What changes were introduced by the Constitution (Forty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1978?
The Constitution (Forty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1978 introduced the following changes:

1. Substituted "the rights conferred by Part III" with "fundamental rights guaranteed by this Constitution." This change was made to emphasize that the fundamental rights were not merely a part of the constitution but the very essence and core of it.
2. Added clause (1B) to Article 359, which states that nothing in clause (1A) shall apply:
   - (a) to any law which does not contain a recital to the effect that such law is in relation to the Proclamation of Emergency in operation when it is made; or
   - (b) to any executive action taken otherwise than under a law containing such a recital.
3. Added "Provided that where a Proclamation of Emergency is in operation only in a part of the territory of India, any such order shall not extend to any other part of the territory of India unless the President, being satisfied that the security of India or any part of the territory thereof is threatened by activities in or in relation to the part of the territory of India in which the Proclamation of Emergency is in operation, considers such extension to be necessary." to Article 359(2). This change clarifies that an order made under clause (1) shall extend to a part of the territory of India only if the President believes it necessary for national security.

These changes were aimed at further strengthening the protection of fundamental rights during emergencies and ensuring that such orders are limited in scope and targeted towards specific areas where national security is threatened.