or tag. We found the following text: ' + text);\n const wrapper = document.createElement('span');\n wrapper.innerHTML = addedNode.nodeValue;\n addedNode.parentNode.insertBefore(wrapper, addedNode);\n addedNode.parentNode.removeChild(addedNode);\n }\n } break;\n }\n }\n }\n }).observe(this, {childList: true});\n }\n\n }\n\n var commonjsGlobal = typeof globalThis !== 'undefined' ? globalThis : typeof window !== 'undefined' ? window : typeof global !== 'undefined' ? global : typeof self !== 'undefined' ? self : {};\n\n function createCommonjsModule(fn, module) {\n \treturn module = { exports: {} }, fn(module, module.exports), module.exports;\n }\n\n var bibtexParse = createCommonjsModule(function (module, exports) {\n /* start bibtexParse 0.0.22 */\n\n //Original work by Henrik Muehe (c) 2010\n //\n //CommonJS port by Mikola Lysenko 2013\n //\n //Port to Browser lib by ORCID / RCPETERS\n //\n //Issues:\n //no comment handling within strings\n //no string concatenation\n //no variable values yet\n //Grammar implemented here:\n //bibtex -> (string | preamble | comment | entry)*;\n //string -> '@STRING' '{' key_equals_value '}';\n //preamble -> '@PREAMBLE' '{' value '}';\n //comment -> '@COMMENT' '{' value '}';\n //entry -> '@' key '{' key ',' key_value_list '}';\n //key_value_list -> key_equals_value (',' key_equals_value)*;\n //key_equals_value -> key '=' value;\n //value -> value_quotes | value_braces | key;\n //value_quotes -> '\"' .*? '\"'; // not quite\n //value_braces -> '{' .*? '\"'; // not quite\n (function(exports) {\n\n function BibtexParser() {\n\n this.months = [\"jan\", \"feb\", \"mar\", \"apr\", \"may\", \"jun\", \"jul\", \"aug\", \"sep\", \"oct\", \"nov\", \"dec\"];\n this.notKey = [',','{','}',' ','='];\n this.pos = 0;\n this.input = \"\";\n this.entries = new Array();\n\n this.currentEntry = \"\";\n\n this.setInput = function(t) {\n this.input = t;\n };\n\n this.getEntries = function() {\n return this.entries;\n };\n\n this.isWhitespace = function(s) {\n return (s == ' ' || s == '\\r' || s == '\\t' || s == '\\n');\n };\n\n this.match = function(s, canCommentOut) {\n if (canCommentOut == undefined || canCommentOut == null)\n canCommentOut = true;\n this.skipWhitespace(canCommentOut);\n if (this.input.substring(this.pos, this.pos + s.length) == s) {\n this.pos += s.length;\n } else {\n throw \"Token mismatch, expected \" + s + \", found \"\n + this.input.substring(this.pos);\n } this.skipWhitespace(canCommentOut);\n };\n\n this.tryMatch = function(s, canCommentOut) {\n if (canCommentOut == undefined || canCommentOut == null)\n canCommentOut = true;\n this.skipWhitespace(canCommentOut);\n if (this.input.substring(this.pos, this.pos + s.length) == s) {\n return true;\n } else {\n return false;\n } };\n\n /* when search for a match all text can be ignored, not just white space */\n this.matchAt = function() {\n while (this.input.length > this.pos && this.input[this.pos] != '@') {\n this.pos++;\n }\n if (this.input[this.pos] == '@') {\n return true;\n } return false;\n };\n\n this.skipWhitespace = function(canCommentOut) {\n while (this.isWhitespace(this.input[this.pos])) {\n this.pos++;\n } if (this.input[this.pos] == \"%\" && canCommentOut == true) {\n while (this.input[this.pos] != \"\\n\") {\n this.pos++;\n } this.skipWhitespace(canCommentOut);\n } };\n\n this.value_braces = function() {\n var bracecount = 0;\n this.match(\"{\", false);\n var start = this.pos;\n var escaped = false;\n while (true) {\n if (!escaped) {\n if (this.input[this.pos] == '}') {\n if (bracecount > 0) {\n bracecount--;\n } else {\n var end = this.pos;\n this.match(\"}\", false);\n return this.input.substring(start, end);\n } } else if (this.input[this.pos] == '{') {\n bracecount++;\n } else if (this.pos >= this.input.length - 1) {\n throw \"Unterminated value\";\n } } if (this.input[this.pos] == '\\\\' && escaped == false)\n escaped = true;\n else\n escaped = false;\n this.pos++;\n } };\n\n this.value_comment = function() {\n var str = '';\n var brcktCnt = 0;\n while (!(this.tryMatch(\"}\", false) && brcktCnt == 0)) {\n str = str + this.input[this.pos];\n if (this.input[this.pos] == '{')\n brcktCnt++;\n if (this.input[this.pos] == '}')\n brcktCnt--;\n if (this.pos >= this.input.length - 1) {\n throw \"Unterminated value:\" + this.input.substring(start);\n } this.pos++;\n } return str;\n };\n\n this.value_quotes = function() {\n this.match('\"', false);\n var start = this.pos;\n var escaped = false;\n while (true) {\n if (!escaped) {\n if (this.input[this.pos] == '\"') {\n var end = this.pos;\n this.match('\"', false);\n return this.input.substring(start, end);\n } else if (this.pos >= this.input.length - 1) {\n throw \"Unterminated value:\" + this.input.substring(start);\n } }\n if (this.input[this.pos] == '\\\\' && escaped == false)\n escaped = true;\n else\n escaped = false;\n this.pos++;\n } };\n\n this.single_value = function() {\n var start = this.pos;\n if (this.tryMatch(\"{\")) {\n return this.value_braces();\n } else if (this.tryMatch('\"')) {\n return this.value_quotes();\n } else {\n var k = this.key();\n if (k.match(\"^[0-9]+$\"))\n return k;\n else if (this.months.indexOf(k.toLowerCase()) >= 0)\n return k.toLowerCase();\n else\n throw \"Value expected:\" + this.input.substring(start) + ' for key: ' + k;\n\n } };\n\n this.value = function() {\n var values = [];\n values.push(this.single_value());\n while (this.tryMatch(\"#\")) {\n this.match(\"#\");\n values.push(this.single_value());\n } return values.join(\"\");\n };\n\n this.key = function() {\n var start = this.pos;\n while (true) {\n if (this.pos >= this.input.length) {\n throw \"Runaway key\";\n } // а-яА-Я is Cyrillic\n //console.log(this.input[this.pos]);\n if (this.notKey.indexOf(this.input[this.pos]) >= 0) {\n return this.input.substring(start, this.pos);\n } else {\n this.pos++;\n\n } } };\n\n this.key_equals_value = function() {\n var key = this.key();\n if (this.tryMatch(\"=\")) {\n this.match(\"=\");\n var val = this.value();\n return [ key, val ];\n } else {\n throw \"... = value expected, equals sign missing:\"\n + this.input.substring(this.pos);\n } };\n\n this.key_value_list = function() {\n var kv = this.key_equals_value();\n this.currentEntry['entryTags'] = {};\n this.currentEntry['entryTags'][kv[0]] = kv[1];\n while (this.tryMatch(\",\")) {\n this.match(\",\");\n // fixes problems with commas at the end of a list\n if (this.tryMatch(\"}\")) {\n break;\n }\n kv = this.key_equals_value();\n this.currentEntry['entryTags'][kv[0]] = kv[1];\n } };\n\n this.entry_body = function(d) {\n this.currentEntry = {};\n this.currentEntry['citationKey'] = this.key();\n this.currentEntry['entryType'] = d.substring(1);\n this.match(\",\");\n this.key_value_list();\n this.entries.push(this.currentEntry);\n };\n\n this.directive = function() {\n this.match(\"@\");\n return \"@\" + this.key();\n };\n\n this.preamble = function() {\n this.currentEntry = {};\n this.currentEntry['entryType'] = 'PREAMBLE';\n this.currentEntry['entry'] = this.value_comment();\n this.entries.push(this.currentEntry);\n };\n\n this.comment = function() {\n this.currentEntry = {};\n this.currentEntry['entryType'] = 'COMMENT';\n this.currentEntry['entry'] = this.value_comment();\n this.entries.push(this.currentEntry);\n };\n\n this.entry = function(d) {\n this.entry_body(d);\n };\n\n this.bibtex = function() {\n while (this.matchAt()) {\n var d = this.directive();\n this.match(\"{\");\n if (d == \"@STRING\") {\n this.string();\n } else if (d == \"@PREAMBLE\") {\n this.preamble();\n } else if (d == \"@COMMENT\") {\n this.comment();\n } else {\n this.entry(d);\n }\n this.match(\"}\");\n } };\n }\n exports.toJSON = function(bibtex) {\n var b = new BibtexParser();\n b.setInput(bibtex);\n b.bibtex();\n return b.entries;\n };\n\n /* added during hackathon don't hate on me */\n exports.toBibtex = function(json) {\n var out = '';\n for ( var i in json) {\n out += \"@\" + json[i].entryType;\n out += '{';\n if (json[i].citationKey)\n out += json[i].citationKey + ', ';\n if (json[i].entry)\n out += json[i].entry ;\n if (json[i].entryTags) {\n var tags = '';\n for (var jdx in json[i].entryTags) {\n if (tags.length != 0)\n tags += ', ';\n tags += jdx + '= {' + json[i].entryTags[jdx] + '}';\n }\n out += tags;\n }\n out += '}\\n\\n';\n }\n return out;\n\n };\n\n })( exports);\n\n /* end bibtexParse */\n });\n\n // Copyright 2018 The Distill Template Authors\n\n function normalizeTag(string) {\n return string\n .replace(/[\\t\\n ]+/g, ' ')\n .replace(/{\\\\[\"^`.'acu~Hvs]( )?([a-zA-Z])}/g, (full, x, char) => char)\n .replace(/{\\\\([a-zA-Z])}/g, (full, char) => char);\n }\n\n function parseBibtex(bibtex) {\n const bibliography = new Map();\n const parsedEntries = bibtexParse.toJSON(bibtex);\n for (const entry of parsedEntries) {\n // normalize tags; note entryTags is an object, not Map\n for (const [key, value] of Object.entries(entry.entryTags)) {\n entry.entryTags[key.toLowerCase()] = normalizeTag(value);\n }\n entry.entryTags.type = entry.entryType;\n // add to bibliography\n bibliography.set(entry.citationKey, entry.entryTags);\n }\n return bibliography;\n }\n\n function serializeFrontmatterToBibtex(frontMatter) {\n return `@article{${frontMatter.slug},\n author = {${frontMatter.bibtexAuthors}},\n title = {${frontMatter.title}},\n journal = {${frontMatter.journal.title}},\n year = {${frontMatter.publishedYear}},\n note = {${frontMatter.url}},\n doi = {${frontMatter.doi}}\n}`;\n }\n\n // Copyright 2018 The Distill Template Authors\n\n class Bibliography extends HTMLElement {\n\n static get is() { return 'd-bibliography'; }\n\n constructor() {\n super();\n\n // set up mutation observer\n const options = {childList: true, characterData: true, subtree: true};\n const observer = new MutationObserver( (entries) => {\n for (const entry of entries) {\n if (entry.target.nodeName === 'SCRIPT' || entry.type === 'characterData') {\n this.parseIfPossible();\n }\n }\n });\n observer.observe(this, options);\n }\n\n connectedCallback() {\n requestAnimationFrame(() => {\n this.parseIfPossible();\n });\n }\n\n parseIfPossible() {\n const scriptTag = this.querySelector('script');\n if (!scriptTag) return;\n if (scriptTag.type == 'text/bibtex') {\n const newBibtex = scriptTag.textContent;\n if (this.bibtex !== newBibtex) {\n this.bibtex = newBibtex;\n const bibliography = parseBibtex(this.bibtex);\n this.notify(bibliography);\n }\n } else if (scriptTag.type == 'text/json') {\n const bibliography = new Map(JSON.parse(scriptTag.textContent));\n this.notify(bibliography);\n } else {\n console.warn('Unsupported bibliography script tag type: ' + scriptTag.type);\n }\n }\n\n notify(bibliography) {\n const options = { detail: bibliography, bubbles: true };\n const event = new CustomEvent('onBibliographyChanged', options);\n this.dispatchEvent(event);\n }\n\n /* observe 'src' attribute */\n\n static get observedAttributes() {\n return ['src'];\n }\n\n receivedBibtex(event) {\n const bibliography = parseBibtex(event.target.response);\n this.notify(bibliography);\n }\n\n attributeChangedCallback(name, oldValue, newValue) {\n var oReq = new XMLHttpRequest();\n oReq.onload = (e) => this.receivedBibtex(e);\n oReq.onerror = () => console.warn(`Could not load Bibtex! (tried ${newValue})`);\n oReq.responseType = 'text';\n oReq.open('GET', newValue, true);\n oReq.send();\n }\n\n\n }\n\n // Copyright 2018 The Distill Template Authors\n //\n // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n // You may obtain a copy of the License at\n //\n // http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n //\n // Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n // distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n // WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n // limitations under the License.\n\n // import style from '../styles/d-byline.css';\n\n function bylineTemplate(frontMatter) {\n return `\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
Published \n
May 31, 2024
\n
\n
\n
\n`\n );\n\n class Cite extends T$3(HTMLElement) {\n /* Lifecycle */\n constructor() {\n super();\n this._numbers = [];\n this._entries = [];\n }\n\n connectedCallback() {\n this.outerSpan = this.root.querySelector(\"#citation-\");\n this.innerSpan = this.root.querySelector(\".citation-number\");\n this.hoverBox = this.root.querySelector(\"d-hover-box\");\n window.customElements.whenDefined(\"d-hover-box\").then(() => {\n this.hoverBox.listen(this);\n });\n // in case this component got connected after values were set\n if (this.numbers) {\n this.displayNumbers(this.numbers);\n }\n if (this.entries) {\n this.displayEntries(this.entries);\n }\n }\n\n //TODO This causes an infinite loop on firefox with polyfills.\n // This is only needed for interactive editing so no priority.\n // disconnectedCallback() {\n // const options = { detail: [this, this.keys], bubbles: true };\n // const event = new CustomEvent('onCiteKeyRemoved', options);\n // document.dispatchEvent(event);\n // }\n\n /* observe 'key' attribute */\n\n static get observedAttributes() {\n return [\"key\", \"bibtex-key\"];\n }\n\n attributeChangedCallback(name, oldValue, newValue) {\n const eventName = oldValue ? \"onCiteKeyChanged\" : \"onCiteKeyCreated\";\n const keys = newValue.split(\",\").map(k => k.trim());\n const options = { detail: [this, keys], bubbles: true };\n const event = new CustomEvent(eventName, options);\n document.dispatchEvent(event);\n }\n\n set key(value) {\n this.setAttribute(\"key\", value);\n }\n\n get key() {\n return this.getAttribute(\"key\") || this.getAttribute(\"bibtex-key\");\n }\n\n get keys() {\n const result = this.key.split(\",\");\n console.log(result);\n return result;\n }\n\n /* Setters & Rendering */\n\n set numbers(numbers) {\n this._numbers = numbers;\n this.displayNumbers(numbers);\n }\n\n get numbers() {\n return this._numbers;\n }\n\n displayNumbers(numbers) {\n if (!this.innerSpan) return;\n const numberStrings = numbers.map(index => {\n return index == -1 ? \"?\" : index + 1 + \"\";\n });\n const textContent = \"[\" + numberStrings.join(\", \") + \"]\";\n this.innerSpan.textContent = textContent;\n }\n\n set entries(entries) {\n this._entries = entries;\n this.displayEntries(entries);\n }\n\n get entries() {\n return this._entries;\n }\n\n displayEntries(entries) {\n if (!this.hoverBox) return;\n this.hoverBox.innerHTML = `\n ${entries\n .map(hover_cite)\n .map(html => `${html} `)\n .join(\"\\n\")}\n `;\n }\n }\n\n // Copyright 2018 The Distill Template Authors\n\n const styles$1 = `\nd-citation-list {\n contain: style;\n}\n\nd-citation-list .references {\n grid-column: text;\n}\n\nd-citation-list .references .title {\n font-weight: 500;\n}\n`;\n\n function renderCitationList(element, entries, dom=document) {\n if (entries.size > 0) {\n element.style.display = '';\n let list = element.querySelector('.references');\n if (list) {\n list.innerHTML = '';\n } else {\n const stylesTag = dom.createElement('style');\n stylesTag.innerHTML = styles$1;\n element.appendChild(stylesTag);\n\n const heading = dom.createElement('h3');\n heading.id = 'references';\n heading.textContent = 'References';\n element.appendChild(heading);\n\n list = dom.createElement('ol');\n list.id = 'references-list';\n list.className = 'references';\n element.appendChild(list);\n }\n\n for (const [key, entry] of entries) {\n const listItem = dom.createElement('li');\n listItem.id = key;\n listItem.innerHTML = bibliography_cite(entry);\n list.appendChild(listItem);\n }\n } else {\n element.style.display = 'none';\n }\n }\n\n class CitationList extends HTMLElement {\n\n static get is() { return 'd-citation-list'; }\n\n connectedCallback() {\n if (!this.hasAttribute('distill-prerendered')) {\n this.style.display = 'none';\n }\n }\n\n set citations(citations) {\n renderCitationList(this, citations);\n }\n\n }\n\n var prism = createCommonjsModule(function (module) {\n /* **********************************************\n Begin prism-core.js\n ********************************************** */\n\n var _self = (typeof window !== 'undefined')\n \t? window // if in browser\n \t: (\n \t\t(typeof WorkerGlobalScope !== 'undefined' && self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope)\n \t\t? self // if in worker\n \t\t: {} // if in node js\n \t);\n\n /**\n * Prism: Lightweight, robust, elegant syntax highlighting\n * MIT license http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php/\n * @author Lea Verou http://lea.verou.me\n */\n\n var Prism = (function (_self){\n\n // Private helper vars\n var lang = /\\blang(?:uage)?-([\\w-]+)\\b/i;\n var uniqueId = 0;\n\n\n var _ = {\n \tmanual: _self.Prism && _self.Prism.manual,\n \tdisableWorkerMessageHandler: _self.Prism && _self.Prism.disableWorkerMessageHandler,\n \tutil: {\n \t\tencode: function encode(tokens) {\n \t\t\tif (tokens instanceof Token) {\n \t\t\t\treturn new Token(tokens.type, encode(tokens.content), tokens.alias);\n \t\t\t} else if (Array.isArray(tokens)) {\n \t\t\t\treturn tokens.map(encode);\n \t\t\t} else {\n \t\t\t\treturn tokens.replace(/&/g, '&').replace(/' + env.content + '';\n };\n\n /**\n * @param {string} text\n * @param {LinkedList} tokenList\n * @param {any} grammar\n * @param {LinkedListNode} startNode\n * @param {number} startPos\n * @param {boolean} [oneshot=false]\n * @param {string} [target]\n */\n function matchGrammar(text, tokenList, grammar, startNode, startPos, oneshot, target) {\n \tfor (var token in grammar) {\n \t\tif (!grammar.hasOwnProperty(token) || !grammar[token]) {\n \t\t\tcontinue;\n \t\t}\n\n \t\tvar patterns = grammar[token];\n \t\tpatterns = Array.isArray(patterns) ? patterns : [patterns];\n\n \t\tfor (var j = 0; j < patterns.length; ++j) {\n \t\t\tif (target && target == token + ',' + j) {\n \t\t\t\treturn;\n \t\t\t}\n\n \t\t\tvar pattern = patterns[j],\n \t\t\t\tinside = pattern.inside,\n \t\t\t\tlookbehind = !!pattern.lookbehind,\n \t\t\t\tgreedy = !!pattern.greedy,\n \t\t\t\tlookbehindLength = 0,\n \t\t\t\talias = pattern.alias;\n\n \t\t\tif (greedy && !pattern.pattern.global) {\n \t\t\t\t// Without the global flag, lastIndex won't work\n \t\t\t\tvar flags = pattern.pattern.toString().match(/[imsuy]*$/)[0];\n \t\t\t\tpattern.pattern = RegExp(pattern.pattern.source, flags + 'g');\n \t\t\t}\n\n \t\t\tpattern = pattern.pattern || pattern;\n\n \t\t\tfor ( // iterate the token list and keep track of the current token/string position\n \t\t\t\tvar currentNode = startNode.next, pos = startPos;\n \t\t\t\tcurrentNode !== tokenList.tail;\n \t\t\t\tpos += currentNode.value.length, currentNode = currentNode.next\n \t\t\t) {\n\n \t\t\t\tvar str = currentNode.value;\n\n \t\t\t\tif (tokenList.length > text.length) {\n \t\t\t\t\t// Something went terribly wrong, ABORT, ABORT!\n \t\t\t\t\treturn;\n \t\t\t\t}\n\n \t\t\t\tif (str instanceof Token) {\n \t\t\t\t\tcontinue;\n \t\t\t\t}\n\n \t\t\t\tvar removeCount = 1; // this is the to parameter of removeBetween\n\n \t\t\t\tif (greedy && currentNode != tokenList.tail.prev) {\n \t\t\t\t\tpattern.lastIndex = pos;\n \t\t\t\t\tvar match = pattern.exec(text);\n \t\t\t\t\tif (!match) {\n \t\t\t\t\t\tbreak;\n \t\t\t\t\t}\n\n \t\t\t\t\tvar from = match.index + (lookbehind && match[1] ? match[1].length : 0);\n \t\t\t\t\tvar to = match.index + match[0].length;\n \t\t\t\t\tvar p = pos;\n\n \t\t\t\t\t// find the node that contains the match\n \t\t\t\t\tp += currentNode.value.length;\n \t\t\t\t\twhile (from >= p) {\n \t\t\t\t\t\tcurrentNode = currentNode.next;\n \t\t\t\t\t\tp += currentNode.value.length;\n \t\t\t\t\t}\n \t\t\t\t\t// adjust pos (and p)\n \t\t\t\t\tp -= currentNode.value.length;\n \t\t\t\t\tpos = p;\n\n \t\t\t\t\t// the current node is a Token, then the match starts inside another Token, which is invalid\n \t\t\t\t\tif (currentNode.value instanceof Token) {\n \t\t\t\t\t\tcontinue;\n \t\t\t\t\t}\n\n \t\t\t\t\t// find the last node which is affected by this match\n \t\t\t\t\tfor (\n \t\t\t\t\t\tvar k = currentNode;\n \t\t\t\t\t\tk !== tokenList.tail && (p < to || (typeof k.value === 'string' && !k.prev.value.greedy));\n \t\t\t\t\t\tk = k.next\n \t\t\t\t\t) {\n \t\t\t\t\t\tremoveCount++;\n \t\t\t\t\t\tp += k.value.length;\n \t\t\t\t\t}\n \t\t\t\t\tremoveCount--;\n\n \t\t\t\t\t// replace with the new match\n \t\t\t\t\tstr = text.slice(pos, p);\n \t\t\t\t\tmatch.index -= pos;\n \t\t\t\t} else {\n \t\t\t\t\tpattern.lastIndex = 0;\n\n \t\t\t\t\tvar match = pattern.exec(str);\n \t\t\t\t}\n\n \t\t\t\tif (!match) {\n \t\t\t\t\tif (oneshot) {\n \t\t\t\t\t\tbreak;\n \t\t\t\t\t}\n\n \t\t\t\t\tcontinue;\n \t\t\t\t}\n\n \t\t\t\tif (lookbehind) {\n \t\t\t\t\tlookbehindLength = match[1] ? match[1].length : 0;\n \t\t\t\t}\n\n \t\t\t\tvar from = match.index + lookbehindLength,\n \t\t\t\t\tmatch = match[0].slice(lookbehindLength),\n \t\t\t\t\tto = from + match.length,\n \t\t\t\t\tbefore = str.slice(0, from),\n \t\t\t\t\tafter = str.slice(to);\n\n \t\t\t\tvar removeFrom = currentNode.prev;\n\n \t\t\t\tif (before) {\n \t\t\t\t\tremoveFrom = addAfter(tokenList, removeFrom, before);\n \t\t\t\t\tpos += before.length;\n \t\t\t\t}\n\n \t\t\t\tremoveRange(tokenList, removeFrom, removeCount);\n\n \t\t\t\tvar wrapped = new Token(token, inside ? _.tokenize(match, inside) : match, alias, match, greedy);\n \t\t\t\tcurrentNode = addAfter(tokenList, removeFrom, wrapped);\n\n \t\t\t\tif (after) {\n \t\t\t\t\taddAfter(tokenList, currentNode, after);\n \t\t\t\t}\n\n\n \t\t\t\tif (removeCount > 1)\n \t\t\t\t\tmatchGrammar(text, tokenList, grammar, currentNode.prev, pos, true, token + ',' + j);\n\n \t\t\t\tif (oneshot)\n \t\t\t\t\tbreak;\n \t\t\t}\n \t\t}\n \t}\n }\n\n /**\n * @typedef LinkedListNode\n * @property {T} value\n * @property {LinkedListNode | null} prev The previous node.\n * @property {LinkedListNode | null} next The next node.\n * @template T\n */\n\n /**\n * @template T\n */\n function LinkedList() {\n \t/** @type {LinkedListNode} */\n \tvar head = { value: null, prev: null, next: null };\n \t/** @type {LinkedListNode} */\n \tvar tail = { value: null, prev: head, next: null };\n \thead.next = tail;\n\n \t/** @type {LinkedListNode} */\n \tthis.head = head;\n \t/** @type {LinkedListNode} */\n \tthis.tail = tail;\n \tthis.length = 0;\n }\n\n /**\n * Adds a new node with the given value to the list.\n * @param {LinkedList} list\n * @param {LinkedListNode} node\n * @param {T} value\n * @returns {LinkedListNode} The added node.\n * @template T\n */\n function addAfter(list, node, value) {\n \t// assumes that node != list.tail && values.length >= 0\n \tvar next = node.next;\n\n \tvar newNode = { value: value, prev: node, next: next };\n \tnode.next = newNode;\n \tnext.prev = newNode;\n \tlist.length++;\n\n \treturn newNode;\n }\n /**\n * Removes `count` nodes after the given node. The given node will not be removed.\n * @param {LinkedList} list\n * @param {LinkedListNode} node\n * @param {number} count\n * @template T\n */\n function removeRange(list, node, count) {\n \tvar next = node.next;\n \tfor (var i = 0; i < count && next !== list.tail; i++) {\n \t\tnext = next.next;\n \t}\n \tnode.next = next;\n \tnext.prev = node;\n \tlist.length -= i;\n }\n /**\n * @param {LinkedList} list\n * @returns {T[]}\n * @template T\n */\n function toArray(list) {\n \tvar array = [];\n \tvar node = list.head.next;\n \twhile (node !== list.tail) {\n \t\tarray.push(node.value);\n \t\tnode = node.next;\n \t}\n \treturn array;\n }\n\n\n if (!_self.document) {\n \tif (!_self.addEventListener) {\n \t\t// in Node.js\n \t\treturn _;\n \t}\n\n \tif (!_.disableWorkerMessageHandler) {\n \t\t// In worker\n \t\t_self.addEventListener('message', function (evt) {\n \t\t\tvar message = JSON.parse(evt.data),\n \t\t\t\tlang = message.language,\n \t\t\t\tcode = message.code,\n \t\t\t\timmediateClose = message.immediateClose;\n\n \t\t\t_self.postMessage(_.highlight(code, _.languages[lang], lang));\n \t\t\tif (immediateClose) {\n \t\t\t\t_self.close();\n \t\t\t}\n \t\t}, false);\n \t}\n\n \treturn _;\n }\n\n //Get current script and highlight\n var script = _.util.currentScript();\n\n if (script) {\n \t_.filename = script.src;\n\n \tif (script.hasAttribute('data-manual')) {\n \t\t_.manual = true;\n \t}\n }\n\n function highlightAutomaticallyCallback() {\n \tif (!_.manual) {\n \t\t_.highlightAll();\n \t}\n }\n\n if (!_.manual) {\n \t// If the document state is \"loading\", then we'll use DOMContentLoaded.\n \t// If the document state is \"interactive\" and the prism.js script is deferred, then we'll also use the\n \t// DOMContentLoaded event because there might be some plugins or languages which have also been deferred and they\n \t// might take longer one animation frame to execute which can create a race condition where only some plugins have\n \t// been loaded when Prism.highlightAll() is executed, depending on how fast resources are loaded.\n \t// See https://github.com/PrismJS/prism/issues/2102\n \tvar readyState = document.readyState;\n \tif (readyState === 'loading' || readyState === 'interactive' && script && script.defer) {\n \t\tdocument.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', highlightAutomaticallyCallback);\n \t} else {\n \t\tif (window.requestAnimationFrame) {\n \t\t\twindow.requestAnimationFrame(highlightAutomaticallyCallback);\n \t\t} else {\n \t\t\twindow.setTimeout(highlightAutomaticallyCallback, 16);\n \t\t}\n \t}\n }\n\n return _;\n\n })(_self);\n\n if ( module.exports) {\n \tmodule.exports = Prism;\n }\n\n // hack for components to work correctly in node.js\n if (typeof commonjsGlobal !== 'undefined') {\n \tcommonjsGlobal.Prism = Prism;\n }\n\n\n /* **********************************************\n Begin prism-markup.js\n ********************************************** */\n\n Prism.languages.markup = {\n \t'comment': //,\n \t'prolog': /<\\?[\\s\\S]+?\\?>/,\n \t'doctype': {\n \t\tpattern: /\"'[\\]]|\"[^\"]*\"|'[^']*')+(?:\\[(?:(?!)*\\]\\s*)?>/i,\n \t\tgreedy: true\n \t},\n \t'cdata': //i,\n \t'tag': {\n \t\tpattern: /<\\/?(?!\\d)[^\\s>\\/=$<%]+(?:\\s(?:\\s*[^\\s>\\/=]+(?:\\s*=\\s*(?:\"[^\"]*\"|'[^']*'|[^\\s'\">=]+(?=[\\s>]))|(?=[\\s/>])))+)?\\s*\\/?>/i,\n \t\tgreedy: true,\n \t\tinside: {\n \t\t\t'tag': {\n \t\t\t\tpattern: /^<\\/?[^\\s>\\/]+/i,\n \t\t\t\tinside: {\n \t\t\t\t\t'punctuation': /^<\\/?/,\n \t\t\t\t\t'namespace': /^[^\\s>\\/:]+:/\n \t\t\t\t}\n \t\t\t},\n \t\t\t'attr-value': {\n \t\t\t\tpattern: /=\\s*(?:\"[^\"]*\"|'[^']*'|[^\\s'\">=]+)/i,\n \t\t\t\tinside: {\n \t\t\t\t\t'punctuation': [\n \t\t\t\t\t\t/^=/,\n \t\t\t\t\t\t{\n \t\t\t\t\t\t\tpattern: /^(\\s*)[\"']|[\"']$/,\n \t\t\t\t\t\t\tlookbehind: true\n \t\t\t\t\t\t}\n \t\t\t\t\t]\n \t\t\t\t}\n \t\t\t},\n \t\t\t'punctuation': /\\/?>/,\n \t\t\t'attr-name': {\n \t\t\t\tpattern: /[^\\s>\\/]+/,\n \t\t\t\tinside: {\n \t\t\t\t\t'namespace': /^[^\\s>\\/:]+:/\n \t\t\t\t}\n \t\t\t}\n\n \t\t}\n \t},\n \t'entity': /&#?[\\da-z]{1,8};/i\n };\n\n Prism.languages.markup['tag'].inside['attr-value'].inside['entity'] =\n \tPrism.languages.markup['entity'];\n\n // Plugin to make entity title show the real entity, idea by Roman Komarov\n Prism.hooks.add('wrap', function(env) {\n\n \tif (env.type === 'entity') {\n \t\tenv.attributes['title'] = env.content.replace(/&/, '&');\n \t}\n });\n\n Object.defineProperty(Prism.languages.markup.tag, 'addInlined', {\n \t/**\n \t * Adds an inlined language to markup.\n \t *\n \t * An example of an inlined language is CSS with `\n\n block to let us know how to highlight your code; e.g.:\\n zeros = np.zeros(shape) .');\n return;\n }\n const language = prism.languages[this.languageName];\n if (language == undefined) {\n console.warn(`Distill does not yet support highlighting your code block in \"${this.languageName}'.`);\n return;\n }\n\n let content = this.textContent;\n const codeTag = this.shadowRoot.querySelector('#code-container');\n\n if (this.hasAttribute('block')) {\n // normalize the tab indents\n content = content.replace(/\\n/, '');\n const tabs = content.match(/\\s*/);\n content = content.replace(new RegExp('\\n' + tabs, 'g'), '\\n');\n content = content.trim();\n // wrap code block in pre tag if needed\n if (codeTag.parentNode instanceof ShadowRoot) {\n const preTag = document.createElement('pre');\n this.shadowRoot.removeChild(codeTag);\n preTag.appendChild(codeTag);\n this.shadowRoot.appendChild(preTag);\n }\n\n }\n\n codeTag.className = `language-${this.languageName}`;\n codeTag.innerHTML = prism.highlight(content, language);\n }\n\n }\n\n // Copyright 2018 The Distill Template Authors\n\n const T$5 = Template('d-footnote', `\n\n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n\n`);\n\n class Footnote extends T$5(HTMLElement) {\n\n constructor() {\n super();\n\n const options = {childList: true, characterData: true, subtree: true};\n const observer = new MutationObserver(this.notify);\n observer.observe(this, options);\n }\n\n notify() {\n const options = { detail: this, bubbles: true };\n const event = new CustomEvent('onFootnoteChanged', options);\n document.dispatchEvent(event);\n }\n\n connectedCallback() {\n // listen and notify about changes to slotted content\n // const slot = this.shadowRoot.querySelector('#slot');\n // console.warn(slot.textContent);\n // slot.addEventListener('slotchange', this.notify);\n this.hoverBox = this.root.querySelector('d-hover-box');\n window.customElements.whenDefined('d-hover-box').then(() => {\n this.hoverBox.listen(this);\n });\n // create numeric ID\n Footnote.currentFootnoteId += 1;\n const IdString = Footnote.currentFootnoteId.toString();\n this.root.host.id = 'd-footnote-' + IdString;\n\n // set up hidden hover box\n const id = 'dt-fn-hover-box-' + IdString;\n this.hoverBox.id = id;\n\n // set up visible footnote marker\n const span = this.root.querySelector('#fn-');\n span.setAttribute('id', 'fn-' + IdString);\n span.setAttribute('data-hover-ref', id);\n span.textContent = IdString;\n }\n\n }\n\n Footnote.currentFootnoteId = 0;\n\n // Copyright 2018 The Distill Template Authors\n\n const T$6 = Template('d-footnote-list', `\n\n\nFootnotes \nTable of contents \n `;\n\n for (const el of headings) {\n // should element be included in TOC?\n const isInTitle = el.parentElement.tagName == 'D-TITLE';\n const isException = el.getAttribute('no-toc');\n if (isInTitle || isException) continue;\n // create TOC entry\n const title = el.textContent;\n const link = '#' + el.getAttribute('id');\n\n let newLine = '' + '' + title + ' ' + ' ';\n if (el.tagName == 'H3') {\n newLine = '';\n } else {\n newLine += ' ';\n element.innerHTML = ToC;\n }\n\n // Copyright 2018 The Distill Template Authors\n //\n // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n // You may obtain a copy of the License at\n //\n // http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n //\n // Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n // distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n // WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n // limitations under the License.\n\n // Figure\n //\n // d-figure provides a state-machine of visibility events:\n //\n // scroll out of view\n // +----------------+\n // *do work here* | |\n // +----------------+ +-+---------+ +-v---------+\n // | ready +----> onscreen | | offscreen |\n // +----------------+ +---------^-+ +---------+-+\n // | |\n // +----------------+\n // scroll into view\n //\n\n class Figure extends HTMLElement {\n\n static get is() { return 'd-figure'; }\n\n static get readyQueue() {\n if (!Figure._readyQueue) {\n Figure._readyQueue = [];\n }\n return Figure._readyQueue;\n }\n\n static addToReadyQueue(figure) {\n if (Figure.readyQueue.indexOf(figure) === -1) {\n Figure.readyQueue.push(figure);\n Figure.runReadyQueue();\n }\n }\n\n static runReadyQueue() {\n // console.log(\"Checking to run readyQueue, length: \" + Figure.readyQueue.length + \", scrolling: \" + Figure.isScrolling);\n // if (Figure.isScrolling) return;\n // console.log(\"Running ready Queue\");\n const figure = Figure.readyQueue\n .sort((a,b) => a._seenOnScreen - b._seenOnScreen )\n .filter((figure) => !figure._ready)\n .pop();\n if (figure) {\n figure.ready();\n requestAnimationFrame(Figure.runReadyQueue);\n }\n\n }\n\n constructor() {\n super();\n // debugger\n this._ready = false;\n this._onscreen = false;\n this._offscreen = true;\n }\n\n connectedCallback() {\n this.loadsWhileScrolling = this.hasAttribute('loadsWhileScrolling');\n Figure.marginObserver.observe(this);\n Figure.directObserver.observe(this);\n }\n\n disconnectedCallback() {\n Figure.marginObserver.unobserve(this);\n Figure.directObserver.unobserve(this);\n }\n\n // We use two separate observers:\n // One with an extra 1000px margin to warn if the viewpoint gets close,\n // And one for the actual on/off screen events\n\n static get marginObserver() {\n if (!Figure._marginObserver) {\n // if (!('IntersectionObserver' in window)) {\n // throw new Error('no interscetionobbserver!');\n // }\n const viewportHeight = window.innerHeight;\n const margin = Math.floor(2 * viewportHeight);\n const options = {rootMargin: margin + 'px 0px ' + margin + 'px 0px', threshold: 0.01};\n const callback = Figure.didObserveMarginIntersection;\n const observer = new IntersectionObserver(callback, options);\n Figure._marginObserver = observer;\n }\n return Figure._marginObserver;\n }\n\n static didObserveMarginIntersection(entries) {\n for (const entry of entries) {\n const figure = entry.target;\n if (entry.isIntersecting && !figure._ready) {\n Figure.addToReadyQueue(figure);\n }\n }\n }\n\n static get directObserver() {\n if (!Figure._directObserver) {\n Figure._directObserver = new IntersectionObserver(\n Figure.didObserveDirectIntersection, {\n rootMargin: '0px', threshold: [0, 1.0],\n }\n );\n }\n return Figure._directObserver;\n }\n\n static didObserveDirectIntersection(entries) {\n for (const entry of entries) {\n const figure = entry.target;\n if (entry.isIntersecting) {\n figure._seenOnScreen = new Date();\n // if (!figure._ready) { figure.ready(); }\n if (figure._offscreen) { figure.onscreen(); }\n } else {\n if (figure._onscreen) { figure.offscreen(); }\n }\n }\n }\n\n // Notify listeners that registered late, too:\n\n addEventListener(eventName, callback) {\n super.addEventListener(eventName, callback);\n // if we had already dispatched something while presumingly no one was listening, we do so again\n // debugger\n if (eventName === 'ready') {\n if (Figure.readyQueue.indexOf(this) !== -1) {\n this._ready = false;\n Figure.runReadyQueue();\n }\n }\n if (eventName === 'onscreen') {\n this.onscreen();\n }\n }\n\n // Custom Events\n\n ready() {\n // debugger\n this._ready = true;\n Figure.marginObserver.unobserve(this);\n const event = new CustomEvent('ready');\n this.dispatchEvent(event);\n }\n\n onscreen() {\n this._onscreen = true;\n this._offscreen = false;\n const event = new CustomEvent('onscreen');\n this.dispatchEvent(event);\n }\n\n offscreen() {\n this._onscreen = false;\n this._offscreen = true;\n const event = new CustomEvent('offscreen');\n this.dispatchEvent(event);\n }\n\n }\n\n if (typeof window !== 'undefined') {\n\n Figure.isScrolling = false;\n let timeout;\n const resetTimer = () => {\n Figure.isScrolling = true;\n clearTimeout(timeout);\n timeout = setTimeout(() => {\n Figure.isScrolling = false;\n Figure.runReadyQueue();\n }, 500);\n };\n window.addEventListener('scroll', resetTimer, true);\n\n }\n\n // Copyright 2018 The Distill Template Authors\n\n // This overlay is not secure.\n // It is only meant as a social deterrent.\n\n const productionHostname = 'distill.pub';\n const T$9 = Template('d-interstitial', `\n\n\n\n
\n
This article is in review. \n
Do not share this URL or the contents of this article. Thank you!
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\n
Enter the password we shared with you as part of the review process to view the article.
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\n
\\n \\n \\n\";\n\n const headerTemplate = `\n\n\n`;\n\n // Copyright 2018 The Distill Template Authors\n\n const T$b = Template('distill-header', headerTemplate, false);\n\n class DistillHeader extends T$b(HTMLElement) {\n\n }\n\n // Copyright 2018 The Distill Template Authors\n\n const styles$2 = `\n\n`;\n\n function appendixTemplate(frontMatter) {\n let html = styles$2;\n\n if (typeof frontMatter.githubUrl !== 'undefined') {\n html += `\n Updates and Corrections \n `;\n if (frontMatter.githubCompareUpdatesUrl) {\n html += `View all changes to this article since it was first published.`;\n }\n html += `\n If you see mistakes or want to suggest changes, please create an issue on GitHub .
\n `;\n }\n\n const journal = frontMatter.journal;\n if (typeof journal !== 'undefined' && journal.title === 'Distill') {\n html += `\n Reuse \n Diagrams and text are licensed under Creative Commons Attribution CC-BY 4.0 with the source available on GitHub , unless noted otherwise. The figures that have been reused from other sources don’t fall under this license and can be recognized by a note in their caption: “Figure from …”.
\n `;\n }\n\n if (typeof frontMatter.publishedDate !== 'undefined') {\n html += `\n Citation \n For attribution in academic contexts, please cite this work as
\n ${frontMatter.concatenatedAuthors}, \"${frontMatter.title}\", Distill, ${frontMatter.publishedYear}. \n BibTeX citation
\n ${serializeFrontmatterToBibtex(frontMatter)} \n `;\n }\n\n return html;\n }\n\n class DistillAppendix extends HTMLElement {\n\n static get is() { return 'distill-appendix'; }\n\n set frontMatter(frontMatter) {\n this.innerHTML = appendixTemplate(frontMatter);\n }\n\n }\n\n const footerTemplate = `\n\n\n\n\n`;\n\n // Copyright 2018 The Distill Template Authors\n\n const T$c = Template('distill-footer', footerTemplate);\n\n class DistillFooter extends T$c(HTMLElement) {\n\n }\n\n // Copyright 2018 The Distill Template Authors\n\n let templateIsLoading = false;\n let runlevel = 0;\n const initialize = function() {\n if (window.distill.runlevel < 1) {\n throw new Error(\"Insufficient Runlevel for Distill Template!\");\n }\n\n /* 1. Flag that we're being loaded */\n if (\"distill\" in window && window.distill.templateIsLoading) {\n throw new Error(\n \"Runlevel 1: Distill Template is getting loaded more than once, aborting!\"\n );\n } else {\n window.distill.templateIsLoading = true;\n console.debug(\"Runlevel 1: Distill Template has started loading.\");\n }\n\n /* 2. Add styles if they weren't added during prerendering */\n makeStyleTag(document);\n console.debug(\"Runlevel 1: Static Distill styles have been added.\");\n console.debug(\"Runlevel 1->2.\");\n window.distill.runlevel += 1;\n\n /* 3. 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