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---
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language:
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- en
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- ja
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library_name: transformers
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pipeline_tag: text-generation
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license: llama2
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model_type: llama
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---
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# Swallow
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Our Swallow model has undergone continuous pre-training from the Llama 2 family, primarily with the addition of Japanese language data. The tuned versions use supervised fine-tuning (SFT).
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Links to other models can be found in the index.
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## Swallow Model Index
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|Model|Swallow-hf|Swallow-instruct-hf|
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|---|---|---|
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|7B| [Link](https://huggingface.co/tokyotech-llm/Swallow-7b-hf) | [Link](https://huggingface.co/tokyotech-llm/Swallow-7b-instruct-hf)|
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|13B| [Link](https://huggingface.co/tokyotech-llm/Swallow-13b-hf) | [Link](https://huggingface.co/tokyotech-llm/Swallow-13b-instruct-hf)|
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|70B| [Link](https://huggingface.co/tokyotech-llm/Swallow-70b-hf) | [Link](https://huggingface.co/tokyotech-llm/Swallow-70b-instruct-hf)|
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![logo](./logo.png)
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This repository provides large language models developed by [TokyoTech-LLM](https://tokyotech-llm.github.io/).
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Read our [blog post](https://zenn.dev/tokyotech_lm/articles/d6cb3a8fdfc907) or our paper (preprint coming soon) for more details!
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## Model Details
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* **Model type**: Please refer to LLaMA-2 technical report for details on the model architecture.
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* **Language(s)**: Japanese English
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* **Library**: [Megatron-LM](https://github.com/rioyokotalab/Megatron-Llama2)
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* **Tokenizer**: This model employs a tokenizer that features a broadened vocabulary based on Japanese data. This allows for a more efficient representation of text using fewer tokens, leading to a notably faster inference process.
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* **Contact**: swallow[at]nlp.c.titech.ac.jp
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## Base Model Performance
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### Japanese version
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|Model|Size|JCommonsenseQA|JEMHopQA|NIILC|JSQuAD|XL-Sum|MGSM|WMT20-en-ja|WMT20-ja-en|
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| | |4-shot|4-shot|4-shot|4-shot|1-shot|4-shot|4-shot|4-shot|
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|Llama 2|7B|0.3852|0.4240|0.3410|0.7917|0.1905|0.0760|0.1783|0.1738|
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|Swallow|7B|0.4808|0.5078|0.5968|0.8573|0.1830|0.1240|0.2510|0.1511|
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|Llama 2|13B|0.6997|0.4415|0.4170|0.8533|0.2139|0.1320|0.2146|0.1982|
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|Swallow|13B|0.7837|0.5063|0.6398|0.9005|0.2168|0.2040|0.2720|0.1771|
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|Llama 2|70B|0.8686|0.4656|0.5256|0.9080|**0.2361**|0.3560|0.2643|**0.2398**|
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|Swallow|70B|**0.9348**|**0.6290**|**0.6960**|**0.9176**|0.2266|**0.4840**|**0.3043**|0.2298|
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## Usage
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First install additional dependencies in [requirements.txt](./requirements.txt):
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```sh
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pip install -r requirements.txt
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```
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### Use the instruct model
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```python
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import torch
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from transformers import AutoTokenizer, AutoModelForCausalLM
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model_name = "tokyotech-llm/Swallow-7b-instruct-hf"
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tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(model_name)
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model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained(model_name, torch_dtype=torch.bfloat16, low_cpu_mem_usage=True, device_map="auto")
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PROMPT_DICT = {
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"prompt_input": (
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"以下に、あるタスクを説明する指示があり、それに付随する入力が更なる文脈を提供しています。"
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"リクエストを適切に完了するための回答を記述してください。\n\n"
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"### 指示:\n{instruction}\n\n### 入力:\n{input}\n\n### 応答:"
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),
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"prompt_no_input": (
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"以下に、あるタスクを説明する指示があります。"
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"リクエストを適切に完了するための回答を記述してください。\n\n"
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"### 指示:\n{instruction}\n\n### 応答:"
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),
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}
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def create_prompt(instruction, input=None):
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"""
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Generates a prompt based on the given instruction and an optional input.
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If input is provided, it uses the 'prompt_input' template from PROMPT_DICT.
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If no input is provided, it uses the 'prompt_no_input' template.
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Args:
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instruction (str): The instruction describing the task.
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input (str, optional): Additional input providing context for the task. Default is None.
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Returns:
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str: The generated prompt.
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"""
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if input:
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# Use the 'prompt_input' template when additional input is provided
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return PROMPT_DICT["prompt_input"].format(instruction=instruction, input=input)
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else:
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# Use the 'prompt_no_input' template when no additional input is provided
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return PROMPT_DICT["prompt_no_input"].format(instruction=instruction)
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# Example usage
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instruction_example = "以下のトピックに関する詳細な情報を提供してください。"
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input_example = "東京工業大学の主なキャンパスについて教えてください"
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prompt = create_prompt(instruction_example, input_example)
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input_ids = tokenizer.encode(
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prompt,
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add_special_tokens=False,
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return_tensors="pt"
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)
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tokens = model.generate(
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input_ids.to(device=model.device),
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max_new_tokens=128,
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temperature=0.99,
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top_p=0.95,
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do_sample=True,
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)
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out = tokenizer.decode(tokens[0], skip_special_tokens=True)
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print(out)
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```
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### Use the base model
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```python
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import torch
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from transformers import AutoTokenizer, AutoModelForCausalLM
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model_name = "tokyotech-llm/Swallow-7b-hf"
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tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(model_name)
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model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained(model_name, torch_dtype=torch.bfloat16, device_map="auto")
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prompt = "東京工業大学の主なキャンパスは、"
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input_ids = tokenizer.encode(
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prompt,
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add_special_tokens=False,
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return_tensors="pt"
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)
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tokens = model.generate(
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input_ids.to(device=model.device),
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max_new_tokens=128,
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temperature=0.99,
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top_p=0.95,
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do_sample=True,
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)
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out = tokenizer.decode(tokens[0], skip_special_tokens=True)
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print(out)
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```
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## Training Datasets
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### Continual Pre-Training
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The following datasets were used for continual pre-training.
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- [Japanese Wikipedia](https://dumps.wikimedia.org/other/cirrussearch)
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- [RefinedWeb](https://huggingface.co/datasets/tiiuae/falcon-refinedweb)
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- Swallow Corpus
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- [The Pile](https://huggingface.co/datasets/EleutherAI/pile)
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### Instruction Tuning
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The following datasets were used for the instruction tuning.
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- [Anthropic HH-RLHF](https://huggingface.co/datasets/kunishou/hh-rlhf-49k-ja)
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- [Databricks Dolly 15-k](https://huggingface.co/datasets/kunishou/databricks-dolly-15k-ja)
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- [OpenAssistant Conversations Dataset](https://huggingface.co/datasets/kunishou/oasst1-89k-ja)
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## Risks and Limitations
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The models released here are still in the early stages of our research and development and have not been tuned to ensure outputs align with human intent and safety considerations.
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## Acknowledgements
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We thank Meta Research for releasing Llama 2 under an open license for others to build on.
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Our project is supported by the [ABCI Large-scale Language Model Building Support Program](https://abci.ai/en/link/llm_support_program.html) of the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology.
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## License
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Llama 2 is licensed under the LLAMA 2 Community License, Copyright © Meta Platforms, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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## Authors
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Here are the team members:
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- From [Okazaki Laboratory](https://www.nlp.c.titech.ac.jp/index.en.html), the following members:
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- [Naoaki Okazaki](https://www.chokkan.org/index.ja.html)
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- [Sakae Mizuki](https://s-mizuki-nlp.github.io/)
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- [Hiroki Iida](https://meshidenn.github.io/)
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- [Mengsay Loem](https://loem-ms.github.io/)
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- [Shota Hirai](https://huggingface.co/Kotemo428)
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- [Kakeru Hattori](https://aya-se.vercel.app/)
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- [Masanari Ohi](https://twitter.com/stjohn2007)
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- From [YOKOTA Laboratory](https://www.rio.gsic.titech.ac.jp/en/index.html), the following members:
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- [Rio Yokota](https://twitter.com/rioyokota)
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- [Kazuki Fujii](https://twitter.com/okoge_kaz)
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- [Taishi Nakamura](https://twitter.com/Setuna7777_2)
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