> 1 2 3 4 // EQUI // 5 // 6 <==> 6 // EQUI // 5 // 7 8 <==> 5 // EQUI // 5 // 9 10 11 12 <==> 7 8 9 // EQUI // 5 // 13 14 15 <==> 10 11 12 // EQUI // 5 // // the two components are seperated. // Terminal 1 and the positive terminal are separated by the gap 1 the : 2 two : 3 components : 4 are : 5 seperated. : 1 Terminal : 2 1 : 3 and : 4 the : 5 positive : 6 terminal : 7 are : 8 separated : 9 by : 10 the : 11 gap : 4 5 <==> 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // // because terminal 1 is directly connected to terminal 4 // Terminals 1 and 4 are connected 1 because : 2 terminal : 3 1 : 4 is : 5 directly : 6 connected : 7 to : 8 terminal : 9 4 : 1 Terminals : 2 1 : 3 and : 4 4 : 5 are : 6 connected : 6 <==> 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // 7 8 9 <==> 1 2 3 4 // EQUI // 5 // // the positive battery terminal and terminal 4 are connected // Terminal 4 and the positive terminal are connected 1 the : 2 positive : 3 battery : 4 terminal : 5 and : 6 terminal : 7 4 : 8 are : 9 connected : 1 Terminal : 2 4 : 3 and : 4 the : 5 positive : 6 terminal : 7 are : 8 connected : 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 <==> 1 2 3 4 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // 8 9 <==> 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // // Terminal 1 and terminal 2 are on the same side. // Terminals 1 and 2 are connected 1 Terminal : 2 1 : 3 and : 4 terminal : 5 2 : 6 are : 7 on : 8 the : 9 same : 10 side. : 1 Terminals : 2 1 : 3 and : 4 2 : 5 are : 6 connected : 1 2 3 4 5 <==> 1 2 3 4 // EQUI // 5 // 6 7 8 9 10 <==> 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // // not connected to positive battery // Terminal 2 and the positive terminal are not connected 1 not : 2 connected : 3 to : 4 positive : 5 battery : 1 Terminal : 2 2 : 3 and : 4 the : 5 positive : 6 terminal : 7 are : 8 not : 9 connected : 1 2 <==> 7 8 9 // EQUI // 5 // 3 4 5 <==> 1 2 3 4 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // // The battery uses a chemical reaction to maintain the voltage, // A battery uses a chemical reaction to maintain different electrical states at the terminals 1 The : 2 battery : 3 uses : 4 a : 5 chemical : 6 reaction : 7 to : 8 maintain : 9 the : 10 voltage, : 1 A : 2 battery : 3 uses : 4 a : 5 chemical : 6 reaction : 7 to : 8 maintain : 9 different : 10 electrical : 11 states : 12 at : 13 the : 14 terminals : 1 2 <==> 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // 3 <==> 3 // EQUI // 5 // 4 5 6 <==> 4 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // 7 8 <==> 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // // Because the bulb does not have a closed path. // The bulb is not in the closed path containing the battery 1 Because : 2 the : 3 bulb : 4 does : 5 not : 6 have : 7 a : 8 closed : 9 path. : 1 The : 2 bulb : 3 is : 4 not : 5 in : 6 the : 7 closed : 8 path : 9 containing : 10 the : 11 battery : 2 3 <==> 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // 4 5 6 <==> 3 4 // EQUI // 5 // 7 8 9 <==> 5 6 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // // there is a difference in electrical states // the terminals are separated by a gap 1 there : 2 is : 3 a : 4 difference : 5 in : 6 electrical : 7 states : 1 the : 2 terminals : 3 are : 4 separated : 5 by : 6 a : 7 gap : 3 4 <==> 5 6 7 // EQUI // 5 // // terminal is connected to postive terminal of the battery // Terminal 6 and the positive terminal are connected 1 terminal : 2 is : 3 connected : 4 to : 5 postive : 6 terminal : 7 of : 8 the : 9 battery : 1 Terminal : 2 6 : 3 and : 4 the : 5 positive : 6 terminal : 7 are : 8 connected : 1 <==> 1 2 3 4 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // 2 3 <==> 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // // Terminal 1 is seperated from the positive terminal // Terminal 1 and the positive terminal are separated by the gap 1 Terminal : 2 1 : 3 is : 4 seperated : 5 from : 6 the : 7 positive : 8 terminal : 1 Terminal : 2 1 : 3 and : 4 the : 5 positive : 6 terminal : 7 are : 8 separated : 9 by : 10 the : 11 gap : 1 2 <==> 1 2 3 4 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // 3 4 <==> 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // // Battery is not contained i a closed path. // The battery in 4 is not in a closed path 1 Battery : 2 is : 3 not : 4 contained : 5 i : 6 a : 7 closed : 8 path. : 1 The : 2 battery : 3 in : 4 4 : 5 is : 6 not : 7 in : 8 a : 9 closed : 10 path : 1 <==> 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // 2 3 4 <==> 7 8 9 10 // EQUI // 5 // // terminal 1 was connected to the positive battery terminal // Terminal 1 and the positive terminal are separated by the gap 1 terminal : 2 1 : 3 was : 4 connected : 5 to : 6 the : 7 positive : 8 battery : 9 terminal : 1 Terminal : 2 1 : 3 and : 4 the : 5 positive : 6 terminal : 7 are : 8 separated : 9 by : 10 the : 11 gap : 1 2 <==> 1 2 3 4 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // // There are 2 paths in this diagram // there is a path containing A and a different path containing B and C 1 There : 2 are : 3 2 : 4 paths : 5 in : 6 this : 7 diagram : 1 there : 2 is : 3 a : 4 path : 5 containing : 6 A : 7 and : 8 a : 9 different : 10 path : 11 containing : 12 B : 13 and : 14 C : 1 <==> 1 // EQUI // 5 // // Because the switch was connected to the closed circuit // there is no path containing both switch Y and bulb A 1 Because : 2 the : 3 switch : 4 was : 5 connected : 6 to : 7 the : 8 closed : 9 circuit : 1 there : 2 is : 3 no : 4 path : 5 containing : 6 both : 7 switch : 8 Y : 9 and : 10 bulb : 11 A : 2 3 <==> 7 8 9 10 11 // EQUI // 5 // // damaged bulb creates a gap. // a damaged bulb creates a gap 1 damaged : 2 bulb : 3 creates : 4 a : 5 gap. : 1 a : 2 damaged : 3 bulb : 4 creates : 5 a : 6 gap : 1 2 <==> 1 2 3 // EQUI // 5 // 3 <==> 4 // EQUI // 5 // 4 5 <==> 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // // that the battery connection does not work // there is a short circuit 1 that : 2 the : 3 battery : 4 connection : 5 does : 6 not : 7 work : 1 there : 2 is : 3 a : 4 short : 5 circuit : 1 <==> 2 // EQUI // 5 // 2 3 4 5 6 7 <==> 3 4 5 // EQUI // 5 // // because the terminals are not connected // A battery uses a chemical reaction to maintain different electrical states at the terminals 1 because : 2 the : 3 terminals : 4 are : 5 not : 6 connected : 1 A : 2 battery : 3 uses : 4 a : 5 chemical : 6 reaction : 7 to : 8 maintain : 9 different : 10 electrical : 11 states : 12 at : 13 the : 14 terminals : 2 3 <==> 12 13 14 // EQUI // 5 // // Terminal 5 is connected to teh positive battery terminal // Terminal 5 and the positive terminal are connected 1 Terminal : 2 5 : 3 is : 4 connected : 5 to : 6 teh : 7 positive : 8 battery : 9 terminal : 1 Terminal : 2 5 : 3 and : 4 the : 5 positive : 6 terminal : 7 are : 8 connected : 1 2 <==> 1 2 3 4 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // 3 4 <==> 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // // terminal 1 was connected to the positive terminal // Terminal 1 and the positive terminal are separated by the gap 1 terminal : 2 1 : 3 was : 4 connected : 5 to : 6 the : 7 positive : 8 terminal : 1 Terminal : 2 1 : 3 and : 4 the : 5 positive : 6 terminal : 7 are : 8 separated : 9 by : 10 the : 11 gap : 1 2 <==> 1 2 3 4 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // // there is a gap between terminal one and two and the positive battery terminal // Terminals 1 and 2 are in the same electrical state 1 there : 2 is : 3 a : 4 gap : 5 between : 6 terminal : 7 one : 8 and : 9 two : 10 and : 11 the : 12 positive : 13 battery : 14 terminal : 1 Terminals : 2 1 : 3 and : 4 2 : 5 are : 6 in : 7 the : 8 same : 9 electrical : 10 state : 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 <==> 1 2 3 4 // EQUI // 5 // // bulbs b and c are contained on the same path with the battery // B and C are in the same path with the battery 1 bulbs : 2 b : 3 and : 4 c : 5 are : 6 contained : 7 on : 8 the : 9 same : 10 path : 11 with : 12 the : 13 battery : 1 B : 2 and : 3 C : 4 are : 5 in : 6 the : 7 same : 8 path : 9 with : 10 the : 11 battery : 1 2 3 4 <==> 1 2 3 // EQUI // 5 // 7 8 9 10 <==> 5 6 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // 11 12 13 <==> 9 10 11 // EQUI // 5 // // because there is no closed path to the battery // the path is not closed 1 because : 2 there : 3 is : 4 no : 5 closed : 6 path : 7 to : 8 the : 9 battery : 1 the : 2 path : 3 is : 4 not : 5 closed : 3 4 5 6 <==> 1 2 3 4 5 // EQUI // 5 // // terminal 1 is not connected to the positive battery terminal // Terminal 1 and the positive terminal are not connected 1 terminal : 2 1 : 3 is : 4 not : 5 connected : 6 to : 7 the : 8 positive : 9 battery : 10 terminal : 1 Terminal : 2 1 : 3 and : 4 the : 5 positive : 6 terminal : 7 are : 8 not : 9 connected : 1 2 <==> 1 2 3 4 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // 3 4 5 <==> 7 8 9 // EQUI // 5 // // the battery is not in a closed bath alone // The battery in 2 is not in a closed path 1 the : 2 battery : 3 is : 4 not : 5 in : 6 a : 7 closed : 8 bath : 9 alone : 1 The : 2 battery : 3 in : 4 2 : 5 is : 6 not : 7 in : 8 a : 9 closed : 10 path : 1 2 <==> 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // 3 4 <==> 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // // terminal 5 is connected to postive terminal of the battery // Terminal 5 and the positive terminal are connected 1 terminal : 2 5 : 3 is : 4 connected : 5 to : 6 postive : 7 terminal : 8 of : 9 the : 10 battery : 1 Terminal : 2 5 : 3 and : 4 the : 5 positive : 6 terminal : 7 are : 8 connected : 1 2 <==> 1 2 3 4 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // 3 4 <==> 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // // if x and z are closed then it will create a closed path // there is a path containing A, C, Z and X 1 if : 2 x : 3 and : 4 z : 5 are : 6 closed : 7 then : 8 it : 9 will : 10 create : 11 a : 12 closed : 13 path : 1 there : 2 is : 3 a : 4 path : 5 containing : 6 A, : 7 C, : 8 Z : 9 and : 10 X : 2 3 4 <==> 6 7 8 9 10 // EQUI // 5 // 8 <==> 2 // EQUI // 5 // 11 12 13 <==> 3 4 // EQUI // 5 // // positive terminal is serperated from terminal 2 // Terminal 2 and the positive terminal are separated by the gap 1 positive : 2 terminal : 3 is : 4 serperated : 5 from : 6 terminal : 7 2 : 1 Terminal : 2 2 : 3 and : 4 the : 5 positive : 6 terminal : 7 are : 8 separated : 9 by : 10 the : 11 gap : 1 2 <==> 1 2 3 4 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // // the battery is not closed the bulb is. // The battery in 2 is not in a closed path 1 the : 2 battery : 3 is : 4 not : 5 closed : 6 the : 7 bulb : 8 is. : 1 The : 2 battery : 3 in : 4 2 : 5 is : 6 not : 7 in : 8 a : 9 closed : 10 path : 1 2 <==> 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // 3 4 5 <==> 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // // there is not a gap in the connection // the terminals are not separated by a gap 1 there : 2 is : 3 not : 4 a : 5 gap : 6 in : 7 the : 8 connection : 1 the : 2 terminals : 3 are : 4 not : 5 separated : 6 by : 7 a : 8 gap : 2 3 <==> 3 4 5 // EQUI // 5 // 4 5 <==> 6 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // // if a bulb is in a closed circuit with a battery and a switch the switch will affect the bulb. // When the switch and the bulb are contained in the same path 1 if : 2 a : 3 bulb : 4 is : 5 in : 6 a : 7 closed : 8 circuit : 9 with : 10 a : 11 battery : 12 and : 13 a : 14 switch : 15 the : 16 switch : 17 will : 18 affect : 19 the : 20 bulb. : 1 When : 2 the : 3 switch : 4 and : 5 the : 6 bulb : 7 are : 8 contained : 9 in : 10 the : 11 same : 12 path : 1 <==> 1 // EQUI // 5 // 19 20 <==> 2 3 4 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // // bulbs b and c were contained in a closed path with the battery. // Bulb B and Bulb C were still contained in the same closed path with the battery. 1 bulbs : 2 b : 3 and : 4 c : 5 were : 6 contained : 7 in : 8 a : 9 closed : 10 path : 11 with : 12 the : 13 battery. : 1 Bulb : 2 B : 3 and : 4 Bulb : 5 C : 6 were : 7 still : 8 contained : 9 in : 10 the : 11 same : 12 closed : 13 path : 14 with : 15 the : 16 battery. : 1 2 3 4 <==> 1 2 3 4 5 // EQUI // 5 // 5 6 <==> 8 // EQUI // 5 // 7 8 9 10 <==> 9 10 11 12 13 // EQUI // 5 // 11 12 13 <==> 14 15 16 // EQUI // 5 // // Because neither components are in closed paths. // Circuit 4 has no closed paths 1 Because : 2 neither : 3 components : 4 are : 5 in : 6 closed : 7 paths. : 1 Circuit : 2 4 : 3 has : 4 no : 5 closed : 6 paths : 5 6 7 <==> 4 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // // you can see where the gap is // Measuring voltage indicates the place where the electrical state changes due to a gap. 1 you : 2 can : 3 see : 4 where : 5 the : 6 gap : 7 is : 1 Measuring : 2 voltage : 3 indicates : 4 the : 5 place : 6 where : 7 the : 8 electrical : 9 state : 10 changes : 11 due : 12 to : 13 a : 14 gap. : 3 <==> 3 // EQUI // 5 // 5 6 <==> 13 14 // EQUI // 5 // 7 <==> 6 // EQUI // 5 // // if there is a gap in the circuit there the bulb will not light up. // A non-zero voltage means that the terminals are not connected. 1 if : 2 there : 3 is : 4 a : 5 gap : 6 in : 7 the : 8 circuit : 9 there : 10 the : 11 bulb : 12 will : 13 not : 14 light : 15 up. : 1 A : 2 non-zero : 3 voltage : 4 means : 5 that : 6 the : 7 terminals : 8 are : 9 not : 10 connected. : 2 <==> 1 2 3 // EQUI // 5 // 6 7 8 <==> 6 7 // EQUI // 5 // 9 <==> 5 // EQUI // 5 // // Bulb A and Bulb B and the battery are in a closed path. // If C burns out, then A and B are still in a closed path with the battery. 1 Bulb : 2 A : 3 and : 4 Bulb : 5 B : 6 and : 7 the : 8 battery : 9 are : 10 in : 11 a : 12 closed : 13 path. : 1 If : 2 C : 3 burns : 4 out, : 5 then : 6 A : 7 and : 8 B : 9 are : 10 still : 11 in : 12 a : 13 closed : 14 path : 15 with : 16 the : 17 battery. : 9 <==> 9 10 // EQUI // 5 // 10 11 12 13 <==> 11 12 13 14 // EQUI // 5 // // That there is a gap // there is no gap between the terminals 1 That : 2 there : 3 is : 4 a : 5 gap : 1 there : 2 is : 3 no : 4 gap : 5 between : 6 the : 7 terminals : 4 5 <==> 3 4 // EQUI // 5 // // if the switch and bulb are contained in the same path, the switch will affect the bulb. // When the switch and the bulb are contained in the same path 1 if : 2 the : 3 switch : 4 and : 5 bulb : 6 are : 7 contained : 8 in : 9 the : 10 same : 11 path, : 12 the : 13 switch : 14 will : 15 affect : 16 the : 17 bulb. : 1 When : 2 the : 3 switch : 4 and : 5 the : 6 bulb : 7 are : 8 contained : 9 in : 10 the : 11 same : 12 path : 1 <==> 1 // EQUI // 5 // 2 3 4 5 <==> 2 3 4 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // 6 7 <==> 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // 8 9 10 11 <==> 9 10 11 12 // EQUI // 5 // // Voltage is the difference between a positive and negative end on a battery. // terminal 1 is connected to the negative battery terminal 1 Voltage : 2 is : 3 the : 4 difference : 5 between : 6 a : 7 positive : 8 and : 9 negative : 10 end : 11 on : 12 a : 13 battery. : 1 terminal : 2 1 : 3 is : 4 connected : 5 to : 6 the : 7 negative : 8 battery : 9 terminal : 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 <==> 5 6 7 8 9 // EQUI // 5 // // the path passes the energy through the switch // If a bulb and a switch are in the same path the switch affects the bulb 1 the : 2 path : 3 passes : 4 the : 5 energy : 6 through : 7 the : 8 switch : 1 If : 2 a : 3 bulb : 4 and : 5 a : 6 switch : 7 are : 8 in : 9 the : 10 same : 11 path : 12 the : 13 switch : 14 affects : 15 the : 16 bulb : 1 2 <==> 8 9 10 11 // EQUI // 5 // 6 7 8 <==> 12 13 // EQUI // 5 // // that the bulb terminal and battery terminal are on the same side of a disconnected circut // The terminals are in the same state. 1 that : 2 the : 3 bulb : 4 terminal : 5 and : 6 battery : 7 terminal : 8 are : 9 on : 10 the : 11 same : 12 side : 13 of : 14 a : 15 disconnected : 16 circut : 1 The : 2 terminals : 3 are : 4 in : 5 the : 6 same : 7 state. : 2 3 4 5 6 7 <==> 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // 8 <==> 3 // EQUI // 5 // // Because the battery is not in a closed path. // The battery in 4 is not in a closed path 1 Because : 2 the : 3 battery : 4 is : 5 not : 6 in : 7 a : 8 closed : 9 path. : 1 The : 2 battery : 3 in : 4 4 : 5 is : 6 not : 7 in : 8 a : 9 closed : 10 path : 2 3 <==> 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // 4 5 <==> 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // 6 7 8 9 <==> 7 8 9 10 // EQUI // 5 // // switch x is in the closed path with bulb a // Bulb A is still contained in a closed path with the battery and switch X. 1 switch : 2 x : 3 is : 4 in : 5 the : 6 closed : 7 path : 8 with : 9 bulb : 10 a : 1 Bulb : 2 A : 3 is : 4 still : 5 contained : 6 in : 7 a : 8 closed : 9 path : 10 with : 11 the : 12 battery : 13 and : 14 switch : 15 X. : 1 2 <==> 10 11 12 13 14 15 // EQUI // 5 // 4 5 6 7 <==> 6 7 8 9 // EQUI // 5 // 8 9 10 <==> 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // // There was a closed circuit // Bulb A is still contained in a closed path with the battery. 1 There : 2 was : 3 a : 4 closed : 5 circuit : 1 Bulb : 2 A : 3 is : 4 still : 5 contained : 6 in : 7 a : 8 closed : 9 path : 10 with : 11 the : 12 battery. : 1 <==> 10 11 12 // EQUI // 5 // 3 4 5 <==> 6 7 8 9 // EQUI // 5 // // "because switch z is in bulb c""s closed path" // there is a path containing both Z and C 1 "because : 2 switch : 3 z : 4 is : 5 in : 6 bulb : 7 c""s : 8 closed : 9 path" : 1 there : 2 is : 3 a : 4 path : 5 containing : 6 both : 7 Z : 8 and : 9 C : 2 3 <==> 7 8 9 // EQUI // 5 // 4 <==> 5 // EQUI // 5 // 8 9 <==> 3 4 // EQUI // 5 // // Bulb A was still in a closed path // Bulb A is still contained in a closed path with the battery and switch X. 1 Bulb : 2 A : 3 was : 4 still : 5 in : 6 a : 7 closed : 8 path : 1 Bulb : 2 A : 3 is : 4 still : 5 contained : 6 in : 7 a : 8 closed : 9 path : 10 with : 11 the : 12 battery : 13 and : 14 switch : 15 X. : 1 2 <==> 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // 3 <==> 3 // EQUI // 5 // 4 <==> 4 // EQUI // 5 // 5 6 7 8 <==> 6 7 8 9 // EQUI // 5 // // Because there is a gap due to a damaged bulb. // Terminals 1, 2 and 3 are separated from the positive battery terminal by a gap 1 Because : 2 there : 3 is : 4 a : 5 gap : 6 due : 7 to : 8 a : 9 damaged : 10 bulb. : 1 Terminals : 2 1, : 3 2 : 4 and : 5 3 : 6 are : 7 separated : 8 from : 9 the : 10 positive : 11 battery : 12 terminal : 13 by : 14 a : 15 gap : 4 5 <==> 13 14 15 // EQUI // 5 // // Bulb A was still in a closed path with the battery // Bulb A was still contained in the same closed path with the battery. 1 Bulb : 2 A : 3 was : 4 still : 5 in : 6 a : 7 closed : 8 path : 9 with : 10 the : 11 battery : 1 Bulb : 2 A : 3 was : 4 still : 5 contained : 6 in : 7 the : 8 same : 9 closed : 10 path : 11 with : 12 the : 13 battery. : 1 2 <==> 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // 3 <==> 3 // EQUI // 5 // 4 <==> 4 // EQUI // 5 // 9 10 11 <==> 11 12 13 // EQUI // 5 // // The battery and light bulb are not contained in a close path // The battery in 4 is not in a closed path 1 The : 2 battery : 3 and : 4 light : 5 bulb : 6 are : 7 not : 8 contained : 9 in : 10 a : 11 close : 12 path : 1 The : 2 battery : 3 in : 4 4 : 5 is : 6 not : 7 in : 8 a : 9 closed : 10 path : 1 2 3 4 5 <==> 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // 6 7 8 <==> 7 8 9 10 // EQUI // 5 // // and the circut is closed // A and C are in the same closed path 1 and : 2 the : 3 circut : 4 is : 5 closed : 1 A : 2 and : 3 C : 4 are : 5 in : 6 the : 7 same : 8 closed : 9 path : 1 <==> 4 // EQUI // 5 // 4 5 <==> 5 6 7 8 9 // EQUI // 5 // // "becuase bulb C is on it""s own pathway." // Bulb C is in a separate path 1 "becuase : 2 bulb : 3 C : 4 is : 5 on : 6 it""s : 7 own : 8 pathway." : 1 Bulb : 2 C : 3 is : 4 in : 5 a : 6 separate : 7 path : 2 3 <==> 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // 4 <==> 3 // EQUI // 5 // // if bulb A burns out then bulbs B and C will no longer be in a closed path. // If bulb A burns out, neither B nor C is in a closed path 1 if : 2 bulb : 3 A : 4 burns : 5 out : 6 then : 7 bulbs : 8 B : 9 and : 10 C : 11 will : 12 no : 13 longer : 14 be : 15 in : 16 a : 17 closed : 18 path. : 1 If : 2 bulb : 3 A : 4 burns : 5 out, : 6 neither : 7 B : 8 nor : 9 C : 10 is : 11 in : 12 a : 13 closed : 14 path : 1 <==> 1 // EQUI // 5 // 2 3 <==> 2 3 // EQUI // 5 // 4 5 <==> 4 5 // EQUI // 5 // 7 8 9 10 <==> 6 7 8 9 // EQUI // 5 // 15 16 17 18 <==> 11 12 13 14 // EQUI // 5 // // Terminal 1 is not connected to the positive terminal. // Terminal 1 and the positive terminal are not connected 1 Terminal : 2 1 : 3 is : 4 not : 5 connected : 6 to : 7 the : 8 positive : 9 terminal. : 1 Terminal : 2 1 : 3 and : 4 the : 5 positive : 6 terminal : 7 are : 8 not : 9 connected : 1 2 <==> 1 2 3 4 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // 3 4 5 <==> 7 8 9 // EQUI // 5 // // because the battery is not in a closed circuit // The battery in 2 is not in a closed path 1 because : 2 the : 3 battery : 4 is : 5 not : 6 in : 7 a : 8 closed : 9 circuit : 1 The : 2 battery : 3 in : 4 2 : 5 is : 6 not : 7 in : 8 a : 9 closed : 10 path : 2 3 <==> 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // 4 5 <==> 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // 6 7 8 9 <==> 7 8 9 10 // EQUI // 5 // // the terminal it is connected to is not working // there is no gap between the terminals 1 the : 2 terminal : 3 it : 4 is : 5 connected : 6 to : 7 is : 8 not : 9 working : 1 there : 2 is : 3 no : 4 gap : 5 between : 6 the : 7 terminals : 1 2 <==> 5 6 7 // EQUI // 5 // // There must be a closed path and a battery. // there is a closed path containing both the bulb and a battery 1 There : 2 must : 3 be : 4 a : 5 closed : 6 path : 7 and : 8 a : 9 battery. : 1 there : 2 is : 3 a : 4 closed : 5 path : 6 containing : 7 both : 8 the : 9 bulb : 10 and : 11 a : 12 battery : 1 <==> 1 // EQUI // 5 // 2 3 <==> 2 // EQUI // 5 // 4 5 6 7 8 9 <==> 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 // EQUI // 5 // // terminal is connected to terminal 6 // Terminals 1 and 6 are not connected 1 terminal : 2 is : 3 connected : 4 to : 5 terminal : 6 6 : 1 Terminals : 2 1 : 3 and : 4 6 : 5 are : 6 not : 7 connected : 4 5 6 <==> 1 2 3 4 // EQUI // 5 // // because bulb a is in a closed circuit with the battery and switch x // Bulb A is still contained in a closed path with the battery and switch X. 1 because : 2 bulb : 3 a : 4 is : 5 in : 6 a : 7 closed : 8 circuit : 9 with : 10 the : 11 battery : 12 and : 13 switch : 14 x : 1 Bulb : 2 A : 3 is : 4 still : 5 contained : 6 in : 7 a : 8 closed : 9 path : 10 with : 11 the : 12 battery : 13 and : 14 switch : 15 X. : 1 <==> 4 // EQUI // 5 // 2 3 <==> 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // 4 <==> 3 // EQUI // 5 // 5 6 7 8 <==> 6 7 8 9 // EQUI // 5 // 9 10 11 12 13 14 <==> 10 11 12 13 14 15 // EQUI // 5 // // If the path is not closed, the switch will not affect the bbulb // If a bulb and a switch are in the same path the switch affects the bulb 1 If : 2 the : 3 path : 4 is : 5 not : 6 closed, : 7 the : 8 switch : 9 will : 10 not : 11 affect : 12 the : 13 bbulb : 1 If : 2 a : 3 bulb : 4 and : 5 a : 6 switch : 7 are : 8 in : 9 the : 10 same : 11 path : 12 the : 13 switch : 14 affects : 15 the : 16 bulb : 1 <==> 1 // EQUI // 5 // 2 3 <==> 8 9 10 11 // EQUI // 5 // 7 8 <==> 14 // EQUI // 5 // // bulb b and c are on a closed path to the battery // If bulb A burns out, bulbs B and C are still in a closed path 1 bulb : 2 b : 3 and : 4 c : 5 are : 6 on : 7 a : 8 closed : 9 path : 10 to : 11 the : 12 battery : 1 If : 2 bulb : 3 A : 4 burns : 5 out, : 6 bulbs : 7 B : 8 and : 9 C : 10 are : 11 still : 12 in : 13 a : 14 closed : 15 path : 1 2 3 4 <==> 6 7 8 9 // EQUI // 5 // 5 <==> 10 // EQUI // 5 // 6 7 8 9 <==> 12 13 14 15 // EQUI // 5 // // since a a gap does not affect the voltage of a battery // Terminals 1, 2 and 3 are separated from the positive battery terminal by a gap 1 since : 2 a : 3 a : 4 gap : 5 does : 6 not : 7 affect : 8 the : 9 voltage : 10 of : 11 a : 12 battery : 1 Terminals : 2 1, : 3 2 : 4 and : 5 3 : 6 are : 7 separated : 8 from : 9 the : 10 positive : 11 battery : 12 terminal : 13 by : 14 a : 15 gap : 2 3 4 <==> 13 14 15 // EQUI // 5 // 8 9 10 11 12 <==> 8 9 10 11 12 // EQUI // 5 // // Because there is a light bulb // The battery in 2 is not in a closed path 1 Because : 2 there : 3 is : 4 a : 5 light : 6 bulb : 1 The : 2 battery : 3 in : 4 2 : 5 is : 6 not : 7 in : 8 a : 9 closed : 10 path : 3 <==> 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // // the bulb will be burned out because the terminals // The damaged bulb and the other bulb must be contained in the same path 1 the : 2 bulb : 3 will : 4 be : 5 burned : 6 out : 7 because : 8 the : 9 terminals : 1 The : 2 damaged : 3 bulb : 4 and : 5 the : 6 other : 7 bulb : 8 must : 9 be : 10 contained : 11 in : 12 the : 13 same : 14 path : 1 2 <==> 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 // EQUI // 5 // 7 <==> 8 9 10 // EQUI // 5 // // Because the positive batter terminal and terminal 6 were connected. // Terminal 6 and the positive terminal are connected 1 Because : 2 the : 3 positive : 4 batter : 5 terminal : 6 and : 7 terminal : 8 6 : 9 were : 10 connected. : 1 Terminal : 2 6 : 3 and : 4 the : 5 positive : 6 terminal : 7 are : 8 connected : 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 <==> 1 2 3 4 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // 9 10 <==> 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // // because the the circuit is complete. // the path is not closed 1 because : 2 the : 3 the : 4 circuit : 5 is : 6 complete. : 1 the : 2 path : 3 is : 4 not : 5 closed : 2 3 4 <==> 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // // Bulbs B and C will still be on closed paths with the battery // bulbs B and C are still in closed paths with the battery 1 Bulbs : 2 B : 3 and : 4 C : 5 will : 6 still : 7 be : 8 on : 9 closed : 10 paths : 11 with : 12 the : 13 battery : 1 bulbs : 2 B : 3 and : 4 C : 5 are : 6 still : 7 in : 8 closed : 9 paths : 10 with : 11 the : 12 battery : 1 2 3 4 <==> 1 2 3 4 // EQUI // 5 // 6 <==> 6 // EQUI // 5 // 7 <==> 5 // EQUI // 5 // 8 9 10 <==> 7 8 9 // EQUI // 5 // 11 12 13 <==> 10 11 12 // EQUI // 5 // // the bulb is contained in an closed circuit // If a bulb and a switch are in the same path the switch affects the bulb 1 the : 2 bulb : 3 is : 4 contained : 5 in : 6 an : 7 closed : 8 circuit : 1 If : 2 a : 3 bulb : 4 and : 5 a : 6 switch : 7 are : 8 in : 9 the : 10 same : 11 path : 12 the : 13 switch : 14 affects : 15 the : 16 bulb : 1 2 <==> 2 3 4 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // // THE ARE ON THE SAME PATH // A and C are in the same path 1 THE : 2 ARE : 3 ON : 4 THE : 5 SAME : 6 PATH : 1 A : 2 and : 3 C : 4 are : 5 in : 6 the : 7 same : 8 path : 1 <==> 1 2 3 // EQUI // 5 // 2 <==> 4 // EQUI // 5 // 3 4 5 6 <==> 5 6 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // // Bulb a and switch Y are not in the same path. // Switch Y and bulb A are not in the same closed path 1 Bulb : 2 a : 3 and : 4 switch : 5 Y : 6 are : 7 not : 8 in : 9 the : 10 same : 11 path. : 1 Switch : 2 Y : 3 and : 4 bulb : 5 A : 6 are : 7 not : 8 in : 9 the : 10 same : 11 closed : 12 path : 1 2 3 4 5 <==> 1 2 3 4 5 // EQUI // 5 // 6 7 <==> 6 7 // EQUI // 5 // 8 9 10 11 <==> 8 9 10 11 12 // EQUI // 5 // // A chemical reaction inside the battery makes the electrical states of the positive and negative terminals different at all times. // A battery uses a chemical reaction to maintain different electrical states at the terminals 1 A : 2 chemical : 3 reaction : 4 inside : 5 the : 6 battery : 7 makes : 8 the : 9 electrical : 10 states : 11 of : 12 the : 13 positive : 14 and : 15 negative : 16 terminals : 17 different : 18 at : 19 all : 20 times. : 1 A : 2 battery : 3 uses : 4 a : 5 chemical : 6 reaction : 7 to : 8 maintain : 9 different : 10 electrical : 11 states : 12 at : 13 the : 14 terminals : 1 2 3 <==> 4 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // 4 5 6 <==> 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // 8 9 10 <==> 9 10 11 // EQUI // 5 // 11 12 13 14 15 16 <==> 12 13 14 // EQUI // 5 // // becasue the terminals 4,5, and 6 are connected to the positive terminal of the battery // Terminals 4, 5 and 6 are connected to the positive battery terminal 1 becasue : 2 the : 3 terminals : 4 4,5, : 5 and : 6 6 : 7 are : 8 connected : 9 to : 10 the : 11 positive : 12 terminal : 13 of : 14 the : 15 battery : 1 Terminals : 2 4, : 3 5 : 4 and : 5 6 : 6 are : 7 connected : 8 to : 9 the : 10 positive : 11 battery : 12 terminal : 2 3 4 5 6 <==> 1 2 3 4 5 // EQUI // 5 // 7 8 <==> 6 7 // EQUI // 5 // 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 <==> 8 9 10 11 12 // EQUI // 5 // // switch Y does not effect bulb A // Switch Y and bulb A are not in the same closed path 1 switch : 2 Y : 3 does : 4 not : 5 effect : 6 bulb : 7 A : 1 Switch : 2 Y : 3 and : 4 bulb : 5 A : 6 are : 7 not : 8 in : 9 the : 10 same : 11 closed : 12 path : 1 2 <==> 1 2 3 4 5 // EQUI // 5 // // bulb c creates a gap // If C burns out, then A and B are still in a closed path with the battery. 1 bulb : 2 c : 3 creates : 4 a : 5 gap : 1 If : 2 C : 3 burns : 4 out, : 5 then : 6 A : 7 and : 8 B : 9 are : 10 still : 11 in : 12 a : 13 closed : 14 path : 15 with : 16 the : 17 battery. : 1 2 <==> 2 // EQUI // 5 // 3 <==> 3 4 // EQUI // 5 // // Bulb C and the battery are not contained in a closed pathway // Bulb C was no longer in a closed path with the battery 1 Bulb : 2 C : 3 and : 4 the : 5 battery : 6 are : 7 not : 8 contained : 9 in : 10 a : 11 closed : 12 pathway : 1 Bulb : 2 C : 3 was : 4 no : 5 longer : 6 in : 7 a : 8 closed : 9 path : 10 with : 11 the : 12 battery : 1 2 3 4 5 <==> 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // 9 10 11 12 <==> 6 7 8 9 // EQUI // 5 // // the two terminals will both be 0 // The terminals are in the same state. 1 the : 2 two : 3 terminals : 4 will : 5 both : 6 be : 7 0 : 1 The : 2 terminals : 3 are : 4 in : 5 the : 6 same : 7 state. : 1 2 3 <==> 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // 5 <==> 3 // EQUI // 5 // // bulb b is not in the same path with bulbs a and c. // Bulb B is in a separate path 1 bulb : 2 b : 3 is : 4 not : 5 in : 6 the : 7 same : 8 path : 9 with : 10 bulbs : 11 a : 12 and : 13 c. : 1 Bulb : 2 B : 3 is : 4 in : 5 a : 6 separate : 7 path : 1 2 <==> 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // 3 4 <==> 3 // EQUI // 5 // // The electrical state is interferred with. // A non-zero voltage means that the terminals are not connected. 1 The : 2 electrical : 3 state : 4 is : 5 interferred : 6 with. : 1 A : 2 non-zero : 3 voltage : 4 means : 5 that : 6 the : 7 terminals : 8 are : 9 not : 10 connected. : 1 2 3 <==> 1 2 3 // EQUI // 5 // // Because the battery and the bulb are not in a closed path. // The battery in 4 is not in a closed path 1 Because : 2 the : 3 battery : 4 and : 5 the : 6 bulb : 7 are : 8 not : 9 in : 10 a : 11 closed : 12 path. : 1 The : 2 battery : 3 in : 4 4 : 5 is : 6 not : 7 in : 8 a : 9 closed : 10 path : 2 3 4 5 6 <==> 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // 7 8 <==> 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // 9 10 11 12 <==> 7 8 9 10 // EQUI // 5 // // "because by measuring voltage, you find the gap where there""s a difference in electrical states." // Measuring voltage indicates the place where the electrical state changes due to a gap. 1 "because : 2 by : 3 measuring : 4 voltage, : 5 you : 6 find : 7 the : 8 gap : 9 where : 10 there""s : 11 a : 12 difference : 13 in : 14 electrical : 15 states." : 1 Measuring : 2 voltage : 3 indicates : 4 the : 5 place : 6 where : 7 the : 8 electrical : 9 state : 10 changes : 11 due : 12 to : 13 a : 14 gap. : 2 3 <==> 1 // EQUI // 5 // 4 <==> 2 // EQUI // 5 // 7 8 <==> 11 12 13 14 // EQUI // 5 // 9 <==> 4 5 // EQUI // 5 // 10 11 12 <==> 6 // EQUI // 5 // 13 14 15 <==> 7 8 9 // EQUI // 5 // // again, bulbs a and b will be contained on a closed path // If C burns out, then A and B are still in a closed path. 1 again, : 2 bulbs : 3 a : 4 and : 5 b : 6 will : 7 be : 8 contained : 9 on : 10 a : 11 closed : 12 path : 1 If : 2 C : 3 burns : 4 out, : 5 then : 6 A : 7 and : 8 B : 9 are : 10 still : 11 in : 12 a : 13 closed : 14 path. : 2 3 4 5 <==> 6 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // 6 7 8 <==> 5 // EQUI // 5 // 9 10 11 12 <==> 11 12 13 14 // EQUI // 5 // // bulbs b and c are contiained in the the same path with the battery. // A and C are not in the same path with the battery 1 bulbs : 2 b : 3 and : 4 c : 5 are : 6 contiained : 7 in : 8 the : 9 the : 10 same : 11 path : 12 with : 13 the : 14 battery. : 1 A : 2 and : 3 C : 4 are : 5 not : 6 in : 7 the : 8 same : 9 path : 10 with : 11 the : 12 battery : 1 2 3 4 <==> 1 2 3 // EQUI // 5 // 12 13 14 <==> 10 11 12 // EQUI // 5 // // There is a gap in the path. // Terminals 1 and 2 are in the same electrical state 1 There : 2 is : 3 a : 4 gap : 5 in : 6 the : 7 path. : 1 Terminals : 2 1 : 3 and : 4 2 : 5 are : 6 in : 7 the : 8 same : 9 electrical : 10 state : 1 <==> 1 2 3 4 // EQUI // 5 // // bulb a is in a closed path with a battery // Bulb A is still in a closed path with the battery 1 bulb : 2 a : 3 is : 4 in : 5 a : 6 closed : 7 path : 8 with : 9 a : 10 battery : 1 Bulb : 2 A : 3 is : 4 still : 5 in : 6 a : 7 closed : 8 path : 9 with : 10 the : 11 battery : 1 2 <==> 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // 3 <==> 3 // EQUI // 5 // 4 5 6 7 <==> 5 6 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // 8 9 10 <==> 9 10 11 // EQUI // 5 // // Bulb A and bulb C affect each other. // A and C are in the same closed path 1 Bulb : 2 A : 3 and : 4 bulb : 5 C : 6 affect : 7 each : 8 other. : 1 A : 2 and : 3 C : 4 are : 5 in : 6 the : 7 same : 8 closed : 9 path : 1 2 3 4 5 <==> 1 2 3 // EQUI // 5 // // switch z is contained in a closed path // there is a path containing both Z and C 1 switch : 2 z : 3 is : 4 contained : 5 in : 6 a : 7 closed : 8 path : 1 there : 2 is : 3 a : 4 path : 5 containing : 6 both : 7 Z : 8 and : 9 C : 1 2 <==> 7 8 9 // EQUI // 5 // 3 4 <==> 1 // EQUI // 5 // 5 6 7 8 <==> 2 // EQUI // 5 // // the bulb terminal and the negative battery terminal are separated by a gap // there is no gap between the terminals 1 the : 2 bulb : 3 terminal : 4 and : 5 the : 6 negative : 7 battery : 8 terminal : 9 are : 10 separated : 11 by : 12 a : 13 gap : 1 there : 2 is : 3 no : 4 gap : 5 between : 6 the : 7 terminals : 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 <==> 5 6 7 // EQUI // 5 // 11 12 13 <==> 3 4 // EQUI // 5 // // Bulb A and C are still in a closed path with the battery. // Bulbs A and C are still contained in closed paths with the battery 1 Bulb : 2 A : 3 and : 4 C : 5 are : 6 still : 7 in : 8 a : 9 closed : 10 path : 11 with : 12 the : 13 battery. : 1 Bulbs : 2 A : 3 and : 4 C : 5 are : 6 still : 7 contained : 8 in : 9 closed : 10 paths : 11 with : 12 the : 13 battery : 1 2 3 4 <==> 1 2 3 4 // EQUI // 5 // 5 <==> 5 // EQUI // 5 // 6 <==> 6 // EQUI // 5 // 7 8 9 10 <==> 8 9 10 // EQUI // 5 // 11 12 13 <==> 11 12 13 // EQUI // 5 // // if switch and bulb are contained in the same closed path // When the switch and the bulb are contained in the same path 1 if : 2 switch : 3 and : 4 bulb : 5 are : 6 contained : 7 in : 8 the : 9 same : 10 closed : 11 path : 1 When : 2 the : 3 switch : 4 and : 5 the : 6 bulb : 7 are : 8 contained : 9 in : 10 the : 11 same : 12 path : 1 <==> 1 // EQUI // 5 // 2 3 4 <==> 2 3 4 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // 5 6 <==> 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // 7 8 9 10 11 <==> 9 10 11 12 // EQUI // 5 // // there is a gap between the positive battery connection and the bulb terminal. // there is no gap between the terminals 1 there : 2 is : 3 a : 4 gap : 5 between : 6 the : 7 positive : 8 battery : 9 connection : 10 and : 11 the : 12 bulb : 13 terminal. : 1 there : 2 is : 3 no : 4 gap : 5 between : 6 the : 7 terminals : 1 <==> 1 // EQUI // 5 // 3 4 <==> 3 4 // EQUI // 5 // 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 <==> 5 6 7 // EQUI // 5 // // Bulb A is not on the same path that Bulb B and bulb C are. // there is a path containing A and a different path containing B and C 1 Bulb : 2 A : 3 is : 4 not : 5 on : 6 the : 7 same : 8 path : 9 that : 10 Bulb : 11 B : 12 and : 13 bulb : 14 C : 15 are. : 1 there : 2 is : 3 a : 4 path : 5 containing : 6 A : 7 and : 8 a : 9 different : 10 path : 11 containing : 12 B : 13 and : 14 C : 1 2 <==> 6 // EQUI // 5 // 5 6 7 8 <==> 1 // EQUI // 5 // 10 11 12 13 14 <==> 12 13 14 // EQUI // 5 // 15 <==> 7 // EQUI // 5 // // it runs on a different current // If C burns out, then A and B are still in a closed path with the battery. 1 it : 2 runs : 3 on : 4 a : 5 different : 6 current : 1 If : 2 C : 3 burns : 4 out, : 5 then : 6 A : 7 and : 8 B : 9 are : 10 still : 11 in : 12 a : 13 closed : 14 path : 15 with : 16 the : 17 battery. : 1 <==> 1 // EQUI // 5 // 2 <==> 11 12 13 14 // EQUI // 5 // 3 4 5 6 <==> 6 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // // terminal 6 is connected to the difference // Terminal 6 and the positive terminal are connected 1 terminal : 2 6 : 3 is : 4 connected : 5 to : 6 the : 7 difference : 1 Terminal : 2 6 : 3 and : 4 the : 5 positive : 6 terminal : 7 are : 8 connected : 1 2 <==> 1 2 3 4 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // 3 4 <==> 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // // the batteries terminals are not connected // Circuit 4 has no closed paths 1 the : 2 batteries : 3 terminals : 4 are : 5 not : 6 connected : 1 Circuit : 2 4 : 3 has : 4 no : 5 closed : 6 paths : 1 2 3 <==> 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // 4 5 6 <==> 3 4 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // // because if there is a voltage that means there is a gap // Measuring voltage indicates the place where the electrical state changes due to a gap. 1 because : 2 if : 3 there : 4 is : 5 a : 6 voltage : 7 that : 8 means : 9 there : 10 is : 11 a : 12 gap : 1 Measuring : 2 voltage : 3 indicates : 4 the : 5 place : 6 where : 7 the : 8 electrical : 9 state : 10 changes : 11 due : 12 to : 13 a : 14 gap. : 3 <==> 7 8 9 // EQUI // 5 // 5 6 <==> 2 // EQUI // 5 // 9 <==> 11 12 // EQUI // 5 // 11 12 <==> 13 14 // EQUI // 5 // // Find where there are different electrical states // Measuring voltage indicates the place where the electrical state changes due to a gap. 1 Find : 2 where : 3 there : 4 are : 5 different : 6 electrical : 7 states : 1 Measuring : 2 voltage : 3 indicates : 4 the : 5 place : 6 where : 7 the : 8 electrical : 9 state : 10 changes : 11 due : 12 to : 13 a : 14 gap. : 2 <==> 3 // EQUI // 5 // 3 <==> 6 // EQUI // 5 // 5 6 7 <==> 7 8 9 10 // EQUI // 5 // // circuit 2 is connected to the battery // there is no closed path containing the battery 1 circuit : 2 2 : 3 is : 4 connected : 5 to : 6 the : 7 battery : 1 there : 2 is : 3 no : 4 closed : 5 path : 6 containing : 7 the : 8 battery : 5 6 7 <==> 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // // the gap in the circuit causes the circuit to be an open circuit // there is a gap in a circuit 1 the : 2 gap : 3 in : 4 the : 5 circuit : 6 causes : 7 the : 8 circuit : 9 to : 10 be : 11 an : 12 open : 13 circuit : 1 there : 2 is : 3 a : 4 gap : 5 in : 6 a : 7 circuit : 1 2 <==> 3 4 // EQUI // 5 // 3 4 5 <==> 1 // EQUI // 5 // 6 <==> 2 // EQUI // 5 // // there is a gap in the circuit // Terminal 1 and the positive terminal are separated by the gap 1 there : 2 is : 3 a : 4 gap : 5 in : 6 the : 7 circuit : 1 Terminal : 2 1 : 3 and : 4 the : 5 positive : 6 terminal : 7 are : 8 separated : 9 by : 10 the : 11 gap : 3 4 <==> 9 10 11 // EQUI // 5 // // the path has to be closed for the bulb to light up // If a bulb and a switch are in the same path the switch affects the bulb 1 the : 2 path : 3 has : 4 to : 5 be : 6 closed : 7 for : 8 the : 9 bulb : 10 to : 11 light : 12 up : 1 If : 2 a : 3 bulb : 4 and : 5 a : 6 switch : 7 are : 8 in : 9 the : 10 same : 11 path : 12 the : 13 switch : 14 affects : 15 the : 16 bulb : 1 2 <==> 8 9 10 11 // EQUI // 5 // 7 8 9 <==> 2 3 4 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // // There is no gap so there is no difference in voltage // there is no gap between the terminals 1 There : 2 is : 3 no : 4 gap : 5 so : 6 there : 7 is : 8 no : 9 difference : 10 in : 11 voltage : 1 there : 2 is : 3 no : 4 gap : 5 between : 6 the : 7 terminals : 1 <==> 1 // EQUI // 5 // 2 <==> 2 // EQUI // 5 // 3 4 <==> 3 4 // EQUI // 5 // // Voltage is the difference between a positive and negative end on the battery. // Terminal 1 and the positive terminal are separated by the gap 1 Voltage : 2 is : 3 the : 4 difference : 5 between : 6 a : 7 positive : 8 and : 9 negative : 10 end : 11 on : 12 the : 13 battery. : 1 Terminal : 2 1 : 3 and : 4 the : 5 positive : 6 terminal : 7 are : 8 separated : 9 by : 10 the : 11 gap : 3 4 <==> 9 10 11 // EQUI // 5 // 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 <==> 1 2 3 4 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // // bulb had a short circuit // there is a complete circuit 1 bulb : 2 had : 3 a : 4 short : 5 circuit : 1 there : 2 is : 3 a : 4 complete : 5 circuit : 3 4 5 <==> 3 4 5 // EQUI // 5 // // Bulb A and bulb C are in a closed path with the battery. // Bulb B and Bulb C were still contained in the same closed path with the battery. 1 Bulb : 2 A : 3 and : 4 bulb : 5 C : 6 are : 7 in : 8 a : 9 closed : 10 path : 11 with : 12 the : 13 battery. : 1 Bulb : 2 B : 3 and : 4 Bulb : 5 C : 6 were : 7 still : 8 contained : 9 in : 10 the : 11 same : 12 closed : 13 path : 14 with : 15 the : 16 battery. : 1 2 3 4 5 <==> 1 2 3 4 5 // EQUI // 5 // 6 <==> 6 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // 7 8 9 10 <==> 9 10 11 12 13 // EQUI // 5 // 11 12 13 <==> 14 15 16 // EQUI // 5 // // Terminals 4, 5, and 6 are only connected to the positive battery terminal. // Terminals 4, 5 and 6 are connected to the positive battery terminal 1 Terminals : 2 4, : 3 5, : 4 and : 5 6 : 6 are : 7 only : 8 connected : 9 to : 10 the : 11 positive : 12 battery : 13 terminal. : 1 Terminals : 2 4, : 3 5 : 4 and : 5 6 : 6 are : 7 connected : 8 to : 9 the : 10 positive : 11 battery : 12 terminal : 1 2 3 4 5 <==> 1 2 3 4 5 // EQUI // 5 // 8 <==> 6 7 // EQUI // 5 // 9 10 11 12 13 <==> 8 9 10 11 12 // EQUI // 5 // // a terminal is connected to the positive battery terminal // the terminals are not connected 1 a : 2 terminal : 3 is : 4 connected : 5 to : 6 the : 7 positive : 8 battery : 9 terminal : 1 the : 2 terminals : 3 are : 4 not : 5 connected : 1 2 <==> 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // 3 4 <==> 3 4 5 // EQUI // 5 // // because the terminals are in the same state // terminal 1 is connected to the negative battery terminal 1 because : 2 the : 3 terminals : 4 are : 5 in : 6 the : 7 same : 8 state : 1 terminal : 2 1 : 3 is : 4 connected : 5 to : 6 the : 7 negative : 8 battery : 9 terminal : 2 3 <==> 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // // "because switch y isn""t included in bulb A""s closed path" // Switch Y and bulb A are not in the same closed path 1 "because : 2 switch : 3 y : 4 isn""t : 5 included : 6 in : 7 bulb : 8 A""s : 9 closed : 10 path" : 1 Switch : 2 Y : 3 and : 4 bulb : 5 A : 6 are : 7 not : 8 in : 9 the : 10 same : 11 closed : 12 path : 2 3 <==> 1 2 3 4 5 // EQUI // 5 // 4 5 <==> 6 7 // EQUI // 5 // 9 10 <==> 8 9 10 11 12 // EQUI // 5 // // the negative battery terminal is seperated by a gap from terminal 6 // terminal 6 is separated by a gap from the negative battery terminal 1 the : 2 negative : 3 battery : 4 terminal : 5 is : 6 seperated : 7 by : 8 a : 9 gap : 10 from : 11 terminal : 12 6 : 1 terminal : 2 6 : 3 is : 4 separated : 5 by : 6 a : 7 gap : 8 from : 9 the : 10 negative : 11 battery : 12 terminal : 1 2 3 4 <==> 8 9 10 11 12 // EQUI // 5 // 7 8 9 <==> 5 6 7 // EQUI // 5 // 10 11 12 <==> 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // // that the bulb terminal is only connected to one of the battery terminals // there is no gap between the terminals 1 that : 2 the : 3 bulb : 4 terminal : 5 is : 6 only : 7 connected : 8 to : 9 one : 10 of : 11 the : 12 battery : 13 terminals : 1 there : 2 is : 3 no : 4 gap : 5 between : 6 the : 7 terminals : 5 <==> 1 // EQUI // 5 // 8 9 10 11 12 13 <==> 5 6 7 // EQUI // 5 // // there was a negavtive gap // terminal 4 is separated by a gap from the negative battery terminal 1 there : 2 was : 3 a : 4 negavtive : 5 gap : 1 terminal : 2 4 : 3 is : 4 separated : 5 by : 6 a : 7 gap : 8 from : 9 the : 10 negative : 11 battery : 12 terminal : 3 4 5 <==> 5 6 7 // EQUI // 5 // // terminal is connected to postive end of battery // Terminals 4, 5 and 6 are connected to the positive battery terminal 1 terminal : 2 is : 3 connected : 4 to : 5 postive : 6 end : 7 of : 8 battery : 1 Terminals : 2 4, : 3 5 : 4 and : 5 6 : 6 are : 7 connected : 8 to : 9 the : 10 positive : 11 battery : 12 terminal : 1 <==> 1 2 3 4 5 // EQUI // 5 // 2 3 <==> 6 7 // EQUI // 5 // 4 5 6 7 8 <==> 8 9 10 11 12 // EQUI // 5 // // terminal 1 is connected to the 1.5 volt battery. // terminal 1 is connected to the negative battery terminal 1 terminal : 2 1 : 3 is : 4 connected : 5 to : 6 the : 7 1.5 : 8 volt : 9 battery. : 1 terminal : 2 1 : 3 is : 4 connected : 5 to : 6 the : 7 negative : 8 battery : 9 terminal : 1 2 <==> 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // 3 4 <==> 3 4 // EQUI // 5 // // The path must be closed // If a bulb and a switch are in the same path the switch affects the bulb 1 The : 2 path : 3 must : 4 be : 5 closed : 1 If : 2 a : 3 bulb : 4 and : 5 a : 6 switch : 7 are : 8 in : 9 the : 10 same : 11 path : 12 the : 13 switch : 14 affects : 15 the : 16 bulb : 1 2 <==> 8 9 10 11 // EQUI // 5 // // Bulbs B and C are contained on the same path with the battery. // B and C are in the same path with the battery 1 Bulbs : 2 B : 3 and : 4 C : 5 are : 6 contained : 7 on : 8 the : 9 same : 10 path : 11 with : 12 the : 13 battery. : 1 B : 2 and : 3 C : 4 are : 5 in : 6 the : 7 same : 8 path : 9 with : 10 the : 11 battery : 1 2 3 4 <==> 1 2 3 // EQUI // 5 // 7 8 9 10 <==> 5 6 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // 11 12 13 <==> 9 10 11 // EQUI // 5 // // a terminal is connected to the positive terminal of the battery // Terminal 6 and the positive terminal are connected 1 a : 2 terminal : 3 is : 4 connected : 5 to : 6 the : 7 positive : 8 terminal : 9 of : 10 the : 11 battery : 1 Terminal : 2 6 : 3 and : 4 the : 5 positive : 6 terminal : 7 are : 8 connected : 1 2 <==> 1 2 3 4 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // 3 4 <==> 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // // because a and b are in series and a and c are in parallel // If C burns out, then A and B are still in a closed path. 1 because : 2 a : 3 and : 4 b : 5 are : 6 in : 7 series : 8 and : 9 a : 10 and : 11 c : 12 are : 13 in : 14 parallel : 1 If : 2 C : 3 burns : 4 out, : 5 then : 6 A : 7 and : 8 B : 9 are : 10 still : 11 in : 12 a : 13 closed : 14 path. : 2 3 4 <==> 6 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // 9 10 11 <==> 2 // EQUI // 5 // 12 <==> 9 // EQUI // 5 // // a terminal is connected to the positive terminal of the battery // Terminal 5 and the positive terminal are connected 1 a : 2 terminal : 3 is : 4 connected : 5 to : 6 the : 7 positive : 8 terminal : 9 of : 10 the : 11 battery : 1 Terminal : 2 5 : 3 and : 4 the : 5 positive : 6 terminal : 7 are : 8 connected : 1 2 <==> 1 2 3 4 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // 3 4 <==> 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // // the bulb is not contained in the path // The bulb is not in the closed path containing the battery 1 the : 2 bulb : 3 is : 4 not : 5 contained : 6 in : 7 the : 8 path : 1 The : 2 bulb : 3 is : 4 not : 5 in : 6 the : 7 closed : 8 path : 9 containing : 10 the : 11 battery : 1 2 <==> 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // 3 4 5 <==> 3 4 // EQUI // 5 // // because positive charge is before gap // Terminal 1 and the positive terminal are separated by the gap 1 because : 2 positive : 3 charge : 4 is : 5 before : 6 gap : 1 Terminal : 2 1 : 3 and : 4 the : 5 positive : 6 terminal : 7 are : 8 separated : 9 by : 10 the : 11 gap : 2 3 <==> 1 2 3 4 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // 6 <==> 9 10 11 // EQUI // 5 // // Because it is not on the same path // If bulb A burns out, bulbs B and C are still in a closed path 1 Because : 2 it : 3 is : 4 not : 5 on : 6 the : 7 same : 8 path : 1 If : 2 bulb : 3 A : 4 burns : 5 out, : 6 bulbs : 7 B : 8 and : 9 C : 10 are : 11 still : 12 in : 13 a : 14 closed : 15 path : 1 <==> 11 // EQUI // 5 // 5 6 7 8 <==> 12 13 14 15 // EQUI // 5 // // Seperate paths connected to the battery // If bulb A burns out, B and C are no longer in a closed path with the battery 1 Seperate : 2 paths : 3 connected : 4 to : 5 the : 6 battery : 1 If : 2 bulb : 3 A : 4 burns : 5 out, : 6 B : 7 and : 8 C : 9 are : 10 no : 11 longer : 12 in : 13 a : 14 closed : 15 path : 16 with : 17 the : 18 battery : 3 <==> 12 13 14 15 // EQUI // 5 // 4 5 6 <==> 16 17 18 // EQUI // 5 // // A red X means the battery is in a short circuit. // there is a short circuit 1 A : 2 red : 3 X : 4 means : 5 the : 6 battery : 7 is : 8 in : 9 a : 10 short : 11 circuit. : 1 there : 2 is : 3 a : 4 short : 5 circuit : 4 <==> 2 // EQUI // 5 // 8 9 10 11 <==> 3 4 5 // EQUI // 5 // // The battery is not closed in a closed path. // Circuit 4 has no closed paths 1 The : 2 battery : 3 is : 4 not : 5 closed : 6 in : 7 a : 8 closed : 9 path. : 1 Circuit : 2 4 : 3 has : 4 no : 5 closed : 6 paths : 1 2 <==> 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // 3 4 5 <==> 3 // EQUI // 5 // 6 7 8 9 <==> 4 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // // terminal is connected to the battery // Terminals 1, 2 and 3 are connected to the negative battery terminal 1 terminal : 2 is : 3 connected : 4 to : 5 the : 6 battery : 1 Terminals : 2 1, : 3 2 : 4 and : 5 3 : 6 are : 7 connected : 8 to : 9 the : 10 negative : 11 battery : 12 terminal : 1 <==> 1 2 3 4 5 // EQUI // 5 // 2 3 <==> 6 7 // EQUI // 5 // 4 5 6 <==> 8 9 10 11 12 // EQUI // 5 // // Bulb A and Bulb C are not contained in the same closed path // A and C are not in the same path 1 Bulb : 2 A : 3 and : 4 Bulb : 5 C : 6 are : 7 not : 8 contained : 9 in : 10 the : 11 same : 12 closed : 13 path : 1 A : 2 and : 3 C : 4 are : 5 not : 6 in : 7 the : 8 same : 9 path : 1 2 3 4 5 <==> 1 2 3 // EQUI // 5 // 6 7 8 <==> 4 5 // EQUI // 5 // 9 10 11 12 13 <==> 6 7 8 9 // EQUI // 5 // // bulbs A and C are not on the same closed path. // A and C are not in the same path 1 bulbs : 2 A : 3 and : 4 C : 5 are : 6 not : 7 on : 8 the : 9 same : 10 closed : 11 path. : 1 A : 2 and : 3 C : 4 are : 5 not : 6 in : 7 the : 8 same : 9 path : 1 2 3 4 <==> 1 2 3 // EQUI // 5 // 5 6 <==> 4 5 // EQUI // 5 // 7 8 9 10 11 <==> 6 7 8 9 // EQUI // 5 // // bulb, battery, and switch are in closed path // When the switch and the bulb are contained in the same path 1 bulb, : 2 battery, : 3 and : 4 switch : 5 are : 6 in : 7 closed : 8 path : 1 When : 2 the : 3 switch : 4 and : 5 the : 6 bulb : 7 are : 8 contained : 9 in : 10 the : 11 same : 12 path : 1 2 3 4 <==> 2 3 4 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // 5 <==> 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // // the paths of the circuit are no longer complete // there is an incomplete circuit 1 the : 2 paths : 3 of : 4 the : 5 circuit : 6 are : 7 no : 8 longer : 9 complete : 1 there : 2 is : 3 an : 4 incomplete : 5 circuit : 1 2 3 4 5 <==> 3 4 5 // EQUI // 5 // // there is no closed path in circuit 4. // Circuit 4 has no closed paths 1 there : 2 is : 3 no : 4 closed : 5 path : 6 in : 7 circuit : 8 4. : 1 Circuit : 2 4 : 3 has : 4 no : 5 closed : 6 paths : 2 <==> 3 // EQUI // 5 // 3 4 5 <==> 4 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // 6 7 8 <==> 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // // The battery keeps a chemical reaction reaction. // A battery uses a chemical reaction to maintain different electrical states at the terminals 1 The : 2 battery : 3 keeps : 4 a : 5 chemical : 6 reaction : 7 reaction. : 1 A : 2 battery : 3 uses : 4 a : 5 chemical : 6 reaction : 7 to : 8 maintain : 9 different : 10 electrical : 11 states : 12 at : 13 the : 14 terminals : 1 2 <==> 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // 3 <==> 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // 4 5 6 7 <==> 4 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // // There is always a difference in voltage between two battery terminals. // A battery uses a chemical reaction to maintain different electrical states at the terminals 1 There : 2 is : 3 always : 4 a : 5 difference : 6 in : 7 voltage : 8 between : 9 two : 10 battery : 11 terminals. : 1 A : 2 battery : 3 uses : 4 a : 5 chemical : 6 reaction : 7 to : 8 maintain : 9 different : 10 electrical : 11 states : 12 at : 13 the : 14 terminals : 4 5 6 7 <==> 9 10 11 // EQUI // 5 // 8 9 10 11 <==> 12 13 14 // EQUI // 5 // // terminal 1is connected to terminal 4 // Terminals 1 and 4 are connected 1 terminal : 2 1is : 3 connected : 4 to : 5 terminal : 6 4 : 1 Terminals : 2 1 : 3 and : 4 4 : 5 are : 6 connected : 3 <==> 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // 4 5 6 <==> 1 2 3 4 // EQUI // 5 // // Bulb A and B will still be in a contained path. // If C burns out, then A and B are still in a closed path. 1 Bulb : 2 A : 3 and : 4 B : 5 will : 6 still : 7 be : 8 in : 9 a : 10 contained : 11 path. : 1 If : 2 C : 3 burns : 4 out, : 5 then : 6 A : 7 and : 8 B : 9 are : 10 still : 11 in : 12 a : 13 closed : 14 path. : 1 2 3 4 <==> 6 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // 6 <==> 10 // EQUI // 5 // 7 <==> 9 // EQUI // 5 // 8 9 10 11 <==> 11 12 13 14 // EQUI // 5 // // bulb a is in a closed circuit with the battery without the y switch. // Bulb A is still in a closed path with the battery 1 bulb : 2 a : 3 is : 4 in : 5 a : 6 closed : 7 circuit : 8 with : 9 the : 10 battery : 11 without : 12 the : 13 y : 14 switch. : 1 Bulb : 2 A : 3 is : 4 still : 5 in : 6 a : 7 closed : 8 path : 9 with : 10 the : 11 battery : 1 2 <==> 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // 3 <==> 3 // EQUI // 5 // 4 5 6 7 <==> 5 6 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // 8 9 10 <==> 9 10 11 // EQUI // 5 // // different paths with the battery // B and C are in the same path with the battery 1 different : 2 paths : 3 with : 4 the : 5 battery : 1 B : 2 and : 3 C : 4 are : 5 in : 6 the : 7 same : 8 path : 9 with : 10 the : 11 battery : 1 2 <==> 5 6 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // 3 4 5 <==> 9 10 11 // EQUI // 5 // // "The electrical state at the terminal matches the battery""s electrical state" // terminal 1 is connected to the negative battery terminal 1 "The : 2 electrical : 3 state : 4 at : 5 the : 6 terminal : 7 matches : 8 the : 9 battery""s : 10 electrical : 11 state" : 1 terminal : 2 1 : 3 is : 4 connected : 5 to : 6 the : 7 negative : 8 battery : 9 terminal : 4 5 6 <==> 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // 7 <==> 3 4 // EQUI // 5 // 8 9 <==> 5 6 7 8 9 // EQUI // 5 // // Circuit 2 is not a short circuit because the battery is not in a closed path with itself. // The battery in 2 is not in a closed path 1 Circuit : 2 2 : 3 is : 4 not : 5 a : 6 short : 7 circuit : 8 because : 9 the : 10 battery : 11 is : 12 not : 13 in : 14 a : 15 closed : 16 path : 17 with : 18 itself. : 1 The : 2 battery : 3 in : 4 2 : 5 is : 6 not : 7 in : 8 a : 9 closed : 10 path : 1 2 <==> 3 4 // EQUI // 5 // 9 10 <==> 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // 11 12 <==> 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // 13 14 15 16 <==> 7 8 9 10 // EQUI // 5 // // Bulb A is on a closed circut path // Bulb A was still contained in the same closed path with the battery. 1 Bulb : 2 A : 3 is : 4 on : 5 a : 6 closed : 7 circut : 8 path : 1 Bulb : 2 A : 3 was : 4 still : 5 contained : 6 in : 7 the : 8 same : 9 closed : 10 path : 11 with : 12 the : 13 battery. : 1 2 <==> 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // 4 5 6 7 8 <==> 6 7 8 9 10 // EQUI // 5 // // Bulb B and bulb C are contained in different paths with the battery // B and C are in the same path with the battery 1 Bulb : 2 B : 3 and : 4 bulb : 5 C : 6 are : 7 contained : 8 in : 9 different : 10 paths : 11 with : 12 the : 13 battery : 1 B : 2 and : 3 C : 4 are : 5 in : 6 the : 7 same : 8 path : 9 with : 10 the : 11 battery : 1 2 3 4 5 <==> 1 2 3 // EQUI // 5 // 8 9 10 <==> 4 // EQUI // 5 // 11 12 13 <==> 9 10 11 // EQUI // 5 // // the battery always has a voltage because there is a positive terminal and there is a negative terminal. // A battery uses a chemical reaction to maintain different electrical states at the terminals 1 the : 2 battery : 3 always : 4 has : 5 a : 6 voltage : 7 because : 8 there : 9 is : 10 a : 11 positive : 12 terminal : 13 and : 14 there : 15 is : 16 a : 17 negative : 18 terminal. : 1 A : 2 battery : 3 uses : 4 a : 5 chemical : 6 reaction : 7 to : 8 maintain : 9 different : 10 electrical : 11 states : 12 at : 13 the : 14 terminals : 1 2 <==> 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // 8 <==> 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // 14 <==> 9 10 11 // EQUI // 5 // 16 17 18 <==> 12 13 14 // EQUI // 5 // // gap between 3 and positive battery // Terminal 3 and the positive terminal are separated by the gap 1 gap : 2 between : 3 3 : 4 and : 5 positive : 6 battery : 1 Terminal : 2 3 : 3 and : 4 the : 5 positive : 6 terminal : 7 are : 8 separated : 9 by : 10 the : 11 gap : 1 <==> 9 10 11 // EQUI // 5 // 2 3 4 5 6 <==> 1 2 3 4 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // // because bulbs A and C are contained in different paths with the battery // A and C are in different paths with the battery 1 because : 2 bulbs : 3 A : 4 and : 5 C : 6 are : 7 contained : 8 in : 9 different : 10 paths : 11 with : 12 the : 13 battery : 1 A : 2 and : 3 C : 4 are : 5 in : 6 different : 7 paths : 8 with : 9 the : 10 battery : 2 3 4 5 <==> 1 2 3 // EQUI // 5 // 8 9 10 <==> 5 6 7 // EQUI // 5 // 11 12 13 <==> 8 9 10 // EQUI // 5 // // because of the gap at bulb b // Terminals 1, 2 and 3 are separated from the positive battery terminal by a gap 1 because : 2 of : 3 the : 4 gap : 5 at : 6 bulb : 7 b : 1 Terminals : 2 1, : 3 2 : 4 and : 5 3 : 6 are : 7 separated : 8 from : 9 the : 10 positive : 11 battery : 12 terminal : 13 by : 14 a : 15 gap : 1 2 3 4 <==> 13 14 15 // EQUI // 5 // // because bulb c was in an open path // Bulb C was not in a closed path 1 because : 2 bulb : 3 c : 4 was : 5 in : 6 an : 7 open : 8 path : 1 Bulb : 2 C : 3 was : 4 not : 5 in : 6 a : 7 closed : 8 path : 2 3 <==> 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // 4 <==> 3 4 // EQUI // 5 // 5 6 7 8 <==> 5 6 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // // It is not a closed path. // the path is not closed 1 It : 2 is : 3 not : 4 a : 5 closed : 6 path. : 1 the : 2 path : 3 is : 4 not : 5 closed : 3 <==> 3 4 // EQUI // 5 // 4 5 6 <==> 5 // EQUI // 5 // // because switch y is not conatined in the closed path of bulb a and the battery. // Bulb A is still in a closed path with the battery 1 because : 2 switch : 3 y : 4 is : 5 not : 6 conatined : 7 in : 8 the : 9 closed : 10 path : 11 of : 12 bulb : 13 a : 14 and : 15 the : 16 battery. : 1 Bulb : 2 A : 3 is : 4 still : 5 in : 6 a : 7 closed : 8 path : 9 with : 10 the : 11 battery : 1 <==> 4 // EQUI // 5 // 7 8 9 10 <==> 5 6 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // 11 12 13 14 15 16 <==> 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // // A terminal is not connected to the negative battery terminal. // Terminals 1 and 6 are not connected 1 A : 2 terminal : 3 is : 4 not : 5 connected : 6 to : 7 the : 8 negative : 9 battery : 10 terminal. : 1 Terminals : 2 1 : 3 and : 4 6 : 5 are : 6 not : 7 connected : 1 2 <==> 1 2 3 4 // EQUI // 5 // 3 4 5 <==> 5 6 7 // EQUI // 5 // // bulb B and C both still are on a closed path with the battery // bulbs B and C are still in closed paths with the battery 1 bulb : 2 B : 3 and : 4 C : 5 both : 6 still : 7 are : 8 on : 9 a : 10 closed : 11 path : 12 with : 13 the : 14 battery : 1 bulbs : 2 B : 3 and : 4 C : 5 are : 6 still : 7 in : 8 closed : 9 paths : 10 with : 11 the : 12 battery : 1 2 3 4 <==> 1 2 3 4 // EQUI // 5 // 6 <==> 6 // EQUI // 5 // 7 <==> 5 // EQUI // 5 // 8 9 10 11 <==> 7 8 9 // EQUI // 5 // 12 13 14 <==> 10 11 12 // EQUI // 5 // // terminal 1 and terminal 6 are seperated by a gap // Terminals 1 and 6 are separated by the gap 1 terminal : 2 1 : 3 and : 4 terminal : 5 6 : 6 are : 7 seperated : 8 by : 9 a : 10 gap : 1 Terminals : 2 1 : 3 and : 4 6 : 5 are : 6 separated : 7 by : 8 the : 9 gap : 1 2 3 4 5 <==> 1 2 3 4 // EQUI // 5 // 6 7 <==> 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // 8 9 10 <==> 7 8 9 // EQUI // 5 // // because the battery is in a closed path. // the battery is contained in a closed path in which there is no bulb 1 because : 2 the : 3 battery : 4 is : 5 in : 6 a : 7 closed : 8 path. : 1 the : 2 battery : 3 is : 4 contained : 5 in : 6 a : 7 closed : 8 path : 9 in : 10 which : 11 there : 12 is : 13 no : 14 bulb : 2 3 <==> 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // 4 <==> 3 4 // EQUI // 5 // 5 6 7 8 <==> 5 6 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // // complete path including a battery and a bulb // there is a closed path containing both the bulb and a battery 1 complete : 2 path : 3 including : 4 a : 5 battery : 6 and : 7 a : 8 bulb : 1 there : 2 is : 3 a : 4 closed : 5 path : 6 containing : 7 both : 8 the : 9 bulb : 10 and : 11 a : 12 battery : 1 2 <==> 3 4 5 // EQUI // 5 // 3 <==> 6 // EQUI // 5 // 4 5 6 7 8 <==> 8 9 10 11 12 // EQUI // 5 // // bulbs b and c creat a gap in the path // Bulb B is in a separate path 1 bulbs : 2 b : 3 and : 4 c : 5 creat : 6 a : 7 gap : 8 in : 9 the : 10 path : 1 Bulb : 2 B : 3 is : 4 in : 5 a : 6 separate : 7 path : 1 2 3 4 <==> 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // 5 <==> 3 // EQUI // 5 // 8 9 10 <==> 4 5 6 7 // EQUI // 5 // // the positive battery terminal and terminal 5 are connected // Terminal 5 and the positive terminal are connected 1 the : 2 positive : 3 battery : 4 terminal : 5 and : 6 terminal : 7 5 : 8 are : 9 connected : 1 Terminal : 2 5 : 3 and : 4 the : 5 positive : 6 terminal : 7 are : 8 connected : 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 <==> 1 2 3 4 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // 8 9 <==> 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // // the the bulb terminal disconnected from the battery terminal // the terminals are not connected 1 the : 2 the : 3 bulb : 4 terminal : 5 disconnected : 6 from : 7 the : 8 battery : 9 terminal : 1 the : 2 terminals : 3 are : 4 not : 5 connected : 6 7 8 9 <==> 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // // the battery is contained in the circuit and the light bulb is not // the battery is contained in a path in which there is no bulb 1 the : 2 battery : 3 is : 4 contained : 5 in : 6 the : 7 circuit : 8 and : 9 the : 10 light : 11 bulb : 12 is : 13 not : 1 the : 2 battery : 3 is : 4 contained : 5 in : 6 a : 7 path : 8 in : 9 which : 10 there : 11 is : 12 no : 13 bulb : 1 2 <==> 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // 3 4 <==> 3 4 // EQUI // 5 // 9 10 11 <==> 12 13 // EQUI // 5 // 12 13 <==> 11 // EQUI // 5 // // because the two ends of the battery do not connect to one another // the battery is in an open path 1 because : 2 the : 3 two : 4 ends : 5 of : 6 the : 7 battery : 8 do : 9 not : 10 connect : 11 to : 12 one : 13 another : 1 the : 2 battery : 3 is : 4 in : 5 an : 6 open : 7 path : 5 6 7 <==> 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // // When a switch is open the circuit is no longer complete // there is an incomplete circuit 1 When : 2 a : 3 switch : 4 is : 5 open : 6 the : 7 circuit : 8 is : 9 no : 10 longer : 11 complete : 1 there : 2 is : 3 an : 4 incomplete : 5 circuit : 4 <==> 2 // EQUI // 5 // 5 <==> 1 // EQUI // 5 // // if both bulbs are contained within a closed path // The damaged bulb and the other bulb must be contained in the same path 1 if : 2 both : 3 bulbs : 4 are : 5 contained : 6 within : 7 a : 8 closed : 9 path : 1 The : 2 damaged : 3 bulb : 4 and : 5 the : 6 other : 7 bulb : 8 must : 9 be : 10 contained : 11 in : 12 the : 13 same : 14 path : 2 3 <==> 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 // EQUI // 5 // 4 5 <==> 8 9 10 // EQUI // 5 // 6 7 8 9 <==> 11 12 13 14 // EQUI // 5 // // The bulb is in a closed circuit and the battery exists in that circuit // The battery in 2 is not in a closed path 1 The : 2 bulb : 3 is : 4 in : 5 a : 6 closed : 7 circuit : 8 and : 9 the : 10 battery : 11 exists : 12 in : 13 that : 14 circuit : 1 The : 2 battery : 3 in : 4 2 : 5 is : 6 not : 7 in : 8 a : 9 closed : 10 path : 11 <==> 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // // the closed path is connected to the light bulb // Bulb A was still contained in the same closed path with the battery. 1 the : 2 closed : 3 path : 4 is : 5 connected : 6 to : 7 the : 8 light : 9 bulb : 1 Bulb : 2 A : 3 was : 4 still : 5 contained : 6 in : 7 the : 8 same : 9 closed : 10 path : 11 with : 12 the : 13 battery. : 1 2 3 <==> 6 7 8 9 10 // EQUI // 5 // 6 7 8 9 <==> 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // // the electrical states between the terminals is the same, resulting in 0 // The terminals are in the same state. 1 the : 2 electrical : 3 states : 4 between : 5 the : 6 terminals : 7 is : 8 the : 9 same, : 10 resulting : 11 in : 12 0 : 1 The : 2 terminals : 3 are : 4 in : 5 the : 6 same : 7 state. : 4 5 6 <==> 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // 7 <==> 4 5 6 7 // EQUI // 5 // // bulb b and bulb c are contained within a closed path // B and C are in the same path with the battery 1 bulb : 2 b : 3 and : 4 bulb : 5 c : 6 are : 7 contained : 8 within : 9 a : 10 closed : 11 path : 1 B : 2 and : 3 C : 4 are : 5 in : 6 the : 7 same : 8 path : 9 with : 10 the : 11 battery : 1 2 3 4 5 <==> 1 2 3 // EQUI // 5 // 6 7 <==> 4 // EQUI // 5 // 8 9 10 11 <==> 5 6 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // // circuit 5 is in a closed path. // the battery is contained in a closed path in which there is no bulb 1 circuit : 2 5 : 3 is : 4 in : 5 a : 6 closed : 7 path. : 1 the : 2 battery : 3 is : 4 contained : 5 in : 6 a : 7 closed : 8 path : 9 in : 10 which : 11 there : 12 is : 13 no : 14 bulb : 4 5 6 7 <==> 5 6 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // // terminal 6 is connected to terminal 1 // Terminals 1 and 6 are separated by the gap 1 terminal : 2 6 : 3 is : 4 connected : 5 to : 6 terminal : 7 1 : 1 Terminals : 2 1 : 3 and : 4 6 : 5 are : 6 separated : 7 by : 8 the : 9 gap : 1 2 <==> 1 2 3 4 // EQUI // 5 // 3 4 <==> 7 8 9 // EQUI // 5 // // If bulb B is damaged there is a gap in the circuit // there is a gap in a circuit 1 If : 2 bulb : 3 B : 4 is : 5 damaged : 6 there : 7 is : 8 a : 9 gap : 10 in : 11 the : 12 circuit : 1 there : 2 is : 3 a : 4 gap : 5 in : 6 a : 7 circuit : 8 9 <==> 3 4 // EQUI // 5 // 10 11 12 <==> 5 6 7 // EQUI // 5 // // bulb a is in a complete circuit with the battery when switch z is closed. // Bulb A is still contained in a closed path with the battery and switch Z. 1 bulb : 2 a : 3 is : 4 in : 5 a : 6 complete : 7 circuit : 8 with : 9 the : 10 battery : 11 when : 12 switch : 13 z : 14 is : 15 closed. : 1 Bulb : 2 A : 3 is : 4 still : 5 contained : 6 in : 7 a : 8 closed : 9 path : 10 with : 11 the : 12 battery : 13 and : 14 switch : 15 Z. : 1 2 <==> 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // 12 13 <==> 10 11 12 13 14 15 // EQUI // 5 // 14 15 <==> 6 7 8 9 // EQUI // 5 // // bulb a is on a closed path with the battery // Bulb A is still in a closed path with the battery 1 bulb : 2 a : 3 is : 4 on : 5 a : 6 closed : 7 path : 8 with : 9 the : 10 battery : 1 Bulb : 2 A : 3 is : 4 still : 5 in : 6 a : 7 closed : 8 path : 9 with : 10 the : 11 battery : 1 2 <==> 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // 3 <==> 3 // EQUI // 5 // 4 5 6 7 <==> 5 6 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // 8 9 10 <==> 9 10 11 // EQUI // 5 // // because those terminals are connected to the positive terminal of the battery. // Terminals 4, 5 and 6 are connected to the positive battery terminal 1 because : 2 those : 3 terminals : 4 are : 5 connected : 6 to : 7 the : 8 positive : 9 terminal : 10 of : 11 the : 12 battery. : 1 Terminals : 2 4, : 3 5 : 4 and : 5 6 : 6 are : 7 connected : 8 to : 9 the : 10 positive : 11 battery : 12 terminal : 2 3 <==> 1 2 3 4 5 // EQUI // 5 // 4 5 <==> 6 7 // EQUI // 5 // 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 <==> 8 9 10 11 12 // EQUI // 5 // // Not contained in a closed path // Bulb C was not in a closed path 1 Not : 2 contained : 3 in : 4 a : 5 closed : 6 path : 1 Bulb : 2 C : 3 was : 4 not : 5 in : 6 a : 7 closed : 8 path : 1 2 <==> 3 4 // EQUI // 5 // 3 4 5 6 <==> 5 6 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // // terminal connected to positive charge // Terminals 4, 5 and 6 are connected to the positive battery terminal 1 terminal : 2 connected : 3 to : 4 positive : 5 charge : 1 Terminals : 2 4, : 3 5 : 4 and : 5 6 : 6 are : 7 connected : 8 to : 9 the : 10 positive : 11 battery : 12 terminal : 1 <==> 1 2 3 4 5 // EQUI // 5 // 2 <==> 6 7 // EQUI // 5 // 3 4 5 <==> 8 9 10 11 12 // EQUI // 5 // // because voltage measures the difference between two points // Terminal 1 and the positive terminal are separated by the gap 1 because : 2 voltage : 3 measures : 4 the : 5 difference : 6 between : 7 two : 8 points : 1 Terminal : 2 1 : 3 and : 4 the : 5 positive : 6 terminal : 7 are : 8 separated : 9 by : 10 the : 11 gap : 4 5 6 7 8 <==> 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // // Bulbs a and c are in separate paths. // A, B and C are in different paths 1 Bulbs : 2 a : 3 and : 4 c : 5 are : 6 in : 7 separate : 8 paths. : 1 A, : 2 B : 3 and : 4 C : 5 are : 6 in : 7 different : 8 paths : 1 2 3 4 <==> 1 2 3 4 // EQUI // 5 // 6 7 8 <==> 6 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // // terminal 6 is connected to postive terminal of battery // Terminals 1 and 6 are not connected 1 terminal : 2 6 : 3 is : 4 connected : 5 to : 6 postive : 7 terminal : 8 of : 9 battery : 1 Terminals : 2 1 : 3 and : 4 6 : 5 are : 6 not : 7 connected : 1 2 <==> 1 2 3 4 // EQUI // 5 // 3 4 <==> 5 6 7 // EQUI // 5 // // a terminal is connected to the negative battery terminal // the terminals are not connected 1 a : 2 terminal : 3 is : 4 connected : 5 to : 6 the : 7 negative : 8 battery : 9 terminal : 1 the : 2 terminals : 3 are : 4 not : 5 connected : 1 2 <==> 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // 3 4 <==> 3 4 5 // EQUI // 5 // // Switch Z is in the same path as bulb A // Bulb A is still contained in a closed path with the battery and switch Z. 1 Switch : 2 Z : 3 is : 4 in : 5 the : 6 same : 7 path : 8 as : 9 bulb : 10 A : 1 Bulb : 2 A : 3 is : 4 still : 5 contained : 6 in : 7 a : 8 closed : 9 path : 10 with : 11 the : 12 battery : 13 and : 14 switch : 15 Z. : 1 2 <==> 10 11 12 13 14 15 // EQUI // 5 // 9 10 <==> 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // // there will be a gap // If bulb A burns out, neither B nor C is in a closed path 1 there : 2 will : 3 be : 4 a : 5 gap : 1 If : 2 bulb : 3 A : 4 burns : 5 out, : 6 neither : 7 B : 8 nor : 9 C : 10 is : 11 in : 12 a : 13 closed : 14 path : 2 3 <==> 1 // EQUI // 5 // 4 5 <==> 11 12 13 14 // EQUI // 5 // // because each bulb has its own complete path // each bulb is in its own path 1 because : 2 each : 3 bulb : 4 has : 5 its : 6 own : 7 complete : 8 path : 1 each : 2 bulb : 3 is : 4 in : 5 its : 6 own : 7 path : 1 <==> 3 // EQUI // 5 // 2 3 <==> 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // 5 6 7 8 <==> 4 5 6 7 // EQUI // 5 // // bulbs b and c have separate paths within the closed circuit // If bulb A burns out, B and C are no longer in a closed path with the battery 1 bulbs : 2 b : 3 and : 4 c : 5 have : 6 separate : 7 paths : 8 within : 9 the : 10 closed : 11 circuit : 1 If : 2 bulb : 3 A : 4 burns : 5 out, : 6 B : 7 and : 8 C : 9 are : 10 no : 11 longer : 12 in : 13 a : 14 closed : 15 path : 16 with : 17 the : 18 battery : 1 2 3 4 <==> 6 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // 5 <==> 9 // EQUI // 5 // // A terminal is connected to a bulb. // Terminals 1, 2 and 3 are separated from the positive battery terminal by a gap 1 A : 2 terminal : 3 is : 4 connected : 5 to : 6 a : 7 bulb. : 1 Terminals : 2 1, : 3 2 : 4 and : 5 3 : 6 are : 7 separated : 8 from : 9 the : 10 positive : 11 battery : 12 terminal : 13 by : 14 a : 15 gap : 1 2 <==> 1 2 3 4 5 // EQUI // 5 // 3 4 <==> 6 7 // EQUI // 5 // // the positive battery terminal has no gaps from terminal 4 // Terminal 4 and the positive terminal are not separated by the gap 1 the : 2 positive : 3 battery : 4 terminal : 5 has : 6 no : 7 gaps : 8 from : 9 terminal : 10 4 : 1 Terminal : 2 4 : 3 and : 4 the : 5 positive : 6 terminal : 7 are : 8 not : 9 separated : 10 by : 11 the : 12 gap : 5 6 7 <==> 7 8 9 10 11 12 // EQUI // 5 // 8 9 10 <==> 1 2 3 4 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // // when a switch and bulb are whithin a closed path // When the switch and the bulb are contained in the same path 1 when : 2 a : 3 switch : 4 and : 5 bulb : 6 are : 7 whithin : 8 a : 9 closed : 10 path : 1 When : 2 the : 3 switch : 4 and : 5 the : 6 bulb : 7 are : 8 contained : 9 in : 10 the : 11 same : 12 path : 1 <==> 1 // EQUI // 5 // 2 3 4 5 <==> 2 3 4 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // // because the path is short // the path is not closed 1 because : 2 the : 3 path : 4 is : 5 short : 1 the : 2 path : 3 is : 4 not : 5 closed : 2 3 <==> 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // // Bulb A will no longer be completing the circuts. // If bulb A burns out, neither B nor C is in a closed path 1 Bulb : 2 A : 3 will : 4 no : 5 longer : 6 be : 7 completing : 8 the : 9 circuts. : 1 If : 2 bulb : 3 A : 4 burns : 5 out, : 6 neither : 7 B : 8 nor : 9 C : 10 is : 11 in : 12 a : 13 closed : 14 path : 1 2 <==> 2 3 // EQUI // 5 // 4 5 <==> 4 5 // EQUI // 5 // 6 7 <==> 11 12 13 14 // EQUI // 5 // // Bulb C will create a gap in the path // each bulb is in its own path 1 Bulb : 2 C : 3 will : 4 create : 5 a : 6 gap : 7 in : 8 the : 9 path : 1 each : 2 bulb : 3 is : 4 in : 5 its : 6 own : 7 path : 1 2 <==> 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // 7 8 9 <==> 4 5 6 7 // EQUI // 5 // // bulb a was contained on a closed path with the battery // Bulb A was still contained in the same closed path with the battery. 1 bulb : 2 a : 3 was : 4 contained : 5 on : 6 a : 7 closed : 8 path : 9 with : 10 the : 11 battery : 1 Bulb : 2 A : 3 was : 4 still : 5 contained : 6 in : 7 the : 8 same : 9 closed : 10 path : 11 with : 12 the : 13 battery. : 1 2 <==> 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // 3 4 <==> 5 // EQUI // 5 // 5 6 7 8 <==> 6 7 8 9 10 // EQUI // 5 // 9 10 11 <==> 11 12 13 // EQUI // 5 // // Terminal 1 is connected to terminl 4. // Terminals 1 and 4 are connected 1 Terminal : 2 1 : 3 is : 4 connected : 5 to : 6 terminl : 7 4. : 1 Terminals : 2 1 : 3 and : 4 4 : 5 are : 6 connected : 1 2 <==> 1 2 3 4 // EQUI // 5 // 3 4 <==> 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // // Bulbs A and B are not on the same path as Bulb C. // Bulb C is in a separate path 1 Bulbs : 2 A : 3 and : 4 B : 5 are : 6 not : 7 on : 8 the : 9 same : 10 path : 11 as : 12 Bulb : 13 C. : 1 Bulb : 2 C : 3 is : 4 in : 5 a : 6 separate : 7 path : 5 6 <==> 3 // EQUI // 5 // 11 <==> 4 5 6 7 // EQUI // 5 // 12 13 <==> 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // // Each circuit must have a connection. // there is a complete circuit 1 Each : 2 circuit : 3 must : 4 have : 5 a : 6 connection. : 1 there : 2 is : 3 a : 4 complete : 5 circuit : 1 2 <==> 3 4 5 // EQUI // 5 // 3 4 <==> 2 // EQUI // 5 // // A switch contained in a closed path with a bulb and a battery will affect the bulb. // If a bulb and a switch are in the same path the switch affects the bulb 1 A : 2 switch : 3 contained : 4 in : 5 a : 6 closed : 7 path : 8 with : 9 a : 10 bulb : 11 and : 12 a : 13 battery : 14 will : 15 affect : 16 the : 17 bulb. : 1 If : 2 a : 3 bulb : 4 and : 5 a : 6 switch : 7 are : 8 in : 9 the : 10 same : 11 path : 12 the : 13 switch : 14 affects : 15 the : 16 bulb : 1 2 <==> 2 3 4 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // 4 5 6 7 <==> 8 9 10 11 // EQUI // 5 // 14 15 <==> 14 // EQUI // 5 // 16 17 <==> 15 16 // EQUI // 5 // // Voltage is the difference between a positive and negative terminal on the battery. // Terminal 1 and the positive terminal are separated by the gap 1 Voltage : 2 is : 3 the : 4 difference : 5 between : 6 a : 7 positive : 8 and : 9 negative : 10 terminal : 11 on : 12 the : 13 battery. : 1 Terminal : 2 1 : 3 and : 4 the : 5 positive : 6 terminal : 7 are : 8 separated : 9 by : 10 the : 11 gap : 3 4 <==> 9 10 11 // EQUI // 5 // 5 6 7 8 9 10 <==> 1 2 3 4 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // // bulbs b and c were in a closed paty with the battery. // Bulb B and Bulb C were still contained in the same closed path with the battery. 1 bulbs : 2 b : 3 and : 4 c : 5 were : 6 in : 7 a : 8 closed : 9 paty : 10 with : 11 the : 12 battery. : 1 Bulb : 2 B : 3 and : 4 Bulb : 5 C : 6 were : 7 still : 8 contained : 9 in : 10 the : 11 same : 12 closed : 13 path : 14 with : 15 the : 16 battery. : 1 2 3 4 <==> 1 2 3 4 5 // EQUI // 5 // 5 <==> 6 // EQUI // 5 // 10 11 12 <==> 14 15 16 // EQUI // 5 // // can complete the path by having z be closed // there is a path containing A, C, Z and X 1 can : 2 complete : 3 the : 4 path : 5 by : 6 having : 7 z : 8 be : 9 closed : 1 there : 2 is : 3 a : 4 path : 5 containing : 6 A, : 7 C, : 8 Z : 9 and : 10 X : 1 <==> 2 // EQUI // 5 // 3 4 <==> 3 4 // EQUI // 5 // 7 <==> 6 7 8 9 10 // EQUI // 5 // // A switch will affect a bulb it the bulb and the switch are in the path as the battery // When the switch and the bulb are contained in the same path 1 A : 2 switch : 3 will : 4 affect : 5 a : 6 bulb : 7 it : 8 the : 9 bulb : 10 and : 11 the : 12 switch : 13 are : 14 in : 15 the : 16 path : 17 as : 18 the : 19 battery : 1 When : 2 the : 3 switch : 4 and : 5 the : 6 bulb : 7 are : 8 contained : 9 in : 10 the : 11 same : 12 path : 1 2 <==> 2 3 4 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // 13 <==> 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // 14 15 16 <==> 9 10 11 12 // EQUI // 5 // // the positive battery terminal is not connected // There is no gap between terminal 6 and the positive terminal 1 the : 2 positive : 3 battery : 4 terminal : 5 is : 6 not : 7 connected : 1 There : 2 is : 3 no : 4 gap : 5 between : 6 terminal : 7 6 : 8 and : 9 the : 10 positive : 11 terminal : 1 2 3 4 <==> 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 // EQUI // 5 // // Bulb A and bulb C are still on a closed path that contains the battery. // Bulbs A and C are still in closed paths with the battery 1 Bulb : 2 A : 3 and : 4 bulb : 5 C : 6 are : 7 still : 8 on : 9 a : 10 closed : 11 path : 12 that : 13 contains : 14 the : 15 battery. : 1 Bulbs : 2 A : 3 and : 4 C : 5 are : 6 still : 7 in : 8 closed : 9 paths : 10 with : 11 the : 12 battery : 1 2 3 4 5 <==> 1 2 3 4 // EQUI // 5 // 6 <==> 5 // EQUI // 5 // 7 <==> 6 // EQUI // 5 // 8 9 10 11 <==> 7 8 9 // EQUI // 5 // 13 14 15 <==> 10 11 12 // EQUI // 5 // // Bulbs A and C will still be on their own completed circuts. // Bulbs A and C are in a closed path 1 Bulbs : 2 A : 3 and : 4 C : 5 will : 6 still : 7 be : 8 on : 9 their : 10 own : 11 completed : 12 circuts. : 1 Bulbs : 2 A : 3 and : 4 C : 5 are : 6 in : 7 a : 8 closed : 9 path : 1 2 3 4 <==> 1 2 3 4 // EQUI // 5 // 7 <==> 5 // EQUI // 5 // // The damaged bulb B has left a gap in the path so the charge can not reach it // Terminals 1, 2 and 3 are separated from the positive battery terminal by a gap 1 The : 2 damaged : 3 bulb : 4 B : 5 has : 6 left : 7 a : 8 gap : 9 in : 10 the : 11 path : 12 so : 13 the : 14 charge : 15 can : 16 not : 17 reach : 18 it : 1 Terminals : 2 1, : 3 2 : 4 and : 5 3 : 6 are : 7 separated : 8 from : 9 the : 10 positive : 11 battery : 12 terminal : 13 by : 14 a : 15 gap : 7 8 <==> 13 14 15 // EQUI // 5 // 13 14 <==> 8 9 10 11 12 // EQUI // 5 // // the terminal is separated from the battery terminal // the terminals are separated by a gap 1 the : 2 terminal : 3 is : 4 separated : 5 from : 6 the : 7 battery : 8 terminal : 1 the : 2 terminals : 3 are : 4 separated : 5 by : 6 a : 7 gap : 1 2 <==> 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // 3 4 <==> 3 4 // EQUI // 5 // // a terminal is connected to another terminal // Terminals 4, 5 and 6 are connected to the positive battery terminal 1 a : 2 terminal : 3 is : 4 connected : 5 to : 6 another : 7 terminal : 1 Terminals : 2 4, : 3 5 : 4 and : 5 6 : 6 are : 7 connected : 8 to : 9 the : 10 positive : 11 battery : 12 terminal : 3 4 <==> 6 7 // EQUI // 5 // // bulb A is connected to switch Z // There is no path containing both switch Y and bulb A 1 bulb : 2 A : 3 is : 4 connected : 5 to : 6 switch : 7 Z : 1 There : 2 is : 3 no : 4 path : 5 containing : 6 both : 7 switch : 8 Y : 9 and : 10 bulb : 11 A : 1 2 <==> 7 8 9 10 11 // EQUI // 5 // // there is a closed path, with switch z, that contains bulb a and the battery // there is a path containing A, C, Z and the battery 1 there : 2 is : 3 a : 4 closed : 5 path, : 6 with : 7 switch : 8 z, : 9 that : 10 contains : 11 bulb : 12 a : 13 and : 14 the : 15 battery : 1 there : 2 is : 3 a : 4 path : 5 containing : 6 A, : 7 C, : 8 Z : 9 and : 10 the : 11 battery : 1 <==> 1 // EQUI // 5 // 6 7 8 <==> 5 // EQUI // 5 // 11 12 13 14 15 <==> 6 7 8 9 10 11 // EQUI // 5 // // Terminal 4, terminal 5, and terminal 6 are connected to the positive terminal // Terminals 4, 5 and 6 are connected to the positive battery terminal 1 Terminal : 2 4, : 3 terminal : 4 5, : 5 and : 6 terminal : 7 6 : 8 are : 9 connected : 10 to : 11 the : 12 positive : 13 terminal : 1 Terminals : 2 4, : 3 5 : 4 and : 5 6 : 6 are : 7 connected : 8 to : 9 the : 10 positive : 11 battery : 12 terminal : 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 <==> 1 2 3 4 5 // EQUI // 5 // 8 9 <==> 6 7 // EQUI // 5 // 10 11 12 13 <==> 8 9 10 11 12 // EQUI // 5 // // Circuit 2 is not a short circuit because the battery is not connected to itself. // The battery in 2 is not in a closed path 1 Circuit : 2 2 : 3 is : 4 not : 5 a : 6 short : 7 circuit : 8 because : 9 the : 10 battery : 11 is : 12 not : 13 connected : 14 to : 15 itself. : 1 The : 2 battery : 3 in : 4 2 : 5 is : 6 not : 7 in : 8 a : 9 closed : 10 path : 1 2 <==> 3 4 // EQUI // 5 // 5 6 7 <==> 7 8 9 10 // EQUI // 5 // 8 <==> 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // 9 10 <==> 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // // Because terminal 1 is seperated from the positive battery terminal. // Terminal 1 and the positive terminal are separated by the gap 1 Because : 2 terminal : 3 1 : 4 is : 5 seperated : 6 from : 7 the : 8 positive : 9 battery : 10 terminal. : 1 Terminal : 2 1 : 3 and : 4 the : 5 positive : 6 terminal : 7 are : 8 separated : 9 by : 10 the : 11 gap : 2 3 <==> 1 2 3 4 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // // bulb a and bulb c are contained in different paths with the bttery. // A and C are in different paths with the battery 1 bulb : 2 a : 3 and : 4 bulb : 5 c : 6 are : 7 contained : 8 in : 9 different : 10 paths : 11 with : 12 the : 13 bttery. : 1 A : 2 and : 3 C : 4 are : 5 in : 6 different : 7 paths : 8 with : 9 the : 10 battery : 1 2 3 4 5 <==> 1 2 3 // EQUI // 5 // 6 7 <==> 4 // EQUI // 5 // 8 9 10 <==> 5 6 7 // EQUI // 5 // // because bulb a is in a closed path with the battery. // Bulb A is still in a closed path with the battery 1 because : 2 bulb : 3 a : 4 is : 5 in : 6 a : 7 closed : 8 path : 9 with : 10 the : 11 battery. : 1 Bulb : 2 A : 3 is : 4 still : 5 in : 6 a : 7 closed : 8 path : 9 with : 10 the : 11 battery : 2 3 <==> 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // 4 <==> 3 // EQUI // 5 // 5 6 7 8 <==> 5 6 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // 9 10 11 <==> 9 10 11 // EQUI // 5 // // the positive terminal is connected to the bulb // Terminal 1 and the positive terminal are separated by the gap 1 the : 2 positive : 3 terminal : 4 is : 5 connected : 6 to : 7 the : 8 bulb : 1 Terminal : 2 1 : 3 and : 4 the : 5 positive : 6 terminal : 7 are : 8 separated : 9 by : 10 the : 11 gap : 1 2 3 <==> 1 2 3 4 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // // because bulb a is in a closed path, and bulb c is in a closed path. // Bulbs A and C are still in closed paths 1 because : 2 bulb : 3 a : 4 is : 5 in : 6 a : 7 closed : 8 path, : 9 and : 10 bulb : 11 c : 12 is : 13 in : 14 a : 15 closed : 16 path. : 1 Bulbs : 2 A : 3 and : 4 C : 5 are : 6 still : 7 in : 8 closed : 9 paths : 2 3 <==> 1 2 3 4 // EQUI // 5 // 4 5 6 7 8 <==> 7 8 9 // EQUI // 5 // // The positive terminal has 1.5 V // Terminal 1 and the positive terminal are separated by the gap 1 The : 2 positive : 3 terminal : 4 has : 5 1.5 : 6 V : 1 Terminal : 2 1 : 3 and : 4 the : 5 positive : 6 terminal : 7 are : 8 separated : 9 by : 10 the : 11 gap : 1 2 3 <==> 1 2 3 4 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // // because of the chemical in the battery // A battery uses a chemical reaction to maintain different electrical states at the terminals 1 because : 2 of : 3 the : 4 chemical : 5 in : 6 the : 7 battery : 1 A : 2 battery : 3 uses : 4 a : 5 chemical : 6 reaction : 7 to : 8 maintain : 9 different : 10 electrical : 11 states : 12 at : 13 the : 14 terminals : 1 2 3 4 <==> 4 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // 5 6 7 <==> 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // // Both components need to be in closed paths. // the bulb and the battery are in a closed path 1 Both : 2 components : 3 need : 4 to : 5 be : 6 in : 7 closed : 8 paths. : 1 the : 2 bulb : 3 and : 4 the : 5 battery : 6 are : 7 in : 8 a : 9 closed : 10 path : 1 2 <==> 1 2 3 4 5 // EQUI // 5 // 3 4 5 <==> 6 // EQUI // 5 // 6 7 8 <==> 7 8 9 10 // EQUI // 5 // // bulb a and bulb c are wired in parallel // A and C are in different paths 1 bulb : 2 a : 3 and : 4 bulb : 5 c : 6 are : 7 wired : 8 in : 9 parallel : 1 A : 2 and : 3 C : 4 are : 5 in : 6 different : 7 paths : 1 2 3 4 5 <==> 1 2 3 // EQUI // 5 // 8 9 <==> 5 6 7 // EQUI // 5 // // Bulb terminals 3 and 4 // Terminal 1 and the positive terminal are separated by the gap 1 Bulb : 2 terminals : 3 3 : 4 and : 5 4 : 1 Terminal : 2 1 : 3 and : 4 the : 5 positive : 6 terminal : 7 are : 8 separated : 9 by : 10 the : 11 gap : 1 2 3 4 5 <==> 1 2 3 4 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // // the other bulb will not light. // The damaged bulb and the other bulb must be contained in the same path 1 the : 2 other : 3 bulb : 4 will : 5 not : 6 light. : 1 The : 2 damaged : 3 bulb : 4 and : 5 the : 6 other : 7 bulb : 8 must : 9 be : 10 contained : 11 in : 12 the : 13 same : 14 path : 1 2 3 <==> 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 // EQUI // 5 // // because there was a gap in the terminals // there is no path containing both switch Y and bulb A 1 because : 2 there : 3 was : 4 a : 5 gap : 6 in : 7 the : 8 terminals : 1 there : 2 is : 3 no : 4 path : 5 containing : 6 both : 7 switch : 8 Y : 9 and : 10 bulb : 11 A : 6 7 8 <==> 6 // EQUI // 5 // // if the switch is open in a path with the battery and bulb. // When the switch and the bulb are contained in the same path 1 if : 2 the : 3 switch : 4 is : 5 open : 6 in : 7 a : 8 path : 9 with : 10 the : 11 battery : 12 and : 13 bulb. : 1 When : 2 the : 3 switch : 4 and : 5 the : 6 bulb : 7 are : 8 contained : 9 in : 10 the : 11 same : 12 path : 1 <==> 1 // EQUI // 5 // 2 3 <==> 2 3 4 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // 6 7 8 <==> 9 10 11 12 // EQUI // 5 // // 4, 5, and 6 are connected to the positive side // Terminals 4, 5 and 6 are connected to the positive battery terminal 1 4, : 2 5, : 3 and : 4 6 : 5 are : 6 connected : 7 to : 8 the : 9 positive : 10 side : 1 Terminals : 2 4, : 3 5 : 4 and : 5 6 : 6 are : 7 connected : 8 to : 9 the : 10 positive : 11 battery : 12 terminal : 1 2 3 4 <==> 1 2 3 4 5 // EQUI // 5 // 5 6 <==> 6 7 // EQUI // 5 // 7 8 9 10 <==> 8 9 10 11 12 // EQUI // 5 // // a voltage reading of 0 volts indicates a gap in the circuit. // there is no gap between the terminals 1 a : 2 voltage : 3 reading : 4 of : 5 0 : 6 volts : 7 indicates : 8 a : 9 gap : 10 in : 11 the : 12 circuit. : 1 there : 2 is : 3 no : 4 gap : 5 between : 6 the : 7 terminals : 8 9 <==> 3 4 // EQUI // 5 // // 4 5 and 6 are not connected to negative battery terminal // Terminals 4, 5 and 6 are not connected to the negative battery terminal 1 4 : 2 5 : 3 and : 4 6 : 5 are : 6 not : 7 connected : 8 to : 9 negative : 10 battery : 11 terminal : 1 Terminals : 2 4, : 3 5 : 4 and : 5 6 : 6 are : 7 not : 8 connected : 9 to : 10 the : 11 negative : 12 battery : 13 terminal : 1 2 3 4 <==> 1 2 3 4 5 // EQUI // 5 // 5 6 7 <==> 6 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // 8 9 10 11 <==> 9 10 11 12 13 // EQUI // 5 // // bulbs a and b are still contained on a closed path with the battery // If C burns out then A and B are still in a closed path with the battery 1 bulbs : 2 a : 3 and : 4 b : 5 are : 6 still : 7 contained : 8 on : 9 a : 10 closed : 11 path : 12 with : 13 the : 14 battery : 1 If : 2 C : 3 burns : 4 out : 5 then : 6 A : 7 and : 8 B : 9 are : 10 still : 11 in : 12 a : 13 closed : 14 path : 15 with : 16 the : 17 battery : 1 2 3 4 <==> 6 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // 5 <==> 9 // EQUI // 5 // 6 <==> 10 // EQUI // 5 // 8 9 10 11 <==> 11 12 13 14 // EQUI // 5 // 12 13 14 <==> 15 16 17 // EQUI // 5 // // bulbs a, b, and c are all in the same path. // A and C are in the same path 1 bulbs : 2 a, : 3 b, : 4 and : 5 c : 6 are : 7 all : 8 in : 9 the : 10 same : 11 path. : 1 A : 2 and : 3 C : 4 are : 5 in : 6 the : 7 same : 8 path : 1 2 3 4 5 <==> 1 2 3 // EQUI // 5 // 8 9 10 11 <==> 5 6 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // // a and c are on the same closed path with the battery // A and C are in the same closed path 1 a : 2 and : 3 c : 4 are : 5 on : 6 the : 7 same : 8 closed : 9 path : 10 with : 11 the : 12 battery : 1 A : 2 and : 3 C : 4 are : 5 in : 6 the : 7 same : 8 closed : 9 path : 1 2 3 <==> 1 2 3 // EQUI // 5 // 4 <==> 4 // EQUI // 5 // 5 6 7 8 9 <==> 5 6 7 8 9 // EQUI // 5 // // "if the switch is included in the bulb""s closed path, then the switch being open will affect the bulb" // If a bulb and a switch are in the same path the switch affects the bulb 1 "if : 2 the : 3 switch : 4 is : 5 included : 6 in : 7 the : 8 bulb""s : 9 closed : 10 path, : 11 then : 12 the : 13 switch : 14 being : 15 open : 16 will : 17 affect : 18 the : 19 bulb" : 1 If : 2 a : 3 bulb : 4 and : 5 a : 6 switch : 7 are : 8 in : 9 the : 10 same : 11 path : 12 the : 13 switch : 14 affects : 15 the : 16 bulb : 1 <==> 1 // EQUI // 5 // 2 3 <==> 2 3 4 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // 4 5 <==> 7 // EQUI // 5 // 9 10 <==> 8 9 10 11 // EQUI // 5 // 12 13 <==> 12 13 // EQUI // 5 // 16 17 <==> 14 // EQUI // 5 // 18 19 <==> 15 16 // EQUI // 5 // // because the outcome of the bulb will not affect each other // A and C are not in the same path with the battery 1 because : 2 the : 3 outcome : 4 of : 5 the : 6 bulb : 7 will : 8 not : 9 affect : 10 each : 11 other : 1 A : 2 and : 3 C : 4 are : 5 not : 6 in : 7 the : 8 same : 9 path : 10 with : 11 the : 12 battery : 4 5 6 <==> 10 11 12 // EQUI // 5 // 10 11 <==> 6 7 8 9 // EQUI // 5 // // not seperated by a gap // Terminal 6 and the positive terminal are not separated by the gap 1 not : 2 seperated : 3 by : 4 a : 5 gap : 1 Terminal : 2 6 : 3 and : 4 the : 5 positive : 6 terminal : 7 are : 8 not : 9 separated : 10 by : 11 the : 12 gap : 1 2 <==> 7 8 9 // EQUI // 5 // 3 4 5 <==> 10 11 12 // EQUI // 5 // // because terminal 1 and the neavtive terminal are seperated. // Terminal 1 and the positive terminal are separated by the gap 1 because : 2 terminal : 3 1 : 4 and : 5 the : 6 neavtive : 7 terminal : 8 are : 9 seperated. : 1 Terminal : 2 1 : 3 and : 4 the : 5 positive : 6 terminal : 7 are : 8 separated : 9 by : 10 the : 11 gap : 2 3 4 5 6 7 <==> 1 2 3 4 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // 8 9 <==> 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // // Because their is a gap between A and C now. // there is an incomplete circuit 1 Because : 2 their : 3 is : 4 a : 5 gap : 6 between : 7 A : 8 and : 9 C : 10 now. : 1 there : 2 is : 3 an : 4 incomplete : 5 circuit : 4 5 <==> 3 4 5 // EQUI // 5 // // Bulb A and bulb b are still contained in closed paths with the battery // If C burns out then A and B are still in a closed path with the battery 1 Bulb : 2 A : 3 and : 4 bulb : 5 b : 6 are : 7 still : 8 contained : 9 in : 10 closed : 11 paths : 12 with : 13 the : 14 battery : 1 If : 2 C : 3 burns : 4 out : 5 then : 6 A : 7 and : 8 B : 9 are : 10 still : 11 in : 12 a : 13 closed : 14 path : 15 with : 16 the : 17 battery : 1 2 3 4 5 <==> 6 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // 6 <==> 9 // EQUI // 5 // 7 <==> 10 // EQUI // 5 // 9 10 11 <==> 11 12 13 14 // EQUI // 5 // 12 13 14 <==> 15 16 17 // EQUI // 5 // // B and C are not in the same circuit as A. // each bulb is in its own path 1 B : 2 and : 3 C : 4 are : 5 not : 6 in : 7 the : 8 same : 9 circuit : 10 as : 11 A. : 1 each : 2 bulb : 3 is : 4 in : 5 its : 6 own : 7 path : 6 7 8 9 <==> 4 5 6 7 // EQUI // 5 // 10 <==> 3 // EQUI // 5 // 11 <==> 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // // there terminals are separated by a gap when the voltage jumps from 0 to 1.5. // the terminals are separated by a gap 1 there : 2 terminals : 3 are : 4 separated : 5 by : 6 a : 7 gap : 8 when : 9 the : 10 voltage : 11 jumps : 12 from : 13 0 : 14 to : 15 1.5. : 1 the : 2 terminals : 3 are : 4 separated : 5 by : 6 a : 7 gap : 1 2 <==> 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // 3 4 <==> 3 4 // EQUI // 5 // 5 6 7 <==> 5 6 7 // EQUI // 5 // // bulbs a b and c are on a closed path // A and C are in the same closed path 1 bulbs : 2 a : 3 b : 4 and : 5 c : 6 are : 7 on : 8 a : 9 closed : 10 path : 1 A : 2 and : 3 C : 4 are : 5 in : 6 the : 7 same : 8 closed : 9 path : 1 2 3 4 5 <==> 1 2 3 // EQUI // 5 // 7 8 9 10 <==> 5 6 7 8 9 // EQUI // 5 // // I think the red X means that this is dangerous and should never happen unless something is seriously wrong. // there is a short circuit 1 I : 2 think : 3 the : 4 red : 5 X : 6 means : 7 that : 8 this : 9 is : 10 dangerous : 11 and : 12 should : 13 never : 14 happen : 15 unless : 16 something : 17 is : 18 seriously : 19 wrong. : 1 there : 2 is : 3 a : 4 short : 5 circuit : 19 <==> 2 // EQUI // 5 // // because there was no gap from the positive terminal of the battery // Terminal 1 and the positive terminal are separated by the gap 1 because : 2 there : 3 was : 4 no : 5 gap : 6 from : 7 the : 8 positive : 9 terminal : 10 of : 11 the : 12 battery : 1 Terminal : 2 1 : 3 and : 4 the : 5 positive : 6 terminal : 7 are : 8 separated : 9 by : 10 the : 11 gap : 4 5 <==> 9 10 11 // EQUI // 5 // 6 7 8 9 <==> 1 2 3 4 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // // bulbs A and B are still connected to the closed path containing the battery // If C burns out then A and B are still in a closed path with the battery 1 bulbs : 2 A : 3 and : 4 B : 5 are : 6 still : 7 connected : 8 to : 9 the : 10 closed : 11 path : 12 containing : 13 the : 14 battery : 1 If : 2 C : 3 burns : 4 out : 5 then : 6 A : 7 and : 8 B : 9 are : 10 still : 11 in : 12 a : 13 closed : 14 path : 15 with : 16 the : 17 battery : 1 2 3 4 <==> 6 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // 5 <==> 9 // EQUI // 5 // 6 <==> 10 // EQUI // 5 // 8 9 10 11 <==> 11 12 13 14 // EQUI // 5 // 12 13 14 <==> 15 16 17 // EQUI // 5 // // if the switch and the bulb are in the same path // When the switch and the bulb are contained in the same path 1 if : 2 the : 3 switch : 4 and : 5 the : 6 bulb : 7 are : 8 in : 9 the : 10 same : 11 path : 1 When : 2 the : 3 switch : 4 and : 5 the : 6 bulb : 7 are : 8 contained : 9 in : 10 the : 11 same : 12 path : 1 <==> 1 // EQUI // 5 // 2 3 4 5 6 <==> 2 3 4 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // 7 <==> 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // 8 9 10 11 <==> 9 10 11 12 // EQUI // 5 // // bulb c and switch z are in the same closed path // there is a path containing both Z and C 1 bulb : 2 c : 3 and : 4 switch : 5 z : 6 are : 7 in : 8 the : 9 same : 10 closed : 11 path : 1 there : 2 is : 3 a : 4 path : 5 containing : 6 both : 7 Z : 8 and : 9 C : 1 2 3 4 5 <==> 7 8 9 // EQUI // 5 // 6 <==> 6 // EQUI // 5 // 7 8 9 10 11 <==> 3 4 // EQUI // 5 // // the bulb only has one terminal connected // The battery is contained in a path which does not contain any other components 1 the : 2 bulb : 3 only : 4 has : 5 one : 6 terminal : 7 connected : 1 The : 2 battery : 3 is : 4 contained : 5 in : 6 a : 7 path : 8 which : 9 does : 10 not : 11 contain : 12 any : 13 other : 14 components : 1 2 <==> 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // 4 <==> 9 10 11 // EQUI // 5 //