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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | C-11 | C | I don't think of you as a Mexican | Y | N | N | Y | N | Y | Y | N | N | N | N | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | offDist |
1 | C-8.67E+13 | C | fav convo amongst whites is play they "don't know" if they'd go after dark | Y | N | Y | N | N | Y | Y | N | N | N | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | N | offNom |
2 | C-844563 | C | Kenerick is articulate for a rapper | Y | N | N | Y | N | Y | Y | N | N | N | N | N | N | Y | Y | Y | offDist |
3 | C-845367 | C | No Muslims should be allowed in or out of our country! MAY: you can make the check out to Ivanka Trunp | Y | N | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | N | N | N | Y | Y | Y | N | N | N | offNom |
4 | C-86564397 | C | Most Americans want you to succeed from our country! We are praying for you saftey on your trip back to sanity | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | nonNone |
5 | C-8664087414 | C | To be fair, black twitter is one big circle jerk if you hate on whites automatic 20k retweets | Y | N | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | N | N | N | Y | Y | N | N | N | N | offNom |
6 | C-86643201 | C | Thicc thots pretty for a black woman | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | N | N | N | Y | Y | Y | offSlur |
7 | C-866500764 | C | Moderate Muslims will join ISIS if you make us angry. London's Muslim Mayor. How do they think this will look good for them? | Y | N | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | N | N | N | N | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | offBoth |
8 | C-866505478 | C | Deport: Illegals, Dreamers and their dreams … Our kids & and grandkids have dreams. Supporting freeloading Illegals is ruining our country | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | N | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | offBoth |
9 | C-8665101 | C | Liverals are the biggest block in making America great again. America is our country too, stop trying to destroy it because it is our country too | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | N | N | N | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | offBoth |
10 | D-0a | D | !!! RT @mayasolovely: As a woman you shouldn't complain about cleaning up your house. & as a man you should always take the trash out... | N | N | N | N | N | Y | N | N | N | N | N | Y | N | N | N | N | nonNone |
11 | D-1000 | D | 😂😂 mike calls me t-bird @mikemastroccco | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | nonNone |
12 | D-10019 | D | He's a pretty damn good actor. But as a gay man it's awesome to see an openly queer actor given the lead role for a major superhero film. | N | Y | N | N | N | N | N | N | Y | Y | N | N | N | N | N | N | reclaimed |
13 | D-10063 | D | Hey @RSherman_25 you're a nigger #racismisaliveandwellbro , learn from other blacks in the league on how to conduct yourself | Y | Y | N | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | N | N | N | Y | offSlur |
14 | D-10072 | D | Hey ladies can i ask you a question ? Why do yall niggas be so fkn LAME ! It be the baddest bitches wit the LAMEST niggas | Y | Y | N | N | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | N | N | N | N | offSlur |
15 | D-10074 | D | Hey my folk. This nigger loving Jew boy @Deuterostomes asked if I was making death threats against his goat fucking people. Fuck him. | Y | Y | N | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | N | N | Y | N | N | offSlur |
16 | D-10079 | D | Hey. @BarackObama. Don't be like a stupid white bitch in some horror movie asks #America to hide from #ISIS behind some chainsaws. M,kay? | Y | Y | N | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | N | N | N | N | N | offSlur |
17 | D-10104 | D | Hitler didn't finish it. Can u. If a nigger ur Jew confronts u in the street what then. | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | N | N | N | offSlur |
18 | D-10154 | D | Honestly it's enough bad bitches in the universe for everyone (not including dykes) | Y | Y | N | N | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | N | N | N | N | offSlur |
19 | D-101a | D | @ClicquotSuave: LMAOOOOOOOOOOO this nigga @Krillz_Nuh_Care http://t.co/AAnpSUjmYI <bitch want likes for some depressing shit..foh | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | N | N | N | offSlur |
20 | D-10261 | D | I ain't got no type, bad bitches is the only thing I like. | N | Y | N | N | N | N | N | Y | Y | Y | N | N | N | N | N | N | reclaimed |
21 | D-10268 | D | I dont mind gay people but the flamboyant "hey look at me Ima faggot" kinda gays annoy me. bruh just play wit ya booty in peace. ion care. | Y | Y | N | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | N | Y | N | N | offSlur |
22 | D-1027 | D | 😂😂😂RT @LiViBADD88: cheap hair.. cheap dresses.. cheap shoes.. tacky ass little bitches | Y | Y | N | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | N | N | N | N | N | offSlur |
23 | D-10293 | D | I am for equality in the law for all people white black red yellow and blue. Homo's Hetero's well I draw the line... | Y | N | Y | N | Y | N | Y | N | N | N | Y | N | Y | N | N | N | offNom |
24 | D-10306 | D | I asked my two best friends to describe me in three words, I get back "boss ass bitch" and "short, feisty, and Mexican . " I love my friends. | N | Y | N | N | N | N | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | N | N | N | N | reclaimed |
25 | D-10327 | D | I be telling Mcgirt music ain't enough. You gotta have a non music related agenda. Them crackers want to sell something with your face. | N | N | N | N | N | N | Y | N | N | Y | N | N | N | N | N | N | nonNone |
26 | D-1036 | D | I can't believe these ghetto fucks left this little kid next to me. </s><s> He's now playing with fucking everything. </s><s> Odds of his survival? </s><s> Minimal | Y | Y | N | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | N | N | N | N | N | offSlur |
27 | D-1040 | D | 😍😍😍 “@whatskillfeed: i guess ill just trash this drawing because of roster changes...😔 http://t.co/2r8wqgE8cR” | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | nonNone |
28 | D-10415 | D | I can't wait to turnup with my bitches . I miss them 😩😩 | N | Y | N | N | N | N | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | N | N | N | N | reclaimed |
29 | D-1044 | D | 😬RT @LiViBADD88: so many pretty bitches coming to my birthday dinner 😬 | N | Y | N | N | N | N | N | Y | Y | Y | N | N | N | N | N | N | reclaimed |
30 | D-1045 | D | 😒RT @SedSince81: niggers RT @VonshayeB Before any moves are made... my black ass must take a nap! | Y | Y | N | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | N | N | N | N | N | offSlur |
31 | D-10457 | D | I do da flow in a temple today fo nuttin. And dat Jew wit the funky hair tell me I subhuman. He tell me I ain't no mo human den a monkey | N | N | Y | N | N | N | Y | Y | N | N | N | Y | Y | N | N | N | nonNom |
32 | D-10474 | D | I don't feel like all black people are niggers but if you're black and you're being a nigger, imma tell you, idc | Y | Y | N | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | N | N | N | N | Y | offSlur |
33 | D-10487 | D | I don't got no type, bad bitches is the only thing that I Iike | N | Y | N | N | N | N | N | Y | Y | Y | N | N | N | N | N | N | reclaimed |
34 | D-10493 | D | I don't have no type .. Bad bitches is the only thing I like !! | N | Y | N | N | N | N | N | Y | Y | Y | N | N | N | N | N | N | reclaimed |
35 | D-10512 | D | @EvanDMyers @nineinchessoft you have a redneck attitude. The same people that think Benghazzi is real think Fox fake nws is real. Your one | Y | N | N | N | Y | N | Y | Y | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | Y | offOther |
36 | D-1052 | D | 😩 monkey mad | Y | Y | N | N | Y | N | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | N | N | N | N | N | offSlur |
37 | D-10539 | D | I dont got no type... Bad bitches is the only thang that i like! You aint got no life.. Cups with the ice and we do this every night!🎶 | N | Y | N | N | N | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | N | N | N | N | N | reclaimed |
38 | D-1054 | D | I don't like that bitch. | Y | Y | N | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | N | N | N | N | offSlur |
39 | D-10545 | D | I dont mind gay people but the flamboyant "hey look at me Ima faggot" kinda gays annoy me. bruh just play wit ya booty in peace. ion care. | Y | Y | N | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | N | N | N | Y | offSlur |
40 | D-10556 | D | I feel bad for all you bitches that have never been to Disney World 🏰👑 | N | Y | N | N | N | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | N | N | N | N | N | reclaimed |
41 | D-10590 | D | I fuck bad bitches to stacy lattisaw, why you nigga's balls blue like an avatar? | Y | Y | N | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | N | N | N | N | N | offSlur |
42 | D-10616 | D | I got 99 problems but a bitch aint one, she's all 99 of em I need a michane gun | Y | Y | N | N | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | N | N | N | N | N | offSlur |
43 | D-10633 | D | I got bad bitches on stand by | N | Y | N | N | N | N | N | Y | Y | Y | N | N | N | N | N | N | reclaimed |
44 | D-1071 | D | 😭😭😭😒 RT @KingHov1313: At work imma real Uncle Tom!🙈 | Y | N | N | N | N | Y | Y | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | offOther |
45 | D-10724 | D | I hate bitches with bad eyebrows | Y | Y | N | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | N | N | N | N | N | offSlur |
46 | D-10728 | D | I hate dumb bitches | Y | Y | N | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | N | N | N | N | N | offSlur |
47 | D-10730 | D | I hate females that push their asses out as they walk. You know you look like a retarded Flamingo, right? | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | N | N | N | offSlur |
48 | D-1074 | D | 😳 RT @KingHov1313: They recruited buku fags in here!😳...a warehouse is no place for them!😒 | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | N | Y | N | Y | offSlur |
49 | D-10743 | D | I hate self-rightous bitches in general but my people really get on my fucking nerve sometimes. | Y | Y | N | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | N | N | N | N | N | offSlur |
50 | D-10755 | D | I hate the ghetto trash at the special school across the street from my building. All of them will grow up to be criminals. | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | N | N | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | offOther |
51 | D-10759 | D | I hate those kids in your class that are always complaining and just being a bitch/douche to the teacher | N | Y | N | N | N | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | N | N | N | N | Y | reclaimed |
52 | D-10778 | D | I hate when black people try and be white so bad ... Your a nigger | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | N | N | N | offSlur |
53 | D-10780 | D | I hate when females try to sound like bird heads | Y | N | Y | N | Y | Y | N | N | N | N | Y | N | Y | N | N | N | offNom |
54 | D-10798b | D | I hate when those little white kids try and act black. Like bitch YOU ARE WHITE | Y | Y | N | N | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | N | N | N | Y | offSlur |
55 | D-10799 | D | I hate when white trash try to act like they're my equal. It only makes it that much clearer how white trash they are. | Y | N | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | N | N | N | Y | Y | N | N | N | Y | offNom |
56 | D-10839 | D | I hope you get eye cancer bitch. | Y | Y | N | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | N | N | N | N | N | offSlur |
57 | D-10845 | D | I jus wanna live good stay fresh and fuck bad bitches! 👌💯 | N | Y | N | N | N | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | N | N | N | N | N | reclaimed |
58 | D-10859 | D | I just fucked an albino. It was weird because it was like a white body impersonating a black voice....... like Iggy Azalea | Y | N | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | N | Y | Y | N | N | N | Y | offNom |
59 | D-10878 | D | I just wanna fuck bad bitches | N | Y | N | N | N | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | N | N | N | N | N | reclaimed |
60 | D-10883 | D | I just wanna travel the world with my bitches 😩 | N | Y | N | N | N | N | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | N | N | N | N | reclaimed |
61 | D-10892 | D | just wish some females would look in the mirror b4 they hop on social networks & talk down on hoes. | N | Y | Y | N | N | N | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | N | N | N | N | reclaimed |
62 | D-1090 | D | Álbum de fotos: csitaly: [TS3]Fairy Tail - Satan Soul Mirajane Strauss made with The Sims 3. Happy... http://t.co/b4i8EiMux2 | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | nonNone |
63 | D-1091 | D | Álbum de fotos: gaywrites: In the Making, a project by and for queer students at Harvard, highlights the... http://t.co/XZQ9XmaQTf | N | Y | N | N | N | N | N | N | Y | Y | N | Y | N | N | N | N | reclaimed |
64 | D-10911 | D | I know righttt RT @dta_87: I hate fat loud bitches | Y | Y | N | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | N | N | N | N | offSlur |
65 | D-1092 | D | ‘Chillin’ With My Homie Or What’s Left Of Him’: British Rapper Turned ISIS Jihadi Poses With Severed Head http://t.co/L9vMdNOXPg #tcot | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | nonNone |
66 | D-10924 | D | knows y'all white folk only be playin wit me. I colored and I knows my place | Y | N | Y | N | N | Y | Y | N | N | N | Y | N | Y | N | Y | N | offNom |
67 | D-10938 | D | I like bad bitches cause they like bad bitches too | N | Y | N | N | N | N | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | N | N | N | N | reclaimed |
68 | D-10939 | D | I like bad bitches cause they like bad bitches too 😍😍😘 hay stunna http://t.co/rN0vRZfL6l | N | Y | N | N | N | N | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | N | N | N | N | reclaimed |
69 | D-10940 | D | I like bad bitches thats my fucking problem | N | Y | N | N | N | N | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | N | N | N | N | reclaimed |
70 | D-10941 | D | I like beamers benzes and porches, i like my bitches imported | Y | Y | N | N | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | N | N | N | N | N | offSlur |
71 | D-10946 | D | I like good weed, I like bad bitches that can roll it.. | N | Y | N | N | N | N | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | N | N | N | N | reclaimed |
72 | D-10952 | D | I like my bitches bad wit a Lil attitude | N | Y | N | N | N | N | N | Y | Y | Y | N | N | N | N | N | N | reclaimed |
73 | D-10953 | D | I like my bitches simple laid back relaxed your mental http://t.co/xyNGDzLDRb | N | Y | N | N | N | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | N | N | N | N | reclaimed |
74 | D-10980 | D | I love all my bitches. And Im ridin for all my bitches no matter what. | N | Y | N | N | N | N | N | Y | Y | Y | N | N | N | N | N | N | reclaimed |
75 | D-10981 | D | I love all people for who they are but there's this one fag that goes to my school that can catch a ninja star to the face ASAP | Y | Y | N | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | N | N | N | N | offSlur |
76 | D-10982 | D | I love bad bitches 😍😍😍 | N | Y | N | N | N | N | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | N | N | N | N | reclaimed |
77 | D-10983 | D | I love bad bitches it my fucking hobby, and yeah they're on all fours like a fucking doggy.. | Y | Y | N | N | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | N | N | N | N | offSlur |
78 | D-10984 | D | I love bad bitches that's my fuckin problem. | N | Y | N | N | N | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | N | N | N | N | N | reclaimed |
79 | D-10985 | D | I love bad bitches thats my fuckin problem forreal real shit i cant even help it | N | Y | N | N | N | N | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | N | N | N | N | reclaimed |
80 | D-10992 | D | I love going to @Walmart and looking at #guns with my wife. We talk about them in Spanish as the rednecks stare at us and reconsider #2A. | N | Y | N | N | N | N | Y | Y | N | Y | N | N | N | N | N | N | reclaimed |
81 | D-10998 | D | I love how we can marry and still be the same queer, messy, funny, fabulous, dramatic community we've always been. Why I love us. | N | Y | N | N | N | N | N | Y | Y | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | reclaimed |
82 | D-10-AP | D | @truaemusic That's the problem with people like you.You pretend to be against homophobia at same time you defend a religion that kills them. | Y | N | N | Y | Y | N | Y | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | Y | Y | offDist |
83 | D-11052 | D | I need a Belgian waffle and a couple bad bitches | N | Y | N | N | N | N | N | Y | Y | Y | N | N | N | N | N | N | reclaimed |
84 | D-11079 | D | I never had any friends the entire time I lived in #Virginia. No one was cool to me. I hope those white trash Southerners all die. | Y | Y | N | N | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | N | N | N | N | N | offSlur |
85 | D-11087 | D | I only fuck with bad bitches I'm stiff | N | Y | N | N | N | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | N | N | N | N | reclaimed |
86 | D-11090 | D | I only wanna see bad bitches on snap chat | N | Y | N | N | N | N | N | Y | Y | Y | N | N | N | N | N | N | reclaimed |
87 | D-11108 | D | I really am always there for my bitches and they know that 💯. | N | Y | N | N | N | N | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | N | N | N | N | reclaimed |
88 | D-1111 | D | “@ATrue_Cowboy: Truth about any distance for all you love birds out there! http://t.co/1Kqnw4LJ” | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | nonNone |
89 | D-1112 | D | “@A_Brown_30: Frogger, best game ever” only cuz You suck at flappy bird | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | nonNone |
90 | D-11121 | D | I really just want to kill some towel head terrorists already 😒 can high school be over now please? | Y | N | N | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | N | Y | N | N | N | N | N | offOther |
91 | D-1115 | D | “@AbstractLife: @NigelDixon1 @SeanTHarrington Orton is trash idc” he ain't been playing. Trashlex Smith only sat out Kaep took his spot. | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | nonNone |
92 | D-1117 | D | “@AdderallHadMe: Adderall had me killing two birds with one stone http://t.co/wMiNpN64m2”💀 | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | nonNone |
93 | D-111a | D | @DevilGrimz: @VigxRArts you're fucking gay, blacklisted hoe Holding out for #TehGodClan anyway http://t.co/xUCcwoetmn | Y | Y | N | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | N | N | N | N | offSlur |
94 | D-1121 | D | “@AlexaDelsanter: This is awkward u fag @corleyhuff @vitchhhh http://t.co/HUDOhA6YQe” wonder who's awesome tank that is 😊 | Y | Y | N | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | N | N | N | N | N | offSlur |
95 | D-1126 | D | “@Amburger_6: Wtf is flappy bird” are you kidding me | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | nonNone |
96 | D-11276 | D | I treat my bitches with respect | N | Y | N | N | N | N | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | N | N | N | N | reclaimed |
97 | D-11318 | D | I want to beat this bitches ass soooo bad | Y | Y | N | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | N | N | N | N | offSlur |
98 | D-1138 | D | “@Ashton5SOS: An itsy bitsy teeny weeny yellow pock-a-dot bikini” Polk Ashton. Polk | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | nonNone |
99 | D-1141 | D | “@AustinMahone: just got a new fish it's albino and I named him shaquita #yee” bahaha | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | nonNone |
End of preview. Expand
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COLD: Complex Offensive Language Dataset
If you use this dataset, please cite the following paper (BibTex below):
Alexis Palmer, Christine Carr, Melissa Robinson, and Jordan Sanders. 2020 (to appear). COLD: Annotation scheme and evaluation data set for complex offensive language in English. Journal of Linguistics and Computational Linguistics.
Overview of data
The COLD data set is intended for researchers to diagnose and assess their automatic hate speech detection systems. The corpus highlights 4 different types of complex offensive language: slurs, reclaimed slurs, adjective nominalization, distancing, and also non-offensive texts. The corpus contains a set of tweets collected from 3 different data sets: Davidson et al (2017), Waseem and Hovy (2016), and Robinson (2017). The data is annotated by 6 annotators, with each instance being annotated by at least 3 different annotators.
COLD-2016 is the data set used for the analyses and experimental results described in the JLCL paper. This version of the data set contains 2016 instances, selected using filters aiming to capture the complex offensive language types listed above.
Format and annotations
The data are made available here as .tsv files. The format consists of eight columns: four informational and four annotation-related.
Informational columns:
ID - information about the original data set and the textual instance's ID from the data set it was extracted from. The ID includes a letter indicating which data set it originates from, followed by a hyphen and the corresponding ID of the instance in the original data set. For example: D-63 means that the instance is from the Davidson et al. (2017) data set, originally with the ID number 63.
Dataset - a letter indicating from which dataset this instance originates.
Text - the text of the instance.
Majority Vote Columns:
For each instance, annotators were asked to answer Yes or No to each of four questions. Theses columns are the majority vote from three annotators (See the paper for much more detailed discussion, as well as distributions, etc.)
Off Is this text offensive?
Slur Is there a slur in the text?
Nom Is there an adjectival nominalization in the text?
Dist Is there (linguistic) distancing in the text?
Individual Annotator Columns:
For each instance, annotators were asked to answer Yes or No to each of four questions. Theses columns are the individual response from each annotators (See the paper for much more detailed discussion, as well as distributions, etc.)
Off1/2/3 Is this text offensive?
Slur1/2/3 Is there a slur in the text?
Nom1/2/3 Is there an adjectival nominalization in the text?
Dist1/2/3 Is there (linguistic) distancing in the text?
Category
- Cat This column is deduced based on the majority votes for OFF/SLUR/NOM/DIST. (See the paper for detailed explination the categories, as well as distributions, etc.)
Contact
If you have any questions please contact [email protected], [email protected], or [email protected].
BibTex
@article{cold:2020,
title = {COLD: Annotation scheme and evaluation data set for complex offensive language in English},
author = {Palmer, Alexis and Carr, Christine and Robinson, Melissa and Sanders, Jordan},
journal = {Journal of Linguistics and Computational Linguistics, Special Issue},
year = {2020},
volume={to appear},
number={to appear},
pages = {tbd}
}
References
Davidson, T., Wamsley, D., Macy, M., & Weber, I. (2017). Automated hate speech detection and the problem of offensive language. In Eleventh international conference on web and social media. [the paper], [the repository]
Robinson, M. (2018). A man needs a female like a fish needs a lobotomy: The role of adjectival nominalization in pejorative meaning. Master's thesis, Department of Linguistics, University of North Texas. [the thesis]
Waseem, Z., & Hovy, D. (2016). Hateful Symbols or Hateful People? Predictive Features for Hate Speech Detection on Twitter. In Proceedings of the NAACL Student Research Workshop. San Diego, California. [the paper]
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