What are the roles of the Union Public Service Commission and the State Public Service Commission in making appointments, promotions, and transfers within the civil services?
The roles of the Union Public Service Commission and the State Public Service Commission in making appointments, promotions, and transfers within the civil services are as follows:

1. It shall be the duty of the Union and the State Public Service Commissions to conduct examinations for appointments to the services of the Union and the services of the State respectively. (Article 320(1))

2. The Union Public Service Commission shall assist two or more States in framing and operating schemes of joint recruitment for any services for which candidates possessing special qualifications are required, if requested by those States. (Article 320(2))

3. The Union Public Service Commission or the State Public Service Commission, as the case may be, shall be consulted on all matters relating to methods of recruitment to civil services and for civil posts; on the principles to be followed in making appointments to civil services and posts and in making promotions and transfers from one service to another; and on the suitability of candidates for such appointments, promotions or transfers. (Article 320(3)(a), (b) and (c))