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find in files using ruby or python

pi know you said you dont feel like writing it yourself but for what its worth it would be very easy using codeoswalkcode you could do something like thisp precoderesults if regexsearch p recompilesearchtext for dir subdirs subfiles in oswalkcdocs2009 for name in fnmatchfiltersubfiles txt fn ospathjoindir name with openfn r as f if regexsearch results fnlineno for lineno line in enumeratef if psearchline else results fnlineno for lineno line in enumeratef if linefindsearchtext gt 0 codepre pthats python btwp

python fast way to remove duplicates in this list

precodegtgtgt a hello hi hello hi how what hello hi how what gtgtgt setmaptuple a sethow what hello hi codepre

most pythonic way to read csv values into dict of lists

pdepending on what type of data youre storing and if youre ok with using numpy a good way to do this can be with a hrefhttpdocsscipyorgdocnumpyreferencegeneratednumpygenfromtxthtml relnofollowcodenumpygenfromtxtcodeap precodeimport numpy as np data npgenfromtxtdatacsv delimiter namestrue codepre pwhat this will do is create a numpy a hrefhttpdocsscipyorgdocnumpyuserbasicsrechtml relnofollowstructured arraya which provides a nice interface for querying the data by header name make sure to use codenamestruecode if you have a header rowp pexample given codedatacsvcode containingp precodeabc 123 456 789 codepre pyou can then access elements withp precodegtgtgt dataa column with header a array 1 4 7 gtgtgt data0 first row 10 20 30 gtgtgt datac2 specific element 90 gtgtgt dataa c two columns array10 30 40 60 70 90 dtypea ltf8 c ltf8 codepre <p><code>genfromtext</code> also provides a way, as you requested, to "format the data being ingested by column up front."</p> <blockquote> <p><strong>converters</strong> : <em>variable, optional</em></p> <p>the set of functions that convert the data of a column to a value. the converters can also be used to provide a default value for missing data: converters = {3: lambda s: float(s or 0)}.</p> </blockquote>

how to reverse string with stride via python string slicing

pyou can bring several ideas to a hrefhttpstackoverflowcomquestions9475241splitpythonstringeverynthcharactersplit a string in piecesa and then reverse each piece and reassemble join the list reversed toop peg using satomacoto answer in a notsoreadable wayp precodejoina1ii21 for i in range0 lena 2 codepre por using fj answer p precodejoinmapjoin zipitera21 codepre pand so on being codeacode your stringp

object does not support item assignment error

pthe error seems clear model objects do not support item assignment codemymodelobjectslatestidfoo barcode will throw this same errorp pits a little confusing that your model instance is called codeprojectformcodep pto reproduce your first block of code in a loop you need to use codesetattrcodep precodefor kv in sessionresultsiteritems setattrprojectform k v codepre

how to use array in django

pyou may be interested in using a a hrefhttpdocsdjangoprojectcomendevrefmodelsfieldscommaseparatedintegerfieldcodecommaseparatedintegerfieldcodeap pif youve got a list of integers like thisp precodemyints 12345 codepre pand a model like thisp precodeclass mymodelmodelsmodel values commaseparatedintegerfieldmaxlength 200 codepre pthen you can save codemyintscode into a codemymodelcode like thisp precodem mymodelvalues joinmyints msave codepre

forgetting to return the result from a function how to prevent this bug

ppylint will sometimes catch this kind of error in particular if you assign to coderesultcode but then never use itp precodepylint zorgpy module zorg w0612 5zorg unused variable result codepre phowever it does not catch the case where you build up coderesultcode in pieces and then forget to return it because then the variable is not unusedp pdepending on many other things though pylint through its static typeanalysis may catch the failure to return a valuep

proper way to migrate ndb model property

pyou can change the classlevel property name while keeping the underlying ndb property name by specifying the strongnamexxstrong param in the property constructorp pso something like this could be donep precodeclass userndbmodel company ndbkeypropertynamecompany repeatedtrue property def companyself return selfcompany companysetter def companyself newcompany selfcompany newcompany codepre pso now anytime you access strongcompanystrong ndb will actually setget strongcompanystrong internally and you dont have to do any data migrationsp

modify an xml file in python

puse elementtreep precodefrom xmletreeelementtree import element subelement comment tostring configure one attribute with set root elementopml rootsetversion 10 rootappendcommentgenerated by elementtreecsvtoxmlpy for pymotw codepre pa hrefhttpbroadcastoreillycom201003pymotwcreatingxmldocumentshtml relnofollowhttpbroadcastoreillycom201003pymotwcreatingxmldocumentshtmlap

why it works about python type conversion

papart from when specifying function arguments codexcode is the same as codexcode so codeint100code is equivalent to codeint100codep pthey even compile to the same bytecodep precodegtgtgt import dis gtgtgt disdislambda int100 1 0 loadglobal 0 int 3 loadconst 1 100 6 callfunction 1 9 returnvalue gtgtgt disdislambda int100 1 0 loadglobal 0 int 3 loadconst 1 100 6 callfunction 1 9 returnvalue codepre

write a comma in csv file using python

puse the proper a hrefhttpdocspythonorgrelease264librarycsvhtmlwriterobjects relnofollowcsv writersap precodegtgtgt import csv gtgtgt spamwriter csvwriteropeneggscsv wb gtgtgt spamwriterwriterowspam lovely spam codepre poutputsp blockquote pspamlovely spamp blockquote

nesting functions in python

pyour problem is that codetxtreversecode does not return the reversed list it returns codenonecodep pie codetxtreversecode reverses your list in placep

python finding the longest sequence with findall

pcoderedotallcode does nothing in this case so ive just taken it out for simplicitys sakep precodegtgtgt import re gtgtgt maxrefindallg fggfggggfggfg keylen gggg codepre pif you need all of them in order of lengthp precodegtgtgt sortedrefindallg fggfggggfggfg keylen reversetrue gggg gg gg g codepre

python builtin types subclassing

pyou need to call the list initializerp precodeclass mylistlist def initself li supermylist selfinitli codepre passigning to codeselfcode in the function just replaces the local variable with the list not assign anything to the instancep precodegtgtgt class mylistlist def initself li supermylist selfinitli gtgtgt ml mylist1 2 3 gtgtgt ml 1 2 3 gtgtgt lenml 3 gtgtgt typeml ltclass mainmylistgt codepre

how to get started with a barebones eclipse pydev

pthe leanest eclipse installation is the a hrefhttpdownloadeclipseorgeclipsedownloadsdrops4r442201502041700 relnofollowplatform runtime binarya at around 50mb look for it in the middle of the page install it and then once in eclipse go to helpinstall new software and use a hrefhttppydevorgupdates relnofollowhttppydevorgupdatesa as link to install pydev and you are done not very hard at all p

replace str method on list object in python

pthis solution works without a wrapper and works if you join two lists by add any operation that modify the list itself will work as expected only functions that return a copy of the list like sorted reveresed will return the native python list which is fine sort and reverse on the other hand operate on the list itself and will keep the typep precodeclass mylistlist def newcls datanone obj supermylist clsnewcls data return obj def strself return mylists listself def addself other return mylistlistself listother gtgtgt l mylistrange5 gtgtgt print l mylist0 1 2 3 4 gtgtgt print l 1 2 mylist0 1 2 3 4 1 2 gtgtgt lsort gtgtgt print l mylist0 1 2 3 4 codepre

how to create a loop from 19 and from az

prather than create a range loop over a emstringem to get individual charactersp precodeimport string for character in stringasciilowercase stringdigits1 print character codepre pthis uses the a hrefhttpsdocspythonorg2librarystringhtmlcodestringcode modulea to grab predefined strings of ascii lowercase letters and digitsp pthe codestringdigits1code slice removes the code0code character to leave just the digits code1code through to code9codep

python for loop with range

pyoure missing the fact that codenumscode is getting filtered on every iteration so on the first iteration all numbers for which x 2 is not 0 which includes 4 are filtered outp pif you put an extra codeprint numscode within the loop after the filter you would see this more clearlyp

script slicing in python

pthis is where list comprehensions become really handyp precodegtgtgt newlist partiye oy vermeyecegimi bilerek sandiga gidecegim gtgtgt print i6 for i in newlist partiy oy vermey bilere sandig gidece codepre pif you wanted to expand itp precodes for i in newlist sappendi6 codepre pits pretty much the same approach as what youre doing but its a little neaterp pwhat youre doing is continually reassigning codeacode to a value so its rather pointless i think you wanted codeaappends6code anyway which adds a value to a list but even then that wont work since youre approaching the solution the wrong way pp

upload file to my dropbox from python script

pthanks to smarx for the answer above i just wanted to clarify for anyone else trying to do this p ol lipmake sure you install the dropbox module first of course codepip install dropboxcode pli lipcreate an app under your own dropbox account in the app console a hrefhttpswwwdropboxcomdevelopersappshttpswwwdropboxcomdevelopersappsapli lipjust for the record i created my app with the followingp pa app type as dropbox api appp pb type of data access as files amp datastoresp pc folder access as my app needs access to files already on dropbox ie permission type as full dropboxpli lipthen click the generate access token button and cutpaste into the python example below in place of codeltauthtokengtcodepli ol pprecodep import dropbox client dropboxclientdropboxclientltauthtokengt print linked account clientaccountinfo f openworkingdrafttxt rb response clientputfilemagnumopustxt f print uploaded response foldermetadata clientmetadata print metadata foldermetadata f metadata clientgetfileandmetadatamagnumopustxt out openmagnumopustxt wb outwritefread outclose print metadata codepre p p

any gotchas using unicodeliterals in python 26

palso take into account that codeunicodeliteralcode will affect codeevalcode but not codereprcode an asymmetric behavior which imho is a bug ie codeevalreprbxa4code wont be equal to codebxa4code as it would with python 3p pideally the following code would be an invariant which should always work for all combinations of codeunicodeliteralscode and python 27 3x usagep precodefrom future import unicodeliterals bstr bxa4 assert evalreprbstr bstr fails in python 27 holds in 31 ustr xa4 assert evalreprustr ustr holds in python 27 and 31 codepre pthe second assertion happens to work since codereprxa4code evaluates to codeuxa4code in python 27p

difference between python lambda functions inside class and def

pyour problem here is the difference between bound methods and functionsp phave a simpler examplep precodeclass someclassobject bound lambda args bound method got formatargs def initself selfunbound lambda args function got formatargs codepre precodegtgtgt c someclass codepre pif we look closely these two functions are not of the same typep precodegtgtgt cbound ltbound method someclassltlambdagt of ltmainsomeclass object at 0xgtgt gtgtgt cunbound ltfunction someclassinitltlocalsgtltlambdagt at 0xgt codepre pand as a result when we call them they receive different argumentsp precodegtgtgt cbound1 2 3 bound method got ltmainsomeclass object at 0xgt 1 2 3 gtgtgt cunbound1 2 3 unbound got 1 2 3 codepre pnotice that only the bound function got a codeselfcode argument passed in p psuptested in 35 27 might have slightly different names for thingssupp

python import vs execfile

panother difference execfile gets a context dictionary the global context by default or a specified dictionary this could allow some strange thingsp pcodedontdothispycodep precode probably not a good thing to do zx1 an expression that involves an undefined field codepre pobviously p precodefrom dontdothis import codepre pfailsp phoweverp precodedx1 execfile dontdothispy d codepre pis ok and results in codedx1 z2codep pnote thatp precodex1 execfile dontdothispy codepre pis ok and results in the variable codezcode being added to the globalsp

finding how many different letters there are in a string in python

ptry looking at the length of the set of lettersp precodelensetyourstring in 8 setlowercase out8 seta c e l o s r w in 9 lensetlowercase out9 8 codepre pnbspp pdont forget to remove spacesp precodein 10 lensetthe quick brown fox jumps over the lazy doglowerreplace out10 26 codepre

can listdisplay in a django modeladmin display attributes of foreignkey fields

pyou can show whatever you want in list display by using a callable it would look like thisp pre def bookauthorobject return objectbookauthor class personadminadminmodeladmin listdisplay bookauthorpre

why are list dict and tuple slower than and

pthe function call requires a variable name lookup followed by a function invocation the function called then creates a list and returns it the list syntax literal gets the interpreter to just make a listp precodegtgtgt import dis gtgtgt foo lambda gtgtgt bar lambda list gtgtgt disdisfoo 1 0 buildlist 0 3 returnvalue gtgtgt disdisbar 1 0 loadglobal 0 list 3 callfunction 0 6 returnvalue gtgtgt codepre

formating string in c

pclosest implementation would bep precodeinclude ltstdiohgt int mainvoid char text100 int var1 10 int var2 45 int var3 76 sprintftext numbers are d d d var1 var2 var3 codepre

is it possible to run function in a subprocess without threading or writing a separate filescript

pi think youre looking for something more like the multiprocessing modulep pa hrefhttpdocspythonorglibrarymultiprocessinghtmltheprocessclasshttpdocspythonorglibrarymultiprocessinghtmltheprocessclassap pthe subprocess module is for spawning processes and doing things with their inputoutput not for running functionsp phere is a codemultiprocessingcode version of your codep precodefrom multiprocessing import process queue def myfunctionq x qputx 100 if name main queue queue p processtargetmyfunction argsqueue 1 pstart pjoin this blocks until the process terminates result queueget print result codepre

chained nested dict get calls in python

phow about using a small helper functionp precodedef getnd path for p in path if p not in d return none d dp return d codepre pand thenp precodegetnm gparents parent child for m in m codepre

python difference between and is not

pcodeiscode tests for object identity but codecode tests for object value equalityp precodein 1 a 3424 in 2 b 3424 in 3 a is b out3 false in 4 a b out4 true codepre

python tuple question

pif you just put code1000code python assumes youre just evaluating the expression as math hence it gets simplified to just 1000 think of the result of code5 1000 4codep pjust as the expression above would get simplified to code1009code here is what your line looks like once things have been simplifiedp precodep multiprocessingprocesstargettimesleep args1000 codepre pyou can see that this is not the same thing at all codeargscode is supposed to be a tuple of arguments not a single integerp pif you put code1000code python can tell you are looking for a tuple which only contains one element since that expression is differentiable from a simple arithmetic expression so you end up passing in the correct thingp

how do i make this list function faster

precodeimport collections def countworddistancesli wordmap collectionsdefaultdictlist for i w in enumerateli 1 wordmapwappendi for k v in wordmapiteritems wordmapk sumvfloatlenv return wordmap codepre pthis makes only one pass through the list and keeps operations to a minimum i timed this on a word list with 11m entries 29k unique words and it was almost twice as fast as patricks answer on a list of 10k words 2k unique it was more than 300x faster than the ops codep pto make python code go faster there are two rules to keep in mind use the best algorithm and avoid python p pon the algorithm front iterating the list once instead of n1 times n number of unique words is the main thing that will speed this up p pon the avoid python front i mean you want your code to be executing in c as much as possible so using codedefaultdictcode is better than a dict where you explicitly check if the key is present codedefaultdictcode does that check for you but does it in c in the python implementation codeenumeratecode is better than codefor i in rangelenlicode again because its fewer python steps and codeenumerateli 1code makes the counting start at 1 instead of having to have a python 1 somewhere in the loopp pedited third rule use pypy my code goes twice as fast on pypy as on 27p

allow all method types in flask route

pyou can change the urlmap directly for this by adding a a hrefhttpwerkzeugpocooorgdocsroutingwerkzeugroutingrulecoderulecodea with no methodsp precodefrom flask import flask request import unittest from werkzeugrouting import rule app flaskname appurlmapaddrule endpointindex appendpointindex def index return requestmethod class testmethodunittesttestcase def setupself selfclient apptestclient def testcustommethodself resp selfclientopen methodbacon selfassertequalbacon respdata if name main unittestmain codepre blockquote pcodemethodscodep pa sequence of http methods this rule applies to if not specified all methods are allowedp blockquote

how to return a static html file as a response in django

pif your css and js files are static dont use django to serve them or a hrefhttpsdocsdjangoprojectcomenstablehowtostaticfiles relnofollowserve them as static filesap pfor your html you could do the same if it is just some fixed file that wont have any dynamic content you could also use a hrefhttpsdocsdjangoprojectcomenstabletopicsclassbasedviews relnofollowgeneric viewsa with the a hrefhttpsdocsdjangoprojectcomenstablerefclassbasedviewstemplateview relnofollowtemplateviewa just add a line like this to your codeurlspycodep precode urlrpathtourl templateviewasviewtemplatenameindexhtml codepre

cascadeforward neural network

pif i understand correctly you want to connect your input layer to both hidden layer and directly to the output layerp pwhat if you simply create an additional fullconnection from input layer to output layer p precodefrom pybrainstructure import feedforwardnetwork n feedforwardnetwork from pybrainstructure import linearlayer sigmoidlayer inlayer linearlayer2 hiddenlayer sigmoidlayer3 outlayer sigmoidlayer1 naddinputmoduleinlayer naddmodulehiddenlayer naddoutputmoduleoutlayer from pybrainstructure import fullconnection intohidden fullconnectioninlayer hiddenlayer hiddentoout fullconnectionhiddenlayer outlayer intoout fullconnectioninlayer outlayer naddconnectionintohidden naddconnectionhiddentoout naddconnectionintoout nsortmodules print n codepre pthis seems to be workingp

generic way to get primary key from declaratively defined instance in sqlalchemy

pyou can use codeinspectioncode for that purposep pa hrefhttpdocssqlalchemyorgenlatestcoreinspectionhtml relnofollowhttpdocssqlalchemyorgenlatestcoreinspectionhtmlap ppassing an instance of a mapped object to inspect returns an codeinstancestatecode describing that object this state also contains the identityp precodebase declarativebase class myclassbase tablename mytable key columninteger primarykeytrue a myclasskey1 from sqlalchemyinspection import inspect pk inspectaidentity print pk codepre pwill givep precode1 codepre psince primary keys can consist of multiple columns the identity in general is a tuple containing all the column values that are part of the primary key in your case thats simply the codekeycodep

non numerical indexing in multidimensional matrices lists

pyou can use a hrefhttppandaspydataorgpandasdocsstablegeneratedpandasdataframelochtml relnofollowcodeloccodeap precodeimport pandas as pd mat pddataframethree a 3 b 6 two a 2 b 5 one a 1 b 4 columns onetwothree print mat one two three a 1 2 3 b 4 5 6 get print matloca three 3 set matloca three 10 print mat one two three a 1 2 10 b 4 5 6 codepre peditp pyou can create a hrefhttppandaspydataorgpandasdocsstabledsintrohtmldataframe relnofollowcodedataframecodea from codenumpy arraycode toop precodeprint arr 1 2 3 4 5 6 mat pddataframearr indexab columnsonetwothree one two three a 1 2 3 b 4 5 6 codepre

how to disable formatting for floatfield in template for django

precode floatvarstringformatf codepre

webpy obtain request headers

pthe a hrefhttpwebpyorgcookbookctxcodewebctxenvcodea structure gives you access to the a hrefhttpwwwpythonorgdevpepspep0333environvariableswsgi environment variablea in wsgi apps the content type header is named codecontenttypecodep precodect webctxenvgetcontenttype codepre

python library to modify mp3 audio without transcoding

pi got three quality answers and i thank you all and upvoted you all for them i havent chosen any as the accepted answer because each addressed one aspect so i wanted to write a summaryp pstrongdo you need to work in mp3strongp ul liptranscoding to pcm and back to mp3 is unlikely to result in a drop in quality pli lipdont optimise audioquality prematurely test it with a simple prototype and listen to itpli ul pstrongworking in mp3strongp ul lipwikipedia has a summary of the a hrefhttpenwikipediaorgwikimp3mp3 file formatapli lipmp3 frames are short 1152 samples or just a few milliseconds allowing for moderate precision at that levelpli liphowever a hrefhttpenwikipediaorgwikimp3wikipediaa warns that frames are not independent items byte reservoir and therefore cannot be extracted on arbitrary frame boundariespli lipexisting libraries are unlikely to be of assistance if i really want to avoid decodingpli ul pstrongworking in pcmstrongp pthere are several libraries at this levelp ul lia hrefhttppymediaorgpymediaali lia hrefhttplamesourceforgenetlameali lia hrefhttpspacepantsorgsrcpymadpymada linux only decoder onlyli ul pstrongworking at a higher levelstrongp ul lipa hrefhttpcode.google.com/p/echo-nest-remix/">echo nest remix api</a> (mac or linux only, at the moment) is an api to a web-service that supports quite sophisticated operations (e.g. finding the locations of music beats and tempo, etc.)</p></li> <li><p><a href="http://mpesch3.de1.cc/mp3dc.html#dwn">mp3directcut</a> (windows only) is a gui that apparently performs the operations i want, but as an app. it is not open-source. (i tried to run it, got an access denied installer error, and didn't follow up. a gui isn't suitably for me, as i want to repeatedly run these operations on a changing library of files.) </p></li> </ul> <p>my plan is now to start out in pymedia, using pcm. thank you all for your assistance.</p>

how do you use initpy

pyou also need to have initpy in a and b directoriesp pfor your example to work first you should add your base directory to the pathp precodeimport sys syspathappend import inittestaaaa codepre

import statement after function definition how can i make it more pythonic

phow about putting the functions in two different modulesp pcodemodule1codep precodeimport win32file def findfilewildcard returns path of the first matched file using win32file gtgtgt findfile1dpython26exe dpython26pythonexe return filepath codepre pcodemodule2codep precodeimport glob def findfilewildcard same as above but using glob return filepath codepre pmain programp precodetry from module1 import findfile except importerror from module2 import findfile codepre

identical error codes

pit appears python is exposing the error code from the os the interpretation of the code is osdependentp p111 is codeeconnrefusedcode on many linux systems and on cygwinp p146 is codeeconnrefusedcode on solarisp p10061 is codewsaeconnrefusedcode in winerrorh its the windows socket apis version of codeeconnrefusedcodep pno doubt on other systems its different againp pthe correct way to handle this is use symbolic comparisons based on the oss definition of codeeconnrefusedcode thats the way you do it in c for example in other words have a constant called econnrefused that has the value of econnrefused for that platform in a platformspecific library which will be necessary to link to the oss socket primitives in any case and compare error codes with the econnrefused constant rather than magic numbersp pi dont know what pythons standard approach to os error codes is i suspect its not terribly well thought outp

python math module

pcodepowcode is built into the languagenot part of the math library the problem is that you havent imported math p ptry thisp precodeimport math mathsqrt4 codepre

what is wrong with my algorithmcode

pin else clause put p precodeconductivitysum0 datapoint0 tempcheck tempi conductivitysumconductivityi datapoint1 codepre pbecause when you go to else clause you miss that particular conductivity of i it doesnt get saved so before moving to next i save that conductivityp

do oo design principles apply to python

pthe biggest differences are that python is duck typed meaning that you wont need to plan out class hierarchies in as much detail as in java and has first class functions the strategy pattern for example becomes much simpler and more obvious when you can just pass a function in rather than having to make interfaces etc just to simulate higher order functions more generally python has syntactic sugar for a lot of common design patterns such as the iterator and the aforementioned strategy it might be useful to understand these patterns ive read head first and found it pretty useful but think about pythonic ways to implement them rather than just doing things the same way you would in javap

using pythons sysargv to return function results to command line

pok i might as well post this as my answer instead of just a commentp pinp precodeprint dictionaryagrv codepre pcodeargvcode is misspelledp pit should be p precodeprint dictionarysysargv codepre palso use codesysargvcode codeargvcode by itself wont sufficep

i dont understand jinja2 call blocks

pthis is the outputp precodeltdiv classdialoggt lth2gthello worldlth2gt ltdiv classcontentsgt this is a simple dialog rendered by using a macro and a call block ltdivgt ltdivgt codepre pso when we call renderdialog we pass hello world as title when it reach codecallercode it passes the contents of the codecallcode blockp

encoding issue with asciisafe file with codec header depending on line count

pthis looks like a regression caused by a hrefhttpbugspythonorgissue20731 relnofollowissue 20731a it looks like the position calculation is assuming there will always be crlf line endings while your file has only got lf characters leading to an incorrect offset a hrefhttpshgpythonorgcpythonfilev352parsertokenizercl510 relnofollowbeing calculated hereap pre classlangc prettyprintoverridecodefd filenotokgtfp due to buffering the file offset for fd can be different from the file position of tokgtfp if tokgtfp was opened in text mode on windows its file position counts crlf as one char and cant be directly mapped to the file offset for fd instead we step back one byte and read to the end of line pos ftelltokgtfp if pos 1 lseekfd offtpos gt 0 pos 1 pos seekset offt1 pyerrsetfromerrnowithfilenamepyexcoserror null goto cleanup codepre pthe problem disappears when you convert your file to use windows crlf line endings but i can understand that for crossplatform scripts thats not a practical solutionp pive filed a hrefhttpbugspythonorgissue27797 relnofollowissue 27797a this should be fixed in python itselfp

fastest way to load a screenshot into memory for cv template matching

pa hrefhttpslaunchpadnetxpresser relnofollowxpressera is a project that works in ubuntu that also uses opencv in the a hrefhttpbazaarlaunchpadnetniemeyerxpressertrunkviewheadxpresserxutilspy relnofollowxutils modulea theres a function to take a screenshot which is as followsp precodedef takescreenshotx0 y0 widthnone heightnone window gtkgdkgetdefaultrootwindow if not width and height size windowgetsize if not width width size0 if not height height size1 pixbuf gtkgdkpixbufgtkgdkcolorspacergb false 8 width height pixbuf pixbufgetfromdrawablewindow windowgetcolormap x y 0 0 width height array pixbufgetpixelsarray return imagescreenshot arrayarray widtharrayshape1 heightarrayshape0 codepre pi hope this helpsp

what is a pythonic way to alter a dict with a key and multiple values to get the desired output

pmaking extensive use of generators and list comprehension you can write it like thisp pre classlangpython prettyprintoverridecodeother other unknown strings denoting noncontries ids seti for ij in mylist all ids in the list known seti for ij in mylist if j not in other ids of real countries outlist k for k in mylist if k1 not in other keep all real countries outlistextendi other0 for i in ids known append other for all ids with no real country codepre pthe result will bep pre classlangpython prettyprintoverridecode10 india 12 usa 12 uk 11 other codepre pif order matters this will mean more workp

trying to catch integrity error with sqlalchemy

pthere might be no database operations until codedbsessioncommitcode therefore the codeintegrityerrorcode is raised later in the stack after the controller code that has codetryexceptcode has already returnedp

how do numpy and gmpy2 compare with gmp in terms of speed

pnumpy and gmpy2 have different purposesp pnumpy has fast numerical libraries but to achieve high performance numpy is effectively restricted to working with vectors or arrays of lowlevel types 16 32 or 64 bit integers or 32 or 64 bit floating point values for example numpy access highly optimized routines written in c or fortran for performing matrix multiplicationp pgmpy2 uses the gmp mpfr and mpc libraries for multipleprecision calculations it isnt targeted towards vector or matrix operationsp pthe python interpreter adds overhead to each call to an external library whether or not the slowdown is significant depends on the how much time is spend by the external library if the running time of the external library is very short say 10e8 seconds then pythons overhead is significant if the running time of the external library is relatively long several seconds or longer then pythons overhead is probably insignificantp psince you havent said what you are trying to accomplish i cant give a better answerp pdisclaimer i maintain gmpy2p

python behavior of string in loop

pyou could use a hrefhttpdocspythonorglibrarystdtypeshtmlstrtitle relnofollowcodetitlecodeap precodegtgtgt s thesethreewords gtgtgt print stitle thesethreewords codepre

pythonregex match in string

pto allow for multiple consecutive matches use lookaheadlookbehindp precoderltdd codepre pexamplep precodegtgtgt refindallrltdd test75678test 56 78 codepre pwe can also use lookahead to perform the split as you want itp precodeimport re def splitits pieces resplitrdd s pieces1 pieces1rsplit 1 split off extension return pieces codepre ptestingp precodegtgtgt print splitittest100csv test1 00 csv gtgtgt print splitittest2wma test2 wma gtgtgt print splitittest31100456jpg test3 1100456 jpg gtgtgt print splitittest456png te.s.t.4', '5,6', 'png'] &gt;&gt;&gt; print split_it('test5,7,8.sss') ['test5,7,8', 'sss'] &gt;&gt;&gt; print split_it('test6.2,3,4.png') ['test6.2,3,4', 'png'] &gt;&gt;&gt; print split_it('test7.5,6.7,8.test') ['test7', '5,6', '7,8', 'test'] </code></pre>

more concise comparison of two lists

puse codeanycode or codeallcode to test respectively if a condition holds for any element or all of the elements in a list coupled with codezipcode to stick together the two lists for example the code in the question can be implemented more concisely like thisp precodenot anyx gt y for x y in zipt1 t2 gt true codepre por equivalently as pointed by squiguy in the commentsp precodeallx lt y for x y in zipt1 t2 gt true codepre

if else in a list comprehension

pyou could move the conditional top precodev 22 13 45 50 98 69 43 44 1 x1 if x gt45 else x5 for x in v codepre pbut its starting to look a little ugly so you might be better off using a normal loop note that i used codevcode instead of codelcode for the list variable to reduce confusion with the number 1 i think codelcode and codeocode should be avoided as variable names under any circumstances even in quickanddirty example codep

with statement backport for python 25

pwithstatement wasnt back ported but implemented in python 25 adding new keywords or syntax can break existing applications with python the way they decided to handle this is allow people to optin to those features early so you can slowly transition your code overp pfrom a hrefhttppythonorgdoc252reffuturehtml relnofollowhttppythonorgdoc252reffuturehtmlap blockquote pa future statement is a directive to the compiler that a particular module should be compiled using syntax or semantics that will be available in a specified future release of python the future statement is intended to ease migration to future versions of python that introduce incompatible changes to the language it allows use of the new features on a permodule basis before the release in which the feature becomes standardp blockquote pyou can actually inspect futures to get information on when first supported when the import isnt needed anymore etcp precodepython 251 r25154863 apr 18 2007 085108 msc v1310 32 bit intel on win32 type help copyright credits or license for more information gtgtgt import future gtgtgt dirfuture cofutureabsoluteimport cofuturedivision cofuturewithstatement cogeneratorallowed conested feature all builtins doc file name absoluteimport allfeaturenames division generators nestedscopes withstatement gtgtgt futurewithstatement feature2 5 0 alpha 1 2 6 0 alpha 0 32768 gtgtgt codepre p>i personally have been heavily using the with_statement in python 2.5 for well over a year and have not had issues. i also transparently run that code with python 2.6. there are some weird corner cases they have worked at cleaning up in the language, mostly related to cleanly and correctly compacting nested with statements.</p>

implementing use of with object as f in custom class in python

pthe first google hit for me explains it simply enoughp pa hrefhttpeffbotorgzonepythonwithstatementhtm relnofollowhttpeffbotorgzonepythonwithstatementhtmap pand the pep explains it more precisely but also more verboselyp pa hrefhttpwwwpythonorgdevpepspep0343 relnofollowhttpwwwpythonorgdevpepspep0343ap

is it possible to colour a specific item in a listbox widget

paccording to the codeeffbotorgcode documentation regarding the a hrefhttpeffbotorgtkinterbooklistboxhtmtkinterlistbox relnofollowcodelistboxcodea widget you cannot change the color of spefic itemsp blockquote pthe listbox can only contain text items and all items must have the same font and colorp blockquote pbut actually you can change both the font and background colors of specific items by using the a hrefhttpeffbotorgtkinterbooklistboxhtmtkinterlistboxitemconfigmethod relnofollowcodeitemconfigcodea method of your codelistboxcode object see the following examplep precodeimport tkinter as tk def demomaster listbox tklistboxmaster listboxpackexpand1 fillboth inserting some items listboxinsertend a list item for item in one two three four listboxinsertend item this changes the background colour of the 2nd item listboxitemconfig1 bgred this changes the font color of the 4th item listboxitemconfig3 fg blue another way to pass the colour listboxitemconfig2 bggreen listboxitemconfig0 foregroundpurple if name main root tktk demoroot rootmainloop codepre

matplotlib quiver and imshow superimposed how can i set two colorbars

psimply call codecolorbarcode twice right after each plotting call pylab will create a new colorbar matching to the latest plot note that as in your example the quiver values range from 01 while the imshow takes negative values for clarity not shown in this example i would use different colormaps to distinguish the two types of plots p precodeimport numpy as np import pylab as plt create some sample data dx nplinspace0120 xy npmeshgriddxdx z x2 y z2 x pltimshowz pltcolorbar pltquiverxyz2width01linewidth1 pltcolorbar pltshow codepre pimg srchttpistackimgurcom3fv8ipng altenter image description herep

delay a task until certain time

pyou could instead use the codepausecode package a hrefhttpspypipythonorgpypipause012 relnofollowhttpspypipythonorgpypipause012a taking an example from their documentation p precodeimport pause datetime dt datetimedatetime2013 6 2 14 36 34 383752 pauseuntildt codepre

convert unicode codepoint to utf8 hex in python

precodedatafromfileufd9b unicodedatafromfileunicodeescapeencodeutf8 codepre

how to make menuaddcommand work in tkinter on the mac

pi dont think you can do that with the native aqua tk on os x and you probably shouldnt try os x native menus dont work like that and tk tries to follow apples a hrefhttpsdeveloperapplecomlibrarymacdocumentationuserexperienceconceptualosxhiguidelinesmenuappearancebehaviorhtmlapplerefdocuid20000957ch23sw1 relnofollowhuman interface guide for menusa you need to have a menu bar with dropdown emcascadesem p pthe codetkdocscode website has a good introduction to a hrefhttpwwwtkdocscomtutorialmenushtml relnofollowtk menus and their platform differencesa you emcouldem use an x11based tk on os x but that is not recommended as apple does not ship x11 servers anymore with os x and your app would look and behave oddly for os x usersp

python help reading csv file failing due to lineendings

pthe two occurrences of xd5 in line 194 and the last line have nothing to do with the problemp pthe problem appears to be a bug or a misleading error message or incorrectvague documentation in the python 26 csv modulep pin the file the lines are terminated by x0d aka r in the classic mac tradition the last line is not terminated but that is nothing to do with the problemp pthe a hrefhttpdocspythonorglibrarycsvhtmlcsvreaderdocs for csvreadera say if csvfile is a file object it must be opened with the b flag on platforms where that makes a difference it is widely known that it does make a difference on windows however opening the file with rb or r makes no difference in this case still the same error messagep pthe a hrefhttpdocspythonorglibrarycsvhtmlcsvdialectlineterminatordocs for csvdialectlineterminatora say the string used to terminate lines produced by the writer it defaults to rn note the reader is hardcoded to recognise either r or n as endofline and ignores lineterminator this behavior may change in the future it appears to be recognising r as newline but not as endoflineendoffieldp pthe error message csverror newline character seen in unquoted field do you need to open the file in universalnewline mode is confusing its recognised r as a newline but its not treating newline as an endof line and thus implicitly endoffield p pit appears necessary to open the file in ru mode to get it to work its not apparent why the same r recognised in universalnewline mode is any betterp

how to convert colors into strings with the same size

passuming you are using python 26 or newer you can use a hrefhttpdocspythonorglibrarystdtypeshtmlstrformat relnofollowcodestrformatcodeap precodeprint 002102202formatselfr selfg selfb codepre pif you want hexadecimal probably you do then add an xp precodeprint 002x102x202xformatselfr selfg selfb codepre

writing header with dictwriter from pythons csv module

pa few optionsp p1 laboriously make an identitymapping ie donothing dict out of your fieldnames so that csvdictwriter can convert it back to a list and pass it to a csvwriter instance p p2 the documentation mentions the underlying codewritercode instance so just use it example at the endp precodedwwriterwriterowdwfieldnames codepre p3 avoid the csvdictwriter overhead and do it yourself with csvwriterp pwriting datap precodewwriterowdk for k in fieldnames codepre porp precodewwriterowdgetk restval for k in fieldnames codepre pinstead of the codeextrasactioncode functionality id prefer to code it myself that way you can report all extras with the keys and values not just the first extra key what is a real nuisance with dictwriter is that if youve verified the keys yourself as each dict was being built you need to remember to use extrasactionignore otherwise its going to slowly fieldnames is a list repeat the checkp precodewrongfields k for k in rowdict if k not in selffieldnames codepre pp precodegtgtgt f opencsvtestcsv wb gtgtgt import csv gtgtgt fns foo bar zotsplit gtgtgt dw csvdictwriterf fns restvalhuh dwwritefieldnamesfns no such animal gtgtgt dwwriterowfns no such luck it cant imagine what to do with a list traceback most recent call last file ltstdingt line 1 in ltmodulegt; file "c:\python26\lib\csv.py", line 144, in writerow return self.writer.writerow(self._dict_to_list(rowdict)) file "c:\python26\lib\csv.py", line 141, in _dict_to_list return [rowdict.get(key, self.restval) for key in self.fieldnames] attributeerror: 'list' object has no attribute 'get' &gt;&gt;&gt; dir(dw) ['__doc__', '__init__', '__module__', '_dict_to_list', 'extrasaction', 'fieldnam es', 'restval', 'writer', 'writerow', 'writerows'] # eureka &gt;&gt;&gt; dw.writer.writerow(dw.fieldnames) &gt;&gt;&gt; dw.writerow({'foo':'oof'}) &gt;&gt;&gt; f.close() &gt;&gt;&gt; open('csvtest.csv', 'rb').read() 'foo,bar,zot\r\noof,huh?,huh?\r\n' &gt;&gt;&gt; </code></pre>

how to create objects on the fly in python

puse a hrefhttpdocspythonorglibrarycollectionshtmlcollectionsnamedtuplecodecollectionsnamedtuplecodeap

python fabric passing host as arguemnt

precodefabfilepy from fabricapi import run env envuser root envkeyfilename homeubuntusshidrsa def test runmkdir p homeubuntu fabric fab test h 111111111111 gtgtgt1921689920 executing task test gtgtgt1921689920 run mkdir p homeubuntu gtgtgt gtgtgtdone codepre ph opstion sets envhosts to the given commadelimited list of host strings please check a hrefhttpdocsfabfileorgen16usagefabhtml relnofollowherea for detailed fab command usagp por like thisp precodefabfilepy def setenvhostnone if host is not none envhosts host envuser ubuntu envkeyfilename homeubuntusshidrsa def test runmkdir p homeubuntu fabric fab setenvweb01 test snip codepre

how to login users with email and log them out with django rest framework json web tokens

ol liwhen using jwt for authentication youd usually store the token in the browsers localstorage or sessionstorage to logout you just remove the token theres nothing else to invalidateli lione of the benefits of using this kind of approach for authentication is that tokens are not persisted in the database so you dont have to query a session store for anything when authenticatingli lithis should be possible with a custom django authentication backend as wellli ol

performance searching a string in a text file python

precodecounterword for word in mytext if word in mydates codepre pi think would work quickly well on ishp

writing list of dict into file in python

pheres a way to write out the data using a dynamic list of headersp precodenewlist tablea columnc1 datatypeint tablea columnc2 datatypevarchar tablea columnc2 datatypenumeric header newlist0keys with openmyloglog w as log logwritejoinheader logwriten for data in newlist logwritejoindatah for h in header logwriten codepre

in python assign a value based on dictionary mapping

pyou reassigned codepoz0code to a different object namely the value of codesome value str0code the assignment operator codecode does not modify codepoz0codes value but changing the binding in the codedictcodep

how to avoid slack command timeout error

paccording to the slack a hrefhttpsapislackcomslashcommandsrespondingtoacommandslash command documentationa you need to respond within 3000ms three seconds if your command takes longer then you get the codetimeout was reachedcode error your code obviously wont stop running but the user wont get any response to their commandp pthree seconds is fine for a quick thing where your command has instant access to data but might not be long enough if youre calling out to external apis or doing something complicated if you emdoem need to take longer then see the emdelayed responses and multiple responsesem section of the documentationp ol livalidate the request is okayli lireturn a code200code response immediately maybe something along the lines of codetext ok got thatcodeli ligo and perform the actual action you want to doli liin the original request you get passed a unique coderesponseurlcode parameter make a codepostcode request to that url with your followup message ul licodecontenttypecode needs to be codeapplicationjsoncodeli liwith the body as a jsonencoded message codetext all done codeli liyou can return ephemeral or inchannel responses and add attachments the same as the immediate approachli ulli ol paccording to the docs you can respond to a user commands up to 5 times within 30 minutes of the users invocationp

how to set utc offset for datetime

pthe a hrefhttpdocspythonorg2librarydatetimehtml relnofollowcodedatetimecode module documentationa contains an example codetzinfocode class that represents a fixed offsetp precodezero timedelta0 a class building tzinfo objects for fixedoffset time zones note that fixedoffset0 utc is a different way to build a utc tzinfo object class fixedoffsettzinfo fixed offset in minutes east from utc def initself offset name selfoffset timedeltaminutes offset selfname name def utcoffsetself dt return selfoffset def tznameself dt return selfname def dstself dt return zero codepre

is there a standard function to iterate over base classes

pthere is a method that can return them all in method resolution order mro codeinspectgetmrocode see herep pa hrefhttpdocspythonorglibraryinspecthtmlinspectgetmrohttpdocspythonorglibraryinspecthtmlinspectgetmroap pit returns them as a tuple which you can then iterate over in a single loop yourselfp precodeimport inspect for baseclass in inspectgetmrofoo do something codepre pthis has the side benefit of only yielding each base class once even if you have diamondpatterned inheritancep

python why do some packages get installed as eggs and some as egg folders

pa single egg file is in fact a zip archive with a particular directory structure inside per the a hrefhttpdocspythonorglibraryzipimporthtml relnofollowzipimporta documentation only codepycode codepyccode and codepyocode files can be imported from zip files so if the package needs to import other kinds of module resources like compiled c code codesocode files codepydcode files it wont work as a zip filep pi dont know if this is the emonlyem reason that some eggs wont work as zip archives but i think it is the main reasonp

how to access index in a pandas hdstore pytables

pthe multiindex example from the a hrefhttppandaspydataorgpandasdocsdeviohtmlstoringmultiindexdataframes relnofollowdocsap precodein 21 index multiindexlevelsfoo bar baz qux one two three labels0 0 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 3 0 1 2 0 1 1 2 0 1 2 namesfoo bar in 22 dfmi dataframenprandomrandn10 3 indexindexcolumnsa b c in 23 dfmi out23 a b c foo bar foo one 0385666 0013980 1787451 two 0190728 0574169 0115581 three 0823308 1845204 0603430 bar one 0863913 1544945 0598322 two 0941484 1080205 0086216 baz two 0510657 0205781 1747204 three 1322135 1131720 0838862 qux one 0346890 0905762 0348206 two 1378711 0751701 2229486 three 0120956 0535718 0344610 codepre pstore in table format note that in 013 you will pass codeformattablecodep precodein 24 dfmitohdftesth5dfmitabletruemodew codepre pto retrieve a single column the mi are stored as columnsp precodein 25 store pdhdfstoretesth5 in [26]: store.select_column('df_mi','foo') out[26]: 0 foo 1 foo 2 foo 3 bar 4 bar 5 baz 6 baz 7 qux 8 qux 9 qux dtype: object in [30]: store.select_column('df_mi','bar') out[30]: 0 one 1 two 2 three 3 one 4 two 5 two 6 three 7 one 8 two 9 three dtype: object in [31]: store.close() </code></pre>

is any elegant way to make a list contains some integers to become a list contains some tuples

precodea2i a2i1 for i in rangelena2 codepre pthis is of course assuming that lena is an even numberp

accessing a value in a tuple that is in a list

pa list comprehension is absolutely the way to do this another way that emshouldem be faster is codemapcode and codeitemgettercodep precodeimport operator newlist mapoperatoritemgetter1 oldlist codepre pin response to the comment that the op couldnt find an answer on google ill point out a super naive way to do itp precodenewlist for item in oldlist newlistappenditem1 codepre pthis usesp ol lideclaring a variable to reference an empty listli lia for loopli licalling the codeappendcode method on a listli ol pif somebody is trying to learn a language and cant put together these basic pieces for themselves then they need to emview it as an exerciseem and do it themselves even if it takes twenty hoursp pone needs to learn how to emthink about what one wantsem and compare that to emthe available toolsem every element in my second answer should be covered in a basic tutorial strongyou cannot learn to program without reading onestrongp

python sort a list by most comment element

pif your list contains other lists you could convert nested lists to tuples first before countingp precodefrom collections import counter printcounterlistoftuplesmostcommon printcountermaptuple listoflistsmostcommon codepre

how do i write json data to a file in python

precodejsondumpdata opendatatxt wb codepre

regular expression matching all but a string

pyou can make use of negative look aheadsp pfor examplep precodegtgtgt refindallraabb string a bc def ghij codepre hr ul lipcodecode matches codecodepli lipcodeaabbcode negative lookahead checks if codecode is not followed by codeaacode or codebbcodepli lipcodecode matches ony or more character other than codecodepli ul hr pstrongeditstrongp pthe above regex will not match those which start with codeaacode or codebbcode for example like codeaabccode to take care of that we can add codecode to the lookaheads like p precodegtgtgt refindallraabb string codepre

standard solution for decoding additive numbers

pyou want to use binary operations to decode the original the following code actually returns the correct stringsp precodegtgtgt flags user redo enqueue cache os real application clusters sql debug gtgtgt def getflagsvalue flags for i flag in enumerateflags if value amp 1 ltlt i flagsappendflag return flags gtgtgt print getflags22 redo enqueue os codepre pif you really just want the constantsp precodegtgtgt def binarydecompositionvalue return 1 ltlt i for i in xrangelenflags if value amp 1 ltlt i gtgtgt print binarydecomposition22 2 4 16 codepre

django edit queryset objects without affecting database

pone simple method is to convert the queryset to a list the list will contain instances of your model you can do whatever you like with those instances and nothing will be saved to the database unless you call codesavecode or one of the other methods that writes to the databasep precodedividendset stockdividendsetallorderbydate dividends listdividendset for dividend in dividends dividendextravalue1 foo dividendextravalue2 bar now pass the dividends list to your template as part of your context rather than the qs codepre

generator functions equivalent in java

phad the same need so wrote a little class for it here are some examplesp precodegeneratorltintegergt simplegenerator new generatorltintegergt public void run throws interruptedexception yield1 some logic here yield2 for integer element simplegenerator systemoutprintlnelement prints 1 then 2 codepre pinfinite generators are also possiblep precodegeneratorltintegergt infinitegenerator new generatorltintegergt public void run throws interruptedexception while true yield1 codepre pthe codegeneratorcode class internally works with a thread to produce the items by overriding codefinalizecode it ensures that no threads stay around if the corresponding generator is no longer usedp pthe performance is obviously not great but not too shabby either on my machine with a dual core i5 cpu 267 ghz 1000 items can be produced in lt 003sp pthe code is on a hrefhttpsgithubcommherrmannjavageneratorfunctionsgithuba there youll also find instructions on how to include it as a mavengradle dependencyp

python pep8 and multiline dict formatting

pput the opening curly brace on the assignment linep precodeactivationgradclasses activationforwardstrictrelu activationbackwardstrictrelu activationforwardlog activationbackwardlog activationforwardsincos activationbackwardsincos codepre pthere emrarelyem is a need to use codecode to escape a newline in python instead use codecode codecode and codecode to group expressions across multiple linesp

creating distinct objects in a function

pyou need to create two dictsp precodev codepre por use a loopp precodev for in range2 codepre pyou are creating a two references to the same objectp precodein 2 a 2 in 3 ida0 out3 140209195751176 in 4 ida1 out4 140209195751176 in 5 a0 is a1 out5 true in 6 a for in range2 in 7 ida1 out7 140209198435720 in 8 ida0 out8 140209213918728 in 9 a0 is a1 out9 false codepre

python convert string literal to float

pfloating point values cannot have a comma you are passing code123243123code as it is to float function which is not valid first split the string based on commap precodes 123243123 print ssplit 123 24 3123 codepre pthen convert each and and every element of that list to float and add them together to get the result to feel the power of python this particular problem can be solved in the following waysp pyou can find the codetotalcode like thisp precodes 123243123 total summapfloat ssplit codepre pif the number of elements is going to be too large you can use a generator expression like thisp precodetotal sumfloatitem for item in ssplit codepre pall these versions will produce the same result asp precodetotal s 0 123243123 for currentnumber in ssplit total floatcurrentnumber codepre

python memory management with list comprehensions

pi presume the issue is herep precodesmallcustdictcustid1 customerdictcustid1 smallcustdictcustid2 customerdictcustid2 a loop to round out the remaining allids object to fill in 0 values for customerid catalog in smallcustdictiteritems for id in allids if id not in catalog smallcustdictcustomeridasin 00 codepre pthe dictionaries from codecustomerdictcode are being referenced in codesmallcustdictcode so when you add to them you they persist this is the only point that i can see where you do anything that will persist out of scope so i would imagine this is the problemp pnote you are making a lot of work for yourself in many places by not using list comps doing the same thing repeatedly and not making generic ways to do things a better version might be as followsp precodeimport collections import functools import operator customerdict collectionsdefaultdictdict def simpearsoncustid1 custid2 declaring as a dict literal is nicer smallcustdict custid1 customerdictcustid1 custid2 customerdictcustid2 unchanged as im not sure what the intent is here for customerid catalog in smallcustdictiteritems for id in allids if id not in catalog smallcustdictcustomeridasin 00 dict views are setlike so the easier way to do what you want is the intersection of the two si smallcustdictcustid1viewkeys amp smallcustdictcustid2viewkeys if not is a cleaner way of checking for no values if not si return 0 made more generic to avoid repetition and wastefully looping repeatedly parts listpart for part in zipvalueid for value in smallcustdictvalues for id in si sums sumpart for part in parts sumsqs sumpowi 2 for i in part for part in parts psum sumfunctoolsreduceoperatormul part for part in zipparts sum1 sum2 sums sum1sq sum2sq sumsqs unchanged num psum sum1sum2lensi den sqrtsum1sq powsum12lensi sum2sq powsum22lensi again using if not if not den return 0 else return numden codepre pnote that this is entirely untested as the code you gave isnt a complete example however it should be easy enough to use as a basis for improvementp

how to multiply a super large number with a super small number in python

pwhen multiplying an extremely large number by an extremely small number working with floats can introduce huge inaccuracies in your case the magnitude of the numbers is causing overflow errors so you have bigger problems than just inaccuracies p pwhenever you find yourself in this situation it can be useful to first strongcheck if it is possible to stay in the integer domainstrong and massage the numbers a little first in your case it is possible and ill explain how below p pone operand of the multiplication the extremely large number is 8000 samples from 10000 items use the closed form equation for the number of combinations where your sample size codencode is 10000 and the subset size codercode is 8000 exclam here is factorial which you can find in codemathfactorialcode in python p precodecnr n r n r codepre pthe other operand code08 8000code is the extremely small number which by index laws is equal top precode88000 108000 codepre pso when we multiply these two numbers together the answer we want isp precode 10000 88000 8000 2000 108000 codepre plets call this number codexcode and then take logarithms of both sides working in the log domain will transform multiplications into additions and divisions into subtractions making things more manageablep precodefrom math import log factorial numerator logfactorial10000 8000log8 denominator logfactorial8000 logfactorial2000 8000log10 logx numerator denominator codepre pnow these numbers are of a magnitude that is usable in pythonp pyou will find that codelogxcode is equal to approximately 3214 you now only need to observe that codeexplogx xcode to find your answer it is a very large but finite number p

idiomatic clojure equivalent of this python code

preading that python snippet it looks like you want the eventual output to look likep precodecode load 0 load 1 add store 0 labels entry 0 codepre pits much easier to write the code once you have a firm description of the goal and indeed this is a pretty simple reduce there are a number of stylisticallydifferent ways to write the reductor but this way seems easiest to read for mep precodedefn load asm reduce fn keys code labels op arg1 amp args as instruction if label op code code labels assoc labels arg1 count code code conj code instruction labels labels code labels asm codepre h3edith3 pthis version supports a codenamecode argument and simplifies the reduction step by not repeating elements that dont changep precodedefn load name asm reduce fn program op arg1 as instruction if label op associn program labels arg1 count code program updatein program code conj instruction code labels name name asm codepre

remove duplicate data from an array in python

pas you dont care about the order of the items you keep you could dop precodegtgtgt intdd for d in datavalues 200012025 2002121575 2000121575 codepre hr pif you would like to keep the emlowestem item i cant think of a onelinerp phere is a basic example for anybody who would like to add a condition on the key or value to keepp precodeseen set result for item in sorteddata key intitem or whatever condition if key not in seen resultappenditem seenaddkey codepre

python custom exception and subexceptions

pa standard technique would be to subclass codeconnectivityexceptioncode to create exception classes specific to each kind of error conditionp precodeclass connectivityexceptionexception pass class httpconnectivityexceptionconnectivityexception pass class ftpconnectivityexceptionconnectivityexception pass codepre pthen instead of coderaise connectivityexceptioncode you can use coderaise httpconnectivityexceptioncode or coderaise ftpconnectivityexceptioncode depending on which specific type of error you want to indicate p pmultiple exception blocks can be used to dispatch error handling according to the exception typep precodetry somenetworkoperation except httpconnectivityexception as ex this will execute if the error is an httpconnectivityexception except ftpconnectivityexception as ex likewise for ftpconnectivityexception except connectivityexception as ex the generic case this block will execute if the connectivityexception isnt an instance of one of the earlier specified subclasses codepre pnote that the exceptionhandling blocks are tried in lexical order the first block specifying a class to which the exception object belongs will be used in this case that means that you need to put the codeconnectivityexceptioncode block last or else it will catch codehttpconnectivityexceptioncode and codeftpconnectivityexceptioncode as wellp

how to count values in a certain range in a numpy array

pyou could use codehistogramcode heres a basic usage examplep precodegtgtgt import numpy gtgtgt a numpyrandomrandomsize100 100 gtgtgt numpyhistograma bins00 73 224 555 77 79 98 100 array 8 14 34 31 0 12 1 array 0 73 224 555 77 79 98 100 codepre pin your particular case it would look something like thisp precodegtgtgt numpyhistograma bins25 100 array73 array 25 100 codepre padditionally when you have a list of strings you have to explicitly specify the type so that codenumpycode knows to produce an array of floats instead of a list of stringsp precodegtgtgt strings stri for i in range10 gtgtgt numpyarraystrings array0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 dtypes1 gtgtgt numpyarraystrings dtypefloat array 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 codepre>

the r2 score i get from gridsearchcv is very different from the one i get from crossvalscore why sklearn python

puse codepredictorbestestimatorcode as the estimator in codecrossvalscorecode this is the one with the best parameters the way you choose it you are probably obtaining the initial estimator with default parameters you could check by putting the latter in codecrossvalscorecode as well and comparing resultsp

why does return listsort return none not the list

pcodelistsortcode sorts the list in place ie it doesnt return a new list just writep precodenewlistsort return newlist codepre

trying to verify sha1 message signature using python what am i doing wrong

pyour code is work properly a hrefhttpsgistgithubcomkalloc5106808 relnofollowhttpsgistgithubcomkalloc5106808a i see something else wrong herep

splitting on last delimiter in python string

puse a hrefhttpdocspythonorg2librarystdtypeshtmlstrrsplitcodersplitcodea insteadp precodesrsplit 1 codepre pdemop precodegtgtgt s abcd gtgtgt srsplit 1 abc d gtgtgt srsplit 2 ab c d codepre pthis method starts splitting from the righthandside of the string by giving it a maximum you get to split just the righthandmost occurrencesp

how to generate a fully connected subgraph from node list using pythons networkx module

pi dont know of any method which does this but you can easily mimic the completegraph method of networkx and slightly change italmost like a builtinp precodeimport networkx import itertools def completegraphfromlistl createusingnone g networkxemptygraphlenlcreateusing if lenlgt1 if gisdirected edges itertoolspermutationsl2 else edges itertoolscombinationsl2 gaddedgesfromedges return g s completegraphfromlista b c d print sedges codepre