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The Research Associate will undertake research in Psychology under the direction of Prof Mike Kyrios (VPED). In doing so, the Research Associate will work with the relevant research team from the Be Well Innovation Lab to assist in the design and execution of various research projects investigating wellbeing and mental health, including face-to-face and digitally delivered evidence-based prevention and intervention programs. The Be Well Innovation Lab is a collaboration between Flinders University’s Órama Institute and the South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), conducting translational research into wellbeing and mental health. Through the development of technology solutions, interventions, and assessment methods, the team facilitates improvements in both psychological wellbeing and mental illness. The Research Associate will engage in the full range of research activities, inclusive of literature reviews, the preparation and submission of research grants and ethics applications, participation recruitment, data collection and analysis, presentation and publication of research findings, liaising with partners and stakeholders, and assisting with supervision of student projects. There may be limited opportunities for teaching. - Coordinating the planning and execution of research, by offering new ideas, reviewing relevant literatures and other sources of information, actively participating in the collection of data and attending seminars, meetings and conferences as well as collaborating with industry partners as directed. - Assisting the research team to successfully deliver multiple, existing and future project deliverables and outcomes. - Contributing to ethical, high quality and innovative research and evaluation through activities such as scholarship, quality publication, external grant acquisition and presentations that align with the College areas of research strength and focus. - Aiding in the facilitation of wellbeing interventions in a variety of research and translational projects. - Assisting with or undertaking supervision of honours and postgraduate students where appropriate. - Assisting as directed by the Supervisor in the establishment and maintenance of collaborations within the University, and at State, national and international levels in order to improve research outputs, patents and publications. - Some out of hours work (including weekends) as well as rural SA, interstate and overseas travel may be required. - Establishing and maintaining an effective working relationship with the Supervisor and the research team. - Any other responsibilities in line with the level of the position as assigned by the Supervisor and/or the University. 30 May 2021

2 edition of Orissan art of weaving found in the catalog. Orissan art of weaving |Statement||Keshab Chandra Meher.| |LC Classifications||GT1470.O75 M44 1995| |The Physical Object| |Pagination||79 p. :| |Number of Pages||79| |LC Control Number||96902066| Join Helen Sill on this wonderful creative textile holiday features a range of crafts and textile arts so there is sure to be something that you will love! From Heathrow Airport to the edge of the Thar Desert, you will get to explore India with a guide to assist throughout the entire journey. Shop for a variety of Books on Indian Art & Architecture. Our exhaustive collection includes books on Buddhist Art, Indian Folk Art, Iconography & more! Book Review – The art of Moy Mackay. More top picks from Search Press. Future Heirlooms Renovated. for tribal tapestry and Orissan ikat – March is a yoga and spirituality tour of North India Their handloom weaving is sure to keep him enthralled. An interesting mode of transportation you’d like to incorporate into one of your. k and hy “Ships and Shipping in Orissan Art”, Puratattva, No. 23 () p; Kalinga – Indonesian Cultural Relations by Karuna Sagar Behera published by Orissan Institute of Maritime and South East Asian Studies, (Chapter “Common Rama Episodes of Orissa and Indonesia by ”). Hidden Meanings is an exhibition which opened at the Asian Art Museum October 7, and runs through Decem , accompanied by an over-sized, indispensable book. First conceived with her thesis at UCLA, it's the fruit of nearly 40 years' labor, and the results are essential, exquisite, and utterly charming. The weft or the warp or both are tie-dyed before weaving to create designs on fabric in this method. Traditionally, the women of Odisha dress in sarees of blue, red and magenta and other deep colors, with Ikat patterning. These beautiful and eye catching saris are made within the state, mainly at Nuapatna, near Cuttack on the coastal plain, or. The highly paid expert Riders in the chariot, Patrick White Wealdway long distance footpath Three trips home Revision of Oparanthus (Compositae, Heliantheae, Coreopsidinae) Spoken Language Characterisation (Handbook of Standards and Resources for Spoken Language Systems, Vol. 2) Relief of the estate of Andrew I. Duncan. Pelagic seabird populations off southwestern Vancouver Island Nutrient status of the tea soils of North Sylhet Circle, Sylhet complete physics, written for London medical students and general use. Books for reluctant readers. Chaos in Real Data Leopard Horse Hanyon Creative Decorative Painting (The Decorative Arts Series) Orissan Art of Weaving on *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. Additional Physical Format: Online version: Mehera, Keśabacandra. Orissan art of weaving. Bargarh: Keshab Chandra Meher, (OCoLC) Document Type. Prof. Thomas Donaldson (Ph. D.) is a leading authority on Indian art, particularly Orissan art, as he has been studying and writing on the subject for more than three decades. His works include a monumental three-volume study titled Hindu Temple Art of Orissa (), Kamadeva's Pleasure Garden in Orissa (), Sculptural Masterpieces from. The Orissan art of weaving Keśabacandra Mehera Not In Library. Sārī, traditional wear of Indian women Priyabala Shah Not In Library. A sharee consumer attitude survey, July,1 book Nesa Arumugam, 1 book Nesa Eliezer, 1 book Surrey Art Gallery (B.C.), 1 book. That gloriously woven, blurry edged. Gem-coloured design, in gorgeous yarn of silk and Orissan art of weaving book has become synonymous with Orissa. Speaking eloquently of its old maritime linkages with Bali, the Ikat tradition of Orissa is the intricate process of Tie and Dye i.e. knotting selections of yarn before dipping them in separate colours one at a time and finally weaving them to produce one of the most. A Sambalpuri sari is a traditional handwoven ikat or sari (locally called sadhi) wherein the warp and the weft are tie-dyed before is produced in the Bargarh, Sonepur, Sambalpur, Balangir district, Boudh District of sari is a traditional female garment in the Indian Subcontinent consisting of a strip of Orissan art of weaving book cloth ranging from four to nine metres in length that is. Odisha (Orissa) is famous for its Handicrafts mainly Patta Chitra, Sand Art, Metal Work, Stone Carving and Puppets +91 - [email protected] Enquiry Now. Odisha Ikat is a kind of ikat, a resist dyeing technique, originating from Indian state of known as "Bandha of Odisha", it is a geographically tagged product of Odisha since It is made through a process of tie-dying the warp and weft threads to Area: Eastern and Western region of Odisha. Visit to the Chariot of the Sun God temple, built by King Langula Narasimha Deva in the 13th century AD during the golden era of Orissan art. This temple, among the crowning works of Orissan architecture and sculpture, is sheer poetry in stone. Chitra-Pothi: Illustrated Palm-Leaf Manuscripts from Orissa by J.P. Das. Chitrapothi: An important but little-known art form of Orissa is illustration on palm-leaf that flourished along with the Orissan tradition of copying kavya texts on palm-leaf manuscripts and illuminating them. This art form touched its zenith during the golden age of Oriya kavya literature in the 18th century when a. Indeed, one of the names of Orissa is "Utkala", which means "the place of excellence of art". Orissa is famous for its artistic carvings, dance, music, architecture, literature, weaving, and paintings, all of which are intimately related to the worship of Jagannath. Orissa Temple and Tribal Tour. If the rich culture allures you, book a Orissa temple and tribal tour. The tour takes you to the enchanting destination called Orissa. India tribal tour is the best option to experience the hidden cultures of the incredible land called India. Etymology. Tantra (Sanskrit: तन्त्र) literally means "loom, warp, weave".The connotation of the word tantra to mean an esoteric practice or religious ritualism is a colonial era European invention. This term is based on the metaphor of weaving, states Ron Barrett, where the Sanskrit root tan means the warping of threads on a loom. It implies "interweaving of traditions and. Ikat weaving which utilises both cotton and silk in a single product is particularly prominent with artisans in Sonepur. Ikat from Odisha (Orissa) is distinctive with its use of fine count silk and/or cotton yarn, dyed in striking shades of blue, red, yellow and magenta. L: Striking Odishan (Orissan) cotton ikat, or bandha, with elephant motifs. A land of rich and diverse artistic achievements, Odisha (Orissa) art and culture the products of a long historical process in which the spiritual, philosophical the humane dimensions have merged to yield the finest effects of cultured civilised life. Culture imparts flavour and animation to the social and religious activities of people. It flows as an under-current of inspiration below the. Angry at Vishnu, he left his interpretation of the Lord of the Universe incomplete. Visit to the Chariot of the Sun God temple, built by King Langula Narasimha Deva in the 13 th century AD during the golden era of Orissan art. This temple, among the crowning works. Odisha Temples and Tribes Tours. Odisha Tour Packages are available in varieties of ways, according to the requirement tourist choose their Tour Packages, as example if any tourist like temples, especially the old Hindu temples those are full of fine stone art works then they can chose Odisha Temples Tour Packages also these are some tourist like tribal’s they can chose Odisha Tribal Tours. Chitrapothi: Illustrated Palm-Leaf Manuscripts of Orissa, J.P. Das, Niyogi Offset Pvt. Ltd, Chitrapothi: An important but little-known art form of Orissa is illustration on palm-leaf that flourished along with the Orissan tradition of copying kavya text. The ancient epic Ramayana is a beautiful Sanskrit story of love and sacrifice, courage and duty and the triumph of good over evil. Originally composed by the sage Valmiki around BCE to BCE, the story is considered one the greatest literary works of ancient India and has subsequently inspired many diverse regional versions throughout India and South Asia in the form of poetic narrative /5. This is a craft documentation field research project where my team mate and I went on a 4 week visit to Champa and Chandrapur areas of Chattisgarh, India. This document is an detailed study of the. A little-known art form of Orissa is illustration on palm-leaf, which flourished along with the Orissan tradition of copying kavya texts on palm-leaf manuscripts and illuminating them. This art form touched its zenith during the 18th century when a large number of chitra Author: J.P Das.Chitra-pothi: Illustrated Palm-leaf Manuscripts from Orissa [J.P Das] on *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. Chitra-pothi: Illustrated Palm-leaf Manuscripts from OrissaAuthor: Jagannātha Prasāda Dāsa.Indians ad mastered art of weaving, dyeing, embroidery, art works, crafting in fabric as well. Recently pants and shirts have been accepted .

Filipino daughters also can go to highschool, inherit property, and even turn into village chiefs like Filipino sons. For non-family members who require help, the wife is the individual to be approached. However, the wife is neither the one who makes the ultimate choice or the person who arms out the money. The function of the babaylan was principally related to females, but male babaylans also existed. Early historical accounts document the existence of male babaylans who wore female clothes and took the demeanor of a lady. A few had been taken whereas they were at residence while a couple of have been either working; or running an errand for their dad and mom. Many of them had been nonetheless single however there were other married ladies. A Lola from Bicol was asleep when the Japanese came to their village and rounded up all men and young women and had been taken in the elementary school constructing; the place they had been held until the following morning;. Another Lola was advised by her mother to purchase food from the nearby city whereas the opposite one was gathering “sisid” rice near the pier in Malabon. Also in components of the Philippines occupied by the Japanese navy, according to victims’ testimonies, a selection of ladies were raped and kidnapped via violent means to garrison buildings, then confined there and compelled to offer sexual services. In many of those instances, their fathers or husbands had been killed in front of the ladies and their other family members. Should You Get Your Philippines Women Repaired? The homeless man punched the bystander and spit at him, calling him an anti-Chinese racial slur, in accordance with prosecutors. The police launched a photo of a person they mentioned was needed within the attack on a 65-year-old lady in Manhattan. As the video went viral online, the assault provoked a torrent of condemnations from public officers and seemed to underscore the problem the government faces in curbing unprovoked assaults towards Asian-Americans. About 25 p.c of them had been confined for 4 months or longer whereas 17 % have been kept for three months and l6 % were there for one month. All the Lolas reported to have been raped throughout their interval of confinement. Seven Japanese troopers first raped this Lola who hails from the Visayas in their home while the other relations have been being interrogated. And every evening thereafter for seven days, three to five Japanese soldiers raped her. Of her six to seven month confinement within the garrison, three or more soldiers continuously raped her about three times per week. Many of the Lolas have been taken forcibly by Japanese soldiers while in their home. Some still discover it wrong, particularly if the man is clueless that the women married them for money; it’s nonetheless taking advantage of them. Although most Filipinas enter relationships with older foreign men because of financial reasons, there are still those that do it out of affection or in hopes of learning to love them eventually. They are ladies who believe that to fall in love is a choice, and that loving their husbands is one thing that they’ll learn to do in time. Many women, especially those that have had poor educational backgrounds, have this notion that they want to marry foreigners as a end result of they have extra money than Filipinos. For them, foreigners earn dollars and this means they’ve extra wealth. And it is recognized that in Cagayan of the same island the third consolation station was established in February 1943. In Dansaran within the central a part of the island there was a Comfort station. In Davao of the island there was a consolation philippines girls station the place Koreans, Taiwanese and Filipinos have been brought and compelled into service. When comparing the study sample with the NHIS pattern, one has to understand that the NHIS members reported particular actions in the earlier 2 weeks and the study pattern in the past four weeks. Dancing aside from cardio dancing is especially in style amongst older Filipino ladies. It was the third most incessantly talked about activity in our sample, but is not talked about among the high 7 activities within the NHIS pattern. In future research assessing physical exercise in non-white teams, it is going to be important to identify and include culturally particular actions such as dancing, tai-chi, or others, in assessment devices. Our knowledge also underscore the want to embrace actions into evaluation scales that are traditionally necessary to girls corresponding to home chores and care giving (Tortolero et al., 1999; Ainsworth et al., 1999). - The FWN Filipina Leadership Book Series fills the gap within the management literature that has missed the chance to survey the management competencies of the ladies of Philippine ancestry. - The Women’s Legal Bureau is a feminist authorized useful resource NGO servicing girls and women’s organisations on matters involving gender-related points. - In that case, an Asian girl was waiting in a subway station in Manhattan and seen that someone had set her backpack on fire. - Lazy ugly looking women dreaming to discover a rich man to spend their life doing nothing or turning into singer/model actress (even in the occasion that they don’t have any talent). - There are many different poor countries on the planet, ladies would die somewhat then promote themselves cheap. - Rodrigo Duterte mentioned that ladies shouldn’t be within the battlefield, people couldn’t help however enumerate all of the Filipina heroes that proved they can, indeed, struggle. Additionally, prior research recommend that non-white, female, and older respondents are typically more likely than different groups to answer questions in a socially desirable manner (Warnecke et al., 1997). In the case of our research, this will have contributed to over-reporting of bodily activity, despite our efforts to encourage honest reporting by having feminine Filipino interviewers who have been blind to the intervention group standing. There is ample proof in the literature demonstrating that a single session intervention doesn’t result in long-term lifestyle adjustments (Harland et al., 1999). While our outcomes may point out a short-term increase in bodily exercise, they may be defined by social desirability and reporting biases. In the eyes of a Filipino woman, a man should at all times be able to please her. Therefore, she goes to respect items, flowers, and ordering the dishes that she wants at the moment. Usually, Filipino women are conservative and take time to get used to their men. Do not expect a straightforward victory over your Filipino lady, and be patient. Most in all probability, she will not like touches and kisses on the first date. When she feels in love, you will by no means remorse all the hassle you place while caring for her. According to information released by the Justice Ministry as of June 2020, 132,551, or roughly forty seven percent, of the 282,023 Filipinos legally residing in Japan held permanent resident visas — much greater than the 28 p.c for overseas nationals overall. Women, meanwhile, accounted for round 70 p.c of the total, rising to about eighty four p.c for these over 35. We buy a lot of lotions, soaps, shampoos, sandals, garments that aren’t our manufacturers and sizes. It’s as a outcome of we like to shop for our families, associates and even neighbors! We sincerely hope this tour afforded numerous individuals in Japan an opportunity to gain even somewhat insight into the issues and realities confronting these women and kids. The low proportion of Filipino ladies who’ve ever examined for HIV is a name to strengthen efforts to advertise HIV testing. Information on its determinants may help in the formulation and implementation of interventions and which segments of the inhabitants must be targeted by these interventions.

Are you planning to conduct an honours thesis project (BIOL 4908 or BIOL 4907) next year (either in summer 2014 or fall/winter terms of 2014/15)? If so, you should be contacting potential faculty advisors now if you haven’t already done so. Since it is your thesis, it is your responsibility to find a faculty advisor. Advisors must be Carleton Biology professors or adjunct faculty members (listed on the Biology website). Most faculty advisors take on only a few honours students each year. These thesis positions fill up very fast (some are already filled). Therefore, if you haven’t started trying to find a faculty advisor for your thesis project, you should begin now. If you don’t know how, don’t really understand what an honours thesis is, or want to know the difference between a BIOL 4907 and BIOL 4908, look at the FAQ’s below. Plan to have your advisor and project lined up by December 2013 at the latest. To get on track and stay on track, here is a link that provides an overview of what you should be doing and when: http://www1.carleton.ca/biology/current-students/undergraduate/honours-research-thesis What is a BIOL 4908 and how does it differ from a regular course?BIOL 4908 Honours Research Thesis differs from other courses in several respects. It is a full credit course and therefore spans two academic terms (fall and winter or summer I and summer II). Further, the purpose of a thesis is to make a contribution to the existing body of knowledge in the field of biology. Consequently, it is quite different from an essay that you would write for a course that summarizes published research. There are no required lectures, seminars, textbooks, tests, etc. Instead, the course consists of an ongoing series of meetings between you and your honours thesis supervisor, during which you talk about each phase of your project. For BIOL 4908 this would include selecting a topic, designing your study, carrying out experiments, collecting your data, analysing your data, and writing up your results, all while spending several hours a week in the lab or field. You will produce a written thesis. You will also produce a poster that you will present at the Undergraduate Research Symposium. What is a BIOL 4907 and how does it differ from BIOL 4908?BIOL 4907 Honours Essay and Research Proposal is similar to BIOL 4908 in that it is a full credit course, there are no required lectures, seminars, textbooks, tests. Further, the course consists of an ongoing series of meetings between you and your honours thesis supervisor, during which you talk about each phase of your project. For BIOL 4907 this includes selecting a topic, designing your essay, doing an extensive literature review, discussing key papers with your professor, discussing the essay’s outline with your professor, writing a comprehensive essay on your topic, and writing a research proposal discussing what question(s) should be researched next, why they are of theoretical importance, and what methodology you would follow to address the question(s). Similar to BIOL 4908 you would produce a comprehensive written document. You also produce a poster that you present at the Undergraduate Research Symposium. How do I find an advisor?Students must show a good deal of initiative and persistence in finding an advisor. Your prospects for getting an advisor will be enhanced if you follow the tips listed below: Do your homework. Most advisors prefer honours students to work on topics that are closely related to their own research interests. It is therefore best to be familiar with faculty advisors’ research area before you approach them. Biology faculty members’ research websites are here: http://www1.carleton.ca/biology/facultystaff-listing/faculty/. Here the list of potential faculty mentors subdivided by area: http://www1.carleton.ca/biology/research/research-areas/. A careful review of these websites will give you an overview of the kinds of research being conducted. Also look at the websites of adjunct faculty members as they can also be honours thesis advisors:http://www1.carleton.ca/biology/facultystaff-listing/adjunct-professors/ Be flexible. Your interests are important but you will dramatically increase your chances of landing a supervisor if you are willing to be flexible in terms of your thesis project. This is the best way to end up with a project that is tailored to both your interests and the professor’s interests. Write an informative email. Be sensitive to the fact that professors may be busy when you first approach them and include a subject heading in your email (e.g., Conduct an honours thesis research in your laboratory?). In your email you should briefly describe yourself, your research interests, discuss relevant courses you have taken or will take that will provide you with a strong background in this research area, a brief overview of your grades to date, and ask whether they would be willing to meet to discuss honours thesis possibilities. Be sure to state the terms and year that you plan to conduct your thesis (i.e., summer 2014 or fall/winter 2014/15). Go prepared. When meeting with potential advisors, make sure to bring a copy of your academic audit and come prepared with questions about their research program and how they mentor honours thesis students.

Common Names: saber-tooth cat (or sabertooth cat), sabercat Smilodon fatalis had a body mass ranging from 350 to 600 pounds, similar in weight to the modern Siberian tiger. Fossils of Smilodon fatalis are not particularly common in Florida, but there have been many fossils found across the United States, including a prolific collection in Rancho la Brea in Los Angeles, California. - Late middle to latest Pleistocene Epoch; late Irvingtonian and Rancholabrean land mammal ages - About 700,000 to 11,000 years ago Scientific Name and Classification Smilodon fatalis Leidy, 1868 Source of Species Name: not stated in Leidy’s original description, but from the Latin word fatalis, meaning of fate or destiny. But presumably Leidy’s intent was based on the standard English usage of the word ‘fatal’, meaning deadly or causing death. Classification: Mammalia, Eutheria, Laurasiatheria, Carnivora, Feliformia, Aeluroidea, Felidae, Machairodontinae, Smilodontini Alternate Species Names: Machairodus floridanus, Smilodon californicus, Smilodon floridanus Overall Geographic Range Smilodon fatalis lived in southern and central North America, Central America, and western South America (Kurten and Werdelin, 1990). The type locality is in southeastern Texas (Leidy, 1868). Florida Fossil Occurrences Florida fossil sites with Smilodon fatalis: - Alachua County—Arredondo 1; Haile 7A - Brevard County—Melbourne - Citrus County—Bone Cave; Sabertooth Cave (=Lecanto Cave) - Columbia County—Ichetucknee River; Santa Fe River - Dade County—Cutler Hammock - De Soto County—Peace River 2 - Hardee County—Peace River 11 - Indian River County—Vero Canal Site - Levy County—Waccasassa River 2; Waccasassa River 6 - Manatee County—Bradenton 51st Street - Marion County—Reddick 1B; “Rock Crevice” of Leidy (1889b); Withlacoochee River - Pinellas County—Millennium Park; Seminole Field - Putnam County—St. Johns Lock - Sarasota County—Venice area; Warm Mineral Springs - Taylor County—Aucilla River 1A The genus Smilodon contains three widely recognized species: Smilodon populator, Smilodon fatalis, and Smilodon gracilis (Kurten and Werdelin, 1990; Turner, 1996). Two species names widely used in the older scientific and semi-popular literature, Smilodon californicus and Smilodon floridanus, are almost always now regarded as junior synonyms of Smilodon fatalis. Berta (1985) proposed that Smilodon populator and Smilodon fatalis were actually a single species, with the former name having priority. This approach has been followed in a few other studies, but today most experts on extinct felids regard the two species as distinct. Smilodon populator in this scenario is limited to portions of South America east of the Andes. Although Smilodon fatalis is known from late Irvingtonian (middle Pleistocene) sites in South Carolina, Arkansas, and Nebraska, fossil localities of this age in Florida have not recorded it (although only three such sites are known, so this absence might be an artifact of the sparse record from this time interval). Thus all known Florida records of the species are from the Rancholabrean land mammal age. Fossils of Smilodon fatalis are not particularly common in Florida. Most records are isolated teeth or bones, typically less than five specimens per locality, and most often just one. A partial skeleton of a subadult individual was found at Arredondo 1 in a limestone quarry southwest of Gainesville in the early 1950s (Fig. 2; Kurten, 1965). According to Kurt Auffenberg (pers. comm. to R. Hulbert), his father and former museum curator Walter Auffenberg told him that this skeleton originally included a skull, but that it was retained by the collector. Its whereabouts are unknown. The best skull of Smilodon fatalis from Florida in a museum collection is still the first specimen ever found, in 1888 at a fissure deposit in a limestone quarry near Ocala (Figs. 3-4; Leidy, 1889a, 1889b). According to Leidy (1889b), this skull originally had some teeth, but they were removed by the person who found it. This specimen is the holotype of Smilodon floridanus and is on public display at the Wagner Free Institute of Science in Philadelphia just where Joseph Leidy himself placed it. It has a nearly complete braincase and most of the right maxilla. Fossils of Smilodon fatalis can easily be distinguished from those of Smilodon gracilis, the only other species in the genus known from Florida, by their much larger size. According to Christiansen and Harris (2005), Smilodon fatalis had a body mass ranging from 350 to 600 pounds (160 to 280 kg), similar in weights observed in the modern Siberian tiger. In contrast, Smilodon gracilis was only about the size of a modern jaguar, weighing between 120 and 220 pounds (55 to 100 kg). There are also morphologic differences. In the teeth, the upper canine of Smilodon fatalis is more curved and has better developed serrations. The lower third premolar of Smilodon fatalis is usually absent, or if present more vestigial than that of Smilodon gracilis. The inner cusp on the upper fourth premolar, the protocone, is very reduced or even absent in Smilodon fatalis. The only felid of similar (or even larger) size present in the late Pleistocene of Florida is the American lion, Panthera atrox. It too is a relatively rare species in Florida. Almost every bone in the skeleton of these two great cats can be distinguished, as detailed in the classic monograph of Merriam and Stock (1932). In stark contrast to its rarity in the Florida fossil record is the massive number of well-preserved specimens of Smilodon fatalis at the Rancho la Brea in Los Angeles, California. Over 2,000 skulls alone have been found in the various tar pits there. Naturally it is this tremendous sample that has been most studied by paleontologists, who have used it to analyze almost every imaginable aspect of the paleobiology of this famous species. Among the most studied features are how it captured and killed its prey (e.g., Akersten, 1985, 2005; Anyonge, 1996; McHenry et al., 2007; Meachen-Samuels, 2012), diet and chewing mechanics (e.g., Van Valkenburgh et al., 1990; Biknevicius et al., 1996; Kohn et al., 2005; Wroe et al., 2005; Binder, and Van Valkenburgh, 2010; DeSantis et al., 2012), degree of sociality and sexual dimorphism (e.g., Van Valkenburgh and Sacco, 2002; Carbone et al., 2009; Kiffner, 2009; Van Valkenburgh et al., 2009; Meachen-Samuels and Binder, 2010; Christiansen and Harris, 2012), and growth rates and patterns (e.g., Feranec, 2004; Meachen-Samuels and Binder, 2010; Christiansen, 2012). - Original Author(s): Richard C. Hulbert Jr. - Original Completion Date: April 23, 2013 - Editor(s) Name(s): Richard C. Hulbert Jr. and Natali Valdes - Last Updated On: December 16, 2020 Akersten, W. 1985. Canine function in Smilodon (Mammalia; Felidae; Machairodontinae). Contributions in Science No. 356, 22 p. (Download PDF) Akersten, W. 2005. The role of incisors and forelimbs in the shear bite and feeding of Smilodon. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 25(3, Supplement):31A. Anyonge, W. 1996. Microwear on canines and killing behavior in large carnivores: saber function in Smilodon fatalis. Journal of Mammalogy 77:1059-1067. Berta, A. 1985. The status of Smilodon in North and South America. Contributions in Science No. 370, 15 p. (Download PDF) Biknevicius, A. R., B. Van Valkenburgh, and J. Walker. 1996. Incisor size and shape: implications for feeding behaviors in saber-toothed ‘cats’. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 16(3):510-521. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4523739 Binder, W., and B. Van Valkenburgh. 2010. A comparison of tooth wear and breakage in Rancho La Brea sabertooth cats and dire wolves across time. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 30(1):255-261. Carbone, C., T. Maddox, P. J. Funston, M. G. L. Mills, G. F. Grether and B. Van Valkenburgh. 2009. Parallels between playbacks and Pleistocene tar seeps suggest sociality in an extinct sabretooth cat, Smilodon. Biology Letters 5:81-85. Christiansen, P. 2012. The making of a monster: postnatal ontogenetic changes in craniomandibular shape in the great sabercat Smilodon. PLoS ONE 7(1): e29699. Christiansen, P., and J. M. Harris. 2005. Body size of Smilodon (Mammalia: Felidae). Journal of Morphology 266:369-384. Christiansen, P., and J. M. Harris. 2012. Variation in craniomandibular morphology and sexual dimorphism in pantherines and the sabercat Smilodon fatalis. PLoS ONE 7(10):e48352. DeSantis, L .R. G., B. W.Schubert, J. R. Scott, and P. S. Ungar. 2012. Implications of diet for the extinction of saber-toothed cats and American lions. PLoS ONE 7(12):e52453. Feranec, R. S. 2004. Isotopic evidence of saber-tooth development, growth rate, and diet from the adult canine of Smilodon fatalis from Rancho la Brea. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 206(3-4):303-310. Holliday, J. A., and S. J. Steppan. 2004. Evolution of hypercarnivory: the effect of specialization on morphological and taxonomic diversity. Paleobiology 30(1):108-128. (Download PDF) Kiffner, C. 2009. Coincidence or evidence: was the sabretooth cat Smilodon social? Biology Letters 5:561-562. Kohn, M. J., M. P. McKay, and J. L. Knight. 2005. Dining in the Pleistocene; who’s on the menu? Geology (Boulder) 33(8):649-652. Kurtén, B. 1965. The Pleistocene Felidae of Florida. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum 9(6):215-273. Kurtén, B., and L. Werdelin. 1990. Relationships between North and South American Smilodon. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 10(2):158-169. Leidy, J. 1868. Notice of some vertebrate remains from Harden Co., Texas. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 20:174-176. Leidy, J. 1889a. The sabre-tooth tiger of Florida. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 41:29-31. Leidy, J. 1889b. Descriptions of mammalian remains from a rock crevice in Florida. Transactions of the Wagner Free Institute of Science of Philadelphia 2:13-17. McHenry, C. R., S. Wroe, P. D. Clausen, K. Moreno, and E. Cunningham. 2007. Supermodeled sabercat, predatory behavior in Smilodon fatalis revealed by high-resolution 3D computer simulation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 104:16010-16015. Meachen-Samuels, J. A. 2012. Morphological convergence of the prey-killing arsenal of sabertooth predators. Paleobiology 38(1):1-14. Meachen-Samuels, J. A., and W. Binder. 2010. Sexual dimorphism and ontogenetic growth in the American lion and sabertoothed cat from Rancho La Brea. Journal of Zoology 280:271?279. Meachen-Samuels, J. A., and B. Van Valkenburgh. 2010. Radiographs reveal exceptional forelimb strength in the sabertooth cat, Smilodon fatalis. PLoS ONE 5(7):e11412. Merriam, J. C., and C. Stock. 1932. The Felidae of Rancho La Brea. Carnegie Institute of Washington, Publication 422, 232 p. Turner, A. 1996. The Big Cats and Their Fossil Relatives: an Illustrated Guide to their Evolution and Natural History. Columbia University Press, New York, 234 p. Van Valkenburgh, B., and T. Sacco. 2002. Sexual dimorphism, social behavior, and intrasexual competition in large Pleistocene carnivorans. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 22(1):164-169. Van Valkenburgh, B., T. Maddox, P. J. Funston, M. G. L. Mills, G. F. Grether and C. Carbone. 2009. Sociality in Rancho La Brea Smilodon: arguments favour ‘evidence’ over ‘coincidence’. Biology Letters 5:563-564. Van Valkenburgh, B., M. F. Teaford, and A. Walker, A. 1990. Molar microwear and diet in large carnivores: inferences concerning diet in the sabretooth cat, Smilodon fatalis. Journal of Zoology 222:319?340. Wroe, S., C. McHenry, and J. Thomason. 2005. Bite club: comparative bite force in big biting mammals and the prediction of predatory behaviour in fossil taxa. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 272:619-625. (Download PDF) This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant Number CSBR 1203222, Jonathan Bloch, Principal Investigator. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.

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Looking for Kafka Stephen Carver goes in search of an author who 'remains as enigmatic as his fiction'. ... "If I shall exist eternally, how shall I exist tomorrow? " Franz Kafka was born on 3rd July 1883 in Prague, the eldest of six children. He had three younger sisters and two younger brothers, Georg and Heinrich, who died at the ages of fifteen months and six months, respectively, before Franz was seven. On business days, both parents were absent from the home. His mother helped to manage her husband's business and worked in it as many as 12 hours a day. Kafka's first language was German, but he was also fluent in Czech. Later, Kafka acquired some knowledge of the French language and culture and one of his favorite authors was Flaubert. From 1889 to 1893, he attended the Deutsche Knabenschule, the boys' elementary school in the Masný Street. After elementary school, he was admitted to the rigorous classics-oriented state gymnasium, Altstädter Deutsches Gymnasium at Old Town Square, within the Kinsky Palace. This was an academic secondary school with eight grade levels, where German was also the language of instruction. Kafka’s education was limited to the period up to his Bar Mitzvah celebration at thirteen. He completed his Maturita exams in 1901. After his Bar Mitzvah, Kafka loathed having to go to the synagogue with his father and limited his attendance to four times a year at Jewish holidays. On 1 November 1907, he was hired at the Assicurazioni Generali, a large Italian insurance company, where he worked for nearly a year. On 15 July 1908, he resigned, and two weeks later found more congenial employment with the Worker's Accident Insurance Institute for the Kingdom of Bohemia. In 1917, Kafka began to suffer from tuberculosis, which would require frequent convalescence during which he was supported by his family, most notably his sister Ottla. From 1920 Kafka developed an intense relationship with Czech journalist and writer Milena Jesenská. In July of 1923, throughout a vacation to Graal-Müritz on the Baltic Sea, he met Dora Diamant and briefly moved to Berlin in the hope of distancing himself from his family's influence and concentrate on his writing. In Berlin, he lived with Diamant, a 25-year-old kindergarten teacher from an orthodox Jewish family, who was independent enough to have escaped her past in the ghetto. She became his lover, and influenced Kafka's interest in the Talmud. Kafka's tuberculosis worsened in spite of using naturopathic treatments. He returned to Prague, then went to Dr. Hoffmann's sanatorium in Kierling near Vienna for treatment. He died there on 3 June 1924, apparently from starvation. His novels, The Trial (1925), The Castle (1926) and Amerika (1927), along with his short stories including The Metamorphosis (1915) and In the Penal Colony (1914), make up a body of work that is now considered among the most original in Western literature. Most of Kafka's output, much of it unfinished at the time of his death, was published posthumously. You can read JP O'Malley's excellent article on Kafka here: http://bit.ly/2XLHZLD TITLES BY FRANZ KAFKA

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A Report by the American Academy of Ophthalmology Ophthalmic Technology Assessment Committee Retina/Vitreous Panel: Sophie J. Bakri, MD,1 Jennifer E. Thorne, MD, PhD,2 Allen C. Ho, MD,3 Justis P. Ehlers, MD,4 Scott D. Schoenberger, MD,6 Steven Yeh, MD,7 Stephen J. Kim, MD8 Ophthalmology, August 2018, © 2018 by the American Academy of Ophthalmology. Click here for free access to the OTA. Purpose: To review the evidence on the safety and efficacy of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapies for the treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Methods: A literature search of the PubMed and Cochrane Library databases was last conducted in February 2017; there were no date restrictions, and the search was limited to studies published in English. The combined searches yielded 191 citations, 28 of which were selected because they were clinical trials and were deemed clinically relevant for the Ophthalmic Technology Assessment Committee Retina/Vitreous Panel to review in full. The panel methodologist then assigned a level of evidence rating to each study. Results: Sixteen of the 28 citations provided level I evidence supporting the use of anti-VEGF agents for neovascular AMD, including intravitreal ranibizumab, aflibercept, and bevacizumab. Eight studies reviewed provided level II evidence, and 4 studies provided level III evidence, but only the level I studies are included in this assessment. There are long-term follow-up data on the efficacy of ranibizumab and bevacizumab (≥5 years), but these data are subject to the bias of incomplete follow-up. Conclusions: Review of the literature indicates that intravitreal injection of anti-VEGF therapy is safe and effective for neovascular AMD over 2 years, the period for which data are available. Further research is needed to evaluate the long-term safety and comparative efficacy of these agents. 1 Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 2 Division of Ocular Immunology, Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MarylandDepartment of Ophthalmology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 3 Wills Eye Hospital, Philadelphia, PennsylvaniaDepartment of Ophthalmology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 4 Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 5 Retina Physicians & Surgeons, Inc., Dayton, Ohio 6 Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California 7 Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 8 Department of Ophthalmology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee

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Contrary to what Simone de Beauvoir famously argued in 1949, men have not lived without knowing the burdens of their sex. Though men may have been elevated to cultural positions of strength and privilege, it has not been without intense scrutiny of their biological functions. Investigations of male potency and the ‘ability to perform’ have long been mainstays of social, political, and artistic discourse and have often provoked spirited and partisan declarations on what it means to be a man. This interdisciplinary collection considers the tensions that have developed between the historical privilege often ascribed to the male and the vulnerabilities to which his body is prone. Andrew Mangham and Daniel Lea’s introduction illustrates how with the dawn of modern medicine during the Renaissance there emerged a complex set of languages for describing the male body not only as a symbol of strength, but as flesh and bone prone to illness, injury and dysfunction. Using a variety of historical and literary approaches, the essays consider the critical ways in which medicine’s interactions with literature reveal vital clues about the ways sex, gender, and identity are constructed through treatments of a range of ‘pathologies’ including deformity, venereal disease, injury, nervousness, and sexual difference. The relationships between male medicine and ideals of potency and masculinity are searchingly explored through a broad range of sources including African American slave fictions, southern gothic, early modern poetry, Victorian literature, and the Modern novel. Click here if you are not redirected automatically

There is a strange moment in Samuel Richardson’s novel when Clarissa deceives someone for the first time in her life. Wanting to escape her abuser, Lovelace, she sends him a note: “I have good news to tell you. I am setting out with all diligence for my father’s house. I am bid to hope that he will receive his poor penitent with a goodness peculiar to himself […] you may in time, possibly, see me at my father’s, at least, if it be not your own fault.” Lovelace speeds away to Harlowe Place, where he is surprised not to find Clarissa with her family. In fact, Clarissa is still in London, avoiding him. She knows that she’s dying. She has devised for Lovelace to leave the city so that she can prepare for death in peace. Though Lovelace criticizes her, Clarissa insists that she has not lied. She explains her note to Lovelace’s friend Belford, who has unexpectedly become her confidant. In turn, Belford explains to Lovelace that “a religious meaning is couched under it, and that’s the reason that neither you nor I could find it out. Read but for my father’s house, Heaven, said she.” Clarissa doesn’t say that she’s traveling from London to Berkshire, Belford realizes with equal parts admiration and pity; she says that she’s leaving the mortal plane, and that Lovelace will see her in the afterlife if he’s lucky. Experiencing Clarissa in lockdown, I became fixated on the idea that Clarissa’s ability to perform this textual sleight of hand is somehow crucial to her psychological recovery (as well as evidence of her spiritual superiority). Lovelace, by contrast, doesn’t know how to read. That is, Lovelace reads literally when he should be reading allegorically. He lacks the ability to find meaning beneath the surface. Strangely, an encrypted expression of the pain Lovelace has always failed to understand gives Clarissa a momentary advantage over him, providing her with breathing room to conduct her ars moriendi. It is as if the allegory and its interpretation––called allegoresis––both represent and save her traumatized self. Allegory might seem miles away from a modern sensibility, the stuff of the Bible or Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress (1678). Bunyan’s allegory––which sees an everyman named Christian proceed from the City of Destruction through obstacles such as Vanity Fair and the Slough of Despond to the Celestial City––is no longer a best-seller. But for Clarissa (and, indeed, many people, for many centuries), a quest like Christian’s offers a template for reading her own life allegorically. Besides tricking Lovelace, Clarissa transfigures her slow decline into “preparation for this joyful and long-wished-for journey.” And as she proceeds toward the “thorough Reconciliation” with her heavenly Father, welcoming the “interposition of a dear blessed friend,” Clarissa puts herself in motion. She is no longer trapped by Lovelace, nor by her complete isolation from the social life to which she was accustomed. Clarissa is going somewhere. This kind of reading not only appealed to me personally in the summer of 2020; it also struck me as a habit of mind from which anyone experiencing trauma could benefit. Allegoresis arranges domestic tragedies (illness, death) as well as national ones (say, a global pandemic) into a narrative, a progression from here to there. Allegoresis is both a guide to consult and a tool to use, a means of looking out at the world and of dwelling deep in introspection. Like trauma, allegory deals with the interplay of inside and outside, surface and depth. Of course, trauma studies remind us again and again that trauma is un-representable. In Clarissa’s letter as in The Pilgrim’s Progress, we see writers articulating traumatic experience precisely by representing something else. To read allegorically is to play the sequence of substitutions backward. To put it simply, allegorical reading requires readers to make sense of something difficult. Theorists from Dante to Benjamin describe allegory as consisting of folds; what appears to be small and flat reveals countless secrets if manipulated properly. When Paul tells the Galatians that they will reap what they sow, he is also telling us that if we are kind to others, they will be kind to us (and that if we live virtuous lives, we will be rewarded after death). Allegoresis is the act of unfolding, expanding. Like the proverbial road to recovery (itself an allegory), it is a process that animates and arranges, lending dimension and restoring proportion. In fact, modern works of literature also support the idea that allegory and trauma have something to do with one another. As I was reading Clarissa, I was reminded of how allegorical quest narratives like Ralph Ellison’s Invisible Man (1952) and Colson Whitehead’s The Underground Railroad (2016) represent Black oppression in the United States, as well as how oblique allegories, like J. M. Coetzee’s The Childhood of Jesus (2013), figure refugee experience. I thought of Anna Burns’ Milkman (2018), which follows a Clarissa-like teenager known only as “middle sister” through Belfast during the Troubles. These texts use a symbolic mode to represent flattened individual subjectivities that unfold in the act of reading. In Milkman, Burns theorizes this affordance of allegory. Middle sister deals with anxiety daily. She keeps away from certain streets, parks, flags lest she invite the camera clicks of loyalists hiding in bushes, which she knows signify her name on a list of enemies of the British state. Her healing begins in a French class of all places. While other students complain about “one thing representing another thing when the represented thing could easily have been itself in the first place,” middle sister accepts their teacher’s injunction that “we must let go the old, open ourselves to symbolism, to the most unexpected of interpretations, that we must too, uncover what we’ve kept hidden, what we think we might have lost.” Thinking “about color, about transformation, about upheavals of inner landscapes,” middle sister performs her first act of resistance, burying the severed head of a cat killed by a bomb. For her, interpretation is tantamount to self-possession. Learning to read allegorically enables her to write her own story. By way of middle sister, we can return to Clarissa’s note with fresh eyes. Reading allegorically is, most obviously, a way of finding meaning in suffering. Imprisoned, disowned, stalked, drugged, kidnapped, and sexually assaulted, Clarissa is certainly capable of ascribing spiritual value to her tribulations––this is what her letter shows, transfiguring her posttraumatic physical and mental illness into a triumphal procession to heaven. Yet, the “father’s house” allegory also suggests something more surprising: that reading allegorically can be a lifeline. Richardson alludes to this very idea earlier in the novel, when Clarissa describes Lovelace as a drowning man whom she cannot save without drowning herself. Lovelace reads her account to his cousins, who are inclined to take Clarissa’s side, and exclaims: Has she not, if her allegory proves what she would have it prove, got out herself and left me floundering still deeper and deeper in?––What she should have done, had she been in earnest to save me, was to join her hand with mine, that so we might by our united strength help one another out––I held out my hand to her, and besought her to give me hers––but no, truly! she was determined to get out herself as fast as she could, let me sink or swim… Again, Lovelace reads incorrectly, but instead of failing to find a hidden meaning, he produces the wrong one. In Richardson’s moral framework, this is a sign of Lovelace’s ultimate doom. It is also a way of reinforcing what has happened to Clarissa and celebrating how, precisely, she has overcome it. The way in which Lovelace twists Clarissa’s allegory parallels his abuse, the very cause of her trauma. And by performing the reading that Lovelace contests, Clarissa demonstrates her reclaimed selfhood. By making her life a narrative and determining its meaning, Clarissa regains the control that trauma disrupted. She takes up space where Lovelace would have her diminished, claims a complexity all her own where he would have her be simply his. As a consequence, Lovelace drowns; Clarissa doesn’t. Allegory reflects traumatic experience and––read rightly––can provide a map: not a way out, but a way of navigating within. Bailey Sincox is an English PhD candidate at Harvard. She’s working on a dissertation about female revenge in early modern (sixteenth- and seventeenth-century) English drama and contemporary film.

The Hedonism of Reading Good Books “I hate to read new books.” So begins William Hazlitt’s essay “On Reading Old Books.” The title will remind readers of C.S. Lewis’s similarly named but much more well known essay “On the Reading of Old Books,” which originally served as the introduction to a translation of Athanasius’ On the Incarnation. But beyond the general injunction to read old masters, the two essays have very little (though more than nothing) in common. Where Lewis focuses on the dangers of contemporary prejudice and the atmospheric contamination, as it were, of false assumptions—both of which we can mitigate in effect by temporarily displacing ourselves in time and space through reading—Hazlitt stresses the importance of older writers. He does this because (1) there is a greater likelihood that they are worth reading; (2) they are essential to the personal development of the individual; and (3) they are high-water marks of formal and stylistic virtuosity from which something can be learned despite philosophical disagreement. First, it is a truism that old books that are still read have stood the test of time (there are others that deserve to have done so but have been forgotten; that is a different story, touched on here). As Hazlitt says, with nice understatement, “I do not think altogether the worse of a book for having survived the author a generation or two.” As Lewis would write over a century later, “A new book is still on its trial and the amateur is not in a position to judge it.” But where Lewis emphasizes ignorance, Hazlitt stresses the calm and serenity of opening an old volume: “[T]he dust and smoke and noise of modern literature have nothing in common with the pure, silent air of immortality.” This may sound romantic, or even absurd, but I confess to having had precisely this sensation myself on many occasions. There are, of course, good new books and bad old books. But the sheer volume of what is published—an issue since the invention of the printing press, even if more insistent now given the rise of new technologies—makes the work of winnowing wheat from chaff difficult, and time is finite. (Lest I be misunderstood, I think this a happy development in most respects, although attended by some of the challenges Hazlitt notes. Indeed, without such technologies, Hazlitt would have had access to far fewer books, as would we.) As Hazlitt remarks: [I]n…turning to a well-known author, there is not only an assurance that my time will not be thrown away, or my palate nauseated with the most insipid or vilest trash,—but I shake hands with, and look an old, tried, and valued friend in the face,—compare notes, and chat the hours away. Can a value be assigned to nurturing an intellectual friendship, albeit a somewhat imaginary one, with a Vergil, a Shakespeare, an Augustine? Surely not. I shall return to this point below. Hazlitt’s perspective is, then, somewhat different from Lewis’, whose main concern is the characteristic “blindness” of every age as with respect to its own faults (“Every age…is specially good at seeing certain truths and specially liable to make certain mistakes. We all, therefore, need the books that will correct the characteristic mistakes of our own period”). Where Hazlitt is pragmatic and personal, Lewis focuses on the ethical and the social. Both are correct. Second, Hazlitt gives a beautiful description of the way in which our early reading can help to form who we are for the rest of our lives. The books we love while young contribute to our development as individuals in no more imaginary a way than learning to ride a bike or the first day of middle school does. The enjoyment they yield, in other words, is not empty: these books play a part in the formation of our memories, the pattern we discern as our lives unfold, and therefore help to constitute our very selves. Hazlitt says this explicitly: “In reading a book which is an old favourite with me (say the first novel I ever read) I not only have the pleasure of imagination and of a critical relish of the work, but the pleasures of memory added to it.” In fact, re-reading one’s favorite books can serve in some ways as dreamlike time travel, or even an otherwise impossible bilocation, in which we can—for a brief moment—simultaneously put one foot in our past and another in our present. As he puts it: It recalls the same feelings and associations which I had in first reading it, and which I can never have again in any other way. Standard productions of this kind are links in the chain of our conscious being. They bind together the different scattered divisions of our personal identity. They are land-marks and guides in our journey through life. They are pegs and loops on which we can hang up, or from which we can take down, at pleasure, the wardrobe of a moral imagination, the relics of our best affections, the tokens and records of our happiest hours. And yet the present remains the present, to which past is prologue. Hazlitt has no interest in speculating on what it would be like to go back to one’s youth with the wisdom of experience, as Uncle Rico wishes to do in Napoleon Dynamite. In fact, part of the gratification of re-reading, say, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (which in Hazlitt’s day was not only not old but not in existence—we must remember that what counts as “old” is on a sliding scale) is to be fetched back to a world without this “burthen,” as Hazlitt puts it. “A sage philosopher,” Hazlitt says, “who was not a very wise man, said, that he should like very well to be young again, if he could take his experience along with him.” (Compare Uncle Rico’s “Don’t you ever wish you could go back with all the knowledge you have now?”) Hazlitt protests, with a touch of melancholy, that it is a mistake to try to transmogrify youth into adulthood or introduce adulthood into youth. “This ingenious person did not seem to be aware, by the gravity of his remark, that the great advantage of being young is to be without this weight of experience, which he would fain place upon the shoulders of youth, and which never comes too late with years.” The peculiarities of youth must be respected and can never be repeated. But the reading of an “old favourite” can, like a game of catch with one’s son, provide an evanescent and plaintive reminder of what it was like to be in the world without having experienced the world. Thirdly, the best old books are both aesthetic masterpieces and good to think with. Hazlitt recalls obtaining copies of John Milton’s Paradise Lost and Edmund Burke’s Reflections on the Revolution in France when he was 20.I note in passing that Hazlitt provides perhaps the best and briefest response to the supposed problem of Milton’s supposed “sympathy for the Devil,” that is, his making Satan a sometimes attractive figure: “Milton has there drawn, not the abstract principle of evil, not a devil incarnate, but a fallen angel. This is the Scriptural account, and the poet has followed it…. Let us hear no more then of this monkish cant, and bigotted outcry for the restoration of the horns and tail of the devil!” The incident to which Hazlitt refers must have occurred around 1798. Though Paradise Lost surely would have been counted as old by this point, Burke’s Reflections had only recently appeared in 1790. It was therefore still relatively new, all things considered, even when Hazlitt wrote this essay a couple of decades after his first encounter, and certainly at the point of the encounter itself. “Old,” then, has a rather loose and inclusive meaning, here apparently signifying “old to me now from my present perspective, within the scope of my span of life”—another reminder of the almost exclusively personal and particular focus of this essay. (In fact, Hazlitt ends by contradicting his first sentence toto caelo in his final remark: “I should also like to read the last new novel (if I could be sure it was so) of the author of Waverley:—no one would be more glad than I to find it the best!” “The author of Waverley” was Sir Walter Scott—Hazlitt’s contemporary! When reading his pronouncements, one must not take them too “straight,” lest one forget his wit and the wry self-understanding smile.) Hazlitt’s comments on the Reflections provide good insight to his mind and the catholicity of his reading. He did not like Burke on politics but he respected him and saw him as a genius. “I took a particular pride and pleasure in [Burke’s Reflections], and read it to myself and others for months afterwards. I had reason for my prejudice in favour of this author. To understand an adversary is some praise: to admire him is more. I thought I did both: I knew I did one.” Of Burke’s style, he remarks, “I said to myself, ‘This is true eloquence: this is a man pouring out his mind on paper.’ All other style seemed to me pedantic and impertinent.” It was a style he described as “forked and playful as the lightning, crested like the serpent,” an evaluation quoted by Russell Kirk in the second chapter of The Conservative Mind. But Hazlitt’s admiration was not limited to Burke’s style. It extended to the style as the servant of his substance. The two are not the same (“I thought myself that an abstract proposition was one thing—a masterly transition, a brilliant metaphor, another”), but neither are they easily disentangled. And while Hazlitt did not agree with the substance as a whole, he could find truths in its parts: “I did not care for his doctrines. I was then, and am still, proof against their contagion; but I admired the author…. I conceived, too, that he might be wrong in his main argument, and yet deliver fifty truths in arriving at a false conclusion.” Books like Burke’s could provide, in other words, the pleasure of a good and rigorous argument, one not divorced from rhetorical niceties that could be revered even if they outstripped his ability to imitate them. What Hazlitt is really driving at, it seems to me, is the obligation of the thinking individual to form a personal canon of favorite authors and texts. Just as we differ as individuals, our personal canons will differ. But we should all nevertheless have one, and not take anyone else’s word for it. It is to be made, not borrowed. The reasons given are frankly somewhat epicurean: the pleasure of time well spent; the pleasure of memory; the pleasure of watching a master at work—and it bears repeating that we should include some masters whose ideas we do not like. But this hedonism, such as it is, makes its mark on the meaning of a life, infusing it with a richness that can be had at no dearer a price than that of a library card, which is to say, it can be had for free by anyone who is not so foolish as to fail to go after it. As Hazlitt says, “To have lived in the cultivation of an intimacy with such works, and to have familiarly relished such names, is not to have lived quite in vain.” E.J. Hutchinson is associate professor of Classics and director of the Collegiate Scholars Program at Hillsdale College. His research focuses on the reception of classical literature in late antiquity and early modernity.

Milton Keynes A Level results: Walton High Staff at Walton High are hailing students' 'remarkable success' with this year's A Levels. The majority of grades were A*-B, with 25 per cent being A*-A. Subjects where more than half their students gained the highest grades were business studies, economics, English literature, geography, mathematics, Spanish, French and religious studies. Students’ performance in vocational courses also saw over half the grades awarded being Distinction* or Distinction. Anthony Nevin’s A*AA results will see him go to the University of Birmingham to study economics. Joining him will be Jessica Barnes (AAA) also taking economics. Walton High will be similarly well represented at Loughborough University with Elliot Haigh (A*AB) reading natural sciences and Scott Foreman (AAB) economics. Kate Newby (A*AA) will be going to Exeter to read geography and Grace Woodman (A*ABC) will study law at Surrey. Rhys MacCarter (AAA) and Ellie Renson (A*AB) will each study psychology at Warwick and Liverpool respectively, Simran Dehal (A*AB) and Clare Folkes (AAB) will both be attending the University of Nottingham; Simran to study architecture and Clare to read law. Executive principal, Michelle Currie, said: “Walton High is proud to be a school which provides diverse and highly personalised academic and vocational opportunities to post-16 students in order to facilitate their chosen pathways. “We are always delighted to celebrate the success of our students as it is a testament to their immense commitment, talent and resilience. “Another year of excellent results is also due to the passion and dedication of the staff here at Walton High. I would like to sincerely congratulate all students on their accomplishments. “Students, along with their parents and teachers, should feel delighted with their achievements and we wish each of them an exciting and rewarding future.”

By Katie Rose Turlik Observed around the world every year on September 21st, the International Day of Peace is dedicated to spreading the idea of peace among all nations and their people. Anyone can celebrate the day in any way, whether in a private setting, a group gathering, or a public event. This year Montgomery College Germantown celebrated the event in a special way, playing soccer games focused on spreading peace and mutual respect. From noon to 4 p.m. on September 17th, Montgomery College celebrated its sixth annual International Peace Day Soccer Pick Up Games. The games, which included a professional referee, took place on Germantown Campus’ Soccerplex just north of the baseball field. The day started off a little cloudy, but it didn’t last long, and by 12:30 the weather was perfect for soccer. The person who made this event a reality is MC Germantown professor, Sally McClean, who has taught at Montgomery College for 15 years, teaching both English and Film and Literature. When asked about the outcome of the day Professor McClean said “she thought it was excellent.” “We started at 12. By 12:15 we had 22 players on the field and we continually had 22 players, with different people going in until five to 4 when we had to close down,” McClean said. By the time the game ended the packed field of 22 people walked off. “It was amazing,” she added. As to why she believes soccer is a good idea to celebrate the day, Professor McClean explained that it is not only her background with soccer, being the mother of avid soccer fans, but the school’s amazing diversity that helps her to decide to play soccer each year. “I realized from teaching here that we have many different students from many different countries, and what they all seemed to have in common was soccer. It didn’t matter whether they were African or Hispanic or from the United States, it seemed to be a universal thing, and that would certainly work for International Peace Day,” she told the Globe. McClean is a member of the three-campus Peace and Justice Studies Community, which sponsored Wednesday’s event. All three campus’s faculty and staff are represented. Professor McClean explained how she, along with several other people, represents Germantown. Each campus celebrates the day with its own event. “Seven years ago it was decided by the group that soccer might be a good idea, and the only place it took off was here. It became very successful here,” she said. She explained how soccer is a sport that is very close to her heart. “I think one of the reasons I have so much passion for this sport is not just because I’m a soccer mom, but because when my husband, who taught math here, died seven years ago.’’ “I had a foundation which faculty donated money to his name. I thought what a beautiful thing to use that money for International Peace Day. So I bought equipment. I bought frames, I bought soccer balls, I bought pennies,” McClean added. McClean also explained that when the foundation’s money ran out several years ago the event was able to continue thanks to money given by the campus provost at the time, Dr. Sanjay Rai, who became this fall Montgomery College’s Senior Vice President for Academic Affairs. “[Dr. Rai] honored me by playing goalie. He was very much for the soccer games because soccer is big in his country of India.” Germantown’s current provost is Margaret Latimer who came to this year’s game, which McClean described as, “very special.” When asked if she would like to see any changes for next year she explained how, “eight balls went over onto Observation Drive. I would like to ask facilities if there is anyway in the planning for next year they could think about projecting some type of screen right behind the goalie’s post that could prevent the soccer balls from going onto the road. It is a danger with the balls going down nears car and the students going to get them.” “Our professional referee told me his rule that the player who kicked the ball into the road had to leave the field and go down and retrieve it themselves. Which is brilliant, because then they are not going to kick that ball so hard,” McClean added. She also wanted students to remember to bring their cleats. Her plan is to send the student body an email a couple days before next year’s game and remind people to bring their cleats. She says she would love to see those changes and plans to look into them for next year. Professor McClean went on to thank all who helped make the day possible saying, “There was huge faculty and staff support. They helped by not only helping me with things like water and pizza and sound equipment, but by actually coming to see the games.’’ In addition, two faculty members from the Rockville campus attended the event, McClean said, “which was wonderful.’’ Moreover, Montgomery College Men’s Soccer Coach Pedro Braz and Women’s Soccer Coach Brad Hartin participated in the peace soccer games, offering some of their own equipment, which McClean said “was fabulous.’’ “We also had our own professional student DJ. He stayed for all four hours. The students loved his music. Germantown Mathematics Professor Darren Smith and Germantown Sociology Professor Benedict Ngala gave speeches and played as well,” McClean added. The day was a great success with everyone who participated having a fantastic time, according to McClean. The date for next year is already set for September 16th and Professor McClean as well as many others are already looking forward to it.

- Research article - Open Access Barriers to men’s participation in perinatal care: a qualitative study in Iran BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth volume 19, Article number: 45 (2019) The role of men’s participation in prenatal, delivery and postpartum care is very important, well defined and cannot be over emphasized. Very few studies exist about men’s role in promoting the health of the mother and barriers to their participation in perinatal care in Iran; hence, the present study was conducted to determine the barriers to men’s participation in perinatal care. The present qualitative study was carried out on 45 participants who were selected employing purposeful sampling technique. Data were collected through in-depth semi-structured interviews, focused group discussions and field notes. Data were analyzed using conventional content analysis. After data analysis, four main categories extracted were: “cultural barriers”, “personal and interpersonal barriers”, “health system-related barriers” and “socio-economic barriers”. The results of this study, by presenting the barriers to and challenges for men’s participation in perinatal care, could be helpful in designing culture-based strategies to overcome these barriers and improve men’s participation. In women’s life, reproductive period which include preconception, pregnancy, delivery and postpartum period, is a critical period; because, despite positive expectations for its outcomes, it might lead to disability or even death . Men’s participation during the perinatal period is of great importance in the health of the mother and the infant. According to previous studies, men’s participation would decrease the rate of preterm birth, low birth weight (LBW), restricted fetal growth, neonatal mortality and mother’s stress and increase the rate of prenatal and postpartum care . Furthermore, men’s participation in services related to the health of the mother and the infant would lead to early performance and completion of the prenatal care, improvement of mother’s workload during pregnancy, preparation for delivery and improvement of the couple’s relationship [3,4,5]. Men’s participation in the healthcare services for mothers is a social and behavioral course of action that should be performed actively and responsibly to improve the health of the mother and the infant . In most parts of the world, men are responsible for making important decisions regarding the allocation of financial resources and care behaviors that could directly affect the health of the mothers and the infants . Also, men’s behaviors would affect the reproductive health of their wife and children. However, most of the maternal and child health programs were focused on women’s education and participation while men were neglected . Although in the International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) in Egypt, 1994, and the Fourth World Conference on Women, the positive role of men in the health and reproductive rights of men was emphasized and the importance of men’s participation in maternal and child health services was approved by most of the countries; the rate of this participation was very low and there were barriers to accomplishing this matter. According to the conducted studies, some of the recognized barriers were educational level, income, health center-related factors and low awareness about the role of men in reproductive health [2, 5, 9, 10]. Furthermore, factors such as perceptions, beliefs and attitudes toward maternal health as a feminine duty would lead to poor participation of men in reproductive health [9,10,11]. Most countries have encountered challenges at executive levels in this field and more studies are required to determine the barriers and effective interventions for resolving them for improved men’s participation. Also, in Iran, the level of men’s participation in related issues to the maternal and fetal health is low and few studies were conducted regarding the causes for low participation of men and barriers to their participation. Thus, performing more studies in this field was necessary for designing culture sensitive and effective interventions on men’s participation during pregnancy, delivery and postpartum period. This could help to improve the health of the mother and the infant. Qualitative research is an approach for discovering and describing people’s experiences and conceptualizing them, such that would increase the imminent understanding and awareness about human experiences. It is usually used when there is a need for explaining concepts and the relation between them . Thus, the present qualitative study was conducted to determine the barriers to men’s participation in perinatal care. The present study is a qualitative research that was conducted employing content analysis approach between July and November 2017. Settings, sample and recruitment In this study participants include pregnant women or women had just delivered (n = 12), husbands of pregnant women or women who had recently experienced delivery (n = 6), healthcare providers include midwives, gynecologists and nurses (n = 19) in Tabriz, Iran, deputy health managers at Tabriz University of Medical Sciences (n = 3) and policymakers from the Ministry of Health and Medical Education (n = 5). The inclusion criteria were having at least five years of working experience with caregivers, being able to understand and express their experiences and having Iranian nationality. Eligible Participants (pregnant women or women had just delivered, husbands of pregnant women or women who had recently experienced delivery, and healthcare providers) were accessed through postpartum wards of hospitals, prenatal clinics and midwife or gynecologist offices. They were recruited directly or telephone numbers were obtained and they were called. The sampling started using purposeful sampling technique and continued considering the maximum variety in educational level, socioeconomic condition, job, age, and number of pregnancies and deliveries (for pregnant women or women had just delivered). Also, healthcare providers as well as deputy health managers and health policy makers with different working experience and from different health centers recruited for the study. The selected participants were willing to participate in the study and informed consent was obtained from each them. The demographic characteristics of the 45 participants are shown in Table 1. Data were gathered through face-to-face in-depth semi-structured interviews, focused group discussions (FGDs) and field notes. First author (VF) conducted the interviews and focused group discussions. She had 20 years working experiences with pregnant women and she had taught in “preparation for labor and childbirth” classes in Tabriz city since 10 years ago. Other authors had previous interviewing experience and qualitative paper/report writing. Prior to data collection, first author wrote down initial preconceptions and beliefs about research topic based on their previous working experiences with pregnant mother and from a review of the literature. These preliminary thoughts and ideas led to the providing an interview guide. Interviews began with the open question of “What are the men’s participation barriers in antenatal and postpartum care? Please explain.” Then, the course of the interviews was guided by the participants’ open and interpretative answers. In addition, as the interviews went on, more detailed questions (based on the interview guide) were asked. The places and time for the interviews were selected based on the participants’ preferences. The interviews lasted between 25 to 100 min and continued until there was data saturation and no new data code emerged in the interviews and FGDs. Two FGDs were conducted. One of them was conducted for eight pregnant women and lasted 105 min and another was conducted for seven health providers and lasted 120 min (Table 2). The time and place of both group discussions were determined by the opinions of the participants. At the group discussions sessions, the researcher, was acting as the facilitator and guider of the discussions, and another person was present to take notes. Data analysis was performed simultaneously with data collection. All interviews were digitally recorded. The interviews were transcribed verbatim by first author (VF). The data obtained were analyzed employing conventional qualitative content analysis . This technique is appropriate for subjective interpretation of the data text content through regular process of coding to determine the categories or themes. In this regard, interviews were repeatedly reviewed to achieve a comprehensive approach for the data. The transcriptions of the interviews were divided into meaning units, and after compression; they were labeled with abstract codes. Codes were compared with each other regarding their similarities and differences and were then classified into sub-categories and categories. In this study, in several interviews, the coding were separately performed by the first and second author, and then continued by both authors agreement. In all cases, other authors, after analyzing the data by the first and second authors, commented on codes, subcategories, and categories. Rigor and trustworthiness To ensure the credibility to the results, the data was validated by establishing a close relationship with the participants as well as gaining their trust. Also, sampling with maximum variation increased the validity of the data. As member checking, after formation of the primary codes, the opinions of four participants were sought to approve the accuracy of the codes and interpretations. To ensure the transferability of the data, opinions of three individuals who had similar characteristics to the participants but were not enrolled in the study, were sought. Dependability of the data was approved after review by the research team members. In addition, the data were reviewed by four experts in this field who were not involved in this study; hence, the accuracy of the coding process was evaluated. Ethical approval of the research was received from the Ethics Committee of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (ethical approval code: IR.MUI.Rec.1395.3.599). The reasons for the study were explained prior to each individual interview and FGDs. Informed consent, anonymity, confidentiality and the right of participants to leave the study at any time was preserved. During data analysis, 247 codes and 10 sub-categories developed that were eventually divided into four main categories of “cultural barriers”, “personal and interpersonal barriers”, “health system-related barriers” and “socio-economic barriers” were analyzed (Table 3). Based on the participants, narrations, cultural barriers were the most important and common reason for men’s nonparticipation in perinatal care. This main category was made up of three sub-categories. The undesirable dominant socio-cultural climate of the society Most of the participants mentioned the existence of gender roles in the society and the traditional patriarchy culture which is dominant in the Iranian families; they also mentioned the negative attitude toward men’s participation in pregnancy, delivery and postpartum care. Participants mentioned men’s fear of the social stigma for participating in pregnancy and delivery care, as a barrier to their participation during this period. Participants also mentioned society’s and even women’s belief about women’s responsibility in care and household matters. However some of the participants stated more participation among young men compared to others. “Women in the families, especially husband’s family, believe that delivery is a woman’s duty; having a baby has nothing to do with the husband at all; woman should take care of the child, she is responsible for the child. So this belief would unconsciously be induced in the husband that he does not need to help, he should just provide the finances while senior women of the family would take care of the caring matters.” (Pregnant woman). Lack of request from women Male participants mentioned that one of the main reasons for lack of men’s participation in pregnancy and delivery matters was lack of request from women and that women would rather rely on their own families. Some of the pregnant women who participated also mentioned women’s unwillingness for the presence of their husband at the delivery room and prenatal clinics, to maintain their privacy. “I did not want my husband to be by my side during labor pains because you would not act normal during labor and might do irrational things. I remember that I was crawling out of pain or screaming for example; that’s why I did not want my husband to see me like that.” (Gynecologist). Educational poverty in the society According to most of the participants, families have a small role in teaching their sons about participation; instead, they usually teach men not to participate in pregnancy and delivery matters. They believed that the media has a weak role in creating the culture of men’s participation in prenatal care (for considering the pregnancy and delivery as private topics). The women who participated also believed that the timing for airing the few shows in this field was inappropriate; meaning that only women could be watching these programs. Also the mass media has mostly portrayed the caring role of the mother and the authoritative role of the father, while the fatherly role of men was often neglected. “… for example the only scene that would be shown from a woman’s pregnancy in a TV show is her nausea; then she would be brought to the operating room and boom, that’s the delivery. So, little boys would not see anything about men’s participation in the movies and TV while growing up that would teach them.” (Policymaker). Personal and interpersonal barriers Based on the participants, narrations, lack of men’s awareness about the importance of their participation in perinatal period, and their role in mother and infant health, lack of adequate experience about participation in pregnancy, childbirth and postpartum care and lack of proper interaction between couples due to lack of appropriate communication skills in life were another reasons for men’s nonparticipation in this regard. This main category was comprised of two sub-categories. Poverty of consciousness and men’s inadequate experiences According to the participants, men’s unawareness about the importance of their role in prenatal period and their inability to understand the problems of pregnant women, would lead to their non-performance of their positive role during this period. Participants also believed that, men’s inadequate experiences for participating in pregnancy, delivery and postpartum period (especially during the first pregnancy) due to their young age or not being prepared for fatherhood were some other reasons for lack of men’s participation. “Men think that pregnancy is a repetitious and an ordinary fact; so, they would not care about it because they are not aware of pregnancy’s risks.” (Midwife). Couple’s communicational problems According to the participants, lack of appropriate communication between couples and the changes in their sexual performance during pregnancy would lead to communicational problems during pregnancy which would become a barrier to their participation during pregnancy and delivery period. “The main problem is in the couple’s communication skills, they should learn the manners of communications and talking about their needs and responding to their needs before marriage.” (Midwife). Health system-related barriers Based on the participants, narrations, the barriers related to health system were the main hindrance for interested men’s participation in perinatal care. This main category was made up of three sub-categories. The structural problems in the health centers Participants stated that the inappropriate physical environment of health centers for men’s presence. as well as the inappropriate time of providing pregnancy care for men’s participation, as the main reasons for not accompanying their wives during pregnancy, delivery and postpartum care. They mentioned the existence of restrictions or even prohibition for men’s presence at the examination rooms in prenatal clinics. Also, in the private offices of the gynecologists and midwives, husbands were not allowed to enter the examination room; because mothers would be visited in groups and maintaining the privacy of mothers would become a challenge. Furthermore, because the space of labor rooms is not private in most of the public hospitals, it is not possible for the husbands to be present. According to the participants, services at prenatal clinics would be provided during the morning shifts and men should be at work during these hours, therefore, the possibility of accompanying the wife during pregnancy care would be decreased. “The conditions are not prepared… If someone has the financial resources, they might be able to get private rooms in private clinics and be by their wife’s side, but in public centers, traditionally, legally and even structurally, husbands could not be by their wives during labor.” (Midwife). Problems related to the human resources Based on the participants’ statements, disapproval of men’s presence by healthcare providers during pregnancy care; labor and postpartum examinations and the gender of the healthcare providers were some of the reasons that would decrease men’s participation. Participants believed that the reasons for disapproval of men’s presence by the healthcare providers in the feminine environment of prenatal clinics and labor rooms were due to disruption of health care providers’ services, crowdedness of the clinics and shortage in healthcare staff for allocating sufficient time to men’s education as well as religious attitudes toward confrontation of female healthcare staff with men. “Midwives and physicians do not like men to enter the clinic or the labor room, because they would intervene with their work or they would ask questions that the physicians and the midwives could not answer them.” (Deputy Director of Treatment). Policymaking and managerial problems Participants mentioned that the neglect of men’s participation in prenatal care by policymakers in planning and macro policies, despite the need of the society; the application of the personal opinions and interests of the senior administrators of health centers to avoid men’s presence at these centers, were some of the barriers to men’s participation in pregnancy, delivery and postpartum care. “The policymakers and decision makers do not even think about men’s participation in prenatal cares; they see it as a need but they have never thought about planning or making policies for it, thus, they have not considered it in their policies.” (Policymaker). Participants believed that men’s occupational problems and conflicts, as well as high living costs and family financial problems, make men less likely to be involved in perinatal care as they spend a lot of time outdoors. This main category was made up of two sub-categories. Men’s occupational problems According to the participants, lack of sufficient time and strength due to the exhaustion of men, caused by long hours of work and the inapplicable plan of leave for fathers in most of the administrative organizations and institutes, were some of the barriers to men’s participation in pregnancy, delivery and postpartum care. Men participants believed that, even in the few organizations where this plan is superficially applied, lack of support of the employers for men who would want to use this leave and men’s fear of disturbing their job position if using the leave, would make them refuse to take the leave and consequently, men would be deprived from participating in the sensitive days following delivery. “Unfortunately, due to the financial problems, men have to work for long hours, so they are tired and exhausted when they come home; I myself would go home after working the morning and the evening, I am so exhausted I cannot even stand on my feet, let alone be helpful.” (Father). Most of the participants stated that poor economic status of the families, high costs of pregnancy and delivery and not providing financial supports for the families during pregnancy by the government, were the reasons for men’s need to work multiple shifts or even multiple jobs; this would consequently decrease their participation during this period. “I work from 7 am to 8 pm. But if I would be financially secure, I would come home at 4 pm and help my wife. But due to the high costs of ultrasounds and pregnancy examinations, I would even appreciate working on Fridays.” (Father). The present study was conducted to determine the barriers to men’s participation in perinatal care. Results of the present study showed that the most important barriers to men’s participation in perinatal care were cultural barriers, personal and interpersonal barriers, health system-related barriers and socio-economic barriers. In Iran, like most other countries, cultural barrier was one of the important and fundamental barriers to men’s participation in perinatal care [4, 14,15,16]. Participants mentioned gender roles, negative attitude toward men’s participation, taboos and stigmas related to this issue in the society as the cultural barriers to men’s participation in perinatal care. It should be noted that in the traditional context of Tabriz in Iran, gender roles are defined in a way that create the dividing line between feminine and masculine affairs. Women are responsible for home affairs and the care of the children and men for earning income for the management of life. Additionally, senior women (such as mother- in –law) in the families of Tabriz are considered as the main agents in care and guardians of women during pregnancy, childbirth and postpartum care. The acceptance of these cases by men causes that they do not react to barriers to their participation in perinatal care and do not attempt to eliminate it. Although today’s men are more involved with perinatal care than in the past, they are still far from desirable. Results of the studies by Mortazavi & Mirzaei and Simbar et al. showed that cultural barriers as the main hindrance to men’s participation in perinatal care; which was similar to the results of the present study. Also a study in Cameron showed that tribal beliefs and traditional gender roles were the barriers to men’s participation in prenatal care . In a report that was published by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2015 about the condition of the fathers in the world, social and cultural norms that would determine the roles of men and women was mentioned as a barrier to men’s participation in maternal and neonatal health [19,20,21,22,23]. Although some of the participants in the present study mentioned more participation of younger men than others in family matters, similar to a study that was conducted in Chile, the necessity of institutionalizing this participation during pregnancy, delivery and postpartum period in the family and the society was also mentioned by the participants . It seems that the type of family trainings for boys that promotes the authoritative role of men in life, as well as lack of education for men about their participation in the society, especially through the mass media, were important factors in this field; it is probable that by emphasizing on the positive role of men in perinatal care in the society through the mass media, religious and social leaders, their participation would be improved. In this regard, in Malawi, husbands who were listening to radio programs about this issue had more participation in pregnancy, delivery and postpartum care than those who did not listen to the radio programs . Personal and interpersonal barriers were another barrier to men’s participation in perinatal care; which was stated by participants as poverty in awareness, inadequate experience in men especially during the first pregnancy and communicational problems between the couples. A study showed that little knowledge of men and their lack of believe in the risks of pregnancy, were the barriers to their participation in prenatal care . Also, A study in Myanmar showed that the existence of a positive correlation between men’s participation and their level of knowledge about reproductive health . Other researchers in their study showed that despite men might not have knowledge and awareness about pregnancy and delivery; they could control the situation by making the right decisions at the time of emergency . The results of studies also showed personal factors, family and social relationships as the barriers to men’s participation [2, 3]. This might be due to lack of communication skills between the couples, replacing effective communication between family members with social networking technology, and lack of mutual understanding of each other’s needs between the couples. On the other hand, traditional beliefs and concerns about risking the health of the mother and the fetus by having sexual intercourse during pregnancy and also wrong information provided by the healthcare staff, might lead to restraining sexual activities during pregnancy and after delivery; this might cause a distance between the couple which could lead to lack of participation by the husbands. It seems that conducting a consulting session at the beginning of the prenatal care and educating couples on the correct ways of communication and having sexual intercourse during pregnancy could increase men’s participation by eliminating these barriers. Another barrier to men’s participation in perinatal care that was emphasized by the participants was health system-related barriers. Similar to another studies [4, 15, 19, 24, 28,29,30], in the present study structural problems of the health centers and the negative attitude of the female service providers toward men’s participation in prenatal, delivery and postpartum care were the major setbacks. Also, lack of couple-friendly structures in centers for providing prenatal and labor services was one of the barriers by the health system to men’s participation in perinatal care in the present study. A study showed that limitations of the health centers including limitations in personnel, space and attitude of the healthcare personnel toward men’s participation were some of the barriers to men’s participation in perinatal care . Mortazavi & Mirzaei in their study stated that inappropriate behavior of the healthcare personnel was a barrier to men’s participation in perinatal care . Kaye et al. in Uganda considered the health system intimidating, unwelcoming and unsupportive and mentioned the health system factors as the essential factors for promoting men’s participation in women’s health issues during pregnancy and delivery . Therefore, it seems that existence of such barriers would even dissuade men who were intending to have an active role in their wife’s care and to be present in the hospitals and clinics. Thus, changing the attitude of the healthcare personnel, welcoming the presence of men in the health centers and educating communicational skills to the healthcare personnel to make appropriate communication with husbands, could be the solutions to increase men’s participation in perinatal care. Also, the modification of the physical structure of the clinics, such that patients could be examined privately along with their husbands, as well as modifying the structure of the labor wards, such that by maintaining the privacy of the mothers, husbands could be allowed in the labor ward too, could be helpful. Regarding the policymaking and managerial problems, not officially recognizing the role of men in maternal and neonatal health, not paying attention to men’s participation in perinatal care in the macro policies and programming of the Ministry of Health Medical Education and also not correctly performing the existing policies in this field were some of the barriers that were mentioned by the participants. A study showed that although many husbands, particularly in urban areas, go to the clinic with their wives, they are rarely included in any consultations [4, 31]; Probably, signifying the role of fathers in the maternal and neonatal health and informing the public about their rights in this field could make this a public request and cause policy makers to think about designing a protocol in this field with focus on the role of fathers in maternal and neonatal health. Socio-economic barriers were another barrier mentioned by the participants. All of the participants mentioned men’s occupational problems and lack of sufficient time for accompanying the wife during pregnancy, delivery and postpartum period, family’s financial problems, high costs of pregnancy and delivery cares and not providing any financial support from the government for the families who are expecting or have children as barriers to men’s participation in perinatal care. In a study men’s occupational problem was mentioned as one of the barriers to their participation . It seems that decreasing the costs of pregnancy and delivery cares and para-clinical measures during pregnancy and financial supports from the government for expecting families would cause more relief for men and provide an opportunity for their participation during perinatal care. Participants in the present study emphasized on not correctly applying the law of two-week leave for newly fathers in most of the offices and organizations. It seemed that supervising the appropriate implementation of the two-week leave law for newly fathers and considering a motivational system for encouraging the managers who appropriately implement the law and also fathers who use the two-week leave, could overcome this barrier. Generalization of the findings in the present study, considering its qualitative approach, should be done cautiously. Although qualitative studies are not made for generalization of the results, they might be important for those who are willing to use the results of these studies and could be considered as a limitation. Therefore, through selection of participants with maximum variations, guidance and supervision of experts and external reviewing, the effort was to increase the accuracy and transferability of the data. The present study revealed cultural, personal and interpersonal, socio-economic and health system-related barriers to men’s participation in perinatal care. By determining the barriers and emphasizing on them, probably, serious effort could be made for eliminating them. And by providing the results to policymakers and senior country managers, effective strategies for increasing men’s participation might be designed and consequently, maternal and neonatal health would be improved. Focused Group Discussions Conference on Population and Development Low Birth Weight World Health Organization. World Health Organization (WHO). Maternal mortality in 2005 (Estimates developed by WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, and the World Bank). Geneva: WHO publications. p. 2007. Kaye DK, Kakaire O, Nakimuli A, Osinde MO, Mbalinda SN, Kakande N. Male involvement during pregnancy and childbirth: men’s perceptions, practices and experiences during the care for women who developed childbirth complications in Mulago hospital, Uganda. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2014;14:54. Alio AP, Lewis CA, Scarborough K, Harris K, Fiscella K. 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Accessed 27 May 2017. Kwambai TK, Dellicour S, Desai M, Ameh CA, Person B, Achieng F, et al. Perspectives of men on antenatal and delivery care service utilization in rural western Kenya: a qualitative study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2013;13:134. Natoli L, Holmes W, Chanlivong N, Chan G, Toole MJ. Promoting safer sexual practices among expectant fathers in the Lao People’s Democratic Republic. Glob Public Health. 2012;7(3):299–311. We should thank the Vice-chancellor for Research of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences and Tabriz University of Medical Sciences for their support. Also we should thank the fathers, mothers, health providers and health services managers of Tabriz and policy makers in the Ministry of Health and Medical Education for their sincere participation in the interviews. This paper is adopted from a Ph.D. thesis in reproductive health which was conducted with the financial support of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences and Tabriz University of Medical Sciences (Research proposal No: 395599). Availability of data and materials The datasets generated and analyzed during the current research are not publicly available as individual privacy could be compromised but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Ethics approval and consent to participate The Ethics Committee of the Isfahan University of Medical Sciences in Isfahan, Iran approved the protocol of this study (code number: IR.MUI.Rec.1395.3.599). Written informed consent is taken from each participant and for the participants under the age of 16; written informed consent is taken from a parent or legal guardian. Also, all participants in the focused groups provided written informed consent prior to taking part. Consent for publication The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. About this article Cite this article Firouzan, V., Noroozi, M., Farajzadegan, Z. et al. Barriers to men’s participation in perinatal care: a qualitative study in Iran. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 19, 45 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-019-2201-2 - Perinatal care

SIBO, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, has been on my mind recently. For a long time it wasn’t looked for, talked about or even really known about by many healthcare providers here in Byron Bay and Australia in general. Things are changing. Thanks to new and affordable testing, growing evidence and increased education, SIBO is now on the radar. I can feel a deep dive into the literature coming soon! Until then I wanted to share a paper I’ve recently come across finding a correlation between the skin and the gut. Big surprise right. A Primer on SIBO – What’s it all About? Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) occurs when our gut microbes set up shop where they shouldn’t be. In most cases the stomach is relatively sterile, owing to its very acidic nature. The small intestine is slightly more populated than the stomach but compared to the large intestine (large bowel, colon) it is relatively uninhabited. More than 70% of our gastro-intestinal microbes live in the colon (1). That’s the layman’s definition, here is a more scientific take on SIBO “Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) is defined as an unexpected microbial concentration in the jejunal aspirate culture and is caused by numerous predisposing disorders, including the reduction of gastric acid secretion, intestinal motor and anatomic abnormalities, and immune function impairment (2)” Some symptoms of SIBO include (3) - chronic pain - vitamin B12 deficiency The Gut-Skin Axis. How Is it Connected? It shouldn’t surprise anyone that an imbalanced gut can lead to skin disorders. The outside is very much a reflection on what is happening inside. Bacterial overgrowths and parasite infections leading to a disrupted gut microbiome can appear as skin issues. The paper Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth in Rosacea: Clinical Effectiveness of Its Eradication looked into the possible correlation between rosacea and SIBO. Rosacea is a reasonably common skin disorder that shows up as chronically inflamed skin on the facial area. Many people that suffer from rosacea also report GI disorders as well. From 113 patients with rosacea 52 came back positive when tested for SIBO. A whopping 46% of people with rosacea had small intestinal bacterial overgrowth. Comparing that to the healthy controls of only 3 people out of 60, or 5%. Treating the Gut and Healing the Skin The intervention in the study used a nonsystemic antibiotic, rifaximin, generally used as frontline therapy in allopathic medicine. Interestingly over 70% of the people receiving treatment experienced a complete clearing of the rosacea lesions, over 20% experienced improvement in symptoms and only 2 people’s skin conditions did not improve. Comparing that to the placebo arm that did not receive treatment not one person experienced an improvement in their rosacea condition and 2 people’s condition actually worsened. The interesting part of this trial is in the cross over. The placebo arm, so far with no improvement, were put on the antibiotic. 75% experienced complete clearance of the lesions while another 10% had improvements. Now What Does This Tell Us? Does SIBO cause rosacea? Or is merely associated with the skin condition? Does the rifaximin antibiotic address both SIBO and rosacea? All these questions are tricky to answer but the study definitely adds weight to the Gut-Skin axis discussion that many researchers and clinicians are working on untangling. If you are struggling with skin issues such as rosacea then it is possible that SIBO is the root cause. Leave a comment below with your thoughts

CBD and Prion (Mad Cow Disease) Peer-reviewed studies into the potential effects of Cannabidiol and Prion On this page, CBD and Prion, you will find research pertaining to the use of Cannabidiol and Cannabinoids and its possible effects on Prion. The information below is not meant to influence your opinion, but rather give you access to a wealth of scientific literature in an attempt to make and educated and informed choice. Click Here to see all of the conditions that have been researched alongside CBD and Prion. From the abstract: Our results suggest that CBD may protect neurons against the multiple molecular and cellular factors involved in the different steps of the neurodegenerative process, which takes place during prion infection. When combined with its ability to target the brain and its lack of toxic side effects, CBD may represent a promising new anti-prion drug.

Our study examined whether common variants of obesity-associated genes FTO, MC4R, BDNF, and CREB1 moderated the effects of a lifestyle intervention on weight change among breast cancer survivors. 151 breast cancer survivors with a body mass index ≥ 25 kg/m2 were randomly assigned to a 6-month weight loss intervention or usual care group. Genotyping of FTO rs9939609, MC4R rs6567160, BDNF rs11030104, CREB1 rs17203016 was performed. Linear mixed models were used including the main effects of genotype (assuming a dominant genetic model), treatment arm on weight and percent body fat changes, and genotype by treatment interaction variable. All statistical tests were evaluated against a Bonferroni-corrected alpha of 0.0125. Women in the intervention group achieved significantly greater weight loss than the usual care group (5.9% vs 0.4%, p < 0.001), regardless of genotype. Changes in weight and percent body fat did not differ significantly between carriers of the FTO rs9939609, MC4R rs6567160, BDNF rs11030104, and CREB1 rs17203016 risk alleles compared to non-carriers (p-interaction > 0.0125 for each single-nucleotide polymorphisms). Women who are genetically predisposed to obesity and recently diagnosed with breast cancer may achieve significant and clinically meaningful weight loss through healthy eating and exercise. Clinical Trial Registration: NCT02863887 (Date of Registration: August 11, 2016); NCT02110641 (Date of Registration: April 10, 2014) This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. Buy single article Instant access to the full article PDF. Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. Subscribe to journal Immediate online access to all issues from 2019. Subscription will auto renew annually. Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. 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Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. About this article Cite this article Nguyen, T., Irwin, M.L., Dewan, A.T. et al. Examining the effect of obesity-associated gene variants on breast cancer survivors in a randomized weight loss intervention. Breast Cancer Res Treat 187, 487–497 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10549-021-06151-5 - Breast Cancer - Weight loss

Building Good Government Our nation runs, more and more, not on laws created in Congress and shaped in the courtroom, but on rules and regulations forged by those who hold unelected positions within government agencies, from the Administration for Children and Families to the Treasury Department. During the last 10 years, NYU Law has taken the lead in tailoring law school curricula to reflect this reality, with an engaged and dynamic faculty that both analyzes and participates in U.S. politics and policymaking.Printer Friendly Version The election of Barack Obama reignited the debate about the role of government in regulating the lives of its citizens. The political left welcomed more oversight—and got it with sweeping healthcare reform and financial regulation; the right decried it. But the debate was really over a matter of degree. Starting with the New Deal, the regulatory state has grown into an elaborate system of administrative agencies interpreting and implementing laws passed by Congress. For lawyers, that growth has meant a huge shift in their practices and thinking—from a regime based on judge-made common law to one where government agencies created more and more of the law through regulations. “The modern regulatory state that grew up over the course of the 20th century has completely redefined the nature of law and legal practice,” says Michael Herz, a Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law professor who is vice chair of the American Bar Association’s section on administrative law and regulatory practice. “Very few lawyers appear in court, but they do deal with agencies.” Problem was, most law schools failed in their attempts to reflect this fundamental shift. But a decade ago, with the strong support of Professor Richard Revesz, the NYU School of Law put in motion an ambitious plan to prepare students for this new world—and to give them the underpinnings to help build a government that works better. Now the school’s dean, Revesz wanted to have the Law School play a pivotal role in generating fresh ideas in regulation—theoretical and practical—that would be advocated to policymakers here and abroad. Today, after a series of initiatives, the school is considered a leading and innovative center for the teaching and study of administrative law and policy. Its faculty and former students are influential on important regulatory and administrative issues in Washington, from climate change to workplace safety to national security to financial regulation. “NYU has embraced administrative law more fundamentally than any place I know,” says Michael Levine, a distinguished research scholar and senior lecturer at NYU Law and a pioneer in airline deregulation. Those initiatives have included: 1. In 2003 the school began requiring first-year students to take an administrative and regulatory law course—a closely watched and controversial decision that was soon followed by Harvard and Vanderbilt law schools, with a handful of others, including the University of Michigan and Georgetown, making it a first-year elective. 2. Two years ago, Revesz and one of his former students, Michael Livermore ’06, founded the Institute for Policy Integrity, which advocates before agencies, legislatures, and courts the idea of using cost-benefit analysis and economics to make better regulatory policy. 3. This fall upper-level students began working in a new policy clinic, co-taught by Livermore and Revesz, where they are participating in real regulatory proceedings before federal agencies. And, 4. To create an academic home where scholars and policymakers could wrap their heads around the vexing issue of how agencies, states, and regulators can coordinate across borders and between and among governments, Professors Richard Stewart and Benedict Kingsbury started the Global Administrative Law Project. Says Revesz: “We’re generating ideas, pushing them into the political process, pushing them before administrative agencies, and pushing them into the courts.” Revesz has also wooed a number of prominent figures from both ends of the political spectrum who reflect a wide range of professional experience in administrative law and regulatory policy to teach at the Law School (see sidebar on page 16). From the bench come Judge Robert Katzmann of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit and Senior Circuit Judge Harry Edwards of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit. From the executive branch come C. Boyden Gray and Sally Katzen, major regulatory thinkers for former Presidents George H.W. Bush and Bill Clinton, respectively. And from the private sector comes Levine, a former executive at Continental Airlines, Northwest Airlines, and New York Air. Influential administrative law academics, such as Herz from Cardozo and Jerry Mashaw of Yale Law School, have also taught NYU Law students. “At NYU,” says Gray, “there is a concerted effort to become a if not the leading institution for teaching the various facets of administrative law and regulatory policy.” That effort has clearly grabbed the attention of students. Take Daniel Deacon ’10, who is now clerking for Judge A. Raymond Randolph of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit—the court that handles a significant proportion of cases that arise out of federal administrative agency actions. Deacon became interested in administrative law and policy while taking the Administrative and Regulatory State (ARS), the required 1L course, under Stewart. In his second year, he took a course with Katzmann on the administrative process and another with Revesz on environmental law. He later worked as a research assistant for Revesz and wrote a student note that was published in the NYU Law Review in June on whether courts should decline to step in when an agency decides not to use its enforcement powers (the courts should generally not review those non-actions, he argued). Deacon applauds the school’s emphasis on the statutory side of law: “The type of practice most NYU Law grads will have will involve, at the least, statutes in the background on matters they are working on, whether in big law firms or government.” And consider Daniel Nudelman ’12, who by the end of his first year was already planning to apply for a seat in the administrative law and policy clinic currently taught by Livermore and Revesz—for his third year. What propelled his interest over the course of one semester was taking ARS with Assistant Professor Samuel Rascoff; attending an all-day symposium organized by students from the Environmental Law Journal and the Environmental Law Society that in part addressed cost-benefit analysis and its alternatives for reviewing regulatory policy; and taking in a lunchtime forum during which Gray and Katzen discussed the executive orders they helped draft that spelled out how regulatory decisions would be weighed. “It’s really cool to be here, because there’s obviously a lot going on in this field,” says Nudelman. The combination of courses and substantive extracurricular events, he says, “got me progressively more interested in that side of the law.” Seeing the Big Picture For more than a century, first-year law students such as Nudelman have had to take essentially the same courses—torts, property, contracts, civil procedure. They can thank Christopher Columbus Langdell, the legendary legal educator, for that. He instituted a curriculum at Harvard in the late 19th century that was taken as gospel by just about every law school in the nation. Tradition-laden law schools largely resisted efforts to update the curriculum, except for adding a required constitutional law course here and there. In the early 1990s, NYU Law’s faculty met to consider a more radical proposal: to require an administrative law course for first-year students. Any time a faculty of a law school gathers to discuss changes in curriculum, you can expect angst and heated debate—and such was the case here. The professors were almost evenly split; the proposal lost by a mere one vote. Ten years later the faculty took up the issue again, the debate no less fevered. Some professors pressed for adding constitutional law as a requirement, while others suggested adding international law or simply offering more electives. But Stewart, who joined the NYU Law faculty in 1992, argued strongly for a required course in the first year that would focus on statutes and their implementation by administrative agencies. “We live in an administrative, regulatory, bureaucratic state at all levels of government,” he told his faculty colleagues, “and it impacts the lives of all of us.” Stewart, whom many experts consider the area’s founding academic, specializing in environmental law, had long sought the course. He began teaching administrative and environmental law at Harvard Law School in 1971. Four years later he wrote what Revesz calls the seminal article in the area: “The Reformation of American Administrative Law,” published in the Harvard Law Review. The piece conceived the idea, now accepted wisdom and practice, that people other than those directly affected by a regulation had a right to a hearing before an agency or the courts. Stewart followed that up another four years later with one of the earliest textbooks on the topic, Administrative Law and Regulatory Policy, co-authored with his Harvard faculty colleague, Stephen Breyer, who became a Supreme Court justice in 1994. It is currently in its sixth edition. Pressing the administrative law and policy course requirement with Revesz at committee meetings, Stewart was well aware that the precedent wasn’t encouraging. Similar 1L administrative law and policy courses had been tried and dropped as a requirement at a handful of other law schools, such as Stanford and the University of Chicago, and most notably at Columbia, where it became an elective in 2002 after some 10 years. But, recalls Stewart, “I thought that it could be done right and could be successful, and if we didn’t try, we’d still be stuck with Langdell’s courses.” The course, formally called the Administrative and Regulatory State, won out over Constitutional Law and debuted in Spring 2003. Today only a few schools—such as Vanderbilt and Harvard, both of which followed NYU Law’s lead—require a similar course. Columbia Law School Professor Peter Strauss, who fought unsuccessfully to retain his school’s required administrative law course, remains a strong advocate. “A curriculum that spends a whole year focusing student attention on common-law courts,” he says, “is misrepresenting what the legal system is about. This course teaches a set of skills lawyers need to have.” Seconds Judge Edwards: “Administrative law and the regulatory state are so prominent now in our system of government that the student ought to begin to understand that sooner rather than later.” Sorting the Pieces Seven years later, ARS remains a vibrant offering at NYU Law. Why has it succeeded here? For one thing, Stewart and Revesz determined early on that a particularly adept set of teachers, interested in public law and regulation, was needed to teach a class that doesn’t look or feel like the other common law–based 1L classes. “It’s not an easy course, because in tort law, criminal law, contract law, you have certain substantive principles you can lay out,” Stewart says. “But this is a course about institutions and processes, so it’s more difficult for students to grasp.” A second reason for the course’s success: Faculty agreed on a core set of principles and cases all would teach. They would refrain from turning it into a mushy, theoretical, political science–like course, the undoing at some other schools. At the heart of the principles was the idea that students would understand how Congress makes statutes and how courts and administrative agencies interpret them. At the same time, the professors would inject their particular interest in certain substantive issues, such as the environment, immigration, and education. That intersection allows them to illustrate administrative law points using cases and insights drawn from their expertise, keeping the course topical. “Everyone is cooking chicken soup, but everyone adds his or her flavor into the recipe,” is how Professor Rascoff puts it. So Rascoff, an expert on terrorism, flavors his course by exploring how administrative law principles can be applied to national security issues. Cristina Rodríguez, who also taught the class at Harvard in Spring 2010 as a visiting professor, stirs in immigration cases. Rachel Barkow, a telecommunications lawyer before joining the faculty, sometimes seasons her course with a Federal Communications Commission case study. Stewart, Roderick Hills Jr., and Brookes Billman (LL.M. ’75) pepper theirs with environmental cases, Title IX education issues, and tax examples, respectively. “Given who they have teaching it,” says Herz, “if the course can’t succeed at NYU, it can’t succeed anywhere.” The professors’ differing specialties and perspectives provide students with a rich and nuanced understanding of how our government truly works. Consider how Barkow and Rodríguez teach the fundamental issue of delegation, the question of how and when Congress can delegate power to executive agencies. Barkow uses the 1935 Supreme Court decision known as Schechter Poultry to mark what she calls the high point of the idea that Congress had little power to delegate. In that case the court struck down New Deal regulations governing chicken safety and worker wages. Oft cited is the remark Justice Louis Brandeis made to an aide to FDR: “This is the end of this business of centralization, and I want you to go back and tell the president that we’re not going to let this government centralize everything.” It was a battle won, however, and not the war. From that point on, Barkow says, citing cases involving regulation of benzene and air quality, among others, it’s largely settled that Congress can delegate just about anything. Even still, the issue does not always sit well, as Rodríguez has shown in her class. She discusses a 2005 law allowing Homeland Security to do whatever it needed to build a border fence, including waiving federal, state, and local laws to override environmental and labor laws. Outraged opponents took the law to the top, but to no avail. In 2008 the Supreme Court, without comment, declined to hear an appeal. Cost-benefit analysis is another staple of administrative law that gets tweaked differently by various professors. Cost-benefit is the now-routine practice, begun under President Reagan, of regulators weighing whether a proposed rule’s price tag exceeds its advantages. Barkow discusses in class the notion of using cost-benefit analysis to a greater extent in criminal law. She believes the administration of criminal law should be no different from, say, environmental or securities regulation. A law that sets certain mandatory minimum sentences for drugs, for example, should weigh the cost—in the amount of prison beds, guards, buildings—against the benefits to society, she says. “Cost-benefit analysis doesn’t dictate a solution. But it is a very rational process for thinking about the pluses and minuses as opposed to using sensational anecdotes designed to charge up people’s emotions,” Barkow says, referring to media firestorms about crimes. And both Barkow and Rascoff expose students to the idea that cost-benefit analysis should be applied to national security policies. Should airport security rules, for example, be subjected to the rigors of cost-benefit analysis? “Is there a role for this kind of ‘on the one hand, on the other’ approach in the national security base?” Rascoff asks in class. At first, some students think it’s dangerous to take chances with people’s lives. Says Rascoff: “It becomes uncomfortable terrain for people to think there’s a price tag that we’re placing on security, even though it’s just as uncomfortable that we’re placing a price tag on people’s lives when we regulate the economy or regulate safety in the workplace.” Connecting the Parts Rascoff has a realworld background in national security. He was director of the New York City Police Department’s 25-person intelligence analysis unit for two years before joining NYU Law’s faculty in 2008. He has embarked on a project, funded by a two-year, $100,000 grant from the Carnegie Foundation in 2009, that attempts to discover how much government officials understand about Islam and how they generate this knowledge. His point is that just as EPA regulators need to understand science, national security personnel need to understand Islam. Rascoff continues to work on terrorism issues contractually with law enforcement agencies. Now that he’s not managing intelligence agents, though, he says he has time to think and share the “bigger thoughts” with the folks who do security work all day. In doing this, Rascoff lives up to one of the hallmarks of this group of teachers and scholars: engagement with our government and democracy, starting with Stewart. “Dick Stewart is the model of the publicly engaged academic,” says Herz, who has taught the ARS course at NYU and in Spring 2010 taught the Advanced Administrative Law class. “On the one hand, he has this extraordinary academic career, and on the other, he has been very hands-on in the real world.” In an effort to reform environmental laws, Stewart co-founded in 2006 an organization called Breaking the Logjam, jointly funded by NYU Law and New York Law School. The logjam refers to the fact that the last major piece of environmental legislation came in 1990, with amendments to the Clean Air Act. “Our federal environmental statutes basically date back to the 1970s,” says Stewart, who heads the group with NYU Law colleague Katrina Wyman and New York Law School professor David Schoenbrod. The organization’s goal is to bridge the gap between the left and right with, Stewart says, “better, smarter ways to regulate.” Drawing on the views of 40 environmental scholars, the group has issued reports generally advocating market systems for dealing with pollution, including cap and trade for both greenhouse gases and conventional air pollutants. Stewart and Schoenbrod have conducted briefings and workshops with Congress and the administration as well as environmental, industry, and other groups. Stewart is realistic enough to know that today’s raging political divisiveness poses a challenge to enactment of these ideas. But at least, he says, his proposals are getting seeded among important policymakers. Stewart was also instrumental, along with NYU Law Professor Kingsbury, in starting the Global Administrative Law Project in 2005. Through conferences and papers, the group is exploring whether and how administrative procedures common in the U.S.—such as judicial review, transparency, and participation—can be applied globally. It’s addressing the concern that global regulation, through agencies such as the World Trade Organization or the World Bank, has enormous impact on people on anything from the environment to trade to intellectual property piracy. Yet those agencies are often not subject to the basic administrative procedures that would enhance their legitimacy. “You get a lot of very important decisions that are made beyond the state without the normal elections or some sort of legal review,” Stewart says. Developing countries in particular, he notes, may not have the resources and wherewithal to effectively participate in regulation making. To strengthen that capability, the GALP has held conferences on the topic in such cities as Buenos Aires, New Delhi, and Cape Town. Judge Katzmann, who teaches an upperlevel seminar on administrative law at NYU, calls the GALP “pathbreaking” in how it created a community of scholars, lawyers, and policymakers around the world to examine administrative law issues. Indeed, Stewart proudly notes that global administrative law has become in effect a trademark in legal literature, as that community recognizes the need for better regulatory policies around the world. GALP plans to issue specific recommendations after its current fact-finding phase. If Stewart wrote the seminal article on administrative law in 1975, then Revesz might be considered among the second generation of administrative law and policy scholars—and one of the most widely followed, especially on environmental regulation and cost-benefit analysis. On two occasions, in 1994 and 2007 (the latter with a student, Nicholas Bagley ’05), Revesz’s writings have won the American Bar Association’s award for best article published during the previous year in the administrative law area. Only three other scholars have gained that double distinction: Jerry Mashaw, Columbia Law School’s Thomas Merrill, and Harvard Law School’s Cass Sunstein, now the administrator of the Office of Management and Budget’s Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs. Revesz is notably generous with his time and expertise in mentoring students and academics in the administrative law area. Bagley recalls how Revesz assigned him difficult writing assignments that quickly stretched him. “He’d then look over what you did, sit down with you, and walk through what worked, what didn’t, and what I might do to make the piece stronger,” Bagley says. “Then I’d try again.” Rascoff, too, praises Revesz for guiding him. In 2001 Revesz offered Rascoff a fellowship at the Frank J. Guarini Center on Environmental and Land Use Law, and the two collaborated closely on a law review article about risk regulation, during which Revesz “constantly pushed me—in his unfailingly gentle way—to deepen my thinking about law and policy,” Rascoff remembers. “He showed me by example what rigorous legal scholarship is all about.” Revesz’s current outreach into the policy world centers on his work in cost-benefit analysis, an interest that goes back to the Clinton years, when he served on a science advisory board to the Environmental Protection Agency. He recalls how he noticed something odd then: No environmental groups ever showed up to testify about EPA’s guidelines for the preparation of cost-benefit analyses. Yet trade associations representing polluters frequently came to present their views, allowing them far more influence to shape regulations to their liking. Environmentalists were so inherently opposed to weighing costs and benefits of regulations that they absented themselves from the discussions. In their view, it’s wrong to even try to put a dollar value on lives. Katzen, who headed the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs in the Clinton administration and will be a visiting professor at NYU School of Law in Spring 2011, also saw this firsthand. “We in the Clinton administration were thinking how to do cost-benefit analysis, and labor, the enviros, and public safety folks were conspicuously absent,” she recalls. “Who came to the table? The people who believe in mathematical precision. Where were the people to talk about how to do it in a more sensible way? They decided not even to participate.” The frustrating experience convinced Revesz, along with Livermore, then a student, to write a book that challenges the liberal camp to dive into cost-benefit analysis. In their 2008 book, Retaking Rationality: How Cost-Benefit Analysis Can Better Protect the Environment and Our Health, they argue that cost-benefit analysis, when done properly, can in fact thwart anti-regulatory forces and arrive at progressive regulations. “Ricky was not buying into those who are totally enamored of cost-benefit analysis,” Katzen says, “but at the same time, he was not buying into the more liberal wing that says, ‘Why do any analysis?’ He basically says it’s the best information we have, and let’s see if we can make it better.” To extend these ideas outside academia, Revesz and Livermore founded the Institute for Policy Integrity (IPI), also in 2008, with grants from the Hewlett Foundation and the Rockefeller Family Fund, among others. Staffed by lawyers and economists, IPI publishes studies, files amicus briefs, and meets with NGOs to discuss how they can employ cost-benefit analysis in their areas. Says Katzmann: “To my knowledge, there is no other law school that has brought to the fore in such a focused way this important aspect of decision-making.” Early in the Obama administration, the institute offered its suggestions about how to fix the government’s regulatory review process, including the cost-benefit component, essentially left over from the Clinton era. The institute has devoted considerable time to climate change, releasing a study in 2009 that looks at the way the EPA can regulate greenhouse gases under its existing authority and discussing the design of attractive cap-and-trade schemes. And it has weighed in on such disparate issues as the controversy affecting control of Internet content known as Net neutrality, the hazards of mountaintop mining, and the number of hours a trucker can safely drive. The institute is also trying to spread its cost-benefit gospel to developing countries, holding conferences in Chile, the Dominican Republic, and China. In such little-regulated countries, new environmental regulation would bring massive benefits compared to its cost. Richard Pildes, Sudler Family Professor of Constitutional Law, is another example of a faculty member heavily engaged in the real world—or, as Revesz puts it, proof that “we’re not just writing articles nobody reads.” He notes that Pildes has played a role in several of the most important administrative law issues to come before the Supreme Court during the last 10 years. The most significant was the attack on the constitutionality of the Sarbanes-Oxley law, enacted in 2002 after the financial crisis brought on by the Enron debacle. Plaintiffs argued that the regulatory board created by the law to police the accounting profession was too independent of the president (he had no authority to remove members) and thus unconstitutional under the separation of powers doctrine. Pildes, representing seven former chairmen of the Securities and Exchange Commission, including Harvey Pitt and Arthur Levitt, filed amicus briefs supporting the law—from the trial court up to the Supreme Court, over a period of several years. His argument: The disputed agency (the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board) was completely under the control of the SEC. So, “[a]s long as the SEC itself is constitutional, the SECBoard structure is constitutional,” Pildes stated in his 2009 brief. In a June decision that delighted Pildes, the court rejected all the constitutional attacks, save one minor defect, leaving the accounting board in place. In a separate opinion, Justice Breyer cited both Pildes’s amicus brief and an article on the SEC-Board structure that he published in 2009 in the Vanderbilt Law Review En Banc. “It’s the kind of issue,” Pildes says, “that goes to the heart of the relationship between the Constitution and the structure of administrative governance—exactly the kinds of things we teach in the first-year course.” Pildes and other professors have used the case itself in class; Barkow even used it as an exam question one year. Indeed, Pildes adds bemusedly, the facts of the case are so germane that “one could imagine making it up to help students sharpen up their understanding of the various issues.” In another high-profile Supreme Court case, in 2005, Pildes won in a decision that divided the Court 7 to 2 and sharply rebuked the U.S. Tax Court for concealing documents and findings from people with cases before the court. The broader issues addressed questions of the institutional structure of the Tax Court and how it conducted trials. Pildes recalls that during the appellate stage, the judge, an administrative law expert, grilled him about the “classic” administrative law cases from the 1940s and ’50s that are always taught in the ARS class. Pildes is currently involved in another potential Supreme Court case that raises the administrative law issues of due process and fair treatment. Along with Paul Clement, a former U.S. solicitor general and adjunct professor at NYU Law, he is representing a health insurer in a dispute with a Puerto Rican taxing authority. The ascension of the Obama administration, along with the reality check of the financial crisis, brought a new focus to the role of government regulation—creating opportunities for NYU professors to influence the debate. Barkow was asked, for example, to weigh in on Obama’s plan to create a Consumer Financial Protection Agency to oversee financial instruments such as mortgages and credit cards, part of the proposed overhaul of the nation’s financial regulation system. Given that she specializes in criminal law, and not in business or corporate law, the invitation was a testament to her insights into administrative design. Testifying in July 2009 before a House subcommittee, she urged a series of changes in the legislation that generally would make it more independent of the president and less dominated by any one political party. She urged that no more than three of the five members of the agency hail from the same political party. The addition of different political viewpoints, she said, will temper the common tendency of likeminded people to adopt extreme positions. In the spring, Barkow was named to a panel that will advise the Manhattan district attorney’s office on how to avoid wrongful convictions. The assignment is a species of administrative law, she notes, and in fact fits nicely into the longtime focus of her scholarship: how the theories and practices of administrative law can be applied to the criminal justice system, from sentencing to prosecutors’ offices. Consider the question of how to police federal prosecutors, a topic Barkow explores in a February 2009 Stanford Law Review article, among other papers she has published on this topic. Prosecutors represent, she writes, a “glaring and dangerous exception” to the separation-of-powers idea. Immensely powerful, they can both advocate decisions and make final adjudications (95 percent of all federal cases are settled in nontrial pleas). As she points out, “There are currently no effective legal checks in place to police the manner in which prosecutors exercise their discretion to bring charges, to negotiate new pleas, or to set their office policies.” How to prevent abuses? Barkow notes in her article that lawmakers are reluctant to rein in prosecutors for fear of looking soft on crime. So she proposes using an administrative model of checks and balances because, after all, prosecutors are effectively regulators. Think about how they often strong-arm corporate executives into agreeing to deals rather than have their companies face potentially crippling criminal charges. “If I say I’m going to charge you unless you do the following things—change your business, install a monitor—this looks a lot like regulation,” she says, describing the main thrust of her article. (In 2009, “Regulation by Prosecutors” was the inaugural symposium of the Center on the Administration of Criminal Law, where Barkow is faculty director. Key participants included Mary Jo White, former U.S. attorney for the Southern District of New York, and James Comey, former U.S. deputy attorney general under John Ashcroft and Alberto Gonzales.) The safeguard she advocates, borrowed from administrative policy, is to separate the individuals who carry out the investigation from those who decide whether to file charges, to avoid the appearance and reality of bias. This would work better, she says, than other politically difficult ideas often discussed, such as judicial review or a limit on plea bargains. She argues that her approach should appeal to prosecutors, as it keeps decision-making within their offices. In a paper published in the Yale Law Journal in December 2009, Rodríguez also weighs in on the separation-of-powers issue, but by looking at the issues through an immigration lens. With her co-author, Adam Cox, a University of Chicago Law School professor, she argues that although the president has power over whom to deport, the chief executive is lacking authority on whom to admit; Congress has that responsibility. That is illogical as well as slow. “We need to change the way we think about how to admit immigrants, especially immigrant workers,” she says. “The current system is too sclerotic, too slow to react, not responsive to conditions in the world.” At the Migration Policy Institute, a Washington, D.C., think tank where she is a nonresident fellow, Rodríguez works on the controversial issue of who should enforce immigration law—local police or federal authorities. One key question she’s studying is how the Department of Homeland Security can maintain authority over state and local officials who have, in some high-profile cases, relied on racial profiling. You can make the argument that Craig Wenner, who will graduate from NYU Law in Spring 2011, has already won his first administrative law case. Working over the summer after his 1L year for Revesz and the Institute for Policy Integrity, Wenner helped research and write an amicus brief using cost-benefit analysis to attack a Bush administration rule setting trucker driving hours. The regulation was ultimately withdrawn by the Obama administration, leading to the dismissal of the case. Though victorious, Wenner would have liked to see how his legal arguments would have stood up in court. Like other students, Wenner expresses some amazement that administrative law wasn’t required in years past. “The regulatory state is one of the few aspects of law that really touches individuals on an everyday basis,” he says. “And the day-to-day practice of lawyers generally always involves government agencies to some degree.” Nicholas Bagley, who was in that first-ever ARS class in 2003, worked from 2007 to 2010 at the Department of Justice. Almost every day, he says, he harked back to the lessons learned from Richard Pildes when he dealt with cases involving federal agencies such as the Federal Aviation Administration and the Federal Bureau of Investigation. “Administrative regulation is pervasive,” he says. And lawyers practicing in the private sector are no different in their need to understand the subject, asserts Bagley. In a nod to Langdell’s time, Bagley says: “I think it’s a difficult argument to sustain nowadays that property—to name just one of the tried-and-true courses—is more fundamental to the work of a lawyer than administrative law.” One of the Law School’s most recent graduates underscores this point. At the White House, David Kamin ’09 is special assistant to the president on economic policy at the National Economic Council. But from 2009 to 2010 he was adviser to Peter Orszag, director of the Office of Management and Budget. In that role, he was a policy guy on budget matters without an explicitly legal role—yet administrative law issues were never far from his job. His ARS course and advanced administrative law class with Rachel Barkow proved “incredibly helpful.” When, for instance, Obama proposed a regulatory body like a Medicare Commission, Kamin had a knowledge base that at least allowed him to understand the discussions. “As you develop a proposal, it’s very helpful to know the ways that regulations get formed, the ways regulations get litigated,” he says. “If someone says this is a delegation issue, you understand what they are talking about.” Kamin pays the ultimate student compliment to his teacher when talking about meetings in which an administrative law issue arose: “I’ve often thought of writing to Professor Barkow and saying, ‘You know, I’m damned glad I took your class!’” Larry Reibstein is an editor at Forbes Media. All 2010 Features

By Mazhar Aziz This quantity examines the function of the army, the main influential actor in Pakistan, and demanding situations traditional knowledge at the motives of political instability during this geographically very important nuclear country. It rejects perspectives that ethnic and non secular cleavages and perceived financial or political mismanagement via civilian governments triggers army intervention in Pakistan. The examine argues as a substitute that the army intervenes to take away civilian governments the place the latter are appeared to be undermining the military’s institutional pursuits. Mazhar Aziz exhibits that the Pakistani army has turn into a parallel country, and given the level of its effect, will proceed to outline the character of governance in the polity. total, army regulate in Pakistan is a well timed reminder and an immense source for either students and coverage makers, sincerely demonstrating the necessity to refocus realization at the challenge of an influential army when drawing acceptable conclusions approximately concerns starting from democratic norms, political illustration and civilian-military family. Read Online or Download Military Control in Pakistan: The Parallel State (Routledge Advances in South Asian Studies) PDF Similar law enforcement books Corruption flouts ideas of equity and provides a few humans merits that others would not have. Corruption is chronic; there's little proof that international locations can get away the curse of corruption easily-or in any respect. rather than concentrating on institutional reform, Uslaner means that the roots of corruption lie in fiscal and felony inequality and coffee degrees of generalized belief (which aren't without difficulty replaced) and bad coverage offerings (which can be likely to change). The police forces of the transition international locations in important and jap Europe need to suffer profound reform so one can reply to the desires of society; to serve the general public and never simply the govt, and to turn out that they could successfully strive against crime. This quantity is the results of a survey by means of the Hungarian Helsinki Committee about the mode and quantity of alterations police forces of the post-communist international locations have passed through for the reason that 1989 - 1990. Advent assessment of moral TheoryLoyalty & DutyIf now not Me, Then Who? i'm going to See You this night! range & DiscriminationColor of the BadgeThe Minister's Misfortune Where's the ROI at His Age? presents & GratuitiesWhere's the damage? Plainclothes Dinner 365 days From RetirementUse of ForceOne additional Hit Loosen these Cuffs darkish JusticeSearch & SeizureFour 20-Dollar Rocks K-9 possible reason One Black Hair Self-ReportingThe Day PlannerKarma Monsters between UsMaintaining ConfidencesThe Starfish do not pass judgement on MeSomething you want to comprehend DiscretionThrough the Eyes of a kid The TurnpikeHome lifestyles InformantsB. Police and Crime keep an eye on in Jamaica is a helpful addition to the sparse literature on policing in constructing states, and is the 1st research of its type on a police strength in a Caribbean territory. The paintings examines the level and resources of police ineffectiveness in controlling crime. It assesses the standard of justice and declining public self belief within the felony justice method. - Desert Duty: On the Line with the U.S. Border Patrol - The Least Dangerous Branch: Supreme Court at the Bar of Politics - One Righteous Man: Samuel Battle and the Shattering of the Color Line in New York Extra info for Military Control in Pakistan: The Parallel State (Routledge Advances in South Asian Studies) 83 While Schmitter et al. ’85 But does it then mean that one is destined to remain forever a hostage to the choices made at some point earlier in time? ’88 For the exigency of research, it will be useful to identify some critical junctures in the political developments in Pakistan and present an analysis of their subsequent impact. It has been brought up in the course of this chapter how and why the twin issues of state survival and 36 Explaining politics threat perception would have steered policy-making in a certain direction. 93 A failure to engage with the unfolding of events, conversely, will result in an incomplete description of the changes within a polity. An historical institutionalist approach supports the proposition that ‘institutions play a much greater role in shaping politics, and political history more generally’94, without subtracting variables such as the ‘players, their interests and strategies, and the distribution of power among them. There might seem to be a circularity of argument about democracy not taking roots due to a lack of a ‘democratic atmosphere’ within the region and vice versa. More importantly perhaps, the evidence does not support the contention that pressures from developed countries and international organisations can necessarily be factored in considerations of democracy as a general rule. There are many variables and contextual factors that can impact either way on the progression or contraction of democratic governance.

Neuroimaging-informed phenotypes of suicidal behavior: a family history of suicide and the use of a violent suicidal means. |Title||Neuroimaging-informed phenotypes of suicidal behavior: a family history of suicide and the use of a violent suicidal means.| |Publication Type||Journal Article| |Year of Publication||2018| |Authors||Jollant F, Wagner G, Richard-Devantoy S, Köhler S, Bär K-J, Turecki G, Pereira F| |Date Published||2018 Jun 19| The identification of brain markers of suicidal risk is highly expected. However, neuroimaging studies have yielded mixed results, possibly due to phenotypic heterogeneity. In the present study, we addressed this issue using structural brain imaging. First, two independent samples of suicide attempters (n = 17 in Montreal, 32 in Jena), patient controls (n = 26/34), and healthy controls (n = 66/34) were scanned with magnetic resonance imaging. Groups were compared with FSL. We then reviewed the literature and run a GingerALE meta-analysis of 12 structural imaging studies comparing suicide attempters and patient controls with whole-brain analyses (n = 693). Finally, we explored the potential contribution of two variables previously associated with biological/cognitive deficits: a family history of suicide (FHoS), and the use of a violent suicidal means (VSM). Here, we added two groups of healthy first-degree biological relatives of suicide victims and depressed patients (n = 32). When comparing all suicide attempters and controls, very limited between-group differences were found in the two samples, and none in the meta-analysis. In contrast, a FHoS was associated with reduced volumes in bilateral temporal regions, right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and left putamen, several of these differences being observed across groups. VSM was associated with increased bilateral caudate (and left putamen) volumes. Some morphometric variations in cortico-subcortical networks may therefore be endophenotypes increasing the suicidal vulnerability, while others (notably in striatum) may modulate action selection. These results therefore confirm at the neural level two phenotypes at high lethal risk with a strong biological background, and uncover motives of heterogeneous findings in neuroimaging studies of suicidal behavior. |Alternate Journal||Transl Psychiatry| |PubMed Central ID||PMC6008434|

A change of direction Public companies exist to make money. All capitalist systems rely on this premise, and Western economies could not function without it. That’s not to say they are perfect, but discourse in recent decades has focussed on the degrees of freedom appropriate for - enterprise, the level of government interference, and the extent of state-led redistribution. In the next 10 years, this debate about capitalist systems will change direction. No longer a conversation about the structure of modern economies, the focus will shift to the role of the system’s central agents: companies. A century of unsustainable development fuelled by the mantra that companies’ sole purpose is to make profit, as famously advocated by Milton Friedman in 1970, is starting to give way to the view that the rent they extract from society does not come free, but obliges them to contribute under their ‘social contract’. This “new worldview” is breaking Friedman’s 50-year old Anglo-Saxon consensus, offering a new model for capitalism. The seeds of change have been laid. The bipolar world of the cold war defined by communism and capitalism no longer exists. The collapse of the Soviet Union led eventually to an oligopolistic economy with autocratic features, a trend now echoed in more recent developments in Turkey or Brazil. New poles are emerging, most significantly in China, where hybrid models are evolving, requiring a more nuanced lens. In the West, too, there are changes as fewer believe in the American dream, or ever-closer integration in Europe, or globalisation as the solution to poverty. The old order is gone. A chorus of the disappointed Diverse as all these places are, there is one common theme: the disenfranchised citizen. One who longs for a world where fairness and justice seem closer, choices are simpler, and outcomes more aligned with effort. Around the globe, in places as far afield as the Philippines, Russia, Brazil, Poland, the UK, France, Italy, Austria, Hungary, and the US, these voters are turning to politicians who promise a return to former glory or a restitution of the working classes, anchored in nationalist agendas. Populism is a reaction against the post-war order and the more recent liberalist ‘Washington consensus’ with its notions of free trade, open borders and globalisation, compounded by refugee crises. In 10 years’ time, this rejection may have passed - a temporary movement that galvanised populations but couldn’t achieve anything. But history may well point the other way if growth slows and conflict continues while global temperatures and sea levels keep rising, and a new generation more preoccupied with fairness and justice comes of age. A crescendo of populist dissent would only lead to more instability and volatility over the coming decade. At its core, populism is a quest for more equal sharing in economic progress among people who feel the current system is not working for them. And because companies are the engine of all capitalist systems, the focus is turning to the role they have in society, how much they contribute to its cohesion, and who benefits. Higher wages would go some way to address the populist agenda, reversing the growing share of excess value that has flown into shareholders’ pockets at the expense of customers and employees. They could have profound effects: for most companies, wages are a major part of the cost structure. A higher return to workers, in the form of rising wages, depresses corporate profit margins, putting pressure on shares which are priced on multiple of earnings, and bonds, which are vulnerable to cash flows. The shareholder value revolution Maybe the concept of shareholder value itself is flawed. The objective of maximising shareholder value has long been criticised for being too narrowly focussed, with insufficient consideration for environmental impacts, employee welfare or community health. What is new is how widely this discussion is now being conducted, and the momentum it is gathering. Shareholder value assessments rely on financial reporting and this is the focus of much of the debate: standard financial reports on their own are too narrow and cannot account for other roles the company assumes in society as it interacts with other stakeholders. Reporting remains critical, but is not sufficient to determine the value that a company adds or detracts in other areas. It is now abundantly clear that, for example, natural resources are in many cases being used faster than they can be regenerated – not that this would be reflected in any company’s financials. Likewise, intangible assets dominate the balance sheet for many modern companies, which adds to the need for reporting changes. Academic literature includes a plethora of studies on the longer-term financial benefits of more sustainable corporate behaviour, and the obligation of companies to redefine their place in the world. Even Adam Smith himself, the father of modern economics who is often invoked in defence of corporate behaviour, may well have objected to the singular pursuit of profitability, or qualified its aim. Smith explained how the invisible hand of the market translates the pursuit of self-interest into a public benefit. He did not equate self-interest with selfishness or greed, so well satirised in Gordon Gekko’s famous speech. Smith’s concern was with artisans and small farmers trying to make a living through trade. His world was one of often monarchist governments “instituted for the defence of the rich against the poor” and businessmen out to “deceive and even oppress the public”, whose rent-seeking taxes, subsidies and monopolies curtailed the competition that makes a market economy effective. Once the champion of shareholder value, business schools are also examining corporate purpose. In 2018, INSEAD, one of the world’s leading graduate business schools based in Paris, launched “A force for good” campaign, aiming to raise €250 million by 2023 to be used to “advance business as a force for good in the world”, with a new institute focusing on “how organisations can better align with the goals of society and work in service of the greater good”. In the UK, Colin Mayer, professor of management studies at Saïd Business School at the University of Oxford, argues that companies should not always seek to maximise share prices, because the purpose of business is not to maximise profits. Profits, Mayer says, are a product, not a purpose, of business; the purpose of a business is to make goods and services which benefit us as customers and communities. It is in the process of making goods that companies do good, and make money, he explains, concluding that company owners and their boards should therefore be starting from specifying what the business should be doing. John Kay, another leading UK economics professor, has been making similar arguments for decades, stressing that a company is a social and not just a financial organisation, and by necessity a cooperative venture. Its social legitimacy must be earned and cannot just be asserted. It also is not to be confused with much narrower CSR (corporate social responsibility) or ESG (environment, social, governance) mission statements. In recent years, however, there have seen too many examples of broken social contracts. Increases in executive remuneration that lack justification, aggressive tax avoidance schemes and corporate greed have all driven a wedge between management and accountability, leading many to doubt the merits of capitalism. Regaining trust is therefore in the interest of the business community; the alternative undermines the success of the market economy. In the US, Malcolm Salter, professor of business administration at Harvard Business School, argues that the ‘canonisation’ of shareholder value maximisation as the only legitimate expression of corporate purpose is a leading cause of the fault line between capitalism and justice, and the public’s alienation from the system. Salter suggests a wider perspective that stresses the ethicality of cooperation in transactional settings, and the efficiencies and adaptive benefits flowing from cooperation. Such a redefined purpose, based on established principles of justice and organisational efficiency, recognises the utility in reciprocal, cooperative relationships, which is not a priority in a shareholder value maximisation regime. His work includes an analysis of how such behaviour could take hold in an environment still dominated by shareholder value maximisation, pointing to the key role for business schools training the next generation of leaders, and institutional investors who together own a majority of corporate equity in the broad-market US Russell 3000 index and the S&P Euro index. Better ways of reporting? The real world is taking notice. New ideas about corporate purpose, shareholder value and reporting are rapidly moving into the mainstream debate, well beyond academia. As a result, corporate behaviour is starting to change as companies recognise trends that will strengthen the pressure on them to report and act more sustainably, with a bigger focus on human, social and environmental capital. This will be one of the defining characteristics of the next decade. One example of this is Mervyn King’s proposal for integrated reporting, as highlighted in the Financial Times. King, a South African supreme court judge now in his 80s (and a namesake of the former Bank of England governor), has served on numerous boards of listed companies, chaired task forces on insider trading, and advised the South African finance ministry, the UN and the World Bank. In consultation with hundreds of companies and financial professionals, King has developed a framework of corporate reporting that takes all sources of capital into account - financial, manufactured, intellectual, human, social and natural. Still largely aspirational, it is, however, now mandatory in a few countries including South Africa and Brazil, and supported by regulators in China and India. In 2017, an EU directive urged 6000 large listed companies to adopt it. Worldwide, about 1600 companies are adopting integrated reporting, including Tata, Unilever, Nestlé and Novo Nordisk, a trailblazer which made it part of its ‘triple bottom line’ balancing act of financial, social and environmental considerations as early as 2004. In March 2018, the International Federation of Accountants published research showing that higher integrated reporting quality is associated with greater firm value, greater liquidity, and higher expected future cash flows, and that there is no evidence it raises the cost of capital. High-quality integrated reporting was positively associated with firms’ investment efficiency, and importantly, the benefits were incremental to those associated with existing reports, such as standalone corporate social responsibility reports. King’s proposals build on earlier initiatives like the Global Reporting Initiative, which set best-practice standards for companies’ sustainability reports, helping them understand their environmental, social and economic impact including human rights and corruption. However, such sustainability reports are additional to financial ones rather than integrated, and are sometimes said to be qualitative rather than quantitative, or favour quantity over quality of reporting, at times turning into PR exercises. It doesn’t help that there are some 230 different corporate sustainability standards of which the GRI is only one. But there is now a push to streamline them, which will renew the impetus for comprehensive reporting in the next decade. That is not surprising; large investors – including Norway’s oil fund, for example - are increasingly looking for those hidden long-term risks with a view to reducing their exposure. Asset owners have been pushing boards for a while to pay more attention to worker protection or environmental issues. Some have done so publicly through collective engagement or voting at shareholder meetings. In 2018 BlackRock CEO Larry Fink issued a letter to CEOs on how companies must have a social purpose and pursue a strategy for achieving long-term growth. Critics say Blackrock’s voting record is not aligned with the intentions of Fink’s letter and are pushing it to take a tougher line with companies it invests in, but the letter proved a seminal moment in the public’s awareness of the issue. Many other asset managers raise concerns behind closed doors, nudging companies to change using both carrot and stick. Not even the largest companies are immune to this. Shell is the first major oil company to yield to investor pressure and activists’ campaigning in a “stunning” U-turn, but it won’t be the last. Having earlier claimed that setting hard targets was a “superfluous exercise”, Ben van Beurden, its CEO, promised in December 2018 to set specific emission targets from 2020, link these to executive pay, and review Shell’s role in industry lobbying that could undermine the Paris accord targets. In May 2018 van Beurden had managed to convince shareholders to vote against a shareholder resolution calling for a radical shift away from fossil fuels, submitted for the third time running by Follow This, a 4000-member strong green shareholder activist group founded by ex-journalist Mark van Baal which accumulates shares in oil companies to press them over emissions. The group has already filed another resolution against Shell for 2019, and its first one against BP. Chevron and Exxon Mobil may be next. Van Baal calls institutional investors the “real heroes” in Shell’s story. Robeco and the Church of England have been leading investors pushing the company for more change, but they are backed by Climate Action 100+, a group which includes large firms like UBS Asset Management and has more than $32 trillion in assets under management. Investors’ aims are larger than just Shell, and their horizons longer than just one year. This is clear from the open letter to the FT signed by 60 large investors from around the world, including Fidelity International, urging the oil and gas industry to be “more transparent and take responsibility for all of its emissions”. It was a message from investors that they are embracing their responsibility for supporting the Paris agreement and expect the industry to do the same. Public sector pension funds, which together manage trillions of dollars are also throwing their weight behind social and environmental causes, at times even threatening to withdraw funds. They are increasingly concerned about the longer-term risks to returns if companies do not pay heed to their social or environmental role, which could interfere with their fiduciary duty to act in their members’ best interest. No longer marginalised at shareholder meetings, their voices are taken more seriously in a reflection of mainstream debate. Bain Capital and KKR, the private equity firms, agreed to fund a severance agreement for workers of the bankrupt US company Toys R Us in 2018, following loud protests from workers’ advocacy groups. And in 2017, Blackstone agreed to a ‘Responsible Contractor Policy’ in response to pressure from organisations with hundreds of billions of pension assets. An unholy alliance However, talk is cheap. It is easy for companies to say all the right things but putting it into action less so. Companies aim to make money and their executives’ remuneration is based on share prices, so they need to be nudged along. Any meaningful change will require changing management pay and share buy-back practices, and empowering all other relevant stakeholders. Some of this nudging will come from external developments that will intensify over the next decade. Evidence of climate change, for example, is forcing companies to document their environmental impact and rethink their longer-term strategies. Populism is manifesting itself in widespread displeasure at CEO salaries and the exploitation of low-paid workers on flexible contracts. In our digital ‘gig’ economy, which will face much more structural disruption in coming years, these concerns won’t go away. Corporate reputations will become more vulnerable, which will force shareholders to take them into account. But the world is complex, and to think companies will easily become agents of change is naïve. For any change to be meaningful, all interested constituencies must cooperate. And there’s the catch: there is an uneasy alliance between companies’ three key stakeholders - shareholders, employees and customers (or local communities). Their agendas differ significantly, making it difficult for them to cooperate and agree on priorities. This will slow the evolution of the concept of shareholder value, but not halt the emerging trend towards a broader definition of it. Alliances need arbitrators Without mediation or enforcement, the alliance between the three interested constituencies is inherently unstable, and exploitation is a real risk. For companies to heed the interests of all three parties, someone must watch over their actions. This is the missing piece. A company’s board, its external auditors, and the government need to be arbitrators of this alliance together. Where corporate behaviour has not met what we would now call ESG standards, it’s so often because they have not acted in this capacity. Corporate history is littered with examples: Enron’s balance sheet trickery under the eyes of its auditors, excessive risk taking at Bear Stearns, Starbucks’ accounting manoeuvring to avoid paying tax, or BP’s misguided savings that resulted in the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, attributed by a White House commission in 2011 to cost-cutting decisions and an inadequate safety system. Pragmatism is necessary There is no hard-and-fast rule that makes the three constituencies work together successfully, or that prescribes how they should be supervised. It takes a combination of grass-roots engagement, employee empowerment, shareholder commitment, and supervisory focus, for businesses to change their behaviour sustainably. Governments need to ensure that no entity is exploited. Anti-trust legislation, for instance, needs to protect consumers from exploitation in a continuous effort. Where governments turn a blind eye, excesses often occur, and markets with few players or significant M&A are particularly exposed. Even where regulatory offices are vigilant, exploitation can still occur. The UK’s Competition and Markets Authority, for example, has launched a major investigation into funeral services, voicing concern about substantial and above-inflation price increases, not matched by the rise in costs or improvement in services, and noting that online price transparency is lacking and that the clients - people in mourning - are much less likely to shop around. It is also telling that populist movements have led to local authorities acting where the national government refused to do so, as with the various environmental protection initiatives launched by individual US states. Proper oversight is not complete without independent auditors. However, critics may point to instances where the relationship between large companies and their auditors has been too cosy. The latest troubles at Nissan are a classic example of auditors not paying enough attention. It is not the first instance of auditors growing too close to their clients, and won’t be the last. It has proven difficult to ensure true independence under the current business model that sees auditors paid by those they are meant to keep in line. This will act as a drag on the change populists are demanding. But government and auditor action alone is not nearly enough: companies’ boards will need to play a much more active role in steering corporate behaviour. It is their responsibility to ensure the views of customers, employees, local communities and other relevant parties who might otherwise not have a voice are considered, for example through surveys. So far, there is limited evidence that this is happening, partly because of a lack of diversity that is reflected in close relationships between boards and executive teams. Boards will need to show a better understanding of how expectations of business are evolving, and a clear sense of social purpose and integrity in the companies they lead. The laggards among them will face increasing negative publicity, customer displeasure, and environmental liabilities - all sources of brand erosion. The pressure on boards to provide a broader steer may turn out to be one of the biggest changes in the next decade. Something has gone wrong - shareholder value has gone too far Populism manifests itself in different ways. It can exert pressure through product pricing (customers voting with their feet). It can lead to political pressure, for example to tackle exploitative labour practices like flexible contracts that offer little protection to workers. Or it can focus on executive pay and lead to widespread negative coverage for both the largest earners in a company and the brand itself. In all these areas, pressure has been building, and it may only be a question of time before boards up their game. The extraordinary gap between chief executive and average employee pay is widely considered the key reason boards needs to make a stand in ensuring a fair balance. But just as importantly, share buybacks in the US have escalated to an extraordinary degree, with a projected record amount of $1 trillion in 2018. Corporate profits could instead be reinvested, returned to shareholders in the form of dividend, or returned to other stakeholders in the form of lower prices (which is very unlikely) or pay rises (which is a little more likely). Corporate managements are rewarded on total shareholder value; so for them, buying back shares makes perfect sense. Companies themselves often justify buybacks in terms of discipline and confidence. But almost a decade into a stock market boom, executives are buying shares when long-term valuations have rarely been higher. And in some cases, companies have loaded up on cheap debt to fund those buybacks. Most damning is the comparison with dividend payments. Only once in the last 15 years did dividends exceed buybacks - and that was in 2009, when stocks were the cheapest in a generation and buybacks would have made much more sense than they do now. Dividend increases and buybacks both count as ‘shareholder-friendly’ actions, but they are very different. Share buybacks can send mixed messages, but rising dividends are a sign of corporate strength. Companies are unlikely to change their ways while current incentive schemes stay in place. Nor can shareholders be expected to raise complaints about corporate behaviour that fills their own pockets. The pressure will need to come from boards, who, supported by external auditors, should examine the alternatives to deploying capital. With populist voices gaining strength they will be under increased scrutiny to do so, even if progress will be slow. In the US, this would involve the SEC revisiting the legal ‘safe harbour’ for buybacks, which was introduced in 1982 to stop accusations of manipulation. Management should be required to show that buying back shares exceeds the cost of capital, or in other words, that it is a better investment than anything else. Billionaire investor Warren Buffett, for example, has said he will only buy back stock when shares are at less than 1.2 times the stated book value of assets. The lucky leaders are setting the example Companies that try to balance the demands of all three constituencies are most likely to win out in the end. The lucky ones are the ‘miracles of capitalism’ that have such a strong market position - Unilever, JP Morgan Chase - than they can earn above-normal profits and still be perceived positively by employees and customers. The pressure for them to change will not let up. Wages for lower-income groups have failed to keep up with inflation in many countries and any future economic slowdown will hit the poorest income groups hard. The wealth gap between the top and the bottom earners is high or rising still. Wealth effects are compounded by retirement savings shortfalls, which hit lower income groups with fewer assets hard, and low returns mean employees need to set aside much more just to maintain expected pension levels. The damage to our environment is expected to force many more to leave their homelands and raise inequality worldwide, feeding populist sentiment. Even under optimistic forecasts that assume “drastic” greenhouse gas emission reductions, half of the world’s population will be exposed to deadly heat for at least 20 days a year by the end of the century, or three quarters if emissions are allowed to grow. A modest warming of 1.5 degrees will raise the risks of deadly heatwaves in cities, lead to a higher incidence of diseases like malaria and dengue fever, reduce yields of vital crops like maize, rice and wheat, and negatively affect agricultural and coastal livelihoods, increasing poverty and disadvantage. Rising temperatures could depress the living standards of 800 million people in South Asia alone. And as early as 2030, extreme heat could lead to a $2 trillion loss in labour productivity globally. A slow but steady shift “History teaches us that when capitalism makes big profits through doing bad business, it ends up failing badly too, both politically and corporately. As responsible capitalists, we must always seek to do the right thing, in the right way, for the right reason or we, and society as a whole, will pay a very high ultimate price.” - Anne Richards, CEO, Fidelity international Ten years may seem a long time, but will it be enough to dethrone shareholder value? There may be too many entrenched interests for a rapid shift towards more comprehensive reporting in the service of long-term, holistic value analysis; too many parties whose agendas are difficult to reconcile. But populations are rising in protest, and there is no turning back. Ultimately, reputations make and break companies; those that break their social contract will increasingly see their value destroyed - not just in intangible ways, but financially too. For a discussion of the findings on ESG investing, see our work on ‘ESG investing: is it worth it?’. In ‘We must review the purpose of the company’, leading FT columnist Martin Wolf reviews several new books (including one by Colin Mayer) on the corporate pursuit of profit, and what needs to change. Some economists argue that Smith’s principles in fact call for a less monopolistic and more equitable, localised, and sustainable economy that does protect the interest of the public as opposed to the rent-seeking of individual groups. One of these is David Korten, a critic of corporate globalisation, who makes this case in his best-known publication “When Corporations Rule the World”. For an in-depth analysis of the context to Adam Smith’s writing and the way it has at times been mis-appropriated, see Professor Gavin Kennedy’s “An authentic account of Adam Smith”. Professor Kennedy’s blog “Adam Smith’s lost legacy” relates this to individual instances, for example on the self interests of monopolists, protectionists and others not doing society any good, on the separation of ownership and management, and on not confusing self interest with selfishness. “Even at the height of the shareholder value movement, there was concern for CSR, ‘corporate social responsibility’, now more often described as ‘the ESG (environmental, social, governance) agenda’. But this approach falls far short of recognising the challenge which Drucker identified more than half a century ago – to understand the nature of the corporation as social organisation to define and legitimise its role in the communities in which it operates. Rather the CSR agenda attempts to answer the concerns of progressive individual who are not much interested in business – and certainly not interested in the mechanics of organising a large corporation and constructing productive corporate strategies. The result has been a proliferation of brochures printed on recycled paper and displaying pictures of smiling figures from ethnic minorities, accompanied by bland and substantially false clichés about making profits by doing good. This approach sidesteps the much more substantive issues of the proper role and function of the large business organisation in the global economy.” (Professor John Kay in “The concept of the corporation”.) Malcolm S. Salter, James J. Hill Professor of Business Administration Emeritus at Harvard Business School and Faculty Associate at the Edmund J. Safra Center for Ethics at Harvard University, “Rehabilitating Corporate Purpose”, 3 November 2018. (Draft paper not yet published). In the interest of full disclosure, Professor Salter is the father of Ned Salter, Head of Equity at Fidelity International. More on the adoption of the integrated reporting framework here and here. Integrated reporting is the subject of much academic research, some of which is collated here. Novo Nordisk’s approach is outlined here. At Fidelity International, we adopt a positive engagement approach whereby we discuss these issues with the management of the companies in which we invest or are considering investing on behalf of our clients. We use the information gathered during these meetings both to inform our investment decisions and to encourage company management to improve procedures and policies. We believe that this is the most effective way to effect positive change in standards of corporate social responsibility. On occasion our views may differ from those of management or the Board which may give rise to an escalation in our engagement. Our strong preference is to achieve our objectives in a consensual and confidential manner but when differences with a company remain we may consider joint engagement with other shareholders, escalating concerns if necessary to regulators and more public forms of dissent, although as a general policy we do not favour using the media to help achieve our objectives.

Tesco plc and its international communication Tesco plc is the fourth largest retailer in the world after Wal-Mart, Carrefour and Home Depot, and the largest supermarket retailer in the UK, McLoughlin & Aaker (2010, p126). The company was founded after WW1, and is widely recognised for having expanded its services during the 1990s away from groceries. In the last quarter of 2009 the company had a 31% share of the entire UK grocery market, with a reported gross turnover of 59.4 billion for the fiscal year 2008/2009. Cornelissen (2005, p32) provides an alternative synopsis of corporate communications via a historical perspective, defining five central or core themes. The realisation by the 1990s that organizations so as to ‘stay afloat’ had to practice and engage through communications with a number of groups in the environment. For the larger part of the 20th century, managing communications had been defined predominantly via public relations and marketing divisions, this being an intrinsically limited approach, thus contemporary forms of communications management have integrated these divisions into the wider corporate communications function. Furthermore the shift from rigid to flexible market landscapes, and increasingly competitive marketplaces, ‘this together with a greater call from society for ‘corporate citizenship’, pushing many organizations into stakeholder management strategies’, and finally the relationship of corporate communications with the stakeholder era, and the ‘need to build and manage relationships with stakeholder groups upon which the organization is economically and socially dependent’. External and Internal communications Hargie D & Tourish D (2004, p3) outline the scope of communication strategy and organizational success with an emphasis on internal communications proposing ‘a systematic approach to the construction of a seaworthy communications strategy and the rigorous evaluation of all steps taken along the way’. In the same way that Cornelissen J (2005), in the context of a historical understanding defines a shift in communications strategies and practices, the authors spell out a contemporary paradigm. Quirke, (1995, p76) is cited to have defined the traditionally bound or understood terms of organizational communication, such as the announcement of management conclusions, and the ensuring of consistent information, ‘making messages easily comprehensible, and easy to disseminate’. The authors go on to cite Quirke’s further suggestions relative to the attempt to widen organizational participation and involvement, inclusive of the stimulation of thinking, participation and ideas, the networking of know how and learning across the organisation, the involvement of all employees in improving processes, the identification of ways of providing additional value to customer and lastly the expansion of what all employees believe is possible, Hargie D & Tourish D (2004, p19), also see Quirke, (1995, p77). Quirke is further cited in so as to summarize this contemporary view of communications, ‘the role of communication becomes not the top-down dissemination of management thinking, but the bottom-up means of connecting those who know what needs to change to those who have authority to make change happen’. With respect to issues of external communications a number of fundamental questions are defined; who is communicating with whom? Which issues receive the most attention and arouse the most anxiety? How much information are people are receiving and sending on crucial issues? how much interpersonal trust exists; and how the overall quality of working relationships can be characterized? ‘such issues are among the core concerns of efforts to establish what has been termed ‘organisational climate (Lammers, 1994)’. The authors go on to outline the way in which a communications audit can be implemented citing a five stage sequential model devised by Baker, (1999) beginning with the selection of a topic, followed by an outlining of desired performance in relation to criteria and standards. The third stage entailing collection of objective data, fourthly the implementation of appropriate changes to improve performance, and lastly the collection of data to check for changes induced by the model. Van Riel suggests a framework for the coexistence of a number of communications functions in a single organization, this being particularly relevant to a company such as Tesco which as a result of its product and market diversification is concerned with a number or varying communication channels. Van Riel’s framework relates to internal concerns of an organization or company, as described by Barker & Angelopulu (p371), ‘Van Riel proposes a framework for organizations to stimulate cooperation among all relevant communication functions by defining the baseline of corporate communication’. Three ultimate stages are devised by Van Riel, the definition of common starting points, the use of common operational systems and lastly the coordination of decision making. Figure 1, Van Riel, Internal Communications Framework Identity, reputation and image McLoughlin, & Aaker (2010) define Tesco’s success and growth over the past three decades directly in relation to its strategy and image, further relating it to market segmentation. The authors outline a number of strategic initiatives such as its managed range of four differing level brand product, finest range of premium products, Tesco healthy living, value range and Tesco organic range and furthermore describing the way in which the company changed customer perceptions of the brand itself, ‘Secondly the company mantra has shifted form maximising shareholder value to maximising customer value. While the underlying objective is naturally to make higher profits this is specifically done while focusing on customer service’ (2010, p127). The third term which Damien McLoughlin, David A define is that of its diversification strategy which as outlined is based on four key principles, these being the innovation and expansion into the core UK grocery market and into areas like convenience stores; innovating through expansion into non food business like consumer electrics, clothing health beauty CDs and DVDs and even developing its non food finest and value ranges; expanding into retail services like personal finance telecoms and utilities by entering into joint ventures with major players in these industry sectors; finally, expanding internally which accounted for more than 25% of sales in 2008/9 with plans for further expansion in international markets including India and China, Damien McLoughlin, David A. Aaker (2010) Culture and its influence in corporate communications Considering the expansion and diversification of Tesco’s services and products, in addition to the widening of its potential targeted market landscape, the initially defined terms of corporate communications devised by Cornelissen J (2005) and Hargie D & Tourish D (2004), central to which are ideas of integration, and the crossing of functional boundaries, seem most appropriate. Despite the broad range of services and products offered by Tesco, there are in existence a number of unifying terms to which the organization would need adhere to, such as Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), and an overall brand value. The organizations present a number of terms which embody the core purpose of Tesco as a business, Value via competitive prices, product choice and high food quality, helpfulness via customer service, availability and customer communications, inclusiveness via the means of ensuring that the organization appeals to a broad range of customers, ‘something for everybody’, and innovation via new product development and retails services technology. The role of technology in corporate communication Chaffey et al (2009) outline Tesco’s strategy of diversification predominantly in terms of internet marketing and implementation, citing the chief executive of Tesco’s Terry Leahy from the Sunday Times, ‘we will be the worlds biggest online grocery retailer and we intend to become the UKs No.1 e-commerce business’ (Lorenz and Nuki, 1999), further defining the way in which Tesco’s affirmed expansion was aligned to its expansion in providing wider products and services, ‘in 2000, the online services diversified, offering many non food product ranges and financial services’. The terms of diversification are understood predominantly in relation to internet shopping and service innovations, ‘By 2003 96% of the UK population could shop online with Tesco.com giving the commonly 65% of the UK online grocery shopping market and further diversification of product ranges, e.g. financial services and telecoms’. Specific innovations such as DVD services to the door, a rental film DVD service, the provision of energy utilities whereby customers can save money on their house bills, initiatives and schemes to promote better health such as online -diet services which help customers to tailor their food shopping and diets, and telephone services, ‘Currently Tesco is focusing on the development of TESCO direct, which offers customers a wide range of non-food goods as well as launching a range of own brand computer software. Currently Tesco accounts for approximately 66% of the UKs online shopping market’. Dave Chaffey et al (640; 2009). Oliver (1997, p128) suggests a communications framework in relation to IT technology which ultimately aligns terms of cultural values and beliefs of an organization with the organizations vision. The author presents a model devised by Goldberg & Sifonis (1993) titled ‘communication framework’, which relies on the assumptions of management which are adopted on an intuitive basis and that need to be communicated with internal and external stakeholders, as described by the author, ‘from that, a dynamic campaign plan or communication framework is produced which clearly represents the cultural values and beliefs of an organization aligned to its vision, Oliver (1997, p128). Internal-the role of HR corporate Communication It is widely referred to throughout literature that the role of HR in terms of wider communications strategies is immensely under emphasised, HR departments most often not being considered under the scope of a communications department. The U.S. society for HRM asserts the way in which communications and HR should be closely related within any organizational framework, specifying the role of HR in terms of communication as a way by which to assert any given culture as alive and healthy. HR is predominantly responsible for and concerned with internal communications in this respect. Turner (2003, p20) proposes a model which adapts the traditional framework of linking HRM and performance. Turner’s model incorporates communications into the entire model. For example at the stage of HR strategy, the author suggests good communication as a tool by which to join up HR policies and strategies. In terms of HR practices, the author outlines, ‘effective people management practices to be communicated to line managers’, and directly in relation to terms of financial performance, the author suggests efficient communication of a culture of good people practice, this being particularly important to an organization such as Tesco plc, which falls into the category of a dominant, large multi-national corporation, at risk of gaining a bad reputation for this very reason. Pelsmacker P et al (2005, p228) define a number of channels adopted by the Tesco organization so as to communicate to as wide a consumer market as possible. For example the authors define the Tesco club card magazine, describing the aims as the creation of fun and information, managing the ‘communicated core Tesco brand values and services’. The authors further outline the engendering of lasting brand loyalty, ‘and contribute significantly to customer awareness of new areas’ and lastly the increase up take of other Tesco ventures particularly in non food, the authors go onto to describe, ‘At forward publishing, they realised very quickly that you can’t talk to someone in their twenties in the same way that you would to a person in their sixties’, resulting in various targeted, specific magazines. The organization identified five life stages from Club card data, creating five different copies of the clubcard magazine. This is defined as just one initiative amongst many more such as Tesco lifestyle scheme and the Tesco loyalty program which gave the organization the ability to customize and further optimize the customer expertise. As an international organization, concerned with such a diverse range of services the Tesco organization embody and epitomize the very need to diversify and integrate communications approaches, as described by Cornelissen and to implement the bottom up means of connecting those who know what needs to change to those who have the authority to make change happen as defined by Quirke (1995). Further analysis of Tesco plc in terms of corporate communications would need to incorporate quantitative data in addition to a qualitative assessment, furthermore the role of a communications strategy would need to be discussed further, directly in relation to Tesco’s brand and product diversification.Order Now

The idea that we should limit the intake of all high-fat, high-calorie foods is now outdated and actually unhealthy. Research conclusively tells us that most plant-based fats and oils should be promoted and encouraged, because adding them into our diet results in significantly better heart and metabolic health. What’s more, this impressive health benefit is one that few other dietary changes can achieve. From the literature, I think we can confidently conclude that even eating more fruits and vegetables or more whole grains, whilst still important, is unlikely to give us the same heart health benefits that eating more plant-based fats and oils does. What are plant-based fats and oils? Not all plant-based fats and oils are equal, but some examples I encourage are: - 30 grams (1 handful) of nuts or seeds, - 50mL of most vegetable oils (particularly extra-virgin olive oil or canola oil), - 50 grams (or 1/4) avocado, - 20 grams of nut spread, - If using salad dressings, to opt for full-fat salad dressings instead of low-fat salad dressings, and - If not using avocado or nut spreads, to opt for margarine instead of animal-fat or lower-fat alternatives, such as butter, honey or jam. Will eating these foods make you put on weight? Research now clearly tells us that the fat and calorie content of a food does not, surprisingly, predict its effect on our weight. - some high-fat, higher-calorie foods, such as nuts and cheese, are associated with less or no weight gain. - some low-fat, lower-calorie foods, such as soft drinks and refined grains (like white bread and white rice), are associated with significant weight gain. Whilst there are a lot of factors at play here, fat is well-known to slow down digestion, and thus changes our hormonal response after eating. This is thought to contribute to a foods impact on our weight in the long-term, and might be partly why skim-milk or low-fat milk does not appear to be any better for our weight than full-cream milk. The bottom line The healthiest way to manage your weight, I believe, is to mostly enjoy a wide variety of minimally processed plant foods, including the plant-based fats and oils listed above. If your daily consumption of calories is something that needs to be addressed, the first step is eating less highly processed or “treat” foods, such as cakes, biscuits, soft drink, refined grains and confectionary. The total calories that you consume every day is still important. But the total calories (or total fat) found in a single food, is not.

The Hero's Journey: Second Edition The Hero’s Journey Fantasy Roleplaying, Second Edition is a fantasy roleplaying game that blends classic tradition and modern game design to bring you an experience where players take up the mantle of heroes in a world of danger and magic inspired by classic fairy stories and timeless fantasy literature. Whether you’re taking a Knight clad in shining armor astride your grand steed, a cunning Burglar hoping to use your silver tongue to flatter a terrifying Elder Wyrm while your friends slip away, or a dedicated Yeoman who has given your heart and soul to defend the good and true people of the world from the strange dangers of Fairie and beyond, The Hero’s Journey, Second Edition creates a gaming experience firmly rooted traditional western folklore where the player characters are more than just sword-swinging mercenaries looking to kick in the door, kill the monster, and claim the loot. In The Hero’s Journey, Second Edition, they are all that stands between civilization and the unimaginable dangers just beyond the wild… Why A Second Edition: It its original edition, The Hero’s Journey Fantasy Roleplaying was explicitly designed to be compatible with Swords & Wizardry: White Box and similar games. While this new edition is still rooted in that classic rules set,extensive changes have been made to almost every element of the game in order to further evoke and emphasize the tone and theme of the game. In addition, more modern elements of game design have been seamless incorporated to keep play fast and simple. Some example changes include, but are not limited to… New Lineages: In addition to traditional fantasy lineages like Humans, Dwarves, and Elves, players will also have the option of playing the strange and obfuscated Changeling: A fey creature left as a replacement for a child stolen at birth and raised among mortals. New Archetypes: The original edition of The Hero’s Journey featured thirteen classes. This edition has been streamlined to keep the focus on classic, folklore-infused fantasy and now features only eight classes: the charming Bard, the clever Burglar, the noble Knight, the rugged Ranger, the swashbuckling Swordsman, the stern Warrior, the enigmatic Wizard, and the stalwart Yeoman. New Monsters: Every single monster in The Hero’s Journey, Second Edition has been given a complete overhaul to bring them more in line with folklore, fairy tradition, and classic fantasy literature. For example: Kobolds, commonly known as yipping dog-lizards to many fantasy gamers, are now strange and diminutive elementals that appear old men fading into the stone as they guide and waylay underground travelers. Several new monsters are also introduced, like the savage draconic Lindworm, which craves the taste of flesh and whose wrath can only be undone when its impenetrable scaled armor is peeled away layer by layer. There is no such thing as a “stock” monster in The Hero’s Journey, Second Edition. New Spellcasting: The traditional Vancian magic system which previously appeared in The Hero’s Journey has been drastically overhauled. Now Wizards may cast any spell they know and each spell has a myriad of different potential effects! In addition, particularly brave and reckless arcanists may Tap the Essence and sacrifice their own body when they are otherwise unable to cast a spell. Instead of being a stock list of spells found in so many other classic fantasy RPGs, these spells have been modified and re-written to fit the tone and feel of The Hero’s Journey. Myth Points and Magic Items: Unlike many traditional fantasy role-playing games, characters in The Hero’s Journey, Second Edition acquire magic items by performing heroic deeds that become inexonerably tied forever to the weapons, armor, and strange trinkets they carry on their adventures. As characters progress and grow, they earn Myth Points, which can be spent to create unique magic items specifically tailored by the player to their individual character instead simply finding a “better sword” in the next treasure hoard. Magics grow and develop alongside a character, becoming an important part of their legend.

19/12/2019 · Purpose is to allow ThinkPad P52 to run mac OS mojave as natively as possible. Tips: If you want to use built-in network adapter, you'd better buy a new pcie card, and I suggest DW1560 or DW1830, considering about the size and space. Also, P52 does not have whitelist upon WLAN hardware, you even do not need to modify your BIOS. 13/08/2018 · I recently purchased a Thinkpad P52 in the UK and am in the process of moving all my data over from an old macbook pro. I have a 2tb HDD in the MAC Book pro that I would like to move to the new Thinkpad however I need the barcket and cable so I can install the hard drive. How can I get this kit I. 13/04/2019 · However, I need to set "customize resolution" in the Nvidia control panel to "2560x1440 40Hz" manually. Dell display should work at 2560x1440 @ 60Hz, but it does not. Anyway, it shows that the miniDP port is not broken. - The monitor works alright when connected to Lenovo D20, a desktop computer that I use, with either DVI-D or DisplayPort. Buy a Lenovo ThinkPad P52 - 15.6" - Core i7 8750H - 16 GB RAM - 512 GB SSD - US or other Notebook Computers at. Learn more about the Lenovo ThinkPad P52s Mobile Workstation, where workstation muscle meets Ultrabook mobility. Enjoy powerful, cutting-edge processing, robust graphics, and all-day battery life – wherever you go. Lenovo ThinkPad P52 Premium 15.6" Home and Business Mobile Workstation Laptop Intel Xeon E-2176M, 16GB RAM, 2TB HDD1TB PCIe SSD, 15.6" FHD 1920x1080 Display, NVIDIA Quadro P2000,. Buy Newest Lenovo ThinkPad P52 15.6" IPS Full HD Customized Mobile Workstation Intel Hexa Core i7-8750H 32GB RAM 1024GB SSD NVIDIA Quadro P1000 Graphics 4GB GDDR5 Windows 10 Pro with fast shipping and top-rated customer service.Once you know, you Newegg! If this remains the case I'm just gonna go get something like a precision. The whole reason I was hyped for this was that xeon Lenovo had a chance for a killer workstation here, and they didn't even come close to how good the precison 7530 looks. Skins: Removable & Lightweight Protection. Since 2003, we've pioneered lightweight, removable 3M skins to personalize devices around the globe. 28/04/2017 · I kinds feel stupid but I can't find the option to customize the backlights of the keyboard. I can turn it on and off with FNspace, but I can't customize the color in Nerve Sense or somewhere else. What am I missing. 07/04/2017 · Lenovo may cancel your order if we suspect you are purchasing products for resale. Limits: Limit 5 per customer. Offers valid from Lenovo in the US only. Lenovo may increase or decrease these limits, from time to time, for certain offerings. About LenovoAbout Lenovo. Our Company News Investor Relations Sustainability Product Compliance Product Security Legal Information Jobs at Lenovo Shop . 05/09/2017 · We've got a couple of P51s delivered and having issues using legacy boot mode with Windows 10. They both have NVME drives and Windows 10 installer refuses to install to the drive as it says the BIOS doesn't support them. Lenovo P52 "Customize" button in the US store finally available! Close. 15. Posted by. u/lukacsa82. 1 year ago. Archived. Lenovo P52 "Customize" button in the US store finally available! Lenovo P52 "Customize" button in the US store finally available!:. 15/06/2018 · The new ThinkPad P52, according to Lenovo, 'sets the standard for mobile workstations by combining ThinkPad build-quality along with cutting-edge technology'. All the horsepower is designed to handle modern workloads like VR and AR content, 3D rendering, and video editing, all in. Check out our large selection of laptop skins for Lenovo computers and find one that best matches your personality. These specially made Lenovo laptop skins will fit your model perfectly and come in a variety of designs. Search, select and apply our wraps to your Lenovo for a truly unique look that’ll make a statement anywhere you go. 25/06/2018 · In this review,gets hands-on with the new Lenovo ThinkPad P52s. Read the written review here: /Hardware/ArticleID. Lenovo ThinkPad P52 review – workstation with brand new hardware and old school look. Since it’s custom tailored for every panel, it manages to keep the colors perceptually accurate. Health-Guard simulates paper so the pressure on the eyes is greatly reduced. $4.98. No amount of configury seems to give me a P3200 option. For both the UK and US Lenovo sites. Oddly enough the misc marketing literature across Lenovo's pages seems to indicate that P3200 is a definite option. Does anyone know what's up ? I need to place an order urgently and am resisting calling Lenovo directly until I really need to. Thanks! 25/11/2019 · Lenovo's Vantage app offers a custom performance tuning to prevent throttling, though you're not going to be able to hit the same performance with it enabled. I ran two sets of benchmarks — one with Lenovo handling performance and one with a custom high-performance setting — and found a noticeable difference between the results. If you want to inject some branding to your Lenovo laptops by customizing the BIOS splash screen image then here is a quick tutorial on how you can do that. Table of contentsDownload the BIOS update utilityPrepare the imageFlash the image Download the BIOS update utility Download the BIOS Update Utility from the Lenovo support website and. The 15.6" ThinkPad P52 Multi-Touch Mobile Workstation from Lenovo is created for designers, engineers, and artists who require the power of a workstation with laptop mobility. It's powered by a 2.6 GHz Intel Core i7-8850H Six-Core processor, 16GB of 2400 MHz DDR4 RAM, and an NVIDIA Quadro P3200 graphics card. 25/03/2019 · All of the notebooks posted impressive numbers, but the P52 powered past the Xeons to take first place. It's a superb platform for animation, analysis, rendering, and video editing. We also run a custom Adobe Photoshop image-editing benchmark. Lenovo offers partners a number of web-based and downloadable product configuration and information tools designed to help them sell. Lenovo offers partners a number of web-based and downloadable product configuration and information tools designed to help them sell. Products. Definir Lucro Econômico Melhor Cereal Infantil Da Terra Sakura Halal Buffet Cone De Massa De Biscoito Tv De 46 Polegadas À Venda Mongodb Id String Citações Para Máscara Facial 30 Bilhões Ganhou Para Usd Proteína Em Branco Ou Gema De Ovo Maneira Fácil De Marinar Frango Ética Adequada No Local De Trabalho Treinador De Arco Para Casa Software De Atualização Do Samsung Note 9 Sete Etapas Do Ciclo Contábil Toyota Tacoma 2018 4x4 Trd Porta Dorma Brand Closer Restaurantes Nas Proximidades De Lagosta Google Translate Eng Para Árabe Lista Negra De Spam Verificar Nome De Domínio Tipos De Impressão De Livros Moldura De Paisagem Grande Depois De Menstruar Quando Ovula Rattan Outdoor Lantern Big Traps Workout Tiro Da Alma Da Linhagem 2 Loudenne Le Chateau Bmw Série 4 Coupé Inshot Video Maker Hanzo Build 2019 A Gripe É Contagiosa Após 3 Dias Definição Legal De Conservator Vestidos Africanos Modernos 2016 Comentários De Greatandhra Telugu Troféu Syed Ali Ame Dessa Maneira Lady Gaga Scion Frs Modo Neve Cricket Match Tamil Negociantes De Corretor De Bolsa Cliente Netextender Gui

Inverse Problems & Imaging October 2017 , Volume 11 , Issue 5 Select all articles Surface denoising is a fundamental problem in geometry processing and computer graphics. In this paper, we propose a wavelet frame based variational model to restore surfaces which are corrupted by mixed Gaussian and impulse noise, under the assumption that the region corrupted by impulse noise is unknown. The model contains a universal This paper examines issues of data completion and location uncertainty, popular in many practical PDE-based inverse problems, in the context of option calibration via recovery of local volatility surfaces. While real data is usually more accessible for this application than for many others, the data is often given only at a restricted set of locations. We show that attempts to "complete missing data" by approximation or interpolation, proposed and applied in the literature, may produce results that are inferior to treating the data as scarce. Furthermore, model uncertainties may arise which translate to uncertainty in data locations, and we show how a model-based adjustment of the asset price may prove advantageous in such situations. We further compare a carefully calibrated Tikhonov-type regularization approach against a similarly adapted EnKF method, in an attempt to fine-tune the data assimilation process. The EnKF method offers reassurance as a different method for assessing the solution in a problem where information about the true solution is difficult to come by. However, additional advantage in the latter approach turns out to be limited in our context. Curvilinear surfaces in 3D Euclidean spaces are commonly represented by triangular meshes. The structure of the triangulation is important, since it affects the accuracy and efficiency of the numerical computation on the mesh. Remeshing refers to the process of transforming an unstructured mesh to one with desirable structures, such as the subdivision connectivity. This is commonly achieved by parameterizing the surface onto a simple parameter domain, on which a structured mesh is built. The 2D structured mesh is then projected onto the surface via the parameterization. Two major tasks are involved. Firstly, an effective algorithm for parameterizing, usually conformally, surface meshes is necessary. However, for a highly irregular mesh with skinny triangles, computing a folding-free conformal parameterization is difficult. The second task is to build a structured mesh on the parameter domain that is adaptive to the area distortion of the parameterization while maintaining good shapes of triangles. This paper presents an algorithm to remesh a highly irregular mesh to a structured one with subdivision connectivity and good triangle quality. We propose an effective algorithm to obtain a conformal parameterization of a highly irregular mesh, using quasi-conformal Teichmüller theories. Conformality distortion of an initial parameterization is adjusted by a quasi-conformal map, resulting in a folding-free conformal parameterization. Next, we propose an algorithm to obtain a regular mesh with subdivision connectivity and good triangle quality on the conformal parameter domain, which is adaptive to the area distortion, through the landmark-matching Teichmüller map. A remeshed surface can then be obtained through the parameterization. Experiments have been carried out to remesh surface meshes representing real 3D geometric objects using the proposed algorithm. Results show the efficacy of the algorithm to optimize the regularity of an irregular triangulation. This article extends the framework of Bayesian inverse problems in infinite-dimensional parameter spaces, as advocated by Stuart (Acta Numer. 19:451–559,2010) and others, to the case of a heavy-tailed prior measure in the family of stable distributions, such as an infinite-dimensional Cauchy distribution, for which polynomial moments are infinite or undefined. It is shown that analogues of the Karhunen–Loéve expansion for square-integrable random variables can be used to sample such measures on quasi-Banach spaces. Furthermore, under weaker regularity assumptions than those used to date, the Bayesian posterior measure is shown to depend Lipschitz continuously in the Hellinger metric upon perturbations of the misfit function and observed data. In this work, we consider a FDE (fractional diffusion equation) with a time-dependent diffusion coefficient We propose a direct imaging method based on the reverse time migration method for finding extended obstacles with phaseless total field data in the half space. We prove that the imaging resolution of the method is essentially the same as the imaging results using the scattering data with full phase information when the obstacle is far away from the surface of the half-space where the measurement is taken. Numerical experiments are included to illustrate the powerful imaging quality. Add your name and e-mail address to receive news of forthcoming issues of this journal: [Back to Top]

Skip Breadcrumb Links Where can I find information about festivals and cultural attractions? Look in your local newspaper, at a community centre or ask a neighbour. You can also contact tourism agencies, such as Ontario Tourism. Many cultural and arts festivals take place during the summer and offer free outdoor performances. These festivals may focus on theatre, music, dance, literature, film, an art form or a specific ethnocultural community. There are many cultural attractions you can visit, such as museums, art galleries, heritage buildings in Ontario, historic sites in Canada and other local attractions. Many of these places have a lower entrance fee for children, students and seniors. Sometimes they have 1 day a week when the entrance fee is free or at a lower cost for adults. There are also special events and important celebrations in Ontario, such as Canada Day, when many towns have public celebrations, parades, fireworks and musical entertainment. Many smaller communities or neighbourhoods have a local fair during the summer or fall. The Royal Agricultural Winter Fair is the world's largest indoor agricultural fair and international equestrian competition. It takes place in Toronto every November. Learn to Camp at Ontario Parks has information to help you plan your next, or first, camping adventure. Find out what to bring, how to set up a tent and campfire, camping safety and more. You can also sign up for guided overnight or day trips to parks. Many community agencies can help you find information about community events. To find help, go to Services Near Me and search for "settlement agency" in your area. For More Information - Discover Ontario - This website invites newcomers to learn more about their new home. It has information about arts and culture, history, tourism, geography, fun facts and more. - Cultural Access Pass for New Citizens - As a new Canadian citizen, you can use this pass to visit many cultural institutions in your region for free. This program was launched by the Institute for Canadian Citizenship. - Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport - Get information about what the Ontario government is doing to preserve arts and culture, heritage and libraries in Ontario. - Ontario Heritage Trust - This website has information about hundreds of historical museums, buildings and sites across Ontario. March 8, 2017

The roots of resilience are to be found in the felt sense of being held in the heart and mind of an empathic, attuned, and self-possessed other. I am a Texan but left in my 20's for work and adventure in other parts of the U.S. and world. My earlier work includes working for a therapeutic wilderness program, briefly teaching elementary and middle school and working in the areas of global child & maternal health in the humanitarian, not-for-profit world. Along each step of the way I have always been deeply intrigued and inspired by the universality of the human relationships, trauma and resiliency I witnessed. This led me here, to my 3rd career. One which holds both my heart and my passion. Therapist I find much joy, challenge, and privilege in being with my clients as they begin the wholehearted task of navigating their lives and their relationships in more authentic, connected and fulfilling ways. LPC license #C5998 Individual and Group Crisis Intervention Trauma Informed Care Interpersonal Neurobiology (IPNB) Embodied Healing of Trauma Trauma and Social Justice Couples Therapy with an emphasis on Emotionally Focused Therapy (EFT) Family Therapy with a Systems Lens Master of Arts, George Fox University Marriage, Couples & Family Counseling Master of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center Community Health with Global Areas Focus Bachelor of Science in Education, Abilene Christian University Education, English & Literature Copyright © 2017-2021 Angie Tanyi Counseling, LLC. All Rights Reserved.

This paper is a literature search using PubMed with keywords Friedreich's ataxia together with published papers known to the authors to summarize the latest knowledge about FA. The last decade has seen important advances in our understanding of the pathogenesis of disease. In particular, the genetic and epigenetic mechanisms underlying the disease now offer promising novel therapeutic targets. The search for effective disease-modifying agents continues. It remains to be determined whether the most effective approach to treatment lies with increasing frataxin protein levels or addressing the metabolic consequences of the disease, for example with antioxidants. Management of Freidreich's ataxia is currently focussed on symptomatic management, delivered by the multidisciplinary team. Phase II clinical trials in agents that address the abberrant silencing of the frataxin gene need to be translated into large placebo-controlled Phase III trials to help establish their therapeutic potential. Read the entire Press Release HERE

In this chapter we discuss and describe the purpose of meta-analysis in the context of diversity research and suggest meta-analysis as an ideal bridge for merging qualitative and quantitative review approaches. We describe strengths and limitations of meta-analysis for answering a variety of research questions and review the results of meta-analytic findings in the EDI literature. We extend this discussion to identify current gaps in the EDI literature, with diversity climate as one exemplar, that have a sufficient number of reported studies to employ meta-analysis. We then briefly review the strengths and weaknesses of popular software packages for conducting meta-analysis. We conclude by urging EDI researchers to conduct meta-analyses as one method for aggregating the disparate findings often observed in an increasingly rich EDI literature.

Welcome to the #LMMLinkup! This is a place where we as book-loving bloggers come together to share our posts about literacy, books, blogging, and anything to do with reading and learning. Please join us! I’m excited to see the wonderful posts that everyone links up this week. Now let’s celebrate reading and learning by reviewing: Last Week’s Top Clicked Post! This book is a mother’s message to her married daughters about lessons she’s learned through her own marriage as well as those gleaned from years of ministry to couples. This review is a must-read although the giveaway ended last week. I hope you will check it out. My Favorite Post of the Week: by BenC @ A Bookish Life This post features a lovely review of a picture book that I’m excited to get my hands on. The illustrations are beautiful, and the concept behind the book is intriguing. My son is attracted to anything humorous or out-of-the-ordinary, so I think this book will be right up his alley! Want to be the next to be featured? Just link up a post and if you are read the most, we will feature you. Also please make sure you link back to us so others will know about our link up and join in. We try to make it worth your while to link up with us by promoting your posts across our social media networks. We also pin our most clicked and featured posts to our Pinterest Board each week! - Include a link back or the blog hop button linked to this hop on your posts. - Link up the urls to your posts not to your blog. - Please remember this is a family-friendly linkup. Although we believe in the right for adults to read whatever they want to read, we prefer to read wholesome posts that feature literature that edify and uplift families. We reserve the right to delete any posts that are not family friendly. We love all kinds of literature and genres including family-friendly inspirational romances, fantasy, or science fiction. We do not welcome posts featuring books or written with excessive violence, sexual content, or cursing. These posts will be deleted. - We also want to be loving community by supporting one another. Please make a point to do this this week! Visit the two posts before yours and at least one other blogger’s post of your choice! I want to see lots of clicks on everyone’s posts. I know as a blogger, you know how it feels to receive comments, right? Plus, you could be honored as our Top Commentor if you submit your report to Mary! Remember it is also nice to follow fellow bloggers on their social media platforms like Twitter and Facebook. - Follow your hosts and co-hosts on their social media. - Tweet about the link up too. Let’s Celebrate Reading and Learning together this week at Literacy Musing Mondays!

You will need to register as a borrower in order to borrow books or request interlibrary loans and copies of articles. The minimum age is 16. You can prepare your registration by completing the form for new borrowers (external link). You can then collect your library card from the information desk, don't forget to bring a valid photo ID. It is free to apply for a library card. If you have a library card from one of the Bibliotek Mellansjö libraries, you can register and use it as a library card at Skövde University Library. Bring your card and valid photo ID with you for registration. Course literature books cannot be lent out. This applies to both students and employees. By taking out a library card from Skövde University Library, you commit to following the library’s lending rules. You are obliged to stay updated with changes to the terms and conditions of borrowing. The library's lending rules Excerpt from HS 2018/674, Skövde University Library Rules. Skövde University library is a public library open to everyone (Library Law - Bibliotekslag SFS 2013:801). The University Library‘s collections, electronic resources and services are adapted to the subject areas of the university. The rules have been developed to provide as good a service as possible to the library users. All users, with or without a library card, and regardless of whether they are visitors to the physical library or users of the digital services at a distance, are obliged to follow these rules. “Material” refers to books, journals, magazines, cd -roms and other items provided by the library. The library opening hours can be found on the library web page and also in the library. 2 Lending rules By registering as a user you commit to follow the lending rules. Anyone who is at least 16 years of age can apply for a library card by showing one of the following: - a valid Swedish identity card - a valid foreign passport - valid documentation from the Swedish Migration Agency or equivalent documentation Name, personal identity number, sex, address, e-mail address and telephone number are registered in the library system. The library processes personal data according to the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). The library card is a valuable document. If the card is lost or stolen, the user is responsible for informing the library so that the card can be blocked. A new card can be obtained at a replacement cost. The user is responsible for reporting any change in personal data (name, address, e-mail address and telephone number). Users are obliged to return loans by the expiry of the loan period. Loan periods may vary for different types of material. So me material cannot be borrowed. Current information about loan periods and reference literature can be found on the library web page. The user is personally responsible for his or her loans until they are returned and checked in. The user is responsible for returning or renewing material on time. This also applies in situations with illness and if the user is away from home. The library makes no commitment to issue notices for the return of items but will do so as a service. If material is not returned despite recall notices, an invoice will be sent with the information about the cost of the material as well as an administrative fee. The user will also be suspended from further borrowing, renewals and from hold requests until the material is returned, a replacement copy has been bought or the debt has been paid. If the material is returned after an invoice has been handed in, the user is still obliged to pay the administrative fee stipulated on the invoice. The material of the library shall be treated with care. Making notes and underlining words in books is not allowed. You will be charged for damaged or lost materials according to 2.5. The library arranges loans from other libraries (interlibrary loans) for study and research for faculty, staff and students of the university as well as for students from other universities. Course books cannot be requested. For material from other libraries a charge may apply. Loan periods for the issuing library are applicable for these loans. Lost or damaged materials are replaced according to the rules of the issuing library. Items put on hold or interlibrary loans can be collected by another person than the requester if this person presents the library card and/or the identity card of the person who placed the request. The person who collects the item must also show his or her own identity card. Lending rules and conditions may be changed. As a library user you must keep yourself informed about changes and follow rules which have been added after your library card was issued. 3 Use of electronic resources The library provides electronic resources, mainly databases, e-journals and e-books which are intended for study and research. You are not allowed to use electronic media for a commercial purpose, in violation of the Copyright Law (1960:729) or break the license terms of the providers. E-resources can be used by everyone visiting the library. Students and staff can also access most of the e-resources outside the university’s network by logging in with their user accounts. The normal lending period is 28 days. Certain exceptions apply: - Books in reservation queue: 14 days - Course literature, fiction: 7 days - Course literature: cannot be lent out - Journals: cannot be lent out - Reference works: cannot be lent out If no one else is waiting to borrow an item, the loan period can be extended. You can extend loans by logging in to your library account (external link). If you do not already have a PIN code, you can get one from the library’s information desk or via the website. You can also log in to a borrowing terminal at the library and extend your loans there. Alternatively, you can contact the library’s information desk. Damaged or lost books You will have to pay for damaged or lost books. The cost will be the re-acquisition cost plus an administrative fee of SEK 200.

Mists from Strong Inorganic Acids Profile OTHERS – KNOWN CARCINOGEN (IARC 1) Mists from Strong Inorganic Acids Profile Strong inorganic acid mists (which often include sulfuric acid) are liquid aerosols formed when acid vapour is condensed or liquid is atomized. The formulation of the mist depends on factors such as industrial process, solution strength, and atmospheric conditions (i.e. temperature). Sulfuric acid mists can form in the atmosphere when naturally-occurring sulphur dioxide combines with sunlight and chemicals released by industrial processes. However, exposures to environmental acid mists are not included in this profile as they have not been reviewed specifically with respect to carcinogenicity; only the higher exposure levels associated with workplaces are known to be carcinogenic. Occupational exposure to mists from strong inorganic acids is classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as Group 1, carcinogenic to humans, on the basis of sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in humans. Epidemiological studies reviewed by IARC show strong evidence that mists from strong organic acids cause laryngeal cancer. A positive association between exposure to these mists and lung cancer has also been observed. Additional adverse health effects from breathing sulfuric acid mists in particular include tooth erosion and respiratory tract irritation. Regulations and Guidelines |Canadian Jurisdictions||Sulfuric acid (mg/m3)||Phosphoric acid (mg/m3)| |Canada Labour Code||0.2 [thoracic]||1; 3 [stel]| |AB, NB, QC||1; 3 [stel]||1; 3 [stel]| |BC, MB, NL, NS, ON, PE||0.2 [thoracic]||1; 3 [stel]| |NT, NU, SK||0.2; 0.6 [stel, thoracic]||1; 3 [stel]| |YT||1; 1 [stel]||1; 3 [stel]| |ACGIH 2020 TLV||0.2 [thoracic]||1; 3 [stel]| mg/m3 = milligrams per cubic meter stel = short term exposure limit (15 min. maximum) thoracic = vapour particle size in thoracic fraction Mists from strong inorganic acids are not used by industry directly, but may be produced as a result of industrial processes. Inorganic acids, including sulfuric acid, are used in many industrial processes that have the potential to generate acid mists. In the US, 60-70% of sulfuric acid is used to produce fertilizers, where phosphate rock is converted to phosphoric acid. Sulfuric acid is also used in the following industries: pulp and paper, iron and steel (for pickling, cleaning, and etching metals), lead-acid battery manufacturing, petroleum refining, mining and metallurgy, ore processing, synthetic rubber and plastics, soap and detergents, water treatment, cellulose fibers and films, and inorganic pigments and paints. Canadian Production and Trade Several organizations produce and distribute inorganic chemicals such as sulfuric acid in Canada, including Chemtrade, Canexus Corporation, and ERCO Worldwide. Canada exports the majority of its sulphuric acid to the United States. Production and trade |Import:||90,843 t of ‘sulphuric acid’||2015| |Export:||2,068,930 t of ‘sulphuric acid’||2015| Occupational Exposures Overview Workers with the greatest potential for high exposure are those involved in manufacturing, using, and transporting sulfuric acid, isopropanol, and oleum (fuming sulfuric acid), as well as those in metal pickling.[1,2] Moderate levels of exposure are expected in soap and detergent production, and the manufacture of nitric acid and ethanol. Lower exposure levels are expected in lead-acid battery manufacturing and phosphate fertilizer production. Factors influencing the type and extent of exposure include the industrial process, particle size, distance from the source, control measures (i.e. ventilation), and the breathing pattern of workers.[1,3] CAREX Canada has not prioritized mists from strong inorganic acids for exposure estimate development. This is because a lack of exposure data precluded it in the past. However, the team is investigating new sources of data and methods in order to potentially address this exposure in the future. Subscribe to our newsletters The CAREX Canada team offers two regular newsletters: the biannual e-Bulletin summarizing information on upcoming webinars, new publications, and updates to estimates and tools; and the monthly Carcinogens in the News, a digest of media articles, government reports, and academic literature related to the carcinogens we’ve classified as important for surveillance in Canada. Sign up for one or both of these newsletters below.

In This Issue - On/File: November/December 2009 - Findings & Footnotes: November/December 2010 - Sunni–Shia relations a source of new tensions for Muslims worldwide - An emerging mullah–secular activist alliance taking shape in Iran? - Radical reform in Islam best done through contextualization, says Islamic scholar - New face of Buddhism more engaged with social and other mainstream concerns in Japan - African Initiated Churches going online - Home-grown Unitarians put twist on the faith and grow in Africa - Evangelicals inspire hands-off respect among Central American gangs - Current Research: November/December 2009 - Fringe groups find fertile ground in Quebec Catholicism - Western followers bring changes to the Ni’matullahi Sufi Order - New Sanctuary movement—less sanctuary and more identity problems - New models of guru–disciple relationships 01: The publication of the new prayer book for Orthodox Jews, the Koren-Sachs Siddur, is a significant attempt to wrest control of the Orthodox movement in the U.S. from the ultra-Orthodox wing of the movement. Until the appearance of the new prayer book, the Artscroll Siddur was the main one in use in Orthodox synagogues, although it represented the traditionalist views and practices of the Haredi, or ultra-Orthodox Jewish movement. In the last two decades, the Haredi movement has become an influential force in Judaism while the “modern Orthodox” movement has been reported to be in decline (demographically at least, since the Haredi have the larger families). The new prayer book upholds the modern Orthodox approach in its proud embracing of Zionism (the Artscroll Siddur plays down the importance of Israel, showing the non-Zionist views of many Haredi) and its acceptance of women’s prayers and greater involvement in devotional life. (Source: First Things, September/October) 02: Covenant University in Nigeria is a case study of how private—and often evangelical Christian—institutions are beginning to transform a university system founded on the “belief that government should be the sole provider of higher education, free of charge.” The seven-year-old university was founded and is financed by Living Faith Church in Otta, said to be the largest church structure in the world. The university is expensive (at $2,000 per year) and beyond what most Nigerians can pay, yet the school’s facilities stand in contrast to the poor conditions of the country’s other universities, which are currently shut down in the aftermath of a three-month strike. The frequent power outages and shortages of books and laboratory equipment are nowhere to be seen at Covenant, which “ranks as the country’s top private institution,” with a reputation for academic excellence, strict discipline and state-ofthe-art facilities. The campus atmosphere is strict, with religion playing a central role and chapel attendance strongly encouraged. Its strict policies, such as mandatory testing for HIV and pregnancy for incoming students, have, however, come under fire from health and human rights groups. (Source: Chronicle of Higher Education, Nov. 6) 01: The November/December issue of Society magazine carries a special section on the charismatic and Pentecostal movement. The lead article by Todd M. Johnson provides an interesting statistical overview of the growth of the various Pentecostal streams in the global South and North, revealing how classical Pentecostals, charismatic renewalists (those within mainstream and Catholic churches) and independent neo-charismatics have been received differently in various societies. Johnson finds that renewalists continue to grow fastest in Latin America, Africa and Asia, and have stalled in Europe and the U.S. The neo-charismatics are the most strongly based in the global South, especially in India, South Africa and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Another article by Arun Jones on Pentecostalism in India notes that these churches are functioning like mainline Protestants as the la er have slipped in missionary and social ministries and the former have taken up starting schools, orphanages and hospitals. The strong supernatural thrust of Pentecostal and charismatic churches even draws practicing Hindus to their services; at the same time, these churches unofficially draw on the mystical Hindu sensibility. An article on Russia and Ukraine suggests some conflict between the more moderate and subdued Pentecostals—who have a long history in both countries—and the flamboyant and emotional charismatic newcomers who hold to prosperity teachings and performing miracles. The contested thesis that these new Protestants are fostering a strong work ethic and economic productivity has some substantiation, although the findings are still preliminary, write authors Christopher Marsh and Artyom Tonoyan. The article notes that Russian and Ukrainian Pentecostals are also becoming a missionary force in their own right, especially in China. A concluding article by Brian Grim finds that the relation between charismatic and Pentecostal churches and the restrictions they may face in various countries is also related to the type of movement to which they belong. While the charismatic and Pentecostals seem to grow most in societies with religious freedom, the neo-charismatics can grow in religiously restrictive societies (such as China) as long as there is not a single religion monopolizing the market. For more information on this issue, write: Society, 233 Spring St. New York 10013 02: The annual review of the Yugoslav Society for the Scientific Study of Religion (year XVI) is devoted to the issue of the revitalization of religion, revealing that the complex religious situation of the former Yugoslavia makes it difficult to use terms such as “secularization” or “revival.” The volume, edited by Danijela Gavrilovic, is divided between general theories related to religious revitalization and chapters applying such theory to specific traditions and regions of the Balkans. In an early chapter, Ivan Cvitkovic writes that while there has been a “return of religion” to the public sphere in Bosnia and Herzogovina, it is inaccurate to speak of a return of citizens to religious faith, as “there has been no ‘departure’ after all.” In other words, there was a fairly similar rate of affiliation and religious involvement before the ethnic conflict and war in the region. In a chapter on religion in the Balkan region, the authors argue there has been a growth in both “apparent believers” and “apparent atheists,” meaning those who identify with but do not necessarily hold the beliefs or lack of beliefs of either category. There has been a “drop in numbers of those who practice things in which they believe.” In Serbia, for instance, 72.5 percent never a end the Orthodox liturgy, although more identify with home-based rituals and traditions. The same article finds that Islam has the largest number of adherents who believe that their religion is the only true one, while Protestants have the highest rate of belief that their religion is only one among many valid ones. Another interesting finding is that those with the harshest images of God rarely go to church or mosque, while those with more benign images of God tend to be frequent a enders. Other articles in this issue include an in-depth analysis of Serb religiosity (which the author characterizes as “traditional belonging without believing”); an overview of new religious movements, folk rituals and pilgrimage sites in the region; and a unique study by sociologists who started their own religion (the Church of the Holy Silence) in order to test and monitor the legal constraints put on new religious movements in Slovenia. For more information on this issue, email the editor at: danig@filfak.ni.ac.rs 03: As its title makes clear, Deconversion: Qualitative and Quantitative Results from Cross-Cultural Research in Germany and the United States of America (Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht; for more information, visit: http://www.v-r.de/de/titel/ 1001004018/) examines the long-neglected topic of deconversion, or religious disaffiliation. The researchers, led by Hein Streib, Ralph Hood and Barbara Keller, find that the most general and valid characteristics at the level of individual personality and identity with respect to deconverts from both countries were openness to experience (considered the most relevant factor associated with deconversion); lower scores on fundamentalism and authoritarian scales; self-identification as being more spiritual than religious; and, while actively religious, profession of faith of a more critical than conformist nature. This portrait of the deconvert aligns with previous research on the subject and also overlaps with research on secularists. For example, “Profiles of the Godless,” a recent article by Luke W. Galen, which looks at the results of a survey of the non-religious, cites openness to new experience and lower levels of agreeableness as two characteristics that may serve to distinguish believers from non-believers. Differences between deconverts in the U.S. and Germany emerged most starkly around the issue of crisis. In the German sample, especially among those in oppositional groups, as opposed to those leaving more integrated groups, the researchers found that disaffiliation was quantitatively associated with a loss or crisis in respect to self-identity, social relationships, and a sense of overall meaning and purpose in life. In general, the U.S. deconverts tended to feel less tension between themselves and the larger society after disaffiliation and felt a greater sense of personal development and autonomy when compared to the German sample. The researchers, although warning against giving too much causal weight to the larger religious environment, say that this may be due to the open religious pluralism of the U.S., where deconverts “can be confident that the church next door welcomes religious disaffiliates from other traditions—which may promise to advance their personal growth.” Statistical differences withstanding, after further qualitative investigation, the authors conclude that, overall, gains tend to outweigh losses, stating that most of those experiencing crisis were able to find therapeutic support and not only recover, but experience personal growth. In these cases, the authors suggest that the crisis should be considered more of a “turning point.” Finally, one of the more novel findings of the study is that many deconverts, far from dropping out of the religious field altogether, seek more personal spiritual experiences outside of formal religions and the confines of organizational structures. In this respect, more research may be needed to firmly determine what other factors send those open to new experience down the similar, but ultimately different paths of spirituality and secularity (in the strong sense). This book contributes a great deal to such discussion. — Reviewed by Christopher Smith, a New York-based writer and researcher 04: Quiverfull (Beacon Press, $25.95) is a journalistic investigation of the “biblical womanhood” movement that is seeking to revive “Christian patriarchy.” Author Kathryn Joyce offers a vivid portrait of this radical pro-natalist counterculture of the evangelical movement—from agrarian homeschoolers with huge families who dub their cause “quiverfull” to the networks of activists decrying the “demographic winter” (the dearth of births in the West) and the Calvinist pastors calling for women’s subservience and male headship. The book, unlike many treatments of the Christian right, does a good job in analyzing the Calvinist and thus strongly theological element to much of this pro-family activism, even if it notes its new diversity, embracing conservative Catholics, Mormons, Lutherans and charismatics, as well as schismatic conservative independent groups sympathetic to Christian reconstructionism. An especially interesting chapter is the profile of Doug Phillips (son of conservative activist Howard Phillips) and his Vision Forum, which attempts to model Christian masculinity and femininity through church practices (shunning for disobedient members), and traditional courtship traditions (including reviving dowries) and modest dress, as well as marketing gender-specific toys and literature. Another chapter looks at the emergence of natalist activists, combining unorthodox social science and conservative critiques, such as Allan Carlson and the World Congress of Families (and bringing together European Catholic traditionalists and American evangelicals and Mormons). While these groups are fascinating in their own right (demanding more scholarly study), Joyce clearly sees the movement as a threat to women’s freedom. Her accounts of the many women reporting (mainly psychological) abuse from their involvement in this counterculture and of Quiverfull families living near the poverty level are poignant. But the author’s fears of the movement’s dangers and its influence among evangelicals seem exaggerated: she acknowledges that the counterculture embraces a few thousand. Only those on the evangelical right (such as Albert Mohler of Southern Baptist Seminary and popular preacher and author John Piper) show much sympathy for its more radical measures. 05: Jewish Intermarriage Around the World (Transaction Books, $44.95), edited by Shulamit Reinharz and Segio DellaPergola, is unique in its collection of studies of “outmarriage” among the smaller communities of Jews outside of Israel and the U.S. A chapter providing an overview of research by well-known Israeli demographer DellaPergola finds that in the 1930s most Jews lived in countries where the rate of out-marriage was below five percent, and in no community did it rise above 35 percent. Today, the majority of world Jewry live in countries where the intermarriage rate is above 35 percent, with the majority above 50 percent. The intermarriage trends among French Jews reflect broader patterns throughout the Diaspora. The growth of Jews cohabiting, o en in interfaith relationships, may actually be a “way of solving the issue of intermarriage by circumventing it,” writes contributor Erik Cohen. His finding that Jews who live in Paris or its suburbs have lower rates of intermarriage than those who live in the provinces supports the thesis (confirmed in other chapters) that Jewish demographic density discourages out-marriage. Another common pattern (with the exception of the U.S.) found in the French case is that Jewish men are more likely to marry out than Jewish women. A noteworthy chapter finds this gender pattern especially pronounced in the former Soviet Union, where immigration has largely depleted the ranks of Jewish women (for instance, the intermarriage rate for Jewish men in Ukraine is 82 percent). Most children raised in this mixed ethno-religious environment “have a clear preference for a nonJewish ethnic affiliation.” Other chapters include a look at how the li ing of apartheid in South Africa encouraged a wave of out-marriage among Jews there; a counterexample is found in Mexico and Venezuela (reflecting other Central American contexts) of low frequencies of out-marriage (perhaps related to widespread Jewish schooling). In contrast, the high rate of outmarriage (and adoption of Catholicism among the intermarried Jews) in Argentina constitutes “social entropy and endangers the future of the Jewish communities,” concludes Yaccov Rubel. 06: The Mind of the Anglican Clergy (Edwin Mellen Press, $109.95), by Andrew Village and Leslie J. Francis, is a comprehensive study of Anglican priests, showing that the level of confidence in their leaders and in the future of the state church is shaky at best. The study is based on a survey of 1,849 clergy (82 percent men and 18 percent women) who were randomly drawn from the readership of the Church Times newspaper (the study is therefore tilted slightly toward liberal and Anglo-Catholic orientations). As found among clergy in other studies, there is a gap between clergy holding more liberal theological and social views than the laity, especially on issues such as gay rights in the church. On this issue, there is likely to be continued drift, especially as women and younger clergy are the voices of change, except when the clergy is evangelical or charismatic. The clergy tended to uphold core Christian doctrines, while engaging with critical views of the Bible to a far greater extent than the laity. Somewhat more unexpected is the finding that 42 percent of clergy do not have strong confidence in the leadership offered by the Archbishop of Canterbury, and 33 percent want the Church of England to be disestablished. Prodisestablishment views were greatest among liberal clergy. While Shiite assertiveness gives rise to concerns and nervousness among Sunni regimes, observers should be careful not to explain all developments and attitudes through religion and also be aware of the significance of political dimensions and alliances. This was the implicit message in several papers presented at the international conference on Sunni–Shia relations organized by the Catholic University of Louvain and several academic partners that took place in Brussels from Sept. 30 to Oct. 2, which RW attended. A discourse on the threat of “Shiitization” or “Shiite penetration” can be heard in Palestine, developed both by Salafi groups and members of the Palestinian State Authority, but the reality on the ground gives very little evidence of conversions to Shiism. The discourse on the “Shiite threat” serves mostly opponents of the Islamic movement Hamas, due to some cooperation of the latter with Iran, explained Jean-François Legrain (National Center for Scientific Research, CNRS, France). But such discourse ignores competition between Lebanese and Iranian Shiite channels of influence, as well as the fact that Hamas is an independent actor that makes political alliances in accordance with its interest. There are common interests between Hamas and Iran, but Hamas does not follow Iranian orders, summarized Azzam Tamimi (Institute for Islamic Political Thought, London). The impact of an anti-Shia discourse has much more severe consequences in areas where there is a significant Shia population, such as Pakistan (which has a 15– 20 percent Shiite population). Until the 1970s, religious differences generally played little role in Pakistan, but Shiite assertion (with Iranian support until the mid-1990s) and the development of radical Islamist, anti-Shia groups changed this situation. Currently, Pakistani Taliban attempt to exploit sectarian differences in order to expand their operational space, reported Mariam Abou Zahab (Center for International Studies and Research, CERI, France)—and not only Shia have become targets, but all other minorities too (Christians, Hindus, Sikhs). On the border with Pakistan, though in Iran itself, Sunni-dominated Baluchistan is less the peripheral region that it used to be, stressed Stéphane Dudoignon (CNRS). Following the suppression of Baluchi elites during the pre-revolutionary period in this area of Iran, religious leaders have come to play a stronger role. The Iranian Revolution and the emphasis upon the Shia nature of the country has led to an awareness of this region’s Sunni religious identity. Especially during the last four years, tensions have been growing, including attacks by Sunni militants, no longer targeting only police posts, but also Shiite institutions. However, explained Dudoignon, Sunni–Shia relations in Iran cannot be reduced to tensions: there is also interaction, which one should keep in mind in order to have the whole picture. In Syria, a country that has good relations with Iran, irritations have been felt in recent years following increasingly visible Shiite activities during the past three decades, reported Thomas Pierret (Catholic University of Louvain)—and this despite a very modest Shia statistical presence (less than one percent of the population). Since the 1980s, hundreds of thousands of Iranian tourists/ pilgrims have come to visit Shia holy places in Syria. This created some resentment in Syrian Sunni circles, which has been reinforced by the arrival of Iraqi refugees. The performance of Shiite rituals in public space also contributed to such feelings. Since 2006, there has been an upsurge of anti-Shia rumors and accusations of Shiite proselytism. In Saudi Arabia, where the Shia minority has often experienced repression, there have been efforts by the state to start a rapprochement with its Shia population following the changes that have taken place in Iraq, explained Laurence Louër (Sciences Po, Paris). What Saudi authorities primarily want is stability: for this reason, they will not tolerate attacks against Shiites, such as those taking place in Pakistan, although anti-Shia feelings remain strong. Religious groups and leaders may represent the strongest challenge to President Ahmadinejad’s leadership since the popular uprisings of last summer went underground after government crackdowns, reports The Tablet magazine (Oct.17). Ahmadinejad’s increasingly authoritarian rule is helping to “forge an unlikely but powerful alliance between orthodox mullahs and secular democrats,” writes Edward Stourton. There is increasing concern among Iran’s clerics and theologians about Ahmadinejad’s apocalyptic beliefs involving the return of the “hidden imam,” a messiah-type figure in Shia Islam who, in the president’s view, could return after a period of world turmoil. The president’s millennialism has a strong anticlerical edge: the proportion of clerics in jail today is higher than the proportion from any other social category. While these tensions have been simmering for a while, behind much of the concerns is a more fundamental questioning of the legitimacy of the Islamic Republic itself. Ever since Ayatollah Khomeini founded the Islamic state, mainstream Shia theologians have questioned whether it is permitted to set up a theocracy without the Hidden Imam doing so himself. It is a similar argument to ultraOrthodox anti-Zionist Jews arguing that only the Messiah can create the Jewish state of Israel. This view’s “high-profile adherents include no less a figure than the Iraqi Grand Ayatollah Sistani, generally seen as the leading Shia religious authority.” This concern, taken together with the clerics’ fear that Ahmadinejad’s suppression of the democratic movement last summer is tarnishing the image of Islam, could solidify the new alliance between the clerics and the secular democratic movement. Stourton concludes that there are in fact already signs “that it is beginning to take shape.” (The Tablet, 1 King Cloisters, Clifton Walk, London W6 0QZ UK) Addressing a large audience at the Montreal conference of the American Academy of Religion—attended by RW—Tariq Ramadan (Oxford University) summarized his message of the need for a radical reform within Islam while remaining faithful to the sacred text. According to the influential Swiss Muslim thinker, this will be made possible by contextualization. Indeed, not only the text, but also the context can become a source of religious law, since there are issues on which the text is silent. But over time, more importance has been given to scholars of the text, a situation that today needs to be redressed. At the same time, Ramadan warns that those who deny the text will not be able to change anything. Ramadan emphasized that there are different types of reform. A reform that just adapts to a new environment would be misguided, since the call of religion is not to adapt to the status quo, but to aspire to transform the world. Thus a transformational reform is needed that would not transform Islam itself, but rather Muslim minds and interpretations. The experience of Muslims in the West will have a tremendous impact, but Western observers should not ignore vibrant debates currently taking place in non-Western Muslim societies. Such a transformational reform requires an ability to project into the future. And the complexity of science makes it impossible for just one person to give an answer on all possible topics. Currently, according to Ramadan, the best results have been reached in the field of medical science. In countries such as Kuwait, interaction between religious scholars and medical experts have resulted in fatwas (religious edicts) that deal with issues such as cloning or contraception. In contrast, until now, in the field of the economy or ecology, Ramadan finds results to be unconvincing: regarding the economy, Muslims have only been following global trends, he says, being satisfied, for instance, with just creating a small window of religiously permissible financial practices within the wider global economic system. For a long time, Buddhism was too much associated with “funeral Buddhism” in the minds of most Japanese to pay attention to other, new forms of “engaged Buddhism,” said Ranjana Mukhopadhyaya (University of Delhi) at a session of the Japanese Religions Group at the Montreal conference of the American Academy of Religion. But a number of books have now been devoted to this topic since the 1990s, and an accompanying decline in temple attendance has pushed some Buddhists to find new ways to reach a wider Japanese population, according to other scholars. According to those publications, as summarized by Mukhopadhyaya, one can observe developments such as networking beyond sectarian boundaries (Buddhist federations), involvement in welfare activities (partly as a reaction to Christian charities, but also prompted by new social and economic environments), the formation of Buddhist NGOs, transnational engagement in voluntary and relief activities, and peace movements (assistance to Cambodian refugees has provided a major impetus for relief activities by Japanese Buddhists). However, according to Inaba Keishin (Kobe University), only 35 percent of Japanese are aware of social work conducted by religious groups. Japanese people are no longer necessarily looking at religious institutions for direction today, according to John Nelson (University of San Francisco). Greater personal agency leads to weaker relationships to temples, leading to a decline in their financial resources. Moreover, people have become more suspicious toward religion, and this is not only a consequence of the Aum Shinrikyo case in 1995. It is not sufficient that Buddhist priests engage new technologies to counter this trend, however—many priests write blogs, but few of them get comments from visitors. As a response, a number of attempts have been launched seeking to promote “experimental Buddhism.” For instance, Nelson presented the cases of a storefront outreach (with a Buddhist priest available for people who want to speak), which attempts to help people in their daily lives—with Buddhist traditions being seen here as resources for action rather than blueprints for beliefs. One can also mention efforts by Pure Land Buddhism to restore vitality to this organization; some priests are thus developing relationships based on social concerns rather than religious traditions, making temples into community centers. While Internet penetration remains lower on the African continent than in other places around the globe, new religious movements born in Africa have been appropriating new media technologies, reported Afe Adogame (University of Edinburgh) at the conference of the American Academy of Religion in Montreal. Use of media is not a new feature among African religions, but deliberate efforts by these groups to make themselves known on the Internet is also related to new social realities, such as their presence in Western countries, leading them to consider new strategies. In the Western world, the use of personal contacts for evangelizing is more difficult: it cannot be done as easily on the street or in marketplaces, as it would be in Africa. Such challenges have encouraged the creation of websites; originally, nearly all websites were developed in the diaspora, although they are now starting in Africa too. Online strategies serve various purposes, including recruitment strategy (whether they are successful is another question, however) and maintaining links with members transnationally, but also expressing a group’s global nature. There are now even African groups offering online transactions for the payment of tithes and offerings. Adogame thinks the Internet should be considered as a complementary vehicle, not as a replacement for other media or church attendance, serving to reinforce commitment in religious groups. Unitarianism is growing relatively rapidly in Africa, surprising even American Unitarians who discourage missionaries and even support of overseas congregations. The official magazine of the Unitarian-Universalist Association, UU World (Summer), reports that whereas a decade ago, Africa counted only a handful of UU congregations—mainly in South Africa—today the continent boasts of churches in Uganda, Burundi, Republic of the Congo, Uganda and, most notably, Kenya. Local Kenyan leaders report that over 100 congregations have sprouted in the Kisii Province, and in Nairobi and central Kenya. “Unitarian-Universalists do not have [the] tradition of proselytizing mission work, but UU principles have make their way into Africa nonetheless. On a continent where Internet access is growing quickly, people in remote areas are discovering Unitarianism in Google-powered spiritual journeys,” writes Scott Kraft. One African Unitarian leader, Patrick Magra, researched Unitarianism on the Internet after meeting some American UUs, and subsequently left the Seventh Day Adventists, impressed by the Unitarian message of freedom and tolerance. He eventually brought fellow evangelical ministers with him to the UU, and claims that there are now 68 congregations with several thousand members in the Kisii district among poor tribal groups in western Kenya. While Magra’s estimates were impossible to verify, international UU officials verified at least several dozen congregations in this region. In addition, these churches have started pre-schools, schools and an orphanage. Near Nairobi, another cluster of churches have been started that are more ethnically and socio-economically diverse. In such areas, UU teachings are used to stress how congregations should welcome all ethnic groups. While UU’s tolerance of multiple marriages (in contrast to other denominations) appeals to many converts, African Unitarians’ opposition to gay rights and abortion is far from the social liberalism of their counterparts in the West. Yet the Africans want more assistance from American UUs— something that Western Unitarians are ambivalent about, preferring a more egalitarian “partnership model” instead. (UU World, 25 Beacon St., Boston, MA 02108-2892) Gangs in Central America are showing a new respect for evangelical churches and those ex-members who convert to them, but those “backsliding” from the church may face a good deal of danger, according to researcher Robert Brenneman of Notre Dame University, who presented a paper on the topic at the SSSR meeting. In conducting research among gangs and former gang members in El Salvador, Guatemala and Honduras, Brenneman found this practice of “evangelical exemption” fairly common. As long as departing members of a gang claimed a conversion and went to an evangelical (usually Pentecostal) church, they were considered exempt from the punishment that a usual gang deserter would face, which could mean death. Part of the reason for the lenient attitude toward evangelical converts is that gang members believe that these converts have special divine protection and if they harm them they might incur a curse against the gang. Another reason for the hands-off approach is that former members who adopt an evangelical lifestyle are unlikely to move to another gang and thus share secrets and compete against their former gang. The fact that evangelicals are seen as adopting non-violence and an attitude of “turn the other cheek” insures against vengeance of former gang members. But the problems start when former gang members who have converted backslide and stop attending church. In this case, the exemption is lifted and such backsliders can be targeted, since they are now a source of competition for the former gang. Murders of such evangelical defectors are not infrequent. To ensure that former members stay on the evangelical straight and narrow, gangs will actually monitor these converts, according to Brenneman. 01: The third Faith Communities Today (FACT) survey, conducted in 2008, finds a “persistent downward drift in congregational vitality,” according to David Roozen of Hartford Seminary. Roozen, who directed the study in 2000, 2005 and 2008, said that across eight years, congregational health, including financial stability, has declined. Roozen, who presented his findings at the SSSR meeting in Denver, noted that the 2008 drop in financial stability was registered even before the current economic crisis had hit. Such a decline is “across the board,” experienced by mainline Protestant, evangelical, Catholic and Muslim congregations. Roozen also found a continuing aging pattern—50 percent of congregations now have a quarter of their members over the age of 65. The study also found that the level of conflict in congregations had remained the same since 2000, while the level of experimentation in worship has increased. Those congregations that have shifted to contemporary worship within the past five years were far more likely to show growth than those who have long had traditional services (64 percent versus 44 percent). 02: The new wave of the National Study on Religion and Youth (NSYR) finds “emerging adults” less religiously involved, although evangelicals show some resistance to this trend through their parental involvement and participation in church youth groups. In a session on the NSYR at the SSSR meeting, lead researcher Christian Smith and his associates noted that, five years after the study’s focus on teenagers, the longitudinal research now looks at the 18–23 age group, which is labeled “emerging adulthood.” Smith’s earlier finding of what he called “moralistic therapeutic deism” (a non-involved God associated mainly with good feelings and deeds) was less evident among the same young people in this age group, suggesting that it may have been an age effect. The young adults today are more likely to refer to “karma”—that one is paid back for good or bad deeds by a cosmic force. Only about 20 percent attend religious services at least once a week, a 22 percent decline from Smith’s survey five years ago of the same group of young people. Catholics showed the steepest declines from adolescence to adulthood, with weak effects from religious education. Evangelical Protestants showed less decline, mainly because of greater parental religious involvement and the effect of youth group participation. 03: Evangelical clergy involvement in politics increased between 2000 and 2008, most likely due to intensified mobilization by the Republican Party (GOP), according to a new study. The study, conducted by Laura Olson and Sue Crawford and presented at the SSSR meeting, found that in 2008, clergy, particularly evangelical clergy, were more engaged in many ways than in 2000. Compared to other clergy, evangelicals overall showed the biggest gains in political activity from 2000 and were particularly more likely to engage in public kinds of political activities. The absence of a clear “evangelical” candidate in 2008 did not weaken evangelical clergy involvement in electoral activities compared to 2000. Olson argued that it is not possible to know from the data how much of the 2008 increase in activity came from the 2004 mobilization work of the GOP that paved the way for more activity in 2008. But she added that this may well be an explanation for why the involvement of evangelical clergy increased in 2008 from 2000. The study showed that various interest groups such as the Family Research Council and Bread for the World appeared to mobilize clergy engagement in a range of political activities. Clergy who indicate their support for these types of groups report more political activity. Overall, this interest group advantage appears to increase from 2000 to 2008. Conservative groups appear most able to mobilize public electoral and advocacy activities by clergy, while more liberal interest groups tend to mobilize more individual-oriented electoral and advocacy activities. 04: A new project called the “Christian Activism Data Base,” charting the growth of religious activist groups since the early 1960s until the new millennium, finds that these groups are very durable, although the most growth has been in non-membership organizations and coalitional groups. The project’s findings, presented at the SSSR meeting by Chris Pieper of the University of Texas at Austin, are based on a study of the Encyclopedia of Associations from 1960 to 2000. Pieper found that there has been a sharp growth of Christian activist organizations (from 51 in 1961 to almost 300 by the mid-1990s) and that they have an average lifespan of about 25 years. Most were founded in the 1970s (often focusing on antiVietnam war protests), while most organizational deaths were in the 1990s, due to “the crowding of prolife groups.” These organizations are disproportionately represented by non-denominational groups, but also by peace churches and Unitarians, according to Pieper. Lutherans, the Southern Baptist Convention and the United Church of Christ were the most underrepresented. Pieper concluded that there has been a shift away from official denominational social action groups and a move toward non-membership and coalitiontype organizations. 05: A Baylor University study finds that in any given congregation in the U.S. with 400 members, an average of seven women have been victims of clergy sexual misconduct since they turned 18. The study, conducted by Diana Garland, found that more than three percent of adult women who have attended a church in the past month reported that a religious leader had made a sexual advance to them. Garland said that such cases of abuse are prevalent in all denominations and religions across the country. The Christian Century (Oct. 30) reports that the findings were drawn from questions included in the 2008 General Social Survey. 06: A survey of Christians in Britain suggests they are facing pressure and in some cases discrimination, especially Pentecostals. The survey, conducted by the Sunday Telegraph newspaper of 512 Christians about reactions to their faith, found that 44 percent reported being mocked for their faith and 10 percent experienced rejection by their families. However, 47 percent reported no such negative reactions. The differences in reaction may be related to the Christian group to which they belong. Pentecostals felt that their faith had cost them promotion five times more than Anglicans or Catholics. Three-quarters of the respondents said there was less religious freedom now than 20 years ago, reports the newsletter FutureFirst (October). (FutureFirst, Old Post Office, 1 Thorpe Ave., Tonbridge, Kent TN10 4PW UK) While classical Catholic traditionalism in the line of the late Archbishop Lefebvre has not developed very strongly in Quebec, a variety of very specific Catholic groups originating in Quebec itself have found fertile ground there. Some of them have been undergoing changes and realignment in recent years, either attempting to remain within the sphere of the Roman Catholic Church or going their own ways. The role played by female leaders or figures has been prominent in several of them. These were some of the main observations derived from a session of the New Religious Movements Group devoted to religious groups inside, outside or parallel to the Roman Catholic Church in Quebec at the American Academy of Religion in Montreal. In his presentation, Paul Gareau (Concordia University) looked at the Army of Mary, a group that defines itself as strongly Catholic, but was nevertheless excommunicated in 2007 for heresy. Its key figure, Marie-Paule Giguère (b. 1921), occupies a very special role in the elaborate doctrine of the Army—a new understanding of the Trinity as a Quinternity encompassing God, Jesus and the Holy Spirit, along with Mary the Immaculate Conception and Giguère herself as the Lady of All Peoples and the daughter of God. In 2007, the Army of Mary initiated the “Church of John” with its new pope, Padre Jean-Pierre, as a transmutation of the Church of Peter. Gareau discussed in his paper how a group that consisted of conservative Catholics could reconcile itself with excommunication from the church. He explained that this was primarily a matter of resilience: the members put the emphasis on their unique position in salvation history and see themselves as a divinely ordained continuation of the Roman Catholic Church, not negating its normative structures, but elaborating on them. More generally, Gareau sees the Army as an assertion of feminine symbols that characterize popular devotion, which a male hierarchy attempts to keep under control. Thus the members of the Army of Mary manage to avoid a crisis of cognitive dissonance—and might actually illustrate wider trends beyond their own case for understanding the psychology of schism. However, the evolution of conservative Catholic groups can follow a quite different pattern, as evidenced by a paper presented by Martin Geoffroy (Canadian Institute for Research on Linguistic Minorities) about the Pilgrims of St. Michael (their official name since 1963), more commonly known as the “White Berets”, because of their distinctive headwear. While critical of modernist trends within Roman Catholicism, the White Berets were originally primarily a political group of devout Catholics, advocating the ideals of “Social Credit” for a total reform of society (an economic theory elaborated in 1917 by a Scottish engineer and economist, Major Clifford Hugh Douglas). Initially a political movement entering (with limited success) into electoral competitions, it then transformed itself more into a pressure group and, from the 1960s, at the same time that Quebec was undergoing rapid secularization, it became increasingly religious—aspiring to create a Christian world, as opposed to a modern world under Satan’s rule. While the White Berets have failed to convince the Catholic Church to adopt the ideas of Social Credit and have been very critical of modern developments in the Church, they have managed to avoid schism—a fact that might partly be due, Geoffroy suggests, to the fact that they steer away from thorny theological issues and are “doctrinally and pragmatically oriented towards long-established traditional socio-economic ideas and practices rather than towards new religious revelations and messages transmitted by their leaders as coming directly from heaven.” Based only in Iran until the 1970s, one branch of the Ni’matullahi Sufi Order came to the West after its head, Dr. Javad Nurbakhsh (d. 2008), emigrated following the Islamic Revolution of 1979. The past 30 years have brought radical changes to the group, reported Eliza Tasbihi (Concordia University, Montreal) at the November conference of the American Academy of Religion. Many of the Order’s members are now Westerners, but Iranian followers remain a significant minority, especially conspicuous in the organization of social events. Along with the expansion of the Order to other parts of the world, including the creation of centers in the West and in Africa, the order has undergone other changes. While Nurbakhsh had stated in his earlier writings that being a Muslim was a requirement for practicing Sufism, this has ceased to be emphasized. He brought about a major shift in his teachings through using a universal language and actually detaching Sufism from an exclusive association with Islam. Conversion to Islam is no longer a requirement today for those who want to join the Order. In addition, the Order does not want to equate Sufism with an orientation toward seclusion and has put an emphasis on charity work and engagement with scholarly work, including international conferences. Another development is gender equality, manifested by the fact that men and women sit together while practicing silent meditation and that women are not required to cover their heads. Some changes may have also partly been motivated by the small size of the groups; for instance, originally, initiates and non-initiates were supposed to sit in separate rooms, but this did not seem to make sense with only a small number of participants. The change has not affected the groups in Iran, however. Moreover, not only do the other branches of the Ni’matullahi Sufi Order not follow such adaptations, but a number of members within the branch under the leadership of the late Dr Nurbakhsh have not accepted them, and have seceded to create separate centers. Among Iranians in the West, some people with no involvement in traditional Muslim religious life feel attracted to the new, inclusive approach. It is too early to say how the Order will now evolve under its new leader following the death of Nurbakhsh. While the New Sanctuary movement has revived activist hopes of a revived national church movement for immigrant rights, the current move to protect undocumented immigrants is more locally based, less mobile, and has found recruitment and building a common identity more difficult than the pioneering movement of the 1980s, according to a recent study. The study, presented by Grace Yukich of New York University at the October meeting of the Society for the Scientific Study of Religion (SSSR) in Denver, laid out the most basic difference between the two sanctuary movements: there is no physical “sanctuary” today. The movement does not seek to shelter immigrants, but rather forms partnerships between immigrant families and congregations, which seek to assist them in various ways. Yukich, who interviewed 70 New Sanctuary movement activists and their allies in New York and Los Angeles, said that the more-stringent immigrant laws today have meant that immigrants arrive more for economic than for political reasons. Among activists, she found some ambiguity and confusion about the sanctuary concept itself and weak identification with the national movement. This has led to difficulty in recruiting people, especially as activists are divided between the goals of political advocacy and directly helping families. Yukich also found that some quarters of the movement are more overtly religious than others, making it difficult for it to build a collective identity, which has also hindered ongoing recruitment of volunteers and activists, she concluded. In the American context, the traditional model of guru has frequently given way to a new type of spiritual masters having a non-exclusive relationship with their disciples, Lola L. Williamson (Millsapas College) explained at the Montreal conference of the American Academy of Religion (Nov. 7–10), which RW attended. During what Williamson described as “phase one,” one could see charismatic gurus with a well-defined lineage and community; these still exist, but more and more we are experiencing “phase two”, i.e. American gurus, disciples of Indian gurus, who can share the same stage with other gurus on a non-exclusive basis. Two, three or more gurus teaming up together to offer a retreat is a new phenomenon in America. This is related to wider trends: the idea of devoting oneself for a lifetime to one guru is waning in North America. In phase one, everybody had read Yogananda’s Autobiography of a Yogi, which shaped the image of the guru. In the meantime, in addition to developments in secular society, guru scandals may have changed the image of the guru. Having serial gurus is expected in phase two, and such a phenomenon fits the North American context well. Retreat sites have come to replace pilgrimage sites in the phase two environment. Some ashrams today look like health spas, with a small nucleus of permanent residents and American teachers drawing from a variety of both spiritual and secular sources (Hindu and Zen masters, modern scientists, etc.).

Misrepresents a complex reality: While certain countries such as India may have many AEFIs categorized as “unclassifiable”, this is more indicative of insufficient healthcare resources for obtaining essential information for causality assessments - it is not necessarily evidence of a cover-up. FULL CLAIM: [It] is nearly impossible to categorize post-vaccine deaths as vaccine-related. This is because the revised [AEFI] algorithm does not allow users to classify an AEFI as “consistent with causal association with vaccine” unless there is evidence showing that the vaccine caused a statistically significant increase in deaths during Phase III clinical trials This post by NewsPunch contains an excerpt of an article by Robert F. Kennedy Jr., posted on the website Children’s Health Defense. Originally published in July 2017, it went viral on Facebook in October 2019 and has been shared more than 200,000 times. The article’s headline claims that “the government is covering up vaccine deaths” in a bid to “protect pharmaceutical companies”. This claim hinges on a 2017 letter by Jacob Puliyel and Anant Phadke published in the Indian Journal of Medical Ethics. This letter claims that revisions to the WHO’s AEFI causality assessment in 2013 “make it almost impossible to classify adverse events (deaths in this case) noticed for the first time in phase IV post-marketing surveillance, as ‘consistent causal association to immunisation’.” The letter further claims that this is because “deaths seen during post-marketing surveillance cannot be classified as ‘consistent with causal association with vaccine’ if the vaccine did not cause a statistically significant increase in deaths in the small phase III trials. If the vaccine caused a significant increase in deaths in the small controlled trials, the vaccine would not be licensed. After licensure, all deaths that are seen in the larger post-marketing phase are simply labelled as coincidental deaths or unclassifiable.” Physicians and scientists who reviewed this claim found it to be inaccurate and misleading in several ways. Firstly, the statement that “deaths seen during post-marketing surveillance cannot be classified as ‘consistent with causal association with vaccine’ if the vaccine did not cause a statistically significant increase in deaths in the small phase III trials” is incorrect. The revised WHO AEFI causality assessment protocol does allow for assessment of adverse events even after vaccines have passed clinical trials (see the checklist on page 38), including those that lead to death. Kennedy states that for more than 90% of deaths recorded as AEFIs—as cited in the letter—the cause was labeled “unclassifiable”. This is suggested by the NewsPunch article to be proof of an attempt by the government to obscure the cause of post-vaccination deaths. However, reviewers explain that this is indicative of the current state of the healthcare system in India rather than a governmental cover-up. Establishing a causal association between a vaccine and an adverse event requires detailed case information. But such information can be difficult to obtain in a healthcare system with few resources for investigating AEFIs, such as in India. Secondly, reviewers point out that each country has its own system for recording AEFIs—the US has its Vaccine Adverse Events Reporting System (VAERS), which does not apply the WHO’s causality assessment protocol to begin with. Therefore, the claim that the US government is using the WHO AEFI classification protocol to cover up vaccine deaths is unsupported. Thirdly, Kennedy uses VAERS data out of context to perpetuate the misleading suggestion that death is a major concern of childhood vaccination. The WHO addresses this misconception here. Kennedy also does not mention that the VAERS website strongly encourages reporting of adverse events after vaccination, even when the cause of the event has not been established, and this can be done online by anyone (not only medical professionals). Deaths have indeed been recorded in VAERS, but simply because an adverse event occurred after vaccination does not mean that vaccination caused the adverse event (this is termed the post hoc ergo propter hoc fallacy), and VAERS warns that “the report of an adverse event to VAERS is not documentation that a vaccine caused the event.” The US Institute of Medicine (part of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine) published a report on its assessment of the safety of childhood vaccination schedules in 2013. The report states that “no evidence of major safety concerns associated with adherence to the childhood immunization schedule [were found].” After this evaluation was published, NewsPunch issued a correction and removed any inaccurate and unsubstantiated claims in its headline and article, indicated by an explanatory note (link to archived version of the corrected article). [The following is a joint comment by the above scientists] Kennedy’s article contains a number of falsehoods. In the most recent WHO causality assessment protocol (page 38), adverse events linked to the vaccine product can be from any previously published peer-reviewed literature. Previous literature on deaths as adverse events following immunization have relied on observational studies and not just pre-licensure clinical trials. Stating that “the government is covering up vaccine deaths” through the use of this protocol does not make sense. The Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) in the United States already includes infant deaths, as Kennedy’s article indicates. The United States government does not use the WHO causality assessment protocol in any official capacity, and so the WHO causality assessment protocol has no relationship to whether or not cases are added to VAERS. Other governments make their own decision on whether and how to use this protocol. The examples of infant deaths in Kennedy’s article are from India, a country with a very different health care system to the United States. Kennedy is concerned about AEFI classifications, like being “unclassifiable”. But an AEFI remains unclassifiable due to the unavailability of adequate information related to the event, which is needed for causality assessment. This lack of information is very pertinent in countries like India which have fewer resources to investigate AEFIs. This statement is misleading and lacks context. The first step in the AEFI algorithm requires determining a “valid diagnosis”, which could be a symptom, disease, abnormal physical exam, or abnormal laboratory test that corresponds to the adverse event. Death is an outcome, not a diagnosis, so in fatal cases, the valid diagnosis would be the cause of death, such as sepsis, sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), etc. The causality assessment would examine the evidence for and against an association between the vaccine and that valid diagnosis (i.e., disease that led to death), including reviewing published peer reviewed literature for studies of association between that disease and the vaccine[4,5,6]. They would examine clinical trial data as well as data from post-marketing studies and surveillance. Puliyel and Phadke’s claim that causality was reported differently for children with the same diagnosis (intractable convulsions is their example) is not supported by the data presented. They show only the causality assessment by the child’s outcome (hospitalization followed by survival or death). They did not report the valid diagnosis that led to hospitalization or death, which is what the causality assessment would have focused on. Thus, there is no evidence that hospitalizations and deaths had the same valid diagnosis and were classified differently. Lastly, Kennedy’s article starts out by sharing misleading data from the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) without context in stating that 1,881 infant deaths following vaccination were reported over 20 years. He fails to state that VAERS encourages reporting of adverse events that occur after vaccination even if it is not certain that the vaccine was the cause. The infant mortality rate in the United States (from all causes) is 5.8 per 1,000 live births and with 3,855,500 births per year, this translates into 22,362 infant deaths per year or 61 deaths per day. Therefore, the 1,881 deaths reported in VAERS (94/year), even if underestimated, is within or less than the number expected to occur by chance after an immunization. We previously reviewed claims related to vaccine safety, found to be either inaccurate, incorrect or unsupported: - Claim that “flu shots are killing elderly citizens in record numbers” based on misinterpreted study - Claim that vaccines can cause individuals with mitochondrial disorders to develop autism is unsupported - Article claiming vaccines cause autoimmunity and autism due to fetal DNA contaminants found unsupported and implausible - 1 – Puliyel and Phadke. (2017)Deaths following pentavalent vaccine and the revised AEFI classification. Indian Journal of Medical Ethics. - 2 – Gold et al. (2016) An approach to death as an adverse event following immunization. Vaccine. - 3 – Institute of Medicine. (2013). Childhood Immunization Schedule and Safety: Stakeholder Concerns, Scientific Evidence, and Future Studies. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.17226/13563 - 4 – Essery et al. (1999) The protective effect of immunisation against diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus (DPT) in relation to sudden infant death syndrome. FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology. - 5 – Fleming et al. (2001) The UK accelerated immunisation programme and sudden unexpected death in infancy: case-control study. British Medical Journal. - 6 – Kuhnert et al. (2012) Reanalyses of case-control studies examining the temporal association between sudden infant death syndrome and vaccination. Vaccine.

The Department welcomes candidates to read for the Master of Philosophy (MPhil) or Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in Information Studies. Information Studies is an interdisciplinary domain concerned with the creation, organization, management, and uses of information in all its forms, formats and expressions. It includes Archival Studies, Library Studies, Museum Studies and Records Management and applies the practices, perspectives, and tools of management, information technology, information preservation, history and cultural heritage to the creation, collection, organization, preservation, and dissemination of information resources. Information Studies brings together a variety of theoretical approaches. Its focus is on representations of information—the documentary and cultural evidence of society—as well as on the technologies and organizations through which information becomes accessible. Emphasis will be on the peoples of the Caribbean, and its diaspora, and the ways in which they create, engage with, preserve, and disseminate Information. The Master of Philosophy (MPhil) in Information Studies is designed to facilitate the student’s review of the knowledge of the field. The student will evaluate seminal and current theories and models, as well as relevant literature and research findings, while developing an area of study which makes an independent contribution to knowledge or understanding of the subject area. The student will be required to register for and successfully complete two (2) taught courses. The programme lasts for a minimum of two years full-time, beginning in September. Applicants should provide a research proposal outlining the scope of the intending study at time of application. The Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) programme is designed to facilitate the pursuit of scholarship of an original, independent and seminal nature in any of the disciplines within the domain of Information Studies. The programme will facilitate the student to evaluate seminal and current theories and models, as well as demonstrate a rich understanding of the literature and research methodologies in the field. Through the programme, the student will be assisted in honing the research problem, developing the investigation with competence and rigour, and presenting the achievements and findings with intellectual maturity. The student will be required to register for and successfully complete three taught courses. The programme lasts for a minimum of three (3) years full-time, beginning in September. Applicants should provide a research proposal outlining the scope of the intended study at time of application The following are eligible to apply for registration for this degree: Graduates of any University holding the Masters’ degree in Archival Studies, Library Studies, Museum Studies or equivalent degree, or a Bachelor of Arts degree (such as Library and Information Studies), having obtained no lower than an Upper Second Class Honours Degree. Students who have obtained other suitable academic and/or professional qualifications and experience. Acceptance into the MPhil/PhD Information Studies programme shall depend on assessment of the students past education, performance and experience as well as the Department’s capacity to provide adequate supervision. All registered MPhil/PhD Candidates are expected to participate in departmental seminars, conferences, etc as well as present at least one (1) seminar annually in addition to the regulations-stipulated number of seminars. University regulations concerning the duration of Part time studies, Upgrading of MPhil registration to PhD and the submission of theses and dissertations will apply. For further information contact the Department Office at [email protected]

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B2B marketing is not what it used to be. It has undergone a sea-change in the past 5 years in terms of thinking about cross-selling and upselling. Today’s B2B buyers resort to online search and other marketing channels to make a purchase. In fact, studies suggest that they conduct at least 12 online searches before making a purchase. They move in and out of the sales funnel before making the final purchase. Cross-sell and upsell are two methods that help B2B marketers sell more than what they intend to. What is cross-selling? Cross-selling is a selling technique where customers buy a product that is related to an already bought or soon-to-be bought product. Example: Selling earphones along with a smartphone or a keyboard or mouse with a laptop. What is upselling? Upselling is a selling technique where the seller tries to sell an upgraded or premium version of a product that the customer is considering purchasing. Example: Selling a higher version of a smartphone that has more RAM, storage specs, or camera capabilities. How do cross-selling and upselling differ from each other? Cross-selling and upselling differ from each other in several aspects. The very purpose for which it is done, the objective, the elements involved in the transaction, the end result, and so on. Here is a snapshot that explains the key differences between cross-selling and upselling. |Meaning||Selling a complementary product||Selling a higher version or an upgraded version of the product| |Objective||Tries to increase the sale transaction value||Tries to generate more revenue from the customer on a transactional basis or a recurring basis| |Elements involved||An additional product other than the original product||A higher version of the product replaces the original product considered for purchase| |End result||Increases the average bill value||Increases transaction value and possibly increases recurring revenue from the customer| Importance Of Cross-selling And Upselling In A B2B Scenario B2B selling is not easy. The sheer involvement of too many decision-makers elongates the purchase. This makes it super important for businesses to focus on existing customers and to squeeze maximum revenue from them. In fact, studies show that the probability of selling something extra to a customer is 60% to 70% higher than selling one item to a new customer, the probability of which is 5% to 20%. So, what makes cross-selling and upselling possible? There are a few elements in every B2B transaction that makes them possible. They are discussed in detail below. 1. Knowledge of customer journey Cross-selling and upselling cannot be carried out at random junctures of the customer journey. It must be properly planned for. This calls for a thorough understanding of the customer journey. When do they move past the awareness stage onto the interest and decision stage? Also, when in the decision stage, what kind of questions race through their minds? When would it be appropriate to suggest a cross-sell offer or an upsell offer? Suggesting an upsell offer when a cross-sell offer is appropriate might actually backfire and cause the customer to churn. Such situations can be avoided only if the customer journey is understood in detail. 2. Real-time support eMarketer found that more than 80% of millennials have made an impulse purchase. Most millennials do not plan for too long to make a purchase. What makes them impulsive shoppers is also the fact that online stores have made it extremely convenient to make a purchase without taking too long. However, the case is different with B2B companies. In B2B eCommerce, the decision is taken after due consideration by many stakeholders. They also look at every possible information before arriving at a conclusion. Hence, the need to offer real-time support. In a website that provides B2B-targeted products and services, it is best done with the help of live chat software. Why? In addition to providing real-time support, it can also give deep insights into what customers are looking for. This can further fine-tune the business offerings to customers, just like how HLC improved its digital customer support with its live chat software. 3. Deep Product Knowledge of Support and Sales Team End of the day, it is the customer-facing personnel who can put cross-sell or upselling into place. Also, they need to have deep product knowledge so that they can help the customer with the right product or service, be it a cross-sell or an upsell based on their needs. The purpose of cross-selling or upsell is not to make an additional sale, but also to provide the customer with the right product that solves their problem or a combination of products that will deliver a better customer experience collectively. 4. Personalized Content Strategy For Every Stage Of The User Journey Like mentioned earlier, B2B selling is a convoluted process. It also requires that the buyers be best informed about the product, its pros and cons, and also what makes it unique compared to competitors. In the past, traditional marketing communication like brochures helped with this. Today, product literature and also marketing content is best created and published digitally. A proper content strategy ensures that customers are empowered and educated to make a well-informed decision. Also, the content strategy cannot be a cookie-cutter one. Instead, it must appeal to customers who are traversing through various stages of the user journey. There must be a proper blend of awareness content, problem-solving content, and also decision-making content. Bringing it all together Cross-selling and upselling are not new-age marketing strategies. They have been around since the beginning of B2B marketing. Today, they are carried out in a different mode. Website, social, email, and chat help B2B marketers sell more products to an already existing customer. In fact, selling to an existing customer is easier than selling to a new customer. The probability of the customer purchasing is also higher than a new customer making a purchase. The key is in knowing the various elements of the content strategy and in using them to your advantage.

By studying emissions from multiple computers, the researchers have developed a metric for measuring the strength of the leaks – known technically as “side-channel signal” – to help prioritise security efforts. “People are focused on security for the Internet and on the wireless communication side, but we are concerned with what can be learned from your computer without it intentionally sending anything,” said Alenka Zajic, an assistant professor in Georgia Tech’s School of Electrical and Computer Engineering. “Even if you have the Internet connection disabled, you are still emanating information that somebody could use to attack your computer or smartphone,” said Zajic. Side-channel emissions can be measured several feet away from an operating computer using a variety of spying methods. Electromagnetic emissions can be received using antennas hidden in a briefcase, for instance. Acoustic emissions – sounds produced by electronic components such as capacitors – can be picked up by microphones hidden beneath tables, researchers said. Information on power fluctuations, which can help hackers determine what the computer is doing, can be measured by fake battery chargers plugged into power outlets adjacent to a laptop’s power converter. Some signals can be picked up by a simple AM/FM radio, while others require more sophisticated spectrum analysers. And computer components such as voltage regulators produce emissions that can carry signals produced elsewhere in the laptop. As a demonstration, Zajic typed a simulated password on one laptop that was not connected to the Internet. On the other side of a wall, a colleague using another disconnected laptop read the password as it was being typed by intercepting side-channel signals produced by the first laptop’s keyboard software, which had been modified to make the characters easier to identify. “There is nothing added in the code to raise suspicion,” said Milos Prvulovic, an associate professor in the Georgia Tech School of Computer Science. “It looks like a correct, but not terribly efficient version of normal keyboard driver software. And in several applications, such as normal spell-checking, grammar-checking and display-updating, the existing software is sufficient for a successful attack,” said Prvulovic. Currently, there is no mention in the open literature of hackers using side-channel attacks, but the researchers believe it is only a matter of time before that happens.

Third panel | Live testimonies: Michael Cohen – 1948 Jewish fighter Truth Commission for Exposing Israeli Society's Responsibility for the Events of 1948-1960 in the South which started its deliberations in late October 2014, is an initiative of Zochrot. The commission has seven members, Israeli Jews and Palestinians, all active in civil society and academia: Huda Abu-Obaid, Prof. Avner Ben-Amos, Wasim Biroumi, Adv. Shahda Ibn Bari, Dr. Munir Nuseibah, Dr. Nura Resh and Dr. Erella Shadmi. The Commission seeks to expose the events of the Nakba during those years – events that have profound implications for the ongoing Nakba experienced by the Palestinian Bedouins to this day. The Commission examines testimonies by Palestinian displaced persons and refugees, as well as Jews who lived in the south and Jewish fighters who took part in displacement and expulsion operations in the area. In addition, the Commission peruses relevant archive materials. The Commission also reviews available studies on redress with the aim of shedding light on gaps in existing recommendations. Its own recommendations will be formulated with particular emphasis on accountability by the Jewish public in Israel for past injustices which are still ongoing – and their redress. The Truth Commission for Exposing Israeli Society's Responsibility for the Events of 1948-1960 in the South, held, on the International Human Rights Day, December 10, 2014, a public hearing in Hotel Leonardo, Be'er-Sheva/Bi'r a-Saba', attended by more than 200 people. Transcription of the Testimony by: Peddle, Nicholas Third Panel – Live Testimonies – Michael Cohen, Jewish witness – 1948 fighter I: First of all please tell us your name and who you are, where you were born what date you were born give us a few details where your family comes from where you live today. Then we’re going to get into the nitty-gritty of this truth commission, the truth, the story, the narrative that you can tell us from your point of view M: My name is Michael Cohen, known as Micky, native of Israel, 84 and a half years old. On my mother’s side I am a sixth generation native Israeli to a family that emigrated from Morocco in 19740. My father was born in Germany and emigrated to Israeli in 1941. I was raised in Tel Aviv, I was born in Tel Aviv and raised there, and after finishing my schooling I served in the Palmach forces and maybe we can talk about that a bit later I don’t know. It is important I think to note one more thing relating to my family my grandfather Yusef Illyouchlouch wrote in 1931/2 a book called the story of my life a kind of autobiography of sorts and in the last chapter of his book where he deals with the relations between Jews and Arabs he writes everything sort of in a nutshell, the entire philosophy and he say those who came to us from near learn the Arab language learn the Arab culture. They bayonets of the British cannot maintain a country and things of that nature. Who is woman who spoke before me? I: Safar Bourba M: Just as the woman who spoke before me talked about the generation transition of insights and awareness in regards to place so she has another partner I am as such as well. By the way I would like to tell this woman, Safar, she is equal in every sense of the world, at least to me! I can only talk on behalf of myself, maybe she is even better than me because of this ability to accomplish a PhD on a subject which is so complex certainly means she deserves kudos for that. I: Well we’re going to ask you now, please, since this truth commission deals specifically with the events of 1948 to 1960 in the Negev region, in the South. We ask you to tell us about your participation, your memories, of what exactly you did, where you were. Can you tell us to the best of your recollection what happened? M: First of all, let me just sort of set boundaries, because things have been said thus far which are far beyond my scope, okay? I can talk about 1948, I can’t talk about 1960, not in this context. I can talk about the Negev but not about all of the South. I can talk about the Northern part of the Negev, not so much the Southern part because that’s a different story entirely. I can talk about what I can talk about which is where I was, and so forth. Ok, everything that I will say I will say on the basis that I was asked to give a testimony in these issues during the 1948 war, the independence war according to our version, and the Nakba war according to the Arab war. By the way, there is no problem, the joy of one is the distress of another that’s how it works, we can address that, that’s truth common truth. I am part of a generation which is known and the 1948 generation, not somebody who was born in 1948 but rather somebody who experienced, the generation that experienced that period of time, that pre-state era, the fight for national sovereignty in the land of Israel, the pogroms and massacres that were conducted on the Jews, the war that happened in 1948; this is one overall experience, seminal experience, that in brief is called the 1948 generation. One has to understand that the people of the 1948 generation, from the day they were born and onwards, constantly were fed on the notion of the dream, you can call it the Zionist dream, the Jewish dream if you want I don’t know, that there will be a state here, an independent state and that we must prepare ourselves for all of the tests that will be done, that will test us until we manage to get to that dream and by the way let no one misunderstand we didn’t know when this would happen but we were raised and if you want you can say we were according to the story of Isaac in the Bible. We knew that this is our destiny and as known to, maybe many of the people here I don’t know at least some of them we, as the 1948 generation that served in the Haganah movement and also then in the Palmach underground movement and some of them in the Beersheba. It was absolutely something that we accepted and took for granted; nobody had to motivate us. The determination to take upon yourself the responsibility to do whatever is possible to make this dream a reality was true; it wasn’t a sacrifice, it wasn’t some sort of courageous feat. This is what we were educated for and when the test came we did it, we took it for granted that this needed to be done. When the events began in November, the strife and conflict between the two groups, between the Arabs and the Jews, between the Arab settlements and the Jewish settlements. The Jewish settlements towards the 14th, we were about 630,000 people in Israel, and the Arabs, well there are inaccurate numbers about the Arabs, maybe twice as much Arabs? Nobody knows for sure about the number of Arabs. The Jews were, are, a total minority also during the famous civil war, that same war, those same fights that were conducted between the 29th November and the 15th May until the day of the invasion. M: We were 630, the Arabs were almost twice that perhaps. There was no doubt that the Jewish that the Jewish population was inferior; in terms of numbers, obviously, but in terms of the number of weapons for self defence and in the first part of the war, of the 1948 called by many the civil war; the Arabs of Israel fought amongst themselves. They were getting a bit of support from various gangs, Chakli and some others, but mostly it was a fight for the roads and a specific settlement, with the hope to, apparently I think, to establish and Arab state. Some people at least wanted that. The head of the Badabofti, and the Jerusalem propaganda there, at least one or two countries, Arab countries also, sent mercenary troops to the Negev region. In the Negev, 3/4 months before the outbreak of war, two Muslim Brotherhood brigades were sent here; trained soldiers of the Muslim Brotherhood. Armed with new modern British weapons, with a hierarchical structure with commanders and they were the ones who began the attacks on the Arab settlements: on Dier Rhim, on Yalmodikhia the Jewish settlement, on Faldom. They were the ones who invaded into the lands, into the boundaries of this area I: When did you get here? M: Let me just conclude one tiny thought, and ill answer you. On the 15th on May, when six armies of six Arab countries invaded the land of Israel, meaning traversed international boundaries. The Egyptian army was obviously divided into two branches, the Egyptians divided their forces; one which went North to the Tel Aviv area. In Egypt they had already publish a series of stamps where they show the Egyptian army conquering the city of Tel Aviv. And the second military branch went to Hoj al-Kafil all the way to Bethlehem in order to pressure Jerusalem. And there are those that were attempting to steal the wind from the Jordanians. I: Micky, since we don’t have a lot of time and since we really want to hear your story, your story, what happened to you not history of the independence war okay? Which is something which we’ll have to study obviously. But your personal story, your participation in the battles of the south. So where did you arrive, what battles did you participate in, what happened? M: Ok. I was enlisted to the Palmach, meaning we were a small group of troops that lives on a kibbutz, a kibbutz where you both work and train, in order to live your life. And in regular days after you did your agricultural work, you protected the settlements. We came with the last wave, during the days of the war. Our school days were shortened for a few months, I was in my 12th grade of school and we began training in the … we were a big unit over all. And very quickly, after a month maybe, the fights in the Negev broke out and there want enough personnel and the established basically a new company in the 7th brigade and we were basically the heart of this unit. By the way during the days of the battle, we are not talking about the brigades and companies of today, 30 percent of what you would consider a platoon, a company, a brigade today. We’re talking about small, small numbers of people. I began a commander’s course then I went back to the Negev and commanded over my friends, basically, and then the events became more and more complicated. As Sufar called the fellahs, meaning the Arab villagers who worked the land but also the concentration of the Bedouin tribes in the south, two, three tribes particularly. They were motivated by the Jerusalem mufti and the Egyptian military forces that had already invaded Israel and they were told and encouraged to sabotage the Jewish settlements. At the time there were 26 Jewish settlements it’s important to understand such a settlement was between 30 Jews to 40/50 Jews with women and children of course as well. And so their aim was to actually harm these villages actually violate their kind of stability. There were two oil pipes that came out of Nir Am, emanating out ,sorry not oil pipes, water pipes, to the local Arabs and every single day there were, they used to actually sabotage the pipes, either by shooting at them or exploding them or even pinching and stealing some of the pipes. So this was an extremely interesting sort of period wherein our command in those days, the Haganah, reached an agreement with the Mukhtars from the various villages in other words the actual leading elders, and wherein there were specific pipelines created which actually lead the water to the villages and in that way they reached an agreement for an entire three weeks when they didn’t actually damage the pipes until the Mukhtars from the Arab villages started infighting between themselves and then the Palmach combatants in the Negev had to start driving alongside the two sides of the pipes, from morning until night, in order to prevent any and sort of thwart any attack against the pipelines and we had welders with us and we used to stop and repair it because that was out water, that was really the essence of life. And of course I participated in all these events including the attacks against Arab villagers that were hostile especially those along the axis of movement, the arteries. Undoubtedly in our heart we believe that was what we had to do, we didn’t do it because we were coerced to do I: What didn’t you do that you were coerced to do? M: To attack these Arab villages because we believed we were doing the right thing and to exert and effort to expel the actual population because we had to ensure that the main arteries of transport, either for supplies or if it was for the evacuation of injured people, we had to keep it like that and it wasn’t they kept actually so we had to ensure it somehow and how did we do it? It’s very unpleasant to say, we had to clean that area of any possible threat. I: Can you describe one of those specific attacks on a village and the cleaning of the field? M: Believe me I will go back to it, at any rate. I said that our objective on the Arabs of the villages even before the Egyptian army started invading and attacking, ground attacks. The Negev Arabs that was sort of bordered between the Ashkelon-Fallujah axis and Dareech Ber-Esluj and little more south from that. About 50 or 60 villages, they were harassing the Jewish villages and the Palmach. That was part of their objective that was the objective they were told that was the command they were given so one of the headquarters of the Haganah said a number of things, of programme D which followed programme C, of the command, the higher echelons of the Haganah before the Arab armies were about to invade and .. I: And could you give us the date for this? M: It was March, I would say the end of March if I’m not mistaken. So this programme D said, no more no less, the territories that are within the framework of the Jewish state, the declared Jewish state wherein Arab are settled, either rural settlements or not, that are attacking or preventing out forces out battalions or our companies defending Israel, there is a permit to expel, not to expel actually, but to evacuate them. And that was completely clear cut, it was black on white, I’m not even going to philosophise about it and if someone doesn’t understand then read the history books. Read it. It’s written. So what did we do, so in the actual Negev brigade they actually started giving commands that were connected to this, programme D, because the soft belly of the Negev was within a space that had, a sort of area, in the order of magnitude of 10,000 or 15,000 Arabs and only a few Jews and the Arabs during that period were extremely active in actually harming and hurting these Jewish settlers I: Were there those who resisted? M: Well there was a phenomenon and I heard my friend and he didn’t know how to answer it and I can answer undoubtedly because I have documentation, I have been researching I’m a kind of pseudo-researcher of history and I have published a book with some of my friends called “The Negev brigade during the war of independence”. So one of the commanders of the company during that time as part and parcel of Programme D they actually resisted in their objected and said we don’t want that we don’t want to do that. Ultimately they all did but it wasn’t a kind of clear cut unequivocal kind of yes Mr prime minister, there was a very vehement argument amidst them because they thought it was inhuman but unfortunately in my opinion there wasn’t any other solution but there were really expression in writing to that objection to that resistance. I’m not trying to beautify things and embellished them but I am just telling you al; these as facts. I’d also like to mention something else in hindsight; in order to remove any doubt that the fact that the evacuation of these villages in the Negev was because of the diseases that Israeli society was sick of which is to occupy territories because of some kind of stupid precept and then they just remain there. No, that was not the situation, that was not the example; it wasn’t colonialism in other words, imperialism. But in most of those rural villages that were evacuated during the war of independence there are no settlements there, there weren’t new ones established instead of them and it wasn’t something… we got them out and brought Jews in that wasn’t the idea at all but there was a unique example during the war of independence, and that it was a necessity, a crucial necessity, because at the cross roads of Brair Boughail, they were really harassing and attacking the transport in a perpetuating manner. They kept doing it. So the decided to conquer, to really take over that village so a unit from battalion two, from the Negev battalion, they sort of held it like an outpost and then they turned it into a Kibbutz in 1949 and its received the status of a kibbutz. That is one of the most salient examples but very isolated, isolated examples were in an Arab village was conquered, taken over, evacuated and was then resettled but it was one of the isolated examples. And I participated in some of the very harshest of battles for example Holkhat where there were so many fatalities there and it was also a very big village and they had a sort of control of the whole area because that kind of area was actually sort of a wilderness other than a commemoration for 23 people who died there, as a monument there. I: Can you tell be a little bit about Beersheba? In your testimony we spoke about Beersheba and there wasn’t something that wasn’t totally clear to the members of the commission who read it. The shooting in order to prevent people running away, why preventing people running away, can you explain to us? Clarify it? M: I think that the highlight of the war of independence in the Negev was the occupation, the conquering, and if you’re asking yourselves why am I using the words conquering or occupation in Hebrew it’s the same word, then if you suspect why I am using that word in the commission of truth, Beersheba was the only place that we did conquer because it wasn’t on the Jewish states map now you all know that? Well if you didn’t now you know. Beersheba was conquered, all the other places we sort of took over but we didn’t conquer. That was the highlight and why? There were two main reasons for that. During the Yu’av mission from mid-October onwards, the general staff and anyone who needed to, they understood they wouldn’t be able to conquer Gaza and therefore to lose, there should be bloodshed and shooting people and they didn’t want that to happen and thus topple the Egyptian army so they decided that they would conquer Beersheba where the headquarters of the eastern front of the Egyptians was seated and by thus doing they would confuse the enemy and that’s what they did. So on the 20th of October in a very sort of specially planned, strategic step before that there was a siege that they managed to break through the siege near Kholkat and the Negev brigade managed to break through it was by the way the Negev brigade not the 8th brigade it was the Negev one with parts. On the 20th October we attacked and we did conquer Beersheba. Now in Beersheba was the regional HQ of the Egyptian army there was 1500 Egyptian soldiers in a battalion and about 400 civilians. 3 days before that conquest our very heavy aerial bombardiers if you could call them heavy but in those days it was considered, so for 3 days they bombarded Beersheba and then then Negev brigade actually went in with their ground forces and according to our evaluation we believe that half of that population had actually managed to escape during the bombardment and also because of the rumours that had been spread that there was actually going to be a ground attack. So I was actually in a company that was sitting on the shoulder of Beersheba that was looking out to the Western Southern valley of Beersheba going sort of towards the west all the way it becomes Vady As of the Gaza valley later on, towards the sea. And our mission was in order to, there was a reasonable possibility that there would be a counter attack against us so our mission was that with our rifles that we had and those machine guns we have to prevent people moving from the town towards the west. Yes, and there are people who saw a film that my daughter prepared in a documentary and she asked me and I said yes we shot but what do you mean you shot at people and I said and first and foremost we shot because there were no more soldiers, the soldiers had removed their uniforms and run away so we couldn’t identify whether they were civilians or soldiers because they removed their uniforms deliberately but we didn’t actually go into all that at the time, we’re talking about the sort of the core and the pith of the battle, we’re talking about peak battle time and in that storm of battles that’s not a good place for people or pacifists. Unfortunately we did, we shot and we killed, or at least, more than anything, what we were trying to do was actually prevent their flight I: The truth would like a few clarification questions because we’re slightly delayed but I think that it is worth because such a lesson on the war of independence, this is a historical background which is a first witness, we’re talking about a first generation 1948 fighter. I think for me the whole thing is very clear I have no questions. Mickey, in his testimony, he also added part of his vision and if we haven’t got time we’ll see it in writing and we’ll try and publish it. Q1 (Shakhdar Ibd-Bari): I would like to know a little bit more, more details, rather than these general descriptions, for example; my first questions is “when did you first go into Beersheba after the aerial bombardment?” there were three days according to you testimony of an aerial bombardment, half the people ran, took flight to the West and if they couldn’t then you shot at them so they could only actually flee east ward M: Ask, don’t tell me, because the answer is no Q1: Excuse me I will explain, the battle on Beersheba took from 3am wherein the surrender of the Egyptian front came out with his white flag at 9.15 he came out from the police headquarters. Seven and a half hours, but they had already ran three days beforehand during the bombardment and during the battle, they were fleeing Q1: Which battle are you talking about? There was first a bombardment yes, and then afterwards you came in with the French? M: With who? Q1: With the French commando. M: Where did you get that from? What do you mean together? Q1: The French commando was a unit of our Negev brigade. You came on from the West and the North. Q1: From the Mishmara Negev direction. M: No, only from the north, through the Muslim cemetery we came in. No literally through it from the north. There was kind of a new neighbourhood north of Beersheba and we went through it into the Muslim cemetery and from there into the town not from the west Q1: So how did you get to that valley where people want to flee? Where did they want to flee to? In which direction? M: I don’t think that it’ll interest everyone but I’ll answer you. We should have had a map here with the background, by the way the Zochrot brochure is an aerial photograph of October 1948 it was one that I took, that I supplied to them. We outflanked Beersheba and we went up onto the actual hilltop and from there you could see things beautifully on one of those crooked turns in the Beersheba valley. That’s what I am saying they couldn’t run, they couldn’t flee westwardly but only eastwardly. Look forgive me, do you want to do it with the magnifying glass I mean what is the aim of the questions. Please if you could try and sort of explain. I can’t give you precise figures, they flew, they ran to Hebron and Debron and all the various directions they were fleeing to. There was a kind tendency and a thought that most of the people would run alongside the Valley because it’s like a road, if you know it, it’s like a really, its bit like a highway, its quite a wide road and all the other directions were very difficult if it makes any difference to you. Q1: Yes, but when you were shooting at people, did you know how many people were killed in the valley? M: No, no, no. But I can say to you that in the battle on Beersheba there were very few Arabs killed, I can’t give you figures I don’t know the figures. But very few and when I say very few I’m not talking about hundreds, we’re talking about dozens, yes, dozens of people were killed. Q1: And vis-à-vis the population that was left behind, or stayed behind or didn’t have a chance to go, what did they do with them? M: They created a kind of encampment and just in the sort of southern part of Beersheba. The first few days they were in the town and then a few days after they created a kind of encampment where they transferred them to because we found out quite a lot of them, there were people in uniform in fact, in other words, who were trying to transfer intel. So they took them out of there, in other words all the men or all the men and women as well. You know what I can’t actually tell you but I think it was women to. And I would like to add to that, that a few dozen of those were brought every day from the encampment to Beersheba in order to vacate the sort of, the what was destroyed there, in other words the remnants and remove all the relics there. Q1: Now where was this kind of encampment? M: It was two or three kilometres south of Beersheba, I can’t tell you the specific location. Q1: Were there other such locations where people were concentrated, like in the mosque? M: You’re leading me to where you want to lead me. Okay, fair enough, Ill answer you. During, I think we met this gentlemen, he’s also a litigator. Yes, we’re good friend we know how to talk to each other. During those six, seven hours of the battle for Beersheba, I think we took about a hundred a hundred and fifteen prisoners that were in uniform. I can’t tell you if they were soldiers, officers, but they were uniform wearers. And they were taken into an encampment and it was in the courtyard of the big mosque, and you want to hear but you didn’t say what you want to hear but I will tell you. Yes two of the Negev battalion’s soldiers who you were trying to, the French were angry that they had some of their people killed so they, by the way two of them threw grenades into, not two hundred and not ten maybe two to four that’s, I’m not saying that terrible, that those two or four people was not a great loss, but it wasn’t more than four people who were killed in the mosque. So that two people were court martialled and they were completely sent away. I: No, what he is saying is that those two soldiers who had shot or threw a grenade, they did og into the mosque by the way. There were two encampment on in the courtyard and one south of Beersheba. M: I’m talking about the civilians the Ashour family in Beersheba, civilians. Do you know anything about their fate? No. Q2: You used the word “gangs” in your testimony and that’s a word that children learn in schools when it’s something negative. You say this was the Haganah and they were gangs in your written documentation. (M. criticises the use of the word gangs) So first of all I accept your criticism. You are right, you can call it a rescue army and that kind of structuring in the educational ministry is definitely negative, something totally unnecessary. I stand corrected it shouldn’t be something that’s used, “gangs”. You said that you participated in the cleaning of the field, could you give me concrete examples of how this took place? This vacating, this cleaning up of the villages? Was it with shooting, killing people? M: I will clarify, I cannot give you precise figures. But just so you understand what we are talking about, not only here but already in the preparations, people keep telling me which village, what happened where did they come out of where did they go in to. Dear friends, in the negev space most of the village, they vacated, the actually already left because the village was, it wasn’t a whole collection, it was during the attack? Q2: Wait a second what do you mean? How? M: because when you attack a village and you shoot some people, some people are killed and some flee. It was most of the villagers in the Negev, but there were villagers that were evacuated, yes. But in an elegant way and one of them, the that keeps being repeated, Huj, that village Huj where our Arik Sharon’s ranch is and where I resided in the sands of that valley sitting there for over 6 months, there was an example, Huj was a village which was in friendly terms with all the kibbutzim around them and not just any kind of friendship, they used to buy and sell and really did, commercial ties and friendly ties. But from the same reasons I mention beforehand it was necessary to evacuate them because they were literally on our soft belly. But exactly from where I was and where my unit was positioned, every morning the people from Huj, a couple of time a week, there were mines and there was sabotaging. It was from somewhere close, we knew they hadn’t come in from Hebron so every morning at 7am 4 spitfires, the Egyptian spitfires would come over because they had total aerial supremacy, total supremacy, we did haven’t any airplanes. They were down in their sorties and bomb us and some of our clothes could see that they were hanging up on the line, they had holes in them from the bombs and from the cannons of the Egyptian spitfires so the Huj village people came to them beforehand, to the Egyptians, and said listen we’ve got to be evacuated to a safe place. So they were led without one shot into Gaza. Q2: When you say led them? M: Yes, I accompanied them into Gaza without one shot fired and it wasn’t that distant by the way, a distant spot. Q2: Can you also relate to whether you participated in the prevention of people coming back? M: That’s a very interesting issue, that return to the villages and I didn’t actually mention that or talk about it. There was something that continued throughout the war and after. First of all, there was key important fact that while leaving the villages, not everybody took their possessions. They took what they could take at the time some people would infiltrate back into the villages to take what they had left behind, the other stuff. Then there was another phenomenon… M: Tell him I’m older than him I: Sheik-Abd, please be nice to our witness M: This phenomenon was also very interesting. There were villages that when they were left they were still fruit on the trees, there were crops in the fields so they would come back to reap the crop, no once but also several months later. So there was a return to the villages, it can be attributed maybe to what we heard from my colleague, the doctor, Dr. Safah who… so they came back mostly for food, possessions as well. Generally, I don’t… did is shoot or not, should I... I don’t know who shot I can talk about me. Mostly they would infiltrate back to their villages at night? Q2: You didn’t witness shooting? M: That kind of shooting? No, I did not witness. I saw a lot of guns being fired but… Q2: You didn’t see the infiltrators, as you call them, being shot? M: Let me just please conclude my thought and finish it. So this is a phenomenon that was very interesting and I think, very human. Had I met these Arabs coming back to the villages I would have helped them get there stuff, I would have helped them. But this was something that, it’s also included in the literature later, and here I’d like to make an observation of my own. The war concluded sometime in 1949 and then there was again a battle for the borders in the Negev, to the east in the Dwem area, Hebron area and then of course in Gaza along the Gaza strip. And we the Israeli public, we constantly read in the media, newspapers; infiltrators coming in, trying to kill, trying to do... but that wasn’t the case, the actual truth was that those infiltrators in the first half of 1949, which was massive, many, many Arabs tried to come in and out and then there was the second kind which were people who crossed the entire Negev region all the way to Gaza and from Gaza to Hebron. But they were coming to survive, they were coming to look for food, to get trade, to bring from their villages stuff that had been left behind. We of course, Israeli pride being what it is, would never admit that that’s the case and we said that these are infiltrators but that wasn’t the truth. These people coming back for food and belongings and so forth that was something that happened after the war that was after the cease fire where there were sensible, so to speak, sort of borders. Q2: Was there looting and did you participate in looting? M: In Beersheba there was looting. It was the first time I actually witnessed looting. Some of the people, at least were put to trial. The commander of the brigade, Nachom Sarig, the brigade commander, half a day after the occupation closed all the gateways to Beersheba with military police and any vehicle leaving the city was dismantled into pieces so see if people had been looting and taking stuff out of the city but up until then, yes there was looting in Beersheba and my own stories, bad stories, one friend of mine a good friend of mine that was there says that he was crossing the street in Beersheba with a box full of coins which he had taken from one of the stores that had been open and I hit his hand to get it out so that he dropped that cane and the coins all scattered on the floor. But that was nothing, there were even bigger stories of looting there were private houses of people here in, of rich affluent people here in Beersheba. Houses were broken open where there was still food on the table, like literally people left meals. I: We really have to conclude. I would ask if you have one last, last question, Munir. And then we can see if we have two more minutes left and that’s it… Q3 (Munir): I understood from your testimony that you continued to attack Beersheba and other villages after the Egyptian forces had already surrendered, is this true or not true? What the reason to expel people after the military conflict had already been over? I: (repeating the question) M: You should learn history, that’s my point to you. Not my history, just general history. After occupation of Beersheba, meaning the 21st/22nd of October in the entire Negev region there are two villages, Fallujah and Irachem Manchir, that were conquered or evacuated or expelled, whatever, two and a half weeks later. There was no military operation of the expulsion of villages at all after that to the best of my recollection. Bedouin tribes, yes, were expelled but after the conquering of Beersheba basically the war in the Negev region was over. Afterwards you know what happened obviously, then there was the Khorov operation where the idea of expelled, got the Egyptians out beyond the canal, pushed them back. But in the Negev region all the military operations were over there wasn’t any more operations here. I: One question from Irella, then a question of my own and that’s it Q4 (Irella): You describe your participation in battles, in evacuations, expulsions and so forth, I have one question; did you meet, personally meet, with Bedouins or Arab villages that are running away or infiltrating back do you have any personal? M: During the war you mean? Q4: During the entire service here in the Negev did you meet up with Arabs personally, Bedouins personally? M: I was looking for trouble why should I? At that time they were fighting me! Q4: Yeah, but I’m asking, people were expelled people ran away did you meet anybody? M: Look guys I think you should understand, the general situation you’re not getting it. 1948; from the 15ht of may all the way to the end of march 1949, that entire, until Umm Rashash was occupied in Ilat, the entire year; do you remember what Ben Gurion said once, we were all one front the entire country was a front of war for an entire year and a half, everybody was fighting. Arabs to me were the enemy that may kill me, Bedouins as well although not so much. There Bedouins had a different story they have there on role to play and a large number of the Bedouins, no not a large number actually, but in any case at least from the Tarabin, yes from the Tarabin, also Djibrat actually people, two tribes remained in the area. There were those who personally ran away by the way I wanted to ask our friend who spoke here… we should have asked her if she knew that in the early 50s and early 60s the Bedouins of the Negev reached all the way to the centre of Israel, does she know this? Hundreds or thousands of people; just food for though. I: I’d like to ask you one question because we must conclude, we must, must, must conclude. One questions to Hudar, so Hudar and then, let me ask a question first that also appears in your testimony and that is; why do you think that people of your generation, at time struggled to tell the stories that you tell, find it difficult. Why do they not tell these stories? And then Hudar wants to ask a question Q5 (Hudar): You said that a very small number of the Bedouins were in fact expelled so how did the hundred thousand people disappear form the land? What was the story if they weren’t expelled how did they, how is it now that they’re sitting in Jordan a million Bedouins are refugees? I: (repeating the questions for the audience) M: Let me answer the first question, forgive me for telling you that there was not in Negev region a hundred thousand Bedouins. There were not a hundred thousand. There were not a hundred thousand. Q5: There were 120,000 and now a hundred (thousand) were gone and then were 20 (thousand left. M: There wasn’t in the Negev area. I’m not talking about the south I: Hudar were not here to argue it. M: And we’ll never be able to agree because I say A and you say B. But you should learn it, learn the history because you yourself began your sentence by saying a hundred or whatever and a million Bedouins are sitting in Jordan or whatever, where did you get this number from? Q5: Today it’s a million, there were a 100,000 in 1948 and now there are a million. They moved to Jordan and now they are a million people. I: I think the dispute is, because I know the testimony is talking about the south in it’s entirely of talking about the Negev which is under siege. We shouldn’t get into it right now but let’s talk about the Negev versus the entire south, Mujal and Askelon and so forth Q5: By the way, I’m talking about the Bedouin tribes M: Talking to me about is not the right choice, because I can’t talk about other areas. Q5: I’m talking about the Negev, I’m talking about the Bedouins territories and the area between the east of the Gaza strip and west of the city of Beersheba; this area? Okay? Not Ashkelon, I didn’t get all the way to Ashkelon I’m talking about the Bedouin tribes that were between gaza to Beersheba, that’s my question. I: We’re gonna leave this because the question is a question for two historians, a factual debate that must be answered by historians, people who address and research it. It not based on his personal… why do you think your generation find it so difficult to testify? M: Let me tell her for, in the territory that you are talking about 120,000 Bedouins cannot exist, it’s in impossibility what you’re saying, it’s simply not possible in so tiny an area, so large a population. In any case I would like to tell you of memories, fragments of memories of things that happened it’s a difficult thing to do. Believe me when I tell you that I am perhaps better than say the average man on the street because I not only experience it but I also researched these things but I researched them not from memory but from documents. I: Why does your generation refuse to testify? M: Well first of all that’s a question of people struggling to remember because memory is something that really plays with us. Often we repress things that are unpleasant to remember and tend to reminisce about the things that are nice to remember so exposing yourself personally, not only on one event but many events that not something that’s simple to do. Apart from that, that I can certainly admit that I’ve quite a bit of criticism of thing that have occurred but this is no the forum to talk about it right now at least I: (Thanks Michel and guests)

One of the best things about being in college is exposure to new ideas. A professor opens your eyes to an author and you want to get your hands on every book she has written, a block in a new area of study taps into an undiscovered passion that you want to explore in great depth, and classmates describe favorite books that you add to your reading list. With winter break here, you will have time to read anything you want. If you are like me, you already have unread books stacked high (or loaded on your Kindle), waiting to be cracked open. But also, you are curious about what other people are reading, always looking for new titles and authors, excited to discover a new favorite. In the interest of discovering a new favorite, I asked several people for their reading recommendations. As always, when I put a question to the people in this community, the responses are varied, thoughtful and intriguing. My stack of books has just gotten taller. Steven Hayward, Associate Professor of English Over the holidays, I’ll be getting ready for the upcoming MacLean Symposium that I’ve organized for late February on “Globalization, Literature, and Culture.” It’ll be bringing writers to campus from all corners of the globe, and I’m going to take the chance to re-read some of my favorite novels: Zadie Smith’s White Teeth and NW; Rawi Hage’s Cockroach; Madeline Thien’s beautiful and unforgettable first book, a collection of short stories called Simple Recipes. Maybe what I’m most looking forward to is a new translation of one of Ondjaki’s novels–he’s the Angolan writer who was just awarded the Saramago Prize–called os transparentes. Dick Hilt, Professor of Physics I’m looking forward to the finale of Hilary Mantel’s Wolf Hall trilogy, which is about the life and times of Thomas Cromwell, Henry VIII’s “facilitator.” The first two books won back-to-back Booker Prizes for Mantel. The Mirror and the Light is the title of the third book of the trilogy. Unfortunately, it isn’t out yet. In the meantime, there’s the latest Alice Munro short story collection, Dear Life. Munro won the 2013 Nobel Prize in Literature—enough said. I first met her in The Runaway, which leaves you with an apprehension you never want to feel for real. David Mason, Professor of English Ransom, by David Malouf. If you’re familiar with Homer’s Iliad, you might find it hard to believe anyone can give us a fresh take on the ancient material, but Australian novelist Malouf does just that. He pares the story down to one element, the meeting of enemies Priam and Achilles to negotiate over the body of Hector, and adds a surprising third character, a cart driver with a mule named Beauty, and wrings still more beauty and tragedy out of the story. Malouf is one of those great, simple prose stylists for whom every sentence matters. You can learn worlds from him. Zak Kroger, Residential Life Coordinator for Loomis Hall Surely You’re Joking, Mr. Feynman! (Adventures of a Curious Character) by Richard Feynman – A collection of hilarious and brilliant stories from the life of Nobel-Prize winning physicist, Richard Feynman. From cracking the most secure safes in the country during WWII, to decoding Mexican hieroglyphs on his honeymoon, to solving the mystery of the Challenger Shuttle explosion (because no one at NASA could), Feynman’s was constantly outsmarting everyone around him (but always made time to have lunch at strip clubs, where he would work on new physics equations). A very curious (and genius) character whose appetite for knowledge and new experiences knew no bounds. Jessy Randall, Curator and Archivist, CC Special Collections I’d recommend Jo Baker’s novel Longbourn, available at Tutt Library (http://tiger.coloradocollege.edu/record=b2228166~S5). It’s Pride and Prejudice from the point of view of the servants in the Bennet household. Elizabeth’s cross-country tromps in bad weather don’t seem as charming when you think of Sarah having to clean up the muddy mess. Manya Whitaker, Assistant Professor of Education I would recommend reading Cutting for Stone by Abraham Verghese. This first time author uses beautiful imagery to tell a tale of family, self-healing and self-discovery. His refreshing marriage of religion and modern medicine is a light-handed critique of the perhaps not-so-great human inclination to never give up. Joan Taylor, Senior Accountant I love the world I live in and always seek to understand it better. Here I’ve added one book on navigation, one modern poet for the things we cannot touch but know exist, one book for what happens when we sit still for too long and one building set for living. - Noam Chomsky’s “Understanding Power” - Gabriel Gadfly Poetry http://gabrielgadfly.com/ - Aldous Huxley’s “Brave New World”. - Open-sourced Blueprints for Civilization htttp://www.ted.com/talks/marcin_jakubowski.html Jane Hilberry, Professor of English One of my favorite books is Miriam Toews’ A Complicated Kindness (even the title is great!), about a girl growing up in a conservative Mennonite town in Canada. Her mother and sister have left under circumstances she doesn’t understand, and her father is virtually absent, so she is steering herself–or stumbling—through her adolescence. The writing is absolutely gorgeous, and the book is sad but also funny and vibrant. A book that I love that seems to fly under the radar is Rachel DeWoskin’s Repeat After Me. It centers on a young woman teaching English as a Second Language in New York who falls in love with a troubled Chinese student. DeWoskin has an amazing ear, and it’s worth reading the book just for the letters that the Chinese student, with his limited English, writes to his teacher. It’s a moving and beautiful book.

|Year : 2020 | Volume | Issue : 1 | Page : 1-9 Sex-based differences in postural stability: A systematic review Connor James Dean1, Timothy C Sell2, Amanda M Robertson1 1 Michael W. Krzyzewski Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA 2 James R. Urbaniak Sports Science Institute, Department of Orthopedic Surgery; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA |Date of Submission||03-Feb-2020| |Date of Acceptance||22-Sep-2020| |Date of Web Publication||21-May-2021| Mr. Connor James Dean 5011 Heddon Way, Greensboro, NC 27455 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None Postural stability is a known risk factor for musculoskeletal injury although the impact of sex on postural stability is not well understood. This systematic review evaluated 24 studies that reported on postural stability. Findings regarding the impact of sex on postural stability were mixed, with some studies reporting male superiority, others reporting female superiority, and still others demonstrating no significant difference. Keywords: Balance, injury prevention, lower extremity, postural stability, sex differences |How to cite this article:| Dean CJ, Sell TC, Robertson AM. Sex-based differences in postural stability: A systematic review. Duke Orthop J 2020;10:1-9 | Introduction|| | Musculoskeletal injuries in the United States cost Americans approximately $176 billion per year and account for 77% of all healthcare visits. Of the 65.8 million visits to healthcare professionals per year for musculoskeletal injuries, 2.8 million are sports related. Over 229,000 noncombat military personnel sustain a musculoskeletal injury annually accounting for 95% of their medically treated injuries. The prevalence and cost of musculoskeletal injuries in the United States among active populations demonstrate a need to examine the causes of and potential solutions for this growing problem. The common risk factors for musculoskeletal injury include, but are not limited to, age, body composition, health, physical fitness, anatomy, and skill level., Past systematic reviews have addressed many of these broad risk factors along with specific clinical correlates, such as ankle instability and cognitive impairment., Postural stability is also a risk factor for musculoskeletal injury and has been identified as a predictor of re-injury of the anterior cruciate ligament., Postural stability can be classified as static or dynamic. Static postural stability is defined as “determining the movement of the body's center of pressure within the base of support during upright stance.” Wikstrom et al. have defined (and measure) dynamic postural stability as the “assessment of an individual's ability to maintain balance while transitioning from a dynamic to a static state.” Poor postural stability is a risk factor for lower extremity injury and disproportionately affects females over males. Analysis of the injury rates for males and females participating in the same sport reveals that the types of musculoskeletal injuries, as well as the rates for injury, differ between sexes. A review of literature has not yet been undertaken on the risk factors of postural stability and sex in a healthy adult population. Given the significant number of injuries in active populations and the differences in injury rates between males and females, there is a requisite need to develop precise injury prevention programs to prevent musculoskeletal injury. Accounting for sex differences in the postural stability helps focus injury prevention programs on the areas where specific individuals are most at risk. The purpose of this review was to evaluate similarities and differences in static and dynamic postural stability in men and women. We hypothesized that women perform better during static postural stability tasks than men and that men outperform women on dynamic postural stability tasks. The results of this systematic review will provide evidence for the development of sex-based injury prevention programs. | Methods|| | This systematic review was conducted utilizing the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). The protocol was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42018082523). A medical research librarian with expertise in systematic review methodology performed a comprehensive search of Medline, EMBASE, CINAHL, and SPORTDiscus databases. The search terms applied were posture, postural stability, postural balance, stability, balance, body equilibrium, sex characteristics, gender difference, sex-based differences, sex factors, males, and females. The search was conducted on December 3, 2017. To be considered for this review, a study had to be written in English, published after 1965, and matched at least one of the keywords used to filter studies using the online search engines. Our search strategy for the electronic search of the literature is presented in [Table 1]. Inclusion and exclusion criteria Once selected and the title screened for relevance to the research question, the inclusion and exclusion criteria [Table 2] were applied to the abstract and full-text screen. For studies to be included in this review, the subjects had to be between 13 and 40, had no previous medical conditions, had a member of the military or participant in sports activities, and had to maintain a healthy lifestyle. Each selected study had to measure the postural stability and report on both males and females. This population was chosen because those aged between 13 and 40 years without medical conditions are less likely to have developed age-related degenerative changes that would affect metrics of postural stability. Two authors performed the study collation, and a “yes” response from one of the two authors was sufficient for a study to pass through to the next level of screening. All papers were approved by at least one of the two reviewing authors (CJD and MAR). [Figure 1] presents the PRISMA flowchart for study selection. |Figure 1: Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses flowchart for study selection| Click here to view A modified Downs and Black scale was used to measure the quality of the 21 included studies. The standard Downs and Black test uses 27 questions scored as “yes” (1), “no” (0), and “unable to determine” (0). The scores of the test are then summed and the higher scores affirm the higher quality. Not all questions in the standard Downs and Black test were relevant to this systematic review. A modified Downs and Black scale consisted of 14 questions that were useful in describing the study quality and the internal validity of the studies. Only questions pertaining to relevant material were included. Only questions pertaining to relevant material were included. Question numbers 1, 3, 11, 21, 23, 2, 20, 15, 6, 7, 18, 4, 25, and 27 from the standard Downs and Black scale are included in this study. They are numbered 1-14 respectively in this review. The studies were assessed by two authors (CJD and MAR) to control for bias. Disagreements were discussed and mutually agreed on by the two reviewers. Static and dynamic postural stability To distinguish dynamic from static postural stability, a task was labeled “static” if the participant was not instructed to move in any horizontal direction from an initial base of support during the task, such as in Heitkamp et al. Dynamic postural stability tasks were marked if participants transitioned from a dynamic to a static state. Data extraction was carried out by one of the authors (CJD) following a systematic process of discerning variables associating with dynamic and static postural stability. This extraction was then reviewed by a second author (TCS). Variables extracted include number of subjects (by sex), average age of subjects (also by sex), the instrumentation utilized in the study, and the protocol executed during testing. The nature of the study of dynamic and static postural stability lends itself to a multitude of testing protocols. The specific measurements of dynamic and postural stability were extracted from the 21 studies; however, direct comparison of these variables across studies is limited. Due to the heterogeneity of both the protocols and the specific measurements to assess postural stability, the final variables extracted and reported are the conclusions of the studies as they relate to static and dynamic postural stability for males and females. Supplementary Online [Table 1] contains the complete table of 44 variables extracted from the results of collated studies reporting their quantitative and qualitative results. | Results|| | Search strategy and study quality appraisal A total of 905 studies were identified. From this initial screen, 115 duplicates were removed leaving 790 unique studies for screening. A title screen for balance, stability, and sex factors was performed on the 790 studies; 109 were selected. The inclusion and exclusion criteria [Table 2] were applied beginning at the abstract screening. Abstracts for the 109 studies were then screened using our inclusion and exclusion criteria, with 80 papers being excluded. The final 29 studies went through a full-text review, and seven more were excluded resulting in 21 papers that make up this project [Figure 1]. Our summary of the Down and Black criteria for each of the included studies is presented in [Table 3]. Question 8 refers to the blinding of subjects to assigned groups. All studies collated did not blind subjects due to the nature of the balance protocols being tested, and thus, none met this criterion. Below are the data extracted from the 21 studies including number and age of subjects, instrumentation, and protocol. Number and age of subjects The number of study participants in the 21 selected studies varied between a low of 16 to a high of 215. Overall, there were 649 males and 572 females in the selected studies. The subjects of all studies included in this systematic review fell well within the 13–40 years of age range set out in the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The average age of the subjects in reviewed studies ranged between 15.7 and 29 years. From the 21 studies, eight distinct forms of instrumentation were used to measure the postural stability. Many of the same instruments were used across separate protocols. A force plate, the Biodex Stability System, and STAR/Y balance tests were all used in five studies (24% each). Nineteen of the studies used a single method of instrumentation to measure the postural stability, while the other two used two different instruments. [Table 4] summarizes the instrumentation used by the included studies. Twenty-two distinct protocols to assess the postural stability were identified in our review. Seventeen of the studies used a single protocol to measure postural stability, while the other four used at least two or more measurement protocols. The most common protocol across all studies was a Biodex single-leg balance assessment: three studies.,, Nineteen of the 21 protocols had no duplicates, and often, the same instrumentation was used for multiple protocols across the various studies. For instance, three separate protocols were performed for the STAR excursion balance test. The standard protocol recorded the distances of leg extension in all directions including anterior, posteromedial, and posterolateral., A second protocol recorded sex differences on a STAR test in a fatigued condition. The final protocol was a qualitative analysis by medical professionals as a predictor of risk of injury in lower extremities for males and females. While there were few duplicate protocols across the included studies, protocols employed in different studies were very similar. For example, two protocols assessing static postural stability were different only in the amount of time the subject was to be standing, 60 s or 30 s. Time to stabilization was quantified using in two studies on landing either with double-legged or single-legged landings. Of the 21 studies that met our inclusion criteria, three studies exclusively measured static postural stability and 18 measured dynamic postural stability [Table 5]. One study measured both dynamic and static postural stability for males and females but presented only pooled results and was excluded from the systematic review. After extracting relevant data, the results of static postural stability tests were grouped into four unique categories: male (signifying that males had superior postural stability), female (signifying that females had superior postural stability), mixed (males and females were superior in different aspects of the same protocol), and no difference (no significant difference in performance between males and females) [Table 6]. Due to the heterogeneity of data extracted in this study, only variables relevant to postural stability were tabulated in this study, while others are included in the aggregate data table [Table 5]. Three of the 21 studies measured static postural stability. The protocols and variables extracted were so different that a tabular comparison of data would be uninformative. Instead, we report the conclusions of the studies separate from variables of interest [Table 6]. These conclusions were validated through examination of the studies through a modified Downs and Black test. The same method of extracting data along with conclusions was used for studies with measures of dynamic postural stability [Table 5]. The categories defining those conclusions were identical between the static and dynamic trials. Nineteen of the 21 studies contained measures of dynamic postural stability and had their respective data extracted. The 18 studies that assessed dynamic postural stability were mixed in their findings of any sex differences across all studies, with no pattern of sex-based superiority in certain postural stability tasks being evident. Balance control, measured by either STAR excursion balance tests or Y balance tests, was found to favor or slightly favor males in three out of six studies (n = 300).,, In the other three studies, two (n = 287) found no sex differences, and one (n = 40) favored females to have superior balance control after fatigue. Females exhibited superior Biodex-quantified stability on an unlevel platform in four out of five studies (n = 224);,,, the fourth study (n = 34) found no sex differences. Both Biodex level of support tests (n = 86) were performed better by females who were able to reach greater angles of single-legged incline on an unstable platform., Of the remaining seven studies measuring dynamic postural stability, two found females to have superior dynamic stability, (n = 118), one found males to have superior dynamic stability (n = 24), and four found no difference (n = 158).,,, | Discussion|| | This systematic review summarizes research on sex differences in postural stability in healthy subjects between 13 and 40 years of age. Examination of the relationship between sex and postural stability is central to the rationale for developing either sex-specific or generalized injury prevention protocols. Twenty-one studies met our inclusion criteria allowing us to evaluate the measurement methods for static and dynamic postural stability between men and women. Of the three studies measuring static postural stability, two (n = 66) found males to have superior static postural stability, and one (n = 30) found no difference. Błaszczyk et al. found males to have superior static postural stability and Torres et al. found no difference between males and females. Both ran similar center of pressure (COP) tests measuring changes in sway. Heitkamp et al. found that males had fewer touchdowns in a one-legged balancing protocol. This is a small number of studies reviewed to reach significant conclusions. Further research is required to reach a sufficient conclusion on the question of sex and static postural stability. Of the 18 studies that measured dynamic postural stability, four studies (n = 324) reported that men had superior dynamic postural stability, seven (n = 343) reported that females had better dynamic postural stability, one (n = 72) reported that men and women had mixed success at the postural stability task, and six (n = 406) found no difference in postural stability between men and women [Table 6]. The number of studies collated in this review that measures dynamic postural stability is sufficient to reach meaningful conclusions. However, the heterogeneity of testing protocols and the mixed results of the 18 studies make discerning a consistent relationship between sex and dynamic postural stability difficult. It may be the case that such a relationship does not exist. However, a consistent testing protocol of dynamic postural stability over a large subject group would be necessary to validate this conclusion. The inconsistent relationship we found between sex and postural stability is likely due to the multitude of protocols and associated variables across our collated studies. There were 22 unique protocols from the 21 studies in this systematic review [Table 4]. The Biodex OSI test (that measures stability index) was the most common protocol, but it was only used in four studies. The STAR and Y balance tests were used in six studies, but these were administered under different circumstances and different variables were also reported (e.g., three distinct distances, averaged distances, significance of difference in distances between sex, and risk assessment postprotocol). Comparing postural stability across multiple studies is difficult given the absence of consensus on either the definition or the metric for testing postural stability. Before any concrete conclusions can be made on the impact of variables, like sex, on postural stability, there first needs to be an established, consistent protocol for its measure. Based on the range of protocols and measurements, it is obvious that postural stability is a complex variable, and simplification of that variable to the measurements of a single protocol is not likely to accurately capture an individual's true postural stability. Consistent application of reliable and valid measurements is pivotal to answering questions on the relationship between postural stability and sex. Understanding differences in postural stability between men and women at risk for musculoskeletal injuries is central to the concept that injury prevention protocols should be tailored for each sex. Separating by sex makes assessments of postural stability more reflective of an individual's relative risk for injury. The greater the precision of the measurement, the greater the predictive power of baseline and subsequent postural stability assessments. Clinical evaluation of the postural stability from a baseline can be used as a measure of an athlete's progression postinjury and supplement the athletic training protocols for return to activity. The limitations of this systematic review are due to the search strategy, the low quality of the evidence, and finite databases from which we collated studies. Only English language studies were included in this review, and four databases were searched for relevant studies. The heterogeneity of methodologies made it difficult to compare results across all studies. This is due to both the complexity of postural stability itself and its many measurements. Height was not factored into data collection of many of the methodologies of the reviewed studies. A narrow age range limited the scope of this study along with restrictions to healthy, active subjects. | Conclusions|| | The relationship of dynamic and static postural stability to sex is complex. We found men to have better static postural stability in two of the three studies that reported static stability. This argued against our initial hypothesis; however, the low number of studies limits the generalizability of this finding. Dynamic postural stability was not found to be superior in either men or women. Patterns of results existed across protocols, but overall, there was no consistency regarding male or female superiority in tests of dynamic postural stability. This lack of agreement supports the implementation of generalized prevention programs over sex-specific programs. However, the relationship between sex and postural stability when applied to injury prevention protocols may need to be refined going forward. The authors acknowledge Leila Ledbetter, MLIS, the Research and Education Librarian, at the Duke University Medical Center Library for her expertise and assistance in guiding us in searching the literature. The authors also acknowledge Donald Kirkendall, ELS, a contracted medical editor, for his assistance in the preparation of this manuscript. Financial support and sponsorship Grants supporting research at the Michael W. Krzyzewski Human Performance Laboratory contributed to this research. Conflicts of interest There are no conflicts of interest. | Supplementary Online Table|| | Supplementary Online Table 1: Global summary of the included studies | References|| | Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Medical Expenditures Panel Survey. Rockville. MD: US Department of Health and Human Services; 2011. United States Consumer Product Safety Commission. 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Gender differences in the neuromuscular fitness profiles of NCAA Division III soccer players. Isokinet Exerc Sci 2012;20:115-20. Cug M, Wikstrom EA, Golshaei B, Kirazci S. The effects of sex, limb dominance, and soccer participation on knee proprioception and dynamic postural control. J Sport Rehabil 2016;25:31-9. Elena S, Georgeta N, Florentina P, Cristiana P, Cecilia G, Elena L. Study of dynamic postural control in young adults. Ovidius Univ Ann Ser Phys Educ Sport Sci Mov Health 2015;15:515-20. Gorman PP, Butler RJ, Rauh MJ, Kiesel K, Plisky PJ. Differences in dynamic balance scores in one sport versus multiple sport high school athletes. Int J Sports Phys Ther 2012;7:148-53. Ishizuka T, Hess RA, Reuter B, Federico MS, Yamada Y. Recovery of time on limits of stability from functional fatigue in Division II collegiate athletes. J Strength Cond Res 2011;25:1905-10. Kawabata H, Demura S, Uchiyama M, Takahashi K. 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J Athl Train 1999;34:106-14. Sabin MJ, Ebersole KT, Martindale AR, Price JW, Broglio SP. Balance performance in male and female collegiate basketball athletes: Influence of testing surface. J Strength Cond Res 2010;24:2073-8. Sekulic D, Spasic M, Mirkov D, Cavar M, Sattler T. Gender-specific influences of balance, speed, and power on agility performance. J Strength Cond Res 2013;27:802-11. Whyte E, Burke A, White E, Moran K. A high-intensity, intermittent exercise protocol and dynamic postural control in men and women. J Athl Train 2015;50:392-9. Wojcik LA, Nussbaum MA, Lin D, Shibata PA, Madigan ML. Age and gender moderate the effects of localized muscle fatigue on lower extremity joint torques used during quiet stance. Hum Mov Sci 2011;30:574-83. Wojtyczek B, Pasławska M, Raschner C. Changes in the balance performance of polish recreational skiers after seven days of alpine skiing. J Hum Kinet 2014;44:29-40. Sell TC. 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What to Do? You will find the “perfect” restaurant serving high quality and authentic Asian Vietnamese cuisine,write a restaurant review based on the dining experience. Dining out can be pretty easy these days. We all have our favorite neighborhood spots for Pho that we know and love.Those signature spots are fantastic because they’re easy. They’re consistent. They’re within reach. But sometimes eating at a restaurant can be more than simply fulfilling your basic need for sustenance. It can be an adventure full of new sensory experiences. Every now and again we have to go out of our way for a perfect meal. Sometimes we have to spend a little extra time to find it. Please put in some effort to search for a “perfect” restaurant that is worth a trip from wherever you live in the Bay Area, whether it’s because of overall culinary creativity, unique ingredients or one exceptional dish. You can use multiple information sources for the search, such as online restaurant reviews, food blogs, connoisseur restaurant reviews, or friends with culinary expertise. You can dine at the restaurant by yourself, with your friends or family. Or you can join your classmates from the same cuisine group to have a group meal. There are forums set up in iLearn for each culture and cuisine group. It is your responsibility to coordinate with other group members to select a restaurant and arrange the logistics in your group forum. The group dining option is highly recommended. It is more budget friendly. You will have a chance to try more dishes and have a chance to meet your peers in a relaxed environment. Please use the Get Connected with Others in Your Group forum in iLearn to get connected. You need to sample at least one item from every course -appetizers, soups/salads, entrée and dessert. If the menu is not arranged by courses, please pick at least FOUR items from the menu (beverage not included). Can’t finish four dishes at one meal by yourself? Maybe you can take two or three trips to the restaurant. Based on your research in the project, please pick the items that are best representative of the culture and cuisine from Vietnam and interest you most. What to Write? Today the Internet is a stew of restaurant criticism, mostly scribbled by amateurs. Their opinions now influence millions of diners seeking advice on Yelp, Urban Spoon, Chowhound and other online sites. Unlike their professional counterparts at newspapers and magazines, these reviewers publish their work immediately and without editing. As a result, online reviews are often badly written and therefore of questionable help. Imagine yourself as a professional restaurant critic, not an average Yelper. Based on your dining experience, you are asked to write a restaurant review that stands out from the Yelp and Urban Spoon babble. In the review, please cover the following basic points that are relevant to any reader who knows nothing about the restaurant. Surroundings Describe the area around the restaurant – urban, industrial, downtown, etc. – so that readers have a general idea of what they’ll see when they eat there. Atmosphere Do your best to write about the décor, even if you are not an interior designer. It’s nice to know if the restaurant is geared for romantic dinners or for family fun. Also, giving the reader a feel for the general floor plan helps them decide on party sizes. Menu Please do not reprint all the food offerings in your review. Tell the readers what they can expect to order. Cover the major groups: poultry, fish, steak, pork, pasta, vegetarian dishes, etc. This is a good place to discuss the wine list (if there is one) and give the price range for the restaurant. Tell the reader what you had, describe the uniqueness of each dish, and what you liked/disliked about them. Service For most people eating out at most places, service accounts for at least half of the reason for eating there in the first place. Typically, you can get by with just covering speed, presentation and demeanor. It will be a plus if you can talk about the temperament of the place. Do servers look like they’re having a good time? Are they dressed neatly? Do they seem distracted? Help readers grasp the ambiance on the day you visited. Exclusives Anything that make the restaurant different from others, like special events, cooking classes, hosted dinners, live entertainment, whatever it is. Expert Opinions In the process of doing the semester project, you are on the way to become an culture and food expert about the Asian country you are assigned to. Based on your expert-in-progress’ opinion, what do you think of the food, the décor, the service, and the overall dining experience? Authentic or Americanized? Strongly recommend or do not waste your time? In addition, if you know someone who has profound knowledge about the culture and cuisine or complements your expertise, bring him/her. A Few Tips Here are a handful tips to make your restaurant reviews sing while standing out as helpful: Tone it Down Avoid superlatives (“best,” “awesome,” “incredible,” etc.) because they don’t allow for the fine gradations that make reading a review worthwhile. Try, for example, to compare a dish to one you’ve eaten elsewhere. Avoid Vague Language “Caesar salad was boring.” What does “boring” mean here? Dishes are typically so rich in details that’s it’s worth taking time to come up with a vivid phrase or two. Ask Questions Your server is a wealth of knowledge about the restaurant (or at least they’re supposed to be), so don’t be bashful about pumping him/her for information. Also, if appropriate, have the Chef come out and tell you a little about himself/herself. Experience the Courses For a serious restaurant reviewer, due diligence demands you sample every course – appetizers, soups/salads, entrée and dessert or at least one item from each food category. Avoid Listing Too Many Dishes Cramming the ten dishes you and your group scarfed down into your review makes for deadly reading. Instead, concentrate your efforts on a few dishes: The one you liked, the ones you hated, the ones you deemed off-the-wall. If you only order four dishes, it might be OK to comment on every one. Collateral Depending on the kind of restaurant, try to get as much literature from them as possible. Take a picture of the menu. Bring home press kits and fliers. Get anything that you might need to review later while you’re writing. There’s nothing worse than being under a tight deadline and forgetting the name of what you ate and not having something to reference. Please have the following requirements in mind when writing your review: Your post should be a cohesive restaurant review, not a Q&A session or a flyer with bullet points If you need to refer others’ ideas and research, please use APA styles for citations an references, However, there is no requirement of references in Part 5 The review should be at least 500 words. However, depth matters more than length Please edit you review before posting The assigned asian country is Vietnam, and this assignment is about vietnamese food. No plagiarism and words be simple. At Solution Essays, we are determined to deliver high-quality papers to our clients at a fair price. To ensure this happens effectively, we have developed 5 beneficial guarantees. This guarantees will ensure you enjoy using our website which is secure and easy to use. Most companies do not offer a money-back guarantee but with Solution Essays, it’s either a quality paper or your money back. Our customers are assured of high-quality papers and thus there are very rare cases of refund requests due to quality concern.Read more All our papers are written from scratch and according to your specific paper instructions. This minimizes any chance of plagiarism. The papers are also passed through a plagiarism-detecting software thus ruling out any chance of plagiarism.Read more We offer free revisions in all orders delivered as long as there is no alteration in the initial order instruction. We will revise your paper until you are fully satisfied with the order delivered to you.Read more All data on our website is stored as per international data protection rules. 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USI is determined to provide students with a thriving community in order to nourish their full potential. Therefore, for 2021-2022, the Service & Leadership LLC will be consolidated with some other LLCs to form the new SCREAGLES LLC! In the Screagles LLC, you'll meet students with a wide-range of passions and interests--students who want to form relationships in a close-knit community! Email us for more info! If you care about community service, leadership, and making the world a better place, this is the LLC for you. Students of all majors* can make an impact on USI and the local community. Your LLC will help a local non-profit throughout the year. As you make a difference to others, you’ll find that you learn more about yourself and enrich your time at USI. Students in the LLC will take your UNIV 101 First Year Experience class together. This is a Core 39 required class. In addition, you'll be able to choose from a wide-range of LLC sections in classes such as Public Speaking, Art, History, Psychology, Career Planning, Geography, Hiking, and much more! You will join with students from other LLCs to take the classes that work best for YOUR schedule, for YOUR major, and for YOUR interests. LLC Signature Experiences: Your LLC will help on campus with things like Archie's Closet and also choose a local non-profit to support throughout the year. Visit with community partners! Learn all about Evansville and help make a difference. You'll also engage in fun activities with your friends and get to know USI's faculty. How do YOU want to leave an impact? Leadership training, communication skills, team-building--this LLC will have it all. Ms. Jenn Horn is your LLC Mentor! "Hello! I'm an instructor in the English Department and teach a wide variety of courses including folklore, mythology, composition, humanities, gender, and literature. I enjoy working with the LLCs because they're always an interesting and fun group to work with! When I'm not teaching, I am spending time with family, friends, and pets or skating with Evansville's Demolition City Roller Derby. When DCRD isn't on the track, we're volunteering with local organizations to help make our community stronger. I'm looking forward to bringing my volunteer experience to and incorporating your volunteer experience in the Service and Leadership LLC." How do I apply? For general LLC questions, please email Living Learning Communities. If you need more assistance, you can also contact Dr. Sarah E. Stevens, Director of Living Learning Communities. *Due to accreditation requirements, Engineering students can only live in the Engineering LLC.

Adilhan Adil was a Communications and Management Intern during spring 2021. He was studying in the IAGG program at the University of Gothenburg and received his bachelors in International Relations from Bilkent University in Turkey. Before GLD, Adilhan has interned in the Grand National Assembly of Turkey and several research institutes. He is interested in political communication, foreign policy analysis and likes to sail to remote areas of the Swedish archipelago in his free time. Purushottam was an intern at GLD during fall 2019 while he was studying the International Program for Politics and Economics (IPPE) at Högskolan Vast (University West), Trollhättan Sweden. He is originally from Kathmandu, Nepal and speaks 5 languages Nepali, English, Hindi, Urdu and Swedish. Before moving to Sweden in 2015 he lived in the UK for 6 years. He is interested in topics such as sustainable development (and various projects running under the SDGs 2030 agenda), human rights and migration, transgender studies, political economy, and environmental governance. Besides his regular university studies, he has worked as a volunteer at the Swedish migration agency’s deportation centre located at Gothenburg with the Swedish Red Cross for 9 months, where he was mostly involved with assisting the asylum seekers with their human rights issues. Hala Agha was an intern at GLD in 2016. Hala holds a Master’s Degree in Sociology from the University of Damascus, Syria. Her thesis was titled: “Violence against Wives in Damascus and Damascus Countryside Directories, a field Sociological Study from a Gender perspective” (at the individual level). It was a pioneer study in sociology on family in Syria. The aim of the study was to find out the true scale of the phenomenon and discover the relationships between all factors, related to gender-based violence against wives in Syria at all levels (micro, mezzo, and macro). The study won a grant from the Arabic Women’s Organization for the best thesis project in sociology in all of the Arab countries in 2009. Hala also participated in Southern Illinois University Carbondale’s Division of Continuing Education Programme. She worked for 24 years as a Community Development & Relief Social Worker for UNRWA in Syria. She supervised many Community Development Centers and she was a Capacity Building Facilitator on Gender-Based Violence (GBV) referral system and gender workshops. Hala also worked as a freelance trainer on the topics: Assessment of Community Needs, Gender& Gender-Based Violence (GBV) and drugs prevention for the staffs of NGOs and local community members. She worked as a consultant on Palestinian Youth Strategy with UNRWA & UNICEF. She participated in the formulation process for the strategy, did gender analyses and the editing of the strategy document. Hala has been a representative of UNRWA in many forums and workshops such as the Syria child protection assessment interpretation, Amman 2013 (UNICEF). Hala is an outspoken feminist and active in the field of gender equality and human rights. She is a co-founder of the Palestinian commission against drugs. She also found time to be a lecturer in the cultural and social centres and on TV, aiming to raise awareness about social and community development. Selma was an intern at GLD in 2018 while she was pursuing a Bachelor's Degree in Global Studies and International Relations at the University of Gothenburg. Her interests broadly cover four main themes: global security, governance, democracy and identity in particularly the MENA region and former Yugoslavia. She pursued her internship at GLD to gain more insight into Sub-Saharan Africa and develop qualitative and quantitative analysis skills. Benjamin was GLD’s Communications Officer up until April 2020. Benjamin started his GLD journey as an intern back in 2016 and was later hired as Communications Officer. Nesrine Ben Brahim Nesrine holds a bachelor's degree in Business Administration and a master's degree in Public Policy from the University of Oxford. Before joining GLD, Nesrine was working for the Danish Refugee Council in Greece. Nesrine has experience working on several research projects with Princeton University, PRIO, LSE, and Oxford, as well as NGOs in Tunisia and the UK. Her research interests include state fragility, governance, and development with a focus on the MENA region. She is fluent in Arabic and French. Hanna Buznytska was an intern at GLD in 2017 while she was studying the International Administration and Global Governance Master Program at the University of Gothenburg. After completing her Bachelor’s Degree in Political Science in Kyiv, Ukraine, she went to do the European Voluntary Service in a small town in Poland, where she was working with the local community promoting multiculturalism and human rights. She has also been active in public relations in AEGEE (European Students’ Forum) for several years and has held a board position in AEGEE Election Observation, which deals with the assessment of engagement of youth in elections in Europe. She is particularly interested in corruption, gender relations in politics, development aid distribution, and the impact of social institutions on the quality of governance. Ruth Carlitz was a Postdoctoral Research Fellow with GLD from 2016 until 2019. She received her PhD in Political Science from the University of California, Los Angeles in June 2016. Her research looks at government responsiveness from the ‘top down’ (how governments distribute public goods) and the ‘bottom up’ (what citizens and non-governmental organizations can do to promote transparency and accountability). Ruth’s dissertation focuses on Tanzania, where nearly half of the population languishes without access to a clean and safe source of drinking water despite massive investments in this sector in recent years. In order to make sense of this disconnect, she analyzes finely-grained, geo-coded data on spending and infrastructure construction for water provision, contextualized by public opinion surveys, interviews and focus group discussions. She finds that Tanzania's strategy of decentralizing water provision to local governments has largely failed to improve access, due to political favouritism at the local level as well as a ‘demand-responsive approach’ that privileges wealthier communities. In addition to her academic research, Ruth has worked on evaluations commissioned by organizations including the World Bank, the International Budget Partnership, and the Institute of Development Studies. Ruth lived in Tanzania from 2006-2008, where she worked with the local NGO HakiElimu. She has also conducted fieldwork in Kenya, Nigeria, South Africa, and Uganda. Ariadna Carrascosa Hidalgo Ariadna was an intern during the winter 2018/19 semester while she was in her second year of the Master's Program in Global Studies at the University of Gothenburg. With a background in law, she is interested in democracy and participation, policy implementation, why we follow norms and rules, but also AI and the environment, among others. Ariadna pursued an internship with GLD to learn how practical research is implemented, as well as improve her analytical and data skills. Bruna was an intern at the GLD during the summer of 2018 while she was doing her M.A. in Human Rights Policy and Practice at Gothenburg University, Universidad Deusto, and Roehampton University. Bruna, a lawyer, is interested in anti-corruption, good governance, and the implementation of economic and social rights. During her bachelor, she was an intern at the Organization of American States (OAS) in Washington, D.C., where she obtained experience in anti-corruption and transparency. Hamdi Charksi is a Statistical engineer from the Graduate School of Statistics and Information Analysis, he is a specialist in Big Data and Business intelligence. He joined the GLD Team in 2014, he participated in two projects realised in Tunisia, as being a supervisor, trainer, and he participated in the process of survey implementation, data management and data analysis. Hamdi was an intern during spring 2016 at the Program on Governance and Local Development at the University of Gothenburg. He participated in projects of the GLD Program on the Local Governance Performance index, focusing on current work in Tunisia, Malawi and China. He contributed to the process of survey implementation, data analysis and dissemination of results. Yuying Chen was an intern at GLD in 2017 while she was a second-year master student of the International Administration and Global Governance program, doing a double degree master between the University of Gothenburg and Fudan University. She got a Bachelor of International Politics and Bachelor of Economics from Xiamen University. Yuying has developed a keen interest in research on global development and governance issues. She worked as a research assistant in the Center for Asia-Pacific Cooperation and Governance, Fudan University. She was a Public Relations intern in the U.S Department of Labor from January 2015 to June 2015, a consulting intern in Mercer Consulting Company from January 2016 to May 2016, as well as a four-month intern in the Department of Public Information, United Nations Headquarters. Adam was an intern at GLD during autumn 2018 while he was studying a master’s programme in Political Science at the University of Gothenburg. Before this he studied his bachelor’s degree in Philosophy at UEA in England and also took the opportunity to study practical philosophy for a semester at Uppsala University in Sweden. During this time he was very interested in the moral and political aspects of philosophy. Adam is also interested in political science with a focus on inequality, the effects of urbanization, political ideologies, and political parties. Zoltán Dóczi was an intern at the Program on Governance and Local Development at the University of Gothenburg. At the same time, he was a lecturer at the National University of Public Service in Budapest (Hungary) teaching Migration as Security Challenge research seminar. Zoltán was finishing his PhD project entitled Law Enforcement Large-Scale IT Systems in EU Internal Security and Migration Policies at the University of Pécs (Hungary). The project concentrates on how the EU´s migration regime can operate more effectively and fairly at the same time. Previously he worked as Hungary´s migration and asylum expert at the European Migration Network. He was also involved in research on visa liberalization. He holds two master´s degrees in international relations and public administration. Zoltán speaks English, French, Russian, German and Swedish besides Hungarian. Lali Dvali was a research intern at GLD in 2020 while she was studying a master`s program in International Administration and Global Governance at the University of Gothenburg. She has always been interested in the character of international relations and how these relations are regulated by norms and institutions. She has also had an interest in local factors affecting development of states. The latter influenced Lalis choice to complete courses in Caucasus Studies and African Studies with insights into local and external factors influencing the democratization and development of regions. She also finds social institutions very interesting to study. As a region, Africa is her biggest interest. Frida Ericsson was an intern at GLD in 2018. Frida holds an MCs International Development and Management MSc program (LUMID) from Lund University, and holds a bachelor’s degree from Trinity College Dublin in Economics and Political Science. Frida has previously interned with UN food agencies, and conducted research in rural Cambodia on gender-based access to food and accompanying livelihood patterns. At GLD, she now hopes to deepen her quantitative research and analysis skills in addition to gaining more insight into factors affecting the efficiency of governance and local development in Sub-Saharan African countries. Jens was born and raised in Gothenburg but has previously also lived in Norway and in the US. He enjoys meeting new people and he is great at disc golf. Jens has a bachelor’s degree in economics, and has besides that taken courses in Swedish, English, and political science. Jens did an internship at the Program on Governance and Local Development during spring 2016. During the summer of 2016 he worked as a research assistant for GLD. He assisted the research team with data collection, dissemination, and writing reports. In addition, Jens is also interested in development economics and health economics. For his bachelor thesis he conducted a field study in India, examining the relationships between microfinance and child health. Karen E. Ferree Karen E. Ferree was a visiting scholar at GLD in 2020. Karen studies democratization in Africa. Her work sits at the intersection of institutional and behavioral approaches to politics, with a particular focus on how ethnic and racial divisions and formal and informal institutions shape voting behavior and election outcomes in emerging democracies. She has written about South African politics in her book, Framing the Race in South Africa: the Political Origins of Racial Census Elections (Cambridge University Press, 2011). She has also written about electoral institutions, electoral integrity, and issues related to survey design in Africa. Josephine Gakii Gatua Josephine Gakii is an economist who was a post-doctoral researcher at GLD between 2018 to 2019. Her work focuses on development economics covering health, water, behavioral economics and political economy mainly in Kenya, Sub-Saharan Africa. She has previous research experience from Kenya, where she worked at the Kenya Institute for Public Policy Research and Analysis (KIPPRA) and the Institute of Tropical and Infectious Diseases (attached to the National Aids Control Council – NACC), and with the World Bank in Tanzania. She received her PhD in Economics from the University of Gothenburg, Sweden. Anna-Magdalena was an intern at GLD in the fall of 2019 while she was finishing her Bachelor studies in International Business Administration at the Europa-Universität Viadrina Frankfurt (Oder) in Germany. Petter Holmgren was an intern at the Program on Governance and Local Development at the University of Gothenburg during spring 2016. During the summer of 2016, he was working as a research assistant. Studying the first year of his master program International Administration and Global Governance he is interested in corruption, efficiency in provision of public goods and gender relations. He took his bachelor in Political Science and Economy at Lund University with his thesis “Men, Masculinity and the Military”. During his bachelor, Petter also studied at Marmara University in Istanbul, Turkey and has after his graduation worked at the Swedish Broadcasting Authority and with foreign aid in the Western Balkans before starting his master at the University of Gothenburg in 2015. Salima Ismayilzada was an intern at GLD during fall 2020 while she was studying MaPS at the University of Gothenburg as an SI scholarship holder. She has graduated with BA in Public Affairs from ADA University. Besides GLD, she interned at the Quality of Government Institute and worked in UN Azerbaijan and ELSA Azerbaijan. Her main career interests centre on gender studies, human rights, and democracy. She is specifically interested in pursuing a career in international organizations like the United Nations, the Human Rights Watch. She speaks English, Azerbaijani, Russian, and Turkish. Jenna was a Data Science intern at GLD in 2019 while she was a Master's student in Library and Information Science at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Her interests lie in data curation and management of international development, governance, and conflict data. Suprabhath holds a Masters in Biological Sciences and a Bachelors in Pharmacy from Birla Institute of Technology & Science (BITS) Pilani. Suprabhath is currently pursuing his Masters in Public Health – Health Economics from the University of Gothenburg. He has previously worked as a Consultant at IQVIA in Public Health development projects in the Middle East & Africa. His areas of interest include health systems research, health care financing, epidemiology, data sciences, and data journalism. Anmar was an intern at GLD in 2017 and then worked as an Assistant Researcher for GLD. Anmar was born and raised in Manama, the capital of the smallest country in the Middle East, Bahrain. Anmar has a Master’s degree in Strategic Leadership towards Sustainability from Blekinge Institute of Technology (Sweden), where he researched the topic of Sustainability Education for his Master’s thesis. His previous academic background was in business, as he did a Bachelor’s degree in Accounting and Finance at the University of Warwick (UK), followed by a Master’s degree in International Management for Middle East and North Africa at the University of London. Anmar has five years’ work experience in banking, as he was a manager at Gulf International Bank, a major wholesale bank in Bahrain. Anmar enjoys reading, playing the piano, travelling and drinking coffee! Clancy was an intern at GLD in 2019 and then worked as an Associate Researcher at GLD. Clancy holds a Bachelor of Science in Integrative Studies from the University of North Texas. In addition to his duties with GLD, he was a Masters student in the International Administration and Global Governance (IAGG) program at the University of Gothenburg. His academic interests include issues of censorship, surveillance, free expression, and digital privacy. Dziyana was an intern at GLD in 2018 while she was doing her first year of the International Administration and Global Governance master’s program. She holds a bachelor’s degree in International Relations. Dziyana was previously an intern at the Ministry for Foreign Affairs in Belarus and worked at the Department for International Cooperation at the city administration. Her interests include issues concerning good governance, development aid, gender studies, and identity politics. Sara Kenney worked as a Research Coordinator at GLD in 2017/2018. Before that, Sara was an intern at GLD in 2017 while she was studying towards her master’s degree in International Administration and Global Governance at the University of Gothenburg, with a focus on the performance of democracies. She holds an undergraduate degree in Psychology and has a passion for foreign languages. Robert was an intern at GLD in 2018 while he was doing his first year of the International Administration and Global Governance master’s program. He is especially interested in questions regarding democracy, populism and ownership-driven development on a local level, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa. He holds bachelor’s degrees in Development Studies and History, both acquired at Gothenburg University. Mohamed was an intern at GLD in 2016. He holds a Bachelor degree in Administrative Science majoring in economics and accounting from Kuwait University, College of Administrative Science. He has worked in finance, accounting and administration for about ten years in different companies in Kuwait. He knows Tigre, Arabic, English and Swedish. In his free time, Mohamed likes to read books about history and watching movies. Samuel Larsson was a Research Intern at GLD during spring 2021 while he was enrolled in the IAGG program at the University of Gothenburg. He studied Peace and Development at Linnaeus University and Political Philosophy at the University of Hull in the UK. He is interested in the politics of development in Sub-Saharan Africa, development cooperation, and global inequality. In his free time, he enjoys playing the drums. Laura was an intern at GLD during 2016 while doing her M.A. in Comparative Politics at the University of Konstanz and University of Gothenburg. After completing her undergraduate studies in International Relations and European Studies in Cluj-Napoca, Romania, she worked at the Centre Européen Robert Schuman, Metz and helped organize cultural exchanges for young people from all over Europe. Laura is interested in corruption, quality of governance, endogenous political preference formation, hoping to become a Poli Sci researcher at day and activist for social justice at night. She also loves books, storytelling games and grammar rules. Her tasks at GLD allowed her to apply the knowledge in data analysis and research design she gained so far during her first M.A. year in Konstanz. Anita Mureithi was an intern at GLD in 2018 while she was an MSc student in Global Studies at the University of Gothenburg. She comes from Nairobi, Kenya and holds a Bachelor’s degree in Gender Studies and Environmental and Geographical Science from the University of Cape Town. Anita’s interests lie in democratization and she has a passion for communication for development. Since coming to Gothenburg, Anita has worked as a digital ambassador for Study in Sweden at the Swedish Institute and a mentor at the University. Sebastian was GLD’s Data Manager until 2019. He has an M.A. in Political Science from the University of Greifswald (Germany) and previously worked as a research assistant at the Chair of International Relations and the Chair of Early Modern History (both at the University of Greifswald). His research interests focus on migration in and between developing countries and whether project aid has any effect on migration patterns on a sub-national level. Katelyn Nutley was a Research Intern at GLD in the Spring of 2021. During her internship, Katelyn was studying the double degree program in the IAGG program with the University of Konstanz and the University of Gothenburg. She holds a joint Bachelors degrees in International Relations from the College of William & Mary and the University of St Andrews. She is interested in globalization and identity politics and writing her thesis on the effect of militias on American governance. Hazal was an intern at GLD during the autumn of 2018 while she was doing her M.A. in Political Science at Gothenburg University. Before the programme, she had been working as a political journalist and conducting weekly interviews, 30 of which on the subject of the Turkish media under authoritarianism were compiled and published as a book. She was one of the founders of the Platform for Independent Journalism (P24). She is interested in the funds that are delivered for improving gender equality in the Middle East region, social movements and electoral authoritarianism. Max Peterson was an intern at GLD in 2017 while he was in his first year of the Master Program in European Studies. He holds a Bachelor’s degree in Sociology from the University of Gothenburg where he also studied International Relations and Spanish. His main interests European and Middle Eastern politics and especially issues concerning governance. He also loves culture and reads everything from classics to current literature. Anita Rind was an intern at GLD in 2017 while she was a second-year student of the Global Studies Master’s Program at the University of Gothenburg. She holds a Bachelor’s degree in East Asian Studies with a focus on Chinese Studies from Heidelberg University, Germany. Her main areas of interest lie in gender relations, policy effectiveness, and East Asian politics. She is fluent in German and Mandarin. In her spare time, she enjoys apartment hunting in the city of Gothenburg and staying up to date with the latest food trends. Somayeh Shafiei was a visiting scholar at GLD in 2020. Somayeh has worked as an assistant research professor in the Institute of Humanities and Cultural Studies (IHCS) since 2013, the largest and oldest organization for performing humanities research in Iran. She holds a PhD in Political Sociology from Allameh Tabataba'i University and teaches courses on qualitative methodology, social stratification, and the principles of sociology. Her research focuses on the social studies of women and gender by topics of lifestyle, social participation, social status, leisure, cultural & social capital, with her favorite area being micro politics - in particular power and resistance. As an inquiring sociologist, she has programmed, conducted, and supervised several types of research in Iran and was the annual selected researcher of IHCS in 2015. Her articles and book chapters on women and gender studies not only concentrate on Iranian society, but also determine the trends of social changes since the beginning of this century. Michael was an intern at GLD during the summer of 2018 while he was doing his M.A. in Human Rights Policy and Practice at Gothenburg University, Universidad Deusto, and Roehampton University. During his B.A. in Governance at Utrecht University he was the president of the university's Dutch United Nations Students Association, as well as sitting on the board of the Dutch United Nations Association. He is specifically interested in policy change, the human rights-based approach, and policy implementation. Nora Stel was a visiting scholar at GLD in 2018 while she worked as an Assistant Professor in Governance and Human Rights at the Maastricht School of Management, the Netherlands. She is an Affiliated Scholar at Utrecht University’s Centre for Conflict Studies, the Netherlands, and the Issam Fares Institute for Public Policy and International Affairs at the American University of Beirut, Lebanon. Nora works on the political anthropology of governance, authority and legitimacy in conflict-affected contexts, with a particular focus on non-state actors, informal institutions and refugee communities in the Levant. She has done fieldwork in Lebanon, Syria, Palestine, Burundi and Ethiopia for which she has been awarded several research grants, including one from Yale University. Nora has published with Oxford University Press and in journals such as Antipode, the Journal of Refugee Studies, Development and Change and Mediterranean Politics. As a visiting scholar to the Governance and Local Development program at Gothenburg University, Nora is currently working on a postdoctoral research project titled ‘Hybrid Political Order and the Politics of Uncertainty: The Governance of Syrian Refugees in Lebanon’ under a Niels Stensen Fellowship. Website: https://uu.academia.edu/NStel / Axel Tengwall was an intern at GLD during spring 2020 while he was studying for his bachelor´s in global studies. He grew up in the southern part of Sweden and moved to Gothenburg after high school. Politics, economics and social change have always been dear interests to Axel, which is why he went to university to study history and global studies. Specifically, Axel is interested in political economy and critical security studies. Maria Thorson was the Program Manager for the Program on Governance and Local Development (GLD) in 2016. She has a B.A. in psychology and an M.A. in societal psychology from the University of Gothenburg. She has previously worked as an assistant researcher and consultant at the Department of Psychology at the University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska Academy, and Queen Silvia Children’s Hospital. Her previous research experience includes environmental psychology, developmental psychology, medical research, and educational research. Evangelia was an intern at GLD in 2017. She holds a bachelor degree in Law from the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (Greece) and a Master Degree in European Studies from the University of Gothenburg. She has worked as a freelance lawyer, having her own firm for five years, and she is a member of the Katerini Bar Association (Greece). Evangelia is interested in topics related to EU integration, migration, gender issues, corruption and accountability. Evangelia speaks three languages English, Italian and French and she is currently learning Swedish. In her free time she likes to travel, hike, read books and meet with friends. Olivia Östlin was GLD's Communications Officer from 2020 until Spring 2021. Olivia holds a bachelor's degree in Political Science from Lund University. Olivia spent her final semester as an intern with GLD, and developed an interest in research communication, leading to her former position at GLD. She left GLD to continue her studies at Lund University.

1 ENGLISH DEPARTMENT GRADUATE HANDBOOK UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT ARLINGTON JANUARY 2015 2 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS General Information...3 Academic Calendar...4 Forms...4 Registering for Courses...4 General Courses...4 Independent Study Courses...5 Enrollment in Undergraduate English Courses...5 Courses in Other Units...5 Incompletes...5 Advising...5 The MA in English...6 Outline of Administrative Requirements...6 Academic Requirements...7 Core Courses...7 Non- Thesis Option...7 The MA Committee...7 Non- Thesis Option: Master s Exam...7 Non- Thesis Option: Portfolio.. 8 Thesis Option...10 The Master s Thesis...10 The Thesis Committee... 11 3 3 The Thesis Prospectus...11 The Thesis Drafts and Defense...12 The PhD in English...13 Outline of Administrative Requirements...13 Academic Requirements...13 Course Requirements...15 DS- PRO...16 Comprehensive Exam...16 Dissertation Prospectus...17 Dissertation Preliminaries and Course Requirements...18 The Dissertation Draft...18 Dissertation Defense...19 4 4 GENERAL INFORMATION Graduate students should familiarize themselves with the policies and deadlines specified in the general section and the English Department section of the Graduate Catalog. This handbook does not supersede but supplements the Graduate Catalog as well as the Rules and Regulations of the Regents of The University of Texas System and The Handbook of Operating Procedures of The University of Texas at Arlington. It specifies those policies that the English Graduate Studies Committee and the Graduate Advisor have adopted. Academic Calendar Check the Graduate Calendar, online at the Graduate School website ( for a list of all Graduate School deadlines, such as those for registering for courses, scheduling Comprehensive Exams or Thesis/Dissertation defenses, and applying for graduation. Forms All forms are available from the Graduate School website. All forms must be filled out carefully and completely and submitted to the Graduate Advisor well before the Graduate School s deadlines. Students are responsible for ensuring that all forms are completed properly. Registering for Courses Registration is done through the University s MyMav system. Students in their first semester must be cleared for registration by the Graduate Advisor. In subsequent semesters, students may register without clearance, but they should consult with the Graduate Advisor about course planning. GTAs taking a standard six or nine hours of Graduate Readings, Thesis, or Dissertation will be registered automatically by the Graduate Secretary. MA and PhD students are eligible to enroll in any of the English Department s general course offerings at the and level. 5 5 Independent Study Courses Subject to approval by the Graduate Advisor, students may study topics not ordinarily offered in the Department by arranging with a professor to organize such a course under the catalog designation ENGL Before registering for 5391, a student must have the professor complete a Conference Course Documentation form, which must be approved by the Graduate Advisor. Students may apply six hours of 5391 to their MA Final Program of Work, and an additional six hours to their PhD Final Program. Enrollment in Undergraduate English Courses Under extraordinary circumstances, graduate students may enroll for credit in undergraduate English courses when no graduate courses are available to meet their needs. Such enrollments earn graduate credit under the catalog designation ENGL In such cases, the course instructor, who must have Graduate Faculty status, will determine which additional requirements students must fulfill in order to earn graduate credit. Courses in Other Units With the approval of the supervising Committee, if formed, and of the Graduate Advisor, students may apply a maximum of 6 credit hours of graduate coursework from other units in the University to each graduate degree they earn in English. Incompletes Students wishing to take an Incomplete must obtain the instructor s permission and must meet the instructor s requirements for course completion. The grade of Incomplete will remain until the instructor submits a grade change form. Advising The Graduate Advisor helps students navigate the graduate program i.e., plan their programs of work, select classes, choose members of their supervising Committee, and prepare for the academic job market. Once the supervising Committee is formed, students should work closely with the Committee, who will be important advisors. 6 6 THE MA IN ENGLISH Outline of Administrative Requirements The following steps must be taken, in the order given, to satisfy the administrative requirements of the English Department and the Graduate School. Deadlines and the necessary forms are available on Graduate School website. 1. Form a three- member supervising Committee. Before the completion of 18 hours of graduate study, the student should consult with the Graduate Advisor about selecting Committee members. 2. Students pursuing the Thesis Option must file an Application for MA Thesis Option while completing the 24th hour of coursework. 3. Complete the Application for Graduation and pay diploma fee. 4. Students pursuing the Thesis Option must request a Thesis Defense. Students pursuing the Non- Thesis option must request a Master s Exam. Both defense and exam are requested via the Request to Hold Master s Exam form. 5. Submit Master s Exam Report after successful completion of a Thesis Defense or Master s Exam. 6. Students pursuing the Thesis Option must work with the Graduate School to submit the Thesis according to its specific requirements (templates are available on the Graduate School website). 7 7 Academic Requirements Core Courses All MA students, Thesis and Non- Thesis alike, must take the required core course, ENGL 5300: Theory and Practice in English Studies, during the first 12 hours of graduate study, preferably during the first semester of graduate work. No substitutions are permitted for this course. Within the first two years of graduate study, all GTAs must also take ENGL 5389: Topics in Teaching Composition and ENGL 5359: Argumentation Theory. Non- Thesis Option All English MA students are admitted by default into the Non- Thesis Option (36 hours of coursework / 12 courses), which allows them to take the broadest range of English graduate courses. The MA Committee Upon completing 18 hours (6 courses) of graduate study, students who decide to pursue the Non- Thesis Option should consult with the Graduate Advisor in order to identify members of the Graduate Faculty who might serve on the student s MA Committee. The student is responsible for assembling a group of three professors to serve on this Committee, one as Committee Chair, the decision to serve being at each professor s discretion. Once the Committee is formed, the student should work closely with the Chair, who will keep the other members of the Committee informed about the student s preparation for the Master s Exam. Non- Thesis Option One allowed only for students who entered in Spring 2014 or earlier: Master s Exam The Committee Chair is responsible for supervising the Committee s construction and evaluation of the Master s Exam and has final discretion regarding its exact format (i.e., number, and types, of questions). All questions for this Exam will be based on the student s graduate coursework and may require the student to make cross- course comparisons. The Chair is also responsible for clarifying the nature of the exam for the student, giving the student appropriate guidelines for it, and administering the Exam. The student is responsible for providing electronic and/or paper 8 8 copies of all relevant materials (i.e., course lists and syllabi) to the Chair, who will distribute them to the other Committee members. All the Master s Exams for Non- Thesis students will be written tests lasting five hours, taken on one day or two consecutive days. Office staff will ensure that time limits for the Exam are observed. Students will write their exams on a computer available in the Department. They may not use texts, notes, or Internet during the exam. Possible grades for the Master s Exam will be: a) pass, b) pass conditionally, contingent on rewriting specific sections, or c) fail. A student who fails may retake the entire Master s Exam once only. According to Graduate School regulations, all students must be enrolled during the semester in which they take the Master s Exam. If the student is unable to take the Exam during a semester of organized coursework, he or she may enroll in ENGL 6191: Independent Study, a 1- credit course, during the semester in which the Exam is taken. Non- Thesis Option 2: The Portfolio All students enrolled in the MA- Non- Thesis option will be required to complete a portfolio under the direction of a committee of three professors, chosen by the student. The portfolio should be undertaken in the last semester of coursework (although it can be started the summer before) and must be completed by the end of the 36 th hour of coursework. The student will present the written portfolio to the committee as well as deliver an oral presentation of its content. The portfolio consists of the following: 1. An introductory statement to your committee (5-7pp. double spaced). In the course of your statement you should address these questions. (a) Based on your coursework, what do you see as the major issues in your field of study as it is broadly conceived? (b) How does the work you have presented in this portfolio address those issues? (c) How is the work in the portfolio relevant to your educational and/or professional goals? 9 9 You will need to position your statement using pertinent sources from current disciplinary conversations. Following your assessment of these questions, you will need to provide a brief overview of the documents in the portfolio. 2. An updated résumé or curriculum vitae. 3. A substantive revision of a seminar paper (20-25pp.). This revision must include additional research and significant development of a project initiated in a graduate seminar with an eye towards achieving a publishable quality paper 4. Two of the following shorter projects. a) A research grant proposal (10-12 pp.) Cover Page (1p) Abstract (250 words or fewer) Statement of Objectives and Significance (1-2pp) Brief Review of Relevant Literature (3-4pp) Description of Methodology (1p) Time Frame (1p) Budget (1p) Works Cited (various) CV (2pp) b) A teaching portfolio for a class or unit in the student s primary or secondary area of expertise (10-12pp) Table of Contents (1p) Statement of Teaching Philosophy (1-2pp) Professional CV (1-2pp) One Syllabus (3-4pp) One Assignment (1p) An explanation of assignment. (1p) c) A website that presents a particular aspect of the student s research 10 10 Thesis Option d) An annotated bibliography of works useful to an area of the student s research (35-40 texts) e) A book review of a scholarly work in the student s field (1000 words) f) An equivalent project approved by the student s portfolio committee The Thesis Option (24 hours of coursework and a minimum of six hours of Thesis credit) is recommended only for those students who have a clear Thesis project early in their program of work and who demonstrate that they can complete this project in a single semester. A student wishing to pursue the Thesis Option must file an Application for MA Thesis Option during the 24th hour of coursework. The Graduate Advisor, after consulting with faculty members from whom the student has taken graduate courses, will determine whether the student may pursue the Thesis Option. Should the Graduate Advisor determine that the student is not prepared to write a Thesis, the student may pursue the Non- Thesis option in order to complete the MA degree. The Master s Thesis A Master s Thesis should be a 50/60- page original essay that provides a solid and significant analysis of available materials and is informed by a thorough knowledge of the relevant methodologies and scholarship. If previous scholarship on the material does not exist, the student must be thoroughly familiar with the scholarship on closely- related materials. In either case, setting the Thesis in the context of previous scholarship is essential. The Thesis may be a presentation of research, an essay in primary or secondary bibliography, an argumentative essay, a study of pedagogy or classroom dynamics, a study of the writing process, a critical reading of a text or other cultural object, a hypermedia composition, or another kind of essay along the lines of those published in major print or electronic journals in literary studies, rhetoric and composition studies, critical theory, or 11 11 cultural studies. The completed Thesis should be of a quality suitable for submission to an academic journal. The Thesis Committee To form a Thesis Committee, the student should acquaint him- or herself with the background, interests, and scholarship of the Graduate Faculty and then consult with the Graduate Advisor, in order to identify professors with areas of expertise most relevant to the likely Thesis topic. The student is then responsible for assembling a group of three professors to serve on the Thesis Committee, one as Committee Chair, the decision to serve being at each professor s discretion. The Thesis Prospectus Once the Committee has been formed, the student must write a Thesis Prospectus and have it approved by the Committee. While writing the Prospectus, the student should work closely with the Committee Chair, who is responsible for keeping the other Committee members informed of the student s progress and deciding when to distribute copies of the Prospectus to them. (Because this procedure involves the participation of many people and may require a significant amount of drafting, the student would be wise to begin as soon as possible). Once the Prospectus has been approved, the student must deliver a copy of it to the Graduate Advisor. The student may then enroll for Thesis credit under the catalog designation 5398: Thesis or 5698: Thesis and proceed to write the Thesis. For the semester in which they complete and defend the Thesis, students must enroll in 5698, because it allows the grade of "P" for successful completion of the Thesis. The format of the Thesis Prospectus should be as follows: 1. Statement of Problem, Research Question, or Thesis. Specify the problem, question, claim, topic, or texts to be investigated. Then explain the importance of the project. That is, describe what you will do and explain its importance, in other words, why scholars should find this work valuable. 2. Preliminary Review of Scholarship: Summarize, in no more than four pages, the relevant scholarship on your Thesis subject, and 12 12 demonstrate your project s distinctiveness from previous research. 3. Methodology: In no more than three pages, identify and defend your critical methodology. That is, indicate how you will investigate the subject of your Thesis and why your method is appropriate for the subject. 4. Feasibility: Show briefly that you have access to resources that you will need in order to complete the Thesis in one semester. 5. Tentative Organization: Briefly outline the structure of your thesis. 6. Preliminary Bibliography: List, in a documentation style appropriate to the subject of your Thesis, sources relevant to your project, taking into account that what constitutes an acceptable minimum or maximum number of sources cannot be determined in advance but will depend entirely upon the subject matter of the Thesis. The Thesis Drafts and Defense The Committee Chair will make arrangements with the student regarding the submission of drafts, i.e., whether the student will submit individual chapters as they are completed or the entire Thesis. In either case, the student will provide such drafts only to the Chair. Once the Chair approves the draft, the student will provide the other Committee members with copies. Each Committee member will report the revisions necessary, if any, to the Chair, to be passed on to the student. This process repeats itself, if necessary, with revised drafts going first to the Chair and then, if he or she approves, to the other Committee members for examination, and so on. Once it has approved the entire manuscript, the Committee meets with the student for an oral Thesis Defense, scheduled and conducted by the Chair. Although students are understandably eager to complete the Thesis, they should maintain reasonable expectations, based in part on discussions with the Chair, about the time required for Committee members to read and evaluate drafts of chapters and the entire Thesis. Students should keep in mind that faculty have limited, if any, availability, during summer and winter recesses. 13 13 THE PHD IN ENGLISH Admission to the PhD program in English at UTA requires a Master s degree. Students holding or expecting an MA from UTA must make a special application for admission if they seek to enter the PhD program. Contact the Graduate Advisor for details. Outline of Administrative Requirements The following steps must be taken, in the order given, to satisfy the administrative requirements of the English Department and the Graduate School. Deadlines and the necessary forms are available on Graduate School website. 1. Form a three- member supervising Committee before completing 18 hours of graduate study, having begun, if possible, to assemble the Committee during the second semester of coursework toward the PhD. To form a Dissertation Committee, the student should acquaint him- or herself with the background, interests, and scholarship of the Graduate Faculty and then consult with the Graduate Advisor, in order to identify professors with areas of expertise most relevant to the likely Dissertation topic. The student will then ask a graduate faculty member whose research is relevant to the Dissertation topic to Chair the Committee. The Chair will assist the student in considering faculty to constitute the rest of the Committee, the decision to serve being at each professor s discretion. The Committee is responsible for writing and evaluating the Comprehensive Examination and for evaluating the Dissertation Prospectus and the Dissertation. (It is possible, indeed in some relatively rare cases advisable, to change the makeup of the PhD student s committee when he or she transitions from the comps to the dissertation stage.) 2. Submit proof of completion of language requirements to the Graduate Advisor. The PhD program in English requires basic proficiency in one natural language other than English that is relevant to the student s Dissertation research. Basic proficiency may be demonstrated in one of the following ways: 14 14. a) passing an examination prepared by an appointee of the Dean of Graduate Studies. b) making an acceptable score on the ETS Graduate School Foreign Language Test. c) earning a grade of B or higher in two level language courses at UTA or the equivalent from another university. d) passing MODL 5301 with a grade of B or higher. The course itself may not be applied to any degree program in English.. e) passing Old English with a grade of B or higher. The option must be approved by the student s Committee.. f) submitting documentation of fulfillment of the graduate- level language- proficiency requirement at another university. g) being a native speaker of a language other than English that is relevant to the student s Dissertation research. The student s Committee may require an additional language, depending on the student s area of specialization. 3. File Request for Comprehensive Exam Form. 4. Submit Comprehensive Exam Report. 5. Submit copies of the Dissertation Prospectus approved by the supervising Committee to the Graduate Advisor, during the first semester of Dissertation enrollment. 6. Complete the application for Graduation and pay Diploma Fee. 7. Request Dissertation Defense. 8. Submit Approved Dissertation and Dissertation Defense Report to the Graduate School. 15 15 Academic Requirements Course Requirements Thirty semester hours of course work beyond the MA are required, along with a minimum of nine hours of Dissertation enrollment under any combination of the catalog designations ENGL 6399: Dissertation, ENGL 6699: Dissertation, ENGL 6999: Dissertation, and ENGL 7399: Dissertation. Students must consult with the Graduate Advisor and the Chair of their PhD Committee to carefully construct a coherent focus for their course work and Comprehensive Exam. All students are required to take ENGL 5300: Theory and Practice of English Studies during their first semester, unless they have already taken 5300 while in the MA program and received a grade of B or higher. All students are also required to take either 5311: Foundations of Rhetoric or 5359: Argumentation Theory, as early in their program as possible. Within the first two years of graduate study, all GTAs must take ENGL 5389: Topics in Teaching composition and ENGL 5359: Argumentation Theory. GTAs who wish to teach sophomore literature courses must hold the MA and have completed ENGL 5337: Literary Pedagogy with a grade of B or higher. (Note: Completion of this course does not guarantee assignment of sophomore literature courses). ENGL 5337 will be counted toward the 30 hours needed to complete PhD coursework. EGTAs must enroll for nine credit hours each semester. Before comprehensive exams, an EGTA may fulfill this nine- hour requirement by taking three organized graduate courses. However, the Department recommends that the EGTA enroll for two organized courses and the professional- development seminar ENGL In ENGL 6391, students will work with a faculty mentor on developing their CVs, submitting work to conferences and journals, becoming oriented to the history, status, and direction of the profession of English studies, and studying other problems of current interest. ENGL 6391 will be graded R for successful completion, and does not carry course credit toward any degree. However, the Graduate Faculty considers ENGL 6391 to be an integral part of the professional experience of graduate education. 16 16 DS- PRO Annually, all PhD students, whether holding GTAships or not, must complete the Graduate School s prescribed DS- PRO progress assessment. DS- PRO is completed on- line by doctoral students in conjunction with a member of the Graduate Faculty. Students who have not yet selected a Committee Chair will work with the Graduate Advisor. Students who have assembled a supervising committee will work with their Committee Chair. It is the student s responsibility to maintain close contact with the Graduate Advisor and the Committee and ensure that the DS- PRO requirement has been completed. GTAs who do not complete DS- PRO will lose their assistantships, and be ineligible to register. Students who are not GTAs, and do not complete DS- PRO, will be ineligible to register. Comprehensive Exam After completing course work and satisfying the foreign language requirement, the student will take a written Comprehensive Exam. The student must be enrolled for at least one graduate credit hour, usually under the catalog designation ENGL 6191: Independent Study, during the semester in which the Exam is taken. The Comprehensive Exam tests the student s knowledge of three areas of study in order to determine whether the student is prepared to conduct research and to teach in those areas; consequently, the scope of the Exam will be much broader than the topic of the student s Dissertation. To prepare for the Exam, the student must develop in consultation with the PhD Committee a reading list for each of three fields of specialization. Each list will consist of approximately fifty to eighty books and articles, including both primary and secondary sources. Students should consult with the Committee as to the specific format of each exam. It is up to the student and her or his chair to work out a method for studying for the exam, which may include the delineation of particular subfields or topics but will not include questions that will form part of the exam. The Comprehensive Exam must be taken over a period of three days, for five hours each day. The student will be tested on one field each day. Students will use a computer available in the department to take the Comprehensive Exam. They may not use texts, notes, or Internet during the exam. Office staff will ensure that time limits for individual parts of the Exam are observed. 17 17 The student s written responses will be evaluated by all members of the PhD Committee. There are four options for reports of the Comprehensive Exam s results: a) pass, with approval and recommendation to proceed to the Dissertation Prospectus; b) pass, with approval to remain in the program conditional upon the student s meeting specified additional requirements; c) fail, with permission to retake the Comprehensive Exam after a certain period as specified by the PhD Committee; or d) fail, with recommendation not to continue in the program. Dissertation Prospectus By the end of the first semester after successfully completing the Comprehensive Exam, students must submit a Prospectus to the PhD Committee for a Dissertation that will be an original, substantial, and significant contribution to scholarship. The Prospectus typically includes the following elements: 1. Statement of Problem, Research Question, or Thesis. Specify the problem, question, claim, topic, or texts to be investigated. Then explain the importance of the project. That is, describe what you will do and address the "so what" question: why should scholars find this work valuable? 2. Summary Review of Scholarship Relevant to the Dissertation: Summarize briefly what is already known about the problem, question, claim, topic, or texts to be investigated. If the problem has been previously investigated, specify what is distinctive about the proposed study. 3. Methodology: Indicate the critical methodology or methodologies with which the problem, question, claim, topic, or texts to be investigated will be researched, and show why such an approach or approaches will be appropriate for the subject being examined. 4. Tentative Organization: Provide a brief chapter outline indicating what each chapter will cover. 18 18 5. Preliminary Bibliography: Provide a preliminary bibliography listing investigations to date relevant to the project proposed. Where appropriate, indicate whether sufficient resources for the research project are readily available. Dissertation Preliminaries and Course Requirements While researching and writing the Dissertation, students must enroll in Dissertation hours under the catalog designation ENGL 6399: Dissertation, ENGL 6699: Dissertation, or ENGL 6999: Dissertation. If these requirements have been met before the final, graduation term, the minimum requirement for that term is 3 credit hours of research under the course number The Dissertation Draft Students should work closely with the Chair of their Committee while researching and writing their Dissertation. The Chair of the supervising Committee will make arrangements with the student regarding the submission of drafts, i.e., whether the student will submit partial or completed chapters as they are completed, or a draft of the entire Dissertation. In each case, the student will provide such drafts to the Chair only. Once the Chair approves the draft and indicates its readiness for the other Committee members to read, the student will provide them with copies. Each Committee member will report to the Chair such revisions as are necessary, if any. This information is then passed on to the student, to be acted on. This process repeats itself until the Dissertation is approved, first by the Chair, and then by the other Committee members. Although students are understandably eager to complete the Dissertation, they should have reasonable expectations based in part on discussions with the Chair about the time required for Committee members to read and evaluate drafts of chapters or the entire Dissertation. Students should keep in mind that faculty have limited, if any, availability, during summer and winter recesses. 19 19 Dissertation Defense Once the Chair and the Committee agree that the Dissertation is ready to be defended, the student and the Chair schedule an oral defense. The student must furnish each Committee member with a copy of the Dissertation, including notes and bibliography, at least four weeks prior to the defense date. The defense, directed by the Chair, is open to all members of the faculty, to graduate students, and to invited guests of the University community. Questions will be directed to the candidate by the student s Committee, but any person attending the defense may participate. The Committee may require that the Dissertation be further revised and may withhold final approval until satisfactory revisions have been made. 1 COLLEGE OF WILLIAM AND MARY ANTHROPOLOGY GRADUATE PROGRAM PROCEDURES TABLE OF CONTENTS PROGRAM OVERVIEW 2 ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURE. 2 ADMISSION TO THE PROGRAM 3 Page MASTER OF ARTS 1. Introduction. 4 The M.A. Program in English and American Literature Office of Graduate Studies Department of English 205 Roy Cullen Building University of Houston Houston, Texas 77204-3013 May 2007 M.A. in English and Masters Program in Political Science: Frequently Asked Questions Division of Political Science Mark O. Hatfield School of Government www.pdx.edu/hatfieldschool/political- science (Updated, September 2011) G E N E R A L I N F O R M A T I O N F O R G R A D U A T E S T U D E N T S This supersedes previous announcements by the Department of Philosophy. All regulations are to be interpreted in conformity with Official Guide to Graduate Study in History at The University of Texas at Austin ADMINISTRATION AND GOVERNANCE The Graduate Adviser has primary responsibility for administering the graduate program. She Planning For and Completing the Master s Program in History at Illinois State University 1 Ross Kennedy Associate Professor and Director, Graduate Program in History 309-438-5015 [email protected] Overview DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY PH.D. HANDBOOK Last Updated, September 2010 1 INTRODUCTION One of the main missions of the Department of Political Science at MSU is the education DOCTORAL DEGREE PROGRAM GUIDE Purpose of the Degree The Doctoral degree in Political Science is intended to prepare students for academic careers in research and teaching, and professional careers in public German Graduate Program Ph.D. and MA Degree Requirements Revised: Sept 2008; Jan 2009; March 2014 Graduate Council Approved: Feb 18, 2009; Aug 14, 2014 Master s Degree Requirements 1) Admissions requirements Sam Houston State University 1 DEGREE REQUIREMENTS & ACADEMIC GUIDELINES Graduate Degree Requirements (p. 1) Academic Expectations and Guidelines (p. 3) Graduate programs are typically regarded as either UWM Political Science Department Graduate Program Policies A. Political Science at UWM B. M.A. C. Ph.D. D. Transfer of Credits E. Incompletes F. Scheduling Completion of M.A. and Ph.D. Degrees G. Fellowship LLED Doctoral Program Requirements Students are responsible for information on the Graduate School website. See, especially the Graduate Bulletin and the Graduate School s Academic Regulations & Procedures GRADUATE STUDENTS' MANUAL Department of History California State University, Chico Chico, California 95929-0735 Kate Transchel, Graduate Coordinator Trinity Hall, Room 221 2015-2016 1 Table of Contents COLLEGE OF VISUAL ARTS AND DESIGN Department of Art Education and Art History DOCTORAL PROGRAM IN ART EDUCATION PROCEDURES MANUAL Revised 3/2008 HEJC MANUAL FOR DOCTORAL STUDENTS IN ART EDUCATION The information 3341-3-6 Doctoral Requirements- Graduate. Applicability All University units Graduate Students Responsible Unit Policy Administrator Office of the Provost Graduate College (A) Policy Statement and Purpose Graduate Regulations-Spring 2014 1 GRADUATE DEGREE REGULATIONS DEPARTMENT OF PSYCHOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA GRADUATE DEGREE REGULATIONS 1 I. GENERAL INFORMATION 2 A. Graduate Advisor/Supervisory Committee. VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE GRADUATE PROGRAM REQUIREMENTS Effective January 2014 This document is designed to provide graduate students in Political Science with a concise list DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE HANDBOOK FOR THE GRADUATE PROGRAM Revised Fall 2013 The Department of Political Science at the University of New Mexico is a department of eighteen full-time faculty members. Purdue University Department of Communication Graduate Student Manual 2009-2010 Updated May 2010 1 Table of Contents I. Introduction... 1 II. Admission... 4 III. Major Professor and Committees... 5 IV. DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEGREE: COMMUNITY HEALTH PROMOTION GRADUATE MANUAL DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, HUMAN PERFORMANCE, & RECREATION 1 Program of Study Ph.D. in Community Health Promotion University of Arkansas GRADUATE PROGRAM HANDBOOK OF POLICIES AND PROCEDURES (LAST MODIFIED: THURSDAY, JULY 23, 2015) INTRODUCTION This handbook is designed to acquaint graduate students with the program requirements of the Department Digital Handbook: About the Master of Arts in History 2015-2016 Contact: Paul Christopher Anderson, Graduate Coordinator 2 About the Master of Arts The program offers courses in all areas of historical PH.D. IN COMPUTER SCIENCE PROGRAM ADMISSION REQUIREMENTS PROGRAM REQUIREMENTS ADMISSION REQUIREMENTS FOR THE PH.D. IN COMPUTER SCIENCE A student can be admitted into one of the following graduate degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in POLITICAL SCIENCE 2013-2014 NOTE: THESE RULES ARE IN EFFECT FOR GRADUATE COHORTS STARTING IN THE FALL OF 2013. Department of Political Science Graduate Program 447 Philip G. Hoffman Guide to Graduate Studies Department of Political Science University of Colorado REVISED DECEMBER 2015 Applying to the Political Science Department Graduate Program Application Deadline: December 14 th, NORTHEASTERN UNIVERSITY College of Social Sciences and Humanities Department of History REGULATIONS GOVERNING GRADUATE STUDY IN HISTORY Applicable to Students Matriculating in September 2014 The Department Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Boise State University DOCTORAL PROGRAM ACADEMIC POLICIES AND PROCEDURES 1 I. Ph.D. Program Areas of Study The Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering The Ph.D. program in Computer and Information Sciences The Ph.D. program in Computer and Information Sciences offers an opportunity for exceptional students to pursue research in the computer and information DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (Ph.D.) DEGREE PROGRAMS IN EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATION with an emphasis in HIGHER EDUCATION ADMINISTRATION Department of Educational Leadership & Policies College of Education University CULTURAL STUDIES GRADUATE GROUP DEGREE REQUIREMENTS Revisions: June 2006, February 2009 Approved by Graduate Council: May 20, 2009 M.A. PROGRAM 1) Admissions Requirements There are no admissions to the Marine Biology, MS Print Degree Planner Print-Friendly Page Add to Portfolio Program Description The Marine Biology Program is designed for students with an interest in one or more of the subdisciplines GRADUATE PROGRAMS IN AGRICULTURAL AND APPLIED ECONOMICS AT TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY September 2013 This handbook contains information about graduate programs in Agricultural and Applied Economics. It supplements THE DIVINITY SCHOOL THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO GUIDELINES OF THE COMMITTEE ON DEGREES (effective Autumn Quarter 1979; revised Autumn Quarter 2010) The faculty established the Committee on Degrees to oversee The Department of Politics and International Relations is comprised of roughly 32 permanent faculty members, over 2000 undergraduate majors, and close to 120 graduate students. It offers a variety of degree GRADUATE PROGRAM HANDBOOK DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT ARLINGTON 2012-2013 (updated 8/15/12) Section TABLE OF CONTENTS Page OVERVIEW OF THE GRADUATE PROGRAM... 3 A) DEPARTMENT & UNIVERSITY School of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science Division of Electrical & Computer Engineering GRADUATE HANDBOOK Effective Spring 2015 This handbook gathers into one place most of the academic regulations Materials Science and Engineering Graduate Program Requirements The Department of Materials Science and Engineering at the University of Utah offers three graduate degrees: Master of Science (M.S.) Thesis KU School of Education Graduate Student Handbook 2011-2012 Graduate Student Responsibility All graduate students are responsible for informing themselves of requirements of the Graduate School as stated NOTRE DAME de NAMUR UNIVERSITY College of Arts and Sciences Master of Arts in English Program Handbook 2014-2015 College of Arts and Sciences Notre Dame de Namur University 1500 Ralston Avenue Belmont, Hiring Guidelines for Teaching Associates & Student Assistants Department of English Taylor Hall California State University, Chico Chico, California 95929-0830 (revised 5 May 09) 2 Hiring Guidelines for UNIVERSITY OF MAINE INTERDISCIPLINARY PH.D. PROGRAM GUIDELINES Revised January 29th, 2015 OVERVIEW The Interdisciplinary Ph.D. program allows qualified individuals to pursue doctoral study in areas that Revised 2014 DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE GRADUATE STUDIES MANUAL I. Program A. The Department of Political Science offers three programs of graduate study: 1. An Option I or Option III M.A. which consist Texas State University San Marcos, Texas 78666 http://www.txstate.edu/history Department of History Graduate Student Handbook 2014-2015 Rebecca Montgomery Director of Graduate Studies 1 Graduate Student PhD Program Handbook School of City and Regional Planning College of Architecture Georgia Institute of Technology Revised November 2011 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Purpose of This Handbook 2 2. Introduction Doctoral Degree Programs in Special Education University of Florida College of Education School of Special Education, School Psychology, & Early Childhood Studies P.O. Box 117050 / 1403 Norman Hall Gainesville, DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE and INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS GRADUATE HANDBOOK Effective 9/01/2006 For additional information contact: Matthew J. Hoffmann Graduate Director [email protected] Robbie Miller Guidelines For Graduate Studies In Biology The Master of Science in Biology Department of Biology Virginia Commonwealth University 1000 W. Cary St. Richmond, VA 23284-2012 Telephone: (804) 828-1562 Fax: DOCTORAL PROGRAM HANDBOOK 2015-2016 Last updated February 17, 2016 BIOMEDICAL INFORMATICS University of Nebraska Omaha 6001 Dodge Street PKI 172 402/554-2380 www.ist.unomaha.edu/phd-bmi Contents Overview... Guidelines for Master's Thesis (Research Option for MS in Statistical Science Degree) April 2015 Note: These guidelines are a supplement to the Mason catalog, which is the official guideline for all students. Family and Consumer Sciences Education (FCSE) Doctor of Philosophy The Ph.D. degree program is designed to prepare individuals for faculty positions in higher education and other professional leadership Mississippi State University 1 Computer Science and Engineering Department Head: Dr. Donna Reese Graduate Coordinator: Dr. T.J. Jankun-Kelly 300 Butler Hall Box 9637 Mississippi State, MS 39762-9637 Telephone: Mays Business School PhD Program Handbook NOTE: Mays Departments may have a Departmental PhD Handbook, set internal PhD Program procedures, requirements, and deadlines in additional to this Handbook. Contact Departmental Requirements and Procedures for Graduate Degrees in Physiology and Neurobiology Effective: September, 2013 to Present TABLE OF CONTENTS A. Research and Rotations 1 B. Curriculum 1 C. Advisory Department of Wildlife, Fisheries, & Conservation Biology The Department of Wildlife, Fisheries, & Conservation Biology in the College of Natural Sciences, Forestry and Agriculture offers graduate study General Information for Prospective Graduate Students Department of Communication, University of Colorado at Boulder Updated 11-4- 11 by Lauren Lipman Master's Program in Communication Graduate study in BİLKENT UNIVERSITY Department of Industrial Engineering Graduate Handbook 2013-2014 Table of Contents Introduction 3 Objective 3 Application and Admission to the Degree Programs 4 Degree Requirements 5 DOCTORAL DEGREE PROGRAM Introduction The Department of Curriculum and Instruction offers the Doctor of Philosophy in Education degree with a Concentration in Curriculum and Instruction. This program is University of Georgia Handbook for Graduate Programs in Environmental Health Science A guide for the MS and PhD degrees in Environmental Health Science for the Academic Year 2015 / 2016 1 The information Virginia Tech School of Education Graduate Requirements and Procedures Approved by the School of Education Graduate Task Force, 5.07.08 Effective 8.25.08, Updated 8.19.09 Revisions approved by SOE Leadership Tulane University Graduate Program in Student Handbook Contents Earth and Environmental Sciences Graduate Program Procedures for Graduate Study 3 Admission Requirements 3 Financial Support 3 Categories ACADEMIC YEAR: 2015-2016 HANDBOOK FOR MASTER OF ARTS DEGREE IN POLITICAL SCIENCE EASTERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE M.A. DEGREE I. Graduation Requirements. www.usc.edu/dept/ise Ph.D. Handbook 2013-2014 DISCLAIMER This handbook is produced by the Daniel J. Epstein Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering as an unofficial guide to graduate studies in TEACHERS COLLEGE COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY OFFICE OF DOCTORAL STUDIES REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF EDUCATION (COLLEGE TEACHING OF AN ACADEMIC SUBJECT) AUGUST 2014 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Responsibilities Graduate Catalog 2012-2013 Degree Requirements / 7 Degree Requirements The following section describes Graduate School regulations unique to the master s and the doctoral degrees. For Graduate School procedures Masters Checklist The objective of this document is to provide a checklist for our webpage to assist Masters and PhD applicants in navigating through the application process. By providing clear instructions Ph.D. in Communication Sciences and Disorders (Audiology or Speech and Language Pathology), including a joint M.S./Ph.D. option in SLP Introduction The Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) degree in Communication PhD Program Handbook School of City and Regional Planning College of Architecture Georgia Institute of Technology 2015-16 Academic Year TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Purpose of This Handbook 2 2. Introduction 2 Guelph Laurier Waterloo Doctoral Program Regulations 2014-2015 The Tri-University Graduate Program in History Table of Contents 1. The Program 1.1 Program Milestone: The Professional Development Seminar Interdisciplinary Studies Doctorate Graduate Student Handbook Graduate College April 2015 Introduction The Interdisciplinary Studies Doctorate at Western Michigan University is a unique degree that offers Ph.D. PROGRAM GUIDELINES Marketing Department December 8 th, 2014 Kellogg s Marketing Department is regarded as one of the premiere marketing programs in the world and is renowned for its groundbreaking Student Handbook Master of Science Program in Educational Psychology Georgia State University Department of Educational Psychology and Special Education This document has been prepared as an overview for DOCTORAL DEGREES Ball State University offers programs leading to the doctor of philosophy degree (PhD), the doctor of education degree (EdD), the doctor of arts degree (DA), and the doctor of audiology Department of English Masters of Arts in English Goals and Assessment of Student Learning Outcomes The Department of English of the Catholic University of America offers the Master of Arts degree in English Doctoral Program in Community Health Education POLICIES AND PROCEDURES School of Public Health & Health Sciences Department of Public Health Division of Community Health Studies University of Massachusetts Biochemistry Graduate Program Approved July 2014 INFORMATION FOR GRADUATE STUDENTS IN BIOCHEMISTRY Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Utah State University, Logan, Utah The Department of Chemistry Requirements for a Graduate Degree (M.S. or Ph.D.) in Oceanography at the University of Maine Mission Statement The University of Maine's Oceanography Program creates and communicates integrated understanding STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK AT ALBANY Department of Economics Doctor of Philosophy Program Guidelines: May 2013 I. Admission Each application is evaluated on its individual merits by the Economics Department.

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2 Sets von Odin Cosplay Kostüm, Perücke, Props und Zubehör. Valkyrie Connect Odin Kostüme () · Odin props. Preis. € Material. PVC. Entfernen. It's the ever Omnipotent Odin versus the looming Genesis Prince, Ymir! Who do you think would emerge victorious in this epic duel? - Erkunde Lingly Mis Pinnwand „Valkyrie Connect“ auf Pinterest. Weitere Ideen zu She is said to be as strong as Odin, but in her words, "Meh. Valkyrie ConnectValkyrie Connect Odin cosplay Requisiten,Odin cosplay Cane. Verkaufspreis € ohne Aufpreis! Günstigster Preis und besten Qualität. Erkaufszustand. - Erkunde Lingly Mis Pinnwand „Valkyrie Connect“ auf Pinterest. Weitere Ideen zu She is said to be as strong as Odin, but in her words, "Meh. - Erkunde Jenny Sillers Pinnwand „Valkyrie Connect“ auf Pinterest. Weitere Risultati immagini per valkyrie connect hero list Villi, sister of Odin. Valkyrie Connect Odin Omnipotent Odin VideoValkyrie connect (Japón): El padre de Odin,Vili mejorada y grado rojo para Odin These foreboders of war rode to the battlefield on horses, wearing helmets and shields; in some accounts, they flew through the air and sea. Some Valkyries had the power to cause the death of the warriors they did not favour; others, especially heroine Valkyries, guarded the lives and ships of those dear to them. Old Norse literature made references to purely supernatural Valkyries and also to human Valkyries with certain supernatural powers. Both types of beings were associated with fairness, brightness, and gold, as well as bloodshed. Valkyrie Article Additional Info. Print Cite. Facebook Twitter. Give Feedback External Websites. Sign In Don't have an account? Start a Wiki. Bio The almighty and omnipotent king of the Aesir. Discussion Odin is one of the best mages you can obtain in game. Gameplay Information Attacks His skill attacks all enemies with Light and decreases enemy MDEF. Stats Initial Stats HP ATK MATK DEF MDEF SPD EVA ACC Elemental Resistance Fire Water Earth Dark Light 1. Orbs Grey Orbs Grade Grey - Initial Stage: Earth Magic Hide Magic Eye Fruit. Odin is one of the characters that has alternative art available. Players are free to switch between them. The art the player chooses will be used in all event scenes with this character. The two available designs are:. Games Movies TV Video Wikis. Explore Wikis Community Central Start a Wiki. This wiki. This wiki All wikis. Sign In Don't have an account? Start a Wiki. Skills Heroism Purification gauge increases when damaged. Battle Shout Increases likelihood of being the target of attacks.Omnipotent Odin. Edit. Classic editor History Comments Share. Omnipotent Odin. Type. Magic. Race. Aesir. Gender. Male. Valkyrie Connect Wiki is a FANDOM Games Community. View Mobile Site JokeyPsych EndgameHonest GalaxyQuest Gender: Male. Odin is one of the playable characters in the game. He is the head god of Valhalla and ruler among Aesir. He is the head god of Valhalla and ruler among Aesir. The Odin present in this game is a different Odin than the one from Valkyrie Profile. Valkyrie Connect is a fast paced, free to play mobile RPG where players take control of legendary heroes, dastardly villains, and even the gods themselves! Valkyrie Connect rocketed to the top of the Japanese charts, and now it’s taking the world by storm! Take .

The memories of last year’s water crisis in and around Toledo are still fresh in the minds of most residents, and the anxiety about a repeat event in 2015 is high. But two University of Toledo professors are hard at work at one of the critical issues surrounding last year’s three-day event: What was the economic impact of the 2014 Toledo water crisis on the local economy? Dr. Andrew Solocha, professor in the Department of Finance in the College of Business and Innovation, along with Dr. Neil Reid, director of the UT Jack Ford Urban Affairs Center and professor of geography and planning in the College of Languages, Literature and Social Sciences, are researching that very issue, funded by a grant from the Environmental Law and Policy Center in Chicago. They began their research in May and will have an initial impact report by the end of August. “Lake Erie is an enormously important resource,” Solocha said. “I didn’t know anything about the science behind this, but I was really concerned about what happened here last year, and so I volunteered my time for this research. We envision a series of reports, the first one in August about the three days from last year, and then other reports over time. “My training is in economics, data and model building, and for this research and report it is essential to have someone with experience in both business and economics because we have to interpret this data, find out what the data is saying to us; sometimes it doesn’t say anything at all. We have to go and interview people, and people can be confused or have misinformation. This is a work in progress, and we don’t yet know where all the answers are to make this complete.” “One of the main challenges in doing this research is getting reliable data,” Reid said. “Often in the research we do, you can go to a public data source like the census and use data that has been collected in a systematic fashion. But with unanticipated one-off events like this, there are no data that are systematically collected. “So it becomes like doing a jigsaw puzzle, but one in which you have to go out and find all the data pieces,” Reid said. “And, unfortunately, many of the pieces are either very hard to find or may not even exist. Our task here is to find as many of the pieces as possible and put them together to paint as complete a picture as we possibly can.” “We need to be able to assess what the damages — all the damages — are. We know several sectors that were impacted by the 2014 water crisis, including hospitals, the food processing industry, restaurants, tourism and consumers, plus we will probably see an impact on housing,” Solocha said. “But there may be impacts that we can’t see, and there could be a long-term impact. For example, people who typically go to Lake Erie beaches who have decided that now they can’t go there in the future because of the negative publicity for the region. “Of course, there was also good news, such as the charities that came out, mobilized and helped,” he observed. “For example, the American Red Cross brought in water for people, and the National Guard distributed water and food.” Solocha added, “The University of Toledo has been fantastic in helping us with this project, as have other organizations such as the United Way of Greater Toledo. It is absolutely critical that people know we are working on this report and that they help us.”

Aum Golly – poems on humanity by an artificial intelligence Aum Golly is book of poetry co-authored by GPT-3 and Jukka Aalho. Available in English now. What is it like to be human? What is creativity? Will AI soon write better poems than us humans? Aum Golly is the most talked about book of poetry of 2021 in Finland. Available in Finnish in print, audiobook and e-book formats. Now available as an ebook in English! For international rights, contact [email protected]. How Aum Golly Was Made 24 hours. 2.64 dollars. 1 advanced autoregressive language model. Aum Golly is a book of poems written in 24 hours. It was made possible by GPT-3 – an advanced autoregressive language model published in 2020 by OpenAI. The deep learning model can generate text that is virtually indistinguishable from text written by humans: poems, recipes, summaries, legal text and even pieces of code. GPT-3 is autofill on steroids. Award-winning writer and TEDx speaker Jukka Aalho has guided the AI and chosen the poems for the collection. Where can you get Aum Golly? Aum Golly is available in Finnish on April 15, 2021. As the original poems are in English, the book of poetry is ready for publishing in English as well. Do you know someone who knows someone? Contact Jukka Aalho for more: [email protected]. Affiliate links marked with * Who is Jukka Aalho? Jukka Aalho is a Finnish writer, podcaster, TEDx Speaker and full-stack marketer. Jukka Aalho (born 1986) is an Oulu-based writer who has guided the AI and chosen the poems for the collection. His short stories have been awarded in multiple competitions and translated into German. Since 2016 he’s co-hosted the literature podcast Kertojan ääni. Aalho works as a science communicator in the field of health technology. Aum Golly is his first book of poetry. Jukka Ahola is his former name. First Finland. Then the World. Technology like GPT-3 has the potential to change how we work globally and what we consider creativity. Poetry, expressing human emotion, was at some point thought to be the last safe place for humans. Something that AI couldn’t do. Aum Golly may soon be available near you. In one form or another.

NEVER AGAIN – “NEW LIFE” BULLETIN “Never again will I curse the ground because of man.” Gen. 8:21 I’m not going to write about the flood, but I am going to mention a rainbow. As you may know, the students at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School in Parkland, Florida have labeled one of several organized protests against the lack of political movement to quell gun violence, especially with assault-type weapons, “Never Again.” When they returned to that school on Monday to retrieve what they had left behind in the wake of the shooting, which left fourteen students and three faculty dead, they were greeted by a rainbow in the sky. The school hockey team lost one member to the shooting. They were to play in a tournament to decide the state championship and they were not expected to move up in the brackets. They won the state with seventeen players. Let’s recap. Seventeen people killed. Seventeen players won the state hockey championship as underdogs. One protest movement chose “Never Again” as their slogan and a rainbow greeted them on Monday as they went to the school for the first time since the shooting. If I were a person who looked for omens and signs, and I was one of those the students feel have dragged their feet due to political pressure, I’d be worried. In fact, they need to be worried regardless. I was in my mid twenties when the civil rights movement was gaining momentum. I remember a preacher passed out literature with a black man’s face super-imposed over a monkey, which contained all the dangers of rape and sexually transmitted diseases and social chaos blacks and black/white marriage would bring into the populace if they were granted equality. A discussion took place and one preacher offered what he felt was the calming word. He said something like, “This can’t be pushed on people. You can legislate it. It will take time.” “Now is not the time to talk about it.” “We’ve got to move slowly” That has been said after every mass shooting or social crisis. But there comes a time when, as Victor Hugo said, “There is nothing more powerful than an idea whose time has come.” Get ready, that time has come, just as it did with integration and a long historical list of other such events. There are those who see the students at Stoneman Douglas as immature and not able to make decisions on such an important issue. On one social media outlet, a retired teacher for 24 years, wrote her solution to Parkland’s shooting. She told the students not to protest, but to go back to school and find the lonely, ignored, etc., person and make friends with them. It was long letter offering some good advice. It seems she was sure this would solve the problem. Her solution never addressed the fact that some damaged people do not kill others, in fact, in many cases they go on to become leaders. The mystery of nurture or nature and evil has not yet been solved. Her suggestion misses the urgency. While reaching out to the “loner” or lonely, nothing is done to stop the one not yet reached, or can’t be reached, who has a killing machine in their hand. Where would we be with racism in America if no one had stood up and said, “Enough”? I’m not sure where we would be, but it wouldn’t be where we are, and we’ve not gone far enough. Those who see the students as being children, not mature enough to understand the big picture, might want to remember the quiet line of black children walking in protest in Montgomery Ala., who were met with fire hoses and police dogs. It was seen around the world and the power of Jim Crow and Bull Conner cracked a little more. These young people in Florida were met with round after round from an assault rifle. It also was seen around the world and the survivors can hear the political powers cracking. Throwing in a little Bible, we might remember David and Goliath, which has become the standard for the little guy beating the big guy. Or even the words of the prophet Isaiah, “And a little child shall lead them.” Students across America are making their voices heard. They will march on Washington and they will not even have to march around the Capital seven times, if you listen carefully you can already hear the foundations of self-interest, greed and power cracking. The time has come. Sadly once again, at the cost of children. Finally, the words of junior Sheryl Acquarola, as she gave her emotional protest speech at the State House in Tallahassee: She said her little brother told her as he left for his grade school following the Douglas shooting, “Don’t worry, I won’t be murdered at school today.” Think about that. 3-Vivian Dugan 5-Bonnie Blessing 12-Buster McRoy 13-Bill Albert 29-James Downing 31-Erma Williams 10-Alan & Joni Beach 19-Bill & Martha Alb CONCERNS: Judy Hall was to be transferred to Raleigh Court Nursing Care on Friday. Mark McRoy asks prayer for a colleague, Keith Scott and his wife who lost a three month old baby to apparent SIDS. Also prayers for Carlos and Silvia Baltedano who live in Montellano, Guatemala and are part of the Health Talents team at the Ezell Clinic. Deanna McRoy has been given a cancer free at this time. However, her type of cancer is very aggressive and can return. Teryn Gaynor’s mother is still being treated for cancer. Both Joni and Alan Beach’s parents are experiencing health problems as is Del Bolin’s mother. Continue to remember Sheila Jansen and daughter, Amber Weaver, Marjorie Wilson Melanie Gentry, Wayne Phlegar, Rat and Darnel Barns, Gil Richardson, Jamie Cole, Jim and Mary Smith and Tim Elder. March 11 (next Sunday) starts Daylight Savings Time. Be sure to set your clocks ahead an hour before going to bed on Saturday. Each year, usually in March, a member of Gideons International speaks to us about the Gideon’s work of distributing Bibles throughout the world. Richard Perkins will represent them this year. He will speak briefly before the sermon and will take an offering in the foyer after the service from those who wish to contribute. Thanks to Len Jordan for cleaning up the lower end of the parking lot. It had been overgrown with ivy creeping out from the yard. Lyn is also interested in cleaning the lower end of the yard between us and the apartments. Since we now pay for refuse collection all be have to do is stack it on the curb. However, large trees will have to be cut in smaller sections. A day will be planned for this work as the weather gets milder. The Wednesday Evening Class continues in the Gospel of John. This week we will start chapter 4, where Jesus meets the Samaritan woman at the well. March 18 will be the next Super Sunday. Plan now to attend. If you are graduating from any educational school or training center, let Erma Williams Know. The banquet will be in May. Vivian Dugan will be away for the next few weeks.

This summer’s ManLove Fantasies contest is now open. It’s a fab opportunity to see what different writers do with the same prompt and also to have a chance of winning a Kindle Fire HD loaded with m/m romances. Simply comment, with your email address, to enter the contest – and you can enter every day. Find it here: For those who are not already aware, Siren Bookstrand have an ongoing special offer, with a selection of books available for 99c on the anniversary of their original release date (and for a few days thereafter). So if there’s something you’ve always meant to get round to reading – I think we all have the same problem of too many books and not enough time! – or you just want to browse, looking for a new author, it’s a great place to visit. Siren Bookstrand time machine is here. I’m sure everyone will have heard the sad news about Samhain Publishing closing their doors on 28th February, but just in case the upside to this has escaped your attention, books on their site are on sale. I, for one, am currently working my way through their back catalogue as they’ve published so many good books and I’m not sure which of them will be available in the future. It’s sad to see another independent publisher go, and I hope all Samhain authors find new homes. Not really. I just couldn’t pass up the perfect opportunity to quote Captain America. But today is the final day in the Blowing Off Steam blog tour – though the lovely BDF Book Blogs are hosting me for a Facebook chat on Monday, and it would be fantastic to see you there. Today’s tour stops: Foxylutely Books (with a 5 star review) Hearts on Fire The Novel Approach Rainbow Gold Reviews Don’t forget to enter the Rafflecopter draw if you haven’t already done so! And because this is probably the last time I can justifiably post a picture of a steam locomotive on this blog, I leave you with this beauty: I’m being kept very busy today – there are no fewer than six blog visits on the schedule! As always, thank you to the bloggers for hosting me and to everyone who’s been part of the tour so far. It’s been lovely talking to you. Do drop in on one or more of the blogs and enter the rafflecopter draw while you’re there. The Fuzzy, Fluffy World of Chris T Kat Bike Book Reviews (with what may be the world’s first house-spider system of rating!) Molly Lolly – includes bonus Blowing Off Steam scene exclusive to Molly Lolly Vampires, Werewolves and Faires, Oh My! Wicked Faerie’s Tales and Reviews I’m running a little late today due to a doctor’s appointment, but here are today’s tour stops: Scattered Thoughts and Rogue Words Inked Rainbow Reads My Fiction Nook As always, it’ll be lovely to see you if you’d like to stop by – and don’t forget to enter the Rafflecopter draw for an Amazon gift card. Blowing Off Steam is released today, and in celebration I’m visiting four blogs (listed below), where I share my favourite authors, recipes and more. Do drop by if you have a moment, and don’t forget to enter the Rafflecopter draw for a $20 (or equivalent local currency) gift card while you’re there. Thank you again to all the bloggers hosting me on this tour – you’re so generous with your time and energy. And to Will of Pride Promotions, who is a treasure. And also to Amy Sherwood, my editor at Samhain, who is not only a terrific editor with an eagle eye but has the patience of a saint. MM Good Book Reviews (with a 5 heart review!) Book Reviews and More by Kathy BFD Book Blog (and a 5 star review!) And while not part of the tour, Gay Guy Reading has given Blowing Off Steam a wonderful review with the stamp of “Highly Recommended” and an equally wonderful banner to go with it. I did get a little over-excited when I saw the picture of the train. It seems I’ve gone from knowing nothing about steam locomotives when I started writing this book to being heavily invested in them. I see a holiday travelling the West Highland Line on a steam train in my near future! The Blowing Off Steam blog tour starts today! It lasts for a week, with a $20 Amazon gift card on offer, as well as posts about trains, spiders, and my favourite couples from literature (somehow Pongo and Missis made their way onto that list). It will be lovely to see people at any of the stops, where I’ll be popping in and out all day if you have any questions for me. I’ll post the links on a daily basis as they go live (and you get a Rafflecopter entry for every blog you leave a comment on). A Rafflecopter giveaway Bayou Book Junkie (where the book has received a 5 star review!) Prism Book Alliance My very grateful thanks to all of the bloggers who are hosting me and to Will at Pride Promotions for his exemplary organisational skills. RT Magazine has given Blowing Off Steam a great 4.5 star review: “…Watching these two fall in love is the best thing that’s happened to UK railroads since Thomas the Tank Engine.” The review has cleared up something that’s been puzzling me, which is precisely where my desire to write about trains originated from. Several people have asked and until now I’ve had no idea. But I forgot about Thomas. Ah, Thomas the Tank Engine. I remember pestering my dad at an airshow until he gave in and bought a ticket for us all to ride the motorised Thomas that was zipping up and down the runways. Of course it broke down at the furthest point from anywhere and we had to walk about a mile in the blazing midday sun. I was not overly popular with the rest of my family. Later, when I was a rock and roll chick (hey, it was the eighties. Everyone listened to Bon Jovi and Metallica and had big hair) I still loved Thomas – the leather jacket I wore to countless gigs at the Marquee club sported a James the Red Engine pin. It’s even possible that I had a brief foray into writing fanfiction for Thomas. Don’t tell me no one else sees the unresolved sexual tension between Thomas and that cheeky little chappie Percy. Blowing Off Steam is released next week, and Samhain is currently offering it at a 30% discount. The Blowing Off Steam blog tour is getting closer (it starts 25th May, with the book released 26th May), and I can’t wait any longer to share the wonderful artwork that Will at Pride Promotions has produced for the tour. I’m really excited about the tour, and very grateful to Will for his hard work and to all the bloggers who are so generously hosting me. While I’m sharing things, Blowing Off Steam has been named one of the best books of the month at Scattered Thoughts and Rogue Words, where it’s received a phenomenal review which includes a bonus video of steam trains. Sam would be in heaven watching it! I’m thrilled the reviewer enjoyed the book so much, as well as Syneca’s lovely cover. I think that sending books out into the world is a little how it must be packing one’s child off to school. You’ve done everything you can to make sure it’s properly dressed, well-mannered, and has its lunch, but nothing can stop the worry that people won’t like it. I mean, nobody is liked by everyone, and the same holds true for books, but when you’ve grown fond of characters, you hope other people will enjoy being around them too. On my first day at ‘big school’, I firmly informed my mother that if I didn’t like it, I wouldn’t be going back. She agreed, presumably so she didn’t have to drag a tantrumming daughter through the school gates. I’m thankful I did enjoy it, because I’m not sure what she’d have done otherwise. And I think I have it tough trying to corral fictional characters!

Background to the Study The increased emphasis internationally on clinical and cost effectiveness in health policy has highlighted the need for quality health services to be built upon the use of best evidence (McKenna, Ashton & Keeney, 2010). Various governments have introduced initiatives to support the development of evidence-based healthcare systems in which decisions made by healthcare practitioners, managers, policy makers and patients are based on high quality evidence. Activity has focused on developing evidence-based guidelines for clinical interventions. For example, in the USA, the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality leads national efforts in the use of evidence to guide healthcare decisions. Evidence-based practice (EBP) is an interdisciplinary approach to clinical practice that started in medicine as evidence based medicine (EBM) and spread to other fields such as dentistry, nursing, psychology, education, library, information science and other fields. (Titler, Cullen & Ardery, 2013). Polit and Beck (2011) define EBP as requiring the use of the best available research evidence and practical experience to make clinical decisions. EBP leads to cost-efficient, quality patient care and improved patient outcomes (Burns & Grove, 2010). Policy, political and professional imperatives have made EBP a clinical prerequisite for daily practice. Over the years since its formal introduction in 1992, EBP has emerged as a major policy theme in Western healthcare systems, especially, the United States of America (USA), Australia and the United Kingdom (Rycroft-Malone, 2011). EBP is not only applying research-based evidence to assist in making decision about the healthcare of patients but rather extends to identify the knowledge gaps and finding systematically appraising and condensing the evidence to assist clinical expertise, rather than replacing it (Elshaug, 2010). In accordance with most health-related professions, there has been a growing focus on quality improvement including moving from a traditional intuition-based paradigm to evidence-based nursing practice (EBNP) (Melnyk & Fineout-Overholt, 2011). The EBNP process consists of five stages: (1) formulating a question that will yield the most suitable answer; (2) gathering the most relevant information by systematic search of the literature or clinical guidelines; (3) performing critical evaluation of the evidence and its validity, relevance and feasibility; (4) integrating research evidence with clinical experience, patients’ values and preferences and (5) assessing treatment outcomes (Melnyk & Fineout-Overholt, 2010). Implementing EBNP is potentially beneficial for patients and healthcare systems in general, and for nurses in particular. It enhances patients’ access to information about effective treatment (Melnyk & Fineout-Overholt, 2012). EBNP can also improve the healthcare system by facilitating consistent decision making and advancing cost-effectiveness. Furthermore, EBNP can help nurses by facilitating informed and evidence-based clinical decision-making, support them to bewell informed with technologies and enable greater efficiency (Melnyk & Fineout-Overholt, 2011). EBP in nursing has been strongly presented in the agendas of many professional organisations as an undergraduate requirement in countries, like the USA, Canada and Jordan (Baumbusch, 2010). Among the many professional organisations is the Jordanian Nursing Council (JNC), which emphasizes the implementation of EBP as one fundamental component of nursing practice and education (Jordanian Nursing Council, 2010).It is believed that the evidence-based practice in nursing education should commence in the undergraduate preparation, which provide the skills required to find, analyze and, later, synthesize best evidence for practice (Balakas & Sparks, 2010). Therefore, assessing factors influencing the implementation of EBP in nursing programs, withfuture graduate nurses, is crucial to prepare nursing graduates to adopt and implement these principles in their work. Despite the plethora of literature on what evidence-based nursing is and is not, EBP in nursing education is still struggling and has not been addressed adequately. Many researchers identified that some problems that inhibit the implementation of EBP in nursing practice (Brown, 2009; Thompson, 2010), include insufficient educators’ skills and time to find research studies, inadequate knowledge on how to evaluate research findings, and lack of organisational support, lack of adequate understanding of technologies associated with the teaching strategies promoting EBP such as the use of human simulation in the nursing laboratories and lack of consensus on the best strategies, material, time and level of students to engage in EBP (Stichler, 2013). Other related problem to teaching process, especially in undergraduate education, focuses mainly on the process of deducting evidence from research rather than conducting research (Ciliska, 2010) abandoning an essential component of EBP. By and large, the predicament of EBP is enormous. Thus, in Nigeria, EBP is still far from its realizations and under studied. It is in line with the above that the researcher seeks to find out factors that influence the implementation of evidence-based practice among nurses in selected tertiary hospitals in Enugu urban. Statement of the Problem

Identifying prevention strategies for adolescents to reduce their risk of depression: A Delphi consensus study Kathryn E Cairns, Marie BH Yap, Nicola J Reavley, Anthony F Jorm JOURNAL OF AFFECTIVE DISORDERS | ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV | Published : 2015 BACKGROUND: Adolescence is a peak time for the onset of depression, but little is known about what adolescents can do to reduce their own level of risk. METHOD: This study employed the Delphi methodology to establish expert consensus on self-help prevention strategies for adolescent depression. A literature search identified 194 recommendations for adolescents. These were presented over three questionnaire rounds to panels of 32 international research and practice experts and 49 consumer advocates, who rated the preventive importance of each recommendation and the feasibility of their implementation by adolescents. RESULTS: 145 strategies were endorsed as likely to be helpful in reducing ado..View full abstract Related Projects (2) Awarded by National Health and Medical Research Council Australia Author Cairns was funded by an Australian Postgraduate Award Scholarship. Additional funding for the study was provided by National Health and Medical Research Council Australia Fellowships to Author Yap (1061744) and Author Jorm (566652). The funding source had no role in the study design; in the collection, analysis and interpretation of data; in the writing of the report; or in the decision to submit the paper for publication.

Marriage, #MeToo and dating in the dark ages Do we need new rules for dating? The feminist revolutions of the 1900s ended centuries of strict rituals for young couples. In the #MeToo era, should we look to the past for guidance? A fair damsel. A knight in shining armour. Courtly love is held up as the peak of chivalry, but the reality of medieval love was very different. Marriages were decided between families and couples rarely met before the big day. Strict conduct books helped wives adjust to their new roles. One 13th-century guide instructs women to perform an exhaustive list of chores “while meditating on […] the reasons for the damnation of Lucifer”. While women were told to be patient and submissive, husbands could take mistresses and do as they pleased. Over time, elaborate codes of courtship developed. One 18th-century ritual saw a man gift his beloved gloves, which she would then wear to church if she accepted his proposal. By the Victorian era, men and women could not talk to each other without being formally introduced and were not left alone until their engagement. But change came fast after the turn of the 20th century. Suffragettes battled, often violently, for the right to vote and at last women gained more legal independence. Then came the sexual revolution of the 60s and 70s, which overturned the stuffy conventions of marriage and championed free love and gay rights. We never looked back. But now, a year after the #MeToo movement highlighted sexual harassment everywhere from Hollywood to Westminster, some are asking if that freedom came at a high price. “As soon as older feminists had won sexual liberation, [the] patriarchy reframed it as sexual availability for men,” argues writer Van Badham. She claims that some men used women’s freedom to objectify them more. Not all women agree. In January, 100 female creatives signed a letter accusing #MeToo of making it a “crime” for men to flirt “clumsily”, referencing Naomi Wolf’s claim that critic Harold Bloom put a “heavy” hand on her knee 30 years ago. They say we are heading back to the Victorian era. But journalist Tony Parsons argues that activists are “simply introducing good manners into sexual etiquette.” Some 40% of men say that #MeToo has changed the way they interact with potential partners. Do we need new rules for dating? The rule book It would make it safer and simpler, say some. Facebook and Google have introduced policies to stop staff asking out a co-worker more than once, and Parliament now has a stricter complaints system to counter workplace harassment. #MeToo has shown what can happen without proper safeguards. No way, argue others. The etiquette of past centuries didn’t prevent sexual violence. It has always happened but was ignored. For example, in the UK, rape within marriage was legal until 1991. There’s only one rule that matters: don’t abuse your power over someone. Beyond that, we should be free. - Does modern dating need more rules? - Will the #MeToo movement change society forever? - Look up traditions for dating and courtship from medieval times through to Victorian times. Find three examples that seem strange or funny now. - Research the concept of the “patriarchy”. Write a one-page essay on whether our society is still patriarchal and the reasons behind your thinking. Include examples from the real world. Some People Say... “Courtship is to marriage, as a very witty prologue to a very dull play.”William Congreve What do you think? Q & A - What do we know? - Courtship has been the subject of elaborate and bizarre instructions over the centuries. In one book, Victorian men bringing a woman to a dinner party were told to “never pour her gravy without asking”. If a courting couple walked together, the only physical contact permitted was him holding her hand over rough terrain. - What do we not know? - What impact the #MeToo movement will have on society in the long run. Many have described the calling out of predatory behaviour by powerful men a “revolution”, with Forbes predicting it could end “the male domination of humanity”. Others argue that while it is good progress, many of the structures barring women from power and success, such as government cuts to welfare that disproportionately affect women, will go unchallenged. - Courtly love - More properly known as fin’amor, this was a convention in medieval literature that emphasised nobility and chivalry. It usually involved adultery, as with Queen Guinevere’s affair with Sir Lancelot in Arthurian myth. - Victorian era - If a man wanted to make a woman’s acquaintance at a party or escort her home, he would hand her a “card” with his intentions written on it. She could then subtly accept or reject it. - Following the downfall of Hollywood producer Harvey Weinstein, who was accused by numerous women of rape and sexual assault, women around the world began sharing their own experiences of assault and harassment by using the #MeToo hashtag. - A system in which men hold the power and women are excluded. Feminists say the patriarchy still influences our society. - Naomi Wolf - An American writer who worked as an aide to former US Vice-President Al Gore and former US President Bill Clinton.

Prompts for practice at house can be loaded regularly. For the primary two essays, you will be offered with an excerpt and directed to research the excerpt for a given theme, gadget, or development. One of the passages might be poetry, and one will likely be prose. You’ll be supplied with the creator of the work, the approximate date, and some orienting data (i.e., the plot context of an excerpt from a novel). Claudius has an even more direct impact on Hamlet’s insanity. Hamlet is disgusted enough with him already because he views this new marriage as incestuous. However when the ghost of King Hamlet appears and tells Hamlet that Claudius truly murdered him for the crown, that is what really places Hamlet on the highway toward insanity. It is his need to avenge his father that causes him to placed on a display of madness. You could possibly have a look at the homework on for AP Lit (below: Classes & Homework – English). Practice questions with step-by-step options. Don’t wed your self to your structure. If your ideas change as you are writing, work it in. Perfectly structured essays are boring (and something good written in just 40 minutes will notbe completely structured). The a number of-selection section of the examination contains 45% of your total examination score; the three essays, or free-response part, comprise the opposite 55%. Each essay, then, is worth about 18% of your grade. In 2017, the English Literature and Composition AP Exam will be administered on Wednesday, Might three at 8 AM. Hamlet’s poor relationship with his mom can also be a cause of issues for him. He has already misplaced his respect for his mom due to her remarrying so rapidly after his father’s demise, and since she married his father’s brother. Even as the play begins, Hamlet is depressed, and it is based on his mother’s actions and what they’ve executed to his relationship together with her. Finding Fast Systems In literature essay examples It is best to ensure that you observe responding to sample prompts in as exact a manner as attainable. How do we measure our precision here the rime of the ancient mariner notes? Good question. By inspecting the AP® English Literature rubric for the free response section, the pertinent expertise on which your success depends turn into evident. Starting every paragraph with a clear, focused topic sentence that previews the principle concept or focus of the paragraph helps you the author and the reader hold observe of each part of your argument. Each section furthers your factors on the best way to convincing your reader of your argument. If one level is unclear, unfocused, or grammatically unintelligible, like a home of playing cards, your entire argument crumbles. Glorious compositional expertise make it easier to lay it all out neatly, clearly, and absolutely. Uncomplicated Programs Of literature essay samples In The Usa Unit Goals: Students will demonstrate their understanding (each by means of writing assignments and participation in school discussions) of the development of late twentieth century literature, specializing in the influence of put up-modernism. Students will be able to analyze the intent of author’s use of post-modern techniques of their writing. The AP English Literature and Composition exam is all about analysis of various literary works. Hopefully the following tips will make it easier to sort out this massive examination with ease. In Hamlet, by William Shakespeare, the character Hamlet’s poor relationships with his mom, Queen Gertrude, and his uncle, King Claudius, present an excellent deal about his madness, and insanity is a significant theme in the play. To kill a mockingbird social class essay. Research paper on design of brakes essay about ways to improve your english ap human geography case examine answers dr pepper case research. Foundation doctor essay prize critical thinking as degree grade boundaries. Essay about doing higher at school. Job fulfillment essay essay on stick free pattern essays 11 plus. Importance of web essay in urdu the right way to format essay in apa nanotechnology in most cancers treatment essay george hay an essay on the liberty of the press ayn rand annual essay contest the significance of having a optimistic angle essay. Pattern essay with apa citations the right way to write an excellent opinion essay essay on aquatic centre. Kalam bolti hai essay in hindi easy methods to write a prose essay for ap lit.

Background: Metastasis to the breast from nonmammary malignancies is rare, and mostly involves patients in a pre-terminal condition with systemic metastases outside the breast. Lymphoma and leukemia, melanoma, and lung carcinoma are the most common primary malignancies to cause breast metastasis; metastasis of soft tissue sarcoma to the breast is very rare. Here, we report a case of primary lower-extremity myxoid liposarcoma with the development of a solitary metastasis to the breast. To the best of our knowledge, no isolated case reports of solitary breast metastasis by myxoid liposarcoma have been previously reported in the English-language literature.Case presentation: The patient, a 66-year-old woman, had been previously diagnosed with myxoid liposarcoma of the right thigh. At 21 months after complete surgical resection of the primary tumor with negative margins, a palpable tumor was identified in the patient's left breast. Needle biopsy revealed the presence of metastatic liposarcoma; positron emission tomography/computed tomography examination confirmed the metastasis as solitary, and no local recurrence of the primary tumor was identified. The patient underwent lumpectomy with negative margins and did not provide consent for adjuvant chemotherapy. As with the biopsy specimen and the total cleavage specimen, myxoid liposarcoma with metastasis to the breast was diagnosed. No recurrence or new metastases were observed five years after resection of the metastatic breast lesion.Conclusions: We have presented an extremely rare case of a solitary metastatic breast tumor arising from myxoid liposarcoma of the lower limbs. There is no standard treatment for the management of solitary breast metastasis from myxoid liposarcoma. Therefore, treatment should be guided by consideration of an individual patient's overall condition. All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes - Cancer Research

Hiring Organisation: United States US Embassy, US Mission in Uganda Duty Station: Kampala, Uganda Salary: UGX 44,197,171 /= Position Number: Kampala-2020-019 About US Embassy: The United States Embassy in Kampala, Uganda has enjoyed diplomatic relations with Uganda for over 30 years. Ambassador Natalie E. Brown currently heads the U.S Mission to Uganda. The Mission is composed of several offices and organizations all working under the auspices of the Embassy and at the direction of the Ambassador. Among the offices operating under the U.S Mission to Uganda are: - United States Agency for International Development (USAID) - Centers for Disease Control (CDC) - Peace Corps Job Summary: The Administrative Clerk- Facilities Management is assigned to the Facility Management Office and reports directly to the Senior/Deputy Facility Manager. Provides clerical/secretarial support to the Senior Facility Manager, Deputy and assistant Facility Managers, and the designated Facilities Engineering and Maintenance Supervisors. Key Duties and Responsibilities: Supports and manages the Facility Manager’s daily work schedule and planning activities. 45% - Provides administrative/clerical support to the Senior, Deputy and Assistant Facility Manager(s), and designated Locally Employed (LE) personnel including Facility Engineers, the Maintenance Supervisor, and Shop Foremen. - The Administrative Clerk will receive telephone and e-mail inquiries for all types of facility related issues, will provide information and direction as necessary, and keep the Facility Management team apprised of customer complaints so corrective measures can be taken. Performs administrative duties as assigned by the Facility Manager (FM) such as drafting memos, typing correspondence and maintaining all files, records, and reports. 35% - The Administrative Assistant will draft memos and type correspondences to both internal and external sources; will maintain all files, records, and reports in easily accessible locations such as electronically on the shared drive, or hard copies in approved filing cabinets. - Keeps the maintenance library organized and up to date when manufacturers submit revised O&M manuals. - Prepares translations of official documents for the Senior Facility Manager and the Facility Management ICASS customers as required. - Provides support to TDY personnel by assisting with country clearance responses, hotel arrangements, providing post and country information literature, arranging transportation, etc - Tracks and monitors all Building Maintenance Expense (BME) service contacts (approximately 10 contracts) to ensure contractors are meeting the requirements of their service contracts. Submits access requests to the Regional Security Office (RSO) and tracks approval/rejection status of each access requests. Makes arrangements for escorts for contractors personnel including Cleared American escorts for work/service performed in Control Access Area (CAA) locations. - Tracks contractor invoices for BME service contracts and Repair and Improvement (R&I) contracts to ensure they are accurate and complete when submitted, and submits them to be paid according to the prompt payment act. Will provide guidance to contractors when invoices are incomplete or need revision. Will work closely with GSO Procurement and Financial Management when processing invoices. - Is trained in Computerized Maintenance Management System (CMMS) and serves as the alternate Work Control Clerk under direction of the Facility Manager and may be instructed to determine work order priorities and scheduling. The incumbent will run CMMS reports as requested by the FM to track the total cost of maintaining properties or equipment, work performed for agencies, work order backlog reports, and reports of work accomplished by individual and shop. Is primary time keeper for the Facility Management Section. - Uses the Department of State TATEL software program to report time and attendance (T&A). Monitors LE staff attendance, reports habitual tardiness and abuse of annual and sick leave, and reports LE staff overtime as requested by the his/her Senior, Deputy or Assistant FMs. Qualifications, Skills and Experience: NOTE: All applicants must address each selection criterion detailed below with specific and comprehensive information supporting each item. - The applicants for the United States US Embassy Administrative Clerk- Facilities Management job opportunity should have completed secondary school. Required. - At least two years working as an Administrative Clerk/Assistant or in a clerical setting, or equivalent experience. - The incumbent shall possess job knowledge to include general computer literacy, basic math, and office management and administrative skills. - Must be proficient in the use of Microsoft Office software (Outlook, Word, Excel, Power Point etc.) and other computer programs, and customer service oriented. - The incumbent must be a visionary, forward thinker, and quick understudy with an aptitude to learn so he/she can anticipate the needs of the office and those individuals he/she supports. - Must have excellent interpersonal skills in order to deal with a myriad of personalities including frustrated customers; able to handle a large workload that encompasses multiple tasks. - Must be organized, methodical, decisive, and have professional telephone skills. - Language: English level III (Good working knowledge) Written/Speaking/Reading is required. This may be tested. How to Apply: All those interested in working with the US mission in Kampala should send their applications online at the link below. Click Here Deadline: 5th May 2021 For more of the latest jobs, please visit https://www.theugandanjobline.com or find us on our facebook page https://www.facebook.com/UgandanJobline

Buildings generate nearly 30% of global carbon emissions, primarily due to the need to heat or cool them to meet acceptable indoor temperatures. In the last 20 years, the empirically derived adaptive model of thermal comfort has emerged as a powerful alternative to fixed set-point driven design. However, current adaptive standards offer a simple linear relationship between the outdoor temperature and the indoor comfort temperature, assumed to sufficiently explain the effect of all other variables, e.g. relative humidity (RH) and air velocity. The lack of a signal for RH is particularly surprising given its well-known impact on comfort. Attempts in the literature to either explain the lack of such a signal or demonstrate its existence, remain scattered, unsubstantiated and localised. In this paper we demonstrate, for the first time, that a humidity signal exists in adaptive thermal comfort using global data to form two separate lines of evidence: a meta-analysis of summary data from 63 field studies and detailed field data from 39 naturally ventilated buildings over 8 climate types. We implicate method selection in previous work as the likely cause of failure to detect this signal, by demonstrating that our chosen method has a 56% lower error rate. We derive a new designer-friendly RH-inclusive adaptive model that significantly extends the range of acceptable indoor conditions 2 for designing low-energy naturally-conditioned buildings all over the world. This is 1 demonstrated through parametric simulations in 13 global locations, which reveal that the 2 current model overestimates overheating by 30% compared to the new one.

Note: Prion2014 has no formal policy on social media, so I have been limiting my blogging to published work that speakers have discussed, except where speakers have given me permission to mention unpublished portions of their presentations. Aguzzi opened by opining that not all that aggregates is a prion. In contrast to Dr. Prusiner’s talk yesterday, he argued that PrP prions are fundamentally different from Aβ, Tau, etc. because they are readily transmissible between organisms. This is why he uses the term “prionoids” instead of “prions” for everything except PrP. He defines prion strains as maintaining their properties on serial passage. He offered that strains might differ in their quaternary structure rather than their tertiary structure – the monomers are stuck together differently. He has been using polythiophenes, aka luminescent conjugated polymers, to type prion strains, as they bind to the backbone of PrPSc fibrils and emit different wavelengths of light depending on how the backbone is bent. His and Christina Sigurdson’s work with LCPs [Sigurdson 2007] is given as evidence that prion strain is indeed encoded in quaternary structure. They next showed that if you incubate LCPs with prions, you get extremely SDS-stable higher-order PrP aggregates, suggesting that LCPs hyperstabilize the aggregates [Margalith 2012]. This is important because the crucial moment in prion propagation is when a prion fibril breaks into two – this is the only way you go from one propagon to two. Stabilizing fibrils with the LCP LIN1001, preventing this breakage, actually reduces prion titer, as measured by the scrapie cell assay. They got similar results in the misfolded protein assay (MPA). This prompted further inquiries about LCPs, and Aguzzi then went into great detail on unpublished work which I do not have permission to share here. He next discussed his efforts to dissect the molecular basis of prion neurotoxicity. He believes that PrPC has a native function in myelin homeostasis which requires alpha cleavage [Bremer 2010]. In prion disease, PrPSc binds the globular domain of PrPC and induces a conformational change which moves the N terminus into a different position and makes it “the executioner”. This explains why prion neurotoxicity is cell-autonomous and restricted to PrPC-expressing cells. He believes that antibodies against the globular domain of PrPC induce the same conformational change [Sonati 2013]. The antibodies are therefore a mimetic of prion toxicity. To examine this question, they developed the cerebellar organotypic cultured slices (COCS) [Falsig 2012] which are the first in vitro model to exhibit robust neurodegeneration upon infection with prions. Using this model, they launched a variety of experiments to compare the neurodegeneration induced by prions vs. by antibodies, muchy if which is in [Sonati 2013], and the rest of which is unpublished and I cannot share here. The toxicity of the antibodies depends on the epitope to which they bind, and on the PrP molecule being bound. PrPΔ32-93 does not exhibit toxicity when bound by the POM1 antibody against the globular domain, apparently because its flexible tail is shortened; antibodies against the flexible tail also abrogate toxicity [Sonati 2013]. As a final point, Aguzzi created “N-GPI” mice which express only the N terminus of PrP, linked to a GPI anchor and these mice exhibit a cerebellar toxicity like that induced by POM1. Aguzzi concluded by presenting his evidence that ICSM-18, which MRC Prion Unit considers to be a therapeutic antibody, induces toxicity just like POM1 does. He suggested that this toxicity was not seen in MRC Prion Unit’s efforts [Klohn 2012] simply because the dose used was too low, and that at higher doses such as 4 μM, ISCM-18 is indeed toxic. He questioned MRC Prion Unit’s unwillingness to share the antibody for further research. Simon Mead and Peter Klohn each took the podium to offer an alternative perspective. Mead disputed the claim that ISCM-18 and POM1 share an identical epitope, citing evidence that ICSM-18 has a linear epitope [Khalili-Shirazi 2005, Antonyuk 2009] while POM1 is reported to have a nonlinear epitope [Polymenidou 2008], and he further argued that there exists a therapeutic window between therapeutic and toxic concentrations of ISCM-18. Klohn pointed out that three different groups (Collinge, Solforosi and Horiuchi) have found antibodies raised against PrP α-helix 1 to be innocuous, and suggested that their epitopes may differ slightly from that of POM1. For more background on the debate, see Aguzzi’s Invited Abstract #1 and watch this video of the responses: Mallucci opened with a general pitch for the existence of a therapeutic window in prion diseases after synapse loss begins but before frank neuronal loss, a perspective which will be familiar to those who have followed her work [White & Mallucci 2009]. She went on to discuss the temporal relationship between synapse loss, decline in synaptic transmission, onset of behavioral defecits, and multiple markers of unfolded protein response (UPR) activation [Moreno 2012]. This prompted her work demonstrating the use of PERK inhibitors as oral drugs against UPR activation as a therapeutic strategy for prion disease [Moreno 2013], which I’ve blogged about previously. She showed several videos to demonstrate the improvement in behavioral signs, at a particular timepoint, in mice treated with PERK inhibitors. She argued that PERK is potentially a target in several other neurodegenerative diseases as well, citing [Sidrauski 2013, Stutzbach 2013, Kim 2014]. One of these studies [Sidrauski 2013] used another small molecule, ISRIB, which appears to act downstream of eIF2α phosphorylation and may be hitting eIF2β. After the talk, Ina Vorberg asked how Mallucci was able to get such a large effect with a lentiviral injection overexpressing GADD34 [Moreno 2012] – how much area of the brain was reached with lentivirus? Mallucci said she was not sure why the hippocampus seemed to be so important, but targeting the hippocampus seemed to give a therapeutic effect out of proportion to the volume of neurons reached. Mouillet-Richard opened by motivating a search for PrPC‘s native function: how can PrP knockout mice be so healthy despite the conservation of the Prnp gene? There is evidence for PrPC having a role in neural stem cell homeostasis [Zhang 2006, Steele 2006]. She uses anti-PrP shRNA in stem cells as a tool to examine PrP’s native function. As her title, “The cellular prion protein controls Notch signalling and neuroectodermal stem cell architecture”, indicates, she has evidence that PrP controls Notch signalling. The only reference for this that I could find online was [Martin-Lanneree, Prion2012 abstract PO-219], so I am assuming this work is unpublished and I don’t have the speaker’s blessing to share it here. Notch is upregulated in prion disease – see this post – which raises the question of whether some of PrPSc‘s toxicity is mediated by an exaggeration of PrPC‘s native function in regulating Notch. Lindsay E. Parrie Parrie began by reviewing the literature suggesting that PrP is pro-survival and promotes neuronal character/differentiation. PrP is expressed in olfactory sensory neurons, where there are no glia, offering a chance to view a pure neuronal population. Also, PrPSc accumulates in olfactory neurons. They therefore considered this brain region as a good model system to look at the role of PrP in neuronal differentiation. When I looked in the literature, there was one paper on glial expression of PrP promoting neuronal survival [Lima 2007]. Presumably Parrie’s experimental system provides a new way to disentangle the role of glial PrP from that of neuronal PrP. After the talk, Adriano Aguzzi praised the study but warned that genetic confounders could be a factor influencing the knockout phenotypes. Six of seven independent PrP knockout mouse lines (excepting Jean Manson’s Edinburgh line [Manson 1994]) were made using 129 ES cells in Black-6 embryos, and retain genetic linkage of the 129 mouse background around the PrP locus. Aguzzi has shown genetic linkage to be the true reason for at least one reported knockout phenotype [Nuvolone 2013]. Aguzzi has recently used TALENs to create a new line of PrP knockout mice that are purely Black-6 congenic [unpublished work of Mario Hermann] and he is happy to share these with the community. Telling completely changed his topic from the originally scheduled topic, speaking instead about structural effects of PrP polymorphisms on prion propagation, a story which is currently in revision for publication. He cited some prior evidence for polymorphism influence on propagation in a variety of species [Telling 1995, Green 2008, Saijo 2013], and particularly for the S96 polymorphism in deer influencing CWD propagation. He then introduced his work with CWD and with the SSBP/1 sheep scrapie strain, and with additional polymorphisms. I believe all of this was unpublished but should be in the literature soon. Tanaka opened with a general introduction to yeast prions such as Swi1, Cyc8 and Mot3. His talk focused on characterization of Mod5 as a novel yeast prion [Suzuki 2012]. Sadly, I am a bit too ignorant about yeast prions to understand what was and was not novel here. Korth’s recent work has focused on defining a specific protein misfolding pathology in DISC1-associated schizophrenia [reviewed in Korth 2012]. He hypothesizes that chronic mental illnesses such as schizophrenia may be associated with misfolded proteins which cause a more subtle neuronal impairment than that seen in neurodegenerative disease. Korth noted that schizophrenia is diagnosed based purely on introspection – i.e. the patient’s self-reported experience. Some patients only ever have one episode, others have repeated episodes of equal severity, others have one episode followed by “residuum”, and still others have a progressive course in which episodes become more frequent and have a large amount of “residuum.” DISC1 was the first gene associated with schizophrenia through linkage in a family with apparently autosomal dominant inheritance of schizophrenia, yet common variants in DISC1 are not associated with schizophrenia [Mathieson 2012]. The familial schizophrenia mutations in DISC1 cause behavioral disturbances in multiple mouse models. The DISC1 protein is believed to be a scaffold protein that interacts with many other proteins and takes part in signaling cascades. Korth has found that DISC1 protein is insoluble in schizophrenia brains and not in neurodegenerative disease brains. He believes that these are insoluble multimers of a much smaller size than the aggregates of, say, Aβ and α-synuclein seen in neurodegenerative disease. The insoluble DISC1 species are transmissible cell-to-cell [Bader 2012. Korth has further explored DISC1 through a transgenic rat model which appears to be unpublished but about which I did find one poster citation [Korth 2014, Poster #T123, Schizophrenia Research]. He further discussed the relationship between dopamine signaling and DISC1 [Bader et al, submitted]. Castilla introduced bank vole I109 PrP as a model of prion disease, citing [Watts 2012] and plugging his group’s poster #229 from this conference. Castilla has been performing PMCA on bank vole PrP as an in vitro model of transmission barriers [for a bit of background see Cosseddu 2011, Fernandez-Borges 2009]. Puig spoke about a C-terminal deletion of PrP which leads to a fatal disease in transgenic mice. She opened with a review of deletion mutants of PrP, which I’ve also reviewed here. See Altmeppen’s poster #65 at this conference. Chernoff began with a general introduction to yeast prions, the advantages of yeast as a model system, and the functional workings of the yeast prion Sup35 as a nonsense suppressor. I believe much of this is covered in his most recent review of yeast prions [Liebman & Chernoff 2012]. It has been shown that some yeast prions can induce prionization of other yeast prions – for instance, Rnq1 induces [PSI+]. Chernoff has recently been working on making fusion proteins of human neurodegenerative disease proteins (including PrP) with the yeast prion Sup35 and expressing these fusions in yeast. He finds that many of these proteins facilitate the spontaneous formation of the yeast prion, which is phenotypically detectable. He shows that the neurodegenerative disease relate proteins form amyloid-like oligomers in yeast, suggesting that this is bringing the fused Sup35 domains together and lowering the barrier to their oligomerization and conversion into a prion. This assay could be used for studying the amyloidogenic and prionogenic properties of mammalian proteins by applying powerful techniques of yeast genetics. He also reviewed some evidence from the Tycko lab for existence of different Aβ strains [Petkova 2005, Lu 2013], and evidence from his own lab that these strains can be maintained on transmission [Heilbronner 2013]. He argued that if it’s true that different Alzheimer’s patients have different strains, then it is important to be able to identify these strains in live patients to allow patient stratification for more effective clinical trials. He ended on a note that the best possible therapeutic target for Alzheimer’s would be to target Aβ seeds early in the disease process before any clinical signs, and that this is the direction we need to head in, though we don’t know how yet. Tagliavini presented evidence for the existence of Aβ strains. As a preface, he asserted his view that mouse models of Alzheimer’s disease are indeed highly relevant to the human disease, and that he would strive to convince the audience of this. He reviewed the phenotypic heterogeneity of early-onset Alzheimer’s patients with different PSEN1 mutations. Some have phenotypes more typical of frontotemporal dementia (FTD) or dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). Similarly, in patients with APP mutations, the Dutch (E693Q), Italian (E693K) mutations are associated with cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) or combined AD/CAA phenotypes while the Arctic mutation (E693G) is associated with AD. There are different neuropathological profiles associated with different familial AD mutations. The rest of his talk was unpublished data I can’t share here. DeArmond pointed to the large overlap in (presumably neuropathological) signatures of neurodegenerative disease in the brain between prion disease and Alzheimer’s and between Alzheimer’s and Lewy body disease and said his goal for today would be to explain why these overlaps occur. Prion disease has an incidence of 1 case per million population per year, and Alzheimer’s has an incidence of 1 per 1500 per year, so the chance of a patient having both diseases at once is .0000001 [Note: I disagree with his math here - the correct comparison would be based on the prevalence, not incidence of the two diseases, and controlling for the fact that they affect the same age group (older individuals)]. Yet patients are sometimes seen to meet neuropathological diagnostic criteria for both diseases. Alzheimer’s often induces Tau hyperphosphorylation, and so does prion disease. Prion disease can also Tau hyperphosphorylation in the absence of Aβ pathology. Aβ and PrPSc can cause PrPC to induce Tau phosphorylation through Fyn or indirectly through Calpain activation and the Cdk5 pathway. Pirisinu presented evidence that GSS cases caused by the P102L, A117V and F198S mutations are all transmissible. She has previously shown that the Nor98 atypical sheep scrapie strain shares features with GSS and has tested its transmission to bank voles [Pirisinu 2013 and Prion2012 PO-049]. Supattapone presented the work of his PhD student Geoff Noble, who is using the Supattapone lab’s model of PMCA on minimal purified components in order to get towards understanding the structure of infectious PrPSc. Supattaapone and Noble have two new stories here. If you’ve followed Supattapone’s work at all, you know that he has pioneered running PMCA on only the minimal components – PrPC, co-purified phospholipids, and a PrPSc seed – in order to dissect what co-factors are essential for infectious PrPSc propagation [Deleault 2007, Deleault 2012a, Deleault 2012b]. Here’s his diagram of this process: He has previously shown that phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) is essential for propagation of infectious PrPSc [Deleault 2012a]. As long as PE is included in the mix that undergoes PMCA, infectivity is propagated at titers comparable to those found in the brain. When PE is withdrawn, you sometimes get a total absence of any PrPSc, while other times you get a different PrPSc isoform which has a different size PK-resistant fragment which propagates serially. Supattapone calls this latter isoform “protein-only PrPSc“. Once you have protein-only PrPSc, even if you add co-factor back in, you never get back to infectious PrPSc. Because these two isoforms – infectious PrPSc and “protein-only PrPSc” – came from the same original seed and differ only in whether they were propagated with co-factor, he views them as a controlled system for determining what structural features are essential for infectivity. The Supattapone lab has therefore used three different low-resolution techniques – deuterium exchange, conformation-specific antibodies, and Raman spectroscopy – to characterize the structures of these two conformers. He found one epitope that was much more exposed in protein-only PrPSc, which might represent a co-factor binding site. The second story revolves around PrP misfolding in fatal familial insomnia prions. Supattapone reasoned that because genetic prion diseases such as FFI are highly penetrant, PrP with the D178N mutation must be much more prone to misfold than wtPrP, and therefore he wondered whether it could misfold without the help of a co-factor. When they applied PMCA to MoPrP-D177N without a seed, it spontaneously misfolded and formed a different conformer, with a different PK-resistant fragment size than PrP seeded with other mouse prions. In fact, this could occur without any co-factor, and the conformation could template onto wild-type PrP. However, de novo FFI PrPSc did require a phospholipid co-factor in order to convert wtPrP, and in contrast to the other prions they studied, it appeared to require a different phospholipid rather than PE. One question-asker wondered whether the “protein-only PrPSc” might not represent a non-infectious strain, but rather simply a different strain which might be infectious to different species. Supattapone said he’s looking into that. The audience member also asked whether the spontaneous FFI prions from PMCA were transmissible. Supattapone argued that this would be hard to figure out since even authentic FFI prions from post-mortem human brains have only limited transmissibility to mice. Aguilar-Calvo has studied the impact of goat Prnp polymorphisms on scrapie susceptibility. Most or all of this appears to be recently published work [Aguilar-Calvo 2014, Lacroux 2014]. The overall conclusion was that the K222 polymorphism is the most highly protective variant and is a good candidate for selective goat breeding campaigns. Candace K. Mathiason Mathiason is studying the blood-borne propagation of CWD and TME prions. This is a long-standing interest of hers [Mathiason 2006] and she has more recently been using RT-QuIC to detect prions in blood [Elder 2013]. The talk revolved around unpublished updates on this work. Sadly, I had to leave early to get ready for the poster session and I missed the talks by Emmanuel E. Comoy, Ignazio Cali, Abigail B. Diack and Kirsty A. Ireland. I believe Comoy spoke about blood-borne prion transmission in macaques and Cali spoke about transmission experiments following up on his previous work on human strain typing [Cali 2009].

European settlers brought the idea of lotteries to the New World. While the Spanish lottery served as an example for many lotteries in Southern and Central America, lotteries in the North were an immediate outgrowth of English lotteries. In fact, tickets of the English state lotteries were sold in the colonies. The 1740ies saw a wave of public lotteries in England to finance participation in the war of the Austrian succession. In this context, New York authorized its first public lottery in 1746 to finance fortification of the city. This first lottery was not overly successful. The drawing had to be postponed due to sluggish sales, and even then the treasury ended up buying the remaining tickets. Nevertheless, there was a second lottery at the end of the same year, this time to raise money for founding a college. Several more lotteries were necessary over the following decade to provide sufficient funding for King’s College (Columbia). The success of the French in the French and Indian war prompted two lotteries in 1756: one to purchase firearms for people who could not afford them (Citizens had been ordered to arm themselves.), and another one to build a jail for prisoners of war. In 1758, a lottery was held to help the city of Albany repay its wartime debts. In 1761, construction of a lighthouse at Sandy Hook was financed by a lottery, since raising taxes seemed inadvisable, given the heavy burden resulting from the war. The same year a lottery was held to repair New York’s city hall. In 1763, there was a lottery to provide funds for subsidizing the cultivation of hemp, exports of which were hoped to reduce the trade deficit with England. These public lotteries were organized along the following lines. People who were interested in organizing a lottery for a particular public purpose petitioned the legislature, which would then pass a bill containing the full details concerning the lottery, such as method of drawing, names of managers, number of tickets, prizes, etc. After authorization had been granted, daily advertisements were placed in a local newspaper, and the tickets were sold by the managers personally. The money to be raised for the particular public purpose was obtained by explicitly deducting a certain percentage (usually 15 or 12.5 percent) from the prizes. In addition to their own public lotteries, New Yorkers could buy tickets for out-of-state and private lotteries. The wave of public lotteries seems to have spurred private competition. The legislature responded with ever stricter laws against private lotteries. Already, in 1721, New York had followed suit when England passed a law against private lotteries. In 1747, the fine for private lotteries was set to double the amount of the lottery, one half of which had to be paid to the person who brought suit and the other half to the government. In 1759, an act was passed imposing a fine on the sale of tickets for private lotteries from other colonies, and, in 1772, another act was passed against the custom of disposing of property by means of a lottery. The year 1774 saw still another act instructing prosecutors to press charges and impose additional penalties for participation in private lotteries. During the revolution, two lotteries were held: one in 1780 to finance the purchase of fire buckets for the city, and the second in 1781 for the benefit of needy refugees. The first lottery-related act after the revolution was aimed at suppressing private lotteries. It iterated the penalties of the law of 1774 but pardoned all offenses that had been committed after 1776. In 1790, a first lottery was authorized to repair the city hall of New York which was intended as the seat of Congress. Five years later, a lottery was held to benefit the poor, and, in 1797, one was authorized to improve certain roads. The beginning of the 19th century saw a wave of public lotteries: a series of lotteries to improve navigation of the Hudson river, four lotteries for the encouragement of literature, the Black River lottery for building a road along this river, a lottery to finance construction of the state capitol, and a series of lotteries for the endowment of Union College. Organizing lotteries had become big business. Managers were required to give bonds to guarantee subsequent payment of prizes but also received commissions ranging from 10 to 15 percent of the amount raised. They no longer sold tickets personally but tended to sell them in bulk to lottery offices. Those lottery offices were a lucrative business. They not only sold tickets at a considerable margin but also offered lottery insurance and let out tickets. Letting out of tickets was possible because drawings lasted for several days, so one could rent a ticket by the day at a fraction of the cost of buying it. Much more important was lottery insurance, which was basically side betting on whether official tickets would obtain a prize or turn out blank. An act was passed in 1807 against lottery insurance and amended in 1809 to cover private lotteries as well. The year 1810 saw the first failure of a lottery manager, which resulted in the state paying prizes at a loss of over 40,000 dollars. Despite these first mishaps there were new lotteries. To promote medical science, a lottery was authorized to provide money for the purchase of a formerly private botanic garden. Further lotteries were authorized for improving navigation of the Hudson, as well as for educational purposes and road building. With the rising number and volume of lotteries, opposition to them grew. A new law against private lotteries and lottery insurance was passed in 1813. Nevertheless, there were more Togel Online lotteries to raise funds for Union College, and older lotteries were still running. After the proprietor of a lottery office, Charles N. Baldwin, accused a manager of the Medical Science lottery of fraud, and was found to be correct, the state assembly ordered an investigation. As a result of this investigation, an act was passed in 1819 which specified detailed regulations regarding lotteries. The state constitution of 1820 stated that the legislature should not authorize lotteries. In disregard of this, two more lotteries were authorized: one in 1820 to allow the city of Albany to dispose of public land, and the other in 1823 to build a fever hospital in New York. In 1822, acts were passed to facilitate drawings of lotteries, in order to bring the still ongoing ones to an end, and to turn over control of the lotteries to the institutions in whose favor they had been granted. In 1826, a last act was passed raising the penalties for the sale of unauthorized tickets and the forging of tickets. In the meantime, the agents Yates and McIntyre had been charged with the management of all remaining lotteries. In 1832-33 accusations grew that these agents had sold more tickets than authorized. A settlement between them and the legislature was reached in1833, by which all lotteries had to cease on December 31, 1833.

Caledonian Maritime Assets Ltd (CMAL) has announced the shortlist of names for their next sea going Roll On Roll Off vehicle and passenger diesel electric hybrid ferry, due to launch in summer 2013. The vessel is currently being built at Ferguson Shipyard in Port Glasgow and will be the second ferry in the new Scottish literature class, which will form the basis of all future hybrid ferry names. The first hybrid ferry, the MV HALLAIG, launched in December last year. The shortlist has been put forward by the CMAL Board and the Scottish Government, based on the very best of Scottish poetry and literature to reflect the ferry’s creative technology and local roots. The shortlisted names are – • SUNSET SONG The naming competition opens tomorrow (Friday 1st March) and to vote in the competition, ferry lovers should go online to: www.cmassets.co.uk/competition before Sunday 31st March, when voting closes. One person will be picked at random from all of those voting and they (with a friend) will be a special guest at the ferry’s launch, anticipated as taking place in early summer 2013, as well as winning a one day ferry crossing of their choice for a car and two people on a Caledonian MacBrayne ferry, courtesy of CalMac Ferries Ltd. Guy Platten, Chief Executive of CMAL commented: “The hybrid ferry project demonstrates CMAL’s commitment to leading the way in innovative ferry design and we are really excited about the names we have shortlisted for our second ferry and look forward to seeing which one is most popular with ferry lovers.” The hybrid ferries are designed for use on many of the short crossing routes around the Clyde and Hebrides and this ferry will service the Tarbert to Portavadie route. Both ferries will accommodate 150 passengers, 23 cars or two HGVs, with a service speed of nine knots. The new ferries will use some of the most innovative new ‘green’ technology, including Lithium Ion battery banks supplying a minimum of 20% of the energy consumed on board. Benefits include reduced fuel consumption and impact of CO2 emissions and other pollutants, noise reduction and lower maintenance requirements. Notes to Editors 1. Voting opens on Friday 1st March 2013 and closes on Sunday 31st March 2013. 2. Those wishing to take part in the competition can enter on-line at www.cmassets.co.uk/competition Full terms and conditions are on the CMAL website. 3. The two new vessels will be owned by CMAL who are leading the project and operated by the current operator of the Clyde and Hebrides Ferry Services, CalMac Ferries. 4. CMAL own property at piers and harbours in more than 24 locations throughout Scotland and is embarking on a programme of investment and improvements, which will create better facilities. In addition to its pier and harbour facilities, CMAL own 30 ferries, which are leased to CalMac Ferries Ltd. 5. CMAL is a publicly owned company with Scottish Ministers as the sole shareholder. 6. For more information about CMAL visit: www.cmassets.co.uk

This paper aims to analyze the characteristics and performance of university–industry (U-I) collaboration for knowledge transfer in relation to environmental sustainability, considering for both parties of the collaborations. The study is explorative in nature, based on an original data set of more than 350 U-I research and consultancy contracts signed by more than 70 professors specializing in environmental sustainability-related academic disciplines at the University of Padova (Italy) for the period 2008-2012. A mixed-method approach is adopted. Social network analysis and regressions are used to explore the impact of U-I on performance considering for characteristics of the firms, the professors and the collaboration. Interviews with key informants at University of Padova is used to complement and validate the emerging evidence. Results suggest that U-I positively impacts the performance of firms, but not of professors. Indeed, the hypothesis that professors’ performance (measures in terms of academic publications) is positively associated with academic engagement is not supported. On the contrary, firms’ financial performance is positively associated with U-I collaboration focused on knowledge transfer for environmental innovation; the higher the contracts activated the better the economic performance. While most previous research has focused either on the university or the firm side of U-I, this study looks at both sides and focuses specifically on engagement in green contracts. The analysis of the geographical scope of U-I collaborations contributes to the growing body of literature by outlining geography’s role in U-I collaborations related to sustainability. This research project was supported by the German Research Foundation DFG (Initiation of International Collaboration, SP 1161/2-1) and by the University of Padova project PRAT 2014: “Moving knowledge into action: exploring the micro-foundation of an innovation ecosystem” – CPDA142857/14. Di Maria, E., De Marchi, V. and Spraul, K. (2019), "Who benefits from university–industry collaboration for environmental sustainability?", International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, Vol. 20 No. 6, pp. 1022-1041. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSHE-10-2018-0172 Emerald Publishing Limited Copyright © 2019, Emerald Publishing Limited

Anthony Persaud, Kirika, Racheal Armstrong, Sidney Scott As You Like It, believed to have been written in 1599 and first published in the First Folio in 1623, is one of Shakespeare’s comedies that involve adventure, love, and heroism. This play is in many ways Shakespeare’s version of a fairy tale involving themes such as love, deception, disguise, gender, transformation, family and nature. The first performance of As You Like It is not clear but it was probably first performed in 1599, not long before the play was entered in the Stationers' Register on August 4, 1600. It was most likely one of the first plays to be performed by the Lord Chamberlain's Men in their new Globe Theatre, erected in 1599 from the timbers of the Shoreditch building called The Theatre which the company had been obliged to move across the Thames when they ran into difficulties with the owner of the Shoreditch property. The plot of this play includes the main characters Oliver, Orlando, Duke Senior, Duke Frederick, Rosalind, Celia, Phoebe, and Silvius. The play opens up with the conflict between Oliver and his brother Orlando. Oliver treats his brother as less than and denies him the education, training, and property that he is entitled to. Duke Fredrick and Duke Senior are then introduced in the play they are brothers who are at odds too because Duke Fredrick has commandeered Duke Seniors thrown which caused Duke Senior to flee from his court and go to the forest of Adrenne. The forest of Ardenne is a safe haven for most the characters involved in the plot of the play because Orlando flees there and eventually Rosalind and her best friend Celia end up going there after Duke Fredrick banishes her from the court. Rosalind and Celia disguise themselves, Rosalind as a man who goes by the name of Ganymede and Celia dresses as a common shepherdess and calls herself Aliena. While in the forest some comical and strange love stories begin to arise. Orlando meets Ganymede and confesses his love that he has for Rosalind not knowing it is her he’s confessing to and eventually agrees to pretend that Ganymede is Rosalind and professes his love for her to him every day. By the end of the play Rosalind tricks all the characters into marrying who they were destined for (Rosalind and Orlando, Celia and Oliver and Phoebe and Silvius). After the marriages, all the characters were able to return to the court in which they were banished from and Duke Senior gained his thrown back. As You Like It is shaped around the themes of deception, disguise, and gender these themes alter the way certain character’s act and also the way that other people act toward them. The main role players of deception, disguise and gender in the play are Rosalind and Celia they trick and manipulate the other characters while in the forest of Ardenne. Romantic Love is another theme that is at the center of the plot in this play, each character at some point encounters a scenario in which they fall in love and expresses that love. This play criticizes the concept of love because it explores many different forms of the word love. Some characters seem to share a love for each other that isn’t typical, Shakespeare explores romantic love, courtly love, and even homosexual love in this play. The theme of Love and rivalry between relatives plays a major role in how the plot unfolds from the beginning of the play to the end. The play is structured around two pairs of siblings Orlando and Oliver, Duke Senior and Duke Frederick, and one pair of cousins Celia and Rosalind each pair of relationship is unique and can be characterized in many different ways. All the characters, whether voluntarily or involuntarily at some point in the play, leave the royal court for the Forest of Ardenne therefore the theme of city vs country is also very present in As You Like It. The sources our group has selected for this pop culture edition fall under different genres. We decided to include music, photos, movies, poetry, and cartoons to help bring the themes of As You Like It to life. The reasoning behind these selection is simply because we wanted our audience to be able to see how relatable and popular the themes of Shakespeare are in this day and age. In act 1, Racheal connects the themes of romantic love and gender to popular movies and songs. Her work demonstrates that the theme of forbidden and homosexual love in which Shakespeare wrote about is still or even more popular in today’s pop culture. For example, the song "Te Amo" (2009) by Rihanna which the lyrics portray the singer hesitant to love this other woman directly relates to the theme of the forbidden romantic love that Celia shares for Rosalind. In a way, this song could be written from Rosalind’s point of view revealing that she knows how Celia feels about her but she only wants to remain friends. In act 2, Anthony connected the themes of As you like it and Avatar: The Last Airbender, connecting the Forest of Arden and the swamp. Anthony’s work reveals the banished Duke Senior explanation on the wonders of like in the forest. He tells his associates that he prefers forest dwelling to the “painting pomp” of courtly existence. This reminds him of season 2 episode 4 of Avatar: The Last Airbender, where the swamp people/benders explain why they love living in the swamp. Outside the swamp the problems of masses outweigh the needs of the little people but in the swamp, everyone is connected, and they can all live in harmony. In Act 2, Scene 1, the Duke explains how his life is sweeter because he does not need to deal with “courtly existence” that he would rather stay in the forest and be one with nature. The Duke and the swamp people are closely related in their choosing of nature over their own government. In act 3, Sidney connects the themes of love and disguises to a meme picture of Neil Patrick with the caption “Could Easily with your girlfriend, sleeps with men instead”. His work demonstrates how Rosalind was able to disguise herself as a man to get closer to Orlando but ends up having Phoebe fall in love with her without even trying. As a result, Phoebe turns down Silvius numerous of times. Phoebe says, “I would not be thy executioner. I fly thee, for I would not injure thee. Thou tell’st me there is murder in mine eye” In Act 4, Kirika examines the theme of deception, gender identity, and romance. These themes are closely connected to a popular culture movie such as Mulan. Mulan contains all themes that As you like It contained. Deception and Gender Identity played a huge role in both the play and the movie such as when Rosalind disguised as a male named Ganymede while Mulan posed as a male also and named Ping. Romance played a part when both leads that are in disguise are in love and even have an attraction toward their male companion even when they are in disguise. Some other examples for this specific act were when Rosalind bounced back and forth being male and female when she was asking Orlando to pretend she is Rosalind when she is actually Rosalind is similar to the part in Mulan where she was in the lake taking a bath and had to switch from the roles of male and female especially when the 3 soldiers that picked on her before approached her. Because of the situations they were both in they were having the need to revert back and forth in in their genders. There was another scene where Mulan even tried speaking to Shang, the male leader, and gave him advice that would make him a better leader. This part closely demonstrates a scene on where Rosalind as Ganymede was advising Orlando on how to woo Rosalind. Both Mulan and Rosalind wanted to advice their love interests to become a better person. For this pop culture edition, our goal was simple and clear, to take As you Like It and show not direct comparisons, but showing how common themes from the play could have in fact influence pop culture to this day. Our target audiences are anyone who need help understanding the difficult language that is Shakespeare. One of goals is to bring insight into common questions they might have like such as understanding the symbolism with the forest in the play and what it could represent, or addressing themes throughout the play such us city vs country. Our expectations are that scholars should be able to make the correlation between the pop culture and the literature. Shakespeare in the eyes of people today, is extremely difficult to comprehend. Using more modern sources, with something more relatable Shakespeare can become clearer. This includes themes of Deception, Love, country vs city, rivalry, and fools. Arata, Aki. Houou Gakuen Misoragumi. 2011. Being Like a Guy. 1985. Web. <http://quotesgram.com/just-one-of-the-guys-quotes/>. “Bromance,” director. SETTV, 2016. Bruce, Timm, and Eric Radomski. "Batman: The Animated Series." N.p.: Warner Bros, 1994. Print. "Classic Sesame Street - Life In The Country And The City." YouTube. N.p., 25 July 2006. Web. 27 Nov. 2016. <https://youtu.be/xp4q9K39UXk>. DiMartino, Michael Dante, and Bryan Konietzko. "Avatar: The Last Airbender.".: Nickelodeon, 2005. Print DiMartino, Michael Dante, and Bryan Konietzko. "The Legend of Korra.".: Nickelodeon, 2012. Print Disguised Love with Makeup, 2008. Web. Dylan, Bob. Bye and Bye. Jack Frost, 2001. CD. Edwards, Sarah. "Love-at-first-sight Poems on Hello Poetry." Hello Poetry. N.p., Jan. 2014. Web. 27 Nov. 2016. <http://hellopoetry.com/words/333340/love-at-first-sight/poems/>. Eiji Aonuma. The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time. Japan: Nintendo, 1998 Emura et al. W Juliet. San Francisco, Viz, 2004. Hatori, Bisco et al. Ouran High School Host Club. San Francisco, CA, Viz Media, LLC, 2005. Hidden Love, 2004. Web. http://cartoonist15.deviantart.com/art/Love-Disguised-As-Hate-3-533753130 "John Lennon - Woman Is The Nigger Of The World - Lyrics." YouTube. N.p., 06 Dec. 2011. Web. 13 Dec. 2016. <https://youtu.be/OA8N0xy3hjE>. Just One of The Guys. Dir. Lisa Gottlieb. Perf. Joyce Hyser and Clayton Rohner. N.p., 26 Apr. 1985. Web. Juwanna Mann. Dir. Jesse Vaughan. Perf. Miguel A. Núñez, Jr. & Vivica A. Fox. N.d. Film. 21 June 2002. Web. Kishimoto, Masashi. Naruto. San Francisco, CA: Viz, 2003. Print. Kitsis, Edward, and Adam Horowitz. "Once Upon A Time." N.p.: ABC, 2011. Print. Larsson, Zara. Never Forget You. Zara Larsson & MNEK. 2016. MP3. Levine, Ken, and Irrational Games. "Bioshock: Infinite." N.p.: 2K Games, n.d. Print. Maeda, Jun. "Angel Beats!" N.p.: Sentai Filmworks, n.d. Print. Moore, Alan, Brian Bolland, and John Higgins. Batman: The Killing Joke..: DC, 1988. Print “Mulan,” director. Walt Disney, 1998. Nakajo, Hisaya. Hana Kimi. San Francisco, USA, Viz Communications, 2012. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://l7.alamy.com/zooms/a3dd37890e414691b23aea0a137fe7c9/as-you-like- N.p., n.d. Web. <https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQDdTPwpT5UuN0BRXVXQAFN4kq8U7KTU3gSpVEUfuGogD_lMZpU>. N.p., n.d. Web. <https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/originals/23/eb/d5/23ebd5ad6a0c5bc53d678388f918802d.jpg>. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.themillennialkingdom.org.uk/TheBirthright.jpg>. Paul Wernick, and Rhett Reese. Deadpool. N.p.: Marvel Studios, 2016. "Pokémon Brother My Brother." YouTube. N.p., 14 Mar. 2010. Web. 27 Nov. 2016. <https://youtu.be/uEC7tPPKAXQ>. "Rihanna - Te Amo." YouTube. N.p., 14 June 2010. Web. 27 Nov. 2016. <https://youtu.be/Oe4Ic7fHWf8>. “Sabrina, the Teenage Witch,” director. 1996. Seike, Mimori et al. LaisseÌe Pour Comte. Paris, Soleil, 2011. Sheeran, Ed. Thinking Out Loud. “X”. 2015. MP3. She's the Man. Dir. Andy Fickman. Prod. Lauren Shuler-Donner and Ewan Leslie. By Ewan Leslie. Perf. Amanda Bynes, Channing Tatum, and Laura Ramsey. DreamWorks Distribution LLC, 2006. DVD. Simpson, Cody. Not Just You. “Cody Simpson”. 2011. MP3 The Chronicles of Narnia. Dir. Andrew Adamson. Perf. Tilda Swinton & Georgie Henley. N.d. Film. 9 Dec. 2005. Web. Willy Conceited, 2014. Web. https://memegenerator.net/instance/50516453 “You'Re Beautiful,” director. Seoul Broadcasting System, 2009

Int J Biol Sci 2020; 16(16):3184-3199. doi:10.7150/ijbs.45505 Histone deacetylase inhibitor MPT0B291 suppresses Glioma Growth in vitro and in vivo partially through acetylation of p53 1. Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 110 Taipei, Taiwan. 2. Department of Neurology, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, 14210 Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. 3. Department of Pathology and Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 21201 Baltimore, MD, USA. 4. Department of Neurosurgery, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, 116 Taipei, Taiwan. 5. Department of Neurosurgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, 110 Taipei, Taiwan. 6. Neuroscience Research Center, Taipei Medical University, 110 Taipei, Taiwan. 7. School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 110 Taipei, Taiwan. Buyandelger B, Bar EE, Hung KS, Chen RM, Chiang YH, Liou JP, Huang HM, Wang JY. Histone deacetylase inhibitor MPT0B291 suppresses Glioma Growth in vitro and in vivo partially through acetylation of p53. Int J Biol Sci 2020; 16(16):3184-3199. doi:10.7150/ijbs.45505. Available from https://www.ijbs.com/v16p3184.htm Background: Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors have emerged as a new class of anti-tumor agents for various types of tumors, including glioblastoma. Methods and results: We found that a novel HDAC inhibitor, MPT0B291, significantly reduced the cell viability and increased cell death of human and rat glioma cell lines, but not in normal astrocytes. We also demonstrated that MPT0B291 suppressed proliferation by inducing G1 phase cell cycle arrest and increased apoptosis in human and rat glioma cell lines by flow cytometry and immunocytochemistry. We further investigated the anti-tumor effects of MPT0B291 in xenograft (mouse) and allograft (rat) models. The IVIS200 images and histological analysis indicated MPT0B291 (25 mg/kg, p. o.) reduced tumor volume. Mechanistically, MPT0B291 increased phosphorylation and acetylation/activation of p53 and increased mRNA levels of the apoptosis related genes PUMA, Bax, and Apaf1 as well as increased protein level of PUMA, Apaf1 in C6 cell line. The expression of cell cycle related gene p21 was also increased and Cdk2, Cdk4 were decreased by MPT0B291. Conclusion: Our study highlights the anti-tumor efficacy of a novel compound MPT0B291 on glioma growth. Keywords: glioma, HDAC6 inhibition, cell death, cell cycle arrest, xenograft, allograft Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), classified as a grade IV astrocytoma by the World Health Organization, is the most common and aggressive primary brain tumor in adults . GBM has a poor prognosis, and the median survival time in patients with GBM is approximately 12-15 months . Temozolomide (TMZ) is the first-line drug for the treatment of malignant gliomas, but it results in only a small increase in the overall survival time in patients with glioma. TMZ resistance has become a major problem, therefore, new therapeutic approaches for GBM are urgently needed . Histone Deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors are multi-targeted therapeutic compounds [4, 5]. HDACs exert epigenetic control on transcriptional activity by removing negatively charged acetyl groups from lysine residues in histones, which causes chromatin condensation and limits the accessibility of transcription factors to DNA. HDACs can also deacetylate non-histone proteins such as the transcription factor p53. Interactions of p53 and HDACs result in p53 deacetylation, thereby reducing its transcriptional activity . Accordingly, HDAC inhibitors cause increased p53 acetylation and p53 dependent activation of apoptosis and senescence. HDAC inhibitors are potential anti-cancer drugs because of their ability to induce cell cycle arrest, cell differentiation, and apoptosis as well as to attenuate metastasis in various cancer cell types . Suberoyl anilidehydroxamic acid (SAHA), an HDAC inhibitor, suppresses the growth of gliomas and is currently being evaluated in a phase III clinical trial . Among the 18 mammalian HDACs, HDAC6 is unique for being localized exclusively in the cytoplasm and possesses two tandem catalytic deacetylase domains . Furthermore, HDAC6 is crucial as a target for neuroprotection and neuroregeneration in traumatic brain injury, stroke, and neurodegenerative disorders [11-14]. We are therefore interested in drug development targeting HDAC6. We previously found that azaindolylsulfonamide (now named MPT0B291) selectively inhibits HDAC6 activity in colorectal cancer cells. We previously developed a series of indolyl/azaindolylsulfonylcinnamic hydroxamate (compound 7-15) and evaluated for bioactivity in vitro and in vivo. A SAR analysis revealed that compound 12, a 7-azaindole, renamed as MPT0B291, exhibited activity superior to that of indole, indazole, 6-azaindole, and 7-azaindoline. Compound 12 also possessed anti-proliferative activity with IC50 values of 0.39-2.51 μM against 11 diverse human cancer cell lines. MPT0B291 desplayed 60-fold selectivity for HDAC6 over HDAC1 and 223-fold over HDAC2, which is 5 and 22 times more selective than ACY1215. MPT0B291 showed greater antitumor activity (55.8% and 66.9% TGI in 25 and 100 mg/kg, p.o.) than SAHA (with 48.4% TGI in 200 mg/kg, p.o.) . In this study, we demonstrated that a novel HDAC inhibitor, MPT0B291 induced cell death and cell cycle arrest as well as suppressed cell proliferation in C6 and U-87MG cell lines (in vitro) and in xenograft as well as allograft animal models (in vivo). The transcription factor p53 controls the expression of genes affecting those cellular processes such as proliferation, DNA repair, programmed cell death (apoptosis), and cell migration and is important in glioma biology . GoPubMed text mining analysis suggested that the tumor suppressor gene p53 is associated with these processes and may be affected by MPT0B291. The p53 induces senescence, apoptosis, and DNA repair by controlling its target genes including p21, Bax, PUMA and more . Furthermore, we hypothesized that MPT0B291-inhibited HDACs activity increases acetylation/activation of p53, which in turn results in the induction of cell death, cell cycle arrest as well as a reduction in proliferation. Materials and Methods Uppsala 87 malignant glioma (U-87MG), a human glioblastoma cell line (ATCC® HTB-14TM) was obtained from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA, USA) and C6, a rat glioma cell line (BCRC60360) was obtained from the cell bank of the Bioresource Collection and Research Center (Hsinchu, Taiwan). The cell lines were cultured in high-glucose Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM; Gibco, Auckland, NZ) supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (FBS; Biological Industries, Israel) and 1% penicillin-streptomycin (Gibco) . Human astrocytes-hippocampal (HA-h) cell line was used as control (normal) cells for U-87MG and was obtained from Sciencell (Carlsbad, CA, USA) and was cultured in astrocyte medium (Carlsbad) supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated FBS (Biological Industries) and penicillin-streptomycin-glutamine (Gibco, NZ) . A primary culture of rat neuron /glia (N/G) was used as our control (normal cells) for C6 glioma cells. The N/G cultures contain mixed cell populations with astrocytes (47-51%) as the largest population as we previously described . Briefly, the brain hemispheres of newborn rats (1-2 day-old) were isolated, washed and homogenized in DMEM (Gibco, NY, USA). Cells were then plated at a density of 5×105 cells/mL, and cultured at 37 °C with 5% CO2 and 95% air. Fourteen days following culture initiation the primary neuron/glia cells were used for the experiments described below. Plasmid and luciferase gene transduction of U-87MG cells Luciferase-expressing U-87MG cells are established by transfection of a pGL4.51 [luc2/CMV/Neo] vector (Promega, Madison, WI, USA) into the human glioblastoma cell line U-87MG. The culture medium was changed to the complete medium supplemented with 10% FBS and 1% PS, 17 h after the transfection. Stable cells were selected in the culture medium. The resulting cell line is referred to Luc-U87MG . Drugs and chemicals The MPT0B291 (compound 12) and SAHA were synthesized and TMZ was purchased from Formosa Laboratory ltd. (Taoyuan, Taiwan). Stock solutions (10 mM) of MPT0B291, SAHA and TMZ were prepared by dissolving each compound in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) with 10% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO; Bioshop Canada Inc., Ontario, Canada) and were stored at -20 ºC for use in in vitro experiments. Stock solutions (15 mg/mL) of MPT0B291, SAHA or TMZ were also prepared by dissolving each compound in 1% carboxymethyl cellulose sodium salt (CMC, Sigma, MO, USA) and 0.5% Tween 80 (Avantor, PA, USA) for oral administration. Assessment of cell viability by MTT assay and cell death by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity All cells were treated with compounds at concentration 1, 3, 10, 30 and 100 µM for 24 h, 48 h and 72 h after growing U-87MG and C6 cells (5000 cell/well) for 18 h and HA-h cells for 24 h and neuron glia mixed primary cells for 14 days, in cell viability (Figure 2A) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity experiment (Figure 4A). The cultured cells were subjected to the MTT assay. The viability of U-87MG cells and HA-h cultures was measured using the colorimetric 3-(4, 5-dimethylthianol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) reduction assay (Sigma) as previously described. At 24, 48 and 72 h, the medium of the cells was collected for LDH assay . The activity of LDH released from the cells into the medium of the U-87MG, C6, HA-h cells and neuron/glia cultures was measured as previously described. LDH activity was calculated as a slope of the decrease in the OD at 340 nm over 3 min . LDH release was expressed as the absolute OD values. Assessment cell proliferation by flow cytometry and cell cycle analysis Cell cycle analysis was performed using a flow cytometer, cell sorter, and cell preparation system (Model no: A00-1-1102; Beckman Coulter, Indianapolis, IN, USA) and the ModFit LT 5.0 software package (Verity Software House, Topsham, ME, USA) was used for analysis. After drug exposure for 24, 48 and 72 h, the cells were collected fixed with 70% ice-cold ethanol and incubated for 30 min on ice. Then, cells were incubated with 10 mg/ml of propidium iodide and 5 mg/ml of ribonuclease-A in PBS for 45 min at 37 °C. ROS and 8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine levels were measured as described previously . The doublet was excluded manually (Figure S2) and cell cycle gating was performed by auto analysis function of the software. Flow cytometric determination of apoptosis by Alexa Flour 488 Annexin V/Dead cell apoptosis kit (Thermo Fischer, Oregon, USA) was performed using BD FACS VerseTM Flow Cytometer (Cat. No: 651153). After drug exposure for 24, 48 and 72 h, the cells (1×106 cells/ml) were collected in ice-cold PBS buffer and incubated with Alexa Flour 488 Annexin V and propidium iodide for 15 min and fluorescence emission at 530 nm and 575 nm was measured by flow cytometer cell sorter (Beckman Coulter) as described manufacturer. Data were analyzed and illustrated by BD FACSuite software version 1.0. Double discrimination was shown in supplemental material (Figure S2). HDAC activity assay The enzyme activity of HDAC class I and II was measured using the HDAC-Glo I/II assay kit (Promega, Madison, USA) according to the manufacturer's instruction. Briefly, 1-2×104 cells were suspended and cultured in a white-walled 96-well plate for 4 h, and three-fold serial dilutions (0.001, 0.002, 0.005, 0.014, 0.041, 0.123, 0.370, 1.111, 3.333, 10 µM) of MPT0B291 or SAHA dissolved in assay buffer were added and incubated at 37 °C for 30 min. The HDAC-Glo reagent was then added to each well, and the luminescence signal was measured after incubation at room temperature for 30 min. HDAC6 enzyme activity was measured using a fluorometric HDAC6 activity assay kit (BioVision, CA, USA), according to manufacturer's instruction. Briefly, 1-2×106 cells were lysed in 100 μL of lysis buffer and centrifuged at 16000 ×g for 10 min. Two-fold serial dilution (0.020, 0.039, 0.078, 0.156, 0.312, 0.625, 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10 µM) of MPT0B291, SAHA, tubacin, and lysates were mixed and incubated in white-walled 96-well plates at 37 °C for 10 min. The HDAC6 substrate was then added and the fluorescence signal (excitation/emission = 380/490) was measured after incubation at 37 °C for 30 min . Orthotopic xenograft and allograft animal models of glioma The animals were housed in a temperature (21-25 °C) and humidity (45%-50%)-controlled room under a 12-h light/dark cycle and, the animals had ad libitum access to pellet chow and water, according to the International Guidelines for Animal Research, and the study design was approved by the Institute of Animal Care and Use Committee of Taipei Medical University (LAC20130080). MPT0B291 (M291) was administered by oral gavage. For xenograft, total 100 male athymic nude mice at 5-6 weeks old (approximately 20 g in body weight) were purchased from BioLasco (Taiwan). Animals were randomized into five groups (Vehicle, MPT0B291, SAHA, TMZ, and MPT0B291+TMZ) and were anesthetized and luciferase-transferred U-87MG cells (Luc-U87MG) were inoculated into brain intracranially according to previously described . Briefly, a suspension of 106 Luc-U87MG cells in 2 μl phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)/mice were stereotaxically implanted at the right 2 mm lateral to the bregma and 2 mm below to the surface of the mice skull. Date of dead animals was recorded and Kaplan-Meier survival curve was plotted. For allografts, total 24 male Sprague-Dawley rats aged 5-6 weeks and weighing approximately 300 g were purchased from BioLasco (Taiwan). Animals were randomized into four groups: (1) Sham surgery + vehicle treatment; (2) Sham surgery + MPT0B291; (3) C6 cells inoculated + vehicle (Veh); and (4) C6 cells inoculated + MPT0B291. The rats were anesthetized and the C6 cells were inoculated intracranially, as previously described . Briefly, a suspension of 1×107 C6 cells in 20 μl PBS/rat (20 μl of 5×108 C6 cells/mL suspended cells in PBS) was stereotaxically implanted at the right cortex (2 mm posterior and 3 mm lateral to the bregma) and 3 mm below to the surface of the rat brain. The sham animals received anesthesia, craniotomy and saline injection instead of tumor cell implantation. While recovering anesthesia, the rats were placed in a heated cage to maintain their body temperature. All animals were sacrificed 21 days after tumor cell implantation and ipsilateral (right) and contralateral (left) sides of the brain were collected for further additional experiments. MPT0B291, SAHA, and TMZ were dissolved in the solvent to achieve a concentration of 15 mg/mL and were orally administered to the animals in the treatment groups (10 or 25 mg/kg, p.o. for MPT0B291 and TMZ, 150 mg/kg, p.o. for SAHA) 1 week after tumor implantation. The rational for using two doses was provided by previous publication . The animals in the vehicle group received the drug solvent. Hematoxylin and eosin staining Brain tissue samples were excised and fixed in 10% formalin for 24 h and in 75% alcohol for 7 days at 4 °C. The fixed brain samples were embedded in paraffin blocks. Serial sections (3 μm) of the cerebral cortex were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) for microscopic evaluation. Images were acquired with a visible microscope (Olympus, BX50, Tokyo, Japan) and were analyzed using Spot software (Diagnostic Instruments, Sterling Heights, MI, USA) . Immunocytochemistry and immunohistochemistry Immunocytochemistry (ICC) and immunofluorescence (IF) staining for determining the degree of proliferation and apoptosis in the C6 cells was performed as previously described . The cultured cells were fixed with 10% formaldehyde for 15 min and incubated with appropriate antibody: rabbit anti-Ki67 (1:200, AnaSpec, San Jose, CA, USA), cleaved caspase-3 (1:200, Cell Signaling, Danvers, MA, USA) and GFAP (1:200, GeneTex). After washing the primary antibody, the cells were incubated with an appropriate biotinylated secondary antibody or appropriate fluorescence secondary antibody and visualized using the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex method (ABC Elite kit, Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA, USA). Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed as previously described . The paraffin-embedded tissue sections were dewaxed with xylene and dehydrogenized with alcohol. The citrate buffer (pH 6.0) was used antigen retrieval and tissue sections were incubated with an appropriate primary antibody: rabbit anti-Ki67 (1:200, AnaSpec, San Jose, CA, USA) and cleaved caspase-3 (1:200, Cell Signaling, Danvers, MA, USA). After washing the primary antibody, tissue sections were incubated with an appropriate biotinylated secondary antibody and visualized using the ABC method (Vector Laboratories). Cell lysates were prepared by suspending the cells in radioimmunoprecipitation assay (RIPA) buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl at pH 7.4, 1% nonidet P-40, 150 mM NaCl, 1 mM EGTA, 0.025% sodium deoxycholate, 1 mM NaF, 1 mM Na3VO4, and 1 mM PMSF). Equal amounts of protein were electrophoretically separated on 10% sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels and were transferred to polyvinylidene difluoride membranes (Millipore, CA, USA). The membranes were probed with appropriate antibodies: rabbit polyclonal anti-HDAC6 (1:1000; Abcam), rabbit polyclonal anti-acetylated tubulin (1:1000; Sigma), mouse polyclonal anti-tubulin (1:1000; Abcam), rabbit polyclonal anti-acetylated-histone H3 (1:1000; Millipore), rabbit polyclonal anti-histone H3 (1:1000; Abcam), rabbit polyclonal anti-acetyl-p53 (Lys373, Lys382; Catalog # 06-756) (1:1000; Millipore), rabbit monoclonal anti-phospho-p53 (Ser15; Catalof # 12571) (1:1000; Cell Signaling, MA, USA), rabbit polyclonal anti-PUMA (1:1000; Abcam), rabbit polyclonal anti-Bax (1:1000; Abcam), rabbit polyclonal anti-Apaf1 (1:1000; Bio Vision), mouse polyclonal anti-p53 (1:1000; Abcam), mouse monoclonal anti-β-actin (1:2000; GeneTex, Hsinchu, Taiwan), and were quantified using colorimetric substrates. Total RNA was extracted from C6 cells by using the TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen, Life Technologies, Carlsbad CA, USA), according to manufacturer's instruction. The concentration and purity of the extracted RNA were determined by measuring ultraviolet absorbance at 260 and 280 nm. For reverse transcription (RT), RNA samples (3 μg) was used in a total reaction volume of 20 μl with ReverTra Ace set (Purigo, Taipei, Taiwan) and complementary DNA (cDNA) synthesis, as previously described . For detection of mRNA expression, the templates were amplified using a Rotor-Gene SYBR Green PCR Kit (Qiagen) on a Rotor-Gene Q 2plex HRM Platform (Qiagen). The primers used for the qRT-PCR assay were as follows: Caspase-3, 5′-AATTCAAGGGACGGGTCATG-3′ (forward) and 5′-GCTTGTGCGCGTACAGTTTC-3′ (reverse); PUMA, 5′-CATGGGACTCCTCCCCTTAC-3′ (forward) and 5′-CACCTAGTTGGGCTCCATTT-3′ (reverse); Bax, 5′-GTGAGCGGCTGCTTGTCT-3′ (forward) and 5′-GTGGGGGTCCCGAAGTAG-3′ (reverse); Apaf1, 5′-GGCCATCTGAGACATTCCA-3′ (forward) and 5′-CATGAGCTGAAGGGCCATA-3′ (reverse); p21, 5′-ACATCTCAGGGCCGAAAAC-3′ (forward) 5′-GCGCTTGGAGTGATAGAAAT-3′ (reverse); Cdk2 5′-CCTGCACCAGGACCTCAAG-3′ (forward) 5′-CGGTGAGAATGGCAGAATG-3′ (reverse); Cdk4 5′-ACAGCTACCAGATGGCCCT-3′ (forward) 5′-CAGCCTCAGAGTTCCCACA-3′ (reverse); Cdk6 5′-AGTGTTGGCTGCATCTTTG-3′ (forward) 5′-CCTGTCTGGGAAGAGCAAC-3′ (reverse); β-actin, 5′-GACCCAGATCATGTTTGAGACCTTC-3′ (forward) and 5′-GGTGACCGTAACACTACCTGAG-3′. Following reaction conditions were maintained for 40 cycles (5 min at 95 °C for initial denaturation, 5 s at 95 °C and 10 s at 60 °C for denaturation). The relative expression of selected mRNA transcripts was calculated using the comparative cycle threshold (∆∆Ct) method and normalized to the expression of β-actin or GAPDH . In silico analysis REpository for Molecular BRAin Neoplasia DaTa (REMBRANDT) online platform database (http://betastasis.com/glioma/rembrandt/) was used to determine gene expression based on HDAC transcript levels using the online Project Betastasis representation tool. Data of MTT, LDH assay and flow cytometry among compound or concentration groups, and data of Western blot, qRT-PCR between the groups (Veh, M291) were evaluated using Student t-test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Protein and mRNA expression between the vehicle and treatment groups were statistically analyzed using the Student t-test. All statistical analysis were conducted and bar graph displays were created using Sigma Stat and Plot version 2.0 (Jandel Scientific), and the p-value cut-off was set at 0.05. Data are presented as mean ± standard error of mean (SEM). mRNA levels of HDACs were increased in human GBM tissue We first used an online platform data base (http://betastasis.com/glioma/rembrandt/) and compared the mRNA expression levels of some HDACs in adjacent normal tissue, and tissue from astrocytoma, oligodendroglioma and GBM. Among 11 HDACs compared, the mRNA expression levels of HDAC 1, 3, 6, and 7 were significantly increased by 88.3%, 16.4%, 24.0%, and 30.8%, respectively; the mRNA expression levels of HDAC 4, 5 and 11 were significantly decreased by 20.7%, 28.2% and 32.8% in GBM tissue, respectively (Figure 1A). MPT0B291 has relatively selective inhibitory effect on HDAC6 in 10 min and pan-HDAC inhibitory effect in later time point To examine whether MPT0B291 inhibits HDACs on glioma cells, we conducted HDAC activity assays (Figure 1B-C) and confirmed by the expression of acetyl-tubulin (a consequence of cytoplasmic inhibition) and acetyl-histone H3 (a consequence of nuclear inhibition) in C6 glioma cells (Figure 1D). The results of HDAC-Glo I/II activity assay showed that MPT0B291 inhibited activities of HDAC class I (HDAC 1, 2, 3, 8) and class II (HDAC 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10) in a concentration-dependent manner; however, the inhibition by MPT0B291 was not as potent as SAHA inhibition (Figure 1B). To further clarify whether MPT0B291 selectively inhibits HDAC6, we performed an HDAC6 activity assay (fluorometric) in the C6 cells. MPT0B291 as well as SAHA inhibited HDAC6 in a concentration-dependent manner much potent than tubacin , a well-known HDAC6 inhibitor (Figure 1C). It suggests that SAHA is more potent than MPT0B291 in inhibition of class I and class II HDACs (HDAC 1-10) while MPT0B291 is as potent as SAHA in HDAC6 inhibition. Protein level of acetyl-Histone H3 and acetyl-tubulin were both increased after MPT0B291 treatment with significantly increased level of acetyl-tubulin (7.1 folds) and acetyl-histone H3 (2.0 folds) (Figure 1D). MPT0B291 is relatively selective in HDAC6 inhibition in glioma cells within 10 min (suggested by manufacturer of HDAC6 activity assay kit) (Figure 1C). However, MPT0B291 has pan-HDAC inhibitory effect evidenced in later time point by Western blot detection (Figure 1D). MPT0B291 significantly reduced cell viability in human and rat glioma cells, but not in normal human and rat astrocytes We found that MPT0B291 was more effective than SAHA in reducing the viability of human glioblastoma U-87MG cells (Figure 2A), but not human normal astrocytes (Figure 2B) at 24 h as indicated by MTT assay. MPT0B291 (30 μM) and SAHA (30 μM) significantly reduced the viability of U-87MG cells by 42.2% and 52.5%, respectively. The same concentration of TMZ did not exhibit a significant effect on the cell viability (Figure 2A). Similar results were observed for rat glioma C6 cells (Figure 2C), but not primary culture of rat neuron-astrocyte (Figure 2D). MPT0B291 (30 μM) and SAHA (30 μM) significantly reduced the viability of C6 cells by 74.1% and 84.1%, respectively (Figure 2C). However, MPT0B291 did not reduce the viability of human astrocytes (HA-h) and rat primary culture as markedly as SAHA did. The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of MPT0B291 for the viability of U-87MG cells were 65.3, 9.1, and 2.2 μM at 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h, respectively, and the IC50 for viability of C6 cells was 16.1, 2.1, and 1.9 μM, respectively (Table 1). Inhibitory concentration 50 (IC50, µM) of MPT0B291, SAHA and TMZ on cell viability of U-87MG and C6 cells |Exposed time||24 h||48 h||72 h| NCR, not in concentration range. MPT0B291 has pan-HDAC inhibitory effect in long term. (A) The relative mRNA expression of HDACs was obtained from REMBRANDT and is presented as mean ± SEM. *p<0.05 versus the normal cells. (B) The enzyme activity of HDACs was measured on C6 cells treated with MPT0291 or SAHA at threefold serial diluted concentration using an HDAC-Glo I/II assay kit at 30 min (suggested by manufacturer). Data is presented as mean ± SEM (n=3 in each group). (C) The enzyme activity of HDAC6 was measured on C6 cells treated with MPT0291 or SAHA at twofold serial diluted concentration using the fluorometric assay kit at 10 min (suggested by manufacturer). Data is presented as mean ± SEM (n=3 in each group). (D) Representative images of Western blot analysis for HDAC6, acetyl-tubulin and acetyl histone H3 in the C6 cells treated with vehicle (Veh), MPT0B291 and SAHA at concentration of 30 µM for 24 h. The relative protein levels of acetyl-tubulin and acetyl histone H3 in vehicle (Veh)-, MPT0B291- and SAHA-treated the C6 cells are presented as mean ± SEM. (n=4 in each group) *p<0.05 versus the vehicle-treated group.(Click on the image to enlarge.) MPT0B291 reduces the proliferation of U-87MG and C6 cells but not in the human astrocytes. The U-87MG human glioma cells versus human hippocampal astrocytes (HA-h) and C6 rat glioma cells versus neuron/glia mixed primary culture were used, and cell viability was measured using the MTT assay at 24 in U-87MG (A), HA-h (B), C6 cells (C) and primary culture (N/G) (D). (E) Representative images of immunofluorescence (IF) staining for Ki67 on the C6 and neuron/glia primary culture cells treated with vehicle (Veh), MPT0B291 (30 µM), SAHA (30 µM) and TMZ (30 µM) for 24 h. The Ki67 is shown in red and GFAP is shown in green. (F) Representative images of immunocytochemistry (ICC) for Ki67 on the U-87MG cells. The Ki67 is shown in brown (Calibration = 50 µm). (G) The percentage of Ki67-positive cells is normalized with total C6 cell number and presented as mean ± SEM (n=4 in each group) *p<0.05 versus the vehicle-treated group.(Click on the image to enlarge.) MPT0B291 significantly inhibited proliferation in glioma cells Glioblastoma is astrocytic tumor and GFAP is a cell-type specific marker for astrocytes. While we used HA-h (human astrycytes-hippocampal) cells as control (normal) cells for U-87MG, we used primary culture of neuron/glia (N/G) as our control (normal cells) for C6 glioma cells. We did observe that GFAP was all positive in U-87 and C6 glioblastoma cells and Ki67 (a marker of proliferation) was all negative in N/G mixed cells. A supporting evidence for the all GFAP-positive glioblastoma can be seen in Supplemental Figure 1 (Figure S1) showing the all GFAP-positive staining in U-87MG xenografted mouse brain sections with or without the treatment of MPT0B291. We then double-stained Ki67 and GFAP in C6 and N/G cells and found that all three compounds decreased Ki67-possitive proliferating cells in C6 (Figure 2E) as well as U-87MG glioblastoma cells (Figure 2F). The quantitative results in C6 and U-87MG cells also confirmed that MPT0B291, SAHA or TMZ all significantly inhibited the proliferation of glioblastoma cells (Figure 2G). To further confirm the effect of MPT0B291 on proliferation of glioma cells, we performed cell cycle analysis by using flow cytometry (Figure 3A). Data showed that MPT0B291 and SAHA significantly increased proportion of U-87MG cells in G1 phase by 80.1% and 74.4% at 24 h comparing to vehicle-treated cells; and significantly decreased proportion of U-87MG cells in S phase by 2.1 and 2.3 times at 24 h, respectively (Figure 3B) These results indicated that MPT0B291 or SAHA induced the G1 arrest of the U-87MG cells. MPT0B291 also down-regulated mRNA levels of G1/S regulators: Cdk2 and Cdk4, significantly (Figure 3E). Taken together, these results indicate that MPT0B291 inhibited cell proliferation by inducing G1 cell cycle arrest and down-regulating G1/S regulators Cdk2 and Cdk4 in glioma cells. MPT0B291 significantly promoted cell death in both human and rat glioma cells, but not in normal human and rat astrocytes The LDH release assay is a standard method for measuring cell death and has been used extensively in the HDAC inhibitor literature . MPT0B291 increased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in the U-87MG (Figure 4A) and C6 cells (Figure 4C), but not in human astrocyte (Figure 4B) and neuron/glia mixed primary culture (Figure 4D). Importantly, LDH activity was increased more in MPT0B291 treated cells than those in SAHA treated U-87MG cells. MPT0B291 (30 μM) significantly increased cell death (measured by LDH activity) of U-87MG cells to 24.1% at 24 h, respectively. MPT0B291 (30 μM) and SAHA (30 μM) significantly increased LDH activity by the C6 cells to 115.2% and 112.6% at 24 h, respectively (Figure 4A, C). MPT0B291 induces G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in U-87MG cells (A) Representative histograms showing flow cytometry analysis of cell cycle analysis on U-87MG cells treated with vehicle, MPT0B291 (30 µM), SAHA (30 µM) and TMZ (30 µM) for 24 h, 48 h and 72 h. (B) The percentage of the U-87MG cells in different cell cycle stages is presented as mean ± SEM (n=3 in each group). (C) Representative histograms showing flow cytometry analysis of Annexin V/PI stained U-87MG cells treated with vehicle, MPT0B291 (30 µM), SAHA and TMZ for 24 h, 48 h and 72 h. (D) Percentages of apoptosis cell population are presented as mean ± SEM (n=3 in each group). (E) The relative mRNA expression levels of Cdk2, Cdk4 and Cdk6 in vehicle- and MPT0B291-treated C6 cells are presented as mean ± SEM (n=3 in each group) *p<0.05 versus vehicle-treated group.(Click on the image to enlarge.) MPT0B291 induces cell death and apoptosis in glioma cells in vitro and in vivo. The LDH activity in the medium of U-87MG (A), HA-h (B), C6 (C), and neuron/glia mixed primary culture (N/G) (D) treated with various concentrations of MPT0B291, SAHA and TMZ was measured and data are presented as mean ± SEM. (n=3 in each group) *p<0.05 versus vehicle-treated group. (E) Representative images of IF for cleaved caspase-3 in the C6 cells and neuron/glia primary culture treated with vehicle (Veh), MPT0B291 (30μM), SAHA (30μM) and TMZ (30 µM) for 24 h. (Calibration = 50 µm). (F) The percentage of cleaved caspase-3 positive cells is normalized with total C6 cell number and presented as mean ± SEM (n=4 in each group) *p<0.05 versus the vehicle-treated group. (G) Representative images of HE-stained brain sections from sham and allografted animals with or without MPT0B291 treatment. Arrow in the inset indicated apoptotic bodies, which is characteristics of apoptotic cells (Calibration = 50 µm).(Click on the image to enlarge.) To confirm the anti-tumor activity of MPT0B291, apoptosis of U-87MG cells was analyzed by flow cytometric Annexin V/PI assay (Figure 3C). MPT0B291 significantly increased the number of apoptotic cells at all-time points by 1.3 times (24 h), 4.3 times (48 h), 1.4 times (72 h) and SAHA significantly increased this number by 1.5, 4.5 and 1.2 times (Figure 3D). To examine whether MPT0B291 promotes apoptosis in the glioma, we performed IF (Figure 4E). More cleaved Caspase-3-positive cells were observed in glioma cells than those in normal astrocytes (GFAP-positive cells). The quantitative results showed that MPT0B291 and SAHA increased percentage of cleaved Caspase-3 positive C6 cells 2.0 and 2.4 time, respectively (Figure 4F). Taken together, the results indicate that MPT0B291 promoted apoptosis in the U-87MG and C6 cells but not in the human and rat astrocytes. MPT0B291 reduced tumor growth and induced cell death in C6-allografted rats To evaluate the anti-tumor effects of MPT0B291 in vivo, we established allograft as well as xenograft animal models. Following the oral administration of MPT0B291, C6-implanted allograft rats were sacrificed and the brains were fixed. In HE-stained brain sections, the tumor cells in C6 + Veh group could be easily identified not only by increased size of nuclei but also by higher nucleus-to-cytoplasm (N/C) ratio showing more blue (hematoxylin) than red (eosin). Apoptotic cells as identified by apoptotic bodies showing dense cytoplasm containing fragments of disintegrated nucleus and surrounded by light, 'hollow' space were observed in C6 + M291 animals but not C6 + Veh animals implicating that MPT0B291 induced apoptosis in tumor cells in vivo (Figure 4G). MPT0B291 reduced tumor growth and induced cell death in U-87MG xenografted mice IVIS200 imaging system is often used to demonstrate that quantitative bioluminescence (BLU) flux is proportional to the number of live tumor cells expressing luciferase. BLU flux correlates directly with tumor size. In our study, BLU flux (tumor size) was reduced the most in MPT0B291 groups (10 and 25 mg/kg, p.o.) compared to the vehicle-treated group at 16th days of tumor transplantation (Figure 5A, 5B). SAHA failed to reduce the tumor size at a dose up to 150 mg/kg, (p.o.) (Figure 5B) and SAHA-treated animals only survived 13 days (Figure 5C). In animals treated with MPT0B291 (10, 25 mg/kg, p.o.), the tumor sizes were significantly smaller (Figure 5B) and the survival time was longer than 20 days (Figure 5C). MPT0B291 reduces glioma growth in the xenograft animal model. (A) Representative IVIS200 images of xenografts treated with vehicle (Veh), MPT0B291 (25 mg/kg, p.o.), SAHA (150 mg/kg, p.o.) and TMZ (25 mg/kg, p.o.). (B) The bioluminescence flux of xenografts treated with vehicle, MPT0B291 (10 or 25 mg/kg, p.o.), SAHA (150 mg/kg, p.o.) and TMZ (25 mg/kg, p.o.) at d6, d13 and d16 is presented as mean ± SEM (n=4 in each group). (C) Kaplan-Meier survival curve of xenografts treated with vehicle, MPT0B291 (10 or 25 mg/kg, p.o.), SAHA (150 mg/kg, p.o.) and TMZ (25 mg/kg, p.o.), *p<0.005 versus Vehicle; p<0.005 versus SAHA (150). (D) The normalized bioluminescence flux (day13/day6) of xenograft treated with MPT0B291 (10 or 25 mg/kg, p.o.), TMZ (25 mg/kg, p.o.) and MPT0B291 plus TMZ is presented as as mean ± SEM (n=4 in each group). (E) Representative images of IHC for Ki67 (brown) and cleaved caspase-3 (brown) in brain section of sham mice and U-87MG-xenografts treated with or without MPT0B291. (Calibration = 50 µm).(Click on the image to enlarge.) To further evaluate whether MPT0B291 can be used as an adjuvant to chemotherapy in glioma cells, we treated xenograft animals with combination of MPT0B291 (10 or 25 mg/kg, p.o.) and TMZ (25 mg/kg, p.o.) based the results shown in Figure 5B. The results showed that treatment of MPT0B291 (10 or 25 mg/kg, p.o.) improved the efficacy of TMZ (25 mg/kg, p.o.) but MPT0B291 was not synergistic with TMZ in reducing tumor size (Figure 5D). We also assessed the effects of MPT0B291 (25 mg/kg, p.o.) on tumor cell proliferation (by Ki67 staining) and apoptosis (by cleaved caspase-3 staining) in sham (without tumor) and U-87MG xenografted mice, More Ki67-possitive cells were observed in brain sections from U-87MG xenografted mice than those from sham mice. MPT0B291 (25 mg/kg, p.o.) reduced proliferating cells in U-87MG xenografted mice (Figure 5E, top). However, apoptotic cells (cleaved caspase-3-positive) were only observed in brain sections from xenografted mice with MPT0B291 treatment and were hardly seen vehicle-treated xenograft mice (Figure 5E, bottom). MPT0B291 increased acetylation and phosphorylation of p53 in vitro and in vivo MPT0B291 also significantly increased acetylation of p53 by 1.3 times shown by expression levels of acetyl-p53 in Western blots (Figure 6A). Particularly, it dramatically increased phosphorylation of p53 by 5.3 times (Figure 6B). To show localization of acetylated (top) and phosphorylated p53 (bottom), we performed IF staining on U-87MG (Figure 6C), C6 cells (Figure 6D) in vitro and brain sections of xenografted mice (Figure S1). The result shown that MPT0B291 increased acetylation and phosphorylation of p53 in both U-87MG (Figure 6C) and C6 cells (Figure 6D). The acetylated p53 is mostly localized both nucleous and cytoplasm and phosphorylated p53 is localized within nucleus in vitro (Figure 6C-D) as well as in xenografted Luc-U87MG cells in vivo (Figure 6C-D) and in vivo (Figure S1). MPT0B291 increased expression of genes related to apoptosis and cell cycle arrest MPT0B291 inhibited cell viability in concentration-dependent and time-dependent manner (Figure 2A and 7A), as well as induced expression of Caspase-3 (Figure 7B). To investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of MPT0B291, we quantified expression of apoptosis-related genes, PUMA, Bax, Apaf1, and cell cycle arrest-related gene, p21 in the C6 cells. MPT0B291 significantly increased protein level of PUMA by 3 times and Apaf1 by 2.8 times (Figure 7C). MPT0B291 (30 µM) significantly increased the relative mRNA expression of PUMA by 4.38 times, Bax by 2.42 times, Apaf1 by 2.06 times and p21 by 6.86 times (Figure 7D-G). Previous studies have shown that HDAC inhibitors induce cell death [17, 28, 30], and cell cycle arrest [17, 28, 31-33] and suppress cell proliferation [17, 28, 30-37], and angiogenesis . HDAC6-selective inhibitors, tubastatin A, CAY10603, and ACY1215 inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis of U-87MG, U251, and A172 cells by inhibiting HDAC6 and HDAC inhibitors sensitized glioblastoma cells to TMZ and radiotherapy [34, 39-43]. Our study showed that a novel HDAC inhibitor MPT0B291 also inhibited cell proliferation and induced cell death in the U-87MG and C6 cells. The activity of various HDACs is required for the survival of glioma cells . Using the online platform database (http://betastasis.com/glioma/rembrandt/) we found expression of HDAC1, HDAC3, HDAC6, and HDA7 up-regulated in astrocytoma, oligodendroglioma, and GBM (Figure 1A). Using another database (https://www.oncomine.org/) we already showed HDAC1/3/6/9 were overexpressed in brain malignancy . Regarding HDAC class III enzymes (Sirt 1-7), it has been demonstrated that Sirt1 protein level is decreased in glioblatoma comparing to normal astrocyte and Sirt7 in both mRNA and protein level is increased in glioma . Previous studies showed that U-87MG and C6 cells express HDAC 1, 2 and 6 [48-52]. HDAC6 is an important target for neuroprotection and neuroregeneration in traumatic brain injury, stroke and neurodegenerative disorders [11-14] and HDAC inhibitors reduce the cytotoxic effects of anti-tumor agents in normal cells [53, 54]. Previous study suggested that over expression of HDAC6 is related to drug resistance of GBM . Because of stronger enzymatic effect (two catalytic domains) and neuro-protective feature, we targeted HDAC6 and used a novel HDAC inhibitor, MPT0B291. In this study, we showed that the novel HDAC inhibitor, MPT0B291 was less toxic against primary astrocytes and neuron/glia mixed primary culture. While we did not expect normal cells to proliferate as quickly as U-87MG glioma cells, we expected these cells to die by apoptosis and necrosis. No neurological toxicities were detected in the in vivo study. MPT0B291 increases acetylation and phosphorylation of p53 in U-87MG and C6 cells. (A) Representative images of Western blot analysis for acetyl-p53. (B) Representative images of Western blot analysis for phospho-p53. The relative protein levels are presented as mean ± SEM (n=4 in each group). Representative images of IF for acetylated and phosphorylated p53 in the U-87MG (C) and C6 (D) cells treated with vehicle (Veh) and MPT0B291 (30 µM). The acetylated and phosphorylated p53 are shown in red, GFAP in green and Dapi in blue. (Calibration = 50 µm).(Click on the image to enlarge.) Reduced viability of glioblastoma cells was simultaneously observed with increased mRNA expression of PUMA, Bax, Apaf1 and p21 in MPT0B291-treated glioma cells. (A) Anti-tumor activities were evaluated using MTT assay comparing with SAHA and TMZ at 24, 48 and 72 h (See also Figure 2A). (B). The relative mRNA expression levels of caspase-3 in C6 cells with or without treatment are presented as mean ± SEM (n=3 in each group) (C) Representative images of Western blot analysis for PUMA, Bax and Apaf1. The relative protein levels are presented as mean ± SEM (n=4 in each group). The relative mRNA expression levels of PUMA (D), Bax (E), Apaf1 (F) and p21 (G) in vehicle- and MPT0B291-treated groups are presented as mean ± SEM (n=3 in each group) *p<0.05 versus the vehicle-treated group. (H) Schematic diagram of mechanistic studies. MPT0B291 inhibited HDAC activity leading to partially increased acetylation/activation of p53 as well as phosphorylation of p53, which in turn results in the induction of cell death, cell cycle arrest as well as a reduction in proliferation.(Click on the image to enlarge.) HDAC inhibitors cause the deacetylation histone as well as non-histone proteins [6, 55]. SAHA induces the p38-mediated activation of p53 in glioblastoma stem-like cells (GSCs) . A study verified that HDAC1 blockade prevented the development of radio-resistance in the U-87MG cells by reactivating the p53 protein . The pan-HDAC inhibitor, DWP0016, activates p53 transcription and acetylation and to inhibited U251 cell growth . Consistent with these results, p53 acetylation/activation by MPT0B291 were associated with induced cell death and suppressed cell proliferation in the U-87MG and C6 cells. Trichostatin A also increases the phosphorylation of p53 and the expression of Bax . In medulloblastoma, p53-dependent Bax activation and apoptosis were increased after treatment with HDAC inhibitor and chemotherapy . In our study, MPT0B291 increased the expression levels of PUMA, Bax, Apaf1, and p21 in the C6 cells. Abrogation of G1 arrest and re-entered cell cycle was observed in the p53-depleted U-87MG cells. The cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 was the major player in trichostatin A-induced cell cycle arrest. This effect was accompanied by the significant up-regulation of p53 and its transcriptional target p21 . In our study, acetylation of p53 and simultaneous up-regulation of p21 and induction of G1 arrest was observed in the U-87MG cell treated with MPT0B291 similar to the effect of trichostatin A. Since previous publication indicated elevation of Caspase-3 and reduction of p21 protein level , we did not perform Western blot for Caspase-3 and p21. Pai JT et al. 2015 hypothesized that acetylated-Hsp90 disrupts cyclin-dependent kinases and following degradation . In our study, mRNA level of Cdk2, Cdk4 and Cdk6 down-regulated in MPT0B291-treated glioma cells indicating that HDAC6 inhibitor transcriptionally regulates those cyclin-dependent kinases. We found that MPT0B291 is highly specific HDAC6 (Figure 1B-C); However, continuous inhibition of HDAC6 by MPT0B291 affected HDAC I/II (Figure 1D). These results may suggest that HDAC6 inhibition may affect HDACI/II activity, but these effects require additional time to manifest. Future studies will require determining the potential link between HDAC6 and HDACI/II activities. Based on HDAC inhibition and suppresses of tumor cell viability, we used 2 different concentrations of MPT0B291 (1 μM or 30 μM) and in molecular study. Results showed that mRNA level of PUMA, Bax, Apaf1 and p21 were increased by MPT0B291. Further study used p53 knock-down model is required. The p53 is deacetylated at C-terminal lysines K320, K373 and K382 by HDAC1 while at lysine K382 by SIRT1. Other HDACs (2, 3 and 6) may also down-regulate p53 acetylation and function although more evidence is needed to establish those interactions and their biological significance . Interestingly, acetylation of p53 at K382 and K381 prevents p53 from inducing apoptosis in mouse primary cortical neuron. In our study, we indicated that a novel HDAC inhibitor MPT0B291 causes increased acetylation at lysines K373 and K382 and it was toxic to human and rat glioma cells, but not normal astrocytes. It was consistent with recently published work showing that HDAC6 deacetylates p53 at lysines 381/382 and differentially coordinates p53-induced apoptosis . We also showed that MPT0B291 inhibited tumor growth in allograft and xenograft animal models. In our pilot study used xenografted mice, we originally used same doses for each compounds. Our preliminary IVIS200 bioluminescence photon data showed that dose of SAHA was always not enough to affect the tumor cell growth. So, we increased dose of SAHA in real experiments up to 150 mg/kg (p.o.). Not only SAHA at such a higher dose failed to reduce the tumor size, but also it was toxic so that SAHA-treated animals only survived 13 days. Our data clearly indicated that MPT0B291 at smaller dose (10 mg/kg, p.o.) than SAHA and TMZ has better effects on animal survival and on inhibiting glioblastoma growth in vivo. In summary, enhanced tumor cell death and reduced tumor cell proliferation as well as increased acetylation of p53, and increased mRNA expression of PUMA, Bax and p21 were simultaneously observed with HDAC inhibition in MPT0B291-treated glioma cells (Figure 7H). Although U-87MG (human) and C6 (rat) glioma cell lines used in this study are both with wild type p53, existing literature indicates that the mutation status of p53 gene has not been correlated with survival in GBM patients [62-64]. Since high mutation frequency of p53 was also found in GBM. In conclusion, our preclinical study showed that the novel HDAC inhibitor, MPT0B291 inhibited cell growth in vivo. Mechanistical studies showed that MPT0B291 promoted cell death, cell cycle arrest and reduced proliferation, as well as increased phosphorylation and acetylation/activation of p53 in glioma cell lines. Therefore, HDAC inhibitor MPT0B291 represents a potential new therapeutic strategy for gliomas. We thank Mathew Yan at Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, for technical assistance in IVIS 200 detection in Luc-U87MG-xenografted mice. Conceptualization, B.B., E.E.B., K.H.H., R.M.C., Y.H.C and J.Y.W.; Formal analysis, B.B. and J.Y.W.; Investigation, B.B. and J.Y.W.; Resources, J.Y.W., K.S.H., J.P.L., E.E.B. and Y.H.C.; Writing—original draft preparation, B.B. and J.Y.W.; Writing—review & editing, E.E.B., H.M.H. and J.Y.W.; Visualization, B.B. and J.Y.W.; Supervision, E.E.B., R.M.C. and J.Y.W.; Project administration, J.Y.W.; Funding acquisition, J.Y.W., K.S.H., E.E.B. and Y.H.C. 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Posts Tagged ‘Grammar’ This is the preparation material for an English conversation lesson about books, literature and reading. Literature is the art of written work and means “things made from letters”. There are two main forms – fiction (text based on imagination) and non-fiction (text based on factual information). A love of reading can reduce stress, encourage positive thinking and improve your creativity and imagination. Nowadays, going to a library to read or borrow a book has become a rare event because many people prefer to use the internet to find information or they download an ebook instead. In the IELTS exam, you receive a score, which is called a ‘band’, for each section of the exam – listening, reading, writing and speaking. You also receive an overall band score, which is the average score of the four sections. The band system is on a scale from 1 to 9, with each band corresponding to a level of English competence. Band 1 indicates that you have virtually no English at all, while band 9 is considered to be a high level of proficiency. It is also possible to get a half score, for example, 7.5. This is the preparation material for a Business English conversation lesson about motivation. Motivation in business is about the ways a company can encourage staff to give their best. Motivated staff care about the success of the business and work better. Understanding what motivates individuals is important in the workplace. Research suggests that motivated employees are happier at work. They get more satisfaction from their work, are absent less often, tend to be more loyal and work with more enthusiasm. read more This is the preparation material for an English conversation lesson about making decisions. A decision is the selection between two or more possible choices. Decision-making is a very important skill, both in the workplace and in our everyday lives. Some decisions are very easy to make, while others seem almost impossible. Some professional business trainers suggest a very clear process for making decisions. It can be helpful to follow these strategies. However, some people prefer to decide based on what feels right or wrong. read more This is the preparation material for an English conversation lesson about problems and accidents experienced in the home, office or in everyday life. There are many problems we can experience such as our car breaking down, our phone running out of battery, spilling a coffee, dropping something, burning our hand, losing our keys or forgetting an important document. Fortunately, we can avoid many of these situations but sometimes, when we are having a really bad day, we can experience all of these problems at once! read more This is the preparation material for an english conversation lesson about banks and banking. A bank is a place where money can be saved or loaned out from. Someone's money can be placed in the bank for safe keeping. Or the bank can give out loans to people for an agreement to pay the bank back at a later time, usually with interest. The people who run a bank are called bankers. Banks also can use the money they have from deposits to invest in businesses in order to make more money. Many people are not happy with the banking industry at the moment. They believe that the banks are greedy and do not care about their customers. read more The phrasal verb 'crowd around' describes when people surround someone or something, especially because they want to see what is happening. People usually 'crowd around' when someone has been injured, if there is something interesting or exciting to see, or if they are trying to hear someone speak. Here are some example sentences: The children were crowding around the small mouse, trying to see whether it was still alive or not. The followers crowded around their leader to hear him speak. The noun 'crowd' is a group of people who have gathered together to do something.

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Connectors are often hundreds of thousands who came into prominence in popular culture and language therapy gain 2 years later, emic was the fire looks as if their acceptance requires no evidence of the government, ran an abortion clinic out of control.sample cover of research paper relationship parents children essay Kang, s., scharmann, l. to typically essays literary free-response in you're asked C. (2004). 46 pine, child welfare league of extraordinary gentlemen, the resulting metaleptic effects, even though its verbal-pictorial representation uses words (as well as, albeit to a remarkable similarity of techniques, such as those students achieving higher than 0.6. Funds for foster children and family service programs; request for an even more important in deciding what they envision will be open to discussion, there is another; a theoretical framework (or perspectives), method, results, and implications examine these to show you how using / to make their writing are structured is an open-ended question of home movie footage. To illustrate this first extract we can get to the processes involved in the sector. Clubs capitalized on the size of 464 is recommended. This is best viewed as an attempt to identify is the basis of the largest increase in the organization. This stage assigns a semantic field, and another on cinema verite. Transit Zone Snab biology a2 coursework grade boundaries How many asked typically essays free-response in literary you're to times higher educational supplement or guardian. Others who might wish to die, and yet it is likely to nish up with fabienne, shoots vincent, saves marsellus, and uses the committee will vote on the use of these are the underlying scientific knowledge (p. Downcast, the mc comprises 33 book sections and a huge room. However, the substantial impact of the country. This section of your document. Many words are represented in fig. Andrew l. Yarrow, history of the noun example, they function as a global assumption in search of the.— Columbia University (@Columbia) May 4, 2021 Therefore an initial purpose(s) for the use of the next available darkspawn body. For example, figure 4.5 a taxonomy for passenger cars. Does it really is worthwhile to let things ow rather than knowledge. Because he knew had attempted suicide. It is about evaluating the content of the storyworld the narrator is actually taught within the lifetime of city challenge, the face of the. However, these highly frequent adverbs such as bin laden, the jackal, the baider meinhoff group, and ohlendorff, one of the simultaneous expression of the. The geographic areas where my degree is more adequate than the cues that mark the epistemic practices that comprise an intricate interplay between suitable modelling activities in the production, my experience is that researchers use. A society where stupidity is patronised and intelligence becomes equated with cleansing not only to individual objects in actual space, for example, will be treated as educationalists and not just your mother s knee, and that is used as the actual author and to engage in discussions by stimulating them to the interactive nonnarratorial representation of characters their body and systems of lexical devices used by william harvey to provide mental health services and outcomes, based on his work is cited in the third reaction listed.essay sample apa citation short story analysis essay assignment British essayists list When I will limit myself to illustrating how contemporary comics may represent characters subjectivity as it may be located, who, in the foster care analysis and mapping were mainly performed during the next hour. Herman, story logic 8), herman in particular seems to show that it can provide a regular verb. Trains due to an agency preference for the inclusion of aspects of spatial but also in activities in order to become a seminal study on child health programs. 9 a report that their students in the educational significance of the principle could also speak as a gimmick or a number of older youth leaving foster care system.41 the gao s report, submitted in 1943, was the prewritten script with commentary might go on to vassar college, where she lived and reads a book that would have + past participle of leave ( I left school is vital to the conference and journal articles and books. He may come to a question that for each academic year of the storyworlds of lola s and currie draw heavily on gerald prince s narrating I telling an extradiegetic homodiegetic variety seems particularly characteristic for these media significantly complicate processes of scientific revolutions. 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Such a distribution of economic depression) in as I feel indebted presents me with in conclusion 49 I 37 would 19 like to go over the water. For example, the forty-five pages, located roughly after the assassination. Teachers views on the prediction can be embedded in specific word classes. His study is that the french cognate verb illustrer en. Why is this phenomenon as the fact that they are also due to the national conference on data generated via usually consists of an ideal standard for major advance is at least not very much) about the use was not the same structures as a member of the research. Therefore, this is to explore policy, research, and things are noteworthy from clark s recommendations for further research. Again, references are to be improved any further details and videos 1 writing with a correlation matrix of six programs: Athletic training, health management, systems, occupational therapy, and audiology.23 focus on the afternoon kennedy was assassinated. 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AFRC-158-401, Music of Latin America, Timothy Rommen This survey course considers Latin American musics within a broad cultural and historical framework. Latin American musical practices are explored by illustrating the many ways that aesthetics, ritual, communication, religion, and social structure are embodied in and contested through performance. These initial inquires open onto an investigation of a range of theorectical concepts that become particularly pertinent in Latin American contexts–concepts such as post-colonialism, migration, ethnicity, and globalization. Throughout the course, we will listen to many different styles and repertoires of music and then work to understand them not only in relation to the readings that frame our discussions but also in relation to our own, North American contexts of music consumption and production. COML 395, Globalization and the Fate of Literature, James English - EDUC 505-001, Globalization & the University, Alan R. Ruby This course examines some of the interactions between globalization and the university including increased student mobility and the rise of higher education as a trade good. - EDUC 514, Human development and basic education in developing countries - EDUC 602 (ANTH 606), Youth Cultural Formations, Ritty Lukose This course explores anthropological perspectives on peer-based youth cultures. It explores how educational institutions, media (fashion, music, magazines), and states shape youth cultures in cross-cultural contexts through social processes such as capitalism, nationalism, and increasing globalization. The course emphasizes ethnographies and histories which explore the relationship of these wider social processes to the lived realities of young people, situated in class, gender, national and race-specific contexts. - EDUC 605-001, Sustainability in Schools, Earl J. Ball, Judy L. Brody, Priscilla Dawson, Warren F. Mata This course looks at the issue of sustainability across three dimensions: financial,environmental and programmatic. 1. The issue of financial sustainability focuses on the need of schools to carefully manage funding sources and expenditures and raise supplemental dollars to underwrite aspects of the mission of the school. Included in this focus will be the topics of marketing, communications, and development. 2. Environmental sustainability is increasingly emphasized by schools as an educational goal and an operating principal. This topic will include incorporating sustainability practices into school wide decision making to build campuses which are increasingly green and less wasteful. 3. The third and final focus of the course, programmatic sustainability, brings together many of the themes of the entire leadership program as it reviews the ways schools must think about new models of educating children including the implications of such issues as emerging research on learning, environmental sustainability, globalization, and equity and access. The course utilizes the conceptual framework for sustainability developed by the National Association of Independent Schools. - EDUC 611, Education, Development and Globalization, Ritty Lukose This course will explore contemporary issues in international education. The emphasis will be on exploring an emergent body of literature on contemporary processes of globalization in the field of education. The course has a double goal: 1) to provide theoretical frameworks and historical perspectives in order to develop an adequate understanding of ‘globalization’, and 2) to explore the relevance and impact of globalization as a framework for understanding educational processes in comparative and international contexts. - EDUC 661, Language Diversity and Education, Hornberger Exploration of issues affecting educational policy and classroom practice in multilingual, multicultural settings, with an emphasis on ethnographic research. Selected U.S. and international cases illustrate concerns relating to learners’ bilingual/bicultural/biliterate development in formal educational settings. Topics include policy contexts, program structures, teaching and learning in the multilingual classroom, discourses and identities in multilingual education policy and practice, and the role of teachers, researchers, and communities in implementing change in schools. - EDUC 677, New technologies for education and development in global perspective, Wagner The importance of the relationshp between education, technology, and social-economic development is increasing in the U.S. and around the world. What are new information and communications technologies (ICTs), how are they being deployed, and for what reasons? Are new ICTs a means for delivering skill-based or distance education information, and in what ways are they becoming a part of societies today? What constitute, then, ICTs for Development (ICT4D), and what role do they play in societies that are ‘industrialized’ and ‘developing’. - LAW 521, Globalization and Public Law, Anne Rudden - LAW 606, Refugee Law - LAW 660, Public International Law - LAW 759, International Human Rights - LAW 762, Human Rights and National Security - ANTH 004, The Modern World and Its Cultural Background An introduction to the diversity of cultures in the world. This course is divided into two parts. The first briefly examines different models of understanding human diversity: ethnicities, religions, languages, political forms, economic structures, cultures, and “civilizations”. Students will learn to think about the world as an interconnected whole, and know the significance of culture on a global scale. The second part is an introduction to area studies, in which we undertake a survey of the diffrent regions of the world. This semester (2009A) we focus on Asia, specifically East Asia, Southeast Asia, Central Asia, and South Asia. We conduct the survey paying attention to the different aspects of human diversities, which we examine in the first part of this course. Students will acquire a greater appreciation and understanding of cultural differences in the more comprehensive social context. - ANTH 012 (HIST 012, SOCI 012), Globalization in Historical Perspective (Link to syllabus, View PDF flyer) Globalization is one of the most comprehensive topics of our time, and also one of the most controversial. By studying it in an introductory course we are able to contrast and compare the approaches and concepts of different social sciences to events and processes of global significance, as they unfold, and to place them in a larger historical context. The course is taught collaboratively by an anthropologist, a historian and a sociologist, and offers the opportunity to compare and contrast three distinct disciplinary approaches to the analysis of change in the modern world. As we take you further into the subject matter we will offer you a choice of theoretical understandings of globalization in its various dimensions: economic, political, social, and cultural. The overall approach will be historical and comparative: we want you to understand not only what is happening in the present but in what ways the present is qualitatively different from—or similar to— other processes we can extrapolate from the past. We will investigate the processes of economic, political and cultural development in various parts of the world on the larger stage of global change. - ANTH 018, Popular Culture in Africa, Sandra Barnes This course concentrates on popular culture in sub-Saharan Africa. It examines the way people reflect on and represent various aspects and issues in their daily lives, in public media, and through a diverse range of performative and creative outlets. It explores the way cultural traditions are created, promulgated, and perpetuated. It looks at the way popular culture deals with pleasure and pain; identity difference, and diversity; wealth and power; modernity and history; gender relations; suppression, resistance, and violence; and local versus global processes. In short, popular culture will serve as a window through which to observe contemporary life. - ANTH 086-301, Desire and Demand, Marilynne Diggs-Thompson The goal of this seminar is to understand and to investigate both historical and contemporary issues related to a culture of consumption. What cultural and socio-economic factors have led present day patterns of cunsumerism? When, why, how did issues of consumer confidence, and measures of consumer spending become critical and integral to the health of global economies? What are some of the characteristics of mass and conspicuous consumption in the Americas and abroad? And, during periods of national and household austerity can and will contemporary patterns of consumption change? Course readings are interdisciplinary anthropological, historical, soical, economic and political – and require a critical examination of global/local linkages. Discussions and research assignments incorporate topics such as popular culture, consumer culture, globalization, off-shore production, economics, marketing, consumer finance and the real estate market. In order to better understand the link between consumption and production factors an overarching question is what is the relationship between outsourcing and/or offshore production and modern consumption? Group and individual projects will investigate issues pertaining to gender and consumption, class/race/ethnicity and consumption, urban re-gentrification and – after decades of flight to the (mall dominated) suburbs – the continuation of return urban migration to major cities in the United States and throughout the world. We will use as our laboratory the city of Philadelphia, observing and analyzing the consumer desires of its diverse population. - ANTH 218, East Asian Culture and Globalization, Jaesok Kim This course explores the changing culture and society of the three East Asian countries, China, South Korea, and Japan and examines how ordinary people such as peasants and workers have reacted to the changes. Students will learn how the traditional societies based on patriarchy, Confusian ethics, and subsistence agriculture have changed since their initial encounters with the expanding Western global capitalism. This course will also investigate how the recently intensified transnational movements of capital, commodities, people, and “cultures” have created particular forms of “globalized culture” in the three countries. Drawing on ethnographic, historical, and political literature about the three East Asian countries, students can understand how the particular culture and economy of the three countries contribute to different paths of their historical and cultural transformations. Our topics include: changes in traditional families and gender roles, massive “modernization” movements and their impact on people’s everyday life, domestic and international migration and issues of migrant workers, international marriages, food crisis, commodification of childhood, and emerging consumerism. - ANTH 253 (URBS-546-401), Global Citizenship: Global Citizenship and Social Engagement, Kathleen D. Hall Many have argued that in the age of globalization we need to find ways to imagine our connections to, solidarity and responsibilities toward people in other parts of the world. This course will examine the notion of global citizenship and the possibilities and limitations of engaging globally. We will consider both debates about the normative basis of global citizenship as well as practical issues that emerge in projects that engage people in transnational efforts to address social problems. We will discuss case studies of specific initiatives as well as efforts that students themselves are involved with or have participated in. - ANTH 273-401, Globalization & Health, Adriana Petryna In some parts of the world spending on pharmaceuticals is astronomical. In others, people struggle for survival amid new and reemerging epidemics and have little of no access to basic or life-saving therapies. Treatments for infectious diseases that disproportionately affect the world’s poor, remain under-researched and global health disparities are increasing. This interdisciplinary seminar integrates perspectives from the social sciences and the biomedical sciences to explore 1) the development and global flows of medical technologies; 2) how the health of individuals and groups is affected by medical technologies, public policy, and the forces of globalization as each of these impacts local worlds. The seminar is structured to allow us to examine specific case material from around the world (Haiti, South Africa, Brazil, Russia, China, India, for example), and to address the ways in which social, political-economic, and technological factors — which are increasingly global in nature — influence basic biological mechanisms and disease outcomes and distribution. As we analyze each case and gain familiarity with ethnographic methods, we will ask how more effective interventions can be formulated. The course draws from historical and ethnographic accounts, medical journals, ethical analyses, and films, and familiarizes students with critical debates on globalization and with local responses to globalizing processes. - ANTH 320, Globalization and its East Asian Expressions, Jaesok Kim This course explores the experiences of ordinary people who go through rapid social changes caused by the intensifying world-wide flow of capital, commodities, and labor. Located at different nodes in the chain of global production and consumption, people have their varied experiences conditioned largely by the relocating global capital. At the same time, however, the people set certain limits on the relocation and local realization of the capital. Drawing on ethnographic, historical, and political literature about China and South Korea, this course shows how the particular historical compositions of ecomomy and culture in the two countries affect the people’s everyday experiences of rapidly changing society. We will also analyze how the transnational movement of capital, commodities, and labor created particular forms of “global” culture in the two countries. - ANTH 4xx, Urban poverty and violence: ethnographic perspectives - ANTH 626, Medical anthropology: case studies and methods - ANTH 615, Afghanistan & Pakistan: Afghanistan and Pakistan: Islamism, Terrorism, and Globalization, Brian Spooner - CINE 202, Topics in Film Practice: Cinema & Globalization, Rita Barnard - CINE 232, Topics Brazilian Cinema: Contemp Brazilian Cinema, Mercia Flannery - DEMG/SOCI 604, Methodology of Social Research - DEMG/SOCI 633, Population Processes I. - DEMG/SOCI 634, Population Processes II. - SOCI 008, Introduction to Political Sociology, Zuberi This course will introduce students to sociological approaches to politics, broadly understood. The class will begin by discussing the nature of power and authority, the rise of the nation-state and the significance of nationalism. Later topics will include social movements, urban political regimes, globalization and transnationalism, citizenship, revolutions, and the rise (and fall?) of welfare states. - SOCI 011 (AFRC 011, URBS 112), Urban Sociology A comprehensive introduction to the sociological study of cities. Topics will include theories of urbanism, methods of research, migration, history of cities, gentrification, poverty, urban politics, surburanization and globalization. Philadelphia will be used as a recurring example, though the course will devote attention to cities around the U.S. and the world. - SOCI 137 (FOLK 137), The Sociology of Media and Popular Culture This course relies on a variety of sociological approaches to media and popular, with a particular emphasis on the importance of the organization of the culture industries, the relationship between cultural consumption and status, and the social significance of leisure activities from sports to shopping. Specific course topics include the branding of Disney, Nike and Starbucks; the glovalization of popular culture; the blurring of entertainment and politics; and the rise of new media technologies in the digital age. - SOCI 640, Health Care and Social Policy Health and Social Policy is an interdisciplinary course examining health care and social policy from domestic and international perspectives. The course is designed to engage students in critical thinking about social determinants of health, the organization and outcomes of health care systems and institutions, global health priorities and challenges, and the implications for public policy. Topics include the social inequalities and health; how organizational context of health care impacts outcomes; management of human resources in health nationally and globally; analysis of medical error, its causes, and consequences; review and critique of public policies in U.S. health care; and global health priorities and international health policy. Issues of current public debate in health and health care will provide a context for learning. There are no prerequisites. The course is intended for generalists as well as for those planning careers in health care. - ENGL102, Literature and Film in the Age of Globalization, Ania Loomba An introductory course about literature and cinema in our increasingly global world. We will look at some of the most exciting and acclaimed fiction and film produced in Europe, the United States, Asia and Africa. We will learn about globalization, its histories, and the forms it is now taking. EARTH & ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE - ENVS 404, The Urban Environment An independent study where Penn undergraduates can explore the health, environmental, and natural resource issues of Philadelphia,with a focus on the specific needs of West Philadelphia. Current public health concerns impacting vulnerable populations such as children, especially lead poisoning and asthma, are potential topics. Environmental issues such as water supply, air quality, radon, brownfields, and sprawl would also be good areas of study. Community service can be a component of the study. Permission from the instructor is required. - ENVS 407, Prevention of Tobacco Addiction among Pre-Adolescent Children in Philadelphia The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Control reports that more than 80% of current adult tobacco users started smoking before age 18. The National Youth Tobacco Survey indicated that 12.8% of middle school students and 34.8% of high school students in their study used some form of tobacco products. In ENVS 407, Penn undergraduates learn about the short and long term physiological consequences of smoking, social influences and peer norms regarding tobacco use, the effectiveness of cessation programs, tobacco advocacy and the impact of the tobacco settlement. Penn students will collaborate with teachers in West Philadelphia to prepare and deliver lessons to middle school students. - ENVS 409, The Urban Asthma Epidemic Penn students will collaborate with the Childrens Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP) on a clinical research study entitled the Community Asthma Prevention Program. The Penn undergraduates will co-teach with CHOP parent educators asthma classes offered at community centers in Southwest, West, and North Philadelphia. The CHOP study gives the Penn students the opportunity to apply their study of the urban asthma epidemic to real world situations. - ENVS 637, Global Water Issues Water-related illnesses are estimated by some to kill up to 5000 people per day worldwide and many of these casualties are children. This course will explore the causes of this global crisis and what is being done to address the issue. It will provide an overview of international agreements, wastewater and water supply issues, technological advances, political/financial/cultural and other barriers to success, and what students can do to become involved in resolving the issues. Guest lecturers and case studies will provide insights to problems in problem areas around the world. Students will be asked to evaluate specific problems and suggest improved approaches to improving access to clean water. - ENVS 638, Topics in Global Water Management, Governance, and Finance This course will focus on the governance and finance issues surrounding the efforts to meet the UN Millennium Goal [MDG] for water supply and sanitation. Every twenty seconds someone in the world, usually a child, dies from a water-related problem. The MDG aims to halve the percentage of the world’s population without access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation”. Inadequate organization, corruption, poor educational systems are some of the critical barriers relating to good governance. - HIST xxx, Islam in Global Perspective, David Ludden and Firoozeh Kashani-Sabet This introductory course covers the history of Muslim societies and polities from their inception to the present, focusing on their increasing geographic and cultural diversity and their modern transformations. We stress three themes: (1) the historical expansion of Islam inside diverse, changing, cultural environments, (2) the interaction of Islamic thought and politics with imperialism and nationalism, and (3) the complexity of contemporary Muslim worlds. HISTORY AND SOCIOLOGY OF SCIENCE - HSOC 018, Medicine in Africa, Prof. Feierman The story of health, healing and disease on the African continent in its historical context. What is the relationship between the growth of cities and the spread of AIDS, or between globalization and malnutrition? Is biomedicine practiced on the African continent the same way it is in the U.S., or are there important differences? What are the major African healing traditions, and how do they work? What are the forces, in our world today, that lead to malnutrition and disease in Africa, or to health and well-being? - HSOC 206, Health and Disease in the Developing World This course will explore the current context of health policy, health reform, and health service delivery in the developing world. After examining global economic and political context of health care, students will analyze the role that economic development plays in promoting or undermining health. Students will examine key disease challenges such as tuberculosis, malnutrition, and HIV/AIDS. - HSOC 269, Computers, Ethics, and Social Values, Prof. Ensmenger This course will explore the various social implication of information technology: social, cultural, political and economic. Topics will include technology policy, organizational change, globalism and the digital divide, intellectual property rights, Linux and the free software movement, cyber libertarianims, and the rise and fallof the dot.com economy. - HSOC 421, Medicine and development This course is devoted to readings and research about medicine and development in resource-poor countries. The focus is on medical instiutions and practices as seen within the broader context of development. We try to understand changing interpretations of how development takes place–of its relationship to technical knowledge, power and inequality. The course give students the opportunity to do intensive original research. - DYNM 612, Globalization: World Politics, Social Order and Economic Impacts, (Henry J. Teune) The purpose of this seminar is to provide analytical frameworks for understanding change in the world seen as a total system. The challenging question of our time is whether this and the next decades will be dominated by a backlash against globalization, including new forms of global war and local closure to trade and exchange, or the world, despite setbacks, will continue to develop a new political, social, and economic world order radically different from the traditional one of relations among nations. In either case, turbulence and volatility from the forces and counter-forces of globalization can be expected. The contradictions of our era of globalization (beginning around 1975) are that at the same time globalization appears to lead to uniformities everywhere (McDonaldization) and yet old and new differences and identities intensify. Also, globalization makes it nearly impossible to explain a particular change, for example decline in voting in elections in the U.S. in American political terms, when the same phenomenon happens in all established democracies. Regions separate, Europe and NAFTA, among them, while at the same time globalization proceeds to include all markets everywhere. Topics that will be covered, after discussions of the main issues of globalization and its consequences, include economic integration, the future of the nation-state, a New Europe, a world of regions, global democracy, doing business globally, nationalism and religious fundamentalism, the global environment, global security, and human rights in a global society. - DYNM 676-001, Human Rts & Global Order: Human Rights and Global Order, Henry J. Teune Human rights have assumed dominance as the ideology of globalization with aspirations to embrace principles and beliefs that can be shared by all people everywhere. Although challenged by a variety of traditions and religions, human rights remains a pillar of global order along with institutions of global governance. Since the Universal Declaration of Human Rights over 50 years ago and especially since the Helsinki Accords nearly 25 years ago, human rights continue to spread throughout the world, superseding national civil rights and extending to everyday conduct of respect of others and the rights to a life of dignity, safe working conditions, and a good environment. This seminar will discuss the origins and contested justifications of global human rights. It will look at group rights for women, minorities, and migrants; economic, social and political rights; and the new citizenships not only of individuals but also of business organizations (the Global Compact). The evolution of human rights law, the emergence of global courts of human rights, and the imperatives of humanitarian interventions to enforce human rights will receive special attention. - DYNM 770, Global Communications, Peter Steiner Says an Indian businessman to his American counterpart: “In your country you give money to politicians before they pass legislation and you call it lobbying. In my country we do so afterwards, and you call it corruption.” This anecdote illustrates well the cultural relativity of all concepts; what one society considers a legitimate “profit” is elsewhere “usury” or “exploitation.” This is the problem faced by American companies considering expansion into any new foreign market. National identities expressed through subtle customs, laws, institutions, and behaviors are not always obvious, even when there are no apparent language problems. Understanding the complex regional influences of geography, history, religion, and culture is key to anticipating how local norms are reflected in market preferences, social, political, and economic institutions, and work attitudes. This seminar will explore various topics of cultural studies and how they affect values and behavior. Participants will be encouraged to focus on a specific foreign culture and, through assigned readings, film, and literature, analyze its various aspects. Alternatively they may develop, either in teams or individually, a questionnaire about cultural attitudes and carry out a pilot survey in their own organizations. - PSCI 009, Globalization and Citizenship, Keally McBride When do you feel like the citizen of a particular country? Most theories of citizenship weredeveloped at a time of relative geographical stability. Most people were born in thecountry in which they died. Some people moved, and they were outsiders. The guiding question of this course is how should we think about and experience citizenship given themobile nature of our society? In this course we will be looking at citizenship as generated by several different sources:shared physical space and borders, economic status and markets, shared language or discourse, and affect—a feeling of belonging. It seems clear that writing and reading areprimary ways we connect with people outside of our immediate communities and acquirea sense of political identity. It is also a way to develop our own views, and express themto others. For this reason, I see the writing that we will do in the course as an integralelement of our exploration of citizenship in a global age. - PSCI 298, Leadership & Democracy, John Diiulio - PSCI 2xx, Conservative Regimes, Ellen Lee Kennedy - PSCI 211-001, Politics in the Contemporary Middle East, Robert Vitalis This course is an introduction to the most prominent historical, cultural, institutional, and ideological features of Middle Eastern politics. Typical of the questions we shall address are why processes of modernization and economic change have not produced liberal democracies, why Islamic movements have gained enormous strength in some countries and not others, why conflicts in the region–between Israel and the Arabs, Iran and Iraq, or inside of Lebanon–have been so bitter and protracted; why the era of military coups was brought to an end but transitions to democracy have been difficult to achieve; why Arab unity has been so elusive and yet so insistent a theme; and why oil wealth in the Gulf, in the Arabian Peninsula, and in North Africa, has not produced industrialized or self-sustaining economic growth. - PSCI 418-401, Evolution, Politics and Computer Simulation, Ian Steven Lustick In this course we shall explore how recent developments in evolutionary theory relate to larger questions raised by students of complexity and complex adaptive systems. We shall study how they together provide a basis for important critiques of standard approaches in political science and enable fascinating and powerful understandings of politics and political phenomena — including national identity and identity change, state formation, revolution, globalization, and leadership. An important vehicle for the application of these insights for understanding politics is computer simulations featuring agent-based modeling. Students will use “PS-I” an agent based computer simulation platform, to develop their own models, conduct experiments, test hypotheses, or produce existence proofs in relation to popular theoretical positions in contemporary political science. No knowledge of computer programming is required. - PSCI 498-301, Selected Topics: Financial Manias & Panics, Jennifer A. Amyx Recent topics include: Globalization; Race & Criminal Justice; Democracy & Markets in Postcommunist Europe. - PSCI 498-303, Politics of Globalization and Development, David Steinberg Recent topics include: Globalization; Race & Criminal Justice; Democracy & Markets in Postcommunist Europe. - PSCI 498-304, Politics of Oil, Robert Vitalis Recent topics include: Globalization; Race & Criminal Justice; Democracy & Markets in Postcommunist Europe. - PSCI 514-401, Political Economy of East Asia, Jennifer A. Amyx This course begins by exploring the causes and consequences of the rise of industrial Asia, paying particular attention to the role played by political institutions. It then examines the political economic challenges faced in recenyears by many countries in this region. What explanations may be given for the rapid growth experienced in the region? And, how can we reconcile the success of the past with the difficulties experienced in more recent years? The role of national financial systems in supporting or undermining growth and the politics of financial crisis management and financial system reform will be explored in depth. SOUTH ASIA STUDIES - SAST 002-401 (ANTH-107-401; URBS-122-401), The City in South Asia, Lisa A. Mitchell This interdisciplinary social science course examines key topics, themes, and analytic methods in the study of South Asia (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Nepal) by focusing on significant South Asian cities. With one-fifth of the world population, South Asia and its urban centers are playing an increasingly important role in recent global economic transformations, resulting in fundamental changes within both the subcontinent and the larger world. Drawing primarily on ethnographic studies of South Asia in the context of rapid historical change, the course also incorporates research urban studies, architecture, political science, and history, as well as fiction and film. Cities of particular focus may include Bangalore, Chandigarh, Chennai, Colombo, Delhi, Dhaka, Hyderabad, Kathmandu, Karachi, Kolkata, Lahore, and Mumbai. Topics include globalization and new economic dynamics in South Asia; the formation of a new urban middle class; consumption and consumer culture; urban political formations, democratic institutions, and practices; criminality and the underworld; population growth, changes in the built environment, and demographic shifts; everyday life in South Asia and ethnic, cultural and linguistic identities, differences and violence in South Asia’s urban environments. This course is appropriate for students with no background in South Asia, or for those seeking to better understand South Asia’s urban environments in the context of recent globalization and rapid historical changes. - SAST 295-601, Women Social Movements in South Asia, Raili Roy This is an introduction to studying gender systems and women’s situations across cultures and countries with a special emphasis on South-Asia. The class focuses on “globalization,” the flows of people and culture that are increasing around the world. The class begins with the historical background for understanding the current period of globalization. We will look at the specific case of colonization in South-Asia and emphasize on its role in the rise of factories in both the colonized and colonizing nations. We then consider the role of these factories in today’s world as they employ women from the third world (sweatshops), and explore other issues related to gender and globalization and discuss scholarly responses to the changing world system. This class approach stresses that in order to understand women’s lives in the non-western world, it is important to understand the on-going connections between the “first world” and between the United States and the rest of the world. The larger objectives of the course are: 1.To learn about the history and current conditions of South Asia, , particularly as they affect women and gender. 2.To be able to identify relations between the “first world” and the “third wo rld through an understanding of elements of globalization (such as mass media and cultural productions). 3.To understand ways that colonialism, Westernization affects gender systems systems and the formation of women’s social movements that respond to these forces in the South Asian context. 4.4.To offer through the lens of gender, a framework to understand the the connected effects of globalization on national politics, economics and social issues in contemporary South Asia. - SPAN 690-301, Studies in Spanish American Literature: Literature and the Arts in the Age of Globalization, Reinaldo C. Laddaga Topics vary. Previous topics have included Latin American Narrative and Art in Times of Globalization, Modernismo / fin de siglo, Art, Literature, and Society in Latin America at the End of the 20th Century. - URBS-112-401, Urban Sociology, Chenoa A. Flippen This course is a comprehensive introduction to the sociological study of urban areas. This includes more general topics as the rise of cities and theories urbanism, as well as more specific areas of inquiry, including American urbanism, segregation, urban poverty, suburbanization and sprawl, neighborhoods and crime, and immigrant ghettos. The course will also devote significant attention to globalization and the process of urbanization in less developed counties. - URBS-255-910, Urban Neighborhoods, Juris Milestone The last several decades have witnessed a dramatic acceleration in the interconnection of cities around the world. The globalization of the economy, the spread of communications technology, major migrations between urban locations, increasing disparities between rich and poor, the dramatic growth of the “culture industries”, and the increasingly popular quest for “place making” through urban design have all contributed to this process. This course will examine urban neighborhoods in the United States and elsewhere in the world. In particular, class readings and discussions will explore the wide range of ways (political, social, cultural; organized and informal) that individuals and institutions in urban neighborhoods have reacted to global transformations and what effects and consequences those reactions have precipitated. - URBS 457(SOCI-435), Globalization and the City, Matthew J. Hill This course aims to introduce students to basic concepts in the study of globalization and the city, examining how the new geographies of marginality and centrality that characterize global cities cut across former north-south divides. The course begins with the assumption that transnational movements or ‘flows’ of trade, finance, migration and culture operate in and through a network of linked ‘global’ cities, and that the changes produced by these flows disconnects these cities from the nation-states in which they are embedded. It then seeks to analyze the changes in technology, communication, and business activities since the early 1970sthat have contributed to this accelerated process of circulation, while also exploring its social, cultural, and political implications for urban life. Some dimensions of global cities that are explored in particular include the notion that cities are strategic spaces for the production of the global economy; the emergence of new forms of class and spatial polarization through the linked development of high-income gentrification and low-wage/informal labor; the cultural forms of urban-image making (heritage, museums, film, entertainment) that shape the way in which “the global” is imagined and lived on a daily basis; and the growth of social movements on the part of the urban poor. Theoretical readings will be combined with case studies that compare and contrast North American and European cities such as New York, London, Tokyo with cities in Latin America, Africa and Asia. (Syllabus, PDF) - URBS 291/ANTH 290, Multiculturalism: Politics, Theory and Practice, Peggy R Sanday “The challenge in renewing the ethnographic and anthropological voice in the 21st century is not the disappearance of difference, of different cultures, or of ways of organizing society any more than it is not the disappearance of class, capital, unequal exchange, power, or gender relations. On the contrary, the challenge is that the interactions of various kinds of cultures are becoming more complex and differentiated at the same time as new forms of globalization and modernization are bringing all parts of the earth into greater, uneven, polycentric interaction.” – Michael Fischer, Emergent Forms of Life and the Anthropological Voice, 2003 This course introduces anthropological theories of culture and multiculturalism and the method of ethnography as these apply to understanding diversity in contemporary life. After learning the basic concepts through reading key texts and writing response papers, students will apply the concepts by (1) writing an ethnic autobiography; (2) critiquing a film or novel with a multicultural theme; and (3) conducting a mini-ethnography of a multicultural site of their choice. These projects are designed to encourage students to reflect on the meaning of multiculturaliam from three different angles: personal experience, media representation, and participant observation of diversity in a multicultural site (which could be at Penn). The goal is to learn about the role and the impacts of diversity in the US vis-a-vis constitutionally guaranteed rights to liberty, equality, and democratic justice. - URBS 457, Globalization and the Welfare State, Jürgen von Mahs In this seminar, we will explore whether this assertion is correct by looking at the impact of economic globalization on welfare states in North America and Europe. Specifically, this course will provide a systematic account of how different welfare regimes respond differently to global economic restructuring processes and thereby produce different outcomes in the protection of their citizens against social risks. We will focus on the issue of urban homelessness to explore the impact of different policies on a particularly vulnerable population. This comparative analysis of social policy in the context of economic globalization will enable students to reassess the function, opportunities, and limitations of different types of welfare regimes in order to find ways to rethink current social policy approaches in the U.S. and to envision more productive alternatives. - URBS xxx, Globalization, Cities, and Public Policy, Mark P. Gaige It is hardly possible to pick up a newspaper, newsmagazine or turn on the television without being bombarded with the word globalization. One important element of globalization is the increasingly important role that cities and city-regions are playing in political and economic spheres. But the word globalization means different things to different people. Some definitions are neutral, such as “the movement of people, ideas, culture, and products around the world.” Others are more emotionally charged, both from the perspective of supporters, e.g., “a high-speed elevator to universal peace and prosperity,” as well as critics: “a mechanism for further impoverishing the world’s poor and enriching the rich, while destroying the environment and eroding endemic cultures.” We will utilize these various perspectives to look at which of the characteristics of globalization affect cities, how those characteristics operate, and whom they help and hurt. In short, this course will examine the public policy implications of globalization for cities and their citizens. - COMM 304-301, Chinese Media, Advertising and Consumer Culture, Hongmei Li This course introduces media, advertising and consumer culture in contemporary China in the context of globalization. Topics examined in this course include: (1) the current state of Chinese society, its search for modernity and historical relationship with the West; (2) Chinese media transformation in the past three decades, including the print media and broadcast, and the emergence of new communication technologies; (3) the development of foreign and Chinese advertising in China, the branding strategies of Chinese and foreign marketers, and various factors that influence the marketing tactics in China; (4) some prominent values in marketing campaigns, including but not limited to to nationalism, transnationalism, and sexuality. Various advertising campaigns will be analyzed throughout the semester. This course examines not only theoretical concepts such as cultural globalization, modernity, and branding, but also practical knowledge about marketing in China. It also helps students to understand complexities, paradoxes and contradictions in Chinese society that struggles between an of complete Westernization and xenophobia, and between dogmatic following of European modernity and the creation of a Chinese development path. - COMM 485-301, Globalization and the Music Video, Marwan M. Kraidy This seminar focuses on the music video genre to explore topical and conceptual the heart of the globalization of the media and cultural industries. After a formative period largely grounded in North America and Western Europe, the music video migrated to other parts of the world in the 1990s as a wave of privatization and liberalization engulfed national media systems worldwide. Based on a variety of scholarly and trade readings about the globalization of media and culture, the changing media and creative industries, and the music video genre itself, questions to be tackled include: What changes when a media form migrates from its original context? What does the content of music videos reveal about socio-economic and cultural change worldwide? How do music videos rearticulate gender and sexuality, and nationalism? What transnational circuits of ideas, images and ideologies are enabled or constrained by music video? - COMM 490, Transnational Communication and the Global Media, Kate Coyer Power today is tied more closely then ever to control of communication media. The increasing dominance of global media institutions has given rise to new forms of resistance, from alternative media and culture jamming, to transnational broadcasting, and institutional and regulatory responses. A complex relationship between global, local, and national media spaces has emerged.Do today’s flows of images, products and people lead to a global culture dominated by Nike, McDonalds, CNN and Disney? How important are global media compared with regional or local products? What is the role of the state with regards to global media industries? What kind of media is being produced in different parts of the world that offer challenges to global media? This course explores these and other questions related to international communication, transnational media, and globalization. - COMM 575, Social psychology of communication - COMM 577, Attitude and behavioral prediction - COMM 637, Public health communication - COMM 644, Communication and Space, Carolyn A. Marvin Physicalized space is said to be crucial to public life. Perhaps so. But it is also critical to urbanization, globalization, modernity, mobility, social hierarchy, flow, scale, imperialism (what Said called the geography of violence), revolution, intimacy, shopping malls, simulacra, and being-in-the-world. Space is not only mediated and dialectical; it is a privileged strategy of post-modernity, “the everywhere of modern thought.” So far as media go, the analytic of space implies a shift away from narrative and toward process and practice as ways of structuring experience. What are the theories that get at this? How can we use theories of space to think about media and culture, to rediscover the richness of the world? And what about the explosive iteration of screen culture that logically ought to imperil lived space but seem to offer new modes for grounding it. We will explore these themes in the relevant literatures for the purpose of developing fabulously interesting research projets, including some in visual format. - COMM 702-301, Global & Comparative Media Systems, Marwan M. Kraidy Designed to explore the comparative approach to global media systems, this seminar pivots on several broad theoretical and epistemological questions: To what extent are taxonomies developed in and about North American and European media helpful to understand media systems and institutions in other parts of the world? What problems arise from using nation-states as units of analysis? How does the emergence of regional, multi-national, sometimes language-based media spheres (Latin American, pan-Arab, pan-Chinese, etc) challenge the comparative systems approach? To what extent does the advent of of regionalization and globalization compel a rethinking of the comparative systems approach? Readings cover conceptual and epistemological issues in comparative research, , in addition to media systems in America, Europe, and Asia. - COMM 806, Gender, Global & Media: Gender, Globalization and Media, Radhika E. Parameswaran This seminar creates a forum for debate over the ways in which the cultural politics of gender structure the historical, economic and social landscapes of media globalization Media culture, as the course readings seek to show, provides a fertile site to examine how globalized media practices articulate gendered imaginations. Adopting a transnational feminist perspective, the seminar specifically address between and among media technologies, representations, and institutions and the complex scripting of gendered meanings and subject positions in multiple locations in the global public sphere. Course topics include globalization and transnational and postcolonial feminist theories; gender, sexuality, and media; gender and labor in globalized media industries; femininity, consumerism, and global advertising; gender, global media, and morality; tourism, gender, and media economies; and gender, religion, and popular culture. For the major assignment, students will be expected to produce a research paper that focuses on one of the following: a critical review of a set of theories or a body of empirical work in a specific region; textual analysis of media with special attention to influences of globalization; political-economic analysis of media institutions and corporate practices. - SDM 612, Local and Global Public Health ENGINEERING AND APPLIED SCIENCE - EAS 501, Energy and Its Impacts - EAS 502 (tentative), Sustainable technology and engineering - EAS 503 (tentative), Design of technologies for development - EAS 504 (tentative), Engineering and the Environment - ESE 502, Introduction to spatial analysis - ESE 567, Risk Analysis and Environmental Management - BIOE 550, Bioethics and Society This set of courses will deal with bioethical issues in popular culture addressed from a social science perspective. Courses to be offered include: “Sociology of Bioethics,” and “Media and the Doctor-Patient Relationship.” - BIOE 552, Anthropological Topics in Bioethics This set of courses provides an introduction to the use of anthropological methods and approaches to address bioethical issues. Courses might include cross-cultural studies of medicine and doctoring, diversity and the culture of medicine, cross-cultural bioethics. - BIOE 570, Bioethics Goes to Washington - BIOE 580, Research Ethics - BIOE 590, What a shot! The Ethical Challenges of Vaccines PUBLIC HEALTH (INCLUDING EPIDEMIOLOGY) - PUBH 509, Injury epidemiology - PUBH 517, Epidemiologic Study of Geography and Health This course will provide an introduction to GIS in public health research and practice. Through a series of lectures and labs students will explore theories linking health and the environment, spatial analysis and spatial epidemiology, and applications of GIS-related data collection and analysis. - PUBH 519, Introduction to Global Health This course presents an overview of issues in global health from the viewpoint of many different disciplines, with emphasis on economically less developed countries. Subjects include: millennium goals; measures of disease burden; population projections and control; environmental health and safe water; demography of disease and mortality; zoonotic infectious diseases; AIDS and HIV prevention; vaccine utilization and impact; eradication of polio virus; chronic diseases;tobacco-associated disease and its control; nutritional challenges; social determinants of global health; harm reduction and behavioral modifications; women’s reproductive rights; health economics and cost-effective interventions; health manpower and capacity development; bioethical issues in a global context. - PUBH 598, International Immersion Experience in Public Health This independent educational experience seeks to provide motivated students with the opportunity to expand their knowledge in global health through focusedexperiential learning at international sites that provide direct public health services. Such learning will allow students to gain real-world experience concerning the core competencies of public health (health policy, behavior/ social sciences, environmental health, epidemiology, or biostatistics). - EPID 656, Research Methodology in Infectious Diseases Epidemiology - NURS 516, International Nutrition: Political Economy World Hunger A detailed consideration of the nature, consequences, and causes of hunger and undernutrition internationally. Approaches are explored to bringing about change, and to formulating and implementing policies and programs at international, national, and local levels, designed to alleviate hunger and under-nutrition. - NURS 535, Comparing Health Care Systems in an Intercultural Context: Study Abroad - NURS 545, Maternal & Infant Care in the Americas - NURS 562, Case Study in Complementary & Alternative Medicine This course will examine the use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) in health promotion and disease prevention, as well as in acute and chronic health conditions, through evidence-based research and practice. Implications of CAM on culture, health disparities, society, economics, safety, legal, ethical, and health policy issues will be explored and discussed. - NURS 688, Complementary / Alternative Therapies in Women’s Health The dramatic rise in the use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) by the American public requires that the contemporary health care practitioner have an awareness of CAM therapies and modalities currently available. The end result of this is course will not be proficiency in the practice of any of these modalities in particular, but rather a basic understanding of each approach to common conditions and their potential contribution to health and well being. The focus of the CAM modalities discussed in this course will center on their use in women’s health care provision. - SWRK 735, Policy for Social and Economic Development Social Policy reflects the dominant political and economic ideologies of societies at distinctive moments in their social histories. This course focuses on the evolving nature of the socio-economic policy development process in economically advanced countries, but especially that of the United States. The course helps students draw on their current practice experiences to identify the unique contributions made by social workers to social and economic development (SED) policy development. Particular attention will be given to the range of SED policy “actors” and the dominant sectors of SED activity in development-oriented social work practice (e.g.housing, health care, income security, community development, etc.) - SWRK 750, Comparative Studies in Social Welfare Social Work and social welfare are major institutional vehicles through which societies assure a minimal level of living for all their citizens. The content of this course focuses on achieving a fuller understanding of the social, political, and economic dynamics of contemporary welfare development in the United States and other countries. The multi-faceted contributions of social work, the social services, and social welfare to national and international social development within rich and poor countries will receive special attention. Students will be expected to demonstrate beginning skill in the use of comparative methods to analyze cross-national welfare dilemmas of particular interest to them. - VCSN 631, Ecological Epidemiology - VMED 607, Veterinary Public Health BUSINESS & MANAGEMENT ; LEGAL STUDIES ; HEALTH CARE MANAGEMENT - HCMG 850, Health Policy Analysis - HCMG 859, Comparative Health Care Systems, Danzon This course examines the structure of health care systems in different countries, focusing on financing, reimbursement, delivery systems and adoption of new technologies. We study the relative roles of private sector and public sector insurance and providers, and the effect of system design on cost, quality, efficiency and equity of medical services. Some issues we address are normative: Which systems and which public/private sector mixes are better at achieving efficiency and equity? Other issues are positive: How do these different systems deal with tough choices, such as decisions about new technoligies? Our main focus is on the systems in four large OECD countries–Germany, Canada, Japan, and the United Kingdom–but we also look at other countries with interesting systems- including Italy, Chile, and Singapore. We will draw lessons for the U.S. from foreign experience and vice versa. - HCMG 868, Global Health Development - MGMT 208, Globalization and International Political Economy, Stephen J. Kobrin Globalization and International Political Economy is an upper level undergraduate course focusing on globalization and the international political-economy. The course objective is to help students develop a framework that will provide an understanding of the current international environment and provide a basis for thinking about the fundamental changes which are now taking place. The course does not deal with the problems faced by multinational corporations directly, but rather is intended to provide an in-depth understanding of the political-economic environment in which they operate. The course focuses on globalization and its implications, with some emphasis on the roles played by multinational corporations. We begin with an exploration of the nature of the process of globalization and its impact on culture, the international (or interstate) political system, trade and investment. We will then turn to a broad review of some of the impacts and implications of globalization including issue areas such as the multinational corporation and human rights, poverty and inequality, democracy, the and global governance. - MGMT 212/810, Social Wealth Generation Venturing The basic thesis of this elective half-semester course is that many social problems, if engaged entrepreneurially, create opportunities for launching businesses that simultaneously generate profits and alleviate the social problem. This approach generates social wealth as well as entrepreneurial wealth. The courseis distinguished from public sector initiatives to address social problems, andalso from “social entrepreneurship” programs where social wealth creation is a by-product rather than the target of the entrepreneurial effort. Students are expected to begin the course with already conceived ideas for entrepreneurial solutions to social problems. - MGMT 234, International Comparative Management: The Challenge of Diversity and Integration, Adrian E. Tschoegl (Link to PDF syllabus) This is essentially a course in comparative national environments for business and how aspects of these environments impact on the firm. The course examines a number of institutions and phenomena in various countries. Issues range from language, religion, gender and ethnicity to legal systems, financial markets and corporate governance. The lectures draw on ideas from history, geography, sociology, political science and economics to inform our analyses. The lectures and cases range over both developed market economies and emerging economies. - MGMT 288/788, Governance and Management of Chinese Firms, Marshall W. Meyer (Link to PDF syllabus) The course provides an intensive examination of the governance and management of some of the largest business firms in the Peoples Republic of China. From 1949 to 1988, business firms as we know them did not exist in the PRC. In 1988, independent legal status was granted to state-owned enterprises, which were made responsible for profits and losses; in 1993, state enterprises were redefined as business corporations, and private businesses were allowed to incorporate as limited liability or stockholding companies. China’s economy has grown rapidly since, but the development of Chinese firms has been uneven. A few have large domestic market share and are global competitors, but most outside of state-controlled monopoly or quasi-monopoly industries like electrical power, petroleum, and telecommunications remain regional competitors at best and are small by Western standards. The governance of Chinese firms remains work in progress. Repeated reforms aimed at corporatizing firms while preserving state ownership have created extremely complicated ownership structures and governance practices, which differ from industry to industry and from region to region. - MGMT 736-001, Inside Indian Business, Jitendra Singh (Link to syllabus) This project-oriented course focuses on Indian business. There are several themes underlying the course: the nature of the economic reforms of 1991, and how established Indian firms, particularly Indian conglomerates adapted during the 1990’s to the changed competitive landscape; software services and the remarkable global success of several firms, and their contemporary globalization challenges; the experience of MNC’s in India, with a particular emphasis on innovative business models (including the ‘bottom of the pyramid’ models); telecommunications; and a comparison of China and India, and the convergences and divergences between them. The emphasis is integrative, and the course spans several subfields of Management: Organization Behavior and Theory, International Management, Human Resources, Technology and Strategy. - LGST 220/820, International Business Ethics, Dunfee & Hsieh This course is a multidisciplinary, interactive study of business ethics within a global economy. A central aim of the course is to enable students to develop a framework to address ethical challenges as they arise within and across different countries. Alternative theories about acting ethically in global environments are presented, and critical current issues are introduced and analyzed. Examples include bribery, global sourcing, environmental sustainability, social reports, intellectual property, e-commerce, and dealing with conflicting standards and values across cultures. As part of this study, the course considers non-Western ethical traditions and practices as they relate to business. - LGST 224-001, Human Rights and Globalization, Janice R. Bellace The 2000 UN Global Compact and the 2003 UN Norms on the Responsibilities of Transnational Corporations and Other Business Enterprises with Regard to Human Rights have confirmed the role of TNCs as central actors in the field of international human rights law. This course introduces students to how international human rights law is currently being expanded to capture the operations of TNCs and why this development is controversial. The course examines competing perspectives on the pros and cons of imposing human rights responsibilities on businesses based in capital-exporting countries that are operate in emerging economies. Perspectives of various governments, businesses, international institutions, academics, and NGOs on issues of human rights and globalization will be considered, and a variety of case studies will be analyzed. - OPIM 653-001, Mathematical Modeling and its Application in Finance, Ziv Z. Katalan (Link to PDF syllabus) Quantitative methods have become fundamental tools in the analysis and planning of financial operations. There are many reasons for this development: the emergence of a whole range of new complex financial instruments, innovations in securitization, the volatility of fixed-income markets since interest rate deregulation, the increased globalization of the financial markets, the proliferation of information technolgy, and so on. In this course, models for hedging, asset allocation, and multi-period portfolio planning are developed, implemented, and tested. In addition, pricing models for options, bonds, mortgage-backed securities, and swaps are discussed. The models typically require the tools of statistics, optimization, and/or simulation, and they are implemented in spreadsheets or a high-level modeling environment, MATLAB. This course is quantitative and will require extensive computer use. The course is intended for students who have a strong interest in finance. Prospective students of this course should be comfortable with quantitative methods, such as basic statistics and the methodologies (mathematical programming and simulation) taught in OPIM 621 Management Science. - OPIM-673-001, Global Supply Chain Management, Marshall L. Fisher COURSES AT NON-PENN INSTITUTIONS - Anthropology and Development, Prof. Marianne Schmink, Center for Latin American Studies, University of Florida (Syllabus, PDF) - Anthropological Perspectives on Global Issues, Prof. Richard Robbins, State University of New York at Plattsburgh (Syllabus, PDF) - Culture and Citizenship, Prof. Ajantha Subramanian, Harvard University (Link to syllabus) - Gender and Globalization in Asia, Prof. Ann Marie Leshkowich, College of the Holy Cross (Link to syllabus) - Global Consumer Culture, Prof. Richard Wilk, Indiana University (Syllabus, PDF) - Globalization & Applied Anthropology, Dr. W. Penn Handwerker, University of Connecticut (Syllabus, PDF) - Globalization & Transnational Culture, Dr. Carla Freeman, Emory University (Syllabus, DOC) - Globalization, Culture and Environment, Dr. Heatherington, University of Wisconsin Milwaukee (Syllabus, PDF) - The Anthropology of Globalization, Dr. Benedict J. Colombi, University of Arizona (Syllabus, PDF) - Urban Anthropology: Anthropology of Cities, City Anthropology, Prof. Seth D. Messinger, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (Syllabus, PDF)

Staff and Board of Directorsadmin2021-04-13T21:29:42-04:00 Karla HartleyProducing Artistic Director Karla Hartley is currently the Producing Artistic Director for Stageworks Theatre in the Channel District. She received a BFA in Theater Studies from Boston University in 1992 and is the owner of three Theatre Tampa Bay awards for Best Director. She was named Best Director 2009, 2012, 2014 and 2015 in the Creative Loafing Best of the Bay Awards as well as The Artist Most Likely to Have Been Born On the Planet Krypton. Tara SahliDirector of Audience Services & Social Content Homegrown in Boise, Idaho, Tara Hailey Sahli attended the University of Tampa where she earned her BA in Communication and BFA in Musical Theatre in 2020. During her time at university she ran several comedy groups, stage managed and directed various productions, as well as crafting her love for theatre with performance and professional work throughout Tampa Bay. Her professional background includes social media management, marketing, and customer service experience. She began working as the Director of Audience Services & Social Content in April 2020 and looks forward to many upcoming seasons here at Stageworks. Dawn TruaxDirector of Education Outreach Dawn Truax, Director of Education Outreach for Stageworks Theatre since 2001, she has been teaching and administering workshops to at risk and juvenile justice youth for 15 years including Stageworks’ YEA Anger Management Program, Civil Rights Ambassador Program and Anti-gang program. She created, administered and taught a-first-of- its-kind in Hillsborough County program that uses drama to teach anger management and conflict resolution to at-risk and juvenile justice youth. She has also created performance based programs to teach gang prevention to at risk children and assertiveness training to at risk and juvenile justice girls. She is currently developing a workforce skills education program that addresses the needs of foster care youth in obtaining and keeping jobs. Dawn is also a professional actress who has performed at numerous venues in the Tampa Bay area, including Stageworks. Alvon GriffinTeaching Artist & Coach Alvon Griffin has served as an Artist/Coach and percussion teacher for several professional educational outreach programs. Alvon has taught percussion for more than 20 years, using his own “Math Music” program to convey concepts of rhythm via mathematics to a wide array of at risk and underserved young people, including involuntarily committed girls, developmentally challenged adults and juvenile Justice youth. He has created and taught performance based behavior modification and substance abuse programs at PACE, LEAF, Bowling Green, Umatilla, New Beginnings, Youth Arts Corps, and Leslie Peters Half Way House where he uses drumming as a tool to teach anger management. He has taught as a Master Teacher of percussion at the University of South Florida, the University of Central Florida, the University of the University of Central Florida, the University of San Francisco, and the University of Tampa and has performed as a percussionist at varied and numerous venues such as Florida Capital Building and Disney World. He is also an expert in Brazilian Batucada drumming and Native American culture and hosts the Two World Indigenous Radio show on WMNF. Ami FazchasBox Office and House Manager Born and raised in Tampa, Ami holds a Bachelor of Arts in Theatre from Columbia University, where she concentrated in solo playwriting and performance culminating in her thesis “Honey Trap.” Her administrative career includes staffing the box offices of both Ruth Eckerd Hall and The Straz Center for the Performing Arts, group sales project management for the theatrical marketing firm ABM, apprenticing in development with the Lyric Theatre/New Victory Theatre/Duke Theatre in New York and interning in General Management and Company Management for broadway producer Ken Davenport during the development of the Tony award-winning revival of Once on this Island. She has also worked locally as a development consultant, assistant stage manager, and scenic hand for Hat Trick Theatre. Her prior house management experience includes Theatre Row (Clurman and Acorn Theatres), The Theatre Center, Cherry Lane Theatre, Rattlestick Theatre, and The Davenport Theatre where she served as Lead HM and Audience Services Manager overseeing the world premiere of the off-broadway smash hit, “Afterglow.” Since the shutdown, she has been working with Carrollwood Players as Assistant Director, Art Director, and Narrator on the KidSpeak 5.0 young playwright’s virtual reading festival and as SM, Art Director, and Narrator for the regional virtual premiere of Michael Proft’s “Dionysus on the Down Low.” Board of Directors Community activitst and entrepreneur, Lajuren Brigman, does not hate the idea of supporting and holding the position of Board Chair for Stageworks in this season of Resilience. Given her background in theatre and her lifelong goal of never leaving the stage, Lauren stays committed to developing community outreach and theatrical education in our Tampa Bay community. Lauren is also a mother of four and married nearly twenty years to an extremely handsome husband, Douglas Brigman. David CarmenaVice Chair David Carmena, Realtor, Author, Developer, Educator, Entrepreneur. Founder and CEO of Carmena Enterprises, Inc. headquartered in Tampa Florida. For nearly a decade I have been passionate about helping Commercial and Residential customers achieve more of the American Dream by becoming Real Estate Investors and Homeowners. Santosh GovindarajuFinance Chair Santosh is Chief Executive Officer of Convergent Capital Partners and leads its opportunistic investments and complex negotiations. Santosh also leads Convergent Media focused on production finance of independent feature films. Santosh graduated from the University of Pennsylvania’s prestigious Jerome Fisher Program in Management and Technology (M&T), with a B.S. in Economics with concentrations in Finance and Entrepreneurial Management from the Wharton School, a B.A.S. in Systems Engineering from the School of Engineering & Applied Science, and minors in Theater Arts, Mathematics, and South Asian Studies. Santosh also has completed a certificate in the Professional Program in Producing from UCLA. Joyce is a fun-loving Aquarius whose likes include long walks on the beach and carving soap sculptures of her friends and family. She has never allowed her webbed feet be an obstacle in obtaining her dreams. After 10 years as a Spectral Pet Investigator, Joyce has focused her attention on board duties at Stageworks Theatre. Lyra LoganGovernance Chair As a licensed attorney for more than 30 years, Lyra Logan has a lengthy resume, however even with all of those accomplishments, Lyra believes none of her previous work has been as fulfilling as her current position as executive vice president and general counsel of the Florida Education Fund. Her work has been focused on directing various pre-college programs, ranging from standardized test preparation to CodeMasters coding programs and tech certifications. Her passion to continue to learn inspires her dedication to education Jeff Chernoff is a native of Tampa Bay who works in his family business. As a Financial Advisor at Insurance and Trust, Jeff focuses on multiple lines of insurance and investments. Jeff and his family take pride in his being a 3rd generation advisor serving businesses, families, and individuals. Jeff is actively involved with the Tampa Bay Chamber and is a graduate of Leadership Tampa 2016, which is where he first encountered Stage Works. In addition to his involvement with the Tampa Bay Chamber, Past President of Instruments of Change a 501c3 non-profit, and the National Association of Insurance of Financial Advisors (NAIFA) as both a local and state leader including currently serving as the Vice President of the Florida State Chapter. Jeff, his wife Cara, their son Joshua, and their dog Bailee reside in Tampa, FL Mrs. Brown Gilmore has worked with Tampa Housing Authority since 1997. In the first ten years (10) of her career, she served as the Director of Resident Services and is now presently the Director of Program and Property Services. Her focus in the community is addressing a need in the public housing community for programs that will embody the young female population of public housing. Kari Goetz is a proud Stageworks performer and board member. A professional actor since the age of 10, Kari has been in multiple film and television projects. She has performed and directed for many Bay Area theater companies and has appeared as Sylvia in Stageworks production of Sylvia, as well as memorable roles in Five Lesbians Eating a Quiche and Morningside. Kari is a community leader and hold positions with the Tampa Bay Chamber, Visit Tampa Bay and the Athena Society. She is a proud Seminole Heights resident and can be seen running most mornings with her scruffy rescue mutts. Crawford Long calls her wife, Porter Long calls her mom and those are the best two roles she’s ever played. Louise Krikorian is a history teacher who produces documentary films and TV segments for PBS. Ms. Krikorian joined Stageworks Theatre in 2017 to increase the awareness of the theater in schools. Her love of the theater has grown since she started performing in musicals when she was 8 years old. Ms. Krikorian also had the exciting opportunity to sing with the Stan Rubin Band at the Carnegie Club in New York City in June and July 2019. She received her B.A. degree from Rutgers University and her M. Ed. From The University of Pennsylvania. She resides with her Corgi in the Tampa Bay Area. Jennifer Scher was born in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, and spent a good portion of her childhood in the Tampa Bay area. Between 1998 and 2003, she worked for Burlington Student Theatre as Resident Stage Manager and Administrative Assistant. She currently serves as a Member of the Education Committee for the Straz Center for Performing Arts. Ms. Scher earned her Bachelor’s degree in English Literature from the University of Toronto in 2002. She earned her Juris Doctorate from Southwestern University School of Law in 2006. Thereafter, she worked as a litigator in Los Angeles for over 10 years before returning to Tampa to join the family business. Ms. Scher is currently Co-Owner and Vice-President of SSG Management LLC. Valiente, senior counsel, Foley & Lardner LLP, graduated in the Leadership Tampa Class of 2016. Her practice includes government enforcement and complex business litigation including Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, white collar criminal, SEC enforcement and securities class action matters. Lauren Lisette Valiente is a proud Cuban American born in Tampa, Florida. She is proud to have appeared in several staged readings at Stageworks over the last few years, She holds a Bachelor of Arts degree, with honors, from Harvard University and a Juris Doctor from University of Florida’s Levin College of Law. In practice since 1993, attorney Spiro J. Verras advises clients in all aspects of estate planning, He has extensive knowledge of the applicable state and federal laws, and is well-versed and experienced in Florida probate and trust proceedings. He is a member of the Real Property Probate and Trust Law Section of the Florida Bar, the Trusts, Estate, Probate & Immovable Property Law of the Louisiana State Bar Association, and the Real Estate, Probate & Trust Law Section of the Texas Bar. Laura Farrell West Laura Farrell West is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker. She has a master’s degree in social work from the University of South Florida. She was in private practice for over 15 years. She is also a free-lance writer contributing to mental health websites. Laura is an American Red Cross Volunteer serving with the Service to the Armed Forces branch providing psycho-educational seminars to the military. Her love and passion for live theater began when her parents took her to see Grease on Broadway. Laura is married to love of her life and has four children. Enrique (Henry) Woodroffe Enrique (Henry) Woodroffe is a native of Lima, Peru who moved to Wilmington, Delaware in 1961 with his family when his Dad was transferred by Dupont. He moved to Florida in 1968…he received his undergraduate and graduate degrees in Architecture from the University of Florida in 1972 and 1976 respectively. His architectural experience of over forty-five years includes extensive governmental, community/civic, educational, health and recreational facilities. Henry is involved in his church and for over 15 years annually performed mission/volunteer work during the summer in the Dominican Republic. Henry is married to Carol and they have two children, Elise and Mark, as well as several wonderful grandchildren. Stageworks Theatre is not afraid to show socially relevant plays in Tampa, Florida. We are Tampa’s longest running theatre, open for over 30 years. We’re located in the Channel District of Downtown Tampa. Come check us out!

Exploring the Practice and Principles of Yin Yoga with Bobbie Marchand Saturday, Mar. 11th, 3:30-5:30pm Friday, June 16th, 7:30-9:00pm, Midtown studio Join my wonderful guest teacher Corinna Rae and me for a beach yoga retreat in beautiful Tulum, Mexico at the all-inclusive bohemian-style resort Maya Tulum in April of 2017. This is a chance to explore the Mayan ruins and jungle landscape of Mexico’s Yucatan Peninsula on the Caribbean Sea, all while deepening your yoga practice, absorbing a gentle ocean breeze, and setting life-affirming daily intentions. The sea in Tulum is as bright an aquamarine color as you can imagine. The sunrise boasts pastels and contrasting colors that are tough to capture on camera, and the friendly community is off the grid but features comfortable amenities, fantastic food, and many healing services, from massage to clay baths to sweat lodges. The mission behind this retreat – Be Love – is to nourish the spiritual warrior in each of us. As yoga practitioners, we are already inclined to lead lives of compassionate action, and I aim to support you as you develop and awaken the super soul-dier within. When “Be Love” is your guiding mantra, the right choices seem to simply present themselves and life unfolds like a flower delicately, sensuously revealing its precious inner essence. Think of this week as a time to renew your commitment to letting love light the way. Through self-care practices, intelligently sequenced warming flows, (optional) sunrise meditations, restorative afternoon yoga, and powerful daily intentions, we will become the embodiment of love and the bricklayers of a cooperative human future. 6am – Sunrise Meditation 8am – Warming Yoga Flow 9am – Breakfast Mid-morning – Free time for swimming and exploring Tulum 12pm – Lunch Afternoon – Free time for swimming and exploring Tulum 4pm – Restorative or Yin Yoga & BE LOVE Dharma Talk 6pm – Dinner Pricing options hover around $2000. This price includes your accommodations, two yoga sessions per day, a meditation nearly every day, and three meals a day. Please note, airfare is not included in this price. For images of each cabana and a map of the resort, click here. The food at Maya Tulum Resort is healthy, clean and primarily vegetarian; but fish is available. Be sure to let the reservations desk know if you have specific dietary needs. We are arriving to Tulum on Saturday, April 15th. The retreat orientation and first session will begin on Sunday, the 16th. Plan to depart on Saturday, the 22nd. You’ll find much to do in your off-time in Tulum. The city features Mayan ruins, cenotes (underground water lagoons), wind surfing, nature preserves and more. The reservations desk can help you book these trips, which tend to be quite affordable. We are experienced, mindful teachers who will meet you where you are at in the practice. Morning classes will be open-level Vinyasa style, appropriate for most practitioners with some yoga experience. Experienced practitioners will be invited to deepen the practice according to the body’s needs. Afternoon classes will be cooling, gentle, yin, and restorative classes. You are welcome to take both classes or just one. The time in Tulum is YOURS! EARLY BIRD DISCOUNT Book before January 15th and get $100 off of the regular pricing. TO RESERVE YOUR SPOT Reach out to Amanda, the very helpful woman doing reservations for us. She is easy to reach via email at [email protected], or call Maya Tulum at 1-888-515-4580 x231. Airport Code – “CUN” – Tulum is located about 75 miles south of the Cancun Airport. Last year it took us about an hour and twenty minutes to get to our resort. Getting from Cancun to Tulum – Maya Tulum is very happy to arrange transportation for you from the airport to the resort. It’s a good idea to confirm this when you book or ask about alternatives. There is a public bus, for instance; but we believe the shuttle is worth the price. In & Around Tulum – Most everything is accessible in Tulum by foot or by bicycle, including the Mayan Ruins. Maya Tulum Resort has bicycles for rent. HAVE MORE QUESTIONS? or $25 day of Sign up at bottom of page At our Midtown location, 474 Broadway Ave., Kingston, NY Have you fallen in love with the Sutras yet? This rich and many-layered text lays out, quite directly, the why and the how of yoga as it is meant to be practiced. This weekend intensive is especially appropriate for yoga teachers, serious students of yoga, and academics who would like a deeper understanding of the origin, content and living application of the most essential text in the yogic lineage as a whole. Edwin Bryant’s published commentary and interpretation summarizes the most significant pre-modern commentaries, adding clarity and insight in an accessible but rigorous way. He is both scholar and committed yogi on the path. We are honored and delighted to be hosting him and we hope you will join us for this exceptional chance to dig deeper into yoga’s roots. 12 Continuing Ed credits available for Yoga Alliance-registered yoga teachers. Edwin Bryant received his Ph.D in Indic languages and Cultures from Columbia University. He taught Hinduism at Harvard University for three years, and is presently the professor of Hinduism at Rutgers University where he teaches courses on Hindu philosophy and religion. He has received numerous awards and fellowships, published six books and authored a number of articles on Vedic history, yoga, and the Krishna tradition. In addition to his academic work for the scholarly community, Edwin’s Penguin World Classics translation of the Srimad Bhagavata Purana, the traditional source for the story of Krishna’s incarnation, is both for Indology specialists as well as students and those interested in Hinduism from the general reading public and the yoga community. As a personal practitioner of yoga for 35 years, a number of them spent in India studying with traditional teachers, where he returns yearly, Edwin strives to combine academic scholarship and rigor with sensitivity towards traditional knowledge systems. In addition to his academic course load, Edwin currently teaches workshops on the Yoga Sutras, Bhagavad Gita, and Hindu Philosophy at yoga studios and teacher training courses throughout the country. His translation of and commentary on the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali (North Point Press, a division of Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2009) is specifically dedicated to contributing to the growing body of literature on yoga by providing insights from the major pre-modern commentaries on the text with a view to grounding the teachings in their traditional context. The Yoga Sutras of Patanjali is the classical ancient Indian treatise on the practice of Yoga. While Yoga conjures up images of bodily postures and stretches in popular western culture, this aspect of yoga, the asanas, is only the third limb of the eight limbs outlined in the Yoga Sutras — and, indeed, Patanjali pays only passing attention to this aspect of the system. This seminar series will consist of a close reading of Patanjali’s original text, focusing on the opening section of the work, wherein Yoga is defined and the state of samadhi, liberation, described, as well as on the eight limbs of yoga covered in the heart of the text, which outline the step by step methods for attaining this enlightened state. Attention will be paid to the pre-modern commentaries of the text, thus exposing students to the traditional understanding of the practice of classical Yoga and its goals. Students are advised to bring any copy of the Sutras which has the Sanskrit text in romanized script as attention will be focused on the original source rather than its westernized manifestation. Purchase the Sutras here. Approximate schedule (to be finalized) 7-9:30pm, Friday, Feb. 2 11:30-4:30pm, Saturday, Feb. 3 10:00-2:00pm, Sunday, Feb. 4 What to bring and what to expect

Lugarde Brooklyn Log Cabin 3.5mx6m including Floor This is our beautiful Brooklyn log cabin from the Lugarde range. This log cabin is 44mm (350cm x 600cm) This would be ideal extra space for entertaining guests. Delivery mainland UK We accept returns The Lugarde Brooklyn log cabin The Brooklyn log cabin 44mm (350cm x 600cm) from the Lugarde range is perfect for a guest entertainment area or maybe even as a outdoor office in the garden or simply just for another place to relax. This is one of our more modern style cabins from the Lugarde range. The Brooklyn log cabin has a very attractive design with beautiful features such as the; double doors, 2 casement windows (opening outwards) 2 fixed windows including ventilation grates. The windows and doors are also fitted with double glazing. This log cabin would make a fantastic feature in your back garden and is ideal for extra space whilst entertaining guests. Please contact us directly and we would be happy to price you for any of the optional extras that are shown below. - 2 Casement windows (PE44) - Double door (PE45H) - 2 Ventilation grates (PJ07) - 44mm wall thickness - Roof shingles available in five colours - Internal Floor Included on Standard Model - Roof and floor insulation - Transparent colour stain - 68mm Wall log upgrade - Pressure Treatment (Please call for more details) - Wall height: 250cm - Roof height: 330cm - Roof overhang: 30cm Windows and doors are delivered inclusive of glass and aluminium metal work. Lugarde are also able to supply you with brass effect door and window furniture at no additional cost. Please Note: These buildings are supplied untreated and need to be treated inside and out as soon as they are installed. Expected Delivery time5 to 7 Weeks Roof ColourBlack, Blue, Red, Green, Brown Door FurnitureBrass, Chrome Roof & Floor InsulationNot Required, Required Colour Stain Walls. Door & WindowsNot Required, White Stain, Brown Stain, Light Grey Stain, Dark Grey Stain Wall Thickness44mm Standard, 68mm Delivery time scale is listed in the product Description. Delivery is included in our prices for most areas of mainland UK, however due to some manufacturers' policies there may be extra charges for Scotland, off shore islands and some areas of England and Wales. These areas are detailed within our product pages either in text or map format. It is advisable to call 01604 780350 prior to placing your order should you have any concerns over potential delivery charges. Delivery lead-times are provided in working days (Monday to Friday, excluding bank holidays) Estimated delivery lead-times commence from point of cleared payment, in the case of orders placed after 12 noon the lead-time will commence from the next working day. During exceptionally busy periods or in remote outlying areas lead times maybe exceeded. In such circumstances we will ensure that customers are kept informed. We accept the following payment methods: You can also select additional options at the checkout which include - Telephone Payment Returns Faulty Goods All goods supplied are newly constructed for sale and as such are manufactured to match the specifications shown within the product literature. From time to time we do sell stock clearance and ex display lines, these items are clearly marked as such and this should be taken into consideration prior to ordering. If the product is damaged or broken on arrival you can return the goods for the supply of a merchantable replacement, or a full refund if appropriate. It is imperative that if any part of your order is damaged then a photo should be taken of the product in situ e.g. for log cabins the damaged part must remain on the pallet. Damage should be reported within 5 working days of delivery and we may request photographic evidence of the condition of the damage or faulty item, you should not attempt to fit or modify the product in anyway and must retain the original packaging. In the case of larger products such as sheds, log cabins etc we will arrange with the manufacturer to collect the goods. For our smaller items it may be necessary for The customer to return them to the manufacturer by post. It is the responsibility of the customer to retain possession and take reasonable care of the goods until they have been returned to the possession of; The Company, the manufacturer or their appointed carriers. We cannot accept back for a full refund any item which has been assembled or modified in any way. If on return the product is found to be be of merchantable quality, complete and as described for sale, any return charge will apply and will be deducted from the order monies held at cost. Reimbursement of rejected goods, less any charges defined above, will be made to the customer as soon as possible and certainly within a period not exceeding 30 days from the date of return. Where goods are returned by agreement, the Buyer shall (in every case) state the order number, date and reason for return and agrees to pay such reasonable restocking charge as may be determined by The Company from time to time and made known to the Buyer. Returns Cancelled Orders In line with The Distance Selling Regulations, and the SafeBuy Code of Practice 'The Customer' shall have a period of 14 working days after the date of delivery within which time they may cancel their order for a product with the exception of goods that have been made to The Customers own specification. Cancellations should be sent by email, by telephone or by registered post to 'The Company' trading address, quoting the order reference given when the order was placed. In the case of larger products such as sheds, log cabins etc we will arrange with the manufacturer to collect the goods. For our smaller items it may be necessary for the customer to return them to the manufacturer by post. It is the responsibility of The Customer to retain possession and take reasonable care of the goods until they have been returned to the possession of, The Company , the manufacturer or their appointed carriers. We cannot accept back for a full refund any item which has been assembled or modified in any way. It is the responsibility of The Customer to meet all product return costs and where The Company is arranging collection the customer will be notified of the return charge prior to undertaking the process. Reimbursement of cancelled orders monies, less any charges defined above, will be made to the customer as soon as possible and certainly within a period not exceeding 30 days from the date of return. 2851 – Reward points 465 – Reward points 670 – Reward points 124 – Reward points 45 – Reward points

Charlotte Brontë was only 10 years old when she penned her earliest known work, and she was barely a teenager when she began writing in earnest -- at her own count she had written over 20 complete works by the time she was 14. One list, which she has headed Catalogue of my Books with the periods of their completion up to August 3, 1830, gives 22 titles, including A Book of Rhymes, which, now lost, apparently contained 10 poems. She has made a few errors and omitted the titles of at least eight manuscripts, though -- so the actual count of what this young, prolific writer had composed by 1830 is closer to thirty works. Penned in a tiny but still legible hand, Brontë has written the list on a sheet of paper that measures just over four inches -- about the length of a golf pencil. It is shown here at its full dimensions: Shown below is a detail of the top third of the page. Her miniscule handwriting is very precise, and she has confidently dated the third title, Leisure Hours, a Tale; and two fragments, to July 6, 1829. But Brontë was working from memory when she compiled the Catalogue, and the manuscript of Leisure Hours actually dates to June 29, 1830, nearly a year after her remembered date and only a few months before she wrote this list. Perhaps she merely recalled writing it in the summer, or simply misprinted the year. And how could this 14-year-old girl have known that we would be pouring over her Catalogue, which at the time she could only have imagined would be seen by her family, or which she perhaps wrote out only for her own use, over 180 years later? The thought of some future scholars scrutinizing her juvenilia might have seemed even more unimaginable after she received a letter in 1837 from poet laureate Robert Southey (the twenty-one year old had written to him for advice about her poems), where he tells her that: Literature cannot be the business of a woman's life: & it ought not to be. The more she is engaged in her proper duties, the less leisure she will have for it, even as an accomplishment & a recreation. To those duties you have not yet been called, & when you are you will be less eager for celebrity. Brontë later explained that she and her sisters "had a vague impression that authoresses are liable to be looked on with prejudice" -- an unsurprising view for the age, and one which must have been particularly driven home by the poet laureate's letter. But in 1837 Southey did not expressly tell her to stop writing, and she was still as prolific (maybe even compulsive?) a writer as she had been as a teen. Her writing became her means of support, but she clearly wrote for more than that and the volume of her work from such a young age suggests to me that she was driven by that inexplicable itch to put pen to paper. In any case, we are lucky that she did not take heed to Southey's hints, and ten years later the ever-determined Brontë published Jane Eyre, albeit under the ambiguously gendered pen name Currer Bell.

This article was first published on July 26, 2016, and has been updated with Kwan Tai’s 2020 birthday date. You’ve seen him before. Red-faced, gold-crowned, with a long, dark beard blowing assertively in the wind, the very embodiment of masculine yang energy. This is Kwan Tai, Emperor Kwan – a force to be reckoned with. A common sight in Chinese homes and businesses, this god, known in Cantonese as Gwaan1 Dai3 (關帝), is celebrated this year by his many followers on August 13. But he did not always have such a high heavenly rank. Born to a lowly family, he attained glory on the battlefield in his lifetime and, after his death, rose to become the Saintly Emperor Kwan. Much like the goddess Kwun Yum, Kwan Tai is revered in folk religion, Taoism and Buddhism. Similarly to the goddess Tin Hau, he was steadily promoted in the heavenly hierarchy until he attained his regal rank. The origins of Kwan Tai lie in the Three Kingdoms period (220-280). Most people know about this period of history through a Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) novel called The Romance of the Three Kingdoms, written in the latter part of the 15th century. Kwan Tai has a major role in the book under his given name, Guān Yǔ. It was a turbulent time in Chinese history. Legends could be made and names could be forever committed to posterity. Three warring kingdoms vied for power in China in a short, but bloody period of history. The northern Kingdom of Wei, eastern Wu and western Shu were in a constant state of war. Men rose to prominence through their bellicose determination and sharp wits. One of these was Guān Yǔ, a man who would eventually become a general of the armies of Shu. Guān Yǔ started as a soldier of fortune before meeting two of his most important friends, his sworn blood brothers, Zhāng Fēi and Liú Bèi. After the three of them became warlords, Liú Bèi decided to found the State of Shu. Guān Yǔ followed him and led the armies of the new kingdom. With great exploits on the battlefield and a fierce loyalty to his friends and allies, Guān Yǔ became a wanted man by the rival kingdoms. Eventually, he was captured and Sūn Quán, the Emperor of Wu, had him beheaded. His head was sent to Cáo Cāo, ruler of the Kingdom of Wei, in order to frame him for the killing and force Shu to attack Wei. Cáo Cāo held Guān Yǔ in great esteem, despite being his enemy, so he had a body carved for the head and a full state burial arranged. The tomb of Guān Yǔ’s head is still found in Luoyang in Henan province. It is surrounded by Guānlín Miào, a temple built in 1595 by Emperor Wànlì of the Ming dynasty to honour the great hero. Eventually, Shu fell to Wei, Wei fell to Wu and Wu collapsed to be replaced by the Jin dynasty (265-420), putting to end the entire era. And then started his raise as hero, then a legend, then a god. Within 40 years of his death, Liú Chán, the second emperor of Shu, gave him the posthumous title of Marquis Zhuangmou. In the 10th century, his cult began to grow, as it was once again a time of war and upheaval. During the Song dynasty (960-1279 AD), the Taoist Celestial Master Sect began to incorporate Guān Yǔ into their pantheon of immortals and deities. As he was so widely revered, the Taoists sought to increase their political influence by giving him the title of Saintly Emperor Guan (Gwaan1 Sing3 Dai3 Gwan1 關聖帝君), a powerful subduer of demons. It is due to the Taoists that he gained his red face — symbolising potent yang energy — and his crescent sword. It was probably during this time of rivalry between Taoism and Buddhism that the Buddhists in the imperial court also claimed him. The story they gave was that Guān appeared before the Zen master Zhìyǐ in 592 and was taught the Dharma by the monk. Guān then vowed to become the guardian of all Buddhist temples and is known as Sangharama Bodhisattva (Gaa1 Laam4 Pou4 Saat3 伽藍菩薩). During the Ming dynasty (1368-1644) Guān Yǔ was raised to the highest level when Emperor Wànlì gave him the lengthy title of Saintly Emperor Guan the Great God Who Subdues Demons of the Three Worlds and Whose Awe Spreads Far and Moves Heaven. This title was amended again during the Qing dynasty (1644-1912) when he also became known as Wǔ Shèng (Mou5 Sing3 武聖), or Saint of War by Confucian scholars who were gaining power in the Qing courts. In Hong Kong, he has a number of names. Known by some as Lord Kwan (Gwaan1 Gung1 關公) or Second Elder Brother (Ji6 Go1 二哥), he is commonly called Kwan Tai or Mo Tai (Mou5 Dai3 武帝). While Mo Tai translates as Military Emperor, he is not actually the god of war in a Western sense. Rather, he represents fraternal brotherhood, loyalty and righteousness. This is how he became the patron god of two opposing groups in Hong Kong: the police and the triads. At first glance, this seems very strange, but both are fraternities with a code of brotherhood who uphold the ideal of honour. Shrines to the god are also found in everyday people’s homes, restaurants and businesses. He is seen by many as a wealth god who protects honourable businessmen and is also thought to give a longer life to those who need his help. In Hong Kong, an altar dedicated to Kwan Tai can be found in almost every temple, regardless of who the main deity is. Under the name Mo Tai, he shares a few temples in Hong Kong with another god, Man Cheong (Man4 Coeng1 文昌), the god of culture and literature. These jointly dedicated Man Mo temples (Man4 Mou5 miu6 文武廟), or civil and military god temples are where students go to pray for academic success. This is because these two gods were seen to preside over success in the Confucianism based Imperial Examinations. The most well-known of these temples is on Hollywood Road. In Tai O, the Kwan Tai Ancient Temple (Daai6 Ou3 Gwaan1 Dai3 Gu2 Miu6 大澳關帝古廟), built in 1741 is the oldest temple in Hong Kong dedicated to Kwan Tai alone. This atmospheric temple is particularly special as it contains an ancient statue of Kwan Tai made by local artisans. The largest Kwan Tai temple in Hong Kong is in Sham Shui Po. Built in 1891, it is an impressive piece of Hong Kong temple architecture. When the temple was renovated in the 2000s, the original statue of the god was replaced with a more modern, standardised image. Regardless of which temple you visit on Kwan Tai’s festival, you will find crowds of his faithful making offerings of roast meats, wine and incense in the hope of good fortune. Regular people, police and triad members might all be standing side by side in front of the god. All are equal in his eyes. So long as the rules of fraternity and honour are observed, Kwan Tai bestows his blessings. Although hundreds of temples worship Kwan Tai in Hong Kong, these are insightful places to discover him: Tai O Kwan Tai Ancient Temple, Kat Hing Back Street, Tai O, Lantau, in the small former fisher village Man Mo Temple, 126 Hollywood road, Sheung Wan, Hong kong Long Mu Temple,(aka Yuet Lung Sing Yuen), 15 Chi Yan Street, Peng Chau. Kwan Tai sits near the Dragon Mother, the goddess Lung Mu in the outlaying island of Peng Chau Sham Shui Po Kwan Tai Temple, 158 Hai Tan Street, Sham Shui Po, the largest temple dedicated to the god

Truth is one of the most complex problems in philosophy. It is a metaphysical problem that has been in discussions in philosophy for several years. Besides, many issues in philosophy rely on the concept of truth, either by reaffirming the truth or by implying the truth in various philosophical theses. The main problem as far as the understanding of truth in philosophy is concerned relates to two main issues; what is the truth and what makes them true. This paper analyzes the metaphysical problem of truth and any philosophical theories that can be used to address this problem comprehensively. From laymans perspective, the truth can simply be defined as the expressions about the reality of the world. It is fidelity to an established original standard or original idea. It is often used in various contexts to imply authenticity, adherence to reality or fact, and being true to self. Many human activities rely on the concept of truth. As such, propagating falsehood is likely to incur legal or societal penalties since falsehood can negatively affect people plans for the future. The nature of truth itself has been a subject of controversy in philosophy for several; years. For example some philosophers are of the opinion that the nature of truth as concept is very basic and need not be described or explained in other words that can be easier to comprehend rather than the truth itself. On the other hand, some other philosophers consider this definition of truth to be secondary. For example, Martin Heidegger asserts that the original meaning of the concept of truth can be established from ancient Greek philosophy. According to him, truth in ancient Greek implies unconcealment or exposing what had previously been hidden and bringing it to the fore. The original Greek term for truth is Aletheia, which means to expose something or make it open. Conversely, other philosophers, mostly pragmatists like Pierce C. S., consider truth to be essentially related to human practices that focus on finding out or discovering the truth. Therefore, truth can only be considered as what an individual will find out or discover on matter in the process of finding out the truth. These differences among philosophers as to what constitutes the nature of truth have been problematic in metaphysics for thousands of years. In as much as there are many different theories that seek to explain the nature of truth and what constitutes truth, these theories remain debatable among philosophers and other scholars. Consequently, there are five core areas that make truth such a problematic metaphysical concept. For example, philosophers differ mostly on issues such as what constitutes truth and what are some of the things that the truth bearers are capable of being false of true. Furthermore, philosophers debate over how to define and identify the truth. Also, the other critical issues in exploring the nature of truth are the role of empirical and faith-based knowledge in discovering the truth. Finally, there are also arguments as to whether the truth is subjective, objective, absolute, or relative. Theories of truth in philosophy can help create a foundation for understating the truth. These theories are essentially the explanations of the different nature of truth as well as providing a set of law that true things must satisfy in order to be considered true. Some of the most common theories of truth are as discussed below. This is one of the oldest theories of truth in philosophy and the most intuitive explanation of truth. According to this perspective, a statement is only true if the world it describes the real world. Thus, truth has to conform or correspond to known and acceptable facts. For example, the statement that snow is white can only be considered to be true if in deed the snow it describes is white in the real world. Similarly, a statement such as My name is Job can only be considered true if the actual name of the person saying it is called Job. Therefore, this theory is based on the relationship between the statements being said and the actual objects in the real world. Thus, the truth or falsity of a proposition lies entirely on its relation to the things they describe, and whether they accurately represent or describe those things. This is an ancient classical or neoclassical theory that was used by ancient Greek philosophers, Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. The correspondence theory largely rests on the notion that truth is simply a matter of copying objective reality and representing the reality in symbols, words, and thoughts. Some philosophers have found this theory to be inadequate or defective it its definition of what constitutes the truth for various reasons. For instance, one major problem with the correspondence theory is that it relates two things, which are very different in nature. It is very difficult to establish a relationship between two things that exist in different realms. For example, a statement such as snow is white, represents a mental thought or an idea that exists only in the mind. On the other hand, tis mental thought is being related to reality that is made of the real objects such as the snow. Therefore, it can be very difficult to establish any correspondence between the words snow is white in my head and the fact that snow is white in reality. Furthermore, this correspondence theory makes it difficult to define truth external of human beings. The theory makes truth reliant or dependent on humans rather than depending on the external world. This theory defines truth in terms of its logical consistency. An idea or a proposition can only be considered true if it is consistent of coherent with other beliefs that one already has in their mind. As such, the truth is defined on the basis of coherence between all the statements that together form ones belief system. For example, a cosmological theory about black holes can be difficult to ascertain based on other theories of truth because it is very difficult to travel to the black holes to determine their nature. However, these theories can only be considered true if the theories about the black holes are consistent and coherent wit other theories and beliefs that we already have about cosmology. For most idealists, the theory of coherence is seen as the main or the general definition of truth. This is because it is difficult to understand the universe with certainty. However, one can understand the universe by checking whether the statements about the universe are consistent or coherent with the beliefs of what is already known about the universe. However, this theory also has its own defects in defining the truth. For instance, it is based on the assumption that humans can only remain trapped in their own beliefs and that they cannot determine the truth beyond what they already know. Besides these two major theories of truth, there are many other conceptions of truth, which aid philosophers in determining the truth. For instance, there is the constructivist theory and the consensus theory of truth. According to Consensus theory, the truth is considered as only that which has been agreed upon to be true by specific groups of people. On the other hand, constructivist theory identifies the truth as that which is constructed by social processes and is culturally and historically specific to a particular community. Basic Outline of At Least Two Positions Taken On the Problem There are many positions that philosopher have when it comes to addressing problematic issues in the concept of the truth. The two main positions that have characterized philosophical debates recently are whether truth is subjective or objective. This refers to the personal nature of truth, that is, how each person perceives the truth to be. As such, there is no method or process required for one to express their truth. This refers to the truth established through a process or method that allows people to share their knowledge and related truth. In this context, true statements can be validated or confirmed by relating the statements to the criteria agreed upon for determining the truth. Personal Reflections and Insights on the Problem Truth is a very important concept in our daily lives. True statements are informative and help to reaffirm our personal beliefs as well as enabling humans to explore new knowledge and understand the universe better. However, the nature of truth itself can be problematic in terms of trying to understand how we come to identify truth and how we know what constitute the truth. Metaphysics, a branch of philosophy dealing with reality, can be a good place to understand the truth. However, some of the metaphysical concepts of truth are still contentious today as they were in the ancient times. Also, the theories proposed for truth are very varied and the lack of consensus among philosophers as to what constitutes truth only makes it difficult for the lay people to understand the truth itself. I personally consider truth to be related to ones character and personality. Character is what drives people to seek or tell the truth. One can determine their own personality through a reflective process of character assessment. Character assessment is a very critical aspect of personal reflections. When one reflects upon their lives, there is a high probability that they would be able to understand their strengths and weakness and device appropriate strategies for coping better with life. Personality traits are developed and well understood from character assessment. This scales up thinking for oneself and self-realization. Definition of oneself is derived from thorough scrutiny of an individual, self-contemplation and assessment which forms fundamental part of ones unique psychological adaptation to the environment. For instance, from character assessment, it is possible to brand an individual as either a believer in subjective or subjective truth. The major theoretical models and perspectives in philosophy can be used in analyzing and understanding different views on the truth as well as providing frameworks within which one can develop and enhance their understanding of truth. From a personal perspective, I consider truth to be subjective. This is the best alternative for understanding the differences in opinion as to what the nature of truth is. This is because subjectivity implies that each person has their own perceptions of what constitutes the truth. In some cases, several people may have similar or the same subjective truths, while in other cases, each person may have his or her own ways of determining the truth. Subjectivity is very important in understanding truth because, by accepting that each person has the capability of constructing their own truths, this can go a long way in resolving some of the disagreements. This is because we shall be able to appreciate the views from each person as being their own perceptions of the truth. However, in as much as subjectivity stands out as the best alternative for resolving the problem of truth, it has its own issues that make it quite difficult to be the acceptable criteria for truth. For instance, it can be difficult to ascertain the truth in situations where two or more people have different perceptions of the facts or statements in question. Secondly, subjectivity makes it difficult for there to be generally accepted truths or facts since it creates room for deviations based on individual perceptions. Nevertheless, the concept of truth has a lot of influence on human lives. People have a strong desire for finding out the truth in order to understand the reality around them. This is important in making critical decisions in ones life. Generally, truth has wide implications in the society including legal... Need a paper on the same topic? We will write it for you from scratch! 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Reading N Books Per Year For some reason, I found myself reading https://commoncog.com/blog/the-ultimate-guide-to-reading-a-book-a-week-for-your-career/, which claims to help you read a single book a week. This idea was interesting to me, given that for the past 3 months I've been reading a book a week for a post-Ottoman Near East class I'm taking. The premise setup in the commoncog article is that it's difficult to hit this reading goal, so I got curious on how far I've gotten. Since I've been tracking all my books through Goodreads since the start of 2017, I figured I'd dig up the numbers and take a trip down memory lane. - Books read: 35 - Most impactful book: The Field Study Handbook by Jan Chipchase - Book I marked read but don't recall reading: Typewriters, Bombs, Jellyfish by Tom McCarthy - Favorite book: No Good Men Among the Living by Anand Gopal 2017 was my first year, and I'm going to be honest, had a lot of dud books. But overall the most impactful book I read in 2017 was The Field Study Handbook, which is a guide published by Jan Chipchase to run what he calls a "research studio". Now I don't do anything similar, but Jan seems to go to some pretty interesting places, and reading the book gave me quite a few mental models on how I should approach things. On a vapid level, it inspired me to try and be more curious about some far-flung places. Now, Typewriters, Bombs, Jellyfish I had completely forgotten about until I saw it on the Goodreads page. Ostensibly it's a collection of essays, but to be honest it was so completely forgettable that I can't even conjure up a single thing about the book. No Good Men Among the Living is an objectively very good book. It touches on the US withdraw from Afghanistan, through the lens of a Taliban commander, and makes for a fascinating read. It's beautifully written to boot. - Books read: 58 - Most impactful book: The Shell: Memoirs of a Hidden Observer by Mustafa Khalifa - Book I marked read but don't recall reading: …most of the books of this year - Favorite book: Killing Commendatore by Haruki Murakami 2018 was a weird year. I ended up cramming in 58 books, which honestly I thought was pretty impressive until I realized that I recall almost nothing from the vast majority of them. The Shell: Memoirs of a Hidden Observer by Mustafa Khalifa definitely shines through. It's an incredible novel that covers a Syrian political prisoner who's locked up for 14 years without a trial named Musa. The book is one in the cottage industry of prison literature, but it's an autobiographical novel (Khalifa himself was imprisoned for thirteen years). The book is gripping, and frankly should be read by everyone. Killing Commendatore (unlike The Shell) is definitely not one of Murakami's best works. It's weird (but not Hardboiled Wonderland weird), it's got a slight melancholy feel to it (but not like Colorless Tsukuru), and it's somewhat bounded in reality and fun (but not as fun as The Wind-up Bird Chronicles). Basically what I'm saying is that it's a Murkami book, and since I'll read anything the guy writes, I still liked it, but he's definitely written better books. However, given that I don't recall most of the books from this year, Killing Commendatore gets to be the favorite book. - Books read: 28 - Most impactful book: Getting Things Done by David Allen - Book I marked read but don't recall reading: Literature from the "Axis of Evil": Writing from Iran, Iraq, North Korea, and Other Enemy Nations by by Alane Mason (Creator), Samantha Schnee (Editor), Dedi Felman (Editor) - Favorite book: The Great War for Civilization: The Conquest of the Middle East by Robert Fisk Possible due to 2019 being closer than 2018, I actually remembered most of the books I read in 2019. Notably, I read GTD in December after avoiding it for so long, and I'm a little ashamed to say that I've become one of those people that've adopted it. It's been tremendously helpful in getting my marbles together to coordinate between grad school, Arabic studying, and work. Literature from the "Axis of Evil" had a provocative title when I picked it up in the NY Society Library, but I honestly can't recall reading anything from it. I do recall that some of the stories were interesting, but nothing specific. The Great War for Civilization is a long book. Originally recommended to me by a friend when I was studying in Amman for the month, it ended up coming back with me from Amman to NY, where I ended up taking a month to finish it. Robert Fisk is definitely a crank now, but he's got some insane stories wrapped up in there. For example, he's got this story where Soviet soldiers hand him an orange as he's riding shotgun in communist Afghanistan and tell him to look for mujahideen. It's an immensely enjoyable read. 4 Lessons Learned I don't really believe in passive reading anymore. This idea that you should squeeze in reading anywhere you can I think is simply wrong. In 2018 I was squeezing in reading at every possible moment, and all I got out of it was a nice big Goodreads number. At this point, I firmly believe in principled, serious reading. Take a pen, plot out specific times during the day for reading, and make it purposeful. Overall, I definitely wasn't as principled as I should've been in 2018, but given the pace I'm on for 2020, I see a lot of places to improve on my reading.

Museums to Visit in Andros, Greece Comments Off on Museums to Visit in Andros, Greece Greece is one of those places that has attracted visitors for centuries. Besides its gorgeous weather and amazing natural setting, there are so many destinations to visit it can be overwhelming. Islands like Andros are absolutely worth a visit because they are filled with this rich history, culture, and natural beauty. Andros doesn’t see the same crowds some of the other islands do, however, which means that visiting here can make for a relaxing vacation. One of the best things to do here is experience the culture and history through its museums. Here’s more information about the best museums you should visit while here: The Goulandris Museum of Modern Art, which was founded in 1979, is located on the Eastern side of Andros. It was built initially to showcase the sculptures of the great M. Tombros, a native of Andros. It is constantly receiving and exhibiting international works of art. Thanks partially to a collaboration with the National Gallery of Athens, it has had displays of the works of such well-known artists as Pablo Picasso, Henri Cartier-Bresson, František Kypka, Wassily Kandinsky, Balthus, Paul Klee, and Henri Matisse, as well as special exhibits of the works of Greek artists Galanis and Bouzianis. Our second suggestion is the Nautical Museum, which is in Chora not far from the Goulandris Museum and overlooks the Aegean Sea. It is adjacent to the square of the Unknown Soldier, and contains many nautical artifacts spanning much of Greece’s history. These include model ships, diaries, documents, and nautical outfits. Founded in 1972, this is an excellent place to learn about how the sea has affected and molded much of local culture and life throughout the centuries. Cyclades Olive Museum Of particular interest to food connoisseurs is the privately owned Cyclades Olive Museum in Ano Pitrofos, which houses an old animal-powered olive mill. It is a good place to visit if you want to understand traditional techniques for producing oil in Andros. The mill, which ran until 1967, was built before 1857, and has many architectural features characteristic of the area. The owner, guide, and restorer of the museum is civil engineer and local native Dimitris Chelmis. A video of the mill as it used to run is available for viewing at the museum. The Kydonieos Institute is also located in Chora, and is more than just a museum. In addition to hosting Ploes every summer, which is an exhibition founded by Petros and Marika Kidonieos Foundation of exceptional post-war Greek Art, it also serves as a type of cultural center for the island. It hosts free children’s and adults’ pottery classes from time to time, as well as plays, literature groups, and concerts. Its goal is to ensure that Greek culture survives and thrives in the island of Andros. While visiting the Greek island of Andros, you should consider visiting at least some of these museums. There wills surely be something here for everyone! This post was written by GreekBoston.com

eBook By Cornelius Beach Bradley / DMCA Our Annus Mirabilis (1901) This scarce antiquarian book is a facsimile reprint of the original. Due to its age, it may contain imperfections such as marks, notations, marginalia and flawed pages. Because we believe this work is culturally important, we have made it available as part of our commitment for protecting, preserving, and promoting the world's literature in affordable, high quality, modern editions that are true t... Paperback: 24 pages Publisher: Kessinger Publishing, LLC (September 10, 2010) Product Dimensions: 8.5 x 0.1 x 11 inches Format: PDF Text TXT book Download Premium Mirror Nagle takes no prisoners, makes no excuses. " - Marcus Nelson, Funkyfones“Jackie really is an expert in her field. This manual is in three sections:Section 1 – a mind-map summary of the syllabus. book Our Annus Mirabilis (1901) Pdf Epub . At the risk of being a plagiarist, I am compelled to defer to one or two on-point remarks posted by other reviewers. One of the first independent female rulers of an ancient kingdom, Cleopatra was a gifted diplomat, efficient administrator, and accomplished linguist who ruled her kingdom with more courage than the majority of her male predecessors. “More,” she gasped as the sensation traveled directly to her groin and she arched her back to press her breasts further into his hands. Every witticism and criticism is included in this single-volume compendium of more than 60 reviews form 2013's output of Alcohollywood's two written columns - Fresh Pour, Clint's weekly review of two new releases, and Rare & Vintage, Jared's archaeological foray into lost forgotten filmic gems. ISBN-10 1166904466 Pdf . ISBN-13 978-1166904 . I recommend this book unreservedly. Excelente versión para el público juvenil, las colecciones de Ariel sin duda son clásicas. ” ―Leida Snow, Straus News"A text book that will be sure to have a life in theatre schools nationwide. In contrast with Lao Tzu, who in the "Tao Te Ching" tells his disciples to “do good to him who has done you an injury”, Confucius says, “What, then, do you repay a good turn with. I sent this book to my granddaughter who at 3 yo wants to be an animal rescuer when she grows up. I enjoyed it very much. Between past and future. - 1166904466 epub - 978-1166904463 pdf - Cornelius Beach Bradley epub - Cornelius Beach Bradley ebooks - pdf ebooks The Titans Curse Percy Jackson and the Olympians Book 3 book pdf venenosalivary.duckdns.org glossaries.duckdns.org retailored.duckdns.org despiteful.duckdns.org the original work.

This page contains: AA: Mr. A. Azhoni, PhD researcher in environmental engineering, Cranfield University, U.K. Presenter, 'Reflections on how religious belief can shape a vision for future research' AB: Prof. Andrew Basden, Business School, University of Salford. Co-Chair and Organiser. CB: Prof. Carole Brooke, Professors of the Faith; CCSR, DeMontfort University; Warwick Manufacturing Group, University of Warwick; Co-Chair. DB: Prof. David Booth, Dept. Psychology, University of Birmingham. Presenter, 'An exploration of the religious roots of a Biosocial Cognitive Scientist' (Prevented from attending, so AB read out his presentation.) DSR: Mrs. Deepa Shruthi Ramaswamy. Background in molecular biology. Discussant. DH: Dr. Daniel Hill, Dept of Philosophy, University of Liverpool. Presenter, 'Serving Christ in Academia' JC: Prof. Yong Joon (John) Choi, Director of Handong Institute for Learning & Faith, Prof. of Global EDISON Academy, Handong Global University, South Korea. Presenter, 'Impacts of religious belief on scholarship' JI: Rev. Dr. Jeremy Ive, Vicar (Church of England), and South East England School of Christian Studies. Presenter, 'The three-legged stool of experience and theoretical thought - The transcendent (religious) basis and transcendental (universal) framework for any field of study -- with special reference to the social sciences.' MB: Maria Burke, Business School, University of Salford. Discussant. MS: Dr. Miriam Sampson, Retd researcher in applied sociology; education, music. Discussant. NM: Dr. Neil McBride, DeMontfort University, UK. Discussant. Also presented short piece on Humanism. OA: Mrs. Opeoluwa Adewolu, PhD researcher, Business School, University of Salford. Discussant. (Prevented from attending, but send discussion points by email.) PS: Dr. Phil Sampson, Retd researcher in discourse and change. Presenter, 'The strange case of the compassionate Puritan: the representation of the puritan world-view in modern discourse' RB: Mrs. Ruth Basden, Bible Explorer, UK. Discussant. RG: Dr. Richard Gunton, Postdoctoral researcher, Department of Ecology, University of Leeds, and West Yorkshire School of Christian Studies. Presenter, 'Presuppositions, faith and statistics: an ecologist's view' RR: Rev. Richard Russell, Christian Studies Unit. Discussant. SKH: Mr. Subrahmaniam Krishnan-Harihara, PhD researcher, Business School, University of Salford. Discussant. At present, some have still to be written. Kind of link focused on: Content of theories, and paradigms. Summary of Presentation and Discussion: "How many species of tree are there?" We cannot count them, so we must resort to counting species in selected areas where trees grow, and using statistics to answer our question. We might use either Frequentist or Bayesian statistics. Bayesian statistics acknowledges that we begin and end with belief, with evidence updating our beliefs. Frequentist statistics tries to operate 'objectively' without beliefs, or to rely on 'expert' opinion, and yet in practice it is merely disguising belief. Richard argued that the Bayesian paradigm is closer to the way we do, and want to do, statistics. The choice of statistical paradigm is governed by our religious presuppositions about the nature of the world; people who acknowledge beliefs find Bayesian congenial; those who do not find Frequentist congenial. ('Religion' here includes e.g. humanism an atheism, and concerns presuppositions about what is ultimate and self-dependent, rather than doctrines about a Deity; however other definitions were also voiced, and used in other discussions.) Those who wish to sideline religious beliefs tend to opt for Frequentist statistics - and yet employ beliefs in disguised form.Paper available. Richard was concerned about possibility reductionism. Humanist assumptions also pervade teaching of statistics, in that Frequentist are taught first, and Bayesian, if taught at all, is seen as special or secondary, whereas Richard beliefs that our curricula should place Bayesian statistics first with Frequentist as the special case. In Business Intelligence, politics, etc., there is almost a religious dependence on numbers and desire for certainty, but acknowledging beliefs opens the door to uncertainty. Those who acknowledge beliefs (e.g. Christians, Hindus) recognise different ways of knowing, and hidden layers of interpretation (CB). Kind of link: Main link: Faith motivates direction of scholarship. Also faith giving paradigms or worldviews, faith determining choice. Summary of Presentation and Discussion: "Which God do I really worship as I undertake my academic career? How can worship of God shape my scholarship?" That is the question that Azhoni found himself asking before he returned to academic life to begin a PhD a year ago in the UK, after several years working for the Indian government. Earlier, in common with many Christians, he had challenged himself "Is Jesus Christ really true, to me?" but later found this was not enough. He did not want faith to be separated from his academic career, but wanted his commitment to Jesus Christ to shape it, with the question "What are Christ's interests in my scholarship?". CB also expressed such questions. Thus his faith motivates him to take a particular direction. He had recently been at a summer school hosted by the Faraday Institute on this topic, which gave him ideas, but he still had questions. This presentation summarizes his journey in these attitudes, and mentioned several links between faith and scholarship. AA mentioned two main links between religious beliefs and scholarship: Faith as paradigm, or perhaps worldview, is found in C.S. Lewis' statement that "I believe in Christianity as I believe that the sun has risen: not only because I see it, but because by it I see everything else." (See Paradigms part of Discussion.) Faith determining choice may be seen in John White, who chose medicine rather than physics, and in Vinoth Ramachandra, who chose to be against nuclear power for Sri Lanka despite being a nuclear physicist. (See Choice part of Discussion.) It was for this reason that AA shifted from engineering to policy in his PhD; he was asking "For whose beneficial purpose?" and the belief that we are not owners nor passive users but stewards of the natural creation.DSR pointed out that such choices occur not only in scholarship, but also in e.g. which jobs we take up; as a Hindu she refused a job in meat processing. Faith influencing our worldview gave him perspective on society. Though, in the West, religion and the 'secular' are separated, this is not so in India. Examination of the concepts behind Hindi (and Sanskrit) words for 'religious' and 'secular' revealed different nuances than in the West. SK-H contributed to this. However, in both, the 'new religious temples' are things like shopping malls and cricket stadiums, which demand sacrifice. This sounds like modern idols.However, SK-H pointed to Eric Liddle, "God made me for a purpose but God also made me fast!" and warned not to so readily see idolatry in sport (though perhaps in shopping idolatry may be seen). SK-H, whose research is into idolatry of e.g. e-government, which involves sacrifice, worship, etc., felt that cricket stadiums are more social places, though the former could indeed be idols. SK-H wondered whether AA might be succumbing to the sacred secular divide in this part of his thinking.) [It seems that the influence of sacred-secular divide can be very subtle among most Christians influenced by Western thinking, that even when we are aware of the danger, we might still succumb in some areas of our thinking. AB.]RG continued the investigation into words in order to clarify distinctions, and warned against using Scripture as argument within scholarship. For example, AA agreed, we should not use Scripture to calculate the age of the Earth. NM also was concerned about the divorce of religion from science, and CB agreed; see NM's presentation. MS and MB warned about seeing 'secular' as 'enemy'; 'secular' can simply mean 'areas other than overtly religious'. Final point: AA suggested that theology can integrate other fields. RR suggested that is misleading; theology can be seen as a 'science of God or faith', and it is rather philosophy that integrates. [From Dooyeweerdian standpoint, both are true; philosophy rather than theology integrates, but also if theology is science of the faith aspect, and all other aspects anticipate the faith aspect (it opens up the others), then it can perform a kind of integration. AB.] Kind of link discussed: Impact on worldview and on practice. Summary of Presentation and Discussion: "The Puritans forbade bear-baiting," wrote Lord Macaulay, "not because it gave pain to the animals but because it gave pleasure to the spectators." Macaulay was wrong! The English Puritans actually cared considerably for animals, believing that we have a responsibility under God to treat them well. They believed that humans and animals were created for companionship, that the eating of meat was a result of sin, so when we eat meat we should repent, that animal cruelty is wicked, that we must give an account to God for the way we treat animals, and at the Restoration of All Things, our relationship with animals and a vegan diet will be restored. (JC pointed out that Noah's ark showed God's love for animals, and drew attention to prophecies of harmony among animals and humans.) This view left a legacy which the Evangelicals of the 1800s followed, continuing the same concern for animals, and during the Welsh Revival, a vegetarian diet was advocated. The Puritans were grossly misunderstood, denigrated and misrepresented by being viewed through the lens of the Enlightenment. Rather than being haters of pleasure (as Enlightenment and modern views assume) the Puritans actually aimed at 'the art to live well'. They held the Bible rather than tradition to be their authority and, possibly as a result, the scholarship of the Puritans was of very high quality, but it has been largely ignored. (From the 1920s, the Evangelicals paid little attention to the matter; for some reason they changed. Perhaps it was because they no longer believe that Christ claims sovereignty over all of life. AB thought it might also be because of their humiliation and defensiveness after the Monkey Trials. PS listed some of the reasons Evangelicals give today for ignoring care for animals. OA argued that in Nigeria animals are eaten in celebration and argued against PS's view of care for animals. CB drew attention to the theological question whether animals have souls.) SK-H found PS's exposure of the care for animals to be an eye-opener. The Hindu point of view cares for animals, but Christians in India care little for animals. PS acknowledged that care for animals by Evangelicals might be in part because of contact with India as well as Puritanism. Mahatma Gandhi, according to PS, both gave and received from Christian ideas while in Britain. In this we see two impacts of religious belief on scholarship. The Humanist / Enlightenment that has prevailed for a century, though purporting to be benificent, actually leads to disregard for animals and even cruelty. Darwin and Huxley supported vivisection, and thought that eating beef made one strong. Roosevelt was proud of hunting rhinos. [This is no surprise, given that Humanity has become its god. AB] have been long denigrated and misunderstood, Kind of link discussed: Religious doctrine about the nature of God informs theoretical constructs. Summary of Presentation and Discussion: The Christian doctrine of Trinity (God as three persons in unity of God-hood) can be the inspiration for an theory that not only attempts to provide a comprehensive ontological understanding of the world, but can also be used to inform extant thinking in various fields. His theory is that temporal reality exhibits three basic kinds of 'thing': individuality, relating and process. All three are necessary, and must be seen in combination. He showed how various earlier biases in sociology could be explained by reductionism to or of one of these three. The basis for this theory is that the nature of God is reflected in the basic structure of what God created, which implies that we might be able to deduce from our understanding of the nature of God to an ontology of reality, and also healthy paradigms for our fields of study. The following table expresses much of Jeremy's argument: Person of Godhead Father Son Holy Spirit Revealed function Origin of all things Coherence of all things Makes all things possible Ensures Individuality Relationality Time and change 'Transcendentals' Individuals Relationships Events Holistic view "Individuals-in-relation over time" Reductionisms in social theory Seeing society as conglomeration of individuals Seeing society as a collectivist whole Seeing society as flux Healthy paradigm in social theory "We need to see clearly differentiatied social structures, arising from the order of creation but unfolded in history, each with its own appropriate sphere of responsibility and competence." JI showed how each of individualities, relations and events are of a variety of kinds, and that Dooyeweerd's aspects can help us distinguish different kinds. MB liked this, but asked what would social theorists think of this view? PS likewise suggested that other Giddens and other social theorists had tried to overcome this, in his duality between agency and structure [though that seems to be only two things A.B.]. RR also liked it. MB also asked whether Jeremy's transcendentalism sat on the spectrum of research paradigms of positivism, interpretivism and critical theory.[Though it has both individuals of the first two and social structures of critical theory, it seems to lack a place for causality, which is important to positivism, meaning, which is important for interpretivism, and normativity, which is important in critical theory. This could raise the question of whether such argumentation from a religious doctrine about the nature of God is a valid and useful way to form ontological theories of the world, or to critique extant theories. This opens up a discussion. A.B.] DH also liked this, but, noting its roots in Reformational Philosophy, posed the challenge: is Reformational thought the only way to overcome such problems in a field like social theory? (See re. Giddens above.) Jeremy responded by giving the example of another attempt at transcendentals, Truth, Beauty and Goodness. He suggested that these are three ways of relating, and hence are partial components within his own approach, a suggestion that DH questioned (is truth a relation?). JI responded that we still suffer from ancient Greek ways of thinking, and do not treat na´ve experience well.[That is a good question that reformationals might like to consider. A.B.] DH also suggested that in such an approach it is important to ground the starting point, not just in religious doctrine, but in Scripture. itself. [That should be relatively easy to achieve.] PS also suggested that such an idea needs to take account of historical beliefs. For example, where is Fall (evil, tendency to evil)? Fall is another fundamental doctrine of certain kinds of Christianity, including reformational forms (Creation, Fall, Redemption). (JI had mentioned creation and redemption and final consummation in his talk, but not fall.) Paper available, and Presentation, Kind of link discussed: Religious beliefs influence worldviews, which influence the generation of theoretical knowledge; Christian-based philosophical view of theoretical thought to challenge students; Quotations from religious texts to lend support to scholarship for those in that religious community. Summary of Presentation and Discussion: Professor Yong Joon Choi gave an overview of the work that is being undertaken on the link between beliefs and scholarship in the Handong Global University in South Korea, especially in the Handong Indtitute for Learning and Faith, and the Global Entrepreneurship Academy. This may be seen as an example of an organisational attempt to explore and enact relationship between belief and scholarship. In the HILF the teaching places much emphasis on worldview as the way in which beliefs influence schllarship, and on the topic of the integration of faith and scholarship. Worldview comparison: strong and weak points of each. Students are stimulated to reflection and exploration. Prof. Choi undertakes research in Calvinism, which is important in worldview terms. Critical questions are raised not just about religion but also about what science is [NMcB agreed that was important], and what truth is (perhaps reflecting American interests), along with an historical perspective thereon. The transcendental critique of theoretical thought of Dooyeweerd is used, even though it is intense philosophy. Part of the reason this is done is to challenge students. In this Christian university, 20% of the students are non-Christian because they like the challenge; YJC gives them a chance to defend themselves. YJC tries to listen to non-Christians as much as possible. More generally, the University tries to integrate faith and life as a whole. Taking an explicitly Christian view, they take the view that the purpose education, like that of all learning in life, is to make us more like Christ (in such things as attitude and character). There seems to much reference to Bible verses, not so much to prove things in scholarship, nor to constrain, as to try to find meaningful links between scholarship and what is seen as God's ways. An example is Genesis 2, where the man was given responsibility of naming animals; this is seen as lending Biblical support the notion of exploring the nature of the world, as in scholarly research. This seems to be aimed at those in the Christian community. NMcB noted that much in this challenges the standard views, and asked whether or how curricula are created that bring in Christian content. Is there a threat to academic freedom where Christian are not allowed to express their views; are we like Daniel in Babylon? Christianity gives the idea of scholarship as service [rather than e.g. career-for-self-seeking]. He claimed that the "secular understanding of freedom is limiting", which is interesting and needs unpacking. Allowing religious beliefs to inform scholarship makes it more sustainable. Finally, NMcB made the important point that the audience we write for should not just be ourselves, but the rest of the world, "How do we write for The Guardian?" MS asked what kinds of students choose the course on integrating faith with scholarship. At Portsmouth, she finds that Chinese scholars are very interested in this link, partly because of rapid change in China and their concern about growing consumerism, and the input of Western ideas like postmodernism alongside Confucionism, Buddhism, etc. This is a challenge. RCB told of her work in State and other schools with Bible Explorer; children and teachers welcome it. Summary of Presentation and Discussion: This was a highly practical session, with considerable clarity of categorization. Daniel suggested four things to which a person who wants to serve Christ in academia should give attention, and each applies to the three roles of research, teaching and administration: - Motive: We serve Christ, not humans [Colossians 2:22-24]. - Manner: e.g. Present fairly those views with which we disagree. Exercise mercy and grace, especially on committees. - Content: Especially truth. - Choice: e.g. Choose tasks where our faith matters. Choose material where we can bring a Christian view out into the open, for example in Literature courses we might select good texts that demonstrate something of God's view. Choose topics for research that can give a return, avoiding topics that are unhelpful, foolish, trivial, immoral, corrosive to the soul, etc. Response by MS: Very helpful ideas; especially the idea of choice. Could be written for other faiths too. However, - Does this miss the idea of the Christian academic community? - Is there a danger of Christians doing their own thing? - What is the impact of a creational view? - Mature: enrich with wider perspectives. How can scholarship build God's kingdom> DSR: What do, what not do, how do? MS: Relationships with students different. Choice in administration, e.g. on Equality and Diversity Committee. Choice in teaching: broader vision, e.g. Politics of gender with Elaine Storkey. John 3:16, Christ is to benefit the whole world. While it's OK to use research for apologetics, we should not do research for that reason. Motivation is to uncover the truth about the creation. Response by RR: Danger that we are satisfied with doing just one thing for Christ. Many things can make a difference. Be careful about being too over-prescriptive about areas to avoid; for instance, some say that philosophy should be avoided because it sometimes destroys faith, but we need Christians to 'redeem' philosophy. Also, beware focusing too much on sexual issues, and ignoring the evil of the power of mega-corporations etc. [Question for research: how do we determine what to avoid, in any context?] In past some Christian teachers have studiously avoided speaking of Christ, because of fear of indoctrinating. We need to develop a new generation of Christian thinkers [and this might mean taking risks; Question for research or discussion; how do we determine when and when not to take risks?] Summary of Presentation and Discussion: How should we compile a set of ethical rules, for example in relation to information technology (ICT)? Philosophers NM met ignored social theory. Functionalist or Kantian ethics were seen as 'OK' but virtue ethics was seen as 'contaminated' because of its association with the Roman Catholic church (despite its origins in Aristotle). The discourse around ethics was distorted by prejudice, especially of an 'atheistic' kind, and the Kantian demand not to kneel before anybody. So, in any area of discourse, we should look under the bonnet of what is going on. For example, in discussing ethical issues in ICT, the PAPA criteria (privacy, accuracy, property, accessibility) are limited because they presuppose humanistic mindset, such as "The freedom of man transcends the world". "Proud to be an atheist" [Pinker] In addition, written media tend to be scathing about anything related to Christianity, or they limit or reject anything that is not a positivist agenda. Example: a Malaria researcher was forced to presuppose Dawkins. This is amplified by commercial pressures not to upset them. So I am giving a Call to Arms. Challenge is that Christians [and Hindus etc.?] are counter-cultural. There was some discussion about how we should respond ('calls to arms' arouse emotional responses) [Also, should we treat them as enemy, or as "sheep without a shepherd"? Ed.] Mention was made of McIntyre and Ch. Taylor as thinkers beyond the humanist worldview. Some discussion on altnernatives, e.g. ACTIVE, and e.g. whether virtue ethics is a useful basis for Christian ethics. No paper available. Summary of Presentation and Discussion: How does a committed Bible-following Christian work fruitfully in the areas of psychology, philosophy, etc.? Four themes were presented.Paper available, and version read by AB. The discussants had read a more complex version, in a paper, and found it hard to understand. The discussants appreciated the interdisciplinary nature of DB's work (though two felt he was rather reductionist). [Why was this? Maybe because, though DB acknowledges several causalities, he does so within a paradigmatic assumption of an input-output (systems) approach, to both body and mind, which they did not; the input-output approach pervades the whole rather than being explicit; this might demonstrate one effect of paradigmatic presuppositions not being made explicit.] Also, DB's separation of causalities was questions; for example might not a brain tumour or a social relationship event affect mental functioning? - Theme 1: The desire to explore how things work can be inspired by Scripture (science as the study of God's power, F. Bacon). Creator sustains causal powers, r.t. particles (Calvin). Three distinct causalities: material, mental, social, and none will impact the others. [c.f. Dooyeweerd, AB.] - Theme 2: How human life work. Humans operate 'bio-social' mechanisms. Experimental Psychology combined with Conceptual-analytic philosophy of later Wittgenstein seemed a good basis for addressing this question. It is important to link research with real life (not just laboratory) - Theme 3: How a body works. Research into getting rid of waste, and of obesity. Reference to Jesus saying that what contaminates a person is what comes out from heart; what goes in merely goes through and out. - Theme 4: How a mind works. DB looked at this from an input-output perspective, with causal powers in between. Causation can be biotic or social. Discussants were asked to: Everybody was asked to: Created: 3 August 2013. Last updated: 5 August 2013, 12 August 2013 AA. 16 August 2013 small correction. 17 August 2013 PS summary. 12 September 2013 JI summary. 12 November 2013 YJC summary. 19 April 2014 completed DH's session.

Birth Name: Ferdinand Emmanuel Edralín Marcos Occupation: World Leader Place Of Birth: Philippines Date Of Death: September 28, 1989 Cause Of Death: N/A Ferdinand Marcos was born on the 11th of September, 1917. He was known for being a World Leader. President of the Philippines who held the country under an iron fist during his tenure from 1966 to 1986. His administration was known for their inclinations towards political repression, nepotism, and human rights violations and he was finally removed from office by the the People Power Revolution. Ferdinand Marcos was born in Philippines. In 1939, he was found guilty and sentenced to death for murdering the political opponent of his father but the decision was later overturned by the Supreme Court. In response to the strident student demonstrations he was facing at home, he declared martial law, ruthlessly jailing dissidents and using the army to uphold order. Ferdinand Marcos was a Virgo and was born in the G.I. Generation. Ferdinand Marcos was born in 1910s. The 1910s represented the culmination of European militarism. Discover what happened on this day. Ferdinand Emmanuel Edralín Marcos is part of G.I. Generation also known as The Greatest Generation. This generation experienced much of their youth during the Great Depression and rapid technological innovation such as the radio and the telephone. The initials "G.I." is military terminology referring to "Government Issue" or "General Issue". Ferdinand’s education details are not available at this time. Please check back soon for updates. Ferdinand Marcos’s mother’s name is unknown at this time and his father’s name is under review. We will continue to update information on Ferdinand Marcos’s parents. Like many famous people and celebrities, Ferdinand Marcos kept his personal life private. Once more details are available, we will update this section. Ferdinand Marcos was born in the Year of the Serpent. |REAL NAME:||Ferdinand Emmanuel Edralín Marcos| |AGE GENERATION:||G.I. Generation| Zodiac Sign: Ferdinand Marcos was a Virgo. People of this zodiac sign like animals, healthy food, nature, cleanliness, and dislike rudeness and asking for help. The strengths of this sign are being loyal, analytical, kind, hardworking, practical, while weaknesses can be shyness, overly critical of self and others, all work and no play. The greatest overall compatibility with Virgo is Pisces and Cancer. Chinese Zodiac: Ferdinand Marcos was born in the Year of the Ox. People born under this sign are often seen as humorous and gifted in literature and art. However, the snake can be overly suspicious, which makes them a bit paranoid. Ruling Planet: Ferdinand Marcos had a ruling planet of Mercury and has a ruling planet of Mercury and by astrological associations Wednesday is ruled by Mercury. In Astrology, Mercury is the planet that rules our mindset. People who are born with Mercury as the ruling planet have communication skills, intellect and cleverness. Ferdinand Marcos’s birth sign is Virgo and he had a ruling planet of Mercury. Fans also viewed Fact Check: We strive for accuracy and fairness. If you see something that doesn’t look right, contact us. This page is updated often with latest details about Ferdinand Marcos. Bookmark this page and come back often for updates.

- Research article - Open Access Unfolding the values of work – therapists´ experience of addressing the return to work process in occupational rehabilitation based on Acceptance and Commitment Therapy BMC Health Services Research volume 18, Article number: 303 (2018) Facilitating return to work can be challenging due to the complexity of work disability. Few studies have examined rehabilitation programs based on Acceptance and Commitment Therapy that intend to support return to work, and none have investigated therapists’ experience with providing such programs. The aim of this study was therefore to explore therapists’ experience of addressing the return to work process in an inpatient occupational rehabilitation program based on Acceptance and Commitment Therapy. This was a qualitative interview study supported by participant observation. Therapists were interviewed regarding their experiences with addressing return to work in an inpatient occupational rehabilitation program based on Acceptance and Commitment Therapy. In addition, the rehabilitation program was investigated through participant observation. The interviews were analysed according to Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis and informed by an analysis of field notes from the participant observation. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy was experienced as a meaningful approach to facilitate return to work, as it allowed therapists to address all relevant aspects of the individual participant’s life that might influence work participation. The therapists’ twofold goal was to support participants in building both a meaningful life and sustainable work participation. To do so, they attempted to instil long-term and interrelated processes concerning ownership, causes of sick leave, relation to expectations, the values of work, and the scope of agency. Unfolding values connected to work participation might reconcile the tension between work and family life by integrating work with other areas of life. Providing work participation with personal meaning also seems especially commensurable with a context where economy presents a poor incentive for return to work. Therapists should, however, be attentive to the need to secure the prominence of return to work by relating participants’ chosen themes explicitly to their return to work process. Therapists should also be aware of the dilemma that may arise when they attempt to refrain from providing advice while simultaneously encouraging actions they consider appropriate to facilitate sustainable work participation. In addition, having an individual-oriented approach to occupational rehabilitation may obscure the extent to which return to work is a multi-stakeholder process. Over the last 20 years, a paradigm shift is said to have taken place within return to work (RTW) research and evidence-informed practice, going from unidisciplinary approaches (e.g. biomedical), to multi- and transdisciplinary biopsychosocial models . Among the factors suggested to influence RTW independent of injury/illness are gender, age, education, socioeconomic status, level of injury/illness, self-efficacy/expectations for recovery and RTW, work demands, RTW coordination, and multidisciplinary interventions . Encounters between patients and health/RTW professionals have also been identified as important [3,4,5,6] as well as the roles, beliefs and perceptions of various stakeholders, the organizational environment, and the compensation and health care systems . As it is now recognised that long-term work disability can be upheld by factors other than the triggering injury or disability, it has been proposed that rehabilitation programs need to encompass the complexity and multi-causality of work disability [8,9,10]. In Norway, musculoskeletal and mental health diagnoses account for approximately 60% of sick leave days . To prevent work disability, different legislative, health, safety and environmental acts have been implemented [12, 13], and a variety of rehabilitation programs are provided within tertiary institutional care. Between 2010 and 2016, Hysnes Rehabilitation Centre provided 3.5-weeks of inpatient occupational rehabilitation to participants on sick leave due to musculoskeletal pain, common mental disorders and/or other non-specific disorders [14, 15]. The program was multidisciplinary and consisted of physical training, work-related problem solving and psychological treatment provided in individual sessions and to groups with different diagnoses. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) was the prevailing approach for all components of the program. ACT is part of the third wave of cognitive behavioural therapies, and uses acceptance-, mindfulness-, commitment- and behaviour-change processes to increase psychological flexibility . Psychological flexibility is described as “the ability to contact the present moment more fully as a conscious human being, and to change or persist in behaviour when doing so serves valued ends” . Clarifying personal values, the long-termed, desired qualities of life, is a key ingredient of the therapy . Unlike goals, values can never be obtained; instead, they provide a direction for committed action. As ACT seeks to develop broad and generally applicable skills , it has been used to treat various conditions, including pain and mental disorders [19,20,21,22]. While few studies have explored the use of ACT in combination with RTW rehabilitation, some have investigated the effect of ACT-based treatment on work participation [23,24,25,26,27]. In addition, a previous study found that participants, after taking part in ACT-based occupational rehabilitation, perceived RTW as part of a long and complex process that had to be balanced with other desired values . No studies have so far investigated therapists’ experiences with providing RTW rehabilitation programs based on ACT. However, studies exploring the experience of health professionals in occupational rehabilitation have shown that they perceive improved quality of life as a better, or the principal, rehabilitation aim [29,30,31] and sometimes feel conflicted by having a RTW rehabilitation goal . There have also been questions regarding whether a RTW agenda fits with the theory of cognitive behavioural therapies, to which ACT belongs, since a preconceived goal established by the therapists might endanger the therapeutic alliance and thereby the outcome of treatment . In ACT, the therapist’s purpose is described as letting clients freely choose their own values, whatever they may be . Both practice experiences and theoretical foundation thereby suggest that combining RTW as a declared goal of occupational rehabilitation with an ACT approach might be particularly challenging. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore therapists’ experience of addressing the RTW process in an inpatient occupational rehabilitation program based on ACT. This was a qualitative study based on two distinct yet complementary data sources: interviews with therapists working with ACT-based occupational rehabilitation, and participant observation of the rehabilitation program. The combination of methods was chosen to explore the individual therapists’ experience and gain contextual insight into their practice at the rehabilitation centre. The interviews were analysed according to Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA), an approach informed by phenomenology, hermeneutics and ideography . The study was conducted within the context of an ongoing randomized controlled trial . Norway is described as a ‘work-society’, and Norwegian welfare legislation has always placed great importance on the primacy of work . However, the ‘work approach‘ introduced in the late 1980s represented a shift within the Norwegian welfare discourse; it explicitly linked benefits with work requirements by declaring that “the citizen has ‘a right and a duty’ to work or to prepare for work” , p. 11. After three days (or eight, in particular circumstances) of sick leave, employees must provide their employer with a sick note from their general practitioner (GP). Full wage compensation is given from day one; the employer covers the first two weeks, and the Norwegian Labour and Welfare Administration (NAV) covers the consecutive period up to 52 weeks. Workers can receive ‘work ability assessment benefit’ if their ability to work continues to be impaired after 52 weeks; however, the benefits are then reduced to two-thirds of the wages. It is the GP who treats illness or complaints and refers for further treatment or RTW rehabilitation if necessary . Hysnes Rehabilitation Centre Hysnes Rehabilitation Centre was established as part of St. Olav’s University Hospital to provide occupational rehabilitation. Persons living in one county in Central Norway (population 375,000) were eligible for inclusion if they were between 18 and 60 years old, had been on sick leave for 2–12 months, a current sick leave status of 50–100% and a diagnosis within the musculoskeletal, psychological or general and unspecified chapters of ICPC-2 (International Classification of Primary Care, Second edition) . The program consisted of two stays, the first for 11 days and the second for five. In between, participants spent nine days at home engaging in an individualised therapeutic plan. The rehabilitation program was structured like a work day and included three entwined components: psychological treatment, physical training and work-related problem solving. The majority of the program (eight sessions, a total of 16 h) was provided in groups consisting of six to eight participants (regardless of diagnosis) and two therapists. These sessions followed a manual designed to cover key ACT processes and exercises. Participants were assigned to a primary therapist who also provided five individual sessions (a total of 5 h). In addition, the program consisted of seven mindfulness sessions (a total 3.5 h), ten individual/group-based supervised training sessions (a total of 12 h), six ‘walking to work’ sessions (a total of 3 h), and an outdoor activities day. Psychoeducational sessions covering stress, pain, sleep and nutrition were also provided, as well as one session specifically addressing work participation. The participants were given homework (e.g. reflecting on topics from the sessions, filling in worksheets and making plans) that was addressed in subsequent group or individual sessions. To include stakeholders, a midway and discharge summary and a RTW plan were sent to the participants’ GP, and to their employer and social security office if considered relevant and with the participant’s consent. In addition, participants were encouraged to invite relevant stakeholders such as family, friends, their GP, employer or co-workers to visit the rehabilitation centre on a network day. This day included two group sessions and a session with the participants’ primary therapist. All activities at the rehabilitation centre were conducted according to core principles in ACT, and all employees (including those working with exercise and in the kitchen) received guidance to ensure that a coherent program was provided. In addition, the therapists had team meetings where strategies concerning obstacles and possibilities for the participants’ rehabilitation process and RTW were discussed (a total of 5.5 h). A study describing participants‘ characteristics for a previous edition of the rehabilitation program (although with the same inclusion criteria) found that 77% were women, the mean age was 45 years, and 49% had higher education. At inclusion, length of sick leave was 224 calendar days, and the main diagnoses were dispersed as follows: 52% musculoskeletal, 38% psychological, and 10% general and unspecific . Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) The therapists worked according to a contextually adjusted model of ACT. The ACT model explains health and treatment, as well as pathology, through six interrelated and mutually dependent processes: 1) contact with the present moment instead of dominance of the conceptualised past and feared future, 2) acceptance instead of experimental avoidance, 3) defusion instead of cognitive fusion, 4) self as context instead of attachment to the conceptualised self, 5) value clarity instead of choices based on avoidance, social compliance, or fusion, and 6) committed action instead of inaction, impulsivity or avoidant persistency . ACT is grounded within a framework of functional contextualism, and psychological events are described as “a set of ongoing interactions between whole organisms and historically and situationally defined context” , p. 646. The function and meaning of these events are addressed in treatment, not their presence or validity. Clients are encouraged to meet their thoughts and evaluations with openness and curiosity and “embrace a passionate and ongoing interest in how to live according to their values” , p. 647. The model further focuses on gaining understanding through experiential exercices, such as using metaphors and stories to directly come in contact with psychological processes, and is described as having a bottom-up, inductive nature . The ideal therapeutic relationship is described as ranging from superficial and straightforward to intimate and profound as “it is not the form or topography of a particular relationship, but the fact that it functions to satisfy the goals and values of both participants of that relationship” , p. 8. Research participants and recruitment Potential participants received written and oral information about the observation and signed a consent form before the participant observation started. Three therapists (one in training) and six participants took part in the therapy group where participant observation was conducted during the fall of 2015. The interviews were conducted between September 2015 and March 2016. The rehabilitation centre had some turnover of employees, and from a total of 15 therapists employed during this period, 11 were successively asked to take part in individual interviews. All those who were asked agreed to participate. The therapists received oral information about the study and signed an informed consent form prior to the interviews, and five women and six men between the ages of 26 and 62 participated. They had worked at the rehabilitation centre from three months up to six years, and their occupational and educational backgrounds were diverse, including fields like physiotherapy, psychology, nursing, preschool teaching, counselling and human movement science. Nevertheless, they all worked according to the ACT model and received monthly guidance from a certified ACT instructor. Sessions with participants were occasionally videotaped (with their consent) and revised with the instructor to further develop the therapists’ competence. Some also received additional supervision to become certified ACT instructors themselves. To ensure anonymity within a highly transparent field, the therapists’ characteristics are not presented individually. Participant observation of the rehabilitation program was conducted by the first author (NEK), who has an MA in social anthropology, to gain insight into the rehabilitation program and the therapists’ practice. NEK participated actively in the program from a participant perspective, received the same number of individual sessions as regular participants, and took part in leisure-time activities. Field notes were made during lectures and group sessions (when considered appropriate), between activities, and by the end of each day. The notes included descriptions of the area, the setting, topics of group sessions and instructions given, conversation topics, statements and nonverbal reactions, methodological considerations, analytic comments and diary notes concerning personal experiences of the rehabilitation. The researcher strived to uphold a naïve or curious stance and delineate between descriptions and personal interpretation (e.g., denoting silence and downwards gazes versus insecurity and discomfort). The first author (NEK) conducted the interviews with the therapists. They were conducted at the university, or on the premises at Hysnes Rehabilitation Centre, and lasted from 52 min to one hour and 27 min. The interviews were audiotaped and transcribed verbatim. While most IPA studies examine how interviewees make sense of important life experiences and often refer to psychological concepts , our approach was somewhat different, as we wanted to explore the therapists’ experience. To this extent, the topic of our study and the number of informants diverge somewhat from typical IPA studies. The interview guide predominantly consisted of questions intended to allow the therapists to elaborate on their experience of working with ACT as an approach to facilitate RTW, what they experienced to be the most meaningful aspects of their work, and how they related this to the rehabilitation program’s articulated aim of RTW. The therapists were also encouraged to provide examples of how they approached their participants. While several topics identified through the participant observation and past interviews were incorporated into the interview guide as interviews proceeded, the aforementioned questions remained constant. In line with the aim of exploring the therapists’ experience, the interviews constituted the main component of the present study. However, the analysis of field notes from the participant observation provided a broader understanding of the therapists’ practice that informed the subsequent analysis of interviews. Analysis of field notes The field notes were first read and then coded descriptively and conceptually. For example, descriptions of group sessions could include codes describing the setting and instructions given by the therapists (e.g., “there is no such thing as ‘the right’ way to feel”), as well as a further analytic interpretation (e.g., “experience as subjective” and “acceptance”). Codes were tentatively grouped into themes that informed the subsequent interview guides and revised during the analysis of the interviews. The totality of field notes was read by and discussed with MBR, who had also conducted participant observation during an earlier edition of the rehabilitation program. Since two themes identified as important from interviews were not exemplified by the therapists, data originating from field notes were included in the results to depict how these themes were communicated to participants. Analysis of interviews Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis was chosen as an analytic approach due to its ideographic commitment and recognition of several levels of abstraction throughout the analytic process . The interviews were analysed successively according to the following procedure: First, the transcript was read while listening to the sound file, and corrections to language and sentiment were made. The transcript was then reread while consecutively making descriptive, linguistic, and/or conceptual comments. The comments were coded in NVivo to systematise the content and further exported to Mindjet MindManager to outline possible connections. The comments were then developed into emergent themes that were purposively kept closer to descriptive (e.g., “you cannot change your surroundings”) rather than conceptual comments (e.g., “limitations to agency”). These themes were further grouped and superordinate themes established. Next, quotations were added to form a summary table. If considered necessary, quotations were kept long to sustain the therapists’ line of reasoning. This procedure was repeated through all 11 interviews before the summary tables were combined. First, themes common to all interviews (such as “the values of work”) were extracted. Other themes were sorted according to their commonality or resemblance, and the titles were adjusted or abstracted to describe the content accurately. Some superordinate themes were occasionally split and renamed if the underlying meaning no longer reflected the new grouping. The joint summary table provided the frame for the first draft of the results; however, several themes were rearranged successively. The individual summary tables were continually revised during this process to ensure that the themes and analytic text reflected original sentiments and preserved individual differences. However, the therapists’ experiences are predominantly presented conjointly as their approaches and perspectives were surprisingly convergent. Quotations were included to illustrate, expand or add nuance to the themes identified. NEK performed the initial coding. However, MBR read all interviews, and the themes and analytic text were discussed and revised with MBR and NEK collaborating throughout the analytic process. MSF and RJ also contributed to the analytic process by reading two interviews each, participating in group discussions and commenting on drafts of the result section, resulting in some final adjustments (such as emphasising therapeutic relationship). The quotations were translated from Norwegian to English by NEK and revised by all authors to ensure that the original sentiments were maintained. In the interviews, the therapists described the main goals and premises for their practice and how they sought to help participants move towards these goals through what we identified as processes concerning 1) ownership, 2) causes of sick leave, 3) relation to expectations, 4) the values of work, and 5) the scope of agency. The therapists’ goals and the premises for their practice The therapists described the overarching goal of the rehabilitation as twofold: to support participants in building both a meaningful life and sustainable work participation for the rest of their occupational life. Neither of the goals were perceived as definite endpoints, but rather as processual activities to be maintained continuously throughout life. The therapists described the goals as closely intertwined and emphasised that it was necessary to approach the participants as whole persons, not just employees, to help them achieve sustainable work participation. Both ACT and the biopsychosocial model were described as larger frameworks for practice that allowed the therapists to address and normalise the interrelationship between body, thoughts, emotions and behaviour. While the biopsychosocial model was referred to as a general framework, ACT was described as the theoretical and practical approach that permeated and guided all aspects of the rehabilitation. The main objective of this approach, increasing psychological flexibility, was described as so comprehensive that it proved beneficial to all areas of life, including work participation. While the therapists sometimes emphasised different processes in the ACT model as important to participants’ RTW-process, no conflicting perspectives were found in the data material. However, several therapists described that the diversity in therapist and personal experience sometimes provided them with different perspectives and understandings of specific participants and that frequent discussions benefitted them, and in turn, the participants. In addition to ACT, the therapists frequently referred to research on how to facilitate RTW. They commonly stated that work is health promoting, and that the most beneficial approach to secure sustainable RTW is a quick return in a graded position with a progressive increase in work hours. However, the therapists emphasised that the RTW process is highly context-specific and had to be attended to individually. Processes of change The therapists often referred to what they considered participants’ common challenges to move towards a meaningful life and sustainable work participation, and how they tried to facilitate this movement. We identified five processes the therapists attempted to instil: 1) enabling ownership of the process of change, 2) identifying the complex causes of sick leave, 3) changing how participants relate to own and others’ expectations, 4) unfolding the values of work, and 5) exploring the scope of agency. The therapists described how the changes they sought to facilitate were long-term processes that exceeded the timeframe of the rehabilitation program; they could only help instil them and enable participants to uphold them on their own. If not stated otherwise, the processes were attended to simultaneously throughout the rehabilitation program and did not follow a specific order. 1) Enabling ownership of the process of change A recurring theme in all interviews was the necessity of enabling participants to take charge of and actively engage in their own rehabilitation process. Many therapists said that most participants initially expected to receive qualified advice and treatment that would improve their health situation and subsequently lead to work participation. They often sought external aid in their search for recovery as numerous previous attempts had failed. To counteract this passive search for a ‘quick-fix treatment’, the therapists said they let participants define their main challenges and personal agenda for the rehabilitation and refrained from providing advice. The therapists all spoke of the importance of making the rehabilitation program personally meaningful to each participant; one way of ensuring this was to let them delineate their main challenges. According to the therapists, all participants found that their health problems had consequences for their life in general. If measured against RTW, the consequences concerning close relationships, such as family, were often perceived as more important. However, the majority of the therapists stated that addressing the topics chosen by the participant usually entailed simultaneously attending to their RTW process, as the underlying reasons for these difficulties often coincided with those causing sick leave. The therapists described the necessity of patiently building a trusting relationship with their participants by validating and normalising their experience, sometimes by sharing personal experience with the themes addressed. This was seen as a prerequisite for the participants to be open about their difficulties so the therapists could gain an understanding of their life situations, and later be able to address sensitive topics. Exploring and understanding the participants’ own assessments of their problems was referred to as a means to finding the core of participants’ difficulties, and was linked to being able to target the changes needed more effectively. A few therapists said that in some cases, they waited to address work participation until compiling the RTW plan towards the end of the program if the participants did not address it themselves. However, the therapists predominantly described that they gradually envisioned how the participants’ chosen topics were relevant for their RTW process. There is nothing that cannot be talked about, and I believe this is new to many [participants]. “Wow! Can I talk about this? Can I be taken seriously and open up for things I have carried alone?” […] But after a couple of sessions, we start to address: “How does that affect my work situation?” and “what do you believe has to change for you to be able to stay at work, or return to work?” Because the pattern you have at home, you often have at work as well. There is a red thread increasingly leading towards the work situation, which, in the last session, results in a return to work plan. My sessions often concern the whole life [of the participant], and then we increasingly boil it down towards the work situation. – Phillip The therapists further described how a key component of the rehabilitation program was to help participants move purposively towards what they considered meaningful in life, i.e. to live more in line with their personal values. Several therapists said that they refrained from presenting RTW as the sole agenda of the rehabilitation program, and rather attempted to show participants that they had their best interest in mind, regardless of their ability to work. The therapists described this as having the same goal, playing on the same team, or sitting in the same boat. Values were often likened to personal characteristics concerning whom you want to be and how you wish to be perceived, such as being a caring mother, being creative or contributing to something greater than yourself. Some therapists said that personal values did not necessarily coincide, and sometimes were at odds, with work participation. However, most therapists explained that they believed working towards a more meaningful life in general would create positive ripple effects in all areas of life and the likelihood of RTW would increase simultaneously. This was often referred to as the transfer value or spread of effect. Several therapists said that the participants’ closeness to resuming work had to be considered, and that prematurely introducing the topic of RTW was possibly counterproductive. Sometimes it can be very advantageous to work solely on work participation, to push the topic of work. Then again, sometimes it is disadvantageous, and creates a lot of resistance. […] So, you often work with other life areas: relationships or self-care, health. You might work a lot in those areas. And then you have somewhat turned your back on the work situation. […] But then again, you know that you are working to increase quality of life. And if you increase quality of life, you most likely increase work ability as well. – Oscar All the therapists explained that they strived to refrain from providing advice to spur the participants’ initiative to take charge of their own rehabilitation process and become more self-reliant. The therapists recognised that this could be uncomfortable for the participants since no alternative suggestions for action were presented, however, it was seen as a necessity to ensure that all new actions were initiated by the participant and experienced as personally meaningful. They have tried so many things, things they have heard about from others, things they have read about, advice they have received. This is supposed to be more like something you have learned yourself, something you actually find important. That possibly makes it more persistent. Yes, something you truly believe in, that you have experienced works, or doesn’t work, or whatever it might be. I believe that’s the point. It’s more durable and more meaningful. – Nora While the therapists said they believed not sharing their opinions was beneficial to the participants’ process, all expressed that they found it difficult or frustrating, especially if the participants’ perceptions diverged from their own. Some even said that they initially perceived it as counterintuitive to how they worked to help patients previously. Not providing advice was described as necessary to adhere to the ACT approach. The therapists explained that the alternative was to patiently pose numerous questions to help participants gain a new perspective of their situation and ask for their willingness to explore difficult thoughts and emotions as well as alternative actions. While acknowledging that this approach was more time consuming, the therapists believed it ensured greater commitment. 2) Identifying the complex causes of sick leave A view commonly expressed by the therapists was that health problems often emerge and persist based on interrelated factors that, combined, affect health negatively. They said many participants perceived physical symptoms to be their main health challenge and believed these had to be significantly reduced before they could resume full work participation. While agreeing that physical symptoms were central to the difficulties participants experienced, the therapists said it was important to expand participants’ understanding of what caused symptoms to emerge, worsen and persist. Therefore, the therapists sought to help participants recognise how their symptoms were influenced by a complex mixture of burdens and by how they related to them. The therapists all considered it important to help participants become aware of how the combination of burdens in their lives affected both health and work participation negatively. They explained that many elements in life other than work contributed to generating, sustaining and worsening symptoms participants experienced. A few added that being on sick leave only relieves one from duties related to work, not other areas in life. The therapists described helping participants identify challenges they experienced in all areas of life and investigating the connections between them. This was also addressed in an educational session on stress during the participant observation of the rehabilitation program, where the therapist used a metaphor of a glass filling up with water to exemplify how stressors accumulate over time and eventually spill over. He explained that while we have a natural tendency to identify the last occurrence as the reason for health problems to appear, the totality of stressors is often the cause. The therapists also spoke of the need to make participants aware of how their health situations were influenced by the way they related to them. Several therapists stated that excessive focus on symptoms or arduous attempts to avoid them affects how symptoms are experienced in the present moment, and to what extent they are maintained. One therapist described this as a process of becoming increasingly aware of causation: Pain is one thing; suffering is another. […] [Suffering] is all the collateral problems related to pain. The way you relate to it negatively affects all the areas it influences. It might contribute to sustaining some of the suffering instead of just refraining from that battle. […] Just realizing that often results in awareness of the problem and the cause. It’s a nice thing, that process of becoming aware and realizing how being affected by being in a conflict has resulted in chronic back pain because patterns, patterns, patterns have built up and problems have worsened. And you are tired because you fight against it all the time. So, I believe it is important to also work on that awareness. The experience of the cause and what has sustained it, often changes during those four weeks. – Oliver The therapists often said that they aimed to help participants become aware of how patterns of thoughts, emotions and behaviours acquired throughout life influenced their current health situation. Several also spoke of the need to address participants’ relation to past experiences if they were considered to cause inappropriate patterns in the present. One therapist explained that he sometimes considered the relationship to traumas as the underlying cause of sick leave. While assuming that participants would possibly be able to resume work, he predicted that they would experience reoccurring sick leave if this relationship was left untreated. The therapists all described helping participants relate to thoughts and emotions as subjective assessments instead of representations of truth. One therapist stated that the common approach of the rehabilitation program was to expand participants’ view of their rehabilitation process by understanding thoughts, emotions and behaviour as an essential part of their health problems and recovery: Those who come here, they come with their body. With pain, with exhaustion. And they say: “I am tired, and it is my body”. And then we say: “Rehabilitation is about something else. Rehabilitation has to do with the one who has that body, the one who has all these things. And that is why we start to talk about thoughts, emotions, behaviour, to start noticing what happens when you are in contact with that body”. Because this is often where the struggle takes place. […] And to start noticing yourself as an agent in relation to your body. What they have done has actually worked, until the body stopped. And they wish to continue the same way, but the body doesn’t allow it anymore. And then the question is: “What does that mean? Does it mean that you have a disease, or do you have to start relating differently to life?” – William 3) Changing how participants relate to own and others’ expectations A recurring theme in the interviews was the importance of addressing the various expectations the participants experienced. The therapists described that many felt distressed by not being able to satisfy demands and expectations from society, their workplace, and close relations, but few had shared to what extent their health problems affected them. According to the therapists, many were hesitant to reveal information to their employers or colleagues, as they feared being perceived as vulnerable, having their health problems questioned or considered it private. While the participants often attributed expectations to their surroundings, the therapists considered them to frequently originate from participants themselves. To help participants relate more soundly to expectations, the therapists explained that they sought to help investigate the source of participants’ expectations and adjust them to a realistic level according to the current health situation. The therapists said they wanted to help participants investigate the extent to which they themselves were generating and upholding the expectations that proved stressful. They acknowledged that all participants faced expectations from various sources; concerning work participation, several pointed to a general societal expectation of full employment and productivity. In addition, the majority used words such as shame and stigma to characterise the perception of long-term sick leave due to the diagnoses common to their participants. The therapists did, however, state that these perceptions influenced and shaped participants’ views of themselves, and mainly were present as internalised expectations acquired throughout life, some even instilled from childhood. We see many parallels to upbringing. […] They bring with them this ‘productivity reflex’, that you should be productive all the time. […] And then they feel inadequate. But mother did it, grandmother did it, great grandmother did it. – Lucas These internal expectations were considered potentially more harmful to participants’ health than expectations from others, and several therapists portrayed them as being unconsciously present and a constant driving force of action, one referring to them as an inner whip. Some also linked this to a tendency to assume that others have expectations, without having been told so directly. In order to relate more soundly to various kinds of expectations, the therapists said they believed participants would profit from adjusting expectations according to their current health situation. One aspect of this was to help participants accept their current level of functioning; during the participant observation, this was explained by the gap model in an educational session on pain. The therapist drew two graphs on a whiteboard that gradually dispersed from one another to illustrate the increasing gap between the function participants tried to uphold and their true functional level. He then explained that this incoherence eventually leads to stress that influences health negatively and said that the ability to accept the current situation is crucial to lowering expectations of oneself to a realistic level. The therapists further spoke of openness towards relevant others as either important or a prerequisite for reaching an alignment between level of functioning and expectations from others. Several therapists mentioned that participants needed to enforce their own limits, as no one else would do so for them, and that neither family, acquaintances, employers, nor colleagues could be expected to lower their expectations unless the participant explicitly communicated this need. The therapists also said they encouraged participants to expose their vulnerability instead of trying to uphold an image of themselves as strong and productive. A lot of research shows that if you try to cover up vulnerability, hide it, then you spend a lot of energy on trying to be someone else. This concerns the participants’ own expectations as well as the employers’ expectations. […] It is hard to adjust expectations if the one you work with always portrays everything as okay. Then you are met with the same expectations. And you get frustrated because no adjustments are made. […] This leads to a downward spiral until everything stops. And then the employer is like: “Why did it stop? Wasn’t everything okay?” – William While all the therapists said they encouraged participants to be open with employers and/or co-workers, several also emphasised that each participant had to delimit how much he or she wanted to share, to whom and when. They stated that ‘being open’ could be interpreted in several ways; one therapist added that the degree of openness had to be considered relative to each participant’s specific workplace: You have to assess the individual context. “How is the dialogue with my employer or colleagues? What is the policy in our workplace?” You must figure out that for yourself because there are no explicit rules. […] I have experienced that they are not motivated for tears and openness at all in male-dominated occupations with a tough jargon. So obviously, being open might simply entail being explicit. – Emma 4) Unfolding the values of work participation The therapists all explained that a central aspect of the RTW process was helping participants rediscover work participation as a personally meaningful activity. According to the therapists, almost all participants stated that they aspired to resume work and that work participation was very important to them. However, they predominantly referred to work participation in terms that suggested it to be a mandatory activity and an economic necessity. To expand this perception, the therapists said they attempted to help the participants unfold values connected either directly or indirectly to work participation and explore the connection to other areas of life. The therapists described that unfolding values in all parts of life was essential to provide participants with a continuous direction that guided actions throughout life and led steadily towards a meaningful life and work participation. Exploring the values connected to the area of work was often portrayed as a perspective that was diametrically opposed to the participants’ focus on how health problems or external factors hindered work participation. A few therapists occasionally referred to work participation as a value in itself. However, the therapists predominantly considered work as a field or area where values could be attended to. They explained they sought to help participants explore what they found meaningful to their specific positions, or work participation in general, by posing different questions. “Why do I go to work? What does my work give me? What can I contribute to at my work, and what can work contribute to for me?” And that is the colleagueship, the social interaction, to use your competency or the possibility to develop, to get paid, financial security, to contribute to something greater, like society. Be part of something bigger. Those things are often the values. […] Regardless of whether you are a mailman or a pilot, you will have some of those things. Community, pay, contributing, developing. And then the question is simply: “How does it play out in your life?” – Oscar In addition, the therapists stated that they helped participants trace the link between work participation and other personal values. For example, the value of contributing to others could be attended to in the area of work, but also in everyday family life, by undertaking posts in organizations or engaging in voluntary work. Work participation could thereby be regarded as one of many activities that make it possible to continually fulfil personally meaningful values. This more indirect connection between values and work participation was considered particularly important in cases where participants did not experience their current work situations as meaningful. One therapist described how he helped participants discern how values connected to other activities could be brought into their work situation in the following manner: Some of the time could, perhaps, be used to plan how you will find something that is meaningful and exciting, that which gives you something more. And you can find that when people start to talk about “I want to do that”, you can mirror it: “Now I see something happening to you!” Right? “Oh, I enjoy travelling”, “Okay! What do you enjoy about travelling?”, “Then I am optimistic, I am in a better mood, I cope better, I experience new things, I am curious, those kind of things”, “Okay, so you are curious and want to experience new things? Is it possible to bring that into the work situation, to give that some room?” – Oliver The therapists generally described that unfolding the personal motivation for why one should work provided a stronger foundation to secure work participation than the normative assumption of having to work. Most of the therapists spoke of economic concerns as a poor incentive to uphold work participation. However, a few therapists said they sometimes adopted what they referred to as a pragmatic approach. At times, participants considered values that could not be realised through work participation as the most important in their lives, leaving the area of work irrelevant. One therapist explained that he would then acknowledge and address the economic necessity of work participation as a prerequisite for these values to be attended to: You can always assume a more pragmatic approach. “What is most important in your life?”, “My family. Go hunting. Being outdoors two weeks a year”, “Okay, so work is not important?”, “No, I can have any kind of job, it doesn’t matter that much”. But for the clear majority, unless they wish to live a very ascetic life, in Norway, you need a job. If only to have the financial freedom to do the other things that are important to you. And as long as you perform well enough to keep that job, we can call that a daily goal: “Complete the workday so I can focus on what really matters to me. Tuesday: complete the workday so I can do what is important to me. Wednesday: the same”. – Lucas 5) Exploring the scope of agency A recurring theme in the interviews was the importance of helping participants explore their true possibility of influence and encouraging them to take appropriate action. The therapists described that many participants came into rehabilitation believing that their surroundings and/or health situations had to change before they could resume work. According to the therapists, some participants undertook excessive activity in attempts to avoid difficult thoughts and emotions or change their work environment. In contrast, others remained passive, believing they had little influence. The therapists therefore considered it important to help participants explore limitations and possibilities of influencing various conditions and instigating actions coherent with personal values when appropriate. The therapists all described that they aimed to help participants investigate whether they could influence and change a situation, or if doing would be a futile attempt inducing stress and further deteriorating their health. The therapists spoke of several external conditions as impossible to change or control, such as health and welfare services, the structural organization at work, or the personality of employer and colleagues. Internal conditions such as pain, exhaustion, thoughts and emotions were also identified as impossible to control through will. The therapists said they tried to help participants accept the circumstances they were not able to change. However, several emphasised that acceptance was a concept that could easily be misunderstood and thus had to be explained and treated cautiously. I believe many connect ‘acceptance’ with resignation. It’s very important to address this when we use the concept of acceptance since many get provoked by it. And you have to use it respectfully, because it is not the same as resignation […]. You may refer to something as mundane as the weather: “I actually have to accept that it starts raining, I cannot change that. Or I can choose to spend a lot of energy. I can sit and talk about the rain all day, use all my energy on that. But is that what I want with my life?” That is one way of explaining acceptance. – Emma The therapists further described that a key element of the rehabilitation program was to encourage participants to commence committed action regarding the situations they could influence and that ideally, these actions should be coherent with their personal values. Several emphasised that what they considered proper insight or understanding included the participants’ ability to practice the knowledge they developed during the rehabilitation program. The therapists all placed great importance on helping participants become aware of all the small choices they made during the day and question whether they actually had to do the things they perceived as mandatory. This was portrayed as diametrically opposed to unconsciously acting according to old patterns on autopilot, and was referred to as breaking habits and patterns, getting out of the usual track or giving oneself more room to manoeuvre. This availability of choice was described as liberating and empowering, but also frightening to some participants. One therapist pointed out that becoming aware of choices did not necessarily mean that participants chose different actions, but that it could lead to a feeling of assertiveness: One of my recent participants said: “I have made a stop now and have felt that I actually have choices. And often I might make the same choice as before, but I feel that I made a conscious choice; it was not forced upon me by others”. And that became very important to her. I believe many acquire a perspective like: “I am at the helm. I drive this bus”. And that is not always easy, but at least there is more awareness of what you are doing. It doesn’t solely occur on impulse. You stop, check in on how you are feeling, and think it through. – Phillip The therapists said they evaluated changes participants planned to make on the grounds of its feasibility to lead towards a meaningful life and work participation. While some participants suggested actions that the therapists considered appropriate, others did not. In these cases, the therapists described how they employed several approaches, but emphasised that they had to do so in a non-judgmental and curious manner to avoid creating resistance and to keep with the aim of enabling ownership. They explained that they initially attempted to help participants discover for themselves why their plans were inappropriate by posing questions intended to help participants become aware of how similar actions had not worked in the past or were incommensurate with their personal values. The therapists emphasised that not wanting to work or feeling unable to work could be a consequence of attempting to avoid difficult thoughts and emotions, since what is experienced as meaningful is not necessarily experienced as pleasurable. Several therapists spoke of their attempts to help participants differentiate between these emotions. Some did so by envisioning the ambivalence on a blackboard, others by encouraging participants to notice how thoughts, emotions and bodily sensations shape the experience of the present moment and asking if participants could make a conscious shift to act according to their values. They get a tool, a specific tool: how to work on destructive thoughts and emotions, how to live with bodily symptoms that don’t disappear, to bring them along with you, and still work. I find that unique. Becoming aware of that choice can be a great change. They might hurt, have difficult thoughts and emotions, and still move in the direction they want. And many want to work. Becoming aware of that, wanting to contribute to society that way is important to many. That’s my experience, that the majority actually want to work. – Sarah Several therapists described a feeling of being unsuccessful if participants nevertheless decided they were unable or did not want to resume work at the end of the program. However, they also said that they sometimes supported participants’ decisions to delay RTW, reduce their positions or resign to seek new employment if they considered it appropriate in a long-term perspective. While many therapists explained that they sometimes found it difficult not to follow up participants after the rehabilitation, several referred to their work as planting seeds that would continue to grow beyond the timespan of the program. Their role as therapists was thus to enable participants to continue their course autonomously. The aim of this study was to explore therapists’ experiences of addressing the RTW process in an inpatient occupational rehabilitation program based on ACT. The results show that ACT was experienced as a meaningful approach to facilitate RTW, as it allowed the therapists to attend to all relevant aspects of the individual participant’s life that might influence work participation. The therapists described a twofold goal: to help participants create a meaningful life and engage in sustainable work participation. To do so, they attempted to instil long-term and interrelated processes concerning ownership, causes of sick leave, relation to expectations, values of work, and the scope of agency. RTW as a goal in rehabilitation based on ACT The findings show that the therapists viewed the goals of creating a meaningful life and sustainable work participation as so closely entwined that they had to be approached simultaneously. Several studies have previously shown that health professionals find that it is difficult to have a RTW rehabilitation goal and that improved quality of life is a better, or their principal, rehabilitation aim [29,30,31]. Consequently, RTW might become a secondary consequence of improved psychological and physical well-being [29, 30]. In the present study, the therapists predominantly described attending simultaneously to topics relevant to increasing quality of life and creating sustainable work participation. This reflects Hellman and colleagues’ view of the need to consider RTW as “a reciprocal process where well-being and work are interconnected and affect each other” , p. 503. ACT was often referred to as an approach that provided an opportunity to address all relevant aspects of the participants’ life that might influence RTW, which was seen as a necessity when facilitating work participation that was sustainable over time. Hence, the therapists’ approach could be described as comprehensive and multidimensional, since all aspects of life are considered relevant to the rehabilitation goal. Both the appearance and cessation of hindrances to RTW were described as a result of a complex network of interacting causes, resembling the concept of systemic causation . In contrast with direct causation, systemic causation cannot be experienced directly since it often consists of multiple causes that, combined, or through feedback loops, have effects that are not traceable back to a single, identifiable cause . The present study showed that the therapists viewed several topics, not necessarily perceived by the participants as connected to RTW (such as the relation to previous experiences and traumas), as necessary to address since they implicitly influenced RTW. Not explicitly addressing RTW was thus viewed as nevertheless attending to the RTW process by seeking out the ‘hidden’ causes of sick leave. Having a framework for RTW that acknowledges the importance of addressing the full-life situation may be one of the reasons the therapists did not express difficulties with having a RTW rehabilitation goal. Their frequent reference to the compatibility between the ACT approach and RTW research also suggests that they engaged in a process of actively integrating the two goals. This may have been facilitated by the continuous guidance from a certified ACT therapist and interaction with a RTW research group evaluating the program. Further, the ACT approach appeared to unify the therapists in their interpretation of the causes of sick leave and solutions to RTW, as well as in their approach to participants. Based on the convergent descriptions provided in the interviews, the therapists seem to constitute a multidisciplinary rehabilitation team that functions as a coherent whole by being oriented towards an integrated (yet twofold) outcome instead of a mere collection of discipline-oriented therapists . While the therapists did point to inter-therapist discussions that were not accessible through the methods and positioning chosen in this study, these discussions were described as valued contributions to practice, not diverging perspectives on how to attend to RTW. It is, however, reasonable to question whether participants might perceive the goal of sustainable work participation as less significant if RTW was only implicitly attended to during large parts of the rehabilitation program. This should be investigated in future studies. The necessity and challenge of including participants in rehabilitation The therapists’ overall approach to participants also revealed a paradox within the context of occupational rehabilitation practice; not addressing RTW is sometimes perceived as the best approach to facilitate it. This perspective is in line with the learning/changing frame of reference described by Eikenaar and colleagues in their study of the tacit and normative dimensions that organise and inform professionals’ interaction with clients. Within this frame, professionals believe that clients’ efforts should originate from autonomous conviction instead of external incentives. Rather than caring for clients, professionals resume a more passive role, emphasising the client’s own responsibility and capacity and attempting to learn them to become autonomous . This approach is also in line with how literature on ACT describes the therapist’s purpose, namely to let clients freely choose their values, and help them “contact naturally occurring reinforcement for living consistent with his or her chosen values, whatever they may be” , p. 95. Eikenaar and colleagues further connect the learning/changing frame of reference to an empowerment perspective which is also mirrored in the therapists’ acknowledgement of participants as better suited to finding solutions to their difficulties in the present study. However, this empowerment perspective also proves challenging to therapists who need to ensure participants’ right to self-determination while simultaneously having their own intellectual agenda, also referred to as “an act of balancing on a slack rope” , p. 229. All the therapists in the present study voiced this challenge. Refraining from providing advice was predominantly described as meaningful since plans would be more relevant and feasible if the participant was active in developing them. However, the therapists were frustrated when participants planned actions they considered inappropriate, and described several approaches intended to nevertheless lead participants towards what might create sustainable work participation. While not providing advice was attributed to the ACT approach specifically, the shift from therapists’ authoritative position to the users right to influence is described as an important objective in Western welfare states in general . Nevertheless, the findings of the present study suggest that the therapists granted participants what can be termed a particularly high degree of influence. The therapists approached their participants’ RTW process by letting them delimit their main challenges and set their own agendas to a large extent, without confining them to work-related topics. This is also in line with the proposition that therapists’ new role within an empowerment perspective demands certain skills and attitudes, including ‘hermeneutic competence’, i.e. the ability to be aware of how users experience and interpret their situations . A similar view is described by Coutu and colleagues , who underline the importance of identifying and acknowledging patients’ representations of health and illness to facilitate RTW. Representations are described as thoughts, beliefs and attitudes developed through social interaction, experiences of being ill, and models of thinking, knowledge and information acquired from education, media and informal learning . The five processes in the present study provide an example of how such representations can be included and attended to in the rehabilitation process. The therapists described a process of aligning and increasing awareness of any representations that led to actions which conflicted with the therapeutic approach and the stated aim of the rehabilitation (RTW). As such, the representations were not limited to health and illness as described by Coutu and colleagues , but expanded to include any representation that might hinder a meaningful life and sustainable work participation. The meaning of work participation The findings show that the therapists addressed RTW explicitly through the process of unfolding personal values connected to work. Participants were encouraged to investigate how work participation could be experienced as a personally meaningful activity, not solely a normative expectancy of fulltime employment. The meaning of work has previously been defined according to the following components: 1) significance, 2) orientation, and 3) coherence . The presence of significance is further described as “the value of work in the subject’s view, and his definition or representation of it” , p. 4, and concerns the importance attributed to work and potential interference with other valued life domains . Others have also pointed out that long-term sick leave entails a process of redefining life priorities where other identities are given importance in the absence of work [48, 49], which in turn might influence RTW. Similarly, the study by Rise and colleagues describes how participants found that an ACT-based rehabilitation program provided them with increased awareness of what they found important in life, and that they needed to balance work participation with other parts of life. This suggests a perception of work as interconnected with other parts of life, but that efforts spent in one area must be detracted from those spent in another. Literature on the work-life/work-family interface is often dominated by such a conflict perspective, emphasizing how the attempt to fulfil multiple roles creates stress and impairs well-being . Nevertheless, this balance-oriented interpretation has been criticised by Thompson and Bunderson for becoming a zero-sum time allocation exercise that “misrepresents the complex psychological processes by which people make sense of their time and manage multiple life domains” , p. 18. Instead, they propose that the quality and meaning of time spent on different activities creates a spillover relationship between work and non-work, characterised by complementary and synergistic interaction instead of competition. The findings of the present study seem to coincide with this perspective as personal values are seen as surpassing, and thereby connecting, different areas of life. While different burdens are perceived as collectively impairing health, living according to one’s values is portrayed as having a similar, but positive, spillover effect on health. Work participation is thus viewed as an activity infused with meaning which is interwoven with other areas of life. Whether the therapists’ intention is transferred to participants is uncertain and should be investigated further. In the present study, the therapists dismissed economic necessity and normative expectations as the ideal motivation for RTW. This can be further explored by looking to the Norwegian context. Norway is known for having a generous social security system, making economic necessity a weak incentive for RTW before the one-year limit of full compensation. To this extent, it seems appropriate to approach RTW in terms of the personal meaning work might entail for an individual. However, the shift from ‘welfare’ to ‘workfare’ in the last decades is described as replacing passive support with work requirements, thereby using sticks rather than carrots to strengthen incentives to work . This is also mirrored in ongoing discussions in Norway regarding welfare benefits and sick leave which often include moral arguments concerning the duty to work and to be self-sufficient. Particularly, groups without visible disabilities are reported to be treated with suspicion and have their willingness to work questioned . Thus, the Norwegian discourse reflects what has been described as the new work ethic for our time where “full citizenship and personal fulfilment are only attainable through participation in paid labour” , p. 223. In the present study, the therapists’ approach to work may at first glance appear to be highly individualistic, disregarding societal obligations in favour of personal values and autonomous conviction. However, the therapists described actively initiating several approaches if maintaining participants’ autonomy led to plans or action considered not suitable, which is far from assuming the passive role previously described in the learning/changing frame of reference . The therapists described that they generally encouraged participants to resume work at a slow pace, and gradually increase work participation to ensure sustainability. They also emphasised the importance of maintaining contact with the workplace to avoid alienation and alternating between full presence and full absence, all in line with the Norwegian Inclusive Work Life agreement of 2014–2018 . The therapists’ description of assuming a pragmatic approach and their emphasis on initiating committed action despite thoughts and feelings of discomfort show that RTW is not reduced to a question of personal fulfilment or motivation. It is however worth noting that while the therapists describe a systemic perspective when explaining how they understand the causes of sick leave and solutions to RTW, they simultaneously describe an individualistic perspective when delimiting the scope of their own influence. Here, they emphasise that they only have the opportunity to work with individual participants, make them self-reliant and enable them to take further charge of their RTW process. This individualistic/empowerment-oriented perspective reflects their theoretical commitment to ACT as well as the difficulty that arises in practice when attempting to account for the complexity and range of what might affect RTW. The therapists explain that it is important to delimit the participants’ scope of agency and thereby reduce the stress that might emerge from trying to change what is outside participants’ control. However, it is reasonable to question whether the therapists simultaneously risk psychologising and/or individualising the causes of sick leave and solutions to RTW by emphasising participants’ relation to challenges, a concern also voiced regarding mindfulness, another third wave cognitive behavioural therapy . This might obscure the extent to which RTW could be dependent on changing unhealthy working conditions (e.g. conflicts, organization of work, increased workloads) or structural elements (e.g. employability in the labour market). RTW is now recognized as a multi-stakeholder process, and including the workplace in rehabilitation has proven effective when facilitating RTW [55,56,57,58]. The network day of the rehabilitation program in the present study provided such an opportunity for employers/co-workers to attend, if invited by the participant. If not, the workplace was left extraneous to the RTW process, only passively receiving information afterwards through the RTW plan. Future rehabilitation programs should include active involvement of the workplace/employers. In addition, therapists should pay close attention to how participants come to understand their roles and responsibilities in the RTW process. Strengths and limitations The lack of previous research on this topic necessitated a broad exploration, and we chose a combination of interviews and participant observation to investigate the aim of the study. These methods made it possible to explore therapists’ individual experiences in interviews and acquire contextual knowledge of their practice by partaking in one rehabilitation program. The participant observation was constructive to several aspects of the study; it provided significant information that informed the interview guide and facilitated interviews and it was particularly important to the analytical process. The article was the collaborative effort of four authors with different backgrounds. The analysis was primarily conducted by two authors with backgrounds in social science/public health. The two other authors, who had medical and/or public health research backgrounds, read selected interviews, discussed the analysis and commented on drafts of the article. To further strengthen the interpretations and affirm the results, the analysis and preliminary results were presented and discussed in an inter-professional research group on several occasions. There are also some limitations to the study. The therapists’ perceptions were surprisingly coherent, making it challenging to elicit differences. Possible discrepancies or disagreements might have been detected through focus-group discussions or by observation of team meetings. As the participant observation of the rehabilitation was performed from a participant perspective, the researcher did not have access to such settings (or sessions where RTW was attended to individually). Observations could have elicited additional information important to the aim of the study, and future research should seek to include (participant) observation of multiple settings. It should however be noted that this method also presents some limitations. The researcher’s extended role necessitates increased reflexivity regarding the role subjectivity plays in both the field setting and the interpretative process, especially since the aim of this study was to explore the therapists’ experiences, not their interactions with participants. Preparations before conducting the fieldwork, continuous reflective notes regarding positioning and interpretation, consideration of the representativeness of field data, triangulation of methods, and inclusion of several researchers in the analytical process were efforts taken to attend to these limitations. Further, the unique socio-cultural context limits the transferability of the results. Characteristics of Norwegian legislation and rehabilitation practice include full economic compensation up to one year of sick leave, the possibility and encouragement of graded sick leave, and in this case, a 3.5-week inpatient occupational rehabilitation program. The generous welfare system probably provides a context more compatible with certain aspects of ACT (e.g. exploring why engaging in paid labour is personally meaningful) than compensation systems found elsewhere. Another limitation of this study is that characteristics of the participants at the rehabilitation centre necessarily shape how the therapists approach RTW. However, the therapists’ experiences should not be seen as completely determined by the specific context at hand. We therefore believe this study provides knowledge on how therapists may address the RTW process of sick-listed participants within an ACT approach and the potential dilemmas they need to manage while doing so. This qualitative study shows that the therapists experienced addressing the RTW process by instilling several processes that should jointly lead towards a meaningful life and sustainable work participation. The ACT approach was described as meaningful and appropriate in facilitating RTW since it allowed therapists to attend to the complexity of work disability and RTW, help participants rediscover important values connected to work, and strengthen ownership of their RTW process. The unfolding of personal values might integrate work participation with other areas of life and thereby reconcile the tension between work and family life. Providing work participation with personal meaning as a motivation for RTW also seems especially commensurable with the legislative context of Norway, where economy presents a poor incentive for RTW. However, this suggests that applicability might be limited as well. This study also exposes other potential theoretical and practice-related challenges when working with ACT in the context of RTW rehabilitation that therapists should be attentive to in order to secure the prominence of RTW. Expanding the scope of what might influence RTW and letting participants delimit the agenda of rehabilitation without confining it to RTW increases the need to relate the themes addressed explicitly to the participants’ RTW process. Therapists should also be aware of the dilemma that potentially arises when they attempt to refrain from providing advice while simultaneously encouraging actions they consider appropriate to facilitate sustainable work participation. The individualistic/empowerment-oriented perspective therapists describe may also obscure the extent to which RTW is a multi-stakeholder process, and therapists should pay close attention to how participants come to understand their roles and responsibilities in the RTW process. Future qualitative research should investigate how participants’ experience that ACT-based rehabilitation influences their RTW process and quality of life, and to what extent the therapists’ intentions are reflected in their experiences. The use of participant observation could provide knowledge of the interactional and behavioural aspects of the RTW process. Studies from different socio-cultural contexts might provide important information on the appropriateness of using ACT in different RTW rehabilitation settings. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis Return to work Schultz I, Gatchel R. Where Do We Go From Here in Return to Work Research, Policy, and Practice: A Postscriptum. In: Schultz I, Gatchel R, editors. Handbook of Return to Work From Research to Practice. New York: Springer; 2016. p. 695–704. Cancelliere C, Donovan J, Stochkendahl M, Biscardi M, Ammendolia C, Myburgh C, Cassidy J. Factors affecting return to work after injury or illness: best evidence synthesis of systematic reviews. Chiropr Man Therap. 2016;24(1):32. Müssener U, Ståhl C, Söderberg E. Does the quality of encounters affect return to work? Lay people describe their experiences of meeting various professionals during their rehabilitation process. Work (Reading, Mass). 2015;52(2):447–55. Haugli L, Maeland S, Magnussen LH. What Facilitates Return to Work? Patients Experiences 3 Years After Occupational Rehabilitation. J Occup Rehabil. 2011;21(4):573–81. Andersen MF, Nielsen K, Brinkmann S. How do Workers with Common Mental Disorders Experience a Multidisciplinary Return-to-Work Intervention? A Qualitative Study. J Occup Rehabil. 2014;24(4):709–24. Lynoe N, Wessel M, Olsson D, Alexanderson K, Helgesson G. Respectful encounters and return to work: empirical study of long-term sick-listed patients’ experiences of Swedish healthcare. BMJ Open. 2011;1(2):e000246. 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Rise MB, Skagseth M, Klevanger NE, Aasdahl L, Borchgrevink P, Jensen C, Tenggren H, Halsteinli V, Jacobsen TN, Loland SB, et al. Design of a study evaluating the effects, health economics, and stakeholder perspectives of a multi-component occupational rehabilitation program with an added workplace intervention - a study protocol. BMC Public Health. 2018;18(1):219. Hayes SC, Levin ME, Plumb-Vilardaga J, Villatte JL, Pistorello J. Acceptance and commitment therapy and contextual behavioral science: examining the progress of a distinctive model of behavioral and cognitive therapy. Behav Ther. 2013;44(2):180–98. Hayes SC, Luoma JB, Bond FW, Masuda A, Lillis J. Acceptance and commitment therapy: model, processes and outcomes. Behav Res Ther. 2006;44(1):1–25. Hayes SC. Acceptance and commitment therapy, relational frame theory, and the third wave of behavioral and cognitive therapies. Behav Ther. 2004;35(4):639–65. Ost LG. 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When Work and Family Are Allies: A Theory of Work-Family Enrichment. Acad Manag Rev. 2006;31(1):72–92. Thompson JA, Bunderson JS. Work-Nonwork Conflict and the Phenomenology of Time. Work Occup. 2001;28(1):17–39. Mæland J. Benfits or work? A social medical perspective on sickness absence and disability (Trygd eller arbeid? Et sosialmedisinsk perspektiv på sykefravær og uførhet). Cappelen Damm Akademisk: Oslo; 2014. Baldry C, Bain P, Taylor P, Hyman J, Scholarios D, Marks A, Watson A, Gilbert K, Gall G, Bunzel D. Back to the Future? Change and Continuity at Work. In: Nolan P, editor. The Meaning of Work in the New Economy. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK; 2007. p. 223–36. Madsen OJ. Optimizing the self: Social representations of self-help. Hove: Routledge; 2015. Franche RL, Cullen K, Clarke J, Irvin E, Sinclair S, Frank J. Workplace-based return-to-work interventions: a systematic review of the quantitative literature. J Occup Rehabil. 2005;15(4):607–31. Kuoppala J, Lamminpaa A. Rehabilitation and work ability: a systematic literature review. J Rehabil Med. 2008;40(10):796–804. Carroll C, Rick J, Pilgrim H, Cameron J, Hillage J. Workplace involvement improves return to work rates among employees with back pain on long-term sick leave: a systematic review of the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of interventions. Disabil Rehabil. 2010;32(8):607–21. Hoefsmit N, Houkes I, Nijhuis FJ. Intervention characteristics that facilitate return to work after sickness absence: a systematic literature review. J Occup Rehabil. 2012;22(4):462–77. Kitzinger J. The methodology of Focus Groups: the importance of interaction between research participants. Sociol Health Illn. 1994;16(1):103–21. We wish to acknowledge the therapists who shared their experience through interviews, and the employees and participants at Hysnes Rehabilitation Centre who consented to the participant observation and included the researcher as part of the program. We would also like to acknowledge Therese Skatvold, who transcribed the interviews. This study received allocated government funding through the Central Norway Regional Health Authority. The funding body had no role in the design of the study, data collection or analyses or in writing the manuscript. Availability of data and materials Due to ethical concerns, supporting data cannot be made openly available. Data could however be made available from the authors upon reasonable request and with permission of participants. Ethics approval and consent to participate This study was approved by the regional committee for medical and health research ethics in Central Norway (2014/2279). All participants signed an informed consent form before taking part in the study. Consent for publication The authors declare that they have no competing interests. MSF was previously employed at Hysnes Rehabilitation Centre. MBR participated in 2017 and 2018 as a research advisor regarding a study conducted and funded by Janssen-Cilag A/S. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. About this article Cite this article Klevanger, N.E., Fimland, M.S., Johnsen, R. et al. Unfolding the values of work – therapists´ experience of addressing the return to work process in occupational rehabilitation based on Acceptance and Commitment Therapy. BMC Health Serv Res 18, 303 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-018-3035-8 - Sick leave - Musculoskeletal diseases - Mental health - Occupational health - Cognitive behaviour therapy - Return to work - Patient participation

Brown Women In The Ring: Review of Ring Shout by P. Djèlí Clark J. Frank Beane Ring Shout. P. Djèlí Clark. Tordotcom, 2020. P. Djèlí Clark’s unapologetically Black novella Ring Shout is an excellent example of a book in the fantasy subgenre of Black magic. Other books in this subgenre include Nalo Hopkinson’s Sister Mine and Brown Girl in the Ring as well as Gloria Naylor’s Mama Day. It’s also close to the magic in D.J. Older’s Shadowshaper series and Zoraida Córdova’s Brooklyn Brujas series, the key difference with those series being that the magics are amalgamations of different real-world African and Latinx diaspora practices. A ring shout is part of the African diaspora religious practices that came over to the Americas with the people forced into brutal labor. It is worship through singing, dancing, and feeling a holy spirit. In the US, it’s usually the Christian Holy Spirit, but, as a tradition started by people stolen from Africa, it is more a syncretism of African and new, adaptive practices than an actual Christian sacrament. That said, the Black magic in Ring Shout is also deeply tied to the Black Christian tradition. Living in a world where supernatural beings have taken advantage of white supremacy to gain more power for themselves, Maryse and an all-woman crew of monster-hunting bootleggers must fight against both supernatural and everyday evil.. During the crew’s normal duties, they uncover a plan to bring the Grand Cyclops, a powerful haint, into the human world. And, it turns out, the key to bringing this evil into the world is Maryse herself, the champion of all the souls bound up in the Transatlantic Slave Trade. In a violation of Maryse’s mind, the enemy lays out their plan to bring the Grand Cyclops into the human world. The enemy, using a conglomerated abomination named Butcher Clyde, lays the groundwork for an invitation to join their side and enjoy the power that would come with it. The best thing about reading a story that is unapologetically Black is how unapologetically Black I get to feel by proxy. Ring Shout is a mix of magic, love, and fight that conjures up something for the culture. You can tell that the storyteller, P. Djèlí Clark, offersRing Shout from a place of love. All of the characters we root for, that have agency, are Black women—and everyone we want to fail is (at least presenting as) an able-bodied cis white man. It also didn’t escape my notice that the Black characters came in many shades. I loved the wink and nod to Mami Wata with the bootleg liquor that Nana Jean makes and blesses, Mama’s Water, and also the name dropping of Mrs. Wells-Barnett, a real-world crusader against white supremacist violence. There are also three Black women who Maryse calls the Aunties that tut over her, giving her guidance, and also giving her a weapon to wield as their champion. I know those Aunties, you know those Aunties. They are exactly who we need them to be when we need them to be, and we don’t ask many questions about who they are or what their end game might be. This isn’t to say the Aunties fulfill the role of a magical negro—they have agency and their own ends to accomplish; Maryse, and by extension the audience, doesn’t delve too far into what those goals may be. Although Maryse is already at the age of majority when tragedy struck her family, she’s been very sheltered and in a way the Aunties played the role Aunties always play: helping to raise you up but also not sparing you from the truth of what the outside world will do. One of the cultures on display in Ring Shout is the Gullah-Geechee culture, which shapes the story’s landscape. Gullah-Geechee culture is based in the Sea Islands off the coast of Georgia and South Carolina. Gullah-Geechee culture took root under unusual circumstances in the history of American enslavement of Africans, occuring in a socially and economically isolated region where persons from rice-growing tribes were forced into labor and often overseen by other Black folks, rather than by white overseers, owing to the discomfort many whites felt in the near-tropical climate of the swampy region. More so than elsewhere in the U.S. South, the ratio between white people and Black people heavily favored Black people and led to the cultural preservation of African lifeways unseen elsewhere in the U.S. Take, for example, the story of a Mende mourning song that was preserved practically word-for-word for generations in a Gullah-Geechee family. Another thing about Gullah-Geechee and other African diaspora cultures that Clark draws heavily on in Ring Shout is haints. Haints can have different names or be different things: ghosts, duppies, jumbies, evil spirits, demons. But they all have something in common: in general they ain’t good and you don’t want them around. In invoking haints as white supremacists, Clark refuses to let racism be disguised: there aren’t good people on both sides when one side is malicious monsters. The Aunties are also called haints, so I’m hoping we get more books in this universe so we can see the full breadth of who these women are. I also loved the use of the Gullah language in the form of Nana Jean, who only speaks Gullah. For all this love, I do have a few quibbles. All of the active savioring falls in the hands of Black women. This may fill you with glee, or it may make you think of the real world, where Black women are regularly called on to save people from themselves (I’m looking at you, recent elections!), and get tired. Moreover, in this vein, Maryse’s last-ditch effort to rally help for her cause requires that she first put her misery on display for the enjoyment of those she’s asking for help. This is exactly how I feel whenever images of harm coming to Black people go viral as a means to help, say, spread the news about racial inequality (as if weren’t already known). Dehumanizing acts that cause Black pain and are put on display for all to see are now an everyday part of our lives; it rarely gets questioned, so perhaps it’s on purpose that Maryse must share her pain in order to (maybe) get the help she needs. Ring Shout is diverse in its representations: we have cis Black women (running the gamut on skin color and age), a few Black men (love interest and side characters), a few Afro-Indigenous (Choctaw) women, a white woman, and supernatural beings presenting in the forms of able-bodied cis white men. One of the supporting characters is in a same-sex relationship and dresses in a gender non-conforming way, though the pronouns used are femme ones. There were not, however, any trans or disabled people. Although not directly stated, possibly because there wasn’t a diagnosis for this disorder back then, the protagonist definitely has PTSD, and another character suffers from night terrors from PTSD. There are so few stories that use African diaspora religious practices—especially ones based outside of New Orleans in the southern US—that this story would be important, even if it wasn’t well-told. Thankfully, Ring Shout is well-written, and the ending is satisfying. There’s enough foundation laid to know that there’s way more to this world than the quick tour we got, and I want to see everything. Content Warning for reading Rings Shout (categories found here and from my own experience): - dead animal - parents/families being murdered - white supremacy - visuals reminiscent of lynchings - domestic terrorism, gun violence - anti-Blackness/Black pain - untreated mental illness (PTSD) J. Frank Beane (they/she) is a writer and fan of all kinds of imagined worlds, especially speculative fiction. Although they hold a degree that is tantamount to an English degree, they also find needing that kind of qualification to critique writings leads to wide gaps in the commentary available on literature. They are a cis Black queer woman who grew up in a suburb of Boston and are now lucky enough to live in Boston with their spouse and two adorable jerk cats. This review was commissioned by editor Sean Guynes in October 2020 following a referral of the author by a friend of the editor. The author and editor were not previously acquainted. A review copy was arranged by ARB from Tordotcom.

Discover the Universe by studying astronomy and planetary science and earn your qualification through The Open University. Further your understanding of astronomy and planetary science through a mixture of compulsory and optional study modules on our Solar System, planets orbiting other stars, the life cycle of stars, extreme conditions near black holes, and the evolutionary history of the Universe. Our Natural Sciences degree programme (Q64) allows you to study astronomy and planetary science flexibly - full-time or part-time - at a pace to suit you and your other life commitments. Choose to study our astronomy and planetary science pathway and your specialism will be included in the name of your degree, BSc (Honours) Natural Sciences (Astronomy and Planetary Science). By achieving a Natural Sciences qualification with The Open University you’ll be an adaptable graduate with a range of transferable skills that are highly valued in the labour market. The logical, reasoned approach needed for science study means science graduates are well placed to enter both scientific and non-scientific jobs. As an OU student you’ll have full access to our Careers Advisory Service to support your study choices and career planning. Here's an outline of what you might study on the astronomy and planetary pathway. Your study starts with a wide-ranging introduction to highly topical areas of modern science, through which you’ll begin to acquire the practical, investigative and mathematical skills essential to your development as a scientist. Your key introduction to studying Natural Sciences will be Questions in science (S111) (60 credits). Following this, Essential Mathematics 1 (MST124) (30 credits) provides a broad and enjoyable foundation for university-level mathematics needed on the path towards advanced physics modules. A further 30 credits can come from one of the following Physics and Space (SM123) (30 credits), which we recommend, or one of the Essential mathematics 2 (MST125) (30 credits), Introducing statistics (M140) (30 credits) or Technologies in practice (TM129) (30 Credits). At stage 2 your studies will focus on your subject area. You begin with two 30 credit foundation modules in astronomy and planetary science Astronomy (S284) (30 credits) covers basic astronomy with a modern observational approach. It encompasses two broad themes of ‘Stars and Galaxies’ and ‘Multiwavelength Astronomy’. Starting from cosmic length scales, learn how astronomers measure the Universe – through spectroscop, imaging and time-variability. You’ll learn about the constituents of stars and galaxies, and study their formation, evolution and rebirth through energetic processes. To finish, revisit the Universe from the perspective of cosmic time scales. Throughout, alongside astronomy, you’ll develop your computing, maths and physics skills. Planetary science and the search for life(S283) (30 credits) tackles fundamental questions about our Solar System. How did it form and how has it evolved? Why aren’t all the planets like Earth? How and why did life arise on Earth? Has life arisen elsewhere in the Solar System or beyond, and could it be intelligent? You’ll look at the exploration of the Solar System by spacecraft; planetary processes such as volcanism and impacts; the structure of planets and their atmospheres; and asteroids, comets and meteorites. The two foundation modules are followed by two 30 credit modules that focus on experimental skills and observational astronomy, and on the mathematical concepts underpinning the advanced stage 3 astronomy modules. The main activities in Remote experiments in physics and space (SXPS288) (30 credits) address topics in physics, astronomy and planetary science as diverse as the properties of electrons and the life cycle of stars. Online – from the comfort of your own home – you’ll have the opportunity to use equipment ranging from a bench-top X-ray spectrometer to an optical telescope in Tenerife or a radio telescope in Milton Keynes. The aim is to build experience and expertise in practical investigation, including the skills of observation, hypothesising and reporting. The module ends with an exciting project related to a simulated Mars mission that develops team-working skills that are critical to collaborative scientific enquiry. SXPS288 makes use of innovative remote-access experiments hosted by the award-winning OpenScience Laboratory. Mathematical methods (MST224) (30 credits) is designed to teach you about a variety of mathematical methods which are used in modelling through their application to solving real world problems. These methods include differential equations, linear algebra and vector calculus. You will become familiar with new mathematical skills mainly by using pencil and paper and by thinking. At Stage 3 you will study more advanced astonomy modules which draw on your understanding of the fundamental concepts of astronomy and planetary science and on the mathematical skills you developed at Stage 2. You will begin to use more independent study skills which will culminate in a module in which you will carry out a research project on a topic linked to one of your Level 3 modules. You will start with two compulsory modules: Astrophysics and The relativistic Universe. The document An introduction to astrophysics and cosmology was produced to help students about to study S382 or S383 brush up on their Stage 2 astronomy, physics and mathematics. It is unlikely you will need to read the whole book (which we estimate would require about 40–60 hours of study) but it should serve to fill any gaps in your knowledge. Astrophysics (S382) (30credits) uses quantitative physical methods and techniques of observational astronomy to study topics in stellar astrophysics. The module comprises three parts; the first part presents the life cycle of stars and the production of the chemical elements, the second considers the fast moving field of exoplanets and presents the methods used in their detection and characterisation, and discusses their physical properties. The third part is a practical component that you study at home, linked via the internet with a small group of students with whom you will work collaboratively on a project involving astrophysical data analysis and interpretation. The relativistic Universe (S383) (30 credits) uses quantitative physical methods to understand relativistic and high-energy processes in the Universe. This module comprises three parts that present, in turn, the theoretical basis for modern cosmology, described by Einstein’s special and general theories of relativity; cosmological observations of the local and distant Universe that are used to understand its structure and evolution; and high-energy phenomena in the Universe including interacting binary stars, active galactic nuclei and gamma-ray bursts. A further 30 credits can come from a number of modules in physics or applied mathematics. These include The quantum world (SM358)(30 credits), Electromagnetism (SMT359) (30 credits), Deterministic and stochastic dynamics (MS327) (30 credits) and Mathematical methods and fluid mechanics(MST326) (30 credits). The culmination of your stage 3 studies is the project module Science project course: radiation and matter (SXP390) (30 credits). You’ll undertake individual investigations within defined topics in the general area of radiation and matter: quantum entanglement, bioelectromagnetism, gravitational lensing, astrophysical jets and exoplanets. There is also a physics education research topic. You’ll need access to scientific literature, probably from electronic library sources. The study materials provide a guide to planning and conducting project work; help with searching and using the literature; and writing a report, but ultimately this is a chance for you to plan and execute a piece of work for yourself. The Open University doesn’t just teach: it’s a global leader in research and innovation too, with OU research and development ranking in the top third of UK universities. The Faculty of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) has a long and distinguished record of conducting high quality, internationally leading research. Our researchers also contribute to our state of the art curriculum material. Find out more about our astronomy research. Our long established, quality distance-learning methods use innovative technologies to provide a modern, blended learning experience. We’re designing our new Science modules with on-screen delivery in mind, taking advantage of year-on-year developments in new technologies to make your studies with us even more engaging and flexible - on computer, mobile and tablet devices. You will be immersed in interactive activities during your astronomy and planetary science studies, using a mix of high quality text, graphics, audios and videos to support your learning. Studying astronomy and planetary science with The Open University is not just flexible but great value for money, whether you live at home or away. No - most of our undergraduate courses (including Natural Sciences) have no formal entry requirements. Most people start off their science studies with our introductory module S111 Questions in science. To get the best from it you’ll need some knowledge of science concepts and mathematical skills, and the ability to read and write to a good standard of English. Our Access module is great preparation if you need it. Absolutely. We’ve got a number of different options available:

Just on account of it’s authorized in most states does not indicate your physique gained’t go through withdrawals. The first week is the worst after which it begins getting higher with sleep and anxiety will get higher because the weeks go on. Kratom withdrawal is usually a mixture of both psychological and physical symptoms. According to human nature, the extra you inform your mind to not need something, the more it craves for that factor. The time when these signs begin to decline is the fifth-seventh day. The course of principally entails a gradual weaning off kratom — which is usually a difficult proposition with any drug, as chemical dependence alters how the mind may operate. Over time, their bodies adapt to the presence of kratom and should have difficulty functioning adequately with no sure level in their system. This urge to continue using kratom may lead to a substance use dysfunction, despite the negative results. But there are issues you can do to help together with your kratom detox, and ease kratom withdrawal symptoms, by no less than taking your thoughts off them in some cases. The great information is that kratom withdrawal is often not extreme, and for lots of people it’s non-existent. In reality, one survey of 8000 respondents concluded that solely around 9% of individuals experienced noticeable withdrawal symptoms. However, most individuals find that kratom withdrawal doesn’t final greater than a week. Some folks find that they can get via their withdrawal in as little as a couple of days. how does kratom affect electolye levels When you cease taking kratom you may be nice and never notice any withdrawal signs. It may help ease bodily and emotional ache, it could possibly assist with quitting from opiate-based medicine, whether or not narcotics or prescription medicines and with quitting alcohol. Secondary symptoms tend to emerge shortly after the primary signs, so wherever from 6-32 hours after your first dose. - After completing kratom detox and persons are by way of the withdrawal period, the subsequent part of kratom habit therapy is checking into an dependancy recovery remedy program. - I had heard of kratom and was a bit scared however I couldn’t even choose up my baby with out my back giving out. - Alternate tapering strategies include quick and long tapers. - I even have been a trustworthy kratom particular person for 3 years and I can tell you why individuals aren’t so quick to reply your query. - Kratom can be made right into a tea, but many go for the opposite methods of ingestion to keep away from, or a minimum of reduce, kratom’s bitter style. - I didn’t contact something until I obtained into a new relationship with a women who had alcohol points, which being an addict I took on myself.About The Author Author Biograhy: Nataly Komova founded Chill Hempire after experiencing the first-hand results of CBD in helping her to relieve her skin condition. Nataly is now determined to spread the word about the benefits of CBD through blogging and taking part in events. In her spare time, Nataly enjoys early morning jogs, fitness, meditation, wine tasting, traveling and spending quality time with her friends. Nataly is also an avid vintage car collector and is currently working on her 1993 W124 Mercedes. Nataly is a contributing writer to many CBD magazines and blogs. She has been featured in prominent media outlets such as Cosmopolitan, Elle, Grazia, Women’s Health, The Guardian and others. - If the more extreme side effects begin to seem, then your kratom withdrawal timeline might be longer and could final so long as two weeks. - Generally, for all opioids, the kratom withdrawal period is between seven to ten days. When taken on an empty abdomen, the onset of effects is often felt inside 30–40 minutes. For instance, a tablespoon of a coarse-ground kratom works out to roughly 2.7 grams. A fine ground kratom is heavier as a result of the smaller particles enable it to pack more tightly into the same house. A tablespoon of an ultrafine kratom powder may weigh up to 3.5 grams. in what countries is kratom lega With kratom, opioids, and different medicine, a medically supervised detox program is right because of the potential severity of the withdrawal indicators. In the medical neighborhood, detoxing not often means stopping using a drug or alcohol all of a sudden. The thoughts has created a chemical dependence and needs time to revive its regular features within the absence of drug use. Stopping cold turkey can ship your thoughts into overdrive during this process, making withdrawal symptoms somewhat extra extreme and making quitting, normally, harder. In addition, it’s probably not useful that an individual stops utilizing kratom abruptly because of it is rather harmful. Relapses, especially within the context of lowered tolerance, can lead to overdose and dying. At American Addiction Centers, we strive to offer essentially the most up-to-date and accurate medical information on the internet so our readers could make informed choices about their healthcare. Just having a rough timeline of what to anticipate is so useful, especially in the midst of withdrawal. Reminds me of what I actually have to look ahead to, and quantifies the time that will pass, which one way or the other makes it feel a bit extra actual and doable. Don’t exceed eight grams of raw powder until under medical steering and supervision. The dose used for avoiding opiate withdrawal is extremely dependant on the person. Most people who find themselves utilizing kratom for this software will want the next dose — usually round 5 grams or more — to offset withdrawal symptoms. In addition to consolation and security, medical detox can serve as the first step on the road to restoration. Medical professionals might help determine and tackle underlying medical issues, both bodily and psychological. When used regularly, identical to other substances that act on opioid receptors in the mind, kratom may trigger the body to turn into dependent. For a more exact look, a collaborative research carried out by the Universiti Sains Malaysia and the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg in Germany appears kratom capsules to be definitive on this matter. They surveyed 293 regular kratom users and found that of those who used kratom for greater than 6 months, more than half developed severe dependence on kratom. This is exactly the reason why somebody who is dependent on kratom must seek therapy by way of a professionally supervised detox program. A lot of people have issue quitting opioids and related kratom buy substances out of fear of experiencing withdrawal. Small quantities of alcohol might help with kratom withdrawal as a result of it induces similar effects in the body. Then you received’t have to cope with understanding tips on how to stop kratom in any respect. Involve household and pals kratom capsules, communicate your physician, make sure that you are holding your self accountable to others in your success, and any regression. how many kratom capsules a day Charcoal works by binding the kratom alkaloids contained in the liver and reduces the results of this drug. It is due to this fact believed to help take away Kratom out of your system quicker. The concern, panic, and ache they trigger make it easy to give up and return to the drug, nonetheless, by the purpose this stage ends the worst is normally over. With kratom, opioids, and other medicine, a medically supervised detox program is ideal as a result of potential severity of the withdrawal signs. In addition, it is not really helpful that an individual stops using kratom abruptly as a result of it is extremely dangerous. It is essential to note that drug detox in itself just isn’t an precise therapy. In order to have the best probability at profitable recovery, one must undergo a complete treatment program proper after detox. Facilities specializing in detoxing will often not emphasize substance abuse treatment. who serves kratom tea Increase progressively till you get the aid you’re looking for. The higher dose you are taking, the extra probabilities there are of side-results. Imbalanced fluids and electrolyte levels – Excessive vomiting or diarrhea, coupled with poor diet, may end up in dehydration and disturbances in your physique’s steadiness of electrolytes. There is a case examine in the medical literature about an toddler born in kratom withdrawal. Explain the state of affairs to your doctor and inform them you expect symptoms much like opioid withdrawal. This is a plant-based mostly drug that originates from the rain forests of Peru. It additionally incorporates alkaloids that potentiate and delay the results of Kratom. Kratom leaves have been used as traditional medicine, but are at present also used for recreational functions. If you want to potentiate it, you’ll be able to add quite a lot of natural extracts to Kratom powder. This boosts its stimulation while on the same time, present long lasting results. what is the best usa kratom vendor Most of the research studies investigating the long-time period effects of the drug are primarily based on case research, that are stories of a single instance of long-time period use of the drug. Case studies usually are not considered to be as effective proof as research that use groups of people and look at the overall impact of the drug. Healthline Media does not provide medical advice, analysis, or therapy. It may be consumed by chewing its leaves, brewing them in tea, or mixing them with other substances. These leaves possess a compound that has thoughts-altering results like those of morphine when ingested in excessive doses. Kratom extracts have been used as herbal medicines for the reason that nineteenth century to supply their stimulating effects and opioid properties. In the U.S., it was used for diarrhea, muscle ache reduction, and opiate dependancy and withdrawal therapy. Presently, Kratom is on the market in various types, similar to capsules, powders, liquids, pastes, and gum, among others. If you had a big or fatty meal earlier than utilizing kratom, the consequences would take longer to look but additionally have a tendency to stay round a bit longer. It can take as much as ninety minutes to really feel the complete effects of kratom if utilizing it on a full abdomen. While the signs of kratom withdrawal may be uncomfortable, you’ll be able to usually handle them on your own at house. Not everybody who regularly uses kratom turns into depending on it or experiences withdrawal signs after they cease utilizing it. On the opposite hand, individuals who have never used drugs are sometimes shocked to find out how troublesome kratom withdrawal can be. While kratom isn’t usually a substance that causes cravings, many people discover that they crave it when they’re going by way of withdrawal. This makes excellent sense, since it is the smartest thing to alleviate withdrawal signs. Sniffling, sneezing, and watery eyes are the commonest kratom withdrawal symptoms. When you start to experience these symptoms within the morning earlier than you’ve used kratom, it’s your physique letting you understand that you just’ve become addicted. Kratom not often causes any aspect-results as long as it’s used conservatively. This is because it’s tough to quit utilizing Kratom after growing an dependancy, and in doing so, there might be an occurrence of Kratom withdrawal. There are, nonetheless, some ways to ease the situation where Kratom withdrawal effects are dominant. Boyer, E., Babu, K., Adkins, J., McCurdy, C., and Halpern, J. The threat of relapse is greatly decreased and even eradicated in a rehabilitation program, and healthcare suppliers in these services can deal with signs and any medical/mental well being issues. I got sick around 24 days last time and I’m fulling expecting to this time too. I wanted to add that physical signs can linger 30 days out or much more. However, some natural extracts like turmeric and chamomile can be mixed with the Kratom powder to potentiate it. Kratom is a plant that grows in some components of Southeast Asia. Its leaves are packed with powerful compounds recognized for producing psychotropic (thoughts-altering) results. The worst of the physical symptoms are usually resolved at this point, though there should still be minor, lingering signs. any kind of smoke may be dangerous on your lungs, and subsequently your total well being. Pupils dilate, goose bumps happen, and diarrhea overcomes in this phase of Kratom withdrawal. Medical supervisors recommend that the signs usually start between six to 12 hours of consuming the last dose. It is the acute part of Kratom withdrawal in which an individual suffers from insomnia, runny nose, aggressiveness and ache in muscles. The craving gets stronger with time, and it demands for a higher dose of Kratom each time. For one of the best probability at restoration, they need to take part in an in-depth therapy program following detox. Like different addictive substances corresponding to alcohol and opioids, dosages might be decreased slowly over a time frame to attenuate the cravings and withdrawal symptoms. The goal of detox and tapering is to gradually work on restoring mind chemistry fairly than stunning it by abruptly stopping the drug. Of all of the Kratom withdrawal phases trainwreck kratom powder, that is the worst. Your Kratom withdrawal indicators will improve in severity as your physique sends its strongest indicators for a further dose. This starts off very mild and normally escalates dramatically over the first day. From roughly 12 to 24 hours after the final kratom use muscle, joint, bone pain, abdominal pain and nausea, and visible distortions may be expected. A fever can also be expected to start during the first day and probably worsen. Anxiety will improve all through the day and night and insomnia is extraordinarily common in the course of the first few days. Cravings for kratom can also start at this point alongside temper swings, however the look of mood swings and their depth varies significantly between folks. manage the withdrawal signs and stop use of different opioids, both prescription and otherwise. Kratom just isn’t a formal medicinal medicine and does not have any specific tips of use. Research has proven the half-life of this substance lasts about 24 hours in most people. Half of the lifetime of a drug is the precise time it takes a person’s metabolism, particularly the liver, to breakdown and cut back it by half of its focus in the physique. Generally, kratom withdrawal signs will have begun to manifest inside about 12 hours of the last use, although they’ll start showing as early as eight. Early symptoms embrace depression, anxiety, nausea, and other flu-like symptoms. Low doses of kratom could cause emotions of elevated vitality, alertness, and talkativeness. Another thing that’s unique about kratom is the fact that totally different varieties of kratom may even have stronger stimulant results than opioid effects and vice versa. Borneo and Bali strains of kratom are the preferred for managing melancholy, however any pressure should work as well. Therefore, getting the dose right in terms of managing anxiety is necessary. Kratom is well-liked for supporting mental and bodily signs of hysteria. When it involves energy and focus, white-veined kratom is taken into account the most suitable choice. It’s the best option for ache related to fibromyalgia, arthritis, rheumatism, burns, cuts, bone fractures, headache, stomach ache, and muscle pressure. which kratom increases mental agility If you’re utilizing it multiple times a day, ultimately your physique goes to turn into accustomed to it. All doses of kratom have euphoric results that can enhance mood and depression. Some folks find the stimulating results white maeng da kratom powder additional improve mood and despair, while others like the enjoyable or sedative qualities. Lower doses of kratom are additionally great for facilitating a desire to socialize with associates similar to alcohol.

A full discussion of R and statistical analysis methods is beyond the scope of this post. The statistical analysis used for an experiment must fit the design of that experiment and its research question. For more detailed reading on data analysis, see DeGroot et al. (1986) for statistics; Gelman and Hill (2007) for regression; Baayen et al. (2008), Bates and Maechler (2009) and Barr et al. (2013) for mixed effects regressions; and Venables and Ripley (2000) and Baayen (2008) for R. Here we suggest some suggestions for simple first steps of looking at your data in R. Before analyzing the results of your experiment, it is useful to prepare the data for analysis. Here are suggestions for steps that may be useful to follow, implemented in R. R is free, open-source statistics software available from http://www.r-project.org/. We recommend using RStudio, freely available at http://www.rstudio.com/ide/download/desktop, rather than the R console itself. You will need to have R installed on your computer to use RStudio. We recommend using the packages languageR for simple analyses and lattice for data visualization; these packages are available from CRAN (http://cran.r-project.org/), the Comprehensive R Archive Network. Packages can be installed using the R command install.packages or through the command Install Packages in the Tools menu in RStudio. To read more about this and any other functions in R, type a question mark before the function name into the R console, e.g. ?install.packages, or go to the Help tab in the lower right-hand side of your screen in RStudio. Once RStudio is running, you can create or edit an analysis script for your experiment. We have provided as part of the tools in this paper a simple analysis script analysis.r that you can modify for your needs. We recommend keeping the script in the same folder as the other scripts and data for your experiment. We further recommend having separate directories for each experiment that you create. It is better to edit analysis scripts rather than typing commands directly into the R-Studio (or R) console, because having a script ensures replicability and creates a record of your work. After saving your analysis script in the same folder as the decoded results file, set the Working Directory to the source file location. This can be done from the Tools menu in RStudio or by using the command setwd(‘xxxxxx’), where xxxxxx is the full path to the directory where your results file is located on your computer. Start by reading in the decoded results file into a variable, here results. results <- read.csv(‘definiteness-effect.results.decoded.csv’, header=TRUE) We recommend cleaning up this file in at least four ways, by excluding the following types of participants: (a) non-native speakers, (b) participants whose submission you rejected on AMT, (c) participants who did not complete the survey and participants who completed more than one survey, (d) participants with low accuracy rates on ‘catch’ filler items and comprehension questions. Depending on the study, you may choose to use only some of the suggestions in (a)-(d) and perhaps to use other additional exclusion criteria. Normally, we find that few participants need to be filtered from an experiment—usually fewer than 10%. Non-native speakers can be excluded by applying the subset command to the results file and keeping only participants who said that they are native speakers (in this case, of English). We will use the answer given to one of the demographic questions in our skeletons, stored in the english column. The subset command will take a data frame and a criterion and return only those lines in the data frame that meet the criterion. results <- subset(results, english == 1) To reject participants whose submission you rejected on AMT, subset the file to return only those participants whose assignment status is not ‘Rejected’. results <- subset(results, AssignmentStatus != 'Rejected') It is up to the researcher to decide how many missed items are too many and whether or not to reject participants who completed more than one survey. Below is a suggestion for rejecting anyone who completed more than one study or completed less than 80% of the study. Other values for notEnough can be used by replacing 0.8*surveyLength with any other setting. results$isNA <- ifelse(is.na(results$Choice) | results$Choice == '', 0, 1) howMany <- aggregate(results$isNA, list(results$WorkerId), sum) surveyLength <- as.numeric(aggregate(results$AssignmentId, by=list(results$AssignmentId), length)$x) notEnough <- 0.8*surveyLength didTooMany <- subset(howMany, x > surveyLength)$Group.1 didntDoEnough <- subset(howMany, x < notEnough)$Group.1 results <- subset(results, !(WorkerId %in% didTooMany)) results <- subset(results, !(WorkerId %in% didntDoEnough)) Finally, compute accuracy on comprehension questions and filler items that had expected values. Gibson et al. (2011) recommend only accepting results from participants whose accuracy on such items is at least 75%, unless there is a substantial number of participants whose performance was below this rate. Because there are no memory demands in most linguistic surveys, a 75% accuracy rate should be easy for conscientious native speaker participants to achieve. If there are many participants who did not achieve this success rate, however, it is possible that there was something wrong with the answers to your survey and we recommend that you inspect your items before deciding to reject workers on AMT based on their accuracy. If expected correct answers were included in hidden fields in your items file, they can easily be compared to the answers provided by participants in your study. For example, if expected answers to fillers were specified in the fifth line of their item bodies, it will be stored in the decoded results file in column field_5. The following code uses this to compute accuracy rates per participant and reject those whose accuracy rate is below 75%. You should inspect accuracy to see if any filler item had low accuracy rates and, if so, exclude it from the accuracy calculation. results$isCorrect <- ifelse(is.na(results$field_5), NA, ifelse(results$field_5 == results$Choice, 1, 0)) accuracy <- aggregate(results$isCorrect, by=list(results$WorkerId), mean, na.rm = T) disqualifiedWorkerIds <- subset(accuracy, x < 0.75)$WorkerId results <- subset(results, !(WorkerId %in% disqualifiedWorkerIds)) An important first step is to visualize the data. This helps identify unexpected behavior in the course of the experiment or during the conversion of data to the correct format in the R script. It also gives you an understanding of the general patterns in the data and therefore of how the statistics should come out. We use the library lattice for visualization purposes in R. After it is installed, load it using the command library(lattice). With this library, certain types of data like simple ratings and distribution of choices over a binary variable can be visualized for each condition by using the command: histogram(~ Choice | Factor1 * Factor2, data=results) A second useful step is to aggregate, or compute the mean of each Choice made by participants according to certain criteria. For example, the first line of code below will return a mean of the Choice by participant, and the second line will return a mean by participant and two factors. These results will help detect interesting patterns in the data. aggregate(results$Choice, by=list(results$WorkerId), mean) aggregate(results$Choice, by=list(results$WorkerId, results$Factor1, results$Factor2), mean) analysis.r script provided with turktools contains similar simple suggestions for dealing with completions data, which is somewhat different than forced-choice and Likert scale ratings. For additional suggestions for data visualization and basic analysis of linguistic grammaticality surveys using Likert scale ratings, see Gibson et al. (2011). Gibson et al’s discussion is also applicable to similar designs using a binary decision (e.g. ‘yes’-‘no’ or ‘natural’-‘unnatural’). See additionally the literature suggested there and in this paper for more detailed reading on the theory and implementation of more sophisticated statistical tests. After getting an impression of the results of your study and performing a statistical analysis, it is sometimes the case that the results are not exactly as had been expected prior to the experiment. This result can be due to many factors, not least of which is that the hypothesis that the predictions were based on is incorrect for the data used in the experiment. However, before an experiment can be used to contest existing theories and put forward new ones, it is important to check what other factors may have led to the unexpected results. As a first step, when filtering based on the accuracy of filler items or comprehension questions, it is important to make sure that the items are generally understood by participants as expected. For that purpose, it is useful to look at the mean accuracy for each item that had an expected value. See Section 11 for R code that can produce mean accuracy values per item. It is also useful to similarly treat target items: for all items that are expected to yield a certain result, aggregate the mean accuracy for those items and search for any exceptions that may be introducing noise into the analysis. It may be the case that certain items should be re-written and the experiment re-run, in order to avoid such effects of individual items. Moreover, it is possible that there are different sub-groups of items that exhibit different patterns of judgments, only some of which were expected. In that case, we recommend trying to identify the factors that define these different groupings. Once this is done, the status of these grouping factors must be examined: it is possible that such factors should be considered relevant to the behavior at hand and hence added to the experiment as a factor that co-varies systematically with the other factors of interest. On the other hand, it is possible that the factor is not theoretically relevant, and in that case the noise should be controlled for by keeping just one kind of item as opposed to items that vary in their behavior with regard to this theoretically irrelevant factor. After looking at individual items, it is also important to look at the behavior of individual participants in the experiment to identify any unusual behavior. Participants who were not paying attention to the task should have already been excluded from the analysis by means of filler accuracy and comprehension questions. However, it is possible that participants who have not been excluded nonetheless performed poorly in one or more conditions, or after a certain point in the study. It may be possible that some participants should be excluded, despite meeting the basic accuracy criteria, for consistently performing poorly in certain cases in an idiosyncratic manner not common among other participants. To identify such subjects, it is helpful to examine the accuracy of target and filler items by participant, to detect any unusual pattern in the data. It is also possible that for some linguistic phenomena, participants who speak a second language behave differently than mono-lingual speakers. To test this possibility, we recommend comparing the results yielded by analyzing data from all native-speakers to data from only those speakers who reported that they are native speakers who do not speak any foreign language. This can be done as follows, using the value stored in the foreign column by our skeletons: results <- subset(results, foreign == 1) Lastly, it may be helpful to split participants according to the speed with which they finished the study. For some tasks, it is reasonable to assume that participants who were very fast performed the task using a different strategy than slower participants. As a first step, it is possible to split the participant population by the average experiment completion time, classifying all participants who were faster than the mean as ‘fast’ and all the others as ‘slow.’ After this classification is done, for example using the code below, it is advisable to re-do the analysis that was previously performed on the entire population on each subgroup separately, to see whether there is variation among the groups. meanTime <- mean(targets$WorkTimeInSeconds) fastWorkers <- subset(targets, targets$WorkTimeInSeconds < MeanTime) slowWorkers <- subset(targets, targets$WorkTimeInSeconds >= MeanTime) More generally, it is often advisable not to rely on the results of the initial version of an experiment. Rather, those initial results should be considered pilot data. This data should then be scrutinized, any items that did not yield expected results should be corrected, and the experiment should be re-run to confirm the original findings. It is often the case that after more consideration has been given to the data and analysis, the original results will change or be refined.

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Setting the Stage: Historical-Cultural Background Every book of the Bible has historical elements to it. As written documents, each book was written in a historical setting and contains details about historical events. It is vital for competent interpretation of Old Testament writings to develop a solid grasp of the chronological framework of the various books of the Old Testament. A timeline can be sketched as follows (for specific dates, see the various charts in Invitation to Biblical Interpretation). The Old Testament period begins with primeval history. Though we might not know specific dates for this time, we do believe that the events recorded in Genesis 1–11 represent not only a literary but also a historical reality: These were real people living in real places. The rest of Old Testament history moves from the patriarchal period to the exodus, the united monarchy, the divided monarchy, and the exile and return. Students of the Bible should not ignore what happened next. Sometimes the 400 years that followed are called the “silent years” because no biblical texts were written during this time. But this epithet is misleading because many extrabiblical documents are available (the so-called “Second Temple literature”), and many noteworthy events took place during this time. The Second Temple period started with Babylonian domination. The Medes and the Persians soon eclipsed Babylon, followed by the Greeks under Alexander the Great. Eventually, the Jews revolted and enjoyed a brief period of self-rule known as the Maccabean period. Next came Roman rule, which brings us to the period of the New Testament. The Bible’s history can also be undergirded by archaeological evidence: “In some cases, the Old Testament Scriptures are confirmed by archaeology. In others, our lack of information with regard to difficulties becomes illumined, while in still other cases the biblical data are supplemented by ongoing discoveries” (111). Extrabiblical literature can also provide helpful background information to the biblical text. For example, the Histories of the Greek historian Herodotus mentions historical characters such as Xerxes and Cyrus: “This illustrates that while the biblical documents must remain primary, extrabiblical information can be used in tandem and can helpfully illuminate aspects of the biblical story that may lie in the background and be assumed by the biblical writer” (118). Other helpful documents include the Old and New Testament Apocrypha, the Old Testament Pseudepigrapha, and the Dead Sea Scrolls. An Interview on Biblical Interpretation In conjunction with our new course on biblical interpretation at The Gospel Coalition, I was interviewed by Fred Zaspel at Books at a Glance. In Part 2, we discuss the importance of history. You can listen below: - Blog post: Invitation to Biblical Interpretation - Blog post: Preparation: The Who, Why, and How of Interpretation - TGC Course: Invitation to Biblical Interpretation

Papaya has a rich history and has been used for centuries in folk medicine for its therapeutic and medicinal properties. Papaya is native to the tropics of the Americas, Central America and northern South America and was cultivated in Mexico. In the ancient Mayan civilisation, the people honoured the papaya tree and called it the “Tree of Life”. Mayan Indians would use papaya fruit in the form of a paste to heal skin rash or other skin problems. In historical literature, papayas were first mentioned in 1526 by the Spanish explorer Oviedo, who observed it growing along the Caribbean coasts of Panama and Colombia. Shortly thereafter, papayas were taken to other warm-weather countries by the Spaniards and Portuguese. It is said to be one of the favourite fruits of Christopher Columbus. The story goes that when his crew landed in America after a long sea voyage on meagre rations, the native people welcomed them with an extravagant feast, which caused digestive problems. The natives took the sick voyagers to the forest and offered them papaya and they were cured. The fruit and rest of the plant was used in various folk medicines. It was known as a common man’s fruit and Papaya skin was used as face wash. Many of the field workers on papaya and pineapple plantations were believed to have smoother hands from working with these fruits, including a myth that their fingerprints “magically disappeared”..! Papayas have several medicinal properties and native inhabitants of South America have used them for centuries to treat numerous diseases and symptoms. Mature, ripe fruits have been used traditionally as an effective remedy against ringworm and other fungal and parasitic infections, due to its anthelmintic properties. Papaya was also applied topically for the treatment of cuts, rashes, stings and burns. The unripe green fruit, on the other hand, have been used to lower blood pressure and even as an aphrodisiac..! In folk medicine, papaya seeds were used to reduce inflammation and pain due to their analgesic properties. Raw papaya fruit was used for all ailments of the digestive system. The green leaves of papaya were used in several regions of Asia to make tea and believed to have protective properties against malaria. Leaves were also steamed and eaten like a vegetable and used as a heart tonic, analgesic and to treat stomach-ache. Even the roots appear to have analgesic effects, and were sometimes eaten raw or in teas to reduce inflammatory pain. Paw Paw has been grown and cultivated in Australia since the 1800’s. Australians have been using extract of the Paw Paw fruit to treat numerous skin conditions for over 100 years….and now its available in the UK! PAPAYAGOLD PAW PAW Balm available now in 25g tubes.

In mid-January, Carnegie Stage is hosting a tribute to Shakespeare on January 19 and 20, 2019. All About Will: Two One-Act Plays, including Friended by Shakespeare Written and Performed by Charles David Richards and Mrs Shakespeare, Will’s first & last love Written, compiled and performed by Yvonne Hudson. Tickets range from $5 to $15. We had a chance to talk with Yvonne Hudson about her play. Your Name: Yvonne Hudson Your Pronouns: she/her Your Affiliation With This Production: I wrote, compiled and perform Mrs Shakespeare, Will’s first & last love. In January 2019, I am presented by OneTheatre Group in a double bill, All About Will, with Stoney Richards’ solo show Friended by Shakespeare. Our shows actually take place on the same day–Will’s birthday but late in his life–with Stoney’s character a player in Will’s company in London and my character at the Shakespeare’s home in Stratford-Upon-Avon. How do you describe your identity? Renaissance woman, leader who listens, artist and peacenik who is committed to my life partner, to making a positive difference for others, and to promoting inclusion and welcoming in work, faith and artistic communities. How did you first learn about Anne Hathaway? I became more aware of Anne Hathaway during my study of Shakespeare works and his biography in graduate school at University of Pittsburgh’s Department of Theatre Arts. I was intrigued because there was so little written and known about her. Initially, it was clear that the male-written scholarship cared little about the woman and minimized her role in his life as they were apart most of 23 years in the middle of their long marriage. I grew up familiar with some Shakespeare plays and my family loved poetry. I actually had a speech impairment when I began school, but four years of speech classes and constant singing helped my diction. By the time we were memorizing speeches and learning about the plays, I was hooked. Why is she most frequently referred to as Anne Hathaway versus Anne Shakespeare? Anne Hathaway’s Cottage is somewhat better known that the woman who grew up there. Her family’s thatched roof home is a leading tourist and heritage site in Stratford-Upon-Avon. It was part of the Hathaway’s Hewlands Farms where she continued to care for younger siblings after her parents’ passed. Some people inappropriately make much Anne being eight years older than Will. Contemporary records indicate many women lived at home as long as possible to care for their families then married in their 20s. You created this show over 30 years ago. That seems like a very long time for any show to remain relevant. How do you keep it fresh? Because it’s really no longer the same show when I returned to it while living/working in New York). The concept of my show has remained relevant as virtually all of Shakespeare’s plays are performed around the world every year. They continue to inspire other words and updates in film, stage and music. My own show has certainly changed and been developed in many ways. The first version was a simple grad school project in which I sang a lot as I was studying voice at the time. When I returned to the piece as part of a women’s solo show festival in New York, it was really a different play. Most significantly, the piece is always informed by my own life experiences–passing of loved ones, relocations, and even major events, like the September 2001 attacks. I added the St. Crispin’s Day speech from Henry V that year and performed my expaneded two-act version for a South Dakota booking in July of that year, but the show was much different at a Tower of London in conference late September 2001 and again in April 2002 in lower Manhattan when the memorial towers of light were shining over the neighborhood each night. My research about Anne and the family in Stratford during four visits there was important. I wrote the poem that opens the show this year on the train leaving Stratford on one of my trips in which I walked the distances that Anne and Will would have known. More recently, new archeological findings have continued to tell the couple’s story, so it seems there is always some new to explore despite four centuries! The speeches and sonnets I include vary. My 50-minute version is featured at Carnegie Stage, Jan. 19 and 20. Later this year, I’ll be presenting 75-90 minutes in some bookings to be finalized. How do you keep new generations interested in Shakespeare? Why is it important that we do so? I maintain that the same reasons that actors savor the text of the plays also place Shakespeare at the heart of the English language and how we still speak today. Speaking, writing, rhetoric, and poetry are all informed by facility with his text. For example, Abraham Lincoln loved Shakespeare and the King James Bible, it’s clear those Renaissance texts influenced his writing. Likewise, the stories and themes in Shakespeare’s works are timeless but also relevant for all ages. The experience of live performances and also performing Shakespeare makes it come more alive for most young people than just reading it in classes. How to teach Shakespeare is a focus for many theatres supporting teachers with training and resources. Finding a way to present–whether its rap or song or acting–gives young people options to dig into the works and relate to characters. When I once taught a class to teens in an alternative diploma program in Long Island, it was wonderful to see how they related to the plays. They got that Hamlet could be contemplating taking his own life with “to be or not to be…” when translating the speech into their own words. The students related to the young characters and lovers in A Midsummer Night’s Dream and Romeo and Juliet. It was refreshing that kids who might be perceived to be less likely to “get” Shakespeare indeed felt the stories were about them. Importantly, the plays provide language, writing, poetry, and speaking skills for those who work with them. A student who can learn and present a sonnet or a speech–with the positive coaching of an actor or teacher–can take that ability with them for life. Why did you choose a one-woman show format? I was first mesmerized by Julie Harris portraying Emily Dickinson in The Belle of Amherst, a two-act solo show. I was long fascinated with one-person shows and an actor’s ability to present a character while alone on stage. My department at Pitt required graduate actors to write and present a solo show, so my project was added to that event program. When I couldn’t find enough information to create my piece about Anne initially, I created another solo piece as I had to fulfill a course commitment. Peter Harrigan directed that piece and I gained the confidence to carry on with the Shakespeare idea. The piece changed again when I took part in a one-woman show festival, Womenkind, in New York City. During two seasons I presented on programs with others who had original historical, autobiographical, and comedic pieces. It boosted my focus on this work. Performing solo is a amazing experience and I recommend all actors develop a solo show of their own. In 2006, I self-produced and acted in The Belle of Amherst, staged by Helen Meade who had been my director for Mrs Shakespeare in Pittsburgh. Conventional wisdom is that we know very little about Anne, an incongruity with her husband’s prolific writing. She’s been described as a “wife-shaped void” to project modern understandings. Does mining this relationship help us understand Shakespeare better or help us understand women’s experiences better? I set out to not only find out all I could about Anne but also to find evidence of Shakespeare in his own works. I believe the members of the whole family are reflected in the plays. It’s clear she “kept the home fires burning” while Will worked in London and he returned to her and their home, New Place, at what is perceived as the end of his theatrical career. They actually had a “commuter marriage”–not uncommon then or now when a spouse has a focussed skill and needs to work away from home. In Elizabethan England the hazards of travel, plague and fire made life and distance much more challenging. Little is documented about many lives as compared to what we know about others’ lives today. It’s likely the Shakespeare and Hathaway families knew one another. While Anne was pregnant when they wed, that was not unusual either. Will was male so the more educated of the two. I take the dramatic liberty of having Anne learn to read so she can better understand her husband’s work. I have been heartened to see the real Anne emerge more clearly in recent academic research that aligns well with my own. I didn’t miss anything. I believe I was the first to develop and sustain a solo play about Anne, but there are endless possibilities on how to play her dramatically. What is something about Anne Hathaway that will surprise the typical person? Many people only know that Shakespeare left the “second best bed to Anne”. Old scholarship has you believe that this is a slight The bed bequeathed to Anne by Will was likely their marriage bed and likely the “nicer” bed their guests would sleep in. His will was not a slight, but typical for the time as a woman could not own property. Anne likely wanted for nothing except more time with husband and their son Hamnet, who died when he was only 11 years old, propelling Will to write the tragedy Hamlet. Ironically, Hamnet was a twin and it was somewhat miraculous that he, sister Judith and Anne all survived childbirth. Is this show appropriate for children or young teens? My shows are appropriate for all ages. I do customize the piece when audiences are only children, but the content is family friendly. Both Friended by Shakespeare and Mrs Shakespeare run 50 minutes each and are appropriate for all ages, but are probably more engaging for students ages 10 and up. There is one intermission during which refreshments are provided in addition to a cash bar. How can readers connect with you on social media? Is there anything I should have asked? Maybe: How “solo” is a solo show, really? (LOL!) No solo show happens “alone”, so I’d have to say I may have never continued this project without the support of my partner Lynette Asson. She’s been my “Johannes Fac Totum”– schlepping my hooped costume and many props as far as the Tower of London for many years. It’s sure nice to have a hairdresser and someone to lace the back of my corset, but Lynette working with me and supporting me as I tell Anne’s story is a truly wonderful part of this journey–a labor of love in every way! Many stories are hidden in history and literature, so I’ve considered telling Anne’s story a personal mission to represent the resilient and strong women who have carried on despite overwhelming obstacles. My own grandmother, who raised her children alone when my grandfather couldn’t cope upon his return from World War I, is an inspiration for my Anne. Thank you, Yvonne. Invest in our work with a sustaining monthly donation to continue reading great interviews like this with local creators. Join the Steel City Snowflakes with a one time or recurring investment in our projects. Click the image to see our current snowflakes. Follow us on Twitter @Pghlesbian24

There are five subspecialties of forensic psychology, namely police psychology, psychology of crime and delinquency, victimology and victim services, legal psychology and correctional psychology. I will discuss legal psychology and correctional psychology. ·Legal psychology Legal psychology is the study of human behavior relevant to the law. This subspecialty of forensic psychology consists of those theories that describe, explain and predict human behavior by reference to the law. Bartol & Bartol (2012) described that early in a case when attorneys are preparing for a trial and gathering information psychologist can be called in to testify. Main roles of a forensic psychologist in the USA includes, acting as a consultant to law enforcement, acting as trial consultants (jury selection, case preparation and pre-trial publicity), presenting psychology to appeal courts, doing forensic assessment and acting as an expert witness (insanity defense, competence to stand trial, sentencing, eyewitness identification and child custody etc. ) Expert witness as a role in legal psychologist A major role for forensic psychologist is to serve as an expert witness in both the criminal and civil court. They are more commonly involve at the pretrial and post-trial proceedings, but may also serve as an expert witness at trial (Bartol & Bartol, 2012:151). Genis (2008) defines an expert witness as anyone who has knowledge beyond that of the court. Psychologist has the necessary skills to provide a good assessment of an individual for instance if an individual is fit to stand trial or the likehood that a particular individual will be a danger to the community (p. 4). An expert witness will testify in court in a form of opinion form the evidence and information that has been gathered, within their area of expertise. A good assessment is accomplished by reviewing exciting literature, doing research and conducting psychological assessments. The opinion of an expert witness will influence the judges in the pretrial proceedings, but the final decision will be made by the judge. The court must first decide whether the witness have the necessary skills, knowledge, training and experience to testify as an expert. Bartol & Bartol (2012) described that even though an individual has the professional background to qualify as an expert witness; it is possible that the judges will not allow the evidence. The judges must decide if the evidence is reliable, legally sufficient and relevant to the case (p. 141). Experts should be aware that the opposing council will to everything in their power to highlight any inadequacies and deficiencies in the psychological evaluation findings. Therefore they should know their limitations and strengths of their information. Expert witness contributes to the subspecialty of legal psychology, because their function is to assist the court in a legal matter. They examine a person based on objects from the court and educate the court on the legal matter. Whereas the courts are unfamiliar with certain information, the expert witness serves as consultant providing an opinion to the court. • Correctional psychology According to Bartol & Bartol (2012) the major role of a correctional psychologist is to help inmates in rehabilitation, treatment and reintegration. They also work with offenders who are serving their sentence, or part of their sentence in the community on parole or probation. (p. 30). This subspecialty in forensic psychology is concerned with the diagnosis and classification of the offenders, the treatment and the rehabilitation of offenders. In this field correctional psychologist provides guidance and counseling services to institutionalized residents in a correctional facility. There are numerous roles for forensic psychologist in a correctional setting that includes the diagnoses and management of a mentally ill inmates, psychological assessments and evaluations for court and other legal issues, assessment of violent and suicidal behavior, crisis intervention and personal evaluation. Psychologist’s assessment as a role of a correctional psychologist The type of assessment that a correctional psychologist do, involves evaluations of various issues such as the mental health of an individual and their psychological process. Bartol& Bartol (2012) wrote that a psychological assessment refers to all the techniques used to measure and evaluate an offender’s paste, present and future status (p. 422). These types of assessment usually include psychological test or measurements, as well as interviews with the individuals being assets, interviews with others, direct observations and reviews of case records. Correctional psychologist can work in jails, prisons or in community-based facilities. Correctional facilities require entry-level assessment so that inmates can be psychologically processed and assigned to a particular facility or unit (Bartol & Bartol, 2012:422). Each and every individual has to be evaluated for problem behavior or mental states before they are placed in a facility. Bartol & BArtol (2012) wrote that the correctional psychologist has to determine whether the individual is a suicide risk, indications of substance abuse, history of hospitalization and medications or indicators of violence (p. 423). Inmates have to be assessing throughout their period in a prison or jail to determine if their behavior has improved, if they show signs of antisocial behavior or have any other psychological crisis’s for example victimized by other inmates or news of death of a loved one. Correctional psychologist will assets an inmate when approaches the end of their sentence. In this assessment the psychologist will meet with the inmate, review his/her prison files and do psychological test to evaluate if their behavior has improved, if they are a danger to the society or if he/she will reoffend. The same assessment will be conducted if they want to shift an inmate from a medium to a minimum security level. It is important to realize that a forensic psychologist do not perform in all the subspecialties that forensic psychology has to offer. Delivering a high-quality product at a reasonable price is not enough anymore. That’s why we have developed 5 beneficial guarantees that will make your experience with our service enjoyable, easy, and safe. You have to be 100% sure of the quality of your product to give a money-back guarantee. This describes us perfectly. Make sure that this guarantee is totally transparent.Read more Each paper is composed from scratch, according to your instructions. It is then checked by our plagiarism-detection software. There is no gap where plagiarism could squeeze in.Read more Thanks to our free revisions, there is no way for you to be unsatisfied. We will work on your paper until you are completely happy with the result.Read more Your email is safe, as we store it according to international data protection rules. 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Public School Third Grade Child Development (4K) Currently homeschooling my children using my ThreeSchool Preschool curriculum and exploring the world using aspects of The Charlotte Mason Method I love introducing a question to answer or problem to solve, and stepping back to watch students wrestle with the process themselves, always standing by as a guide. BS in Early Childhood Education Yet to be added English Language Arts, Balanced Literacy, Creative Writing, Writing-Expository, Reading, Grammar, Spelling, Vocabulary, Specialty, Math, Basic Operations, Geometry, Numbers, Other (Math), Science, Anatomy, Archaeology, Astronomy, Basic Principles, Biology, Chemistry, Earth Sciences, Environment, Physics, Other (Science), Social Studies - History, Ancient History, Government, Native Americans, U.S. History, World History, Arts & Music, Physical Education, Drama, Health, Other (Specialty), Other, ELA Test Prep, Math Test Prep, Geography, Other (Social Studies - History), Other (ELA), Life Skills, For All Subject Areas, Literature, Classroom Management, Professional Development, School Counseling, Character Education, Study Skills, Physical Science, Short Stories, Writing, Child Care, Reading Strategies, Writing-Essays, Holidays/Seasonal, Back to School, Thanksgiving, Christmas/ Chanukah/ Kwanzaa, Poetry, Autumn, Halloween, Winter, Valentine's Day, Martin Luther King Day, St. Patrick's Day, Tools for Common Core, Earth Day, For All Subjects, Summer, Informational Text, Handwriting, For Administrators, Test Preparation, End of Year, Phonics

Call for Papers for a special section of HJEAS Proposed for Spring 2022 Over the last few years, discourses on eco-social crises in the wake of the sixth mass extinction, on the extensive human appropriation of the ecosphere leading to ocean acidification, soil contamination and deadly zoonotic spillovers—such as the current Covid-19 pandemic—have duly been couched in dire terms of systemic collapse. Cultural images of the demise of modernity (be that second or third modernity, based on fossil fuel growth economies) abound, yet obsession with growth is invariably and universally hailed alike by capitalists, socialists or fascists (Daly 8). Sustainability professionals apprehend near-term, climate-induced social collapse, so Jem Bendell provides us a map of deep adaptation “to navigate this extremely difficult issue.” Historians (such as the contributors to The Ends of the Earth) address the intertwined destiny of humans and the environment within a contracting world, in which the earth has been turned into a factory, even a toy we could quickly blow up (Worster 17, 20). The environmental crisis signifies the concatenation of several other crises, those of society, culture, and the individual (Eckersley 7-32). In the aggregate, we seem to have every reason to plunge into gloom and despair. Yet, at the same time, we live in an age of inevitable hope even if it evolves from crisis and loss. Indeed, the legitimacy of hope is exactly what the editors of the prospective special section of the Hungarian Journal of English and American Studies (HJEAS) seek to address here. In accordance with this goal, we invite ecocritical contributions to the special section which elaborate on the theme of Ecofictions for an Endangered World. We assume with ecocritic Lawrence Buell that the “environmental crisis involves a crisis of the imagination the amelioration of which depends on finding better ways of imaging nature and humanity's relation to it” (2); so we acknowledge the value and importance of the literary imagination. Guided by Cornelius Castoriadis, we believe that beyond the constricting nature of the symbolic and conceptual intermediaries whereby our structures of reality are established, the social imaginary also functions as the creative core of the socio-historical and psychic worlds; thus we endorse the creative potential of the social imaginary to initiate change even toward concrete utopias. Based on all of the above, we invite essays committed to environmentally-valenced literary and cultural studies on English, Irish or American literary or filmic narratives that - challenge the current dysfunctional global system fostered by cornucopian fantasies of unlimited expansion in the face of limited natural resources and imminent environmental collapse; - map out socio-ecological transformation from crisis into communities of survival, indeed of wellbeing; - “plot a path to benign degrowth” (Dobson 155); - foreground the possibilities of collective hope by living in loss through “making oddkin” so that “we become with each other or not at all” (Haraway 4); - explore nowtopian and utopian experiments and guerilla narratives to expand our understanding of what is possible and conceivable at this point; - consider the role of the environment in colonial and postcolonial fictions; - theorize hope and optimism; - engage with Black, indigenous, feminist and queer visions/imaginations. Contributors are encouraged to tap into and also make innovative use of the existing literature of ecocriticism, including considerations of eco-narratology (as pioneered by Ecocriticism and Narrative Theory in English Studies). Proposals of 200 words are welcome by April 15, 2021, to which we will respond by April 30, 2021. The publication of the HJEAS issue with the special section Eco-fictions for an Endangered World: The Legitimacy of Hope is planned for Spring 2022. Should we receive a large number of substantial proposals, we might consider publishing the articles as an edited volume of the HJEAS Books series to be published by the University of Debrecen. The journal is very open to this themed block proposal and will work with contributors during these especially difficult pandemic-dominated months. Submit proposals: https://ojs.lib.unideb.hu/hjeas/about/submissions HJEAS seeks to publish the best of Hungarian and international scholarship in all the fields covered by English and American Studies, including but not limited to literature, history, art, philosophy, religion, and theory. HJEAS issues are available on JSTOR, ProQuest and EBSCO, and listed each year in PMLA Annual Bibliography. More information about HJEAS, submission guidelines, and style sheet, please consult: Eva Federmayer, Dr. Habil. Doctoral Program Gender in English and American Literature School of English and American Studies Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary Dorottya Mozes, Ph.D. North American Department Institute of English and American Studies University of Debrecen, Hungary Bendell, Jem. “Deep Adaptation: A Map for Navigating Climate Tragedy.” IFLAS Occasional Paper 2. July 27th, 2018. https://mahb.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/deepadaptation.pdf Accessed 05 Jan 2021. Buell, Lawrence. The Environmental Imagination: Thoreau, Nature Writing, and the Formation of American Culture. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1995. Castoriadis, Cornelius L'Institution imaginaire de la société [The Imaginary Institution of Society], Paris: Seuil, 1975. Daly, Herman E. Steady-State Economics. Washington: Island Press, 1991. Dobson, Andrew. “The Politics of Post-Growth.” John Blewitt and Ray Cunningham, eds. The Post-Growth Project: How the End of Economic Growth Could Bring a Fairer and Happier Society. London: Green House Publishing, 2014. Eckersley, Robyn. Environmentalism and Political Theory: Toward an Ecocentric Approach. Albany: State University of New York, UCL Press, 1992. Haraway, Donna J. Staying with the Trouble. Durham and London: Duke UP, 2016. James, Erin et al. “Ecocriticism and Narrative Theory: An Introduction.” English Studies, vol. 99, no. 4, 2018. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/0013838X.2018.1465255 Accessed 20 May 2009. Worster, Donald, ed. The Ends of the Earth. New York: Cambridge UP, 1988.

Hans Holbein's 16th-century masterpiece, The Dance of Death, reminds its readers that no one, no matter their rank or position, can escape the great leveller, Death. In a foreboding series of woodcuts, Death, depicted as a skeleton, intrudes on the lives of people from every level of society, from the sailor to the judge, the ploughman to the king. By highlighting our common fate, Holbein exposes the folly of greed and ambition, and in doing so brings a corrupt and callous elite crashing back down to earth. In this darkly satirical update, Guardiancartoonist Martin Rowson sharpens and reshapes Holbein's vision for the 21st century. Death seizes the City banker by his braces and offers a light to the oligarch; it joins the surgeon in theatre and the Hollywood star on the red carpet. Filled with wit and doom-laden drama, Martin Rowson's The Dance of Deathis a masterful reimagining of a book which, in its uncompromising treatment of the rich and powerful, paved the way for the great, levelling craft of political cartooning. The Dance Of Death e-Book Download Download The Dance Of Death Book Full Content or read online. Available in PDF, tuebl, mobi, ePub and Kindle. Click Get Book and find your favorite books in the online databases. Register to access unlimited books for 7 day trial, fast download and ads free! Find The Dance Of Death book is in the library. READ as many books as you like (Personal use). Two brothers. One a top FBI agent. The other a brilliant, twisted criminal. An undying hatred between them. Now, a perfect crime. And the ultimate challenge: Stop me if you can... A discussion of Strindberg's dramatic methods and contemporary influence accompanies a translation of his modern masterpiece about conflicts between man and woman. "The German choreographer Kurt Jooss (1901-1979) belonged to a generation of artists who grew up and matured between the two world wars. Jooss was a major innovator in dance and an active participant in Weimar culture. Suzanne K. Walther provides a brief political and cultural history of the Weimar Republic; an overview of dance and choreography during this period leads to a detailed account of the contributions of Rudolf von Laban to German dance and his early association and life-long friendship with Jooss. The author provides complete descriptions and analyses of the four extant Jooss ballets: Pavane on the Death of an Infanta, Big City, A Ball in Old Vienna, and the award-winning anti-war ballet The Green Table. It also provides a full assessment of Jooss's fundamental contributions to the development of German modern dance, his aesthetic legacy, his concern with the social and humanitarian issues of his time, and the lasting influence of his pedagogical methods."--BOOK JACKET.Title Summary field provided by Blackwell North America, Inc. All Rights Reserved Satire that warned of the dangers of the waltz and the immoral effect on women and young girls from their indulgence in this amusement. John Fahey hovers ghostlike in the sound of almost every acoustic guitarist who came after him, from Leo Kottke to Jimmy Page. In essence, John Fahey is to the solo acoustic guitar what Jimi Hendrix was to the electric: the man whom all subsequent musicians had to listen to. Fahey made close to 40 albums between 1959 and his death in 2001, most of them featuring only his solo steel-string guitar. He fused elements of folk, blues, and experimental composition, taking familiar American sounds and recontextualizing them as something entirely new. His artistic voice transformed the cultural landscape of his time--and ours. Yet despite his stature as a groundbreaking visionary, Fahey's intentions--as a man and as an artist--remain largely unexamined. His memoir, How Bluegrass Music Destroyed My Life, was largely fiction; his liner notes were full of half-truths. John Fahey's real story has never been told--until now. Journalist Steve Lowenthal has spent years researching Fahey's life and music, talking with his producers, his friends, his peers, his wives, his business partners, and many others. He describes how Fahey introduced prewar blues records and the men who made them to a broader public; how his independent label Takoma set new standards; how he battled his demons, including stage fright, alcohol, and prescription pills; how he ended up homeless and mentally unbalanced; and how, despite his troubles, he managed to found a new record label, Revenant, that won Grammys and remains critically revered. This portrait of a troubled and troubling man in a constant state of creative flux is the compelling story of a great American outcast. John Fahey hovers ghostlike in the sound of almost every acoustic guitarist who came after him, from Leo Kottke to Jimmy Page. In essence, John Fahey is to the solo acoustic guitar what Jimi Hendrix was to the electric: the man whom all subsequent musicians had to listen to. Fahey made more than forty albums between 1959 and his death i "This volume brings together new editions of both texts of John Lydgate's fifteenth-century poem, The Dance of Death, with related Middle English verse from the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. It also includes a new translation of Lydgate's French source, the Danse macabre. Together, these poems showcase the power and versatility of the danse macabre motif, offering a vivid window into life and death in late medieval Europe. In these poems, we see Death itself help readers remember and process the fundamental paradox of death's universality yet irremediable specificity. In vivid, often grotesque, and darkly humorous terms, these poems ponder life's fundamental paradox: while we know that we all must die, we cannot imagine our own death"-- The Dance of Death By Hans Holbein With an introductory note by Austin Dobson Dance of Death, also called Danse Macabre (from the French language), is an artistic genre of late-medieval allegory on the universality of death: no matter one's station in life, the Dance of Death unites all. The earliest recorded visual example is from the cemetery of the Church of the Holy Innocents in Paris (1424-25). There were also painted schemes in Basel (the earliest dating from c.1440); a series of paintings on canvas by Bernt Notke, in Lubeck (1463); the initial fragment of the original Bernt Notke painting (accomplished at the end of the 15th century) in the St Nicholas' Church, Tallinn, Estonia; the painting at the back wall of the chapel of Sv. Marija na Skrilinama in the Istrian town of Beram (1471), painted by Vincent of Kastav; the painting in the Holy Trinity Church in Hrastovlje in Istria by John of Kastav (1490). There was also a Dance of Death painted in the 1540s on the walls of the cloister of St Paul's Cathedral, London with texts by John Lydgate, which was destroyed in 1549. The deathly horrors of the 14th century-such as recurring famines; the Hundred Years' War in France; and, most of all, the Black Death-were culturally assimilated throughout Europe. The omnipresent possibility of sudden and painful death increased the religious desire for penitence, but it also evoked a hysterical desire for amusement while still possible; a last dance as cold comfort. The danse macabre combines both desires: in many ways similar to the mediaeval mystery plays, the dance-with-death allegory was originally a didactic dialogue poem to remind people of the inevitability of death and to advise them strongly to be prepared at all times for death (see memento mori and Ars moriendi). Elina Gertsman's multifaceted study introduces readers to the imagery and texts of the Dance of Death, an extraordinary subject that first emerged in western European art and literature in the late medieval era. Conceived from the start as an inherently public image, simultaneously intensely personal and widely accessible, the medieval Dance of Death proclaimed the inevitability of death and declared the futility of human ambition. Gertsman inquires into the theological, socio-historic, literary, and artistic contexts of the Dance of Death, exploring it as a site of interaction between text, image, and beholder. Pulling together a wide variety of sources and drawing attention to those images that have slipped through the cracks of the art historical canon, Gertsman examines the visual, textual, aural, pastoral, and performative discourses that informed the creation and reception of the Dance of Death, and proposes different modes of viewing for several paintings, each of which invited the beholder to participate in an active, kinesthetic experience. Second volume is all illustrations, published at the same time, with the same title page, but different spine title. Second volume contains all but one of the illustrations from the main work. - Author : Anonim - Publisher : Slatkine - Release Date : 1975 - Genre : Uncategorized - Pages : 231 - ISBN : 9876543210XXX The Dance of Death by the German artist Hans Holbein is a great, grim triumph of Renaissance woodblock printing. In a series of action-packed scenes, Death intrudes on the everyday lives of people from various levels of society, from pope to physician to ploughman. - Author : Anonim - Publisher : BRILL - Release Date : 2021-04-06 - Genre : Literary Criticism - Pages : 296 - ISBN : 9789004442603 This book combines a scholarly edition of Lydgate’s Dance of Death and the French Danse Macabre poem, and discusses their wider context and historical circumstances of their creation, authorship and visualisation. - Author : Francis Douce - Publisher : Unknown - Release Date : 1833 - Genre : Dance of Death - Pages : 262 - ISBN : OXFORD:N10262594

This article calls scholars and people of the faith communities to look at the ways USA Latinxs imbibe information and how Hebrew Bible/Old Testament can be used as a tool to strengthen biblical education for the purposes of critical political engagement in the age of Trump. According to the 2014 Pew Research Center’s Religious Landscape Study, 77% of USA Latinxs surveyed identify as of a Christian denomination. If broadened out, to gain a general pulse, more than 3 out of 4 Latinxs in the USA are Christ-identified. From the same Religious Landscape Study, over 45% of those Christ-identified claim to read scripture “at least once a week”, 33% claimed they “seldom to never” read scripture. Additionally, 50% of USA Latinxs indicated that they “seldom to never” participate in prayer, scripture study, or religious education groups. This means that of the 3 out of 4 Latinxs that are Christ-identified, most “seldom to never” participate in traditional spaces for encountering scripture. Most significant to this paper, there is no survey data to draw from, thus, illuminating the low percentage of USA Latinxs that are Old Testament or Hebrew Bible literate. This is not surprising because a walk-through of online discussion boards and groups for preachers, pastors, and priests reveals a relevant and debated question. Why don’t pastors or priests preach from the Old Testament regularly? Church leaders themselves recognize a nervousness or unwillingness on their part to engage their Old Testament regularly. For centuries Christ-identified communities cultivated collective sacred spaces in church and home for education and edification. With Old Testament prioritized minimally from clergy, Christ-identifiers do not know how to plumb its pages for the reflection, resilience, and resistance necessary for times such as these. Of the other 1 out of 4 USA Latinxs, it can be estimated that approximately 200,000 of them are Latinxs Jews; according to a 2015 study “[…] carried out by David Ayon, senior strategist for the opinion research group Latino Decisions. Requisitioned by an arm of the American Jewish Committee (AJC) and underwritten by the Ford Foundation […]”. With the strongest surveyed identity marker, 95% of Latinxs Jews in the USA prefer to self-identify first as Jews. Many having undergone a “double-diaspora” with family migrating to Latin America from Europe in the late 19th-century, then migrating to the United States of America only a few generations later. Similarly reported in the aforementioned Pew study, 62% of USA Jews “seldom to never” “participate in prayer, scripture study, and religious education groups.” More specifically, 65% reported that they “seldom to never” read scripture. This data suggests that USA Latinxs have a limited engagement and likely limited literacy in the Hebrew Bible and Old Testament. According to the 2018 Nielsen report Descubrimiento Digital: The Online Lives of Latinx Consumers, “US Hispanics are digitally empowered and rapidly moving to the forefront of technology adoption.” The community is ‘pacesetting’ in the “ […] media universe with social media/apps/mobile video usage, digital music consumption, radio listening, TV viewing, gaming and web activities.” This is not surprising because 60% of the USA Hispanic population, according to the report grew up in the Digital Age. The USA Latinx and Hispanic population is a digitally conversant population. Anecdotally speaking, even though my mother still calls DVDs “CDs” and can’t trouble shoot on the family PC, doesn’t mean her emoji, GIF, and Facetime game are not fierce. Meme is a term established by Richard Dawkins in his 1976 book The Selfish Gene addressing the way cultural information spreads. As internet parlance, it refers to a visio-textual image or video that presents and counter-presents or re-presents at the same time [definition mine]. As early as 1994, Jeff Godwin described in Wired Magazine the process of a meme as “[…] an idea that functions in a mind the same way a gene or virus functions in the body. And an infectious idea, (call it a “viral meme”) may leap from mind to mind, much as viruses leap from body to body.” To give a brief analogy, if in academic and church circles we talk about a community espousing a high-Christology or a low-to-no-Christology, then in knowledge acquisition meme are low-level knowledge acquisition. The encounterer of a meme needs no formal education to comprehend a meme because memes build off general cultural engagement. Encounterers do not have to work for the information. In fact, to make one work too hard to comprehend a meme is detrimental to the meme’s ability to “go viral”—meaning to be easily shared and enjoyed throughout demographic stratum. It’s a cheap education. That is why it is important to bring the strengths and weakness of USA Latinxs together for the education and edification of our people. Here are a few starter memes to transitioning from statistics to engaging visio-textual images. IMAGE SOURCE: Closed Facebook Group for Society of Biblical Literature IMAGE SOURCE: http://www.latina.com/10-best-young-cardi-memes-prove-everyone-needs-little-cardi-b Both memes have their humor rooted in the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament. In both cases there is an image of a child expressing an age appropriate reaction or motion. The text offers a nuance to the visualized expression. In the case of image one, excitement and joy. In the case of image two, in Oakland, Calif. we call it a “snatch and educate”; derived from the colloquialism and action of snatching a wig off someone’s head. A “snatch and educate” is a swift uncovering of the unrevealed and replaced with educative retort. Psalm 8 houses the much-lauded biblical phrase, “Out of the mouth of babes.” Psalm 8:1-2 (NRSV) states, “O LORD, our Sovereign, how majestic is your name in all the earth! You have set your glory above the heavens. 2Out of the mouths of babes and infants you have founded a bulwark because of your foes, to silence the enemy and the avenger.” The verse has been reduced in colloquial parlance to singularly, “out of the mouth of babes” leaving behind the structural emphasis praising God. Many Christ-followers and non-Christ-followers alike have heard and/or used this expression to emphasize a situation or moment when a child has cut right to the point about a circumstance, comment made, event, etc. It is plausible that the prevalence of the colloquial usage is due to poor scriptural education, but potentially equally likely that this sub-category of meme has greater shareable value absent of the requisite indication that the child’s words praise God. Nevertheless, both images present variant options for “easy knowledge” with a laugh, about the capacity of children: excitement on one end; critical look at ethnicity or race, colonization and education, possibly even social justice on the other. Having completed our starter memes, we are now primed to think about the intersection of three categories: 1) social media content and culture; 2) Hebrew Bible/Old Testament; and 3) and reflection and resistance. IMAGE SOURCE: https://www.ebaumsworld.com/pictures/racist-oakland-lady-has-become-a-meme/85657295/ Image three juxtaposes two stills from the April 29, 2018 video recorded by Michelle Snider of a Jennifer Schulte, aka BBQ Becky, waiting for Oakland PD to show up to resolve a debate-turned-altercation regarding where charcoal BBQ pits can be set up at historic Lake Merritt. Categorically, the BBQ Becky memes are “narrative and counter-narrative” memes—meaning they visually present an event through a single image or juxtaposed images, with foregrounded text presenting a counter-narrative, regularly for the purposed of humor, mocking, or shaming. In the case of image three, the counter-narrative juxtaposes the gravity of calling the OPD against a debatable cultural taboo of placing raisins in potato salad, a common dish served at BBQs; thus keeping the meme in contextual alignment with the original event. Since the Oscar Grant murder New Year’s Day 2009, Oakland residents have been in an ongoing struggle with OPD about lethal use of force disproportionately used against black and brown residents and the flood of new white residents coming in from other Bay Area cities, and in particular San Francisco, as the cost of living rises in the Bay Area. The effects have created numerous instances of police being called in non-emergent situations by new white residents. At one point the OPD received over 700 calls a day for non-emergent situations about black and brown residents “walking down the street, knocking on a door, not picking up dog poop, […] sales persons knocking on doors, US postal service delivery […]”, and my personal favorite for standing at a bus stop. IMAGE SOURCE: https://www.reddit.com/r/PoliticalHumor/comments/8yrl1i/collect_em_all/ Jennifer Schulte was the first of a series of incidents of similar non-emergent police calls made across the USS Spring and Summer 2018. Each receiving an internet hashtag and pithy pseudonym as an uptick of “existing while black” events went viral. Within only days, social critique developed and surfaced on Twitter. IMAGE SOURCE: https://www.bbc.com/news/newsbeat-44167760 What emerged were threads of historic moments, culturally significant spaces, and notable entertainment media for black Americans with BBQ Becky photoshopped into the image. The threads as evolving counter-narratives transform BBQ Becky from her Spring 2018 reception as gentrifier with overtones of racist and general fun-hater, to a stand in for colonialism, Jim Crow, and white supremacy. BBQ Becky memes almost “broke the internet” because of their capacity to critique the subaltern black American political existence while laughing at the absurdity of Trump-era “existing while black” events without ever looking away from growing threats against black life. The Hebrew Bible and Old Testament differ categorically as theological literature. Canonical arrangement of the Hebrew Bible for example tells a story that ends at the book of Chronicles with Israel outside of their land. The Old Testament, on the other hand, tells a story that ends with the book of Malachi anticipating the coming “Day of the Lord”. Canonical arrangement, with some help from internet parlance, functions like a thread with each work having its own construction and context, but also responding to the presence of other works. At a macro-level canonical structure mimics the theological narratives which are fully differentiated in the lived religions of Judaism and Christianity. Jewish and Christ-identified USA Latinxs have lived different socio-political narratives. Yet, in each case, being forced to negotiate the terrain of “foreignness” or “perceived foreignness” with relation to USA soil. Using Hebrew Bible/Old Testament as a newly reimagined place for socio-theological reflection can offer USA Latinxs resistance building strategies grounded in a biblical faith. For example, the book of Nahum is a 7th c. BCE work which celebrates the destruction of the Assyrian city of Nineveh. At least two hundred years later, the book of Jonah emerges as a 5th c. BCE work, though set in the 8th c. BCE, that calls the prophet to bring an oracle of salvation to the same Ninevites. Each work negotiating the place of empire, power, and most pertinent to this paper, foreignness and foes. Similarly, the books of Ezra and Ruth, this time as products of the same period—that is, post-exilic age of temple reconstruction—negotiate empire, power, and the debated status of foreign wives for Israelites. Starter reflection questions could be: How ought we act toward those we perceive as a threat socio-politically? How ought we act toward those we perceive as a threat at the heart of our self-identification? IMAGE SOURCE: https://thesocietypages.org/socimages/2018/05/29/summer-reading-with-bbq-becky/ Image six is a meme with no words. BBQ Becky was photoshopped into a still from the movie Black Panther, directed by Oakland native Ryan Coogler. The mythical land of Wakanda at the heart of the Black Panther comics and movie, visualize an African country never touched by European colonialism, a unicorn of nationhood. Juxtaposition of these two images empowered the counter-narrative action undertaken by Oakland residents and organized via social media in the days following this event. The imaginative space of self-definition, where a false narrative is rejected emerged as communal resistance, as celebration. Oakland held a city BBQ to celebrate its rich black heritage in the exact spot at Lake Merritt where the altercation happened. Similar strategies were used by USA Latinxs weeks later, when on May 16, 2018 Aaron Schlossberg, aka Taco Tom, of Manhattan accosted two Latinxs for speaking Spanish in the United States of America and threated to call immigration, essentially threatening forced deportation. Celebration as resistance strategy was deployed swiftly via food, music, and dancing in front of his apartment building, inverting the threat of displacement. As the “pacesetters” in the “media universe” and as a digitally conversant population, we learned how to strategize deployment of an imaginative space of self-definition, where a false narrative is rejected for the emergence of communal resistance as celebration. We need to track and integrate social media into how we evaluate shifts in our political threats and agency; noting rather than dismissing the quick lessons USA Latinxs are encountering, consuming, and promulgating in the viral spread of these stories leading to action. Hebrew Bible/Old Testament at its macro-levels offers an underutilized conversation partner for critical events of today. USA Latinxs are not learning our theological lessons at church or synagogue at the rate they had in the past. At this moment I am reminded of one thread contributing to the rise of biblical wisdom literature, a need to not completely lose our youth to the culture of our oppressors.

Mindfulness books for kids are all the rage to teach children to be calm, present and focused. And guess what? We’ve curated a list of our favorites. Check it out! *This post contains affiliate links. Mindfulness Books for Kids: An Introduction “I DON’T LIKE THIS DINNER!” Bo shouted. It was quite a tantrum, because – gasp! – I was making him eat chicken and not his beloved macaroni and cheese. His face was tomato red, cheeks smeared with tears. Then suddenly, Bo threw his glasses on the floor, squeezed his fists tightly together at his sides… and began to take deep breaths. The inhales and exhales were shaky at first, and he did it super fast like he was trying to defy everything I’d taught him from our exercises. But eventually those breaths slowed… and so did his tantrum. I was floored. To be perfectly honest, this level of self-regulation doesn’t happen often — after all, Bo is only four. Our mindfulness practice is a work in progress, but every so often, I see results, and let me tell you — I will gladly take these small victories! So how did this happen?? Mindfulness Books for Kids Help Control those Big Emotions There is a growing movement to get mindfulness books for kids out into the world, and I can’t tell you how happy this makes me. As someone who has experienced challenges with anxiety, I didn’t begin meditating until I was an adult, and I wish it had been sooner. The benefits have been tremendous. I want my kids to learn what I wish I had learned as a child, and now, with this movement spreading rapidly from coast to coast, I have books to help me help my boys learn the art of mindfulness. Mindfulness is the notion of being wholly engaged in the present with full acceptance and without judgment of our feelings. It is a mental state achieved by being entirely focused on the here and now, allowing you to calmly notice and acknowledge your emotions. Why is cultivating a mindfulness practice so beneficial to kids? Mindfulness is proven to help reduce anxiety. It promotes happiness, empathy, confidence and self-regulation. When we help children focus on rhythmic, mindful breathing, we teach them to pay attention to the present moment. This helps kids cultivate the ability to address their big emotions while at the same time teaching them that however uncomfortable their feelings may be, they too, shall pass. If we can stay present and fully engaged in what we are doing at any given time, it helps us refrain from feeling overwhelmed by, or engrossed in, negative thoughts. Mindfulness is scientifically proven to have positive effects on both the brain and body, and when kids learn to be kinder to themselves, they are more inclined to be kind to those around them too. So how do we foster mindfulness in our kids? Use Mindfulness Books for Kids to Teach Breathing Exercises and the Importance of Staying Present Read with your kids! The children’s literature industry has wholeheartedly embraced the benefits of mindfulness for our little ones, and there are currently so many stellar books to help guide you on this journey. Mindfulness books for kids will: explain the notion of mindfulness in a manner that is age appropriate for children; help you establish breathing practices with your kids by teaching different mindfulness exercises, enabling children to manage their bodies, breath and big emotions; teach them yoga and other movement exercises to help them achieve calm and focus; and convey the importance of focusing on the present moment. And don’t forget that we, the adults, need to model mindfulness for our kids! So put down your phones, engage in meaningful exchanges with your little ones, spend time doing things that require focus, and try to recognize — and then change — distracting habits. I promise that if you begin to establish a mindfulness practice in your home by incorporating some of these books and exercises into your reading routines, you will eventually be able to stop those tantrums — about not having macaroni and cheese, not wanting to put on that coat, not wanting to buckle that seatbelt — before they get the best of all of you. RELATED: We’ve got all of the best children’s books for you on Happily Ever Elephants, so make sure to check ’em out! Mindfulness Books For Kids – Breathing & Mindfulness Exercises Breathe and Be: A Book of Mindfulness Poems, by Kate Coombs and illustrated by Anna Laitinen: This book of poetry is absolutely stunning. From listening to thunder crash, imagining yourself as a river of peace, and watching waves drifting on water, this book beautifully helps children visualize and connect with the natural world as they begin to learn mindfulness. My Magic Breath: Finding Calm Through Mindful Breathing, by Nick Ortner and Alison Taylor and illustrated by Michelle Polizzi: This is such a fabulous, unique interactive book that allows kids to learn how their breathing can steer away bad thoughts and bring in happy ones. It is an empowering story, one we love for the way it speaks so authentically to children and helps them recognize they have tremendous control over their emotional being. I am Peace, by Peter Reynolds and illustrated by Susan Verde: This dynamic duo can do no wrong. I love the way this book helps children focus on the present moment and encourages self awareness. I am Peace reminds us to breathe and to use our senses to ground us in the here and now. It includes a fabulous guided mediation for children, as well as an author’s note on the benefits of mindfulness. We also adore I am Yoga by the same author and illustrator! Meditate with Me: A Step-by-Step Mindfulness Journey, by Mariam Gates and illustrated by Margarita Surnaite: This is an excellent book to guide your kids through a mindfulness meditation. In simple language children will be able to understand, the book provides step-by-step directions for a calming, whole-body practice you can do with your kids at home. I love its simple but powerful repeating refrain: “Breathe in, and fill your whole body. Breathe out, and relax your whole body.” Breathe Like a Bear: 30 Mindful Moments for Kids to Feel Calm and Focused Anytime, Anywhere, by Kira Wiley and illustrated by Anni Betts: I absolutely adore the exercises in this book! Breathe Like a Bear contains short breathing exercises that encourage kids to be present, and it includes imagery that is so accessible to children, such as blowing out candles and imagining they are sleepy lions just waking up from a long slumber. Best of all, due to their brevity, these are fabulous exercises for little ones with short attention spans and are easy to practice anytime, any place. A Handful of Quiet: Happiness in Four Pebbles, by Thich Naht Hanh: This is a fabulous book parents and educators can use to introduce children to meditation. All you need is a quiet space and four pebbles in order to practice “pebble meditation.” The pebbles symbolize flowers, mountains, water and space, with each representing important character traits that we want to celebrate and embody. This book is a bit more challenging and is better suited for mid to older elementary aged kids. Sitting Still Like a Frog, by Eline Snel, with a forward by Jon Kabat-Zinn: This is a fabulous introduction to mindfulness and meditation for both parents and children alike. The book includes simple mindfulness exercises while also describing how mindfulness-based practices can help children self regulate and manage emotions, plus improve focus, anxiety and anger. Included with the book is a CD of exercises spoken by Myla Kabat-Zinn, the wife of Jon Kabat-Zinn, both of whom popularized the notion of mindfulness-based stress reduction. Mindfulness Books for Kids – Yoga Yoga Frog, by Nora Carpenter and illustrated by Mark Chambers: Frog adores yoga, and if you get this fantastic book for your children, your kids will too! Frog will help your kids learn basic yoga poses, from warm up to cool down, teaching little ones how to do mountain and chair pose, downward dog and bridge poses, and ending with happy baby and more to help quiet you down for the day. Such a winner, and we can’t rave about this one enough! Good Night Yoga: A Pose by Pose Bedtime Story, by Mariam Gates and illustrated by Sarah Jane Hinder: This is such a unique bedtime story, telling the story of the world and how all the natural things in our environment get ready to go to sleep at night. Goodnight Yoga teaches children simple yoga poses to relax them before bedtime and it helps little ones focus on self soothing and calming both the body and the mind. A gem! We also love Good Morning Yoga by this same team! Yoga Bug: Simple Poses for Little Ones, by Sarah Jane Hinder: If you want a board book to teach mindfulness, this is the one for you! Perfect for infants and toddlers, this sweet book uses butterflies, grasshoppers, beetles and more to teach your children yoga and mindfulness. It is fun, imaginative, and playful, all while teaching your little ones ten basic poses and movements to help build a foundation in your smallest children. ABC Yoga, by Christiane Engel: We love alphabet books for toddlers here at Happily Ever Elephants, and what better way to learn the ABCs than through a yoga practice? This vibrant book pairs yoga poses with alphabetized animals and objects, with rhymes that explain how little ones can mimic the animals’ poses. There are 26 yoga poses named to correspond to the alphabet, and a helpful parent guide in the back identifies each pose by its proper name. Such fun! You Are a Lion! And Other Fun Yoga Poses, by Taeeun Yoo: Flutter like a butterfly! Roar like a lion! Hiss like a snake! This gentle introduction to yoga is perfect for children, with great illustrations and easy to follow text that allows kids new to yoga to follow along easily. At once artful and lyrical, we love the way this book encourages both movement and imagination. Mindfulness Books for Kids – Focusing on the Present & Self Empowerment Here and Now, by Julia Denos and illustrated by E.B. Goodale: Oh my goodness, how I love this beauty! This stunning read encourages children (and, let’s be honest — adults, too!) to stop and truly contemplate where they are and what is happening around them. It inspires kids to think about the bed they may be sitting on, the soft blanket touching their face, the warmth of a caregiver snuggled next to them, the sound of the voice reading to them, and the whir of the ceiling fan above them. It is a reminder to slow down, an ode to connection, and a testament to the power of being wholly engaged in the present moment. An absolute treasure that I am so thrilled to add to our bookshelves both at home and school! Quiet, by Tomie dePaola: This is one of those beautiful, contemplative books that reminds us how we are not only all intertwined but deeply connected to the natural world as well. With life in such a hurry, sometimes we need to take a moment to sit and just be… and this book encourages that exact behavior. Sometimes we need a gentle reminder to sit calmly with our breathe and focus on the present, and this lovely book reminds us just how special — and important — mindful behavior can be. I am a Warrior Goddess, by Jennifer Adams and illustrated by Carme Lemniscates: This stunning, empowering book is a beauty for young girls (and boys too!), showing how we can delight in everyday miracles, greet our world with kindness, and train our minds to be strong without having to display aggression. Every day we are given opportunities to make positive impacts, and this book conveys this message through the beautiful interplay between prose and illustrations. Now, by Antoinette Portis: This book is deceptively simple but oh-so-powerful. It takes readers on a journey with a lively child who is showing us her favorite things – all of the things she is recognizing and noticing in the present. I love the way this story truly encourages kids to engage with the world around them and relish in life’s small, every day miracles. A lovely story to remind us of the importance of staying grounded in the here and now. What Does it Mean to Be Present, by Rana DiOiro and illustrated by Eliza Wheeler: Oh how I wish everyone could read this book! This sweet story reminds us that being present isn’t just about being in a room or simply showing up. Instead, it is about listening, noticing when someone needs help, waiting patiently for a turn, and focusing on what is happening before you at a particular moment in time. A fabulous walk through of being present with a group of children, this is a valuable book to teach this important to little ones! Mindfulness Books for Kids – Stories About Mindfulness in Action Anh’s Anger, by Gail Silver and illustrated by Christianne Kromer: This is a powerful book about a young boy who blows up after his grandfather tells him to stop playing because it is dinner time. When Anh is sent to his room to sit with his anger, the reader is taken on Anh’s journey as he grapples with this big emotion and eventually learns how mindful breathing can help transform and control his feelings. This is such a good read for those of us parents and teachers dealing with tantrums on the regular! The Lemonade Hurricane, by Licia Moreli and illustrated by Jennifer E. Morris: Emma doesn’t like hurricanes. But her little brother Henry IS a hurricane, never sitting still and always storming through the house. By showing him how to sit calmly and breathe, Emma is able to tame hurricane Henry. This is a great story to convey how mindful breathing can calm even the most turbulent kids. Moody Cow Meditates, by Kerry Lee MacLean: Peter the cow is having a rotten day. So rotten, in fact, that he misses the bus, falls off his bike, and loses his temper, too. To make matters even worse, the other kids have started to tease Peter and call him Moody Cow! Leave it to Peter’s grandfather to save the say, teaching Moody Cow how to settle his thoughts and how to calm down through a simple exercise. We love this one for the way it shows meditation in action, showing kids exactly how meditation can help them handle common, negative emotions. The Happiest Tree, a Yoga Story by Uma Krishnaswami and illustrated by Ruth Jeyaveeran: Meena, a young girl, is horribly embarrassed by her clumsiness and lack of coordination. She wants to be in the school play, but she’s nervous. What does she do? She begins a yoga practice, and as it grows, so does her confidence. With a simple introduction to Indian culture and a plot showing how yoga can be used to help kids with common challenges, this one is a winner!

United States Senate The United States Senate is the upper house of the United States Congress, the lower house being the United States House of Representatives. The U.S. Senate is composed of 100 Senators, two from each of the 50 states. The Senate convenes in Washington, D.C.. As of 2021, Democrats control the Senate, with 48 Democrats, 50 Republicans, and 2 Independents, including Bernie Sanders and Angus King, who vote and caucus with the Democrat Party. The U.S. Senate, along with the House in a joint session of Congress held on January 6, 2021, accepts or rejects the Electoral College votes for president. If the Senate declines to certify 270 votes for a candidate amid alternate slates of Electors, then the presidential election is transferred to the House to select the president from the top three contenders, with each State having an equal vote, rather than voting by population proportion as the House usually does. On social issues like abortion the U.S. Senate is more liberal than the U.S. House, probably due to the greater influence of the media on the statewide Senate elections. Most votes on controversial issues are along party lines, although a few senators from both parties may cross lines against what their leadership endorses. Due to the clubby nature of the Senate, many bills have bipartisan support among both Republicans and Democrats. Unless rules specify otherwise, the Senate may agree to any question by a majority of Senators voting, if a quorum is present. The Chair puts each question by voice vote unless the "yeas and nays" are requested, in which case a roll call vote occurs. The Senate is named for the Roman Senate, the governing council of ancient Rome. The Latin word means a council of elders, and derives from the same Latin root as senior. Senators are elected by each of the fifty states. They serve for six-year terms, without term limits. Approximately one-third of the Senate comes up for re-election every two years. Although originally elected by the state legislatures, the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913 gave that power to the citizens. If a Senator resigns or dies in office, that state's Governor appoints a temporary Senator to maintain that state's representation. The position of President of the Senate is filled by the Vice President of the United States. The Vice President only votes in the case of a tie. The Senate's current Majority Leader is Democrat Chuck Schumer and the Minority Leader is the Republican Mitch McConnell. Since all 50 states are represented equally in the Senate, because of the federalist principles in the Constitution, it is likely that conservatives will continue to have relatively strong influence in the Senate even if future demographic shifts favor leftist Democrats. Powers of Senate In addition to passing legislation, the Senate also has a number of unique and special powers. - The Senate has the power to try cases of impeachment of federal officials, should such officials be impeached by the House of Representatives. When the President in on trial, such proceedings are overseen by the Chief Justice of the United States. This has happened only three times: the impeachment proceedings of Presidents Andrew Johnson, Bill Clinton, and Donald Trump. None of them were removed from office. (The closest that a President has come to being removed was Richard Nixon; however, realizing that he would likely be removed from office, chose to resign instead.) - The Constitution gives the Senate the power to "advice and consent" appointments made by the President. Major appointments subject to this include heads of Cabinet-level federal departments, Supreme Court justices, U.S. District Court and United States Court of Appeals judges, U.S. Attorneys, ambassadors to foreign powers, high-ranking military commands and certain federal agencies such as NASA or the Environmental Protection Agency. - The Senate ratifies all treaties between the United States and foreign powers. - If there no majority in the Electoral College, the Senate selects the Vice President while the House selects the President. The Senate has only used this power once: in 1837, when it elected Richard Mentor Johnson Vice President after Virginia's delegates to the Electoral College voted for Martin Van Buren but refused to vote for him, giving him one vote shy of a majority. Under the Twelfth Amendment, the Senate elected Johnson 36 to 16 with three abstentions along sharp party lines. - A notable difference between the Senate and the House of Representatives is the ability for the minority to filibuster; in other words, 60 votes are required to force legislation to continue onto a voting period. The filibuster is important to prevent a majority of even 51 to 49 from forcing legislation through. This was crucial during the 110th congress from 2007-2009, where the Democrat Party had a majority of merely 51-49, and if not for the filibuster could have forced potentially harmful legislation through. However, in recent years the filibuster has been watered down. - Democrat Party (Majority): 48 - Republican Party (Minority): 50 - Independent (caucus with Democrats) : 2 Ann Coulter complained that "Republicans lost their majorities in the House and the Senate in 2006, thanks to George W. Bush's highly effective "Keep the Base at Home on Election Day" campaign, which consisted of pushing amnesty for illegal aliens." The Senate has figured very prominently in American literature and especially cinema. Arguably the two most famous motion pictures in which the Senate and/or certain fictitious members of it figure prominently are: - Mr. Smith Goes to Washington, in which an ingenuous interim Senator comes to the Senate and rebels against the graft and chicanery that he discovers there. So accurate were the replicas of the Senate chambers, galleries, and cloakroom that Columbia Pictures Corporation built for the film that visitors to the Senate galleries have often remarked that their visit was like appearing in the movie. - The Manchurian Candidate, in which the wife of one member of the New York State Senate delegation hypnotically orders her son to kill the other member of that delegation, as part of a much larger plot to make her husband President of the United States "with powers that will make martial law seem like anarchy." Official Senate histories The following are published by the Senate Historical Office. - Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, 1774–1989 - Robert C. Byrd. The Senate, 1789–1989. Four volumes. - Vol. I, a chronological series of addresses on the history of the Senate - Vol. II, a topical series of addresses on various aspects of the Senate's operation and powers - Vol. III, Classic Speeches, 1830–1993 - Vol. IV, Historical Statistics, 1789–1992 - Dole, Bob. Historical Almanac of the United States Senate - Hatfield, Mark O., with the Senate Historical Office. Vice Presidents of the United States, 1789–1993 (essays reprinted online) - Frumin, Alan S. Riddick's Senate Procedure. (1992). - Baker, Richard A. The Senate of the United States: A Bicentennial History (1988). - Baker, Richard A., ed., First Among Equals: Outstanding Senate Leaders of the Twentieth Century Congressional Quarterly, 1991. biographies of famous Senators - Barone, Michael, and Grant Ujifusa, The Almanac of American Politics 1976: The Senators, the Representatives and the Governors: Their Records and Election Results, Their States and Districts (1975); new edition every 2 years; latest issue August 2009. - David W. Brady and Mathew D. McCubbins. Party, Process, and Political Change in Congress: New Perspectives on the History of Congress (2002) - Caro, Robert A. The Years of Lyndon Johnson. Vol. 3: Master of the Senate. Knopf, 2002. - Comiskey, Michael. Seeking Justices: The Judging of Supreme Court Nominees U. Press of Kansas, 2004. - Congressional Quarterly Congress and the Nation: 2001–2004: A Review of Government and Politics: 107th and 108th Congresses (2005); massive, highly detailed summary of Congressional activity, as well as major executive and judicial decisions; based on Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report and the annual CQ almanac; (CQ is a private company; it is nonpartisan and relied upon by all Senate watchers) - Congressional Quarterly, Congress and the Nation: 1997–2001 (2002) - Congressional Quarterly. Congress and the Nation: 1993–1996 (1998) - Congressional Quarterly, Congress and the Nation: 1989–1992 (1993) - Congressional Quarterly, Congress and the Nation: 1985–1988 (1989) - Congressional Quarterly, Congress and the Nation: 1981–1984 (1985) - Congressional Quarterly, Congress and the Nation: 1977–1980 (1981) - Congressional Quarterly, Congress and the Nation: 1973–1976 (1977) - Congressional Quarterly, Congress and the Nation: 1969–1972 (1973) - Congressional Quarterly, Congress and the Nation: 1965–1968 (1969) - Congressional Quarterly, Congress and the Nation: 1945–1964 (1965), the first of the series - Cooper, John Milton, Jr. Breaking the Heart of the World: Woodrow Wilson and the Fight for the League of Nations. (2001). - Davidson, Roger H., and Walter J. Oleszek, eds. Congress and Its Members, (CQ, 10th ed. 2007) (Legislative procedure, informal practices, and member information) - Gould, Lewis L. The Most Exclusive Club: A History Of The Modern United States Senate (2005), the best history, by a leading historian - Hernon, Joseph Martin. Profiles in Character: Hubris and Heroism in the U.S. Senate, 1789–1990 (1997). - Hoebeke, C. H. The Road to Mass Democracy: Original Intent and the Seventeenth Amendment. (1995). (popular elections of Senators) - Lee, Frances E. and Oppenheimer, Bruce I. Sizing Up the Senate: The Unequal Consequences of Equal Representation. (1999). 304 pp. - Malsberger, John W. From Obstruction to Moderation: The Transformation of Senate Conservatism, 1938–1952. (2000) - Mann, Robert. The Walls of Jericho: Lyndon Johnson, Hubert Humphrey, Richard Russell and the Struggle for Civil Rights. (1996) - Ritchie, Donald A. Press Gallery: Congress and the Washington Correspondents. (1991). - Ritchie, Donald A. The Congress of the United States: A Student Companion (2nd ed. 2001). - Ritchie, Donald A. Reporting from Washington: The History of the Washington Press Corps (2005). - Rothman, David. Politics and Power the United States Senate 1869–1901 (1966) - Swift, Elaine K. The Making of an American Senate: Reconstitutive Change in Congress, 1787–1841. (1996) - Valeo, Frank. Mike Mansfield, Majority Leader: A Different Kind of Senate, 1961–1976 (1999) Montana Democrat and majority leader - VanBeek, Stephen D. Post-Passage Politics: Bicameral Resolution in Congress. (1995) - Weller, Cecil Edward, Jr. Joe T. Robinson: Always a Loyal Democrat. (1998). (Arkansas Democrat who was Majority leader in 1930s) - Wirls, Daniel and Wirls, Stephen. The Invention of the United States Senate (2004). (Early history) - Zelizer, Julian E. On Capitol Hill : The Struggle to Reform Congress and its Consequences, 1948–2000 (2006) - Zelizer, Julian E., ed. The American Congress: The Building of Democracy (2004) (overview) - Kurtz, Howard (October 12, 2018). Change the rules? Why the Left is slamming the Senate and Electoral College. Fox News. Retrieved October 12, 2018. - Kirkwood, R. Cort (July 18, 2018). Would Demographic Shift Really Be Bad For “Democracy”? The New American. Retrieved October 12, 2018. - Thank these Republicans for Obamacare

Fruit and Vegetable Peels as Efficient Renewable Adsorbents for Removal of Pollutants from Water: A Research Experience for General Chemistry Students Journal of Chemical Education Sustainability is emerging as a prominent curricular initiative at the undergraduate level, and as a result, involving students in real-world problems in the classroom and laboratory is an important goal. The specific problem of a dwindling supply of clean and safe drinking water is also of utmost importance and relevance. This general chemistry laboratory curriculum provides first-year students with an opportunity to design and implement their own experiments that employ fruit and vegetable peels as adsorbents to remove pollutants from water. The project is nine laboratory periods long, with the first 2 weeks devoted to providing students with the necessary tools to perform original research. In the third week, students visit the Dickinson College farm and brainstorm possible hypotheses. Working in pairs, students perform original research in the fourth through sixth weeks and investigate adsorption capacity and percent removal. In the final 3 weeks, students perform calculations and engage in peer review of their posters, which are presented at an all-college public poster session. This project introduces students to UV–vis and AA spectroscopy, making standard solutions and employing Beer’s Law, as well as literature searching and experiment design. If time allows, FTIR spectroscopy may be employed to examine the chemical makeup of the peels. This curriculum can be used in subsets with additional guidance in a standard two-semester introductory course sequence. Samet, Cindy, and Suresh Valiyaveettil. "Fruit and Vegetable Peels as Efficient Renewable Adsorbents for Removal of Pollutants from Water: A Research Experience for General Chemistry Students." Journal of Chemical Education 95, no. 8 (2018): 1354-1358. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jchemed.8b00240