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README.md
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---
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license: other
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license_name: falcon-mamba-license
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license_link: https://falconllm.tii.ae/falcon-mamba-7b-terms-and-conditions.html
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base_model: tiiuae/falcon-mamba-7b-instruct
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language:
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- en
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datasets:
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- tiiuae/falcon-refinedweb
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---
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<img src="https://huggingface.co/datasets/tiiuae/documentation-images/resolve/main/falcon_mamba/thumbnail.png" alt="drawing" width="800"/>
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**GGUF quantization of [`falcon-mamba-7b-instruct`](https://huggingface.co/tiiuae/falcon-mamba-7b-instruct) in the format `BF16`**
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# Table of Contents
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0. [TL;DR](#TL;DR)
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1. [Model Details](#model-details)
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2. [Usage](#usage)
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3. [Training Details](#training-details)
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4. [Evaluation](#evaluation)
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# TL;DR
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# Model Details
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## Model Description
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- **Developed by:** [https://www.tii.ae](https://www.tii.ae)
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- **Model type:** Causal decoder-only
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- **Architecture:** Mamba
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- **Language(s) (NLP):** Mainly English
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- **License:** TII Falcon-Mamba License 2.0
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<br>
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# Usage
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Refer to the documentation of [`llama.cpp`](https://github.com/ggerganov/llama.cpp) to understand how to run this model locally on your machine.
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Download the GGUF weights with the command below:
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```bash
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huggingface-cli download tiiuae/falcon-mamba-7b-instruct-Q4_K_M-GGUF --include falcon-mamba-instruct-Q4_K_M.gguf --local-dir ./
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```
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Then you can run it with:
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```bash
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./llama-cli -m falcon-mamba-instruct-Q4_K_M.gguf -p "Hello how are you?"
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```
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# Training Details
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## Training Data
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Falcon-Mamba has been trained with ~ 5,500 GT mainly coming from [Refined-Web](https://huggingface.co/datasets/tiiuae/falcon-refinedweb), a large volume web-only dataset filtered and deduplicated.
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Similar to the others [Falcon](https://huggingface.co/tiiuae/falcon-11B) suite models, Falcon-Mamba has been trained leveraging a multi-stage training strategy to increase the context-length from 2,048 to 8,192.
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Moreover, inspired by the concept of Curriculum Learning, we carefully selected data mixtures throughout the training stages, considering both data diversity and complexity.
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Note that at inference the context-length is not relevant as the Mamba architecture has no limit on long range dependency.
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At the last training stage, small portion of high-quality curated data was used to further enhance performance.
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Overall, the data sources included RefinedWeb-English, high quality technical data, code data and math data extracted from public sources.
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In particular, we used samples coming from [Fineweb-edu](https://huggingface.co/datasets/HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu) during our last training stage.
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The data was tokenized with the Falcon-[7B](https://huggingface.co/tiiuae/falcon-7B)/[11B](https://huggingface.co/tiiuae/falcon-11B) tokenizer.
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## Training Procedure
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Falcon-Mamba-7B was trained on 256 H100 80GB GPUs for the majority of the training, using a 3D parallelism strategy (TP=1, PP=1, DP=256) combined with ZeRO.
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### Training Hyperparameters
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| **Hyperparameter** | **Value** | **Comment** |
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|--------------------|------------|-------------------------------------------|
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| Precision | `bfloat16` | |
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| Optimizer | AdamW | |
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| Max learning rate | 6.4e-4 | Following a WSD (warmup-stable-decay) learning rate schedule |
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| Weight decay | 1e-1 | |
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| Batch size | 2048 | |
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The model was trained AdamW optimizer, WSD (warmup-stable-decay) learning rate schedule, and a batch size rampup from \\(b_{\mathrm{min}}=128\\) to \\(b_{\mathrm{max}}=2048\\) during first 50 GT of training.
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In the stable phase we used maximal learning rate \\(\eta_{\mathrm{max}}=6.4 \times 10^{-4}\\), and decayed it to the minimal value \\(\eta_{\mathrm{min}}=\frac{\eta_{\mathrm{max}}}{256}\\) with exponential schedule over 500 GT.
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Also, we applied *BatchScaling* during the rampup — rescaling learning rate \\(\eta\\) so that the Adam noise temperature \\(T_{\mathrm{noise}}\equiv\frac{\eta}{\sqrt{b}}\\) is kept constant.
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### Speeds, Sizes, Times
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The model training took roughly two months.
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<br>
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# Evaluation
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## Benchmarks
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We evaluate our model on all benchmarks of the new leaderboard's version using the `lm-evaluation-harness` package, and then normalize the evaluation results with HuggingFace score normalization.
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| `model name` |`IFEval`| `BBH` |`MATH LvL5`| `GPQA`| `MUSR`|`MMLU-PRO`|`Average`|
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|:--------------------------|:------:|:-----:|:---------:|:-----:|:-----:|:--------:|:-------:|
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| ***Pure SSM models*** | | | | | | | |
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| `FalconMamba-7B` | 33.36 | 19.88 | 3.63 |8.05 |10.86 | 14.47 |**15.04**|
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| `TRI-ML/mamba-7b-rw`<sup>*</sup>| 22.46 | 6.71 | 0.45 | 1.12 | 5.51 | 1.69 | 6.25 |
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|***Hybrid SSM-attention models*** | | | | | | |
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|`recurrentgemma-9b` | 30.76 | 14.80 | 4.83 | 4.70 | 6.60 | 17.88 | 13.20 |
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| `Zyphra/Zamba-7B-v1`<sup>*</sup> | 24.06 | 21.12 | 3.32 | 3.03 | 7.74 | 16.02 | 12.55 |
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|***Transformer models*** | | | | | | | |
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| `Falcon2-11B` | 32.61 | 21.94 | 2.34 | 2.80 | 7.53 | 15.44 | 13.78 |
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| `Meta-Llama-3-8B` | 14.55 | 24.50 | 3.25 | 7.38 | 6.24 | 24.55 | 13.41 |
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| `Meta-Llama-3.1-8B` | 12.70 | 25.29 | 4.61 | 6.15 | 8.98 | 24.95 | 13.78 |
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| `Mistral-7B-v0.1` | 23.86 | 22.02 | 2.49 | 5.59 | 10.68 | 22.36 | 14.50 |
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| `Mistral-Nemo-Base-2407 (12B)` | 16.83 | 29.37 | 4.98 | 5.82 | 6.52 | 27.46 | 15.08 |
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| `gemma-7B` | 26.59 | 21.12 | 6.42 | 4.92 | 10.98 | 21.64 |**15.28**|
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Also, we evaluate our model on the benchmarks of the first leaderboard using `lighteval`.
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| `model name` |`ARC`|`HellaSwag` |`MMLU` |`Winogrande`|`TruthfulQA`|`GSM8K`|`Average` |
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|:-----------------------------|:------:|:---------:|:-----:|:----------:|:----------:|:-----:|:----------------:|
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| ***Pure SSM models*** | | | | | | | |
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| `FalconMamba-7B`<sup>*</sup> | 62.03 | 80.82 | 62.11 | 73.64 | 53.42 | 52.54 | **64.09** |
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| `TRI-ML/mamba-7b-rw`<sup>*</sup> | 51.25 | 80.85 | 33.41 | 71.11 | 32.08 | 4.70 | 45.52 |
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|***Hybrid SSM-attention models***| | | | | | | |
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| `recurrentgemma-9b`<sup>**</sup> |52.00 | 80.40 | 60.50 | 73.60 | 38.60 | 42.60 | 57.95 |
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| `Zyphra/Zamba-7B-v1`<sup>*</sup> | 56.14 | 82.23 | 58.11 | 79.87 | 52.88 | 30.78 | 60.00 |
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|***Transformer models*** | | | | | | | |
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| `Falcon2-11B` | 59.73 | 82.91 | 58.37 | 78.30 | 52.56 | 53.83 | **64.28** |
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| `Meta-Llama-3-8B` | 60.24 | 82.23 | 66.70 | 78.45 | 42.93 | 45.19 | 62.62 |
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| `Meta-Llama-3.1-8B` | 58.53 | 82.13 | 66.43 | 74.35 | 44.29 | 47.92 | 62.28 |
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| `Mistral-7B-v0.1` | 59.98 | 83.31 | 64.16 | 78.37 | 42.15 | 37.83 | 60.97 |
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| `gemma-7B` | 61.09 | 82.20 | 64.56 | 79.01 | 44.79 | 50.87 | 63.75 |
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Mostly, we took evaluation results from both leaderboards. For the models marked by *star* we evaluated the tasks internally, while for the models marked by two *stars* the results were taken from paper or model card.
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# Technical Specifications
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## Model Architecture and Objective
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Falcon-Mamba-7B is a causal decoder-only model trained on a causal language modeling task (i.e., predict the next token).
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The model is based on the Mamba architecture ([Gu et al., 2023](https://arxiv.org/abs/2312.00752)).
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| **Hyperparameter** | **Value** | **Comment** |
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|--------------------|-----------|----------------------------------------|
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| Layers | 64 | Number of layers |
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| `d_model` | 4096 | Hidden dimension |
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| `d_state` | 16 | The SSM state dimension |
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| Vocabulary | 65024 | Vocabulary Size |
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| Sequence length | 8192 | During the last training stages |
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## Compute Infrastructure
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### Hardware
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Falcon-Mamba-7B was trained on AWS SageMaker, using on average 256 H100 80GB GPUs in 32 p5 instances.
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### Software
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Falcon-Mamba-7B was trained on an internal distributed training codebase, Gigatron. It uses a 3D parallelism approach combined with ZeRO, high-performance Triton kernels.
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<br>
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# Citation
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*Paper coming soon* 😊.
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