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GEM benchmark 89

[ "Access to improved water varies by region, from 67% Khatlon to 99% in Dushanbe." ]

[ "Overall, 97% of households in Tajikistan have access to an improved and not shared toilet facility.", "Access to improved toilet facilities is lowest in GBAO (92%) and 96% or above in all other regions." ]

[ "Almost all (95%) of Dushanbe’s households are in the highest wealth quintile", "DRS and Khatlon are the poorest regions, each with 10% of their populations in the highest wealth quintile." ]

[ "Women in GBAO and Dushanbe are most likely to have gone to higher education (28% and 27%, respectively) while only 4% of women in DRS and 5% of women in Khatlon have attended higher education." ]

[ "Women’s employment is highest in Sughd (31%) and lowest in DRS (14%)." ]

[ "Fertility ranges from a low of 2.7 children per woman in Dushanbe to a high of 4.1 in Khatlon." ]

[ "Teenage childbearing is most common in DRS (9%) and least common in GBAO (2%)." ]

[ "Use of modern methods is highest in GBAO (36%) and lowest in Khatlon (21%)." ]

[ "Unmet need is highest in DRS (29%) and lowest in GBAO (16%)." ]

[ "Demand satisfied is lowest in DRS (47%) and Khatlon (48%) and highest in GBAO (69%)." ]

[ "This varies slightly by region, from 7% of women in GBAO to 13% of women in Sughd." ]

[ "Infant mortality is lowest in Dushanbe where there are 9 deaths per 1,000 live births; it is highest in Khatlon where there are 33 deaths per 1,000 live births." ]

[ "It is lowest in Dushanbe, at 11 deaths per 1,000 live births, and highest in Khatlon, at 40 deaths per 1,000 live births." ]

[ "Basic vaccination coverage is over 90% in Sughd, and under 75% in GBAO, Dushanbe, and DRS." ]

[ "Children in Sughd were least likely to experience violent forms of discipline (60%), while children in GBAO were most likely to experience violent discipline in the month before the survey (81%)." ]

[ "Women in Khatlon are least likely to receive 4 or more visits (40%) compared to more than 9 out of 10 women in Sughd (92%)." ]

[ "Facility-based births are most common in Sughd (99%) and Dushanbe (97%) and are least common in GBAO (76%)." ]

[ "Assistance at delivery is above 90% in all regions, ranging from 92% in Khatlon to almost 100% in Sughd." ]

[ "Stunting is particularly high in GBAO (32%)." ]

[ "Overweight/obesity is common throughout Tajikistan, ranging from 25% in GBAO to 41% in Sughd." ]

[ "Minimum dietary diversity requirements are met for 92% of women in Sughd but only 71% of women in DRS." ]

[ "Anemia prevalence in children varies by region, from 24% in Dushanbe to 62% in GBAO." ]

[ "Anemia prevalence in women ranges from 33% in DRS to 55% in GBAO." ]

[ "Hypertension ranges from 7% of women in Dushanbe to 12% of women in DRS." ]

[ "Only 27% of married women in DRS and Khatlon participate in all 3 of these decisions, compared with 62% of women in GBAO." ]

[ "Women’s experience of physical violence is most common in Khatlon (36%) and least common in Dushanbe (9%)." ]

[ "Spousal violence is most commonly reported in Khatlon (43%) and least commonly reported in Dushanbe (16%)." ]

[ "Доступ к улучшенному источнику воды варьирует по регионам, от 67% в Хатлонской области до 99% в Душанбе." ]

[ "В целом, 9% домохозяйств имеют доступ к улучшенному туалетному сооружению, которое не используется совместно с другими домохозяйствами.", "Доступ к улучшенному туалетному сооружению является самым низким в ГБАО (92%) и достигает 96% или выше во всех остальных регионах." ]

[ "Почти все (95%) домохозяйства Душанбе находятся в наивысшем квинтиле благосостояния*.", "Самыми бедными регионами являются РРП и Хатлонская область: в каждом из них к наивысшему квинтилю благосостояния относятся лишь 10% их населения." ]

[ "Наибольший процент женщин, учившихся в высших учебных заведениях приходится на ГБАО и Душанбе (28% и 27%, соответственно).", "В то же время, в РРП и в Хатлонской области этот показатель составляет всего лишь 4% и 5%, соответственно." ]

[ "Максимальный уровень занятости женщин наблюдается в Согдийской области (31%), а минимальный — в РРП (14%)." ]

[ "Рождаемость варьирует от 2,7 детей на женщину в Душанбе до 4,1 в Хатлонской области." ]

[ "Деторождение среди подростков более распространено в РРП (9%) и менее распространено в ГБАО (2%)." ]

[ "Самое высокое использование наблюдается в ГБАО (36%) и самое низкое — в Хатлонской области (21%)." ]

[ "Самая высокая неудовлетворенная потребность наблюдается в РРП (29%), а самая низкая в ГБАО (16%)." ]

[ ". Самый низкий удовлетворенный спрос наблюдается в РРП (47%) и Хатлонской области (48%), а самый высокий — в ГБАО (69%)." ]

[ "Показатель слегка варьирует по регионам: от 7% женщин в ГБАО до 13% женщин в Согдийской области." ]

[ "Самая низкая младенческая смертность наблюдается в Душанбе, где было 9 смертей на 1000 живорождений, и самая высокая — в Хатлонской области, где было 33 смерти на 1000 живорождений. Это значит, что 1 из 30 детей в Хатлонской области умирает до своего первого года рождения." ]

[ "Самая низкая смертность наблюдается в Душанбе, в 11 смертей на 1000 живорождений, и самая высокая — в Хатлонской области, в 40 смертей на 1000 живорожденных. Это значит, что в Хатлонской области 1 из 25 детей умирает не дожив до пятилетнего возраста." ]

[ "Охват основными прививками составляет более 90% в Согдийской области и менее 75% в ГБАО, Душанбе и РРП." ]

[ "Дети в Согдийской области реже других подвергались жестокой дисциплине(60%), тогда как дети из ГБАО чаще других подвергались жестокой дисциплине в течение одного месяца до исследования (81%)." ]

[ "Женщины в Хатлонской области (40%) реже других делали 4 или более АНП посещений, тогда как в Согдийской области, 9 из 10 женщин (92%) были на приеме 4 раза или чаще." ]

[ "Рождения в медучреждениях более часто встречаются в Согдийской области (99%) и Душанбе (97%) и менее часто в ГБАО (76%)." ]

[ "Квалифицированная помощь в родах превышает 90% во всех регионах и варьирует от 92% в Хатлонской области до практически 100% в Согдийской области." ]

[ "Задержка роста особенно часто встречается в ГБАО (32%)" ]

[ "Избыточный вес/ожирение распространены в Таджикистане в пределах от 25% в ГБАО до 41% в Согдийской области." ]

[ "Минимум требований диетического разнообразия соблюдены для 92% женщин в Согдийской области и лишь для 71% женщин в РРП." ]

[ "Распространенность анемии варьирует по регионам, от 24% в Душанбе до 62% в ГБАО." ]

[ "В Таджикистане, 41% женщин страдают от анемии. Распространенность анемии варьирует в пределах от 33% в РРП до 55% в ГБАО." ]

[ "Гипертония изменяется в пределах от 7% в Душанбе, до 12% в РРП." ]

[ "Только 27% замужних женщин в РРП и Хатлонской области участвуют в принятии всех 3-х этих решений, по сравнению с 62% женщин в ГБАО." ]

[ ". Опыт физического насилия чаще всего встречается среди женщин в Хатлонской области (36%) и реже всего — в Душанбе (9%)." ]

[ "О насилии со стороны супруга чаще всего сообщали женщины в Хатлонской области (43%) и реже всего — в Душанбе (16%)." ]

[ "In Tajikistan, 80% of households have access to an improved source of drinking water.", "The most common improved source is water piped into a dwelling, yard, or plot (51%), and the most frequently cited unimproved source is surface water, that is, water from rivers, lakes, ponds, or similar sources (12%).", "Almost all households boil the water used for drinking (92%).", "Rural households obtain water from unimproved sources much more often than urban households (28% versus 3%).", "Almost all urban households (96%) have access to drinking water on their premises compared with 65% of rural households." ]

[ "Overall, 97% of households have an improved sanitation facility that is not shared with other households.", "Use of unimproved toilet facilities is not common, just 1% in rural areas and less than 1% in urban areas.", "Only a few households share improved toilet facilities (4% in urban areas and 2% in rural areas)." ]

[ "presents data on wealth quintiles according to residence and region.", "Wealth is clearly concentrated in urban areas.", "Ninety percent of the de jure household population is in the two highest wealth quintiles in urban areas, while 52% falls into the two lowest quintiles in rural areas", "The concentration of wealth differs markedly by region.", "Ninety-five percent of the household population in Dushanbe is in the highest quintile.", "In contrast, 71% of the household population in GBAO is in the two lowest quintiles." ]

[ "A total of 44,360 persons (20,729 males and 23,631 females) spent the night before the interview in the 7,843 households surveyed in the 2017 TjDHS.", "The age structure of the de facto household population shows the effects of past demographic trends in Tajikistan, particularly the country’s moderately high fertility.", "More than half (55%) of the population is under age 25, and 38% are younger than 15.", "Four percent of the population is age 65 and older" ]

[ "Over half of women in Tajikistan (56%) have completed a secondary or higher education", "Eight percent of women have some professional primary or middle education, and 9% have a higher education.", "Women have completed a median of 9.8 years of schooling." ]

[ "Women in DRS are least likely to have completed secondary school or higher (39%) compared with GBAO where they are most likely", "Women in GBAO and Dushanbe have a clear educational advantage over the rest of the country: 28% of women in GBAO and 27% in Dushanbe have some university education, as compared with 4% and 5% of women in DRS and Khatlon, respectively.", "Women in GBAO have completed a median of 1.9 more years of schooling than women from DRS (10.7 years versus 8.8 years).", "The median number of years of schooling exceeds the national average among women age 20-24 (10.3 years) and falls far below the average among women age 30-34 (9.0 years).", "Women from the wealthiest households have completed a median of 1 more year of schooling than women from the poorest households (10.4 years versus 9.2 years).", "Women age 25-29 and age 30-34 and women in Khatlon are relatively less likely to be literate (91% each) than women in other age groups and regions (95%-99%).", "The literacy rate increases with increasing wealth, from 89% among women in the lowest wealth quintile to 98% among women in the highest quintile." ]

[ "Television is the form of media most commonly accessed at least weekly (87%) among women age 15-49 in Tajikistan.", "Women have considerably less regular exposure to the other two forms of media: 19% read a newspaper at least once a week, while 14% listen to the radio at least once a week", "Twelve percent of women have no access to any of the three forms of media at least once a week." ]

[ "The percentage of women employed at the time of the survey increases steadily with age, from 11% among those age 15-19 to 40% among those age 45-49.", "Women who are currently married or who were previously married are more likely to be employed than those who have never been married.", "Half of women who are divorced, separated, or widowed (51%) are currently working, as compared with one-quarter of married women (24%) and 19% of nevermarried women.", "Employment status varies widely by region. The current employment rate is highest in Sughd (31%) and lowest in DRS (14%) and ranges from 24% to 30% in other regions of Tajikistan.", "The current employment rate generally increases with increasing education.", "Women with a higher education are three times more likely to be currently employed as women with no education or only a primary education (54% versus 18%)" ]

[ "Women who were employed in the 12 months preceding the survey were most likely to work in agriculture (33%); 30% were employed in professional, technical, or managerial positions, while 13% worked in sales and services, 13% in skilled manual labor, 11% in unskilled manual labor, and 1% in clerical jobs" ]

[ "The 2017 TjDHS results corroborate other epidemiological studies showing that hypertension is positively associated with age", "The prevalence of hypertension is seven times higher among women age 45- 49 (28%) than among women age 20-24 (4%)." ]

[ "Significant differences in the prevalence of hypertension are found among women according to their body mass index (BMI).", "As expected, hypertension levels are higher among overweight/obese women than among those of normal weight", "The rate of hypertension among obese women (BMI of 30 or above) is 28%, as compared with 2% among women who are thin (BMI below 18.5) and 6% among women of normal weight (BMI between 18.5 and 24.9).", "Differentials in hypertension rates by urbanrural residence are negligible.", "However, by region, the prevalence of hypertension ranges from 7% among women in Dushanbe to 12% among women in DRS.", "As expected, although not universal, controlled hypertension is higher among women diagnosed with high blood pressure by a health provider (42%) than the national average of 17%" ]

[ "Four in 10 women with high blood pressure reported that they are aware of their condition (40%); 17% are being treated and have brought their blood pressure under control, and 15% are being treated but still have elevated blood pressure.", "Eight percent of hypertensive women are aware that they have elevated blood pressure but are not being treated, and 60% are unaware of their condition.", "Although the overall rate of hypertension among adult women in Tajikistan is relatively low, hypertension is a serious health problem among women age 45 and older and those who are obese.", "A first step toward bringing hypertension under control is awareness by individuals of their condition and its implications in terms of premature disability and death.", "Many Tajikistani women may suffer from hypertension but do not know it; hypertension is often termed the ‘silent killer’ because of the lack of warning signs or symptoms.", "Educating the population about the adverse effects of hypertension and promoting blood pressure screening, particularly among older individuals, should be an important focus of health programs." ]

[ "In Tajikistan, 72% of women age 15-49 are currently married.", "Reflecting the traditional character of Tajik society, virtually all of these women are in formal unions; less than 1% report they are living together with a partner.", "Around one-fifth of women (22%) have never been married, 4% are divorced or separated, and 2% are widowed" ]

[ "The median age at first marriage among women age 25-49 was only slightly higher in urban than in rural areas (20.5 years versus 20.1 years)", "GBAO has the highest median age at marriage (23.1 years), followed by Dushanbe (20.8 years)" ]

[ "Tajikistan is a traditional society. In such settings, women are unlikely to engage in or admit to engaging in sexual intercourse before marriage.", "Thus, it is not surprising that the findings with respect to age at first intercourse among women age 25-49 closely parallel theinformation the women reported with regard to theage at which they first married.", "The median age at first intercourse among women age 25-49 is in fact identical to the median age at which these women first married (20.2 years)" ]

[ "The total fertility rate (TFR) in Tajikistan is 3.8 births per woman", "The pace of childbearing increases rapidly with age, rising from a rate of 54 births per 1,000 women in the 15-19 age group to a peak of 303 births per 1,000 women in the 20-24 age group.", "At most ages, age-specific fertility rates are T 60 • Fertility higher among rural than urban women with the gap especially marked among women age20-24.", "Overall, the TFR is 4.0 births per woman in rural areas, as compared with 3.0 births in urban areas." ]

[ "The TFR remained stable at 3.8 births per woman between the 2012 and 2017 TjDHS surveys", "The TFR in rural areas increased slightly between the two surveys, from 3.9 births in 2012 to 4.0 births in 2017, while the TFR in urban areas dropped from 3.3 births to 3.0 births" ]

[ "By region, the TFR is highest in Khatlon (4.1 births per woman) and DRS (4.0 births per woman) and lowest in Dushanbe (2.7 births per woman)", "The TFR generally declines with increasing education, from 3.9 to 4.0 births among women with a general secondary education or less to 2.8 births among women with a higher education", "The TFR in the highest wealth quintile is 3.0 births per woman, which is considerably lower than the rates in the other quintiles (3.8 to 4.1 births)." ]

[ "Short birth intervals, particularly intervals less than 24 months, are associated with increased health risks for both mothers and newborns.", "In Tajikistan, more than one in three (36%) non-first births occur within 24 months of a previous birth, with 17% taking place less than 18 months after a preceding birth", "The median birth interval is 28.8 months" ]

[ "There is little difference in the median age at first birth between urban and rural women (22.0 years versus 21.8 years)", "The median age at first birth is highest in GBAO (24.6 years) and lowest in Sughd (21.6 years)." ]

[ "Most childbearing occurs among older teens; virtually no girls under age 18 have begun childbearing, and only 8% of those age 18 have initiated childbearing", "Teenage childbearing is lowest in GBAO (2%) and Dushanbe (3%) and highest in DRS (9%)." ]

[ "The desire to limit fertility markedly increases by number of living children", "For example, 27% of married women with two children want no more children, while nearly 6 in 10 women with three children say they want no more, as do at least 7 in 10 women with four or more children." ]

[ "The mean ideal family size for all women age 15-49 in Tajikistan is 3.4 children", "The mean ideal family size for currently married women, at 3.7, is slightly higher than for all women" ]

[ "In general, ideal family size increases considerably with increasing numbers of living children", "For example, women who have two children consider 3.2 children ideal, whereas women who have six or more children consider 5.6 children ideal.", "This trend among all women is similar among currently married women." ]

[ "Almost all births in the 5 years before the survey were wanted at the time of conception (95%). Only 3% of births were mistimed (that is, wanted at a later date), and 2% were not wanted at all", "The percentage of births that were wanted has increased slightly in the past 5 years, from 93% in 2012 to 95% in 2017. The percentage of unwanted births has decreased from 3% to 2%." ]

[ "show differentials in wanted fertility rates and total fertility rates among women age 15-49.", "The wanted fertility indicates what fertility would be if women had only the children they desired.", "The total wanted fertility rate in Tajikistan is 3.5 children, 0.3 children less than the current total fertility rate of 3.8 children." ]

[ "Almost all currently married women age 15-49 know at least one method of family planning (98%)", "On average, married women have heard of more than seven contraceptive methods.", "The intrauterine device (IUD) (96%) is the most widely known method, followed by the pill (89%) and the male condom (85%)." ]

[ "The contraceptive prevalence rate changed only minimally in the 5 years between the 2012 and 2017 TjDHS surveys; 29% of currently married women were using a method in 2017, as compared with 28% in 2012.", "The level of use of modern methods also remained virtually unchanged; 27% of married women were using modern methods in 2017, compared with 26% in 2012", "With regard to trends in the use of specific methods, the largest increase was observed in the percentage of women reporting use of male condoms; this percentage rose from 2% in 2012 to 4% in 2017." ]

[ "Modern contraceptive methods are most likely to be used in GBAO (36%) and Sughd (34%) and least likely to be used in Khatlon (21%) and DRS (25%)" ]

[ "The percentage of women who use modern contraception increases with increasing education, from 20% among those with no education or a primary education to 32% among those with a higher education", "Use of modern contraception also generally increases with increasing wealth, peaking at 31% among women in the highest quintile." ]

[ "In Tajikistan, the government sector is by far the most common source for contraceptive methods, serving 89% of modern method users", "Health centers provide services for almost half of all modern method users (47%), while maternity homes serve 20% and government hospitals serve 12% of modern method users.", "Ten percent of women, mainly those using the male condom or pills, acquire their method from pharmacies." ]

[ "More than 1 in 4 women (28%) who began using a contraceptive method in the 5 years before the survey discontinued the method within 12 months of use", "Women switched to another method in only 3% of all episodes of use during the period. The discontinuation rate was lowest for the IUD (17%)" ]

[ "Overall, 23% of currently married women age 15-49 have an unmet need for family planning and are not using contraception", "Women who are in need of family planning are divided equally between those with a desire to space a wanted birth and those who want to limit their family size to the number of children they have (11% each)." ]

[ "The level of unmet need for family planning did not change between the 2012 and 2017 TjDHS surveys, with 23% of married women found to be in need according to both surveys.", "Because there was only a slight increase in met need for family planning (from 28% in 2012 to 29% in 2017), the total demand for family planning remained virtually unchanged as well (51% in 2012 and 52% in 2017)" ]

[ "Unmet need for spacing is highest among married women age 20-24 (20%), while unmet need for limiting is highest among women age 30-34 (18%).", "The level of unmet need is almost the same among urban and rural women (22% versus 23%).", "Unmet need is highest in DRS (29%) and lowest in GBAO (16%)" ]

[ "Pregnancy order is strongly related to pregnancy outcomes; the percentage of pregnancies ending in an abortion increased from less than 1% among first pregnancies to 32% among fifth- or higher-order pregnancies", "Pregnancies among urban women were only slightly more likely to end in an induced abortion than pregnancies among rural women (10% versus 9%).", "The proportion of pregnancies ending in an induced abortion was highest in Dushanbe (11%) and lowest in GBAO (6%)." ]

[ "The total abortion rate (TAR) in Tajikistan is 0.5 abortions per woman", "This means that the average number of abortions a Tajik woman will have at the current age-specific abortion rate is equivalent to 13% of the average number of births (3.8 births).", "The rate at which women have abortions increases with age, from 1 abortion per 1,000 women in the 15-19 age group to a peak of 28 abortions per 1,000 women in the 30-34 age group" ]

[ "Overall, under-5 mortality declined between the 2012 and 2017 TjDHS surveys, from 43 deaths per 1,000 live births to 33 deaths per 1,000 live births.", "Infant mortality decreased from 34 to 27 deaths per 1,000 live births over the same period, while neonatal mortality fell from 19 to 13 deaths per 1,000 live births" ]

[ "Childhood mortality rates generally decrease as mother’s education and household wealth increase.", "For instance, under-5 mortality declines from 47 deaths per 1,000 live births among children born to women in the lowest wealth quintile to 20 deaths per 1,000 live births among children born to women in the highest quintile" ]

[ "Mortality rates are generally higher among children born less than 2 years after a previous birth than among children born 2 or more years after a prior birth" ]

[ "The percentage of institutional deliveries increased from 77% in 2012 to 88% in 2017; correspondingly, the percentage of home deliveries halved during the same period (from 23% in 2012 to 12% in 2017)", "While home deliveries decreased in all regions of Tajikistan between 2012 and 2017, the most substantive reductions were observed in Khatlon (from 31% to 15%), GBAO (from 34% to 24%), and DRS (from 29% to 21%)." ]

[ "82% had received all basic vaccinations at the time of the survey.", "Only 3% had received no vaccinations.", "Among the basic vaccinations, coverage is highest for the BCG vaccine (96%), followed closely by DPTHepB-Hib 1 and polio 1 (92% each).", "Coverage remains high for subsequent doses of the DPT-HepB-Hib and polio vaccines, with 87% of children having received the third doses of each of these vaccines.", "Eightyseven percent of children age 24-35 months have been vaccinated against measles and rubella." ]

[ "84% of children age 24-35 months in rural areas have received all basic vaccinations, as compared with 76% of children in urban areas" ]

[ "Sughd has the highest proportion of children age 24-35 months who have received all basic vaccinations (92%), followed by Khatlon (86%)" ]

[ "The prevalence of diarrhea increases rapidly with the child’s age, from 12% among children less than age 6 months to 23% among those age 6-11 months, when children are typically introduced to complementary foods.", "After age 1, the prevalence of diarrhea gradually decreases" ]

[ "Only 27% of children with diarrhea in the 2 weeks before the survey were given more liquids than usual as recommended.", "For most children with diarrhea, the amount of food given was also not optimal.", "Only 40% of children with diarrhea in the 2 weeks before the survey were given the same amount or more than the usual amount to eat as recommended." ]