AarushSah/scibowl_no_headers · Datasets at Hugging Face

Type stringlengths 0 490	Prompt stringlengths 5 919	Completion stringlengths 1 424
BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer	Given \(c\) as 3 X 10\({}^{8}\) meters per second, what is the wavelength in meters to the nearest tenth of a radio wave with a frequency of 94.7 megahertz?	3.2
TOSS-UP MATH Multiple Choice	The equation -3 + \|-2x - 5\| = k [negative 3 plus the absolute value of the quantity negative 2x minus 5 equals kJ has no solution if \(k\) equals which of the following? W) -5 X) -3 Y) 0 Z) 7	W) -5
BONUS MATH Multiple Choice	Which of the following statements is NOT true? W) cos(-\(x\)) = cos(\(x\)) [cosine of negative x equals cosine of x] X) tan(-\(x\)) = tan(\(x\)) [fangent of negative x equals tangent of x] Y) The amplitude of \(y\) = -2 cos(\(\delta\)) is equal to 2 Z) The range of \(y\) = -5 sin(\(\delta\)) is [-5, 5] [the closed interval from negative 5 to 5]	X) tan(-\(x\)) = tan(\(x\))
TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Short Answer	How many moles of carbon dioxide are produced from the combustion of 5 moles of hydrogen?	0
TOSS-UP ENERGY Multiple Choice	Which of the following power types demonstrates large scale temporary storage of energy? W) Coal X) Chemical Y) Hydroelectric Z) Wind	Y) HYDROELECTRIC
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Short Answer	Motion of the basilar membrane stimulates what cell type that initiates the transmission of a signal to the brain?	INNER HAIR (ALSO ACCEPT STEREOCILIA OR HAIR CELLS)
TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice	Which of the following is a term specifically given to water that replenishes an aquifer? W) Recharge X) Discharge Y) Hydraulic Z) Permeable	W) RECHARGE
TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice	Which of the following particles has an electric charge of zero? W) Electron X) Quark Y) Gluon Z) Muon	Y) GLUON
BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer	A swimming pool water pump draws about 4.2 amperes when connected to 240 volts. If energy costs 10 cents per kilowatt hour, what is the bill to the nearest cent for running the pump continuously for 1 day?	$2.42 (ACCEPT: 242 CENTS)
TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer	If the graph of the function \(f\) lies in quadrant IV, then in which quadrant does the graph of the inverse of \(f\)lie?	II (ACCEPT: 2 OR SECOND)
BONUS MATH Short Answer	What is the period of the function \(f(x)=\sin((\pi/\,x+\pi/\)[f of x equals the sine of the quantity pi over 6 times x plus pi over 4]?	12
TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice	Which of the following metals commonly forms cations [KA7-eye-uhns] with differing charges? W) Strontium X) Rubidium Y) Calcium Z) Chromium	Z) CHROMIUM
BONUS CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice	Which of the following is the most common linkage between successive monomers in cellulose? W) Alpha-1, 4 X) Alpha-1, 6 Y) Beta-1, 4 Z) Beta-1, 6	Y) BETA-1, 4
TOSS-UP ENERGY Multiple Choice	One of the criticisms of ground-mount solar farms is the amount of space they occupy. A new solar system was recently announced called "floatovoltaics," because it is a floating solar farm. Which of the following is NOT a potential benefit of this system? W) Reducing evaporation X) Reducing algae growth Y) Short-term profitability Z) Increasing solar panel power production	Y) SHORT-TERM PROFITABILITY
BONUS ENERGY Short Answer	When lodine-131 is ingested, which organ most readily absorbs it and can potentially be damaged by it?	THYROID
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	Which of the following is an incorrect descriptor of DNA replication? W) Semi-conservative X) Discontinuous on the lagging strand and continuous on the leading strand Y) High-fidelity Z) Repetitive	Z) REPETITIVE
TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice	Which of the following factors does NOT directly impact the climate of a geographic location? W) Elevation X) Ocean currents Y) Longitude Z) Latitude	Y) LONGITUDE
TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice	A spinning skater draws her arms in closer to her body to rotate faster. Which of the following conservation principles is being applied? W) Rotational kinetic energy X) Torque Y) Angular momentum Z) Energy	Y) ANGULAR MOMENTUM
BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer	An object with a moment of inertia of 2 kilogram meters squared about its axis of rotation makes 6 revolutions per minute. A second stationary object is now gently placed on the first so that the combined moment of inertia about the spin axis is 4 kilogram meters squared. What is the spin rate in revolutions per minute of the composite object?	3
TOSS-UP MATH Multiple Choice	Which of the following is an equivalent form of \(2/(3+i)\) [2 over the quantity 3 plus ij? W) \((3-i)/4\) [open parenthesis 3 minus i,close parenthesis, over 4] X) \((3-i)/5\) [open parenthesis 3 minus i,close parenthesis, over 5] Y) \((4-i)/4\) [open parenthesis 4 minus i,close parenthesis, over 4] Z) \((4-i)/5\) [open parenthesis 4 minus i,close parenthesis, over 5]	X) \((3-i)/5\)
BONUS MATH Multiple Choice	Which of the following points is on the graph of the inverse of the function \(f(x)=10^{x\,*\,2}\) [f of x equals 10 to the power of the quantity x plus 2]? W) \((100,\) X) \((0,100)\) Y) \((10,\) Z) \((0,\)	W) \((100,0)\)
TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Short Answer	What is the term for a product generated in one step of a reaction mechanism that is consumed as a reactant in another step?	REACTION INTERMEDIATE (ACCEPT: REACTIVE INTERMEDIATE OR INTERMEDIATE)
BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer	Several years ago, scientists announced that they had succeeded in getting a nucleus of calcium-48 to fuse with a nucleus of plutonium-244. The combined nucleus is a nucleus of what element?	UNUNQUADIUM (ACCEPT: ELEMENT 114; UUQ, FLEROVIUM, OR FL)
TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice	Which of the following is the definition of dew point? W) The ratio of actual water vapor compared to saturated water vapor in the air X) The ratio of liquid water to water vapor in the air Y) The temperature at which the air is saturated with water vapor Z) The temperature at which water evaporates into the air	Y) THE TEMPERATURE AT WHICH THE AIR IS SATURATED WITH WATER VAPOR
BONUS EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer	What phenomenon is recorded in the changing orientation of iron-bearing minerals on the surface of the oceanic crust?	MAGNETIC POLE REVERSAL (ACCEPT: FLIPPED/ALTERNATING MAGNETIC FIELD)
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	In which of the following locations would a spliceosome [SPLY-see-uh-sohm] be found? W) Nucleus [NOO-klee-uhs] X) Cytoplasm Y) Plasma membrane Z) Endosome	W) NUCLEUS
BONUS BIOLOGY Short Answer	Identify all of the following five structures which can be found on paramecia [par-uh-MEE-see-uh]: oral groove, cilia, contractile vacuoles, flagella, trichocysts [TRIK-uh-sists].	1, 2, 3, 5 (ACCEPT: ORAL GROOVE, CILIA, CONTRACTILE VACUOLES, TRICHOCYSTS)
TOSS-UP MATH Multiple Choice	In the graph of the function \(f(x)=\frac{3}{2}\sin\left(\frac{\pi}{\lambda}\right)\)If of x equals three halves the sine of the quantity x over 2], at which of the following x coordinates would \(f(x)=0\)? W) \(\pi/2\) X) \(\pi\) Y) \(2\pi\) Z) \(3\pi/2\)	Y) \(2\pi\)
BONUS MATH Short Answer	Expressing the answer in simplest form, solve \(\left\|2r-\frac{13}{4}\right\|<\frac{5}{2}\)the absolute value of the quantity 2r minus 13 fourths is less than 5 halves].	\(3/8<r<2\frac{7}{8}\) (ACCEPT: \(3/8<r<\frac{73}{8}\) )
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	During the process of protein synthesis, what is the function of the TATA box and on what type of nucleic acid is it found? W) Where DNA replication begins, found on the DNA template X) Where transcription begins, found on the DNA Y) Where translation begins, found on the mRNA Z) Where elongation begins, found on the tRNA	W) WHERE DNA REPLICATION BEGINS, FOUND ON THE DNA TEMPLATE
BONUS BIOLOGY Short Answer	By number, identify all of the following five choices that are effects of stimulation of the sympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous systems: constricts eye pupil; relaxes bronchi [BRONG-kee]; stimulates saliva secretion; inhibits urination; stimulates norepinephrine [nohr-ep-uh-NEF-rin] release.	2, 4, 5
TOSS-UP PHYSICS Short Answer	A 9 volt DC power supply is connected to a 10 henry inductor and a 30 ohm resistor in series. Providing your answer as a decimal to the nearest tenth, after the circuit has been connected for a very long time, how much current in amperes flows through the circuit?	0.3
BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer	A 9 volt battery is composed of six 1.5 volt cells, which are connected in series. Each cell has an internal resistance of 0.2 ohms. Providing your answer to the nearest tenth, what is the maximum current in amperes that can be obtained from such a battery?	7.5
TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice	Severe weather events are most commonly associated with which of the following types of weather front? W) Stationary X) Occluded Y) Warm Z) Cold	Z) COLD
BONUS EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer	What is the name for a very coarse-grained intrusive igneous rock, having large crystals that are usually several centimeters in length and forming in the later stages of a magma chamber's crystallization?	PEGMATITE
TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice	How many total atoms are contained within a body-centered orthorhombic [ohr-thuh-ROM-biK] unit cell? W) 2 X) 3 Y) 4 Z) 6	W) 2
TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer	Find a value for \(a\) such that the \(\lim{x\to x^{2}-x^{2}+x}\over{x-x^{2}+2x^{2}}=3\)[limit as \(x\) approaches infinity of the fraction with numerator ax to the fifth minus \(x\) cubed plus \(x\) and denominator x minus x cubed plus 2 x to the fifth equals 3].	6
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	Which of the following is the enzyme that maintains chromosomal stability by protecting chromosome ends? W) Telomerase [tuh-LOM-uh-rays] X) Nuclease [NOO-klee-ays] Y) Terminase Z) Polymerase [POL-uh-muh-rays]	W) TELOMERASE
BONUS BIOLOGY Short Answer	By number, order the following five cell layers in a non-woody eudicot [yoo-DY-tot] stem from most lateral to most medial: epidermis [ep-i-DER-mis], vascular cambium [KAM-bee-uhm], pitch, primary phloem [FLOH-em], primary xylem [ZY-luhm].	1, 4, 2, 5, 3
TOSS-UP ENERGY Multiple Choice	Powerful X-ray technology developed at DOE national laboratories is revealing new insights into diseases ranging from Alzheimer's to swine flu. This X-ray crystallography [kris-tl-OG-ruh-fe] has been used for all EXCEPT which of the following? W) Revealing the structures of diseased and disease-causing molecules X) Creating three-dimensional maps of mutated enzymes Y) Producing scattered, low intensity X-ray beams to surround the surface of the molecules Z) Allowing medical researchers to develop drugs to prevent mutated enzymes from triggering cancer cells	Y) PRODUCING SCATTERED, LOW INTENSITY X-RAY BEAMS TO SURROUND THE SURFACE OF THE MOLECULES
BONUS ENERGY Multiple Choice	Several types of geologic formations can serve as a storage reservoir [REF-er-wohr] for carbon. Which of the following formations is an example of this type of storage? W) Fresh water reservoir X) Deep saline reservoir Y) Ocean reservoir Z) Granitic plateaus [pla-TOHZ]	X) DEEP SALINE RESERVOIR
TOSS-UP PHYSICS Short Answer	The sound level of a normal conversation is measured at 65 decibels. If the intensity of the sound waves in the conversation was multiplied by a factor of 100 as people began to yell, what would the new sound level measure in decibels?	85
TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer	What is the common term for ocean currents that form large, rotating loops?	GYRES
TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice	Which of the following describes the relationship between cis-3-pentene and trans-3-pentene? W) Structural isomers [EYE-suh-mers] X) Chiral molecules Y) Diastereomers [dy-uh-STER-ee-uh-mers] Z) Enantiomers [ih-NAN-tee-uh-mers]	Y) DIASTREEMOERS
BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer	Osmium is one of the densest elements known at 22.59 grams per milliliter. Providing your answer to three decimal places, what would be the volume in milliliters of a bar of osmium weighing 2.0 grams?	0.089
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Short Answer	During cellular respiration, what molecule is produced in the cytoplasm and transported to the mitochondria [my-tuh-KON-dree-uh], where it is converted into acetyl [uh-SET-I] CoA?	PYRUVATE
BONUS BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	Which of the following best describes adaptive immunity? W) It includes external barriers such as secretions from mucous membranes X) It is found in both vertebrates and invertebrates Y) It involves the lymphatic system Z) It includes an interaction of pathogens, antibodies, and lymphocytes [LIM-fuh-syts]	Z) IT INCLUDS AN INTERACTION OF PATHOGENS, ANTIBODIES, AND LYMPHOCYTES
TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice	Which of the following is the average approximate length of time in years between Earth's magnetic pole reversals? W) 3 X) 300 Y) 3,000 Z) 300,000	Z) 300,000
BONUS EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer	What is the name given to the type of stream that flows only during wet periods?	INTERMITTENT (ACCEPT: EPHEMERAL)
TOSS-UP MATH Multiple Choice	Bacteria in a culture are growing exponentially, such that on day 0, there are 100 bacteria, on day 1, there are 200 bacteria, and on day 2, there are 400 bacteria. Which of the following equations expresses the number of bacteria, \(y\), present at any time \(t\)? W) \(y=100+2^{t}\)If equals 100 plus 2 to the power of t X) \(y=100(2^{t})\)If equals 100 times the quantity 2 to the power of t Y) \(y=2^{t}\)If equals 2 to the power of t Z) \(y=200(2^{t})\)If equals 200 times the quantity 2 to the power of t	X) \(y=100(2^{t})\)
BONUS MATH Short Answer	Find the remainder when \(f(x)=x^{6}+5x^{5}-x^{3}+x-6\) is divided by \((x+\).	-10
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	Bacteria use which of the following mechanisms during quorum [KWOHR-uhm] sensing? W) Hetero-induction X) Apoptosis Y) Density independent gene regulation Z) Autoinducers	Z) AUTOINDUCERS
BONUS BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	Which of the following epithelial [ep-uh-THEE-lee-uh] tissues is NOT correctly matched to its location in the human body? W) Simple cuboidal epithelium [KYOO-boid-uhl ep-uh-THEE-lee-uhm]--Rectal lining X) Simple squamous [SKWAY-muhs] epithelium--Alveoil lining Y) Stratified squamous epithelium--Esophageal [ih-sof-uh-JEE-uhl] lining Z) Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium--Bronchiole lining	W) SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM--RECTAL LINING
TOSS-UP ENERGY Multiple Choice	Which of the following geothermal power plant types uses steam directly from the ground to spin a turbine? W) Binary cycle X) Flash steam Y) Dry steam Z) Hybrid steam	Y) DRY STEAM
BONUS ENERGY Short Answer	If the solar power incident over 1 square meter at 1 au from the Sun is 1000 watts, what level in watts will it achieve at 2 au?	250
TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice	Tripling the power output from a speaker emitting a single tone will result in an increase in sound intensity in decibels that is closest to which of the following? W) 0.3 X) 2 Y) 4 Z) 5	Z) 5
BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer	When subjected to a potential difference of 100 volts, a parallel-plate capacitor builds up a charge on one plate of 0.2 coulombs. Providing your answer to the nearest thousandth, what is this capacitor's capacitance in farads?	0.002
TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice	Niagara Falls can be classified as which of the following types of waterfall? W) Block X) Chute [SHOOT] Y) Tiered Z) Cataract	W) BLOCK
BONUS EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer	An igneous rock which has crystallized deep below the Earth's surface has the following approximate composition: 70% pyroxene [py-ROK-seen], 15% plagioclase [play-jee-uh-days], and 15% olivine. What is the name of this igneous rock?	GABBRO
TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Short Answer	How many modes of vibration would a non-linear molecule with 9 atoms exhibit?	21
TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer	What is the solution to the following system of three equations: equation one: \(2x-y+3z=8\); equation two: \(x-6y-z=0\); and equation three: -\(6x+3y-9z=24\)?	NO SOLUTION
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	Which of the following bases wobbles on a transfer RNA anticodon? W) First base X) Second base Y) Third base Z) First base and third base	W) FIRST BASE
BONUS BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	The mRNA codon for methionine [meh-THY-uh-neen] is 5'-A-U-G-3'. From 5 prime to 3 prime, which of the following would be the anticodon present in the cognate tRNA? W) 5'-UAC-3' X) 5'-GUA-3' Y) 5'-CAU-3' Z) 5'-AUG-3'	Y) 5'-CAU-3'
TOSS-UP ENERGY Multiple Choice	Which of the following statements is NOT true? W) Gas stoves with electronic ignition use much less energy than older models with pilot lights X) Using the self-cleaning cycles regularly in your oven increases overall energy savings Y) Microwaves and toaster ovens cook meals with less power than most traditional ovens Z) Cooktops work more efficiently when they are clean	X) USING THE SELF-CLEANING CYCLES REGULARLY IN YOUR OVEN INCREASES OVERALL ENERGY SAVINGS
BONUS ENERGY Short Answer	Many consider the start of the U.S. natural gas industry to have occurred in 1859, when a 69-foot well in Pennsylvania struck natural gas and oil. Who is credited with drilling this well?	EDWIN DRAKE (ACCEPT: DRAKE)
TOSS-UP PHYSICS Short Answer	What is the efficiency of an ideal Carnot engine operating between temperature reservoirs of 27\({}^{\circ}\) Celsius and 227\({}^{\circ}\) Celsius?	40%
TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice	Which of the following types of sedimentary rock is never formed through biochemical processes? W) Limestone X) Coal Y) Halite Z) Chert	Y) HALITE
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	In elephant seals, sexual selection favors competition among males for female mates. Which of the following is a likely result of this phenomenon? W) Sexual monomorphism [mon-uh-MOHR-fis-uhm] X) Evolution of female handicap structures Y) Directional selection toward large male size Z) Conspicuous coloration of females	Y) DIRECTIONAL SELECTION TOWARD LARGE MALE SIZE
TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice	Which of the following minerals is NOT typically found in the rock granite? W) Olivine X) Plagioclase [PLAY-jee-uh-kays] Y) Quartz Z) Hornblende	W) OLIVINE
TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice	The electron transitions responsible for the generation of light have durations on the order of 10\({}^{-8}\) seconds. Which of the following best represents the natural linewidth in hertz of the resulting visible light? W) 10\({}^{-8}\) X) 3 Y) 10\({}^{8}\) Z) 10\({}^{16}\)	Y) 10\({}^{8}\)
BONUS PHYSICS Multiple Choice	Which of the following types of thermometer is based on the difference in the voltage induced by a temperature gradient in two metals? W) Beckman X) Silicon band gap Y) Thermistor Z) Thermocouple	Z) THERMOCUPLE
TOSS-UP MATH Multiple Choice	Which of the following is equivalent to \(\sin\)24\({}^{\circ}\)cos17\({}^{\circ}\) + cos24\({}^{\circ}\)sin17\({}^{\circ}\) [sine of 24 degrees times cosine of 17 degrees plus cosine of 24 degrees times sine of 17 degrees]? W) Sine of 7\({}^{\circ}\) X) Cosine of 41\({}^{\circ}\) Y) Sine of 41\({}^{\circ}\) Z) Tangent of 41\({}^{\circ}\)	Y) SINE OF 41\({}^{\circ}\)
BONUS MATH Short Answer	Solve for \(x\): \(5+\sqrt{x+14}=x+7\) [5 plus the square root of the quantity x plus 14 equals x plus 7].	2 (DO NOT ACCEPT: -5)
TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice	Which of the following is false regarding the reaction A(g) + B(s) \(\rightarrow\) C(s)? (READ IS: A gaseous plus B solid yields C solid) W) As pressure decreases, reaction rate decreases X) As temperature increases, reaction rate increases Y) As surface area increases, reaction rate decreases Z) When a catalyst is added, reaction rate increases	Y) AS SURFACE AREA INCREASES, REACTION RATE DECREASES
BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer	Calculate the change in energy from a hydrogen atom's ground state to its first excited state in Rydbergs.	+3/4
TOSS-UP ENERGY Short Answer	When processing mined uranium ore, it is first crushed to a fine powder and then processed with concentrated acid, alkaline, or peroxide solutions to leach out the uranium. What is the common term for the remaining coarse powder?	YELLOWCAKE (ALSO ACCEPT: URANIA)
BONUS ENERGY Multiple Choice	Which of the following metabolites has the most negative standard Gibbs free energy of hydrolysis [hy-DROL-uh-sis]? W) Phosphocreatine [fohs-foh-KREE-uh-teen] X) Pyrophosphate [py-roh-FOS-fayt] Y) Glucose 1-phosphate Z) Phosphoenolpyruvate [fohs-foh-uh-nol-py-ROO-vayt]	Z) PHOSPHOENOLPYRUVATE
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Short Answer	Name the water soluble vitamin found in nuts, grains, and meats that functions in vertebrates as a component of the coenzyme NAD\({}^{+}\).	VITAMIN B3 (ACCEPT: NIACIN, NICOTINIC ACID, NICOTINAMIDE, VITAMIN PP; DO NOT ACCEPT: VITAMIN B7, BIOTIN)
BONUS BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	Which of the following is most likely to cause sympatric speciation? W) Mountain building X) Habitat fragmentation Y) Polyloply [pol-ee-PLOI-dy] Z) Urbanization	Y) POLYPLOIDY
TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer	Name the three quantities that can completely describe any black hole.	SPIN, MASS, CHARGE (ACCEPT: ANGULAR MOMENTUM OR ANGULAR VELOCITY INSTEAD OF SPIN)
BONUS EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice	Which of the following is the dominant cooling mechanism in a core-collapse supernova? W) X-rays and gamma-rays X) Synchrotron emission Y) Neutrinos Z) Electron evaporation	Y) NEUTRINOS
TOSS-UP PHYSICS Short Answer	In your interferometry [in-ter-fuh-ROM-i-try] experiment, you measure a minimum intensity of 1 watt per meter squared and a maximum intensity of 19 watts per meter squared. What is the visibility of your fringes?	0.9
BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer	The sound source of a ship's sonar system operates at a frequency 22 kilohertz. The speed of sound in water is 1482 meters per second. Providing your answer to the nearest hundredth, what is the wavelength of the waves in meters emitted by the source?	0.07
TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer	If the exterior angle of a base angle of an isosceles [eye-SOS-uh-lees] triangle measures 141\({}^{\circ}\), what is the measure of the vertex angle?	102\({}^{\circ}\)
BONUS MATH Short Answer	If f(x) = -2x - e\({}^{\circ}\)[f of x equals negative 2x minus e to the x], what is the range of f [the derivative of f]?	(-\({}^{\infty}\), -2) (ACCEPT: x < -2 or THE OPEN INTERVAL FROM NEGATIVE INFINITY TO -2)
TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice	Which of the following compounds would be insoluble in an aqueous [AY-kwee-uhs] solution? W) Calcium carbonate X) Sodium nitrate Y) Ammonium hydroxide Z) Potassium perchlorate	W) CALCIUM CARBONATE
BONUS CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice	Which of the following accurately depicts the hybridization [HY-bri-dy-zay-shuhn] of each atom in the molecule krypton difluoride? W) Krypton: sp\({}^{3}\); each fluorine: sp\({}^{3}\) X) Krypton: sp\({}^{3}\)d; each fluorine: sp\({}^{3}\) Y) Krypton: sp\({}^{3}\)d\({}^{2}\); each fluorine: sp\({}^{2}\) Z) Krypton: sp\({}^{3}\)d; each fluorine: sp\({}^{2}\)	X) KRYPTON: sp\({}^{3}\)d; EACH FLUORINE: sp\({}^{3}\)
TOSS-UP ENERGY Multiple Choice	Which of the following was NOT an effect of removing sulfur from diesel fuel? W) It lowered the nitrous oxides and soot emissions X) It slightly increased gas mileage in diesel engines Y) It allowed the use of advanced emissions control systems Z) It reduced the lubricity of the fuel	X) IT SLIGHTLY INCREASED GAS MILEAGE IN DIESEL ENGINES
BONUS ENERGY Multiple Choice	Which of the following most accurately describes an advantage of a nuclear fusion reactor over a nuclear fission reactor? W) A failure of control systems shuts down the fusion reactor X) Fusion based nuclear plants are much less expensive than fission plants Y) Fusion reactors operate at a lower temperature than fission reactors Z) The fuel rods in the fusion reactor can be reused	W) A FAILURE OF CONTROL SYSTEMS SHUTS DOWN THE FUSION REACTOR
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	Which of the following best exemplifies secondary endosymbiosis [en-doh-sim-bee-OH-sis]? W) Human white blood cell phagocytosis [tag-uh-sy-TOH-sis] of a pathogenic bacterium X) Cyanobacterium [sy-uh-noh-bak-TEER-ee-uhm] is engulfed by a heterotrophic eukaryote [het-er-uh-TROF-ik yoo-KAR-ee-onf] Y) A heterotrophic eukaryote engulfs a green algal eukaryote Z) Receptor mediated endocytosis [en-doh-sy-TOH-sis]	Y) HETEROTROPHIC EUKARYOTE ENGULFS A GREEN ALGAL EUKARYOTE
BONUS BIOLOGY Short Answer	In cladistics [kluh-DIS-tiks], what is the term for a group of organisms used as a standard for comparison in constructing a phylogenetic [fy-luh-JEN-uh-tik] tree?	OUTGROUP
TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice	The curve that the position of the Sun at noon traces on the sky over the course of a year most closely resembles which of the following? W) Line X) Figure 8 Y) Ellipse Z) Circle	X) FIGURE 8
BONUS EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice	Which of the following should NEVER occur? W) Mercury at inferior conjunction X) Venus at opposition Y) Mars at eastern quadrature Z) Jupiter at conjunction	X) VENUS AT OPPOSITION
TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice	According to Maxwell's equations, which of the following does NOT exist? W) Infinitely separated charges X) Magnetic monopoles Y) Magnetically contained plasma Z) Superconductivity	X) MAGNETIC MONOPOLES
BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer	A person who weighs 200 pounds on Earth, where acceleration due to gravity is 9.8 meters per second squared, is standing in a circular rotating space station in outer space, with a tangential speed of 300 meters per second. If the radius of the station is 9184 meters, what will the person weigh in the space station?	THE SAME (ACCEPT: 200 POUNDS)
TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer	Providing your answer as a fraction in lowest terms, if a family has exactly four children, what is the probability of having three girls and one boy?	%
BONUS MATH Short Answer	If the radius of a spherical balloon is expanding at the rate of 5 inches per second, assuming the initial volume is 0 and providing your answer as an improper fraction in lowest terms, what is its volume in inches cubed in terms of \(\pi\) after 2 seconds?	4000\(\pi\)/3
TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice	Which of the following is the molarity of a 3.0 liter solution that contains 21 grams of methane? W) 0.15 X) 0.32 Y) 0.44 Z) 0.56	Y) 0.44
BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer	Given that the \(K{a}\) of benzoic acid is 6.4 x 10-5 and its \(PK{a}\) is 4.2, providing your answer to one decimal place, what is the pH of a solution of 0.1 molar benzoic acid and 0.10 molar sodium benzoate?	3.2
TOSS-UP ENERGY Short Answer	What microscopy technique uses energy transfer between two molecules to measure the distance between the molecules?	FLUORESCENCE RESONANCE ENERGY TRANSFER (ACCEPT: FRET OR FORSTER RESONANCE ENERGY TRANSFER)

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer

Given $c$ as 3 X 10${}^{8}$ meters per second, what is the wavelength in meters to the nearest tenth of a radio wave with a frequency of 94.7 megahertz?

3.2

TOSS-UP MATH Multiple Choice

The equation -3 + |-2x - 5| = k [negative 3 plus the absolute value of the quantity negative 2x minus 5 equals kJ has no solution if $k$ equals which of the following? W) -5 X) -3 Y) 0 Z) 7

W) -5

BONUS MATH Multiple Choice

Which of the following statements is NOT true? W) cos(-$x$) = cos($x$) [cosine of negative x equals cosine of x] X) tan(-$x$) = tan($x$) [fangent of negative x equals tangent of x] Y) The amplitude of $y$ = -2 cos($\delta$) is equal to 2 Z) The range of $y$ = -5 sin($\delta$) is [-5, 5] [the closed interval from negative 5 to 5]

X) tan(-$x$) = tan($x$)

TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Short Answer

How many moles of carbon dioxide are produced from the combustion of 5 moles of hydrogen?

0

TOSS-UP ENERGY Multiple Choice

Which of the following power types demonstrates large scale temporary storage of energy? W) Coal X) Chemical Y) Hydroelectric Z) Wind

Y) HYDROELECTRIC

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Short Answer

Motion of the basilar membrane stimulates what cell type that initiates the transmission of a signal to the brain?

INNER HAIR (ALSO ACCEPT STEREOCILIA OR HAIR CELLS)

TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice

Which of the following is a term specifically given to water that replenishes an aquifer? W) Recharge X) Discharge Y) Hydraulic Z) Permeable

W) RECHARGE

TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice

Which of the following particles has an electric charge of zero? W) Electron X) Quark Y) Gluon Z) Muon

Y) GLUON

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer

A swimming pool water pump draws about 4.2 amperes when connected to 240 volts. If energy costs 10 cents per kilowatt hour, what is the bill to the nearest cent for running the pump continuously for 1 day?

$2.42 (ACCEPT: 242 CENTS)

TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer

If the graph of the function $f$ lies in quadrant IV, then in which quadrant does the graph of the inverse of $f$lie?

II (ACCEPT: 2 OR SECOND)

BONUS MATH Short Answer

What is the period of the function $f(x)=\sin((\pi/\,x+\pi/$[f of x equals the sine of the quantity pi over 6 times x plus pi over 4]?

12

TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice

Which of the following metals commonly forms cations [KA7-eye-uhns] with differing charges? W) Strontium X) Rubidium Y) Calcium Z) Chromium

Z) CHROMIUM

BONUS CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice

Which of the following is the most common linkage between successive monomers in cellulose? W) Alpha-1, 4 X) Alpha-1, 6 Y) Beta-1, 4 Z) Beta-1, 6

Y) BETA-1, 4

TOSS-UP ENERGY Multiple Choice

One of the criticisms of ground-mount solar farms is the amount of space they occupy. A new solar system was recently announced called "floatovoltaics," because it is a floating solar farm. Which of the following is NOT a potential benefit of this system? W) Reducing evaporation X) Reducing algae growth Y) Short-term profitability Z) Increasing solar panel power production

Y) SHORT-TERM PROFITABILITY

BONUS ENERGY Short Answer

When lodine-131 is ingested, which organ most readily absorbs it and can potentially be damaged by it?

THYROID

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

Which of the following is an incorrect descriptor of DNA replication? W) Semi-conservative X) Discontinuous on the lagging strand and continuous on the leading strand Y) High-fidelity Z) Repetitive

Z) REPETITIVE

TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice

Which of the following factors does NOT directly impact the climate of a geographic location? W) Elevation X) Ocean currents Y) Longitude Z) Latitude

Y) LONGITUDE

TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice

A spinning skater draws her arms in closer to her body to rotate faster. Which of the following conservation principles is being applied? W) Rotational kinetic energy X) Torque Y) Angular momentum Z) Energy

Y) ANGULAR MOMENTUM

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer

An object with a moment of inertia of 2 kilogram meters squared about its axis of rotation makes 6 revolutions per minute. A second stationary object is now gently placed on the first so that the combined moment of inertia about the spin axis is 4 kilogram meters squared. What is the spin rate in revolutions per minute of the composite object?

3

TOSS-UP MATH Multiple Choice

Which of the following is an equivalent form of $2/(3+i)$ [2 over the quantity 3 plus ij? W) $(3-i)/4$ [open parenthesis 3 minus i,close parenthesis, over 4] X) $(3-i)/5$ [open parenthesis 3 minus i,close parenthesis, over 5] Y) $(4-i)/4$ [open parenthesis 4 minus i,close parenthesis, over 4] Z) $(4-i)/5$ [open parenthesis 4 minus i,close parenthesis, over 5]

X) $(3-i)/5$

BONUS MATH Multiple Choice

Which of the following points is on the graph of the inverse of the function $f(x)=10^{x\,*\,2}$ [f of x equals 10 to the power of the quantity x plus 2]? W) $(100,$ X) $(0,100)$ Y) $(10,$ Z) $(0,$

W) $(100,0)$

TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Short Answer

What is the term for a product generated in one step of a reaction mechanism that is consumed as a reactant in another step?

REACTION INTERMEDIATE (ACCEPT: REACTIVE INTERMEDIATE OR INTERMEDIATE)

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer

Several years ago, scientists announced that they had succeeded in getting a nucleus of calcium-48 to fuse with a nucleus of plutonium-244. The combined nucleus is a nucleus of what element?

UNUNQUADIUM (ACCEPT: ELEMENT 114; UUQ, FLEROVIUM, OR FL)

TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice

Which of the following is the definition of dew point? W) The ratio of actual water vapor compared to saturated water vapor in the air X) The ratio of liquid water to water vapor in the air Y) The temperature at which the air is saturated with water vapor Z) The temperature at which water evaporates into the air

Y) THE TEMPERATURE AT WHICH THE AIR IS SATURATED WITH WATER VAPOR

BONUS EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer

What phenomenon is recorded in the changing orientation of iron-bearing minerals on the surface of the oceanic crust?

MAGNETIC POLE REVERSAL (ACCEPT: FLIPPED/ALTERNATING MAGNETIC FIELD)

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

In which of the following locations would a spliceosome [SPLY-see-uh-sohm] be found? W) Nucleus [NOO-klee-uhs] X) Cytoplasm Y) Plasma membrane Z) Endosome

W) NUCLEUS

BONUS BIOLOGY Short Answer

Identify all of the following five structures which can be found on paramecia [par-uh-MEE-see-uh]: oral groove, cilia, contractile vacuoles, flagella, trichocysts [TRIK-uh-sists].

1, 2, 3, 5 (ACCEPT: ORAL GROOVE, CILIA, CONTRACTILE VACUOLES, TRICHOCYSTS)

TOSS-UP MATH Multiple Choice

In the graph of the function $f(x)=\frac{3}{2}\sin\left(\frac{\pi}{\lambda}\right)$If of x equals three halves the sine of the quantity x over 2], at which of the following x coordinates would $f(x)=0$? W) $\pi/2$ X) $\pi$ Y) $2\pi$ Z) $3\pi/2$

Y) $2\pi$

BONUS MATH Short Answer

Expressing the answer in simplest form, solve $\left|2r-\frac{13}{4}\right|<\frac{5}{2}$the absolute value of the quantity 2r minus 13 fourths is less than 5 halves].

$3/8<r<2\frac{7}{8}$ (ACCEPT: $3/8<r<\frac{73}{8}$ )

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

During the process of protein synthesis, what is the function of the TATA box and on what type of nucleic acid is it found? W) Where DNA replication begins, found on the DNA template X) Where transcription begins, found on the DNA Y) Where translation begins, found on the mRNA Z) Where elongation begins, found on the tRNA

W) WHERE DNA REPLICATION BEGINS, FOUND ON THE DNA TEMPLATE

BONUS BIOLOGY Short Answer

By number, identify all of the following five choices that are effects of stimulation of the sympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous systems: constricts eye pupil; relaxes bronchi [BRONG-kee]; stimulates saliva secretion; inhibits urination; stimulates norepinephrine [nohr-ep-uh-NEF-rin] release.

2, 4, 5

TOSS-UP PHYSICS Short Answer

A 9 volt DC power supply is connected to a 10 henry inductor and a 30 ohm resistor in series. Providing your answer as a decimal to the nearest tenth, after the circuit has been connected for a very long time, how much current in amperes flows through the circuit?

0.3

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer

A 9 volt battery is composed of six 1.5 volt cells, which are connected in series. Each cell has an internal resistance of 0.2 ohms. Providing your answer to the nearest tenth, what is the maximum current in amperes that can be obtained from such a battery?

7.5

TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice

Severe weather events are most commonly associated with which of the following types of weather front? W) Stationary X) Occluded Y) Warm Z) Cold

Z) COLD

BONUS EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer

What is the name for a very coarse-grained intrusive igneous rock, having large crystals that are usually several centimeters in length and forming in the later stages of a magma chamber's crystallization?

PEGMATITE

TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice

How many total atoms are contained within a body-centered orthorhombic [ohr-thuh-ROM-biK] unit cell? W) 2 X) 3 Y) 4 Z) 6

W) 2

TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer

Find a value for $a$ such that the $\lim{x\to x^{2}-x^{2}+x}\over{x-x^{2}+2x^{2}}=3$[limit as $x$ approaches infinity of the fraction with numerator ax to the fifth minus $x$ cubed plus $x$ and denominator x minus x cubed plus 2 x to the fifth equals 3].

6

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

Which of the following is the enzyme that maintains chromosomal stability by protecting chromosome ends? W) Telomerase [tuh-LOM-uh-rays] X) Nuclease [NOO-klee-ays] Y) Terminase Z) Polymerase [POL-uh-muh-rays]

W) TELOMERASE

BONUS BIOLOGY Short Answer

By number, order the following five cell layers in a non-woody eudicot [yoo-DY-tot] stem from most lateral to most medial: epidermis [ep-i-DER-mis], vascular cambium [KAM-bee-uhm], pitch, primary phloem [FLOH-em], primary xylem [ZY-luhm].

1, 4, 2, 5, 3

TOSS-UP ENERGY Multiple Choice

Powerful X-ray technology developed at DOE national laboratories is revealing new insights into diseases ranging from Alzheimer's to swine flu. This X-ray crystallography [kris-tl-OG-ruh-fe] has been used for all EXCEPT which of the following? W) Revealing the structures of diseased and disease-causing molecules X) Creating three-dimensional maps of mutated enzymes Y) Producing scattered, low intensity X-ray beams to surround the surface of the molecules Z) Allowing medical researchers to develop drugs to prevent mutated enzymes from triggering cancer cells

Y) PRODUCING SCATTERED, LOW INTENSITY X-RAY BEAMS TO SURROUND THE SURFACE OF THE MOLECULES

BONUS ENERGY Multiple Choice

Several types of geologic formations can serve as a storage reservoir [REF-er-wohr] for carbon. Which of the following formations is an example of this type of storage? W) Fresh water reservoir X) Deep saline reservoir Y) Ocean reservoir Z) Granitic plateaus [pla-TOHZ]

X) DEEP SALINE RESERVOIR

TOSS-UP PHYSICS Short Answer

The sound level of a normal conversation is measured at 65 decibels. If the intensity of the sound waves in the conversation was multiplied by a factor of 100 as people began to yell, what would the new sound level measure in decibels?

85

TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer

What is the common term for ocean currents that form large, rotating loops?

GYRES

TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice

Which of the following describes the relationship between cis-3-pentene and trans-3-pentene? W) Structural isomers [EYE-suh-mers] X) Chiral molecules Y) Diastereomers [dy-uh-STER-ee-uh-mers] Z) Enantiomers [ih-NAN-tee-uh-mers]

Y) DIASTREEMOERS

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer

Osmium is one of the densest elements known at 22.59 grams per milliliter. Providing your answer to three decimal places, what would be the volume in milliliters of a bar of osmium weighing 2.0 grams?

0.089

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Short Answer

During cellular respiration, what molecule is produced in the cytoplasm and transported to the mitochondria [my-tuh-KON-dree-uh], where it is converted into acetyl [uh-SET-I] CoA?

PYRUVATE

BONUS BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

Which of the following best describes adaptive immunity? W) It includes external barriers such as secretions from mucous membranes X) It is found in both vertebrates and invertebrates Y) It involves the lymphatic system Z) It includes an interaction of pathogens, antibodies, and lymphocytes [LIM-fuh-syts]

Z) IT INCLUDS AN INTERACTION OF PATHOGENS, ANTIBODIES, AND LYMPHOCYTES

TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice

Which of the following is the average approximate length of time in years between Earth's magnetic pole reversals? W) 3 X) 300 Y) 3,000 Z) 300,000

Z) 300,000

BONUS EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer

What is the name given to the type of stream that flows only during wet periods?

INTERMITTENT (ACCEPT: EPHEMERAL)

TOSS-UP MATH Multiple Choice

Bacteria in a culture are growing exponentially, such that on day 0, there are 100 bacteria, on day 1, there are 200 bacteria, and on day 2, there are 400 bacteria. Which of the following equations expresses the number of bacteria, $y$, present at any time $t$? W) $y=100+2^{t}$If equals 100 plus 2 to the power of t X) $y=100(2^{t})$If equals 100 times the quantity 2 to the power of t Y) $y=2^{t}$If equals 2 to the power of t Z) $y=200(2^{t})$If equals 200 times the quantity 2 to the power of t

X) $y=100(2^{t})$

BONUS MATH Short Answer

Find the remainder when $f(x)=x^{6}+5x^{5}-x^{3}+x-6$ is divided by $(x+$.

-10

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

Bacteria use which of the following mechanisms during quorum [KWOHR-uhm] sensing? W) Hetero-induction X) Apoptosis Y) Density independent gene regulation Z) Autoinducers

Z) AUTOINDUCERS

BONUS BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

Which of the following epithelial [ep-uh-THEE-lee-uh] tissues is NOT correctly matched to its location in the human body? W) Simple cuboidal epithelium [KYOO-boid-uhl ep-uh-THEE-lee-uhm]--Rectal lining X) Simple squamous [SKWAY-muhs] epithelium--Alveoil lining Y) Stratified squamous epithelium--Esophageal [ih-sof-uh-JEE-uhl] lining Z) Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium--Bronchiole lining

W) SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM--RECTAL LINING

TOSS-UP ENERGY Multiple Choice

Which of the following geothermal power plant types uses steam directly from the ground to spin a turbine? W) Binary cycle X) Flash steam Y) Dry steam Z) Hybrid steam

Y) DRY STEAM

BONUS ENERGY Short Answer

If the solar power incident over 1 square meter at 1 au from the Sun is 1000 watts, what level in watts will it achieve at 2 au?

250

TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice

Tripling the power output from a speaker emitting a single tone will result in an increase in sound intensity in decibels that is closest to which of the following? W) 0.3 X) 2 Y) 4 Z) 5

Z) 5

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer

When subjected to a potential difference of 100 volts, a parallel-plate capacitor builds up a charge on one plate of 0.2 coulombs. Providing your answer to the nearest thousandth, what is this capacitor's capacitance in farads?

0.002

TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice

Niagara Falls can be classified as which of the following types of waterfall? W) Block X) Chute [SHOOT] Y) Tiered Z) Cataract

W) BLOCK

BONUS EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer

An igneous rock which has crystallized deep below the Earth's surface has the following approximate composition: 70% pyroxene [py-ROK-seen], 15% plagioclase [play-jee-uh-days], and 15% olivine. What is the name of this igneous rock?

GABBRO

TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Short Answer

How many modes of vibration would a non-linear molecule with 9 atoms exhibit?

21

TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer

What is the solution to the following system of three equations: equation one: $2x-y+3z=8$; equation two: $x-6y-z=0$; and equation three: -$6x+3y-9z=24$?

NO SOLUTION

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

Which of the following bases wobbles on a transfer RNA anticodon? W) First base X) Second base Y) Third base Z) First base and third base

W) FIRST BASE

BONUS BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

The mRNA codon for methionine [meh-THY-uh-neen] is 5'-A-U-G-3'. From 5 prime to 3 prime, which of the following would be the anticodon present in the cognate tRNA? W) 5'-UAC-3' X) 5'-GUA-3' Y) 5'-CAU-3' Z) 5'-AUG-3'

Y) 5'-CAU-3'

TOSS-UP ENERGY Multiple Choice

Which of the following statements is NOT true? W) Gas stoves with electronic ignition use much less energy than older models with pilot lights X) Using the self-cleaning cycles regularly in your oven increases overall energy savings Y) Microwaves and toaster ovens cook meals with less power than most traditional ovens Z) Cooktops work more efficiently when they are clean

X) USING THE SELF-CLEANING CYCLES REGULARLY IN YOUR OVEN INCREASES OVERALL ENERGY SAVINGS

BONUS ENERGY Short Answer

Many consider the start of the U.S. natural gas industry to have occurred in 1859, when a 69-foot well in Pennsylvania struck natural gas and oil. Who is credited with drilling this well?

EDWIN DRAKE (ACCEPT: DRAKE)

TOSS-UP PHYSICS Short Answer

What is the efficiency of an ideal Carnot engine operating between temperature reservoirs of 27${}^{\circ}$ Celsius and 227${}^{\circ}$ Celsius?

40%

TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice

Which of the following types of sedimentary rock is never formed through biochemical processes? W) Limestone X) Coal Y) Halite Z) Chert

Y) HALITE

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

In elephant seals, sexual selection favors competition among males for female mates. Which of the following is a likely result of this phenomenon? W) Sexual monomorphism [mon-uh-MOHR-fis-uhm] X) Evolution of female handicap structures Y) Directional selection toward large male size Z) Conspicuous coloration of females

Y) DIRECTIONAL SELECTION TOWARD LARGE MALE SIZE

TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice

Which of the following minerals is NOT typically found in the rock granite? W) Olivine X) Plagioclase [PLAY-jee-uh-kays] Y) Quartz Z) Hornblende

W) OLIVINE

TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice

The electron transitions responsible for the generation of light have durations on the order of 10${}^{-8}$ seconds. Which of the following best represents the natural linewidth in hertz of the resulting visible light? W) 10${}^{-8}$ X) 3 Y) 10${}^{8}$ Z) 10${}^{16}$

Y) 10${}^{8}$

BONUS PHYSICS Multiple Choice

Which of the following types of thermometer is based on the difference in the voltage induced by a temperature gradient in two metals? W) Beckman X) Silicon band gap Y) Thermistor Z) Thermocouple

Z) THERMOCUPLE

TOSS-UP MATH Multiple Choice

Which of the following is equivalent to $\sin$24${}^{\circ}$cos17${}^{\circ}$ + cos24${}^{\circ}$sin17${}^{\circ}$ [sine of 24 degrees times cosine of 17 degrees plus cosine of 24 degrees times sine of 17 degrees]? W) Sine of 7${}^{\circ}$ X) Cosine of 41${}^{\circ}$ Y) Sine of 41${}^{\circ}$ Z) Tangent of 41${}^{\circ}$

Y) SINE OF 41${}^{\circ}$

BONUS MATH Short Answer

Solve for $x$: $5+\sqrt{x+14}=x+7$ [5 plus the square root of the quantity x plus 14 equals x plus 7].

2 (DO NOT ACCEPT: -5)

TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice

Which of the following is false regarding the reaction A(g) + B(s) $\rightarrow$ C(s)? (READ IS: A gaseous plus B solid yields C solid) W) As pressure decreases, reaction rate decreases X) As temperature increases, reaction rate increases Y) As surface area increases, reaction rate decreases Z) When a catalyst is added, reaction rate increases

Y) AS SURFACE AREA INCREASES, REACTION RATE DECREASES

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer

Calculate the change in energy from a hydrogen atom's ground state to its first excited state in Rydbergs.

+3/4

TOSS-UP ENERGY Short Answer

When processing mined uranium ore, it is first crushed to a fine powder and then processed with concentrated acid, alkaline, or peroxide solutions to leach out the uranium. What is the common term for the remaining coarse powder?

YELLOWCAKE (ALSO ACCEPT: URANIA)

BONUS ENERGY Multiple Choice

Which of the following metabolites has the most negative standard Gibbs free energy of hydrolysis [hy-DROL-uh-sis]? W) Phosphocreatine [fohs-foh-KREE-uh-teen] X) Pyrophosphate [py-roh-FOS-fayt] Y) Glucose 1-phosphate Z) Phosphoenolpyruvate [fohs-foh-uh-nol-py-ROO-vayt]

Z) PHOSPHOENOLPYRUVATE

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Short Answer

Name the water soluble vitamin found in nuts, grains, and meats that functions in vertebrates as a component of the coenzyme NAD${}^{+}$.

VITAMIN B3 (ACCEPT: NIACIN, NICOTINIC ACID, NICOTINAMIDE, VITAMIN PP; DO NOT ACCEPT: VITAMIN B7, BIOTIN)

BONUS BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

Which of the following is most likely to cause sympatric speciation? W) Mountain building X) Habitat fragmentation Y) Polyloply [pol-ee-PLOI-dy] Z) Urbanization

Y) POLYPLOIDY

TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer

Name the three quantities that can completely describe any black hole.

SPIN, MASS, CHARGE (ACCEPT: ANGULAR MOMENTUM OR ANGULAR VELOCITY INSTEAD OF SPIN)

BONUS EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice

Which of the following is the dominant cooling mechanism in a core-collapse supernova? W) X-rays and gamma-rays X) Synchrotron emission Y) Neutrinos Z) Electron evaporation

Y) NEUTRINOS

TOSS-UP PHYSICS Short Answer

In your interferometry [in-ter-fuh-ROM-i-try] experiment, you measure a minimum intensity of 1 watt per meter squared and a maximum intensity of 19 watts per meter squared. What is the visibility of your fringes?

0.9

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer

The sound source of a ship's sonar system operates at a frequency 22 kilohertz. The speed of sound in water is 1482 meters per second. Providing your answer to the nearest hundredth, what is the wavelength of the waves in meters emitted by the source?

0.07

TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer

If the exterior angle of a base angle of an isosceles [eye-SOS-uh-lees] triangle measures 141${}^{\circ}$, what is the measure of the vertex angle?

102${}^{\circ}$

BONUS MATH Short Answer

If f(x) = -2x - e${}^{\circ}$[f of x equals negative 2x minus e to the x], what is the range of f [the derivative of f]?

(-${}^{\infty}$, -2) (ACCEPT: x < -2 or THE OPEN INTERVAL FROM NEGATIVE INFINITY TO -2)

TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice

Which of the following compounds would be insoluble in an aqueous [AY-kwee-uhs] solution? W) Calcium carbonate X) Sodium nitrate Y) Ammonium hydroxide Z) Potassium perchlorate

W) CALCIUM CARBONATE

BONUS CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice

Which of the following accurately depicts the hybridization [HY-bri-dy-zay-shuhn] of each atom in the molecule krypton difluoride? W) Krypton: sp${}^{3}$; each fluorine: sp${}^{3}$ X) Krypton: sp${}^{3}$d; each fluorine: sp${}^{3}$ Y) Krypton: sp${}^{3}$d${}^{2}$; each fluorine: sp${}^{2}$ Z) Krypton: sp${}^{3}$d; each fluorine: sp${}^{2}$

X) KRYPTON: sp${}^{3}$d; EACH FLUORINE: sp${}^{3}$

TOSS-UP ENERGY Multiple Choice

Which of the following was NOT an effect of removing sulfur from diesel fuel? W) It lowered the nitrous oxides and soot emissions X) It slightly increased gas mileage in diesel engines Y) It allowed the use of advanced emissions control systems Z) It reduced the lubricity of the fuel

X) IT SLIGHTLY INCREASED GAS MILEAGE IN DIESEL ENGINES

BONUS ENERGY Multiple Choice

Which of the following most accurately describes an advantage of a nuclear fusion reactor over a nuclear fission reactor? W) A failure of control systems shuts down the fusion reactor X) Fusion based nuclear plants are much less expensive than fission plants Y) Fusion reactors operate at a lower temperature than fission reactors Z) The fuel rods in the fusion reactor can be reused

W) A FAILURE OF CONTROL SYSTEMS SHUTS DOWN THE FUSION REACTOR

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

Which of the following best exemplifies secondary endosymbiosis [en-doh-sim-bee-OH-sis]? W) Human white blood cell phagocytosis [tag-uh-sy-TOH-sis] of a pathogenic bacterium X) Cyanobacterium [sy-uh-noh-bak-TEER-ee-uhm] is engulfed by a heterotrophic eukaryote [het-er-uh-TROF-ik yoo-KAR-ee-onf] Y) A heterotrophic eukaryote engulfs a green algal eukaryote Z) Receptor mediated endocytosis [en-doh-sy-TOH-sis]

Y) HETEROTROPHIC EUKARYOTE ENGULFS A GREEN ALGAL EUKARYOTE

BONUS BIOLOGY Short Answer

In cladistics [kluh-DIS-tiks], what is the term for a group of organisms used as a standard for comparison in constructing a phylogenetic [fy-luh-JEN-uh-tik] tree?

OUTGROUP

TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice

The curve that the position of the Sun at noon traces on the sky over the course of a year most closely resembles which of the following? W) Line X) Figure 8 Y) Ellipse Z) Circle

X) FIGURE 8

BONUS EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice

Which of the following should NEVER occur? W) Mercury at inferior conjunction X) Venus at opposition Y) Mars at eastern quadrature Z) Jupiter at conjunction

X) VENUS AT OPPOSITION

TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice

According to Maxwell's equations, which of the following does NOT exist? W) Infinitely separated charges X) Magnetic monopoles Y) Magnetically contained plasma Z) Superconductivity

X) MAGNETIC MONOPOLES

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer

A person who weighs 200 pounds on Earth, where acceleration due to gravity is 9.8 meters per second squared, is standing in a circular rotating space station in outer space, with a tangential speed of 300 meters per second. If the radius of the station is 9184 meters, what will the person weigh in the space station?

THE SAME (ACCEPT: 200 POUNDS)

TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer

Providing your answer as a fraction in lowest terms, if a family has exactly four children, what is the probability of having three girls and one boy?

%

BONUS MATH Short Answer

If the radius of a spherical balloon is expanding at the rate of 5 inches per second, assuming the initial volume is 0 and providing your answer as an improper fraction in lowest terms, what is its volume in inches cubed in terms of $\pi$ after 2 seconds?

4000$\pi$/3

TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice

Which of the following is the molarity of a 3.0 liter solution that contains 21 grams of methane? W) 0.15 X) 0.32 Y) 0.44 Z) 0.56

Y) 0.44

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer

Given that the $K{a}$ of benzoic acid is 6.4 x 10-5 and its $PK{a}$ is 4.2, providing your answer to one decimal place, what is the pH of a solution of 0.1 molar benzoic acid and 0.10 molar sodium benzoate?

3.2

TOSS-UP ENERGY Short Answer

What microscopy technique uses energy transfer between two molecules to measure the distance between the molecules?

FLUORESCENCE RESONANCE ENERGY TRANSFER (ACCEPT: FRET OR FORSTER RESONANCE ENERGY TRANSFER)