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---
language:
- zh
- en
tags:
- qwen
pipeline_tag: text-generation
inference: false
---
# Qwen-VL
<br>
<p align="center">
<img src="https://qianwen-res.oss-cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com/logo_vl.jpg" width="400"/>
<p>
<br>
<p align="center">
Qwen-VL
<a href="https://huggingface.co/Qwen/Qwen-VL">🤗</a>
<a href="https://modelscope.cn/models/qwen/Qwen-VL/summary">🤖</a>&nbsp ｜
Qwen-VL-Chat
<a href="https://huggingface.co/Qwen/Qwen-VL-Chat">🤗</a>
<a href="https://modelscope.cn/models/qwen/Qwen-VL-Chat/summary">🤖</a>&nbsp
(Int4:
<a href="https://huggingface.co/Qwen/Qwen-VL-Chat-Int4">🤗</a>
<a href="https://modelscope.cn/models/qwen/Qwen-VL-Chat-Int4/summary">🤖</a>&nbsp) ｜
Qwen-VL-Plus
<a href="https://huggingface.co/spaces/Qwen/Qwen-VL-Plus">🤗</a>
<a href="https://modelscope.cn/studios/qwen/Qwen-VL-Chat-Demo/summary">🤖</a>&nbsp ｜
Qwen-VL-Max
<a href="https://huggingface.co/spaces/Qwen/Qwen-VL-Max">🤗</a>
<a href="https://modelscope.cn/studios/qwen/Qwen-VL-Max/summary">🤖</a>&nbsp
<br>
<a href="https://tongyi.aliyun.com/qianwen">Web</a>&nbsp&nbsp | &nbsp&nbsp
<a href="https://help.aliyun.com/zh/dashscope/developer-reference/vl-plus-quick-start">API</a>&nbsp&nbsp | &nbsp&nbsp
<a href="assets/wechat.png">WeChat</a>&nbsp&nbsp | &nbsp&nbsp
<a href="https://discord.gg/z3GAxXZ9Ce">Discord</a>&nbsp&nbsp | &nbsp&nbsp
<a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2308.12966">Paper</a>&nbsp&nbsp | &nbsp&nbsp
<a href="TUTORIAL.md">Tutorial</a>
</p>
<br>
**Qwen-VL** 是阿里云研发的大规模视觉语言模型（Large Vision Language Model, LVLM）。Qwen-VL 可以以图像、文本、检测框作为输入，并以文本和检测框作为输出。Qwen-VL 系列模型性能强大，具备多语言对话、多图交错对话等能力，并支持中文开放域定位和细粒度图像识别与理解。
**Qwen-VL** (Qwen Large Vision Language Model) is the visual multimodal version of the large model series, Qwen (abbr. Tongyi Qianwen), proposed by Alibaba Cloud. Qwen-VL accepts image, text, and bounding box as inputs, outputs text and bounding box. The features of Qwen-VL include:
目前，我们提供了Qwen-VL和Qwen-VL-Chat两个模型，分别为预训练模型和Chat模型。如果想了解更多关于模型的信息，请点击[链接](https://github.com/QwenLM/Qwen-VL/blob/master/visual_memo.md)查看我们的技术备忘录。本仓库为Qwen-VL-Chat仓库。
We release Qwen-VL and Qwen-VL-Chat, which are pretrained model and Chat model respectively. For more details about Qwen-VL, please refer to our [technical memo](https://github.com/QwenLM/Qwen-VL/blob/master/visual_memo.md). This repo is the one for Qwen-VL.
<br>
## 安装要求 (Requirements)
* python 3.8及以上版本
* pytorch 1.12及以上版本，推荐2.0及以上版本
* 建议使用CUDA 11.4及以上（GPU用户需考虑此选项）
* python 3.8 and above
* pytorch 1.12 and above, 2.0 and above are recommended
* CUDA 11.4 and above are recommended (this is for GPU users)
<br>
## 快速开始 (Quickstart)
我们提供简单的示例来说明如何利用 🤗 Transformers 快速使用 Qwen-VL。
在开始前，请确保你已经配置好环境并安装好相关的代码包。最重要的是，确保你满足上述要求，然后安装相关的依赖库。
Below, we provide simple examples to show how to use Qwen-VL with 🤗 Transformers.
Before running the code, make sure you have setup the environment and installed the required packages. Make sure you meet the above requirements, and then install the dependent libraries.
```bash
pip install -r requirements.txt
```
接下来你可以开始使用Transformers来使用我们的模型。关于视觉模块的更多用法，请参考[教程](TUTORIAL.md)。
Now you can start with Transformers. More usage aboue vision encoder, please refer to [tutorial](TUTORIAL_zh.md).
#### 🤗 Transformers
To use Qwen-VL for the inference, all you need to do is to input a few lines of codes as demonstrated below. However, **please make sure that you are using the latest code.**
```python
from transformers import AutoModelForCausalLM, AutoTokenizer
from transformers.generation import GenerationConfig
import torch
torch.manual_seed(1234)
tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("Qwen/Qwen-VL", trust_remote_code=True)
# use bf16
# model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained("Qwen/Qwen-VL", device_map="auto", trust_remote_code=True, bf16=True).eval()
# use fp16
# model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained("Qwen/Qwen-VL", device_map="auto", trust_remote_code=True, fp16=True).eval()
# use cpu only
# model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained("Qwen/Qwen-VL", device_map="cpu", trust_remote_code=True).eval()
# use cuda device
model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained("Qwen/Qwen-VL", device_map="cuda", trust_remote_code=True).eval()
# Specify hyperparameters for generation (No need to do this if you are using transformers>=4.32.0)
# model.generation_config = GenerationConfig.from_pretrained("Qwen/Qwen-VL", trust_remote_code=True)
query = tokenizer.from_list_format([
{'image': 'https://qianwen-res.oss-cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com/Qwen-VL/assets/demo.jpeg'},
{'text': 'Generate the caption in English with grounding:'},
])
inputs = tokenizer(query, return_tensors='pt')
inputs = inputs.to(model.device)
pred = model.generate(**inputs)
response = tokenizer.decode(pred.cpu()[0], skip_special_tokens=False)
print(response)
# <img>https://qianwen-res.oss-cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com/Qwen-VL/assets/demo.jpeg</img>Generate the caption in English with grounding:<ref> Woman</ref><box>(451,379),(731,806)</box> and<ref> her dog</ref><box>(219,424),(576,896)</box> playing on the beach<|endoftext|>
image = tokenizer.draw_bbox_on_latest_picture(response)
if image:
image.save('2.jpg')
else:
print("no box")
```
<p align="center">
<img src="https://qianwen-res.oss-cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com/Qwen-VL/assets/demo_spotting_caption.jpg" width="500"/>
<p>
<br>
## 评测
我们从两个角度评测了两个模型的能力：
1. 在**英文标准 Benchmark** 上评测模型的基础任务能力。目前评测了四大类多模态任务：
- Zero-shot Caption: 评测模型在未见过数据集上的零样本图片描述能力；
- General VQA: 评测模型的通用问答能力，例如判断题、颜色、个数、类目等问答能力；
- Text-based VQA：评测模型对于图片中文字相关的识别/问答能力，例如文档问答、图表问答、文字问答等；
- Referring Expression Compression：评测模型给定物体描述画检测框的能力；
2. **试金石 (TouchStone)**：为了评测模型整体的图文对话能力和人类对齐水平。我们为此构建了一个基于 GPT4 打分来评测 LVLM 模型的 Benchmark：TouchStone。在 TouchStone-v0.1 中：
- 评测基准总计涵盖 300+张图片、800+道题目、27个类别。包括基础属性问答、人物地标问答、影视作品问答、视觉推理、反事实推理、诗歌创作、故事写作，商品比较、图片解题等**尽可能广泛的类别**。
- 为了弥补目前 GPT4 无法直接读取图片的缺陷，我们给所有的带评测图片提供了**人工标注的充分详细描述**，并且将图片的详细描述、问题和模型的输出结果一起交给 GPT4 打分。
- 评测同时包含英文版本和中文版本。
评测结果如下：
We evaluated the model's ability from two perspectives:
1. **Standard Benchmarks**: We evaluate the model's basic task capabilities on four major categories of multimodal tasks:
- Zero-shot Caption: Evaluate model's zero-shot image captioning ability on unseen datasets;
- General VQA: Evaluate the general question-answering ability of pictures, such as the judgment, color, number, category, etc;
- Text-based VQA: Evaluate the model's ability to recognize text in pictures, such as document QA, chart QA, etc;
- Referring Expression Comprehension: Evaluate the ability to localize a target object in an image described by a referring expression.
2. **TouchStone**: To evaluate the overall text-image dialogue capability and alignment level with humans, we have constructed a benchmark called TouchStone, which is based on scoring with GPT4 to evaluate the LVLM model.
- The TouchStone benchmark covers a total of 300+ images, 800+ questions, and 27 categories. Such as attribute-based Q&A, celebrity recognition, writing poetry, summarizing multiple images, product comparison, math problem solving, etc;
- In order to break the current limitation of GPT4 in terms of direct image input, TouchStone provides fine-grained image annotations by human labeling. These detailed annotations, along with the questions and the model's output, are then presented to GPT4 for scoring.
- The benchmark includes both English and Chinese versions.
The results of the evaluation are as follows:
Qwen-VL outperforms current SOTA generalist models on multiple VL tasks and has a more comprehensive coverage in terms of capability range.
<p align="center">
<img src="https://qianwen-res.oss-cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com/Qwen-VL/assets/radar.png" width="600"/>
<p>
### 零样本图像描述 & 通用视觉问答 (Zero-shot Captioning & General VQA)
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th rowspan="2">Model type</th>
<th rowspan="2">Model</th>
<th colspan="2">Zero-shot Captioning</th>
<th colspan="5">General VQA</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>NoCaps</th>
<th>Flickr30K</th>
<th>VQAv2<sup>dev</sup></th>
<th>OK-VQA</th>
<th>GQA</th>
<th>SciQA-Img<br>(0-shot)</th>
<th>VizWiz<br>(0-shot)</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody align="center">
<tr>
<td rowspan="10">Generalist<br>Models</td>
<td>Flamingo-9B</td>
<td>-</td>
<td>61.5</td>
<td>51.8</td>
<td>44.7</td>
<td>-</td>
<td>-</td>
<td>28.8</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Flamingo-80B</td>
<td>-</td>
<td>67.2</td>
<td>56.3</td>
<td>50.6</td>
<td>-</td>
<td>-</td>
<td>31.6</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Unified-IO-XL</td>
<td>100.0</td>
<td>-</td>
<td>77.9</td>
<td>54.0</td>
<td>-</td>
<td>-</td>
<td>-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Kosmos-1</td>
<td>-</td>
<td>67.1</td>
<td>51.0</td>
<td>-</td>
<td>-</td>
<td>-</td>
<td>29.2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Kosmos-2</td>
<td>-</td>
<td>66.7</td>
<td>45.6</td>
<td>-</td>
<td>-</td>
<td>-</td>
<td>-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>BLIP-2 (Vicuna-13B)</td>
<td>103.9</td>
<td>71.6</td>
<td>65.0</td>
<td>45.9</td>
<td>32.3</td>
<td>61.0</td>
<td>19.6</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>InstructBLIP (Vicuna-13B)</td>
<td><strong>121.9</strong></td>
<td>82.8</td>
<td>-</td>
<td>-</td>
<td>49.5</td>
<td>63.1</td>
<td>33.4</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Shikra (Vicuna-13B)</td>
<td>-</td>
<td>73.9</td>
<td>77.36</td>
<td>47.16</td>
<td>-</td>
<td>-</td>
<td>-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>Qwen-VL (Qwen-7B)</strong></td>
<td>121.4</td>
<td><b>85.8</b></td>
<td><b>78.8</b></td>
<td><b>58.6</b></td>
<td><b>59.3</b></td>
<td>67.1</td>
<td>35.2</td>
</tr>
<!-- <tr>
<td>Qwen-VL (4-shot)</td>
<td>-</td>
<td>-</td>
<td>-</td>
<td>63.6</td>
<td>-</td>
<td>-</td>
<td>39.1</td>
</tr> -->
<tr>
<td>Qwen-VL-Chat</td>
<td>120.2</td>
<td>81.0</td>
<td>78.2</td>
<td>56.6</td>
<td>57.5</td>
<td><b>68.2</b></td>
<td><b>38.9</b></td>
</tr>
<!-- <tr>
<td>Qwen-VL-Chat (4-shot)</td>
<td>-</td>
<td>-</td>
<td>-</td>
<td>60.6</td>
<td>-</td>
<td>-</td>
<td>44.45</td>
</tr> -->
<tr>
<td>Previous SOTA<br>(Per Task Fine-tuning)</td>
<td>-</td>
<td>127.0<br>(PALI-17B)</td>
<td>84.5<br>(InstructBLIP<br>-FlanT5-XL)</td>
<td>86.1<br>(PALI-X<br>-55B)</td>
<td>66.1<br>(PALI-X<br>-55B)</td>
<td>72.1<br>(CFR)</td>
<td>92.53<br>(LLaVa+<br>GPT-4)</td>
<td>70.9<br>(PALI-X<br>-55B)</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
- 在 Zero-shot Caption 中，Qwen-VL 在 Flickr30K 数据集上取得了 **SOTA** 的结果，并在 Nocaps 数据集上取得了和 InstructBlip 可竞争的结果。
- 在 General VQA 中，Qwen-VL 取得了 LVLM 模型同等量级和设定下 **SOTA** 的结果。
- For zero-shot image captioning, Qwen-VL achieves the **SOTA** on Flickr30K and competitive results on Nocaps with InstructBlip.
- For general VQA, Qwen-VL achieves the **SOTA** under the same generalist LVLM scale settings.
### 文本导向的视觉问答 (Text-oriented VQA)
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Model type</th>
<th>Model</th>
<th>TextVQA</th>
<th>DocVQA</th>
<th>ChartQA</th>
<th>AI2D</th>
<th>OCR-VQA</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody align="center">
<tr>
<td rowspan="5">Generalist Models</td>
<td>BLIP-2 (Vicuna-13B)</td>
<td>42.4</td>
<td>-</td>
<td>-</td>
<td>-</td>
<td>-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>InstructBLIP (Vicuna-13B)</td>
<td>50.7</td>
<td>-</td>
<td>-</td>
<td>-</td>
<td>-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>mPLUG-DocOwl (LLaMA-7B)</td>
<td>52.6</td>
<td>62.2</td>
<td>57.4</td>
<td>-</td>
<td>-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Pic2Struct-Large (1.3B)</td>
<td>-</td>
<td><b>76.6</b></td>
<td>58.6</td>
<td>42.1</td>
<td>71.3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Qwen-VL (Qwen-7B)</td>
<td><b>63.8</b></td>
<td>65.1</td>
<td><b>65.7</b></td>
<td><b>62.3</b></td>
<td><b>75.7</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Specialist SOTAs<br>(Specialist/Finetuned)</td>
<td>PALI-X-55B (Single-task FT)<br>(Without OCR Pipeline)</td>
<td>71.44</td>
<td>80.0</td>
<td>70.0</td>
<td>81.2</td>
<td>75.0</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
- 在文字相关的识别/问答评测上，取得了当前规模下通用 LVLM 达到的最好结果。
- 分辨率对上述某几个评测非常重要，大部分 224 分辨率的开源 LVLM 模型无法完成以上评测，或只能通过切图的方式解决。Qwen-VL 将分辨率提升到 448，可以直接以端到端的方式进行以上评测。Qwen-VL 在很多任务上甚至超过了 1024 分辨率的 Pic2Struct-Large 模型。
- In text-related recognition/QA evaluation, Qwen-VL achieves the SOTA under the generalist LVLM scale settings.
- Resolution is important for several above evaluations. While most open-source LVLM models with 224 resolution are incapable of these evaluations or can only solve these by cutting images, Qwen-VL scales the resolution to 448 so that it can be evaluated end-to-end. Qwen-VL even outperforms Pic2Struct-Large models of 1024 resolution on some tasks.
### 细粒度视觉定位 (Referring Expression Comprehension)
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th rowspan="2">Model type</th>
<th rowspan="2">Model</th>
<th colspan="3">RefCOCO</th>
<th colspan="3">RefCOCO+</th>
<th colspan="2">RefCOCOg</th>
<th>GRIT</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>val</th>
<th>test-A</th>
<th>test-B</th>
<th>val</th>
<th>test-A</th>
<th>test-B</th>
<th>val-u</th>
<th>test-u</th>
<th>refexp</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody align="center">
<tr>
<td rowspan="8">Generalist Models</td>
<td>GPV-2</td>
<td>-</td>
<td>-</td>
<td>-</td>
<td>-</td>
<td>-</td>
<td>-</td>
<td>-</td>
<td>-</td>
<td>51.50</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>OFA-L*</td>
<td>79.96</td>
<td>83.67</td>
<td>76.39</td>
<td>68.29</td>
<td>76.00</td>
<td>61.75</td>
<td>67.57</td>
<td>67.58</td>
<td>61.70</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Unified-IO</td>
<td>-</td>
<td>-</td>
<td>-</td>
<td>-</td>
<td>-</td>
<td>-</td>
<td>-</td>
<td>-</td>
<td><b>78.61</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>VisionLLM-H</td>
<td></td>
<td>86.70</td>
<td>-</td>
<td>-</td>
<td>-</td>
<td>-</td>
<td>-</td>
<td>-</td>
<td>-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Shikra-7B</td>
<td>87.01</td>
<td>90.61</td>
<td>80.24 </td>
<td>81.60</td>
<td>87.36</td>
<td>72.12</td>
<td>82.27</td>
<td>82.19</td>
<td>69.34</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Shikra-13B</td>
<td>87.83 </td>
<td>91.11</td>
<td>81.81</td>
<td>82.89</td>
<td>87.79</td>
<td>74.41</td>
<td>82.64</td>
<td>83.16</td>
<td>69.03</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Qwen-VL-7B</td>
<td><b>89.36</b></td>
<td>92.26</td>
<td><b>85.34</b></td>
<td><b>83.12</b></td>
<td>88.25</td>
<td><b>77.21</b></td>
<td>85.58</td>
<td>85.48</td>
<td>78.22</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Qwen-VL-7B-Chat</td>
<td>88.55</td>
<td><b>92.27</b></td>
<td>84.51</td>
<td>82.82</td>
<td><b>88.59</b></td>
<td>76.79</td>
<td><b>85.96</b></td>
<td><b>86.32</b></td>
<td>-</td>
<tr>
<td rowspan="3">Specialist SOTAs<br>(Specialist/Finetuned)</td>
<td>G-DINO-L</td>
<td>90.56&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
<td>93.19</td>
<td>88.24</td>
<td>82.75</td>
<td>88.95</td>
<td>75.92</td>
<td>86.13</td>
<td>87.02</td>
<td>-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>UNINEXT-H</td>
<td>92.64 </td>
<td>94.33</td>
<td>91.46</td>
<td>85.24</td>
<td>89.63</td>
<td>79.79</td>
<td>88.73</td>
<td>89.37</td>
<td>-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ONE-PEACE</td>
<td>92.58 </td>
<td>94.18</td>
<td>89.26</td>
<td>88.77</td>
<td>92.21</td>
<td>83.23</td>
<td>89.22</td>
<td>89.27</td>
<td>-</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
- 在定位任务上，Qwen-VL 全面超过 Shikra-13B，取得了目前 Generalist LVLM 模型上在 Refcoco 上的 **SOTA**。
- Qwen-VL 并没有在任何中文定位数据上训练过，但通过中文 Caption 数据和 英文 Grounding 数据的训练，可以 Zero-shot 泛化出中文 Grounding 能力。
我们提供了以上**所有**评测脚本以供复现我们的实验结果。请阅读 [eval/EVALUATION.md](eval/EVALUATION.md) 了解更多信息。
- Qwen-VL achieves the **SOTA** in all above referring expression comprehension benchmarks.
- Qwen-VL has not been trained on any Chinese grounding data, but it can still generalize to the Chinese Grounding tasks in a zero-shot way by training Chinese Caption data and English Grounding data.
We provide all of the above evaluation scripts for reproducing our experimental results. Please read [eval/EVALUATION.md](eval/EVALUATION.md) for more information.
### 闲聊能力测评 (Chat Evaluation)
TouchStone 是一个基于 GPT4 打分来评测 LVLM 模型的图文对话能力和人类对齐水平的基准。它涵盖了 300+张图片、800+道题目、27个类别，包括基础属性、人物地标、视觉推理、诗歌创作、故事写作、商品比较、图片解题等**尽可能广泛的类别**。关于 TouchStone 的详细介绍，请参考[touchstone/README_CN.md](touchstone/README_CN.md)了解更多信息。
TouchStone is a benchmark based on scoring with GPT4 to evaluate the abilities of the LVLM model on text-image dialogue and alignment levels with humans. It covers a total of 300+ images, 800+ questions, and 27 categories, such as attribute-based Q&A, celebrity recognition, writing poetry, summarizing multiple images, product comparison, math problem solving, etc. Please read [touchstone/README_CN.md](touchstone/README.md) for more information.
#### 英语 (English)
| Model | Score |
|---------------|-------|
| PandaGPT | 488.5 |
| MiniGPT4 | 531.7 |
| InstructBLIP | 552.4 |
| LLaMA-AdapterV2 | 590.1 |
| mPLUG-Owl | 605.4 |
| LLaVA | 602.7 |
| Qwen-VL-Chat | 645.2 |
#### 中文 (Chinese)
| Model | Score |
|---------------|-------|
| VisualGLM | 247.1 |
| Qwen-VL-Chat | 401.2 |
Qwen-VL-Chat 模型在中英文的对齐评测中均取得当前 LVLM 模型下的最好结果。
Qwen-VL-Chat has achieved the best results in both Chinese and English alignment evaluation.
<br>
## 常见问题 (FAQ)
如遇到问题，敬请查阅 [FAQ](https://github.com/QwenLM/Qwen-VL/blob/master/FAQ_zh.md)以及issue区，如仍无法解决再提交issue。
If you meet problems, please refer to [FAQ](https://github.com/QwenLM/Qwen-VL/blob/master/FAQ.md) and the issues first to search a solution before you launch a new issue.
<br>
## 使用协议 (License Agreement)
研究人员与开发者可使用Qwen-VL和Qwen-VL-Chat或进行二次开发。我们同样允许商业使用，具体细节请查看[LICENSE](https://github.com/QwenLM/Qwen-VL/blob/master/LICENSE)。如需商用，请填写[问卷](https://dashscope.console.aliyun.com/openModelApply/qianwen)申请。
Researchers and developers are free to use the codes and model weights of both Qwen-VL and Qwen-VL-Chat. We also allow their commercial use. Check our license at [LICENSE](LICENSE) for more details.
<br>
## 引用 (Citation)[](https://)
如果你觉得我们的论文和代码对你的研究有帮助，请考虑:star: 和引用 :pencil: :)
If you find our paper and code useful in your research, please consider giving a star :star: and citation :pencil: :)
```BibTeX
@article{Qwen-VL,
title={Qwen-VL: A Frontier Large Vision-Language Model with Versatile Abilities},
author={Bai, Jinze and Bai, Shuai and Yang, Shusheng and Wang, Shijie and Tan, Sinan and Wang, Peng and Lin, Junyang and Zhou, Chang and Zhou, Jingren},
journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2308.12966},
year={2023}
}
```
<br>
## 联系我们 (Contact Us)
如果你想给我们的研发团队和产品团队留言，请通过邮件（qianwen[email protected]）联系我们。
If you are interested to leave a message to either our research team or product team, feel free to send an email to qianwen_[email protected].