What are the rules regarding voting, quorum, and vacancies in either House of Parliament?
Article 100 of the Indian Constitution lays down the rules regarding voting, quorum, and vacancies in either House of Parliament. Decisions on all questions at any sitting of either House or joint sitting of the Houses are determined by a majority of votes of the members present and voting, excluding the Speaker or person acting as Chairman or Speaker. The Chairman or Speaker has a casting vote in case of an equality of votes. Either House of Parliament has the power to act notwithstanding any vacancy in its membership, and any proceedings in Parliament are valid even if it is later discovered that a person who was not entitled to do so participated in the proceedings. The quorum to constitute a meeting of either House of Parliament is one-tenth of the total number of members of the House, unless Parliament by law otherwise provides. If there is no quorum during a meeting of a House, it is the duty of the Chairman or Speaker, or person acting as such, to adjourn the House or suspend the meeting until there is a quorum.