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Though moisture returns to Midwest states, farmers are still facing the effects of last year’s drought. Veterinarians in midwestern states are discovering an abnormal amount of Vitamin A deficiencies in calves this year, likely due to feed provided to the calves. Many farmers are dipping into a stored supply of hay from last year earlier than usual. In many cases, the hay fed to cattle during the winter months was also lacking necessary nutrients as a result of the extended winter weather. Some farmers impacted by drought even needed to feed cattle hay that was up to two years old, leading to even lower nutritional content. Iowa State University veterinarian Grant Dewell recommends that Midwest farmers give calves a dose of Vitamin A at birth followed up with two to three additional supplements. Though drought conditions seem to be improving, it is clear that farmers will see its impact for months to come. Weather in the mid-western states has recently taken a swift turn from drought to flooding. Residents of communities along the Mississippi River have been lining the edges of the waterway with sandbags to prevent more flooding after a relentless season of rain. In normal weather conditions, 60 percent of grain in the US is transported along the Mississippi River. In some places this year, corn and soybean transportation has been halted altogether, which led to some of the highest market prices of grain in recent times at exporting locations in the Gulf of Mexico this week. With constantly wet ground and temperatures that reach freezing at night, farmers in the region are also delayed in planting crops. Areas afflicted by the flooding are preparing for conditions to worsen, though in some regions water levels are expected to begin decreasing. After the extension of the 2008 Farm Bill, the debate goes on in Congress to pass a new bill by the end of the year. Congress has also taken up immigration reform measures that could help ensure that farmers can count on legal immigrant labor on their farms. Up to half of all workers on Wisconsin dairy farms do not have the documentation needed to legally work in the US. Farmers rely on these workers because, as they explain it, Americans just don't want these jobs (despite the fact they pay more than minimum wage and provide health insurance). The current system relies on farmers to check potential workers' documents, but the farmers have no way of knowing whether the documents are truly legitimate. If they were to be audited and found to have accepted false documents, they would be liable and their business could be destroyed. A story on NPR, on the other hand, says that immigration reform won't help farmers with the labor they need. Federal lawmakers turned over yet another attempt at a bill that would require GMO foods to be labeled. Sen. Barbara Boxer (D-CA) and Rep. Peter DeFazio (D-OR) proposed the Genetically Engineered Food Right-to-Know Act with bi-partisan support, which would mandate that any food containing a genetically modified ingredient be labeled. Though similar bills were previously introduced, more than 90 percent of the public support GMO labeling. In the past, bills fail to pass because of opposition from agri-business and biotechnology companies that whose business could be affected once their products carry a GMO tag. Supporters of the bill argue that consumers have the right to know what they are eating, a concept that Obama vowed to address during his 2007 presidential campaign.

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Recently, climate change and urbanization have been caused by urban flood. To mitigate flood, there are structural measures such as detention reservoir and pump station and non-structural measures such as pump operation rules and gate operation rules. However, structural measures cannot cope with rainfall stronger than design rainfall intensity and need to construct to develop flood mitigation capacity. Urban drainage system needs non-structural measures that maximize the efficiency of structural measures. The efficient operation of the pump as one of non-structural measures can develop the discharge capacity of urban drainage system to prevent urban flood. In this study, we proposed advanced optimal pump operation at Mokgam stream located Seoul and Gyeonggi-do. Advanced optimal pump operation is considering the water level of the vulnerable points and the water level of reservoirs. Risk of flooding is predicted by the water level of vulnerable point and reservoir. Therefore, pump station is able to proactively start the pump compared to the current pump operation, reservoir secures free space to develop flood mitigation effect and discharge capacity.

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Marsala: “The city that looks to Libya” The Trapani area offers an extraordinary mix of history, culture and naturalistic beauties. An example is Marsala, a town in Trapani very popular with tourists for the possibilities it offers in all the areas listed above. Origins of the town Initially called Lilibeo, or “the city that looks to Libya”, it was initially controlled by the Phoenicians and then passed to the domination of the Romans. After this passage it became one of the most important centers of the Mediterranean and was enriched with villas and public buildings. After dark centuries between the continuous invasions of the Vandals and the lack of interest on the part of Byzantium, it regained importance in the eighth century with the advent of the barbarians. In addition to growing in terms of commercial importance and experiencing a general city renaissance, it was given the name of Marsala (from marsā ʿaliyy, or “the port of Ali”). The city also grew on the urban plan, structuring itself according to the Arab model. Later, with the birth of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, it was inserted in the province of Trapani by Ferdinand I of Bourbon. On 11 May 1860 the landing of Giuseppe Garibaldi with his Thousand of him began precisely from Marsala. Thus the unification of Italy began, which later brought Marsala back to the province of Trapani. What to see: from the monuments to the Marsala salt pans Marsala hosts numerous buildings that deserve to be visited. On the religious level, the most important is certainly the Mother Church, built in 1176. Its facade has two orders: one in Baroque style and the other with two corner domed bell towers and several statues of saints. Inside, however, it houses paintings dating back to the seventeenth century and various precious objects from ancient times. This cathedral is dedicated to St. Thomas Becket, due to a shipwreck near Marsala by a ship loaded with Corinthian columns and bound for England where a church dedicated to this saint was to be built. Among the symbols of the city there is also Porta Garibaldi, built in 1685 at the behest of the King of Spain and Sicily, Charles II and initially called Porta Mare. It was later named after Garibaldi because, just passing through this gate in 1860, it declared Marsala part of the Kingdom of Italy. If the Mother Church is the most important in the city, the Church of Purgatory is considered by many to be the most beautiful religious building in Marsala. Its internal and external decorations are a magnificent example of the Sicilian Baroque style. Furthermore, this church overlooks a small square away from the city nightlife and with a small but well-built fountain. From an artistic point of view, it is impossible not to mention the Flemish Tapestry Museum. It is managed by the Mother Church and houses tapestries belonging to the 16th century. For those who have more naturalistic interests, the Saline della Laguna is a must. The landscape is typical of the salt pans, with basins, mills and ponds, also hosting species of aquatic birds such as herons and flamingos. What to do during your stay In addition to visiting the numerous buildings that Marsala houses, during your stay in the town of Trapani it is advisable to stop in Piazza della Repubblica. It is the heart of the city, a meeting point for locals and tourists and full of bars and shops. An ideal place to take a walk is the Cassaro, corresponding to via XI Maggio or the main street of the center. Always very crowded, it is ideal for shopping but also for stopping for a coffee. Among what this area offers there is also a series of wine bars, where you can enjoy a good glass of Sicilian and non-Sicilian wines. For the evening, however, the point of Marsala with the greatest nightlife is the Antico Mercato area. Cuisine and typical dishes of the area Among the typical dishes of the gastronomic tradition of Marsala, the eggplant caponata stands out. A dish that saw fish as the main ingredient in the baronial cuisine, while the poor cuisine enhanced the vegetables more. Other dishes that have entered the culture of the area have different origins (Arab, North African and Spanish), namely pasta with broccoli and fish couscous. To taste these and other dishes, Marsala offers excellent restaurants. La Bottega del Carmine is a great place to savor Mediterranean cuisine, while Natura a Tavola and Osteria Siciliando are more specialized in the cuisine of the area. Beaches of Marsala The stretch of coast in the Marsala area is characterized by very white sand and bathed in crystal clear water. The most famous and popular beaches in Marsala are Lido Mediterraneo, Lido delfino and Lido Signorino. In the northern area of Marsala there is Punta Tramontana, which belongs to a Protected Natural Reserve called “Lo Stagnone”. It is an uncrowded area and ideal for relaxation, where there is another very beautiful beach, that of San Teodoro. The other particularly famous place in the surroundings of Palermo is Mondello, with its white sand and rocky promontories spotted with vegetation in the distance that offer a breathtaking view. How to come Marsala can be reached by car, taking the A29 motorway. Not wanting to reach the town of Trapani with this means of transport, you can opt for the bus (thanks to the Autoservizi Salemi line) or the train. In addition, Marsala is 14 km from Trapani airport (about 20 minutes by car) and 137 from Palermo airport (an hour and a quarter by car).

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Editor's note: Following is an excerpt from “The Green Building Revolution,” the latest book by Jerry Yudelson, PE, MBA, LEED AP, who will serve as keynote speaker for HPAC Engineering's fifth annual Engineering Green Buildings (EGB) Conference and Expo Oct. 21 and 22 at Mandalay Bay Resort and Casino in Las Vegas. To register, visit www.egbconference.com. A 2003 study by Gregory Kats was the first rigorous assessment of the costs and benefits of green buildings.1 Drawing on cost data from 33 green-building projects nationwide, the report concluded that Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) certification adds an average of 1.84 percent to the construction cost of a project. For Gold-certified office projects, construction-cost premiums ranged from 1 to 5 percent over the cost of a conventional building at the same site. Figure 1 shows results of this early study (2001-2003). Green-building advocates frequently resort to rhetoric (“green is good”) when promoting their point of view. For owners and developers, however, justifying additional costs traditionally rests on the economic payback, or return on investment, for energy- (and sometimes water-) conservation measures. Green-building standards, such as LEED, incorporate requirements beyond energy and water use, including indoor environmental quality, daylighting and views of the outdoors, use of recycled materials, and sustainable-site development, so it is often difficult to justify green-building investments on the value of utility savings alone. HIGH PERFORMANCE ON A BUDGET A large, developer-driven, build-to-suit project in Portland, Ore., completed in the fourth quarter of 2006 exposed flaws in the notion that higher levels of performance always must lead to significantly higher capital costs. The 400,000-sq-ft, 16-story, $145 million Center for Health and Healing at Oregon Health & Science University received a LEED Platinum rating early in 2007, the largest project in the world to achieve this highest green-building rating. The developer has reported a total cost premium, net of local, state, and federal incentives, of 1 percent. With a full commitment to integrated design and an experienced development, design, and construction team, the total costs for the mechanical and electrical systems were about $3.5 million below the initial budget estimates from the general contractor. At the same time, energy and water modeling indicated a 61-percent savings on future energy use and a 56-percent savings in water consumption. In other words, from a performance standpoint, this project delivered “champagne on a beer budget.” This project demonstrates the benefits of an integrated design process and an experienced developer and design team willing to push the envelope of building design to produce a high-performance building on a conventional-building budget. The more often developers engage experienced green design and construction firms, and the more often they require their consultants to produce high-performance results (without excuses), the more likely it is that overall project costs will be about the same as the costs for a conventional project that lacks the beneficial characteristics of a high-level certified green project. Many of the green-building measures that give a building its greatest long-term value — for example, on-site energy production, on-site stormwater management and water recycling, green roofs, daylighting, and natural ventilation — often require a higher capital cost. Many project teams are finding that these costs can be paid for by avoiding other costs, such as stormwater and sewer connection fees, or by using local utility incentives, state tax breaks, and federal tax credits. While it is possible to build a LEED basic Certified (and, sometimes, LEED Silver) building at no additional cost, as building teams try to make a building truly sustainable, cost increments often accrue. This is especially true when a building owner or developer wants to showcase his or her green building with more expensive (but visible) measures, such as green roofs or photovoltaics for on-site power production, or when there is a strong commitment to green materials, such as certified wood products. Kats, G. The costs and financial benefits of green buildings. (2003). Retrieved from www.cap-e.com/ewebeditpro/items/O59F3303.ppt#1 Copyright © 2008 by Island Press. Excerpted by permission of Island Press. All rights reserved. No part of the preceding excerpt may be reproduced or reprinted without permission in writing from the publisher. For previous Engineering Green Buildings columns, visit www.hpac.com. Jerry Yudelson, PE, MBA, LEED AP, is principal of Yudelson Associates. Chair of the 2008 Greenbuild International Conference and Expo, he has trained more than 3,300 building-industry professionals on the LEED rating system. He is the author of six books and many research studies, white papers, and articles on green buildings. He can be contacted through his Website, www.greenbuildconsult.com.

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en

The International Space Station, also known as the ISS, was a collaborative project between 15 different countries. Approximately 18 years after preliminary design work began, the first crew was able to stay onboard for a several-month period. However, the ISS wasn’t finished yet. The entire process, from design to the completion of construction took nearly 30 years and over 100 billion dollars to complete. NASA began preliminary design for the ISS began in 1982. Several years later, NASA began enlisting the aid of other countries including Canada, Germany, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands and several other countries in the European Space Agency, or ESA. These countries began working together to design the components of the ISS. In 1993, due to budgetary constraints and a changing political landscape, Russia was asked to join the ISS effort. They influenced the exterior design and shape of the ISS. Once Russia had joined the ISS team, construction scheduling and sequencing began. After construction was completed, the ISS’s total weight was nearly 460 tons, and it spanned the length of a football field. Due to its enormous size and weight, it was impossible to build the ISS on earth and launch the finished product into space. Multiple finite element analyses, or FEAs, were needed to test durability and feasibility of components prior to launch. Over 40 separate missions were required to transport all of the different pieces. The ISS parts can be broken down into several separate categories including: - The functional cargo block - The service module - Pressurized mating adapters - The US laboratory module - The Columbus research laboratory - The Japanese experiment module - The cupula - The mobile servicing station This doesn’t include the trusses, connections and other detailed pieces needed during construction. Zarya, or the functional control block, was the first portion of the ISS launched in 1998. Initially, it acted as a self-contained apparatus. Once final construction was completed, it was transitioned to a storage and propulsion device. Nodes are used on the ISS to connect major pieces. The first node, the Unity, launched in 1998 following Zarya. Node 2, arrived later in 2007 to join the Columbus research module, Japanese experiment module, and the U.S. laboratory model. Node 3, added in 2010, offered extra hygiene and sleeping areas. Pressurized mating adapters offer incoming vessels a place to dock and provide an interface between incoming vessels and the ISS. Two pressurized mating adapters arrived at the ISS with the Unity in 1998. The third arrived in 2000. Zvezda, the service module, launched in 2000. It included vital components such as the flight-control systems, life support and living quarters. This was the first fully Russian contribution to the ISS. U.S. laboratory module Destiny launched in 2001, and it comprised both research facilities and equipment for ISS control. It was the first research facility to be included in the ISS. Europe contributed the Columbus research laboratory to the ISS in 2008. It’s used for materials science and bioscience experiments in an environment with little gravity. The Japanese experiment module was launched shortly after the Columbus research laboratory in 2008. It’s equipped to handle indoor and outdoor experiments. This was the first manned space facility developed by Japan. Astronauts use the cupula to watch activities taking place outside the ISS such as robotic repairs and spacecraft approaches. The cupola arrived at the ISS in 2010 with Node 3. Much of the ISS construction took place using the mobile servicing station. It allowed astronauts to work safely from inside the ISS on maintenance and construction activities. The mobile servicing station arrived in 2002. Crew changes and supply deliveries were also an essential part of the 13-year construction process of the ISS. Without global collaboration, it’s likely the ISS wouldn’t be orbiting 250 miles away from the earth’s surface. - How Do Astronauts Keep the ISS Operational? - June 24, 2020 - What Is the “Impossible” Black Hole in the Milky Way - March 14, 2020 - What Does Boeing’s Offer Mean for the Artemis Mission? - November 15, 2019

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Lets take a look at processed foods. Its almost impossible nowadays to have zero processed foods in our diet. The majority of foods found in your local supermarket are likely to be processed in some way or another. However, the undeniable obesity epidemic that has swept through Britain alongside many other westernised countries in the last 60 years is most likely a direct result of the increase in processed foods being eaten on a daily basis. The main problem with processed foods is the addition of chemicals which are often completely alien to the human digestive system. Most processed foods actually cost the body more energy and therefore vital nutrients to digest, absorb and eliminate them than they actually deliver and they can significantly damage your gut wall lining, killing good bacteria and encouraging the bad to flourish. The alternative to processed foods are wholefoods. Let me explain, a potato is a wholefood whereas oven chips are processed. Fish is a wholefood but fish fingers are processed. An orange is a wholefood but orange juice is processed and so on. We need to get back to nature and only eat foods that nature provides. BG’s 7-Day Wholefood Challenge For one full week eat only wholefoods ! That means don’t buy or eat anything that has a list of ingredients on/in it ! If it roamed or grew in the British countryside and hasn’t been adulterated by humans in a factory then its probably still a wholefood - you can eat it. Try to stick to seasonal, local produce i.e. So at this time of year, its unlikely that anyone in this country could grow pineapples, meaning any pineapples you see in the supermarket have probably been flown in from South America and therefore sprayed with chemicals that preserve the fruit so it’ll last longer - this is processing and these are the chemicals we want you to avoid. So no pineapple ! For healthy, organic whole foods check out what Riverford Organics can deliver to your door (or the gym for a 10% discount !) Celtic Sea Salt Another simple step is to replace processed white table salt with light grey Celtic Sea Salt. Its unrefined, full of flavour and contains 80 essential minerals which means, when a pinch is added to water you have a drink which is full of electrolytes which helps you rehydrate and avoid cramps after a hard session in the gym… Check out the benefits of Celtic Sea Salt

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CC-MAIN-2018-34

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During the polar vortex that brought frigid temps to a wide swath of the Southeast in February, millions of Texans lost power when un-weatherized power systems froze, leaving customers to face several days without heat. It’s an event that has captured nationwide attention and left many asking whether this could happen here. The event also presented an excuse for the fossil fuel industry to falsely question the reliability of wind energy — an energy resource from which North Carolina’s economy stands to gain billions of dollars of investment and thousands of jobs. What actually happened in Texas? Texas regulators and grid operators do not require weatherization measures — for extreme winter or summer conditions — at power plants. Natural gas supply dropped nearly 45% as gas facilities froze and, since the Texas energy market was not set up to exchange energy with other regional providers, as we are here in North Carolina, they were left without options. All power systems, including wind, can be — and are, in most areas — weatherized to protect against outages induced by hot or cold temperatures. With climate change increasing the frequency and intensity of these types of extreme weather events in all seasons, we’ll need to be focused on building more resilient energy systems that minimize impacts to the health and safety of our people and our local economies. Unfortunately, wind energy was used as a scapegoat early on as Texans lost power. Energy experts and elected officials have mostly set the record straight about the cause of the outages, debunking those who initially blamed wind — pointing to how well wind turbines work in very cold places like Minnesota, Alaska, and Antarctica — but that misinformation was damaging. Setting the record straight is especially important here in North Carolina because wind is a critical energy resource we can employ to reduce pollution and grow our clean energy economy. Wind projects — both onshore and offshore — are capable of generating large volumes of energy to power homes and businesses, and we have opportunities to significantly expand our investment in this resource. Earlier this month, the N.C. Department of Commerce released a report indicating the wind industry will bring $140 billion of investment to the East Coast — both through the construction of wind projects and the build out of the manufacturing supply chain. It will be up to us to compete for as large a piece of that $140 billion pie as we can. Our neighbor, Virginia, for example, is well ahead of us in their commitment to offshore wind, and time is of the essence if we hope to win any of these investments and projects — and the good-paying jobs that come with it. Another important takeaway from Texas is how over-invested they are in fossil fuel infrastructure, with gas making up 51% of their energy mix, and coal coming in just over 13%. Around 30% of their coal and natural gas plants were down during the event, accounting for a majority of the power loss. There are signs of progress on the transition away from fossil fuels in the Southeast, but we’ve got a long way to go. In 2020, Duke Energy rolled out a climate report that detailed their path to net zero carbon emissions. While there’s optimism around Duke’s focus on reducing carbon and expanding renewables, the company’s overreliance on gas in its near-term and long-term plans will be risky and expensive for North Carolina customers. A greater focus on limiting carbon pollution and transitioning to cleaner, more affordable, more resilient energy sources like wind and solar is needed. The state’s Clean Energy Plan provides the direction Duke and other stakeholders need to pursue a cleaner path, reducing our reliance on the coal and gas sources that are fueling climate change. This cleaner path is critical to our state’s economic health, too, employing 112,000 North Carolinians and driving billions of dollars of investment into our state every year from manufacturing and other sectors. Wind and solar are not only reliable, particularly combined with new, more accessible energy storage options, they are now the cheapest sources of electricity across the country. We have too much to gain from the wind industry to let a misinformation campaign from Texas keep us from seizing those benefits. Renewable energy paves North Carolina’s path toward a healthier, more affordable, more reliable and resilient clean energy future. To stimulate discussion and debate, Coastal Review Online welcomes differing viewpoints on topical coastal issues. See our guidelines for submitting guest columns. The opinions expressed by the authors are not necessarily those of Coastal Review Online or the North Carolina Coastal Federation.

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Fuente: Midwest Energy News Minnesota will be included in a study to help federal researchers test the potential of pollinator-friendly habitat and fruit and vegetable crops around solar arrays. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) will plant vegetation this year at three Minnesota solar installations owned by Enel Green Power. The sites are among 15 around the country that will be part of the research project. “We want to figure out what plants and what type of species will thrive, and how, and why, in these environments,” said Jordan Macknick, an NREL analyst. The plants can provide economic and environmental benefits over covering the ground with gravel or turf grass, as is often done. The stakes for both the industry and environment will only grow as the amount of land used for solar projects also expands. NREL predicts 3 million acres will be devoted to solar farms by 2030, and 6 million by 2050. In Minnesota, researchers will test vegetation on three 1-acre plots within Enel’s 100-megawatt Aurora project, which includes installations at several locations in the state. A third of each plot will be devoted to prairie plants and grasses. Another third will contain pollinator-friendly habitat. And the remaining third will feature a mix of agricultural crops. ***Related: Energy groups seek best practices for restoring pollinator habitats*** Minnesota is already a leader in pollinator-friendly solar, having passed a 2016 law that encourages developers to follow siting guidelines and incorporate native grasses and wildflowers. Fresh Energy, which publishes Midwest Energy News, was involved in advocating for the pollinator-friendly solar legislation. “There’s been a lot of exciting things happening in Minnesota and I feel we’re ahead of the game,” said Megan Benage, a regional ecologist with the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources. The idea of growing crops among solar installations is newer but not unprecedented. Macknick said researchers in other states have grown beans, kale, melon, squash, lettuce, peppers and broccoli under or near solar panels. Crops could be harvested by hand or by smaller farm equipment, he said. Minnesota’s solar pollinator standard is voluntary, but state utility regulators require pollinator-friendly vegetation at developments larger than 50 megawatts. As a result, half of the state’s 4,000 acres of solar farms have pollinator habitats, Benage said. A commercial beekeeping company, Bolton Bees, even operates on a solar garden near the Twin Cities and sells a line of products called “solar honey.” NREL’s research project, known as Innovative Site Preparation and Impact Reductions on the Environment (InSPIRE), might reveal new opportunities to add value at solar farms. It could also help make the case that vegetation can lower the cost of developing and maintaining solar projects, Macknick said. Site preparation accounts for about 20 percent of the cost of solar projects, Macknick said. Developers typically clear all vegetation before leveling the site and putting down gravel or turf prior to panel installation. Leaving existing vegetation in place could reduce the cost of land clearing, soil compaction, stormwater management and herbicide spraying. “We tell developers if they vegetate the site it will be easier for them to manage in the long term,” Benage said. “The neighbors like it more because the site is showier, with more flowers and more interest than a mowed lawn – unless you’re a fan of mowed lawns.” And the right vegetation can even improve production of solar panels by lowering the temperature. “Having vegetation underneath the panels reduces the temperature of the panels,” Macknick said. “Panels with cooler temperatures have increased solar output.” Travis Bolton, of Bolton Bees, points out that better environments will result in more resilient bees. In Minnesota, which lost half its bee population a couple of years ago, that’s an important virtue. Any effort to create pollinator-friendly habitat is welcome, said Minnesota’s best-known bee advocate, MacArthur Foundation Fellow and University of Minnesota Distinguished McKnight Prof. Marla Spivak. “These plantings can be great for bees,” Spivak wrote in an email. “If diverse, native flowers are planted, they are great for native bees, and somewhat helpful for honey bees. If cover crops with legumes are planted, they are great for honey bees and somewhat for native bees.”

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Who Was Ella Baker? The Ella Baker Center for Human Rights is named after a brilliant, Black hero of the civil rights Freedom Movement who inspired and guided emerging leaders. We build on her legacy by building the power of black, brown, and poor people to create solutions for one of the biggest drivers of injustice today: mass incarceration. Ms. Baker played a key role in some of the most influential organizations of the time, including the NAACP, Martin Luther King's Southern Christian Leadership Conference, and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee. Like her, we spark change by unlocking the power of every person to strengthen their communities and shape their future. Ella Baker's Early Life Ella Jo Baker was born on December 13, 1903, in Norfolk, Virginia. Growing up in North Carolina, she developed a sense for social justice early on, due in part to her grandmother's stories about life under slavery. As a slave, her grandmother had been whipped for refusing to marry a man chosen for her by the slave owner. Her grandmother's pride and resilience in the face of racism and injustice continued to inspire Ms. Baker throughout her life. Baker studied at Shaw University in Raleigh, North Carolina. As a student she challenged school policies that she thought were unfair. After graduating in 1927 as class valedictorian, she moved to New York City and began joining social activist organizations. In 1930, she joined the Young Negroes Cooperative League, whose purpose was to develop black economic power through collective planning. She also involved herself with several women's organizations. She was committed to economic justice for all people and once said, "People cannot be free until there is enough work in this land to give everybody a job." Joining the Struggle Against Jim Crow Ella Baker began her involvement with the NAACP in 1940. She worked as a field secretary and then served as director of branches from 1943 until 1946. Inspired by the historic bus boycott in Montgomery, Alabama, in 1955, Baker co-founded the organization In Friendship to raise money to fight against Jim Crow Laws in the deep South. In 1957, Baker moved to Atlanta to help organize Martin Luther King's new organization, the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). She also ran a voter registration campaign called the Crusade for Citizenship. The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) On February 1, 1960, a group of black college students from North Carolina A&T University refused to leave a Woolworth's lunch counter in Greensboro, North Carolina where they had been denied service. Baker left the SCLC after the Greensboro sit-ins. She wanted to assist the new student activists because she viewed young, emerging activists as a resource and an asset to the movement. Miss Baker organized a meeting at Shaw University for the student leaders of the sit-ins in April 1960. From that meeting, the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee -- SNCC -- was born. Adopting the Gandhian theory of nonviolent direct action, SNCC members joined with activists from the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) to organize the 1961 Freedom Rides. In 1964 SNCC helped create Freedom Summer, an effort to focus national attention on Mississippi's racism and to register black voters. Miss Baker, and many of her contemporaries, believed that voting was one key to freedom. Today, that is still the case: if we do not exercise our collective voice, we are unable to influence the policies and laws that impact our lives. To be counted, we must be heard. The Audacity to Dream Big With Ella Baker's guidance and encouragement, SNCC became one of the foremost advocates for human rights in the country. Ella Baker once said, "This may only be a dream of mine, but I think it can be made real." Her influence was reflected in the nickname she acquired: "Fundi," a Swahili word meaning a person who teaches a craft to the next generation. Baker continued to be a respected and influential leader in the fight for human and civil rights until her death on December 13, 1986, her 83rd birthday. Wanting to celebrate Ella Jo Baker as an unsung hero of racial and economic justice and seeking to honor her legacy of leadership and movement building, our founders chose to name our Center for Ella Baker. Her audacity to dream big is a cornerstone of our philosophy. We believe the best way to honor Ms. Baker's legacy is to inspire people to imagine new possibilities, lead with solutions, and engage communities to drive positive change. Join us and keep her story going.

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Australian Bureau of Statistics 1301.0 - Year Book Australia, 2009–10 Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 04/06/2010 |Page tools: Print Page RSS Search this Product| POPULATION SIZE AND GROWTH Over the past decade, Australia's ERP has grown by 14.5% or 2.7 million people. The growth of Australia's population has two components: natural increase (the excess of births over deaths) and net overseas migration (i.e., net gain or loss of population through immigration to Australia and emigration from Australia). For state and territory estimates, a third component, net interstate migration, is also included. Since Federation in 1901, Australia's population has increased by 17.6 million people. Graph 7.2 shows the growth in Australia's population since Federation. Over the last 50 years, population growth has occurred unevenly across the states and territories (table 7.3). Consequently, the proportion of Australia's population resident in each state and territory has changed over time. From 1958 to 2008, the proportion of the Australian population living in the following states decreased: New South Wales (from 37.5% to 32.5%), Victoria (from 27.6% to 24.8%), South Australia (9.1% to 7.5%) and Tasmania (3.4% to 2.3%). The proportion of Australia's population living in all other states and territories increased over the same period, with Queensland increasing from 14.6% to 20.0%, Western Australia from 7.1% to 10.1%, the Australian Capital Territory from 0.4% to 1.6% and the Northern Territory from 0.2% to 1.0%. Western Australia overtook South Australia to become the fourth most populous state in 1982. Components of population growth The Australian population has more than doubled from 9.8 million in 1958 to 21.4 million in 2008. Since the start of the ERP measure in 1971, natural increase has been the main component of population growth in Australia. However, in the last three years net overseas migration has been the larger contributor to population growth. Net overseas migration, is more volatile than natural increase, fluctuating under the influence of government policy as well as political, economic and social conditions in Australia and the rest of the world. Annual growth at 30 June due to natural increase and net overseas migration from 1972 to 2008 is shown in graph 7.4. In 1972, the excess of births over deaths resulted in a natural increase of 161,800 persons. Declining fertility led to a fall in natural increase at around 110,000 to 130,000 before peaking at 141,600 in 1991. Natural increase again dropped to a low of 114,420 persons in 2003. In recent years due to an increase in births, there has been a rise in natural increase to 145,600 persons in 2008. Since 2006, net overseas migration has contributed more people to the population than natural increase, adding 213,700 people in 2008. In 2008 the crude death rate was 6.7 deaths per 1,000 population, falling from 8.3 in 1972. The crude birth rate declined from 19.9 births per 1,000 population in 1972 to 13.8 in 2008. The lowest crude birth rate during this period, 12.4 births per 1,000 population, was recorded in 2004. Crude birth and death rates from 1972 to 2008 are shown in graph 7.5. Population age and sex structure Over the last 50 years the absolute number of people increased in all age groups. However, the proportion of the population in older age groups increased while the proportion in younger age groups declined. Graph 7.6 shows the proportions of the population by age group and sex in 1958 and 2008, illustrating the ageing of Australia's population. Australia's population is ageing because of sustained below replacement level fertility, resulting in proportionally fewer children in the population, and increased life expectancy, resulting in proportionally more older people in the population. In 1958 there were 110,800 more males than females in Australia's population, while in 2008 there were 109,900 more females than males. Since 1979 Australia has been home to more females than males. At 30 June 2008, the sex ratio of Australia's population was 99.0 males per 100 females. In 1958 people aged 0-14 years represented 30.0% of Australia's population, while those aged 15-64 years represented 61.5%, those aged 65 years and over represented 8.5% and those aged 85 years and over represented 0.4%. Although Australia's population continued to grow since 1958, the proportion of children aged 0-14 years decreased to 19.3% by 2008. In contrast, the proportion of people aged 15-64 years increased to 67.5% and the proportion of the population aged 65 years or more increased to 13.2%. The proportion of those aged 85 years and over increased four-fold to 1.7% (graph 7.7). The change in the age structure of Australia's population over time is illustrated by the change in the median age (the age at which half the population is older and half is younger). In 2008 the median age of the Australian population was 36.9 years, an increase of 5.3 years over the median age of 31.6 years in 1988. Graph 7.8 shows the median ages of the population of the states and territories in 1988 and 2008. In 2008 the population of Tasmania had the highest median age of all states and territories (39.4 years), closely followed by South Australia (39.0 years). The Northern Territory (31.1 years) had the lowest median age in 2008. Tasmania experienced the largest increase in median age over the 20 years to 2008, increasing by 8.0 years from 31.4 years in 1988 to 39.4 years in 2008. The next largest increase was South Australia, increasing by 6.3 years, from 32.7 years in 1988 to 39.0 years in 2008. In 2008 there were just over 2.8 million people aged 65 years or more in Australia, an increase of 67,700 people (2.5%) over 2007. All states and territories experienced growth in this age group, with the Northern Territory experiencing the greatest increase (6.6%) (table 7.9). The number of people aged 85 years and over in Australia has increased by 6.0% from 2007 to 2008, now equalling just over 362,000. Again, growth in this age group occurred in all states and territories, with the Northern Territory experiencing the greatest increase of 9.8% closely followed by the Australian Capital Territory (9.6%). This page last updated 21 January 2013 Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.

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Observations are presented to elucidate the complex and highly efficient feeding mechanisms and habits in the common Atlantic slippersnail, Crepidula fornicata. Using a newly designed video system coupled with video endoscopy and microscopic observations, collection of food particles throughout the feeding cycle was documented. The process is described from postcapture particle transport on the gill, to production and consumption of the food cord, and the results were compared with controversial historical records and descriptions of feeding, especially with regard to the roles of the radula, food pouch, and a purported mucus net or filter. The food cord is produced continuously and is the dominant mode of feeding. Capture of food cords is efficient, but often sloppy; more than 10% of food volume production is ultimately expelled to the exterior of shell, making these energy-rich cords available to other benthic feeders. Although it was observed that the ciliated food pouch produces balls of mucus-laden food, these balls account for ∼10% of feeding events, and less than 1% of food volume production and ingestion; in other words, the food pouch contributes little to the feeding process or the production of pseudofeces. Coprophagy was also noted fairly regularly, clearly a function of the position of the anus in relation to the gill and site of production of the food cord. Video endoscopy demonstrated that food particles are captured on the frontal surface of the filaments and moved distally by the frontal cilia of the gill. Immediately after capture, particles are incorporated into fine mucous strings on the frontal surface and carried both distally and obliquely across the filaments. At the distal edge of the gill, the mucous strings enter the neck canal, are incorporated into a food cord, and are pulled anteriorly, resulting in the oblique movement of material on the gill. The overlap of mucous strings (those moving distally and those moving obliquely) often gave the appearance of a "mucous net," as has been described in older studies with less sensitive means of visualization. The results presented clearly demonstrate there is no mucous net formed, and a model is proposed to describe the capture and movement of particles, providing clarification of the process and new interpretations of the suspension-feeding process. You have requested a machine translation of selected content from our databases. This functionality is provided solely for your convenience and is in no way intended to replace human translation. Neither BioOne nor the owners and publishers of the content make, and they explicitly disclaim, any express or implied representations or warranties of any kind, including, without limitation, representations and warranties as to the functionality of the translation feature or the accuracy or completeness of the translations. Translations are not retained in our system. Your use of this feature and the translations is subject to all use restrictions contained in the Terms and Conditions of Use of the BioOne website. Vol. 33 • No. 1

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Archive for November, 2016 Many of the adults reading this post likely grew up in a world where at the end of the day, they were able to return to a home and “unplug” from the activities, pressures, and communication of school and work life. It’s a fact of the 21st century, however, that most adults and kids remain connected to each other all day, every day. Today, smartphones, e-mails, texts, apps and social media sites dictate that people are always plugged in and ever-attached to each other. For as much as modern technology has made possible round-the-clock communication, however, it has also lessened the amount of time that human beings look each other in the eye and say what they are thinking or feeling. There can be no doubt that for most people—and especially for those who prefer to avoid direct confrontation—it is far easier to be cruel from a behind a keyboard. Today’s technology affords anyone who wants to mask their anger or aggression a perfect front. For the passive aggressive person, the relative anonymity of screens and apps has become an ideal Get-Out-of-Guilt-Free card. In this post on Psychology Today’s website, I examine four reasons why passive aggression thrives online. Please check it out and share it with anyone to whom it can be helpful.

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"We can equate a change in diet of this magnitude with a change in her status, one that occurred as part of her final demise." But the term "fattening up" is used as an illustration, not necessarily a direct reference to weight gain, he said. "The tissue on the Maiden's forearm is plump, for example," he said. "This is an illustration that these individuals were in good health and condition." What's more, the chemical evidence shows another shift several months before death, indicating that the children were forced on a grueling pilgrimage. The route likely went from Cusco, Peru—the Inca capital—to high-altitude mountain shrines, where the children were drugged and then killed or left to die, Wilson added. The Maiden, for example, was fed fermented maize beer and chewed coca leaves before her death. (Related: "Mystery Mountain of the Inca" in National Geographic magazine [February 2004].) Last Months of Life "This work gives a very interesting and intimate picture of the last months before the deaths of the individuals involved in the capacocha ceremonies," said Kelly J. Knudson, a bioarchaeologist at Arizona State University. Sonia Guillén, a Peruvian archaeologist, said the study was interesting and helps confirm much of what is known about this type of sacrifice. "One key question is how these children differed from others in terms of diet," she said. Other capacocha victims have been found, and other studies have looked at isotopic signatures in order to measure seasonal variations in diet, study leader Wilson said. But none "has linked to such a graphic piece of evidence that would suggest a diet shift of this magnitude that could be equated with change in status." Study co-author Timothy Taylor, also from the University of Bradford, said in a written statement that "the treatment of such peasant children may have served to instill fear and exert social control over remote mountain areas newly incorporated into the empire." Free Email News Updates Sign up for our Inside National Geographic newsletter. Every two weeks we'll send you our top stories and pictures (see sample). SOURCES AND RELATED WEB SITES

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This resource contains everything you need to get going with report writing in your classroom. • Gain knowledge about journalism by reading a report on clean water. • Recall the features of a newspaper report. • Explore the author’s use of language and the impact of writing a report. • Apply authorial technique to write a newspaper report. • Evaluate peers’ writing using a list of criteria developed as a class. Use words, phrases, and clauses to create cohesion and clarify the relationships among claim(s), counterclaims, reasons, and evidence. Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development, organization, and style are appropriate to task, purpose, and audience. Conduct short research projects to answer a question (including a self-generated question), drawing on several sources and generating additional related, focused questions that allow for multiple avenues of exploration. This resource can be used by the teachers to help students to - Report information in an effective order. Structure paragraphs and transitions for an enhanced readability and comprehension. This Resource Includes: Scaffolder Notes - • Vocabulary Overview • Report on Clean Water • Sample Newspaper Report • Report Writing Tips • Key Elements of News Report • Word-Bank: Adjectives, Adverbs, Connectives, Verbs Real Life Application and Career Options of Report Writing Teaching and Learning Activities/Strategies - Flipped Lesson Part - Video - Learn to Write a Report Lesson Starter – Controversial Issue Lesson Development - Pair-Share, Mini-Plenary Individual Task - Differentiated Task Rubrics - Report Plenary - PQP Technique Skills - Social and Cognitive Home Learning - 4 Exercises

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The Heyday of American Communism: The Depression Decade The history of the American Communist party (and not only the American) is largely a history of paroxysms—about two to a decade—dividing the Party’s experience into periods. During the 1920s, after the initial revolutionary outburst that spread the influence of the Russian Revolution through the world socialist movement and split the socialist parties, the American Communist party was shaken by the shift from the underground to the legal party. (There was an analogous shift throughout the Comintern.) The Thirties was marked by the two periods that are Harvey Klehr’s subject: the so-called Third Period of 1929–1934, in which the Party’s line became freakishly ultraleft (or so it seemed), and the People’s Front period of 1935–1939, in which the Party swung dizzily to the opposite extreme, the right of the radical spectrum. In 1939 the Nazi–Soviet pact caused the party to flip-flop back to a line of apparently revolutionary opposition to the capitalist democracies—a short swing, for Hitler’s invasion of Russia in June 1941 stood the Party (and the Comintern) on its ear as it returned to superpatriotic support of the New Deal-turned-War Deal. In this period, by enforcing the labor movement’s “no strike” pledge, the CP became the policeman inside labor, ready to put down any manifestations of class struggle. During the late 1940s, the onset of the cold war forced the Party back, willy-nilly, to the position of the “revolutionary” opposition. The rest of the history of the communist movement includes the international convulsion called Titoism, which began in 1948; the crises around the death of Stalin (1953) and—ever more so—around the speech (1956) in which Khrushchev unveiled the portrait of Stalin as a monstrously bloody dictator; and around the armed suppression of the Hungarian movement for socialist freedom. The most recent crisis has arisen over the destruction of Solidarity in Poland. But since all these have taken place within the frame of the cold war, they have not been accompanied by the drastic policy swings, from right to left and back again, of CP history before the cold war. None of these periods of mutations originated in American conditions, but they nonetheless define the different phases of the history of the American CP, as of every CP. This is one of the difficulties in understanding and relating the history of the Party. The two volumes by Theodore Draper that inaugurated the writing of the Party’s history in period-by-period close-ups were exemplary in handling this problem. 1 These books were so expertly and fully researched and so clearly presented that no one dared to take on the same project before the third volume in the series appeared. But then Draper dropped the project. This no doubt helps to explain why it has taken so long for a historian to do full justice to the decade, the Thirties, in which the CP had the greatest impact on American life. In… This article is available to online subscribers only. Please choose from one of the options below to access this article: Purchase a print premium subscription (20 issues per year) and also receive online access to all content on nybooks.com. Purchase an Online Edition subscription and receive full access to all articles published by the Review since 1963. Purchase a trial Online Edition subscription and receive unlimited access for one week to all the content on nybooks.com.

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|← Honor Crimes||Preliminary Findings of a Crime Scene →| Crime scene investigators in America work toward investigating all kinds of crimes. They visit the scene in which the criminals accomplish their mission. They gather evidence which they find available in the place where the crime occurs. The people who work as crime scene investigator get employed by the government. They work as police officers and with their skills they get deployed to investigation department. This is a police department and the investigator works together with the police. The details of this career can be found in htpp//www.crime –scene investigation-net/ or from the article written by Paul B. Weston on crime scene investigator. Those sources give detailed information on the career of a crime scene investigator. After graduation, I will get the certificate which will assist in getting the employment because a college diploma is required for one to become a crime scene investigator. Secondly, I have a significant health and I am physically fit. Physical fitness is a mandatory requirement for this career, because it takes climbing mountains in search of evidence. Finally, I am a talented photographer and this requirement is mandatory since people take photos of the crime scene (Weston, 2004). Individuals in this profession have significant health, and they have a minimum of college diploma. A crime scene investigator works from Monday to Friday from 8.00 am to 5.00 pm and takes home an average of $ 40,000 in a year. The profession has a code of ethics which respects the Constitution of America. Police officer is another profession close to this because one has to become a police office before being promoted to the crime scene investigator department. The forensic investigator works in cooperation with crime scene investigator. The details on the career can be found in htpp//www.crimescene.com. Those professionals work towards gathering evidence and investigating to arrest the perpetrated (Weston, 2004).

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Definition of Balaton 1. Noun. A large shallow lake in western Hungary. Group relationships: Hungary, Magyarorszag, Republic Of Hungary Generic synonyms: Lake Click the following link to bring up a new window with an automated collection of images related to the term: Balaton Images Lexicographical Neighbors of Balaton Literary usage of Balaton Below you will find example usage of this term as found in modern and/or classical literature: 1. The Geographical Journal by Royal Geographical Society (Great Britain) (1907) "LAKE balaton. Resultate der wissenschaftlichen Erforschung des Plattensees, ... Lake balaton freezes in winter, while our larger lakes never freeze. ..." 2. Hungary and Transylvania: With Remarks on Their Condition, Social, Political by John Paget (1850) "The Polonaise.—The Hungarian Dance.—Return. ABOUT eighty miles south of Pest, on the shores of the balaton, there is a pretty little bathing-place called ..." 3. The Magyars: Their Country and Institutions by Patterson, Arthur John (1869) "Educational Work—Lake balaton—Tihany ... Ruined Castles — Importance of Lake balaton— ... balaton ..." 4. Adventure Guide to Hungary by Dante Mena (2007) "Places to Stay Before you book in Southern or Northern balaton consider that it slows down in the winter. While there is some nightlife and recreation, ..." 5. After the War: London, Paris, Rome, Athens, Prague, Vienna, Budapest by Charles à Court Repington (1922) "... Finance Minister, expounds to me his great programme — Colonel Alfred Stead — A tour round Lake balaton — The country and the crops — Vienna — A party ..." Other Resources Relating to: Balaton

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Q. When is the best time to sample soil? Soil sampling in the fall or spring is best and preferred. Sampling in summer is not practical because the crops are in the field, and in winter sampling can give misleading results due to physical changes in the soil due to cold winter temperatures. Q. How often are soil tests recommended and how many samples should be taken? Soil tests are recommended at least every four years. Sampling should occur at the same time of the year and following the same crop to reduce the variability in results. The recommended number of soil samples is a compromise between the cost and precision standpoint of the grower. However, the number of samples collected should capture the variability in the field. Recommendations vary for the number of cores taken at each sampling point, ranging from 5 to 7 cores up to 15 to 20 cores. The goal is to collect a representative sample at each point. Seasonal variations should be accounted for. Q. Can tillage influence the number of cores required to obtain a representative sample? Yes. Due to less mixing and more spatial variation, continuous no-till fields or fields that do not receive tillage on a regular basis will require more cores for each sample (8 to 12) than a field that receives tillage regularly. Q. What kinds of sampling patterns can be used to sample soil? There are three ways to sample a field: whole field sampling, grid sampling, and management zone sampling. Whole field sampling This method is the least expensive from a soil sampling and analysis standpoint. If a grower chooses to manage the field as a single unit, then a single, representative soil sample should be pulled and analyzed from the field. Collect and composite 10 to 20 cores from the field to get a representative sample. Sampling in a “Z” or “W” pattern is recommended to get a good representation of the area sampled. Collecting the cores in a clean plastic bucket is recommended. Mix the cores thoroughly, then fill the bag ½ to 2/3 full to send off for lab testing. Q. Are there any areas where sampling should be avoided in the field? Yes. Avoid the areas that are likely to skew results such as fertilizer bands, headlands, dead furrows, areas of dust patterns along limestone roads, and areas where stockpiling of compost, manure, or lime have been placed. Grid sampling is a systematic approach in which the field is divided into individual squares or rectangles of equal size and referred to as “grid cells”. Common grid size includes 2.5-acre, 4-acre, or 8-acre grids. A GPS is used to identify the soil sampling locations. Once the location is finalized, a composite soil sample is pulled from within each grid cell and analyzed separately from other grid cells. Cores should be taken at the center of a grid cell and within 30 feet in each direction from the center of the grid cell. Alternatively, a random collection of cores throughout the grid cell can be taken. Q. How are GPS coordinates helpful during the soil sampling process? GPS coordinates are intended to help determine changes over time by returning to the same location each time for sampling. GPS coordinates are also used to ensure random sampling of different locations, so that a more complete picture of nutrient resources over time is created. Management zone sampling A management zone is an area that is managed in a similar fashion and differs from other management zones within a field. Management zones within a field can be identified by single or multiple characteristics such as soil type, soil slope, organic matter, yield potential, production practices, and soil electrical conductivity. Soil samples are collected at random from within each zone, bulked together, and analyzed to provide an average sample value for each unit. Q. How crucial is the soil sample handling process? Collected sample cores should be stored in clean plastic containers, mixed, and placed into bags or boxes designed for soil samples. Make sure that sample tools are not contaminated. Mark the sample so you can identify the field from where it came from. Samples can either be sent immediately to a testing lab or left to dry in a dust-free location. Complete the soil information sheet provided by the lab. Information such as cropping history, soil region, and yield goal will be used to calculate fertilizer recommendations based on the soil sample. Samples can be sent to university testing facilities or to private labs. (Sources Verified 9/13/2019) Mallarino, A., and Sawyer, J. 2003. Nutrient management: Soil testing. Iowa State University Extension. https://store.extension.iastate.edu/Product/Soil-Testing-Nutrient-Management-PDF Hoeft, R., and Peck, T. 2003. University of Illinois Agronomy Handbook. Chapter 11: Soil testing and fertility. http://talk.newagtalk.com/forums/get-attachment.asp?attachmentid=136051 Sawyer, J., Mallarino, A., and Killorn, R. 2003. Take a good sample to help make good decision. Iowa State University Extension. PM 287. https://store.extension.iastate.edu/product/Take-a-Good-Soil-Sample-to-Help-Make-Good-Fertilization-Decisions

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HUNTER TRANSPORT Part 3 - Modernising the System The new century provided more challenges to road transport. The year 1891saw Newcastle with a population of 50,000. This increased to 54,000 by 1911. Maitland was experiencing a period of stagnation. West Maitland, East Maitland and Morpeth registered less than 12,000 residents. However, these were large towns for those times. Services catering for passengers other than the railways were badly needed. Trains left a lot to be desired when it came to comfort and convenience. This prompted the Newcastle Chronicle to write: “…great dissatisfaction exists among a great many of the travelling public as regards the ventilation and adaptability of some of the second class carriages now running on the Great Northern Railway. The seats are uncomfortable and have no support for the back. There is no fresh air at all in the second-hand coffins. Brawny men smoke, babies scream and the windows are screwed tight.” Extensive mining in the suburbs caused roads to be in a deplorable state. More often than not pitfalls would occur creating dangerous situations especially at night. Despite these dreadful conditions horse-drawn omnibus services became common in the second half of the century, in 1881 James Morris of Tighes Hill provided a service of wagonettes and omnibuses to the city. In his descriptive 200 Years of Transport in the Hunter J. Turner writes: “Some of the omnibus services developed into quite large concerns but none so extensive as Peter James’s Newcastle to Minmi via Wallsend line which also ran branch services to West Wallsend, Killingworth and cokle Creek. At its peak James had forty buses and two hundred horses.” Trams and all The arrival of the steam tram in Newcastle was heralded in 1885 when John Fletcher MLA made a case that the second largest city in the colony be provided with its own tramway. Sydney of course had the service operating since 1879. The single line from Newcastle to Plattsburg via Hamilton New Lambton and Lambton would cost 34,150 pounds, and the line was to be in operation by 1887. The tramcars were self propelled and had a double-decker arrangement, soon to be modified to allow them to pass under the overhead bridge of the Lambton colliery which spanned over the public road! The modification reduced the carrying capacity from 80 to 40 passengers. The introduction was delayed several months for a change of route demanded by the colliery. The service, which operated for 63 years, was not without incidents. The inaugural ceremony at 2pm of 5 July 1887 was marred by a breakdown and a derailment at Lambton Hill and Lambton. As the Newcastle Morning Herald put it, “…the Mayor, who went out resplendent in his robes, had to be brought back in a cart like a coster monger”. (J Turner - Transport in the Hunter) The offending tram returned empty at 10pm. The red faced official party made their way back home with their guests in omnibuses and carts. Turner comments: “The tribulations of its opening would have provided rich materials for those great satirists of the Victorian way of life, William Gilbert and Arthur Sullivan. It was a long time since the town wits had so much fun” In Australia rumours about the horseless carriage circulated about 1890, but no one took them seriously. Three years later David Shearer of Adelaide produced his steam carriage, it transported 9 passengers around the city at 25 miles an hour. Herbert Thomson of Melbourne went into production in 1900 and sold ten of them. At that time there was nothing to indicate that motor vehicles had any future as a mode of transport. The first motorcar arrived in Newcastle in 1905, motor lorries soon followed. The first 20 years of the 20th Century went without producing significant changes in the Hunter valley, the advent of the Steelworks, the Great War increased the demand for transport services, but there were few signs of the impact the motor vehicle would make on society, aviation was regarded more as a toy than an invention that would revolutionise the future. The South Maitland Coal fields had been booming for some time, the coal rush had transformed the quite rural areas of Kurri Kurri and Cessnock into very busy towns and nearly every mine had its own railway, in time they became The South Maitland Railways. The Great Northern line had reached Merriwa by 1917 and six years later the link to Dubbo was completed. A web of spur lines connected rural areas of the North West and the North Coast to Newcastle. Further developments of coal mines to the south of Newcastle produced more private railways. The collieries they served, Stockton Borehole, Rhondda, West Wallsend and Killingworth, all joined the main line at cokle Creek. Further South the Newstan mine also depended on its link to the Sydney-Newcastle line. The BHP had internal railways that served the needs of steel production and was linked to the main northern line at Mayfield. The BHP Journal in 1976 was commenting with Leon Oberg: “… while railways have played a major role in the development of Australia, few will realise the role railways played in BHP” The first motor vehicle to be driven in Australia was driven in Melbourne in 1897. It had a Gorgon oil engine, a chain drive and steering levers. Nevertheless, the first Motor Registry in the Hunter was introduced in 1910, it reveals details of the pioneers of motoring in the Region. Cars and trucks manufacturers included: Buick, Benz, Wolseley and Talbot. Pioneers of the engine age in the Hunter were Brambles who operated a FIAT lorry L 1123 rated 20-30 horsepower; Hawkins operated an International truck bought for 350 pounds. The Register of Motor lorries identified it as IHC Lorry, L1589, this occurred in 1915 according to Joyce Watt author of Hawkins’ biography. People’s imagination was often captured by aeroplanes, but they made a minimal contribution to national economy compared to other transport modes. There were 44,443 motor vehicles in NSW in 1939, this did not include 83,997 Motor Lorries. By 1940 six major carriers ha joined Newcastle Chamber of Commerce: WE Brambles and Sons, HH Chadwick, the Gale Brothers, AF Toll who had taken over Bacon’s business, J Woolley and Sons, whilst H G Hawkins was not a member of the Chamber of Commerce. In 1931 the Chief Commissioner for Railways urged citizens, particularly business people to boycott private motor transport, and to use rail services to transport goods. The Labor Government of JT Lang passed an Act of Parliament and instituted a Board of Commissioners for that purpose. Despite the depth of the Great Depression, and with the state as close as it has ever been to revolution the Transport Coordination Act was accepted; it was the beginning of a number of measures, including registration fees, petrol, and road taxes that were to severely impact all facets of road transport. The revolution in the freight transport industry continued, with the introduction of palletised cargo and ship-based forklifts at the end of the war. All these changes were to lead to the long due transformation of passenger services in the Valley. Motorbuses became a formidable competitor of trams and railways. Mobility and flexibility was their advantage, comfort too was what the public expected. Private buses had a better choice of routes and competitive cost. The government considered substituting trams with buses, but local authorities insisted the trams be kept, thus the system was electrified and continued for a further twenty years. Private bus services continued to expand and reached about every town and suburb in the Valley and Lake Macquarie. S Fogg was a leading pioneer of services in the Newcastle to Port Stephens route in 1935, it relied on the punt service at Hexham. The Rover Motors Pty Ltd of Cessnock was established a decade before World War II, it takes the credit for pioneering the use of semi-trailer configured buses, successfully demonstrated to the Department of Transport in Sydney in 1944. Some services were eventually taken over by the Government when it introduced double-decker buses camouflaged during the war. In the meantime railways were being restructured, from 1950 onward Newcastle steam engines were replaced with more powerful diesel powered locomotives. But even this failed to cope with the booming post war economy, the slack was taken up by motor transport. The Government increased railway charges and the taxes to interstate road hauliers to make them less competitive with rail transport. The Act was disallowed by the Privy Council in 1954, as a breach of the Federal Constitution to free trade between the States. During the war the Chadwick Company had a fleet of more than thirty-two trucks partly owed to growing production at BHP, emerging from the war with remarkable success. At its peak HH Chadwick and Son’s fleet amounted to over one hundred and fifty vehicles and employed 200 people. AF Toll too was on the move. Heavily involved with transport of mineral sands for National Minerals, it developed a mobile conveyor system for loading this material onto ships. It allowed the ship to be loaded irrespective of the availability of wharf cranes. The efficiency of the system caused large quantity of North Coast sands to be diverted from Brisbane to the loading plant in Newcastle. At the time of the Toll-Chadwick merger in 1965 Toll had a fleet of one hundred and eighteen units. During the devastating Lower Hunter Valley floods of February 1955 the railway system failed. About one third of the State railways were immobilised. It was left to private operators, to answer to call by the Government to help << Part 2 - Hunter Transport - Part 4 >> Last Updated Monday, March 23 2009 @ 06:31 AM|14,429 Hits

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*** To support my company's move to bring awareness on wild life endangered species and what we can do to help, I am posting this article courtesy from my company's bulletin. Let’s play our part... to know our world a little better, to contribute a little more, to secure a better tomorrow. I would like to share news on the animals that we, humans, are threatening to extinction. Understand them and what threatens them and we could all make a change before its too late.... not only for them... but for us as well. Scientific Name : Megaptera Novaeangliae Habitat : Oceanic Did You Know?... Each whale has its own unique pattern on the underside of its tail flukes, which can be used like "fingerprints" to identify individual whales. Humpbacks produce a wide array of sounds but how it create these sounds is still unknown as they do not have functional vocal cords. Humpbacks are among the most endangered whales as fewer than 10% of their original population remains. Humpbacks are found in all oceans to the edges of polar ice, and follow definite migration paths from their summer feeding grounds to warmer waters in the winter. The climate change (global warming) has forced these migratory whales to swim up to 500km further and for less food. Shrinking sea ice reduces whale foraging areas and the abundance of the Antarctic krill on which the whales feed. As the krill is dependent on sea ice, less sea ice will reduce the abundance of food for whales in the feeding areas. humpback’s main food source - krill What Can We Do?... Saturday, 28th March 2009 From 8:30pm to 9:30pm You may ask “what difference can one make in an hour?”... Our question to you... “why not participate and find out?!” Once you’ve seen the impact, it would encourage you and the people around you to be more mindful with the On and Off switches in the future. Join us to say “I did my part” by signing up at www.earthhour.org.my Lights Out people! “Your Switch is your vote - Vote Earth!”

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The challenge of fake news is well articulated in this quote from Abraham Lincoln. More and more, individuals get their news on societal issues via social media platforms and without the vetting process that previously characterised leading news outlets. This shift was made clear when a study by Buzzfeed found that fake news was posted more often than actual news on Facebook during the three months leading up to the US presidential election. But the internet isn’t the only development that has made fake news more prominent. Growing partisanship also fuels fake news because strong partisan leanings often bias our judgment. Those with strongly held beliefs (be they liberal or conservative) seek news that aligns with their positions, and are less likely to critically assess political claims that support their viewpoints. It’s a one-two punch. The internet enables the creation and circulation of misinformation, and strong partisanship leads individuals to seek out this content and to believe what they read. Given these dynamics, perhaps it’s not surprising that 81 per cent of those surveyed by the Pew Research Center just before the election said that not only did supporters of Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump disagree over desirable policies, but they also disagreed when it came to basic facts. The risks this poses for our democracy are enormous. How can those who disagree have a meaningful discussion if they can’t even agree on basic facts? And why would the losing side of any political battle view the process as legitimate, if they believe the winner’s case rests on outright falsehoods? Just as important, how can we expect the public to hold elected officials accountable or to cast an informed vote if they lack accurate information? Are schools doing enough to counter these dynamics? Not yet. A new study from the Stanford Education Research Group shows that many young people (like adults) can’t accurately identify trustworthy or credible websites and news reports. And in our nationally representative survey of youth, we asked if they felt that they and their friends would benefit from learning more about how to tell if online information was trustworthy. Eighty-four percent said yes. Fortunately, groups such as the The News Literacy Project have begun to create curriculum that responds to this need. And across the country, teachers are developing their own approaches. In Oakland, California, Lisa Rothbard created a curricular unit that helps high school students become critical consumers of “news” they find online and elsewhere. We are beginning to see evidence that these approaches work. Recently, we implemented an online experiment as part of a nationally representative survey of young people. That study, published in the American Educational Research Journal, was the first to demonstrate that civic media literacy education can improve how students distinguish between evidence-based and inaccurate online political claims. We exposed youth to the political content (both liberal and conservative) that commonly circulates on social media. Some of these posts were evidence-based, while others included wildly inaccurate claims. After viewing the posts, we asked the respondents if they thought the claims were accurate. Unfortunately, the most important influence on whether young people judged a post as “accurate” was if it aligned with their prior position on an issue. It made much less difference if the post’s claim was evidence-based or inaccurate. Young people with high levels of political knowledge were just as likely to exhibit this bias. But here’s the good news. Young people who received civic media literacy learning opportunities were 26 per cent more likely to judge an evidence-based post as “accurate” than they were to judge an inaccurate post as “accurate”, even when both posts aligned with their perspective on an issue. In contrast, youth with no civic media literacy learning were just as likely to judge inaccurate posts as accurate as they were posts that used factual evidence. The implications of such findings are clear: schools can help. Until recently, civic media literacy education has not been a reform priority. It must become one. Promoting civic media literacy aligns squarely with a core purpose of universal education – to prepare youth to make informed judgements on the issues that will shape their lives. Or, as Lincoln actually said, “Let (the people) know the truth and the country is safe.” Joseph Kahne is the Ted and Jo Dutton presidential professor of educational policy and politics at the University of California, Riverside. Benjamin Bowyer is a lecturer in the political science department at Santa Clara University.

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A couple of years ago, the European Space Agency launched its BepiColombo spacecraft on a mission toward Mercury. Late last week, this spacecraft successfully completed its first Earth flyby, according to the ESA, which reports that BepiColombo will complete a total of nine flybys during its time in space. On April 10, the spacecraft came within 7,891 miles of our planet. The BepiColombo spacecraft is on a seven-year mission that will take it to Mercury, a planet that may help shed light on the origins of our Solar System. According to the ESA, the mission will take the spacecraft past Venus during its next two flyby events followed by Mercury, where it will conduct a total of six flybys. During its Earth flyby late last week, BepiColombo had to spend a bit over half an hour in the Earth’s shadow. This ‘eclipse phase’ was the most sensitive part of the event, according to the ESA‘s BepiColombo Spacecraft Operations Manager Elsa Montagnon. Because the spacecraft has solar power, it was not getting access to its power source during its time in the shadow. That eclipse phase didn’t put the spacecraft in any danger, however, because the team behind the mission made sure to charge BepiColombo’s batteries and to warm up its sensitive components before it passed through the dark region. The systems’ components were monitored during the dark period; soon enough, the solar panels started generating more electricity, indicating the spacecraft had exited the eclipse. There was another troubling aspect of this flyby, which was one that couldn’t be anticipated when the spacecraft was launched: quarantine. The ESA says that the flyby had to be conducted with only limited staff on-site in Germany. The maneuver had been pre-programmed to happen, but the ESA notes that it was never an option to postpone the Earth flyby.

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Philadelphia Jazz Appreciation Month is in full swing. In a recent interview, I noted that jazz musicians performed in nightclubs where they couldn’t sit and hotels where they could not stay. The jazz legends whose music paved the way for the Civil Rights movement were subjected to racial discrimination as they traveled while black. In 1936, Victor H. Green, a postal worker and civil rights activist, published the first edition of The Negro Motorist Green Book, a travel guide to navigate Jim Crow laws in the South and de facto segregation in the North. “The Green Book,” as it was called, lists tourist homes, restaurants, nightclubs, beauty parlors, barber shops and other services. Philadelphia hotels in the 1949 edition include the Attucks, Chesterfield and Douglass. The list of taverns includes Emerson’s, the setting for the Tony Award-winning play, “Lady Day at Emerson’s Bar and Grill. The Café Society and Watts’ Zanzibar are listed. After passage of the Civil Rights Act in 1964, “The Green Book” was no longer published. As All That Philly Jazz breathes life into the city's jazz heritage, my appreciation of jazz is increasing exponentially.

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1. A person who is easily swindled, deceived or coerced, persuaded, etc. 2. A person upon whom the blame for something falls; scapegoat; fall guy 3. A person who is the object of a joke, ridicule, or the like This word was first attested in 1889 and its origin is uncertain. As a colloquialism, it's older than its first attestation, as evidenced by the quote itself: A party of minstrels in Boston, about twenty years ago, had a performance...When the pedagogue asked in a rage, 'Who did that?', the boys would answer, 'Patsy Bolivar!'...The phrase...spread beyond the limits of the minstrel performance, and when a scapegoat was alluded to, it was in the name of 'Patsy Bolivar'...the one who is always blamed for everything. ~H.F. Reddall, Fact, Fancy & FableOne theory is that patsy was a diminutive of Patrick that was influenced by Italian pazzo ("crazy") or southern dialectal Italian paccio ("fool"). Perhaps the most famous patsy in American culture:

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I'm often asked what types of nut do they produce, so I'm going to try to show the various types I grow in my orchard. Not all hazelnuts are equal.These are just some of the many different types. This plant that produced the hazelnuts on the left was bought at a local nursery and has a large crop of small bitter nuts every year. I did remove this plant from the orchard this fall. The nut on the right 2N-77 is a hybrid plant that's growing in my orchard. It produces a nice crop of larger great tasting nuts. I'm probably a little biased, but they are good:) The wild hazelnuts here are from northern Minnesota. They have a medium thick shell and a bitter taste. The plant is very prolific, tends to sucker up and is hard to remove once established. Hybrid 5-61 is more tree like and does not sucker at all. It also has a medium thick shell and a good taste. The big difference between these two hazelnuts is shell thickness. Hybrid 1T-19 produces a nut with a very thick shell which is hard to crack and separate the meats (kernel) from the shell. The meats are also relatively small compared to the size of the nut. Hybrid 2N-5 has a very thin shell that cracks easily with larger meats (kernel). A larger sized nut does not always indicate a large kernel. Hybrid 7-12 is a flatter shaped nut, but it has a good buttery taste. The meats are a flat bean shape. I would have eliminated this plant if it wasn't for the good taste. Hybrid 2N-74 has a rounder shape, thin shell and a fair taste. I like this one because it's round, cracks easily in the cracking machine and separates nicely in my aspiration system. The big difference between these nuts is the pellicle, which is the thin papery skin around the kernel. Hybrid 5-63 has no pellicle and is a little bitter, while 2N-121 has very thick pellicle, but has a good taste. Mice Damage 😠 When the snow melted the past few days I noticed a lot of damage from mice. I've never had problems with mice before. They must be mini beavers. I might move them to a better location this fall where I can monitor the plants all winter. I think the leaves that blow in and the snow cover made a perfect home for the little critters. This is another picture of the damage. I'm hoping they resprout from the bottom. I've also noticed some of the buds are starting to swell, which is way too early and they might freeze if we get any real cold weather. I'll give an update on the mice damage when they start leafing out. Right now I'm busy setting up to start this years seedlings.

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For nearly a year, hundreds of local K-12 students toiled tirelessly, testing theories and hypotheses. They pondered such questions as whether mice really do prefer cheese or if dairy products have an effect on singing. The results of these and dozens of other experiments were published in the 17th volume of California State University, Northridge’s “The New Journal of Student Research Abstracts,” which was released late last semester. Founded by Northridge biology professor Steven Oppenheimer, the journal aims to highlight significant work conducted by local young scientific researchers and the teachers who assist them throughout the process. It is published annually by CSUN and the Van Nuys Airport, and features research by students from schools from throughout the San Fernando Valley. “The journal showcases the research of young students and excites them about research science,” Oppenheimer said. “This is critical for this nation’s future as national security, health and welfare depend on top U.S. research scientists.” Through an “open door” model, any K-12 teacher can submit a student abstract to Oppenheimer for review. The abstracts submitted can cover a wide range of topics. For example, Ashley Maynez and her teacher, S. Tanaka, of Gaspar de Portola Middle School in Tarzana, wanted to know if playing the video game “Guitar Hero III” improved reflexes. They subjected two volunteers through a series of reflex exercises. Following these exercises, the volunteers were asked to play one, four-to-five minute “Guitar Hero” song. The volunteers then repeated the initial reflex exercises. The researchers found that reflexes related to sound were significantly improved. Christine Montemayor and Nora Lapena of Ernest Lawrence Gifted/Highly Gifted Magnet Middle School in Chatsworth wanted to know the effects of chocolate and dark chocolate on acne. The two, guided by teacher G. Zem, experimented by feeding participants one serving of Hershey’s Kisses—one dark and one regular—in alternate weeks. The students took a photo of the face of each participant. They found that both chocolate types caused acne breakouts; however, dark chocolate caused worse effects than the other. Oppenheimer said the ultimate goal of the journal is “worldwide enhancement of K-12 science education.” He noted that the journal is now available online thanks to CSUN ScholarWorks, a digital preservation program accessible to the public. To view the journal online, visit the CSUN ScholarWorks website at http://scholarworks.csun.edu/xmlui/handle/10211.2/1984. “This is a monumental development for the journal,” said Oppenheimer. Oppenheimer has received numerous awards for his dedication to science education, including the 2009 U.S. Presidential Award for Excellence in science, mathematics and engineering mentoring. In a letter published in the latest journal, former high school researcher Drew Edelberg expressed how his participation in the journal granted him “invaluable research experience” that aided in his success at UC Berkeley and now at Columbia University, where he began working on a Ph.D. in solid-state physics in fall 2012. The next abstract submission deadline is June 1. Submissions can be sent to Oppenheimer at [email protected].

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Fusion Science and Technology / Volume 56 / Number 2 / August 2009 / Pages 632-640 Laser Fusion-Fission Hybrid / Eighteenth Topical Meeting on the Technology of Fusion Energy (Part 2) / dx.doi.org/10.13182/FST18-8166 Molten salt with dissolved uranium is being considered for the Laser Inertial Confinement Fusion Fission Energy (LIFE) fission blanket as a backup in case a solid-fuel version cannot meet the performance objectives, for example because of radiation damage of the solid materials. Molten salt is not damaged by radiation and therefore could likely achieve the desired high burnup (>99%) of heavy atoms of 238U. A perceived disadvantage is the possibility that the circulating molten salt could lend itself to misuse (proliferation) by making separation of fissile material easier than for the solid-fuel case. The molten salt composition being considered is the eutectic mixture of 73 mol% LiF and 27 mol% UF4, whose melting point is 490°C. The use of 232Th as a fuel is also being studied. (232Th does not produce Pu under neutron irradiation.) The temperature of the molten salt would be ∼550°C at the inlet (60°C above the solidus temperature) and ∼650°C at the outlet. Mixtures of U and Th are being considered. To minimize corrosion of structural materials, the molten salt would also contain a small amount (∼1mol%) of UF3. The same beryllium neutron multiplier could be used as in the solid fuel case; alternatively, a liquid lithium or liquid lead multiplier could be used. Insuring that the solubility of Pu3+ in the melt is not exceeded is a design criterion. To mitigate corrosion of the steel, are fractory coating such as tungsten similar to the first wall facing the fusion source is suggested in the high-neutron-flux regions; and in low-neutron-flux regions, including the piping and heat exchangers, a nickel alloy, Hastelloy, would be used. These material choices parallel those made for the Molten Salt Reactor Experiment (MSRE) at ORNL. The nuclear performance is better than the solid fuel case. At the beginning of life, the tritium breeding ratio is unity and the plutonium plus 233U production rate is ∼0.6 atoms per 14.1 MeV neutron.

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Home & Garden Columns It was an impressive object: somewhere between soccer ball- and basketball-sized, hanging just above eye level in a tanoak tree. A couple of its inhabitants, big black wasps with white markings, were at work on its outer surface. They were white-faced or bald-faced hornets, and the corrugated gray spheroid was their nest. Hornets and their close relatives, the yellowjackets, represent one of the pinnacles of social evolution among insects. The vast majority of wasps are solitary, but one group of species has all the hallmarks of what biologists call eusociality. Only one female in the colony, the queen, reproduces; her daughters build, maintain, and provision the nest, and care for their younger siblings in their larval state. This state of affairs has evolved several times among insects—in ants and social bees, and the more distantly related termites—as well as in some species of reef-dwelling shrimp and that disconcerting rodent, the naked mole-rat. (Some spiders are colonial but not truly eusocial, and that’s probably a good thing). Hornets and yellowjackets differ in their architectural style and preferred location. Hornets build out in the open, yellowjackets underground. Although their name is a byword for ferocity—think of the Hornet’s Nest at Shiloh, from which Union troops raked attacking Confederates with gunfire—hornets are actually somewhat less likely to attack humans than yellowjackets are. But neither is to be trifled with. The nests of both types are similar in basic structure and construction material. They’re made of paper—wood pulp chewed up by the powerful jaws of the wasps and moistened with saliva—and contain tiers of cells, each built to house one of the queen’s eggs. Yellowjackets build to fill whatever nook or cranny they’re in; hornets add one tier below another, encasing the whole assemblage in a tough outer rind. The project begins in spring, with a single female wasp who has mated the previous fall and overwintered. She makes a small paper disc, then builds it into a pedicel to which a row of cells is attached. Then she surrounds the whole thing with a paper envelope, leaving a hole in the bottom. She lays an egg in each cell; when the larvae hatch, she feeds them chewed-up insects. (Unlike solitary wasps, the social wasps don’t provision their brood cells with paralyzed spiders or caterpillars). After about 12 days as larvae and another 12 as pupae, the queen’s daughter’s emerge. They’re the work force now. The queen no longer hunts, builds, or feeds the brood; all she does is lay more eggs. And more eggs, and more eggs. The paper city grows, tier after tier. One nest in California—and my hat is off to the man or woman who conducted this study—was found to have 4,768 workers in midseason, and over 10,000 cells. The workers dutifully kill more insects—I’ve seen yellowjackets literally cut a stick insect apart—and bring them home to feed the new mouths. Then in late summer, a couple of things happen. The queen, who has stored last fall’s sperm and doled it out to fertilize the eggs that hatch into workers, lays a batch of unfertilized eggs that will hatch into male wasps. Other eggs, laid in larger-than-usual cells, get extra rations from the workers and develop into fertile females. They exit and mate. Those of the females who survive the winter will be next year’s queens. The males, having served their purpose, die off. At some point after this exodus, the colony begins to come unraveled. Discipline breaks down. Instead of hunting insects to feed the larvae, the workers gorge on nectar and overripe fruit, and harass picnickers. They may even ransack the cells and eat any larvae that remain. During this period of anarchy, the queen, who has already ceased to lay eggs, dies. What’s interesting is that this all happens well before the first cold snap of the year. There will still be warm days in which the colony could have flourished. But like the superfluous males, the queen and the workers have done what they needed to do: created a new generation of queens. If it isn’t cleaned out first by a marauding skunk or raccoon, the paper city will be abandoned. So the hornets I saw performing maintenance duty on that recent day on the downhill side of August were—although they had no way of knowing it—near the end of their road. All that work, all those wasp-hours of chewing paper and tending the brood, as part of a superorganismal queen-making machine, impelled, according to theory, by the drive to perpetuate the genes they shared with their fertile sisters. I just hope they were wired to experience some kind of job satisfaction. This hornet colony may be home to thousands of workers. Photograph by Ron Sullivan.

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LISTA indexes more than 560 core journals, nearly 50 priority journals, and nearly 125 selective journals; plus books, research reports and proceedings. Subject coverage includes librarianship, classification, cataloging, bibliometrics, online information retrieval, information management and more. Coverage in the database extends back as far as the mid-1960s. Full-text articles from scholarly journals and literary magazines are combined with critical essays, work and topic overviews, full-text works, biographies, and more to provide a wealth of information on authors, their works, and literary movements. Includes Dictionary of Literary Biography Contemporary Authors Contemporary Literary Criticism and related series. The national record of men and women who have shaped British history and culture, worldwide, from the Romans to the 21st century. The Dictionary offers concise, up-to-date biographies written by named, specialist authors. It is overseen by academic editors at Oxford University, UK, and published by Oxford University Press. The Oxford DNB now includes biographies of more than 58,326 men and women who died in or before the year 2008—plus 502 ‘Theme’ articles for reference and research. All material cataloged by OCLC member libraries including: books, manuscripts, websites & internet resources, maps, computer programs, musical scores, films & slides, newspapers, journals, magazines, sound recordings, articles, chapters, papers, videotapes. Over 179 million records representing materials from 1000 BCE to the present, many with online links to the fulltext. Updated daily.

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People say “Health is everything”. Quite correct! But how many of you lead a healthy life. This includes having a proper diet. Eating healthy will help both your body and mind. Don’t get me wrong here. I am not telling you to do some crazy stuff like going to gym every day or waking up four each day. It’s quite simple. You just need to have proper foods in your diet. That’s more than sufficient. Try to avoid junk foods as it may get you sick or lazy. Trouble in sleeping – Check the Buyer’s Guide on Weighted Blankets You will love to read – Best Weighted Vests for Women There are some foods which are titled as “Superfoods”. This is because these provide a ton of nutritional value. We have listed 10 of them which can quickly improve your current diet. Quick Navigation1.Blueberries2.Quinoa3.Salmon4.Steel Cut Oats5.Greek Yoghurt6.Coconut Oil7.Kale8.Cocoa9.Sweet Potato10.EggsConclusionInfographicTo Embed the Infographic on your Site Blueberries are the second most consumed fruit in the US. This highly speaks about the value the fruit provide in a diet. - Blueberries contain phosphorous, calcium, magnesium, manganese and other nutrients which help in building bone structure and strength. - Blueberries also contain no sodium and in addition to this it also nutrients which help in lowering blood pressure. - According to a study blueberries help in fighting chronic diseases. - As blueberries contains Vitamin C, Vitamin A, and various other phytonutrients it helps in protecting cells against damage. This will help to slow several types of cancer. The best part of blueberries is that you can incorporate into a variety of dishes. Read more – Health Benefits of Blueberries Quinoa is arguably the most popular health foods. What is Quinoa? Quinoa is a grain crop which is grown for its seeds. It is a gluten-free, high in protein and one the few plant foods that contain all the nine amino acids. It is regarded as the “mother of grains”. - It is loaded with all the important nutrients. A 200g of quinoa consists of 8g of proteins, 5g of fiber and other nutrients such as manganese, magnesium and phosphorous. - Quinoa is naturally gluten-free which means that you better off avoiding products which are made gluten-free. - It contains protein more than most other plant foods. With more than 8g protein per cup it is best source of protein for vegans. - It you are suffering from diabetes then quinoa is a great way to keep your blood sugar in control. Quinoa has a glycemic index of 53 which is considered low. - Because Quinoa is high in protein it helps to increase metabolism which ultimately loose your weight. The best part of Quinoa is that you can easily incorporate it your diet. In addition to this it is tasty and also fits well with other foods. Read more – 11 Proven Health Benefits of Quinoa Salmon is the name given species of ray-finned fish in the family Salmonidae. Wild Salmon is packed with protein and the two Omega 3s – DHA and EPA which helps in brain, eyes and nerve development. - If you are suffering from joint problems, then salmon is one of the best food for its treatment. This is because salmon contains small proteins called bioactive peptides which help in to increase, regulate and stabilise collagen synthesis in human osteoarthritic cartilage. - Salmon contains high amounts of Omega 3 fats, DHA and EPA which helps in important in brain functioning and nerve development. - Salmon is a great source for Vitamin D. It contains enough Vitamin D which is required by the body for a day. - It can help in preventing cell damage. With all its nutrients excellent source of selenium, a mineral is that works as an antioxidant in the body. Salmon can be purchased as either steaks or fillets, fresh, frozen, canned or smoked. Read more – What’s New and Beneficial about Salmon 4.Steel Cut Oats Steel-Cut Oats are essentially are groats of whole oats which has been cut into two or three pieces. These pieces are then processed to make steel-cut oats. They are also known as Irish Oats. Quick Fact- Steel Cut Oats derive their name from the way they are made. Because they are processed using large steel blades to make them finer they are called steel cut oats. - Steel Cuts Oats have more than 5g fibre in a ¼ cup of dry oats. The fibre content helps in reducing blood sugar levels in diabetes and also in improving cholesterol level. - They are also a great source of protein. A ¼ cup of oats contains almost 7g of protein. This helps the body get all the essential amino acids. - If you are looking for a source of iron for your body then steel cut oats is a perfect choice. In addition to this they are a great source of Vitamin B. People who consume the equivalent of 1/2 cup dry oats obtain almost 20 percent of their iron in this amount. Steel Cut Oats are most commonly used to make porridge’s and oat cakes. Yoghurt is one of my favourite food item. I love to eat it after every meal. What is Greek Yogurt? It is essentially made by separating out the liquid whey. It results in a thicker texture with less of carbohydrates and sugar. This also means that Greek Yogurt contain more protein than regular yogurt. - Protein is essential for good health. It is a great alternative source of protein. It helps protect your cells and also helps in keeping the skin healthy. - Do you feel low on energy at the end of the day? Then you may need Vitamin B12. Greek Yoghurt is the perfect source for B12. It helps in healthy brain function. - Do you workout? Then Greek Yoghurt is perfect food to eat after a tough workout session. It is a very satisfying and a healthy food. - Greek Yoghurt is packed with Iodine. Iodine is very important in thyroid function as well as in healthy metabolism. Other cool way to implement a Greek Yoghurt is by incorporating into a smoothie. Read more- 8 Ways Greek Yogurt Benefits Your Health Coconut Oil is one of the healthiest food you would find on the planet. It is a great source for Medium-Chain Triglycerides. Unlike other oil this one is easier to digest and also not readily stored as fat. So is it worth changing your oil? - Coconut oil is an excellent source of natural saturated fats. This helps in increasing the HDL (“healthy cholesterol”) and converting the LDL (“bad cholesterol”) into HDL. - People are using coconut oil to treat kidney and urinary infection. Also it has been found that it helps directly in protecting liver damage. - In a study done in India it was found that the high levels of antioxidants present in virgin coconut oil helped in reducing inflammation and in healing arthritis more effectively than other leading medications. - According to a study published in the journal of Neurobiology of Aging it was found that the MCFAs in coconut oil helped to improve the memory problems in older people. Overall Coconut is great to implement in day to diet. If you take healthy greens in account, Kale is the king. It is one of the world’s most nutritious plant food. Let’s dive into its benefits. - It is one of the densest plant foods. A single cup of Kale (60g) contains about 3 g of proteins and 2 g of fibre. - If you are looking for a source of Vitamin C, the Kale may be your thing. It contains high amounts of Vitamin C. Vitamin directly helps in functions of body cell. - Kale can help you to lower your cholesterol. Steamed Kale contains about 40% of cholestyramine, a cholesterol lowering drug. This helps directly in proper functioning of liver. - Kale is another good source of Minerals. This includes calcium and phosphorous. Most of the minerals you get from Kale is lacking in our day to day diet. A very popular dish from Kale is Kale Chips which you can make by putting some oil over it and baking it in the oven. Read more – 10 Health Benefits of Kale Who doesn’t like chocolate? People go crazy over chocolate. Cocoa is another great super food to pump up your diet. - Cocoa is very rich in minerals like iron, magnesium, calcium and phosphorous. These minerals are quite valuable in a day to day diet. - Cocoa contains a high amount of flavonol. This substance helps in reducing blood-pressure by improving the elasticity of the blood vessel. Overall it’s is very important in maintaining a healthy circulatory system. - Research has showed that cocoa is very helpful is regulating blood sugar levels. - Cocoa exerts beneficial effects on cardiovascular health. It helps prevent blood cots which inturn prevents a person from a stroke or an attack. So the chocolate you thought to be bad is not all that bad :p . Sweet Potato packs a powerful nutritional punch. There are two types of sweet potato you will find on the market. One is firm and the other one soft. Let’s the health benefits of this super food. - Sweet Potato has a low glycemic index. This helps to reduce episode of low blood sugar levels. It also provides an insulin resistance to people with diabetes. - Because Sweet Potato contains low sodium it helps you to lower blood sugar levels. - Eating Sweet Potato can also help you to prevent constipation because of its high fiber content. - It also helps to increase your immunity. It is high in Vitamin C. If you are confusing them with Yams, actually soft sweet potatoes are called yams by the African Slaves in the past. Egg is another very popular food. This one of the top superfoods. Eggs is considered to be a perfect food as it contains a little bit of all the nutrients. - A single large boiled egg contains about 77 calories, 6g of protein and 5g of healthy benefits. - Eggs help increase HDL (also know as “good protein”), This in-turn helps in prevention in many diseases. - Eggs also is very good source of inexpensive protein. - Eggs Contain Lutein and Zeaxanthin, Antioxidants which highly essential for healthy eyes. Lastly I will recommend you to eat at least 3 eggs a day which is perfectly safe and healthy. Finally, I would like to say that these foods are highly essential for a healthy life. Try to incorporate at least few of them in your diet. Share your favorite super food below. I would love to know.

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It’s scary times for British shrimp. Since 2010, they’ve been battling a foreign amphipod whose habit of killing and maiming for fun earned it the nickname “killer shrimp.” Now they face destruction at the claws of a bigger, meaner menace that hails from the east. So pervasive are these new invaders, which scientists have dubbed “demon shrimp,” that they threaten to completely wipe out the locals, says Alex Ford, marine scientist at the University of Portsmouth. “They are out-eating and out-competing our native shrimps and changing the species dynamic in our rivers and lakes,” said Ford, who is working with the UK Environment Agency to tackle the problem. “As soon as one species is depleted it can affect the whole food chain with potentially catastrophic results.” The closely-related demon and killer shrimp varieties come from the Black and Caspian seas; they’re thought to have travelled to the UK via ballast water, which ships take on to manage their cargo weight. The problem is that local predators and parasites haven’t evolved to keep that species in check. New species also introduce alien parasites to which local varieties aren’t immune. Ford is currently investigating whether the foreign shrimp are also carrying “demon parasites,” as he put it. The existence of such parasites would be costly. Losses caused by invasive species like demon shrimp now total around £1.8 billion ($3 billion) a year in the UK. And other countries have it worse: Countries or regions with big agricultural or aquaculture sectors—including the US and Southeast Asia—typically get hit hardest, as you can see. Here’s a breakdown of some of the worst offenders: Neither killer nor demon shrimp have made it to the US yet. But if they do, fellow invaders from their native Ponto-Caspian region will probably make their transition easier. That’s because of a phenomenon that scientists call “invasional meltdown” theory—when the invasion of one non-native species changes the ecosystem in a way that facilitates the population growth of other alien species. For example, when zebra mussels took over the Great Lakes in the mid-1980s, they ate so much phytoplankton that they cleared the way for the extra sunlight needed for Eurasian milfoil algae to explode. Scientists prophesy that zebra mussels, which also hail from the Ponto-Caspian region, will help shrimp emigres (pdf, p.53) to the US dominate the Great Leaks as well.

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Tuesday, September 2, 2008 Now that you have practiced running records for a few days, I am going to teach you how to score them. The first thing to determine is how many errors your child made while reading. This is determined by looking at your running record. The following are each counted as one error - substitution (black/blue), insertion (black/-), omission (-/black), and told (/black T). For each of these mistakes (miscues), you count an error. The following are not counted as errors - repetitions, self-corrections and appeals. However, if the child appeals and is then Told, that counts as an error. That is why it is important for the parent to use Tolds very sparingly. Running records are determining what your child can do independently which is also why the Tolds should not be given out very much. Count the number of words for the book or passage and divide that number by the number of errors. This will give you a ratio. For example, if the number of words is 56 and there were 2 errors made that would be 56/2 or 1:28 ratio. This chart http://www.lcmdoe.vic.edu.au/public/text/learnteach/readingrecovery/conversiontable.pdf can then be used to determine what level the text is for your child - easy, instructional, or to hard. Use the closest ratio available on the chart, so the 1:28 ratio would be equivalent to 96% accuracy for reading or easy text. It's your turn now. I encourage you to choose a book, take a running record while your child reads, and then determine what level the book is at for your child. Remember that the goal is to be instructing your child using instructional material - not to easy and not hard. One of my first blogs (Aug 2008) talked about leveled books and the importance of it. Running records are a great assessment tool and can be used for documentation of reading skills. My next post will teach you how to assess the strategies your child is using when reading and which strategies he/she might be neglecting. This will help you know what to focus on in your reading instruction that is tailored right to your child.

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“Never feel shame for trying and failing, for he who never failed is he who never tried.” – Og Mandino Art Foundations: Ellipses - 1.4 create, and solve 2-Point Perspective ELLIPSE drawings using 1.4.1 analysis (breaking up the subject matter to basic elements) Review with neighbors the RULES of THUMB and discuss the Differences in one and two point perspective. How did you BREAK THE RULES in the drawing of the ellipse? Advanced Drawing: Crit. 1 more and Hallway Drawing - 2.6 create multiple solutions to visual challenges that show understanding in relationships between composition and meaning of artwork (how do we know the importance of the space you are choosing?) What was the success in today’s drawing? What was the challenge? Back out tomorrow for ROUGH drawings POLISH the Thumbnails. AP Studio Art: WORK on Conc. #2 - 1.4 create and define, visual challenges (your concentrations) using 1.4.1 analysis (breaking up the artwork / subject matter to basic elements) - 3.3 describe the creation of images and ideas and explain why they are of value (ANSWER your AP Statement in the COMMENTS SECTION NOW!) What is your plan for the ENTIRE body of work? What is your plan for your second work (Due Monday).

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have been several theories presented over the past few decades to help explain why drinking Noni juice may produce a wide range of positive health responses in the human body: - One proposed explanation is related to a recently discovered alkaloid called “xeronine”, that is proposed to work at the cellular level to modify and strengthen the structure of proteins in our cells. - Another theory is that Noni contains a unique selection of polysaccharide compounds that are able to stimulate and enhance the body’s own natural immune system. - Noni has also been shown to encourage the body to produce nitric oxide that may aid in fighting tumors and viral, bacterial and parasitic infections. The common theme running through these theories is that Noni acts as a catalyst in the human body for production of the body’s own natural functions to achieve and maintain optimal health. This natural health boost makes drinking Noni juice an excellent compliment to any diet. The "Xeronine System" a New Biochemical System The “Xeronine System” was the term created for the first scientific explanation of Noni fruit's effectiveness in aiding the healing of a diverse number of ailments and diseases in the human body. A scientist by the name of Dr. Ralph Heinicke originally began to formulate the idea of a new bio-system he named the Xeronine System while working in Hawaii at the Pineapple Research Institute during The Discovery of Xeronine in Hawaiian Pineapples During this time, Dr. Heinicke was hired to find a new method to isolate bromelain enzymes from pineapples to be sold to companies in a variety of industries that included the food and pharmaceutical industries. Dating back to the 18th Century, bromelain is one of the earliest known enzymes used for tenderizing meat. Before Dr. Heinicke, many people had attempted to isolate bromelain but failed. It was not until the early 1950’s when he solved the problem in his research of the pineapple and was able to get a patent assigned to the Pineapple Research Institute, that the bromelain enzyme could be produced commercially. Reports from customers started to come in of unexpected and beneficial medicinal effects that bromelain extracts were producing in their bodies. It was determined that an unknown active ingredient must be present in bromelain and causing the desirable actions in those who had been taking it. Through continued research, Dr. Heinicke discovered a substance that he called “proxeronine”. He did not know how it worked, only that it clearly contributed to bromelain extract’s Heinicke eventually found that proxeronine, combined with another enzyme he called “proxeroninase”, formed an active ingredient in the body that was not a protein, carbohydrate or fat, but a substance known as an alkaloid, a nitrogenous organic molecule that has a pharmacological effect on humans and other mammals. Dr. Heinicke was able to isolate the alkaloid into a pure state and found it to be a dry crystalline structure, so he used the Latin prefix “xero” meaning “dry” as the first part of the new name, and due to its alkaline nature, he added the suffix “ine” to make the word “Xeronine,” which means dry alkaline compound. Heinicke proposed that when released in the body, Xeronine works at the molecular level to repair damaged cells by regulating the rigidity and shape of proteins at the cellular level of the body. The Dole Pineapple Company began to market and produce commercial bromelain extracts and wanted to be the market leader, so Dr. Heinicke was asked by the company’s president to watch for other natural products that a competitor could use to produce the same pharmacological actions in people. At the time, 1956, the only other plant known to rival bromelain potency was Noni fruit, but because it was not commercially grown, Dr. Heinicke did not see it as a competitor. In further research, Dr. Heinicke found Noni fruit to be the most abundant source of proxeronine available in a plant, containing 40 times more proxeronine than pineapples. He also found Noni to contain one other enzyme, proxeronase, that combines with proxeronine in the liver to create Xeronine. The Effects of Xeronine in the Human Body The proteins in your body’s cells are made up of organic material. Some of these hold you together like your skin, hair, and bones. Others at the cellular level, are the functional proteins that help cells do work such as enzymes, hormones, antibodies and cell Xeronine is believed to have profound effects on the functional proteins in your body that may explain the broad influence Noni has on the different systems in your body. How does all this aid sick cells? It was not until Dr. Heinicke came together with a medical doctor, Dr. Neil Solomon, that the application of this knowledge was made to the healing of disease. Dr. Heinicke and Dr. Solomon, who received his clinical training in medicine at Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore, Maryland combined forces to develop the “Heinicke-Solomon Theory”. The theory explains from a medical perspective how Noni juice is converted in the body to produce Xeronine that is theorized to help sick cells resume normal function. The Heinicke-Solomon Theory Explains the Beneficial Effects of Noni According to their Heinicke-Solomon Theory, when Noni juice is consumed, it first travels through the digestive tract into the liver. Whenever any food is digested, the liver sorts out what the body will absorb and what will be eliminated, such as toxins. In the case of Noni juice, the proxeronine gathers in the liver and is packaged with other bio-chemicals, then released to the rest of the body through In theory, at the cellular level of your body, the Golgi Apparatus (GA) plays the central role in aiding a sick or malfunctioning cell. In cell biology, the GA is found in most cells including plants, animals and fungi. The primary function of the GA is to process proteins and functions as a central delivery system for the cell. Once in the GA, the proxeronine and other bio-chemicals are combined and sent out to the sick cell. The “package” of biochemicals is unpacked and the proxeronine is combined with the enzyme, proxerionase, that is then converted to Xeronine. The creation of the Xeronine alkaloid is what is believed to create the adaptogenic compound used to help a specific cell to regain a state of homeostasis that leads the body back to a balanced state of health. The theory suggests Noni’s natural ability to create an adaptive resistance at the cellular level in the human body may help abnormally functioning or damaged cells to reach a balanced state and resume normal function while allowing healthy functioning cells to resist adverse influences from biochemical factors to maintain normal NONI – The Human Body's Natural Immune System Booster Noni juice is an important and powerful food supplement to add to your diet because of its ability to stimulate your immune system into action. By drinking it daily, your body’s immune system is optimized to respond against the invasion of outside germs, bacteria and viruses as it fights them off and protects you from infection. Scientific research studies conducted at the Burns School of Medicine at the University of Hawaii discovered that Noni juice contains a polysaccharide-rich substance that has been shown to boost the body’s immune system by increasing the activity of white blood Furthermore, Noni also has been found to stimulate the body’s ability to create Nitric Oxide (NO) inside your body to kill bacteria, viral and parasitic infections. The compounds found in Noni fruit simply act as a catalyst to stimulate the body’s own natural immune-system Your immune system is what protects your body from the outside environment by maintaining a barrier of entry before the bacteria, germ or virus enters your body. Sometimes these invaders get past the first line of defense and that is when your immune system goes to work to detect and eliminate the invaders before they are able to reproduce and cause serious problems for you, the host. The white blood cells are the primary component of your immune system and it is their job to destroy these foreign invaders. This is done by the white blood cells producing protective antibodies that will overpower the foreign invaders by surrounding and devouring them before they can cause any damage to the body. Activate the Immune System The polysaccharide element of Noni juice is called “noni-ppt” and has been shown in scientific research studies to increase the release of immune-enhancing compounds that activate white blood cells. In a study conducted at the University of Hawaii on mice, the polysaccharides, or noni-ppt, prolonged the life of inbred tumor-bearing mice, which led the researcher to conclude the polysaccharide substance from Noni suppressed tumor growth by activating the host’s immune system. Noni Stimulates the Body’s Nitric Oxide Production, Protecting the Body from Infection In laboratory trials conducted at the University of Hawaii, Noni was shown to stimulate the body to produce Nitric Oxide (NO) and have a profound effect on the immune system. Over the past two decades, nitric oxide has come to be recognized as a major influence of the immune system’s ability to protect the body from infection. In the past, nitric oxide was regarded as an environmental pollutant that was a byproduct of the exhaust fumes of cars and other combustion Recently, researchers have found that nitric oxide produced in the body helps to activate macrophages, the cells in the body that are activated when an injury or illness occurs. They seek out and destroy invading parasites, bacteria and other potentially infectious invaders that pose a threat to the body. How Noni worked probably never entered into the minds of the ancient ancestors of today’s Hawaiians, who first brought the Noni plants from Tahiti as their medicinal fruit of choice, 1,600 years ago. The Hawaiian “Kahuna” (medicine man) from long ago was a highly specialized expert in pharmacology and used the Noni fruit to treat the people of his time for a wide range of ailments. He probably never understood how the chemistry in the fruit aided the healing process of those in his care, but these early physicians could understand the importance of Noni fruit to the healthful benefits of their patients. What the ancient Hawaiians knew and used, as an antidote for numerous ailments for centuries to aid the body’s natural healing functions is now available today fresh sealed in a pharmaceutical grade HDPE bottle conveniently delivered to your front door. of TRU NONI is simple: use only fresh ripe Noni fruit grown in the Hawaiian Islands with all the healthful active compounds that can only be called TRU

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Located in northwest India, a two hour drive from the fortress city of Jodhpur in Rajasthan lies the Nagaur-Ahhichatragarh Fort. Begun in the 12th century on the remains of a fourth-century mud outpost and standing at the crossroads of developing trade routes, the fort was expanded by successive rulers until the mid-18th century. The fort is one of the finest examples of Rajput-Mughal architecture – but over the years, this large fortified complex of palaces, elaborate gardens, temples and a mosque had fallen into dilapidated ruin. A series of Getty Foundation grants over the past twenty years has enabled the Mehrangarh Museum Trust to undertake a multi-year conservation of the fort, using a blend of both traditional building methods developed by local craftsman and more modern scientific techniques. Fast forward nearly two decades since the Getty Foundation’s first grant, and the fort’s extraordinary wall system has now been preserved, restored, and strengthened. In 2002, the Getty-supported conservation work was recognized with a UNESCO Award for Excellence in Cultural Heritage Conservation. Most recently, Getty funds enabled students and faculty from the Courtauld Institute in London to participate in the conservation of the wall paintings at the Fort, together with their Indian colleagues. This project focused on the artwork in the Sheesh Mahal, or Palace of Mirrors, which are among the most important examples of the fine, elongated figural style characteristic of Nagaur. During this last phase of the Getty project, the Courtauld team focused on key conservation treatments including grouting, plaster repairs, consolidation of areas of painting that had fallen away, and salt removal from the surface of the paintings that had built up over time, damaging the artwork. This aspect of the conservation has just recently concluded, and the interior results are as beautifully impressive as the exterior results have been. The conservation work supported by the Getty Foundation at Nagaur is significant because remarkable historic architecture has been preserved, but equally important is the fact that the project has resulted in the training of Indian conservators – ensuring that the knowledge and techniques utilized at Nagaur will carry on. The project also serves as a model for the conservation of historic architecture in the region and in the field as a whole. The results of the architectural conservation work have been published as a book written by project leader Minakshi Jain and others (published by AADI in India), and the results of the conservation of the wall paintings at the Sheesh Mahal are available as a pdf from the Courtauld. As well, the Getty grants have attracted other funders who are supporting new projects at Nagaur. Today, after a dramatic transformation, Naguar Fort is a 35-acre complex with four main palaces and more than 50 smaller buildings, surrounded by two fortification walls and—despite the arid climate—by extensive gardens, fountains, pools, and water systems. This past weekend, the Wall Street Journal featured an article about Naguar and its importance. As well, it was recently announced that Nagaur Fort is a shortlisted nominee for the 2013 Aga Khan Award for Architecture. The prestigious award is conferred in recognition of architectural excellence in the field of historic preservation, reuse and area conservation, as well as landscape design and improvement of the environment. A handful of finalists will ultimately be selected and the winner announced at a ceremony to be held in Lisbon in September 2013. This nomination speaks volumes about the collaborative, important work that has been accomplished by the many partners on this project. Incidentally, the grant to Nagaur Fort is not the Getty Foundation’s only involvement in India. The Foundation has awarded eighteen grants in the country, such as conservation projects for The City Palace Complex in Udaipur and the Wanla Fortress and Monastery in Lower Ladakh or most recently a Connecting Art Histories grant to Jawarhal Nehru University in New Delhi. Visit www.getty.edu/foundation to check out some of our other projects around the globe.

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Here you can find General Knowledge World Oceans & Seas Online Quiz. The most important Oceans & Seas Quizzes, in term of PPSC, FPSC & other recruitment or admission tests. Therefore, now you can prepare your exam & tests online free of cost. General Knowledge World Oceans & Seas Online Quiz Oceans & Seas online quizzes include most important questions. You must not miss any question from these tests. As, most of the questions have been repeated in previous entry test examinations. You can attempt every test as much as you wish. In your every next attempt, try to increase your success, until, you achieve 100% success rate. What is Ocean? Ocean, continuous body of salt water that is contained in enormous basins on Earth’s surface. The oceans & their marginal seas cover nearly 71% of Earth’s surface, with an average depth of 3,688 meters (12,100 feet). What is Sea? The sea is the interconnected system of all the Earth’s oceanic waters, including the Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Southern and Arctic Oceans. However, the word “sea” can also be used for many specific, much smaller bodies of seawater, such as the North Sea or the Red Sea. We’ve complete study resources for all level students. Moreover, you can also find helpful study material to prepare recruitment or colleges or universities admission tests. Study resource includes pdf books, notes, past papers, test papers & online quizzes. Therefore, now you don’t need to search for your study resources individually. That’s all about “General Knowledge World Oceans & Seas Online Quiz”. In case of any further query, feel free to comment below or contact us.

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Help Now > FREE Catholic Classes Titular see of Bithynia Prima, founded by King Zipoetes. About 264 B.C. his son Nicodemes I dedicated the city anew, gave it his name, made it his capital, and adorned it with magnificent monuments. At his court the vanquished Hannibal sought refuge. When Bithynia became a Roman province Nicomedia remained its capital. Pliny the Younger mentions, in his letters to Trajan, several public edifices of the city — a senate house, an aqueduct which he had built, a forum, the temple of Cybele, etc. He also proposed to join the Black Sea with the Sea of Marmora by a canal which should follow the river Sangarius and empty the waters of the Lake of Sabandja into the Gulf of Astacus. A fire then almost destroyed the town. From Nicomedia perhaps, he wrote to Trajan his famous letter concerning the Christians. Under Marcus Aurelius, Dionysius, Bishop of Corinth, addressed a letter to his community warning them against the Marcionites ( Eusebius, "Hist. Eccl.", IV, xxiii). Bishop Evander, who opposed the sect of the Ophites (P.L., LIII, 592), seems to have lived at the same time. Nicomedia was the favorite residence of Diocletian, who built there a palace, a hippodrome, a mint, and an arsenal. In 303 the edict of the tenth persecution caused rivers of blood to flow through the empire, especially in Nicomedia, where the Bishop Anthimus and a great many Christians were martyred. The city was then half Christian, the palace itself being filled with them. In 303, in the vast plain east of Nicomedia, Diocletian renounced the empire in favour of Galerius. In 311 Lucian, a priest of Antioch, delivered a discourse in the presence of the judge before he was executed. Other martyrs of the city are numbered by hundreds. Nicomedia suffered greatly during the fourth century from an invasion of the Goths and from an earthquake (24 Aug., 354), which overthrew all the public and private monuments; fire completed the catastrophe. The city was rebuilt, on a smaller scale. In the reign of Justinian new public buildings were erected, which were destroyed in the following century by the Shah Chosroes. Pope Constantine I visited the city in 711. In 1073 John Comnenus was there proclaimed emperor and shortly afterwards was compelled to abdicate. In 1328 it was captured by the Sultan Orkhan, who restored its ramparts, parts of which are still preserved. Le Quien (Oriens Christ., I, 581-98) has drawn up a list of fifty metropolitans, which may easily be completed, for Nicomedia has never ceased to be a metropolitan see. Some Latin archbishops are also mentioned by Le Quien (III, 1017) and by Eubel (Hierarchia Catholica medii aevi, I, 381). As early as the eighth century the metropolitan See of Nicomedia had eight suffragan sees which disappeared by degrees. Among its bishops, apart from those already mentioned, were: the three Arians, Eusebius, Eudoxius, and Demophilus, who exchanged their see for that of Constantinople; St. Theophylactus, martyred by the Iconoclasts in the ninth century; George, a great preacher and a friend of Photius ; Philotheus Bryennios, the present titular, who discovered and published Didache ton apostolon . To-day Nicomedia is called Ismidt, the chief town of a sanjak directly dependent on Constantinople. It has about 25,000 inhabitants, who are very poor, for the German port of Haidar Pacha has completely ruined its commerce. Since 1891 the Augustinians of the Assumption have a mission and school, and the Oblates of the Assumption, a school and a dispensary. The Latin Catholics number about 250 in the region of the mission, seventy of them living in the city. The Armenian Catholic parish numbers 120. Copyright 2020 Catholic Online. All materials contained on this site, whether written, audible or visual are the exclusive property of Catholic Online and are protected under U.S. and International copyright laws, © Copyright 2020 Catholic Online. Any unauthorized use, without prior written consent of Catholic Online is strictly forbidden and prohibited. Catholic Online is a Project of Your Catholic Voice Foundation, a Not-for-Profit Corporation. Your Catholic Voice Foundation has been granted a recognition of tax exemption under Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code. Federal Tax Identification Number: 81-0596847. Your gift is tax-deductible as allowed by law.

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Health on the Surface: The Key to Safer Spaces The ongoing pandemic has created the need for social distancing, face masks, and constant, thorough cleaning of highly touchable surfaces at all healthcare facilities. Never in our lifetime has staying safe become such a huge focus, especially in healthcare. The ongoing pandemic has created the need for social distancing, face masks, and constant, thorough cleaning of highly touchable surfaces at all healthcare facilities. Surfaces located in patient-care areas are problematic if not properly cleaned and disinfected. But you might not know that some surfaces are more susceptible to microorganisms, making them difficult to clean. The very nature of their materials and condition can potentially reduce safety for everyone. In medical spaces, the result can contribute to health care-association infections, known as HAIs. So, how do you win the war of keeping surfaces clean and safe? The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services defines HAIs as the type of infections patients contract while receiving care for other conditions. Unfortunately, getting infected can happen at any healthcare facility including patient rooms, surgery centers, hospitals, and long-term care facilities. HAIs are caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, or less-common pathogens. And these infections can be dangerous, affecting 1 in 25 patients. They cause substantial medical as well as emotional and financial harm. The Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion estimates that tens of thousands die each year as a result and costs “the U.S. health care system billions of dollars…” Environmental cleaning strategies are crucial The CDC’s Guidelines for Environmental Infection Control in Health-Care Facilities emphasizes the importance of proper cleaning of medical equipment and surfaces. Disinfecting is necessary due to microorganisms that may be present. The type of microorganisms depends on several factors including how many people are in the area, what activities are taking place, moisture content, and the type of surface. Many microorganisms are removed from surfaces by scrubbing with detergent and surface-active agents, then rinsing. Keeping these surfaces disinfected takes into consideration the potential and frequency of direct patient contact and contamination due to “body substances or environmental sources.” But what about hard-to-clean or damaged surfaces that may make continuous disinfecting a real challenge? The right surfaces help reduce infection Not all surfaces are created equal. Damaged surfaces, whether by activities, scrubbing, or harsh chemicals, are more likely to harbor microorganisms and make cleaning difficult. In addition, surface materials that are porous, maintain moisture, are organic, easily scratched, or hard to clean can contribute to unsafe conditions for patients, staff, and others. It may be necessary to take inventory of all surfaces that indicate wear and tear, are organic in nature, or appear to be physically damaged. Replacing compromised surfaces on commonly used tables, walls, and wall panels used in patient rooms, operating rooms, food processing areas, medical facility corridors, elevators, and public restrooms will help keep people safe. A clean surface It’s not by accident that Polyvision created Hygienic CeramicSteel. With the addition of Silver Ion Technology, silver microparticles gradually release silver ions, which actively work to help keep the surface clean throughout the product’s lifetime. These silver particles are safe and non-transferable from the surface. This advanced technology helps to stop the spread of germs in their tracks. The Hygienic CeramicSteel surface is tested to meet safety guidelines. Ideal for demanding environments Especially now, cleanliness is critical to the healthcare industry and other public areas. This is the reason Hygienic CeramicSteel was designed to stay clean. It provides the perfect alternative for use in, not only healthcare facilities, but for workplaces, schools, airports, public restrooms, and more. Hygienic CeramicSteel is odorless and colorless and has a surface lifetime warranty. Materials are also environmentally safe. But the best part is the resilient quality of both the surface and silver micro particles. Hygienic CeramicSteel will not incur damage from repeated cleaning and disinfecting, even using highly potent cleaning solutions. Better safe than sorry We live in a time when safety is paramount. Keeping surfaces safe cannot be minimized when everyone’s health is at stake. Starting with strategies that include the right surface materials can help reduce the chance of infection and make our world a better, cleaner place to live.

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Portions of Interstate 65 in downtown Indianapolis will be closed for bridge repairs beginning on or after July 1. Construction may impact travel to IU Health facilities in the area. Learn more. Partes de la Interestatal 65 en el centro de Indianápolis estarán cerradas para reparaciones de puentes que empiezan en o después del 1 de Julio. La construcción puede afectar el viaje a los centros hospitalarios de IU Health en el área. Spina bifida is a birth defect that happens when the neural tube (a layer of cells that develops into the brain and spinal cord) fails to close completely during an embryo’s first few weeks of development. As the bones of the spine and the nerves of the spinal cord continue to develop, the bones do not close completely around the nerves. Part of the spinal cord may stick out through an opening in the bones, causing permanent nerve damage. Spina bifida is the most common neural tube defect. Between 1,500 and 2,000 babies born in the United States are affected each year. There are an estimated 166,000 people living with spina bifida in the U.S. There are four types of spina bifida: Effects of Myelomeningocele The number and severity of problems in children with myelomeningocele can vary depending on where the sac is located on the spine and how much of the spinal cord is affected. Possible health effects of myelomeningocele include: Doctors at Riley at IU Health can diagnose spina bifida and myelomeningocele before birth through genetic testing, prenatal ultrasound or blood screenings. Since doctors know in advance that you and your baby will require specialized care during and after delivery, you will begin working with a multidisciplinary care team upon diagnosis to develop a plan for your baby’s birth and treatment. You may have to deliver the baby by cesarean section (C-section) to reduce the risk of injury. In the delivery room, your baby will be placed in a special bag to lower the risk of infection. From the delivery room, your baby will be moved to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) for evaluation. If you deliver your baby at Riley at IU Health, he or she will receive specialized multidisciplinary treatment from the Spina Bifida Program. A neurosurgeon will examine your baby shortly after birth to evaluate the severity of the defect and develop a treatment plan. Many babies with myelomeningocele have hydrocephalus (a build-up of fluid and pressure in the brain). If this is the case, your baby will have a special drain called a shunt placed to drain the fluid. Not all babies with myelomeningocele will need a shunt. While in the NICU at Riley at IU Health, all babies with myelomeningocele will also have a urinary catheter inserted to help empty the bladder. Depending on the severity of the defect, this may be temporary or long-term. A neurosurgeon will perform surgery to correct the defect within the first two days after birth. Along with surgery to repair the spinal defect, your baby may also require additional procedures later on to address orthopedic issues and problems with the bowel or bladder. Visit the following sites to find out more about how myelomeningocele is diagnosed and treated. Riley at IU Health offers a broad range of supportive services to make life better for families who choose us for their children's care. The U.S. National Library of Medicine provides in-depth information about spina bifida. The Spina Bifida Association provides in-depth information for parents of children with spina bifida. The Spina Bifida Association of Indiana supports, educates and encourages families and individuals living with spina bifida. The NINDS provides information about the diagnosis and treatment of the different forms of spina bifida.

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Headington Union Workhouse Headington Union workhouse, designed by George Wilkinson, opened on the London Road (just to the east of the present Wharton Road) in 1838, replacing an earlier workhouse at Titup. It was then the only building between Windmill and Green Road, and must have presented an imposing and solemn facade, as this pillar (left) indicates. This pillar and a portion of wall in a Gladstone Road garden are the only remaining signs of the workhouse, once a massive hexagonal building (shown below on an 1898 map). Jackson’s Oxford Journal for 13 February 1836 (page 3c) reported that Mr Wilkinson’s plans for Witney, Headington, Thame, Woodstock, and Chipping Norton workhouses had all been approved. Headington workhouse served all 22 parishes of the Headington Union, namely Beckley, Chippinghurst, Cowley, Cuddesdon, Denton, Elsfield, Forest Hill & Shotover, Garsington, Holton, Horspath, Horton-cum-Studley, Iffley & Cockmore, Littlemore, Marston, Stanton St John Stowood, Studley, Wheatley, Woodeaton, the parishes of St Clements, St Giles and St John in the city of Oxford, and of course Headington itself. In the early days, as well as taking in the unemployed, it served as an orphanage and a home for unmarried mothers, destitute widows, the blind, and the elderly. Many of the inmates in their 60s and 70s whose occupation is given in the census as “Farm labourer” would have been totally incapable of such backbreaking work; and who would have employed the 86-year-old female “Domestic Servant” from Iffley who was an inmate in 1861? Within thirty years the new workhouse was no longer big enough. Jackson’s Oxford Journal of 17 October 1868 reports: The continually increasing requirements for those parishes in Oxford belonging to the Headington Union have induced the Guardians to consider the best means of adapting their workhouse to the increased number of inmates. Acting upon the advice of Mr Codd, the Guardians have determined to remove all the sick into a new infirmary, to be immediately commenced, adjoining the present buildings, and to devote the space thus gained in the House to relieving the overcrowding among the aged people and children. Much information about the meagre diet and miserable life of the inmates can be gleaned from the Minute Book of the Headington Union Guardians, which survives from August 1841 to 1873 ( Oxfordshire History Centre, ref. A61ff.). There is also an excellent thesis by N. T. Simpson based on this minute book entitled “The Headington Union Minute Book” at the Oxfordshire History Centre in Cowley, ref. 362.5 (SIM) Stack). Workhouse Christmas: Festivities opened at Headington workhouse on Christmas Eve when the staff sang carols to the sick. Breakfast on Christmas Day was followed by communion in the chapel. Dinner included roast beef, port, vegetables and Christmas pudding and custard. The staff did their best to ensure a happy time for those under their care. At the conclusion of the day the inmates gave a carol concert which lasted for nearly two hours. A Christmas tree was heavily laden with presents which afterwards were distributed. All the same, as Edith Musselle’s reminiscences show, there was still a great stigma attached to being in Headington Workhouse. The last entry in Kelly’s Directory for “Headington Union Poor Law Institution” was in 1930, and in 1931 it was turned into a hospital and renamed “The Laurels”. In the 1950s the former workhouse building was demolished to make way for the houses just to the east of Gladstone Road, known as The Laurels housing estate (including William Kimber Crescent, opened in 1958). The picture above shows the inmates of the workhouse in June 1911 celebrating the coronation of George V.

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Maintaining a healthy diet does NOT must be boring. Micronutrients deficiency is shared among the elderly on account of elements reminiscent of diminished food consumption and lack of variety in their diet. In this article, we’ll dive into some high-calorie wholesome meals which can be value retaining on your radar and processed meals it’s best to scrap ASAP. Unfortunately, apples are one of those healthful meals that can get changed into a “child-friendly food” and lose lots of their dietary benefits. These young soybeans pack more fiber per serving than shredded-wheat cereal and have the same amount of protein as roasted turkey. Unsaturated fat are an essential part of a nutritious diet. Studies show that people who eat probably the most meals from the sea (particularly fish) tend to stay longer and have a lower risk of many ailments, together with coronary heart illness, dementia and melancholy ( 9 , 10 , 11 ). Meals poverty and the rise of meals banks have recently been an issue of public concern within the UK, however in addition to making sure people don’t go hungry additionally it is essential that a nutritious diet is reasonably priced,†stated lead writer Nicholas Jones. Sardines are small, oily fish that are among the many most nutritious meals you’ll be able to eat. In keeping with The Division of Well being and Dietary Pointers for Individuals , we must always intention to eat fish at least twice per week, with at least a kind of being an oily selection like salmon. Apples are a superfruit packed with immunity-boosting vitamin C and soluble fiber that will help you feel full. They are crunchy and style very sweet, and are an ideal source of antioxidants and vitamin C. Comprised of wheat that has been steamed, dried, and cracked, this delivers extra fiber than brown rice, plus you get a lift of potassium, B nutritional vitamins, and calcium. Two tablespoons of darkish chocolate chips with contemporary berries as a midafternoon snack or after-dinner dessert should provide you with among the heart-wholesome benefits without busting your calorie funds. No, a bowl full of a sugary cereal is just not a healthy breakfast , however many other breakfast cereal generally is a healthy a part of your child’s weight loss program.

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Jul 28 2011 Last week when I wrote about the Avian Architecture book, Sharon Leadbitter commented on two amazing nests she’d seen on the web. Here’s one of them. Sociable weavers (Philetairus socius) are sparrow-sized birds who live in the Kalahari desert in Namibia, Botswana and South Africa. Unlike most birds who build a nest for their own babies and then abandon it when the young have flown, sociable weavers build a permanent structure that functions as a communal nest and roost. It’s the size of a small car, the largest nest found anywhere, and can house up to 100 pairs of birds, their children and grandchildren. The top of the nest is basically flat while the underside, shown above, is dotted with entries to the chambers. The weavers build it entirely of straws which they shove into the structure. This BBC video by David Attenborough shows how the weavers do it. Sociable weavers are such good builders that other species, such as the pygmy falcon, nest in the empty chambers while the weavers live there. It’s an amazing feat for a small bird. They’ve built a city in a tree. (photo BBC Worldwide video posted on YouTube.com)

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According to the National Institute of Mental Health, childhood trauma is defined as: “The experience of an event by a child that is emotionally painful or distressful, which often results in lasting mental and physical effects.” Bad things happen in life as children grow up. Some are obvious, like a natural disaster that destroys a home, physical abuse or death of a parent. Others can also rock a child’s sense of safety and well-being, like community violence or substance abuse in a parent. Something as simple as being in a car accident or a child overhearing frequent, intense arguments between his or her parents can be traumatic for some children. Learning how to understand, process and cope with difficulties – even tragedies – is a natural part of a child’s development process. But sometimes children get stuck. An experience, or repeated experiences, may leave a child with an overwhelming sense of fear and loss, making them feel that they have no safety or control over their lives. For some children, these feelings become so intense that they get in the way of their continued physical, emotional, social or intellectual development. This is childhood trauma. Unaddressed, trauma can have long term effects on the quality and length of a person’s life. But the good news is that there are things you can do make your child less susceptible to trauma, identify trauma reactions and get the support you need to help your child recover. Some Leading Causes The most common causes of childhood trauma include: - Chaos or dysfunction in the house (such as domestic violence, parent with a mental illness, substance abuse or incarcerated) - Death of a loved one - Emotional abuse or neglect - Physical abuse or neglect - Separation from a parent or caregiver - Sexual abuse - Stress caused by poverty - Sudden and/or serious medical condition - Violence (at home, at school, or in the surrounding community) Bullying can tear a child apart - emotionally and physically - and may lead to childhood trauma. It sometimes seems that our children grow numb to the violence and crime that besiege many communities.

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Californians may finally receive some relief from the drought they’ve grappled with for five brutal years. Recent storms drenching the state with rain and snow could enable at least Northern California to leave the drought in the past. National Weather Service specialist Tom Fisher said Southern California is seeing the highest rainfall “in at least five years,” while Northern California experiences their highest rainfall “in at least 10 years.” The United States Drought Monitor said Northern California has at last escaped the drought, but Southern California is still grappling with dry conditions. About 30 percent of that region is still experiencing extreme or exceptional drought. Other officials warned it may be too early to claim a full victory over the drought, as California weather conditions can change. Los Angeles Department of Water Resources spokesperson Ted Thomas said the state sometimes begins with a wet winter, only to see dry conditions prevail later on in the season. According to the US Drought Monitor, over 26 million people are estimated to live in areas still dealing with drought. The extreme conditions have inspired California farmers to come up with creative ways to store water. Terranova Ranch general manager Don Cameron flooded the ranch’s vineyards during the winter, allowing all that water to seep underground to replenish aquifers. As it rarely rains during California summers, and during the drought farmers couldn’t obtain the water they needed from surface reservoirs, they often had to pump water out of the earth to water their crops. But as the drought persisted, wells dried up, and aquifers were depleted. Cameron’s idea worked – the water sank into the ground and didn’t harm the crops on the way down. Other farmers are working with University of California, Davis groundwater hydrologist Helen Dahlke to apply the innovative yet simple method of water management as storms dump water on the state. Cameron told NPR, “This is going to be the future for California. If we don’t store the water during flood periods, we’re not going to make it through the droughts.”

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Glorious silicon globes could hold key to elusive PERFECT kilogram El Reg drills into why we need an ultra-accurate mass Splitting a speck of dust No one knows why Robinson's balance in Canada and the NIST balance in the US can't agree. "Most of the checks have been carried out - everybody has done the straight forward stuff, it's now down to some very subtle things in the apparatus," Robinson said. The differences between the results are infinitesimal yet signficant. Earlier this year Robinson achieved a value of 6.626071 x 10-34 joule seconds using the balance now at INMS. The NIST value, from 2007, is 6.626068 x 10-34 joule seconds. John Pratt, group leader of NIST's fundamental electrical measurement group, said the gap between the two devices translates to a difference in the measured mass of 250 parts per billion; the CGPM committee wants 20 parts per billion. To give an idea of scale, the kilogram masses in Paris have changed by 50 parts per billion in just over 100 years. Pratt, who succeeded NIST physicist Richard Steiner on the project, told us 40 parts per billion would be "fine", adding: "At 20 parts per billion, it becomes more difficult to transport the test mass around the world and have it be reliable. It's a dust speck on the mass at that level." Steiner adjusting the NIST's watt balance. Credit: Robert Rathe, NIST In a watt balance, a coil of wire is suspended in a magnetic field, and electric current is passed through the coil - this causes the coil to move downwards with a force proportional to the current. The coil is attached to one end of a balancing beam and the mass under test is attached to the opposite end, so that the coil's downward force acts as a counterweight to the normal gravitational pull on the test object. When the force, plus the weight of the coil, matches the weight of the object, the current can be recorded. In the second phase of the experiment, the mass is removed and the coil glides through the same magnetic field at a constant speed, and the voltage generated in the coil by this movement is measured. Planck's constant can be calculated from these two electrical values. There, though, the similarities between the devices end. Robinson's balance used wires to support the coil while the other has solid arms; the NIST machine is huge - spanning two floors - while the NPL-designed machine sits neatly on a work surface, two metres tall and long, and one meter wide; NIST employs a superconducting solenoid to generate its magnetic field while the NPL-designed balance uses a permanent magnet made of neodymium-boron - a type of rare earth used in electrical motors and hard-drive heads. Also, Robinson's machine, now at INMS, measured a 0.5kg mass not 1kg, supposedly for greater accuracy. "The trouble is if anybody actually knew what the problem is, they could fix it. The problem is quite deeply buried in the apparatus," Robinson said. "That means they have to make as many checks as possible to see where the problem might lie." Robinson, who led NPL's watt balance work, said that, for example, he identified small unwanted motions of the balance and its support as the test mass was placed in and removed from its holding pan; these are the sorts of tiny mechanical problems that the scientists must mitigate or remove completely. Building a watt balance is an expensive process; one will set you back $1m according to NIST, and Robinson made two with NPL colleague Bryan Kibble, who first proposed the watt balance system in 1975. A Mark-III model of the measurement machine was designed by NPL between 2003 and 2006, but it was not built as the lab closed its experiment in 2007 and sold the equipment to the Canadian institute in 2009. INMS has since implemented changes suggested by Robinson: the balance arm was tilted and shortened to change the way the mass is raised and lowered. Also, rods replaced the wires to suspend the coil. NIST has pressed on: boffins removed superfluous wiring and inspected connections to track down and close holes where current may leak. New team members were also brought in a year ago. "This experiment is a point where it needed fresh eyes," Pratt said. "Extremely talented and experienced fresh eyes."

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CC-MAIN-2016-07

http://www.theregister.co.uk/2012/11/20/quantum_kilogram?page=2

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New Hampshire health officials are investigating a case of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, sometimes called human mad cow disease, which may have spread to surgical patients through contaminated instrumentation. Mad cow in cattle, called BSE (bovine spongiform encephalopathy), is believed to be spread by proteins called prions which are essentially indestructible. Though prions are not technically “alive” because they lack a nucleus, they manage to reproduce and are almost impossible to “kill.” They are not inactivated by cooking, heat, autoclaves, ammonia, bleach, hydrogen peroxide, alcohol, phenol, lye, formaldehyde, or radiation, and they remain in the soil, contaminating it for years. Alcohol actually makes prions more transmissible by binding them to metal like surgical instruments. A scientific paper says that after a prion-contaminated electrode was treated with “benzene, 70 percent ethanol, and formaldehyde vapor,” it still transmitted CJD to two patients.” Needless to say, surgeons and morticians approach CJD cases with trepidation. There is a “small, but definite, risk that the surgeon or others who handle the brain tissue may become accidentally infected by self-inoculation,” says the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. That means CJD tests are not always conducted. US beef imports are still limping back after three US cows were diagnosed with BSE in the early 2000’s. Two were born in the US and one was imported from Canada and slaughtered in Washington state. Within 24 hours of the USDA’s first mad-cow announcement late in 2003, Mexico, Russia, Brazil, South Africa, Hong Kong, Japan, Singapore, Taiwan, Malaysia, South Korea, and 90 other countries banned US beef. The only reason the European Union didn’t ban it was it was already banned for its hormone content. Ninety-eight percent of the United States’ $3 billion overseas beef market evaporated almost overnight thanks to mad cow. With such money at stake and the domestic beef market to consider, it is not surprising that government officials play down mad cow risks. Even a rumor roils beef futures markets. But a quick look at previous government assurances of public safety during mad cow risks is not comforting. With the US’s first mad cow, found in Washington state, the government said, “By December 27, 2003, FDA had located all potentially infectious product rendered from the BSE-positive cow in Washington State. This product was disposed of in a landfill in accordance with Federal, State and local regulations” Sounds good except that two major newspaper disagreed. The Los Angeles Times reported that despite “a voluntary recall aimed at recovering all 10,000 pounds of beef slaughtered at the plant the day the Washington state cow was killed, some meat, which could have contained the Washington cow, was sold to restaurants in several Northern California counties.” The San Francisco Chronicle reported “Alameda and Santa Clara counties have been informed by the state that 11 local restaurants and a market purchased soup bones from the suspect lot, but they have also declined to identify which establishments purchased them.” Eating potential lethal food is none of our business? Questions lingered about the US’s second and third mad cows, too. The government protected the identities of the ranches that produced them, one in Alabama and one in Texas, and never found the source of the BSE. However both ranches were cleared to produce meat for the public again within a month. The USDA is pledged to protect both US food consumers and domestic food industries, but when it comes to mad cow, it’s clear who is the priority. Even when Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) has appeared to come in clusters, government officials have called the diseases “sporadic”—meaning they happen by chance and are not from the food. Possible clusters have appeared in New Jersey, Idaho, Indiana, Tennessee and Texas. Martha Rosenberg is an investigative health reporter. She is the author of Born With A Junk Food Deficiency: How Flaks, Quacks and Hacks Pimp The Public Health (Prometheus).

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Arkansas has made great strides in reducing the number of hungry children in our state, and we've been recognized nationally for our efforts. Still, we have a long way to go to reach our goal of ending this crisis in the next three years. Summer is starting, and while many of us have fond memories of what that season meant to us as kids, it's actually a time of year that leaves thousands of Arkansas children more at risk for hunger and malnutrition. While summertime provides students a break from classes, it also means losing a reliable source of nutritious food. Thousands of kids count on eating breakfast and lunch at school every day. The Arkansas Summer Food Service Program helps bridge that gap for children who live in eligible areas. They can receive the same high-quality meals during the summer as they get during the school year. Even with this program available, too many children go without enough food. During the 2009-2010 school year, for example, as many as 200,000 children needlessly went hungry in the summer, even though feeding programs were available. Many Arkansas families still don't know that these neighborhood programs exist, and that is partly to blame for low participation in the Summer Food Service Program. Recent research also found that some children don't participate because their parents feel stigmatized about needing the help. Other families are unable to find transportation to a food site, and some parents worry about leaving their children somewhere unfamiliar. In the past few years, however, participation has improved. Last summer, Arkansas added 100 open summer-meal sites and increased the number of meals served by 16 percent. Still, more than one-in-four children in our State are uncertain about where they will get their next meal, and this is unacceptable. As we launch this year's Arkansas Summer Food Service Program, our goal is to connect an additional 13,000 kids to these free summer meals. Kids who participate get more than food. Many summer meals sites offer fun through learning and recreational activities, so that young children and teens can eat a healthy meal while staying active and spending time with friends. This is so important because a lack of nutrition and activity during the summer months can set students back and put them at a higher risk for poor performance once school begins again. Hunger often leaves children more prone to illness and other detrimental health issues, including obesity. Making sure that Arkansas's children are fed is an investment in the future of our State. We have to provide better access to nutritious food if we hope to create opportunities for success for all members of our future generations. If you or someone you know is interested in free summer meals, call 1-888-454-3427 or text "FoodAR" to 877-877. Information can also be found on the Arkansas Department of Human Services Web site. Together, we can reach our goal of ending childhood hunger in Arkansas, not just in the summer, but throughout the year.

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CC-MAIN-2015-27

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How to Get Rid of Blue-Green Algae in Aquariums Do you have a mysterious, blue-green slime taking over your aquarium? Or is there a strange smell coming from your fish tank and you can’t find the source? Blue-green algae might be a problem. This article will explain the causes of blue green algae and how you can eliminate it permanently. What is Blue-Green Algaeee? Blue-green alga (BGA) does not exist as an actual algae. It is actually a cyanobacteria, a group of bacteria that uses photosynthetics like plants. In freshwater aquariums, it’s known for its vivid blue-green color, but it can also appear in shades of brown, black, or even red. You may see it start off as a little spot of green algae that eventually grows into a thick slime stretched over your gravel, decorations, and plants. While cyanobacteria in aquariums does not usually harm fish, it can potentially kill your plants if their leaves are covered and can no longer photosynthesize light. Another way to identify blue-green algae is by its distinct odor. People have described the smell as earthy, musty, swampy, and foul. Once you have learned to recognize the scent, it’s possible to detect cyanobacteria up to two weeks before it’s even visible in the fish tank. Blue-green algae can be described as a type or photosynthetic bacteria. What causes Cyanobacteria in Aquariums Since cyanobacteria can have a devastating impact on the environment, many studies have been conducted to identify their causes. Although there is no clear answer, it is known that they are common in warm, slow-moving and nutrient-rich water. In the aquarium hobby, we have frequently seen blue-green algae pop up wherever organic waste has a chance to stagnate in certain areas of a fish tank. This can happen if: – The current in the fish tank is too slow – Hardscape is blocking off a corner of the aquarium that also gets exposed to constant light – The substrate is collecting debris because the gravel hasn’t been vacuumed in a while and there are no animals to churn it How do I get rid of blue-green algae naturally? These possible causes are the basis for the first step: manually remove as much slime as you can using a siphon or toothbrush. Blue-green algae is not something animals like so your clean-up crew won’t be much help. Remove any excess nutrients by doing water changes more frequently, cleaning the filter regularly, and reducing the amount of fish or food going into the aquarium (if overfeeding is a problem). You can improve the water flow by adding a powerhead or a stronger filter. Because Cyanobacteria relies on photosynthesis to generate energy, many people recommend that the aquarium lighting be turned off for at least three to seven days in order to starve the colony. However, this method can end up harming your plants (which also use photosynthesis) or causing spats among the fish. Plus, the blue-green algae often returns within a few weeks. Cyanobacteria: Can Medicine Treat It? People often have difficulty dealing with stubborn bacteria. Fortunately, it is weak against an antibiotic called Erythromycin. This medicine is safe for fish, plants, and invertebrates, and it will not harm the beneficial bacteria in your aquarium. Fritz Slime Out is our favorite, as it’s formulated to reduce cyanobacteria and not increase phosphate levels. To begin treatment, scrub off as much of the blue-green algae as possible and remove it with a siphon. After vacuuming the substrate and refilling the tank, add one full dose of Slime Out (which is 1 packet per 25 gallons of water), and let the aquarium sit for 48 hours before doing a 25% water change. Add an air stone or other filtration that agitates the water surface to help ensure the fish have enough oxygen during the treatment. The earlier you treat the outbreak, the easier it is to eradicate. You may have to repeat the treatment multiple times if the blue green algae colony is large and thick. If you address the underlying causes of cyanobacteria and treat it with Slime Out, you should have no problems getting rid of it in your fish tank. You can also find our complete guide to how to combat other types of algae in freshwater aquariums.

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For many people, video games are a nostalgic reminder of their youth. For others, they offer an immersive storyline and plot or represent a piece of visual art with graphics that push the boundaries of reality. Video games can also be educational and functional, providing an interactive way for players to learn new concepts and ideas. It’s an exciting industry, and many are taking notice. Increasingly, college students and professionals are pursuing careers in video game development and design. But how exactly does a person break into video game development and design? What kind of education makes this pursuit easier? And how can an applicant stand out from the crowd in this competitive, yet growing field? What’s the Difference Between a Game Designer and a Game Developer? Though the terms “video game design” and “video game development” are often used interchangeably—especially by those outside the industry—they do, in fact, mean very different things. If you’re trying to establish a career in the video game industry, it’s important for you to have a clear understanding of what these differences are. What is Video Game Design? Video game design refers to the many creative aspects of building a video game. Video game designers typically work in teams to tackle elements such as setting, character, and object design; animation; and the overall mood, style, and mechanics of a game. Really, any work related to the visual or creative vision and design of a video game will come from a designer, typically in the form of sketches, concept art, animations, or storyboards. What is Video Game Development? Video game designers often have at least a basic understanding of what can and can’t be done from a technical standpoint, but the actual coding required to produce a video game is done by a video game developer—also called programmers. Developers work to convert the concepts created by a designer into a tangible, playable product through computer code. Just like video game designers, developers often work in teams that are responsible for different components of the game, like character development, setting, and gameplay. Salary and Career Outlook As with any other job, people choose to pursue a career in video game design or development for a number of reasons, ranging from a general interest in the industry and medium to a desire for a well-paying job in a growing field. According to PayScale, video game developers in the U.S. earn an average salary of $64,744 and game designers an average salary of $65,042. Those with higher levels of experience and education often earn more—$72,000 and $73,000 for game developers and game designers, respectively, who have five to nine years of experience. Though the video game industry is a competitive industry to break into, it has experienced consistent growth in the past few years and is projected to see continued growth, says Magy Seif El-Nasr, former associate professor at Northeastern University’s Khoury College of Computer and Information Science and College of Art, Media and Design. By 2016 the global video game market was a $100 billion business and is now expected to exceed $200 billion by the end of 2023. This growth has allowed the industry to attract greater and more diverse talent that may have, in the past, been drawn to other kinds of technology companies and startups. “The market and the industry have begun to mature, which has stabilized the industry,” Seif El-Nasr says. “New technologies like virtual and augmented reality have opened new mediums for experimentation, and new outlets like web and mobile have opened the market to more players. All of these have spurred hiring.” It’s a given that salary and job prospects likely play at least some role for individuals who become video game designers and developers. But the primary motivation for seeking one of these careers is, according to Seif El-Nasr, simply a passion for the industry. “The people who are most successful in creating a career for themselves in the video game industry are those who pursue it out of a passion for the industry and medium,” Seif El-Nasr says. “They likely grew up playing video games. They relate to the stories and the artwork and the gameplay on a personal level. It’s the same reason many book lovers want to go into publishing.” Tips For Beginners To Start Game Development or Design Career There are a number of ways individuals interested in game design or development can increase the likelihood of landing one of these coveted jobs. 1. Lay the groundwork with a related degree. According to Seif El-Nasr, most employers in the video game industry do not place a lot of weight on specific college degrees. What’s more important is that you can demonstrate you’re able to do the work. But while it may be possible for you to teach yourself the basics of design or coding, these things are certainly easier to learn in the structured setting of a degree program, where you can lean on professors, peers, and coursework to help you grow your skills. For that reason, video game developers and designers often earn an undergraduate or graduate degree in computer science. Degrees that offer specializations or concentrations specific to video game design can also help give future applicants a leg up on the competition by allowing them to develop skills specific to the career they’re pursuing. 2. Build a portfolio of projects you can show prospective employers. More important than a specific degree, Seif El-Nasr says, is that applicants can demonstrate proficiency in programming or design. The best way to do this, she says, is to build a portfolio of projects that prospective employers can evaluate. Whether your portfolio consists of projects done out of personal interest, as a part of degree coursework, or for commercial gain doesn’t really matter. What matters is the quality of the product, and also the diversity in the portfolio. For example, demonstrating the ability to code, troubleshoot, and debug in different languages, or design in multiple mediums and artistic styles may help to differentiate job applicants. Of course, students will often use their undergraduate and graduate studies as a means to an end in creating a portfolio of finished projects that can be shown to future employers. Degrees like those offered by Northeastern University, which prioritize experiential, hands-on learning, can be especially helpful in this regard. 3. Leverage industry connections to get your foot in the door. As with any career, the best way to break into an industry is to leverage your network and connections. Knowing someone who works at, or has worked at, a specific company means that you may be able to land an interview or earn a well-respected recommendation. Because professional networks usually grow out of work experience, this can be difficult for many recent college graduates who have not yet worked in the industry. For this reason, choosing a degree program with experiential learning opportunities specifically tailored to video game development or design can open many doors for graduates. In addition to allowing students to build experience and a portfolio of projects, it comes with a built-in network of faculty and peers. These degree programs are typically staffed by faculty who have worked in the industry, meaning that they have industry contacts that students can leverage when they are applying for jobs. Classmates who go on to work at various companies may also become important contacts later in your career. 4. Consider entering video game design or development competitions. Taking part in industry competitions focused on video game design or development is another way that applicants can stand out from the crowd, Seif El-Nasr says. The first is that competing gives applicants the incentive to finish and fine-tune the projects in their portfolio; after all, you can’t compete without a finished project to submit. But beyond this, participating in competitions offers applicants a way of getting in front of potential future employers and is an important part of building a professional network. “In addition to demonstrating passion and initiative, participating in a competition will also allow you to show the ability to take criticism and hopefully incorporate it into a stronger end project,” Seif El-Nasr says. “This is an important part of working on a team, and a skill that hiring managers look for.” Leveraging Education to Advance Career For aspiring video game developers or programmers, a computer science degree can be a great way to gain advanced knowledge of computing and programming. Some universities, like Northeastern, also offer specializations in game design that allow students to tailor their learning to their career aspirations. Those interested in becoming game designers may also choose to pursue a degree specifically in game design. These specialized programs focus on the science of game development and provide students the skills to launch successful products in an increasingly competitive marketplace. Depending on your goals, earning a degree like a Master of Science in Computer Science or Game Science and Design, can help you lay a solid educational foundation, build a portfolio demonstrable of your skills, and begin establishing a professional network that can be leveraged throughout your career.

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How often do we define ourselves by how we feel in any particular moment? How often does the internal chatter of our minds say 'I'm not good enough', 'I'm too fat/thin/short/tall/lazy/loud/quiet', 'I'm a bad person because I ...'. Worse, how often do we define ourselves on the judgments and words of others? 'she said I can't sing, it must be true' or 'they don't like my haircut; it must be horrible'. When we define ourselves by our emotions and the words of others, we step out of the practice of satya/truth. Why is it important to explore the truth? Take the example of being told that you can't sing. Maybe you really can't sing; perhaps that is the truth. Or maybe you can sing beautifully but the person that said those words had a headache in that moment and really meant to say 'please be quiet'. If we don't explore our truth and stand by it, we can allow the comments of others to become a belief in our minds and affect our internal dialog and future actions. Some of the beliefs we have about ourselves are deeply rooted in things said to us as children, and others change day to day, almost moment to moment, depending on our experiences and interactions with others. There is a phrase in sanskrit 'chitta vritti', which translates to 'fluctuations of the mind'. In order to begin calming the chitta vritti we must identify with the truth rather than with our ever changing emotions or the opinions of others. As we become firmly established in our truth we can be more confident and calm, rather than riding a rollercoaster of emotions. This week, as we continue to focus on satya, practice being aware of the fluctuations of the mind. Notice if you have firm beliefs of yourself or others that may not be established in the truth and take the time to explore the truth. Become aware of how often you allow the words of others, or your own emotions to cloud your beliefs and lose sight of what is true for you. Set the intention each day to practice satya in your thoughts, words and actions both on and off your yoga mat.

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Tree tobacco (Nicotiana glauca) is a slender, erect, staggering shrub or small tree. It is native to South America but was introduced as an ornamental to most regions of the world; it was brought into the southwestern United States in the early 1800s. N. glauca produces sprays of nodding, tubular bright-yellow flowers. It's leaves are bluish-grey and ovate-shaped, with entire margins. It is drought-tolerant and grows rapidly, forming dense stands. Tree tobacco contains pyridine alkaloids and piperidine alkaloids. If high amounts are ingested it can affect the central nervous system, heart, and gastrointestinal system. - muscle tremors and weakness MECHANICAL CONTROL: Small numbers of seedlings and young saplings can be controlled effectively with hand pulling. A weed wrench or other woody weed extractor is an effective control method for larger established plants, however the entire root or stump must be removed. Removal is easier when the soil is moist immediately following rain events. Cutting can be an effective method of control if done so prior to it flowering or at the end of the dry season. It should be combined with a herbicide treatment or with multiple cuttings over a period of years. Cuts of trees should be at ground level. CHEMICAL CONTROL: There are several herbicides which are effective against tree tobacco. Triclopyr is effective in areas where desirable grasses are growing under or around tree tobacco. Glyphosate is a nonselective systemic herbicide with no soil activity. Imazapyr is a soil residual herbicide which is effective but may result in bare ground around the trees following treatment. - G Damerow The Chicken Health Handbook Storey Publishing (2015) - Toxic plants ASPCA (2014) - Petzinger E. [Pyrrolizidine alkaloids and seneciosis in farm animals. Part 1: occurrence, chemistry and toxicology]. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere (2011) - Panter, K. E.; James, L. F.; Gardner, D. R. Lupines, poison-hemlock and Nicotiana spp: Toxicity and teratogenicity in livestock. J Nat Toxins, 8(1), 117-134 (1999) - Mellick, L. B, Makowski, T.; Mellick, G. A.; Borger, R. Neuromuscular blockade after ingestion of tree tobacco (Nicotiana glauca). Ann Emerg Med, 34(1), 101-104 (1999) - Castorena, J. L.; Garriott, J. C.; Barnhardt, F. E.; Shaw, R. F. A fatal poisoning from Nicotiana glauca. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol (1987) - Basson, P. A. Poisoning of wildlife in southern Africa. J S Afr Vet Assoc, 58(4), 219-228 (1987) - Keeler, R. F.; Crowe, M. W. Congenital deformities in swine induced by wild tree tobacco, Nicotiana glauca. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol, 20(1), 47-58 (1983) - Keeler, R. F.; Balls, L. D.; Panter, K. Teratogenic effects of Nicotiana glauca and concentration of anabasine, the suspect teratogen in plant parts. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/plantox/detail.cfm?id=14494 (1981)

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Few elements of the New Orleans cityscape speak to the intersection of architecture, sociology and geography so well as the shotgun house. Once scorned, now cherished, shotguns shed light on patterns of cultural diffusion, class and residential settlement, social preferences and construction methods. The shotgun house is not an architectural style; rather, it is a structural typology -- what folklorist John Michael Vlach described as "a philosophy of space, a culturally determined sense of dimension." A typology, or type, may be draped in any fashion. Thus we have shotgun houses adorned in Italianate, Eastlake and other styles, just as there are Creole and Federalist style townhouses, and Spanish colonial and Greek revival cottages. Tradition holds that the name "shotgun" derives from the notion of firing bird shot through the front door and out the rear without touching a wall. The term itself postdates the shotgun's late-19th-century heyday, not appearing in print until the early 20th century. According to some theories, cultures that produced shotgun houses (and other residences without hallways, such as Creole cottages) tended to be more gregarious, or at least unwilling to sacrifice valuable living space for the purpose of occasional passage. Cultures that valued privacy, on the other hand, were willing to make this trade-off. When they arrived in New Orleans in the early 19th century, for example, privacy-conscious peoples of Anglo-Saxon descent brought with them the American center-hall cottage and side-hall townhouse, in preference over local Creole designs. In the 1930s, LSU geographer Fred B. Kniffen studied shotguns as part of his field research on Louisiana folk housing. He and other researchers proposed a number of hypotheses explaining the origin and distribution of this distinctive house type. One theory, popular with tour guides and amateur house-watchers, holds that shotgun houses were designed in New Orleans in response to a real estate tax based on frontage rather than square footage, motivating narrow structures. There's one major problem with this theory. No one can seem to find that tax code. Could the shotgun be an architectural response to narrow urban lots? Indeed, you can squeeze in more structures with a slender design. But why then do we see shotguns in rural fields with no such limits? Could it have evolved from indigenous palmetto houses or Choctaw huts? Unlikely, given their appearance in the Caribbean and beyond. Could it have been independently invented? Roberts & Company, a New Orleans sash and door fabricator formed in 1856, developed blueprints for prefabricated shotgun-like houses in the 1860s to 1870s and even won awards for them at international expositions. But then why do we see "long houses" in the rear of the French Quarter and in Faubourg Treme as early as the 1810s? Or, alternately, did the shotgun diffuse from the Old World as peoples moved across the Atlantic and brought with them their building culture, just as they brought their language, religion and foodways? Vlach noted the abundance of shotgun-like long houses in the West Indies, and traced their essential form to the enslaved populations of St. Domingue (now Haiti) who had been removed from the western and central African regions of Guinea and Angola. His research identified a gable-roofed housing stock indigenous to the Yoruba peoples, which he linked to similar structures in modern Haiti with comparable rectangular shapes, room juxtapositions and ceiling heights. Vlach hypothesizes that the 1809 exodus of Haitians to New Orleans after the St. Domingue slave insurrection of 1791 to 1803 brought this vernacular house type to the banks of the Mississippi. "Haitian migrants had only to continue in Louisiana the same life they had known in St. Domingue," he wrote. "The shotgun house of Port-au-Prince became, quite directly, the shotgun house of New Orleans." The distribution of shotgun houses throughout Louisiana gives indirect support to the diffusion argument. Kniffen showed in the 1930s that shotguns generally occurred along waterways in areas that tended to be more Francophone in their culture, higher in their proportions of people of African and Creole ancestry, and older in their historical development. Beyond state boundaries, shotguns occur throughout the lower Mississippi Valley, correlated with antebellum plantation regions and with areas that host large black populations. They also appear in interior Southern cities, most notably Louisville, Ky., which comes a distant second to New Orleans in terms of numbers and stylistic variety. If in fact the shotgun diffused from Africa to Haiti through New Orleans and up the Mississippi and Ohio valleys, this is the distribution we would expect to see. Cleary, poverty abets cultural factors in explaining this pattern. Simplicity of construction and conservation of resources (building materials, space) probably made the shotgun house equally attractive to poorer classes in many areas. Indeed, it is possible that we may be artificially yoking together a wide variety of house types, unrelated in their provenance but similar in their appearance, by means of a catchy moniker coined after their historical moment. Whatever their origins, shotgun singles and doubles came to dominate the turn-of-the-century housing stock of New Orleans' working-class neighborhoods. Yet they were also erected as owned-occupied homes in wealthier areas, including the Garden District. New Orleans shotguns in particular exhibited numerous variations: with hip, gable or apron roofs; with "camelbacks" to increase living space; with grand classical facades or elaborate Victorian gingerbread. The variety can be explained as a strategy to address market demand with a multitude of options in terms of space needs, fiscal constraints and stylistic preferences. New Orleanians by the 20th century, as part of their gradual Americanization, desired more privacy than their ancestors, and increasing affluence and new technologies -- such as mechanized kitchens, indoor plumbing, air conditioning, automobiles and municipal drainage -- helped form new philosophies about residential space. Professional home builders responded accordingly, some adding hallways or ells or side entrances to the shotgun, others morphing it into the bungalow form. House-buyers came to disdain the original shotgun, and it faded from new construction during the 1910s and 1920s. A Times-Picayune writer captured the prevailing sentiment in a 1926 column: "Long, slender, shotgun houses," he sighed, "row upon row(,) street upon street...all alike... unpainted, slick-stooped, steep-roofed, jammed up together, like lumber in a pile." Architectural historians also rolled their eyes at prosaic shotguns, and did not protest their demolition, even in the French Quarter, as late as the 1960s. In recent decades, however, New Orleanians have come to appreciate the sturdy construction and exuberant embellishment of their shotgun housing stock, and now value them as a key element of the cityscape. Thousands have since been renovated, and the shotgun has experienced a recent revival. Some homes in the Make It Right project in the Lower 9th Ward, for example, were inspired by the shotgun (although rendered in modernist style), and some pre-fabricated "Katrina Cottages" and New Urbanist homes in recently rebuilt public housing complexes are made to look like the shotguns of old. It's revealing to note, however, that among the renovations New Orleanians now make to their shotguns is something completely alien to their original form. They add a hallway. Richard Campanella, a geographer with the Tulane School of Architecture and a Monroe Fellow with the New Orleans Center for the Gulf South, is the author of the forthcoming "Bourbon Street: A History" as well as "Bienville's Dilemma," "Geographies of New Orleans," and other books. He may be reached through his website, [email protected] or @nolacampanella on Twitter.

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EVs may reduce strain on air conditioning systems Air conditioning systems have to deal with the so-called ‘urban heat island’ effect, when human activity in big cities contributes towards temperature levels in the urban environment. Now it seems the growth of electric vehicles, or EVs, could help to relieve some of the strain on buildings’ air conditioning systems, potentially allowing them to become naturally more efficient as a result. Researchers at Michigan State University have published a study in Scientific Reports, in which they looked at the ‘cool factor’ of EVs. Notably, they discovered that the switch from internal combustion engines to battery-powered EVs could have quick consequences for the urban heat island effect. Paper co-author Jianguo ‘Jack’ Liu said: “It’s easy not to see the big picture on issues like electric cars and global warming, but when we look with a holistic approach, we find these unexpected connections. “Heat waves kill, and in terms of climate change, even one degree can make a difference.” The study found that EVs emit just one fifth of the heat produced by an internal combustion engine – and in very densely populated cities like Beijing, that could lead to a full degree Celsius temperature difference in summer.

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Turn your iPhone or iPad into the hub of a distributed sensor network with the help of an Arduino microcontroller. With this concise guide, you’ll learn how to connect an external sensor to an iOS device and have them talk to each other through Arduino. You’ll also build an iOS application that will parse the sensor values it receives and plot the resulting measurements, all in real-time. iOS processes data from its own onboard sensors, and now you can extend its reach with this simple, low-cost project. If you're an Objective-C programmer who likes to experiment, this book explains the basics of Arduino and other hardware components you need—and lets you have fun in the process. - Learn how to connect the Arduino platform to any iOS device - Build a simple application to control your Arduino directly from an iPad - Gather measurements from an ultrasonic range finder and display them on your iPhone - Connect an iPhone, iPad, or iPod Touch to an XBee radio network - Explore other methods for connecting external sensors to iOS, including Ethernet and the MIDI protocol

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Place four pebbles on the sand in the form of a square. Keep adding as few pebbles as necessary to double the area. How many extra pebbles are added each time? Place the 16 different combinations of cup/saucer in this 4 by 4 arrangement so that no row or column contains more than one cup or saucer of the same colour. Many numbers can be expressed as the sum of two or more consecutive integers. For example, 15=7+8 and 10=1+2+3+4. Can you say which numbers can be expressed in this way? Which set of numbers that add to 10 have the largest product? Is there an efficient way to work out how many factors a large number has? You are only given the three midpoints of the sides of a triangle. How can you construct the original triangle? In this problem we are faced with an apparently easy area problem, but it has gone horribly wrong! What happened? The diagram illustrates the formula: 1 + 3 + 5 + ... + (2n - 1) = n² Use the diagram to show that any odd number is the difference of two squares. Investigate the sequences obtained by starting with any positive 2 digit number (10a+b) and repeatedly using the rule 10a+b maps to 10b-a to get the next number in the sequence. Some relationships are transitive, such as `if A>B and B>C then it follows that A>C', but some are not. In a voting system, if A beats B and B beats C should we expect A to beat C? Two tangents are drawn to the other circle from the centres of a pair of circles. What can you say about the chords cut off by these tangents. Be patient - this problem may be slow to load.

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Diffraction is a loss of sharpness or resolution caused by photographing with small f/stops. The same softening effect happens when photographing through diffusion cloth or window screens. Anytime you look or photograph through small holes you get diffraction. Squint your eyes - that's diffraction! Look or photograph through a screen window or through a small f/stop and you get the equivalent of a soft-focus filter. See Sharpness vs. Aperture for better example photos. See my Zenitar 16mm Fisheye review, where I explicitly show a crappy lens completely obliterating the performance of a Nikon 10.5mm DX fisheye due to diffraction and its different effects at each aperture. See also this site with many more illustrations. MATH (feel free to skip to examples) See MTF Curves for an even better technical explanation. Laypeople think diffraction is caused by light rays bending around sharp edges. Physicists know the limiting resolution is defined by the diameter of the Airy disc which is defined by the f/number, and astronomers and spy satellite designers know that angular resolution is defined by the diameter of the clear aperture. Diffraction is accurately predicted by both ray and wave theory. Theoretical maximum resolution is limited by f/number. A perfect lens can do this under perfect conditions. A lens this good is called "diffraction limited." Few lenses reach this level at large apertures. Most lenses meet these levels at small apertures, because the resolution limits are so low at f/22. These limiting resolutions are the resolutions at which contrast falls to zero. The contrast is reduced as the resolution approaches these figures. If you have a system which only resolves 50 l/mm, you can still see a loss of sharpness if you stop a lens down to f/16 which can resolve 100 l/mm. This is because the contrast falls at the lower resolutions which the system can see. You have 0% contrast at the limiting resolution, and about 50% contrast at half that resolution. The percent contrast vs. resolution curve is called Modulation Transfer Function (MTF). MTF is similar to a frequency response curve. The Nikon D200 resolves about 100 lines per mm. (The D200 has about 3,800 pixels across 24mm, or 160 pixels per mm. Due to Bayer Interpolation, the anti-alias filter in all cameras and the fact that a line pair requires both a light and a dark pixel, the D200 resolves about 2,500 lines horizontally. 2,500 lines / 24 mm = 100 l/mm.) Thus I can see a loss of sharpness in the examples below starting at f/8, with a theoretical resolution of 200 l/mm. Large format photographers can get away with small apertures like f/64 because our film is so big. We have so many more millimeters horizontally and vertically that we still have enough resolution. Of course even with large formats it's best to shoot at as large an aperture as possible. That's why I researched and wrote my Selecting the Sharpest Aperture piece years ago. Diffraction-Limited MTF. F(diffraction) = 1,800 / f/stop. Diffraction is worst at small f/numbers, like f/22, and not an issue at large f/numbers like f/4. The resolution at which the graph falls to zero is calculated as 1,800 / f/stop. For instance, at f/18, it's at 100 cyc/mm, and for f/1.8, it's 1,000 cyc/mm. Of course at large f/numbers like f/1.8 we're limited by our lens' quality, but stopped down, we're limited by diffraction. If our resolution falls to zero at a certain resolution, we get nothing but gray, but more importantly, we get much less modulation percentage (sharpness) at lower resolutions. For instance, at f/18 where our modulation falls to zero at 100 lines per mm, it is only 40% at 50 lpmm. Diffraction isn't a straight line to zero, it's a bit less than 50% at 50% resolution. (see MTF Curves for explanations.) Nikon's lowest resolution camera, my favorite Nikon D40, has 3,008 pixels horizontally along its 23.7mm DX sensor, or 127 pixels per mm. It takes two pixels to make a cycle, so the D40 has a pitch of 63 cyc/mm. At f/18, even a perfect lens has only about 50% modulation at the finest details seen by even a D40. (Higher resolutions may appear, but only as aliases. Again, see MTF Curves for explanations.) This is why images made at small apertures can look so soft, and why point-and-shoots, which have even smaller sensors, won't stop down any smaller than f/8. In fact, the compacts I own which do indicate smaller than f/8 do it with neutral density filters. This is why I own a 0.9 3-stop ND filter. I use it for longer exposures of moving water, since I avoid shooting digital SLRs smaller than f/11. These are 100% magnification crops from the centers of much larger images. These images would be about 2 x 3 feet if printed at this magnification. I shot these with my 55mm f/2.8 Micro on my D200. Engineers at a Kodak laboratory here in San Diego tested other samples of this lens on their MTF machine and reported its central resolution to be diffraction limited by f/5.6. This means that this lens is as good as it gets, and perfect for these examples. ANALYSIS and RECOMENDATIONS I see sharpness declining at f/8 or f/11. It looks awful at f/32. I see this on my other lenses, too. Unless you absolutely need depth of field, avoid apertures smaller than f/8 on modern digital SLRs. Their resolving power is so great that you will soften your images by stopping down unnecessarily. This is why many point-and-shoot cameras don't stop down past f/8. See also my very advanced page on Selecting the Sharpest Aperture. More information about diffraction: Cambridge in Color. Help me help you top I support my growing family through this website, as crazy as it might seem. The biggest help is when you use any of these links to Adorama, Amazon, eBay, Ritz, Calumet, J&R and ScanCafe when you get anything, regardless of the country in which you live. It costs you nothing, and is this site's, and thus my family's, biggest source of support. These places have the best prices and service, which is why I've used them since before this website existed. I recommend them all personally. If you find this page as helpful as a book you might have had to buy or a workshop you may have had to take, feel free to help me continue helping everyone. As this page is copyrighted and formally registered, it is unlawful to make copies, especially in the form of printouts for personal use. If you wish to make a printout for personal use, you are granted one-time permission only if you PayPal me $5.00 per printout or part thereof. Thank you! Thanks for reading!

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Click here to watch the TEDTalk that inspired this post. In a recent TEDTalk, "How to make stress your friend", Dr. Kelly McGonigal provides evidence from research studies that stress isn't bad for you. In fact, negative effects of stress appear only in those who believe that stress is bad. By changing the way you think about stress, you can reduce the negative impact of these physiological reactions. Also, Dr. McGonigal suggests turning to others for support or giving support to others can lessen the negative impact of stress. It's gratifying to know that the findings from health psychology corroborate the usefulness of the cognitive behavioral therapy. In a nutshell, cognitive behavioral therapy aims to challenge maladaptive thinking patterns and to develop healthier, more effective perspective and behaviors. Hence, Dr. McGonigal's interventions of seeing the stress response in a positive light and turning to others for support are consistent with what cognitive behavioral therapists have been doing for years. The evidence that these approaches can reduce the negative effects of stress and associated mortality is a welcomed bonus! Many clients seek out cognitive behavior therapy to gain control over their anxiety and other unpleasant emotions. "I want to stop feeling anxious when I meet new people" or "I don't want to feel so stressed out when I try to speak up for myself." These goals are common and are not surprising. Who wants to feel their bodies gearing up to "fight or flight" where the heart races, blood pressure spikes, breathing becomes shallow and irregular, face flushes, and hands become clammy? No one does, especially when these physical sensations are out of proportion to situations that trigger them. Clients are often surprised when I tell them that the anxiety or "stressed feelings" are not inherently bad for you. In fact, feeling stressed can be an indication that we are challenging ourselves. Challenge is good; it allows us to develop a sense of competence, boost our self-esteem, and feelings of mastery. Avoidance, on the other hand, relieves stress temporarily but can also give us a false sense of security. By seeking out opportunities and challenges, you are being proactive in practicing this new perspective on stress. -- Kathariya Mokrue, PhD I'd like to add a few things to the lessons and interventions from Dr. McGonigal's talk: 1 -- SLOW DOWN: It can be difficult to override the primitive, instinctive emotional response to stress with balanced thinking. The reason for this is that our "primitive" brain areas are located in a different site than our "evolved" neo-cortex which is responsible for reason and planning. The communication between these two areas is not direct. But if you slow down the "fight or flight" activation a bit, you will be able to access more helpful perspectives. One way to slow down is to use diaphragmatic breathing for at least 20 cycles. When the volume of the stress reaction is turned down, you'll be able to think more reasonable thoughts about your situation. 2 -- PRIME YOURSELF FOR STRESS: By seeking out opportunities and challenges, you are being proactive in practicing this new perspective on stress. You can seek out situations that normally activate your stress response, prime yourself for stress by saying "I will feel stressed and anxious because I am challenging myself," "This is a good sign that I am developing confidence and mastery in this situation," and "Feeling stressed/anxious doesn't mean I've failed." It is through consistent practice that you will learn to shift your thinking about your stress response. Once you develop more competence and mastery around a particular situation, then you'll start to believe that stress is good for you too. Ideas are not set in stone. When exposed to thoughtful people, they morph and adapt into their most potent form. TEDWeekends will highlight some of today's most intriguing ideas and allow them to develop in real time through your voice! Tweet #TEDWeekends to share your perspective or email tedweekends@huffingtonpost.com to learn about future weekend's ideas to contribute as a writer.

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Discriminating Thieves: Nazi-Looted Art and Restitution Opens at Nelson-Atkins Kansas City, MO. Jan 16, 2019– Discriminating Thieves: Nazi-Looted Art and Restitution follows the journey of four works of art that were once in the hands of the Nazis. The exhibition opens Jan. 26 and explores the circumstances surrounding their thefts, their return to their rightful owners, and their subsequent legal acquisition by The Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art in Kansas City. During World War II, Adolf Hitler and the Nazis looted art on an unprecedented scale. They stole thousands of objects across Europe between 1933 and 1945, keeping art for their own collections or stashing art for use in the museum Hitler planned to build. Other works, considered by the Nazis to be immoral, or “degenerate,” were destroyed, sold, or used as Nazi propaganda. “This exhibition was extensively researched by MacKenzie Mallon, the Nelson-Atkins provenance specialist who is gaining a national reputation for her work in this important field,” said Julián Zugazagoitia, Menefee D. and Mary Louise Blackwell CEO & Director of the Nelson-Atkins. “This is very specific and painstaking research into ownership that is of utmost importance in the museum world and uncovers fascinating stories of the journey this art has traveled.” Most of the looted objects were recovered by the Allies after the war, many by a group of art curators and scholars known as the Monuments Men. Paul Gardner, the first director of the Nelson-Atkins and himself a Monuments Man, described his journey to an Italian castle that had once housed an important art collection, and his dismay at finding that the Germans had reached it before him. Gardner wrote: “The custodian told us that experienced German officer-experts had systematically broken open all the bales and boxes, and had taken the cream of the collection. The Germans have proven all along to be discriminating thieves.” The focus exhibition is comprised of four works of art: Augustus the Strong, Elector of Saxony and King of Poland by Nicolas de Largillière; Still Life with Guelder Roses by Pierre Bonnard; Jean-François Ducis, a sculpture by Augustin Pajou; and Masks by the German artist Emil Nolde. De Largillière’s Augustus the Strong was among the works of art stolen by the Nazis and intended for Hitler’s museum of the future, the “Führermuseum,” which he imagined would be the greatest art museum in the world. Emile Nolde’s Masks, however, was declared “degenerate” because of its modern, expressionistic style, even though Nolde was a member of the Nazi party. It was removed from the Folkwang Museum in Essen, Germany in 1937 and given to a German art dealer, Karl Buchholz, to sell. The painting remained in his possession throughout the rest of the war, and he transferred it to a New York art gallery following an agreement among German museums not to pursue the restitution of “degenerate” art that had been sold abroad. “Masks remained in that gallery until the Nelson-Atkins purchased it in 1954,” said Mallon, Specialist, Provenance. “There is a human story behind each of these objects, and uncovering that ownership history is the purpose of provenance research. I think it’s important to remember the very personal cost of Nazi art looting during World War II and the subsequent return to the owners or their descendants and the museum’s legal acquisition of the works.” Through a special guide, visitors to the exhibition will be encouraged to find other works of art in Nelson-Atkins galleries that have similar, interesting histories from World War II. Special programming related to this exhibition includes a talk by Mallon on Jan. 31, What Once was Lost: Nazi Art Looting and Allied Restitution. Mallon will discuss Nazi art looting during World War II, the recovery of much of the stolen art by the Allies, and how these stories intertwine with the history of the Nelson-Atkins collection. Mallon will also give a talk on Oct. 3, Safe Haven: the Nelson-Atkins and the Protection of Art during World War II. On March 7, art historian and director of the Smithsonian Cultural Rescue Initiative Corine Wegener will give a talk, The Monuments Men and Beyond: Saving Cultural Heritage in Today’s Conflicts, sharing her insights into the role of museums in the development of the Monuments Men, the importance of provenance research in museums today, and how international law can help protect heritage in today’s conflicts. Three films will be shown in conjunction with this exhibition–Hitler Versus Picasso and Others March 15 and 16, The Rape of Europa March 22 and 23, and Woman in Gold March 29 and 30. All films are in Atkins Auditorium. Discriminating Thieves: Nazi-Looted Art and Restitution features an interactive through which visitors can follow the trail of each work of art in the exhibition and discover the personal histories uncovered by the museum’s provenance research. The exhibition closes Jan. 26, 2020. Image captions: Nicolas de Largillière, French (1656–1746). Augustus the Strong, Elector of Saxony and King of Poland, about 1715. Oil on canvas. Purchase: William Rockhill Nelson Trust, 54-35. Emil Nolde, German (1867-1956). Masks, 1911. Oil on canvas, 28 3/4 x 30 1/2 inches. Gift of the Friends of Art, 54-90. The Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art The Nelson-Atkins in Kansas City is recognized nationally and internationally as one of America’s finest art museums. The museum, which strives to be the place where the power of art engages the spirit of community, opens its doors free of charge to people of all backgrounds. The museum is an institution that both challenges and comforts, that both inspires and soothes, and it is a destination for inspiration, reflection and connecting with others. The Nelson-Atkins serves the community by providing access to its renowned collection of more than 41,000 art objects and is best known for its Asian art, European and American paintings, photography, modern sculpture, and new American Indian and Egyptian galleries. Housing a major art research library and the Ford Learning Center, the Museum is a key educational resource for the region. In 2017, the Nelson-Atkins celebrates the 10-year anniversary of the Bloch Building, a critically acclaimed addition to the original 1933 Nelson-Atkins Building. The Nelson-Atkins is located at 45th and Oak Streets, Kansas City, MO. Hours are Wednesday, 10 a.m.–5 p.m.; Thursday/Friday, 10 a.m.–9 p.m.; Saturday, 10 a.m.–5 p.m.; Sunday, 10 a.m.–5 p.m. Admission to the museum is free to everyone. For museum information, phone 816.751.1ART (1278) or visit nelson-atkins.org. For media interested in receiving further information, please contact: Kathleen Leighton, Manager, Media Relations and Video Production The Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art

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'Dodo-Goldilocks' Trench Dug by Phoenix This color image was acquired by NASA's Phoenix Mars Lander's Surface Stereo Imager on the 19th day of the mission, or Sol 19 (June 13, 2008), after the May 25, 2008, landing. This image shows one trench informally called "Dodo-Goldilocks" after two digs (dug on Sol 18, or June 12, 2008) by Phoenix's Robotic Arm. The trench is 22 centimeters (8.7 inches) wide and 35 centimeters (13.8 inches) long. At its deepest point, the trench is 7 to 8 centimeters (2.7 to 3 inches) deep. White material, possibly ice, is located only at the upper portion of the trench, indicating that it is not continuous throughout the excavated site. According to scientists, the trench might be exposing a ledge, or only a portion of a slab, of the white material. The Phoenix Mission is led by the University of Arizona, Tucson, on behalf of NASA. Project management of the mission is by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif. Spacecraft development is by Lockheed Martin Space Systems, Denver. Image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/University of Arizona/Texas A&M University › Full Resolution› View Main Page

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Loose Bolts: Introduction Imagine if one of the one hundred and fifty-plus car engine bolts is under-torqued; it loosens over time and eventually destroys the engine. What if the bolts are under-torqued in an airplane assembly and become loose mid-flight? What if those bolts were to the exit door, which blew off mid-flight, and the cabin lost pressure at 10 km in the air? This article examines the importance of controlling the tightening of a fastener so that things do not come loose. We will examine the application of torque, discuss what loose bolts could do and some causes, and examine the pros and cons of several torque wrench types. Loose Bolts: How Torque is Determined The connection (joint) is made up of different pieces which are attached and held together. The device (fastener) that holds the pieces together must be designed to be stronger than the total of all loads incurred (including all operational and environmental factors). The tightening of the fastener creates a “clamping force.” The fastener is dimensioned and preloaded so that all forces acting to separate the connection are overcome. To overcome the friction induced by turning the fastener against its components (nut, threads, spring washer, etc.) and the attached and clamped materials. To load the fastener and materials connected to a value inside their elastic limits. The object of a threaded fastener is to clamp parts together with a tension greater than the external forces tending to separate them. When torqued properly, the bolt remains under constant stress and is immune from fatigue. Loose Bolts: The Importance of Torque Control If the torque is not applied correctly and the tension on the bolt torque is too low, varying loads will act upon the bolt and fail. Proper torque control during the tightening of bolts ensures that they are securely fastened. Loose bolts can loosen over time from constant vibrations. This can compromise the assembly’s structural integrity and lead to potential failures. Bolts are often used in structures and machinery where their integrity is critical. If bolts are not tightened to the specified torque, the structural components may not be securely connected, leading to instability and a higher risk of failure. What are the Industry Specific Causes of Loose Bolts Various studies and reports within automotive, aerospace, and construction industries have consistently identified improper torque as a common cause of fastener-related issues. These issues can range from minor performance problems to catastrophic failures. In maintenance and reliability reports, incidents related to fasteners are often listed among the top causes of equipment failures. Failure to tighten fasteners to the correct torque specifications may result in unexpected downtime, increased maintenance costs, and potential safety hazards. In the aerospace industry, where precision and safety are paramount, accidents have been attributed to improperly torqued fasteners. These incidents underscore the critical importance of accurate torque control in this sector. In the automotive sector, loose or inadequately torqued fasteners can lead to vehicle malfunctions, accidents, and recalls. Wheel lug nuts, for example, are critical components where improper torque can have severe consequences. We wrote an article specifically on this as it happened to one of us. That article can be found here. Improperly torqued fasteners in construction and civil engineering applications can contribute to structural failures. This can compromise the safety and stability of buildings, bridges, and other infrastructure. Oil and Gas Industry: In the oil and gas industry, where equipment operates in harsh conditions, improperly torqued fasteners can lead to leaks, equipment damage, and unplanned shutdowns, affecting overall operational efficiency. Loose Bolts Industry Stats from UK CAA MORs in the 1990’s These statistics are older, though relevant, as many of these issues happen today. They arise from a lack of training and employee disengagement. Issues such as: - incorrect installation of components - fitting of wrong parts - electrical wiring discrepancies (including cross-connections) - loose objects (tools, etc) left in aircraft - inadequate lubrication - cowling, access panels, and fairings not secured - landing gear ground lock pins not removed before departure Which is broken down further in the James Reason Report: - Fastenings undone/ incomplete (22%) - Items left locked/ pins not removed (13%) - Caps loose or missing (11%) - Items left loose or disconnected (10%) - Items missing (10%) - Tools/spare fastenings not removed (10%) - Lack of lubrication (7%) - Panels left off (3%) Loose Bolts: Back Torque with Some Wrenches What is back torque? Back torque is when the energy of a click-type wrench comes back in the opposite direction and loosens a bolt. The back-torque or kickback issue is with a specific “Bi-Directional Ratcheting” type of torque wrenches. More specifically, back-torque is when the setpoint of the compression spring is overcome, the roller assembly climbs over the cog, and a load component is created in the direction of the torque being applied. As the roller assembly comes off the backside of the cog, it naturally creates a kickback load component in the reverse direction of the torque being applied. Some Pros of click-type torque wrenches: - Provide consistent results. - Reduce operator error reading and interpreting scale. - Get the right wrench from the kit and use it. - Independent verification is rarely needed. Some Cons of click-type torque wrenches: - There is a tendency to overtorque a fastener by 15-20 percent using these tools. - Humans cannot react quickly enough when the click mechanism is tripped. Note: Not all click-type wrenches produce this kickback. The best recommendation is to ask the manufacturer if the wrenches are impact-free or have any kickback. Loose Bolts: Conclusion The significance of torque control in fastener applications cannot be overstated, as highlighted throughout this exploration. The potential consequences of loose bolts extend far beyond mere inconvenience, encompassing catastrophic failures, safety hazards, and structural compromises across various industries. Proper torque application is not just about tightening bolts; it is a critical aspect of ensuring the integrity and reliability of assemblies. As examined, the clamping force generated by correctly torqued fasteners is designed to withstand external forces and environmental factors, providing stability and immunity from fatigue. The importance of torque control is particularly evident in automotive, aerospace, construction, and oil and gas industries, where precision, safety, and operational efficiency are paramount. Instances of loose bolts have been identified as significant contributors to equipment failures, accidents, and unplanned shutdowns. Furthermore, the exploration of torque wrench types, such as click-type wrenches and the potential back-torque issues, emphasizes the need for careful consideration in selecting the right tools. While these tools offer consistency and reduce operator error, awareness of their limitations, such as the tendency to over-torque and the potential for kickback, is crucial. Controlling torque is not merely a technical detail but a fundamental practice that safeguards against a cascade of repercussions. As industries evolve and technology advances, the commitment to precise torque application remains a cornerstone in ensuring structures and machinery’s longevity, safety, and reliability. The journey from understanding the clamping force to exploring the intricacies of torque wrenches underscores torque control’s critical role in the seamless functioning of our engineered world. Written by: Henry Zumbrun, President, Morehouse Instrument Company Companies around the globe rely on Morehouse for accuracy and speed. The company turns around equipment in 7-10 business days so customers can return to work quickly, saving them money. The York, PA-based company provides force and torque measurement products and services worldwide. About Morehouse Instrument Company Morehouse Instrument Company, a trusted and accredited provider of force and torque measurement services for over 100 years, offers measurement uncertainties 10-50 times lower than the competition. Morehouse helps commercial labs, government labs, and other organizations lower their measurement risk by lowering equipment uncertainties for torque and force measurement. Contact Morehouse at [email protected] or visit online at www.mhforce.com

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The sixth extinction The planet is in the midst of drastic biodiversity loss that some experts think may be the next great species die-off. How did we get here and what can be done about it? - 4869 words - 20 minutes After more than a million years on Earth, the caribou is under threat of global extinction. The precipitous decline of the once mighty herds is a tragedy that is hard to watch — and even harder to reverse. Caribou make do. They use as little as possible, often what nobody else wants. They perfected this impulse over tens of thousands of years, chasing north after retreating ice sheets while most other hoofed animals stayed further south, or spreading themselves thinly across scraps of land in forests and valleys and on mountaintops. They even learned how to survive the privations of winter by subsisting on lichen. Platter-sized hooves — ersatz snowshoes — support them on the snow to reach it on high. Shovel-shaped antlers help some of them dig snow craters to find it down low. But getting to the lichen is only part of the survival trick. Caribou also need to squeeze every last bit of nutrition out of the protein-poor food, which means they had to figure out how to reuse their own urea, a chemical byproduct of metabolism, a little like us being able to drink the same cup of coffee twice to get every smidgen of caffeine out of it. The feat continues to impress evolutionary biologists. Suffice it to say that Rangifer tarandus is built for survival. Females even limit themselves to the birth of a single calf each year, the better to husband resources. Yet today, after more than a million years on Earth, the caribou, also known as the reindeer, is under threat of global extinction. In Canada, where the animal is such a national icon that it graces our quarter coin, the species is in ominous shape. Of a dozen ecologically distinct populations (called “designatable units” by the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada), one is extinct, six are endangered, three are threatened and two are of special concern. It’s not just a bleak picture; it’s also getting worse. That’s despite huge efforts by conservationists and Indigenous Peoples, streams of scientific analysis, dozens of provincial and federal legal instruments designed to protect caribou, plus lots of money, brainpower and passion. It’s like watching a boulder roll down a hill. Only one designatable unit, the little white Peary caribou of the Arctic islands, has improved recently, going from endangered to threatened in the committee’s rating system. “I haven’t given up on caribou, but it’s hard to watch,” says Chris Johnson, a wildlife ecologist at the University of Northern British Columbia in Prince George. He is co-chair of COSEWIC’s terrestrial mammal subcommittee. “We’ve been ringing the alarm for years.” Take, for example, the barren-ground caribou, one of the two main types (the other is woodland caribou). These are the vast Arctic herds that still make the longest land migration in North America, pounding their way across the tundra to get to their calving grounds in the North, where females give birth within a few days of each other. The mass trek and group maternity ward is a strategy to keep wolves at bay through the power of congregation. In the mid-1990s, Canada had about 1.8 million barren-ground caribou. By the time the committee assessed them in 2016, a solid million had vanished. “The magnitude of the decline is breathtaking and irrefutable,” says Johnson. “We’re just not finding caribou like we did back in the ’80s and ’90s.” Is it climate disruption, which fiddles with so many of the systems caribou rely on for their delicate dance of survival? Is it too much hunting? Too many wolves? All those roads, seismic lines, mines, oil and gas drilling? The clear-cutting? The general creep of human reach? Our insouciance? Our greed? More important, can it be stopped in time to keep caribou on the land? The answer is simply unclear. The worst prophecies are already coming to pass. Earlier this year, John Krebs, a provincial biologist who is director of resource management for the Kootenay boundary region in southeast B.C., bore witness to the bitter end of the South Purcell herd, one of the 14 remaining isolated populations in the endangered southern mountain designatable unit. Krebs had been watching the herd decline for nearly three decades, starting in the ’90s when he was a wildlife biologist working for the province’s electric utility. Back then, there were about 80 caribou tucked away in the forests of the South Purcell Mountain just north of the United States and west of Alberta. That was already considered too few for a healthy herd. Biologists radio-collared some to track their movements. Provincial policy-makers enacted a cascade of attempts to protect the herd’s core habitat, including restricting road building and snowmobiling. But the herd’s numbers dropped like a stone anyway, reaching perhaps a couple of dozen in the late 1990s. “It was surprising how quickly it happened,” says Krebs. “Sometimes we felt, did we miss the herd in our survey?” By 2012, the South Purcell herd was in such tough shape that Krebs and other biologists organized a transplant of animals from another herd to bolster numbers. It was an abject failure. Within a couple of years, all the transplants were dead. By 2019, the South Purcell caribou were down to just five animals. That’s when Krebs and his team took four of the remaining animals to a maternity pen near Revelstoke, B.C., in the hope that they would eventually have the chance to join a new herd further north. A single caribou remained in the South Purcell Mountains, an old bull who was far too big and ornery to move. “The viability of the herd has been gone for a while, but the last marker was this bull,” says Krebs. Krebs tracked him, following signals from the animal’s radio collar, encouraged that he kept going. This past April, Krebs got the sign that the collar had stopped moving. On the last day of that month, fearing the worst, he and a colleague did a three-hour bush-crash trek into the forest to find out what had happened. They found the bull caribou, dead and partly eaten. He had been jumped by two wolves and had made a final, messy dash through the forest before the wolves killed him. Later, a bear scavenged what was left. When the caribou are gone, what’s left is ‘cascading ecological grief.’ “This was not only an animal’s last stand, and last moments, but it was the last of the herd that’s been on that landscape for thousands of years and was in First Nation oral history,” says Krebs, hesitating as he searches for words to describe the depth of his emotions. “It was profound to me, and I took a moment to take it in, in the bush there.” The extirpation of the South Purcell herd was all the harder to understand because the area still has lots of prime caribou habitat, says Krebs. Time-honoured conservation approaches of saving landscape and limiting human activity just didn’t work to save the herd, or even its last bull. “I felt not that we betrayed him but that we failed,” says Krebs. “We failed to recognize all the interplay among the factors.” Watching one herd die out in real time is hard enough. But the South Purcell caribou are the seventh herd to disappear in southern Alberta and B.C. since 2003 alone, says Melanie Dickie, research co-ordinator at the caribou monitoring unit of the Alberta Biodiversity Monitoring Institute, who is in the throes of PhD research on the species. She ticks off the names of the other six herds like a mantra of loss: Banff, Purcell Centre, Burnt Pine, South Selkirk, Maligne, George Mountain. “We’ve been talking about doing something for the species for longer than I’ve been working on them,” she says. it’s not just the southernmost caribou populations that are vanishing. Many are also in baffling decline across the planet’s northernmost reaches. Globally, numbers have crashed 40 per cent in just three caribou generations, from 4.8 million to 2.9 million, according to the assessment led by Canadian caribou biologist Anne Gunn for the International Union for Conservation of Nature’s red list of endangered species. The findings resulted in the species being listed as vulnerable to extinction in 2015, a first. Some of the declines are happening because of changes to the land. Human activities sever migration routes and destroy habitat. “Caribou are creatures of space,” Gunn tells me. “They need that landscape.” They’re also used to using those landscapes to get away, a prime evolutionary survival strategy. Now, human and other predators can get right to where they are, through roads and other conduits. But other mechanisms for the drops in population are not perfectly clear. Climate heating could ramp up disease and parasites. Insect harassment of caribou, already a dangerous plague to mothers trying to rear calves on the tundra, is increasing along with the warmth. Caribou have been known to plunge panicked into the Arctic Ocean to escape the bites of warble flies and nose botflies, or to run non-stop for hours in a frantic struggle to keep bugs at bay. Unregulated hunting in some parts of the world and slow government responses aren’t helping. And the trends are all going the wrong way, a signal that the declines could keep deepening, Gunn’s red list assessment concludes. Gunn witnessed the problem in microcosm during the three decades she worked as a government biologist in the Northwest Territories. She resigned in 2007 and is now a B.C.- based consultant. In 1986, the Bathurst herd, which once spanned the Northwest Territories, Nunavut and northern Saskatchewan and Alberta, numbered nearly half a million, abundant enough that Indigenous T?? cho hunters alone could depend on taking 14,000 animals a year for food food security. By 2018, the herd’s total population had crashed to about 8,000. Despite the trend, which scientists first described in 2003, sport and resident hunting of the Bathurst herd continued until 2010. By 2016, even the tiny Indigenous subsistence hunt of 300 animals had to be cancelled. There just weren’t enough caribou. “I’m glad I’m not a biologist up there,” says Gunn. “It would be a heartbreak to see an empty landscape.” Losing caribou is about a lot more than losing a species. Caribou are known as an “umbrella” species, which means that when they are present, so is living space for thousands of other creatures, says wildlife ecologist Robert Serrouya, director of the caribou monitoring unit at the University of Alberta. Watching the disappearance of caribou therefore also comes with the understanding that their loss is linked to the unravelling of a complex, interconnected web of other possible losses, big and small. What about lichens, and the 250-year-old trees they grow on? Mosses? Tiny insects? When one piece of the puzzle goes missing, the effects ripple across the ecosystem. The loss is ineffably personal as well as ecological. “There’s a spiritual connection to knowing we have something that’s history, that’s not changed and not modernized for thousands of years,” says Serrouya. And then there’s the bigger scientific picture. Caribou are not the only species on the brink. As they vanish, they serve as a reminder of the planet’s extraordinary ongoing pulse of extinction. A comprehensive report in 2019 by an international team of scientists with the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, known as IPBES, found that a million species are in danger of going extinct, more than at any other time in human history. And the rate of extinctions is speeding up. But for Indigenous Peoples who have relied on caribou for generations, the loss is far more than personal or metaphoric or scientific. Caribou reach across culture, identity, spiritual practice, family traditions and psychological health, say the authors of a new Inuit-led study on the loss. “This is more than just about caribou as meat,” says Jamie Snook, executive director of the Torngat wildlife, plants and fisheries secretariat in Happy Valley-Goose Bay, Labrador and one of the report’s co-authors. “A lot of Inuit feel their time on the land is a determinant of well-being. It’s a protective factor for people.” Snook recalls watching years ago as hundreds of caribou cavorted around a pond right in front of his cabin on Cape Caribou River in Labrador. They were everywhere, wild and unrestrained. “It’s just so holistic to the patterns people have experienced over their lifetimes and generations. Once that all of a sudden disappears or is at risk, it really questions your identity,” he says. When the caribou are gone, what’s left is “cascading ecological grief,” says Ashlee Cunsolo, dean of the school of Arctic and Subarctic studies at the Labrador Institute of Memorial University and another of the study’s co-authors. “When you think about something as keystone as caribou, the tragedy is beyond comprehension,” she says. Cunsolo and Snook had a first-hand look at the depth of the mourning during their study. As part of it, their colleague David Borish, now a postdoctoral student at the Labrador Institute, interviewed 84 people in the Nunatsiavut and NunatuKavut regions of Labrador. The work will be released this year as a documentary provisionally called Herd. People from the community agreed to tell their stories after the George River herd’s numbers plummeted and governments imposed a ban on hunting in 2013. The ban didn’t halt the decline. The migratory woodland herd, once among the largest in the world with a recorded peak of 780,000 animals in 1993, shrank to 8,900 in 2016, a drop of 99 per cent, before sliding even further to about 5,200 and recovering slightly this year to 8,300. The stories were harrowing. Not only have some young Labrador Inuit never tasted caribou meat, the staple food of their ancestors, but they also couldn’t distinguish a caribou from a moose. Older hunters grieved at not being able to teach young generations how to hunt and prepare skins and meat. They missed the conviviality of being out on the land tracking caribou, savouring the spiritual connection between hunter and prey. “They had deep cravings for this meat and for this experience,” Borish says. “It was much more than just physical craving. It was an emotional craving to interact with this source of culture and pride they had had for so long.” One man told Borish that the loss of caribou was hurting people all over, both body and mind, an acknowledgment of the psychological toll. Some wept during the interviews. They worry that the caribou are gone forever. So do Borish, Snook and Cunsolo. They fear that they have assembled final testimony about the Inuit relationship with caribou. “What if there are no more? What if in 20 years, that’s it, we’ve witnessed the decline of something so important?” asks Cunsolo. Can the caribou be saved? It’s like a three-dimensional puzzle whose pieces keep moving. And there are different answers for animals in different parts of the country. Consider the Arctic’s Bathurst herd. Gunn and her colleagues at the international caribou group called CARMA (for the CircumArctic Rangifer Monitoring and Assessment Network) cite a dizzying range of assaults over the years that may have played a role in the herd’s collapse. For one thing, the animals seem to have abandoned their former fall and winter ranges in the boreal forest, moving to the tundra instead. That means migration distances doubled, using extra energy. At the same time, mining exploration ramped up across the herd’s tundra home and five diamond mines opened. In the horrible hot summer of 2014, fire destroyed 11 per cent of their preferred winter range. The summers are warmer and droughts are more common, both characteristic of climate heating. These are ill omens for a creature so superbly adapted to the cold. It adds up to more deaths — calves, mothers and bulls — and fewer births. And while caribou numbers have their own mysterious and often vast fluctuations, the CARMA group found that the herd’s cyclical decline was exacerbated by too much hunting and wolf predation. The balance of births and deaths went badly out of whack. Repairing it requires killing wolves as well as restricting hunting for food, says Gunn. She is convinced that if communities near the Bathurst herd had begun killing wolves in 2010 when she recommended the practice, the herd would not have lost as many members and the food harvest would not have had to be reduced to zero. In fact, the wolf kill in that area began only last year. The practice is hotly controversial. The ?utsël K’é Dene First Nation opposes it, for example, saying it is inhumane. But caribou herds have thresholds, says Gunn. Once the herds become too sparse, the animals’ social network is fractured beyond repair. When the animals can’t learn from each other, they become yet more vulnerable. It’s a recipe for extirpation. Industrial activity likely plays a role in the fate of the Bathurst herd, too. To protect the caribou, roads need to be “permeable,” which means relying on convoys and interrupting traffic with daily road closures so the caribou can get across, says Gunn. But the George River herd in Labrador and Quebec foundered even though there’s been little industrial activity near its habitat, says Snook. “It’s some complex combination of factors,” he adds. Meanwhile, in southern Canada, the dire effects of industry are incontrovertible. The logging of old-growth forests, oil and gas exploration, seismic lines, mining and even wind-power installations all disrupt caribou. And those disturbances are increasing, despite myriad laws to protect the habitats of woodland caribou. During the dozen years ending in 2012, caribou lost twice as much forest cover as they gained throughout Alberta and B.C., according to a study by Serrouya, Dickie and others published in April. In the northern parts of the provinces, the loss came from forest fires; in the south, logging. And by 2018, those losses had intensified even more. The one bright spot was that land-use regulations hashed out by the B.C. government in the mid-1990s to preserve some caribou landscapes actually helped a bit, the study found. “It made things less worse,” says Serrouya. Still, the woodland caribou are North America’s biggest conservation challenge on land, says Serrouya. A pressing issue is that all that logging opens up terrific habitat for deer, moose and elk, the other common ungulate species. The more other ungulates there are, the more wolves. And here’s where the woodland caribou’s canny evolutionary strategy becomes a handicap. They evolved to protect themselves in the woodlands by living either alone or in small clusters, so tracking and hunting them wasn’t worth the energy for wolves. Now that wolves have such excellent access to moose, elk and deer in the same habitats where caribou are found, wolf numbers are up — and they encounter caribou more often even when they’re not specifically looking for them. It’s a numbers game. “Caribou are like the french fries on the side of a hamburger meal,” says Dickie. “Wolves make their living off other ungulates, but if one bumps into a caribou, it’s going to eat it, because it’s food.” “They are not just animals to us. They are our brothers and sisters, our friends and ancestors.” Not only that, but more roads and lengthy seismic lines, which are narrow but ubiquitous corridors used to transport equipment to test for oil and gas deposits, make it easier for wolves to move long distances swiftly. That also increases the likelihood of running into a caribou. “It’s kind of a double whammy there,” says Dickie. The ultimate rescue is to create conditions for woodland caribou herds that allow them to be self-sustaining in the wild without heroics from humans. That means letting the forest grow old again, as well as letting nature once more take over the seismic lines and roads that serve as a handy conveyor belt for wolves. Together, these measures would reduce habitat for moose and deer, which would lead to fewer wolves and more caribou in, say, 50 to 100 years. But right now, the situation is so precarious that taking only those long-term measures will condemn many of the most southerly herds. “We need to spend a lot of money and public will and energy on conserving and restoring habitat,” Dickie says, “but we can’t pretend that it will magically solve the problem. We need to do some more drastic measures to make sure these herds are around in the short term.” Maybe corralling pregnant females into maternal pens until they give birth and then releasing them back into the wild. Or perhaps creating a year-round captive breeding facility, although that’s still experimental. Or shooting wolves and culling other ungulates. But the two approaches — habitat restoration and emergency rescue tactics — have to work in tandem, or else you end up with the heartbreak of the Little Smoky herd in Alberta. To preserve its 80 or so caribou, sharpshooters take to the skies in helicopters each winter and shoot as many wolves as they can from the air, explains Mark Boyce, a wildlife ecologist at the University of Alberta. Then they drop strychnine poison onto the land to kill even more wolves. Each year, they kill between 100 and 120 wolves, along with the collateral damage of eagles, fishers, lynx, wolverines and the occasional bear. And they’ve been doing it for the better part of two decades, enough to keep the herd extant if not growing. But at the same time, the provincial government continues to approve oil and gas development in Little Smoky habitat. “It’s a bit of a farce,” says Boyce, adding: “It’s the sort of thing you’re just going to have to keep doing forever because we’ve got a large population of wolves on the broader landscape, and so you go, whack, 100 wolves, and within weeks, they’ve been backfilled with wolves from an adjacent population.” The most potent tool to protect the future of caribou would be for the federal government to issue an emergency order under the Species at Risk Act. That would allow federal rules to be applied to provincial lands, effectively halting logging and oil and gas development in caribou habitat. Is it merited? “From a caribou ecology perspective, it is long past that time,” says Dickie. But in 2018, when Catherine McKenna, then minister of Environment and Climate Change, recommended making an emergency order for the endangered southern mountain designatable unit (which then still included the South Purcell caribou), her federal colleagues balked, saying they preferred “a collaborative stewardship-based approach.” The 2021 federal budget, for example, proposed $2.3 billion over five years to help set up conservation measures for species at risk including caribou. “We strongly believe that a collaborative approach will provide the best outcomes for species at risk conservation in Canada,” said Environment and Climate Change Canada’s spokesperson Samantha Bayard in an emailed response for this story. Two sunny stories run alongside the portents of catastrophe. One is an illustration of the new approach the federal government advocates. In 2013, West Moberly First Nations and Saulteau First Nations in central B.C. near the Alberta border embarked on a mission to save their 16 remaining caribou by setting up a mountaintop maternity pen and guarding its occupants from wolves until they can be released back into the wild — with radio collars and tags for monitoring. Since then, the nations have also been mapping caribou habitat and working to restore it, and culling wolves. Caribou biologists often cite the nations’ actions as one of the continent’s lone caribou recovery success stories. By February 2020, the herd, now called Klinse-za, numbered more than 80, and the nations signed a 30-year partnership agreement with the provincial and federal governments resulting in two million acres of land in protected areas. The aim is to restore caribou habitat and help the herd become self-sustaining. It is the first agreement of its kind in Canada. “They are not just animals to us,” West Moberly Chief Roland Willson said at the time. “They are our brothers and sisters, our friends and ancestors. The caribou have been suffering for decades as their habitat is destroyed piece by piece. They need us now, all of us. This partnership agreement gives us hope. It means that help is on the way.” Up in the Arctic, the Porcupine herd has not had to recover. It is still thriving. It is the continent’s last great caribou herd, one of the legendary, migratory barren-ground populations. Every year, its 200,000 or so members race en masse across northern North America to the Arctic coastal plains to give birth. Part of the herd’s success is that its calving grounds in Yukon and Alaska’s Arctic National Wildlife Refuge are protected from development, at least for now. (Former U.S. President Donald Trump auctioned off oil and gas leases in the refuge during the final weeks of his tenure, and current U.S. President Joe Biden suspended them shortly after taking office. The leases have been a political football field for 40 years.) Part of it is the geography and climate of the herd’s vast habitat that somehow leads to fewer great long-term fluctuations in numbers. Part of it is that, except for the Dempster Highway — the road that stretches 740 kilometres from Dawson City, Yukon, to Inuvik, N.W.T. — there’s little to interrupt caribou migration. But it’s also how the herd is managed. “It’s certainly a model. It should be an inspiration,” says Catherine Gagnon, an independent caribou researcher and post-doctoral student at the University of Quebec, Rimouski. Since 1985, the herd has had the advice of the Porcupine Caribou Management Board, with representation from five Indigenous groups plus the federal and territorial governments. Joe Tetlichi, the board’s chair, says the board watched carefully as herds in other parts of Canada started faltering. George River. Bathurst. So, long before their own herd was in trouble, Tetlichi and his board launched a harvest summit to discuss the issues with the communities. Tenderly, over years, the communities hammered out a blueprint describing how they will alter their hunting practices if the herd’s numbers start to fall. It’s based on a fire risk chart: green, yellow, orange, red. Green means the herd’s numbers are strong and people can hunt however they want. Red means the herd’s down to 45,000 and the harvest has to stop. Today, the herd is green. “Partnership really is the key to our success,” says Tetlichi. “We don’t fight with other parties. We walk together.” And they want the caribou to survive. Even as he speaks, he is tuned into the ageless rhythms of the Porcupine herd. The females are pregnant already, and most of the herd is three-quarters of the way to the refuge, he says. They’ll arrive by the first week of June, as they always do, and they will give birth in the first few days of that month, as they always do. Tetlichi stops there, immersed in his imagination in the vision of all those caribou on the calving grounds, keeping the herd going. But that’s not the end of the story. Tradition says that by summer, with the new calves in tow, they’ll spread out further into the coastal plain and maybe head east, following the plants that sustain them until the autumn’s snowstorms arrive. And that’s when they make the great journey back south to their winter home, as they always do. This story is from the September/October 2021 Issue The planet is in the midst of drastic biodiversity loss that some experts think may be the next great species die-off. How did we get here and what can be done about it? Caribou numbers in Canada are dropping drastically — and quickly — leaving the iconic land mammal on the brink of extinction The uncertainty and change that's currently disrupting the region dominated the annual meeting's agenda An estimated annual $175-billion business, the illegal trade in wildlife is the world’s fourth-largest criminal enterprise. It stands to radically alter the animal kingdom.

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The Marginal Body According to Gurwitsch, the body is at least in the margin of consciousness. If all components of the field of consciousness were experienced as equally salient, we would indeed not be able to think and behave appropriately. Though the body may become the focus of our conscious field when we are introspectively aware of it, it remains most of the time only in the background of consciousness. However, we may wonder if bodily states do really need to be conscious, even at the margin, or cannot be simply non-conscious. Action control requires permanent proprioceptive and visual feedback about the state and the position of our body parts. Experimental data shows that action monitoring operates at a non-conscious level and we may similarly suggest that we have a continuous unconscious access to bodily information. In this chapter, I thus intend to describe the various levels of body representations with the help of Gurwitsch’s distinction. I will investigate the properties and the function of each of these levels. KeywordsRetina Assure Blindness Clarification Univer Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

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Planning and Activities The children research the resources of Iron Age people and create Iron Age shoes from leather and thread. - To understand the resources that were available to people in the Iron Age. - To create fit for purpose Iron Age shoes from leather and thread. - Understand that, in the Iron Age, people had to use simple resources available to them. - Understand why the Iron Age shoe was designed this way, and why. - Create Iron Age shoes from leather, material and thread .

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How can these quotes be feminist or marxistSix months back he [Logan] had told her, "If Ah ... kin haul de wood heah and chop it fuh yuh, look lak you oughta be able tuh tote it inside. Mah fust... How can these quotes be feminist or marxist Six months back he [Logan] had told her, "If Ah ... kin haul de wood heah and chop it fuh yuh, look lak you oughta be able tuh tote it inside. Mah fust wife never bothered me ‘bout choppin’ no wood nohow. She’d grab dat ax and sling chips lak uh man. You done been spoilt rotten." So Janie had told him, "Ah’m just as stiff as you is stout. If you can stand not to chop and tote wood Ah reckon you can stand not to git no dinner. ‘Scuse mah freezolity, Mist’ Killicks, but Ah don’t mean to chop de first chip." (4.1-2) In Chapter Four of Zora Neale Hurston's Their Eyes Were Watching God, because Janie's grandmother has been worried about Janie's "budding," she has given Janie to the much older Logan Killicks for marriage so that Janie will be secure. However, Janie soon discovers that "marriage did not make love." Soon, Logan begins to resent Janie unhappiness, also feeling that Janie thinks she is better than he. Logan concludes that Janie is spoiled and the grandmother thinks he will spoil her, as well. So, he heads for town one day and tells Janie that she must help him next year in the garden. In the passage, he informs Janie that she must chop some wood. However, Janie refuses, saying that she has no intention of chopping wood. Here Janie asserts her own will. She later tells another husband, Mah own mind had tuh be squeezed and crowded out tuh make room for yours in me. Their Eyes Were Watching God is a novel of self-discovery, a young woman's realization that she is a person unto herself who needs care and love. I hope you are asking if these are feminist or if they are marxist. Because I do not really see much in the way of marxism in this quote. So, in my opinion, this quote is an example of feminism. The reason for this is that the woman in this quote is not giving in to what her husband wants her to do. She does not like the idea that he expects her to cook the dinner and to chop the wood. She shows that she is not afraid to assert her power as a woman. So, this is feminist because it shows a woman fighting back against a man's attempt to tell her what to do.

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An outline is a great way to organize your thoughts and research if you’re preparing a speech, an essay, a novel, or even a study guide. See step 1 to get started writing your outline! Part 1 of 2: Planning Your Outline 1Choose a topic. Whether your work will be reflective, persuasive, informative, research-based, or some combination thereof, you must choose a general focus to help keep your thoughts on track. - At this stage it's okay to have a broad topic instead of trying to narrow it down to your specific thesis statement. For example, when you're just starting out, instead of narrowing your topic down right away to "the attitudes of the French towards the Marquis' resistance fighters in WWII" you might look at French life during the German occupation in general. - You can also make an outline for a creative piece, like a novel. You will still want to focus on a topic (steampunk reimagining of Hamlet). You won't have a thesis, and the outline will follow the structure of the novel (important events, for example). 2Determine the larger purpose of your work. Choosing an end goal will not only give your topic direction, but also help you structure your paper logically. If you’re writing a formal essay, write a thesis statement that fulfills this purpose, otherwise you'll need to determine what you're trying to accomplish with your work. - You could compare and contrast two things, which means that you'll be making connections, and using critical thinking to engage in analysis of the two (usually) pieces. This will need to go beyond simply summarizing, but usually won't require much outside research. - Present cause and effect. Show why something happened (particularly good for historical essays, because you can look at something that happened in history and the effect it had on events). - Define or analyze a particular aspect or concept. For example, you might talk about feminism and talk about the history of the term, the different types of feminism, and what it means to different groups. - Present one side of an argument (you should also provide, or at least address, the counter-argument). - Provide evidence and draw a conclusion. You should always, when writing an essay, back up your conclusions and your thesis statement with specific evidence, even if you're writing a personal essay, a persuasive essay (especially when writing a persuasive essay), or a creative essay. 3Gather supporting materials. These might be quotes, statistics, theories, images, plot points, or personal reflections depending on the nature of your work. Make sure that these things support what you're writing, or that if you do find conflicting evidence or ideas, you address why these are wrong, instead of simply ignoring them. - Expand upon your assertions with evidence, warrants and examples. Include proof in your outline to strengthen the bones of your paper, and identify potential holes in your research. - If you're looking specifically for supporting information for a novel (since it is a little different than an academic style outline), it's great to get information on setting, characters, clothing, food etc. You want your story to be as believable as possible. - Make sure that when you're noting down information for your outline that you note down page numbers for books, and where you found that information. That will make it easier when you're going back through and setting up the outline itself. 4Pick your type of outlines. A topic outline uses short, general phrases and can be useful if your outline is very flexible; a sentence outline uses complete sentences and addresses complexity and detail. - Consider starting your outline as a topic outline with structural flexibility and then converting it to a sentence outline as you go. - There isn't much difference between the two except that you can use the sentences from the latter directly in your paper or presentation. Part 2 of 2: Writing Your Outline 1Decide how to generally order your supporting evidence. You want to make sure that it supports your larger purpose. You'll want to make sure that you're ordering it in the most effective manner. That means, starting off with your strongest pieces of evidence, as well as making sure that your pieces of evidence naturally flow into one another. - For example: if you are presenting an historical overview, you may want to order things chronologically; if you arguing for a literary interpretation, you may want to order things by theme; if you are weighing two sides of an argument before taking a stance, present the evidence that contradicts your stance first, and then dispel it with the counter evidence to end on a persuasive note. 2Identify your main categories. Based on both the larger purpose of the work and the nature of the supporting material you have found, determine how best to break your larger topic down into logical categories. These will form the first level of your outline, which is traditionally labeled with Roman numerals (I, II, III, IV, etc.). - When writing essays, it is very common to devote one category to each paragraph: I. would be the intro paragraph, II. would be the first body paragraph, and so on. - For example: If presenting a historical overview of the car, each category might cover a major era in the car’s history. 3Think of at least two points for each category. Select these sub-points based on both the purpose of your paper and the list of supporting materials you gathered earlier. These will form the second level of your outline, which is traditionally labeled in letters of the English alphabet (A, B, C, D, etc.). - Indent the second level of your outline 0.5 to 1 inch (1.3 to 2.5 cm) past the first level. - For example: If presenting a historical overview of the car, each point might cover a typical engine model during that era. 4Expand upon your points with sub-points if necessary. This will maximize the logical grounding of your essay work. Put these in the third level of your outline, which is traditionally labeled in numbers (1, 2, 3, 4, etc.). - Should you need to go another layer deeper into your outline, use lowercase Roman numerals (i, ii, iii, iv, etc.), then lowercase letters (a, b, c, d, etc.) and then finally switch to numbers (1, 2, 3, 4, etc.). - It is unlikely you will need to have more than 4 layers in your outline. Consider combining points if this is the case. - For example: If presenting a historical overview of the car, each sub-point might address a technological innovation for that engine model. We could really use your help! - Be concise and straightforward in your outline. This doesn't have to be perfectly polished writing; it just has to get your point across. - Don't be afraid to eliminate irrelevant information as you conduct more research about your topic and narrow the area you want your writing to focus on. - Use outlines as a memorization tool. Choose concise words to trigger a concept. - Use a computer. Many provide outline tools. It's quick to add, delete, or rearrange information. - When you start creating an outline in Microsoft Word, it has an automatic indentation feature that it imposes on your outline. If you prefer to work with your own indentation system, read How to Make Outline Text in Word. - Indent each level of your outline 0.5 to 1 inch (1.3 to 2.5 cm) past the previous level. - Increase the indent by the same increment for each level; do not indent .5 inches (1.3 cm), then 1 inch (2.5 cm), then .75 inches (1.9 cm), etc. - Take your outline seriously, and it will go a long way in helping you logically construct your paper. Many essays fail because their general structure and organization is weak. - Generally, you should avoid only having one point or sub-point on any outline level. If there is an A, you probably also need a B to add complexity. - Your outline should not be your essay in a different form. Make sure that you are only writing the major assertions of your piece down, or referencing specific details/examples with taglines. Your outline should be concise. In other languages: Español: Cómo hacer un esquema temático, Português: Como Escrever um Delineamento, Deutsch: Eine Übersicht schreiben, Français: Comment rédiger un plan, Italiano: Come Scrivere una Bozza, 中文: 写提纲, Русский: составить план, Nederlands: Een tekstschema maken, Čeština: Jak napsat osnovu, Bahasa Indonesia: Menulis Garis Besar Thanks to all authors for creating a page that has been read 1,860,229 times.

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Asked Questions on Macedonia presented here is based on various sources. These sources are included at the end of this document or mentioned when first used. In cases we need to write text in Greek the following transliteration of the greek alphabet will be used: As an example AUHNAI is spelled A Theta Eta N A I The term Macedonia is used to describe the geographic region that evolved into the area called Macedonia in modern Greece. This area seems to coincide with the area called Macedonia in ancient Republic of Skopje (or Skopje in short) and Skopjans are the terms used to describe the ex-Socialist Republic of Yugoslavia and the various ethnic groups living there (especially the ones who call themselves "Macedonians"). With reference to ancient times the lands of the Republic of Skopje were divided among various tribes, the Bardanians in the north (including the where the city of Skopje is presently located), the Paeonians in the south and the Illyrians in the west. - What were the borders of ancient Macedonia? - When did the first hellenic tribes reside in the area latercalled by them Macedonia? - What is the meaning of the word 'Macedon'? References. - The Macedonian state until the end of the 6th century BC. - What were the relations of Macedonia with the other two Greek Kingdoms of Thessaly and - What were the relations between the Macedonians and the Illyrians? - What was the Macedonian form of government? - What did ancient Greek writers write about Macedonia? - "Hellas" and "Macedonia". When was the first time that the word Hellas was used to describe the country inhabited by people belonging to hellenic (greek) tribes? - Was the Macedonian tongue a greek dialect or not? - "ANEBOA MAKEDONISTI" - There is a reference in a work by Pausanias that may give the impression that Macedonians, around 214-213BC, were speaking a non-Greek language. - Did Demosthenes believe the Macedonians were barbarians? - Is there any reference by Demosthenes to an incident that can lead us to conclude that he and his fellow Athenians believed that Macedonians indeed spoke a greek dialect? - Is it possible [ignoring historic evidence that shows that this was not the case] that Macedonians had spoken a non-greek language before 340BC and within a 10-20 year period every Macedonian was fluent in the - Who may have 'hellenized' ancient Macedonians, if we we assume, despite proof for the contrary, that they were not a greek tribe ? - Isocrates used the phrases "ALOFYLON TO GENOS", "OYX OMOFYLOY GENOYS". Do they mean "of other tribe" or "of other race"? - Skopjans accuse us Macedonians in Greece of changing the names of our cities into Greek ones some time in the 20th century instead of using the slavic names assigned to these cities since "ancient" (sic) names. They claim that Edessa for example should not be called so but VODEN instead, and Thessaloniki should be called SOLUN. - Skopjans claim that when Slavs descended to the Balkan peninsula, in the 7th century AD, Macedonians vanished and there was a kind of 'slavicization' of Macedonia which 'gave birth' to the "Slavic-Macedononians" as Skopjans claim they are (at least some of them), the supposedly deserved ancestors of ancient Macedonians. Are such claims true say up to 15th century AD? - Do the Skopjans have desires on Macedonia, Greece? - When did 'Macedonians' of the Skopjan type first appear? - What was the population distribution of Macedonia, the Republic of Skopje, and parts of Bulgaria in the years of Ottoman rule? - What is the nationality of the Vlachs? - Was the Bulgarian King Samuel of Skopjan nationality as some Skopjans claimed - What is the size of the Greek minority in the Republic of Skopje. - Macedonia and the (Greek) War of Independence. - When was the first time the word ``Macedonia'' was defined to include lands of the nowadays Rep. of Skopje? - What were the views of the Bulgarian Exarchate on the population composition - Did all the Greeks in Macedonia speak Greek only in the late 19th century? - What were the events that followed the Berlin Congress of 1878? - The Neuilly treaty - Communism and - Bulgaria and Germany in World War II. - What are the intentions of the Communists still ruling Skopje towards the region of modern-day Greece called Macedonia since ancient times? - Skopjan claims on Greece (continued). - Why Skopjans use the term "Aegean macedonia"? - What do some Skopjans claim that the population composition of Macedonia - Bulgarian statements on Skopje in the late fifties [after the Tito-Stalin breakup]. - Skopjan minority - Are there any Slavs living in Greece? When the last few Slavs left Greece? Are there any Slavophone living in Greece? Where are they living? Who are they? - A brief history of the Bulgarian-origin terrorist group IMRO (Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization ) founded one hundred years ago (1893). were the borders of ancient Macedonia? Thucydides (II 99) defined ancient Macedonia as the area extending to the east as far as the lands of mountain Paggaion, east of river Strymon, to the south to the Thermaikos Bay, Chalcidice, river Pineios (the border with Thessaly) and the Kambounia mountains, to the north up to (including) the city of Pella, south of the lands of Paeonians, and to the west to the mountains (Pindos, Tymfe etc) that separate Macedonia from Epeiros and ancient Illyria Macedonia, as defined by Thucydides, coincides with the region of Macedonia of modern Greece minus some lands of the Chalcidice In later dates the borders of the Macedonian State (that is, the lands ruled by the Macedonian Kings) varied and depending on the circumstances it extended westwards up to the Adriatic Sea, eastwards up to river Evros and beyond, and to the north up to the city of Lychnidon between the lakes of Brygies and Lyhnetis [the translation of some Greek names into English may seem weird. Blame me for this.]. References pointing to the borders of the Macedonian state can be found in Strabo, VII. The terms Macedonia and Macedonian State may seem analogous to the terms Great Britain and British Empire. did the first hellenic tribes reside in the area later called by them Macedonia? The first hellenic tribes of Dorians and Achaeoi resided in Macedonia in prehistoric times, first in Emathia near mountain Vermion and later expanded northwards and eastwards to cover the lands outlined in Question 1. Herodotos mentioned that around the 9th century BC the Macedonian State had the city of Aegae as its capital and that either Caranos or Perdikkas was considered the founder of the Macedonian dynasty. [ Note: The ancient royal city of Aegae is located in modern day Vergine in the Emathia prefecture of Greece. Excavations which began in 1976 by the late Professor Manolis Andronikos revealed that the site of the city was indeed located near Vergina and not near Edessa as many archaeologists, Professor Andronikos included, previously believed. It was Professor N. G. L. Hammond who in 1968 first suggested that Vergina was the place to look for Aegae, a belief peculiar even to himself at that time. The first royal tombs in Vergina were excavated in 1976-1977 and one of them is believed to belong to Philippos II, father of Alexander the Great. ] According to Herodotos, the Makednoi (Macedonians) who crossed Doris and moved to Peloponnesos were later called Dorians. Since the term Dorians is much more well known than the term Makednoi we shall also use it to identify the latter people in the discussion The Dorians who formed the Macedonian state came in contact with the local Pelasgic population whose size was much smaller than the one residing at the sea shores and the islands of Southern Greece. It is for this reason that German Historian K. Belloch considered the Macedonians the purest Greeks of any other part of Greece (Gr. Geschichte, I, 1a, p92). The Dorians(Makednoi) of Macedonia were larger in number than those who moved southwards. This is because those who moved southwards were reduced in number either due to attrition or to settlements in the areas they visited along their movement to Southern Greece. Such a place of permanent residence for some Makednoi(Dorians) was Doris. When these Dorians (known until then as Makednoi only) moved to Peloponnesos they became known there as Dorians (that is, the people [coming] from Doris). is the meaning of the word 'Macedon'? References. The word Macedon (Gk: Makedvn) is very likely to come from the greek word 'makednos' first mentioned in Homer's Odyssey (Od.H106), and later by Herodotos, who called 'Makednon eunos' the various Doric tribes among which he included the Macedonians (Her. I.56, The word 'Makednos' has the meaning of long, tall, and highlander. Some archaeologists believe that the Macedonians were called so because they were tall. Nowadays the meaning of 'highlander' is more prevalent. This is because Macedonians used to live early in prehistoric times in the mountains of Vermio in The greek words Macetia (Gk: MAKETIA) and Macetae (Gk: MAKETAI) were also used in early times to identify Macedonia and the Macedonians. The biblic Hettieim or Kitim and Kitiaioi originate from Maketia and Maketai. Hesiod in Theogonia, written in the middles of 8th century BC, claimed that Makednos and Magnes who used to live in the lands around mountain Olympos and Pieria were sons of Zeus and Thyias, daughter of Deukalion. This suggests that the other Greeks of that time believed that the Macedonians and Magnetes belonged to the same tribe (a hellenic one). Hellanikos, who lived at the time of Herodotos, considered Macedon son of Aeolos. Apollodoros considered Macedon son of Lykaon and thus grandson of the king of Argos Pelasgos and Lykaon king of Arcadians whose 50 sons became leaders of various greek tribes. On the other hand Aelianos considered Lykaon, King of Emathia and Pindos, son of Macedon. Aeschylus, in Iketidai, had the king of Argos that his family was ruling the lands beyond Pindos and Dodoni up to river Strymon (that is including Macedonia, the one part of modern day Greece). Macedonian state until the end of the 6th century BC. The Macedonians until the 6th century BC lived isolated from the other Greeks a pastoral life known as transhumant pastoralism moving their herds to the mountain pastures in the spring and to the lowland pastures in the winter (see N. G. L. Hammond). Their language was affected by the way of their life and was not as linguistically developed as that of Athens. Macedonians built their houses on hilltop and well-protected areas and retained the lifestyle of the original Dorians possibly emphasized by the need of intermittent wars needed to preserve their own existence. A German historian and linguist, O. Hoffmann, considered Macedonians a greek tribe that first lived in the mountains of Pindos then moved towards the lands of river Haliakmon and in some unknown time towards the valley of river Axios. The first contact between the Macedonians and other Greeks (those of Chalcidice) occurred at the end of the 6th century BC when Amyntas I, father of Alexander I, conquered Anthemounta in Chalcidice. This contact terminates the isolationism of the Macedonian State and signifies a new era of participation in the events taking place in the hellenic world by forging alliances with various city-states, becoming an enemy of other ones, and switching sides, as fit to the interests of the State. There are some people who advocate the thesis that the Macedonians were not Greek. An English archaeologist, St. Casson, observed that it was difficult to give a definition of what could be considered 'hellenic'. If one, according to him, included in such a definition everything found north or south of the Korinthos bay (in Peloponnesos, Southern Greece) between the 10th and 8th century BC, then Macedonia should be considered greek. The people, according to Casson, living in Macedonia were using the same jewels with those living in Sparta, Olympia, Delphoi, Aegina, and Argos. This at least proves the close relations of the people living in these areas in the first centuries of the 1st millenium BC. The recent excavations in Vergina confirm the conclusions of Casson for the remaining centuries. were the relations of Macedonia with the other two Greek Kingdoms of Thessaly and Epeiros? Epeiros, Macedonia and Thessaly were all inhabited by Greek tribes. Epeiros, Macedonia and Thessaly had more in common than any other Greek state. All three were kingdoms [monarchies], a form of government highly disliked by the Greeks in the South [Sparta being a sole exception had two kings]. For Epeiros and Macedonia monarchy was the result of the pastoral life which forced people to live in areas surrounded by mountains and be isolated from the other Greeks. Despite references by Thucydides that the Epeirotians were not Greek, excavations in Epeiros in the 1950s proved such claims of Thucydides to be totally untrue, since it can now be proved that Molossians, Athamanians, Chaones and Thesprotians and other people living in Epeiros [known collectively as Epeirotians] were Greek, speaking Greek and writing in Greek throughout the life-time of Thucydides and even before that according to the archaeological evidence found so far. Ancient Greeks (Iliad P.234) believed that Dodoni in Epeiros was the center of the Hellenic world and that the names Hellas and Hellenes were first given to the people of Epeiros also called Graecoi, the root of the English word 'Greek'. For more details we refer to Aristotle's Meteorologica 352a, 34. Macedonians were in close contacts with both the Thessalians and the Epeirotians. Marriages among the members of the royal families of the three kingdoms were common. Olympias, mother of Alexander the Great, was a Molossian princess. Molossians believed that the founder of their tribe was Neoptolemos son of homeric Achilles. Macedonians and Epeirotians were many times allies in wars against their common enemy, the Illyrians. Diodoros (XV 13) mentioned that in a single battle following an Illyrian invasion of Macedonia 15,000 Epeirotians were killed, a quite high number, by the Greek standards of that time. were the relations between the Macedonians and the Illyrians? The Illyrians were Indoeuropeans and used to live in nowadays Albania and the western-northwestern part of the Republic of Skopje. They were not a greek tribe. Nowadays Albanians can be considered descendants of the ancient Illyrians although many other people lived in Illyria in various times (such as Greeks, Latins, Germans, Slavs, and Turks). The modern albanian language seems to have greek elements but these elements were most probably introduced in the older illyrian language during the hellenistic and roman periods and later, in the byzantine times, when Illyrians appeared to be speaking Greek. Various authors have supported the thesis that Illyrians and Macedonians belonged to the same (non-greek) tribe and spoke the same (non-greek) language. Given that it has been proved beyond any reasonable doubt (see following questions) that the language spoken by ancient Macedonians was a greek dialect such claims are not true. An ancient writer Polyvios (XXVII 8,9) wrote that Macedonians were using translators in their contacts with the Illyrians, which implies that they were not speaking the same Illyrians used to live up to the hellenistic and roman years a primitive life raiding neighboring areas. Raids by Illyrians, whenever they were able to cross the mountain passes, in Macedonia and Epeiros were frequent [See also Question 5]. In the early 4th century BC, when the succession to the Macedonian throne was problematic Illyrians invaded Macedonia and occupied most of the lands of the Macedonian State. They were driven out of the State only with the combined efforts of Macedonians, Epeirotians, Thessalians and the settlers of Chalcidici. was the Macedonian form of government? It was mentioned in a previous question that the Macedonian State was a kingdom. The form of government reminded that found in Iliad and Odyssey. The rule of the Macedonian king was not absolute and his 'hetairoi', as the Macedonian soldiers were called, were consulting the king sometimes quite vociferously. It was not uncommon even for Alexander the Great to have to convince his Macedonian soldiers for his future actions and to request their approval. The institution of 'hetairoi' had its roots in Homer (Iliad D 204, 532, E 663, Z 170,260) where the Myrmidon soldiers of Achilles were called so. did ancient Greek writers write about Macedonia? Aeschylus (Iketidai, 250) and Herodotus (V 22) believed that Macedonians were Dorian Greeks. Herodotos claimed that the Macedonians (called at that time Makednoi) who moved to Peloponnesos from Doris were later called Dorians. [The English translation of the works by Herodotus we use is due to A. D. Godley and published by Harvard University Press in the US, and Willian Heineman Ltd in Great Britain as part of the Loeb In Herodotus Book I, 56 (page 53) it is mentioned "These races, Ionian and Dorian, were the foremost in ancient time, the first a Pelasgian and the second an Hellenic people. The Pelasgian stock has never yet left its habitation, the Hellenic has wandered often and afar. For in the days of king Deucalion it inhabited the land of Phthia, then in the time of Dorus son of Hellen the country called Histiaean, under Ossa and Olympus; driven by the Cadmeans from this Histiaean country it settled about Pindus in called Macednian; thence again it migrated to Dryopia, and at last came from Dryopia to Peloponnesos, where it took the name Elsewhere, VIII-43 (referring to the naval battle in Salamis) "The Peloponnesians that were with the fleet were, firstly, the Lacedaemonians, with sixteen ships, and the Corinthians with the same number of ships as at Atemisium; the Sicyonians furnished fifteen, the Epidaurians ten, the Troezinians five, the people of Hermione three; all these, except the people of Hermione were of Dorian and Macedonian stock, and had last come from Erineus and Pindus and the Dryopian region. The people of Hermione are Dryopians, driven by Heracles and the Malians from the country now called Doris.".In another passage Herodotos described how the Macedonian state had been founded (VIII,136-138). There is one passage in Thucydides that describees the Molossians and other Epeirotian tribes among the 'barbarians'. It was proved following the excavations in Epeiros in 1950-1960 that the Molossians and other Epeirotian tribes were Greek, speaking Greek, and writing in Greek well before Thucydides' time. Thus Thucydides was wrong for these tribes. He was also wrong if he claimed, as some translators allege, that Macedonians had not been a greek tribe. Thucydides had also accused the Eurytanes, another Greek tribe, of being barbarians for their bad and improper use of the greek language and their aboriginal customs. The misinterpreted passage of Thucydides is given below. In Thucydides IV,124,1 (Loeb edition by C.F. Smith) the following passage appeared. "The total hellenic force was about three thousand; the cavalry that went with them, Macedonians and Chalcidians, were all told a little less than one thousand, and there was besides a great multitude of barbarians". [In Gk: "MAKEDONVN JYN XALKIDEYSIN OLIGVN ES XILIOYS, KAI OMILOS TVN BARBARVN POLYS"] This passage is sometimes misinterpreted so that Macedonians and Chalcidians for that matter appear to be considered barbarians by Thucydides. That this is not so can follow from an analysis of this passage. First, no one ever considered the Chalcidians, whose number is added to that of Macedonians, barbarians. Second, Thucydides distinguishes Macedonians and Chalcidians on the one hand and barbarians on the other by using the adjective few (Gk: OLIGVN) for the former and many for the latter (Gk:POLY). These two adjective clearly indicate a contradistinction. Euripides lived many years and died in Macedonia. Many of his tragedies were written and played while he was in Macedonia. This would have been impossible, had the Macedonians been 'barbarians' (non-Greek). This is because in one of these tragedies, 'Iphigeneia in Aulis', the Greek superiority over the barbarians is emphasized. The following epigram in memory of Euripides which is attributed by some authors to Thucydides may give us more light to the actual beliefs of the people of that time (and possibly Thucydides) "MNHMA MEN ELLAS APAS' EYRIPIDOU, OSTEA D' ISXEI GH MAKEDVN, H GAR DEJATO TERMA BIOU". In brief, Macedonia, the land that holds the bones of Euripides is considered part of Greece. Polyvios (VII 11,4, V 103,9, XVIII, XXXiV 7,13 , VII 9,1 IX 37,7) clearly stated his belief that Macedonia was greek, part of Greece, and considered Achaeans and Macedonians of the same race. The same beliefs were shared by Strabo as well as Titus Livius, to name a few other writers. It is also interesting to note that Polyvios describing the Balkan Peninsula he says that it includes Greece, Illyria and Thrace. One can thus deduce that he includes Macedonia in Greece. Had he not done so, he could have listed Plutarchos(Flam. XI) describes Titus Contus Flamininus during the Isthmia celebrations claimed that Macedonia prevented barbarian barbarian attacks against Southern Greece. Arrhianos' work is full of references to "Macedonia and the other and "Macedonia". When was the first time that the word Hellas was used to describe the country inhabited by people belonging to hellenic (greek) tribes? Although the words Hellas and Hellen (and the other two English equivalents Greece and Greek) have been used to describe the country and the people of modern day Greece, their use in ancient times differed in various periods of time. The usage of these words to describe the various hellenic tribes as a whole was unknown to the people of the Homeric poems. In Iliad, the words Hellen (Gk: ELLHN) and Hellas (Gk: ELLAS) defined a small greek tribe and the land inhabited by them in Thessaly. (Iliad B' 683) "OI T' EIXON FUIHN HD' ELLADA KALLI GYNAIKA, MYRMIDONES DE KALEYNTO KAI ELLHNES KAI AXAIOI". At some earlier line (B' 530) there is a reference to the word "PANELLHNVN". This word since the time of Aristarchos has been considered to be absent in the original poem and was added at some later time. Plutarchos (Lykourgos 6) wrote about the message brought from Delphoi to Sparta by Lykourgos " DIOS (S)ELLANIOU KAI AUHNAS (S)ELLANIAS IERON IDRYSAMENON...". Because of this reference, it is believed that the words "Hellas" and "Hellen" became more widely used after the dispersion of the Dorians. It is also possible that they were sacred words possibly related to the (S)elles priests of the Dodonian Zeus. [the parenthesized (S) is to mean that the S say in the word SELLANIOY was later dropped from use thus giving ELLANIOY.] The words Hellas and Hellen became more widely used some time in the 8-7th century BC and in the 5th century BC we find the first references of them to describe the lands and the Greek people living south of river Peneios. In the 4th century BC and later they were also used to describe the various hellenic (greek) tribes as a whole. The passage from Herodotos (I,56), mentioned in a previous Question indicated another use of these words, that of distinguishing Ionian Greeks from Dorian Greek. Since the Macedonians were pretty much isolated from the Greeks of Southern Greece up to the early 5th century BC, the words 'Hellas' and 'Hellen' were not used by them to describe collectively the lands of various hellenic tribes, as this was also true for all the other greek tribes until the 8-7th century BC. Hence when the Macedonians initiated contacts with other Greek tribes they continued to use the word 'Macedonian' to describe themselves instead of the collective 'Hellen(es)'. This is the reason various authors (such as Isocrates, Philippos 154) use the term "Hellenes" and "Macedonians" on the one hand and 'barbarians" on the other to distinguish the greek tribes (of Macedonians and other Hellenes) from the non-greek The intellectual Athenians of the 4th century gave yet another definition for the word "Hellen" (Isocrates, Panegyrikos 50 ), that of the person having an Athenian educational background, "... the name 'Hellenes' suggests no longer the people but an intelligence, and that the title 'Hellenes' is applied rather to those who share our [note: the 'our' refers to the Athenians] culture than to those who share a common blood". It is also believed (N.G.L. Hammond,page 6) that the distinction made by authors of Macedonians and Hellenes differentiates only the descendants of Hellen from the descendants of Thyia, as in the genealogy provided by Hesiod. According to Hesiod, Deucalion had a son Hellen and a daughter Thyia. The ancestors of Hellen were Dorus, Xouthus (whose son was Ion) and Aeolus. Thyia had two sons Magnes and Macedon. According to Hellanikos on the other hand, Macedon was a son of Aeolus. the Macedonian tongue a greek dialect or not? Yes it was a greek (doric) dialect. We shall break this discussion into two parts. The first one consists of evidence found prior to the excavations in Vergina by the late Professor Manolis Andronikos. The second one consists of evidence found mainly since then. This evidence leads beyond any doubt to the conclusion that the Macedonians spoke a greek dialect which was basically a doric one, it borrowed words and was influenced by the aeolic dialect spoken by the Thessalian neighbours of Macedonians, and also borrowed few words of Phrygic and Illyrian origin. The Thessalian (aeolic) influence convinced some researchers that the genealogy of Makedon given by Hellanikos (see Question 3) was more accurate than that given by Hesiodos. In the volume "Macedonia: 4000 years of Greek history and civilization" Professor M. Sakellariou examined the words known to be unique in the macedonian dialect of greek and related their root to the roots of words of other Greek dialects. Summarizing, many of the words that were previously considered of non-Greek origin were also in (rare) use in other parts of Greece. There have been made various claims that the Macedonians up to some time in the 4th century BC used to speak a non-Greek language and at that time (around 340BC) were 'hellenized' by the Athenians and thus learned how to speak the attic dialect. These claims can be easily proved to be totally false even if one uses only pre-Vergina evidence. Below we present various views on the topic. (I) Pre-Vergina evidence. Fr. Sturz (in "De Dialecto Macedonica et Alexandrina", 1808) concluded that the Macedonian tongue was a greek doric dialect. August Flick, O. Hoffmann, Otto Abel, and Karl Belloch, as well as Georg Busolt, Fritz Geyer, Ulrich Wilcken, Helmuth Berve, Gustave Glotz, P. Roussel, P Pouquet, A Jarde, R Cohen, J. Bury,, St. Casson, W. Heurtley, D. Hogarth, J. de Waele, just to name a few (non-Greek) historians and archaeologists, shared the same views. On the other hand, there were some historians and writers such as M. Vasmer (Revue du ministere d' instruction publique de Russie, 1908), P Kretschmer and Bulgarians G. Kazarow and Vlad. Georgiev that rejected this thesis. Georgiev attempted to show that Macedonians were member of a Thracoillyrian nation thus speaking illyrian, a non-greek language. That this was not the case was shown in Question 6. G Weigand also shared the opinions of these authors. G. Hatzidakes rejected these theses in various texts and among them in "Zur Abstammung der alten Makedonier (eine ethnologische Studie)". For more details we refer to Daskalakis (page 104). Coins found in Macedonia have inscriptions in greek and are dated from the early 5th BC century. Such found coins are the following ones. i) An octadrachm of Alexander I (circa 478BC). ii) Coins from the reign of Archelaos (413-399BC) and Amyntas iii) the ring of Sindos with the word Gk:'DVRON' (Gift) dated These coins are dated well before 340BC, the time of the alleged "hellenization" of Macedonians. Macedonians had their own month names. If one accepts the thesis that Macedonian were 'hellenized' by the Athenians some time around 340BC hen one can safely assume that these names must be identical to those used by the Athenians. If not, they would show the linguistic roots of the Macedonians prior to their alleged who claimed that Dorians and Macedonians belonged to the same tribe (Herodotos claimed that the Macedonians who descended to southern Greece after crossing Doris became known as Dorians) and thus Macedonians were a Greek tribe, the month names of Macedonians were Greek and were different from the ones used by the Athenians. The list of these names used by the Macedonians and the list of month names of the Lacedaemonians (who were Dorians) have a common intersection, the names Artemisios and Apellaios. Persians when first occupied Macedonia during their conquests in Europe around 510-480BC described the people living in Macedonia as "The Greeks wearing a shield-like hat" and who were non other than the Macedonians themselves. This incident occurred long before the alleged "hellenization" of Macedonians. It is believed that the worship of the 12 Olympian Gods had started in Macedonia (as related to their place of ``residence''. Mountain Olympos is located in Pieria and both these names are Greek. It is claimed the magnificent view of Mt. Olympos when viewed from Macedonia, while its view from the south (Thessaly) is hindered by other mountains, inspired the Macedonians and from the the other Greeks to consider this mountain the residence of their Gods. Athenian comedies used to make fun of the idioms and the dialects of other Greeks like those of Spartans, Boeoteans and of course Macedonians. Some time in the 5th century BC a comedy entitled "Pausanias or Macedonians?" written by the Athenian Strattis was played in Athens. In various parts of this comedy a Macedonian explains how various words of the attic dialect are called in the Macedonian dialect. It can be inferred from these references that Macedonians spoke a Doric greek dialect. In a work of the ancient writer Athenaios, one can find samples of the work of Strattis. In an article written by A. Koerte quoting Athenaios VII,323b we can find in that comedy of Strattis the following conversation: "STRATTIS GOYN EN MAKEDOSIN EROMENOU TINOS ATTIKOY VS AGNOOYNTOS TO ONOMA KAI LEGONTOS: H SFYRAINA D' ESTI TIS;" FHSIN O ETEROS " KESTRAN MEN YMMES VTTIKOI In English (as it appeared in the article by M. Sakellariou) an Athenian asks "sledfish, what do you mean?" and a Macedonian replies "wha ye Attics ca' a hammer-fush, ma freen" i.e. in my own words, which i hope do not change the meaning of "what you Attics call a hammer-fush, (we call a) freen". One can appreciate the value of the Macedonian's reply for the object under discussion fi he does not forget that as is clear from many passages in Aristophanes the attic comedians made their non-Greeks speak broken Greek with an a mixture of barbarian words (some of them imaginary) while Lacedaemonians, Boeotians, Macedonians and other Greeks spoke their own dialects. The Macedonian's reply is in good Greek with dialect (ymmes, sfyraina) and archaizing elements (kiklhskete). Both YMMES and SFYRAINA are not attic words but they are Greek. Therefore claims that Athenians "hellenized" Macedonians seem to be baseless. It is also noted that these words were used by the Macedonians some time in the 5th century BC that is at least 50 years before their An ambassador from Macedonia speaking to the Aetolians in 200BC observed that the Macedonians, the Aetolians and the Arkanians all spoke the same language. The expressions "aneboa makedonisti", "makedonisti th fvnh" have been taken by opponents of the thesis that the Macedonians were Greeks as indicating that their language differed from Greek. One can claim that these formulation indicate a Greek dialect (cf [In Greek] "aiolizein th fvnh", "attikizei", "attikisti", "boivtiazein","dvrizein" To those who are more interested in the characteristics of the dialect of Greek spoken by the Macedonians read the article by M. Sakellariou in "Macedonia: 4000 years of Greek history and civilization" are available on request. In general few words of non-greek origin were used in the Macedonian dialect of greek an most of these words were proper names. Some of them were names of Egyptian deities worshipped in Macedonia after the 3rd century BC. Even in the times of Herodotos (II 153, III 27, IV 155, VI 27) barbarian (non-greek) names were in use by Greeks. Strabo VII 7,1 (C321) also mentioned various names of non-greek origin such as KEKROPS (Greek: KEKROC) KODROS, AIKLOS (Gk: A.I.KLOS), KOTHOS (Gk: KOUOS), DRYMAS (Gk: DRYMAS) KRINAKOS (Gk: KRINAKOS). It should also be mentioned that many place-names in ancient Macedonia (and modern-day Macedonia of Greece) are of Greek origin and of use in other areas of Greece as well. Such names are: Argos (Gk: ARGOS), also found in Thessaly and Peloponnesos. Arnissa(Gk: ARNISSA) reminds of Arnen (Gk: ARNHN) of Thessaly and Boeotia. Arethoussa (Gk: AREUOYSSA) also found in Ithaca, Boeotia, Syracuses. Prasias a lake and a city name is also found in Athens as PRASIAI, and many other ones (such as Oedomenae, Petra, Fila, Gortynia, Pynda etc). Many other words of the Macedonian dialect are of ancient doric origin such as [the macedonian-doric and attic equivalent names are shown in Greek only]: santoria = svthria, zereuron = bereuron , barauron xarvn = xairvn arkon = argos dvraj = uvraj danon = uanon , uanatos kadaron = kauaron sarisa = dory (from the verb sairv, sarvnv) etc. Some other words of the macedonian dialect of greek can be traced back in the Homeric poems: amalos = apalos indea = meshmbrian ( indion hmar) leykanih = laimos lisson = omalon , leion (lygos = rabdos). Fore more details see the work of Geyer Fr., where he showed that the names of macedonian months and festivities although they could not be found anywhere in classic Greece were archaic Greek ones and showed the doric origin of the Macedonians. The fact that Macedonians participated in various celebrations like the Amphictyonies and the Phocica also show the belief of themselves and the other Greeks in their origin. It is for these reasons that Professor F. Papazoglou in "Historija Hellenizma", Belgrade, 1967 claimed that Macedonians were Greeks, a claim also supported by Heinz Kreissing in "Povijest Hellenizma", Zagreb, 1988. Prof. Arnold Toynbee in "The Greeks and their Heritages", Oxford University Press, 1981 also claimed that ancient Macedonians were (II) Post-Vergina evidence. The excavations in Vergina have brought to light many tombs that buried ancient Macedonians. There are inscription on these tombs with the names of the deceased person and those of his/her progenitors. All names found so far have been Greek. Given that some of these tombs are dated from the 350BC era, one can conclude that by some time in late 5th century Macedonians have been naming their children with Greek names. And si nce contacts with the Athenians were rare to non-existent at that time one can safely conclude that claims that Macedonians were not Greeks and were only 'hellenized' in the 4th cen tury BC are false. Published information on the excavations in Vergina is mostly in the form of papers submitted to various conferences. Those who claim that the Macedonians were not a Greek tribe considered this expression as evidence that the language of the Macedonians was a non-greek one. Previous questions (Question 10) discussed the refutation of this thesis in more detail. A discussion of this phrase only will be dealt here. It is based on that of the book by Daskalakis (see references). The expression "ANEBOA MAKEDONISTI" was first found in the works of Plutarchos (ALEXANDORS LI, 4) and that of the Latin Kurtius Rufus. The phrase is found in the following passage [ In Greek: "TVN DE SVMATOFYLAKVN ENOS, ARISTOFANOYS, FUASANTOS YFELESUAI, KAI TVN ALLVN PERIEXONTVN KAI DEOMENVN, ANAPHDHSAS (cf Alexandros) ANEBOA MAKEDONISTI KALVN TOYS YPASPISTAS (TOYTO D' HN SYMBOLO UORYBOU MEGALOU), KAI TON SALPIGKTHN EKELEYSE SAHMAINEIN, KAI PYJ EPAISEN, VS DIATRIBONTA KAI MH BOYLOMENON..." ] On the other hand Arrhianos, whose sources included lost works of Alexander's co fighters and eye witnesses, describing this episode that resulted in the death of Kleitos used the following phrase: " ALEJANDROS DE EBOA ANAKALVN TOYS YPASPISTAS". No reference to MAKEDONISTI appeared in Arrhianos' version of the episode. This may lead to the conclusion that the word "MAKEDONISTI" was somehow added at some later time, or the interpretation that has been given to it by some translators was not the one intended by Plutarchos. It is also noted that references to the expression "Macedonia and the other Greece" are numerous in hiswork. In Plutarchos' rendition of the episode the distinction between ANEBOA (called, shouted, roared) and KALVN (calling) is evident. Given the explanatory statement "TOYTO D' HN SYMBOLO UORYBOY MEGALOY" ('this was a sign of great noise') it can be concluded that ANEBOA referred to some kind of password used by ALEXANDER the Great to call his YPASPISTAS (sort of bodyguards) in cases of emergencies only, that is why its use caused great disturbance. The absence of MAKEDONISTI in Arrhianos' rendition seems to agree with this interpretation. Let alone the fact that following this incident Alexander talked to his YPASPISTAS in attic greek. The expression "aneboa makedonisti", if this indeed appeared in the original text, is no more different from other similar expression "aiolizein th fvnh", "attikizei", which were used to denote various dialects of ancient greek. A Latin writer Kurtius (other than the aforementioned Kurtius Rufus) gave a description of this episode similar to that of Arrhianos. No reference to MAKEDONISTI was made by him and he only wrote "that Alexander ordered via a trumpet call his soldiers to gather outside the royal tent". There is another passage in the work of Kurtius Rufus describing the trial of Filotas which is being used by proponents of the thesis that the Macedonians spoke a non greek language. Allegedly Filotas during his trial used the attic dialect forcing Alexander to accuse him of not using his(Filotas's) mother tongue (macedonian, supposedly a non-greek language). Subsequently, Alexander also accused Filotas of being unwilling to learn how to speak his mother tongue! This passage contains several contradictions notwithstanding the one that Filotas was not capable of speaking his mother tongue. Alexander on the other hand, allegedly accuses Filotas of detesting the macedonian dialect but according to Filotas' reply this accusation is spelled by Alexander in the attic rather than the macedonian dialect! This fact alone, had this episode really happened, could have been used against Alexander himself as a counter argument and accusation. It is this reference to Alexander that made H. Bardon, publisher of Rufus's works to wonder how it was possible for Alexander to fall in such a contradiction and to accuse others of something that he himself was fighting for. Neither Arrhianos, who lived closer to the era this episode occurred, nor Plutarchos present this incident mentioned in the work of Kurtius Rufus. H. Bardon, French publisher of Rufus's works (pub. Belles Lettres vol 1 page 201 note 1) commenting on the alleged speech of Filotas said that Kurtius Rufus was accustomed to rhetoric artifices and as a result historic truth suffered in that part of his work. All in all it can be safely concluded that this passage was more of a product of the rhetoric talents of Rufus thus attributing to Filotas a speech Filotas never gave rather than presenting the actual events. Writers who lived well before Rufus and close to the time of the incident were not aware of such a speech by Filotas. is a reference in a work by Pausanias that may give the impression that Macedonians, around 214-213BC, were speaking a non-Greek Advocates of the thesis that the Macedonian spoke a non-greek language claim that this language was spoken by them up to some time in mid 4th century BC. At that time Macedonians within few years were fully hellenized and since then they have been speaking [Long but relevant Parenthesis. Skip it if not interested: Some of these advocates accept a Skopjan point of view that all Macedonians perished and thus vanished when Slavs first appeared in the Balkan peninsula in the 7th century AD. All of a sudden these new Slavs became heir-apparents of the Macedonians, were granted presumably by Marshall Tito the exclusive right to be called 'Macedonians' and named the Bulgarian idiom also consisting of Greek, Turkish, and Albanian words formed at least ~1000 years after their descent to the Balkans "the Macedonian Some of them, possibly all, claim that this Slavic origin language was the language spoken by the Macedonians before their alleged the Cyrillic alphabet was introduced to these and other Slavs along with many greek words by two Macedonian(Greek) brothers, Kontantinos (later called Cyril) and Methodios from Thessaloniki. It is quite interesting to know how these Macedonian brothers escaped the fate of other fellow Macedonians and didn't perish during the descent of Slavs in the Balkan peninsula, as the advocates of Skopjans claimed that it had happened.] According to Pausanias (Messenians IV 29, 1 ) the residents of Messene a night around 214-213BC first thought that the Lacedaemonians had attacked them. Later, by the arms and the voices, realized that those who attacked them were soldiers led by king Demetrios. Since at that time a Demetrios was King of Macedonia, it was assumed that the attackers were Macedonians. Some authors claimed that the 'voices' reference was to mean that the Macedonians (attackers) were speaking a non-greek language at that time, an argument not accepted for the Macedonians of that time by almost everyone. Later on, it was realized that the Demetrios in question was not the king of Macedonia, son of Philippos E', but Demetrios the Pharian, an Illyrian, who was later killed during this campaign Demosthenes believe the Macedonians were barbarians? No. Proponents of the thesis that Macedonians spoke a non-greeklanguage accept (usually...) that the Macedonian kings wereGreeks but were ruling non-Greek people. Given the evidence that has been found in the past years from archaeological excavations they have started claiming that the kings and the upper-class had been Greek-speakers but the lower class was not. Now to explain the "NO". One may claim that it should have been a "YES" and they would point to the "To Philippos" speech of the orator where he claimed that from these barbarian Macedonians one could not even buy slaves. I will let Professor A. Holm in his work "The history of Greece from its commencement to the close of the independence of the Greek nation", translated from German, London New York, Macmillan, 1894-1898, Volume III, page 206 to explain this passage from the speech of Demosthenes: "That the Greeks did not consider the Macedonians as barbarians is proved involuntarily by Demosthenes (To Philippos 3, 31) where he states that "OYD ANDRAPODON SPOYDAION HN PROTEROY" from Macedonia, which stripped of its rhetoric means the Macedonians did not provide the Greeks with slaves, the meaning of which of course was that the Macedonians were not considered barbarians, like the Thracians, Phrygians..." Given this, the discussion below seems to be redundant. Demosthenes, an Athenian orator and politician in various speeches of his and most notably in Olynthiakos G' and later, when it was very clear to him that the power of Athens was fading away and Macedonia was the new power in the hellenic world, accused Philippos II of many things including that of being barbarian. This is not surprising for Demosthenes who spent his whole life advocating the superiority of Athens over the other hellenic states, even if that required that some Greek city- states were to be destroyed or to suffer for Athens to remain the leader of Greece [See, For the Megalopolitans,5]. In his Third Olynthiakos, 16, Dmeosthenes wrote "Is he (Philippos) not our enemy? Are not our possessions in his hands? Is he not a barbarian? Is he not anything that you choose to call him? In God's name, when we have let everything go, when we have all but put everything into his hands, shall we then inquire at large who is responsible for it all?" There are no explicit accusations of Macedonians as a whole of being so (barbarians). Given that such an assertion against Philippos is shared by noone and given so many references in antiquity to his descent [Herodotos, Thucydides, Isocrates, Hesiodos, Hellanikos] in various texts any other discussion on this question seems pointless. In one translation of this speech by John Edwin Santys in "The first Philippic and the Olynthiacs of Demosthenes", Macmillan and Co, the translator commented on this passage Argos [Herodotos VIII 137, IX 45, Thucydides II 99,2, V 80,2] and one of Philip's ances- tors, Alexander A', had as a Greek been allowed to compete at the Olympic games [Herodotos V 22]. Demosthenes, however, in his hatred of Philip, never acknowledges his Greek descent. ... of breath as he gasps out this final and comprehensive phrase of vituperation. In such a spasmodic utterance no one need be surprised either at the presence of hiatus or at the concurrence of several short syllables". Those who believe that this phrase of Demosthenes is not a term of abuse but truth are those who be- lieve that President-elect Clinton is indeed 'Bozo' as Presint Bush claimed, which I doubt that even President Bush believes. There is also another reason that this accusation against Philippos on behalf of Demosthenes was more of a figure of speech than anything Demosthenes's mother (or his maternal grandmother) was a Skythian, a non-Greek anf thus a non-Athenian. Had his accusation been taken seriously we could have been accused and for a good reason of being a barbarian himself. In fact Aeschines (On the Embassy, 78) expressed this opinion by saying ".... KAI TAYTA, V DHMOSUENES, EK TVN NOMADVN SKYUVN TO PROS MHTROS VN GENOS", that is, "you, Demosthenes, a descendant through your mother of the nomad Skythians" as well as (Against Ctesiphon, 172) "TA D' APO THS MHTROS [DHMOSUENHS] SKYUHS, BARBAROS, ELLHNIZVN TH FVNH" that is, "and by his mother's side [Demosthenes is] a Scythian, a Greek speaking Barbarian", and earlier in that passage Aeschines accused Demothenes of being a slanderer "EJ' HS YMIN O PERIERGOS KAI SYKOFANTHS [DEMOSTHENES] GEGENHTAI". [Some authors believe that Kleovouli, mother of Demosthenes, was daughter of Gylon who settled in Crimaea and married a Scythian woman.] Let alone the fact that Demosthenes, an 'honorable' Athenian citizen, was bribed later by the Persians (barbarians) to write speeches against Philippos and at the same time was also accusing Philippos of bribing Athenians and various Athenians of being bribed by Philippos. Demosthenes would also look very silly since another Athenian, Isocrates, in, To Philippos,108 wrote considered Philippos an Hellen and urged him to unite all Hellenes and lead them in a war against the Barbarians. In one of his speeches, On the Embassy 305, Demosthenes in his effort to accuse orator Aeschines of inconsistent and possibly traitorous behavior accused Aeschines of calling Philippos 'barbarian' and 'devil'. In his Third Philippic, 31, Demosthenes ac- cused Philippos of being "he is a pestilent Macedonian, from whose country it used not to be possible to buy even a slave of any value" [There were no slave in the Macedonian state as opposed to other greek city-states]. On the other hand in the Olynthiac Demosthenes commended the Athenians on extracting 10,000 talents from Macedonia and bringing them into the Acropolis many years earlier, in the fifth century BC. Accusations by Aeschines on the past and present behavior of Demosthenes such as of inflicting wounds on himself and bringing suit for malicious assault, (in Against Ctesiphon, 212), of becoming a teacher in order to extract large amounts of money from his pupils (in Against Timarchus, 171), of taking money from his clients for writing speeches to be delivered in court and then revealing the contents of these speeches to their opponents (in On the Embassy, 165), of belittling young Alexander by claiming that he would prove incompetent and would never stir out of Macedonia (Against Ctesiphon 160), of later seeking favor from Alexander (same,162), of his insincerity and cowardice (against Ctesiphon 150-152), are omitted. The following remark made by an ancient writer commenting on Demosthenes's accusation of Philippos (Olynthiakos G' 16) being a barbarian highlights the beliefs of all other Greeks as well as the real beliefs of Demosthenes: "YBRISAI TOYTON (meaning FILIPPON DEMOSUENHS) BOYLOMENOS KALEIN BARBARON, EPEI <EI> TO ALHUES SKOPHSEI, EYRHSEI AYTON ELLHNAN ARGEION KAI APO HRAKLEOYS TO GENOS KATAGOMENON, VS PANTES OI ISTORIKOI MARTYROYSIN...". In short the accusation on behalf of Demosthenes was just a slander since every historian at that time knew that Philippos was Greek in there any reference by Demosthenes to an incident that can lead us to conclude that he and his fellow Athenians believed that Macedonians indeed spoke a greek dialect? Yes. Demosthenes in a speech of his (in Greek: PERI THS PARAPRESBEIAS[On the Embassy?] 197,229) described an incident in which Frynonas, an Athenian, while traveling to Olympia had his luggage taken by Macedonian soldiers. Frynonas acted later as an Athenian ambassador to Philippos II. Philippos II ordered his soldiers to return the taken property to Frynonans and apologized for his soldiers not knowing that that time was a period of religious festivities. Had the Macedonian soldiers not spoken a greek dialect Philippos II would have used that as an excuse, Demosthenes would have been very keen to pointing this out in his speech, and taken up with great delight, as we may guess, the opportunity to accuse not only Philippos but also his soldiers barbarian behavior. Nevertheless, he didn't do that because he knew that the Macedonians spoke a greek dialect. No lack of understanding between the Macedonians and the Athenians at that time (at the time that the alleged "hellenization" of Macedonians was about to begin) has been reported in any ancient Demosthenes, as an ambassador of Athens visited Macedonia twice. This happened before his now famous (or infamous) speeches against Philippos. During his two visits and afterwards never complained of Macedonians being "barbarians", or speaking a non-greek language. On the contrary we was dazzled by the riches of the palace of Philippos in Pella. it possible [ignoring historic evidence that shows that this was not the case] that Macedonians had spoken a non-greek language before 340BC and within a 10-20 year period every Macedonian was fluent in the attic dialect? The answer is no, unless one sites as an example the races in Star Trek: The Next Generation (Trademark by Paramount Pictures) who are all fluent in English no matter how alien or young or French for that matter are:-) Arrhianos presented many instances of Alexander the Great talking to his fellow Macedonian soldiers in greek(attic) and not say, in their supposedly non-greek mother tongue. Wouldn't his soldiers feel more comfortable in their mother tongue (a supposedly non may have 'hellenized' ancient Macedonians, if we we assume, despite proof for the contrary, that they were not a greek tribe ? This is a question that noone could give an answer. Assuming that ancient Macedonians were not speaking Greek the large number of doric and thus non-attic words found in their spoken language, let alone place-names, month-names, attributes to Gods and Godesses, festival names etc seem to zero the probability that Athenians were the ones who hellenized them. The large number of archaic greek words not used by other Greeks of that time preclude any other greek city-state or kingdom of the classic times to be responsible for that alleged 'hellenization'. Remembering the not so friendly relations between the Macedonians and the Athenians, the vastness of the Macedonian kingdom as opposed to that of the city state of Athens, and its population -Macedonians were able to form sizeable armies, by Greek standards- it is highly unlikely that any other Greek state or Athens could have undertaken such an enormous task and had it completed in a 10-20 year period. On the other hand, Alexander A' when he initiated his otherwise brief contacts with the Greeks in the South he was able to talk to them in Greek fluently. If Macedonians were to be hellenised in the 4th century BC there would have been no way for Alexander A' to speak greek. If he and his family were the only Greek speakers in Macedonia it would have been highly unlikely that he and his family had retained the ability to speak Greek fluently. One of the tragedies Euripides first presented in Macedonia was Iphigeneia in Aulis and Ekavi. In Iphigeneia (1400) and Ekavi (1199) "OYPOT' AN FILON / TO BARBARON GENOIT' AN ELLHSIN GENOS / OYD AN DYNAITO", the greek superiority over the Barbarians was highlighted. It would have been be too dangerous for him to express such opinions to a non-greek audience (if Macedonians were not Greek and spoke a non-Greek language). Let alone the fact that the language of his tragedies was Greek. used the phrases "ALOFYLON TO GENOS", "OYX OMOFYLOY GENOYS". Do they mean "of other tribe" or "of We discussed in previous paragraphs the various interpretations of the word Hellen (Greek) in various times in antiquity. The word Hellen used to describe in homeric times the people living in some place (the Myrmidones in Thessaly) and later (possibly) those living in Epeiros if one believes that the Selloi of Epeiros, also called Graecoi, were later became known as Hellenes. Only in the 8-7th century BC was the word Hellen used to describe as a whole various Greek (hellenic) tribes. Since at that time Macedonians were in constant wars with the Illyrians an other non-greek tribes and had little contacts with the other Greek tribes in the South the term Hellenes with its new meaning was not familiar to them. Thus distinction between Hellenes and Macedonians used by writers at that time (who nevertheless had no doubt of the Greekness of the Macedonians) shouldn't be a ssource of false claims. The following excerpt of Isocrates' speech highlights this. (Isocrates. Philip. 154): " HN GAR TAYTA PRATTHS, APANTES XARIN EJOYSI, OI MEN ELLHNES YPER VN AN EY PASXVSI, MAKEDONES D' HN BASILIKVS ALLA MH TYRANNIKVS AYTVN EPISTATHS, TO DE TVN ALLVN GENOS, HN DIA SE BARBARIKHS DESPOTEIAS APALLAGENTES ELLHNIKHS Although Isocrates distinguished Hellenes from Macedonians by including in the first term the at that time accepted interpretation of "the greek tribes living south of river Peneios", he nevertheless believed that the the people who got rid of the "BARBARIKHS DESPOTEIAS" (barbarian rule) with the assistance of Macedonians are now ruled and taken care of ("ELLHNIKHS EPIMELEIAS TYXVSIN") by people (Macedonians) belonging to Isocrates is well known for suggesting that Philippos II (In his speech: To Philippos) lead a panhellenic hegemony, consisting only of Greeks, that will unify all Hellenic tribes and lead them in a war against the barbarians [To Philippos, 115,80,127-128,8,16]. A reference by him to Macedonians as "OYX OMOFYLOY GENOYS"(TO Philippos,108) there, has been interpreted by some to mean "of other race" rather than "of other tribe" thus earning him many supporters among the ones who claim that Macedonians were not Greek. It seems quite weird that Isocrates would like the leader of a "barbarian tribe" to unite all Hellenes, including his own "barbarians".The answer to this misinterpretation of the "OYX OMOFYLON GENOS" will become apparent shortly. In the same text (To Philippos,32) Isocrates wrote "UHBAIOI DE TON ARXHGON TOY GENOYS YMVN TIMVSI" that is that Isocrates was aware of the Macedonian-Doric connection and/or the legend that the Macedonian kings were considered descendants of Heracles. The 'founder of your tribe' refers to Heracles. If 'GENOYS'(of TRIBE) were to mean RACE (the hellenic one in particular) Isocrates would have used HMVN (that is, 'founder of our tribe') instead of YMVN (that is, 'founder of your tribe'). This meaning of the word GENOS (tribe rather than race) can also be found in Herodotos (I, 56, mentioned in question 8) where the Lacedaemonians are of "DVRIKOU GENOUS' (Doric, presumably, tribe) while the Athenians are of "IVNIKOY" (Ionian, Had GENOS meant race onee must conclude that wither Iones (say, Athenians) or Dorians(say Spartans) were not Greek. It is worth mentioning that in that same passage Herodotos used the word 'EUNOS' (nowadays it means 'people'...) for the ancient Pelasgian and Hellenic people ('EUNH'). Herodotos included the Ionians in the Pelasgian and Dorians in the Hellenic people, although both were hellenic (greek) tribes. So much for confusing terms... In VIII,144, Herodotos distinguished Hellenic tribes from the Barbarians on the basis of 'blood' and 'speech' (OMAIMON and OMOGLVSSON) rather than of race or tribe which didn't have very specific meanings at that time. The following references in addition to the previous ones, show that the word "FYLON", "GENOS" had at that time the meaning of the english word TRIBE rather than that of RACE, thus "ALOFYLON GENOS" and "OYX OMOFYLON GENOS" means "of other (not of the same) tribe", as this was true for the Athenians (ionic tribe) and Macedonians (doric one). The interpretation "of other (not of the same) race" for "ALOFYLOY GENOS" and "OYX OMOFYLON" is a) Thucydides (I, 141) : Pericles talking about the Peloponnesians said "PANTES TE ISOCHFIOI ONTES KAI OYX OMOFYLOI TO EF' EAYTON EKASTOS SPEYDH" that is, he considered Peloponnesians not "OMOFYLOI" to the Athenians. Since everyone considered both Peloponnesians and Athenians to be Greek, 'OMOFYLOI' had meaning of the 'same tribe' rather than of 'same race'. b) Dicaiarchos : "FYLH DE KAI FYLETAI PROTERON VNOMASUHSAN EK THS EIS TAS POLEIS KAI TA KALOYMENA EUNH SYNODOY GENOMENHS; EKASTON GAR TVN SYNELUONTVN FYLON ELEGETO EINAI". Same meaning c) Herodotos (VIII, 144) distinguishes Hellenic tribes from Barbarians depending on the "OMAIMON" (same blood) and "OMOGLVSSON" (same tongue) but not of the "OMOFYLON" (same tribe)` d) Euripides (Her. Main. 1200) agreed with Herodotos, e) Eustathios (93,3) assigned the meaning of tribe to 'FYLON'. It was known to Isocrates (as attested in the same speech) the tradition relating Macedonians and Dorians and the "ALOFYLOY" was pointing out this difference between the Athenians and Macedonians. Later in his speech Isocrates asked Philippos to unite the Hellenes and drive them against the barbarians. He also suggested that Philippos should lead only Greeks against the barbarians. Had Macedonians been considered barbarians (i.e. had an interpretation of and suggestions would have been at least absurd and offending rather than encouraging and flattering, as they were intended In another part of its speech/letter Isocrates mentions that Philippos rules people (Macedonians) of not his own tribe-race. Some claim that this is a proof of the non-Greekness of Macedonians in the sense that considering Philippos to be Greek (according to the legend of his family's descent) the tribe-race is to mean that the people he ruled were not Greeks. The accurate meaning of this phrase can only be derived by reading the whole passage. Isocrates suggests to Philippos that the kind of rule (monarchy) that was so successful in Macedonia is not guaranteed to be successful in the city-states of Southern Greece. Thus, he should choose another form of government when he (Philippos) becomes hegemon of all Greece. In order to support this he cites the example of his ancestors who unable to rule Argos, since at that time monarchies were detested in Southern Greece and the trend was the establishment of city-states, were only successful in ruling another tribe, that of Macedonians. accuse us Macedonians in Greece of changing the names of our cities into Greek ones some time in the 20th century instead of using the slavic names assigned to these cities since "ancient" (sic) names. They claim that Edessa for example should not be called so but VODEN instead, and Thessaloniki should be called Cities in Macedonia, the ancient kingdom and the province of Greece, still have the names they had in antiquity, at least for the cities that existed at that time. The names of some of these cities may not be even of Greek origin, thus showing that Skopjan claims are not only false but at least silly or absurd. The Skopjans claim that the Macedonian city of Edessa in the Pel- la prefecture of Macedonia, Greece, should not be called so but Voden instead. They also claim that we Macedonians changed the name of the city from the slavic one "VODEN" into the "greek" one EDESSA. The city of EDESSA has been called so since prehistoric times. It is amusing to point out that many believe the name Edessa is not of Greek, but possibly of phrygic origin denoting a place rich of waters. Edessa has always been famous of her water-falls. Others may claim that the suffix "-dessa" may indicate 'water' in some prehistoric form of the greek word (GK:YDVR) for water. This connection of the name 'EDESSA' with 'water' had confused many historians until 1976. They used to believe that Edessa was ancient Aegae, the royal city of the Macedonian They thought that the word 'Aegae' was derived not from the word 'aega' (she-goat) as this is related with the myth of the creation of the Macedonian state by Karanos, but from the doric prefix Aeg- denoting 'water' (cf Edessa). In Doric, 'aegae' means '(water) waves' (The 'Aegean Sea' is an obvious example). Given that both names Edessa and Aegae have to do with 'waters' archaelogists thought that Edessa=Aegae. This argument was put in rest by Nicholas L. G. Hammond in 1968 when he suggested that Vergina and not Edessa was the ancient Aegae, a correct assertion as it was proved in 1976 by the excavations of M. Andronikos in Vergina. Though Vergina is not on the sea shore of Thermaikos Bay it is believed that in the BC centuries the present lands separating Vergina from the sea were wet-lands. It is noted that the slavic word VODEN also denotes 'water'. It is also worth mentioning that the city of Skopje whose name is probably derives from the greek one 'Skopia', was invariably called 'Uskub', 'Skupoi', 'Skup', 'Skopje', and as of few years ago 'Skoplje'. Another Example is the city of Kastoria in Western Macedonia, Greece. Skopjans prefer to call it Kostur and suggest that Greeks should call it so. The name of the city 'Kastoria' comes from the mythical hero Kastor (Castor) brother of Polydeukes, son of Leda and Zeus. Regarding Thessaloniki (called Salonica or Saloniki also in English) if one opens an ancient map he will realize that the name of the city has been Thessaloniki and not Solun (as Skopjan suggest that we should call the city) since ancient times. claim that when Slavs descended to the Balkan peninsula, in the 7th century AD, Macedonians vanished and there was a kind of 'slavicization' of Macedonia which 'gave birth' to the "Slavic-Macedononians" as Skopjans claim they are (at least some of them), the supposedly deserved ancestors of ancient Macedonians. Are such claims true say up to 15th century AD? The distinction between Macedonians, Thessalians, Athenians, Spartans and Lacaedemonians in antiquity which indicated among other things greek tribes of distinct customs, spoken dialects ceased to exist with the passage of time. As of the hellenistic period almost all Greeks were using the attic dialect for their communication while all the other dialects (of greek) were dropped from regular use. The rise of Christianity erased distinctions based in religious matters and the place of residence was then used distinguish say Thessalians from Macedonians and Athenians. Their common greek dialect (the attic one) though evolved differently in various regions thus giving the various dialects of modern To say that Macedonians vanished some time in the 7AD century is to claim that the Greeks (many of them ancestors of doric people called Macedonians, other possibly ancestor of other aeolic, doric or ionic people, others of mixed parentage) residing in Macedonia were all killed at that time, an absurdity. Around 688, emperor Justinian B', after the defeat of the Bulgars and Slavs in lower Moissia transferred all the Slavs in the northern european part of his empire (that is of Macedonia and Thrace of nowadays Greece and territories covering the Rep. of Skopje, Albania and parts of Bulgaria) to Asia Minor. These were estimated to be 80,000 but probably were more than that since two years later the emperor preparing for a war against the Arabs conscripted 30,000 men from this population to his army. These Slavs subsequently switched sides and supported the Arabs. The emperor for retribution killed all the remaining Slavs in Asia Minor. About one hundred years later, in 773AD, the Bulgarian population in the Balkans was reduced after repeated defeats in battles with the Byzantine emperors. When the Bulgars decided to strengthen their army and find new recruits they marched to Thes- saly, since there were no Slavs in Macedonia, to capture a small Slavic tribe living there. On their way there they were annihilated by the Byzantine forces. In the next century forced movements of Slavic populations from Greece to Asia Minor continued.The conclusion is that the Byzantine emperors did everything possible to clear up the northern territories (including Macedonia and Thrace of modern day Greece) of their empire of Slavs. Various non-Greek sources indicate that not only Macedonia of modern day Greece but also Rep. of Skopje (the latter, if not entirely, at least predominantly) were Greek till the late 15th C. Jirecek, in "Geschichte der Serben" claimed that Macedonians were always Greek and all the area south of the line defined by the cities Achris-Skopje-Nissa-Sofia-Aimos-Messimbria was greek (an assertion also confirmed by other authors such as Mommsen, A. Karnach). Hertzberg (in "Geschichte Byzantinissen") (Vol B, Book A, Chapter Gamma, page 184, 1906 edition). said that in 1282, the population below the line Euxinus Pontus- Aimos-Kustendil-Skopje-Skutari was Greek, in tongue, in customs and working for the One can then wonder when the Bulgarian idiom spoken by the Skopjans was in use say in the lands of nowadays Rep. of Skopje, let alone in antiquity [since Skopjans claim that the Slavic idiom spoken by the Slavs who descended to the Balkans in the 7th AD century was used by the ancient Macedonian 1000-1500 years The French historian Haumant, in "La formation de la Yugoslavie", mentioned that in the 13th century the area from Prisreni to Nissa was empty of people. If there were no Slavs there, then how and when the "Macedonians" of Skopjan type appeared in Macedonia and the Republic of Skopje? This is the reason Albanians (~70%?) occupy the region of Cossyphopedio (Kosovo). Hertzberg, in "Geschichte Byzantinissen", mentioned that when in the 14th century Dushan shared his kingdom with his son he kept the greek area south of Skopje and gave his son the northern Serbian areas (this is also confirmed by a Czech historian, Jirecek). All his orders were then written in Greek and not in any idiom like the onenow spoken in the Republic of Skopje. In 1350 when John Katakouzenos was in the city of Verhoia representatives of all big greek cities (Skopje included) visited him and asked for help. Jirecek mentioned in his book that at this time Skopje was a greek city inhabited mainly by Greeks despite being part of the Serbian kingdom for more than a century. Following Dushan's death around 1355 his son's empire began to collapse. Dushan's brother, Symeon, proclaimed himself an emperor and accorded himself the surname of "Palaeologos" in an attempt to gain the favor of the Greek population of his kingdom(empire). He also wrote his orders in Greek (and not in any strange called slavic Soon the Greeks gained the control of the garrisons of various greek cities (such as Verhoia, Edessa, and Skopje). Officials in Dushan's empire quickly abandoned these greek cities and moved to Prisreni and later to Krusevach. The greek inhabitants remained in the areas they had been living for many centuries, if not millenia. Since even in the years of Dushan, when the slavic influence and control in the areas of Macedonia(Greece), western part of Albania, Republic of Skopje and Yugoslavia (Serbia+Kosovo) was at its peak Macedonian Greeks were not "slavisized", how was that possible under the Ottoman rule, when after the defeat of Serbia by the Ottomans circa 1459, the Slavs migrated to the north and the area south of the city of Skopje was inhabited by Greeks only? If the strong presence of Slavs at that time didn't cause the Macedonians to vanish how was that possible to happen before? How come the vanished Macedonians of 7th AD survived as late as 15th AD? and later? in Page 2

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Every year, millions of ducks, storks and other fowl leave behind the harsh snows of Siberia and make Pakistan their temporary home. As harbingers of seasonal change, their yearly journeys are imbued with special cultural significance, both in Pakistan and elsewhere. But a change in season is not all they signify – their yearly migration not only plays an important economic role in the lives of many Pakistanis, it is also crucial for the country’s delicate ecological balance. Sadly, certain human actions have jeopardised the winter visitors’ survival, which in turn threatens to up-end this delicate balance, both in Pakistan and beyond. This is especially true for Punjab, where migratory birds are staring down the barrel of extinction. The effects of climate change, the unprecedented increase in human population, rampant pollution and widespread use of pesticides in conjunction have disrupted the visiting birds’ dietary patterns and breeding habits, wreaking havoc on their numbers, World Wildlife Fund’s (WWF) Country Director Hammad Naqi said. “In some cases, extinction may be a natural process, but human activities, particularly human-induced climate change, have aggravated the situation for migratory birds,” he said, underscoring the urgency of the matter. According to Naqi, unexpected rainfall has prolonged migratory birds’ stay in Pakistan. “These birds usually arrive from parts of Russia in September and head back by the end of March. But they still have not returned this year as yet,” he said. Wildlife experts now expect the birds to return in April instead of March, but worry that it will disturb their delicate seasonal clock which determines when they mate and raise healthy offspring. They believe being late to their breeding grounds can set in motion a domino effect that could threaten their survival. Already, as many as 40 per cent of bird species have become extinct in Punjab, according to BirdLife International, an NGO that focuses on the conservation of birds and their habitats. The numbers of other migratory species have drastically fallen too over the last 30 years, its research suggests. A staggering 90 per cent of migrant birds are fighting for their existence due to inadequate or non-existent efforts to save them from hunting. Pakistan is home to around 668 bird species, according to Professor Zulfiqar Ali of the Punjab University Zoology Department. More than half of these are migratory, he said, adding that the winter visitors include various species of ducks, herons, swans and other waterfowl along with partridges and eagles. Talking to The Express Tribune, Punjab Wildlife Protection Department Director Muhammad Naeem Bhatti said that although no comprehensive report has ever been compiled on migratory birds, initial surveys still suggest that their numbers have shrunk. “The wildlife department carried out a survey of some wild animals in the past and there are plans to conduct a survey on birds too so that their correct number could be gauged and endangered species can be saved from extinction,” he said. Pointing out some successful conservation efforts, Bhatti said wildlife experts and Punjab authorities have been able to save White-Backed Vultures from near-extinction in the province through an artificial breeding programme. The programme, initiated by the Punjab Wildlife Department and WWF in 2005, involved the setting up artificial breeding centres in Changa Manga. The programme yielded success after 14 years with the hatching of six vulture chicks. “We kept seven pairs of vultures in Changa Manga, but since female vultures lay only one egg per year, we encountered a lot of difficulty,” said programme director Hassan Ali Sukhera. “During the initial years, even if the female laid an egg, it failed to hatch… we were almost hopeless.” “We finally achieved success in 2012, after some of the eggs hatched and resulted in healthy chicks. They are in good health and are being nourished,” he added. With the vulture breeding season currently underway, Sukhera hoped for further success. “We hope more healthy chicks hatch this year. Once we have sufficient vultures, we will release them in specific areas so that they will be able to adapt to and grow in their natural environment.” According to Sukhera, eight species of vulture are already extinct in Pakistan. “Sadly, no study on how they went extinct was carried out.”

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Wolbachia are maternally inherited, intracellular, alpha proteobacteria that infect a wide range of arthropods. They cause three kinds of reproductive alterations in their hosts: cytoplasmic incompatibility, parthenogenesis and feminization. There have been many studies of the distribution of Wolbachia in arthropods, but very few crustacean species are known to be infected. We investigated the prevalence of Wolbachia in 85 species from five crustacean orders. Twenty–two isopod species were found to carry these bacteria. The bacteria were found mainly in terrestrial species suggesting that Wolbachia came from a continental environment. The evolutionary relationships between these Wolbachia strains were determined by sequencing bacterial genes and by interspecific transfers. All the bacteria associated with isopods belonged to the wolbachiae B group, based on 16S rDNA sequence data. All the terrestrial isopod symbionts in this group except one formed an independent clade. The results of interspecific transfers show evidence of specialization of Wolbachia symbionts to their isopod hosts. They also suggest that host species plays a more important role than bacterial phylogeny in determining the phenotype induced by Wolbachia infection.

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Florida health officials reported on the sixth death due to infection with the bacterium, Vibrio vulnificus, in Lake County. This follows fatalities reported in Broward, Citrus, Palm Beach, Santa Rosa and Sarasota counties earlier this year. It is not reported how the victim contracted the infection. In addition, the case count in 2016 as of Sep. 23 is 29. Last year, Florida saw 45 cases and 14 deaths, the most since 2003. People can get infected with Vibrio vulnificus when they eat raw shellfish, particularly oysters. The bacterium is frequently isolated from oysters and other shellfish in warm coastal waters during the summer months. Since it is naturally found in warm marine waters, people with open wounds can be exposed to Vibrio vulnificus through direct contact with seawater. Healthy individuals typically develop a mild disease; however, Vibrio vulnificus infections can be a serious concern for people who have weakened immune systems, particularly those with chronic liver disease. The bacterium can invade the bloodstream, causing a severe and life-threatening illness with symptoms like fever, chills, decreased blood pressure (septic shock) and blistering skin lesions. Vibrio vulnificus bloodstream infections are fatal about 50 percent of the time.A recent study showed that people with these pre-existing medical conditions were 80 times more likely to develop Vibrio vulnificus bloodstream infections than healthy people. Wound infections may also be serious in people with weakened immune systems. The wound may heal poorly and require surgery. Sometimes amputation may even be needed for recovery.

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Why Your Children Will Benefit from Early Swimming Lessons Swimming is a unique sport in that it doubles up as a life skill and a fantastic way to stay fit and have fun. It is absolutely vital for children to learn how to swim as early as possible, but despite wide campaigns across the world, there are still far too many drownings. Death by drowning is one of the leading causes of infant death and is all too often avoidable. Parents and the Role of Early Lessons Schools have a role to play in providing swimming lessons to children, but a lot of parents are now choosing to start their little ones at a far earlier stage and enroll them at a private swimming school when they are tots. Specialist swimming instruction schools such as Aqua Tots exist to provide top-quality swimming instruction at private schools across the world, with classes beginning from babies upwards. Parents will find that there is a suitable swimming school in the Middle East, with high-quality, warm and specialist facilities for little children and their parents. The lessons are designed to be fun and supportive so that little ones learn how to be confident and safe in the water and pick up vital skills for buoyancy, breathing, mobility and movement in water. Swimming classes for tots upwards are also suitable for differently abled children and are designed to be inclusive. You will be amazed at how confident even the youngest children can become when they are introduced to water at a young age and in the right environment. With specialist teaching and a coaching programme that helps them develop skills at their own pace and in a fun atmosphere with their parents, children can become very confident swimmers and learn not to be afraid when they are in water. Young babies may start with splashing and bubble blowing, and there will be plenty of games for everyone to enjoy at that age. Older children will have full access to the flotation devices that they need to grow their skills in a fun, rapidly progressive way. Courses run in the evenings, on the weekends and during the school holidays, opening up opportunities for families to swim and enjoy leisure time together in the future. Knowing the Risks Water safety is also taught to children as they get older, and help is given to educate parents on the risks. For example, one of the biggest risks, especially in hotter countries, is unattended outdoor pools. These risks can be vastly mitigated by having secure pool covers and gates to prevent children from walking into the area and trying to access the water on their own. To find out more about swimming lessons for your babies, toddlers and younger children, contact your nearest Aqua Tots centre and find out which classes and courses are on offer. The investment you make now will be a superb one for your child’s health and wellbeing, fitness, social skills, and above all, safety.

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WORLD BRIEFING | ASIA; Japan: U.S. Base Must Weigh Effect On Revered Creature By THE ASSOCIATED PRESS Published: January 26, 2008 Judge Marilyn Hall Patel of Federal District Court in San Francisco has ruled that the United States Defense Department violated the National Historic Preservation Act by failing to evaluate the potential effect of a planned United States air base in Okinawa on a recognized Japanese national treasure -- a big, slow-moving aquatic mammal called the dugong -- and ordered it to do so. The dugong, associated with traditional creation myths, is listed on Japan's register of protected cultural properties. In the case, Okinawa Dugong v. Gates, No. 03-4350, the judge sided with environmentalists who said plans to relocate the Futenma Air Station, a Marine Corps base, to a site off the northeast coast of Okinawa would threaten the dwindling number of dugong that live in the seagrass beds. The decision, made Thursday, is the first time the Historic Preservation Act has been applied to an overseas project, Judge Patel said.

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Our liver is the guardian of our health, but we tend to overlook its importance as we cannot see it. Taking care of it is not difficult – its needs are simple – Quality fresh produce and fluids, moderate intake of toxins including alcohol and sugar. The liver can also regenerate provided it has not suffered scarring. Find out more in the post. Last time I looked at the structure and basic function of the liver and in this post I want to cover some of the conditions that can effect this major organ. Because the liver is such a complex organ there are over 100 diseases that can affect its health. We tend to associate liver damage with conditions resulting from drinking to much, such as alcoholic hepatitis or the viral infections, Hepatitis A and the more dangerous serum Hepatitis B. Hep A is transmitted from contaminated food and water, and Hep B from sexual contact, infected needles or contaminated blood products. Some diseases of the liver are hereditary and are usually diagnosed in a baby or young toddler. These include Alagille syndrome, Alpha 1-Antitrypsin deficiency, autoimmune hepatitis, the result of an abnormal immune system at birth, Galactosemia, Wilson’s disease – the abnormal storage of copper – and Haemochromatosis – the abnormal… View original post 1,535 more words

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Bertrand Piccard, 57 and André Borschberg, 62 from Switzerland are attempting to fly the world’s first solar-powered plane around the world. Piloting the Solar Impulse II, Piccard and Borschberg will each fly an alternate leg of which there are 12 in total. The journey is expected to take the pair five months and cover 35,000 kilometres. Solar Impulse II took off from Abu Dhabi on 9 March 2015 and completed seven legs without any problems. After being hindered by bad weather, the plane landed in Nagoya, Japan on 30 May. The plane finally took off on 28 June for its eighth leg flying nonstop across the Pacific Ocean to Hawaii, a distance of over 7,000 kilometres. On 3 July, Borschberg landed safely in Hawaii after flying for an incredible 5 days and 5 nights. He managed to keep alert by snatching just 20-minute sleep breaks every two to four hours, and did yoga exercises and meditation to stay focused. On arrival in Hawaii and greeted by worldwide media attention, Borschberg said that he wasn’t that tired due to the support and energy from everyone that he received during the record-breaking flight. Weighing just as much as an average car, Solar Impulse II carries no fuel and is powered only by solar energy, so light winds and sunlight were essential to completing the Pacific crossing. Carrying 17,000 solar panels attached to its 72-metre wings and fuselage, Solar Impulse II can reach a speed of 87m/h (140km/h). But in reality the plane travels at about half that speed to conserve the solar power stored by lithium batteries which enable the plane to run its motors during the night. “Carrying 17,000 solar panels attached to its 72-metre wings and fuselage, Solar Impulse II can reach a speed of 87m/h (140km/h).” It was Piccard, a Swiss psychiatrist and aeronaut who first developed the idea for the solar powered flight project in 2003. He spent the next six years gathering a large team of engineers and technical experts to make his vision a reality, including among them Borschberg, a businessman, engineer and Swiss Air Force jet pilot. In December 2009, Solar Impulse I successfully completed a short low-flying test flight at Dübendorf Air Base in Switzerland. By July 2010, overnight flight was possible, with the craft flying for 26 hours and reaching an altitude of 28,500 feet. The first international solar-powered flight was from Switzerland to Brussels, which took 13 hours with an average altitude of 6,000 feet. Further record-breaking flights occurred, including a 19 hour trip from Switzerland to Madrid in 2012 and a cross-US flight in 2013. The craft’s successor, Solar Impulse II, had its first test flight in 2014. Unlike Solar Impulse I, which was a test plane, II was specifically designed to circumnavigate the globe with a larger cockpit and more advanced technology to support a pilot on the long intercontinental flight. Although he describes the Solar Impulse II as a ‘primitive step toward a zero-carbon jumbo’ Borschberg cautions against getting too excited about solar-powered commercial flights being available in the near future. “We have to realise that we are between the Wright Brothers and Charles Lindbergh periods in the 20s of last century. So it will take, as it took in the past 25, 30, 35 years to fly clean. New technologies will have to be developed, this will take time”.

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Programming with MVVM Windows Presentation Foundation (WPF) overwhelmed us with the most powerful data binding ever released in a development platform. It seemed there was so much to learn in order to use it, but it really isn't that complicated. However, to use it to its full potential, you really do need to introduce the Model-View-ViewModel (MVVM) pattern. The ideas and goal around this pattern seem to vary from person to person, but the one thing that they all share is that it provides a point of binding for XAML pages. In this session, learn what MVVM is and how to use it and what to put in it, in order to get maximum potential out of XAML binding. Also, learn how to get a small MVVM Framework going for sharing across all your applications. Event HomepageTech·Ed North America 2011 More episodes in this series Comments have been closed since this content was published more than 30 days ago, but if you'd like to send us feedback you can Contact Us.

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Pittsburgh’s love of fireworks is well documented. Whether it is Light Up Night or the nation’s biggest fireworks day, the Fourth of July, the Steel City excels in lighting up the sky with pyrotechnics. According to KDKA, there are at least 20 firework displays that will explode across the Allegheny County sky Thursday night if the weather cooperates. But with the annual celebration coming on the heels of a few weeks of particularly bad news about Pittsburgh’s air quality, the question should be raised: Are fireworks making things worse for a city with some of the worst air quality in America? Albert Presto, an associate research professor at Carnegie Mellon University’s mechanical engineering department and an atmospheric pollution expert, says the answer is yes, but only in the short term. Fireworks do release harmful fine particulate matter, which has been linked to health problems like asthma and heart attacks, into the atmosphere when they burn. But the amount released by a fireworks show isn’t significant enough to be a cause for worry, Presto says. “The way a firework works, the reason it’s sparkling is that you’re burning something. There’s usually metal in the firework, and that’s what causes the colors, as the metal gets really hot,” says Presto. “So you get a little bit of particulate matter from shooting off fireworks, but it’s not a big concentration change.” A 2015 study in the journal Atmospheric Environment found that levels of particulate matter across the U.S. increased by an average of 42 percent on July 4. Out of 315 air quality monitoring sites studied, 10 recorded a level of particulate matter deemed “dangerous” by the EPA after Independence Day celebrations. An EPA statement issued in response to the study recommended sensitive groups sit upwind from fireworks. “Short-term exposure to fine particle pollution (hours to days) can pose health concerns, especially for groups of people more sensitive to PM2.5 [particulate matter] pollution,” the EPA wrote. “So we caution those people to enjoy fireworks from a distance, and from upwind, to reduce their exposure.” “You get a little bit of particulate matter from shooting off fireworks, but it’s not a big concentration change.” EPA data from the past two years shows that although most monitoring stations in Allegheny County recorded increases in particulate matter in the air around July 4 and 5, the change was a small one. The levels on those days stayed within the EPA’s 24-hour standard, meaning the air quality was not affected significantly. Compared to the December fire at U.S. Steel’s Clairton Coke Works plant, which likely contributed to numerous pollution spikes that exceeded EPA standards in Allegheny County, the impact of fireworks on Pittsburgh’s air quality appears small and brief. Long-term polluters like the Coke Works plant have a greater effect on health issues, like childhood asthma rates, according to a Duquesne University study. While Pittsburgh might avoid wide-scale pollution from fireworks, more densely populated areas aren’t so lucky. Celebratory fireworks set off in Delhi during Diwali festivities frequently leave the Indian city coated in thick, unhealthy smog. India’s supreme court banned firecracker sales ahead of the festival in 2017, but couldn’t prevent a night of fireworks that caused air pollution levels to rocket to 18 times the healthy limit. Still, Presto reiterates that no one in Pittsburgh really needs to worry about their respiratory health when they go to a fireworks show. “How long is a fireworks show?” Presto asks. “Half an hour, an hour? Even if it’s one hour out of every week, like on the Pittsburgh scale of fireworks-happiness, it’s not really going to push the needle that much.”

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Use the back button to select a different record. Birth Year : 1830 Ellen Shipp was born around 1830 in Kentucky and is listed in the 1860 U.S. Federal Census as a free mulatto who was living in Cincinnati, OH. She was the wife of Thomas Shipp, born around 1821 in South Carolina, who is also listed as free. They were the parents of two boys, Thomas Shipp and Jesse A. Shipp Sr. (1863-1934). Jesse wrote the book for In Dahomey, one of the first successful Negro musicals on Broadway. (His name is sometimes spelled Jessie.) He was a playwright, vaudeville performer, manager, director, and lyricist. His son, Jesse A. (or Jessie) Shipp, Jr., founded Shipp Association, a booking agency in Harlem, NY. For more on Jesse Shipp, Sr., see his entry in the Internet Broadway Database. [Dahomey was a country located in West Africa that is today southern Benin. The history of Dahomey dates between 1600 and 1900. See Dahomey in Encyclopaedia Britannica online.] Subjects: Actors, Actresses, Authors, Mothers, Minstrel and Vaudeville Performers Geographic Region: Kentucky / Cincinnati, Ohio / New York

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When one thinks about Christmas there are two icons that come to mind beyond Saint Claus and these are the Christmas tree and the poinsettia. While the story of the Christmas tree originated in Germany, the story of the poinsettia entailed a unique meeting between a country and its American ambassador. The story begins with Joel Roberts Poinsett who was the ambassador to Mexico. While holding this position, Mr. Poinsett explored his surroundings and discovered a beautiful plant. Once his term was up, he brought back samples of the poinsettia to his South Carolina plantation. While at the plantation, Mr. Poinsett developed techniques for propagating poinsettias. Many of his early plants were given to friends and family. Joel Roberts Poinsett was instrumental in the production of poinsettias and in doing so has a day named after him. Poinsettia Day, which occurs on December 12, celebrates not only a plant but also the death of its founder who died in 1851. The story of the poinsettia does not start with seeds but instead starts with cuttings. The reason for this is because poinsettias are very hard to start from seed. All of today’s poinsettias were started from cuttings that were harvested from mature plants in May. These cuttings are then dipped into a rooting hormone and placed in a flat of moist soil. The prepared cuttings are then placed on a misting bench until rooted. After the cuttings have rooted, they are then move into individual six-inch pots. These pots are then placed in a greenhouse where they are watered and fertilized. Around October 1, the poinsettia is prepared for “blooming.’ What few people realize is the change in leaf color is not a “bloom.” The “true bloom” of the poinsettia is actually the little yellow beads that are on the top of each stalk. The blooming occurs when the amount of sunlight is decreased and in the United States this has to be done artificially. To force ones poinsettia to “bloom” one must first expose it to 12 hours of complete darkness and 12 hours of light. This can be a challenge since even the light from a pin light can cause a plant to delay “blooming.” To aid in this endeavor, one must put their poinsettia in a black plastic bag. During the evening hours, simply pull the bag up around the plant and tie off. This will block any amount of light. In the morning, simply untie the bag, roll it down, and let the plant bask in the sunlight. Continue with this process until the first of November. When this time occurs, remove the plant completely from the black bag and place in a sunny room that is kept at 60 to 70 degrees F. If you are purchasing a poinsettia, keep in mind that there are a few things one needs to do and look for. The first thing is whether the plant is healthy or not. A plant that is dropping its leaves or one whose leaves are brown and shrived up are not good choices. These plants are diseased or have been neglected too long. Next, one needs to look at the “true blooms.” If the little yellow beads are open, then the plant quality of the plant is decreased. A plant with closed beads will provide a more quality plant whose beauty will be extended. The last item that one needs to consider is the color of the leaves. Poinsettias, by nature, are red, white or pink. While other colors and finishes exist, they are artificial in nature and cause the leaves treated to die prematurely. After you have selected the best plant, it is time to take it home. Make sure that your plant is wrapped up in a bag and only place it in a warm car. Poinsettias cannot take the cold and normally do not recover very well from cold exposure. Avoid placing your poinsettia in front of the heater in the car. This will also have a negative affect on your poinsettia. Once you get it home, remove it from the bag and place it in a sunny location. Also, try to make this location in a room that is kept 60 to 70 degrees F. Check the soil moisture, if the soil is dry one must either remove the plant from its decorative foil sleeve or poke holes in the bottom of the foil sleeve prior to watering. Poinsettias do not like to sit in water and keeping it in the foil sleeve without holes creates a problem. After the container has been prepared, water the plant until moisture is seen coming out of the bottom. If one notices their plant is beginning to turn a light green, just increase the amount of sunlight the plant is receiving. Once the season is over though there is no reason to dispose of the plant. Instead, consider growing it just like you would any other houseplant. Poinsettias can be place outside when the danger of a frost has passed in your local area. The plant can be left in its container or it can be planted in the ground as an annual landscape plant or accent plant. Prune the plant back during this time so that it has a nice oval shape. When shaping ones poinsettia though, always use hand pruners and make the cuts at an angle. The angle will prevent water from pooling on the stems and causing the stems to rot. The cutting that you have taken from your poinsettia can also be used to create new plants. To do this, simply dip the cutting into water and then dip into a rooting hormone or honey. Place the prepared cutting into a container of soil and care for as described previously. The only other maintenance that poinsettias require when they are outside is fertilizing. This can be done every two to three weeks with an all-purpose fertilizer. The poinsettia will need to be brought back indoors before a killing frost hits the gardener’s local area. Before moving indoor, always check for pests and whether the plant needs to be repotted. Throughout the poinsettia process, gardeners need to keep in mind the toxicity of the plant. The white sap that pours out of the stem when it is cut or damaged is dangerous to pets, especially cats. But a recent study showed the toxicity level is not enough to cause death under normal circumstances. As a responsible pet owner, do not take the chance and always place your plant out of the reach of your pet whether it is inside or out. If your pet begins to act differently after you have brought your poinsettia home, do not delay contacting the ASPCA National Poison Control Center and/or your veterinarian as soon as possible. So this year, welcome the holidays with a beautiful, healthy poinsettia and make a toast to Mr. Joel Roberts Poinsett, the father of the poinsettia. ABOUT THE AUTHOR Mindy McIntosh-Shetter has been an Agricultural Science educator, and is a horticulture and/or environmental blogger who earned a degree from Purdue University in Agriculture Education with a minor in biology, and natural resources. Presently she is finishing up her Masters in Environmental Education and Urban Planning for the University of Louisville while working on her own agriculture/environmental blog.

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X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID-X1), also known as "Bubble Boy disease," is a rare, inherited disorder of the immune system affecting almost exclusively males. Eight patients with severe combined immunodeficiency had local adverse events after vaccination with BCG. In the cases of the children who developed cancer, French scientists were using a virus known as a retrovirus to put healthy genes into 11 children suffering from severe combined immunodeficiency The specialty distribution business serves patients with chronic diseases such as Hemophilia, Multiple Sclerosis, Growth Hormone Deficiency, Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Crohn's Disease, Hepatitis-C, HIV/AIDS, Primary and Severe Combined Immunodeficiency The Hokkaido University Hospital will conduct research into adenosine deaminase deficiency, while Tohoku University Hospital will engage in studies of X-Linked Severe Combined Immunodeficiency , the officials said. The condition - Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disorder (SCID), which only affects boys - was spotted by the intensive care unit's Dr Helen Fardy, who organised further treatment at London's Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children. Both fetuses were found to have a condition known as severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID), in which the fetal immune system does not develop enough of certain infection-fighting cells known as T-cells, according to Evans. Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) is a term that describes a spectrum of primary immune-deficiencies that comprise about 14 independent genetic conditions (1, 2), all of which yield severe defects in cellular and humoral immunity. Among the still-growing list of diseases included in the project are lysosomal storage disorders, studies of inborn errors of metabolism, and testing of severe combined immunodeficiency was born with severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID), a rare affliction that leaves people extremely vulnerable to infectious diseases. The condition, severe combined immunodeficiency , destroyed his immune system and left him vulnerable to illness. At 18 months of age, he shows no signs of his life-threatening inherited disease, known as severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome, or SCIDS. Now, gene therapy at London's Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children appears to have delivered a cure - the first time British doctors have successfully corrected the gene defect that causes Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Babies born with this condition, severe combined immunodeficiency , typically receive a bone marrow transplant from a donor. Three products are currently marketed which utilize Enzon's technology: PEG-INTRON marketed by Schering-Plough for hepatitis C, ONCASPAR(R) for Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL), and ADAGEN(R) a treatment for a form of Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disease (SCID), commonly known as the "Bubble Boy Disease.

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Using Python Functions and Classes Using functions and classes to simplify iterations and organize data in objects instead of lists. Example 1: Find beam closest Grids - Find all the grid intersection points and name them accordingly (1A, 1B, 2A, 2B…). Store them into a Python class or a Dictionary. - Get the beam Start and End points and return the minimum distance to the grid object. class GridPoint: pass #create an instance and add values instance = GridPoint() instance.pt = Point.ByCoordinates(0,0) instance.Name = "1A" class GridPoint: def __init__(self): self.Point = None self.Name = None self.vGrid = None self.hGrid = None #create an instance and add values instance = GridPoint() instance.point = Point.ByCoordinates(0,0) instance.name = "1A" The 2 methods above do not prevent the user to misspell a variable name. To force value into pre-established variables we can use a constructor: class GridPoint: def __init__(self, point, name, vGrid, hGrid): self.pt = point self.n = name self.vG = vGrid self.hG = hGrid #create an instance using the provided constructor instance = GridPoint(Point.ByCoordinates(0,0),"1A","1","A") Instances can be created inside a loop and appended to a list. Values of an instance can be changed after its creation: list= for vGrid in IN: for hGrid in IN: instance = GridPoint(None, str(vGrid)+str(hGrid),vGrid, hGrid) list.append(instance) for l,p in zip(list, IN): l.Point = p Now we can check the distance between our beam end points and the grid points. If we store the distances and the grid point names together, we can retrieve the closest grid points using the minimum function. import clr clr.AddReference('ProtoGeometry') from Autodesk.DesignScript.Geometry import Point beamEnds = [IN.PointAtParameter(0),IN.PointAtParameter(1)] gridObj = IN distances = for b in beamEnds: subList = distances.append(subList) for g in gridObj: subList.append([b.DistanceTo(g.pt),g.name]) OUT = [min(d) for d in distances] Example 2: Check that the openings in a beam are consistent with a typical detail To check the openings we will need a list including the opening width and depth, its centroid, the beam height, the beam start and end point. This can be achieved through a nested for loop:

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In addition to high winds and storm surge, Hurricane Irma also delivered ample rainfall. This map shows satellite-based measurements of rainfall as the storm tracked across Caribbean islands and into the southeastern United States. It depicts accumulations measured from the morning of September 5 to the morning of September 12. The brightest areas reflect the highest rainfall amounts. Note that rainfall from Hurricane Jose is also visible over the Atlantic Ocean. The map is particularly bright over Cuba, where as much as 20 inches (500 millimeters) of rain fell during this period. After passing Cuba, the storm developed an asymmetry from east to west, delivering more rain to the eastern side of its eye. One of the highest totals in the United States was recorded in Fort Pierce, Florida, where ground-based stations measured about 16 inches (400 millimeters) of rain. George Huffman, a research meteorologist at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, offered a possible explanation for the pattern. He noted that counterclockwise circulation may have caused the western side of Irma to draw relatively drier air off the land, while the eastern side pulled huge amounts of vapor off the warm Atlantic. The rainfall map also shows great differences in accumulation from place to place. “This tells us that there’s a lot of variation going on around the storm,” Huffman said. This could be due to variations in the storm itself, such as an evolving eyewall structure. Also, variations in the local environment—things like wind, air temperature, sea surface temperature, and humidity—likely factored in, as well as the storm’s interaction with rough, mountainous surfaces of the islands. The measurements are a product of the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission, which is a partnership between NASA, the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, and five national and international partners. The rainfall totals are regional, remotely-sensed estimates. Each pixel shows 0.1 degrees of the globe (about 7 miles at the equator), and the data are averaged across each pixel. Individual ground-based measurements within a pixel can be significantly higher or lower than the average. Data for the map comes from the Integrated Multi-Satellite Retrievals for GPM (IMERG), a product of the U.S. GPM science team. IMERG compiles precipitation estimates from passive microwave and infrared sensors on several satellites, as well as monthly surface precipitation gauge data, to provide precipitation estimates between 60 degrees North and South latitude. NASA Earth Observatory image by Joshua Stevens, using IMERG data from the Global Precipitation Mission (GPM) at NASA/GSFC, and storm track information from Unisys. Story by Kathryn Hansen.

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- By Liza Torborg Tuesday Q and A: Small risk of health problems in children with older fathers DEAR MAYO CLINIC: How does paternal age affect fertility? Can the age of the father have an impact on the baby’s health? ANSWER: Age can have an effect on a man’s fertility. But the influence of aging on fertility in men is not as significant as it is in women. Research has shown that there may be an increase in the risk for certain health problems in the children of older fathers. The risk, however, appears to be small. After puberty, most men produce sperm throughout the rest of their lives. That means men can conceive a child well into their later years. That said, studies have shown that men who are older than 40 tend to be less fertile than younger men. But even though older age does reduce fertility, a man’s age alone does not seem to have a substantial effect on a couple’s fertility overall. For example, studies have shown that a man’s age does not decrease the success of fertility treatment in couples who seek those services. A man’s age at the time a baby is conceived is called his paternal age. A woman’s age at conception is maternal age. A woman’s maternal age is considered to be advanced and health risks for a baby increase after age 35. There is no universally accepted definition of when paternal age is considered to be advanced. Various studies have used cutoffs of 40, 50 and even 60 years for advanced paternal age. There is no one clear point at which health risks for a baby start to increase with older fathers because the risk grows very slowly over time. The more times a man’s body has created sperm — a process called spermatogenesis — the more of a risk there is for chromosomal abnormalities. This may be part of the reason why there is an increased risk for certain genetic disorders, such as a form of dwarfism known as achondroplasia, in infants of men older than 40. The potential for other possible health risks have been identified in children of older fathers, too. Research has found that children born to men 40 and older seem to be more likely to develop autism than children of men younger than 30. Children born to men 50 and older appear to be at an increased risk for the brain disorder schizophrenia when compared to children of men younger than 25. The risk of cognitive impairment also might be higher for children of older fathers. In a 2009 study, children born to older men scored slightly lower on tests measuring concentration, memory, reading and reasoning skills through age 7. Despite the increase in these risks, however, the overall likelihood for a baby to be born with health problems just because a father is older is still quite low. If you are older than 40 and you are considering fathering a child, it may be useful for you to have a conversation with your health care provider. He or she can review your medical history and family history to see if there may be any concerns regarding your fertility or health risks for the baby, as well as discuss your reproductive health overall. — Jani Jensen, M.D., Reproductive Endocrinology & Infertility, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn.

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Orion consists of seven stars, Betelgeuse (bright redish star in the top left corner), Rigel (bright blueish star on his left hip), Bellatrix, Mintaka, Alnilam, Alnitak, and Saiph. For us in the Northern Hemisphere, we can only see Orion in the winter months. It is probably most recognizable because of his belt, the three stars arranged in a straight line. They story of Orion is that he was a great hunter, who had fallen in love with the Goddess Artemis. Artemis’ brother Apollo considered this relationship inappropriate and created a giant scorpion. This scorpions armour was so strong that Orion couldn’t pierce it and he was in turn stung by the scorpion and killed. Artemis was so devastated by the loss of her lover that she had him imortilized in the stars. After Apollo heard this he sent the scorpion to the stars to chase Orion for eternity. Hopefully the sky is clear tonight so you can take a look.

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By Ankur Banerjee (Reuters Health) – When influenza-like illnesses spread in the community, death rates go up for patients on dialysis, a new study shows. In an average year, severe respiratory infections likely contribute to more than a thousand deaths among people with end-stage kidney failure in the U.S., the authors estimate. Senior author Dave Gilbertson of the Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation in Minnesota and colleagues suspected that patterns of deaths in these patients might be linked at least to some extent with seasonal fluctuations in flu-like illnesses. To study the issue, they looked at data from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for the years 2000 to 2013. Compared to patterns in summers, an estimated 1 percent increase in flu and flu-like illness in the fall was associated with a 1.5 percent increase in deaths among kidney failure patients. And in winter, an estimated 1 percent increase in these respiratory infections was associated with a 2 percent rise in kidney patient deaths. Flu-like illnesses may not be the direct cause of death in these cases but may contribute to other causes of death, Gilbertson told Reuters Health in an email. For example, he said, flu-like illnesses can induce acute inflammation, making people with kidney failure vulnerable to other infections or even to cardiovascular events. Flu vaccines, protective barriers such as masks and increased disinfection of dialysis units during flu season could help protect kidney failure patients from potentially deadly influenza-like illnesses, the researchers write in the Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. These illnesses disproportionately affect vulnerable populations, such as the elderly, and those with chronic diseases like kidney failure, they point out. Many such patients have impaired immune function and so vaccines may be less effective for them. That’s part of the reason why experts recommend preventive actions not just for patients at high risk but for healthcare workers, family members and other household contacts as well. Flu-like illnesses may be caused by a wide array of viruses, including rhinovirus and adenovirus, but influenza itself still accounts for 10 to 50 percent of cases, the authors write. Dr. Albert Wu, an internist and professor of health policy and management at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health in Baltimore, said the study is a reminder that many respiratory infections other than flu can be deadly. Wu, who was not involved in the study, said the results reinforce the importance of basic infection control. The findings, say the researchers, “suggest that protection against, surveillance of, and, where possible, treatment of infections due to influenza and related viral respiratory illnesses may constitute an opportunity to reduce deaths in patients with end-stage renal disease.” SOURCE: https://bit.ly/2RWJBeB Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, online January 31, 2019.

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Global migration slowed by 27 percent in 2020 — UN The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted all forms of human mobility through the closing of national borders and halting of travel worldwide, according to a newly released United Nations report. Preliminary estimates from the International Migration 2020 Highlights, published by the Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs, suggest that the pandemic may have slowed the rise in the number of international migrants by around two million people by mid-2020 — 27 per cent less than the growth expected since mid-2019. Growth in the number of international migrants has been robust over the last two decades, reaching 281 million people living outside their country of origin in 2020. That number is up from 173 million in 2000, and 221 million in 2010. The report finds that international migrants currently make up about 3.6 percent of the world’s population. International Migration Highlights provides the latest estimates of the number of international migrants by country of destination, origin, age and sex for all countries and areas of the world. “The report affirms that migration is a part of today’s globalized world and shows how the COVID-19 pandemic has impacted the livelihoods of millions of migrants and their families and undermined progress in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals,” said Liu Zhenmin, United Nations Under-Secretary-General for Economic and Social Affairs. International Migration Highlights’ 2020 edition finds that two thirds of all international migrants live in just 20 countries. The United States remained the largest destination, hosting 51 million international migrants in 2020, equal to 18 percent of the world’s total. Germany hosted the second-largest number of migrants worldwide, at around 16 million, followed by Saudi Arabia (13 million), Russian Federation (12 million) and the United Kingdom (9 million). Among the major regions of the world, the report finds that the largest number of international migrants in 2020 resided in Europe, with a total of 87 million. North America hosted the second largest number of migrants, with almost 59 million. North Africa and Western Asia followed, with a total of nearly 50 million. India topped the list of countries with the largest diasporas in 2020, with 18 million persons from India living outside of their country of birth. Other countries with a large transnational community included Mexico and the Russian Federation (11 million each), China (10 million) and Syria (8 million). Diasporas contribute to the development of their countries of origin through the promotion of foreign investment, trade, access to technology and financial inclusion. However, according to projections by the World Bank, the COVID-19 pandemic may reduce the volume of remittances sent to low- and middle-income countries from $548 billion in 2019 to $470 billion in 2021, a decline of $78 billion or 14 percent. The loss has affected the livelihoods of millions of migrants and their families, stalling progress in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. National strategies and international cooperation will be needed to mitigate the effects of this loss. Among the report’s other findings is the fact that nearly half of all international migrants in 2020 resided in the region from which they originated. Europe accounted for the largest share of intra-regional migration, with 70 per cent of migrants born in Europe residing in another European country. The share of intra-regional migration among migrants originating in sub-Saharan Africa was 63 per cent. At the other end of the spectrum, Central and South Asia had the largest share of its diaspora residing outside the region, followed by Latin America and the Caribbean and North America. According to the International Migration Highlights report, nearly two thirds of all international migrants live in high-income countries, in contrast with just 31 per cent in middle-income countries and around four percent in low‑income countries. On the other hand, low- and middle-income countries hosted 80 per cent of the world’s refugees in 2020. Refugees comprise around three percent of all international migrants in high-income countries, compared to 25 percent in middle-income countries and 50 percent in low-income countries. The report also finds that, in 2020, refugees accounted for 12 percent of all international migrants, up from 9.5 percent in 2000, as forced displacements across national borders continued to rise faster than voluntary migration. Between 2000 and 2020, the number of people that had fled conflict, crises, persecution, violence or human rights violations doubled, from 17 million to 34 million. Noting that nearly half of all international migrants in 2020 were women or girls, the report emphasizes that women are often catalysts of change, promoting positive social, cultural and political norms in their communities. In 2020, the number of female migrants slightly exceeded male migrants in Europe, North America and Oceania, partially due to a higher life expectancy of women over men. In sub‑Saharan Africa and Western Asia, males tend to significantly exceed the number of females, which is attributed to the phenomenon of temporary labour migration. International migrants often make up a larger proportion of working age persons compared to the national population. According to the report, 73 per cent of all international migrants in 2020 were between the ages of 20 and 64, compared to 57 percent for the total population. The ratio of persons aged 65 or older per 100 persons aged 20 to 64 years — known as old-age dependency ratio — in high‑income countries would have been nearly 3 percentage points higher in 2020, in the absence of any international migrants. With the adoption of landmark agreements by the General Assembly, including the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, the New York Declaration for Refugees and Migrants and the Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration, countries have begun to adopt measures to facilitate safe, orderly and regular migration. Globally, 54 percent of the 111 Governments that responded to a recent survey reported having such policies.

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It seems that every week there is a new diet trend experts are urging us to follow, and with so many options, it’s hard to know what the right way to eat is. We believe there is no one correct approach to nutrition and that everyone’s journey is different, but since March is National Nutrition Month, we’ve compiled our favorite healthy eating tips that will help you make small but significant changes in your lifestyle. - Forget strict diets – A main reason we give up on eating healthy is that we choose to adopt a rigid, boring diet that we get sick of right away. Instead of doing this, focus on eating more healthy foods that you actually enjoy, and mix them into your weekly grocery run. - Eat more fish – Seafood is a great way to add proteins, minerals and vitamins into your diet in an easy way, so it’s important to try to eat fish at least once a week. Oily fish in particular help prevent heart disease, so pick up some salmon, mackerel, trout or tuna! - Cut saturated fats – We’re all familiar with the term “saturated fats,” but do you know where they are found? Try to eat less of foods like cakes, hard cheese and cream, and when choosing cuts of meat, opt for the leaner cuts and slice off any visible fat. Saturated fats increase your risk of heart disease, so it’s important to avoid them as much as you can. - Don’t skip breakfast – Some people think not eating breakfast will lead to losing weight, but skipping this meal only makes you hungrier later in the day. Research shows that people who eat breakfast regularly are less likely to be overweight, so use this meal as an opportunity to get your daily serving of fruits! - Don’t go hungry – You might be tempted to think that, by having fewer meals a day, you’ll lose more weight; but this isn’t necessarily true. Going hungry for long stretches of time just causes you to overeat when you finally make it to your next meal. Instead, plan for those moments of hunger by having healthy snacks around, like almonds, granola bars or apples. At each and every one of our Integral Senior Living communities, we are dedicated to making sure our residents are making healthy choices every day. Our Elevate dining program allows our residents to enjoy tasty, nutritious meals. Visit our Facebook page or website to learn more about all of ISL’s signature programs.

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Lung cancers normally start to form in the cells that line the bronchi and in parts of the lung such as the bronchioles or alveoli where they are presumed to begin as areas of pre-cancerous changes. These initial changes are thought to occur in the genes of the cells, and may cause them to grow at a faster than normal rate. At this early stage, the cells may look slightly abnormal under a microscope, however, they have not as yet formed a mass or tumor, cannot be seen on an x-ray and do not cause any symptoms. Over time, the pre-cancerous changes in the cells may progress to an actual cancer, which as it develops, makes chemicals that cause new blood vessels to form nearby. The new blood vessels then nourish the cancer cells, allowing them to continue to grow and ultimately to form a tumor large enough to be seen on imaging tests. Eventually, cells from the cancer may break away from the original tumor and spread to other parts of the body. There are three primary ways in which cancer can spread: The most common way for cancer to spread is through the lymphatic system. This process is known as “embolization”. Lymph nodes are small, bean-shaped collections of immune system cells that are connected by lymphatic vessels. Lymphatic vessels are similar to small veins, except rather than carrying blood they carry a clear fluid called lymph away from the lungs. Lymph contains excess fluid and waste products from body tissues, as well as immune system cells. Lung cancer cells can enter the lymphatic vessels and start to grow in the lymph nodes around the bronchi and in the mediastinum (the area under the breastbone between the two lungs). Once lung cancer cells have reached the lymph nodes, they are more likely to have spread to other areas of the body as well. The stage of the cancer (how far it has progressed) and decisions on appropriate treatment options are based on whether or not the cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes. Cancer can also spread through the bloodstream. In order to spread, cancer cells break off from the primary tumor, and then invade the wall of a blood vessel to gain access to the bloodstream. Tumors almost always spread through the veins rather than the arteries since the walls of the veins are thinner and can be invaded more easily. The cancer cells then follow the pattern of the venous flows, until they get stuck somewhere, usually in a very small blood vessel called a capillary. They then invade the wall of the capillary and migrate into nearby tissue where they begin formation of a secondary tumor. Cancer can spread by local invasion, meaning that it intrudes on healthy tissue surrounding the tumor. Although it is not fully understood how tumors spread by direct extension, there are three likely possibilities, but which way is most frequent may be dependent on the type of tumor and where in the body it is located. The first possibility is that as the tumor grows and begins to take up more space, it forces itself through nearby normal tissue. As it continues to grow, it begins to block small blood vessels in the area, causing low blood and oxygen levels which in turn, causes normal tissue to die. This tissue death makes it easier for the tumor to continue to push its way through since tumors often follow the path of least resistance. The second possibility is that many normal blood cells produce chemicals known as enzymes that break down cells and tissue. These normal cells use their enzymes for good, by attacking bacteria and viruses and by clearing damaged cells so that new cells can replace them. It has been found that many tumors contain larger quantities of these enzymes than would be found in normal tissues, therefore it is possible that cancer cells manufacture the enzymes and then use them to break down tissue making it easier for the tumor to cut a pathway through healthy tissue. Thirdly, one thing that differentiates normal cells from cancer cells is that cancer cells appear to have the ability to move more easily, therefore it seems reasonable that cancer can spread through nearby tissue simply by directly moving. Given this, scientists have discovered a substance made by cancer cells that stimulates them to move. Although research is not conclusive at this time, it seems that this substance could play a part in how cancer spreads. Some cancer cells seem to “home in” on certain places, perhaps because of substances on their surfaces that stick to cells in these organs. In other cases, the organ itself may release substances that cause the cancer cells to grow faster.

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kidzsearch.com > wiki |Pineapple guava or feijoa fruit| | Acca sellowiana| The feijoa is the fruit of Acca sellowiana, an evergreen shrub or small tree, 1–7 m in height. It comes from the highlands of southern Brazil, parts of Colombia, Uruguay, Paraguay and northern Argentina. They are also grown throughout Azerbaijan , Iran (Ramsar), Georgia, Russia (Sochi), New Zealand and Tasmania Australia . The fruit is also called the 'pineapple guava' or 'guavasteen'. Description of fruit and plant The fruit matures in autumn and is green, and about the size and shape of an egg. It has a sweet, aromatic flavour. The flesh is juicy. The fruit drops when ripe, but can be picked from the tree before to prevent bruising. Feijoa fruit have a distinctive smell. The chemical methyl benzoate smells strongly of feijoas and the aroma of the fruit is caused mostly by this and other closely related chemicals. It is a warm-temperate to subtropical plant that will also grow in the tropics but requires some winter chilling to fruit. In the northern hemisphere it has been cultivated as far north as western Scotland but does not fruit every year, as winter temperatures below about -11 °C will kill the flower buds. A lot of feijoa are grown in New Zealand, where the fruit is a popular garden tree and the fruit is commonly available in season. The fruit is usually eaten by cutting it in half, then scooping out the pulp with a spoon. It is popular in New Zealand to stew them in a pot with sugar and serve hot with vanilla ice cream in the wintertime . The fruits have a juicy sweet seed pulp, and slightly gritty flesh nearer the skin. The flavor is aromatic and sweet. The skin itself is tart and sour but also edible. If the utensils needed to eat it this way are not available, the feijoa can be torn or bitten in half, and the contents squeezed out and consumed. Fruit maturity is not always apparent from the outside as the fruits remain green until they are over mature or rotting. When the fruits are immature the seed pulp is white and opaque, becoming clear and jelly-like when ripe. Fruits are at their optimum maturity when the seed pulp has turned into a clear jelly with no hint of browning. Once the seed pulp and surrounding flesh start to brown, the fruit is over mature and should not be eaten. - Fruits of Warm Climates: Feijoa - California Rare Fruit Growers: Feijoa Fruit Facts - New Zealand Feijoa Growers Association Inc.

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“Then he shall kill the bull before the Lord.” (Leviticus 1:5) Man’s sin required a lifestyle of bloodshed among God’s people. We too quickly forget that, for those who get squeamish when the need arises to kill a spider in the sanctuary, ancient Israel would have been a nauseating, shocking place. The smell of blood, the sound of dying animals, the sight of slain lambs and pigeons and bulls was a normal part of their religious experience. Charles Spurgeon, a pastor in London during the nineteenth century, helps us recall: In the tabernacle in the wilderness, almost everything was sanctified by blood. The blood was to be seen everywhere. As soon as you entered the outer court, you saw the great bronze altar; and at the base of it, bowls of blood were constantly being poured out. When you passed the first veil and entered the holy place, if you saw a priest, he was spattered from head to foot with blood, his snow-white robes bringing the crimson spots most vividly before your eyes. If you looked around, you saw the horns of the golden altar of incense smeared with blood, and the gorgeous veil that hid the innermost sanctuary was splattered with the same. The holy tent was by no means a place for sentimentalists. . . . It was not a place for dainty gentlemen but for brokenhearted sinners. Blood On Your Hands And while the priests usually slew the sacrifice, at times the worshiper would kill and butcher the animal himself. “Then he [the worshiper] shall kill the bull before the Lord. . . . Then he [the worshiper] shall flay the burnt offering and cut it into pieces” (Leviticus 1:5–6). The experience of cutting an animal’s throat and then into pieces is foreign to most today. And even fewer know this killing in a context of atonement, where, unlike on a farm, you do not slaughter to eat the meat, but to kill the animal for the worshiper’s own safety. As a part of worship, they trusted God’s revealed means for compensating wrongdoings and trespasses. Sin required death, theirs or the animal’s. Why So Gruesome? This adds a foreign dimension to worship that many modern people would spurn as barbaric. How many would go to church this Sunday if such a practice existed? Not many. So why blood back then? Why such an uncomfortable, gruesome practice? Spurgeon, upon hearing that some felt horrified by all the talk of blood in their services, reminded them that the blood was not the disgusting thing. We should be horrified, for indeed sin is a thing to shudder at, and the death of Jesus is not a matter to be treated lightly. It was God’s intent to awaken in people a great disgust of sin by making them see that it could only be put away by suffering and death. God used blood as such a prominent part of redemptive history because sin is such a prominent feature of redemptive history. Indeed, it occasions the need for redemption. And the punishment of spilled blood hinted at the incivility and vulgarity, the squalor and stench, the shock and outrage of human sin toward a holy God. Thank You, Jesus This brings us to the point. We do not bring our best lamb and a knife to worship with us on Sunday and leave with blood-stained clothes — but not because God has become more “cultured” and “civil,” but because Jesus has already been slain. What all the thousands of bulls and sheep could not enact, Jesus — the Lamb of God who takes away the sins of the world — did with one single offering (Hebrews 10:4, 14). Our covenant is just as bloody as the last — we just have far better blood, blood that ends all the dress rehearsals before it. Jesus reminds us of this when he, taking the cup of the Lord’s Supper, says, “This is my blood of the covenant, which is poured out for many” (Mark 14:24). Our salvation is bloody — not the blood of lambs or bulls or pigeons, but the precious blood of Jesus Christ (1 Peter 1:19). Only his crimson stream could wash away the wretchedness of our sin. So in Christ, it is our grateful and constant proclamation: Thank you, Jesus, for the blood!

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Fr Joseph Varghese Kureethara| The protagonist , Piscine Molitor Patel, changed his name to “Pi” after the fascinating π in Mathematics. Patel is named Piscine Molitor after a monumental Swimming Pool Complex in France by his uncle. Fed up by being addressed as “Pissing,” young Patel decided to change his name. At the beginning of his higher secondary classes, just before his name being called out by the teacher, he went to the blackboard and wrote his name as “Pi Patel” and added below it, “π=3.14.” He then drew a large circle and sliced it into two pieces with a diameter. He repeated this stunt with every teacher that day. Because of his sheer courage and desire and determination to have a better name, from then he was called “Pi” instead of “Pissing.” On the rechristening, Patel recounted, “And so, in that Greek letter that looks like a shack with a corrugated tin roof, in that elusive, irrational number with which scientists try to understand the universe, I found refuge.” (pp 23-24) Legendary Hollywood director Ang Lee adapted Life of Pi to a 3D movie with the same name in 2012 which won four awards from eleven nominations at the 85th Academy Awards. In the movie adaptation, young Patel kept writing on the blackboard, digit after digit, the expansion of π from his memory. Virtually, the entire school thronged into the classroom and the boy rose into instant stardom with the name “Pi” as he wanted. Keith Robinson of Twisting Yarn Theatre Company adapted as a play in 2003.

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This is a link to a multiplication table 0-12 This is a link to a document I created that helps you remember your multiples of each number! It is great to help learn your multiplication facts using skip counting. This website provides practice for addition, subtraction, multiplication & division. Once you have mastered 0-12 in multiplication, try division! Each level gets more challenging. Start with level 1. Solve as many as you can in 2 minutes. Multiplication Levels linked here: Multiplication Flashcards 1-12 (virtual) These flashcards are a great way to practice your multiplication facts online!

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|wildfire | LETSplay | dmf | omp | manifesto | introduction | community way | | Kohkoku 2001: exchange | play | open | go | way | view | play - real - current - college-2 - earthday - next - money & community - money in an unequal world - why - ways - what - how - letsplay - (revisions) THE PROBLEM WITH MONEY We all know the basic problem with normal or conventional money - it's the same for all of us - there's not enough of it around when we need it. For you and I, there's not enough to fix the car, for those new shoes, or for a vacation; or maybe not enough to feed the family. For business, there's not enough to open the new store, develop the new product, give the staff a raise - or maybe not enough to stay in business. For government, there's not enough in the tax base for social programs, for schools and hospitals, or to balance the budget. There may be plenty of money somewhere, but not around here. THINK ABOUT IT It's really inevitable, given the way money works. There are three things we know for sure about normal money: The amount of money in circulation is limited, and it can go anywhere, so it's obvious there will be times when there just isn't enough around here. IT'S THE SAME THE WHOLE WORLD OVER Communities everywhere - towns, cities, and even countries - often run short of money, simply because it went somewhere else. And when the money's gone, it means unemployment, both of human and of other resources. People are unemployed even though they want work and there really is plenty of work that needs doing. But, with a shortage of money in the local economy, business is slack, investment is weak, and government has little or no room to manoeuvre. And yet .. MONEY IS ONLY INFORMATION It's been a long time since the country's money was anything of "real" value - gold, silver or something else precious in itself. Nowadays, money is just a ticket system - cheap metal coins, paper bills and cheques, or just records in some bank computer. Money has become a form of social information, something of absolutely no value in itself that we use to measure how we value other things, including our time. NO INCHES TODAY? It's understandable that there should be shortages of real things, like bricks, fuel, skilled labour, or food, but why should we ever be short of measurements, short of gallons, degrees or pounds? Why should the economy fall into recession and people be unemployed, merely from a lack of money, when money is nothing but tickets and measures? That would be like having everything needed to build a house - but not building because we ran out of inches. We have plenty of wood, but sorry, we have no inches today. Obviously, this is nonsense. But while this problem can't be solved by more government money, we can very easily and quite legally start a community currency. All the local problems caused just by a lack of money can be resolved by creating new money for that community - a money that circulates within the community, supporting the local economy, the business environment, the job market and the tax base. When it is organised as a simple set of accounts, like a bank, there are further benefits - Simply, it's your own money in your own community. HOW IT WORKS Community money works just like a virtual bank or credit union. It is a mutual credit network where you can only use your account to trade with other members. It's another bank account for community money, where every dollar you spend goes around the community, employing local people - and then comes back to you. It's a true money back guarantee. Usually, most transactions are made using both the community money and the normal currency, because goods that are brought into the community must be paid in fed$. And of course, taxes must also be paid. For example, a $40 restaurant meal would cost cc$20 and $25.60 at a 50% rate of cc acceptance. In general, everything can be available at least in part for the new money, according to the proportion of its cost that is value added in your community, such as labour, locally produced goods, and local government services. EXPLORING AN IDEA People play games - for fun and for profit. You can test something in a game without risk and with plenty of time to think. LETSplay takes only a few minutes a day for a week or so and it lets you see exactly how a community money system works. You learn all you need to know about such systems - how they work, why they are useful, how to keep in balance, and, most important, how easy it is to avoid all risk. THE FIRST QUESTIONS Is this really workable? For the community in general and for you personally? If it is workable, then the potential benefits are extraordinary. This is a question you really need to answer for yourself - and you can do this with just an hour of your time simply by playing the game. Do you think it's worth the effort? Do you want to play?

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Blood gushing out from skin that was ruthlessly sliced open; all of us have experienced a wound that needed healing. The oldest known record of wound care is a Mesopotamian clay tablet written around 2200 bce that details the “3 healing gestures”: cleaning injuries with beer; preparing plaster wound dressings out of oil, vegetation, mud, or clay; and wrapping the wound with a bandage soaked in wine and turpentine.1,2 The Egyptians are credited with pioneering adhesive bandages and the use of honey in wound care,1 which we now know has anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, and antibacterial properties, including the ability to kill methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.2 The Egyptians also painted wounds with a green paint made out of copper, which is deadly to bacteria. In addition, Egyptian embalming to wrap dead bodies and prevent decomposition is thought to have influenced the development of infection control.1 Hsieh S, Maranda EL, Salih T, Nguyen A, Marsh AM, Jimenez JJ. The Power to Heal. JAMA Dermatol. 2016;152(8):954. doi:10.1001/jamadermatol.2015.4236 Customize your JAMA Network experience by selecting one or more topics from the list below. Create a personal account or sign in to:

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The Long Walk In 2014 the security situation in countries like Syria, Iraq and Afghanistan deteriorated dramatically prompting thousands of their citizens to seek refuge in Europe. By July 2015 dozens of small, overcrowded inflatable boats arrived daily on the shores of Greek islands in the Aegean sea, the first point of entry in Europe for refugees seeking safety. From there they would traverse the European continent towards Germany, the destination of choice for the majority of them. A tweet by the German Federal Office for Migration and Refugees, that went live on August 25, 2015 stating that “#Dublin - proceedings of the Syrian nationals are, as a matter of fact, not yet pursued further by us at present” followed by a statement from the German Chancellor Angela Merkel during a press briefing on August 31, 2015 saying “I put it simply, Germany is a strong country … we have managed so many things - We can do this.” triggered what became one of the biggest population movements Europe had seen since the end of World War II. During the following months more than 1.4 million refugees, primarily from Syria, Iraq and Afghanistan crossed the Mediterranean sea and trekked towards Central & Northern Europe using what came to be known as the Balkan Migration Corridor. Next galleryDamascus under siege

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In a wide sense, cemented carbide refers to composite alloys binding the hard particles of carbides, nitrides, or carbonitrides of IVa, Va or VIa metals in the periodic table with iron-based metal. In particular, WC-Co-based alloys are widely used due to their excellent characteristics, and the general understanding is cemented carbide = WC-Co-based alloy. 1) Hardness increases dramatically as tungsten binds with carbon, resulting in high abrasion resistance. It is high in transverse rupture strength (bending strength), and delivers high reliability against forces in the bending direction. It has a high Young’s modulus (difficulty to bend), and excels in rigidity. While the history of the current cemented carbide goes back to the 1890s, the foundation for the current manufacturing method was established by K. Schroter in 1923, when he formed WC through the carbonization of W while reacting powders of W and C (carbon) in a hydrogen atmosphere, then added Co powder to the WC and sintered the mixture. In 1926, Friedlich Krupp in Germany industrialized cemented carbide in tools based on this technique, releasing products with the name Widia (Wie Diamant = like diamond). In 1928, the U.S. General Electric also released cemented carbide products, and research was begun by Toshiba, Sumitomo Electric Industries, and Mitsubishi Metal, each on their own, around 1928, to advance industrialization. Later it was found that alloys to which TiC, TaC, NbC and so forth was added, which have low reactivity against Fe, were better suited to steel cutting, and Krupp released the (WC-10% TiC-6%Co) alloy in 1931, establishing the foundation for cemented carbide as tools. Then grain-size adjustment technology with addition of trace amounts of VC, TaC and so forth to WC was studied in a WC-Co2-based system, creating particulate hard metal type H in 1929, and a high-toughness alloy was developed with the use of coarse-grain WC and increase in the amount of Co, leading to the introduction of 15% Co alloy in 1932. At present, various improvements have been made in cemented carbide, which is used in cutting, abrasion resistance, impact resistance, mining tools and so forth. In recent years, the development of methods to form hard film coating on the surface of cemented carbide using the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method or physical vapor deposition (PVD) method, and the special cemented carbide for coating has advanced, contributing to dramatic progress in the characteristics of tools.1) To see the whole table, scroll sideways. |Transverse rupture strength

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means that calves born of cows with good immunity have passive immunity (via colostrum) for the first 6-8 months of their lives; if they get vaccinated or infected naturally by ticks in this period often lifelong immunity occurs. Susceptible animals occur when: - Passive immune calves receive no booster infection or vaccination up to 8 months of age. - Animals are moved between clean and contaminated regions. - Total tick control is applied. - Animals, especially calves in dairies, are kept indoors ie. with no tick contact and then released onto pastures at a few months of age only. - Long periods of unusual weather cause an absence of contaminated ticks. Weather ie. rainfall and temperatures determine the geographical distribution of tick population that transmit red water (see attached map). Buying, selling and moving cattle also spreads the disease as tick populations hitch a ride from one farm or region to the next. This is not a simple problem. Please contact your vet for further recommendations.

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Democracy has changed into a capitalistic machine for firms and politicians. More and more countries round the entire world have their own forms of presidency. Just lately, democracy continues to be portrayed since the ideally suited govt all nations should have. Surely every kind of governments have their advantages and disadvantages. To even get started discussing the issues with fashionable democracy, initial the issue of, “What is democracy?” should be answered. Every time a definition tends to be set up and agreed upon, then you really can explore the historical past of democracy and just how it's got become what it is always at present.

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Contact: Andrew Kirshenbaum, Question: What's wrong with the way we vote now? The current system does not ensure that the majority rules. Candidates can win elections with less than a majority of the vote. This creates "spoilers" - candidates who cannot win themselves but who get enough votes to throw the election to some other candidate who is favored by a minority. It also "spoils" the better debate and higher voter participation we would have with more attention paid to worthy independent candidacies. This also means that a majority of voters may dislike the winner. This is in addition to the problem of the Electoral College, by which a candidate who wins the popular vote may actually lose the election! Question: Why is this an issue this year? Actually it's always an issue but rarely is it so obvious as this year, when the two major party candidates are neck and neck and a third party candidate threatens to 'spoil' the election in a few key battleground states. This means that the majority of voters may split their vote between two candidates, and fewer than half of the votes may choose the next president. That is not fair, and it's not democratic. Question: Why is this a problem? When you have a single-winner office (such as president), plurality elections cast doubt on the legitimacy of the winner when more people voted against the winner than for the winner. Most Americans think that "majority rule" means that the winner of an office such as the presidenct or governor should be supported by a majority of the voters. It's time for a strong leader to be president, and a plurality victory will make such leadership all the more difficult. Question: What solutions have been tried? Many nations (and U.S. states) use a runoff election to guarantee that the winner of the election gets a majority of the support. Runoffs have several problems: they often suffer from a sharp drop in turnout in the second round, they are costly to administer, and they lengthen campaigns, which most people already think are too long.. Question: Is there a better solution? Yes. It's called instant runoff voting, and it achieves the goal of a runoff election - majority rule - in a single election. All voters get to vote for their favorite candidate, but they also get to indicate a second choice in case their favorite candidate gets eliminated in the instant runoff. Everyone can vote for their favorite candidate without fear of helping their least favorite, and the true majority truly. Question: How do I find out more? To help those who may be unfamiliar with instant runoff voting, we have gathered some resources together and arranged them by topic. It's used in public elections, party nominations, endorsement processes and private organizations. Some of the more prominent users include: the mayor of London, president of Ireland, House of Representatives of Australia, the American Political Science Association (the people who study elections) and ICANN, the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers, the international body that provides technical oversight for the Internet. An initiative will appear on the ballot in Alaska in 2002 unless the legislature adopts instant runoffs first. The Vermont legislature is seriously considering instant runoff voting, in part because there is a competitive three-way governor's race this year. Legislation has been introduced in 6 other states and a similar number of municipalities over the last three years. These include Texas, Georgia, New Mexico, Utah, North Carolina and Pennsylvania and Austin (TX), San Francisco (CA), Santa Clara County (CA), Vancouver (WA), San Leandro (CA), Multnomah County (OR) and others. Voters in Vancouver (WA) and Santa Clara County (CA) passed initiatives to allow the use of instant runoffs. Do you have an incredibly clever, cute, graphical clip of the muppets using instant runoff voting? Yes. Click here for a demonstration of how the Muppets used instant runoff voting to elect a new CEO. Yes. All states are free to adopt instant runoff voting for local, state and federal elections. Neither federal law nor the U.S. Constitution prohibits instant runoff voting. Yes. Four states (Florida, Maryland, Indiana and Minnesota) used instant runoff voting in party primaries in the early part of this century. Several cities (New York City, Hopkins (MN), Ann Arbor (MI)) used instant runoffs in local elections. A variety of reasons, but important among them were a series of primary elections in which second choice votes played no role and the difficulty of counting ballots by hand. With automatic ballot counting equipment, instant runoff elections are no more difficult to administer than current elections. Because that would require a constitutional amendment. Instant runoff voting can be adopted at a local and state level without changing any federal law or the Constitution. The frequency is significant and growing. Click here for details about growing problem of non-majority winners in presidential, gubernatorial, senate and house races during the past 40 years. Click here for our report on the breakdown of majority rule in the 1996 presidential election. For more information, contact:

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Name an angle that is coterminal to 23˚ and what quadrant would that angle lie in? Coterminal angles are angles which, drawn in standard position, share a terminal side. To find a coterminal angle measurement, simply add 360 degrees or subtract 360 degrees. Any angle that is coterminal will lie in the same quadrant as the original angle measure. Coterminal angles would be: 360 + 23 = 383, 383 + 360 = 743, 23 - 360 = -337, etc. The solution for a coterminal angle of `23` degrees is `383` degrees , and lies in quadrant I.

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Fifth Anniversary of Virginia Tech Massacre Yesterday marked the fifth anniversary of the horrific shooting at Virginia Tech, where a mentally disturbed student named Seung-Hui Cho opened fire on his classmates, killing 32 and wounding 25 others. One of the victims was a Jewish Holocaust survivor and professor who used his body to barricade his classroom door to allow his students to escape. It was the deadliest shooting committed by a single person in American history. The shooting highlighted problems with national gun control legislation, including a lack of state compliance with a federal law that should have stopped the mentally disturbed student from being able to purchase guns and ammunition. While this specific problem was fixed in large part as a result of the shooting, the lapse of the Federal Assault Weapons Ban in 2004 has allowed for the proliferation of guns that use high-capacity ammunition clips, such as those used in the shooting, which are designed to inflict as much damage as possible without the need to reload. For the first time since the attack, Virginia Tech held classes on April 16. There was also a statewide moment of silence at 9:43 a.m., the time when shooting in the classroom building began (Cho had shot two other students in a residence hall by that point). Certainly we have an obligation to remember the victims of this tragedy. Jewish values emphasize the sanctity of human life and teach that the loss of even one life is as devastating as the loss of entire world. But our responsibility extends beyond that, too: to ensure that nothing like this ever happens again. Image courtesy of The Washington Post.

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Write a Python program which will read data for several students from a text file and create a list of lists to store that data. The data must be read from a text file named “Lab11.txt”. Each line in the text file contains the first name, last name, techid, number of credits earned, and number of quality points earned for a single student. The individual items of data on a line are separated by one or more spaces. You can see sample data in the D2L file “Lab11.txt”. Lab11.txt looks like: Max Medium 12345678 58 152 Jane Johnson 87654321 78 201 Bill Bupkiss 23456789 29 29 Nate Newby 98765432 0 0 Harold Humphries 11223344 43 160 Carol Cramer 22334455 102 400 Alvin Adams 33445566 67 120 Fred Frederick 44556677 81 250 Phillip Parker 55667788 44 168 Sam Spade 24681357 16 30 For each line that you read in, you are to split it apart and create a list of the individual items. You should also convert the number of credits and number of quality points to integers within this list. These individual lists are then to be concatenated into a list of lists. For example, the composition of your final data structure should be similar to what is shown below. Once you get your list constructed, print it so that I can verify that you’ve completed this part. Then go through your list and compute and output the gpa for each student in turn. Remember that gpa is quality points divided by credit hours. For this lab, you may use any string or list functions or methods that you wish. I know how to read in the whole file to a list: myFile = open("Lab11.txt", "r") myList = list(myfile) but I am having trouble splitting each line from the file into another list if i type it will print the first line please help with this assignment

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