[
{"question": "Which two U.S. agencies oversee the development of security regulations impacting business aviation?", "answer": "The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and the Transportation Security Administration (TSA)."},
{"question": "What is the purpose of the FAA's International Aviation Safety Assessment (IASA) program?", "answer": "To ensure that foreign air carriers operating to/from the U.S. are properly licensed and meet ICAO safety standards."},
{"question": "What resource provides information on a country's history, government, economy, and security concerns?", "answer": "The CIA World Fact Book."},
{"question": "When are U.S. State Department Travel Warnings issued?", "answer": "When long-term, dangerous conditions in a country make travel risky."},
{"question": "What events might trigger a U.S. State Department Travel Alert?", "answer": "Natural disasters, terrorist attacks, coups, or election-related violence."},
{"question": "Who holds the overall authority for security within a corporate aviation department?", "answer": "The corporate security manager/officer."},
{"question": "Who is responsible for the safety and security of the aircraft, crew, and passengers during a flight?", "answer": "The pilot-in-command (PIC)."},
{"question": "Who is responsible for protecting passenger information and flight schedules?", "answer": "The scheduler/dispatcher/operations assistant."},
{"question": "What should department personnel do if they observe a potential security threat?", "answer": "Notify the ADM and security officer immediately."},
{"question": "To whom should specific information about flight schedules be released?", "answer": "Only to those with a need to know."},
{"question": "What information should be included in a passenger profile for international trips?", "answer": "Birth dates and passport numbers, in addition to contact information."},
{"question": "How should visitors to the aviation department be handled?", "answer": "Greeted at a reception area and escorted by a flight department associate."},
{"question": "When should aircraft entrances and compartments be kept closed and locked?", "answer": "Whenever the aircraft is left unattended."},
{"question": "What should crew members do during pre-flight inspections concerning security?", "answer": "Be alert for suspicious objects, signs of tampering, or unauthorized entry."},
{"question": "What security measures should be taken if an aircraft is parked on a ramp away from home base for an extended period?", "answer": "Secure and lock all doors, chock landing gear, close interior shades, and park in a well-lit area."},
{"question": "Who should supervise all refueling procedures?", "answer": "A crew member."},
{"question": "What should be done if there is doubt about the quality of fuel?", "answer": "Use a fuel test kit to check for contaminants or water."},
{"question": "What should be done if an aircraft is scheduled to be left in a high-risk area?", "answer": "Consider repositioning it to a more secure location."},
{"question": "What instructions should crew members leave with the FBO when away from the airport?", "answer": "Instructions for contacting them in case of emergency."},
{"question": "What should be done if an unidentified package or unmarked bag is presented for loading?", "answer": "It must never be carried aboard the aircraft."},
{"question": "Who is responsible for ensuring all bags placed aboard the aircraft are identified and counted?", "answer": "The flight crew."},
{"question": "What should the crew do if a passenger bag is inadvertently left on board the aircraft?", "answer": "Forward it to the passenger via the most expeditious means available, after contacting the passenger."},
{"question": "Are business aviation departments authorized to carry hazardous materials?", "answer": "No, unless specifically authorized by the FAA and ICAO."},
{"question": "What should be done if a crew has doubts about the contents of a package concerning hazardous materials?", "answer": "It should not be loaded on the aircraft."},
{"question": "Who has the authority to question passengers about the contents of their luggage and cargo?", "answer": "The PIC."},
{"question": "What does HMR stand for?", "answer": "Hazardous Material Regulations."},
{"question": "What are the categories of hazardous materials as defined by HMR Part 173?", "answer": "Explosives, flammable liquids and solids, oxidizing materials, corrosive liquids, compressed gases, poisons, organic peroxides, radioactive materials, and magnetic materials."},
{"question": "Where can you find a complete list of prohibited hazardous materials?", "answer": "HMR 175.10."},
{"question": "Who should be called if a hazardous material is inadvertently loaded and an incident occurs?", "answer": "CHEMTREC at 1-800-424-9300."},
{"question": "Should passengers be allowed to carry weapons on board an aircraft?", "answer": "No, unless firearms are unloaded, secured in a container, and checked in with the crew."},
{"question": "Who should passengers notify if they intend to transport firearms?", "answer": "The ADM, prior to the flight, to coordinate proper handling."},
{"question": "When should flight crew passports and ID cards be renewed?", "answer": "At least six months before their expiration date."},
{"question": "What organization issues a crew identification card that is recognized by ICAO and universally accepted?", "answer": "The International Business Aviation Council (IBAC)."},
{"question": "What type of report should be performed for international flights to new destinations?", "answer": "A threat assessment report (TRA)."},
{"question": "What is the TSA program that collects data on foreign registered business aircraft entering the U.S.?", "answer": "The Electronic Advance Passenger Information System (e-APIS)."},
{"question": "What was the initial TSA reaction to the 9/11 attacks concerning business aviation operations at Ronald Reagan National Airport (DCA)?", "answer": "Business jets were banned from using DCA due to its proximity to government facilities."},
{"question": "What is the proposed TSA security program aimed at bringing business aircraft into compliance with commercial aviation security regulations?", "answer": "The Large Aircraft Security Program (LASP)."},
{"question": "Why was the LASP proposal withdrawn?", "answer": "Due to overwhelming negative industry reaction and the inherent security differences between commercial and business aviation operations."},
{"question": "What is the ICAO definition of an aircraft accident?", "answer": "An occurrence associated with aircraft operation where a person is fatally/seriously injured, the aircraft sustains damage/structural failure, or is missing/inaccessible."},
{"question": "What is the ICAO definition of an aircraft incident?", "answer": "An occurrence, other than an accident, associated with aircraft operation that affects or could affect safety."},
{"question": "What does NTSB Part 830 require in case of an aircraft accident or serious incident?", "answer": "Immediate notification by the operator to the nearest NTSB office."},
{"question": "What are some examples of serious incidents requiring NTSB notification?", "answer": "Flight control system malfunction, in-flight fire, aircraft collision, or release of a propeller blade."},
{"question": "What is an ERP and why is it important?", "answer": "An Emergency Response Plan, crucial for managing crises effectively and protecting the corporation's image."},
{"question": "Who typically holds the master copy of the corporate ERP?", "answer": "The company legal department."},
{"question": "What information should be included in the Emergency Notification List within the ERP?", "answer": "Names and cell phone numbers of key managers to be alerted in an emergency."},
{"question": "Who are the members of the Go-Team?", "answer": "Company personnel designated as first responders to an emergency scene."},
{"question": "What should be the initial priority of an associate receiving a bomb threat call?", "answer": "Remain calm and collect as much information as possible from the caller using a bomb-threat checklist."},
{"question": "What should associates do if a bomb threat is directed against the flight department office or hangar facility?", "answer": "Sound the alarm, evacuate, account for all personnel, and notify 911."},
{"question": "What should flight crew do upon receiving a bomb threat while airborne?", "answer": "Declare an emergency, inform ATC, request clearance to the nearest suitable airport, and prepare for an emergency landing."},
{"question": "What transponder code should be used to signal a hijacking?", "answer": "7500."},
{"question": "What transponder code should be used to signal a hijacking where armed intervention is needed?", "answer": "7700."},
{"question": "How can flaps be used to communicate with authorities after landing in a hijacking situation?", "answer": "Retracted flaps signal no armed intervention, full down flaps signal intervention needed."},
{"question": "What is the acronym R.A.C.E. used for in fire emergencies?", "answer": "Rescue, Activate alarm, Confine the fire, Evacuate."},
{"question": "What should be done upon receiving a tornado warning?", "answer": "Move away from exterior areas and towards enclosed interior areas of the building or take cover if outside."},
{"question": "What is the primary focus of preventive security measures in business aviation?", "answer": "Preventing unauthorized access, introduction of weapons/explosives, and use of aircraft for unlawful acts."},
{"question": "Who can provide assistance in determining and assessing an operator's security vulnerabilities?", "answer": "Security professionals."},
{"question": "Should security measures be proportional to the threat level?", "answer": "Yes, procedures and training should be in place to implement enhanced measures when the threat is increased and reduced measures when the threat is reduced."},
{"question": "What does CFR Part 1542 address?", "answer": "Airport Security, including access to Secured and Sterile Areas, badging requirements, and challenging unauthorized individuals."},
{"question": "What are some examples of regulations related to the conduct of persons and tenants at an airport?", "answer": "Conduct of businesses, unauthorized advertising, passenger movement in authorized areas, and safety measures."},
{"question": "What do regulations concerning vehicle operations at airports typically address?", "answer": "Traffic and public safety issues, speed limits, driver licensing, permits for airside vehicles, and accident reporting."},
{"question": "What are Violation Notice systems used for at airports?", "answer": "To enforce rules and regulations, including security and safety procedures, and may require a response from the violator's employer."},
{"question": "Who is responsible for maintaining awareness of both domestic and foreign security constraints and hot spots?", "answer": "Business aircraft operators."},
{"question": "What should a security program include?", "answer": "Threat assessment, plans of action and avoidance, regular training and auditing."},
{"question": "What is a good first step to learn about the security of a location?", "answer": "Consult the CIA World Fact Book."},
{"question": "What does the FAA Country Data Sheets offer?", "answer": "Information on a range of topics to consider when planning a flight outside U.S. airspace."},
{"question": "Who should aviation departments coordinate security programs with?", "answer": "The company's internal security division."},
{"question": "What is the purpose of the passenger manifest?", "answer": "To clearly designate who is allowed to board the company aircraft."},
{"question": "What should be done if there is any doubt about a passenger's identity?", "answer": "Politely ask for a form of identification, preferably one with a photograph."},
{"question": "Who must approve the addition of any unscheduled passenger?", "answer": "The ADM."},
{"question": "Who should receive printed copies of the flight schedule?", "answer": "Only those with a need to know, and distribution should be limited."},
{"question": "What should be done if an unauthorized person is observed performing an unlawful act?", "answer": "Immediately notify airport security and keep the person under surveillance."},
{"question": "What should be done if a passenger expresses a security concern?", "answer": "The pilot-in-command should be notified and will respond accordingly."},
{"question": "When should cars be parked in the hangar?", "answer": "Only when necessary and in a way that does not block work areas or interfere with security sensors."},
{"question": "What should be done with keys to vehicles parked in the hangar?", "answer": "They should be kept in a lock box, typically in the maintenance office."},
{"question": "What is the primary responsibility of the second-in-command (SIC) in a hijacking situation?", "answer": "To assume the duties and responsibilities of the PIC if the PIC is incapacitated."},
{"question": "What should the crew do if unable to change the transponder setting to 7500 during a hijacking?", "answer": "Transmit a radio message including the phrase, \"(Aircraft call sign), Transponder Seven Five Zero Zero.\""},
{"question": "What should the crew do if they want armed intervention during a hijacking?", "answer": "Transmit code 7500 for at least three minutes, then change to code 7700."},
{"question": "What precautions should pilots take regarding cockpit speakers during a hijacking?", "answer": "Use headsets out of sight of the hijacker, use separate radios for normal and discreet communication."},
{"question": "What should be the first priority in a hangar/facility fire?", "answer": "The safety of all personnel."},
{"question": "Where can you find information about OSHA's response to a workplace catastrophe?", "answer": "OSHA Instruction CPL 2.94."},
{"question": "What is the OSHA emergency hotline number?", "answer": "1-800-321-OSHA."},
{"question": "Why has security always been important to business aviation operations?", "answer": "Due to the nature of the missions, the types of passengers involved, and the need for confidentiality."},
{"question": "What is the first step in developing an effective security program?", "answer": "Assess the threat against the operator, personnel, aircraft, and facilities, and assess vulnerabilities."},
{"question": "What factors might influence the type of security threats an operator faces?", "answer": "Nature of the business, location of operations, nationality of the organization and aircraft, passenger profiles, and value of goods carried."},
{"question": "What are some resources that can be used to develop and maintain a current threat assessment?", "answer": "National and local security officials, law enforcement, organization's security officer, trade associations, air security service providers, media reports, and organization officials in foreign locations."},
{"question": "What are the three elements of risk management?", "answer": "Hazards, risk, and control."},
{"question": "What is a hazard?", "answer": "An action or circumstance with the potential to cause damage, loss, or harm."},
{"question": "What are the three categories of hazards identified by ICAO?", "answer": "Natural, technical, and economic."},
{"question": "Give an example of a natural hazard.", "answer": "Adverse weather conditions."},
{"question": "Give an example of a technical hazard in a flight department.", "answer": "Malfunctioning aircraft components."},
{"question": "What is safety risk?", "answer": "The assessment of the consequences of a hazard, expressed in terms of predicted probability and severity."},
{"question": "What does a safety risk probability table assign to a likelihood of occurrence?", "answer": "A numerical value."},
{"question": "What does a safety risk severity table assign to the severity of occurrence?", "answer": "A letter value."},
{"question": "What color in the safety risk management matrix indicates an intolerable and unacceptable risk?", "answer": "Red."},
{"question": "What color in the safety risk management matrix indicates a tolerable risk that may require management input?", "answer": "Yellow."},
{"question": "What color in the safety risk management matrix indicates an acceptable risk?", "answer": "Green."},
{"question": "What is the most effective way to mitigate risk, according to the hazard control ranking?", "answer": "Eliminate the hazard."},
{"question": "What is an example of mitigating risk by providing a safety device?", "answer": "Installing a Traffic Collision Avoidance System (TCAS)."},
{"question": "What is the SHELL model?", "answer": "A hazard control model that looks at relationships between people and software, hardware, the environment, and other people."},
{"question": "What does the 'L' in the SHELL model represent?", "answer": "Liveware (people)."},
{"question": "What does the 'S' in the SHELL model represent?", "answer": "Software."},
{"question": "What does the 'H' in the SHELL model represent?", "answer": "Hardware."},
{"question": "What does the 'E' in the SHELL model represent?", "answer": "Environment."},
{"question": "What is the primary cause of aviation accidents?", "answer": "Human error."},
{"question": "What is Threat and Error Management (TEM)?", "answer": "A framework for proactively managing threats and errors in aviation operations."},
{"question": "What are the three components of TEM?", "answer": "Threats, errors, and undesired aircraft states."},
{"question": "Give an example of a threat in aviation.", "answer": "Adverse weather conditions."},
{"question": "Give an example of an error in aviation.", "answer": "Incorrect data entry into the flight management system."},
{"question": "Give an example of an undesired aircraft state.", "answer": "Aircraft deviating from the intended flight path."},
{"question": "What is the purpose of ergonomic design in the work environment?", "answer": "To optimize the fit between the worker and their work environment to enhance safety and efficiency."},
{"question": "How can ergonomic design affect human performance?", "answer": "By reducing physical strain, fatigue, and discomfort, leading to improved concentration and reduced errors."},
{"question": "Give an example of ergonomic design in a cockpit.", "answer": "Adjustable seats and controls to accommodate pilots of different sizes."},
{"question": "Give an example of ergonomic design in a maintenance hangar.", "answer": "Tools and equipment designed to minimize awkward postures and repetitive movements."},
{"question": "What are some signs of degraded human performance?", "answer": "Fatigue, reduced situational awareness, difficulty concentrating, and increased errors."},
{"question": "What are some causes of fatigue?", "answer": "Lack of sleep, long duty hours, circadian rhythm disruption, and strenuous physical or mental activity."},
{"question": "What are some causes of reduced situational awareness?", "answer": "Distraction, information overload, fatigue, and stress."},
{"question": "How can stress affect human performance?", "answer": "By impairing cognitive function, decision-making, and communication."},
{"question": "How can physical health affect performance?", "answer": "Illness, injury, or chronic medical conditions can impair physical and cognitive abilities, leading to reduced performance."},
{"question": "How can mental health affect performance?", "answer": "Conditions such as depression, anxiety, and substance abuse can significantly impact cognitive function, emotional regulation, and decision-making."},
{"question": "What is the impact of sleep deprivation on cognitive performance?", "answer": "It can lead to impaired attention, memory, judgment, and reaction time."},
{"question": "What is circadian rhythm disruption?", "answer": "A disturbance in the body's natural sleep-wake cycle, often caused by jet lag or shift work."},
{"question": "How can circadian rhythm disruption affect performance?", "answer": "It can lead to fatigue, sleep disturbances, and impaired cognitive function."},
{"question": "What are some strategies for managing fatigue?", "answer": "Getting adequate sleep, maintaining a regular sleep schedule, taking breaks during long duty periods, and practicing good nutrition and hydration."},
{"question": "What are some strategies for improving situational awareness?", "answer": "Effective communication, proactive monitoring of systems and surroundings, and mental rehearsal of procedures."},
{"question": "What are some strategies for managing stress?", "answer": "Practicing relaxation techniques, maintaining a healthy work-life balance, and seeking support from colleagues or professionals."},
{"question": "Why is it important to address physical and mental health issues?", "answer": "Because they can significantly impact safety and performance in aviation operations."},
{"question": "What resources are available to support employees with physical and mental health concerns?", "answer": "Employee assistance programs (EAPs), medical professionals, and mental health providers."},
{"question": "What is the role of a Safety Management System (SMS)?", "answer": "To proactively identify and manage safety hazards and risks within an organization."},
{"question": "What are the four pillars of an SMS?", "answer": "Safety policy, safety risk management, safety assurance, and safety promotion."},
{"question": "What is the purpose of safety policy?", "answer": "To establish a clear commitment to safety from the highest levels of management."},
{"question": "What is the purpose of safety risk management?", "answer": "To identify, assess, and mitigate safety hazards and risks."},
{"question": "What is the purpose of safety assurance?", "answer": "To monitor the effectiveness of safety controls and identify areas for improvement."},
{"question": "What is the purpose of safety promotion?", "answer": "To foster a positive safety culture and encourage employee participation in safety initiatives."},
{"question": "What is the importance of a non-punitive reporting system?", "answer": "It encourages employees to report safety concerns without fear of retribution, leading to a more complete picture of potential hazards."},
{"question": "What is the role of safety training?", "answer": "To equip employees with the knowledge and skills to perform their duties safely and effectively."},
{"question": "What is the importance of continuous improvement in an SMS?", "answer": "It ensures that the SMS remains effective and responsive to changing operational environments and emerging safety risks."},
{"question": "What is the role of management in an SMS?", "answer": "To provide visible leadership and commitment to safety, allocate resources, and establish clear lines of accountability."},
{"question": "What is the role of employees in an SMS?", "answer": "To actively participate in safety initiatives, report safety concerns, and follow established safety procedures."},
{"question": "What is the ultimate goal of an SMS?", "answer": "To create a safe and resilient operational environment that continuously strives to prevent accidents and incidents."},
{"question": "What are some challenges to implementing an effective SMS?", "answer": "Resistance to change, lack of resources, and difficulty measuring the effectiveness of the SMS."},
{"question": "What are some benefits of implementing an SMS?", "answer": "Improved safety performance, reduced operational costs, enhanced organizational reputation, and increased employee morale."},
{"question": "What is the role of technology in supporting SMS implementation?", "answer": "It can facilitate data collection and analysis, automate safety reporting, and provide real-time safety monitoring."},
{"question": "What is the future of SMS in aviation?", "answer": "It is expected to become increasingly integrated into all aspects of aviation operations, leveraging advanced technologies and data analytics to further enhance safety."}
]