README.md

---
license: apache-2.0
---



<img src="https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/63118add64939fabc0108b28/BB42g4V8HTxb5dR4tcy8A.png" alt="DCLM Logo" width="300" style="margin-left:'auto' margin-right:'auto' display:'block'"/>


# Model Card for DCLM-1B

DCLM-1B is a 1.4 billion parameter language model trained on the DCLM-Baseline dataset, which was curated as part of the DataComp for Language Models (DCLM) benchmark. This model is designed to showcase the effectiveness of systematic data curation techniques for improving language model performance.

The instruction tuned version of this model is available here: https://huggingface.co/TRI-ML/DCLM-1B-IT

## Quickstart
First install open_lm
```
pip install git+https://github.com/mlfoundations/open_lm.git
```

Then you can load the model using HF's Auto classes as follows:
```python
from open_lm.hf import *
from transformers import AutoTokenizer, AutoModelForCausalLM
tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("TRI-ML/DCLM-1B")
model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained("TRI-ML/DCLM-1B")

inputs = tokenizer(["Machine learning is"], return_tensors="pt")
gen_kwargs = {"max_new_tokens": 50, "top_p": 0.8, "temperature": 0.8, "do_sample": True, "repetition_penalty": 1.1}
output = model.generate(inputs['input_ids'], **gen_kwargs)
output = tokenizer.decode(output[0].tolist(), skip_special_tokens=True)
print(output)
```


## Evaluation

We evaluate DCLM-1B using the [llm-foundry](https://github.com/mosaicml/llm-foundry) eval suite, and compare to recently released small models on key benchmarks.
As described in the paper, Core accuracy is the average of centered accuracy on
22 tasks (including HellaSwag and ARC-E), Extended is centered accuracy averaged
over 53 tasks.


| Model                             | Params | Tokens | Open dataset? | Core  | MMLU 5-shot    | Extended |
|-----------------------------------|:--------:|:--------:|:---------------:|:----------:|:----------:|:-----------:|
| **Open weights, closed datasets** |        |        |               |          |          |           |
| Qwen2-1.5B                        | 1.5B   | 7T      | ❌             | 42.1     | **56.4** | **32.4**  |
| Gemma-2B                          | 2.5B   | 3T     | ❌             | **43.3** | 40.8     | 26.6      |
| **Open weights, open datasets**   |        |        |               |          |          |           |
| OLMo-1B                           | 1.2B   | 3T     | ✅             | 29.7     | 26.0     | 16.1      |
| SmolLM                            | 1.7B   | 1T     | ✅             | 36.3     | 30.0     | 21.2      |
| DCLM-1B                           | 1.4B   | 4.3T   | ✅             | **45.2** | **47.5** | **28.1**  |

## Model Details

| Size | Training Tokens | Layers | Hidden Size | Attention Heads | Context Length |
|:------:|:-----------------:|:--------:|:-------------:|:-----------------:|:----------------:|
| 1.4B   | 4.3T            | 24     | 2048        | 16              | 2048           |


### Model Description

- **Developed by:** DataComp for Language Models (DCLM) Team
- **Model type:** Decoder-only Transformer language model
- **Language(s):** English (primarily)
- **License:** Apache 2.0
- **Contact:** [email protected]
- **Date:** July 2024

### Model Sources

- **Repository:** https://github.com/mlfoundations/dclm
- **Dataset:** https://huggingface.co/datasets/mlfoundations/dclm-baseline-1.0
- **Paper:** [DataComp-LM: In search of the next generation of training sets for language models](https://arxiv.org/abs/2406.11794)


### Training Details

The model was trained using the following setup:

- **Architecture:** Decoder-only Transformer 
- **Framework:** PyTorch with OpenLM
- **Optimizer:** AdamW
- **Learning Rate:** 1e-2 (peak)
- **Weight Decay:** 1e-2
- **Batch Size:** 2048 sequences
- **Sequence Length:** 2048 tokens
- **Total Training Tokens:** 4.3T
- **Hardware:** Trained on H100 GPUs


We train our 1.4B model for 4.3T tokens on DCLM-Baseline, combined with the
StarCoder and ProofPile2 datasets.
We will update our paper soon with more training details.


### Detailed evaluation

| Task                                     | Score   |
|------------------------------------------|---------|
| AGI Eval LSAT AR                         |  0.2652 |
| AGI Eval LSAT LR                         |  0.3314 |
| AGI Eval LSAT RC                         |  0.4179 |
| AGI Eval SAT English                     |  0.4709 |
| AGI Eval SAT Math (CoT)                  |  0.0318 |
| AQuA (CoT)                               |  0.0245 |
| ARC (challenge)                          |  0.4744 |
| ARC (easy)                               |  0.7462 |
| BBQ                                      |  0.5151 |
| BigBench Conceptual Combinations         |  0.5437 |
| BigBench Conlang Translation             |  0.0793 |
| BigBench CS Algorithms                   |  0.4720 |
| BigBench Dyck Languages                  |  0.2210 |
| BigBench Elementary Math QA              |  0.2598 |
| BigBench Language Identification         |  0.3284 |
| BigBench Logical Deduction               |  0.2473 |
| BigBench Misconceptions                  |  0.5662 |
| BigBench Novel Concepts                  |  0.5000 |
| BigBench Operators                       |  0.3476 |
| BigBench QA Wikidata                     |  0.6852 |
| BigBench Repeat Copy Logic               |  0.1250 |
| BigBench Strange Stories                 |  0.6724 |
| BigBench Strategy QA                     |  0.5671 |
| BigBench Understanding Fables            |  0.4603 |
| BoolQ                                    |  0.7382 |
| CommonSenseQA                            |  0.6708 |
| COPA                                     |  0.8200 |
| CoQA                                     |  0.4314 |
| Enterprise PII Classification            |  0.5246 |
| GPQA Diamond                             |  0.2424 |
| GPQA                                     |  0.2500 |
| GSM8K (CoT)                              |  0.0629 |
| HellaSwag                                |  0.7285 |
| HellaSwag (zero-shot)                    |  0.7162 |
| Jeopardy                                 |  0.4514 |
| LAMBADA (OpenAI)                         |  0.6992 |
| LogiQA                                   |  0.3103 |
| MathQA                                   |  0.2682 |
| MMLU (few-shot)                          |  0.4752 |
| MMLU (zero-shot)                         |  0.4175 |
| OpenBookQA                               |  0.4280 |
| PIQA                                     |  0.7829 |
| PubMedQA (labeled)                       |  0.3790 |
| Simple Arithmetic (no spaces)            |  0.0650 |
| Simple Arithmetic (with spaces)          |  0.0700 |
| SIQA                                     |  0.6868 |
| SQuAD                                    |  0.5494 |
| SVAMP (CoT)                              |  0.2733 |
| TriviaQA (small subset)                  |  0.4133 |
| Winogender (MC female)                   |  0.4667 |
| Winogender (MC male)                     |  0.4000 |
| Winograd                                 |  0.8608 |
| Winogrande                               |  0.6630 |


## Limitations and Biases

While DCLM-1B demonstrates strong performance across a range of tasks, it's important to note:

1. The model may exhibit biases present in its training data, which is derived from web crawl data.
2. It has not undergone specific alignment or safety fine-tuning, so outputs should be used with caution.
3. Performance on tasks not included in the evaluation suite may vary.
4. The model's knowledge is limited to its training data cutoff date.

## Ethical Considerations

Users should be aware that this model, like all large language models, can potentially generate harmful or biased content. It should not be used for making decisions about individuals or in sensitive applications without appropriate safeguards and human oversight.

## Citation

If you use this model in your research, please cite:

```
@article{Li2024DataCompLM,
  title={DataComp-LM: In search of the next generation of training sets for language models},
  author={Jeffrey Li and Alex Fang and Georgios Smyrnis and Maor Ivgi and Matt Jordan and Samir Gadre and Hritik Bansal and Etash Guha and Sedrick Keh and Kushal Arora and [... full author list]},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2406.11794},
  year={2024}
}
```