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<s>[INST] How to diagnose Microhydranencephaly ? [/INST] How is microhydranencephaly diagnosed? A diagnosis of microhydranencephaly is generally suspected based on the presence of characteristic signs and symptoms. Additional testing can then be ordered to confirm the diagnosis. This generally consists of imaging studies to evaluate the brain for structural abnormalities and severe hydrocephalus (accumulation of fluid in the brain). </s>

<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Punctate palmoplantar keratoderma type 2 ? [/INST] What are the signs and symptoms of Punctate palmoplantar keratoderma type 2? The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for Punctate palmoplantar keratoderma type 2. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Aplasia/Hypoplasia of the skin 90% Palmoplantar keratoderma 90% Neoplasm of the skin 7.5% Autosomal dominant inheritance - Palmar telangiectasia - Plantar telangiectasia - Porokeratosis - The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common. </s>

<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Lipodystrophy, familial partial, type 2 ? [/INST] What are the signs and symptoms of Lipodystrophy, familial partial, type 2? The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for Lipodystrophy, familial partial, type 2. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Abnormality of lipid metabolism 90% Diabetes mellitus 90% Hepatomegaly 90% Insulin resistance 90% Lipoatrophy 90% Multiple lipomas 90% Round face 90% Skeletal muscle hypertrophy 90% Acute pancreatitis 75% Abnormality of the nail 50% Advanced eruption of teeth 50% Secondary amenorrhea 50% Thin skin 50% Abnormality of complement system 7.5% Acanthosis nigricans 7.5% Cellulitis 7.5% Congestive heart failure 7.5% Coronary artery disease 7.5% Cranial nerve paralysis 7.5% Glomerulopathy 7.5% Hepatic steatosis 7.5% Hypertrichosis 7.5% Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 7.5% Myalgia 7.5% Myopathy 7.5% Polycystic ovaries 7.5% Splenomegaly 7.5% Toxemia of pregnancy 7.5% Adipose tissue loss - Atherosclerosis - Autosomal dominant inheritance - Decreased subcutaneous fat - Enlarged peripheral nerve - Hirsutism - Hyperglycemia - Hyperinsulinemia - Hypertension - Hypertriglyceridemia - Hypoalphalipoproteinemia - Increased adipose tissue around the neck - Increased facial adipose tissue - Increased intraabdominal fat - Increased intramuscular fat - Insulin-resistant diabetes mellitus - Labial pseudohypertrophy - Loss of subcutaneous adipose tissue in limbs - Loss of truncal subcutaneous adipose tissue - Prominent superficial veins - Xanthomatosis - The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common. </s>

<s>[INST] What is (are) Schwannomatosis ? [/INST] Schwannomatosis is a rare form of neurofibromatosis that is primarily characterized by multiple schwannomas (benign tumors of the nervous system) in the absence of bilateral (affecting both sides) vestibular schwannomas. Signs and symptoms of the condition vary based on the size, location and number of schwannomas but may include pain; numbness; tingling; and/or weakness in the fingers and toes. Inherited forms of the disorder account for only 15 percent of all cases. In some of these families, schwannomatosis is caused by changes (mutations) in the SMARCB1 or LZTR1 genes; in other cases, the exact underlying cause is unknown. When inherited, the condition is passed down in an autosomal dominant manner with highly variable expressivity and reduced penetrance. Treatment is based on the signs and symptoms present in each person but may include medications and/or surgery. </s>

<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Schwannomatosis ? [/INST] What are the signs and symptoms of Schwannomatosis? Signs and symptoms of the schwannomatosis often develop during adulthood between ages 25 and 30. Affected people generally have multiple schwannomas, which are benign tumors of the nervous system. In schwannomatosis, these tumors can grow along any nerve in the body, although they are less common on the vestibular nerve (vestibular schwannomas, also known as acoustic neuromas). People with vestibular schwannomas, especially those with tumors affecting the vestibular nerve on both sides of the head (bilateral), may have neurofibromatosis type 2 instead. The signs and symptoms associated with schwannomatosis vary based on the size and location of the schwannomas. The most common symptom is chronic pain, which can develop as a growing schwannoma presses on nerves or surrounding tissues. Some people may develop a mass if the schwannomas is located just beneath the skin. Others can experience neurological symptoms such as numbness; tingling; and/or weakness in the fingers and toes. The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for Schwannomatosis. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Abnormality of the skin - Abnormality of the vertebral column - Autosomal dominant inheritance - Incomplete penetrance - Meningioma - Schwannoma - Somatic mutation - Spinal cord tumor - Variable expressivity - The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common. </s>

<s>[INST] What causes Schwannomatosis ? [/INST] What causes schwannomatosis? Some cases of schwannomatosis are caused by changes (mutations) in the SMARCB1 or LZTR1 genes. SMARCB1 and LZTR1 are tumor suppressor genes, which means that they encode a protein that stops cells from growing and dividing too rapidly or in an uncontrolled way. Mutations in these genes result in abnormal proteins that are unable to carry out their normal roles. This contributes to the development of the many different types of tumors found in schwannomatosis. When schwannomatosis is caused by a mutation in SMARCB1 or LZTR1, the affected person is typically born with one mutated copy of the gene in each cell and is, therefore, genetically predisposed to develop the tumors associated with the condition. For a tumor to form, two copies of the gene must be altered. The mutation in the second copy of the gene is considered a somatic mutation because it occurs during a person's lifetime and is not inherited. In affected people without a mutation in SMARCB1 or LZTR1, the underlying cause of the condition is unknown. </s>

<s>[INST] Is Schwannomatosis inherited ? [/INST] Is schwannomatosis inherited? Approximately 15% percent of all schwannomatosis cases are thought to be inherited. In these cases, the condition is thought to be inherited in an autosomal dominant manner with highly variable expressivity and reduced penetrance. This means that a person only needs a change (mutation) in one copy of the responsible gene in each cell to have a genetic predisposition to the tumors associated with schwannomatosis. In some cases, an affected person inherits the mutation from an affected parent. Other cases may result from new (de novo) mutations in the gene. These cases occur in people with no history of the disorder in their family. People with an inherited form of schwannomatosis have a 50% chance with each pregnancy of passing the condition on to the next generation. </s>

<s>[INST] How to diagnose Schwannomatosis ? [/INST] How is schwannomatosis diagnosed? A diagnosis of schwannomatosis is often suspected based on the presence of characteristic signs and symptoms, especially if there are other family members with the condition. Additional testing can then be ordered to further support the diagnosis and rule out other conditions with similar features (namely, neurofibromatosis type 2). This may include: Tumor pathology confirming that the growths are, in fact, schwannomas Imaging studies, such as an MRI examining the vestibular nerve. It is important to rule out the presence of bilateral (affecting both sides) vestibular schwannomas which would be suggestive of neurofibromatosis type 2 rather than schwannomatosis Genetic testing for a change (mutation) in the SMARCB1 or LZTR1 genes. Unfortunately, genetic testing is not informative in all people affected by schwannomatosis. </s>

<s>[INST] What are the treatments for Schwannomatosis ? [/INST] How might schwannomatosis be treated? Treatment for schwannomatosis is based on the signs and symptoms present in each person. For example, pain is one of the most common symptoms of the condition. Treatment with medications such as gabapentin or pregabalin and the use of short-acting opioids and/or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories for pain can be successful for many patients. If pain cannot be managed with other means or if the schwannomas are causing other symptoms, they can be surgically removed. However this treatment is often used as a last resort because surgery may put patients at risk of further neurologic problems. </s>

<s>[INST] What is (are) Usher syndrome, type 1B ? [/INST] Usher syndrome is a genetic condition characterized by hearing loss or deafness, and progressive vision loss due to retinitis pigmentosa. Three major types of Usher syndrome have been described - types I, II, and III. The different types are distinguished by their severity and the age when signs and symptoms appear. All three types are inherited in an autosomal recessive manner, which means both copies of the disease-causing gene in each cell have mutations. </s>

<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Usher syndrome, type 1B ? [/INST] What are the signs and symptoms of Usher syndrome, type 1B? The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for Usher syndrome, type 1B. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Absent vestibular function - Autosomal recessive inheritance - Heterogeneous - Motor delay - Rod-cone dystrophy - Sensorineural hearing impairment - Undetectable electroretinogram - Visual loss - The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common. </s>

<s>[INST] Is Usher syndrome, type 1B inherited ? [/INST] How is Usher syndrome inherited? Usher syndrome is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. This means that a person must have a change (mutation) in both copies of the disease-causing gene in each cell to have Usher syndrome. One mutated copy is typically inherited from each parent, who are each referred to as a carrier. Carriers of an autosomal recessive condition usually do not have any signs or symptoms. When two carriers of an autosomal recessive condition have children, each child has a 25% (1 in 4) chance to have the condition, a 50% (1 in 2) chance to be an unaffected carrier like each parent, and a 25% chance to not be a carrier and not be affected. </s>

<s>[INST] What is (are) Split hand split foot malformation autosomal recessive ? [/INST] Split hand foot malformation (SHFM) is a type of birth defect that consists of missing digits (fingers and/or toes), a deep cleft down the center of the hand or foot, and fusion of remaining digits. The severity of this condition varies widely among affected individuals. SHFM is sometimes called ectrodactyly; however, this is a nonspecific term used to describe missing digits. SHFM may occur by itself (isolated) or it may be part of a syndrome with abnormalities in other parts of the body. At least six different forms of isolated SHFM have been described. Each type is associated with a different underlying genetic cause. SHFM1 has been linked to chromosome 7, and SHFM2 is linked to the X chromosome. SHFM3 is caused by a duplication of chromosome 10 at position 10q24. Changes (mutations) in the TP63 gene cause SHFM4. SHFM5 is linked to chromosome 2, and SHFM6 is caused by mutations in the WNT10B gene. SHFM may be inherited in an autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, or X-linked manner. </s>

<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Woodhouse Sakati syndrome ? [/INST] What are the signs and symptoms of Woodhouse Sakati syndrome? The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for Woodhouse Sakati syndrome. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Abnormality of the genital system 90% Arrhythmia 90% Cognitive impairment 90% Hearing impairment 90% Type I diabetes mellitus 90% Anodontia 5% Hallucinations 5% Prominent nasal bridge 5% Protruding ear 5% Psychosis 5% Triangular face 5% Abnormality of extrapyramidal motor function - Alopecia - Autosomal recessive inheritance - Choreoathetosis - Decreased serum testosterone level - Decreased testicular size - Diabetes mellitus - Dysarthria - Dystonia - EKG: T-wave abnormalities - Fine hair - Hypergonadotropic hypogonadism - Hyperlipidemia - Hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism - Hypoplasia of the fallopian tube - Hypoplasia of the uterus - Intellectual disability - Micropenis - Phenotypic variability - Primary ovarian failure - Sensorineural hearing impairment - Sparse hair - Thyroid-stimulating hormone excess - The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common. </s>

<s>[INST] What is (are) Catamenial pneumothorax ? [/INST] Catamenial pneumothorax is an extremely rare condition that affects women. Pneumothorax is the medical term for a collapsed lung, a condition in which air or gas is trapped in the space surrounding the lungs causing the lungs to collapse. Women with catamenial pneumothorax have recurrent episodes of pneumothorax that occur within 72 hours before or after the start of menstruation. The exact cause of catamenial pneumothorax is unknown and several theories have been proposed. Many cases are associated with the abnormal development of endometrial tissue outside of the uterus (endometriosis). Some believe that catamenial pneumothorax is the most common form of thoracic endometriosis (a condition in which the endometrial tissue grows in or around the lungs). A diagnosis of catamenial pneumothorax is usually suspected when a woman of reproductive age and with endometriosis has episodes of pneumothorax. Treatment is with hormones and surgery. </s>

<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Catamenial pneumothorax ? [/INST] What are the signs and symptoms of Catamenial pneumothorax? The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for Catamenial pneumothorax. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Autosomal recessive inheritance - Decreased fertility - Dysmenorrhea - Endometriosis - Multifactorial inheritance - The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common. </s>

<s>[INST] What causes Catamenial pneumothorax ? [/INST] What causes catamenial pneumothorax? The exact cause is not known. However, spontaneous collapse of the lung (pneumothorax) occurs in 72% to 73% of cases of thoracic endometriosis. Thoracic endometriosis is a condition in which endometrial tissue is present in the chest (thoracic) cavity. It is more often seen in women who are about 34 years old. Thoracic endometriosis can be found in most cases of catamenial pneumothorax. Pneumothorax associated with endometriosis may also occur without being related with menstruation (non-catamenial pneumothorax) even in cases with no symptoms or without diagnosis of pelvic endometriosis. </s>

<s>[INST] How to diagnose Catamenial pneumothorax ? [/INST] How might catamenial pneumothorax be diagnosed? The diagnosis should be suspected in women of reproductive age who have several episodes of spontaneous lung collapse (pneumothoraces) and have endometriosis. Medical thoracoscopy or video-assisted thoracoscopy may confirm the diagnosis. </s>

<s>[INST] What are the treatments for Catamenial pneumothorax ? [/INST] How might catamenial pneumothorax be treated? Treatment of choice is with surgery, with video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS). Conventional thoracotomy may be occasionally necessary, particularly in repeat operations. It is very important to examine the large, thin tissue lining around the outside of the lungs and the inside of the chest cavity (pleura). Hormonal treatment with surgery prevents the repeat of catamenial and/or endometriosis-related pneumothorax. Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) for 6 to 12 months after the surgery is also often recommended. </s>

<s>[INST] What is (are) Peyronie disease ? [/INST] Peyronie disease is a connective tissue disorder characterized by a plaque, or hard lump, that forms within the penis. Affected individuals may experience painful, curved erections which can make make normal sexual intercourse impossible. Symptoms may appear suddenly or develop gradually. While the painful erections for most men resolve over time, the scar tissue and curvature may remain. Some cases appear to resolve spontaneously. The exact cause of Peyronie's disease is not known. </s>

<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Peyronie disease ? [/INST] What are the signs and symptoms of Peyronie disease? The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for Peyronie disease. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Abnormality of the genitourinary system - Abnormality of the skeletal system - The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common. </s>

<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Juberg Marsidi syndrome ? [/INST] What are the signs and symptoms of Juberg Marsidi syndrome? The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for Juberg Marsidi syndrome. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Abnormality of the palate 90% Anteverted nares 90% Cognitive impairment 90% Depressed nasal bridge 90% Microcephaly 90% Narrow forehead 90% Short stature 90% Tented upper lip vermilion 90% Behavioral abnormality 50% Genu valgum 50% Neurological speech impairment 50% Obesity 50% Seizures 35% Abnormality of the hip bone 7.5% Camptodactyly of finger 7.5% Cryptorchidism 7.5% Low posterior hairline 7.5% Wide mouth 7.5% Abnormality of blood and blood-forming tissues - Brachydactyly syndrome - Coarse facial features - Constipation - Decreased testicular size - Delayed skeletal maturation - Dolichocephaly - Drooling - Epicanthus - Exotropia - Gastroesophageal reflux - High palate - Hyperactivity - Hyperreflexia - Hypertelorism - Hypogonadism - Hypoplasia of midface - Hypospadias - Infantile muscular hypotonia - Intellectual disability, progressive - Intellectual disability, severe - Kyphoscoliosis - Lower limb hypertonia - Low-set ears - Macroglossia - Malar flattening - Micropenis - Microtia - Open mouth - Optic atrophy - Paroxysmal bursts of laughter - Pes planus - Phenotypic variability - Posteriorly rotated ears - Protruding tongue - Ptosis - Radial deviation of finger - Renal hypoplasia - Scrotal hypoplasia - Sensorineural hearing impairment - Short neck - Short upper lip - Slender finger - Talipes calcaneovalgus - Talipes equinovarus - Tapered finger - Thick lower lip vermilion - Triangular nasal tip - Upslanted palpebral fissure - U-Shaped upper lip vermilion - Vesicoureteral reflux - Vomiting - Wide nasal bridge - Widely-spaced maxillary central incisors - X-linked recessive inheritance - The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common. </s>

<s>[INST] What is (are) Congenital mirror movement disorder ? [/INST] Congenital mirror movement disorder (CMM) is a rare condition that is characterized by mirror movements (involuntary movements of one side of the body that mirror intentional movements on the opposite side). Affected people generally develop these movements in infancy or early childhood, which usually persist throughout their life without any related signs or symptoms. In most cases, the involuntary movements are noticeable but less pronounced than the corresponding voluntary movements; however, the severity of symptoms can vary significantly, even among family members. CMM can be caused by changes (mutations) in the DCC or RAD51 genes and inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. In some families, the exact underlying cause of CMM is unknown. </s>

<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Congenital mirror movement disorder ? [/INST] What are the signs and symptoms of Congenital mirror movement disorder? The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for Congenital mirror movement disorder. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Incomplete penetrance 50% Autosomal dominant inheritance - Bimanual synkinesia - The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common. </s>

<s>[INST] What is (are) Partington syndrome ? [/INST] Partington syndrome is a rare neurological condition that is primarily characterized by mild to moderate intellectual disability and dystonia of the hands. Other signs and symptoms may include dysarthria, behavioral abnormalities, recurrent seizures and/or an unusual gait (style of walking). Partington syndrome usually occurs in males; when it occurs in females, the signs and symptoms are often less severe. It is caused by changes (mutations) in the ARX gene and is inherited in an X-linked recessive manner. Treatment is based on the signs and symptoms present in each person. </s>

<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Partington syndrome ? [/INST] What are the signs and symptoms of Partington syndrome? The signs and symptoms of Partington syndrome vary but may include: Mild to moderate intellectual disability Behavioral issues Dystonia, especially affecting the movement of the hands Dysarthria Abnormal gait (style of walking) Recurrent seizures Partington syndrome usually occurs in males; when it occurs in females, the signs and symptoms are often less severe. The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for Partington syndrome. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Delayed speech and language development - Dysarthria - EEG abnormality - Flexion contracture - Focal dystonia - Intellectual disability - Limb dystonia - Lower limb spasticity - Seizures - Triangular face - X-linked recessive inheritance - The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common. </s>

<s>[INST] What causes Partington syndrome ? [/INST] What causes Partington syndrome? Partington syndrome is caused by changes (mutations) in the ARX gene, which encodes a protein that regulates the activity of other genes. This protein is particularly important in the developing brain where it plays many roles (i.e. assisting with the movement and communication of neurons). Specific changes in the ARX gene impair the function of the protein, which may disrupt normal neuronal migration. This can lead to the many signs and symptoms associated with Partington syndrome. </s>

<s>[INST] Is Partington syndrome inherited ? [/INST] Is Partington syndrome inherited? Partington syndrome is inherited in an X-linked recessive manner. A condition is considered X-linked if the mutated gene that causes the condition is located on the X chromosome, one of the two sex chromosomes (the Y chromosome is the other sex chromosome). Women have two X chromosomes and men have an X and a Y chromosome. In X-linked recessive conditions, men develop the condition if they inherit one gene mutation (they have only one X chromosome). Females are generally only affected if they have two gene mutations (they have two X chromosomes), although some females may rarely have a mild form of the condition if they only inherit one mutation. A woman with an X-linked recessive condition will pass the mutation on to all of her sons and daughters. This means that all of her sons will have the condition and all of her daughters will be carriers. A man with an X-linked recessive condition will pass the mutation to all of his daughters (carriers) and none of his sons. </s>

<s>[INST] What are the treatments for Partington syndrome ? [/INST] How might Partington syndrome be treated? The treatment of Partington syndrome is based on the signs and symptoms present in each person. For example, dystonia of the hands and other parts of the body may be treated with a variety of therapies including medications and/or physical therapy. Speech therapy may be recommended for children with dysarthria. Medications may be prescribed to help prevent and/or control recurrent seizures. Children with mild to moderate intellectual disability may benefit from special education services. For personalized information about the treatment and management of Partington syndrome, please speak to a healthcare provider. </s>

<s>[INST] What is (are) Aplasia cutis congenita ? [/INST] Aplasia cutis congenita is a condition in which there is congenital (present from birth) absence of skin, with or without the absence of underlying structures such as bone. It most commonly affects the scalp, but any location of the body can be affected. While most people with aplasia cutis congenita have no other abnormalities, some people have congenital malformations involving the cardiovascular (heart), gastrointestinal, genitourinary, and central nervous systems. The cause of this condition is unclear and appears to be multifactorial (many different factors appear to play a role); contributing factors may include teratogens, genes, trauma, and compromised skin perfusion. </s>

<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Aplasia cutis congenita ? [/INST] What are the signs and symptoms of Aplasia cutis congenita? The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for Aplasia cutis congenita. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Skull defect 90% Spinal dysraphism 90% Skin ulcer 50% Abnormality of bone mineral density 7.5% Abnormality of coagulation 7.5% Facial palsy 7.5% Aplasia cutis congenita over the scalp vertex - Autosomal dominant inheritance - Autosomal recessive inheritance - The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common. </s>

<s>[INST] What causes Aplasia cutis congenita ? [/INST] What causes aplasia cutis congenita? There is no one cause for all cases of aplasia cutis congenita. The condition is thought to be multifactorial, which means that several factors likely interact to cause the condition. Factors that may contribute include genetic factors; teratogens (exposures during pregnancy that can harm a developing fetus) such as methimazole, carbimazole, misoprostol, and valproic acid; compromised vasculature to the skin; and trauma. Some cases may represent an incomplete or unusual form of a neural tube defect. Familial cases of aplasia cutis congenita have been reported. Cases that appear to be genetic may be inherited in an autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive manner. </s>

<s>[INST] What are the treatments for Aplasia cutis congenita ? [/INST] How might aplasia cutis congenita be treated? The management of aplasia cutis congenita of the scalp is controversial.; both surgical and conservative treatment modalities have their proponents and opponents. The decision to use medical, surgical, or both forms of therapy in aplasia cutis congenita depends primarily on the size, depth, and location of the skin defect. Local therapy includes gentle cleansing and the application of bland ointment or silver sulfadiazine ointment to keep the area moist. Antibiotics may be utilized if overt signs of infection are noted. In many cases, other treatment is not necessary because the erosions and the ulcerations almost always heal on their own. Recently, a variety of specialized dressing materials have been developed and used. Surgical repair is not usually indicated if the defect is small. Recovery is generally uneventful, with gradual epithelialization and formation of a hairless, atrophic scar over several weeks. Small underlying bony defects usually close spontaneously during the first year of life. Surgical repair of large or multiple scalp defects may require excision with primary closure, if feasible, or the use of tissue expanders and rotation of a flap to fill the defect. On occasion, skin and bone grafts may also be required. </s>

<s>[INST] What is (are) Congenital lobar emphysema ? [/INST] Congenital lobar emphysema is a rare respiratory disorder in which air can enter the lungs but cannot escape, causing overinflation (hyperinflation) of the lobes of the lung. It is most often detected in newborns or young infants, but some cases do not become apparent until adulthood. Signs and symptoms may include difficulty breathing and respiratory distress in infancy, an enlarged chest, compressed lung tissue, cyanosis, and underdevelopment of the cartilage that supports the bronchial tube (bronchial hypoplasia). This disorder may be severe enough to cause associated heart problems (15% of cases) or so mild as to never become apparent. Some cases may be caused by autosomal dominant inheritance while others occur for no apparent reason (sporadic). </s>

<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Congenital lobar emphysema ? [/INST] What are the signs and symptoms of Congenital lobar emphysema? The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for Congenital lobar emphysema. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Emphysema 90% Respiratory insufficiency 90% Abnormality of immune system physiology 50% Autosomal dominant inheritance - Bronchial cartilage hypoplasia - Respiratory distress - The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common. </s>

<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Congenital dyserythropoietic anemia type 3 ? [/INST] What are the signs and symptoms of Congenital dyserythropoietic anemia type 3? The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for Congenital dyserythropoietic anemia type 3. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Autosomal dominant inheritance - Congenital hypoplastic anemia - Hemosiderinuria - Jaundice - Macrocytic anemia - The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common. </s>

<s>[INST] What is (are) Glycogen storage disease type 7 ? [/INST] Glycogen storage disease type 7 (GSD7) is an inherited condition in which the body is unable to break down glycogen (a complex sugar) in the muscle cells. Because glycogen is an important source of energy, this can interfere with the normal functioning of muscle cells. The severity of the condition and the associated signs and symptoms vary, but may include muscle weakness and stiffness; painful muscle cramps; nausea and vomiting; and/or myoglobinuria (the presence of myoglobin in the urine) following moderate to strenuous exercise. Symptoms typically resolve with rest. GSD7 is most commonly diagnosed during childhood; however, some affected people may rarely develop symptoms during infancy or later in adulthood. Those who develop the condition during infancy may experience additional symptoms such as hypotonia (poor muscle tone), cardiomyopathy and breathing difficulties that often lead to a shortened lifespan (less than 1 year). This condition is caused by changes (mutations) in the PFKM gene and is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. There is no specific treatment for GSD7; however, affected people are generally advised to avoid vigorous exercise and high-carbohydrate meals. </s>

<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Glycogen storage disease type 7 ? [/INST] What are the signs and symptoms of Glycogen storage disease type 7? The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for Glycogen storage disease type 7. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Myotonia 90% Skeletal muscle atrophy 50% Autosomal recessive inheritance - Cholelithiasis - Exercise intolerance - Exercise-induced muscle cramps - Exercise-induced myoglobinuria - Gout - Hemolytic anemia - Increased muscle glycogen content - Increased total bilirubin - Jaundice - Muscle weakness - Reduced erythrocyte 2,3-diphosphoglycerate concentration - Reticulocytosis - Variable expressivity - The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common. </s>

<s>[INST] What is (are) Systemic scleroderma ? [/INST] Systemic scleroderma is an autoimmune disorder that affects the skin and internal organs. It is characterized by the buildup of scar tissue (fibrosis) in the skin and other organs. The fibrosis is caused by the body's production of too much collagen, which normally strengthens and supports connective tissues. The signs and symptoms of systemic scleroderma usually begin with episodes of Raynaud's phenomenon, which can occur weeks to years before fibrosis. This may be followed by puffy or swollen hands before the skin becomes thickened and hard. Fibrosis can also affect internal organs and can lead to impairment or failure of the affected organs. The most commonly affected organs are the esophagus, heart, lungs, and kidneys. There are three types of systemic scleroderma, defined by the tissues affected in the disorder. Diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis Limited cutaneous systemic sclerosis (which includes CREST syndrome) Limited systemic sclerosis (systemic sclerosis sine scleroderma) </s>

<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Systemic scleroderma ? [/INST] What are the signs and symptoms of Systemic scleroderma? The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for Systemic scleroderma. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Abnormality of the gastric mucosa 90% Acrocyanosis 90% Arthralgia 90% Arthritis 90% Atypical scarring of skin 90% Autoimmunity 90% Chest pain 90% Chondrocalcinosis 90% Edema 90% Hyperkeratosis 90% Lack of skin elasticity 90% Myalgia 90% Nausea and vomiting 90% Skeletal muscle atrophy 90% Weight loss 90% Abnormality of the myocardium 50% Abnormality of the pericardium 50% Carious teeth 50% Feeding difficulties in infancy 50% Gangrene 50% Malabsorption 50% Mucosal telangiectasiae 50% Myositis 50% Pulmonary fibrosis 50% Pulmonary infiltrates 50% Respiratory insufficiency 50% Skin ulcer 50% Telangiectasia of the skin 50% Trismus 50% Xerostomia 50% Abnormal renal physiology 7.5% Abnormal tendon morphology 7.5% Arrhythmia 7.5% Bowel incontinence 7.5% Coronary artery disease 7.5% Erectile abnormalities 7.5% Hypertensive crisis 7.5% Irregular hyperpigmentation 7.5% Migraine 7.5% Narrow mouth 7.5% Osteolysis 7.5% Osteomyelitis 7.5% Peripheral neuropathy 7.5% Pulmonary hypertension 7.5% Seizures 7.5% Abnormality of chromosome stability - Abnormality of the abdomen - Autosomal dominant inheritance - Calcinosis - Sclerodactyly - Scleroderma - Telangiectasia - The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common. </s>

<s>[INST] What causes Systemic scleroderma ? [/INST] What causes systemic scleroderma? The exact, underlying cause of systemic sclerosis is unknown. The cause appears to involve some injury to the cells that line blood vessels, resulting in excessive activation of dermal connective tissue cells, called fibroblasts. Fibroblasts normally produce collagen and other proteins. Build-up of collagen in the skin and other organs causes the signs and symptoms of the condition. It is suspected that scleroderma may develop from a variety of factors, which may include: Abnormal immune or inflammatory activity Genetic susceptibility: while no specific genes are thought to cause scleroderma, certain genes (or combination of genes) may increase a person's risk to be affected. However, the condition is not passed directly from parents to children. Environmental triggers: suspected triggers may include infections; injury; drugs (e.g. vitamin K, cocaine, penicillamine, appetite suppressants and some chemotherapeutic agents); and chemicals (e.g. silica, organic solvents, pesticides, aliphatic hydrocarbons and epoxy resin). Hormones: because women develop scleroderma more often than men, researchers suspect that hormones may play a role. However, the role of female hormones has not been proven. Widespread scleroderma can also occur in association with other autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus and polymyositis. </s>

<s>[INST] Is Systemic scleroderma inherited ? [/INST] Is systemic scleroderma inherited? Most cases of systemic scleroderma are sporadic and are not inherited. This means the condition typically occurs in people with no history of the condition in their family. Some people with systemic scleroderma have relatives with other autoimmune disorders, and a few cases of the condition have been reported to run in families. However, the condition is not caused by a single gene that is passed on to offspring. Multiple genetic and environmental factors likely interact to put someone at an increased risk to develop the condition. </s>

<s>[INST] How to diagnose Systemic scleroderma ? [/INST] Is genetic testing available for systemic scleroderma? Because systemic scleroderma is not caused by a mutation in any one specific gene, clinical genetic testing to confirm a diagnosis or identify a "carrier" is not currently available. Even if someone is known to carry a version of a gene that may make them susceptible to the condition, it does not mean they will definitely develop the condition. You can view a list of centers that may be involved in research projects on systemic scleroderma on Orphanet's Web site. You can also view a list of clinical trials involving people with systemic scleroderma on ClinicalTrials.gov. People interested in learning more about genes and genetic testing for systemic scleroderma should speak with a genetics professional. </s>

<s>[INST] What is (are) Spinocerebellar ataxia 11 ? [/INST] Spinocerebellar ataxia type 11 (SCA11) is characterized by progressive cerebellar ataxia (difficulty walking and balance) and abnormal eye signs (jerky pursuit, horizontal and vertical movements (nystagmus), pyramidal features (increased muscular tonus, increased reflexes and an abnormal reflex known as Babinski sign and inability to make to perform fine movements), peripheral neuropathy with numbness, weakness or pain in the feet or hands or other places of the body and dystonia. It is a very rare disease and very few patients have been reported to date. In them, age of onset ranged from the early teens to the second decade of life and life span was normal. Diagnosis is based on signs and symptoms and with a genetic exam showing an alteration (mutation) in the TTBK2 gene. It is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. Treatment may include speech and language therapy for talking and swallowing problems, occupational therapy, including home adaptations, physiotherapy and use of assistive walking devices and ankle-foot orthotics (AFOs) for those with neuropathy. </s>

<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Spinocerebellar ataxia 11 ? [/INST] What are the signs and symptoms of Spinocerebellar ataxia 11? The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for Spinocerebellar ataxia 11. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Adult onset - Autosomal dominant inheritance - Cerebellar atrophy - Dysarthria - Hyperreflexia - Nystagmus - Progressive cerebellar ataxia - The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common. </s>

<s>[INST] Is Spinocerebellar ataxia 11 inherited ? [/INST] How is spinocerebellar ataxia type 11 inherited? SCA11 is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. The rate of de novo mutations is not known. Each child of an individual with SCA11 has a 50% chance of inheriting the mutation. Prenatal diagnosis for at-risk pregnancies is possible if the diagnosis has been confirmed by molecular genetic testing in a parent. Each child of an individual with SCA11 has a 50% chance of inheriting the mutation. Genetic testing of adults who do not have any symptoms but are at-risk of having inherited the mutation is possible. However, testing is not useful in predicting age of onset, severity, type of symptoms, or rate of progression in individuals who do not have any symptom. The affected family member should be tested first to confirm the molecular diagnosis in the family. The best person who can answer questions and address any concerns about inheritance questions is a genetic professional. To find a genetics clinic, we recommend that you contact your primary healthcare provider for a referral. The following online resources can also help you find a genetics professional in your community: GeneTests offers a searchable directory of U.S. and international genetics and prenatal diagnosis clinics. https://www.genetests.org/clinics The National Society of Genetic Counselors provides a searchable directory of US and international genetic counseling services. http://nsgc.org/p/cm/ld/fid=164 The American College of Medical Genetics has a searchable database of US genetics clinics. https://www.acmg.net/ACMG/Find_Genetic_Services/ACMG/ISGweb/FindaGeneticService.aspx?hkey=720856ab-a827-42fb-a788-b618b15079f9 The University of Kansas Medical Center provides a list of US and international genetic centers, clinics, and departments. http://www.kumc.edu/GEC/prof/genecntr.html The American Society of Human Genetics maintains a database of its members, which includes individuals who live outside of the United States. Visit the link to obtain a list of the geneticists in your country, some of whom may be researchers that do not provide medical care. http://www.ashg.org/pages/member_search.shtml The Genetic Testing Registry (GTR) is a centralized online resource for information about genetic tests. The intended audience for the GTR is health care providers and researchers. Patients and consumers with specific questions about a genetic test should contact a health care provider or a genetics professional. Please see a list of laboratories offering the genetic test for spinocerebellar ataxia type 11. For detailed information on testing, inheritance and genetic counseling and a comprehensive review of spinocerebellar ataxia type 11 you can visit GeneReviews. GeneReviews provides current, expert-authored, peer-reviewed, full-text articles describing the application of genetic testing to the diagnosis, management, and genetic counseling of patients with specific inherited conditions. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1757/ </s>

<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Stratton-Garcia-Young syndrome ? [/INST] What are the signs and symptoms of Stratton-Garcia-Young syndrome? The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for Stratton-Garcia-Young syndrome. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Abnormality of the mitral valve 90% Abnormality of the palate 90% Abnormality of the shoulder 90% Brachydactyly syndrome 90% Cognitive impairment 90% Convex nasal ridge 90% Hernia of the abdominal wall 90% Long thorax 90% Micromelia 90% Reduced number of teeth 90% The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common. </s>

<s>[INST] What is (are) Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome type 3 ? [/INST] Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome is an inherited condition that mainly affects the brain, immune system, and skin. It is characterized by early-onset severe brain dysfunction (encephalopathy) that usually results in severe intellectual and physical disability. Additional symptoms may include epilepsy, painful, itchy skin lesion (chilblains), vision problems, and joint stiffness. Symptoms usually progress over several months before the disease course stabilizes. There are six different types of Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome, which are distinguished by the gene that causes the condition: TREX1, RNASEH2A, RNASEH2B, RNASEH2C, SAMHD1, and ADAR genes. Most cases are inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, although rare autosomal dominant cases have been reported. Treatment is symptomatic and supportive. </s>

<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome type 3 ? [/INST] What are the signs and symptoms of Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome type 3? The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome type 3. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Autosomal recessive inheritance - Cerebral calcification - CSF lymphocytic pleiocytosis - Death in childhood - Delayed myelination - Dystonia - Elevated hepatic transaminases - Encephalopathy - Hepatosplenomegaly - Hyperreflexia - Hypoplasia of the corpus callosum - Muscular hypotonia - Nystagmus - Progressive microcephaly - Severe global developmental delay - Spasticity - Thrombocytopenia - The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common. </s>

<s>[INST] What is (are) Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, vascular type ? [/INST] Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS), vascular type is an inherited connective tissue disorder that is caused by defects in a protein called collagen. It is generally considered the most severe form of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. Common symptoms include thin, translucent skin; easy bruising; characteristic facial appearance; and fragile arteries, muscles and internal organs. EDS, vascular type is caused by changes (mutations) in the COL3A1 gene and is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. Treatment and management is focused on preventing serious complications and relieving associated signs and symptoms. </s>

<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, vascular type ? [/INST] What are the signs and symptoms of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, vascular type? The signs and symptoms of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS), vascular type vary but may include: Fragile tissues (including arteries, muscles and internal organs) that are prone to rupture Thin, translucent skin Characteristic facial appearance (thin lips, small chin, thin nose, large eyes) Acrogeria (premature aging of the skin of the hands and feet) Hypermobility of small joints (i.e. fingers and toes) Early-onset varicose veins Pneumothorax Easy bruising Joint dislocations and subluxations (partial dislocation) Congenital dislocation of the hips Congenital clubfoot Receding gums The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, vascular type. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Abnormality of coagulation 90% Abnormality of the eyelashes 90% Abnormality of the hip bone 90% Abnormality of the mitral valve 90% Abnormality of the pleura 90% Acrocyanosis 90% Aneurysm 90% Aortic dissection 90% Aplasia/Hypoplasia of the earlobes 90% Aplasia/Hypoplasia of the eyebrow 90% Bladder diverticulum 90% Bruising susceptibility 90% Carious teeth 90% Cognitive impairment 90% Cryptorchidism 90% Epicanthus 90% Flexion contracture 90% Gastrointestinal infarctions 90% Hypermelanotic macule 90% Hypertelorism 90% Hypokalemia 90% Low-set, posteriorly rotated ears 90% Melanocytic nevus 90% Pectus excavatum 90% Peripheral arteriovenous fistula 90% Prematurely aged appearance 90% Short stature 90% Sprengel anomaly 90% Telecanthus 90% Thin skin 90% Glaucoma 50% Malar flattening 50% Premature birth 50% Proptosis 50% Respiratory insufficiency 50% Talipes 50% Telangiectasia of the skin 50% Thin vermilion border 50% Venous insufficiency 50% Abnormality of hair texture 7.5% Abnormality of the intestine 7.5% Abnormality of the palate 7.5% Abnormality of the pulmonary artery 7.5% Abnormality of the pupil 7.5% Alopecia 7.5% Aplasia/Hypoplasia of the abdominal wall musculature 7.5% Apnea 7.5% Arterial dissection 7.5% Atypical scarring of skin 7.5% Blue sclerae 7.5% Cerebral ischemia 7.5% Cutis laxa 7.5% Cystocele 7.5% Decreased corneal thickness 7.5% Deeply set eye 7.5% Dilatation of the ascending aorta 7.5% Displacement of the external urethral meatus 7.5% Gingival overgrowth 7.5% Gingivitis 7.5% Hematuria 7.5% Joint dislocation 7.5% Joint hypermobility 7.5% Microdontia 7.5% Migraine 7.5% Narrow nasal bridge 7.5% Osteoarthritis 7.5% Osteolysis 7.5% Premature loss of primary teeth 7.5% Ptosis 7.5% Reduced consciousness/confusion 7.5% Renovascular hypertension 7.5% Trismus 7.5% Umbilical hernia 7.5% Uterine rupture 7.5% Vertigo 7.5% Abnormality of the urinary system - Absent earlobe - Acroosteolysis (feet) - Alopecia of scalp - Autosomal dominant inheritance - Cerebral aneurysm - Cigarette-paper scars - Fragile skin - Hemoptysis - Hypermobility of distal interphalangeal joints - Inguinal hernia - Keratoconus - Mitral valve prolapse - Molluscoid pseudotumors - Osteolytic defects of the phalanges of the hand - Periodontitis - Premature delivery because of cervical insufficiency or membrane fragility - Premature loss of teeth - Spontaneous pneumothorax - Talipes equinovarus - Uterine prolapse - The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common. </s>

<s>[INST] What causes Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, vascular type ? [/INST] What causes Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, vascular type? Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS), vascular type is caused by changes (mutations) in the COL3A1 gene. The COL3A1 gene provides instructions for making a component of type III collagen. Collagen is a protein that provides structure and strength to connective tissues throughout the body. Type III collagen, specifically, is found in tissues such as the skin, lungs, intestinal walls, and the walls of blood vessels. Mutations in the COL3A1 gene lead to defects in type III collagen molecules and/or reduced amounts of functional type III collagen. This causes the many signs and symptoms associated with EDS, vascular type. </s>

<s>[INST] Is Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, vascular type inherited ? [/INST] Is Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, vascular type inherited? Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS), vascular type is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. This means that to be affected, a person only needs a change (mutation) in one copy of the responsible gene in each cell. In some cases, an affected person inherits the mutation from an affected parent. Other cases may result from new (de novo) mutations in the gene. These cases occur in people with no history of the disorder in their family. A person with EDS, vascular type has a 50% chance with each pregnancy of passing along the altered gene to his or her child. </s>

<s>[INST] How to diagnose Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, vascular type ? [/INST] How is Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, vascular type diagnosed? A diagnosis of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS), vascular type is typically based on the presence of characteristic signs and symptoms. Genetic testing for a change (mutation) in the COL3A1 gene can then be ordered to confirm the diagnosis. Collagen typing performed on a skin biopsy may be recommended if genetic testing is inconclusive. Collagen is a tough, fiber-like protein that makes up about a third of body protein. It is part of the structure of tendons, bones, and connective tissues. People with EDS, vascular type have abnormalities in type III collagen. </s>

<s>[INST] What are the treatments for Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, vascular type ? [/INST] How might Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, vascular type be treated? The treatment and management of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS), vascular type is focused on relieving associated signs and symptoms and preventing serious complications. For example, people with EDS, vascular type have tissue fragility that puts them at high risk for rupture of arteries, muscles and internal organs. It is, therefore, important to seek immediate medical attention for any sudden, unexplained pain as emergency surgery may be indicated. Pregnant women with EDS, vascular type should be followed by a maternal-fetal specialists at a high-risk perinatal center. Periodic screening may be recommended to diagnose aneurysms or other problems that may not be associated with obvious symptoms. People with the EDS, vascular type should also minimize risk of injury by avoiding contact sports, heavy lifting, and weight training. Elective surgery is also discouraged. GeneReview's Web site offers more specific information about the treatment and management of EDS, vascular type. Please click on the link to access this resource. Please speak to your healthcare provider if you have any questions about your personal medical management plan. </s>

<s>[INST] What is (are) Asthma ? [/INST] Asthma is a breathing disorder that affects the airways. People with this condition experience recurrent swelling and narrowing of the airways of the lungs which is associated with wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing. Most affected people have episodes of symptoms ("asthma attacks") followed by symptom-free periods; however, some may experience persistent shortness of breath in between attacks. Asthma is considered a complex or multifactorial condition that is likely due to a combination of multiple genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. Many people with asthma have a personal or family history of allergies, such as hay fever or eczema. Having a family member with asthma is associated with an increased risk of developing the condition. Treatment generally includes various medications, both to prevent asthma attacks and to provide quick relief during an attack. </s>

<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Asthma ? [/INST] What are the signs and symptoms of Asthma? The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for Asthma. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Asthma - The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common. </s>

<s>[INST] What is (are) Autosomal recessive optic atrophy, hearing loss, and peripheral neuropathy ? [/INST] Autosomal recessive optic atrophy, hearing loss, and peripheral neuropathy is a neurological condition described by Iwashita et al. in 1969 in a Korean brother and sister. This condition is characterized by variable degrees of hearing loss, distal weakness and loss of muscle tissue (atrophy) in the upper limbs, variable degrees of weakness and atrophy of the lower limbs, and optic atrophy with or without visual impairment. Autosomal recessive inheritance has been suggested. </s>

<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Autosomal recessive optic atrophy, hearing loss, and peripheral neuropathy ? [/INST] What are the signs and symptoms of Autosomal recessive optic atrophy, hearing loss, and peripheral neuropathy? The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for Autosomal recessive optic atrophy, hearing loss, and peripheral neuropathy. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Areflexia - Autosomal recessive inheritance - Broad-based gait - Distal muscle weakness - Distal sensory impairment - Distal upper limb amyotrophy - Gait ataxia - Joint contracture of the hand - Optic atrophy - Pectus excavatum - Peripheral demyelination - Positive Romberg sign - Progressive sensorineural hearing impairment - Short thumb - Thoracic scoliosis - Ulnar deviation of the hand - Variable expressivity - Visual impairment - The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common. </s>

<s>[INST] What is (are) Keutel syndrome ? [/INST] Keutel syndrome is an inherited condition characterized by cartilage calcification in the ears, nose, larnyx, trachea (voice box), and ribs; pulmonary artery stenoses; brachytelephalangism (short fingers and nails that resemble drumsticks); and facial dysmorphism. Less than 30 cases have been reported in the literature. The majority of affected individuals have been diagnosed during childhood. Other associated features may include hearing loss, recurrent otitis and/or sinusitis, mild intellectual disability, frequent respiratory infections, nasal speech and rarely, seizures, and short stature. This condition is inherited in an autosomal recessive fashion and is caused by mutations in the MGP gene. </s>

<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Keutel syndrome ? [/INST] What are the signs and symptoms of Keutel syndrome? The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for Keutel syndrome. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Calcification of cartilage 90% Depressed nasal bridge 90% Long face 90% Malar flattening 90% Short distal phalanx of finger 90% Tracheal stenosis 90% Abnormality of the voice 50% Chondrocalcinosis 50% Cognitive impairment 50% Hearing impairment 50% Otitis media 50% Pulmonary hypertension 50% Recurrent respiratory infections 50% Sinusitis 50% Sloping forehead 50% Underdeveloped nasal alae 50% Ventricular septal defect 50% Alopecia 7.5% Aplasia/Hypoplasia of the skin 7.5% Cutis laxa 7.5% Optic atrophy 7.5% Seizures 7.5% Short stature 7.5% Autosomal recessive inheritance - Calcification of the auricular cartilage - Cartilaginous ossification of larynx - Cartilaginous ossification of nose - Cerebral calcification - Chronic sinusitis - Costal cartilage calcification - Deep philtrum - Epiphyseal stippling - Growth abnormality - Hypoplasia of midface - Intellectual disability, mild - Macrotia - Nasal speech - Peripheral pulmonary artery stenosis - Premature fusion of phalangeal epiphyses - Pulmonary artery hypoplasia - Pulmonic stenosis - Recurrent bronchitis - Recurrent otitis media - Short hallux - Short thumb - Spontaneous abortion - The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common. </s>

<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Male pseudohermaphroditism intellectual disability syndrome, Verloes type ? [/INST] What are the signs and symptoms of Male pseudohermaphroditism intellectual disability syndrome, Verloes type? The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for Male pseudohermaphroditism intellectual disability syndrome, Verloes type. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Abnormality of the nipple 90% Cognitive impairment 90% Deeply set eye 90% Downturned corners of mouth 90% Genu valgum 90% Hypoplasia of penis 90% Kyphosis 90% Low posterior hairline 90% Low-set, posteriorly rotated ears 90% Reduced bone mineral density 90% Scrotal hypoplasia 90% Short neck 90% Short nose 90% Short philtrum 90% Short thorax 90% Spina bifida occulta 90% Synophrys 90% Thin vermilion border 90% Absent speech - Bilateral microphthalmos - Cervical spina bifida - Chorioretinal coloboma - Coarse facial features - Intellectual disability - Male pseudohermaphroditism - Obesity - Postnatal growth retardation - Severe sensorineural hearing impairment - The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common. </s>

<s>[INST] What is (are) Neurofibroma ? [/INST] A neurofibroma is a non-cancerous (benign) tumor that develops from the cells and tissues that cover nerves. Some people who develop neurofibromas have a genetic condition known as neurofibromatosis (NF). There are different types of NF, but type 1 is the most common. </s>

<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata type 3 ? [/INST] What are the signs and symptoms of Rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata type 3? The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for Rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata type 3. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Autosomal recessive inheritance - Epiphyseal stippling - Failure to thrive - Rhizomelia - Short femur - Short humerus - The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common. </s>

<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Crome syndrome ? [/INST] What are the signs and symptoms of Crome syndrome? The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for Crome syndrome. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Abnormality of the renal tubule 90% Aplasia/Hypoplasia of the cerebellum 90% Cataract 90% Cognitive impairment 90% Encephalitis 90% Seizures 90% Nystagmus 50% Acute tubular necrosis - Autosomal recessive inheritance - Cerebellar dysplasia - Congenital cataract - Encephalopathy - Intellectual disability - Short stature - The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common. </s>

<s>[INST] What is (are) Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy ? [/INST] Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy is an epilepsy syndrome characterized by myoclonic jerks (quick jerks of the arms or legs), generalized tonic-clonic seizures (GTCSs), and sometimes, absence seizures. The seizures of juvenile myoclonic epilepsy often occur when people first awaken in the morning. Seizures can be triggered by lack of sleep, extreme fatigue, stress, or alcohol consumption. Onset typically occurs around adolesence in otherwise healthy children. The exact cause of juvenile myoclonic epilepsy remains unknown, but genetics likely plays a role. Although patients usually require lifelong treatment with anticonvulsants, their overall prognosis is generally good. </s>

<s>[INST] What causes Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy ? [/INST] What causes juvenile myoclonic epilepsy? The exact cause of juvenile myoclonic epilepsy remains unknown. It is not associated with conditions such as head trauma, brain tumor, or encephalitis. Several families have specific mutations in various genes and a complex mode of inheritance. In individuals with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy, symptoms can be precipitated by: Sleep deprivation Psychological stress Alcohol and drug use Noncompliance of medication Photic stimulation Menses Time of day - Usually mornings </s>

<s>[INST] Is Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy inherited ? [/INST] Is juvenile myoclonic epilepsy inherited? If I have juvenile myoclonic epilepsy, will my children also have it? Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy is an inherited disorder (about a third of patients with this condition have a positive family history of epilepsy), but the exact mode of inheritance is not clear. A number of studies have indicated that juvenile myoclonic epilepsy is an autosomal dominant condition (i.e. 50% risk of inheritance). However, it exhibits incomplete penetrance, which means that some individuals who inherit the juvenile myoclonic epilepsy gene or genes do not express clinical juvenile myoclonic epilepsy. The children of these individuals who have the gene but do not exhibit symptoms may still inherit the genes and express clinically observable disease. Due to the complex nature of inheritance with this condition, you may benefit from consulting with a genetics professional. This type of healthcare provider can provide you with additional information about diagnosis, natural history, treatment, mode of inheritance, and genetic risks to other family members. To find a genetics clinic, we recommend that you contact your primary doctor for a referral. Click here to learn more about genetic consultations. </s>

<s>[INST] What are the treatments for Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy ? [/INST] How might juvenile myoclonic epilepsy be treated? Avoidance of precipitating events such as alcohol use and sleep deprivation may be useful but is not sufficient to control the seizures of juvenile myoclonic epilepsy. Medical therapy with anticonvulsants is typically needed and well tolerated. The majority of patients can be well controlled on a single drug, most commonly valproic acid or lamotrigine or possibly topiramate. More details about the medications used to treat juvenile myoclonic epilepsy can be found at the following link. http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1185061-treatment </s>

<s>[INST] What is (are) Tularemia ? [/INST] Tularemia is an infection common in wild rodents caused by the bacterium Francisella tularensis. It is transmitted to humans by contact with infected animal tissues or by ticks, biting flies, and mosquitoes. The condition is most common in North America and parts of Europe and Asia. It is very rare in the United States. The illness, which is characterized by fever, chills, headache, joint pain and muscle weakness, may continue for several weeks after symptoms begin. Streptomycin and tetracycline are commonly used to treat the infection. </s>

<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Tularemia ? [/INST] What are the symptoms of tularemia? The symptoms of tularemia usually appear 3 to 5 days after exposure to the bacteria, but can take as long as 14 days. Symptoms may include: Fever Chills Headache Diarrhea Muscle pains Joint stiffness Dry cough Progressive weakness Sweating Weight loss People can also catch pneumonia and develop chest pain, bloody sputum and can have trouble breathing and even sometimes stop breathing. Other symptoms of tularemia depend on how a person was exposed to the tularemia bacteria. These symptoms can include ulcers on the skin or mouth, swollen and painful lymph glands, swollen and painful eyes, and a sore throat. </s>

<s>[INST] What causes Tularemia ? [/INST] What causes tularemia? Tularemia is caused by the bacterium Francisella tularensis found in animals (especially rodents, rabbits, and hares). Humans can get the disease through: Direct contact, through a break in the skin, with an infected animal or its dead body The bite of an infected tick, horsefly, or mosquito Eating infected meat (rare) Breathing in the bacteria, F. tularensis Tularemia is not known to be spread from person to person. People who have tularemia do not need to be isolated. </s>

<s>[INST] What are the treatments for Tularemia ? [/INST] How is tularemia treated? The goal of treatment is to cure the infection with antibiotics. Streptomycin and tetracycline are commonly used to treat this infection. Once daily gentamycin treatment has been tried with excellent results as an alternative therapy to streptomycin. However, only a few cases have been studied to date. Tetracycline and Chloramphenicol can be used alone, but they are not considered a first-line treatment. </s>

<s>[INST] What is (are) Chromosome 6p deletion ? [/INST] Chromosome 6p deletion is a chromosome abnormality that occurs when there is a missing copy of the genetic material located on the short arm (p) of chromosome 6. The severity of the condition and the signs and symptoms depend on the size and location of the deletion and which genes are involved. Features that often occur in people with chromosome 6p deletion include developmental delay, intellectual disability, behavioral problems, and distinctive facial features. Chromosome 6p deletion can be de novo or inherited from a parent with a chromosomal rearrangement such as a balanced translocation. Treatment is based on the signs and symptoms present in each person. </s>

<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Baraitser Brett Piesowicz syndrome ? [/INST] What are the signs and symptoms of Baraitser Brett Piesowicz syndrome? The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for Baraitser Brett Piesowicz syndrome. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Cerebral calcification 90% Hyperreflexia 90% Hypertonia 90% Microcephaly 90% Seizures 90% Abnormality of movement 50% Cerebral cortical atrophy 50% Cataract 5% Opacification of the corneal stroma 5% Renal insufficiency 5% Anteverted nares - Autosomal recessive inheritance - Cerebellar hypoplasia - Decreased liver function - Elevated hepatic transaminases - Failure to thrive - Hepatomegaly - High palate - Increased CSF protein - Intellectual disability, profound - Jaundice - Lissencephaly - Long philtrum - Low-set ears - Microretrognathia - Muscular hypotonia of the trunk - Nystagmus - Pachygyria - Petechiae - Phenotypic variability - Polymicrogyria - Sloping forehead - Spasticity - Splenomegaly - Thrombocytopenia - Ventriculomegaly - The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common. </s>

<s>[INST] What is (are) Frontotemporal dementia ? [/INST] Frontotemporal dementia describes a group of conditions associated with shrinking of the frontal and temporal anterior lobes of the brain. Symptoms include either variable changes in behavior (e.g., impulsive, bored, listless, lack of social contact, lack of empathy, distractibility, blunted emotions, compulsive behavior, decreased energy and motivation) or problems with language (e.g., difficulty making or understanding speech). Spatial skills and memory remain intact. There is a strong genetic component to the disease; it often runs in families. There is no cure for frontotemporal dementia at this time, as a result treatment remains supportive. Although the name and classification of FTD has been a topic of discussion for over a century, the current classification of the syndrome groups together Picks disease, primary progressive aphasia, and semantic dementia as FTD. Some doctors propose adding corticobasal degeneration and progressive supranuclear palsy to FTD and calling the group Pick Complex. You can click on the links to view the GARD pages on these conditions. </s>

<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Frontotemporal dementia ? [/INST] What are the signs and symptoms of Frontotemporal dementia? The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for Frontotemporal dementia. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis - Apathy - Autosomal dominant inheritance - Disinhibition - Frontal lobe dementia - Frontotemporal dementia - Hyperorality - Inappropriate laughter - Inappropriate sexual behavior - Irritability - Language impairment - Neuronal loss in central nervous system - Parkinsonism - Personality changes - Polyphagia - Primitive reflexes (palmomental, snout, glabellar) - The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common. </s>

<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Dyskeratosis congenita autosomal dominant ? [/INST] What are the signs and symptoms of Dyskeratosis congenita autosomal dominant? The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for Dyskeratosis congenita autosomal dominant. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Abnormality of neutrophils 90% Abnormality of the fingernails 90% Anemia 90% Hypermelanotic macule 90% Thrombocytopenia 90% Abnormality of coagulation 50% Abnormality of female internal genitalia 50% Abnormality of the pharynx 50% Abnormality of the testis 50% Anonychia 50% Aplasia/Hypoplasia of the skin 50% Aplastic/hypoplastic toenail 50% Bone marrow hypocellularity 50% Carious teeth 50% Cellular immunodeficiency 50% Cognitive impairment 50% Hyperhidrosis 50% Hypopigmented skin patches 50% Intrauterine growth retardation 50% Malabsorption 50% Palmoplantar keratoderma 50% Recurrent fractures 50% Recurrent respiratory infections 50% Rough bone trabeculation 50% Short stature 50% Skin ulcer 50% Telangiectasia of the skin 50% Tracheoesophageal fistula 50% Abnormal blistering of the skin 7.5% Abnormality of the eyebrow 7.5% Alopecia 7.5% Aseptic necrosis 7.5% Cataract 7.5% Cerebral calcification 7.5% Cirrhosis 7.5% Diabetes mellitus 7.5% Displacement of the external urethral meatus 7.5% Hearing impairment 7.5% Hepatic failure 7.5% Hepatomegaly 7.5% Hypopigmentation of hair 7.5% Inflammatory abnormality of the eye 7.5% Lymphoma 7.5% Neoplasm of the pancreas 7.5% Premature graying of hair 7.5% Reduced bone mineral density 7.5% Scoliosis 7.5% Splenomegaly 7.5% Aplastic anemia - Ataxia - Autosomal dominant inheritance - Cerebellar hypoplasia - Dermal atrophy - Interstitial pneumonitis - Lymphopenia - Myelodysplasia - Nail dystrophy - Nail pits - Oral leukoplakia - Osteoporosis - Phenotypic variability - Premature loss of teeth - Pulmonary fibrosis - Reticular hyperpigmentation - Ridged nail - Sparse hair - Specific learning disability - Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin - The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common. </s>

<s>[INST] What is (are) Collagenous colitis ? [/INST] Collagenous colitis is a type of inflammatory bowel disease that affects the colon. It is a form of microscopic colitis, which means that the inflammation is only visible when a biopsy is examined under a microscope; the inflammation cannot be seen or diagnosed from colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy. Signs and symptoms may be ongoing or intermittent and may include chronic, watery, non-bloody diarrhea and abdominal pain or cramps. The exact underlying cause is unknown but may relate to a bacteria, a virus, an autoimmune response, and/or a genetic predisposition. Treatment for collagenous colitis varies depending on the symptoms and severity in each individual. In some cases, the condition resolves on its own. </s>

<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Collagenous colitis ? [/INST] What are the signs and symptoms of collagenous colitis? All individuals with collagenous colitis experience chronic, watery, non-bloody diarrhea which is what typically prompts individuals to seek medical attention. Onset of diarrhea may occur gradually over time or may be sudden and abrupt. Episodes of diarrhea may be intermittent and can occur over weeks, months or years. Other signs and symptoms that commonly occur in affected individuals include abdominal pain or cramping; flatulence; bloating; and weight loss. Incontinence, urgency, nausea, vomiting and fatigue have also been reported. Some individuals with collagenous colitis experience spontaneous remission even without treatment; however, relapses can occur. </s>

<s>[INST] What are the treatments for Collagenous colitis ? [/INST] How might collagenous colitis be treated? Treatment for collagenous colitis varies depending on the symptoms and severity in each affected individual. In some cases the condition may resolve on its own (spontaneous remission), although most people continue to have ongoing or occasional diarrhea. Dietary changes are usually tried first to alleviate symptoms. These changes may include a reduced-fat diet, eliminating foods that contain caffeine and lactose, and avoiding over-the-counter pain relievers such as ibuprofen or aspirin. If these changes alone are not enough, medications can be used to help control symptoms. However, the response rate to various types of medication reportedly varies. Prescription anti-inflammatory medications such as mesalamine and sulfasalazine may help reduce swelling. Steroids including budesonide and prednisone can be used reduce inflammation, but they are usually only used to control sudden attacks of diarrhea. Long-term use of steroids is typically avoided because of unwanted side effects. Anti-diarrheal medications such as bismuth subsalicylate, diphenoxylate with atropine, and loperamide can offer short-term relief. Immunosuppressive agents such as azathioprine help to reduce inflammation but are rarely needed. In extreme cases where the condition does not respond to medications, surgery to remove all or part of the colon may be necessary. However, surgery is rarely recommended. </s>

<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Spinocerebellar ataxia 12 ? [/INST] What are the signs and symptoms of Spinocerebellar ataxia 12? The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for Spinocerebellar ataxia 12. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Abnormality of eye movement - Action tremor - Anxiety - Autosomal dominant inheritance - Axial dystonia - Cerebellar atrophy - Cerebral cortical atrophy - Delusions - Dementia - Depression - Dysarthria - Dysdiadochokinesis - Dysmetria - Facial myokymia - Head tremor - Hyperreflexia - Parkinsonism - Progressive cerebellar ataxia - Sensorimotor neuropathy - The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common. </s>

<s>[INST] What is (are) Hypersensitivity vasculitis ? [/INST] Hypersensitivity vasculitis is an extreme reaction to a drug, infection, or foreign substance that leads to inflammation and damage to blood vessels of the skin. Signs and symptoms may include purple-colored spots and patches on the skin; skin lesions on the legs, buttocks, or trunk; blisters on the skin; hives (urticaria); and/or open sores with dead tissue (necrotic ulcers). This condition is caused by an allergic reaction to a drug or other foreign substance. This condition usually goes away over time; but on occasion, people can have repeated episodes. </s>

<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Hypersensitivity vasculitis ? [/INST] What are the signs and symptoms of Hypersensitivity vasculitis? The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for Hypersensitivity vasculitis. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Abnormality of temperature regulation 90% Cutis marmorata 90% Gangrene 90% Myalgia 90% Skin ulcer 90% Subcutaneous hemorrhage 90% Urticaria 90% Vasculitis 90% Arthralgia 50% Skin rash 50% Abnormality of the oral cavity 7.5% The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common. </s>

<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Spinocerebellar ataxia 20 ? [/INST] What are the signs and symptoms of Spinocerebellar ataxia 20? The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for Spinocerebellar ataxia 20. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Abnormal pyramidal signs - Adult onset - Autosomal dominant inheritance - Dysarthria - Dysphonia - Gait ataxia - High pitched voice - Hypermetric saccades - Limb ataxia - Nystagmus - Palatal myoclonus - Postural tremor - Slow progression - The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common. </s>

<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Facial ectodermal dysplasia ? [/INST] What are the signs and symptoms of Facial ectodermal dysplasia? The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for Facial ectodermal dysplasia. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Abnormal hair quantity 90% Aplasia/Hypoplasia of the skin 90% Chin dimple 90% Depressed nasal ridge 90% Downturned corners of mouth 90% Prematurely aged appearance 90% Sacrococcygeal pilonidal abnormality 90% Abnormality of the eyelashes 50% Abnormality of the upper urinary tract 50% Epicanthus 50% Highly arched eyebrow 50% Short philtrum 50% Sparse lateral eyebrow 50% Urogenital fistula 50% Cafe-au-lait spot 7.5% Hypopigmented skin patches 7.5% Lacrimation abnormality 7.5% Strabismus 7.5% Absent eyelashes - Aged leonine appearance - Anal atresia - Autosomal recessive inheritance - Bulbous nose - Depressed nasal bridge - Ectodermal dysplasia - Multiple rows of eyelashes - Periorbital fullness - The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common. </s>

<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Renal dysplasia megalocystis sirenomelia ? [/INST] What are the signs and symptoms of Renal dysplasia megalocystis sirenomelia? The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for Renal dysplasia megalocystis sirenomelia. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Abnormality of the urethra 50% Aplasia/Hypoplasia of the sacrum 50% Multicystic kidney dysplasia 50% Renal hypoplasia/aplasia 50% Sirenomelia 50% The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common. </s>

<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Fuhrmann syndrome ? [/INST] What are the signs and symptoms of Fuhrmann syndrome? The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for Fuhrmann syndrome. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Abnormality of the fibula 90% Adactyly 90% Aplasia/Hypoplasia of the fibula 90% Aplasia/Hypoplasia of the ulna 90% Femoral bowing 90% Hypoplasia of the radius 90% Radial bowing 90% Short stature 90% Talipes 90% Tarsal synostosis 90% Aplasia/Hypoplasia of the 5th finger 75% Aplasia/hypoplasia of the femur 75% Congenital hip dislocation 75% Hypoplastic iliac wing 75% Hypoplastic pelvis 75% Oligodactyly (feet) 75% Patellar aplasia 75% Abnormal finger flexion creases 50% Abnormality of the femur 50% Abnormality of the fingernails 50% Abnormality of the hip bone 50% Abnormality of the metacarpal bones 50% Anonychia 50% Bowing of the long bones 50% Clinodactyly of the 5th finger 50% Hypoplastic toenails 50% Postaxial hand polydactyly 50% Sacrococcygeal pilonidal abnormality 50% Single transverse palmar crease 50% Symphalangism affecting the phalanges of the hand 50% Ulnar deviation of finger 50% Aplasia/Hypoplasia involving the metacarpal bones 33% Aplasia/Hypoplasia of metatarsal bones 33% Oligodactyly (hands) 33% Talipes equinovarus 33% Toe syndactyly 33% Finger syndactyly 7.5% Low-set, posteriorly rotated ears 7.5% Macrotia 7.5% Short distal phalanx of finger 7.5% Split hand 7.5% Absent toenail - Amenorrhea - Aplasia/Hypoplasia of the phalanges of the hand - Autosomal recessive inheritance - Fibular aplasia - The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common. </s>

<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Tricho-dento-osseous syndrome 1 ? [/INST] What are the signs and symptoms of Tricho-dento-osseous syndrome 1? The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for Tricho-dento-osseous syndrome 1. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Abnormality of dental color 90% Abnormality of dental enamel 90% Craniofacial hyperostosis 90% Frontal bossing 90% Increased bone mineral density 90% Taurodontia 90% Woolly hair 90% Abnormality of frontal sinus 50% Abnormality of the fingernails 50% Abnormality of the ulna 50% Aplasia/Hypoplasia of the radius 50% Carious teeth 50% Delayed eruption of teeth 50% Delayed skeletal maturation 50% Dolichocephaly 50% Malar prominence 50% Round face 50% Abnormality of the hair - Abnormality of the mastoid - Autosomal dominant inheritance - Fragile nails - Microdontia - Widely spaced teeth - The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common. </s>

<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of 8p23.1 duplication syndrome ? [/INST] What are the signs and symptoms of 8p23.1 duplication syndrome? The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for 8p23.1 duplication syndrome. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Abnormality of chromosome segregation 90% Cognitive impairment 50% Highly arched eyebrow 50% Neurological speech impairment 50% Abnormality of the nose 7.5% Abnormality of the pulmonary valve 7.5% Abnormality of the upper urinary tract 7.5% Deeply set eye 7.5% Exostoses 7.5% Hearing impairment 7.5% Hypertelorism 7.5% Long philtrum 7.5% Primary adrenal insufficiency 7.5% Tetralogy of Fallot 7.5% Thick lower lip vermilion 7.5% Toe syndactyly 7.5% Ventricular septal defect 7.5% The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common. </s>

<s>[INST] What is (are) Chiari malformation type 1 ? [/INST] Chiari malformation type 1 is a structural abnormality of the cerebellum, the part of the brain that controls balance. It involves the extension of the lower part of the cerebellum into the foramen magnum (the large hole at the base of the skull which allows passage of the spinal cord), without involving the brainstem. Normally, only the spinal cord passes through this opening. This malformation is the most common type of Chiari malformation and may not cause any symptoms. Depending on the symptoms present and severity, some individuals may not require treatment while others may require pain medications or surgery. </s>

<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Chiari malformation type 1 ? [/INST] What are the signs and symptoms of Chiari malformation type 1? The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for Chiari malformation type 1. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Areflexia of upper limbs - Arnold-Chiari type I malformation - Autosomal dominant inheritance - Babinski sign - Basilar impression - Diplopia - Dysarthria - Dysphagia - Gait ataxia - Headache - Hearing impairment - Hyperacusis - Limb muscle weakness - Lower limb hyperreflexia - Lower limb spasticity - Nystagmus - Paresthesia - Photophobia - Scoliosis - Small flat posterior fossa - Syringomyelia - Tinnitus - Unsteady gait - Urinary incontinence - Vertigo - The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common. </s>

<s>[INST] What causes Chiari malformation type 1 ? [/INST] What causes Chiari malformation type 1? Primary or congenital Chiari malformations are caused by structural defects in the brain and spinal cord that occur during fetal development. The underlying cause of the structural defects are not completely understood, but may involve genetic mutations or lack of proper vitamins or nutrients in the maternal diet. Less frequently, Chiari malformation type 1 is acquired after birth. Causes of acquired Chiari malformation type 1 involve the excessive draining of spinal fluid from the lumbar or thoracic areas of the spine as a result of injury, exposure to harmful substances, or infection. Click here to view a diagram of the spine. </s>

<s>[INST] What are the treatments for Chiari malformation type 1 ? [/INST] How might Chiari malformation type 1 be treated? Some individuals with Chiari malformation type 1 are asymptomatic and do not require treatment. Individuals who have minimal symptoms, without syringomyelia, can typically be treated conservatively. Mild neck pain and headaches can usually be treated with pain medications, muscle relaxants, and the occasional use of a soft collar. Individuals with more severe symptoms may be in need of surgery. Surgery is the only treatment available to correct functional disturbances or halt the progression of damage to the central nervous system. The goals of surgical treatment are decompression of the point where the skull meets the spine (the cervicomedullary junction) and restoration of normal flow of cerebrospinal fluid in the region of the foramen magnum (the hole in the bottom of the skull where the spinal cord passes to connect to the brain). Prognosis after surgery for the condition is generally good and typically depends on the extent of neurological deficits that were present before the surgery. Most individuals have a reduction of symptoms and/or prolonged periods of relative stability. More than one surgery may be needed to treat the condition. </s>

<s>[INST] What is (are) Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy ? [/INST] Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy (OPMD) is a genetic muscle disorder with onset during adulthood, most often between 40 and 60 years of age. This condition is characterized by slowly progressive muscle disease (myopathy) affecting the muscles of the upper eyelids and the throat. There are two types of OPMD, which are distinguished by their patterns of inheritance. They are known as the autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive types. Both types are caused by mutations in the PABPN1 gene. </s>

<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy ? [/INST] What are the signs and symptoms of Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy? There are many signs and symptoms of oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy (OPMD), although the specific symptoms and age of onset varies among affected individuals. Most people show one or more symptoms by the age of 70. The most common symptoms of OPMD include: Muscle weakness (also known as myopathy) Droopy eyelids (also known as ptosis) Difficulty swallowing (also known as dysphagia) Double vision Tongue weakness Upper and/or lower body weakness Weakness of the muscles in the face Voice disorders (in about half of people with this condition) The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Abnormality of the pharynx 90% Myopathy 90% Ophthalmoparesis 90% Ptosis 90% Skeletal muscle atrophy 90% Mask-like facies 7.5% Adult onset - Autosomal dominant inheritance - Distal muscle weakness - Dysarthria - Dysphagia - Facial palsy - Gait disturbance - Limb muscle weakness - Neck muscle weakness - Progressive - Progressive ptosis - Proximal muscle weakness - The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common. </s>

<s>[INST] What causes Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy ? [/INST] What causes oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy? Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy (OPMD) is caused by mutations in the PABPN1 gene. The PABPN1 gene provides instructions for making a protein that is active (expressed) throughout the body. In cells, the PABPN1 protein plays an important role in processing molecules called messenger RNAs (mRNAs), which serve as genetic blueprints for making proteins. The protein acts to protect the mRNA from being broken down and allows it to move within the cell. Mutations in the PABPN1 gene that cause OPMD result in a PABPN1 protein that forms clumps within muscle cells, and hence they cannot be broken down. These clumps are thought to impair the normal function of muscle cells and eventually cause cells to die. The progressive loss of muscle cells most likely causes the muscle weakness seen in people with OPMD. It is not known why abnormal PABPN1 proteins seem to affect muscle cells in only certain parts of the body. </s>

<s>[INST] Is Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy inherited ? [/INST] How is oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy inherited? </s>

<s>[INST] How to diagnose Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy ? [/INST] Is genetic testing available for oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy? Genetic testing is available for oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy (OPMD). GeneTests lists the names of laboratories that are performing genetic testing for this condition. To view the contact information for the clinical laboratories conducting testing click here. Please note that most of the laboratories listed through GeneTests do not accept direct contact from patients and their families; therefore, individuals that are interested in learning more will need to work with a health care provider or a genetics professional. </s>

<s>[INST] What are the treatments for Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy ? [/INST] How might oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy be treated? Treatment of oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy (OPMD) mainly focuses on the specific signs and symptoms present in each individual. Severe drooping of the eyelid (ptosis) may be treated with plastic surgery on the eyelid (blepharoplasty). The goal of this surgery is to raise the eyelid so that the affected individual can see. Individuals with severe difficulty swallowing (dysphagia) may have a surgical procedure known as cricopharyngeal myotomy. In this procedure, the cricopharyngeal muscle of the throat is cut so that when swallowing occurs, the muscle remains relaxed allowing the passage of food or liquid. Orthopedic devices such as canes, leg braces, or walkers can assist individuals who have difficulty walking. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive. </s>