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gem-squad_v2-train-116300 | 573403a24776f419006616f3 | Punjab,_Pakistan | The fairs held at the shrines of Sufi saints are called urs. They generally mark the death anniversary of the saint. On these occasions devotees assemble in large numbers and pay homage to the memory of the saint. Soul inspiring music is played and devotees dance in ecstasy. The music on these occasions is essentially folk and appealing. It forms a part of the folk music through mystic messages. The most important urs are: urs of Data Ganj Buksh at Lahore, urs of Hazrat Sultan Bahu at Jhang, urs of Hazrat Shah Jewna at Jhang, urs of Hazrat Mian Mir at Lahore, urs of Baba Farid Ganj Shakar at Pakpattan, urs of Hazrat Bahaudin Zakria at Multan, urs of Sakhi Sarwar Sultan at Dera Ghazi Khan, urs of Shah Hussain at Lahore, urs of Hazrat Bulleh Shah at Kasur, urs of Hazrat Imam Bari (Bari Shah Latif) at Rawalpindi-Islamabad and urs of Shah Inayar Qadri (the murrshad of Bulleh Shah) in Lahore. | Where is Zakria's shrine? | Where is Zakria's shrine? | [
"Where is Zakria's shrine?"
] | {
"text": [
"Multan"
],
"answer_start": [
643
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-116301 | 5a690e918476ee001a58aa5e | Punjab,_Pakistan | The fairs held at the shrines of Sufi saints are called urs. They generally mark the death anniversary of the saint. On these occasions devotees assemble in large numbers and pay homage to the memory of the saint. Soul inspiring music is played and devotees dance in ecstasy. The music on these occasions is essentially folk and appealing. It forms a part of the folk music through mystic messages. The most important urs are: urs of Data Ganj Buksh at Lahore, urs of Hazrat Sultan Bahu at Jhang, urs of Hazrat Shah Jewna at Jhang, urs of Hazrat Mian Mir at Lahore, urs of Baba Farid Ganj Shakar at Pakpattan, urs of Hazrat Bahaudin Zakria at Multan, urs of Sakhi Sarwar Sultan at Dera Ghazi Khan, urs of Shah Hussain at Lahore, urs of Hazrat Bulleh Shah at Kasur, urs of Hazrat Imam Bari (Bari Shah Latif) at Rawalpindi-Islamabad and urs of Shah Inayar Qadri (the murrshad of Bulleh Shah) in Lahore. | What are Sufi saints called? | What are Sufi saints called? | [
"What are Sufi saints called?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-116302 | 5a690e918476ee001a58aa5f | Punjab,_Pakistan | The fairs held at the shrines of Sufi saints are called urs. They generally mark the death anniversary of the saint. On these occasions devotees assemble in large numbers and pay homage to the memory of the saint. Soul inspiring music is played and devotees dance in ecstasy. The music on these occasions is essentially folk and appealing. It forms a part of the folk music through mystic messages. The most important urs are: urs of Data Ganj Buksh at Lahore, urs of Hazrat Sultan Bahu at Jhang, urs of Hazrat Shah Jewna at Jhang, urs of Hazrat Mian Mir at Lahore, urs of Baba Farid Ganj Shakar at Pakpattan, urs of Hazrat Bahaudin Zakria at Multan, urs of Sakhi Sarwar Sultan at Dera Ghazi Khan, urs of Shah Hussain at Lahore, urs of Hazrat Bulleh Shah at Kasur, urs of Hazrat Imam Bari (Bari Shah Latif) at Rawalpindi-Islamabad and urs of Shah Inayar Qadri (the murrshad of Bulleh Shah) in Lahore. | Where do devotees come from? | Where do devotees come from? | [
"Where do devotees come from?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-116303 | 5a690e918476ee001a58aa60 | Punjab,_Pakistan | The fairs held at the shrines of Sufi saints are called urs. They generally mark the death anniversary of the saint. On these occasions devotees assemble in large numbers and pay homage to the memory of the saint. Soul inspiring music is played and devotees dance in ecstasy. The music on these occasions is essentially folk and appealing. It forms a part of the folk music through mystic messages. The most important urs are: urs of Data Ganj Buksh at Lahore, urs of Hazrat Sultan Bahu at Jhang, urs of Hazrat Shah Jewna at Jhang, urs of Hazrat Mian Mir at Lahore, urs of Baba Farid Ganj Shakar at Pakpattan, urs of Hazrat Bahaudin Zakria at Multan, urs of Sakhi Sarwar Sultan at Dera Ghazi Khan, urs of Shah Hussain at Lahore, urs of Hazrat Bulleh Shah at Kasur, urs of Hazrat Imam Bari (Bari Shah Latif) at Rawalpindi-Islamabad and urs of Shah Inayar Qadri (the murrshad of Bulleh Shah) in Lahore. | What do the saints do at an urs? | What do the saints do at an urs? | [
"What do the saints do at an urs?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-116304 | 5a690e918476ee001a58aa61 | Punjab,_Pakistan | The fairs held at the shrines of Sufi saints are called urs. They generally mark the death anniversary of the saint. On these occasions devotees assemble in large numbers and pay homage to the memory of the saint. Soul inspiring music is played and devotees dance in ecstasy. The music on these occasions is essentially folk and appealing. It forms a part of the folk music through mystic messages. The most important urs are: urs of Data Ganj Buksh at Lahore, urs of Hazrat Sultan Bahu at Jhang, urs of Hazrat Shah Jewna at Jhang, urs of Hazrat Mian Mir at Lahore, urs of Baba Farid Ganj Shakar at Pakpattan, urs of Hazrat Bahaudin Zakria at Multan, urs of Sakhi Sarwar Sultan at Dera Ghazi Khan, urs of Shah Hussain at Lahore, urs of Hazrat Bulleh Shah at Kasur, urs of Hazrat Imam Bari (Bari Shah Latif) at Rawalpindi-Islamabad and urs of Shah Inayar Qadri (the murrshad of Bulleh Shah) in Lahore. | Who created the mystic messages? | Who created the mystic messages? | [
"Who created the mystic messages?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-116305 | 5a690e918476ee001a58aa62 | Punjab,_Pakistan | The fairs held at the shrines of Sufi saints are called urs. They generally mark the death anniversary of the saint. On these occasions devotees assemble in large numbers and pay homage to the memory of the saint. Soul inspiring music is played and devotees dance in ecstasy. The music on these occasions is essentially folk and appealing. It forms a part of the folk music through mystic messages. The most important urs are: urs of Data Ganj Buksh at Lahore, urs of Hazrat Sultan Bahu at Jhang, urs of Hazrat Shah Jewna at Jhang, urs of Hazrat Mian Mir at Lahore, urs of Baba Farid Ganj Shakar at Pakpattan, urs of Hazrat Bahaudin Zakria at Multan, urs of Sakhi Sarwar Sultan at Dera Ghazi Khan, urs of Shah Hussain at Lahore, urs of Hazrat Bulleh Shah at Kasur, urs of Hazrat Imam Bari (Bari Shah Latif) at Rawalpindi-Islamabad and urs of Shah Inayar Qadri (the murrshad of Bulleh Shah) in Lahore. | Who started the urs? | Who started the urs? | [
"Who started the urs?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-116306 | 5734044cd058e614000b67bd | Punjab,_Pakistan | Exhibitions and annual horse shows in all districts and a national horse and cattle show at Lahore are held with the official patronage. The national horse and cattle show at Lahore is the biggest festival where sports, exhibitions, and livestock competitions are held. It not only encourages and patronises agricultural products and livestock through the exhibitions of agricultural products and cattle but is also a colourful documentary on the rich cultural heritage of the province with its strong rural roots. | What is Punjab's biggest festival? | What is Punjab's biggest festival? | [
"What is Punjab's biggest festival?"
] | {
"text": [
"The national horse and cattle show"
],
"answer_start": [
137
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-116307 | 5734044cd058e614000b67be | Punjab,_Pakistan | Exhibitions and annual horse shows in all districts and a national horse and cattle show at Lahore are held with the official patronage. The national horse and cattle show at Lahore is the biggest festival where sports, exhibitions, and livestock competitions are held. It not only encourages and patronises agricultural products and livestock through the exhibitions of agricultural products and cattle but is also a colourful documentary on the rich cultural heritage of the province with its strong rural roots. | Where is the national horse and cattle show held? | Where is the national horse and cattle show held? | [
"Where is the national horse and cattle show held?"
] | {
"text": [
"Lahore"
],
"answer_start": [
175
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-116308 | 5734044cd058e614000b67bf | Punjab,_Pakistan | Exhibitions and annual horse shows in all districts and a national horse and cattle show at Lahore are held with the official patronage. The national horse and cattle show at Lahore is the biggest festival where sports, exhibitions, and livestock competitions are held. It not only encourages and patronises agricultural products and livestock through the exhibitions of agricultural products and cattle but is also a colourful documentary on the rich cultural heritage of the province with its strong rural roots. | What happens at the national horse and cattle show? | What happens at the national horse and cattle show? | [
"What happens at the national horse and cattle show?"
] | {
"text": [
"sports, exhibitions, and livestock competitions"
],
"answer_start": [
212
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-116309 | 5a6911a38476ee001a58aa68 | Punjab,_Pakistan | Exhibitions and annual horse shows in all districts and a national horse and cattle show at Lahore are held with the official patronage. The national horse and cattle show at Lahore is the biggest festival where sports, exhibitions, and livestock competitions are held. It not only encourages and patronises agricultural products and livestock through the exhibitions of agricultural products and cattle but is also a colourful documentary on the rich cultural heritage of the province with its strong rural roots. | Which district does not have exhibitions? | Which district does not have exhibitions? | [
"Which district does not have exhibitions?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-116310 | 5a6911a38476ee001a58aa69 | Punjab,_Pakistan | Exhibitions and annual horse shows in all districts and a national horse and cattle show at Lahore are held with the official patronage. The national horse and cattle show at Lahore is the biggest festival where sports, exhibitions, and livestock competitions are held. It not only encourages and patronises agricultural products and livestock through the exhibitions of agricultural products and cattle but is also a colourful documentary on the rich cultural heritage of the province with its strong rural roots. | The biggest festival does not have what kind of competition? | The biggest festival does not have what kind of competition? | [
"The biggest festival does not have what kind of competition?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-116311 | 5a6911a38476ee001a58aa6a | Punjab,_Pakistan | Exhibitions and annual horse shows in all districts and a national horse and cattle show at Lahore are held with the official patronage. The national horse and cattle show at Lahore is the biggest festival where sports, exhibitions, and livestock competitions are held. It not only encourages and patronises agricultural products and livestock through the exhibitions of agricultural products and cattle but is also a colourful documentary on the rich cultural heritage of the province with its strong rural roots. | Which festival is damaging the province's rural roots? | Which festival is damaging the province's rural roots? | [
"Which festival is damaging the province's rural roots?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-116312 | 5a6911a38476ee001a58aa6b | Punjab,_Pakistan | Exhibitions and annual horse shows in all districts and a national horse and cattle show at Lahore are held with the official patronage. The national horse and cattle show at Lahore is the biggest festival where sports, exhibitions, and livestock competitions are held. It not only encourages and patronises agricultural products and livestock through the exhibitions of agricultural products and cattle but is also a colourful documentary on the rich cultural heritage of the province with its strong rural roots. | What does the Lahore festival discourage? | What does the Lahore festival discourage? | [
"What does the Lahore festival discourage?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-116313 | 57340526d058e614000b67d3 | Punjab,_Pakistan | The province is home to several historical sites, including the Shalimar Gardens, the Lahore Fort, the Badshahi Mosque, the Rohtas Fort and the ruins of the ancient city of Harrapa. The Anarkali Market and Jahangir's Tomb are prominent in the city of Lahore as is the Lahore Museum, while the ancient city of Taxila in the northwest was once a major centre of Buddhist and Hindu influence. Several important Sikh shrines are in the province, including the birthplace of the first Guru, Guru Nanak. (born at Nankana Sahib). There are a few famous hill stations, including Murree, Bhurban, Patriata and Fort Munro. | What famous tomb is in Lahore? | What famous tomb is in Lahore? | [
"What famous tomb is in Lahore?"
] | {
"text": [
"Jahangir's Tomb"
],
"answer_start": [
206
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-116314 | 57340526d058e614000b67d4 | Punjab,_Pakistan | The province is home to several historical sites, including the Shalimar Gardens, the Lahore Fort, the Badshahi Mosque, the Rohtas Fort and the ruins of the ancient city of Harrapa. The Anarkali Market and Jahangir's Tomb are prominent in the city of Lahore as is the Lahore Museum, while the ancient city of Taxila in the northwest was once a major centre of Buddhist and Hindu influence. Several important Sikh shrines are in the province, including the birthplace of the first Guru, Guru Nanak. (born at Nankana Sahib). There are a few famous hill stations, including Murree, Bhurban, Patriata and Fort Munro. | Where was Nanak born? | Where was Nanak born? | [
"Where was Nanak born?"
] | {
"text": [
"Nankana Sahib"
],
"answer_start": [
507
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-116315 | 57340526d058e614000b67d5 | Punjab,_Pakistan | The province is home to several historical sites, including the Shalimar Gardens, the Lahore Fort, the Badshahi Mosque, the Rohtas Fort and the ruins of the ancient city of Harrapa. The Anarkali Market and Jahangir's Tomb are prominent in the city of Lahore as is the Lahore Museum, while the ancient city of Taxila in the northwest was once a major centre of Buddhist and Hindu influence. Several important Sikh shrines are in the province, including the birthplace of the first Guru, Guru Nanak. (born at Nankana Sahib). There are a few famous hill stations, including Murree, Bhurban, Patriata and Fort Munro. | Who was the first Sikh Guru? | Who was the first Sikh Guru? | [
"Who was the first Sikh Guru?"
] | {
"text": [
"Guru Nanak"
],
"answer_start": [
486
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-116316 | 57340526d058e614000b67d6 | Punjab,_Pakistan | The province is home to several historical sites, including the Shalimar Gardens, the Lahore Fort, the Badshahi Mosque, the Rohtas Fort and the ruins of the ancient city of Harrapa. The Anarkali Market and Jahangir's Tomb are prominent in the city of Lahore as is the Lahore Museum, while the ancient city of Taxila in the northwest was once a major centre of Buddhist and Hindu influence. Several important Sikh shrines are in the province, including the birthplace of the first Guru, Guru Nanak. (born at Nankana Sahib). There are a few famous hill stations, including Murree, Bhurban, Patriata and Fort Munro. | What famous hill stations are in Punjab? | What famous hill stations are in Punjab? | [
"What famous hill stations are in Punjab?"
] | {
"text": [
"Murree, Bhurban, Patriata and Fort Munro"
],
"answer_start": [
571
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-116317 | 57340526d058e614000b67d7 | Punjab,_Pakistan | The province is home to several historical sites, including the Shalimar Gardens, the Lahore Fort, the Badshahi Mosque, the Rohtas Fort and the ruins of the ancient city of Harrapa. The Anarkali Market and Jahangir's Tomb are prominent in the city of Lahore as is the Lahore Museum, while the ancient city of Taxila in the northwest was once a major centre of Buddhist and Hindu influence. Several important Sikh shrines are in the province, including the birthplace of the first Guru, Guru Nanak. (born at Nankana Sahib). There are a few famous hill stations, including Murree, Bhurban, Patriata and Fort Munro. | What famous mosque is in Punjab? | What famous mosque is in Punjab? | [
"What famous mosque is in Punjab?"
] | {
"text": [
"Badshahi Mosque"
],
"answer_start": [
103
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-116318 | 5a6912ae8476ee001a58aa70 | Punjab,_Pakistan | The province is home to several historical sites, including the Shalimar Gardens, the Lahore Fort, the Badshahi Mosque, the Rohtas Fort and the ruins of the ancient city of Harrapa. The Anarkali Market and Jahangir's Tomb are prominent in the city of Lahore as is the Lahore Museum, while the ancient city of Taxila in the northwest was once a major centre of Buddhist and Hindu influence. Several important Sikh shrines are in the province, including the birthplace of the first Guru, Guru Nanak. (born at Nankana Sahib). There are a few famous hill stations, including Murree, Bhurban, Patriata and Fort Munro. | Where are Jahangir's Gardens? | Where are Jahangir's Gardens? | [
"Where are Jahangir's Gardens?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-116319 | 5a6912ae8476ee001a58aa71 | Punjab,_Pakistan | The province is home to several historical sites, including the Shalimar Gardens, the Lahore Fort, the Badshahi Mosque, the Rohtas Fort and the ruins of the ancient city of Harrapa. The Anarkali Market and Jahangir's Tomb are prominent in the city of Lahore as is the Lahore Museum, while the ancient city of Taxila in the northwest was once a major centre of Buddhist and Hindu influence. Several important Sikh shrines are in the province, including the birthplace of the first Guru, Guru Nanak. (born at Nankana Sahib). There are a few famous hill stations, including Murree, Bhurban, Patriata and Fort Munro. | Which city houses the Sihk shrines? | Which city houses the Sihk shrines? | [
"Which city houses the Sihk shrines?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-116320 | 5a6912ae8476ee001a58aa72 | Punjab,_Pakistan | The province is home to several historical sites, including the Shalimar Gardens, the Lahore Fort, the Badshahi Mosque, the Rohtas Fort and the ruins of the ancient city of Harrapa. The Anarkali Market and Jahangir's Tomb are prominent in the city of Lahore as is the Lahore Museum, while the ancient city of Taxila in the northwest was once a major centre of Buddhist and Hindu influence. Several important Sikh shrines are in the province, including the birthplace of the first Guru, Guru Nanak. (born at Nankana Sahib). There are a few famous hill stations, including Murree, Bhurban, Patriata and Fort Munro. | Taxila has become a major centre of what in the modern age? | Taxila has become a major centre of what in the modern age? | [
"Taxila has become a major centre of what in the modern age?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-116321 | 5a6912ae8476ee001a58aa73 | Punjab,_Pakistan | The province is home to several historical sites, including the Shalimar Gardens, the Lahore Fort, the Badshahi Mosque, the Rohtas Fort and the ruins of the ancient city of Harrapa. The Anarkali Market and Jahangir's Tomb are prominent in the city of Lahore as is the Lahore Museum, while the ancient city of Taxila in the northwest was once a major centre of Buddhist and Hindu influence. Several important Sikh shrines are in the province, including the birthplace of the first Guru, Guru Nanak. (born at Nankana Sahib). There are a few famous hill stations, including Murree, Bhurban, Patriata and Fort Munro. | What city is the Murree hill nearby? | What city is the Murree hill nearby? | [
"What city is the Murree hill nearby?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-116322 | 5a6912ae8476ee001a58aa74 | Punjab,_Pakistan | The province is home to several historical sites, including the Shalimar Gardens, the Lahore Fort, the Badshahi Mosque, the Rohtas Fort and the ruins of the ancient city of Harrapa. The Anarkali Market and Jahangir's Tomb are prominent in the city of Lahore as is the Lahore Museum, while the ancient city of Taxila in the northwest was once a major centre of Buddhist and Hindu influence. Several important Sikh shrines are in the province, including the birthplace of the first Guru, Guru Nanak. (born at Nankana Sahib). There are a few famous hill stations, including Murree, Bhurban, Patriata and Fort Munro. | Who was born in Harrapa? | Who was born in Harrapa? | [
"Who was born in Harrapa?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-116323 | 573405aa4776f41900661717 | Punjab,_Pakistan | Among the Punjabi poets, the names of Sultan Bahu, Bulleh Shah, Mian Muhammad Baksh, and Waris Shah and folk singers like Inayat Hussain Bhatti and Tufail Niazi, Alam Lohar, Sain Marna, Mansoor Malangi, Allah Ditta Lona wala, Talib Hussain Dard, Attaullah Khan Essa Khailwi, Gamoo Tahliwala, Mamzoo Gha-lla, Akbar Jat, Arif Lohar, Ahmad Nawaz Cheena and Hamid Ali Bela are well-known. In the composition of classical ragas, there are such masters as Malika-i-Mauseequi (Queen of Music) Roshan Ara Begum, Ustad Amanat Ali Khan, Salamat Ali Khan and Ustad Fateh Ali Khan. Alam Lohar has made significant contributions to folklore and Punjabi literature, by being a very influential Punjabi folk singer from 1930 until 1979. | Who are some well-known Punjab poets? | Who are some well-known Punjab poets? | [
"Who are some well-known Punjab poets?"
] | {
"text": [
"Sultan Bahu, Bulleh Shah, Mian Muhammad Baksh, and Waris Shah"
],
"answer_start": [
38
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-116324 | 573405aa4776f41900661718 | Punjab,_Pakistan | Among the Punjabi poets, the names of Sultan Bahu, Bulleh Shah, Mian Muhammad Baksh, and Waris Shah and folk singers like Inayat Hussain Bhatti and Tufail Niazi, Alam Lohar, Sain Marna, Mansoor Malangi, Allah Ditta Lona wala, Talib Hussain Dard, Attaullah Khan Essa Khailwi, Gamoo Tahliwala, Mamzoo Gha-lla, Akbar Jat, Arif Lohar, Ahmad Nawaz Cheena and Hamid Ali Bela are well-known. In the composition of classical ragas, there are such masters as Malika-i-Mauseequi (Queen of Music) Roshan Ara Begum, Ustad Amanat Ali Khan, Salamat Ali Khan and Ustad Fateh Ali Khan. Alam Lohar has made significant contributions to folklore and Punjabi literature, by being a very influential Punjabi folk singer from 1930 until 1979. | What is Allah Ditta Lona Wala's career? | What is Allah Ditta Lona Wala's career? | [
"What is Allah Ditta Lona Wala's career?"
] | {
"text": [
"folk singers"
],
"answer_start": [
104
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-116325 | 573405aa4776f41900661719 | Punjab,_Pakistan | Among the Punjabi poets, the names of Sultan Bahu, Bulleh Shah, Mian Muhammad Baksh, and Waris Shah and folk singers like Inayat Hussain Bhatti and Tufail Niazi, Alam Lohar, Sain Marna, Mansoor Malangi, Allah Ditta Lona wala, Talib Hussain Dard, Attaullah Khan Essa Khailwi, Gamoo Tahliwala, Mamzoo Gha-lla, Akbar Jat, Arif Lohar, Ahmad Nawaz Cheena and Hamid Ali Bela are well-known. In the composition of classical ragas, there are such masters as Malika-i-Mauseequi (Queen of Music) Roshan Ara Begum, Ustad Amanat Ali Khan, Salamat Ali Khan and Ustad Fateh Ali Khan. Alam Lohar has made significant contributions to folklore and Punjabi literature, by being a very influential Punjabi folk singer from 1930 until 1979. | Who is the 'Queen of Music'? | Who is the 'Queen of Music'? | [
"Who is the 'Queen of Music'?"
] | {
"text": [
"Malika-i-Mauseequi"
],
"answer_start": [
450
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-116326 | 573405aa4776f4190066171a | Punjab,_Pakistan | Among the Punjabi poets, the names of Sultan Bahu, Bulleh Shah, Mian Muhammad Baksh, and Waris Shah and folk singers like Inayat Hussain Bhatti and Tufail Niazi, Alam Lohar, Sain Marna, Mansoor Malangi, Allah Ditta Lona wala, Talib Hussain Dard, Attaullah Khan Essa Khailwi, Gamoo Tahliwala, Mamzoo Gha-lla, Akbar Jat, Arif Lohar, Ahmad Nawaz Cheena and Hamid Ali Bela are well-known. In the composition of classical ragas, there are such masters as Malika-i-Mauseequi (Queen of Music) Roshan Ara Begum, Ustad Amanat Ali Khan, Salamat Ali Khan and Ustad Fateh Ali Khan. Alam Lohar has made significant contributions to folklore and Punjabi literature, by being a very influential Punjabi folk singer from 1930 until 1979. | When was Alam Lohar an important Punjabi folk singer? | When was Alam Lohar an important Punjabi folk singer? | [
"When was Alam Lohar an important Punjabi folk singer?"
] | {
"text": [
"from 1930 until 1979"
],
"answer_start": [
700
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-116327 | 5a6913cb8476ee001a58aa7a | Punjab,_Pakistan | Among the Punjabi poets, the names of Sultan Bahu, Bulleh Shah, Mian Muhammad Baksh, and Waris Shah and folk singers like Inayat Hussain Bhatti and Tufail Niazi, Alam Lohar, Sain Marna, Mansoor Malangi, Allah Ditta Lona wala, Talib Hussain Dard, Attaullah Khan Essa Khailwi, Gamoo Tahliwala, Mamzoo Gha-lla, Akbar Jat, Arif Lohar, Ahmad Nawaz Cheena and Hamid Ali Bela are well-known. In the composition of classical ragas, there are such masters as Malika-i-Mauseequi (Queen of Music) Roshan Ara Begum, Ustad Amanat Ali Khan, Salamat Ali Khan and Ustad Fateh Ali Khan. Alam Lohar has made significant contributions to folklore and Punjabi literature, by being a very influential Punjabi folk singer from 1930 until 1979. | When was Sultan Bahu popular? | When was Sultan Bahu popular? | [
"When was Sultan Bahu popular?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-116328 | 5a6913cb8476ee001a58aa7b | Punjab,_Pakistan | Among the Punjabi poets, the names of Sultan Bahu, Bulleh Shah, Mian Muhammad Baksh, and Waris Shah and folk singers like Inayat Hussain Bhatti and Tufail Niazi, Alam Lohar, Sain Marna, Mansoor Malangi, Allah Ditta Lona wala, Talib Hussain Dard, Attaullah Khan Essa Khailwi, Gamoo Tahliwala, Mamzoo Gha-lla, Akbar Jat, Arif Lohar, Ahmad Nawaz Cheena and Hamid Ali Bela are well-known. In the composition of classical ragas, there are such masters as Malika-i-Mauseequi (Queen of Music) Roshan Ara Begum, Ustad Amanat Ali Khan, Salamat Ali Khan and Ustad Fateh Ali Khan. Alam Lohar has made significant contributions to folklore and Punjabi literature, by being a very influential Punjabi folk singer from 1930 until 1979. | What was Ustad Amanat Ali Khan's nickname? | What was Ustad Amanat Ali Khan's nickname? | [
"What was Ustad Amanat Ali Khan's nickname?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-116329 | 5a6913cb8476ee001a58aa7c | Punjab,_Pakistan | Among the Punjabi poets, the names of Sultan Bahu, Bulleh Shah, Mian Muhammad Baksh, and Waris Shah and folk singers like Inayat Hussain Bhatti and Tufail Niazi, Alam Lohar, Sain Marna, Mansoor Malangi, Allah Ditta Lona wala, Talib Hussain Dard, Attaullah Khan Essa Khailwi, Gamoo Tahliwala, Mamzoo Gha-lla, Akbar Jat, Arif Lohar, Ahmad Nawaz Cheena and Hamid Ali Bela are well-known. In the composition of classical ragas, there are such masters as Malika-i-Mauseequi (Queen of Music) Roshan Ara Begum, Ustad Amanat Ali Khan, Salamat Ali Khan and Ustad Fateh Ali Khan. Alam Lohar has made significant contributions to folklore and Punjabi literature, by being a very influential Punjabi folk singer from 1930 until 1979. | What poet was most prolific during 1930 to 1979? | What poet was most prolific during 1930 to 1979? | [
"What poet was most prolific during 1930 to 1979?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-116330 | 5a6913cb8476ee001a58aa7d | Punjab,_Pakistan | Among the Punjabi poets, the names of Sultan Bahu, Bulleh Shah, Mian Muhammad Baksh, and Waris Shah and folk singers like Inayat Hussain Bhatti and Tufail Niazi, Alam Lohar, Sain Marna, Mansoor Malangi, Allah Ditta Lona wala, Talib Hussain Dard, Attaullah Khan Essa Khailwi, Gamoo Tahliwala, Mamzoo Gha-lla, Akbar Jat, Arif Lohar, Ahmad Nawaz Cheena and Hamid Ali Bela are well-known. In the composition of classical ragas, there are such masters as Malika-i-Mauseequi (Queen of Music) Roshan Ara Begum, Ustad Amanat Ali Khan, Salamat Ali Khan and Ustad Fateh Ali Khan. Alam Lohar has made significant contributions to folklore and Punjabi literature, by being a very influential Punjabi folk singer from 1930 until 1979. | When was Alam Lohar born? | When was Alam Lohar born? | [
"When was Alam Lohar born?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-116331 | 5a6913cb8476ee001a58aa7e | Punjab,_Pakistan | Among the Punjabi poets, the names of Sultan Bahu, Bulleh Shah, Mian Muhammad Baksh, and Waris Shah and folk singers like Inayat Hussain Bhatti and Tufail Niazi, Alam Lohar, Sain Marna, Mansoor Malangi, Allah Ditta Lona wala, Talib Hussain Dard, Attaullah Khan Essa Khailwi, Gamoo Tahliwala, Mamzoo Gha-lla, Akbar Jat, Arif Lohar, Ahmad Nawaz Cheena and Hamid Ali Bela are well-known. In the composition of classical ragas, there are such masters as Malika-i-Mauseequi (Queen of Music) Roshan Ara Begum, Ustad Amanat Ali Khan, Salamat Ali Khan and Ustad Fateh Ali Khan. Alam Lohar has made significant contributions to folklore and Punjabi literature, by being a very influential Punjabi folk singer from 1930 until 1979. | Folk singers created classical whats? | Folk singers created classical whats? | [
"Folk singers created classical whats?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-116332 | 57340645d058e614000b67f7 | Punjab,_Pakistan | For the popular taste however, light music, particularly Ghazals and folk songs, which have an appeal of their own, the names of Mehdi Hassan, Ghulam Ali, Nur Jehan, Malika Pukhraj, Farida Khanum, Roshen Ara Begum, and Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan are well-known. Folk songs and dances of the Punjab reflect a wide range of moods: the rains, sowing and harvesting seasons. Luddi, Bhangra and Sammi depict the joy of living. Love legends of Heer Ranjha, Mirza Sahiban, Sohni Mahenwal and Saiful Mulk are sung in different styles. | What kind of music does Malika Pukhraj perform? | What kind of music does Malika Pukhraj perform? | [
"What kind of music does Malika Pukhraj perform?"
] | {
"text": [
"Ghazals and folk songs"
],
"answer_start": [
57
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-116333 | 57340645d058e614000b67f8 | Punjab,_Pakistan | For the popular taste however, light music, particularly Ghazals and folk songs, which have an appeal of their own, the names of Mehdi Hassan, Ghulam Ali, Nur Jehan, Malika Pukhraj, Farida Khanum, Roshen Ara Begum, and Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan are well-known. Folk songs and dances of the Punjab reflect a wide range of moods: the rains, sowing and harvesting seasons. Luddi, Bhangra and Sammi depict the joy of living. Love legends of Heer Ranjha, Mirza Sahiban, Sohni Mahenwal and Saiful Mulk are sung in different styles. | What do Punjab folk songs often reflect? | What do Punjab folk songs often reflect? | [
"What do Punjab folk songs often reflect?"
] | {
"text": [
"the rains, sowing and harvesting seasons"
],
"answer_start": [
324
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-116334 | 57340645d058e614000b67f9 | Punjab,_Pakistan | For the popular taste however, light music, particularly Ghazals and folk songs, which have an appeal of their own, the names of Mehdi Hassan, Ghulam Ali, Nur Jehan, Malika Pukhraj, Farida Khanum, Roshen Ara Begum, and Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan are well-known. Folk songs and dances of the Punjab reflect a wide range of moods: the rains, sowing and harvesting seasons. Luddi, Bhangra and Sammi depict the joy of living. Love legends of Heer Ranjha, Mirza Sahiban, Sohni Mahenwal and Saiful Mulk are sung in different styles. | Who sings about the joy of living? | Who sings about the joy of living? | [
"Who sings about the joy of living?"
] | {
"text": [
"Luddi, Bhangra and Sammi"
],
"answer_start": [
366
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-116335 | 57340645d058e614000b67fa | Punjab,_Pakistan | For the popular taste however, light music, particularly Ghazals and folk songs, which have an appeal of their own, the names of Mehdi Hassan, Ghulam Ali, Nur Jehan, Malika Pukhraj, Farida Khanum, Roshen Ara Begum, and Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan are well-known. Folk songs and dances of the Punjab reflect a wide range of moods: the rains, sowing and harvesting seasons. Luddi, Bhangra and Sammi depict the joy of living. Love legends of Heer Ranjha, Mirza Sahiban, Sohni Mahenwal and Saiful Mulk are sung in different styles. | What does Heer Ranjha sing about? | What does Heer Ranjha sing about? | [
"What does Heer Ranjha sing about?"
] | {
"text": [
"Love"
],
"answer_start": [
417
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-116336 | 57340645d058e614000b67fb | Punjab,_Pakistan | For the popular taste however, light music, particularly Ghazals and folk songs, which have an appeal of their own, the names of Mehdi Hassan, Ghulam Ali, Nur Jehan, Malika Pukhraj, Farida Khanum, Roshen Ara Begum, and Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan are well-known. Folk songs and dances of the Punjab reflect a wide range of moods: the rains, sowing and harvesting seasons. Luddi, Bhangra and Sammi depict the joy of living. Love legends of Heer Ranjha, Mirza Sahiban, Sohni Mahenwal and Saiful Mulk are sung in different styles. | What kind of music does Roshen Ara Begum perform? | What kind of music does Roshen Ara Begum perform? | [
"What kind of music does Roshen Ara Begum perform?"
] | {
"text": [
"Ghazals and folk songs"
],
"answer_start": [
57
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-116337 | 5a69154f8476ee001a58aa8e | Punjab,_Pakistan | For the popular taste however, light music, particularly Ghazals and folk songs, which have an appeal of their own, the names of Mehdi Hassan, Ghulam Ali, Nur Jehan, Malika Pukhraj, Farida Khanum, Roshen Ara Begum, and Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan are well-known. Folk songs and dances of the Punjab reflect a wide range of moods: the rains, sowing and harvesting seasons. Luddi, Bhangra and Sammi depict the joy of living. Love legends of Heer Ranjha, Mirza Sahiban, Sohni Mahenwal and Saiful Mulk are sung in different styles. | What is the name of the singer that sings songs representing the rains? | What is the name of the singer that sings songs representing the rains? | [
"What is the name of the singer that sings songs representing the rains?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-116338 | 5a69154f8476ee001a58aa8f | Punjab,_Pakistan | For the popular taste however, light music, particularly Ghazals and folk songs, which have an appeal of their own, the names of Mehdi Hassan, Ghulam Ali, Nur Jehan, Malika Pukhraj, Farida Khanum, Roshen Ara Begum, and Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan are well-known. Folk songs and dances of the Punjab reflect a wide range of moods: the rains, sowing and harvesting seasons. Luddi, Bhangra and Sammi depict the joy of living. Love legends of Heer Ranjha, Mirza Sahiban, Sohni Mahenwal and Saiful Mulk are sung in different styles. | Who wrote songs after the style of Sammi? | Who wrote songs after the style of Sammi? | [
"Who wrote songs after the style of Sammi?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-116339 | 5a69154f8476ee001a58aa90 | Punjab,_Pakistan | For the popular taste however, light music, particularly Ghazals and folk songs, which have an appeal of their own, the names of Mehdi Hassan, Ghulam Ali, Nur Jehan, Malika Pukhraj, Farida Khanum, Roshen Ara Begum, and Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan are well-known. Folk songs and dances of the Punjab reflect a wide range of moods: the rains, sowing and harvesting seasons. Luddi, Bhangra and Sammi depict the joy of living. Love legends of Heer Ranjha, Mirza Sahiban, Sohni Mahenwal and Saiful Mulk are sung in different styles. | What type of songs are limited to a set number of moods? | What type of songs are limited to a set number of moods? | [
"What type of songs are limited to a set number of moods?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-116340 | 5a69154f8476ee001a58aa91 | Punjab,_Pakistan | For the popular taste however, light music, particularly Ghazals and folk songs, which have an appeal of their own, the names of Mehdi Hassan, Ghulam Ali, Nur Jehan, Malika Pukhraj, Farida Khanum, Roshen Ara Begum, and Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan are well-known. Folk songs and dances of the Punjab reflect a wide range of moods: the rains, sowing and harvesting seasons. Luddi, Bhangra and Sammi depict the joy of living. Love legends of Heer Ranjha, Mirza Sahiban, Sohni Mahenwal and Saiful Mulk are sung in different styles. | What tends to be less popular with the people? | What tends to be less popular with the people? | [
"What tends to be less popular with the people?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-116341 | 5a69154f8476ee001a58aa92 | Punjab,_Pakistan | For the popular taste however, light music, particularly Ghazals and folk songs, which have an appeal of their own, the names of Mehdi Hassan, Ghulam Ali, Nur Jehan, Malika Pukhraj, Farida Khanum, Roshen Ara Begum, and Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan are well-known. Folk songs and dances of the Punjab reflect a wide range of moods: the rains, sowing and harvesting seasons. Luddi, Bhangra and Sammi depict the joy of living. Love legends of Heer Ranjha, Mirza Sahiban, Sohni Mahenwal and Saiful Mulk are sung in different styles. | What songs use the same styling? | What songs use the same styling? | [
"What songs use the same styling?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-116342 | 5706ec1e90286e26004fc73f | Letter_case | The terms upper case and lower case can be written as two consecutive words, connected with a hyphen (upper-case and lower-case), or as a single word (uppercase and lowercase). These terms originated from the common layouts of the shallow drawers called type cases used to hold the movable type for letterpress printing. Traditionally, the capital letters were stored in a separate case that was located above the case that held the small letters, and the name proved easy to remember since capital letters are taller. | The terms uppercase and lowercase originated from the common layout which type of drawers? | The terms uppercase and lowercase originated from the common layout which type of drawers? | [
"The terms uppercase and lowercase originated from the common layout which type of drawers?"
] | {
"text": [
"shallow"
],
"answer_start": [
231
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-116343 | 5706ec1e90286e26004fc740 | Letter_case | The terms upper case and lower case can be written as two consecutive words, connected with a hyphen (upper-case and lower-case), or as a single word (uppercase and lowercase). These terms originated from the common layouts of the shallow drawers called type cases used to hold the movable type for letterpress printing. Traditionally, the capital letters were stored in a separate case that was located above the case that held the small letters, and the name proved easy to remember since capital letters are taller. | Besides being a single word or two separate words, how can the words uppercase and lowercase be expressed? | Besides being a single word or two separate words, how can the words uppercase and lowercase be expressed? | [
"Besides being a single word or two separate words, how can the words uppercase and lowercase be expressed?"
] | {
"text": [
"hyphen"
],
"answer_start": [
94
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-116344 | 5706ec1e90286e26004fc741 | Letter_case | The terms upper case and lower case can be written as two consecutive words, connected with a hyphen (upper-case and lower-case), or as a single word (uppercase and lowercase). These terms originated from the common layouts of the shallow drawers called type cases used to hold the movable type for letterpress printing. Traditionally, the capital letters were stored in a separate case that was located above the case that held the small letters, and the name proved easy to remember since capital letters are taller. | In relation to the shelf the small letters were located, where were the capital letters? | In relation to the shelf the small letters were located, where were the capital letters? | [
"In relation to the shelf the small letters were located, where were the capital letters?"
] | {
"text": [
"located above"
],
"answer_start": [
396
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-116345 | 5706ec1e90286e26004fc742 | Letter_case | The terms upper case and lower case can be written as two consecutive words, connected with a hyphen (upper-case and lower-case), or as a single word (uppercase and lowercase). These terms originated from the common layouts of the shallow drawers called type cases used to hold the movable type for letterpress printing. Traditionally, the capital letters were stored in a separate case that was located above the case that held the small letters, and the name proved easy to remember since capital letters are taller. | Which characteristic of capital letters made it easy to remember. | Which characteristic of capital letters made it easy to remember. | [
"Which characteristic of capital letters made it easy to remember."
] | {
"text": [
"taller"
],
"answer_start": [
511
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-116346 | 5706ee379e06ca38007e921b | Letter_case | The convention followed by many British publishers (including scientific publishers, like Nature, magazines, like The Economist and New Scientist, and newspapers, like The Guardian and The Times) and U.S. newspapers is to use sentence-style capitalisation in headlines, where capitalisation follows the same rules that apply for sentences. This convention is usually called sentence case. It may also be applied to publication titles, especially in bibliographic references and library catalogues. Examples of global publishers whose English-language house styles prescribe sentence-case titles and headings include the International Organization for Standardization. | What is the basis of capitalization standards for the sentence-style capitalization? | What is the basis of capitalization standards for the sentence-style capitalization? | [
"What is the basis of capitalization standards for the sentence-style capitalization?"
] | {
"text": [
"sentences"
],
"answer_start": [
329
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-116347 | 5706ee379e06ca38007e921c | Letter_case | The convention followed by many British publishers (including scientific publishers, like Nature, magazines, like The Economist and New Scientist, and newspapers, like The Guardian and The Times) and U.S. newspapers is to use sentence-style capitalisation in headlines, where capitalisation follows the same rules that apply for sentences. This convention is usually called sentence case. It may also be applied to publication titles, especially in bibliographic references and library catalogues. Examples of global publishers whose English-language house styles prescribe sentence-case titles and headings include the International Organization for Standardization. | What is the popular capitalization structure and standard used by many British publishers and U.S. newspapers? | What is the popular capitalization structure and standard used by many British publishers and U.S. newspapers? | [
"What is the popular capitalization structure and standard used by many British publishers and U.S. newspapers?"
] | {
"text": [
"sentence-style"
],
"answer_start": [
226
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-116348 | 5706ee379e06ca38007e921d | Letter_case | The convention followed by many British publishers (including scientific publishers, like Nature, magazines, like The Economist and New Scientist, and newspapers, like The Guardian and The Times) and U.S. newspapers is to use sentence-style capitalisation in headlines, where capitalisation follows the same rules that apply for sentences. This convention is usually called sentence case. It may also be applied to publication titles, especially in bibliographic references and library catalogues. Examples of global publishers whose English-language house styles prescribe sentence-case titles and headings include the International Organization for Standardization. | What is an alternative name for sentence-style capitalization? | What is an alternative name for sentence-style capitalization? | [
"What is an alternative name for sentence-style capitalization?"
] | {
"text": [
"sentence case"
],
"answer_start": [
374
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-116349 | 5706ee379e06ca38007e921e | Letter_case | The convention followed by many British publishers (including scientific publishers, like Nature, magazines, like The Economist and New Scientist, and newspapers, like The Guardian and The Times) and U.S. newspapers is to use sentence-style capitalisation in headlines, where capitalisation follows the same rules that apply for sentences. This convention is usually called sentence case. It may also be applied to publication titles, especially in bibliographic references and library catalogues. Examples of global publishers whose English-language house styles prescribe sentence-case titles and headings include the International Organization for Standardization. | Which popular global publisher utilizes sentence case for titles and headers? | Which popular global publisher utilizes sentence case for titles and headers? | [
"Which popular global publisher utilizes sentence case for titles and headers?"
] | {
"text": [
"International Organization for Standardization"
],
"answer_start": [
620
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-116350 | 5706ee379e06ca38007e921f | Letter_case | The convention followed by many British publishers (including scientific publishers, like Nature, magazines, like The Economist and New Scientist, and newspapers, like The Guardian and The Times) and U.S. newspapers is to use sentence-style capitalisation in headlines, where capitalisation follows the same rules that apply for sentences. This convention is usually called sentence case. It may also be applied to publication titles, especially in bibliographic references and library catalogues. Examples of global publishers whose English-language house styles prescribe sentence-case titles and headings include the International Organization for Standardization. | Besides headlines, what is sentence-style capitalization often applied to? | Besides headlines, what is sentence-style capitalization often applied to? | [
"Besides headlines, what is sentence-style capitalization often applied to?"
] | {
"text": [
"publication titles"
],
"answer_start": [
415
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-116351 | 5706ef6c9e06ca38007e9225 | Letter_case | Similar developments have taken place in other alphabets. The lower-case script for the Greek alphabet has its origins in the 7th century and acquired its quadrilinear form in the 8th century. Over time, uncial letter forms were increasingly mixed into the script. The earliest dated Greek lower-case text is the Uspenski Gospels (MS 461) in the year 835.[citation needed] The modern practice of capitalising the first letter of every sentence seems to be imported (and is rarely used when printing Ancient Greek materials even today). | Which century did the lower-case script for the Greek Alphabet originate? | Which century did the lower-case script for the Greek Alphabet originate? | [
"Which century did the lower-case script for the Greek Alphabet originate?"
] | {
"text": [
"7th"
],
"answer_start": [
126
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-116352 | 5706ef6c9e06ca38007e9226 | Letter_case | Similar developments have taken place in other alphabets. The lower-case script for the Greek alphabet has its origins in the 7th century and acquired its quadrilinear form in the 8th century. Over time, uncial letter forms were increasingly mixed into the script. The earliest dated Greek lower-case text is the Uspenski Gospels (MS 461) in the year 835.[citation needed] The modern practice of capitalising the first letter of every sentence seems to be imported (and is rarely used when printing Ancient Greek materials even today). | Which century did the Greek alphabet acquire its quadrilinear form? | Which century did the Greek alphabet acquire its quadrilinear form? | [
"Which century did the Greek alphabet acquire its quadrilinear form?"
] | {
"text": [
"8th"
],
"answer_start": [
180
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-116353 | 5706ef6c9e06ca38007e9227 | Letter_case | Similar developments have taken place in other alphabets. The lower-case script for the Greek alphabet has its origins in the 7th century and acquired its quadrilinear form in the 8th century. Over time, uncial letter forms were increasingly mixed into the script. The earliest dated Greek lower-case text is the Uspenski Gospels (MS 461) in the year 835.[citation needed] The modern practice of capitalising the first letter of every sentence seems to be imported (and is rarely used when printing Ancient Greek materials even today). | Overtime which type of letter forms were mixed increasingly into the Greek language script? | Overtime which type of letter forms were mixed increasingly into the Greek language script? | [
"Overtime which type of letter forms were mixed increasingly into the Greek language script?"
] | {
"text": [
"uncial"
],
"answer_start": [
204
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-116354 | 5706ef6c9e06ca38007e9228 | Letter_case | Similar developments have taken place in other alphabets. The lower-case script for the Greek alphabet has its origins in the 7th century and acquired its quadrilinear form in the 8th century. Over time, uncial letter forms were increasingly mixed into the script. The earliest dated Greek lower-case text is the Uspenski Gospels (MS 461) in the year 835.[citation needed] The modern practice of capitalising the first letter of every sentence seems to be imported (and is rarely used when printing Ancient Greek materials even today). | Which year is the earliest dated Greek lower-case text? | Which year is the earliest dated Greek lower-case text? | [
"Which year is the earliest dated Greek lower-case text?"
] | {
"text": [
"835"
],
"answer_start": [
351
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-116355 | 5706ef6c9e06ca38007e9229 | Letter_case | Similar developments have taken place in other alphabets. The lower-case script for the Greek alphabet has its origins in the 7th century and acquired its quadrilinear form in the 8th century. Over time, uncial letter forms were increasingly mixed into the script. The earliest dated Greek lower-case text is the Uspenski Gospels (MS 461) in the year 835.[citation needed] The modern practice of capitalising the first letter of every sentence seems to be imported (and is rarely used when printing Ancient Greek materials even today). | In which literature is the earliest dated Greek lower-case text? | In which literature is the earliest dated Greek lower-case text? | [
"In which literature is the earliest dated Greek lower-case text?"
] | {
"text": [
"Uspenski Gospels"
],
"answer_start": [
313
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-116356 | 5706f38e9e06ca38007e9239 | Letter_case | In orthography and typography, letter case (or just case) is the distinction between the letters that are in larger upper case (also capital letters, capitals, caps, large letters, or more formally majuscule, see Terminology) and smaller lower case (also small letters, or more formally minuscule, see Terminology) in the written representation of certain languages. Here is a comparison of the upper and lower case versions of each letter included in the English alphabet (the exact representation will vary according to the font used): | In orthography and typography, what is the distinction between the letters that are in larger upper case and lower upper case | In orthography and typography, what is the distinction between the letters that are in larger upper case and lower upper case | [
"In orthography and typography, what is the distinction between the letters that are in larger upper case and lower upper case"
] | {
"text": [
"letter case"
],
"answer_start": [
31
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-116357 | 5706f38e9e06ca38007e923a | Letter_case | In orthography and typography, letter case (or just case) is the distinction between the letters that are in larger upper case (also capital letters, capitals, caps, large letters, or more formally majuscule, see Terminology) and smaller lower case (also small letters, or more formally minuscule, see Terminology) in the written representation of certain languages. Here is a comparison of the upper and lower case versions of each letter included in the English alphabet (the exact representation will vary according to the font used): | Minuscule is a term uses to describe which case of letter? | Minuscule is a term uses to describe which case of letter? | [
"Minuscule is a term uses to describe which case of letter?"
] | {
"text": [
"smaller lower"
],
"answer_start": [
230
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-116358 | 5706f38e9e06ca38007e923b | Letter_case | In orthography and typography, letter case (or just case) is the distinction between the letters that are in larger upper case (also capital letters, capitals, caps, large letters, or more formally majuscule, see Terminology) and smaller lower case (also small letters, or more formally minuscule, see Terminology) in the written representation of certain languages. Here is a comparison of the upper and lower case versions of each letter included in the English alphabet (the exact representation will vary according to the font used): | Capital letters refer to which case of letter? | Capital letters refer to which case of letter? | [
"Capital letters refer to which case of letter?"
] | {
"text": [
"larger upper"
],
"answer_start": [
109
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-116359 | 5706f38e9e06ca38007e923c | Letter_case | In orthography and typography, letter case (or just case) is the distinction between the letters that are in larger upper case (also capital letters, capitals, caps, large letters, or more formally majuscule, see Terminology) and smaller lower case (also small letters, or more formally minuscule, see Terminology) in the written representation of certain languages. Here is a comparison of the upper and lower case versions of each letter included in the English alphabet (the exact representation will vary according to the font used): | Letter case is used to distinction betweem lowercase and uppercase letter in which common representation of certain languages? | Letter case is used to distinction betweem lowercase and uppercase letter in which common representation of certain languages? | [
"Letter case is used to distinction betweem lowercase and uppercase letter in which common representation of certain languages?"
] | {
"text": [
"written"
],
"answer_start": [
322
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-116360 | 5706f5309e06ca38007e9249 | Letter_case | Capitalisation in English, in terms of the general orthographic rules independent of context (e.g. title vs. heading vs. text), is universally standardized for formal writing. (Informal communication, such as texting, instant messaging or a handwritten sticky note, may not bother, but that is because its users usually do not expect it to be formal.) In English, capital letters are used as the first letter of a sentence, a proper noun, or a proper adjective. There are a few pairs of words of different meanings whose only difference is capitalisation of the first letter. The names of the days of the week and the names of the months are also capitalised, as are the first-person pronoun "I" and the interjection "O" (although the latter is uncommon in modern usage, with "oh" being preferred). Other words normally start with a lower-case letter. There are, however, situations where further capitalisation may be used to give added emphasis, for example in headings and titles (see below). In some traditional forms of poetry, capitalisation has conventionally been used as a marker to indicate the beginning of a line of verse independent of any grammatical feature. | Capitalization in English is universally standardized for which type of writing? | Capitalization in English is universally standardized for which type of writing? | [
"Capitalization in English is universally standardized for which type of writing?"
] | {
"text": [
"formal"
],
"answer_start": [
160
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-116361 | 5706f5309e06ca38007e924a | Letter_case | Capitalisation in English, in terms of the general orthographic rules independent of context (e.g. title vs. heading vs. text), is universally standardized for formal writing. (Informal communication, such as texting, instant messaging or a handwritten sticky note, may not bother, but that is because its users usually do not expect it to be formal.) In English, capital letters are used as the first letter of a sentence, a proper noun, or a proper adjective. There are a few pairs of words of different meanings whose only difference is capitalisation of the first letter. The names of the days of the week and the names of the months are also capitalised, as are the first-person pronoun "I" and the interjection "O" (although the latter is uncommon in modern usage, with "oh" being preferred). Other words normally start with a lower-case letter. There are, however, situations where further capitalisation may be used to give added emphasis, for example in headings and titles (see below). In some traditional forms of poetry, capitalisation has conventionally been used as a marker to indicate the beginning of a line of verse independent of any grammatical feature. | In English the first letter of a sentence is which type of letter? | In English the first letter of a sentence is which type of letter? | [
"In English the first letter of a sentence is which type of letter?"
] | {
"text": [
"capital"
],
"answer_start": [
364
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-116362 | 5706f5309e06ca38007e924b | Letter_case | Capitalisation in English, in terms of the general orthographic rules independent of context (e.g. title vs. heading vs. text), is universally standardized for formal writing. (Informal communication, such as texting, instant messaging or a handwritten sticky note, may not bother, but that is because its users usually do not expect it to be formal.) In English, capital letters are used as the first letter of a sentence, a proper noun, or a proper adjective. There are a few pairs of words of different meanings whose only difference is capitalisation of the first letter. The names of the days of the week and the names of the months are also capitalised, as are the first-person pronoun "I" and the interjection "O" (although the latter is uncommon in modern usage, with "oh" being preferred). Other words normally start with a lower-case letter. There are, however, situations where further capitalisation may be used to give added emphasis, for example in headings and titles (see below). In some traditional forms of poetry, capitalisation has conventionally been used as a marker to indicate the beginning of a line of verse independent of any grammatical feature. | What is capitalization commonly use to indicate in poetry independent of any grammatical feature? | What is capitalization commonly use to indicate in poetry independent of any grammatical feature? | [
"What is capitalization commonly use to indicate in poetry independent of any grammatical feature?"
] | {
"text": [
"beginning of a line of verse"
],
"answer_start": [
1105
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-116363 | 5706f5309e06ca38007e924c | Letter_case | Capitalisation in English, in terms of the general orthographic rules independent of context (e.g. title vs. heading vs. text), is universally standardized for formal writing. (Informal communication, such as texting, instant messaging or a handwritten sticky note, may not bother, but that is because its users usually do not expect it to be formal.) In English, capital letters are used as the first letter of a sentence, a proper noun, or a proper adjective. There are a few pairs of words of different meanings whose only difference is capitalisation of the first letter. The names of the days of the week and the names of the months are also capitalised, as are the first-person pronoun "I" and the interjection "O" (although the latter is uncommon in modern usage, with "oh" being preferred). Other words normally start with a lower-case letter. There are, however, situations where further capitalisation may be used to give added emphasis, for example in headings and titles (see below). In some traditional forms of poetry, capitalisation has conventionally been used as a marker to indicate the beginning of a line of verse independent of any grammatical feature. | How is the first letter of a first-person pronoun handled mid sentence in English? | How is the first letter of a first-person pronoun handled mid sentence in English? | [
"How is the first letter of a first-person pronoun handled mid sentence in English?"
] | {
"text": [
"capitalised"
],
"answer_start": [
647
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-116364 | 5706f5309e06ca38007e924d | Letter_case | Capitalisation in English, in terms of the general orthographic rules independent of context (e.g. title vs. heading vs. text), is universally standardized for formal writing. (Informal communication, such as texting, instant messaging or a handwritten sticky note, may not bother, but that is because its users usually do not expect it to be formal.) In English, capital letters are used as the first letter of a sentence, a proper noun, or a proper adjective. There are a few pairs of words of different meanings whose only difference is capitalisation of the first letter. The names of the days of the week and the names of the months are also capitalised, as are the first-person pronoun "I" and the interjection "O" (although the latter is uncommon in modern usage, with "oh" being preferred). Other words normally start with a lower-case letter. There are, however, situations where further capitalisation may be used to give added emphasis, for example in headings and titles (see below). In some traditional forms of poetry, capitalisation has conventionally been used as a marker to indicate the beginning of a line of verse independent of any grammatical feature. | The interjection "O" has been replaced by which more common and preferred word in English? | The interjection "O" has been replaced by which more common and preferred word in English? | [
"The interjection \"O\" has been replaced by which more common and preferred word in English?"
] | {
"text": [
"oh"
],
"answer_start": [
777
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-116365 | 5706f6a790286e26004fc777 | Letter_case | Originally alphabets were written entirely in majuscule letters, spaced between well-defined upper and lower bounds. When written quickly with a pen, these tended to turn into rounder and much simpler forms. It is from these that the first minuscule hands developed, the half-uncials and cursive minuscule, which no longer stayed bound between a pair of lines. These in turn formed the foundations for the Carolingian minuscule script, developed by Alcuin for use in the court of Charlemagne, which quickly spread across Europe. The advantage of the minuscule over majuscule was improved, faster readability.[citation needed] | Originally alphabets were written entirely in which type of letter? | Originally alphabets were written entirely in which type of letter? | [
"Originally alphabets were written entirely in which type of letter?"
] | {
"text": [
"majuscule"
],
"answer_start": [
46
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-116366 | 5706f6a790286e26004fc778 | Letter_case | Originally alphabets were written entirely in majuscule letters, spaced between well-defined upper and lower bounds. When written quickly with a pen, these tended to turn into rounder and much simpler forms. It is from these that the first minuscule hands developed, the half-uncials and cursive minuscule, which no longer stayed bound between a pair of lines. These in turn formed the foundations for the Carolingian minuscule script, developed by Alcuin for use in the court of Charlemagne, which quickly spread across Europe. The advantage of the minuscule over majuscule was improved, faster readability.[citation needed] | Rounder and simpler forms of letters came from writing quickly with which instrument? | Rounder and simpler forms of letters came from writing quickly with which instrument? | [
"Rounder and simpler forms of letters came from writing quickly with which instrument?"
] | {
"text": [
"pen"
],
"answer_start": [
145
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-116367 | 5706f6a790286e26004fc779 | Letter_case | Originally alphabets were written entirely in majuscule letters, spaced between well-defined upper and lower bounds. When written quickly with a pen, these tended to turn into rounder and much simpler forms. It is from these that the first minuscule hands developed, the half-uncials and cursive minuscule, which no longer stayed bound between a pair of lines. These in turn formed the foundations for the Carolingian minuscule script, developed by Alcuin for use in the court of Charlemagne, which quickly spread across Europe. The advantage of the minuscule over majuscule was improved, faster readability.[citation needed] | Who developed the Carolingian minuscule script for handwriting? | Who developed the Carolingian minuscule script for handwriting? | [
"Who developed the Carolingian minuscule script for handwriting?"
] | {
"text": [
"Alcuin"
],
"answer_start": [
449
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-116368 | 5706f6a790286e26004fc77a | Letter_case | Originally alphabets were written entirely in majuscule letters, spaced between well-defined upper and lower bounds. When written quickly with a pen, these tended to turn into rounder and much simpler forms. It is from these that the first minuscule hands developed, the half-uncials and cursive minuscule, which no longer stayed bound between a pair of lines. These in turn formed the foundations for the Carolingian minuscule script, developed by Alcuin for use in the court of Charlemagne, which quickly spread across Europe. The advantage of the minuscule over majuscule was improved, faster readability.[citation needed] | Carolingian minuscule script quickly spread across which continent? | Carolingian minuscule script quickly spread across which continent? | [
"Carolingian minuscule script quickly spread across which continent?"
] | {
"text": [
"Europe"
],
"answer_start": [
521
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-116369 | 5706f6a790286e26004fc77b | Letter_case | Originally alphabets were written entirely in majuscule letters, spaced between well-defined upper and lower bounds. When written quickly with a pen, these tended to turn into rounder and much simpler forms. It is from these that the first minuscule hands developed, the half-uncials and cursive minuscule, which no longer stayed bound between a pair of lines. These in turn formed the foundations for the Carolingian minuscule script, developed by Alcuin for use in the court of Charlemagne, which quickly spread across Europe. The advantage of the minuscule over majuscule was improved, faster readability.[citation needed] | What is a common advantage of miniscule over majuscule handwriting? | What is a common advantage of miniscule over majuscule handwriting? | [
"What is a common advantage of miniscule over majuscule handwriting?"
] | {
"text": [
"faster readability"
],
"answer_start": [
589
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-116370 | 570700329e06ca38007e9297 | Letter_case | Letter case is often prescribed by the grammar of a language or by the conventions of a particular discipline. In orthography, the uppercase is primarily reserved for special purposes, such as the first letter of a sentence or of a proper noun, which makes the lowercase the more common variant in text. In mathematics, letter case may indicate the relationship between objects with uppercase letters often representing "superior" objects (e.g. X could be a set containing the generic member x). Engineering design drawings are typically labelled entirely in upper-case letters, which are easier to distinguish than lowercase, especially when space restrictions require that the lettering be small. | What is often prescribed by the grammar of a language or by conventions of a particular discipline? | What is often prescribed by the grammar of a language or by conventions of a particular discipline? | [
"What is often prescribed by the grammar of a language or by conventions of a particular discipline?"
] | {
"text": [
"Letter case"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-116371 | 570700329e06ca38007e9298 | Letter_case | Letter case is often prescribed by the grammar of a language or by the conventions of a particular discipline. In orthography, the uppercase is primarily reserved for special purposes, such as the first letter of a sentence or of a proper noun, which makes the lowercase the more common variant in text. In mathematics, letter case may indicate the relationship between objects with uppercase letters often representing "superior" objects (e.g. X could be a set containing the generic member x). Engineering design drawings are typically labelled entirely in upper-case letters, which are easier to distinguish than lowercase, especially when space restrictions require that the lettering be small. | Which kind of purpose is uppercase reserved for in orthography? | Which kind of purpose is uppercase reserved for in orthography? | [
"Which kind of purpose is uppercase reserved for in orthography?"
] | {
"text": [
"special"
],
"answer_start": [
167
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-116372 | 570700329e06ca38007e9299 | Letter_case | Letter case is often prescribed by the grammar of a language or by the conventions of a particular discipline. In orthography, the uppercase is primarily reserved for special purposes, such as the first letter of a sentence or of a proper noun, which makes the lowercase the more common variant in text. In mathematics, letter case may indicate the relationship between objects with uppercase letters often representing "superior" objects (e.g. X could be a set containing the generic member x). Engineering design drawings are typically labelled entirely in upper-case letters, which are easier to distinguish than lowercase, especially when space restrictions require that the lettering be small. | Which is the most common variant of case in text? | Which is the most common variant of case in text? | [
"Which is the most common variant of case in text?"
] | {
"text": [
"lowercase"
],
"answer_start": [
261
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-116373 | 570700329e06ca38007e929a | Letter_case | Letter case is often prescribed by the grammar of a language or by the conventions of a particular discipline. In orthography, the uppercase is primarily reserved for special purposes, such as the first letter of a sentence or of a proper noun, which makes the lowercase the more common variant in text. In mathematics, letter case may indicate the relationship between objects with uppercase letters often representing "superior" objects (e.g. X could be a set containing the generic member x). Engineering design drawings are typically labelled entirely in upper-case letters, which are easier to distinguish than lowercase, especially when space restrictions require that the lettering be small. | Engineering design drawings typically utiilze which case of letter in labeling? | Engineering design drawings typically utiilze which case of letter in labeling? | [
"Engineering design drawings typically utiilze which case of letter in labeling?"
] | {
"text": [
"upper-case"
],
"answer_start": [
559
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-116374 | 570700329e06ca38007e929b | Letter_case | Letter case is often prescribed by the grammar of a language or by the conventions of a particular discipline. In orthography, the uppercase is primarily reserved for special purposes, such as the first letter of a sentence or of a proper noun, which makes the lowercase the more common variant in text. In mathematics, letter case may indicate the relationship between objects with uppercase letters often representing "superior" objects (e.g. X could be a set containing the generic member x). Engineering design drawings are typically labelled entirely in upper-case letters, which are easier to distinguish than lowercase, especially when space restrictions require that the lettering be small. | Why are uppercase letters preferred often times when space is restricted? | Why are uppercase letters preferred often times when space is restricted? | [
"Why are uppercase letters preferred often times when space is restricted?"
] | {
"text": [
"easier to distinguish than lowercase"
],
"answer_start": [
589
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-116375 | 570702a89e06ca38007e92a9 | Letter_case | Typographically, the basic difference between the majuscules and minuscules is not that the majuscules are big and minuscules small, but that the majuscules generally have the same height. The height of the minuscules varies, as some of them have parts higher or lower than the average, i.e. ascenders and descenders. In Times New Roman, for instance, b, d, f, h, k, l, t are the letters with ascenders, and g, j, p, q, y are the ones with descenders. Further to this, with old-style numerals still used by some traditional or classical fonts—although most do have a set of alternative Lining Figures— 6 and 8 make up the ascender set, and 3, 4, 5, 7 and 9 the descender set. | Who do majuscules have which distinguish themselves from minuscules? | Who do majuscules have which distinguish themselves from minuscules? | [
"Who do majuscules have which distinguish themselves from minuscules?"
] | {
"text": [
"generally have the same height"
],
"answer_start": [
157
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-116376 | 570702a89e06ca38007e92aa | Letter_case | Typographically, the basic difference between the majuscules and minuscules is not that the majuscules are big and minuscules small, but that the majuscules generally have the same height. The height of the minuscules varies, as some of them have parts higher or lower than the average, i.e. ascenders and descenders. In Times New Roman, for instance, b, d, f, h, k, l, t are the letters with ascenders, and g, j, p, q, y are the ones with descenders. Further to this, with old-style numerals still used by some traditional or classical fonts—although most do have a set of alternative Lining Figures— 6 and 8 make up the ascender set, and 3, 4, 5, 7 and 9 the descender set. | In Time New Roman the letter "b" would be consider which type of letter based on whether it is above or below average height? | In Time New Roman the letter "b" would be consider which type of letter based on whether it is above or below average height? | [
"In Time New Roman the letter \"b\" would be consider which type of letter based on whether it is above or below average height?"
] | {
"text": [
"ascenders"
],
"answer_start": [
394
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-116377 | 570702a89e06ca38007e92ab | Letter_case | Typographically, the basic difference between the majuscules and minuscules is not that the majuscules are big and minuscules small, but that the majuscules generally have the same height. The height of the minuscules varies, as some of them have parts higher or lower than the average, i.e. ascenders and descenders. In Times New Roman, for instance, b, d, f, h, k, l, t are the letters with ascenders, and g, j, p, q, y are the ones with descenders. Further to this, with old-style numerals still used by some traditional or classical fonts—although most do have a set of alternative Lining Figures— 6 and 8 make up the ascender set, and 3, 4, 5, 7 and 9 the descender set. | Descending letters tend to have a part which falls where relative to the average height of a letter? | Descending letters tend to have a part which falls where relative to the average height of a letter? | [
"Descending letters tend to have a part which falls where relative to the average height of a letter?"
] | {
"text": [
"lower than the average"
],
"answer_start": [
263
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-116378 | 570702a89e06ca38007e92ac | Letter_case | Typographically, the basic difference between the majuscules and minuscules is not that the majuscules are big and minuscules small, but that the majuscules generally have the same height. The height of the minuscules varies, as some of them have parts higher or lower than the average, i.e. ascenders and descenders. In Times New Roman, for instance, b, d, f, h, k, l, t are the letters with ascenders, and g, j, p, q, y are the ones with descenders. Further to this, with old-style numerals still used by some traditional or classical fonts—although most do have a set of alternative Lining Figures— 6 and 8 make up the ascender set, and 3, 4, 5, 7 and 9 the descender set. | Besides the number 6, which number makes of the ascender set in some traditional or classical fonts? | Besides the number 6, which number makes of the ascender set in some traditional or classical fonts? | [
"Besides the number 6, which number makes of the ascender set in some traditional or classical fonts?"
] | {
"text": [
"8"
],
"answer_start": [
609
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-116379 | 5707044d90286e26004fc7f3 | Letter_case | Most Western languages (particularly those with writing systems based on the Latin, Cyrillic, Greek, Coptic, and Armenian alphabets) use letter cases in their written form as an aid to clarity. Scripts using two separate cases are also called bicameral scripts. Many other writing systems make no distinction between majuscules and minuscules – a system called unicameral script or unicase. This includes most syllabic and other non-alphabetic scripts. The Georgian alphabet is special since it used to be bicameral, but today is mostly used in a unicameral way. | What do most Western languages use in their written form to add clarity? | What do most Western languages use in their written form to add clarity? | [
"What do most Western languages use in their written form to add clarity?"
] | {
"text": [
"letter cases"
],
"answer_start": [
137
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-116380 | 5707044d90286e26004fc7f4 | Letter_case | Most Western languages (particularly those with writing systems based on the Latin, Cyrillic, Greek, Coptic, and Armenian alphabets) use letter cases in their written form as an aid to clarity. Scripts using two separate cases are also called bicameral scripts. Many other writing systems make no distinction between majuscules and minuscules – a system called unicameral script or unicase. This includes most syllabic and other non-alphabetic scripts. The Georgian alphabet is special since it used to be bicameral, but today is mostly used in a unicameral way. | What are writing systems which make no distinction between majuscales and minuscules often referred to as? | What are writing systems which make no distinction between majuscales and minuscules often referred to as? | [
"What are writing systems which make no distinction between majuscales and minuscules often referred to as?"
] | {
"text": [
"unicameral script"
],
"answer_start": [
361
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-116381 | 5707044d90286e26004fc7f5 | Letter_case | Most Western languages (particularly those with writing systems based on the Latin, Cyrillic, Greek, Coptic, and Armenian alphabets) use letter cases in their written form as an aid to clarity. Scripts using two separate cases are also called bicameral scripts. Many other writing systems make no distinction between majuscules and minuscules – a system called unicameral script or unicase. This includes most syllabic and other non-alphabetic scripts. The Georgian alphabet is special since it used to be bicameral, but today is mostly used in a unicameral way. | Which alphabet is a special case because it transitioned from bicameral to unicameral? | Which alphabet is a special case because it transitioned from bicameral to unicameral? | [
"Which alphabet is a special case because it transitioned from bicameral to unicameral?"
] | {
"text": [
"Georgian"
],
"answer_start": [
457
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-116382 | 5707044d90286e26004fc7f6 | Letter_case | Most Western languages (particularly those with writing systems based on the Latin, Cyrillic, Greek, Coptic, and Armenian alphabets) use letter cases in their written form as an aid to clarity. Scripts using two separate cases are also called bicameral scripts. Many other writing systems make no distinction between majuscules and minuscules – a system called unicameral script or unicase. This includes most syllabic and other non-alphabetic scripts. The Georgian alphabet is special since it used to be bicameral, but today is mostly used in a unicameral way. | What are scripts that utilized two seperate cases called? | What are scripts that utilized two seperate cases called? | [
"What are scripts that utilized two seperate cases called?"
] | {
"text": [
"bicameral"
],
"answer_start": [
243
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-116383 | 5707066b9e06ca38007e92b1 | Letter_case | In Latin, papyri from Herculaneum dating before 79 AD (when it was destroyed) have been found that have been written in old Roman cursive, where the early forms of minuscule letters "d", "h" and "r", for example, can already be recognised. According to papyrologist Knut Kleve, "The theory, then, that the lower-case letters have been developed from the fifth century uncials and the ninth century Carolingian minuscules seems to be wrong." Both majuscule and minuscule letters existed, but the difference between the two variants was initially stylistic rather than orthographic and the writing system was still basically unicameral: a given handwritten document could use either one style or the other but these were not mixed. European languages, except for Ancient Greek and Latin, did not make the case distinction before about 1300.[citation needed] | Papyri from Herculaneum dating before 79 AD have been to to be written in which hand writing? | Papyri from Herculaneum dating before 79 AD have been to to be written in which hand writing? | [
"Papyri from Herculaneum dating before 79 AD have been to to be written in which hand writing?"
] | {
"text": [
"old Roman cursive"
],
"answer_start": [
120
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-116384 | 5707066b9e06ca38007e92b2 | Letter_case | In Latin, papyri from Herculaneum dating before 79 AD (when it was destroyed) have been found that have been written in old Roman cursive, where the early forms of minuscule letters "d", "h" and "r", for example, can already be recognised. According to papyrologist Knut Kleve, "The theory, then, that the lower-case letters have been developed from the fifth century uncials and the ninth century Carolingian minuscules seems to be wrong." Both majuscule and minuscule letters existed, but the difference between the two variants was initially stylistic rather than orthographic and the writing system was still basically unicameral: a given handwritten document could use either one style or the other but these were not mixed. European languages, except for Ancient Greek and Latin, did not make the case distinction before about 1300.[citation needed] | Whicy papyrologist theorized lowercase letter actually developed from the fifth century uncials? | Whicy papyrologist theorized lowercase letter actually developed from the fifth century uncials? | [
"Whicy papyrologist theorized lowercase letter actually developed from the fifth century uncials?"
] | {
"text": [
"Knut Kleve"
],
"answer_start": [
266
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-116385 | 5707066b9e06ca38007e92b3 | Letter_case | In Latin, papyri from Herculaneum dating before 79 AD (when it was destroyed) have been found that have been written in old Roman cursive, where the early forms of minuscule letters "d", "h" and "r", for example, can already be recognised. According to papyrologist Knut Kleve, "The theory, then, that the lower-case letters have been developed from the fifth century uncials and the ninth century Carolingian minuscules seems to be wrong." Both majuscule and minuscule letters existed, but the difference between the two variants was initially stylistic rather than orthographic and the writing system was still basically unicameral: a given handwritten document could use either one style or the other but these were not mixed. European languages, except for Ancient Greek and Latin, did not make the case distinction before about 1300.[citation needed] | Which continents languages with few exceptions generally did not utilize case distinction until about the year 1300? | Which continents languages with few exceptions generally did not utilize case distinction until about the year 1300? | [
"Which continents languages with few exceptions generally did not utilize case distinction until about the year 1300?"
] | {
"text": [
"Europe"
],
"answer_start": [
730
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-116386 | 5707066b9e06ca38007e92b4 | Letter_case | In Latin, papyri from Herculaneum dating before 79 AD (when it was destroyed) have been found that have been written in old Roman cursive, where the early forms of minuscule letters "d", "h" and "r", for example, can already be recognised. According to papyrologist Knut Kleve, "The theory, then, that the lower-case letters have been developed from the fifth century uncials and the ninth century Carolingian minuscules seems to be wrong." Both majuscule and minuscule letters existed, but the difference between the two variants was initially stylistic rather than orthographic and the writing system was still basically unicameral: a given handwritten document could use either one style or the other but these were not mixed. European languages, except for Ancient Greek and Latin, did not make the case distinction before about 1300.[citation needed] | What was the initial difference between majuscule and minuscule letters? | What was the initial difference between majuscule and minuscule letters? | [
"What was the initial difference between majuscule and minuscule letters? "
] | {
"text": [
"stylistic"
],
"answer_start": [
545
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-116387 | 5707066b9e06ca38007e92b5 | Letter_case | In Latin, papyri from Herculaneum dating before 79 AD (when it was destroyed) have been found that have been written in old Roman cursive, where the early forms of minuscule letters "d", "h" and "r", for example, can already be recognised. According to papyrologist Knut Kleve, "The theory, then, that the lower-case letters have been developed from the fifth century uncials and the ninth century Carolingian minuscules seems to be wrong." Both majuscule and minuscule letters existed, but the difference between the two variants was initially stylistic rather than orthographic and the writing system was still basically unicameral: a given handwritten document could use either one style or the other but these were not mixed. European languages, except for Ancient Greek and Latin, did not make the case distinction before about 1300.[citation needed] | Which type of document was general unicameral because the writer used one type of writing but not another? | Which type of document was general unicameral because the writer used one type of writing but not another? | [
"Which type of document was general unicameral because the writer used one type of writing but not another?"
] | {
"text": [
"handwritten"
],
"answer_start": [
643
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-116388 | 5707093790286e26004fc835 | Letter_case | As regards publication titles it is, however, a common typographic practice among both British and U.S. publishers to capitalise significant words (and in the United States, this is often applied to headings, too). This family of typographic conventions is usually called title case. For example, R. M. Ritter's Oxford Manual of Style (2002) suggests capitalising "the first word and all nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs, but generally not articles, conjunctions and short prepositions". This is an old form of emphasis, similar to the more modern practice of using a larger or boldface font for titles. The rules for which words to capitalise are not based on any grammatically inherent correct/incorrect distinction and are not universally standardized; they are arbitrary and differ between style guides, although in most styles they tend to follow a few strong conventions, as follows: | What is capitalization of significant words applied to in the United States besides titles? | What is capitalization of significant words applied to in the United States besides titles? | [
"What is capitalization of significant words applied to in the United States besides titles?"
] | {
"text": [
"headings"
],
"answer_start": [
199
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-116389 | 5707093790286e26004fc836 | Letter_case | As regards publication titles it is, however, a common typographic practice among both British and U.S. publishers to capitalise significant words (and in the United States, this is often applied to headings, too). This family of typographic conventions is usually called title case. For example, R. M. Ritter's Oxford Manual of Style (2002) suggests capitalising "the first word and all nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs, but generally not articles, conjunctions and short prepositions". This is an old form of emphasis, similar to the more modern practice of using a larger or boldface font for titles. The rules for which words to capitalise are not based on any grammatically inherent correct/incorrect distinction and are not universally standardized; they are arbitrary and differ between style guides, although in most styles they tend to follow a few strong conventions, as follows: | Capitalization of significant words refers to which family of typographic conventions? | Capitalization of significant words refers to which family of typographic conventions? | [
"Capitalization of significant words refers to which family of typographic conventions?"
] | {
"text": [
"title case"
],
"answer_start": [
272
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-116390 | 5707093790286e26004fc837 | Letter_case | As regards publication titles it is, however, a common typographic practice among both British and U.S. publishers to capitalise significant words (and in the United States, this is often applied to headings, too). This family of typographic conventions is usually called title case. For example, R. M. Ritter's Oxford Manual of Style (2002) suggests capitalising "the first word and all nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs, but generally not articles, conjunctions and short prepositions". This is an old form of emphasis, similar to the more modern practice of using a larger or boldface font for titles. The rules for which words to capitalise are not based on any grammatically inherent correct/incorrect distinction and are not universally standardized; they are arbitrary and differ between style guides, although in most styles they tend to follow a few strong conventions, as follows: | Which book of literature standards suggests capitalizing the first word and all nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs, and adverbs? | Which book of literature standards suggests capitalizing the first word and all nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs, and adverbs? | [
"Which book of literature standards suggests capitalizing the first word and all nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs, and adverbs?"
] | {
"text": [
"R. M. Ritter's Oxford Manual of Style"
],
"answer_start": [
297
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-116391 | 5707093790286e26004fc838 | Letter_case | As regards publication titles it is, however, a common typographic practice among both British and U.S. publishers to capitalise significant words (and in the United States, this is often applied to headings, too). This family of typographic conventions is usually called title case. For example, R. M. Ritter's Oxford Manual of Style (2002) suggests capitalising "the first word and all nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs, but generally not articles, conjunctions and short prepositions". This is an old form of emphasis, similar to the more modern practice of using a larger or boldface font for titles. The rules for which words to capitalise are not based on any grammatically inherent correct/incorrect distinction and are not universally standardized; they are arbitrary and differ between style guides, although in most styles they tend to follow a few strong conventions, as follows: | The use of bold fonts and capilization in titles falls under which unusual grammatical distinction? | The use of bold fonts and capilization in titles falls under which unusual grammatical distinction? | [
"The use of bold fonts and capilization in titles falls under which unusual grammatical distinction?"
] | {
"text": [
"not universally standardized"
],
"answer_start": [
740
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-116392 | 57070ba69e06ca38007e9309 | Letter_case | As briefly discussed in Unicode Technical Note #26, "In terms of implementation issues, any attempt at a unification of Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic would wreak havoc [and] make casing operations an unholy mess, in effect making all casing operations context sensitive […]". In other words, while the shapes of letters like A, B, E, H, K, M, O, P, T, X, Y and so on are shared between the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic alphabets (and small differences in their canonical forms may be considered to be of a merely typographical nature), it would still be problematic for a multilingual character set or a font to provide only a single codepoint for, say, uppercase letter B, as this would make it quite difficult for a wordprocessor to change that single uppercase letter to one of the three different choices for the lower-case letter, b (Latin), β (Greek), or в (Cyrillic). Without letter case, a "unified European alphabet" – such as ABБCГDΔΕZЄЗFΦGHIИJ…Z, with an appropriate subset for each language – is feasible; but considering letter case, it becomes very clear that these alphabets are rather distinct sets of symbols. | Attempts to unify Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic would create which sort of problems? | Attempts to unify Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic would create which sort of problems? | [
"Attempts to unify Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic would create which sort of problems?"
] | {
"text": [
"make casing operations an unholy mess"
],
"answer_start": [
171
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-116393 | 57070ba69e06ca38007e930a | Letter_case | As briefly discussed in Unicode Technical Note #26, "In terms of implementation issues, any attempt at a unification of Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic would wreak havoc [and] make casing operations an unholy mess, in effect making all casing operations context sensitive […]". In other words, while the shapes of letters like A, B, E, H, K, M, O, P, T, X, Y and so on are shared between the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic alphabets (and small differences in their canonical forms may be considered to be of a merely typographical nature), it would still be problematic for a multilingual character set or a font to provide only a single codepoint for, say, uppercase letter B, as this would make it quite difficult for a wordprocessor to change that single uppercase letter to one of the three different choices for the lower-case letter, b (Latin), β (Greek), or в (Cyrillic). Without letter case, a "unified European alphabet" – such as ABБCГDΔΕZЄЗFΦGHIИJ…Z, with an appropriate subset for each language – is feasible; but considering letter case, it becomes very clear that these alphabets are rather distinct sets of symbols. | What among many common letters is shared between Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic? | What among many common letters is shared between Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic? | [
"What among many common letters is shared between Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic?"
] | {
"text": [
"shapes"
],
"answer_start": [
299
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-116394 | 57070ba69e06ca38007e930b | Letter_case | As briefly discussed in Unicode Technical Note #26, "In terms of implementation issues, any attempt at a unification of Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic would wreak havoc [and] make casing operations an unholy mess, in effect making all casing operations context sensitive […]". In other words, while the shapes of letters like A, B, E, H, K, M, O, P, T, X, Y and so on are shared between the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic alphabets (and small differences in their canonical forms may be considered to be of a merely typographical nature), it would still be problematic for a multilingual character set or a font to provide only a single codepoint for, say, uppercase letter B, as this would make it quite difficult for a wordprocessor to change that single uppercase letter to one of the three different choices for the lower-case letter, b (Latin), β (Greek), or в (Cyrillic). Without letter case, a "unified European alphabet" – such as ABБCГDΔΕZЄЗFΦGHIИJ…Z, with an appropriate subset for each language – is feasible; but considering letter case, it becomes very clear that these alphabets are rather distinct sets of symbols. | What would be problematic for a multilingual character set or font to provide? | What would be problematic for a multilingual character set or font to provide? | [
"What would be problematic for a multilingual character set or font to provide?"
] | {
"text": [
"single codepoint"
],
"answer_start": [
622
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-116395 | 57070ba69e06ca38007e930c | Letter_case | As briefly discussed in Unicode Technical Note #26, "In terms of implementation issues, any attempt at a unification of Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic would wreak havoc [and] make casing operations an unholy mess, in effect making all casing operations context sensitive […]". In other words, while the shapes of letters like A, B, E, H, K, M, O, P, T, X, Y and so on are shared between the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic alphabets (and small differences in their canonical forms may be considered to be of a merely typographical nature), it would still be problematic for a multilingual character set or a font to provide only a single codepoint for, say, uppercase letter B, as this would make it quite difficult for a wordprocessor to change that single uppercase letter to one of the three different choices for the lower-case letter, b (Latin), β (Greek), or в (Cyrillic). Without letter case, a "unified European alphabet" – such as ABБCГDΔΕZЄЗFΦGHIИJ…Z, with an appropriate subset for each language – is feasible; but considering letter case, it becomes very clear that these alphabets are rather distinct sets of symbols. | What distinguishes Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic from one another? | What distinguishes Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic from one another? | [
"What distinguishes Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic from one another?"
] | {
"text": [
"sets of symbols"
],
"answer_start": [
1105
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-116396 | 57070ba69e06ca38007e930d | Letter_case | As briefly discussed in Unicode Technical Note #26, "In terms of implementation issues, any attempt at a unification of Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic would wreak havoc [and] make casing operations an unholy mess, in effect making all casing operations context sensitive […]". In other words, while the shapes of letters like A, B, E, H, K, M, O, P, T, X, Y and so on are shared between the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic alphabets (and small differences in their canonical forms may be considered to be of a merely typographical nature), it would still be problematic for a multilingual character set or a font to provide only a single codepoint for, say, uppercase letter B, as this would make it quite difficult for a wordprocessor to change that single uppercase letter to one of the three different choices for the lower-case letter, b (Latin), β (Greek), or в (Cyrillic). Without letter case, a "unified European alphabet" – such as ABБCГDΔΕZЄЗFΦGHIИJ…Z, with an appropriate subset for each language – is feasible; but considering letter case, it becomes very clear that these alphabets are rather distinct sets of symbols. | Although there are challenges a unified European alphabet is feasible even in the absence of which common language rule? | Although there are challenges a unified European alphabet is feasible even in the absence of which common language rule? | [
"Although there are challenges a unified European alphabet is feasible even in the absence of which common language rule?"
] | {
"text": [
"letter case"
],
"answer_start": [
878
]
} |