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--- |
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pipeline_tag: sentence-similarity |
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tags: |
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- sentence-transformers |
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- feature-extraction |
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- sentence-similarity |
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language: en |
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license: apache-2.0 |
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datasets: |
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- s2orc |
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- flax-sentence-embeddings/stackexchange_xml |
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- MS Marco |
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- gooaq |
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- yahoo_answers_topics |
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- code_search_net |
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- search_qa |
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- eli5 |
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- snli |
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- multi_nli |
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- wikihow |
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- natural_questions |
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- trivia_qa |
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- embedding-data/sentence-compression |
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- embedding-data/flickr30k-captions |
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- embedding-data/altlex |
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- embedding-data/simple-wiki |
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- embedding-data/QQP |
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- embedding-data/SPECTER |
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- embedding-data/PAQ_pairs |
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--- |
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# all-MiniLM-L6-v2 |
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This is a [sentence-transformers](https://www.SBERT.net) model: It maps sentences & paragraphs to a 384 dimensional dense vector space and can be used for tasks like clustering or semantic search. |
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## Usage (Sentence-Transformers) |
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Using this model becomes easy when you have [sentence-transformers](https://www.SBERT.net) installed: |
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``` |
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pip install -U sentence-transformers |
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``` |
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Then you can use the model like this: |
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```python |
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from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer |
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sentences = ["This is an example sentence", "Each sentence is converted"] |
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model = SentenceTransformer('sentence-transformers/all-MiniLM-L6-v2') |
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embeddings = model.encode(sentences) |
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print(embeddings) |
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``` |
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## Usage (HuggingFace Transformers) |
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Without [sentence-transformers](https://www.SBERT.net), you can use the model like this: First, you pass your input through the transformer model, then you have to apply the right pooling-operation on-top of the contextualized word embeddings. |
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```python |
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from transformers import AutoTokenizer, AutoModel |
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import torch |
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import torch.nn.functional as F |
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#Mean Pooling - Take attention mask into account for correct averaging |
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def mean_pooling(model_output, attention_mask): |
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token_embeddings = model_output[0] #First element of model_output contains all token embeddings |
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input_mask_expanded = attention_mask.unsqueeze(-1).expand(token_embeddings.size()).float() |
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return torch.sum(token_embeddings * input_mask_expanded, 1) / torch.clamp(input_mask_expanded.sum(1), min=1e-9) |
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# Sentences we want sentence embeddings for |
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sentences = ['This is an example sentence', 'Each sentence is converted'] |
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# Load model from HuggingFace Hub |
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tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained('sentence-transformers/all-MiniLM-L6-v2') |
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model = AutoModel.from_pretrained('sentence-transformers/all-MiniLM-L6-v2') |
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# Tokenize sentences |
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encoded_input = tokenizer(sentences, padding=True, truncation=True, return_tensors='pt') |
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# Compute token embeddings |
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with torch.no_grad(): |
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model_output = model(**encoded_input) |
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# Perform pooling |
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sentence_embeddings = mean_pooling(model_output, encoded_input['attention_mask']) |
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# Normalize embeddings |
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sentence_embeddings = F.normalize(sentence_embeddings, p=2, dim=1) |
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print("Sentence embeddings:") |
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print(sentence_embeddings) |
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``` |
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## Evaluation Results |
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For an automated evaluation of this model, see the *Sentence Embeddings Benchmark*: [https://seb.sbert.net](https://seb.sbert.net?model_name=sentence-transformers/all-MiniLM-L6-v2) |
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------ |
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## Background |
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The project aims to train sentence embedding models on very large sentence level datasets using a self-supervised |
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contrastive learning objective. We used the pretrained [`nreimers/MiniLM-L6-H384-uncased`](https://huggingface.co/nreimers/MiniLM-L6-H384-uncased) model and fine-tuned in on a |
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1B sentence pairs dataset. We use a contrastive learning objective: given a sentence from the pair, the model should predict which out of a set of randomly sampled other sentences, was actually paired with it in our dataset. |
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We developped this model during the |
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[Community week using JAX/Flax for NLP & CV](https://discuss.huggingface.co/t/open-to-the-community-community-week-using-jax-flax-for-nlp-cv/7104), |
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organized by Hugging Face. We developped this model as part of the project: |
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[Train the Best Sentence Embedding Model Ever with 1B Training Pairs](https://discuss.huggingface.co/t/train-the-best-sentence-embedding-model-ever-with-1b-training-pairs/7354). We benefited from efficient hardware infrastructure to run the project: 7 TPUs v3-8, as well as intervention from Googles Flax, JAX, and Cloud team member about efficient deep learning frameworks. |
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## Intended uses |
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Our model is intented to be used as a sentence and short paragraph encoder. Given an input text, it ouptuts a vector which captures |
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the semantic information. The sentence vector may be used for information retrieval, clustering or sentence similarity tasks. |
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By default, input text longer than 256 word pieces is truncated. |
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## Training procedure |
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### Pre-training |
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We use the pretrained [`nreimers/MiniLM-L6-H384-uncased`](https://huggingface.co/nreimers/MiniLM-L6-H384-uncased) model. Please refer to the model card for more detailed information about the pre-training procedure. |
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### Fine-tuning |
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We fine-tune the model using a contrastive objective. Formally, we compute the cosine similarity from each possible sentence pairs from the batch. |
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We then apply the cross entropy loss by comparing with true pairs. |
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#### Hyper parameters |
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We trained ou model on a TPU v3-8. We train the model during 100k steps using a batch size of 1024 (128 per TPU core). |
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We use a learning rate warm up of 500. The sequence length was limited to 128 tokens. We used the AdamW optimizer with |
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a 2e-5 learning rate. The full training script is accessible in this current repository: `train_script.py`. |
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#### Training data |
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We use the concatenation from multiple datasets to fine-tune our model. The total number of sentence pairs is above 1 billion sentences. |
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We sampled each dataset given a weighted probability which configuration is detailed in the `data_config.json` file. |
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| Dataset | Paper | Number of training tuples | |
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|--------------------------------------------------------|:----------------------------------------:|:--------------------------:| |
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| [Reddit comments (2015-2018)](https://github.com/PolyAI-LDN/conversational-datasets/tree/master/reddit) | [paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/1904.06472) | 726,484,430 | |
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| [S2ORC](https://github.com/allenai/s2orc) Citation pairs (Abstracts) | [paper](https://aclanthology.org/2020.acl-main.447/) | 116,288,806 | |
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| [WikiAnswers](https://github.com/afader/oqa#wikianswers-corpus) Duplicate question pairs | [paper](https://doi.org/10.1145/2623330.2623677) | 77,427,422 | |
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| [PAQ](https://github.com/facebookresearch/PAQ) (Question, Answer) pairs | [paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2102.07033) | 64,371,441 | |
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| [S2ORC](https://github.com/allenai/s2orc) Citation pairs (Titles) | [paper](https://aclanthology.org/2020.acl-main.447/) | 52,603,982 | |
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| [S2ORC](https://github.com/allenai/s2orc) (Title, Abstract) | [paper](https://aclanthology.org/2020.acl-main.447/) | 41,769,185 | |
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| [Stack Exchange](https://huggingface.co/datasets/flax-sentence-embeddings/stackexchange_xml) (Title, Body) pairs | - | 25,316,456 | |
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| [Stack Exchange](https://huggingface.co/datasets/flax-sentence-embeddings/stackexchange_xml) (Title+Body, Answer) pairs | - | 21,396,559 | |
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| [Stack Exchange](https://huggingface.co/datasets/flax-sentence-embeddings/stackexchange_xml) (Title, Answer) pairs | - | 21,396,559 | |
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| [MS MARCO](https://microsoft.github.io/msmarco/) triplets | [paper](https://doi.org/10.1145/3404835.3462804) | 9,144,553 | |
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| [GOOAQ: Open Question Answering with Diverse Answer Types](https://github.com/allenai/gooaq) | [paper](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2104.08727.pdf) | 3,012,496 | |
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| [Yahoo Answers](https://www.kaggle.com/soumikrakshit/yahoo-answers-dataset) (Title, Answer) | [paper](https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2015/hash/250cf8b51c773f3f8dc8b4be867a9a02-Abstract.html) | 1,198,260 | |
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| [Code Search](https://huggingface.co/datasets/code_search_net) | - | 1,151,414 | |
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| [COCO](https://cocodataset.org/#home) Image captions | [paper](https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-319-10602-1_48) | 828,395| |
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| [SPECTER](https://github.com/allenai/specter) citation triplets | [paper](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2020.acl-main.207) | 684,100 | |
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| [Yahoo Answers](https://www.kaggle.com/soumikrakshit/yahoo-answers-dataset) (Question, Answer) | [paper](https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2015/hash/250cf8b51c773f3f8dc8b4be867a9a02-Abstract.html) | 681,164 | |
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| [Yahoo Answers](https://www.kaggle.com/soumikrakshit/yahoo-answers-dataset) (Title, Question) | [paper](https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2015/hash/250cf8b51c773f3f8dc8b4be867a9a02-Abstract.html) | 659,896 | |
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| [SearchQA](https://huggingface.co/datasets/search_qa) | [paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/1704.05179) | 582,261 | |
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| [Eli5](https://huggingface.co/datasets/eli5) | [paper](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/p19-1346) | 325,475 | |
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| [Flickr 30k](https://shannon.cs.illinois.edu/DenotationGraph/) | [paper](https://transacl.org/ojs/index.php/tacl/article/view/229/33) | 317,695 | |
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| [Stack Exchange](https://huggingface.co/datasets/flax-sentence-embeddings/stackexchange_xml) Duplicate questions (titles) | | 304,525 | |
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| AllNLI ([SNLI](https://nlp.stanford.edu/projects/snli/) and [MultiNLI](https://cims.nyu.edu/~sbowman/multinli/) | [paper SNLI](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/d15-1075), [paper MultiNLI](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/n18-1101) | 277,230 | |
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| [Stack Exchange](https://huggingface.co/datasets/flax-sentence-embeddings/stackexchange_xml) Duplicate questions (bodies) | | 250,519 | |
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| [Stack Exchange](https://huggingface.co/datasets/flax-sentence-embeddings/stackexchange_xml) Duplicate questions (titles+bodies) | | 250,460 | |
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| [Sentence Compression](https://github.com/google-research-datasets/sentence-compression) | [paper](https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1155/) | 180,000 | |
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| [Wikihow](https://github.com/pvl/wikihow_pairs_dataset) | [paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.09305) | 128,542 | |
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| [Altlex](https://github.com/chridey/altlex/) | [paper](https://aclanthology.org/P16-1135.pdf) | 112,696 | |
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| [Quora Question Triplets](https://quoradata.quora.com/First-Quora-Dataset-Release-Question-Pairs) | - | 103,663 | |
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| [Simple Wikipedia](https://cs.pomona.edu/~dkauchak/simplification/) | [paper](https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2117/) | 102,225 | |
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| [Natural Questions (NQ)](https://ai.google.com/research/NaturalQuestions) | [paper](https://transacl.org/ojs/index.php/tacl/article/view/1455) | 100,231 | |
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| [SQuAD2.0](https://rajpurkar.github.io/SQuAD-explorer/) | [paper](https://aclanthology.org/P18-2124.pdf) | 87,599 | |
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| [TriviaQA](https://huggingface.co/datasets/trivia_qa) | - | 73,346 | |
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| **Total** | | **1,170,060,424** | |
