What changes were made by the Constitution (Forty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1978, to the appellate jurisdiction of the Supreme Court in both civil and criminal matters?
The Constitution (Forty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1978, made the following changes to the appellate jurisdiction of the Supreme Court in both civil and criminal matters:

1. In Article 132 (appellate jurisdiction of Supreme Court in regard to civil matters), the phrase "if the High Court certifies under article 134A" was omitted, making it easier for parties to appeal directly to the Supreme Court without needing a certification from the High Court.

2. In Article 134 (appellate jurisdiction of Supreme Court in regard to criminal matters), the phrase "if the High Court certifies under article 134A" was also omitted, similarly making it easier for parties to appeal directly to the Supreme Court without needing a certification from the High Court.